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m
TRANSACTIONS OF THE HISTORIC
SOCIETY OF LANCASHIRE
AND CHESHIRE.
VOL. LII.
'I :
■r 1
' I
■r 1 . .,
TRANSACTIONS
Historic Society
lancasbirc null Cljesljire.
FOR THE YEAR 1900. — VOLUME LII.
NEW S E R 1 E S.— V GLUME X V L
LIVERPOOL :
(V)
CONTENTS.
PACE.
Excavations on the Site of the Romano-British
C/riTAS AT WiLDERSPOOL, YEARS 1899-I9OO. By
Thomas May, F. E.I.Scot. (12 plates) ... ... i
The Domesday Survey of South Lancashire. By
J. H. Lumby, B.A. (i plaie) ... ... ... 53
Henry Brown : A Liverpool Attorney of the
Eighteenth Century. By George T. Siiaw ... 77
Church Plate in ■Manchester Cathedral and the
Parish Churches of Preston and Lymm. By
T. Stanley Ball, (t plate) .. 93
On Some Features of Roman Military Defensive
Works. By John Garstang. {^plates) ... ... 11 1
Lancashire Hearth Taxes. By Wm. Fergusson Irvine 127
The Origin of the Irelands of Hale. By Wm.
Fergusson Irvine ... ... ... ... ... 139
Sir Thomas Johnson. By Miss E. !M. Plait, M.A. ... 147
The Poole Family of Poole Hall in Wirral. By
Miss M. Ellen Poole. (3 plates) ... ... ... 165
On the Rigodunum o^' Ptolemy. By John Garstang... 217
COMMUNICATION.
A Calendar of Printed Grants of Arms, Grants
OF Crests, Grants of Augmentations, and
Exemplifications of Arms. Prepared by J. Paul
l\\*l^nQS« x*.o*x\t ••• ••• ••• ••• •••
221
Report for 1900
Members elected, 1900
Papers read, 1900 ...
Balance Sheet
Index ...
f r •
253
256
25^
259
42111B
VI
List of Illustrations...
Editorial Notes
Council and O meets
Oflicers of the Society sin
Ui
of Hoi
l.isi of Societies in i
List ot Members
Local Secret aiies
(vil)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FACING i'A(;r..
I
A Selection from the Manchester Catheciral Altar Plate.
Frontispiece.
Bixavatione at laiKlDerspool.
ri.ATE,
I. Plan of Roman CivitaSy discovered at Wilderspool
11. Outer Facing Stones of Rampart at Wilderspool...
III. Plans and Sections of Smelting Furnaces and sup-
posed Glass Furnaces
IV. Base of Smelting Furnace (west and east views)...
V. View, Plan, and Section of Iron Purifying Furnace
VI. Smelling and Glass Furnaces (from Agricola)
VII. View and Plan of Roman Potter's Kiln found at
Stockton Heath ...
VIII. Plan and Section of Double Furnaces and Iron
Smelting Hearth ...
IX. Views of supposed Glass Furnaces
X. Various Objects found at Wilderspool
XI. View, Plan, and Section of Furnace and Annealing
%J vwii ••• «•• ••• •••
XII. Plan and Section of Hypocaust ...
XIII. Map : Inter Ripam et Mersham ...
IRoman /iSiUtar^ Defensive TlClorke.
I. Rome : Masonry and Walls. Roman Britain :
Masonry and Defences ...
II. 'I'ypes of Roman Forts in Britain...
III. Some Types of Wall Defences
IV. Examples of Roman Gateway Defences
V. Battlements of a Roman Fortress ...
12
16
*0
27
29
36
39
43
53
116
118
120
122
124
viii Lisl of lilitstriitions.
Toole Hall, Chcshiic ... ... .. ... 165
(i aiul 2) Uanner and Arms of Sir William Pole,
Knt. ; (3) Cinomon of Sundial, at Poole Hall... 170
C'aived l*ancls, with li.c .Arms of l*oole, Capenhurbt,
and Buerion, in ICaslhain Church ... ... 172
I'oukpl.ite of Poole, about 1770 ... ...cw/.t^^ 216
Sketch Map of Roman Lancashire ...on page 218
i:nrR)Ki.\L Nori:.
The thanks of iho Society arc <.liu\ and arc hereby j^ratefully
rendered to- -
Messrs. Himkosi;, for the h)an of two blocks to illustrate
the paper on \'eralinnni ;
Mr. May, for defraying the cost oi the plan of \*cratinuni :
Mr. R. 1"). Rapclhi 1:, for a donation of i\ towards the
cost of illnstratiuf^' the volume.
The .Vbstract of Heeds alluded to on page i4('> will, it is
hoped, appear in vol. liii of the Society's Tvausadwns,
I'he Autluu's of Papers are alone responsible ft>r the fact^
and opinions in their several connnunications.
.An Index of Arch;coloj;ical Papers published in \^^y) (printed
under the direction 01 the Conpess of .\rclneoli^j;ical Societies
in union with the Society of Antiquaries) is j;iven at the end
of this volume.
The present volume has been prepared for the press by
R. D. Radclim-k, M.A., Ch. Ch. Oxford, F.S..\., Honorary
Secretary and Editor.
(ix)
COUNCIL AND OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1902.
(Corrected to 31st January, 1902.)
t^vc0i^cnt.
THE RIGHT REV. THE EORD I5I3HOP OF CHESTER, D.D.
THE LORD EIEUT. OF LANCASHIRE (THE EARL OF DERBY, KG., G.C.li.)
THE LORD LIEUr. OF CHESHIRE (THE EARL EGERTON OF TATTON.
THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF LATHOM.
THE RIGHT REV. THE LORD IHSHOP OF LIVERPOOL.
THE REV. THE RECTOR OF LIVERPOOL.
JOHN PAUL RVLANDS, F.S.A.
HENRY DOUGLAS ESHELHV, F.S.A.
/H><:inbci'9 of CounciL
TO SERVE TO END OF 1902.
TO SERVE TO END OF 1903.
THOMAS GOFFEY. | F. C. BEAZLEY.
PROFESSOR MACKAY, M. A., L.L.I). I T.ALGERNON EARLE
j. C. PRENTICE.
LIEUT.-COL. PILKINGTON, F.S.A.
LIEUT.-COL. FISHWICK, F.S A.
ALFRED PATCH ETT.
TO SERVE TO END OF 1904.
JOHN HARGREAVES.
HENRY PEET, F.S.A.
A. M. ROP.INSON.
\V. O. ROPER, F.S.A.
Ibon. Tlicasmcv.
W. E. GREGSON.
"toon. Xibiavian. 1 "toon. Cuvator.
G. T. SHAW. I W. F. PRICE.
l3on. Sccvctai\? an& fi^itov.
R. D. RADCLIFFE, M.A., Ch. Ch., Oxoii., F.S.A.
1:on. B^sidtant S^ccietaiics.
W. FERGUSSON IRVINE.
JAMES A. WAITE.
.-°
:>•
u.
S.
9
lo.
©fliccrs ot tbc Socictv? since commencement.
ircjibcnts.
1. Uijjiht lion. I'laiu'is, isi Karl ol Kllesinero, I.i>ril-Liciit. ot
Lancasliiie
2. Rii:[lu Hon. Cliarle> \Villi.\iiK jnl Karl of Scfion, Konl-Licut.
of Lancashire .......
Clencral ijjc Hon. Sir Kilwar-.l L'u^l. K.CMK, h.T.L.
Rijjhi Mow. William Kwail tI'a(l>ionc. .M.l'.
loscuii .Mavcr. K..s..\., \v\ -...--
Rev. I'annn Ilunu'. 1>.'.'.L.. KL. 1)., \o.
The \"eiv Rev. I. S. IIow.mm. D.I).. Dean of Choiei -
Thomas iJla/ebrook Rylanils. K..S.A., v\:c, -
Riv^ht Rev. The l.t)ril i>i>hoi) of OxfoiJ. K.S.A. -
Riciir Ri:v. Tiik Lord Uisiioi' ov Ciir.siii;, D. D.
$urct;uifs
Rev. .\. Ilunie. KK. D., auvi 11. C". riii;^eon.
Rev. \. Hume, LK. D., an^i Rev. Thoma> .Mooie, M..V.
Rev. A. Hume, LL. 1>.
KS4S.
1S51.
1S54.
1S55.
1S56.
I «...
1S04.
1S67.
iS75-
1S70.
KS77.
iSSj.
KSS4.
KS92.
Rev A. Hume, LK. D.
Rev. A. Hum J, KL. D.
Rev. A. Hume, LL. D.
Niciiolas WalerhviUM,-.
David Haxion.
Daviil lUiNton.
Daviil UuMon.
C\ r. Cia;iy, K.S..\.
1. . T. tiaiiv, K..s..\.
' K. .M. Hance. l.L.i:. 1
I R. D. Ra.icli Ve, .M.,\. 1
R. D. RadciifTe, M.A., K.>.A.
R. D. Rauciifie. M..V., l-S. A.
.■iss/s/ij/// Siv/y/ii/ f'is.
Tlu)ma> (.1. Weilijwood.
W. W. Rundell.'
1. H. Clenn.
1. H. tienn.
L h.\rles Dyall.
[.Vithur \VaUeti^-Ki.]
l!u«;enio Lomlini.
Kuirenio LonJini.
T. N. Morion.
T. N. .Moiion.
'!'. N. Morion.
T. N. M V.I ion.
\V. I-. 1 1 vine.
R D.R.M)Ci.:i-FK.,M.A.,l-.^.A.|,^^^^ _^_ ^^._^,,,.
1848.
KS51.
1850.
1807.
I Sog.
1871.
i87v
KS70
1877.
1 880.
1885.
1880.
1880.
1889
i8<)9.
1848.
1800.
180:.
1 880.
1898.
Xibriuiiins.
lo.seuh Mayer, 1
Rev. Thomas .Moore, .M..V
Davivl lluMor..
Ni^-holas \Vaierm)U>c.
Nicholas Waleihou^e.
loiin R. Huiihe.>.
lolui R. Hui^'Me>.
v. r. C'.aiiv,' K.S.A.
re
d rcusurcrs.
Thomas Avi>on. K.S.V.
William lUuise.
lohn Ci. laooit.
11. I). K.MJclhy, K.S.A.
W . K. liRKll^o^.
losenh .Maver, K..'-^. A.
lo>ei)";i .Mayer. K.S..\.
.\. (<". liil)son, K.S..V.
.\. L". (.iii)son. 1\S..\.
H. Kcroyil Smiili.
1 1. Kcioyil Smilii.
1. Harris (.lil)Sv)n.
1. 1 larr s llil)>v)n.
I. Ilarri.-. liihsou.
S.A.
K. .M. llanoe, Kl. 11.
W. Thompson Waikin. I. Hani^ CJihsvJU.
W. Thompson WaiUin. W. Korshaw Wii>on
Cieorije T. Shaw. W. l\ Asiihv I'ri.i.
Cieoiiie T. .Shaw. (.harics K«)r.e: .
1848.
1854.
i8o^^
1800.
1800.
1^75-
1871).
1885.
i88y.
tiKoKCK T. Sll.WV.
W. K. Vv.ii'v:.
(xi)
Xi3t of Iboiiorarv? Xocal Secretaries.
• • • • * fl
District
Bacup
Blackburn
Blackpool
Bttnilcy
Carnfortii
Clitiwroi
Cohie
J)C)ltjll
Fli.xton
Haslt/txa'en
Ha'tuks/tcaa
Lancaster
Lci^'ii
Ley la lid
Omiskuh
Fresco:
I\ am ford
Rihchestcr
Rochdale
SdftOll
South per:
Jjivcrstoji
W'arriu'^'fon
U'h alley and]
j\'/iale Hill j
H'li^'a/i
JI'i/iTclck and I
Xeivtou-lc- Willows ■ '
i/ V ay^ near Lancaster
LANCASHIRE.
Xa.mk.
Rev. J. S. DoxEV, Christ Church Vicarage, Uacup.
The Rev. E. Lui'TOX, Crystal Road, South Siiore,
RIackpooi.
W. I'AKREK, Martoii House, Skipton.
The Rev. W. R. Grenside, Meiling Vicarage,
Carntonh.
A. J. RoniNSON. Ciiiheroe Casiie, Clitiieroe.
James Cahu, Cohic.
Tlie Rev. A. Cuokton, Reddish (ireen.
I). J. Leech, ^LD., Ehu House, Wlialley Range.
Henry SiEriiENsoN, Hasiing^ien.
Joseph Rawi.inson, Uiversior..
W. O. IvOi'EU, F.S.A., Lancaster.
\V. D. Pink, King Street, Leigh.
The Rev. \V. Stuart Whi ie, Esh Vicarage, Durham.
James Ruomeev, The Homestead, Laihom.
Tlie Rev. J. W. Williams, The Vicarage, Farnworth.
Lt.-Col. FiSHWicK, F.S.A., The Heiglits. Rociidale.
W. K. Gregson, 43. Moor Lane, Great Crosi)y.
H. S. Threli-all, 12, London Street, Soutlmort.
\V. OwEX, F.R.LR.A., Cairo Street Cliamijers.
Warrington.
W. S. Weeks, Ciiiiieroe.
T. R. Ellis, iS, King Street, Wigan.
Rev. J, Carson, Winwick, Ne\vion-ie-Wiliu\vs.
Rev. C. L. Reynolps, Wiay Vicarage, Lancaste:.
Belli n^^ ton
Coui^leto/i
Kasthani
L/olmes Chapel
IJyde
.Valpas
A'antTC'lch
.Vorth:c'lch and]
J/lddle:c'lch j
Vhurstaston
I Wallasey
lyilfuslo-iV
CHESHHU:.
]\0!;e::t Head. Congielon.
Rev. Francis Sanders, Hoyiake.
Rt'v. H. Ci. 1)Ai;nacle. Holmes Chanel.
Rev. J. F. Messenger, Newton Moor Vicarage,
James Hall, Lindum House, Nantwich.
Wm. Rancroe:'. Nortiiwich.
George Pearson, Tythe House, Knutsford.
B2
(xii)
LIST OF SOClKriKS 1\ CORRKSrON'DKNX^E WITH
TllH HISTORIC SOCIKTV OF LANCASHIRE
ANT) CHKSHH^K.
Society of Anii(iuavies of London.
Society of Antiquaries of Sco.lanJ.
Koval Ilisioiical and Arclia.*olo5ical Society of Ireland.
Kov.il Arclioiolofjical Institute, I.ondt)n.
Society of Aniiipiaries of Newcastle-on- Tyne.
Kent Arcluvoloi7ic.ll .'^o.^ictv.
Sonier>etshire Arcl.ivolooical Society.
Sussex Arclux'olo«:ical ."Society.
Chester Arciuvologicai Society.
Cumberland and Westmoreland Antiouarian Society.
I.eicesier.shire Archivolojrical Society.
Voik>lure Antitiuarian anii Tono«:rai»hical Association.
Shroi'shire Aicluvoloijical Sv>cictv.
Architectural and Arcluvolosjical Society ot" Lincoln .\uii Nulls,
Manchester Literary CUih.
Sufl'oik Arci;.voio«:ical In>iii;Hc.
New LniTJand vienealo«'ical Society.
<^\>unty Kildare Arclue )lo«;ical Soc;e:y.
Thoroshy Socii-ty, Letd^.
/V.B. — // is requested ihixt notice be given to the Secretary of any errors^ change
of address, or death.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Corrected to T^isi Jannary^ 1902.
Tlic names of Life Members are prinfeii in Smai.i. Caimtai.s. and lliose of Resident Meiu'oetS
nave an asterisk attached.
Datk of Li.ncTioN.
1889. April 4 ''Abraham, Miss E. C. Riveiham, Grassendale
Park, Liverpool.
1902. Jan. 16 "''Abraham, E. Mitford. 53 Bidston road,
Birkenhead.
1902. Jan. 16 '"'Abraham, T. Fell. 53 Bidston road, Bir-
kenhead.
1877. Feb. 22 Adshead, George Haward. Fern Villas, ico
Bolton road, Pendleton, jManchester.
1895. Nov. 7 "AllNVood,'r. Massey. Orrell village, Litherland.
1889. Jan. 10 'Alsop, J. \V., B.A. 14 Castle street, Liver j)ool.
1889. Feb. 21 Arkle, Richard Na) lor, M. A. 13 Old square,
Lincoln's Inn, London, W.C.
1895. Feb. 7 Ashworth, Alfred. Horsley Hall, Gresford.
1888. ]\Lir. 22 '''Athenaeum Library, Liverpool.
1889. Feb. 7 "Atkinson, \Vm. Christopher. 8 Harrington
street, Liverpool.
1899. Jan. 19 '''Atkinson, W. J. A. 48 Derwent road, Stoney-
cro''t, Liveri)ool.
1890. Jan. 23 "Ayrton, William. 9 Cook street, Liverpool.
1886. Nov. 18 '''Banner, John S. Harmood. Asiificld Hall,
Neston, Cheshire.
1901. Nov. 7 '''Barlow, W. H. 5 Willow Bank road, Birken-
head.
1889. I\Lir. 7 -''Bartlett, William. St. Clare House, West
Derb}^ Liverpool.
1899. Feb. 16 *Beazley, Frank C. Fern Hill, Claughton,
Birkenhead.
1896. Feb. 13 Beeston, Charles G. Long lane, Aughton,
Ormskirk.
1891. Dec. .-? "''Bell, Henry. Greenfield, West Kirby, Cheshire.
1897. Jan. 28 Bellis, W. R. North Madoc street, Llan-
dudno.
1864. Dec. I -Benas, B. L. 5 Prince's avenue, Liverpool.
1889. Mar. 7 '''Bencke, Albert Henry, M.A. Oliva, West
Derby, Liverpool.
xiv List of MtNibcrs,
901. Nov. 7 liibhy-Hcsketh, C. H. The Rookery, North
Mcols, Souihport.
90 T. Nov. 7 "^ Diglnnd, Alfred. 84 Shrewsbury road, Bir-
kenhead.
897. Nov. 4 "Bingham, David A. 15, liiunswick street,
Liverpool.
896. Jan. 16 "JUrkenliead Fiee Tuhlic I.ihrary. liirkenliead.
891. Feb. 10 Birley, Major Hugh Aithur. Woodsiue,
Knutsford.
889. Oct. ^r Birmingham Central Free Library. Ratclifl
j>lace. lUrminghani.
870. Apiil 7 Blackburn Free Library. lUackburn.
80 r. Icb. s Bilccklv, \\'illiam Henrv. Thchvall Lea,
Warrington.
88^;. .\Lar. 8 Blundell Rev. 'I'. P.. IL. M.A.. Hon. Canon of
LivcrjHX)!. Hal.^all Rc(tory, Ormskirk.
888. Mar. 22 Bodleian Library. Oxford.
800. Nov. () Iiootlo Imoc Library. Oriel road, liootio.
888. .NLar. 22 Bioston .\thcna:um. lioston. I'.S.A.: c 'oMc.^sr.s.
Kogan Baul, Trenc h, Triibner ^: Co., Bater-
nosler house, Charing (joss rd., London, W.C.
8S0. Jan. 10 Boston Bublio Library. ])Osion. l'.S..\. : ( o
Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner «S: Co.
853. Her. 15 Iiossi, Arthur. Care of Thom])son. MellytJv: Co.,
Brown's lUiildings, Liverpool.
S81. Pec. I Bourne. Robert W. 18 Hereford square,
London, S.W.
889. I'eb. 21 I'radbury, (leorge. 14 Cook street, Liverpool.
891. I'eb. 5 Ihetherion, Rev. Humj^hrey W., M.A.
F'.celcston Rectory. Chorley.
89S. Nov. 3 ^ Brierley, A. W. 45 Cricndale road, Port
Sunliuht.
801. Nov. ^ Briiish Museum Librarv : c'o Messrs. Hulau
and Co. 37 v'^oho S(|uare, London, W.
901. Nov. 7 "Bromilow, Henry Juhn. (ireen P)ank, Rainluil.
876. Ajril 20 '•Dromlcy, Jamts, The Homestead, Lathom.
(^rmskiik.
888. IVb. 23 B.ROOKr., Coi.oxr.i. Tmoma.^, 1\S.A. Armitage
])ridge, Huddersfield.
897. Mar. II Bu^pit. Rev. W. T., ^LA. Crossens Rectory,
Jroutlipoit.
88 [. Jan. 27 Burnley Ijierary and Scientific Club, (per T. G.
Crump, 1>.A., ^LB., //on, Scr,) JUnnley.
S85. Jan. 22 Caroe, W. 1). 94 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, S.W*.
888. Nov. 15 Carrington, AV. A. Bakewell, Derbyshire.
List of Members, xV
Date of F.i.rction.
894. Nov. I 'Carson, Thomas Ellis. 62 Grove street,
Liverpool.
900. A[)ril 5 ''Case, Robert Hope, B. A. 88, Mulgrave street,
Liverpool.
891. Nov. 5 Casile, Egerton, j\LA.. F.S..-\. 49 Sloane
gardens, London, S.W.
897. Dec. 2 "Casile, Sepiimus. 12 Devonshire road, Birken-
head.
8S9. Feb. 2[ ''Caton, Richard, ^LD. Rodneystreet, Liverpool.
888. Dec. 13 Chadwick, Edwin. Mottram road, Staly-
l)ridge.
889 Jan. 10 Chester, the Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of,
D.D. The Palace, Chester, President,
879. Jan. 9 Chetham Library. ALanchester.
893. Feb. 23 Chicago Public Library. Chicago, U.S.A.
900. Mar. 29 Chorley Free Public Library, Chorley.
859. April 14 Clement, Leonard. Forest View, Nelson-in-
Marsden, Burnley.
891. Nov. 5 "Cook, Edmund. Oakfield, Abergele.
900. Feb. 15 "Cookson, Frank. 30 St. Oswald street, Old
Swan, Liverpool.
894. Nov. I "Cornett, Alfred. 15 Lord street, Liverpool.
895. Dec. 5 Crook, John. 6 Waterloo road, Southport.
9CI. April 13 '• Crosthwaite, Charles C. Tiie Nook, Town
row. West Dei by, Liverpool.
896. Mar. 26 ■' Cullen, Hugh, Junr. Oakhill park, Old Swan,
Liver[)ool.
899. Afar. 2 Davie?, Samuel. Alvanley House, Frodsham.
895. Nov. 7 De Hoghton, Sir James, Birt. Hoghton
Tower, Preston.
889. Jan. 10 Dempsey, Miss Ellinor Mary. Sand Hey,
Hoylake.
893. Nov. 30 Df.rdv, The Earl of, KG., G.C.B., Lord
Lieutenant of Lancashire. Knowsley, Pres-
cot, Vice-Presideni.
892. Nov. 3 Detroit Public Library. Detroit, Michigan,
U.S.A. (Per B. F. Stevens, 4 Trafalgar
square, London, W.C.)
857. April 23 Devonshire, The Duke of, K.G. Chats-
worth, Chesterfield.
895. Dec. 5 Dickson, Edmund. 2 Starkie street, Preston.
896. Dec. 3 Duffu?, George A., ^LB. Marine drive, Rhyl.
894. Nov. 15 ^Dunthorne, Edwin E. 27 Lord street, Liverpool.
List of Members, xvii
Date of Election.
889. Nov. 14 "'Gregson, Will. Eugene. 43 Moor lane, Great
Crosby, //on, 2reasunr.
854. Aug. 31 Grenside, Rev. William Bent, M.A. Melling
Vicarage, Carnfoith.
898. Nov. 3 '"'Handley, William. Aldersyde, Runcorn.
890. Nov. 6 "Hannay, A. M. Queen Insurance Buildings,
Liverpool.
883. Jan. 25 "Hargreaves, John. Egerton Park, Rock Ferry.
898. Nov. 3 '•'Hawley, Wilfiid. Egerton park, Rock Ferry.
891. Feb. 5 Head, Robert. West Lodge, Congleton.
872. Sept. 5 HiNMERS, W. Cleveland House, Lancaster
road, Eccles, Manchester.
891. Nov. 5 -Holland, Walter. Mossley Hill, Liverpool.
891. Nov. 19 Hope, Thomas H. The Laburnums, Ather-
ton, Manchester.
899. Jan. 19 •Hoult, James. 1 7 Derwent road, Liverpool.
888. Dec. 13 Hovkndkx, Ror.ERT, F.S.A. Heathcote, Park
Hiil road, Crovdon.
890. Jan. 23 Hughes, (ieorge. Metropolitan Bank, Oxford.
887. Mar. 24 Hutton,Wm.L. *^-:///irr;'//j^;-*' Office, Ormskirk.
891. Nov. 5 Ireland, National Library of, c'o Messrs.
Hodges, Figgis ^Jc Co., Dublin.
893. Nov. 2 Irven, Mrs. John D. Dutton Lodge, Preston
lirook.
890. Nov. 6 * Irvine, Wm. Fergusson. 56 Park road South,
l^irkcnhead, //o^i. Assistant Secretary.
890. Nov. 6 *Kcnt-Green, Mrs. Edward. Eaton Cottage,
West Derby, Liverpool.
890. Nov. 6 Kerfoot-Jones, J. The Bank, Hoylake.
897. Mar. II Knowles, Mis. Frederick. Belair, Birkdale,
Southport.
900. Nov. 29 'Kirby, Bertram Edmund. Ovtrdale, Oxton,
Birkenhead.
897. Nov. 4 Lancaster Free Public Library. Lancaster.
901. Jan. 17 ""'Larkin, F. C, F.R.C.S. 54, Rodney street,
Liverpool.
901. Jan. 17 Lathom, The Earl of. Lathom House,
Ormskirk, / ^ice-/^residcnt,
888. Nov. 29 Lawrence, William Frederick, ^LA., M.P.
Cowesfield House, Salisburv.
889. Mar. 7 Leeds, Free Public Library of. Leeds.
891. Nov. 5 Letts, Rev. Ernest F., M.A. Newton Heath
Rectorv, Manchester.
1892. Feb. 25 ''Lever, William Hesketh. Thornton Manor,
Thornton Hough, Cheshire.
xvi List of }f embers.
Date or F.i.fc i iov.
888. Mar. 22 Karle, Hardman Arthur. 40 .Aughlon road,
JJirkdale, Southpoit.
890. Feb. 20 Karle, Major Sir Henry, Bart., D.S.O.
Allerton 'I'ower, Wool ton.
888. Feb. 9 -^ Karle, T. Algernon, Hartford, Cheshire.
851. Jan. 7 Kgkrton of Tatton, Karl. 'I'atton Park,
Knutsford, Cheshire, V ice- President,
898. Nov. 3 "Ehrenborg, Harald. 49 Sydenham avenue,
Liverpool.
891. Mar. 19 *P^lliot, Robert J. 1 1 1, Ciiatham street, Liver-
pool.
897. Nov. 4 ''Kllis, John W., M.I). 18 Rodney street,
Liverpool,
891. Jan. 22 F.llis, 'I'homas RatclifTe. 18 King street, ^Vigan.
901. Feb. 14 ''Kllswonh, W. S. Ingleside, r)lundellsands,
Liverpool.
889. Oct. 31 Ksdaile, Ceorge. The Old Rectory, riatt-in-
Rusholine, Manchester.
886. Nov. 18 '^Kshelby, IL Douglas, F.S..\. 80 Shrewsbury
ro:ui. Oxton, lMrkenl;ead, Viie-Pffsiiient.
848. Nov. 23 I'vans, luiward. Bronwylhi, Wrexham.
878. Jan. 10 Fairclough, John. Latchford Grange, War-
rington.
891. Mar. 5 Farrer, Wiiiiam. Marton House, Skipton.
871. Jan. 12 Fercu'son, William, F.C.S., F.C.S, F.R.S.K.
Kilmundy House, near Mintlaw, N.l>.
891. Feb. 19 ffarington, Lieut. -Col. R. A. Maiiebonne,
Wii];an.
888. Nov. i:; "Finnev, Charles F. Huvton House, Huvton.
S80. April I Fishwick, Lieut. -Col. Henry, F.S,.-V. The
Heights, Rochdale.
891. Mar. 19 'Fletcher, Mrs. Altrcd. Allerton House, Wo jl-
ton, Liverpool.
890. Nov. 6 Formby, John. Formby Hall, Formby.
891. Dec. 3 -Fox, John D. 44, Norwood grove, Liverpool.
875. Jan. 7 CiARNEiT, William. Quernuiore Park, Lan-
caster.
890. Jan. 9 •Gatehouse, Charles. Westwood, Noctorum,
Birkenhead.
889. Feb. 21 ^Gladstone, Robert. Harrington street, Liver-
pool.
893. Nov. 2 ''GofTey, Thomas. Amalfi, Blundellsands, Liver-
pool.
897. Nov. 4 '"Goodacre, William. Terra Nova, Aughton,
Ormskirk.
900. Jan. iS 'Gorst, Herbert C. 42, Parkfield road, Liver*
pool.
List of Members, xvii
Date of Ei.ec" io.v.
1889. Nov. 14 '''Gregson, Win. Eugene. 43 Moor lane, Great
Crosbv, Hon. l^reasurcr,
1854. Aug. 31 Grenside, Rev. William Bent, iSI.A. Celling
Vicarage, Carnfoith.
1898. Nov. 3 -''Handley, William. Aldersyde, Runcorn.
1890. Nov. 6 "Hannay, A. M. Queen Insurance Buildings,
Liverpool.
1883. Jan. 25 "Hargreaves, John. Egerton Park, Rock Ferry.
1898. Nov. 3 '''Hawley, Wilfrid. Egerton park, Rock Ferry.
1 89 1. Feb. 5 Head, Robert. West Lodge, Congleton.
1872. Sept. 5 HiNMERS, W. Cleveland House, Lancaster
road, Eccles, IManchester.
1 89 1. Nov. 5 =:• Holland, Walter. Mossley Hill, Liverpool.
1 89 1. Nov. 19 Hope, Thomas H. The Laburnums, Ather-
ton, Manchester.
1899. Jan. 19 'Hoult, James. 17 Derwent road, Liverpool.
1888. Dec. 13 HovKNDEN, Robert, F.S.A. Heathcote, Park
Hill road, Crovdon.
1890. Jan. 23 Hughes, George. Metropolitan Bank, Oxford.
1887. Mar. 24 Hutton,Wm.L. "-•:?//7r;'//j'^;'" Office, Ormskirk.
189T. Nov. 5 Ireland, National Library of, c/o Messrs.
Hodges, Figgis & Co., Dublin.
1893. Nov. 2 Irven, Mrs. John D. Dutton Lodge, Preston
Brook.
1890. Nov. 6 ^Irvine, Wm. Fergusson. 56 Park road South,
Birkenhead, Hon. Assistant Secretary.
1890. Nov. 6 ^''Kent-Green, Mrs. Edward. Eaton Cottage,
West Derby, Liverpool.
1890. Nov. 6 Kerfoot-Jones, J. The Bank, Hoylake.
1897. Mar. II Knowles, Mrs. Frederick. Belair, Birkdale,
Southport.
1900. Nov. 29 ''^Kirby, Bertram Edmund. Ovcrdale, Oxton,
Birkenhead.
1897. Nov. 4 Lancaster Free Public Library. Lancaster.
1901. Jan. 17 '''Larkin, F. C, F.R.C.S. 54, Rodney street,
Liverpool.
1 90 1. Jan. 17 Laihom, The Earl of. Lathom House,
Ormskirk, Vice-President.
1888. Nov. 29 Lawrence, William Frederick, M.A., M.P.
Cowesfield House, Salisbury.
1889. Mar. 7 Leeds, Free Public Library of. Leeds.
1 89 1. Nov. 5 Letts, Rev. Ernest F., M.A. Newton Heath
Rectorv, Manchester.
1892. Feb. 25 '''Lever, \Villiam Hesketh. Thornton Manor,
Thornton Hough, Cheshire.
w
XX A/6/ of Members,
1>ATF. OF F.I.Kc M(>V.
1 888. Feb. o Radcliffe, Frederick M. 9 Cook street. Liver
pool.
1896. Dec. 17 -Radclifte, Joiin, B.A. 50 Ampihill road,
.-\igburih Vale.
IS79. Jan. S RadcUffe, Richard Duncan. >[.A., F.S..-\.,
Old Swan, Liverpool, Jlon.Sivrehiry.
1892. Nov. 3 Radclyfte, C. R. Eustace. 'I'he Hyde, Ware-
ham, Dorset.
1S91. Feb. 5 Reynolds, Rev. Charles L., ^LA. A\*riy
Vicarage, Lancaster.
1899 .^L\r. 2 Rhodes, losiah. Norman road, Runcorn.
1889. Oct. 31 ' Ridgway, Kbene/.er. Huyton, Liverpool.
1880. Jan. 10 RidgNvay, John Clare. Grappenhall lodge,
near Warrington.
1890. Nov. 6 -Robinson, Arthur Muschamp. Lome roa^l,
Claughton, Birkenhead.
1891. Nov. 5 Robinson, Lieut. -Col. Herbert J. Sianhill
Court, Charlwood, Suirey.
1901. April 13 Rochdale Free Public Library, Rochdale.
1876. April 20 RoPF.R, Wii.MAM O., F.S..\. Vealaml Con-
yers, Carnforth.
1900. Nov. 29 Rosenberg, Louis J. 16-17 McGraw Buildirg,
Detroit, Mich., U.S.A.
1901. Nov. 7 '' Rundell, Towson W. 25 Castle street, Liver-
pool.
1888. Nov. 20 "Russell, Sir Edward R . Knt. 6 Abercrombv
square, Liverpool.
1870. Nov. 3 'Rylands, John Paul, F.S. .\. Heather Len,
(Jlaughton, Birkenhead, lia-Pu'stdnif,
1874. Dec. 10 Rvlands, \\'iliiam Harrv, 1\S.A. Societv ot
Biblical Archjeology, 37 Cireat Russell street,
Bloomsbury, London, W.C.
1891. Feb. 19 Ryland, John William. Rowington. Warwick.
1890. Nov. 6 ■ Ryley, 'I'homas Cropper. 19 Sweeting street,
Liverpool.
1888. Mar. 22 St. Helens Free Public Library. St. Helens.
1872. ^Lar. 2 1 S.vLisr.URV, Tin: ^L\RQUESS OF, K.G. TLatfield,
Herts.
1898. Nov. 3 "Sampson, John. University College, Liverpool.
18S8. Nov. 15 SaXDEMAX, LlEUT.-COL. JOHX Cil.AS; Sub-
Ofhcer H.^L Hon. Corns of Gentlemen a:
Arms. 24 Cambridge square, London. \\'.
1891. Nov. 19 Sanders, Rev. Francis, ^LA. Hoylake \'icar-
age, Cheshire.
1897, Dec. 16 "Scarborough, Charles. 8 Upper Stanhope
street, Liverpool,
List of Members, xxi
Date of Election.
1898. Feb. 3 Scarisbrick, Charles. Scarisbrick Lodge, South-
port.
1889. Jan. 10 -''Scholefield, Joshua William. ^;^ Pembroke
road, Bootle.
1894. Nov. I "Scott, David. 10 North John street, Liverpool.
1S98. Nov. 3 •■•Seddon, F. W. Woodhey, Rock Ferry.
1891. Nov. 5 Shaw, Giles. 4 Ash street, Southport.
1894. April 5 Sheldon, Alfred S., Town Clerk. Burnley.
1891. Feb. 19 ''Shute, Arthur. 67, Hope street, Liverpool.
1897. Nov. 18 Smith, Bernard. Church street, Rainford.
1892. Nov. 3 '''Smiih, Rev. Frederick. Island road, Garston.
1897. Jan. 28 Southport (Atkinson) Free Public Library.
1900. Nov. 29 '''Spence, Walter Murray. Formby, Liverpool.
18S0. April I Stanning, Rev. Joseph Heaton, M.A. The
Vicarage, Leigh, Lancashire.
1891. Feb. 5 Stapleton-Bretherton, Frederick. The Hall,
Rainhill.
1899. April 13 Starkie, Colonel Edmund A. Le Gendre.
Hunlroyde, Burnley.
1876. April 6 "Stewart, Rev. Alexander, ALA., Hon. Canon
of Liverpool. 29 Sandon street, Liverpool,
J^iie-Presideni.
1S90. Nov. 6 "Stewart, Rev. Percy, M.A. The Rectory,
West Derbv.
1893. Nov. 2 Stoner, TJiomas. The Orchard, Lathom,
Ormskirk.
1 89 1. Nov. 5 Stonyhurst College, Rev. the Rector of, S.J.
- Blackburn.
1891. ALar. 19 Stubs, Peter. Blaisdon Hall, Newnham,
Gloucestershire.
1893. ^^^^^- 9 Stuttard, Thomas. Lawnswood, Swinton park,
ALanc'nester.
1897. Dec. 16 Tiiylor, Alexander. St. Mary's place. Bury.
1898. Nov. 3 "Taylor, Edward Russell. 67 Lord street,
Liverpool.
1889. Feb. 7 -''Taylor, Francis Willis. 9 Cook street, Liverpool.
1889. April 4 Taylor, Henrv. Braeside, Rusthall, Tunbridge
Wells.
1 87 2. Sept. 5 Taylor, James. Rencombe, Gloucestershire.
1887. Feb. 10 Tempest, Mrs. Arthur Cecil. Broughton
Hall, Skipton-in-Craven.
1S89. Feb. 21 '■'Thompson, Edward P. Wliitchurch, Salop.
1900. Jan. 18 '•'' Thompson, Miss. 4 Abercromby square
Liverpool.
1886. Nov. I 'Threlfall, Henry S. 12 London street, South-
i)orc.
List of Members. xxiii
ASSOCIATE ME^[ilKR5.
1893. Nov. 30 Dolaii, Dom Gilbert, O.S.n. St. lieneditl's,
Ealins, London, \V.
iSSS. ^[Ll!■. S '^Siiaiv, George Thomas. AUienreiim, Cliurch
street, Livurjiool, //i"i. Libniriiin.
1S94. Nov. 1 -■W-Mn, James A. 6 Fairfield street, lainl=id,
Liverpool, Hon. Assislaiil Secrstary.
HONORARY ^rEMIiERS.
1S70. Sept. 13 Avebury, Lord, F.k.S.. K.S.A. High Elms,
Haves, Beck en ham, Kent.
1S55. Feb. 1 Clarke, Joseph, F.S.A. 'Jlie Roos, Saffron-
Walden. Esse.i.
1S75. Ian, 7 Coughtrev, Milieu. London street, Olago,
New Zeiiland.
iSSo. Oct, 5 Dean.JohnWard. 18 Somerset street, Uoston,
>hiis,, United Slates of America.
1870. Sept. :j Hooker, Sir Joseph Dallon, C.li. The Camp,
Sunnin^dale, Berkshire.
1S54. St^pl. 21 Latham, R. Gordon, M.l). 96 Disra^-li road,
Fiitnev, London.
1S5.-. Dec. 9 ^LlcAdain, Robert. iS College square East,
Belfast.
1S70. Sept. .3 Stukcs, Sir George Gabriel, Bart., M.l'., P.R.S.,
LL.I). I'embroke College, Cambridge.
2 Excavations at Wilderspool.
The landowners, Messrs. Greenall, Whitley and
Co., have a^ain very kindly allowed access to every
part of their home paddock for the purpose of the
excavations.
Structural Remains.
RAMPART.
West Side. — Since its discovery, in September,
1898, the foundation of the western rampart
throughout its entire length, a distance of nearly
100 yards, has been explored. Its outer face and
several widths have been uncovered, and cross cuts
made to ascertain its construction. At 53J feet
from the southern boundary of the enclosure, and
for a distance of 15 feet northwards, there are two
courses of outer facing stones, consisting of
squared sandstone blocks laid lengthwise, those of
the lower course averaging 16 inches in length by
g inches in width and depth, and those of the upper
1 1 inches by 6 inches. From this point a single
layer of larger dimensions, varying from 13 to 26
inches in length, and g to 14 inches in width and
depth, continues 75 feet in the same direction.
A photograph of this portion is reproduced on
plate II, No. I.
The facing stones on the inner side of the
rampart, along the edge of the r/V?, which were
laid bare in the various cross-sections and for a
distance of 27 feet from the N.W. angle, are about
II inches square by 6 inches deep. The average
width of the foundation between the outer edges of
these two marginal rows is 9 feet, but in many
sections north and south of those just described
the squared kerbstones are much tumbled or alto-
gether removed.
The wide joints which occasionally occur between
the ends of these roughly hammer-dressed blocks
are filled with flakes of the same kind of soft local
Excavations at Wilderspool. 3
red sandstone closely wedged between them. There
is no trace of their having been laid in lime mortar,
but the quantity of interlacing roots observed
between the interstices has led to the inference that
lime or alluvial clay was employed for securing
them.
The space between the two rows of facing stones
is closely packed with rubble, consolidated with
gravel and loamy sand, to a depth of one or two
feet.
Beneath the stone foundations there is a bed-
ding, 6 to 9 inches thick, of cobble stones and
sandstone rubble, well pounded down upon an equal
thickness of made-ground, consisting of sand
mixed with black mud or loam, probably derived
from the adjoining bank of the river. Little depth
of foundation is needed in this locality, the dense
glacial sand-bed, forming the subsoil to a depth of
about 30 feet, affording a sure basis.
Variations from this mode of construction were
observed in three places : — (i) At 143 feet from the
south fence of the enclosure, where the foundation
of an external wall abuts upon the outer face of
the rampart and strikes off at right angles west-
ward ; and where also the outer row of facing
stones inclines inwards and lies obliquely, partly
across the line of the main wall. The footings of
the external wall (which will be described later,
under the head of ** exterior buildings'*) are of
similar construction, and are laid parallel to those
of the rampart for a distance of 8 feet, thereby
forming a culvert or drain i foot 4 inches wide and
9 inches deep, with a floor of squared stones, at
the angle of junction of the two walls. (2) At
25 feet further northward the line of the rampart
is crossed by a pavement 9 feet in width and
20 feet in length, composed of surface-worn
sandstone blocks, about 9 inches square by 5 or 6
C 2
Transactions.
EXCAVATIONS ON THE SITE OF THE
ROMANO-BRITISH CIVITAS
AT WILDERSPOOL, YEARS 1899-1900.
By Thomas May^ F.E J.Scot.
Read 15th November, 1900.
THIS report describes the main results of two
seasons* diggings (1899-1900) at Wilderspool,
on the site of what has hitherto been termed the
Roman station, but what has now been found to
be mainly occupied by a civil population engaged
in various industries, and not a regular military
encampment, and must consequently, in future, be
spoken of as a Romano-British civitas, or walled
town.
As in previous years, a grant from the Museum
Committee of the Warrington Museum, and private
subscriptions from Messrs. F. Monks, John Cros-
field, T. G. Rylands, L. Greening, R. Davies,
W. Owen, A. Bennett, T. May, R. W. Rowson,
R. Pierpoint, M.P., and F. R. Roberts, have
enabled one experienced and reliable excavator,
Mr. John Hallows, to be employed, who has also
prepared the photographs and lantern slides used
in connection with the report.
2 Excavations at WilderspooL
The landowners, Messrs. Greenall, Whitley and
Co., have again very kindly allowed access to every
part of their home paddock for the purpose of the
excavations.
Structural Remains.
RAMPART.
West Side. — Since its discovery, in September,
1898, the foundation of the western rampart
throughout its entire length, a distance of nearly
100 yards, has been explored. Its outer face and
several widths have been uncovered, and cross cuts
made to ascertain its construction. At 53J feet
from the southern boundary of the enclosure, and
for a distance of 15 feet northwards, there are two
courses of outer facing stones, consisting of
squared sandstone blocks laid lengthwise, those of
the lower course averaging 16 inches in length by
9 inches in width and depth, and those of the upper
1 1 inches by 6 inches. From this point a single
layer of larger dimensions, varying from 13 to 26
inches in length, and 9 to 14 inches in width and
depth, continues 75 feet in the same direction.
A photograph of this portion is reproduced on
plate II, No. I.
The facing stones on the inner side of the
rampart, along the edge of the rm, which were
laid bare in the various cross-sections and for a
distance of 27 feet from the N.W. angle, are about
1 1 inches square by 6 inches deep. The average
width of the foundation between the outer edges of
these two marginal rows is 9 feet, but in many
sections north and south of those just described
the squared kerbstones are much tumbled or alto-
gether removed.
The wide joints which occasionally occur between
the ends of these roughly hammer-dressed blocks
are filled with flakes of the same kind of soft local
Excavations at Wilderspool. 3
red sandstone closely wedged between them. There
is no trace of their having been laid in lime mortar,
but the quantity of interlacing roots observed
between the interstices has led to the inference that
lime or alluvial clay was employed for securing
them.
The space between the two rows of facing stones
is closely packed with rubble, consolidated with
gravel and loamy sand, to a depth of one or two
feet.
Beneath the stone foundations there is a bed-
ding, 6 to 9 inches thick, of cobble stones and
sandstone rubble, well pounded down upon an equal
thickness of made-ground, consisting of sand
mixed with black mud or loam, probably derived
from the adjoining bank of the river. Little depth
of foundation is needed in this locality, the dense
glacial sand-bed, forming the subsoil to a depth of
about 30 feet, affording a sure basis.
Variations from this mode of construction were
observed in three places : — (i) At 143 feet from the
south fence of the enclosure, where the foundation
of an external wall abuts upon the outer face of
the rampart and strikes off at right angles west-
ward ; and where also the outer row of facing
stones inclines inwards and lies obliquely, partly
across the line of the main wall. The footings of
the external wall (which will be described later,
under the head of ** exterior buildings'*) are of
similar construction, and are laid parallel to those
of the rampart for a distance of 8 feet, thereby
forming a culvert or drain i foot 4 inches wide and
9 inches deep, with a floor of squared stones, at
the angle of junction of the two walls. (2) At
25 feet further northward the line of the rampart
is crossed by a pavement 9 feet in width and
20 feet in length, composed of surface-worn
sandstone blocks, about 9 inches square by 5 or 6
c 2
4 Excavations at WilderspooL
inches thick, covered with gravel. This pavement
unites the principal via running north and south
(just inside the rampart) with a narrow byway or
street running westward at right angles. (3) At
27 feet from the north-west angle, as stated in my
previous report, the marginal blocks of the rampart
are of larger size, and the interval between them
is filled with a g-inch layer of boulder-clay, well
rammed down upon about a foot of rubble.
Gateway, — Near to the north-west angle, where
another stone causewav branches off westward
along the bank of the river, there are deeper
foundations and some traces of bedding for the
side-posts of a gateway crossing the rampart, but
these traces are ver}- indefinite.
Ballistarium, — At 130 feet from the south fence,
and extending 13 feet to just within the angle of
the external wall above mentioned, there is the
foundation of an expansion or buttress, 5 to 7 feet
wide, built up against the outside of the rampart.
It descends to a depth of 6 or 7 feet, and consists
of a bedding, 11 inches thick, of very stift'
yellow boulder-clay, overlaid with roughly squared
hammer-dressed blocks of sandstone, broken stones
from the quarry, and boulders, built up with wide
joints, and consolidated with boulder-clay to a
further height of 4 feet 3 inches.
North Side. — Very little additional information
has been obtained with regard to the remains of
the rampart on the other three sides beyond what
has been recorded in my two previous reports. On
the north side, along the summit of the sloping
bank of the river, the stone foundation suddenlv
ceases in a broken line close to the north-west
angle, and all traces of the fortification have been
removed for a distance of fully 100 feet further,
where a roadwav has been cut throui^h them. For
some distance bevond this fall of the sfround onlv
Excavations at Wilderspool. 5
the hard-rammed bedding of loamy sand and
cobble-stones or broken rubble remain, the squared
stones having been removed where they were
easily accessible along the old Chester road (now
Greenall's Avenue), which passes between the
northern rampart and the river. The stone
bottoming or platform was again met with at
282 feet eastward from the north-west angle, and
its inner and outer facing stones were uncovered
for a distance of 24 feet. The space between was
found, in three cross trenches, to be packed and
consolidated with rubble and loamy sand ; and the
total width, in two of the trenches, 12 and 13 feet
respectively. The facing stones on the outside
were smaller than those previously described, and
were in several courses, as will be seen in the
photograph reproduced on plate II, No. 2.
A presumed gateway in the north-east angle,
and the adjoining portions of the rampart on the
north and east sides, if they are still in existence,
are enclosed within the boundary of a private lawn,
and are therefore inaccessible.
East Side. — On the east side, for a distance of
74J feet from the lawn fence, both sides of the
foundation of the rampart were uncovered to a
point on its outer face situated at 232 feet from the
south fence of the field, and 397 feet from the
outer face of the rampart on the opposite (west)
side in a straight line. Its width in six cross
trenches was found to vary from 9 to 10 feet, and
there were no squared facing stones remaining on
this portion, which was only about a foot below the
surface of what was formerly a garden or shrubbery.
A number of trenches were cut in searching for
remains of the rampart on the same line beyond
this, but nothing more than the hard bedding of
pounded gravel and loamy sand, or boulder-clay
(in one instance), was met with.
6 Excavations at WilderspooL
Ballistannm, — The foundation of what appeared
to be a lean-to or rectangular enlargement, built
up against the inside of the eastern rampart, was
situated at 31 feet from the fence of the lawn, and
248 feet from the south fence. The three walls
forming it were 2 feet 6 inches thick, one of which
was 26 feet in length parallel to the rampart, and
the two return walls, abutting upon the latter,
were 10 feet in length (outside measurement), the
enclosed space being filled with boulder-clay.
This enlargement, as well as the external expan-
sion upon the western rampart (though only half
the size) and the strengthening core of boulder-clay
inserted close to the north-west angle, were pro-
bably for a similar purpose, viz. : to support
platforms for the artillery {tormenta) of the defenders,
and to prevent the walls from being shaken to
pieces by their concussion when discharged.
In support of this explanation of their purpose,
the followinq; similar instances mav be cited : — At
Housesteads {Borcoviciis)^ one of the stations of the
Wall of Hadrian, the thickness of the north wall,
west of the gateway, has been increased to 10 feet
by stones bedded in clay, between the double casing
of facing stones ; and a solid platform of masonry
20 feet square is situated on the north of the east
gateway. They are supposed to be ballistaria^ as
several stones of about i cwt. to li cwt. roughly
cut into a rounded or conical form, were lying near
the former.' The earthen rampart surrounding the
station at High Rochester [Bremcniiim) on the
Watling Street, just north of the Great Wall,
averaging 16 J feet, thickens in two places to 25
and 28 feet, and in the centre of them is a mass
of clay about 4 feet thick. Here also a number of
large roughly rounded stones were found, which
X Bruce*s Roman IFai/, ed. 1 867, p. 1S9.
Excavations at Wilderspool. 7
were evidently intended to be used in the ballistcB^
and there was proof of the presence of ballistaria
in an inscribed slab.^ At York {Ebvracum)y toWers
about 18 feet square were erected at intervals of
125 feet along the summit of the great earthen
rampart which was piled up in the rear of the
stone wall, and at the bottom, near the sides of
one of the towers, ** the stones were worn into a
** sort of channel, as if some heavy machine had
** been frequently moved upon them/' ^ fhe roughly
semicircular expansions, about 20 feet across, which
occur periodically along the south face of the
Antonine Wall (two being found at Croy some 80
Roman paces apart), are likewise deemed to be the
** heaped-up sod platforms '* of Ammianus, xxiii, 4.
and tribunalia of Hyginus, sec. 58, erected to
support the artillery [tormenta) for mural defence,
such as onagri, carroballistce , &c. One of the stone
missiles found near Croy is from 13J to 14J inches
in diameter, and weighs 3jlbs/
STRUCTURE OF THE RAMPART.
On consideration of the foregoing details and
their comparison with those of the fortifications of
other Romano-British stations, definite conclusions
may now be drawn as to the character of the
superstructure of the rampart at Wilderspool.
Here the immediate subsoil is a glacial sand-bed
of great thickness, and the heathy sod upon its
original surface and the earth thrown from the
ditch would be equally unsuitable for constructing
an earthen rampart or turf wall {murus cespiticius) .
The supposition that it was a wall of squared stones
laid in lime-mortar or cement is equally untenable,
2 Bruce *s Roman IVa/I, ed. 1867, p. 31.
3 Wellbeloved's f^nz^f^^/, p. 52. ; . '
4 TA€ AtUmine Wall Report of the Glasgow Arch^ Soc.j pp. 52 aivd 144.
8 Excavations at WilderspooL
since the specimens of lime-mortar and character-
istic grouting {opus signinum) collected during five
years' recent digging can be held in the palm of
one hand. The thickness of the foundations (9 to
12 feet) also militates against this theory, since
it even exceeds that of the Great Wall of Hadrian
(6 to 9 feet). On the other hand, boulder and
alluvial clay have been encountered in all parts of
the civitasy in the form of floors, furnaces, the
bedding of walls and pugging of wells, and in
the soil covering the foundations, where it has
necessitated the constant use of a pick and greatly
hindered the progress of the excavations. Abun-
dance of alluvial clay was obtainable from the
adjoining banks of the river, but immense quantities
of boulder-clav were also brousfht in for buildinij
purposes from a natural deposit at Stockton Heath,
a quarter of a mile distant, where it was utilized
and prepared by the Romano-British potters, one
of whose kilns, constructed of the same material,
was uncovered during the past season (1900), and
falls to be described in my next report. The dif-
ference between the two kinds of clay is that the
former (alluvial clay) readily absorbs water and
becomes mud ; while the latter (boulder-clay) retains
its natural consistency, and refuses to absorb further
moisture, even when spread thinly over the bottom
of a canal or pond. Throughout these excavations
it has been found that, whereas alluvial clav
presents no definite outline, boulder-clay or till has
retained its original position and shape, except
where disturbed by force. It may, therefore, be
assumed that, in structures hereafter described as
being made of clay, the latter kind only is meant.
Where such an abundance of clav, sandstone
rubble, broken bricks, and other rude materials is
present, some fragments of other and finer mate-
rials, had they ever existed, would likewise have
Excavations at Wilder spooL g
been traced. We consequently arrive at the con-
clusion that the over-walling of the rampart
consisted mainly of sandstone rubble embedded in
clay, covered on the outside with squared facing
stones of no great size or uniform shape, in which
latter respect only is it different from that of the
Romano-British town at Wroxeter, as described by
Wright {Uriconium, p. 97), which had no facing
stones. Vide previous report.^
It appears from the report of Mr. John Garstang,
B.A., in the Journal of the Derbyshire Archceolog,
and Nat. Hist, Soc, igoi, just issued, that the
rampart of the recently excavated camp of Melandra
Castle, near Glossop, was faced around on its outer
side with a stone wall, little more than a foot thick,
which was backed by a mound of rubble, earth and
marl, the whole width of the base of the mound
being 20 feet or more. There was no trace of an
inner retaining wall. According to Mr. Haverfield,
F.S.A., the ramparts at Gelligaer, near Cardiff, are
somewhat similar, and earthen ramparts seem to
have been commonest in the first century a.d.
ROADS.
As previously stated, there is a narrow by-way
or street leaving the station near the middle of the
west side, and running westward at right angles to
the main via for a distance of nearly 20 yards.
Here it breaks off suddenly near the edge of an
old sand-pit, the digging of which has produced a
fall of 9 feet in the ground and removed every
trace of Roman occupation that had ever existed
beyond. The roadway consists merely of a layer
of gravel a few inches thick, skirted by rude kerb-
stones, the outer edges of which are 9 feet apart,
lying at a depth of about a foot below the sod.
5 Trans, HisL Soc, of Lane, and Chesh.^ n.s., Vol. xiv, p. 3$.
10 Excavatiom at Wilder spool.
There is also on the west side a bed of rubble
8 to 1 1 feet wide, partly consolidated with alluvial
clay, leaving the via close to the north-west angle,
and extending across the ditch and along what was
once the sloping bank of the river for a distance of
85 feet in a westerly direction. This was described
in my previous paper^ as an external wall, but by
further excavation during the present year (1900)
it has been proved to be a stone causeway, built up
for carrying a road, with two external buttresses
to keep it from slipping down the bank ; the gravel
upon its surface being the principal indication
which distinguishes it from the foundations of a
wall. It is, therefore, the commencement of a
Roman via that has been traced at various
intervals along the line of the present highway
through Frodsham and Halton to Chester, which
it entered by the northern gateway.
The eastern branch of the main via has also
been traced for 300 yards inside and beyond the
civitas^ and found to be merely a layer of gravel
24 feet wide and a few inches thick, without the
usual bedding of sandstone rubble underneath, at
I foot 3 inches to i foot 6 inches below the present
surface.
EXTERIOR BUILDINGS.
West Walls. — As shown upon the revised plan,
there are three external walls abutting upon the
outer face of the western rampart at right angles,
and starting from it at 64, 143, and 230 feet from
the south fence, the intervals between them being
71 and 77 feet. They extend westward for distances
of 47, 50, and 45 feet respectively. There are no
return walls at their outer extremities, but they
terminate in ragged edges near the top of the slope
of an old sand-pit above mentioned. The widths
6 Trans. Hut. Soc. of Lane, and CAfsA,, n.s., vol. xiv, p. 15.
Excavatiofis at WilderspooL ii
of these foundations, taken in the same order, are
7, 9, and 6J feet, and they are bedded upon a thick
layer of boulder-clay, upon which they are carried
across the external fosse or gromatic ditch, after
the latter has been filled up. They are nearly as
massive as those of the main rampart, and are
apparently the remains of two later extensions,
each one of which was in the form of a fortified
external annexe.
INTERIOR BUILDINGS.
East Side. — A walled enclosure uncovered during
1899 on the east side, marked insula hi on the
general plan, appears to have been built as a
pentice or lean-to against the inside of the rampart,
there being no other wall on that side. It encloses
the extension of the latter, supposed to be a
ballistarium^ already described. From its south-
west angle to the fence of the lawn, where excava-
tion ceases, the length is 73 feet, and its width is
from 18 to 20 feet. The following are the internal
dimensions of its various divisions : (i) 42 feet by
5J"feet, with extensions at each end, 15 feet by
10 feet and 10 feet by 3 feet respectively ; (2)
20 feet by 10 feet ; (3) 10 feet by 6 feet, with
one extension 10 feet by 3 feet ; (4) 8 feet by
6 J feet. Both the inner and outer walls vary in
thickness from 2j to 3J feet, and are formed of
sandstone rubble without any mortar or cement,
which may, however, have entirely disappeared.
Furnaces, &c.—ln the floor of the southern
division (i), lying only a foot below the surface at
one end of the contracted passage between the two
extensions, was a bed of clay measuring about
10 feet in length, 3J feet in width, and i foot in
thickness ; inside which was enclosed the hearth
of a furnace for heating a cauldron or melting-pot.
The clay hmng of the furnace and stoke-hole was
12 Excavations at WiUicrspooL
calcined and blanched to a light buff colour, and
the soft clay beneath was reddened to a depth of
6 inches by long exposure to heat. The tile floor
in front was similarly reduced to a dirty grey by
the hot ashes ; and the soil from within the upright
stone slabs enclosing the latter was impregnated
with charcoal. (See plan and section, plate III,
No. i.)^
The following are the interior dimensions of the
furnace : oval hearth, 2 feet 3 inches long by i foot
5 inches to i foot 8 inches wide ; stoke-hole, 3 feet
3 inches long by i foot 4J inches wide ; upright
sides, 8 inches to i foot high. In the bottom of
the furnace, on the left side, there was a blow-hole
or twyer leading from the outside of the bed of clay.
In the floor of the adjoining division (2), lying
closely alongside the rampart, there was a similar
bed of clay, 10 feet 6 inches long by 4 feet 6 inches
wide, enclosing a central oblong chamber, which
may possibly have been the central pit of a compo-
site hypocaust, used for warming the apartment,
seeing that the whole interior lining was calcined
by heat, and there was a narrow flue leading
obliquely from one corner and traces of a stoke-
hole at the opposite end. If this supposition as to
its purpose be correct, there would originally be a
hard burnt clay floor covering the chamber, of the
same kind as was found in a more complete
example discovered on the west side during the
present year (1900), described subsequently.
The interior dimensions were : central chamber,
length 5 feet, width i foot 6 inches to 2 feet ; height
of upright sides, 9 inches ; horizontal flue, length
2 to 3 feet, width 10 inches, depth 5 inches.
Outside the walled enclosure, in nearlv a direct
line westward from those just described, there were
two beds of clay of somewhat larger area — (i) 8 feet
by 6 feet, (2) 1 1 feet by 6 feet — which enclosed in
their reddened and calcined interior the bases of a
Excavations at Wilder spool. 13
hcatin£ fun:2iCt or central pit of a con^r^jviie hvr^o-
caust. the walls o: ^vh:ch v.trt too much brc-ker.
douTi for their irtenctd purpose to be recosTiis^d.
The dimer.s:on> o:* the enclosed chambers were :
(l) length. 4 r'eet 6 ir.che-. width. 2 :eet. (2)
diameter. 3 feet.
A rare medallio': o: Domitiar.. much corroded.
was found directly underneath the north end of the
clay floor (21.
Outside the south-v/e>t angle of the enclosure,
a square nit or v/tll. 3 feet 6 inches across, and
7 feet 6 inches, deer, below the present sunace.
steined with unhewn sandstone b:ocks about ha-f-
wav up. when cleared was. found to contain, besides
the us-ual pothhtrd'- of comim-on soft red and black
ungJazed v/art and a. itw pieces of Samian. frag;-
ments o: a ^:tv -.-a'-e v/ith raised frilled ed^es
coverin:: the rjul::t in a sort of honevcom/D partem.
little bit'"- o: C^-.tor wart with raised knobs in slip.
two inch iron zrJ:'/-. h::s o: lead and bone, and a
piece of Kon-.^n mirror about i^ inch square,
containini: -o Wz'^t a rrorortion of silver in its
compovition av to ot still smooth and polished on its
front surface.
Durin:^; the pa-t three -easons 'iS^S-g-igoo), no
fewer than tv/enty -imilar artir.cial sta^jes or floors,
built up o: masv:ve bouider-clay. and enclosing the
remains o: :urn?.;ct>. flues, hypocausts. ovens, «5cc .
have been e>;am:ne^: and recorded. They afford
trace'", o: - -' :iou'. industries, and differ from, anv-
thinj; :jit'.y/z-'.y described. The possibility of
explaining' t;.t:r destination :- as much due to the
light \:r:'- tr.To-v jpon one another as to the
assod?ited f:nv.' whiih ^^re purely Romano-
Briti-.h in L:.c>:':<A':r.
In cidditioTj ".0 tho',' previou'-ly noted, only four
other. V.''::'; ■jnoo-''::':d durin:^ i'^'9- but these are
of suffioi'jT/. jrnpoit^^nc'; and complexity to occupv
the rerriaind':! of thi- rer^ort.
Excavations at Wilderspool. 13
heating furnace or central pit of a composite hypo-
caust, the walls of which were too much broken
down for their intended purpose to be recognised.
The dimensions of the enclosed chambers were :
(i) length, 4 feet 6 inches, width, 2 feet, (2)
diameter, 3 feet.
A rare medallion of Domitian, much corroded,
was found directly underneath the north end of the
clay floor (2).
Outside the south-west angle of the enclosure,
a square pit or well, 3 feet 6 inches across, and
7 feet 8 inches deep, below the present surface,
steined with unhewn sandstone blocks about half-
way up, when cleared was found to contain, besides
the usual potsherds of common soft red and black
unglazed ware and a few pieces of Samian, frag-
ments of a grey vase with raised frilled edges
covering the bulge in a sort of honeycomb pattern,
little bits of Castor ware with raised knobs in slip,
two inch iron nails, bits of lead and bone, and a
piece of Roman mirror about ij inch square,
containing so large a proportion of silver in its
composition as to be still smooth and polished on its
front surface.
During the past three seasons (1898-9-1900), no
fewer than twenty similar artificial stages or floors,
built up of massive boulder-clay, and enclosing the
remains of furnaces, flues, hypocausts, ovens, &c.,
have been examined and recorded. They aff'ord
traces of various industries, and diff'er from anv-
thing previously described. The possibility of
explaining their destination is as much due to the
light they throw upon one another as to the
associated "finds," which are purely Romano-
British in character.
In addition to those previously noted, only four
others were uncovered during 1899, but these are
of sufficient importance and complexity to occupy
the remainder of this report.
14 Excavations at WilderspooL
Hand-Bloomery.
Melting Furnace I. — The plan and sections drawn
to scale on plate III, No. 2, and photographs taken
from the east and west, reproduced on plate IV, illus-
trate the construction and appearance of what was
evidently an iron smelting furnace. This was
situated within the southmost of the two external
annexes adjoining the western rampart, at 27 feet
west from the latter, and 31 feet north from the
Ship Canal boundary, beneath only from 6 to 9
inches of soiK Its massiveness had enabled it to
defy the action of time and every effort to uproot
it with the plough or spade.
The built-up stage or platform of clay containing
the furnace was in the shape of two oblongs con-
joined, measuring 13 feet 4 inches by 5 feet, and
9 feet 6 inches by 6 feet respectively, their longer
axes Ivinjj north and south. In the midst of the
former there was a circular furnace cavitv, with a
fantail-shaped flue or stokehole leading from it
northwards ; and along the middle portion of the
other limb of the platform there was a branch of
the flue at right angles, opening at i foot 3 inches
from the mouth of the circular hearth, and sloping
downwards and widening outwards to the end,
which was closed up with clay, thus forming a
V-shaped gutter and basin for guiding and collecting
the molten stream from the furnace. A return
pipe or covered duct, 7 inches in diameter, passed
through the clay floor from the outer edge of the
flue to the top of the sloping trough, and served to
convey any molten metal into the latter which had
run past its open mouth.
The calcined interior lining of these cavities,
which was blanched bv heat to a dirtv o^rev or
light buft' colour to a depth of two inches, was the
cause of their preservation, and the sole means
whereby their formation could be traced.
>«^^^
3W^I.
!e*ST VIEWI, BQWdHO-BBlTVSW CWVlk* m -«\\J«*^
14 Excavations at WilderspooL
Hand-Bloomery.
Melting Furnace I. — The plan and sections drawn
to scale on plate III, Xo. 2, and photographs taken
from the east and west, reproduced on plate IV, illus-
trate the construction and appearance of what was
evidently an iron smeltin? furnace. This was
situated within the southmost of the two external
annexes adjoining the western rampart, at 27 feet
west from the latter, and 31 feet north from the
Ship Canal boundary, beneath only irom 6 to 9
inches of soiK Its massiveness had enabled it to
defy the action of time and every effort to uproot
it with the plough or spade.
The built-up stage or platform of clay containing
the furnace was in the shape of two oblongs con-
joined, measuring 13 feet 4 inches by 5 feet, and
9 feet 6 inches by 6 feet respectively, their longer
axes Ivinsj north and south. In the midst of the
former there was a circular furnace cavitv, with a
fantail-shaped flue or stokehole leading from it
northwards ; and along the middle portion of the
other limb of the platform there was a branch of
the flue at right angles, opening at i foot 3 inches
from the mouth of the circular hearth, and sloping
downwards and widening outwards to the end,
which was closed up with clay, thus forming a
V-shaped gutter and basin for guiding and collecting
the molten stream from the furnace. A return
pipe or covered duct, 7 inches in diameter, passed
through the clav floor from the outer eds^re of the
flue to the top of the sloping trough, and served to
convev anv molten metal into the latter which had
run past its open mouth.
The calcined interior lining of these cavities,
which was blanched bv heat to a dirtv o^rev or
light bun' colour to a depth of two inches, was the
cause of their preservation, and the sole means
whereby their formation could be traced.
Excavations at Wilder spool, 15
Their interior dimensions were the following : —
Circular furnace : diameter, 2 feet 4 inches ; height
of upright sides, 3 inches to 4 inches. Flue or
stokehole : length, 4 feet 4 inches ; width increasing
from I foot to 2 feet i inch ; height of upright sides,
4 inches, decreasing to i inch. Sloping trough :
length, 6 feet 6 inches, width increasing from i foot
to I foot II inches ; depth increasing from 6 inches
to I foot 6 inches below the level of the hearth.
There was doubtless a shaft of greater or less
elevation surrounding the circular hearth, and the
flue and sloping trough were also partly or entirely
overarched. A mass of clay reddened by heat, and
fragments of the calcined upper crust were found
choking the latter, but all traces of the super-
structure had elsewhere disappeared. The solidity
of the base of the furnace indicates that it was a
permanent structure, and its shape proves that iron
was smelted by a continuous process, whereby the
products of the circular hearth were run down to
the basin at the bottom of the V-shaped gutter,
and there separated. The slag floating upon the
surface was probably removed by levigation or
skimming over the lip of the basin, and the heavier
iron lifted out by means of ladles and poured into
clay moulds.
These conclusions as to the mode of working,
drawn from the shape of the furnace, were con-
firmed by the position just outside the rim of the
basin, at from 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches from the
surface, of a deposit fully 9 feet in diameter and
6 inches deep of slag, mixed with cannel coal and
ordinary mineral coal in little cubes, both derived
from the Wigan coal measures, less than twelve
miles away ; as well as two pieces of red haematite
from the Cumberland district, and as many nodules
of clay-ironstone, with a nucleus of sand, probably
brought in from Staff*ordshire,
1 6 Excavations at Wilder spool.
The following is a list of miscellaneous objects
from the vicinitv of the furnace last described : —
(i) Plain bronze ring, 3-inch in diameter ; (2) iron
knife ; (3) a number of iron nails, about 2 inches
in length ; (4) flat disc-shaped spindle-whorl of
lead, I inch in diameter, i J inch hole, i\ inch thick.
Pottery — Small broken and distorted hand-lamp
(lucerna), of common soft red paste (plate X, No. 2) ;
two whole members of a triple vase of the same
kind of ware, washed over with thin white clay slip,
with internal communication, globular in shape,
2j inches high, with slightly everted rims 2 inches
across ; portion of mortarium of white Broseley
clay, broken and worn away at the base, stamped
with potter's name, geniali, across the rim, found
2 feet below the clay floor adjoining the flue or
stokehole of the furnace ; broken handle of amphora
stamped with potter's name, qsaser ; fragment of
base of amphora^ scratched with number Ixiiis (63J
ounces), indicating the weight of the empty vessel ;
fragments of so-called Samian, embossed and plain ;
necks of ampullce of red and white paste ; many
fragments of oUcb and patellcp of common soft red
and black smoke-tinted ware ; brick, measuring 7J
by 7f by 2j inches, or two-thirds of a Roman foot,
being an example of the laterculiis bcssalis {bes=%)
of Vitruvius {De Architcctura, Hb. v, cap. 10), one
surface ornamented with «:racefullv curvin«:
diagonal lines, terminating at the four corners in
leaf-shaped loops ; broken pieces of stone roofing
slabs.
Crucible Furnace I. — A purifying or smithy
hearth discovered last year is represented by a
photograph reproduced (plate V, No. i), and
by a drawing in plan and section (plate V,
No. 2 and 3). The surroundings of this ancient
farriery (ferraria)^ so named from the material
(ferrum) iron, are partly visible in the photograph ;
the principal via running north and south is in the
H.S. ofL.*noC.
i6 Excavations at WildersppoL
The following is a list of miscellaneous objects
from the vicinity of the furnace last described : —
(i) Plain bronze ring, 3-inch in diameter ; (2) iron
knife ; (3) a number of iron nails, about 2 inches
in length ; (4) flat disc-shaped spindle-whorl of
lead, I inch in diameter, i J inch hole, i J inch thick.
Pottery — Small broken and distorted hand-lamp
(lucerua)y of common soft red paste (plate X, No. 2) ;
two whole members of a triple vase of the same
kind of ware, wavshed over with thin white clay slip,
with internal communication, globular in shape,
2i inches high, with slightly everted rims 2 inches
across ; portion of mortarium of white Broseley
clay, broken and worn away at the base, stamped
with potter's name, geniali, across the rim, found
2 feet below the clay floor adjoining the flue or
stokehole of the furnace ; broken handle of amphora
stamped with potter's name, qsaser ; fragment of
base of amphora^ scratched with number Ixiiis (63J
ounces), indicating the weight of the empty vessel ;
fragments of so-called Samian, embossed and plain ;
necks of ampulla of red and white paste ; many
fragments of olla and patella of common soft red
and black smoke-tinted ware ; brick, measuring 7 J
by 7f by 2 J inches, or two-thirds of a Roman foot,
being an example of the laterculns hcssalis [bcs='i)
of Vitruvius {De Architcdnra, lib. v, cap. 10), one
surface ornamented with gracefully curving
diagonal lines, terminating at the four corners in
leaf-shaped loops ; broken pieces of stone roofing
slabs.
Crucible Furnace I. — A purifying or smithy
hearth discovered last year is represented by a
photograph reproduced (plate V, No. i), and
by a drawing in plan and section (plate V,
No. 2 and 3). The surroundings of this ancient
farriery (ferraria), so named from the material
(ferntm) iron, are partly visible in the photograph ;
the principal via running north and south is in the
H^-- -"-^^
^^^^ddjR^^^
^^^E^Mbh^
^^^
Excavations at Wilderspool. 17
background ; th^ foundation of a wall, 2 feet
6 inches thick, extending from the via eastward at
right angles for a distance of 80 feet, is on the left ;
the foundation of another wall parallel to the
former and of equal width, commencing at 21 feet
from the via and extending only to the hearth, a
distance of about 40 feet, is on the right ; a rough
pavement formed of small vslabs of sandstone and
broken tiles, which extended 12 feet 6 inches west-
ward from the hearth, is seen in the middle of the
picture. The foundations are of rubble consoli-
dated with boulder-clay, on a layer 3 or 4 inches
thick of the same kind of clay and an equal thick-
ness of gravel. The distance between the two
walls is from 4 to 7 feet (widening towards the
paved portion), thus forming a narrow corridor or
alley, 60 feet long, giving access to the smithy from
the via.
The hearth itself was a roughly semicircular
stage or platform, built up of broken tiles and
bricks in five courses, set in stiff boulder-clay with
wide joints for mortar, and enclosing a cylindrical
pit or crucible (catmusj, the interior of which was
lined with calcined clay. Dimensions : platform,"
length (diameter) 3 feet 6 inches, width (radius)
2 feet 6 inches, vertical height i foot 10 inches to
2 feet 2 inches ; fire-seat or crucible, diameter
1 1 inches, depth 9 inches.
Pieces 4 to 6 inches square of flanged roofing
tiles, scored revetting tiles, flue tiles and bricks,
I inch to 2i inches thick, of ordinary Roman
character, were employed. One entire brick from
the base of the hearth (measuring i foot 3J inches
by log inches by 2J inches) is a specimen of the
Lydium or sesquipedalian of Vitruvius (ij by i
Roman foot), and from its thickness a late date,
about the fourth century, may be attributed to the
remains.
u
1 8 JixcavatioHs at Wilderspool.
There was a vertical funnel-shaped opening
extending 7 inches downwards tron> the base of
the crucible, 6 inches wide at the top and 2 inches
at the bottom, lined round with three courses of
broken tiles, and communicating with the front
of the hearth by a narrow gap, 2 J inches wide,
between the tiles. This appears to have been the
tap-hole for running out the cinder. In front ot
the hearth, i foot 8 inches below its summit, there
was a semi-circular floor of clay, 2 or 3 inches
thick, and about 2 feet 6 inches in diameter. The
floor and platform were surrounded by a light
yellow powdery layer of burnt soil.
Close to the outside of the clay floor, and only
4 to 6 feet east from the hearth, there was a deposit,
2\ to 3 feet wide, of unspent charcoal in lumps still
showing the grain of the original wood. A few
bits of cannel coal were also met with.
Only one lump of heavy slag was found in the
immediate vicinity of the furnace, but there was a
deposit of light *' cinder" (silicate of iron) outside
the south-east angle of the adjoining house, at 35
feet south from the furnace ; and in the wall of the
crucible, underneath the calcined lining, there was
a small ijlobule of «:lassv " cinder," the analvsis of
which IS given below, indicating that the purifica-
tion of iron was the purpose for which the furnace
was used. There was also a block of cast-iron (about
2 inches bv i inch bv i inch) the analvsis of which
is also given later. The iron objects found close at
hand were (i) fourteen nails, 2 to 3 inches in length,
with round flat heads ; (2) three hob-nails, \ inch
in length, with conical heads ; (3) two clamps ; (4)
hook ; (5) about half of a box-lock of thin iron
plate, coated with a non-corrosive lacquer orvarnish,
3^ inches wide by i inch deep, the cover plate in
Que piece, with edges turned down \ of an inch at
right angles, to retain the side-plates formed by a
Excavations at Wilder$pooL z^
separate strip. It was fastened to the door by two
round-headed iron nails, 3 inches long, which were
driven obliquely through two holes in the corners
of the cover-plate, and retained a portion of the
wood, saturated and preserved from decay by oxide
of iron, adhering to them ; (6) handle of an iron
knife or dagger, 4 inches in length, J inch in dia-
meter, formed out of a flat middle plate of iron and
two half-round outer plates of bone, fastened to-
gether by two iron rivets, i inch apart, passing
through them. The pommel or projecting end of
the middle plate is perforated for suspension by a
lanyard. The two outer plates of bone are orna-
mented with incuse lines in three encircling bands,
§ of an inch wide, forming a trellis pattern or
diamond lattice at both ends and a chevron in the
middle. The blade is broken off" close to the hilt,
which has no enlargement. What appear to be
two portions of the broken blade, which fit together
at the broken ends, but are coated with a thick
mass of consolidated sand, oxide of iron, and por-
tions of a wooden sheath, measure 6^ inches in
length when conjoined, making a total length of
blade and handle, loj inches, (found under the
deposit of charcoal and a thin layer of clay.)
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.
Lead, — Two spindle-whorls, slightly conical, (i),
I inch in diameter, J inch thick, the bore tapering
from I to ^ of an inch ; (2), ^J of an inch in dia-
meter, ^ of an inch thick, bore J of an inch.
Pottery, — Potsherds of common soft red and
black smoke-tinted unglazed wares, and a few frag-
ments of bright red glazed Samian. A whole dish
or plate, cracked half across, 11 inches in diameter,
i^^ inch deep, f inch thick, rim i| inch wide, with
a graceful ogee curve and deep groove round the
edge, found in the clay floor in front of the furnace,
D 2
20 Excavations at WilderspooL
Two coins* a first brass of Domitian and a second
brass of Trajan, found along the edge of the long
wall adjoinin»\ at i foot 3 inches and i foot 6 inches
from the surface respectively.
No fewer than 60 iron nails of various sizes were
found in a rubbish pit, opened out at a distance of
45 feet nearly in a direct line south from the
furnace.
The most interesting find close to the furnace
was an iron tube, about 8 inches in length, ij
inch external and § inch internal diameter, \ inch
thick, hollow inside, but coated on the outside
with a thick concretion of sand and rust. The
tube itself was too much o.xvdized for analvsis. It
appears to have been the nozzle of the bellows for
working the crucible, and was probably introduced
over the top.
The analysis of specimens Nos. i and 2, two small
pieces of hsematite ore ; No. 3, several lumps of slag ;
No, 4, a portion of the calcined clay interior, from
the meltinij furnace I. bv Mr, Andrew Harlev of the
Coalbrookdale Iron Works (through the interven-
tion of Mr, F. \V. Monks, of Monks, Hall & Co.),
gave : —
Iron Oki,
No 1.
No, 2y
Feme oxule...
* % *
90 56c
« * «
96 12
Iron pyriies...
« % %
—
* % %
>'05
Aluuuia
% V H
—
% % %
sliiiht trace.
l.iwe
% % %
s^iijhl irace
% % «
« «
Magne^a . . .
% % *
\ \
* s s
»,
Phosphoric acid
« % %
.«
* % %
.«
Sulphuric aciii
\ \ %
»»
% « %
■ -
NUnjsj^iinic acid
.. N %
—
« % %
»»
Sthcct>us mauc)^
% « \
5k^
* % s
I'Tn
rhcv were both red when s>round, Xo. i con-
tjiining moi>^ impurity , and No. •» very hard and
jUightly crysiaUinc on edjjcs. They are evidently
s|>ecimens of the pui^est Cumberland ore.
Excavations at WilderspooL
21
The samples of slag were found very much alike,
and the particulars of one only need be stated.
No. 3 Slag.
OllICcl ••• ..a ■••
Alumina
Manganic oxide
Ferrons oxide
Ferric oxide
Phos|)horic acid
Iron ])yrites
Carbonaceous matter and moisture
59*65
•20
1814
3-84
•48
1*46
318
In the opinion of Mr. F. G. Ruddock, F.I.C.,
analytical chemist and lecturer on chemistry at the
Warrington Technical Institute, an expert of long
experience in the analysis of iron and its ores,
** Such a composition of slag could only be produced
** direct from the ore, at a high temperature, in a
** smelting furnace.'*
The composition of the calcined clay. No. 4,
from the interior of the furnace, was as follows : —
Silica 45*65, alumina 8'84, lime 13*36, magnesia
8'gi2, oxide of iron 2*64, iron pyrites 75, carbonic
acid, coaly matters, &c., ig'i.
The analysis of three specimens of iron and slag
from the crucible furnace I, by Mr. Ruddock, gave
the following results : —
(i) A squarish block of iron (about 2 x ij x
with scale.
Carbon, combined ...
Carbon, as graphite
Silicon
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Manganese ...
Iron, by difference...
I inch), coated
o 230
30
1*050
0485
0756
0403
94076
This he described as a sample of cast iron,
extremely brittle, smelted with coal from an impure
ore, probably spathic, owing to the high phos-
phorus ; and with a sulphurous coal, owing to the
remarkably high sulphur.
I
I !
22 Excavations at WilderspooL
(2) A piece of wrought iron resembling a cotter or l>nch pin.
Carbon ... ... ... ... ••• 0090
Silicon ... ... ... ... ... '060
Sulphur ... ... ... ... ... 031
Phosphorus ... ... ... ... 257
Manganese ... ... ... ... ... trace.
Iron, by difference... ... ... ... 99562
The high proportion of phosphorus led him to
conclude that it was produced from an impure ore,
and that it was probably made from cast iron and
not direct from the ore.
(3) A small globule of cinder from liie wall of the furnace,
underneath the calcined lining.
Silica ... ... ... ... ... 73800
Ferrons oxide ... ... ... 17*6
Ferric oxide ... ... ... ... 1*2
Alumina ... ... ... ... ,.. 1*7
Magnesia ... ... ... ... ... 0*55
Phosphoric acid ... ... ... ... 0*724
Sulphuric acid ... ... ... ... i'65o
Alkalies, &c. ... ... ... ... 2876
Such a slag as this, he inferred, would be obtained
by reducing an ore containing appreciable quan-
tities of phosphorus and sulphur.
General Conclusions.
The foregoing details of (i) the construction and
surroundings of two different furnaces, viz., a
melting hearth and a crucible or purifying hearth ;
(2) two kinds of fuel, cannel coal and ordinary
mineral coal in the former, and charcoal in the
latter, for the manufacture of iron ; (3) the results
of analysis of specimens of ore, slag, cinder, crude
or cast iron, and finished iron derived from these
furnaces ; and (4) the opinion of an expert in
regard to them, are strong evidence in support of
the view that an indirect method of producing crude
or cast iron in one furnace, and reheating it with
charcoal to convert it into pure or malleable iron in
another, was practised in this localit}'. This view
Excavations at WilderspooL %%
receives further support from the discovery last
season on the north side of the civitas of another
similar pair of furnaces, w^hich, however, fall to be
described in next year's report.
The earliest writer upon the subject, Agricola,
De Re Metallica^ lib. ix, p. 337-339, gives a very
clear description of two separate furnaces, the
melting hearth (rinnherd) and the crucible hearth
(schnidherd), employed in the i6th century for iron
smelting. The latter was used in the production
of soft malleable iron or *' blooms,*^ direct from the
purer ores by a single heat, with charcoal for fuel,
in conjunction with a forced draft by bellows and a
tilt-hammer, both driven by a water-wheel. The
hearth was 3 J feet high, 5 feet long and broad, in
the middle of which was a crucible (catinus) a foot
high and a foot and a half wide, the dimensions,
however, varying according to requirements. The
crucible appears to have been lined with powdered
charcoal (two parts), powdered earth (one part),
mixed together and moistened with water, and then
beaten down with a pile or rammer in such a way
as to form a circular cavitv a foot wide, 8 inches
deep. Ore and charcoal in alternate layers were
heaped up and the fire lighted inside the crucible,
combustion being forced by means of a tube intro-
duced over its edge connected with bellows.
Impure ores not only underwent a preliminary
process of roasting, washing, and powdering, but
were actually melted by prolonged heating in a
much largerfurnace (a representation of which, taken
from Agricola, is given on plate VI, No. i), before
being removed to the crucible furnace for purifica-
tion with charcoal and welding into blooms. The
pot or crucible for receiving the molten metal will
be seen in the illustration directly in front of the
furnace. Agricola's description of the process is
24 Excavations at WilderspooL
sufficiently brief and explicit to be quoted in
extenso : —
Sed ad ferri venam, qu?c vel serosa e&t, vel cocia dif)icuher
liquescitf majore opera ei acriore igni nobis opus est ; etenim
ejus partes, in quibus nietaUum inest, non niodo a reliquis, quae
nullum in se continent metalluni, oportet secernere, et pilis siccis
t'rangere ; sed et urere, ut alia metalla aique succos nocivos exha-
lent ; et lavare, ut levia quaique ab eis separentur. Kxcoquaniur
vcro in fornace primi assiniili, verum multo anipliore et aliiore,
ut mullani venam, niultosque carbt^nes continere possit : nam
partim venie fVagmeniis, quae niajora nuce non sint, narlim car-
bonibus coniplealur; quas res excoctores gradibus, qui sint ad
alterum latus fornacis, ascendentts injiciaiu. Ai ex tali vena
mode scmel, niodo bis cocta conflaiur terruni, quod idoneuni est
ut in foco fornacis ferrariaj recalfiat, et niagno illo nialleo ferreo
subjectum dilatetur, aique ferro acuto in partes secetur.
** More labour and a fiercer heat are requisite for cuprous or
** refractory ores, since the portion coniainini; the metal has not
**only to be divided from the rest ami disintegrated with dry
** stamps, but it must also be roasted to sublimate other metals
**and noxious salts, and washed to separate the lighter portions.
•* It is to be smelted in a furnace similar to the first (shaft fur-
**nace), but much larger and loftier, to contain much more ore
** and charcoal, and to be charged alternately with ore in frag-
** ments no larger than a nut and with charcoal, which are thrown
*• in by the smelters, who ascend the steps on one side of the
** furnace. From such ore. sometimes once, sometimes twice,
** roasted, iron is melted suitable for being re-healed in the smithy
*' furnace, and beaten out beneath that great iron hammer, and
** cut into pieces with a sharp edge."
One of the latest and most instructive writers
on ** Early Metallurgy, &c/\ Mr. Wm. Gowland,
F.S.A., F.C.S.,^ considers it as very surprising that
** No debris of any furnace, sufficiently perfect to
** enable us to deduce from it its original form, has
** vet been unearthed '' amoncf the extensive remains
of the iron industry during the Roman occupation
of Britain. In forming the opinion that in these
early furnaces **the metal was never melted, but
'' was always obtained in the form of a solid mass
'' of malleable iron,'* this writer seems to have
7 Archntot^iia^ vol. Ivi, pt. ii, p. 314.
Excavations at WilderspooL 25
overlooked the fact th«it, from the impure clay-iron-
stone ores, smelted in such enormous quantities in
Sussex during the Roman period, it would have
been impracticable to extract soft malleable iron
suitable for forging at a single heat.
The discoveries at Wilderspool confirm Wright's
surmise,^ that the Roman smelting furnace was
* a wall and covering of clay, with holes in the
* bottom for letting in the draught, and allowing
' the metal to run out. For this purpose they were
' usually placed on sloping ground. Rude bellows
* were perhaps used, worked by different con-
' trivances.''
Mineral coal is also well known to have been in
general use throughout the Roman encampments
along the line of the walls of Hadrian and Anto-
nine, and elsewhere. It was certainly employed
at Wilderspool for iron-smelting, notwithstanding
the oft-repeated assertion that ** charcoal was the
*• only fuel used in smelting till 16 18, when Lord
" Dudley introduced coal for this purpose.'' The
fragments of cannel coal found in all parts at Wil-
derspool have been collected and deposited, along
with the other relics, in the Warrington Museum.
The Romans are well known to have employed
bellows, conical ducts, and other artificial modes of
creating a blast in their furnaces. Sir William
Fairbairn, in his work on Iron^ its History^ &c.^ p. 7,
points out that ** whenever the blast was sufficiently
** powerful the iron would be fused, and a partial
•* carburation would take place. The resulting
" metal would undergo a rude process of refining,
by which the metal was again heated with char-
coal, and the blast directed over its surface, so
'' that the carbon would be burned out, and the iron
*' become tough and malleable. These two pro-
8 The Celt^ (he Roman, and the Saxony p« 292 «
Bxcavatioiis at WilderspooL 27
In shape the furnace resembled the top of the
skull of some animal having a low forehead, and
three apertures underneath opening into a hollow
dome-shaped interior, the plan being square in
front and semicircular behind. Its appearance
when first uncovered is shown in the accompany-
ing photographic plate. (Plate VII.)
The two piers supporting the roof, and dividing
the inside into three separate fire-holes, were i foot
8 inches long and 4 inches thick. The extreme
length of the interior was 3 feet 4 inches, and
therefore the hollow chamber at the back, where
the fire from the three fire holes was concentrated,
measured i foot 8 inches from front to back. The
external dimensions were : — Vertical height, 2 feet
to 2 feet 4 inches ; width, 5 feet ; original length,
6 feet, the front portion having been broken down
for a distance of 2 feet, as shown by the red colour
of the adjoining sand bed. The thickness of the
encircling walls varied from 2 inches to g inches.
The heat was conveyed through the roof into the
kiln, where the vessels were arranged for baking,
by two holes 2j inches in diameter, placed a foot
apart at 6 inches from the ends of the piers, and
there was a flue 4 inches in diameter in the rear of
the right hand stoke hole.
Nothing remained of the circular wall of the kiln
except a single block of hammer-dressed sandstone,
measuring i foot by 10 inches by 3 inches.
Six feet from the front of the fire-holes, and three
feet from the present surface, there was a dense
mass of fragments of broken and distorted vessels
of soft red unglazed ware, of well-known shapes,
intended only for useful purposes ; patellce^ patiticE,
oll(X^ urcei, lagence^ ampiillcB^ nnicc^ and mortaria or
pelves. Many of the larger fragments have been
removed to the Warrington Museum, where there
is a large collection of whole and restored vessels
PLAN AT E-Fl
ROMAN POTTEft'S KILM FOUND AT STOCKTON HEATH,
NEAR WARRINGTON.
Excavations at WilderspooL 27
In shape the furnace resembled the top of the
skull of some animal having a low forehead, and
three apertures underneath opening into a hollow
dome-shaped interior, the plan being square in
front and semicircular behind. Its appearance
when first uncovered is shown in the accompany-
ing photographic plate. (Plate VII.)
The two piers supporting the roof, and dividing
the inside into three separate fire-holes, were i foot
8 inches long and 4 inches thick. The extreme
length of the interior was 3 feet 4 inches, and
therefore the hollow chamber at the back, where
the fire from the three fire holes was concentrated,
measured i foot 8 inches from front to back. The
external dimensions were : — Vertical height, 2 feet
to 2 feet 4 inches ; width, 5 feet ; original length,
6 feet, the front portion having been broken down
for a distance of 2 feet, as shown by the red colour
of the adjoining sand bed. The thickness of the
encircling walls varied from 2 inches to g inches.
The heat was conveyed through the roof into the
kiln, where the vessels were arranged for baking,
by two holes 2j inches in diameter, placed a foot
apart at 6 inches from the ends of the piers, and
there was a flue 4 inches in diameter in the rear of
the right hand stoke hole.
Nothing remained of the circular wall of the kiln
except a single block of hammer-dressed sandstone,
measuring i foot by 10 inches by 3 inches.
Six feet from the front of the fire-holes, and three
feet from the present surface, there was a dense
mass of fragments of broken and distorted vessels
of soft red unglazed ware, of well-known shapes,
intended only for useful purposes ; patellce^ patincEy
oiler, urcei, lagencr, ampiillcBy nrncc, and mortaria or
pelves. Many of the larger fragments have been
removed to the Warrington Museum, where there
is a large collection of whole and restored vessels
28 Excavations at WilderspooL
from the locality, evidently of the same kind of
ware. Among the latter are four mortaria^ stamped
across the rim \vith the names of two of the local
potters, BRUCi (for Brucus) and bricos, in rude and
reversed characters.
Clay Floor (I). — The largest of the above-men-
tioned clay floors was situated at the west end of
INSULA II, on the north side of the fortification,
8 to ID feet from the inside edge of the via^ with a
frontage along the latter of 42 feet and an average
width of 30 feet. There were between it and the
via several patches of a cobble-stone pavement
(measuring in one instance 15 feet by 3 feet), which
appeared to have covered the greater portion of the
interval. On the east side it was bounded by the
tumbled foundations of a dwelling-house, uncovered
in 1898, and described in my preceding report.^
WalL — On the west side there was the founda-
tion of an enclosing wall, 5 to 6 feet wide, formed
by a bedding of gravel overlaid by boulder-clay and
sandstone rubble, extending at least 26 feet at right
angles to the via.
Pavement. — On the surface of the floor and along
the inside of the last-mentioned wall there was a
level pavement, apparently of secondary construc-
tion, 22 feet in length and 18 feet in width, formed
of unshaped blocks of sandstone, which may have
covered an enclosed court-yard, or a street running
north and south. The vertical sections given (figs. 3
and 4, plate III, No. 3) show that the stones of this
pavement lay at a depth ot only 6 to 8 inches below
the present surface. A wall of rude and indefinite
construction and no depth of foundation appears to
have skirted the paved area along the east side.
Though structural remains were wanting along
the south side of the clav floor, the soil was black-
ened with charcoal for a depth of from i to 4 feet,
9 Tram. Hist. S0<. of Lane* and Ches.^ ?ul. xiv, n.s., p, 19.
1, S. ofL. .noC.
iz:
Excavations at WilderspooL 29
and several pieces of glass and other interesting
objects, to be presently described, were recovered
from the lower portion of the stratum.
Amphora Floor, — There was an isolated patch of
rude pavement, 11 feet long by 9 feet wide, of small
hammer-dressed sandstone slabs and broken tiles,
situated at 19 feet from the clay floor on this side.
Underneath was a double layer, 2 feet 6 inches
long by I foot 4 inches wide, of fragments of am-
phorcB, evenly and closely laid, separated by a thick
bed of charcoal. Nothing was found to indicate
the special purpose of the latter ; but it may be
remarked that broken amphorce have been frequently
employed for structural purposes in this locality.
The clay floor (I) itself — though undoubtedly of
Roman origin, a coin of Trajan being found upon
it, at I foot 6 inches from the present surface— was
concluded to be of secondary construction, from the
fact that a similar floor of less area and the bases
of a number of furnaces were found beneath, the
latter being of primary interest and importance as
traces of local industry.
Iron Smelting Hearth (II). — A brief account must
be given of two iron smelting hearths, already
referred to, situated on the surface of the clav
floor, as shown in plan and section, plate III,
No. 3 fig. 2, and plate VIII, figs, i and 2.
In plan the eastmost of the two hearths (plate VI 1 1 ,
figs. I and 2) was in the form of a foot-print or two in-
tersectingovals, each about2feet6inches in diameter,
their conjoined length being 6 feet 4 inches. The in-
terior surface was calcined and blanched to a depth
of 3 inches, and the soft clay underneath reddened to
a further depth of a foot by the intense heat. By
constructing the base of the furnace with a double
batter, from both sides inwards towards the axis
and along the latter towards the east end, it was
formed into a sloping trough or gutter, leading
down to a tubular duct, i foot 10 inches in length
30 Excavations at WilderspcoL
and 4J inches in diameter, through the wall of the
clay platform at right angles, by which the molten
metal was drawn oft', as evidenced by its calcined
interior lining. The purpose for which the hearth
was employed is proved by the discovery of a much
oxidised strip of iron deeply imbedded in a crack
along the middle line of the trough near the exit,
where it had doubtless lain since the last charge
was smelted ; and bv the discoverv of a mass of
red haematite ore, of several pounds weight, in the
clay platform of an earlier furnace, existing partly
underneath the former and partly along its edge,
whence the mass had apparently fallen. The results
of analysis of the iron strip by Mr. Ruddock are
the following : —
Carbon, combined ... .. ... 0060
Silicon ... ... ... ... ... trace
Sulphur ... ... ... ... ... 0*027
Fiiosphorus ... ... ... ... 0*037
Manganese , ... ... ... trace
Iron, by diffeience ... ... ... 99.876
100.
In his opinion this specimen was a pure variety
of soft iron made from magnetic ore or red haema-
tite, and purified from cast iron, as such a low
percentage of carbon would have been practically
impossible if made direct from the ore in this rude
furnace.
Crucible Furnace (II). — Twelve feet westward
from the iron smelting hearth II, juvSt described, on
the surface of the same clav floor and at the same
level (i foot below the sod), there was a circular
hearth 4 feet 6 inches in diameter, surrounding
the mouth of a pit or crucible of cylindrical shape.
I foot 8 inches in diameter and i foot 3 inches deep.
This was of the same shape, and had evidently
been employed for the same purpose as the smaller
crucible in smithy hearth I, namely, for purifying
Excavations at WilderspooL 31
or decarbonising impure iron by means of a char-
coal fire driven by an artificial blast, and producing
lumps of soft malleable iron or ** blooms'' for ham-
mering. The surrounding surface and interior
lining of the crucible were calcined, and the clay
underneath reddened by long exposure to intense
heat. The blanched appearance of the former
caused it to become known as the *' white hearth."
Beds of Cinder and Charcoal. — Between the clay
floor and the via, in the angle of the enclosing wall,
there was a layer, g feet wide, of the black glossy
cinder produced in the purification of iron, a speci-
men of which was found, on analysis by Mr.
Ruddock, to be essentially silicate of iron ; and
adjoining the layer of cinder on the east side the
soil was blackened by spent charcoal over an area
about 4 feet in diameter. The following are the
relics of Romano-British origin with which these
deposits were impregnated : — (i) a large iron nail,
of I inch square section, g inches in length, with a
round head 2 inches in diameter ; (2) a strip of iron
^ inch to f inch wide, J inch thick, perforated at
one end ; (3) the figure of an animal, possibly a
rude representation of the wild boar of the 20th
Legion, formed of sheet lead about ^ inch thick ;
(4) two small strips of sheet lead of about the
same thickness ; (5) a fragment of a common black
smoke-tinted unglazed earthenware olla, (resem-
bling Upchurch ware), with a hole about ^ inch
across, wastefully patched with a plug of lead
weighing 2 ounces, projecting on both sides — (this
leaden plug indicating, not the high value attached
to the black pot, but the abundance of lead in the
locality) — (6) an ordinary melon-shaped ribbed
bead, of grey vitreous paste, coated with blue glaze,
f inch in diameter, and I inch bore ; (7) the broken
half of a similar bead ; (8) a first bronze coin of
Trajan, much corroded, found at a depth of 2 feet
32 Excavations at WilderspooL
6 inches ; (g) a second bronze coin, too much cor-
roded to be deciphered, found in the upcast soil ;
(lo) an iron stylus. 4J inches in length, \ inch thick,
pointed at one end and spatular at the other ; (11)
several round headed nails, about 2 inches in length,
much oxidised ; (12) several fragments of so-called
Samian and ordinary black and red unglazed earth-
enware, and a small fragment of a melting-pot or
crucible ; (13) the neck and portions of the handles
of a large amphora.
Base of Furnace, — Directly adjoining the ''white
hearth" on the north side, but at a slightly lower
level, there was a circular depression in the clay
floor, I foot 8 inches in diameter and about 7 inches
deep, forming the base of a furnace, with a fan-
shaped stoke-hole opening from it on one vside, i foot
9 inches in length and from i foot 4 inches to 2 feet
2 inches in width. A tile hearth in front of the
latter was cracked and burnt to a dirtv sfrev bv the
hot ashes.
One foot three inches further north from the
latter there was another similar depression, 6 inches
deep and i foot 6 inches in diameter, but without
any outlet except a small hole on one vSide, 3 inches
in diameter, which mav have served as a blow-hole
or twyer for the nozzle of a pair of bellows.
Clay Floor (II). — As already stated there was an
earlier floor of less area (about half), but of the
same material, opus testaceum, situated underneath
the floor I, and separated from it by a layer of sand
and gravel 4 inches thick.
SUPPOSED GLASS FURNACES.
At the level of floor II, and at a total depth of
2 feet, three platforms, built up of boulder-clay,
placed a few feet apart and nearly in line wiih the
north via, were uncovered. Each platform enclosed
a pair of furnaces, separately represented by photo-
H. S. ofL. andC.
Excavations at WilderspooL
33
graphs, plate IX, Nos. 1,2, and 3 ; and by a plan and
vsections, figs, i, 3, 4, 5 and 6, on plate III, No. 3,
which must have been constructed in this peculiar
fashion for some special purpose. They differ from
the numerous other furnaces which have been re-
corded, and considered along with the associated
relics, they form the most complete, exceptional, and
interesting of the recent discoveries at Wilderspool.
In constructing the platforms a level bed of
pounded sand and gravel and a single layer of
cobble-stones or sandstone rubble was prepared,
and upon it the tempered clay was built up to a
depth exceeding that of the upright sides of the
enclosed furnace by 3 or 4 inches, and to an area
extending beyond them on all sides by about a foot.
An equal width of clay separated each of the two
adjoining furnaces. The plan of the central pit
was circular or oval, and on one side there was a
fan-shaped stoke-hole opening from it through the
clay towards the front of the platform, where there
was a carefully laid hearth of the same material.
The following are the interior dimensions of the
furnaces and the stokeholes leading from them : —
I
Length.
Platform | I furnace l! 3
1.
riaiform \[
II. 11
Flat form
III.
I
2 2
1! I
2I 3
1! 2
21 2
ins.
8
4
8
Furnaces.
Stoke
:-HOI.ES.
Height
Breadth.
upright
sides.
Length.
Breadth.
ft. ins.
ft. ins.
ft. ins.
ft. ins.
2 6
5
3
I 8
I 4
6
I 6
I
Square
8
Stone
slab
I 10
I 4
I II
I I to
I 8
I 6
I
I
( I oto
1 I 8
' 4
10
8
J loto
i I 6
Depth
below
surface
of top of
platform
ft. ins.
I 6
1 6
2 9
2 o
2 o
2 o
The enclosed furnace (i) in platform I, resembled
the base of an ordinary oven. From the thickness
and red colour of the superincumbent mass of clay
34, Excavations at WilderspooL
and the quantity of fragments of calcined inner
lining covering the floor, it was inferred to have
been originally overarched. The adjoining furnace
(2) seems to have been intended for heating a cal-
dron or melting-pot.
The fire-places enclosed in platform II were
likewise diff'erent in shape and intended purpose.
Furnace (i) was shallower than the other and nearly
square, and had an upright flag of sandstone, 7
inches high, across the mouth. The long oval
shape of the adjoining furnace (2) showed that it
was not the seat of a circular caldron or melting-
pot, and a mass of red plastic clay with which the
interior was choked, numerous fragments of vitrified
clay in contact with the floor, and a ring of soft
clay exposed round its upper margin, where the
calcined interior lining had been broken away, sug-
gested that it had originally been overarched.
Underneath the fireplace it possessed three sepa-
rate floors, the lower ones divided by a 2-inch layer
of sand and gravel, and the upper ones by a cavity
1 foot 4 inches square and 2 j inches deep, filled
with charcoal. Near the middle of the cavity there
were two holes, measuring 7 inches by if inch and
2 inches by i^- inch, evenly and symmetrically
formed, communicating through the floor with the
interior of the fire-place ; and on one side, by an
opening through the clay wall, communicating with
the outside. By these openings it was possible to
introduce an artificial blast, from a pair of bellows,
into the centre of the fire, and it is difficult to con-
ceive any other purpose the holes could have served.
The additional floors appeared to have been intro-
duced for the purpose of raising the fire level and
economising fuel, and were certainly not for the
purpose of patching, the lower floors being com-
plete and unworn. The stoke-hole was steined and
Qverarched ; it widened outwards, and in front of it
Excavations at WilderspooL 53
was a well-laid hearth of burnt clay, nearly semi-,
circular in shape, 2 feet 4 inches across. Surround^
ing the hearth and at the same level was a layer ot
fine white sand, such as is not met with elsewhere
upon the site, but forms a natural deposit in one of
the adjoining fields, whence it has been carted to
Warrington for glass-making in recent years. This
artificial deposit of white sand first suggested the
idea that these peculiar furnaces were employed in
the making of glass.
The furnaces in platform III (plate IX, No. 3,
and plate VIII) were of similar dimensions and
long oval shape. A hearth of burnt clay, of semi-
circular shape, laid symmetrically in front of both
their openings, was ornamented by a number of
rings, I J inch inside and i J inch outside diameter,
evenly stamped on the soft clay previously to baking.
The ** finds " on the surface of floor II, and in
the vicinity of the three platforms, will now be
described and considered as indications of the date,
origin, and purpose of the ovens or furnaces.
(i) — A silver ** consular*' denarius of Augustus
(C. Octavius), damaged by heat, but identified by
Mr. Barclay V. Head, F.S.A., of the British Mur
seum, and described thus: — Obv.^ Head of Venus
to r. Rev., Octavius in military costume marching
to /, his right arm extended and holding a spear in
his left, CAESAR DiviF. ; found a few feet south-west
of the crucible II (which penetrated both floors), at
I foot 10 inches below the present surface.
(2)— A second bronze coin of Trajan, blackened
by heat, but otherwise in an almost perfect condi-
tion : Obv,, Radiated bust of emperor to r., imp.
NERV. TRAIANO AUG. GER. DAC. COS. VIII. RtV.,
draped female figure standing front, holding a
cornucopia in left and a pair of scales in ex-
tended right ; spqr. optimo principi, sc in field ;
along with (3) a fragment of an embossed Samian
E 2
36. Excavations at WilderspooL
bowl, having upright vsides ornamented with a figure
of Minerva armed in fine relief, found directlv
underneath the crucible II, at depths of 2 feet 4
inches and 2 feet 6 inches respectively ; (4) a
bronze ring, plain, ^ inch thick, J inch bore
(for supporting the handle of a situla ?) ; (5) a
disc of black opaque glass, like obsidian, of
plano-convex shape, f inch in diameter, \ inch
thick in the middle (plate X, No. i, fig. 2), found
near the northern edge of floor II, along with
the ring (4), about 2 feet down ; (6) two cusps
of molars of wild boar (sus scrofa), identified
by Mr. Wm. E. Hoyle, M.A., director of the
Owens College Museum, found about 4 feet down
in the clay bedding of the enclosing wall on
the west side of floor I ; (7) a large coloured glass
bead, of oblate spheroidal shape, 4J inches in cir-
cumference, or I J inch in diameter across what may
be termed the equator, and J inch through the bore.
The body is of semi-transparent pale pea-green
glass, ornamented with three inlaid rings, about |
inch wide, one round the middle of cable pattern,
pale blue and bluish white strands alternating, and
two at the intermediate zones of opaque white
enamel. A photograph of this bead is reproduced
on plate X, No. i, fig. 12. It was found at
a distance of only 3 feet 6 inches south from
platform I, and at a depth of i foot 6 inches.
A somewhat smaller but similarly shaped and
ornamented bead, with red, white, and blue
strands alternating in the encircling cable, was
found in the camp at South Shields ; (8) an
amorphous lump of copper, i J ounce in weight :
(9) two squarish pieces of lead ; (10) a lump
of chalk, weighing about a pound, found in
the immediate vicinity of platform II, directly over
and in contact with one of the enclosed furnaces.
It will be observed that these are all three materials
30 Excavations at WilderspcoL
and 4 J inches in diameter, through the wall of the
clay platform at right angles, by which the molten
metal was drawn off, as evidenced by its calcined
interior lining. The purpose for which the hearth
was employed is proved by the discovery of a much
oxidised strip of iron deeply imbedded in a crack
along the middle line of the trough near the exit,
where it had doubtless lain since the last charge
was smelted ; and bv the discovery of a mass of
red haematite ore, of several pounds weight, in the
clay platform of an earlier furnace, existing partly
underneath the former and partly along its edge,
whence the mass had apparently fallen. The results
of analysis of the iron strip by Mr. Ruddock are
the following :—
Carbon, combine(i ... .. ... o 060
Silicon ... ... ... ... ... trace
Sulphur ... ... ... ... ... 0*027
Phosphorus ... ... ... ... 0*037
Manganese • ... ... ... trace
Iron, by difference ... ... ... 99.876
100.
In his opinion this specimen was a pure variety
of soft iron made from magnetic ore or red haema-
tite, and purified from cast iron, as such a low
percentage of carbon would have been practically
impossible if made direct from the ore in this rude
furnace.
Crucible Furnace (II). — Twelve feet westward
from the iron smelting hearth II, just described, on
the surface of the same clay floor and at the same
level (i foot below the sod), there was a circular
hearth 4 feet 6 inches in diameter, surrounding
the mouth of a pit or crucible of cylindrical shape,
I foot 8 inches in diameter and i foot 3 inches deep.
This was of the same shape, and had evidently
been employed for the same purpose as the smaller
crucible in smithy hearth I, namely, for purifying
Excavations at Wilderspool. 31
or decarbonising impure iron by means of a char-
coal fire driven by an artificial blast, and producing
lumps of soft malleable iron or *' blooms'' for ham-
mering. The surrounding surface and interior
lining of the crucible were calcined, and the clay
underneath reddened by long exposure to intense
heat. The blanched appearance of the former
caused it to become known as the '* white hearth."
Beds of Cinder and CharcoaL — Between the clay
floor and the via, in the angle of the enclosing wall,
there was a layer, g feet wide, of the black glossy
cinder produced in the purification of iron, a speci-
men of which was found, on analysis by Mr.
Ruddock, to be essentially silicate of iron ; and
adjoining the layer of cinder on the east side the
soil was blackened by spent charcoal over an area
about 4 feet in diameter. The following are the
relics of Romano-British origin with which these
deposits were impregnated : — (i) a large iron naih
of f inch square section, 9 inches in length, with a
round head 2 inches in diameter ; (2) a strip of iron
5 inch to f inch wide, J inch thick, perforated at
one end ; (3) the figure of an animal, possibly a
rude representation of the wild boar of the 20th
Legion, formed of sheet lead about J inch thick ;
(4) two small strips of sheet lead of about the
same thickness ; (5) a fragment of a common black
smoke-tinted unglazed earthenware olla^ (resem-
bling Upchurch ware), with a hole about \ inch
across, wastefully patched with a plug of lead
weighing 2 ounces, projecting on both sides — (this
leaden plug indicating, not the high value attached
to the black pot, but the abundance of lead in the
locality) — (6) an ordinary melon-shaped ribbed
bead, of grey vitreous paste, coated with blue glaze,
J inch in diameter, and \ inch bore ; (7) the broken
half of a similar bead ; (8) a first bronze coin of
Trajan, much corroded, found at a depth of 2 feet
Excavations at Wilderspool. 37
used in the making of gkvSs, and that the deposit
of white glass-maker's sand was found at the same
spot. In the blackened soil along the south side of
the floor I, only a few feet distant, were found the
numerous fragments of Roman glass and other
interesting objects hereunder mentioned; (11) a
triangular fragment (size i J inch by i by J inch) of
thin, clear, greenish glass, with the letters a l blown
in a mould in relief on one side and indented on the
other. It forms part of the word vale inscribed
over the three defeated competitors represented in
relief on one of those ** rare and curious" chariot
race cups, which will be found fully described and
illustrated in C. R. Smith's Catalogue of London
Antiquities^ p. 48, in The Celt^ the Romany and the
Saxon^ p. 285, and in the account of Old English
Glasses, p. 11, by Alfred Hartshorne, F.S.A., who,
along with Schuermans, considers that the balance
of evidence is in favour of England as their place
of origin, and of their date being rather in the
second than the first century (No. 1 1) ; (i i a) a piece
of twisted crystal glass rod, about 2 inches in
length, supposed to be a portion of one of the
wands of office which, when complete, were about
a foot in length, and had a kind of knob at one end.
This valuable specimen has been lost, but a simi-
lar one, found previously, is in the Warrington
Museum. (12) three amorphous lumps of different
kinds of glass — common greenish tinted (No. 6),
opaque white (No. 10), and clear glass (crystallum)
— each weighing about one ounce, and evidently
formed by an artificial process and not by acci-
dental conflagration'^ ; (13) a small tubular bead or
bugle, of dark green opaque glass, f inch long by \
inch thick (No. 6) ; (14) a triangular fragment of
dull olive green glass, from the bulge of a globular
vessel ; (15) a fragment of unannealed pale green
xo Two similar fragments of greenish glass, evidently broken from massa^,
have been found this season*i90i.
•^ Excavations at WilderspooL
glass, 4 i^^^l^ thick, from the rim of a patera ;
(j.6) several fragments of the sides and moulded
bases of square and round bodied ampullcc, of bluish
and greenish glass, so often met with and employed
as cinerary urns in Roman cemeteries ; (i6a) a
small bit of opaque cobalt blue enamel or frit.
Alon^r with these ""lass fraj^ments of a number of
vessels, which would obviously have formed a
notable collection if found complete, there were the
following specimens in lead : — (17) a leaden weight,
with corroded remains of the staple of an iron ring,
marked xiiii by slightly indented lines on the
shoulder, and weighing ylbs. 14J ounces ; (18) a
leaden disc, weighing 8 J ounces ; (ig) several strips
of sheet lead, 3i to 4 inches in length by about
J inch in width and -^^y inch in thickness. (20) In
addition to the above there were several fraijments
of querns, of vesicular lava from the Eifel ; (21) a
much-corroded second bronze coin of Trajan, (le-
gend undecipherable) ; (22) a lump of glassy slag
or ** scum,'* apparently waste from a broken " pot,'*
composed of whitish opaque glass mixed with
clay. (Fig. 2.)
In recording these glass specimens it should be
recalled to mind that a melon-shaped ribbed bead,
J inch in diameter, of cobalt blue translucent glass,
along with the unique specimen of embossed Sa-
mian, which was fiijured and described in mv
preceding report (plate IV, fig. 15, and p. 27, Traus.,
vol. xiv, n.s.), was found in the tumbled founda-
tions of a house on the east side of the clay floor I.
Fragments of Roman cut glass, of an equally
interesting character, were found in the clay floor
of the annexe, situated outside the rampart on the
west side of the civitas. Those represented on plate
X, No. I, figs. I, 3,and7, are portions of crystal glass
drinking cups or goblets with upright sides, orna-
mented by angular cordons and encircling bands of
incuse oval facets, such as have been fully illustrated
Excavations at WilderspooL 39
and described by Apsley Pellat in his Curiosities 6/
Gdass Makings p. 136, plate III, fig. 3 ; and by Dr.
Anderson and Mr. James Curie, jun., in the Proc.
of the Scot, Soc, of Antiquaries, 1896, p. i8g, et seq.
The pattern on that represented by No. 3, is formed
by deeply-cut intersecting grooves, with interven-
ing cones and ridges. One of the facets only is
polished, showing that the vessel was rejected owing
to a breakage during the operation, and that the
process was being performed near the same spot.
OVAL FURNACES OR LEARS.
All three specimens were met with in the soft
clay surrounding two large oval furnaces or ovens,
which were each enclosed in a separate platform of
heaped-up boulder-clay, such as has already been
described. The shape of each was likewise pre-
served and traced by means of their calcined
interior lining. They were peculiar in having two
openings, a stoke-hole at one end and a horizontal
flue or channel at the other, or upon one side.
Closely adjoining the stoke-hole of No. I (plate XI,
Nos. I and 3) there was the base of a small
circular furnace for heating a caldron or melting-
pot, and in front of both openings an ornamental
hearth stamped with twenty-one indented rings
2j inches in diameter. The hearth in .front
of No. II was carefully laid with stone flags
and a Roman brick, cracked and broken by heat,
measuring 15 inches by 11 inches by 2^ inches.
Crossing diagonally underneath the floor and plat-
form surrounding the latter (No. II) was a circular
flue, 6 to 7 inches in diameter, resembling a rabbit-
burrow, which commenced at a small clay furnace or
fire-hole beneath the N.E. angle, and ended in two
exits on either side of the opposite S.W. angle, at a
total distance of at least 32 feet, the flue being still
open and blackened with soot internally througliout
its entire length. Close to the side of the stoke-
40 Excavations at WilderspooL
hole of the oven II, the flue expanded into a
chamber i foot wide, which was covered over with
fragments of amphora*, carefully set in stiff clay.
The interior dimensions of the two ovens, stoke-
holes, flues, and furnace were : —
Oven I. — Length 4 feet 6 inches, breadth 2 feet, height of
upright sides 10 inches. Stoke-hole — Length 2 feet,
breadth i foot 3 inches. Channel or flue— Length 2
feet, breadth 9 inches.
Oven II. — Length 5 feet, breadth 2 feet 3 inches, heigiit of
upright sides 4J inches. Stoke-hole and flue — Length
2 feet, breadth 10 inches.
Furnace — Length 2 feet 6 inches, breadth i foot 2 inches to
I foot 4 inches.
They are both represented in plan and section
on plate XI, No. I by a photograph. The
special purpose of these ovens and the small fur-
nace adjoining No. I is very difticult to define.
The position of the hearths inside the area of the
clay floors, and the provision of a separate under-
ground flue for heating purposes beneath the floor
of No. II, negative the hypothesis that they corres-
pond to the central pit or chamber of a channelled
or composite hypocaust. The most feasible expla-
nation of them appears to be that the small furnace
was employed for heating a glass-melting pot, and
the adjoining ovens as ** lears,'* into which the
newly-fashioned glass vessels, w4iile still hot, were
immediately placed, in order to be annealed, /.r.,
gradually cooled, by being slowly withdrawn from
the region of the fire by means of a flat wooden
vshovel or ** peel.''
Also, judging from the abundance of glass frag-
ments found upon the site of the workshop on the
north side of the fortified area, and the presence of
glass-making materials without the usual proportion
of potsherds and other ordinary Romano-British
remains, it would appear evident that the three pairs
of furnaces there situated were similarly employed
Excavations at WilderspooL 41
«
and that the glass specimens met with were not
imported but actually made on the same spot.
Mr. J. Paul Rylands, F.S.A., who has collected
objects from the adjoining sand-pits and interested
himself in these discoveries for many years, in dis-
cussing the above suggestion, writes : —
In 1869-70 I had 16 plates drawn in water-colours of objects
found at that lime at Longbank, Wilderspool ; some of these
objects then in the collection of the late Dr. Kendrick and the
rest in my own collection, afterwards incorporated in that of Dr.
Kendrick. These coloured plates are now before me.
Among the objects thus illustrated are two which seem to me
to suggest that there was a Roman manufactory of coloured glass
at Wilderspool ; one of these is a piece of molten glass — green,
blue, and white, and the other appears to be a fragment of a large
crucible of buff-coloured material, having on one side (part of
the interior of the crucible) a thin deposit of glaze of two
colours — lapis lazuli and golden yellow.
Although it is nearly 30 years since I had this fragment in my
hand, I well remember it on account of the importance I attached
to its discovery.
The above letter supplies the only missing link
in the chain of evidence required for proving the
existence of a Roman glass manufactory at Wil-
derspool. The raw materials, the melting furnaces
and crucibles, the finished and unfinished speci-
mens, and waste, have all been traced and recorded,
and the drawings and portable objects arranged
and deposited in the Warrington Museum.
Mr. A. Hartshorne, F.S.A., Old English Glasses,
p. 15, holds that since glass-making was carried on
in a multitude of small furnaces throughout the
Roman dominions, there is no kind of reason why
the Romans should not have made it in Britain as
they made it in Gaul, or why such places as SaUnce
(Droitwich) in the Midlands were passed unheeded
by, and their products not utilised on the spot. This
suggestion equally applies to Saline (Northwich),
a great salt-producing centre only g miles from
Wilderspool.
42 Excavations at Wilderspool.
Probably the earliest known glass-furnaces are
those described and illustrated by Agricola, De Re
Metallica, lib, xii, p. 470, ct seq,, as existing when
chemistry was an empirical science and the indus-
trial arts still in their infancy durin«j the sixteenth
century. The simplest form of furnace described
by him was merely a two-storied, bee-hive-shaped
brick oven, the upper chamber of which was 6 feet
long, 4 feet wide, and 2 feet high, having on one
side an opening, through which the ground ma-
terials were charged and a fierce fire of dry wood
maintained, until the former, consisting mainly of
silica and alkali, were fused into lumps of impure
glass or masscc. These lumps on cooling were
broken up and re-heated in fire-clay pots, 2 inches
thick, 2 feet high, and i foot 6 inches in diameter
across the bulge, which were arranged upon the
*' siege '' or middle floor of a more elaborately con-
structed furnace, which is represented on plate VI,
No. 2, by a photograph from one of Agricola's
illustrations.
The simplest form of modern furnace, known as
the ** crib-furnace,'' which the earlv furnaces would
probably most nearly resemble, is merely a rect-
angular casing of brick, through the front of which
several long fire-clay cylinders, 2 inches thick and
9 or 10 inches in diameter, are inserted in a slant-
ing position, so as to be easily accessible. Fire is
introduced through a small opening at the bottom
of the crib, and plays all round the crucibles until
the ** batch," composed of pure sand, alkali,
** cullet," and other ingredients in due proportion,
with which they are charged, is completely fused.
A draught is obtained by means of a flue from the
top of the ** crib '' to the main chimney.
' Ovens or Hypocausts. — There were two of these
oval chambers enclosed in massive boulder-clay
platforms, but having external fire-plaCes, situated
inside the fortified area, upon the west side, 41 feet
42 Excavations at WilderspooL
Probably the earliest known glass-furnaces are
those described and illustrated by Agricola, Dc Re
Metallica, lib, xii, p. 470, et see]., as existing when
chemistry was an empirical science and the indus-
trial arts still in their infancy during the sixteenth
century. The simplest form of furnace described
by him was merely a two-storied, bee-hive-shaped
brick oven, the upper chamber of which was 6 feet
long, 4 feet wide, and 2 feet high, having on one
side an opening, through which the ground ma-
terials were charged and a fierce fire of dry wood
maintained, until the former, consisting mainly of
silica and alkali, were fused into lumps of impure
glass or viasscr. These lumps on cooling were
broken up and re-heated in fire-clay pots, 2 inches
thick, 2 feet high, and i foot 6 inches in diameter
across the bulge, which were arranged upon the
** siege '' or middle floor of a more elaborately con-
structed furnace, which is represented on plate VI,
No. 2, by a photograph from one of Agricola's
illustrations.
The simplest form of modern furnace, known as
the ** crib-furnace,'* which the earlv furnaces would
probably most nearly resemble, is merely a rect-
angular casing of brick, through the front of which
several long fire-clay cylinders, 2 inches thick and
9 or 10 inches in diameter, are inserted in a slant-
ing position, so as to be easily accessible. Fire is
introduced through a small opening at the bottom
of the crib, and plays all round the crucibles until
the ** batch,*' composed of pure sand, alkali,
** cullet," and other ingredients in due proportion,
with which they are charged, is completely fused.
A draught is obtained by means of a flue from the
top of the ** crib " to the main chimney.
' Ovens or Hypocausts. — There were two of these
oval chambers enclosed in massive boulder-clay
platforms, but having external fire-places, situated
inside the fortified area, upon the west side, 41 feet
H.S. ofL, »NDC.
SECTION AT A-B
SECTION AT C-D
D
Excavations at WilderspooL 43
from the via^ and 12 to 14 feet from the south wall
of the long corridor. They had their roofs or
vaulted covers complete, and are therefore of special
interest, as illustrating the original shape of all the
others which were found in a collapsed condition
(except the furnace of the potter's kiln uncovered
at Stockton Heath). Plans and sections of these
two structures, which were supposed to be hypo-
causts, and also a photograph of the cross-section
of No. I, are given on plate XII, Nos. i and 2.
The two platforms were placed lengthwise across
the east and west ends of what appeared to be the
floor of a room, their surface being level with that
of the floor, which was a layer, 3 to 5 inches thick,
of well-pounded clay hardened by burning (opus
testaceum). The approximate dimensions of the
floor and chamber were 18 feet by 9 or 10 feet, but
there were no indications of enclosing walls, which
were probably of wood and had disappeared. The
measurements of the platforms were — I (west end),
length 9 feet, breadth 5 feet, depth i foot 8 inches ;
II (east end), length 9 feet 6 inches, breadth 5 feet
6 inches, depth 2 feet 10 inches. The furnace of I
projected on the west side 4 feet 4 inches, its width
being 3 feet 2 inches, and height i foot 6 inches ;
the side walls were of clay, well calcined ; the cover
of slabs of sandstone and limestone, the former
reddened and the latter reduced to a white powder
on the inside bv heat. The fire-hole was i foot
10 mches w4de by i foot 6 inches high, and the flue
at the back, for carrying the heat into the enclosed
chamber, length i foot 4 inches, breadth 10 inches,
depth 6 inches. The furnace of II was entirely of
clay, and extended 4 feet 6 inches from the north
end of the platform, tapering, like a pig's snout,
from a height and w^dth of 5 feet to about half,
with two circular flues or fire-holes, 6 inches and
'8 inches in diameter respectively, passing through
44 Excavations at WilderspooL
it, and branching off in an irregular way, so that
they could not be definitely traced.
There were also two small round flues, 7 inches
in diameter, formed of clay, joining the two plat-
forms and running underneath the floor on either
side like rabbit burrows.
The interior dimensions of the heating chambers
were — I, length 5 feet, breadth 2 feet 6 inches,
depth 9 inches ; II, length 7 feet, breadth 2 feet 8
inches, depth i foot 10 inches. The dense clay
surrounding them was burned into a very hard
mass of red brick or terra cotta, which accounted
for their preservation. The thickness of the clay
cover varied from 5 to 6 inches over the centre of
the dome to i foot i inch or i foot 2 inches,
the vault springing directly from the base all
round the inside. Incorporated with the hard
burnt clay forming the roof of I, in order to
strengthen it, were three slabs of sandstone uptilted
on one end and supported by a pillar of small
stones on the other end. These rude structures
were supposed to correspond to the central pit of
composite hypocausts, but they may have been
merely ovens.
Miscellaneous Objects.
Many of the more important objects found durmg
the excavations have already been referred to in
connection with the structural remains. The foU
lowing is a list of the ornaments, implements, glass
objects, potter's stamps, graffiti, and coins which
remain to be described.
bronze.
Harp-shaped fibula, 3^ inches in length, richly
ornamented over the entire surface, with incuse
spirals enclosing triangles on the massive trumpet-
shaped head, a mouldmg of half-round, plain, and
Excavations at WilderspooL 45
beaded cordons and grooves encircling the middle
of the bow, and traces of black enamel on the
outside of the bow, near the foot. The spiral
spring of the acus is complete with five coils of
bronze wire on one side of the central retaining
loop and three coils on the other. The presence of
a much oxidised iron or steel pipe, for receiving the
butt-end of the acus, leads to the belief that the
acus itself was of the same material. Plate X, No. 4.
A gold fibula of similar shape but plain surface,
discovered at Ribchester (Bremetennacum)^ and pre-
served in the Blackburn Museum, is considered by
Mr. Arthur J. Evans, M.A., F.S.A., to belong to
the second century of our era.
Circular flat fibula^ seven-eights of an inch in
diameter, with central boss and six surrounding
studs arranged hexagonally, encircled by a slightly
raised rim, all of bronze, much corroded ; the inter-
vening surface filled with black enamel, still hard
and glossy. On the back there are slight traces of
the hinge and catch for the acus.
Fibula^ of greyish bronze or other non-corrosive
alloy, two inches in length, shaped like an animal's
hind leg ; the paw divided into five claws by radia-
ting grooves ; the hip or widest portion hollow
and five-eighths of an inch in width. The acus and
its attachments are wanting.
Heart-shaped ornament of a hair-pin^ with a small
portion of the pin attached. A central wheel-cross
in front had the quadrants between the arms of the
cross inlaid with an opalescent pale grey enamel,
of which slight traces are visible.
Two halves of a much-corroded bow-shaped
fibula.
Bangle or armlet of plain bronze wire, about one-
eighth of an inch thick, broken at the joint, but
46 Excavations at IVilderspool.
with both ends tonjjjued to overlap, and pierced with
two rivet-holes. One of the rivets remaining: is no
larger than the head of the smallest pin in present
use.
Six plain bronze rings of round wire, one-eighth
to three-sixteenths of an inch thick, and half to
seven-tenths of an inch opening.
Slightly tapering bronze pin, one-eighth of an inch
thick at the butt-end, and two and a-half inches in
length.
Bolt of a lock (identified by Mr. H. L. Grueber,
F.S.A., of the British Museum.) of plate bronze,
(dimensions 2^ by g by -^ inches) having three slots
for admission of the bits of the kev.
Flat wire hook for suspending a steelyard (statera)y
having a loop at one end, formed by bending back
the wire and twisting the end twice round the stem
to give it firm attachment.
Thick bronze hook of cast metal, about one inch
in length, tapering to a flat everted point. It has a
flat top and tang pierced with a nail hole.
Hook, for the chain or handle of a silula, with
trefoil-shaped plate, pierced with three holes for the
rivets bv which it was attached to the rim of the
vessel. One of the lobes is broken across the
rivet-hole.
Two fragments of metal mirrors, with an uncor-
roded, smooth-polished, silvery surface on one side,
(i) measuring one inch and a-half square, and
havinir one ed^^e strai«:ht and slii^htlv bevelled
originally, (2) measuring three-quarters of an inch
bv half an inch, and one-sixteenth of an inch thick.
Buckle of cast bronze, three-quarters of an inch
long by half an inch broad, the middle bar replaced
by two short projections.
Excavations at Wilder spool. 47
Small bronze key (or horse-trapping), with broken
ring, square stem, and web or bit turned at fight
angles, the latter grooved and pierced for fastening
by means of wire or thread. (Though shaped like
a key its purpose is doubtful.)
Sheath of sheet bro7tze, 2\ inches in length, and
tapering from | to /v of an inch in width ; imper-
fect through corrosion.
Six pieces of sheet bronze, in strips, disc shaped,
or irregular.
IRON.
The list of iron objects not already referred to,
includes : —
Two keys, (i) 4 inches in length, with two bits,
(2) 5 inches in length, with two bits.
Three knives, w4th straight backs, tapering to a
Doint, (i) 6 to 7 inches in length, with socketed
landle, (2) blade 3^ inches long, i inch wide, tang
2| inches in length, (3) blade 2j inches long, ij
inch wide, spindle tang 2 inches long.
Loop hinge, with flat fastening plate 5 inches in
length, and one rivet in position.
Two clamps, 4 inches and 10 inches long.
The number of iron nails, 2 to 3 inches long, ob-
tained from all parts, has been very great.
LEAD.
Lamp stand, cut and hammered out of sheet lead
about \ of an inch thick, in one piece originally,
consists of a flat circular dish, 3 J inches in diameter,
with nearly upright sides, I of an inch in height ; a
semi-circular spout projecting about an inch on one
side of the rim, and on the opposite side a loop
handle, formed by a folded strip about an inch wide,
terminating in a crescent-shaped holder, which
48 Excavations at WiUierspooL
spreads directly over the middle of the dish. It
was used for supporting one of the small terra-cotta
hand-lamps (lucerua) so common in all Roman
sites, and evidently served the threefold purpose of
raising the lamp above the table, preventing it from
being upset, and catching any oil dripping from the
wick or spilling when it was carried about. The
owner's mark, IV, is scratched on the inside.
Plate X, No. 3.
Disc. 2\ inches in diameter, i to J inch thick,
weight 8J ounces, rounded on one side and flat on
the other, with edi^^es sli«:htlv turned bv fallinij or
throwing.
Flat disCs i^ inch in diameter. ^-^ <^f <^^ i^ich thick,
weighing 442 grains.
Pentagonal plati\ beaten out with a square-headed
hammer or punch to a thickness of ^ of an inch,
each side 2 inches in length. There are nail holes
in each of the am':les, and two of the round heads
of iron nails in position.
Many small strips and pieces of lead, with marks
of use upon them, have been collected, but no
shapeless masses which have been melted and run
abroad, such as are found in localities which have
been destroved bv ** a ii^eneral confla^^ration.''
GLASS.
In addition to the various glass specimens which
have already been described, there are a few which
require to be mentioned separately, and a large
number of small fragments of the ordinary kinds
and shapes, undefinable.
Melon'Sliapcd ribbed head of vitreous paste (fig. 9,
plate X), coated with blue glaze, J inch in dia-
meter, I inch bore.
Small tubular bead or bugle (fig. 5), of pale green
opaque glass, -^j^ inch in length. J inch in diameter.
Excavations at WilderspooL 49^
Piece of window glass, 3 inches square, dull on
one side, where it has been in contact with a flat
stone mould-, and fire-polished on the other. One
of the edges is also shaped by the upright side of
the mould. Many smaller fragments of similar flat,
greenish, translucent glass, about ^ of an inch
thick, such as was found in one of the windows at
Pompeii, have been obtained.
Small globule of dark blue, spongy , opaque glass ,
orenamel.
Piece of the base of a square bottle^ of greenish
glass, with moulded pattern of three concentric
rings ; another, with moulded pattern of a ring and
four leaf-shaped loops arranged cross-wise round
the circumference. Many fragments of the sides
of similar vessels.
Several small fragments of very thin, hollow-sided
vessels, of the purest and clearest glistening glass ;
and one roundish lump, probably the end of a loop
handle, of the same kind of glass (crystallum).
Fragments of pale brown amber, olive green,
pea green, milky blue, and ordinary bluish and
greenish glass.
POTTERS* STAMPS.
The following is a list of potters* names found
stamped inside the base of vessels of so-called
Samian ware ; several are not included in any pre-
vious list : —
BELATVNvs . F, patera.
BORILLVS . F, pOCUlum, C.I.L. ^^„ C.R.S. &C.
CALLiMAXvs, patera.
CALVINIO, pOCulum, C.I.L. 2I5, C.R.S. &c.
CELTA, . , patera, c.i.l. 285, Celtas, ,, .
CALVi . o, poculum, C.I.L. 217-9.
50 Excavations at WilderspooL
CEREALI . M, C.I.L. 295-3OI.
cMRESi . A (hr ligulate), c.i.l, 307.
DATI . M, pOCulum.
DECMI • M, pOCuluWj C.I.L. 406.
DONATi . MA (ma Hgulatc), c i.L. 430-2. Three
examples from Wilderspool.
FiLviRA, poculinHy (lv Hgulate).
MACRiNi (MA ligulate), C.I.L. 603-4.
MANY, C.R.S. kaUUS F,
. . . CEPHOR. C.I.L. 758, Nicephori.
PECVLiAR . (PE; VL, AR Hgulate), patera^ c.i.l.
824, &c., Peculiaris F.
OF SILVINI, pOCtlllim, C.I.L. I069, &C.
SILVIO, pocubim, C.I.L. 1078, Silvi of,
OF. L* A, pociilum.
O.C.N. CEi, poculum, C.I.L. 286.
Owners' marks scratched on the outside of simi-
lar vessels : —
/VMiy(K, C.I.L. 59, amphora, melissa.
V/VVAR,!, patera, Umari.
Potters' stamps on the handles of amphora: : —
QSASEIS, C.I.L. 106, Q Saser(na),
Marks and names scratched on the outside of
similar vessels : —
"^ Y in letters more than three inches in length,
as if done with blunt stick or the back
of the little finger nail on the soft clay.
Similar letters were found on a tile at
Melandra Castle (Zcrdotalia). Is this the
Excavations at Wilderspool. 51
mark of the famous 20th Legion, the
Valerian Victorious ?
^llN^li^A/i' (Densibali), in letters two or three
inches in length.
lv{VNS (Jucuns).
TJAiJJ^ (undecipherable).
^viiiTpi (undecipherable).
(J"^^X (probably signifying the contents of the
vessel, 102 lagenae, vide Life of the Greeks
and Romans^ Guhl and Koner, p. 459).
LX I I I S (= LXIIISemis). This was sub-
mitted to Prof. Dr. Bohn, of Berlin, editor
of the Gaulish and Germanic AmphorcB
Stilo InscriptcBy for vol. xiii of the Corpus
Inscr. Latin., and considered by him to
signify the weight of the empty vessel,
63J ounces. He states in his communi-
cation to Mr. R. Blair, F.S.A., through
whom it was sent, ** I have shown for
** quite a number of vessels, which were
** so far preserved that their present weight
'* could be compared with that furnished
** in the number, that such specifications
** of the weight of the empty vessel are
** frequently made.'*
Potters' stamps on the rims of mortaria : —
G E N I A L I, (London List, Genialis Feci).
Found also on Samian vessels, c.i.l, 482-3.
aImvS, Arinus.
(C . ATTIVS MARINVS FECIT).
F 2
5 a Excavations at Wilder spool.
Found also at Isca (Caerleon-on-Usk),
Archao. Cambrensis, iii, 1856, p. 77, tab. 2,
fig 4 ; and Isca, p. 42, tab. 23, fig. i.
tOdOfli, retrograde, twice, (Bricos).
SRC
I, retrograde, twice, (Bruci or Brucus).
As stated above, these three are believed
to be the names of local potters.
Naturally, the quantity of animal remains re-
covered was extremely small, but cusps of horses*
teeth were found in all parts of the Roman stra-
tum ; and the cusps of molars of wild boar in four
instances, in addition to the one mentioned on
page 36.
The complete list of coins to date includes 3
consular or family denarii ^ 5 coins of Vespasian,
3 of Domitian, 24 of Trajan, 12 of Hadrian, 2 of
Antoninus Pius, 2 of Marcus Aurelius. 2 of Corn-
modus, and one each of Faustina, Lucius Verus,
Lucilla, Severus, and Constantine the Great.
f:.
? •
>
*»'
THE DOMESDAY SURVEY OF SOUTH
LANCASHIRE.
By J, H. Lumbyy B.A.j
Charles Beard Historical Research Exhibitioner, University College, Liverpool.
Read i8th January, 19CO.
THE Domesday Survey of South Lancashire is
included in that of Cheshire, under the sub-
title Inter Ripam et Mersham. It consists merely
of three columns and nine lines of a fourth. Com-
pared with the treatment afforded to Cheshire this
seems scant courtesy, but we may find that the
task of the Commissioners and of the scribe who
made the final abstract of the original returns, was
simplified considerably by the broad lines of the
history of the district during the 20 years preceding
the accepted date of the Inquest. The first column
is wholly concerned with the hundred of ** Derbei,"
of which some 40 vills are enumerated. The second
column proceeds with an account of the customs of
the same hundred, customs that, in whole or in
part, related also to the other hundreds, unless we
except ** Walintune,'* which would be rash. Derby
Hundred T. R. W., and Newton and Warrington
Hundreds T. R. E. and T. R. W., are treated in the
54 Domesday Survey of South Lancashire.
same column. The hundreds of ** Blacheburne/'
*' Salford," and '^Lailand'* follow— the third col-
umn ; and the content and valets of all six hundreds
occupy the remaining lines. It is thus apparent
that our hundred of West Derby has greater promi-
nence in the Inquest than any of the other five.
It may be of interest, though of small importance,
to notice the manner in which the scribe plotted
out his abstract. The manuscript is a tribute to
the care bestowed on it bv the clerk. The writing):
is everywhere clear, there are no puzzling abbre-
viations, there are few interlineations, and fewer
verbal errors. It mav be noticed, however, that a
few lines at the head of column 6, page i, are
written in a bolder hand, which suddenlv becomes
cramped and small about half way through the
enumeration of the customs of West Derby Hun-
dred. Probably this is not due to the pre-eminent
importance of the customs which appear so promi-
nently, but rather that the scribe fancied his space
was limited and economised accordingly. There
may have been an intention of detailing the vills of
the other hundreds, as had been done in the case of
West Derby, a minuteness which was perhaps un-
essential to the object of the Inquest, the quest of
geld. In the record of the customs is a blank
sufficient for two lines, left apparently for a further
insertion, and in a parenthesis, and placed where it
can have no relation to the context, is the very im-
portant statement that in each hide there are six
carucates. It looks as if the clerk put it where he
could find room, with no reference to logic, for it is
out of place, and not in any physical line. It Is
hidden amongst forests and valets, and its obscure
position has led at least one Domesday explorer
. far astray. So much for what may be termed the
physical features of our pages.
The meagreness of the entries has been touched
upon. We have six hundreds under one lord, the
Domesday Survey of South Lancashire. 55
I ...»
king now, Roger of Poictou a few years ago. It
seems a natural result of this fact that the record
should be as brief as possible, and should merely
state the assessment of each hundred and its value,
and, since there were six hundreds, the sum total,
if the aim of the Inquest were to seek for geld or
to correct unfair assessments. It may be further
noted that, with the exception of the manors which
gave their name to the respective hundreds, the
values were small and the teamlands few.
Before treating some of the wider problems which
the record of this district presents, I would briefly
summarise a few of the details given by our Inquest,
taking the hundreds in the order of Domesday Book.
A detailed account of West Derby Hundred is
given only for the time of King Edward. The vills
T. R. E. are to be found, the extent of rateable
land, and the values. For the state of things at
the time of the Conqueror, we must be satisfied
with the names of men whose tenements are not
assigned, the content and value and workers of
their demesne lands as a whole. Their tenements
have not separate and individual treatment.
King Edward, we read, held one manor named
** Derbie,'* with six berewicks. There are 4 hides.
The land is 15 teamlands, forest 2 leagues by i,
and a hawk's eyrie. No value given. Of the re-
maining hides in the hundred, Uctred wasthe most
extensive holder, having 17 vills, many, perhaps all,
manors, and containing 4 hides, 5 carucates, 2 bo-
vates. Six more bovates would give him exactly
5 hides of geldable land. In another place in the
record we read that in Orrell(?), Halsall, and Hur-
leston were 3 hides quit from the geld of carucated
land. Of these, by referring back, Uctred held
Hurleston, which with half of Martin was assessed
at half a hide, and was worth 10/8. Perhaps,
therefore, we must add another hide to Uctred's
tenement. Before leaving this entry, it may be
58 Domesday Survey of South Lancashire.
almost exactly at i8 hides, would pay approximately
;^ii to the geld, while the firma is more than
double the quantity, ;^30 i6s. 8(/. The city of
Chester gelded for 50 hides — ^5, at 2S. per hide —
and returned of firma ;^45, and 3 '' timbres pellium
*' martrinum," of which the Count had one share
and the King two.
At the Conquest the Manor of West Derby, with
the rest of the land '' inter Ripam et Mersham,"
was bestowed upon Roger of Poictou ; but his
rebellion led to the resumption of the estates into
the King's hands, who held them at the time of the
Inquest. The political history of this great man,
who held land — 298 manors in all — in many other
parts of England, in the counties of Derby, Not-
tingham, Norfolk, Lincoln, York, Essex and Suffolk,
can be obtained from *' Baines.'' Ordericus Vitalis
gives him the character of ** great prudence, mode-
** rate temper, a lover of justice, and of discretion
** and modestv in those he had about him. His
** constant guides, councillors, and companions
** were three priests.*' And this was the organiser
of two revolts against his sovereign lord and king !
And what of the priestly counsel ?
He gave 8 hides 3J carucates in West Derby to
eight vassals in unequal shares, varying from 2
hides ^ carucate to i carucate. The demesne of
these tenants contained 4 plough teams, 46 villains,
I radman, 62 bordars, 2 slaves, and 3 slaves (ancil-
lae). There were 24 ploughs in all, and the whole
is worth ;^8 12s. Roger's demesne of this manor
is worth ;^"8, and now there are 3 ploughs, with 6
bovarii, i radman, and 7 villani. These valets
T.R.W. total ;^i6 I2S. The valets T.R.E., so far as
they are given, amount to ;f 12 os. 6d. No values
are assigned to the first two entries and Uctred's six
manors, assessed in all at 6 hides. A comparison
then of the values T.R.E. and T.R.W. shows that
the land remained at practically the same value.
Domesday Purvey of South Lancashire. 59
Of the men of the hundred we find 2 radmen,
53 villains, 6 bovars, 62 bordars, and 5 slaves.
What, it may be asked, has become of the 33 name-
less thanes in T.R.E., and the 4 radmen, and the
other holders, 15 in all, some, at least, of whom
may have been thanes, making a grand total of 52 ?
And 53 villani now ? There must be that degra-
dation of rank which is so conspicuous in the east.
Newton Hundred seems to have contained but
one manor, Newton, assessed at 5 hides, of which
one was in demesne T.R.E. The tenants were
drengs, and the ^'reddebat'^ 30s. The church of
the manor had i carucate, and St. Oswald of the
same villa 2 carucates quit. In the Testa cie Neville
we read that Roger of Poictou gave the church of
Wynwick to the canons of St. Oswald with 2 caru-
cates of land. In the church can be seen at the
present day an old inscription, part of which Gough
has translated : —
This place of old did Oswald greatly love,
Who the Northumbers ruled now reigns above,
And from Marcelda did to heaven remove.
North of the church is the well of St. Oswald.
Oswald's association with Winwick has led anti-
quarians to place ** Maserfelth '' in the district.
The demesne, to continue the Domesday text,
has now 9 teams, with 6 drengs, 12 villains, and 4
bordars, and is worth £\. Warrington Manor is
assessed at i hide, but 34 drengs had 42 carucates
and a hide and a half. Give also i carucate to St.
Elfin. Roger's demesne has 2 ploughteams and
8 men with i ploughteam — 7 vassals of Roger have
land there to the extent of 5 J hides. The whole is
worth £\ IDS., and the demesne (Roger's) ;^3 105.
In order to avoid monotony, the remaining hun-
dreds will be treated without figures.
In Blackburn Hundred, King Edward held 4 man-
ors — Blackburn, Huncoats, Walton-in-the - Dale,
and Pendleton. The church at Blackburn had a
6o Domesday Survey of South Lancashire.
small tenement, and the church of St. Mary a quit
holding in Whalley. Roger of Poictou gave the
whole hundred to Roger de Busli and Albert Greslet.
Nine and a half carucates were held bv tot homines,
on a tenure by which the carucates were quit for
three years, and therefore, says the record, they are
not valued. Croston's Baines* History of Lancashire
says that it appears from Baronia de Manchester that
Robert Busli held Blackburne Hundred on a tem-
porary tenure for three years. This may explain
the sub-letting of land quit for as many years.
This same Roger had vast possessions in York-
shire and Nottinghamshire, with a few manors in
Lincolnshire, Devonshire, Derbyshire, and Leices-
tershire as tenant-in-capite. Albert Grelley and
Roger de Busli were deprived of their hundred
when their lord revolted, but appear to have been
granted land, Grelly in Salford Hundred and Busli
in Penwortham. From Grellv came the house of
the Grellvs, Lords of Manchester,
-^^hi the particulars of this and of Salford Hun-
dred, there is a difficult phrase — *' Ad hoc Manerium
** vel Hundredum adiacebat" or ** pertinebaf' — so
many men or so many berewicks in this manor or
hundred. When the firma is given the formula is
** Hoc Manerium cum Hund.,** which has already
been discussed. Now everv student of Domesday
Book is familiar with the legal phenomenon of land
lying fiscally in a manor and physically outside it.
The commissioners are onlv concerned with the
geld of a manor, and care nothing about its geo-
graphy ; and when they find a member of a manor
lying outside the boundaries, they still speak of that
member as lying in. X adjacebat ad hoc manerium
wherever x may be. It is just a suggestion, then,
that the phrase '* Ad hoc Manerium vel Hundredum
** adiacebat/' so many free men, may simply mean
that, geographically, the men lie in the hundred,
outside the manor, but fiscally they lie in the manor.
Domesday Survey of South Lancashire. 6i
The Hundred of Salford was the most valuable
of the six — it gave most firma to the King. Besides
the Manor of Salford, Edward the Confessor held
** Radeclive." The Churches of St. Mary and of
St. Michael held a carucate in Manchester, quit
from all customs but the geld. While 28 free men
held in Blackburn, we find 21 thanes in Salford.
One of these, Gamel by name, held Rochdale by a
tenure privileged to the same extent as that of
Crosby and Kirkdale held by Uctred. The name
Gamel appears among the tenants (milites) who
hold by gift of Roger of Poictou. He also had a
small manor in Lincolnshire, which he held of the
same lord. Another of Roger's knights (milites)
who held in Salford, one Nigellus, seems to have
had a son, Fitz Nigel, Baron of Halton and Widnes,
whose co-heiress, Maud, married Albert fil Robert
de Greslet. Many of these milites, who held in
various parts of Inter Ripam et Mersham, may be
the predecessors of notable mediaeval Lancashire
families. They do not appear, at the time of the
Domesday Inquest, to have taken a surname from
the place which they held. It is possible, even
probable, that the Goisfrid of Derby Hundred is
identical with him of Salford, that Roger of Derby,
Warrington, and Leyland, is the individual who
held land under the same lord in Lincolnshire, and
similarly with other names which occur in more
than one hundred. The absence of the distinguish-
ing tenement-name, if it may be so termed, makes
all uncertain.
No manors occur by name in Leyland Hundred,
except Leyland and Penwortham, where there were
6 burgesses. There were twelve other manors,
assessed at 6 hides and 8 carucates, among which
there was one carucate per manor pertaining to
Leyland. Part of the hundred was waste.
The sum total of the hidage and valets for the
six hundreds is given at the close of the record.
62 Domesday Survey of South Lancashire.
They contain i88 manors, of which 80 hides gelded,
less one. Valet, T.R.E. ^f 145 2s,2d.; T.R.W.,when
Roger received it, ;;f 120 ; £25 2S. 2d. less. The
King has in demesne 12 ploughteams and 9 milites
holding a fee, who, with their men, have 115 plough-
teams and 3 oxen, making a grand total of 1019
oxen. Roger's demesne was appreciated at £2^ los.,
what he gave to his knights B^i £20 lis,
Mr. Round, by his brilliant researches, has proved
for the East of England, at least, that the hundreds
were assessed at the round number of 100 hides,
and that there were such things as half hundreds.
The only possible inference from this is that the
hundreds were assessed as a whole, and that it was
the work of the hundred itself to distribute the
burden of taxation among the vills. Turning to
our record, a rough calculation of the hidage of
each hundred shows that West Derby, Salford, and
Blackburn hundreds approximated to 100 carucates,
and Newton, Warrington, and Leyland to 50 caru-
cates. Possibly the three last were assessed as
half h undred s.
are laceti74Q this district, by a constant con-
t between the Danish and Anglo-Saxon element.
The place-names and the six carucate unit are in-
fallible signs of Danish influence. The assessment
of the hundreds on as many hides or carucates is
a mark of the Englishman. In the county of York,
we find the hundred of 12 carucates, the work of
the Danes.' Of this hundred there is no trace in
South Lancashire. The problem we may face is
concerned with the introduction of the table, six
carucates = i hide. The theorv that the hundreds
are of Anglo-Saxon making points to the artifici-
ality of the new mode of reckoning. The parts ot
the Testa de Neville which concern this district,
measure the land in carucates and bovates. We do
not hear of hides. The influence of the Danes on
I liound^s Feudal England ^ pp. 72-3, 78-9.
Domesday Survey of South Lancashire. 63
Inter Ripam et Mersham may not have been so
deep as the place-names would lead us to suppose.
Before leaving the six carucate unit, I should like
to ask whether the Testa de Neville equation, 24
carucates -= i knight's fee, is not a descendant of
the Domesday equation ? whether the same unit is
not present, the unit of six carucates ?
We have wandered far from the Domesdav sum-
mae. The full T. R. E. valebat is £i^S 2S. 2d.
When we read T. R. E. valebat £i\S 2s. 2^., are
we to understand T. R. E. reddebat de firma ?
The solution of the valebat question is difficult.
Round has established for the east that assessment
bore no ratio to area, or to value in a vill, and still
less in a manor. Maitland has the following note :
** I think it very clear, from thousands of examples,
** that the estate is valued as a going concern. The
** question that the jurors put to themselves is,
*' * What will the estate bring in, peopled as it is
*' ' and stocked as it is T " ^
Now, Round's theorv on the ratio of assessment
and value does not hold locally, for in the case of
no less than 21 vills in Derby Hundred, a carucate
is worth 2S. 8rf. We are struck by the frequent
occurrence of i carucate, 32 pence ; 2 carucates,
64 pence. Another frequent valet is 35. ^d, per
carucate, and this relates in two cases (Huyton and
Torbock, and Kirkdale) out of three, where the vill
is specified as being quit of all customs but the geld.
We read of Derby, that 15 manors returned nothing
but the geld (T.)R.E. ** Erengermeles" has 2 caru-
cates quit, and '* valebat viii solidi" 4s. per carucate.
After the entry relating to Erengermeles, we read
*' this land was quit except geld." If this refers to
what follows, we find that North Meols, Lathom
with I berewick, *' Hirleton" and Martin, Melling,
Lydiate, 2 manors in Holland, Altcar, Barton and
Halsall were so privileged. Of these, Altcar was
a Domesday Bock ami Beyond
64 Domesday Survey of South Lancashire,
waste, which accounts for the exemption. Barton
and Holland are valued at the rate of 25. 8^/. per
carucate, and the rest at 3s. 4^/. and over. At
Lydiate there were 6 bovates and wood, i league
by 2 furlongs, and the valebat was 55. 4^. It is
worth more proportionately than any other manoi
which is valued in Derbv Hundred. The forest mav
add to the value. This accounts for 11 manors,
and Huyton, Torbock, Kirkdale, and Derby make
up the requisite 15. We find, then, that exemption
from custom increases the value of the land, and
that, therefore, the King as lord was immediately
concerned in the value of the land, which brinies us
back again, in local considerations, to the ** firma
^* regis." That the value bears some relation to
the plough-lands is borne out by two entries in our
record. Altcar is assessed at ^ carucate and is
waste. There is no ploughing, and accordingly we
find no value attached. Roger de Busli and Albert
Greslet have land in Blackburn for three vears, and
therefore, says Domesday Book, it is not appreci-
ated now. The lords have no immediate interest
in the plough-lands, for they bring in nothing.
Perhaps, when someone has collated all the Domes-
day entries where the value is not given, some
further light will be thrown on the question.
In point of recorded population, Derby was the
largest hundred. Salford comes next, and is unique
~TS respect of thanes T. R. W. There are three of
them. Warrington only records 8 ** homines,"
whose tenure is not specified. Further particulars
are wanting in this hundred. We find in all 3
thanes, 8 homines, 6 radmans, 6 drengs, 11 1 vil-
lains, 81 bordars, 8 bovars (herdsmen), 20 slaves,
3 slaves (ancillae), and 2 priests. In no part was
the land extensively cultivated, the teamlands and
valets were so small. Of the above men, Derby had
53 villain and 62 bordarii, which is about half of the
entire population of Inter Ripam et Mersham,
Domesday Survey of South Lancashire. 65
The large number of villain and bordarii is in
striking contrast with the small number of slaves.
Lincolnshire and Yorkshire have no slaves at all.
We seem to see two processes at work— the degra-
dation of the thane and the free man, and the
advance of the slave. The Norman lords were
alive to the disadvantage of owning serfs. Having
no wergild, the loss was theirs if the slave were
killed, and theirs was the loss also if the slave
committed a crime. When the lord finds that the
work on his demesne can be equally effected by a
villain or a bordar, who may also be held respon-
sible to him for geld, he also discovers that the
slave, '*who is fed at his lord's board, and
" housed in his lord's court,'' (we are speaking of
cases where there are very few slaves) — is an un-
necessary expense. The villains and bordars, on
the other hand, have land of their own, by tilling
which they can do at least something towards the
support of themselves and families. The lord may
even find that the menial work done by the slave
can be accomplished by the villain and bordar, for
there is no service whatever that cannot be pur-
chased by a grant of land. When we inquire for
the services of the villains, we are met bv silence,
and tliis throughout Domesday Book. We can
say, however, with some certainty, that they help
to plough the lord's lands. Roger's milites in
Derby have 8 J hides (51 carucates) amongst them,
but only 4 teams on the demesne. The villains
have 20 teams. No doubt these help the work on
demesne. The thanes of the six hundreds have
sent their reapers to the king's land one day in
August. The villains plough and the villains reap.
A parenthesis reveals that these villains had also
to help in the making of the houses of the king.
In some parts of the realm they make discharge of
their dues by a money rent, but we find no similar
privilege ampng local customs.
G
66 Domesday Sumy of South Lancashire,
We have had to use the terms carucates, team-
hmds, and teams many times during- the paper.
The terms, which are derivatives of the same word,
are never written in their extended form, but are
car., caruc, indifterentlv. One who has transHter-
ated the record of this district uses carucates in ail
cases, but references to other parts of Domesday
Book will lead us to difVerentiate, and employ terms
more strictlv correct. The abbreviated form. car.,
caruc. must be rendered carucata, 120 acres of land
which is assessed, and caruca, a team-land or team.
Take a Cheshire case. William til Xi^rel holds
Raby and Harduin of him. Krni held it. ** Ibi
** dimidia hida ijeldans:" there is half a hide ijfeld-
ing. This is the amount of assessable land.
** Terra est una caruca :" there is sufficient arable
land for one plough-team. ** In dominio est ibi :"
there is one team in demesne. ** Et unus servus
*' et duo villain et duo bordarii cum una caruca f*
and one slave and two villains and two bordars
with one team. Now turn to one of our entries.
Dot held Huvton and Torboc. *' Ibi una hida :"
quit from all custom but the geld. ** Terra est
** iv carucarum :" four teams can plough on the
land — ** Valebat JO.s\*' No more — the number of
carucae, teams, which are actually there are not
i^iven. In Uctred's six manors we do not even
know the numbei of team-lands. ** Ibi duo hidae :"
there are two hides ; and the double omission con-
tinues throuirhout the vills of Derbv Hundred. In
both the cases of Derbv, and Huvton and Torboc
we have examples of over-rating. Derby is asses-
sed at 24 carucates, and can only plough 15 of them.
Huvton and Torboc is rated at 6 carucates, and can
only plough 4. An equal assessment would only
take ireld from as manv carucates as could be
ploughed. I have tried, then, to read carucatae
and carucae into their correct positions. The error
of a universal carucate is apparent in the final entry
Domesday Survey of South Lancashire, 67
referring to the teams of Roger's melites. Between
them and their men are 115 teams and 3 oxen, not
115 carucates and 3 oxen to do the work.
Before we leave land and its measurement let me
refer to the measurement of forest. At Derby there
is forest 2 leaijues bv i. The leuvae of Dorhesdav
Book are measures of 12 furlongs, and are mea-
sures of length not area. It is doubtful that there
was any clear idea of area at that time. The juries
probably had the idea of shape as well as size. A
forest 2 leagues by i is not the same thing as a
forest 4 X J. If the forest were rectangular the
course was clear, measure each side. If of irregular
shape it is likely that the longevSt and shortest dia-
meters were measured. There are no superficial
measures in Domesday Book. The acre is 4 perches
wide and 40 perches long. A quarter of an acre is
I perch wide by a furrow-long, and the furrow is
measured by the endurance of the oxen. The im-
portant measurement is that of width, a perch. An
acre will be 4 perches wide, each perch divided from
the other by a deep furrow made by a double journey
of the plough. The length of the furrow must vary
on account of the lie of the land, its boundaries, sav
a winding river, or a hillside. An acre, then, was
counted bv four of these beds, which still survive
in our fields, for the mark left by a deep furrow is
ineradicable. You cannot take a countrv walk in
this district without seeing fields which have been
laid out in beds of a quarter of an acre. The
typical furlong is a quarentina. The length of a
perch, however, has been found to vary — rods of
18, 19J, 21, 22J, and 24 feet have been known in
Lancashire.
In Uctred's 6 manors there were woods 2 leaofues
by 2. While Derby appears to have had a single
forest, the woods of Roby, etc., were distributed
among the manors, and their extent was not arrived
at bv a calculation of the area of each and the sum
w
G 2
68 Domesday Survey of South Lancashire.
given at 4 square leagues, but by measuring the
lenijths and widths of each and i^^ivinij the addition
in the form 2 leaijues lonij and wide. Miles are
rare in Domesdav Book. Bv the use of the sinsfular
silva and the plural silvae, I think we can distin-
guish the cases where the wood was compact and
where distributed. There must have been reason
for vStating that in Blackburn Hundred the wood
(silva) was 6 leagues by 4, while in Sal ford the
woods (silvae) were 9 leagues and a half, by 5
leagues i furlong. Similarly in Leyland, the woods
are 6 leagues bv s leaijues i furloni^. The care
which has distinguished the uses of silva and silvae
leads us to see a very large compact wood in New-
ton and Blackburn, and various extents of forest in
Derby, Salford, and Leyland. Warrington does not
appear to have possessed any. Such is the only
topographical information given for our district, but
a glance at the map sheds light on the distribution
of the vills, for we find they occur principally along
the line of coavSt, and. if we accept the old road
from Torbock to Halsall, bordering that road.
It is time to pass to some broader questions re-
lating to Inter Ripam et Mersham. Among the
manors we find berewicks. Kinj^f lulward has one
manor named Derbv with six berewicks. Uctred
held Lathom with one berewick. Of the manor of
Newton there were is berewicks. The Kini^f held
Warrington with three berewicks. To tlie manor or
Hundred of Salford pertained 2.1 berewicks, which
as manv thanes held for as manv manors. The
word berewick is a descendant of the venerable
Bede's '' vicus.'* It passed into our lani^uaiie at
an early date in the form *• wick," which has gone
to form many of our place-names, just as vicus has
become part of many place-names in France. Such
are Winwick, Ardwick, and Fishwick in Lancashire.
Such are the berewicks and herdwicks of Domesdav
^^^ #
Book. ** Its name,**savs Maitland, *' seems to siijnifv
4 i
i i
i I
Domesday Survey of South Lancashire, 69
" primarily a wick, or village, in which barley
is grown ; but, like the barton and the grange of
later days, it seems often to be a detached portion
*• of a manor, which is in part dependent on, and
'' yet in part. independent of, the main body. Pro-
'' bablv, at the berewick the lord has some demesne
'• land and some farm buildings, a barn or the like,
" and the villains of the berewick are but seldom
called upon to leave its limits ; but the lord has
no hall there, he does not consume its produce on
the spot, and yet for some important purposes the
' * berewick is part of the manor. The berewick might
'' well be some way off from the hall ; a manor in
" Hampshire had three berewicks on the mainland
** and two in the Isle of Wight.'' Thus far Maitland.
But in Salford we have the phenomenon of 21
berewicks which, *' for some important purposes,"
are actually manors, and are held by thanes. How
did these berewicks become manors ? The question
is a difficult one ; but, to obtain some light, I have
gone to the Lincolnshire Domesday Book, where
there are considerably over 100 berewicks. Perhaps
we shall find among them manors in process of
making.
Two things become prominent when we put
together the entries relating to berewicks in Lin-
colnshire. First, that a great number of berewicks
contained meadow, which was considered very
valuable ; second, that many berewicks were In-
land. Occasionally, we find a berewick which is
not Inland, and Inland which is not a berewick. It
may be that Inland has in Lincolnshire a special
meaning, Inland being generally demesne land,
cultivated by the labour of the lord's labourers.
Let us read a few entries : —
Distinguished by the Domesday mark B (bere-
wick), in Winterton there are two bovates of land
for gelding. The land is two bovates. It is Inland.
In Riseholm there is one carucate and a half of'
70 Domesday Survey of South Lancashire.
land rateable to ijclcl ; the land is ij team-lands,
and it is a berewick in Scampton.
Now Gilbert de (iaunt holds Scampton. bul
Colswain, the vassal of (iiibert, has in Kiseholm
berewick i team, a mill worth I2ii, vearlv, and ^6
acres o( meadow. Here, then, is a berewick which
might be Inland if it were cultivated for the lord of
the manor.
Take an examj^le which combines both cases.
In Southey (marked IJ), Inland in South Willinj;-
ham, there are 2 bovates of land geldable. Three
villains there plou<^h with 6 oxen. There is fisherv,
and 4 acres of meadow land, and ^o acres of wood-
land containing pasturage. The Inland, so often
exempt, gelds. It is also a berewick, and the lord
of the manor has put into it j villains to do agri-
cultural labour for him. And now we have the case,
and not an isolated one bv anv means, of a here-
wick, Cranwell, Inland of the manor of Folkingham.
There is one carucate and a half of geldable land,
the soke of which Azor had. Cioisfrid, one of
Gilbert de Gaunt's vassals (Gilbert was lord of
Folkingham), has there 6 villains and i bordar with
I team, and seventeen acres and a half of meadow.
It is Inland, but presumably Gilbert has given over
his immediate interest in the arable and meadow to
one Goisfrid, who holds of him. Is it permissible to
reason from these examples to our own berewicks ?
As J villains plough with 6 oxen in Southey bere-
wick, which is Inland in South AViilingham. so it
may be Derby's 6 berewicks are cultivated by the
King's villains, and probably they have been Inland.
And as Gilbert de Gaunt put his vassal Goisfrid into
the berewick of Cranwell, Nvhich pertained to Folk-
ingham, who there had villains with a team, so
King Edward placed, in as many berewicks, 21
thanes, who cultivated their 3 J carucates a-piece
with their villains, and whose tenements for some
important purpose ranked as manors. Meadow is
Domesday Survey of South Lancashire. 71
a noticeable omission of the Domesday of Inter
Ripam et Mersham. Did these berewicks, as in
Lincolnshire, contain that valuable kind of land ?
We now turn to the manors. In the district there
were 6 great manors, which gave their names to
their respective hundreds. Here must have been
situated the hundred courts, to which the tenants
owed suit. In some way dependent on these
manors, yet independent enough to be manors in
themselves, were, the other small manors of which
Domesday tells us. The summary reckons 188
manors, which I have been able to check. The
place-names given in Domesday Book are presu-
mably the names of manors, or vills, or berewicks.
In many parts of the Survey the manors and bere-
wicks are distinguished by ** M,*' "' B " — marginal
notes, to assivSt the calculations of the officials.
These are wanting in the Cheshire and South
Lancashire portions. We find them in North Lan-
cashire. When we read '* Uctred held Kirkdale,"
there is nothing to tell us that Kirkdale is a manor.
The firma is calculated for this manor of Derbv
with these aforesaid hides ^ not manors ; but ** all
'' this land gelded, and 15 manors returned nothing
'' but the geld." We conclude that the other land
which rendered all customs consisted of manors,
although they are not marked as such. Accordingly,
in counting the number of manors in Derby Hun-
dred, I have counted every place-name as the name
of the manor, where the manors are named as such,
as we have two formulas. '' Uctred held 6 manors,
** Roby, Knowsley, Kirkby, Crosby, Maghull, and
'' Aughton.*' '* Three thanes held Formby for 3
'' manors'' — pro tribus maneriis. To this I would
oppose the next entry — '* Three thanes held Ains-
'' dale.*' Formby gelded for 3 manors, Ainsdale
for I. For some important purpose, to use M ait-
land's phrase again, the tenement of each thane in
Formby was a manor, while in Ainsdale there was
72 Domesday Survey of South Lancashire,
but I manor, havinj; j thanes as tenants. Simi-
larly, 3 thanes held Ince tor 3 manors ; 3 thanes
held Allerton tor 3 manors: 4 radmans held Child-
wall for 4 manors ; 1 thanes held Woolton lor 2
manors ; z thanes held 6 borates tor 2 manors in
Holland. Compare with these examples the tbllow-
ing : — Bernult' held Toxteth. There were i virjjate
and J a carucate ot' land. It rendered 4^. Stainulf
held Toxteth. These were 1 virgate and I a caru-
cate of land. It was worth 45. ^ The assessment
and value are in both cases the same. Perhaps it
is merely another wav of nuttinir the same thini*" to
sav — Two thanes held To.xteth for 2 manors. There
were 2 virj»ates and i carucate. It was worth 8.s\
We have a beautit'ul example of the f^ro maucriis
in Wirral Hundred. '* Te/elin holds of Count Hui^o
** Sumreford. R. and C. and M. held it * pro tribus
** Mnaneriis.* Two were free men. M. could not 120
*' away from his land (recedere). There was i virijate
*' of geldable land. It was divided into 3 parts. The
*' land is 3 team-lands.*' Each man has a team-land,
but one is not as free as the other two. The whole
was held for 3 manors, and it was divided into 3
parts. If Maitland's definition of a manor holds
jjood — that a manor is a house against which ireld
is charged— at Sumretbrd and these places in Derby,
each of three individuals is held responsible, either
by the lord or by the king, tor the geld which is put
on his land. Further, it looks as if the land were
held in physically divided shares. In Lincolnshire
we do not find the term pro maneriis. The marginal
states the number of manors, 2 or 3 as the case may
be. On the other hand, when we read that s thanes
held Otegrimele (North Meols) we are to suppose
that the sjeld was charijed a<jainst a single manor,
and that the land was held in physically undivided
shares. It is probable that the 5 thanes were bro-
thers, and that the father's rank as thane had
descended to each, lor, to quote Maitland, theynly
Domesday Survty of South Lancashire. 73
rank was heritable. The men held in parage. One
of them, o'enerallv the eldevSt, sometimes each in
turn, rendered the services, military or otherwise,
due from the land, and the others helped him in
money and provisions. We hear of one case where
two brothers held for 2 manors, but one bought the
other's share and made one manor of two T.R.E.
We must now pass to the customs of the locality,
of which we are given a remarkable list. These
consuetudines cover rent, services, suit of court,
and the geld. They apply, with some modifications,
to each of the six hundreds. Military service does
not appear ; probably that service was not part of
the tenure of the thanes, being their duty as men
rather than a condition of their rank.
All of these, we read, had custom to render, two
ores of pennies for each carucate of land, and, like
the villains, made the houses of the king and what
pertained to them. The computation of money by
ores is perhaps another mark of Danish influence,
the ova bein"* Scandinavian. It mav also be due to
the Dane, that the service of the thane and villain
is the same. The thanes, further, made the fish
ponds, the deer hedges, and the buck stalls (stabili-
turas) ; and he who did not go when he ought paid
25., and afterwards went and worked until it was
finished. Each of them also sent his reapers on
one day in August, to reap the king's corn, under
penalty of 2s. Such was the service of the thane.
The free men of Newton reaped two days more in
the king's fields. Those of Leyland and Salford
were exempt from reaping, and did no work at the
king's hall ; but they made one deer hedge. We
find that the king's forfeitures were very high. The
customs apply both to the thanes and free men. It
may be mentioned that a law of Cnut, in the Insti-
tuta Cnuti, which orders tithes to be paid by the land
of both villains and thanes, identifies the free man
and the thane. If any free man committed a theft,
74 Domesday Sumy of South Lancashire.
ambush, attacks on houses, or broke the King's
peace, he emended with 40s. Whatever customs a
man may be quit ot\ he is not exempt from the hist
three, which, with tVrd-wile, were the four reserved
pleas of the crown. Crosln- and Kirkdale were quit
of all custom except the broken peace, ambush,
attacks on houses, fighting- after oath ijiven, payini;;
a debt to anyone, justice being bound to the reeve,
and not attendim^: a couit at the time fixed bv the
reeve. Meols, Halsall, and Hurleston were quit
from geld, and forfeiture of blood and rape. In
Newton two free men had forfeiture of blood, raj^e,
and pannage of their men, that is a pig, or ox, or
money in return for herbage. Gamel in Kochdale
was quit, except from the six forfeitures ; and the
men of Leyland had the forfeiture of blood and rape.
Some hides in Salford were quit from geld.
With these exceptions, the free men and thanes
of the whole district were emendable in los. for
bloodshed, rape, and absence from the shire mort
without reasonable excuse. If anv of them staved
away from the hundred court (where, iimong other
dooms, the king's fine, gyldwite, was imposed on
him who left geld unpaid), or neglected the sum-
mons of the reeve to a plea, he paid 55. Neglect
of summons to service (probably military, since
other services are mentioned above) was penalized
to the extent of 4s.
Further consuetudines reveal the fact that even
thanes and free men were so unfrec that thev could
not leave their land and go where they pleased,
without a fine of 405. A prohibitive penalty bound
them to the land. Nor could the rights of heirship
be assumed without payment of a similar fine.
Those who could or would not pay the fine saw
their father's land and monev pass into roval hands.
While thanes were occupiers of land in West
Derby and Salford, we find a group of 15 drengs in
Newton and 33 drengs in Warrington. Their very
Domesday Survey of South Lancashire, 75
name was unusual, for, writes the clerk with a
mental note of exclamation, the other land in this
manor (Newton) ^^•as held by 15 men, K'hom they
call drciigs. They evidently puzzled the Domesday
officials, they were a frequent source of argument
to the thirteenth-centurv lawyers. What was the
nature of their tenure ? In 1278, eight justices
decide that drengage is '^certum servitium,'' and not
military service. If they ^A\t military service it is
not on account of drengage. Let us turn to the
Red Book of the Exchequer. We find that early in
the thirteenth century Gilbert de Calveley (Northum-
berland) holds 2 villas for 30.9. and per theynagium,
and his services are remarkable. He must pay
merchet and aid, and on every other day from Pen-
tecost to the Chains of St. Peter, he drives one cart
with a trunk to the castle of Bamborough, and in
the meanwhile will do no other service and makes
suit of court and homage per (William) Bastarde.
This is theynage. But Stephen de Moleven has one
villa ''in Drennagium per 30s.'' He will plough
one day in 40 at the crops of the king, and reap
there in autumn with 12 men, and other servitia
which Gilbert de Calveley did.
The reaping service brings us back irresistibly to
the theyns of South Lancashire. In fact, the
records are constantly confusing* theynao:e and
drengage. The Red Book of the Exchequer sup-
plies us with a list of those who hold in theynage
and drengage. Amongst others, Richard de Moly-
neux has li carucates in exchange of Toxteth for
2.0s, Land in Bold, Lawick, Ditton, Litherland,
Crosby, Thingwall, Bootle, was held on these
tenures ; while from another list we discover that
land in Hamilton, Haskenmore,Chetham, Rokinton,
Eggerworth, Heaton, Prestwich, Failsworth, Black-
rod, Pendlebury, Rutwind, Clifton, Redish,Chorlton,
Traftbrd, Tonge, was held in drengage. We can
collate this list with the Testa de Neville^ and there
76 Domesday Survey of South Lancashire,
we find that the same hind in Chetham, Prestwich,
Failsworth, Pendleburw Chorlton. Chiton, etc., is
held in **thanai^e/' We liave proof here of the
simihiritv of tenure oi the thanes and dren^rs of
South Lancashire, Hut we must consider the
drengs. Notice the carrving- service — Stephen must
carrv a trunk to Haml)orou^h. Associated with
this, are the riding services of other men, who held
in drengage. They have horses which are at the
service of their lords, **tiiev must ride the errands
** of the lord, assist him in the chase, carry his
*' stores, and fight if necessary, but this latter ser-
** vice is of doubtful oblii^ation." The service is
analagous to that of the radmans, whose prede-
cessors are to be looked for in the ^eneats of the
later English kingdom. Such were the services of
the four radmans that held Childwall for four
manors, and of the radman on the demesne land
of Derby, and the three radmans of Penwortham.
There are no boroughs in Inter Ripam et Mer-
shani, although we find in Penwortham 6 burgesses.
They had probably to assist in the keeping of the
walls of the place in good repair, for there was a
castle, and must have been king's houses there.
The termination ** burv " occurs in verv few of the
Lancashire place-names. Pendlebury, Musbury,
Samlesbury, Salesbury are examples, and it is diffi-
cult to sav how thev affixed the terminal. Even
as late as IJ41, at the time of the Inquisitiones
Nonarum, the iurors of Blackburn, Salford and
Leyland say there is no civitas or burgus in those
hundreds, while in Derby Hundred Liverpool and
Wigan are the only boroughs.
z^S^L
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i-r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
HENRY BROWN :
A LIVERPOOL ATTORNEY OF THE
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
By George T. Shaw,
Read 29th March, 1900.
THE prominent part Liverpool plaved in the
slave traffic, has led men of the present
time to regard life in our town at the end of
the eighteenth century as one long struggle
to amass wealth, and that not in a particularly
scrupulous manner. I know of no better wav to
correct this erroneous impression than by a study
of the characters of the men who were active and
prominent townsmen at that time. If you can
persuade fairly well-read men to admit that Liver-
pool in the eighteenth century was not entirely
absorbed in the buying and selling of slaves, the
admission is generally followed by the remark —
*• O ves ! Roscoe formed a literarv set." But
Roscoe's set did not include all the learning and
wisdom in the town, and there must have been
other literary sets beside Roscoe's. It was a time
when difference of opinion did affect friendships.
Manv of vou mav remember the storv of the
Liverpool lady who, at a London dinner-table, led
78 Henry Broivn,
the conversation on literary subjects until someone
started on the writinijs of Roscoc, when she
instantly became silent. The cause oi the silence
was, that the lad\- was a member of an ultra-torv
familv, with lari^e estates in the West Indies. ** In
** her home-circle she had always heard Roscoe
*• spoken of, not as a i^reat philanthropist, not as a
** first-rate scholar, not as a writer of books, but
'' as a mischief-monj;"er, whose wish and object
*' were to injure and destrov the town and trade of
** Liverpool.'' *
What strikes one in considering" this period is the
number of Liverpool men who contributed to the
poetical and prose literature of their day. Hearing*
in mind that the population of the town was only
77,000, compared with our own day the number
of authors was very large. All classes appear
to have dabbled in poetry, while the number of
pamphleteers was legion. These writings (\re
now almost all forgotten, and the librarians of
your local libraries are about the only people who
come into daily contact with them. Another pro-
minent feature of the period I am referring to was
the accumulation, by private individuals, of large
collections of l)ooks. In the present day we think
so much of our great libraries — public, proprietary,
and subscription — and are so dependent upon them,
that we are almost templed to pity the people of
the time when public libraries did not exist. We
forget that prw)r to the establishment of public
libraries — and for u)me time after— books were
bought, not borrow(^d. In the first half of the
present century ten libraries were sold, all of them
the property of local men except one, and he was
officiallv connected with our town — I refer to
ilenry Broxvn. 79
Francis Hargrave, Recorder of Liverpool. 1797-
1820, whose books and MSS. were bought by the
nation for /8000. The other Hbraries were sold
by auction, and. belonged to
Matthew Gregson - - - - sold 1830
Rev. J. H. Smyth - - - - „ 1834
William Roscoe . - - - „ 1816
Henry Roscoe „ 1836
Fletcher Raincock - - - - „ 1841
Rev. W. Shepherd, D.D. - - „ 1848
William Lowndes - - - - ,, 1850
Henry Brown „ 1825
Nearlv all these libraries must have dated back to
the eighteenth century, and the extent of them may
be gathered from the fact that only one was sold
in 3 days (Henry Roscoe's). Of the others, four
took 7 or 8 days, while the library of Fletcher
Raincock took 12 days to sell, with a further 3 days
for the disposal of his law books, and 7 days for the
sale of his prints and drawings. Roscoe^s library
took 15 days to sell, and his prints and drawings
an additional 21 days. The library of Henry
Brown was sold in 14 days. These libraries pro-
bably attracted the most attention at their dispersal,
as copies of the sale catalogues have been retained
in our local libraries.
It is interesting to note, in passing, that of the
libraries named five were collected by lawyers, and
that four of the libraries were the collections of men
who had risen from humble parentage. Roscoe
was the son of an innkeeper ; Matthew Gregson
was, at an early age, apprenticed to a paper-
hanger and stationer ; Dr. Shepherd was the
son of a shoemaker, who lived at the corner of
Cable Street and Paradise Street while from a
8o Hcjiry Bro:cn.
m
barber's shop in the latter street came the subject
of this paper — Henry Brown.
I have taken this somewhat circuitous method
of introducini*- Henrv Rrown to vour notice, be-
cause it was the books which formed part of his
library that tirst attracted me to the man. The
Athenaeum and the Liverpool libraries contain many
volumes which were oris>inallv in Hrown^s librarv.
These volumes are easilv recognised, for thev
bear on their title-paijes the inscription, '* Henry
*' Brown, Liverpool." They are books which
appeal principally to scholars and seekers after
original information, consequently the number of
references to them is limited. Still it is a fact that
few people can do much thorough work, in the
libraries I have just named, on historical, lej^al, or
theolof^ical subjects, without cominjj across books
which formerlv belonged to Olil Harry Broicu, as I
once heard him called.
The question then arises, xcho was Henry Uroicn?
This question is a difficult one to answer, and I am
afraid that the information I have irathered will
appear very scanty. Unfortunately, he never wrote
a book. If he had done so, some bibliof;Taphers of
thirtv or fortv vears a^o would have collected from
Brown's contemporaries sufficient information to
form an answer to the question. IJrown was not
only not an author, but he appears not to have been
a societv man in anv sense of the term. He was
a character, if ever there was one, and must have
been well known in the town ; yet such ijossips as
Boardman, Aspinall, and Stonehousc never once
refer to him. The few references in Picton's
Memorials of Liverpool are taken from Brooke's
History of Liverpool during the lasl quarter of the
eiijhteentli eentury, Brooke speaks admiringly of
Brown's abilitv, and with the knowledire of a
contemporary.
Henry Brown. 8i
Henry Brown was born at Liverpool in 1745 or 6,
probably at 60, Paradise Street, where his father,
William Brown, carried on the business of barber
and peruke-maker. According to the Directories,
William Brown retired from businevSS about 1774, but
continued to reside in Paradise Street. Whether
he was dependent upon his son, who was by that
time established as an attorney, or living on his
savings from the business of peruke making (which
was at its height in the middle of the eighteenth
century), there is nothing to shew. William Brown,
however, was able to pay for the education of his
son, and to article him to the leading attorney in
the town — Francis Gildart, Town-clerk. I am able
to submit for your invSpection the original articles
of agreement between Henry Brown and William
Brown on the one part, and Francis Gildart on
the other. The date of the agreement is July 17,
1762, Brown being about 17 years of age at the
time. There is no mention in the agreement of the
payment of any sum of money.
in the Directory for 1774, Brown is described as
an attorney, and appears to be living with his father
at 60, Paradise Street. ]3y 1781, he had removed
to No. 59, Paradise Street, his father continuing to
reside in No. 60. This property may have belonged
to William Brown ; it certainly belonged to Henry
Brown, for he mentions it in his will.
For the next few years nothing important appears
to be on record relative to Henry Brown. He
acted as deputy Town-clerk, but that office was
not quite the same as it is to-day. In 179 1
the Corporation had to fight for what it con-
sidered to be its rights, and it is no small
testimony to the ability of Henry Brown that, in
their extremity, the Corporation entrusted their
case to him, the Town-clerk — John Colquitt —
H
82 Henry Ihown,
not beinjj considered quite competent to perform
so arduous an undertaking. The old Council of
Liverpool was a self-elected and exclusive body.
The Council also had the control over the public
purse, and exercised legislative ptnvers in the
makinsf of all bve-laws for the regulation and
government of the town, without the intervention
of the general bodv of t'ne burgesses.
As a consequence, there was a gcH)d deal of
ill-feeling against the members of the Council,
and in 1791 a determined eflort was made lo
wrest this power from them. A common hall — or
public meeting— was called, and as several seals
in the Council were vacant, the burgesses elected
men to fill the vacancies. \'arious bve-laws were
passed, including one imposing a fine of ^os. on
the Town's Treasurer if he should refuse lo jKM'mit
the Mayor and Auditors to inspect the books and
papers of the Corporation in his possession. Of
course the Town*s Treasurer (Mr. Ciolighlly) did
refuse to allow the books lo be inspected, and
thereupon an action was commenced against him,
in the Court of the King's Bench, for llie recoverv
of the penalty of 405., and to try the legal right lo
make bye-laws. There were irials and appeals
until 1793, when, without any satisfactory result
being attj>incd, litigation stopped. As the Council
\yas able to use the public funds in defence of its
rights, it had an advantage over the supporters of
the more popular cause. The most brilliant law-
vers of the dav were engaged in the case — Mr.
Adair, Lord Lrskine, and Mr. Law, afterwards
Lord Chief Justice r^llenb(M*ough. It was, no
doubt, in connection with the conduct ot ihis case
that Lord l^llenborough formed the high opinion he
entertained of Mr. lirown's abilitv, describing him
as the best-read Corporation lawyer in existence.
Henry Brown, 83
In 1796 Mr. Brown was elected a member of the
Council whose rights and privileges he had so ably
defended.
In 1797 the services of Mr. Brown were again
requisitioned in the interest of the town, in its fight
with London on the question of levying town-dues
on imported goods It may not be out of place
here to mention that the Freedom of our Town
carried with it the right to import goods into Liver-
pool free of town-dues. Merchants and traders,
who were not freemen by birth or apprenticeship,
could, before the year 1777, purchase their freedom.
As the Corporation found that in this way the
public estate and revenue suffered much loss
through the lessening of the town^dues and cus-
toms, they resolved " that from henceforth (1777)
'' no person or persons shall be admitted a freeman
'^ or freemen of the Borough and Corporation upon
''' purchase for any sum or sums of money, or other
'• valuable consideration for the granting of such
" freedom." Some ingenious local person dis-
covered, after the passing of this resolution, that
bv a charter of Henrv I the oroods of the citizens
of London were exempt from the payment of
tolls, dues, passage, &c., throughout all England,
and parts of the sea. Liverpool merchants who
were not free of the Borough became enrolled
as members of London Companies, in the expec-
tation that their goods would be exempt from the
Liverpool town-dues. Such was the cause of the
great lawsuit which took place in 1799 between
Liverpool and London. The case was keenly
fought by both sides— the London merchants de-
fending what they rightly regarded as a great and
valuable privilege, while the verdict, it was esti-
mated, would aftect the Corporation of Liverpool to
the extent of ^^20,000 a-year. We catch a glimpse
H 2
84 Henry Broxvu.
of the anxietv with which the Council watched the
preparation of its case, and at the same time of
the careful way in which Mr. Brown worked, in the
following resolution, which was passed by the Cor-
poration, October 3, 1798 : —
Upon reading a letter from Mr. Henry Brown, respecting the
state of the important cause now depentiing between the City of
London and this Corporation relative to the town and port duties.
Resolved : That this Council have great satisfaction in expressing
their approbation of Mr. Brown's continued exertions for the
real interests of the Corporation, in his searches and investigation
of the important materials by him discovered in the examination
of the Records of the City of London, and very much approve
of his caution in not attempting to bring this cause to trial until
his searches and examination into those records shall be perfectly
complete, both in his own judgment and that of the Recorder.
Ultimately the case was tried in 1799, and on
the 20th of April in that year was decided by a
verdict : —
That the citizens of London were entitled to the exemption
for their goods and wares, but that it belonged exclusively to such
as were resident freemen within the liberties, paying scot and lot.
This, of course, was a verdict in favour of Liver-
pool. For this result the Council was indebted to
Mr. Brown, and the following* resolution shews that
thev were well aware of the fact : —
Oct., 1799. The Council now Taking into consideration the
late favourable issue, in his Majesty's Court of Exchequer, of
the very important Cause relating 10 the Town's Duties belonging
to this Corporation, and well knowing how much the success
of that cause was promoted by the professional knowledge,
laborious researches and continued attentions of Mr. Henry
Brown, a Member of this Council ; and being also well aware of
the great advantages derived from Mr. Brown's zeal and exertions
upon several important former occasions in defence of the Rights
and Privileges of this Corporation, Unanimously Resolved :
That the Thanks of this Council be given lo Mr. Brown tor such
his services, and that he be presented with a Cold Snuff- Box,
having an appropriate Inscription, as a further mark of Approbation
Henry Brown. 85
of his Conduct, the same to be ordered and executed under
the direction of the select Finance Committee, paid for by the
Treasurer, and allowed in his Accounts.
Brooke, in hivS History of Liverpool, states that
Brown's great talents, learning, and exertions were
very valuable to the Corporation on various other
occasions during many years *' At length an impor-
" tant office, that of Town-clerk of Liverpool, which
'' was in the gift of the Corporation, became vacant ;
^' he (Brown) was a candidate, and the Corporation
*' rewarded him for his important services by passing
'' him over, and electing another person who pos-
^' sessed greater interest but inferior attainments.''
Brooke further tells an anecdote to shew that
Brown was grieved at being passed over. I may
say that I do not accept this statement of Brooke
relative to Brown's candidature for the position of
Town-clerk at the date to which he refers. During
Brown's life the office of Town-clerk was vacant
four times, viz., in 1780, 1781, 1807, and 1814. In
1780-81 Brown may have been a candidate for the
appointment, but as he would then be only 34-5
years of age, his disappointment at not being
elected could hardly arise from a feeling that his
services were not being properly acknowledged. In
1807, the year of the next vacancy, Brown was 62
years of age — rather old, I should say, for such an
important appointment. According to the Direc-
tories, he had retired from business in 1805, and
had removed to Edge Hill. Although apparently
out of practice, he appears to have continued to
advise the Trustees of the Docks and the Liverpool
Corporation, for I am able to lay on the table a
resume of his accounts for business on behalf of
both of those bodies. The amount of these ac-
counts are, in the case of the Dock Trustees,
;f2096 I2S. 5^., and that of the Corporation ;f565i
86 Henry Broicu,
106'. 9(/. The dates covered by the accounts ranjje
from 1795 to 1 8 14. As neither of the accounts
was paid until after Mr. Brown's death in 182 j,
we are forced to the conclusion that, while that
<«:entleman was a verv able lawver, he was evidentlv
not a jjood business man. Brown was elected
HailitV in 1800, and continued to be a member of
the Council until his death, on Oct. 13, i8->2. He
left two children, a son and a daujjhter. His
daughter married William Logan, a solicitor, and
their son, Mr. Crawford Logan, was, until recent
years, a member of the lirm of Logan, Ciibbons, and
i^rkle, solicitors. When Mr. Brown died, his son
Henry had not attained full age, and in his will he
urged his son ** to continue to serve his articles until
"he be admitted an attornev, and to avoid all
*' speculation in land, at any rate until he attained
**the age or jo." Brown further ordered that his
librarv was not to be sold until his son attained the
age of 21, when he would be better able to form an
opinion of the value of the books.
This librarv, of which the old man evidentlv
thought so highly, was sold in 1825, and was
described in the catalogue as '^ extensive, eunoiis,
and valuable /' Its collection occupied a period of
over 40 years. Let us glance for a moment or two
at the catalos»;ue of this librarv, for it is undoubtedly
the most appropriate monument to the memory and
character of the man that can be preserved. At
the same time we obtain a view of scholarship and
a scholar's librarv one hundred vears ai;o, for such
collections of books will probably never be made
again by any one man, and certainly not by a man
in the position of this old attorney. Public libraries
and the specialization of studies have rendered such
a thing impossible. In the catalogue the books
are classified as follows : —
Henry Brown, 87
1. English History about 155 lots.
2. Divinity and Ecclesiastical History - - - „ 156 „
3. Natural History, Philosophy, and the Sciences „ 469 „
4. Foreign History, Voyages and Travels - - „ 226 „
5. Poetry, Drama, and Romances - - . . „ 83 „
6. Biography and Biographical Dictionaries - „ 36 „
7. Dictionaries, Grammars, &c. „ Ao "
8. Miscellanies — Foreign and English - - - „ 210 „
9. Law — General „ 237 „
10. „ Reports „ 116 „
11. Parliamentary Reports „ 16 ,,
12. Foreign Jurisprudence „ 159 „
13. Trade and Commerce ,, 24 „
Making a total of - - - - 1930 lots.
To the books in the first two classes I have
ah'eadv referred. The works which mio^ht be
classed under the heading, controversial theology,
shew their collector to have had a decided Protes-
tant bias, while the presence of the works of
Swedenborg (in latin) prove that Mr. Brown was
not unmindful of the religious movements of his
time.
Class 3 (Natural History, Philosophy, and the
Sciences) include all the great authorities on mathe-
matics, surgery, anatomy, medicine, philosophy,
and natural history. Herein are found the works
of Aldrovandus, the Italian naturalist ; Hippocrates
and Galen, the Greek physicians ; Thomas Hobbes,
the English philosopher; Cheselden\s ^wrt/a/zy^ of
Bones; Descartes' Principia Philosophicc ; and the
Historia Animaliuni of (Conrad Gesner.
Foreign History, Voyages, and Travels form a
full class. All the works which, at the time when
this library was formed, were standard histories,
are included in this catalogue. The histories of
European countries are, of course, the most
numerous, but histories of Japan and the West
Indies — distant lands in the eighteenth century —
are also named.
88 Henry Broxi'n.
Poetrv, the Drama, and Romances, do not form
the stroni^est side of this librarv— still the collection
is a jjood one. The works of Shakespeare, Dante,
Beaumont and Fletcher, Chaucer, Dryden, Ban-
dclio, Spencer, and many others, go to shew the
wide sympathies of the collector.
The next two classes are particularly full, viz.,
Biographical Dictionaries, and Grammars and Dic-
tionaries of Lani^uai^es.
The Law section I won't attempt to criticise, but
reference should be made to the collection of Law
Reports and Parliamentary Reports. (The Journals
and Debates in Parliament.)
In Foreign Jurisprudence one thing is noticeable,
the extraordinarv number of books dealing with
Roman and International Law. It is only within
verv recent vears that the Km^lish Universities
have adequately recognised the importance of the
studv of Roman law. At the end of the eighteenth
centurv the number of students of Roman law must
have been very limited. Brown had ideas of his
own, and gathered his books from all places, and it
is a splendid testimony to the ability and learning
of the man that the student of Roman law in
Liverpool to-day will lind that many of the best
books on the subject are those which once formed
part of this great collection.
Looking at this collection, one cannot fail to
notice its omissions as well as its contents. It was
essentially the library of a worker, and consequently
works of the imao:ination are remarkable bv their
absence. The Greek and Latin classics — as clas-
sics — are unrepresented. Where the classic writers
deal with historical subjects, copies of their works
are named in the catalogue ; but there is not, for
instance, a copy of Homer's works, neither in the
original nor in a translation. The few translations
Henry Brown. 89
of classics in the library which were not historical,
were of the kind which the booksellers classify as
Facdicc, In the poetical section the absence of the
writings of Pope is remarkable ; while another
eighteenth century author, a contemporary in fact —
Dr. Johnson — is only represented by his Dictionary.
Manv of the volumes in this collection are in-
teresting from a bibliographical or a typographical
point of view. Many had very curious old bind-
ings — stamped and otherwise— but none of these
points appear to have interested Mr. Brown, who
bought the books for their texts. At the present
time many of these books have a value to us locally,
because of the marks of former ownership which
they bear.
Amongst the Law volumes which passed to the
Athenaeum library, at the sale of Brown's collection,
were 14 folio volumes which formed part of the loot
brought away from Holyrood palace by Sir William
Xorris, of Speke Hall, in the year 1543. The
volumes were probably bought by Brown at the
dispersal of the Speke Hall library, about 1777.
The 1930 lots in the sale catalogue represent
nearly 10.000 volumes, and as at least 4000 vols,
were folios, the problem of storing them in any
private house must have been a difficult one to
solve. Brown moved from Paradise Street to
Fenwick Street, then to Everton, Vauxhall, and
finally to Edge Hill, where he died. There is no
doubt but that the desire to find suitable accommo-
dation for his books prompted these removals.
Scholars of this type are not easily prompted to
remove to new houses. The presence of duplicate
copies in the catalogue indicates that Mr. Brown
was not always able to find what his library did
contain, while the fact that the names of many
volumes were written on the bottom edges shews
92
Hcnr\ Brown,
social affections, so that the curious compound of qualities which
he exhibited, while it amused our fancy, never failed to attach
our regard. Would that it had fallen to a worthier pen to pay
this last tribute to so excellent and extraordinary an individual !
Had the author of IVaverley been acquainted with Mr. Brown,
we think that the rich peculiarities of his character (to say
nothing of his appearance and costume) would have supplied
that great genius with materials for adding another sketch to the
list of those professional portraits in which he so peculiarly
delights and excels.
Extract from Liverpool Mercury. Oct. i8, 1822 : —
" On Sunday last, at his house, Kdge Hill, in the 77th year of
** his age, Henry Brown, Esq., a common councilman of this
•* Borough."
Henry Broicn. gi
])ool and London Corporations respecting the liability of the
citizens of London to the payment of town's duties at this port,
Mr. Brown was employed by our Corporation, and it was in no
small degree owing to his laborious research and indefatigable
industry on that occasion, that the rights of his native town were
successfully established. The management of this important
cause introduced him to the acquaintance of some of the most
eminent lawyers of the day, among whom were ^tr. Wood, now
Baron Wood; Mr. Erskine, now Lord Erskine ; and Mr. Law.
afterwards Lord EUenborough, the last of whom conceived so
favourable an opinion of the character and talents of Mr. Brown
iliat he presented him with a valuable book, as a token of his
regard. For many years past Mr. B. had wholly withdrawn him-
self from the practice of the law ; but the natural activity, or, to
speak more correctly, the exuberant and irrepressible energy of
his mind (for his intellectual spirit quite *' o'er informed his tene-
" ment of clay ") would never suffer him to stagnate in repose,
or to consider retirement as an excuse for idleness. It will
scarcely be believed, that this legal veteran still continued to
study that profession, by which he had honourably earned a large
independence, with as much ardour and intensity as a youth,
whose whole hopes of subsistence depend upon his industry. He
spared no expense in enlarging his law library, by the addition of
everything valuable, not merely in the reports and treatises of
our own Municipal law, but also in the voluminous pandects and
digests of the civil code. Law books, in short* were his occu-
pation and delight, both at home and abroad. Many a time have
we seen him sauntering along the lanes, attended by his little dog,
poling over some musty volume of jurisprudence, or arguing
aloud to himself some knotty point of law. As the powers of
his understanding decayed he changed his course of reading,
and feasted his imagination on romances and French novels ;
whereuj)on he used jocularly to say of himself, that he was imi-
tating the great Caio, in studying a new language in his old age.
Latterly, however, his studies have been confined to the Courier
and the New Times, in the Athcnoeum, and the frequenters of that
Newsroom will not soon forget the loud vociferations and the
vehement gestures with which he used to enforce his phillipics
against the Radicals, and to exult in his favourite Church and
King principles. Mr. Brown, we grieve to say, was one of the
last of the great originals of the old school in Liverpool. He
was a humourist in the true sense of the word ; one who indulged
the bent of his whims and humours, in fearless disregard of the
conventional forms of modern society. Yet this disposition
never produced in him anything akin to selfishness ; he was, on
the contrary, kind, warm-hearted, and feelingly alive to all the
94 Church Plate.
to other churches, delivered at York on the 4th
Fehruarv. 1 550-1, the ofticial receiver reporting
that certain '* ornaments " l)elonsrino* to Manchester
Church had been sold, realising £\S j5. 4^/.. and
that the rest, amounting in value to /\j 135. 4^/.,
were let't there. He also reported that two
chalices (one weighing 30J ounces and the other
12 ounces) had neen left in the possession of
the church.
Again, in 1552, the government of luhvard VI,
for the purpose of clearing up the small remains
of church property after the spoliations of previous
years, and thus to replenish the coffers of the
Sovereign, sent commissioners forth to ascertain
what the churches possessed. The commissioners
who prepared the inventory of the Manchester
Church were Sir lulmund Traftord. Sir John
Atherton, Sir John Holcroft, and Sir Thomas
Holt. Knights ; and they sat at Manchester, on
the 27th September, 1552. The church goods
comprised a lengthy list of cloth of gold and
other richly-embroidered vestments and miscel-
laneous possessions, as well as the two chalices
mentioned in 1550 as having been left with the
church. It is stated in this inventory that one
of the chalices was parcel gilt. The silver was
not delivered up, init held by the church as the
king's property, to be delivered to him on demand.
Xothinii" is known of the ultimate disposal of these
two chalices. During' lulward's reiirn. however,
and particularly between the years 1547 and 1553,
the authorities of parish churches, to avoid plunder
and spoliation, sold many pieces of plate ; and
frequent entries are to be found in parish records
throughout the countrv of the disposal of the
proceeds for the benefit of the parish.
Throughout the countrv, verv little indeed of
the ancient ecclesiastical plate survived these
Manchester Cathedral, 95
periodical ravages of church property ; and it is
not surprising, therefore, that the Manchester
vessels should meet with the general fate,
especially as the parish was reported as a great
and important one even at that time, and had
less chance, therefore, of its valuables being
overlooked.
The silver plate for sacramental use belonging
to the cathedral, and now in existence, consists
of no less than 22 pieces, comprising 2 chalices
1584-5, 2 chalices 1626, 3 patens and a large
salver 1676, a flagon i6g8, a pitcher flagon 1701,
4 flagons and 2 patens 1708, an alms dish 1715,
a chalice 1874, and 4 special beaker cups presented
bv Earl Ei^erton of Tatton.
This collection contains, as will be seen bv the
dates of manufacture of the different pieces,
specimens of art metal work extending over a
period of about 2 J centuries, and this is all the
more interesting from the fact that in no other
branch of the silversmith's art can we realise so
thoroughly the changes and development in the
craft than in the examples of church plate left
to us in our older parish churches ; furnishing,
as thev do, reliable evidence of the difference in
style and execution of silver utensils at separate
periods since the Reformation. If on no higher
ground, therefore, than that of age, these old
examples have a claim on our regard ; but they
have a stronger local attachment from ihe use
made of them bv successive sfenerations of
parishioners in one of the highest oftices of the
Church. There are, happily, to be found in some
of our old country churches, ecclesiastical utensils
which have been in actual use for close upon
300 years, whilst the fabrics which hold them
have been over and over again repaired and
restored.
(jf) Church Plate.
CHAMCKS, 1584-5.
Tlic earliest of the vessels now in the Cathe-
dral are two ehalices, alike in every detail. They
stand f) inches hi<;h, and bear on the bowls
the inscription, in script lettering; : ''This beloni^s
''to the Collefjiatc Church of Manchester.'' The
bowl is bell-shaped, havini^ a diameter, at the
rim, of 4.J inches, is perfectly plain, and rests
upon a l)aliister-shape(l stem, with plain moulded
base. Thev bear the hall marks of the London
assav ofiicc, vi/. : leopard's head, the date letter
Roman capital (i, of the year 1584-5, and the
maker's initials ah (joined). These were, appa-
rently, bouj^ht at the expense of the parish. Their
shape and date letter both indicate temp. T^lizabeth,
1584-85. \'ery likely they oriijinally possessed
covers with the usual Hat button top, which served
for patens. There was a direction concerning, I
believe, the celebrated ''Five po'und " cups; that
the cup should have " a cover which might be used
" for the distribution of the bread.*' There is a
similar cup, of a somewhat more elegant and chaste
desii»n, beloni>in<': to (iii?'q;leswick, with the same
date letter, and an inscription, running round the
bowl, stating that the cup was made in 1585.
niAi.icr.s, ifiiC).
Next in order of date are the two chalices,
or, as they should more properly be termed,
** Communion Cups/* presented in 1626, by Mrs.
Margaret Nugent. Thev are alike in everv detail,
and characteristic of the piirticular period of
their manufacture —of heavv make, and not at all
graceful outlines. Many examples of the style of
tliesc chalices are to be found of the early part of
the seventeenth century. During the two previous
centuries the chalice was, perhaps, of all others,
Manchester Cathedral. 97
the object to which the goldsmith paid most
attention ; and the few left to us of that time are
marvels of artistic beauty. The early part of the
seventeenth century, however, seemed to produce
two distinct styles of chalice cup — one an
elaborately embossed vessel, with an openwork
cover, surmounted by a steeple ornament ; the
other of the s'yle of the early Manchester chalices,
severe in outline, heavy in appearance, and free
from all embellishment, either of the art of the
repousse worker or chaser.
The bowls are bell-shaped, with a diameter at
the rim of 4 inches, and stand on a thick stem,
sloping on to a moulded base at the foot. They
are 6 inches high. On each of the bowls is
inscribed, in script lettering : ** Give?t to the
'' Church of Manchester, by Margarett Nugent^
'' Widdowe, 7626.'' Both bear the hall marks
of the London assay office, viz. : lion passant,
leopard's head crowned, the date letter 5, of
the year 1625-6, and the maker's initials, c.g.
The donor of these vessels, Mrs. Margaret
Nugent, was the daughter of Kdmund Goldsmith,
of Saiford, and wife of Richard Nugent, of
Manchester, mercer, who was Borough Reeve of
Manchester in 1598-9, and who died 20th April,
1609. Their son. Walter, who died loth March,
16 1 3- 14, was buried in the Collegiate Church.
With his mother, he £rave two rent char«fes of
£ I per annum each, derived from two houses,
to *' purchase turves for the poor of Manchester
" for ever." The Manchester Court Leet Records
contain particulars of Walter's will, and some
interesting^ extracts from the inventorv of his
goods. His mother, the donor of these chalices,
died in February, 1630- 1, and was also interred
in the Collegiate Church. Her will was proved
at Chester, on the 17th September of that year,
1
g8 Church Plate,
PATENS, 1676.
These consist of three credence patens, all alike.
They are formed of a single depression, and have
a broad plain rim, without moulding at its edge,
the stem being trumpet-shaped and quite plain.
They each have a diameter of 8 inches ; and
although the hall marks are almost obliterated
by that great enemy of silver, injudicious cleaning,
there is sufficient to identifv them as the London
hall marks, viz. : the leopard's head crowned,
lion passant, the date letter ^, in black letter
capital, of the year 1676-7 ; but the maker's
mark is not visible on anv of the three. Each
bears the following inscription : " This belongs
*'to the Colledat' Church of Manchester, and
** was bought at ve parish charge, anno Dom.,
^' 1676.''
ALMS DISH, 1676/
This alms dish or salver, with the three patens,
formed the set purchased in 1676. It is quite
plain, being formed of a jingle depression, and
has a narrow mouldino: at the edg^e of the rim.
It has a diameter of \2\ inches, and stands on
a broad trumpet-shaped foot. In the centre of
the dish appears the same inscription as on the
patens. It also bears, besides the usual London
hall marks, the date letter %, in black letter capital,
of the year 1675-6, and the maker's mark, w.s.,
with a pellet above and below the initials. '
SMALL FLAGON, 1698.
Three examples only of silver flagons of seven-
teenth centurv manufacture remain in Lancashire,
all made during the last three years of the century.
I A similar stamp occurs on a bason of the year 1680, in possession of
Earl Bathurst— Ed.
Manchester Cathedral. c yg
One, dated 1697, is at Salford ; one at Manchester
Cathedral, i6g8 ; and the third at Warrington, 1699.
The flagon in the Manchester Cathedral is a massive
one, of tankard shape, without Hp, and void of any
ornament except a moulded band round its centre.
It stands 12 inches high, and has a diameter at its
base of 5J inches. It is without inscription, and
does not bear even the name of the church to
which it belongs. This is much to be regretted, as
there ought to be no doubt of the actual ownership
of a vessel of this value. The simple words
" Manchester Cathedral '' might be engraved below
the base, and thus identifv it with the church.
This flagon bears the London hall marks of the
period, viz. : lion's head erased, the figure of Bri-
tannia, and the date letter, B, in court hand of the
year 1697-8. It also bears the maker's initials,
HA, surmounted by a crown and two pellets, which
constituted the special mark of Peter Harracke,
jun., a noted goldsmith of the time. Some of the
splendid plate made for the great Duke of Marl-
borough, now in the possession of Earl Spencer,
was made by Harracke.
It will be noticed that the hall marks on this
flagon differ from the usual and well-known marks
of the lion passant and leopard's head crowned.
Under the Act 8 and 9 William III, cap. 8, sec. 9,
the standard for silver plate was raised in 1697
above that of the coinage of the realm, in order to
prevent the melting down of coin for the purpose
of making plate — a practice that had then become
much in voo^ue. New marks were accordinoflv
appomted for the new standard, the figure of Bri-
tannia and a leopard's head erased, to take the place
of the more familiar lion passant and leopard's head
crowned. The new standard — which was 8 dwts.
per lb. troy purer — ceased to be compulsory in 1720,
by the Act 6 Geo. I, cap. 2 ; the old standard was
I 2
100 Church Plate.
then restored, and has continued ever since. During
this special period the manufacturers were bound to
stamp on hall-marked plate the first two initials of
their surname, and not the initials of both names,
as was the case before and since the Britannia
period.
THE PILCHER FLAGON, I7OI.
This handsome vessel is inscribed : ** The gift of
^^Mrs. Mary Hoibrook to the Colkfiiate Church of
'^Manchester. 1701J" It is helmet-shaped and of
larije capacity, standinjj 13 inches high. The bowl
is 7 inches in diameter, with an inside depth of
8 inches, and the base is handsomelv ornamented
by a repousse design of acanthus leaves treated
conventionallv. It has a well-modelled handle of
quasi-classic shape, formed of a female demifigure.
The bowl rests on a stem divided in the centre bj'
a knop and sloping to a moulded base (43 inches
diameter) with an ei^^ir and toni»ue mouldincj round
its edire.
This flagon is another example of the Britannia
period of manufacture, bearing, besides the usual
hall marks of that time, the date letter ff, in court
hand of the year 1701-2, and the maker's initials,
RU, witl"! a crowned escallop below, being the dis-
tinctive mark of John Ruslem, of London, whose
workshop was entered in the Goldsmiths' hall books
as ** att ye golden cup in Swithin Lane."
The donor of this valuable and chaste flagon,
Mrs. Marv Hoibrook, was the daui^hter of Richard
Fox, of Manchester, merchant, and the wife of
Edward Hoibrook, a justice of the peace for the
city, a noted man in his day. and who died in 1685.
Their daughter, Mary, was the wife of Ralph Poole,
a linen draper of Manchester. They also had two
sons. John of Manchester and Richard of Salford,
Manchester Cathedral. loi
clerk, who was- deprived of his living by the Act of
Uniformity, and who married Elizabeth, younger
daughter of the Rev. Richard Heyrick, warden
of the Collegiate Church. Mrs. Holbrook, who
presented this vessel, died the same year as the
presentation, her will being proved at Chester in
1701.
FLAGONS, 1708.
These are four in number, of such an unusual
size as to prevent their actual use, and are typical
of the British preference for '* good vsolid work.''
In their way they are quite unique, few silver
flagons of such dimensions being in existence,
thouofh it is common enou^^h to find them of
pewter or other base metal, of which Winwick
Church possesses several. They are of tan-
kard shape, without lip and quite plain, being
17 inches high, and having a diameter at base
of 8J inches. In the centre of the body, within
a circle, is the inscription, in script lettering :
'* Deo et ecclesicB Mancuniensi Sacriimanno 1708.
'' Joannes Sandiford D,D.D.'' They bear, in ad-
dition to the usual Britannia period marks, the
date letter flD, in courthand, of the year 1707-8,
and the maker's initials, lo, with a key above
and fleur-de-lys below— the distinctive mark of
Nathaniel Lock, a London goldsmith.
PATENS, 1708.
These, two in number, were also the gift of
Mr. John Sandiford, and bear the same inscription
as the four flagons presented by him. They also
have the same hall marks and maker's mark.
They are exactly alike, each having a diameter
of 8 inches, and stand on a trumpet-shaped stem
3 inches in height. These patens, to suit the
I02 Church Plate.
flagons, are perfectly plain, being formed of a
single depression, and having a narrow flat rim,
without the usual moulding on the edge^
John Sandiford, the donor of these four flagons
and two patens, was Borough Reeve of Manchester
in 1676-7, and for many years took a prominent
part in the municipal administration. He was,
apparently, a man of wealth, to judge by this
valuable presentation to the Collegiate Church.
He died in 17 10, his will being proved at the
Chester Probate Court that vear.
ALMS DISH, I715.
This is a large, massive, and plain dish, 16
inches in diameter, and formed of a single hollow
depression, with moulded edge, to a flat, broad
rim. It bears the inscription : *' T/ic f^ift of Mrs,
'' RH::abcth Cdrtu^rij^/it. l\'iild(ra\ to re Collcgitxte
''Chunk of Manchester, Anno Doni,, 1715,^'
'I'he hall marks are so worn as not to be clearlv
decipherable, traces of the leopard's head and a
portion of the date letter onlv beinu: visible. This
is also of the Hritannia standard.
It has not been ascertained who the donor
was, one source of information— the Court Leet
Records— not being available, as they are missing
for a period covering the year of the presentation.
The church registers might, however, possibly
throw some light upon the personality of Mrs.
Cartwright and her famih-.
CHALICE, 1874.
This chalice is of the usual modern ecclesiastical
style, in imitation of the mediaeval chalices. It
is of silver gilt, and was presented to the cathedral
by an unknown donor, to perpetuate the memory
of Canon Richson. It bears the hall marks of
Manchester Cathedral. 103
the London assay office for the year 1875, and
is inscribed : ** In lovino: memorv of Charles
'' Richson, Canon of the Cathedral. Born March
*'7th, 1806. Died May 15th, 1874. 'He that
'*'believeth in Me, though he were dead, yet
'•^ shall he live : and whoso liveth and believeth
"'in Me shall never die.'''
BEAKER CUPS.
These cups, four in number, were, a few years
ago, presented to the cathedral, by Earl Egerton
of Tatton. They are alike in every detail, and
are silver, but bear no hall marks. They are
without handles, cover, or feet, and have a
diameter at the bottom of 3 inches, standing
4f inches high, and a bell lip, having a diameter
of 3 J inches. They are decorated with interlaced
strap work, foliated, and having a bundle of arrows
at the centre intersection of the engraved strap
work.
As to these cups, the following appeared recently
in the Manchester Guardian^ from the pen of Canon
Residentiary Edward L. Hicks : — *' They belonged
" (as their engraved inscriptions testify) to the
" Scots Church of the Scots Factors at Campvere,
" in the Netherlands, for which they were made in
*' 1620. This was the first church outside of
" Scotland which had direct connection with the
'• Mother Church at home. This Scottish Factory
'* was broken up in 1795. The beaker-shape is
" said to be a common form of communion cup in
*' the Netherlands, and also in the north-east of
*' Scotland. This is accounted for by the consider-
*' able trade which existed for centuries between
*' Aberdeen and the Netherlands. The four cups
" now in the Manchester Cathedral are an interest-
** ing example of this connection."
104
Church Plate.
II. — Preston Church.
The plate belonging to the Parish Church of
Preston consists of the following 12 articles : —
Flagon - -
Small Paten -
Flagon - -
2 large Patens
F'lagon - -
1705
1705
1708
1708
1719
F'lagon - - 1725
2 Chalices - 1729
Chalice - - 1785
Chalice - - 1785
Wine Strainer 181 9
Previous to the vear 1705 the plate of the Church
would appear to have been of base metal. In the
Church-book is recorded, under date 25th April,
1659: — ** The XXIV decided to provide for the
*' necessary uses of the church, minister, and
** c()n<rre<ration these ornaments and materialls."
(Inter alia). ** Two silver bowles with covers,
** weighing 34A oz. 4 dwt., costing £g 115. 2d.''
Again, in 1660, *' ftVve pewter fflagons to be used
*' at the tyme of the sacrment." In 1675 it is
recorded — ** The five pewter flagons being now by
*' use worn out they be exchanged for new ones
** and three new plates of best pewter to be pro-
** vided for sacrament and it is ordered that thev
m
** be decently and well kept for the future and not
** lent abroad to any funera''" or emploied in any
*' common services." The latter part of the fore-
going throws a curious light upon the practice of
lending church plate, and accounts for the pewter
flafjons beiniif *' bv use worn out " in fifteen vears.
The only other entry in the Church-books relating
to the plate is contained under date 1696, when the
clerk (Joseph Barnes) was allowed ;^'i is, out of
the church accounts for taking charge of the com-
munion plate. The plate here referred to could
only, of course, be a pewter communion service, as
there is no record of any other being in existence
until the year 1705, notwithstanding the decision
Preston Parish Church, 105
of the XXIV, of the 25th April, 1659, to purchase
'' two silver bowls with covers/' In any case,
whether purchased or not, they are not now in
existence.
FLAGON AND PATEN, I705.
This portion of the plate is inscribed on each
piece — *' The gift of the Right Hon. John, Lord
'• Gower, Baron of Stitnam, 1705."
The flagon is of the usual shape, much in vogue
at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and
stands inches high, and has engraved the mono-
gram IHS, surrounded by rays and surmounted with
a cross.
The paten is 6 J inches in diameter and of plain
pattern, the engraving being similar to that of the
flagon. It stands on a slight foot, if inches in
height and 2\ in diameter.
The donor of this, the oldest plate m the posses-
sion of the Parish Church, was Sir John Leveson-
Gower, fourth Baronet, a member of an ancient
and distinguished family. He was elevated to the
peerage as Baron Gower of Stittenham, Co. York,
i6th March, 1703, and died in 1709. He married
Lady Catherine Manners, daughter of John, first
Duke of Rutland, who survived him. At the time
of the presentation of the cup, and during the Guild
of 1702, he was resident in Preston, and held the
ofiice of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
He is described in the Roll of Inn Burgesses as
" Rt. Hon. Sir John Levison Gower, Bt., Chan-
'• cellor of the County Palatine and Duchy of
'• Lancaster." He was appointed to that office in
the first year of the reign of Queen Anne, on the
1 2th May, 1702, and held the position until the
loth June, 1706. Although the duties appertaining
to the office of Chancellor are now merely nominal,
they were not always so. At the time of Baron
Io6 Church Plate,
Gower being Chancellor, he sat as Judge of the
Lancaster Duchy Court, held at Westminster, a
branch of which was held at Preston, and called
the Court of the County Palatine of Lancaster, for
the trial of any causes relating to the revenue of
the Duchv. At this period Preston, besides being
the centre of the legal business of the county, and
the place where the county business was then, as
now, transacted, was the residence of many families
of note, who had ** Town-houses." Amongst these
may be mentioned Sir Christopher Greenfield,
James, Duke of Hamilton, The Earl of Derby, Sir
Thos. Stanley, Bart., Nicholas Starkie, Attorney
General for the County, Sir Cyril Wych, John
Weddell, Vice-Chancellor of the County, Sir Ger-
vase Elwes, Bart., Prothonotary of the County,
Sir William Robinson and Edward Hyde, Esq., of
Preston, cousin of Queen Anne, and afterwards
Earl of Clarendon.
As to the Gower family, it mav be interesting
to note the succession of John, Lord Gower : —
1745 : His son, John Leveson-Gower, was created
Viscount Trentham. 1786 : His son, Granville
Leveson-Gower, was created Marquis of Staftbrd
and K.G. 1833 : His son, George Granville
Leveson-Gower, created Duke of Sutherland.
In 1841 he assumed the surname and arms of
Sutherland— George Granville Sutherland Leveson-
Gower — from whom the present Duke is descended.
The present title is Earl and Baron Gower,
Viscount Trentham, Marquess of Stafford, and
Duke of Sutherland.
FLAGON AND TWO PATENS, I708
These articles all bear the following inscription,
in script characters: '^ The gift of Madame Mar-
^' gery Rawstorne^ Widdow^ of Preston^ to the
''Church of Preston, 1708.''
Preston Parish Church. 107
The flagon is of the usual shape, tapering
towards the top, and having a moulded base
7 J inches in diameter. The height to the top of
the cover is 13J inches. The hall marks have
been almost obliterated - certainly they are quite
illegible — owing to the greatest enemy of old
silver, injudicious cleaning.
The two patens are exactly alike, and stand
2j inches high, with a diameter at the base of
4I inches.
Mrs. Rawstorne, the donor of this handsome
plate, was the daughter of John Fleetwood, of
Penwortham, and married Lawrence Rawstorne,
of New Hall, in Tottington, who was born in 1619,
and held the office of high sheriff" of Lancashire
in 1681. Their son William was high sheriff"
in 1712, and married Isabella, daughter of Sir
Richard Atherton, of Atherton. The present head
of the family of Rawstorne, of Hutton Hall and
Penwortham Priory, is a direct descendant of the
donor of this valuable gift.
FLAGON, 1719.
This piece of plate was purchased by order of
the vestry ; the record in the Church books for
1719 containing the announcement that " Mr.
" Gastrell, the Commissary,'' had ** generously
•• given four guineas to encourage the matter."
At the same time they ordered that **two old
*' calices and pattens to go towards the charge."
Flagons of silver had at that period not been
long introduced, and their use was becoming more
general. Samuel Peploe was then vicar of Preston,
and held the distinguished office of Warden of
Manchester Collegiate Church, afterwards being
appointed Bishop of Chester.
The flagon is of plain workmanship, standing
13! inches high, with a diameter at the base
lo8 Church Plate,
of 7 J inches. Near the base is enifraved the
sacred monogram, and it is inscribed, *' Preston.
*' Lane*- 1719/' and at the bottom, ** St. John the
*• Evangelist, Parish ot' Preston." As on most of
the plate, the hall marks are obliterated.
FLAGON, 1725.
This vessel, like the last, was also provided at
the expense of the parish, the Church books
containing an order, under date 1725. tor an
** additional silver flagon to be purchased.'' The
Rev. Samuel Peploe was Vicar also at this time,
and it is strange that his name does not appear
upon either of the flagons. This vessel is identical
in all respects with that of 1719, with the exception
that the inscription on the bottom reads ** Thos.
** Astley, Robert Walsham, Churchwardens, 1725."
TWO CHALICES, I729.
According to the Church books, these two chalices
were also provided at the expense of the vestry.
They are alike, standing 8^ inches high, of small
capacity, a plain bell-shaped bowl resting upon a
stem, in the centre of which is a narrow band,
whence the base gradually spreads to a plainly
moulded broad bottom. The bowls are gilt inside.
The hall marks are illegible.
TWO CHALICES, 1 785.
These two vessels are the handsomest pieces of
plate belonging to the Church. They are each 8
inches high, with a shallow, straight-sided bowl,
the stem having a massive knop of the familiar
antique pattern, the facets of which, however, are
plain ; the stem ends in a broad-spreading sexfoil
base, destitute of points, but with a moulded bottom,
perfectly plain. There is no inscription on these
Lymm Parish Church. 109
chalices, but from the remains of the hall marks it
would appear that they were assayed in the year
1785-6, the marks visible being the date letter k
and the King's head.
WINE STRAINER, iSlQ.
This, the most modern of the plate, was appa-
rently purchased at the expense of the Parish, and
bears the inscription, ** The Parish Church of
'' Preston, i8ig/'
III. — Lymm Church Plate.
The Parish Church, dedicated to St. Marv the
Virgin, Lymm, is the fourth built upon the site.
The building consists of nave, with aisles, tran-
septs, and chancel, organ chamber and porch. A
handsome reredos, in Caen stone, adorns the
church, and represents in its panels scenes from
the Passion of our Lord. The tower is one of the
irreat features of the exterior : the old one stood
firm until 1850, when it was decided to raise it in
height ; but the heavy masonry phiced upon it
rendered it so insecure that it had to be rebuilt in
i88g. An interesting relic of the third church,
which was built about 1322, remains in a canopied
recess in the south wall ; but a fragment, consider-
ably older, consisting of a carving of a head, is
inserted in the north wall of the chancel.
Of sacramental vessels the Church possesses an
old chalice and cover, the latter used as a paten,
and an old paten.
THE covered chalice
was presented to the Church by one of the War-
burtons of Arley. Though plain, it is a fine
example of se\'enteenth century manufacture. The
bowl is bell-shaped, bearing on one side the arms
1 10 Church Plate in Lyihm Parish Church,
of the house of Warburton, with mantling, and on
the other side the crest of the same familv. The
chaHce is an unusually fine one, standing 8i|- inches
high, and having a diameter at its rim of 4^ inches.
and an inside depth of 5 inches. The stem is
heavy and baluster shaped, ending in a plain ogee
moulded foot. It bears the London hall marks, as
follows : — Leopard's head crowned ; lion passant ;
the date letter 0, in black letter, small, of the year
1691-2 ; and the maker's initials, i.e., above a
mullet, the distinctive mark of Joseph Clare, a
London goldsmith. The cover, which is used as
a paten, is plain, having at the top a small flat
knob, on which is engraved the arms and crest of
the Warburton familv. The cover bears the same
hall marks as the chalice.
THE PATEN,
also the gift of the Warburton family, is consider-
ably older than the chalice, though the local idea
seems to be that it was made about the year 1710,
the hall marks on the paten having been read as
those of 17 10. It bears, however, the London
hall marks of the year 1652-3, being a leopards
head crowned, lion passant, and the date letter, p.
In addition to the marks mentioned it bears the
mark of a maker, r.c, which, although often met
with in plate manufactured between 1630 and 1660,
has not yet been identified. This paten has a
prettily moulded rim.
No record appears to exist in the books of the
Church as to the circumstances of the presentation
of this plate ; but they are exceedingly fine and
well-preserved examples of seventeenth century
manufacture.
ON SOME FEATURES OF
ROMAN MILITARY DEFENSIVE WORKS.
By John Gars tang.
Read October 25th, iqoo.
THE present article deals only with certain
aspects of Roman military works. It is
concerned chiefly with the principles of defence, as
illustrated bv some of the excavated or visible
existing: monuments. It does not claim to be
more than an insight into the possibilities revealed
by modern research ; and while it indicates by
comparison a natural sequence in the development
of the art of fortification, it does not attempt to
make that sequence chronological. Great though
the progress of investigation has been in recent
vears, much vet remains to be done, or to be
re-done in more svstematic fashion, before that
can be effected. Each branch of archaeological
evidence requires separate and special study. The
pottery, to the neglect of which Mr. Haverfield
has called attention in The Athenceum, is still to
be classified and reduced to types suitable for
reference. The grouping of coins, again, the
nature of fortifications and defences, the types of
112 Roman Military Defensive Works,
masonry, construction, architecture and kindred
details, are still to give their evidence. There may
then evolve a relative sequence, which the more
direct testimony of a dated inscription or literary
reference may make absolute. The providing of
material in this way, to be available for studv, is
still to be regarded as the duty of the investigator.
Excavation is a science, and its methods must be
systematised. Those principles of research which
Professor Petrie has pioneered in Egypt, cannot be
too soon adopted in our own country. The
uncovering of ruins or the disentangling of con-
fused foundations is a small part merely of the
excavator's labours.
These points suggest some of the limitations
that face the student of Roman Britain, vet other
difficulties also beset him. Each report of ex-
cavations appears in new guise, and treats new
theories in new wavs. Plans of buildings and the
like, numerous and often intelligible thouq-h thev
be, appear to every conceivable scale, and in every
possible combination of light and shade or hatching.
Sometimes this is caused bv a mere eccentricity
of the publishers ; more often by want of under-
standing as to the best system to adopt. The
consistent character of the plans yearly published
by the excavators of Silchester is a conspicuous
exception Cannot the same august society which
patronizes that undertaking set an enduring
example by endowing also a '' Corpus of plans of
Roman works in Britain," to a scale and stvle
fixed after due consideration, that shall be suitable
for imitation by local societies and private
individuals also ?
Beins: concerned with militarv works in their
defensive aspect, our illustrations are to be sought
in camps, forts, and fortified places— in particular
Roman Military Defensive Works. 113
their ramparts, walls, gates, towers, and the like.
Before turning to these, let us agree upon a much
wanted definition. Let the word *' camp'* be used to
designate the temporary bivouac of moving troops
only. It is of large area, and its traces, as a rule,
are with difficulty to be recovered ; but the
principles of encamping are well known from Latin
literature. Let the word *' fort,*' on the other hand,
be used only of the small enclosure of a few acres
provided with stone walls and other defences,
which was, to some extent at least, permanently
garrisoned by a stationary body of troops
ArchaeoioQfv is in this case the chief source of
information. Besides these two, other types of
Roman vStations are to be found. There were, for
instance, three permanent legionary headquarters.
One of these was originally at Lincoln, but was
early removed to York, as the frontier advanced ;
a second was stationed from the first at Chester,
modelled on the usual plan, though several times
enlarged ; the third was at Caerleon-on-Usk.
There were also small outposts, the nature of
which is as yet imperfectly understood, though
they may be supposed to have filled the functions
of roadside halting places (in the character of the
original *' mansio ''). Examples of the latter class,
to draw our analogies from Lancashire, possibly
are to be found in the traces of Roman works at
VValton-le-Dale, near to Preston, where the Roman
road from Wigan forded the Ribble ; and at Castle-
shaw, on the Eastern ridge, where it is supposed
that Roman road crossed over the moorland into
Yorkshire.
Of these several classes of militarv works, the
Roman forts, of necessity, claim the greater part of
our attention. Thev abound in Northern Britain,
along the Welsh border, and around the Saxon
114 Roman Military Defensive Works.
shore ; as they do along all the frontiers of the
former empire, whether in Europe, in Western
Asia, or in Northern Africa. But at present we
are not concerned so much with their arrange-
ment and disposition as with the development ot
defensive principles which their various characters
illustrate. In some cases our pictures are taken
from out-of-the-way corners ; this is for one of two
reasons — either the better known examples of the
types represented have not been available for
reproduction, or the less known examples them-
selves have not previously been brought together.
The simplest defence consists of a mound and
adjoining ditch ; the two are inseparable. In
digging the ditch, earth is thrown out, which
raises a mound along its course. This may be
further strengthened by a palisade or other con-
struction, so arranged on the top of this mound as
to reserve to the defender an advantage of position.
The joining of the ends of the defence encloses a
defensible area. If the outline is symmetrical,
then, subject to certain limitations in the method
of attack, the area is without specially vulnerable
points. If, too, the position is not commanded by
higher ground, then the defenders are free from
an enfilading attack. This is the principle
observable in the construction of early (pre- Roman)
strongholds in this country, which are found
generally crowning some knoll or hill top, and of
circular outline. The defences of a Roman camp
of a moving army were of this description, on
account of their simplicity and effectiveness, but
for practical purposes, the area enclosed was made
oblong, and the site was chosen in the vicinity of
water. Inside were symmetrically marked out the
plots allotted to each division of the soldiers.
Doubtless at the gates and corners, as well as at
Roman Military Defensive Works, 115
intervals along the ramparts, shelters were pro-
vided for the sentinels and pickets. The principles
of such encampments are well known from the
literary sources of Polybius and Hyginus ; and
before the actual remains in Britain became so
largely destroyed, General Roy made an investi-
gation of their character throughout North Britain
and in Scotland.
For more permanent defences a stone wall takes
the place of the mound af earth, and is generally
accompanied in the earlier works by a ditch also,
after the original pattern. A combination of the
mound and wall is a not uncommon feature in
Roman works, and is found somewhat indis-
criminately at several periods. A good example of
an earlv use of the kind is to be observed in the
main defence of Melandra Castle, a small outpost
at the edge of The Peak on the confines of Derby-
shire. Here a thin wall merely serves as a revet-
ment to the mound of earth that was raised
against it on the inner side. In this detail it is
somewhat unusual. At the Saalburg fortress a
similar feature is noticeable, but the wall is more
substantial. One of the early defences of Rome
itself, the wall of Servius, is backed by a great
mound, which forms the agger and is supported
also by an inner retaining wall. In Britain other
instances of the combination may be found at
Cardiff, and, in places, at Silchester, while a part
of the wall near the southern corner at Ribchester
may have been similarly supported.
But the main defence of a Roman tort was
essentially a wall of a peculiar character, both as
regards its masonry and construction, which
renders it generally recognizable. Its section
suggests two parallel walls formed, in fact,
by its facing stones, with the internal space
K 2
ii6 Roman Military Defensive Works,
packed anyhow with rubble. The facing stones
are, however, so fashioned, and mortar so used
with the rubble, that the whole becomes a solid
mass of masonry. Some typical examples of
walling are shown in the first of the accompanying
plates. The facing stones are roughly triangular
in form. In the case of a wall in Rome faced
with tiles, the triangle is completed, but with stone
the desired effect was secured by a narrowing,
wedge-like form. The face of each stone is nicely
dressed, and the alignment of the whole just ; but
the inner parts are left rough, to bind firmer
with the mortar. This is typically the early form
of walling in Britain ; but later work, speaking
generally, loses some of its early character. The
core and facing are still distinct ; but the former is
become a solid mass of concrete, and the stones
of the latter are less pronouncedly wedge-like, while
they are in general smaller. The wall and agger
of Servius, built in the sixth century B.C., for the
protection of Rome, may almost be regarded as the
prototype of this method of construction. As in
Rome with the great wall, so in Britain, a ditch
was at first deemed advisable as a further defence
in front of the wall. But we shall see how this
custom was modified, as supports of the wall (in a
military sense) improved ; and how eventually the
attachments of the wall were so altered that it
became possible to dispense with the ditch almost
entirely. This may be best understood by
considering the forms which the wall assumed ;
and so we are brought to the main object of our
present interest, the Roman Fort.
Distinction has alreadv been drawn between the
camp and the fort— the former an area enclosed by
a ditch and rampart of the thrown-out earth for
temporary use ; the latter surrounded by a stone
ROME: MASONRY AND WALLS
CONOR
p
— z]C:»i
— b':>'"r.
/f,:Mm*--'xf'
ROME : PRIMITIVE WALL
SECTION : WALL AND DITCH OF SERVIUS
ROMAN BRITAIN: MASONRY AND DEFENCE:
MELANORA CASTLE RIBCHESTER RICHBOROUQH
^^s^i
•li-rA
isi6m
jxas^&s^—
HtBCMESTfR.
Roman Military Defensive Works. 117
wall, and possibly a ditch as well. For the
camp 20 acres would be small, 60 acres not
impossible ; it might accommodate two whole
legions with its auxiliaries, less commonly three
or four. For the fort 3 to 4 acres and 6 to
7 acres are common sizes ; 8 acres is large and
10 acres almost unknown. A cohort would have
been a large garrison. Notwithstanding these
fundamental distinctions, the analogies between
camp and fort are vStriking. The principles that
elaborated the one were equally applicable to the
laying out of the other. There is the same
quadrangular shape, the same symmetrically
situated gates, and systematic arrangement of the
interior.
Two classes of Roman forts confront the
observer : the one of 3 to 6 acres in size, with its
walls supported by internal buttress-towers ; the
other of 8 acres, with external towers and a thicker
wall. We shall at once designate these the early
and late types respectively — by ** early** meaning
the end of the first and beginning of the second
century, by *'late'* more generally the third and
fourth centuries. By employing these terms we
somewhat forestall some of the conclusions of the
examination we shall make ; vet the distinction is
characteristic, and the terms fairly general and
convenient. It will be our object to see how far
they are justified, and how far they may be
modified or narrowed.
Of the early class of fort, distinguishable by its
internal towers, there are also two kinds : — (i) The
fort of 3 to 4 acres ; (2) the fort of 6 to 7 acres.
Internally these two types present some striking
contrasts, though in principle the same. Some
examples are figured in the upper row of the second
plate. Both large and small are symmetrical.
ii8 Roman Military Defensive Works.
with internal towers ; a praetorium is in the
centre, its courtyard facing the main street, which
in the smaller forts bisects, and in the larger
trisects the interior. But, whereas in the smaller
the praetorium (the official quarters), and possibly
some baths or ^rranarv, are usually the onlv stone
buildings within the enclosure, the larger type is
filled, bv contrast, with systems ot' lon<^ rectamrular
parallel buildings, which diyide up the interior into
a series of symmetrical rectangles. These details,
not being connected with the defences, are not
shewn in our illustration, but they serve to draw
the distinction. The smaller types pictured are
the outlines of Melandra Castle, in Derbyshire,
and of Hardknott Castle, in Cumberland. The
former is protected by a thin wall and supporting
mound (as described), and the latter by a stouter
wall only. In neither case is there definite appear-
ance of a ditch around. The larger type is chiefly
familiar along The Wall, as at Chesters and
Housesteads, but is found also in other sites
forming part of the same system of defences, as
at Ribchester, on the Ribble, in Lancashire. It is
surrounded by a stout wall, and sometimes by a
ditch also. The wall of each type is supported by
buttress towers, which surmount the corners and
flank the gates. Commonly, these haye no cham-
ber, or a yault merely, on the ground floor ; but
the upper storey was probably a roofed chamber,
giving access either way to the rampart walk.
In the larger class, the longer interval between
the side ":ates and further corners was generally
strengthened by a tower also. Sometimes the
number of towers was more numerous, the shorter
intervals intervenin^j between "ates and corners
havmg one and the larger two such supports. In
a well-known case, figured on the third plate, of
Plate II
TYPES OF ROMAN FORTS IN BRITAIN
too o too
miiiiiiii L_
|^'4iiiiiiMinii* iHlililliilMMiiO
H
W'tlMimwii >'M»>iminiini<;
1. MELANDRA CASTLE
(DERBY)
Scale of /*eet
mto TOO
I I
d u
2. HARDKNOTT CASTLE
(CUMB.)
THREE EXAMPLES OF THE EARLY CLASS
3. A LARGE FORT (TYPE)
4. RICHBOROUGH CASTLE (KENT)
9p=^
*->.
'».
^.
J
6. PORCHESTER CASTLE (HANTS.)
^
6. BURGH CASTLE (SUFFOLK) 7. PEVENSEY CASTLE (SUSSEX)
FOUR EXAMPLES OF THE LATER CLASS
Roman Military Defensive Works. iig
the fort at Weisbaden, the number is consider-
ably increased, but the towers are smaller. Besides
being architectural supports, these may be looked
upon as sentry boxes, in the sense that the sentries
and guards upon the ramparts might seek ready
shelter within their upper chambers. Those who
look for an extended analogy, may see in them a
survival of sentry boxes along the ramparts of a
temporary camp. An overhead platform, crossing
the entrances from tower to tower, enabled the
gates also to be protected.
Let us now look at the change found to have
taken place in the type of the later class, of which
four well-known examples, from the Saxon shore,
are represented on the second plate. At Rich-
borough, in Kent, we find the internal towers
preserved, indeed, in idea, by a slight inward
projection of the towers flanking the western
gateway. Otherwise, all the towers are external ;
those at the corners of the enclosure are round
(being three-quarters of the arc), while those
intervening arc rectangular, with the same pro-
jection. The gate towers, likewise, project to a
similar distance. There is no ditch. The walls
are thicker and higher ; the area enclosed is
rectangular, and of eight acres. There is no
symmetrical arrangements of the gates ; a postern,
strongly defended (with overhead gallery), alone
remains on the northern side ; while the main
gateway, on the west, was possibly narrow, with a
single arch only, and a long flanking defence.
At Porchester there is a similar effect, only the
bastions are all rounded, and are in some cases
hollow. At Burgh Castle and at Pevensey there
is less attempt at symmetry of form ; in the latter
case, particularly, there is an obvious deviation of
shape, to suit the contour of the rise on which it
120 Roman Military Defensive Works.
stands. The points of difference, so far as the
defences are concerned, are apparent from these
illustrations. The walls are thicker and higher,
the area is larger, the gates are smaller, the ditch
has disappeared, and the towers are become
external. The change is no incidental one ; the
later class of fort is a new type, modelled on new
principles of defence. Let us look more closely
into the details of this new class, to see whether
it may be possible to discern any motive that
induced the change.
The various forms of the new type of external
buttress are illustrated by a few details on the
third plate. The Romans had arrived at a system
of defences which in principle survived, with little
modification, until utterlv new and modern methods
of attack were introduced. Witness, for instance,
the analogy which is afforded between the bastions
of Richborough (Kent) of the third and fourth
century and those of Bodiam Castle (Sussex) of the
fourteenth. The new principle, which separates
the late types from the old, and which dominates
the whole of the later work, may be illustrated by
a few simple examples. In the diagram of two
towers defending an intervening wall, the one (a),
rectangular, the other (b) circular, it is clear that
each tower equally protects by direct aim the wall
itself. Yet the form b holds over the form a a
distinct advantage in being able to receive support
at the extreme outer point b from the adjoining
towers, whereas the corresponding point a of the
rectangular tower is left undefended except from
above. [The principle of machicolation designed
to meet such case is well illustrated at Bodiam
Castle.] The further development of the bastion
in Roman works is illustrated rather by efforts at
modificat^'on or eictension of the same piinciple.
SOME TYPES OF WALL DEFENCES
(PEVEMSEY, &c.) (BURGH CASTLE) (BRAOWELL) (CARDIFF)
FOUR TYPES OF EXTERNAL BASTIONS
■ ■ ■ D O-*-
Roman Military Defensive Works. 121
The form employed at Porchester and Pevensey is,
so to speak, rectangular, with rounded end, which
secures a greater projection, with extreme point
supported. At Burgh Castle the form is peculiar,
being, as Mr. Fox has aptly described it, **pear
shaped." At Bradwell, in Essex, and probably
at Ancaster,^ the unusual and extreme case in
Roman works is reached, though later well known,
in the towers, which are three parts of a circle. At
Cardiff there is the peculiar appearance of the
latter class, built on a multagonal plan ; it has,
however, an unprotected face, and is of unusual
character.
The striving after greater projection is well
illustrated by the needs of the site of Pevensey.
Here a low mound, rising originally from the
swamps and marshes, probably gave its outline to
the form of the fort, being so less open to attack
than would have been the case had any consider-
able area of dry ground been left outside its walls.
At one point, on the east, occurs a limiting case,
in which the extreme point of a curve in the wall is
only just covered by converging lines of fire from
the adjoining towers. It is an exceptional case,
and the bastions to meet it are of unusual
projection. The points of the wall intervening,
except the central one, are defended only from one
of the bastions, neither of which can support the
other. Other unusual features might be illustrated,
but they hardly affect the present purpose. At
Silchester, for instance, is the appearance of a
mural tower, built almost entirely upon the wall ;
but Silchester was not a fort. There are the two
cases pictured, one of each type, of Weisbaden and
Niederbieber also, which do not claim much
comment, though interesting as analogies.
TroUope : Archaological Jcurftai, xxtii.
122 Ronuin Military Defensive Works,
Our illustrations have shown a complete change
of defensive principle between the old style and the
new. At first a combined attack upon the walls
was to be prevented by a ditch, or system of
ditches, and ramparts ; in the later class the walls,
which were higher and stron^jer, were to be
protected chiefly by enfilading fire from adjoining
bastions. Let us further glance at some types of
defended gratewavs to illustrate the chanije. Our
illustrations of Roman ijatewavs are arramjed in two
groups, the single and the double ; but the distinction
is less important than the differences of style between
the early and the late, with the exception of one
fact, namely, the disappearance of the double arched
ijatewav in later work. Here and there mav be
found an exception in fortified places which are not
strictlv forts, as in the town of Silchester, but to
this we will turn again later. The early type of
gates, with the flanking towers internal, is shown
in double and in single form, the selected examples
being the east gate of Melandra Castle and the
north gate of the Saalburg fort respectively. In
the former there is some suggestion of unequal
arches, but otherwise these examples are quite
typical. The entrances were closed by doors, and
were defended from an overhead platform which
joined the guard chambers. In large forts, as in
small, of the early period, the main gates were
generally double ; but behind the praetorium, the
rear gate was commonly single. The type is quite
general for forts of the first two centuries, and
admits of little variation.
The evolution of the new style is better illus-
trated in this detail than in general. The western
gate of Richborough shows a tendency to introduce
the new style as well as preserve the old, by
projecting its towers outwards as well as inwards.
EXAMPLES OF ROM/
N GATEWAY DEFENCES
Roman Military Defensive Works. 123
The effect was to gain a much greater length of
flanking defence ; to cause assailants of the gate
to pass between a longer and narrower lane, with
thorny sides. From this stage effort seems to
have been confined to a development of this new
principle. At Pevensey a ctd-de-sac is formed
between two great bastions of the main wall.
The gates of Cardiff and Lambessa illustrate the
same motive, modified by local peculiarities. The
famous gate at Trier, known as the Porta Nigra,
is a well preserved illustration of the employment
of a similar plan. At Silchester the same effect is
secured by a very pronounced in-curving of the
two arms of the main wall towards the gates. It
is noticeable how the defences of the walled citv
of Silchester differ in many details from the precise
plans employed in the forts. It is indeed a doubt-
ful point, productive of much discussion, to what
particular period the existing masonry of the walls
belongs. So far as the present illustrations help,
it is plain that, while the principle of defence
belongs to the new order of things, yet the plans
of the gates (indeed, the existence of the double
gates) preserve the older method. Possibly the
work may be regarded as transitional — i.e., before
the end of the third century. Postern ways, so far
as the examples of Ribchester and Richborough
are any criterion, were protected by a turn in
direction, which covers the direct access to the
interior. The former was built through the ruin
of a corner tower ; the latter was part of the
orio^inal desi«:n, and was defended from a gano^wav
overhead.
A great part of the defence of these later works
is obviously concerned with the rampart walk and
its contrivances. A chance observation of an out-
of-the-way fortress at the oasis of El Khargeh,
124 Roman Military Defensive Works.
west from Girga, in Upper Egypt, made during
the past spring, has helped to throw some light
upon this point ; otherwise, information upon it
was nil. Unfortunately, the notes made do not
quite agree with some photographs taken at the
time, but they are sufficiently in concord for our
purpose. There, as may be seen from a glance at
the photograph on the last plate, the towers stood
well up at regular intervals externally, and were
connected by low parapets running along the inter-
vening spaces ; the chambers upon the towers, at
the level of the wall top, embraced also the width
of the wall, and are entered from each direction
bv means of doors. It is not clear whether the
towers were provided with large apertures for
military purposes on their outside ; but possibly
it may be found practicable to send an expedition
to make further enquiry during the coming winter.
In observing these differing modes of expressing
the principles of defence in vogue, and the changes
in those principles which took place during a space
of three hundred vears, it is well to bear in mind
the historical aspect of the cases also. It is
natural to suspect that special needs of differing
localities were largely responsible for changes in
form. As to details of later works there is much
truth in that ; but the fact remains that the earlier
works admitted no such deviation. The early
class of forts was called for bv the necessity of
defending the provinces of Britain against tribes
difficult to control, living in the north and in the
west. There slowlv elaborated from that need a
system of defence which received its chief stimulus
in the time of Hadrian, and was perfected under
Antonines. To these days in the first half of the
second century possibly belong the 6-acre forts
of the type o Chesters and Housesteads and
BATTLEMENTS OF A ROMAN FORTRESS
OASIS OF EL KHARQEH
ELEVAT ON
CORNER OF FORT FROM WITHIN, SHOWING TOWER AND
Roman Military Defensive Works. 125
Ribchesters. The smaller enclosures, like Melandra
Castle and Hardknott^ probably originated some-
what earlier ; certainly some of the Scottish forts,
with their multiple ditches and mounds, seem to be
of first century work. Then followed an interval
of a hundred years, after which a fresh source of
danger demanded that the south-eastern coast
should be protected by a chain of forts. It is not
difficult to believe that Richborough, authentically
the harbour Rutupiae of literature, should be first
protected ; we have seen that the character of its
works bears out the supposition. Then followed,
though in what order it would be useless to
speculate from the evidences adduced, the forts of
the types of Porchester and Pevensey, Bradwell
and Burgh Castle — until a chain of ten defended
points bound the coast from Porchester, in Hants,
to Brancaster, in Norfolk. It cannot be said
that the needs of defence along the Saxon shore
developed the new types of fortress. It is only
necessary to glance abroad to see the new style
permeating the whole of the empire, whether in
Algeria, at an oasis in Upper Egypt, or in Syria.
The very palace of Dioclesian, at Spalatro, was
built upon a plan consistent with the changed order
of things.
The illustrations for this article are taken from
the undermentioned sources : —
Bradwell : Lewin in Arc/iaolo^ia. xli.
Burgh Castle: Fox, Arch. Journal^ 1900.
Cardiff: Ward, in Archceologia (current).
Hardknott: Dymond, Cumb and West. Arch, Soc.y 1893.
Lambessa : Cagnat, H Armee Romaine d^ Afrique.
Melandka: Garstang, Derb. Arch. Soc.^ 1901.
NiEDERBiEBER : Von Cohauscn, Der Romische Grenzivall
in Deutschland,
126 Roman Military Defensive Works.
RlBCUeSTSR : Garstang, Hoiiian Ribcktsier 1899.
RiCHBOROUCH L Garstang, Arch. Cantiana, igoi.
Rome: Walls, Middleion, Archaologia, li.
Saalburc.: Jacobi, Das Jiomtrkasttll Saa}bmg.
SiLCHESTHK : Fox and Hope, SiUhisier Reports in
Arckaologia, 1897,
Weisbaden, Von Cohausen, ib supra.
Some plans of Roman forts are taken from the Ordnance
Sheets, by courtesy of the Director General.
LANCASHIRE HEARTH TAXES.
By Wm. Fergusson Irvine.
IN this paper it is intended to draw the
attention of the Society to a class of docu-
ment which has hitherto been largely neglected,
namely, The Hearth Tax Returns, now preserved
at the Public Record Office in Chancery Lane.
These documents fill a gap between the Subsidy
Rolls of the later middle ages and the more accurate
copying of the parish registers, which is to be found,
as a rule, in the eighteenth century ; and they also
form a useful adjunct to those parish registers for
the period over which the hearth taxes extend.
These tax returns, it is true, only refer to a
comparatively short period ; but for Lancashire, at
all events, there are several very complete series
still in existence, and owing to the wide scope of
the tax we get a remarkably full return of the
householders of this district during the reigns of
Charles II and James l\.
As will be seen from the extracts from the Statute
Book which follow, this tax practically touched
128 Lancashire Hearth Taxes.
everyone who possessed a house, and so we get
a complete return of the inhabited houses and
the names of their occupants. Some Hght is also
thrown on the social condition of the people by the
number of chimneys returned for each district, and
the whole mav be taken as constituting: the earliest
known Directory in existence.
It would be an interesting study to deal with the
statistical aspect of the question, but for this we
have no time to-night. It may be pointed out,
however, that a careful analysis of these tax returns
would be of the greatest possible interest, and would
give us a very accurate idea of the population for
the various years in which they were made. The
complete character of the return will be understood
when it is stated that at the end of each book a list
is given of those who are too poor to pay the
tax ; so that we may take it tlie results represent
practically the names of the heads of every family
that possessed a separate dwelling.
Referring especially to the town of Liverpool, it
will be seen that in the year 1664 the number of
houses amounted to 252. Allowing for the existence
of a certain number of apprentices and servants
who must have lived on the premises, it is, perhaps,
not too much to take an average of five people to a
house, which gives us a total population of 1260.
The only earlier return that we have for Liverpool
is one that was made for military purposes in 1565,
where the number of householders and cottagers is
mentioned as being 138, which, on the same basis
of calculation, gives a population of practically 700.
One is accustomed to think of the small number
of people living in Liverpool at this early period,
still, it is rather surprising to have the figures put
down in this concrete way ; one is almost tempted
to ask whether there may not be some mistake,
though it is difficult to see where such a mistake
Lancashire Hearth Taxes. 129
could arise. Picton CvStimates that the population
of Liverpool in 1700 had reached the number of
7000, although he does not state on what grounds
he bases the calculation. There is nothing im-
probable, however, in this, as the increase of
Liverpool, in the last twenty-five years of the
seventeenth centurv, must have been astonishinijlv
rapid.
It was thouorht that it would interest the Societv
if extracts were taken from the return, made in 1662
for the Hundred of West Derbv, of the names of all
those who possessed houses with a larger number
of chimneys than three ; and as this only makes a
comparatively short list, it has been printed at the
end of this paper. Many of the names are of.
considerable interest, and as the returns are for
occupiers and not landlords, we often get interesting
hints as to the whereabouts of various members of
the local families at the time.
To turn to the Statute Book, we find that by the
Act which gave Hearth Taxes to the King, it was
provided that from the 25th March, in the year
1662, every dwelling-house and all lodgings and
chambers in the Inns of Court, Inns of Chancery,
Colleges, and other societies within the kingdom
of England, dominion of Wales, and town of Ber-
wick-on-Tweed, should be charged with the annual
payment to the King, for every firehearth and stove,
the sum of 2.s. a year, to be paid at Michaelmas
and Ladyday in equal portions, the first payment
to be made on the feast dav of St. Michael the
Archangel, 1662. In order that a correct return
might be made, it was provided that every keeper
of such house, within six days after notice having
been given to him by the constables, head-boroughs
tything men, should deliver to them a true and just
account in writing of all hearths and stoves in their
respective houses. The first return was to be made by
L
130 Lancashire Hearth Taxes.
the 6th June. In case of any housekeeper refusing
to supply this information, power was given to the
overseers to enter the house and make a personal
inspection themselves. It was then necessary for
the constables to deliver a copy of these lists at the
next quarter sessions thereafter, and the Justices of
the Peace were required to enrol these accounts and
transmit a signed copy, within one month, to His
Majesty's Court of Exchequer, under a penalty of
/200. As to the financial aspect of the scheme,
tlie constables were authorised to collect the money
within twenty days after the periods named, that is
Michaelmas and Ladyday, and pay it to the High
Constables of the several hundreds, and for this
duty they were allowed to deduct 2^/. in the pound
for their expenses. The High Constables then
handed the sums to the Sheriffs, deductin«f i^. in
the pound : this had to be done within ten days.
And, finally, within a month after that, the Sherifts
had to pay the total sum into the Exchequer, de-
ducting 4^/. in the pound.
The only people who were exempt from this
wide reaching- tax are referred to in articles 16 and
17 of the Act, by which it is provided :—'' That
*' any person who. by reason of his poverty or the
** smallness of his estate, is exempted from the
** usual taxes, payments, and contributions towards
*'the Church and poor, shall not be charged or
** changeable with anv of the duties bv this Act
*' imposed." And further — ** That if the Church-
'* wardens and Overseers of the poor of the parish,
** toofether with the Minister of the same, shall in
** writinq: certifv their belief that the house wherein
'* any person doth inhabit is not of greater value
'' than 20s. per annum, and that neither the person
** so inhabiting: nor anv other usin^j: the same mes-
*'suage, hath, useth, or keepeth any lands or
** tenements of their own or others of the vearlv
Lancashire Hearth Taxes, 131
" value of 205. per annum, or owneth any lands,
" tenements, goods or chattels of the value of ;^io
" in their own possession or in the possevSsion of
*' any other in trust for them, such persons shall be
*' exempted from payment of the tax.'^
There is a further exemption allowed in the case
of those owning blowing houses and stamp furnaces
or kilns, or any private oven, also for any hearth or
stove within the site of any hospital or almshouse
for the relief of poor people, whose net amount of
revenue doth not exceed in true value the sum of
fioo bv the year.
An important point in the working of the Act lies
in the fact that it was the occupier and not the
landlord who was charged with these taxes.
This Act was amended in the following year, but
there are no important additions, the emendations
bein«: merelv in the direction of a more correct
return, and granting wider powers to the constables
in the discharo^e of their dutv.
In 1664 a further addition was made, which gave
the King the power to appoint special officers
to collect the revenue and to view and number
the hearths returned, while all the privileges of
constables, such as poVver to enter houses, was
granted to them.
Another provision in this amended Act is inter-
esting, as showing the existence of an effort on the
part of some of the taxpayers to evade the law by
parcelling out their houses amongst several holders.
It was enacted that anvone doinq; this, and dividini^
their houses into several dwellino^s, or lettino^ out
the same to such persons who, by reason of their
poverty, may pretend to be exempted from payment
of the said duty, should pay the tax as amply as
formerly ; and further, the exemption clause was
finally restricted to such houses as had not more
than two chimneys.
132 Lancashire Hearth Taxes,
No more statutes relating to this Act appear on
the books until the vear 1688, when the Act was
abolished ior the followinir reasons : —
The preamble states that — *' Whereas His
** Majesty havini^ been informed that the revenue
'• of Hearth money was grievous to the people, was
" pleased, by the gracious message sent to the
** Commons assembled in Parliament, to siirnifv his
*• pleasure to agree to the regulation of it or to the
*' takin<>* it wholly awav, as should be thought most
'' convenient bv the said Commons. And whereas.
** upon mature deliberation, the said Commons do
** find that the said revenue cannot be so regulated
** but that it will occasion many difficulties and
'* questions, and that it is in itself not only a great
** oppression to the poorer sort but a badge of
** slavery upon the whole people, exposing every
** man's house to be entered into and searched at
'' pleasure by persons unknown to him, we your
** Majesty's most faithful and loyal subjects the
'* Commons, bein"* filled with a most humble and
** grateful sense of your Majesty's unpnralleled
** grace and favour to your people not only by res-
** torin": their rii^hts and liberties which have been
** invaded contrary to law, but in desiring- to make
*' them happy and at ease by taking away such
** burdens as by law were fixed upon them, by which
** your Majesty will erect a lasting monument to
** your goodness in every house in the kingdom, do
** mOvSt humbly beseech vour Majesty that the said
** revenue of hearth money shall be wholly taken
** awav and abolished."
Lancashire Hearth Taxes,
133
ADDiriONAL HKARTH
HUNDRED OF
WINDLE.
Hearths, s.
James IVaves 4 4
Henry Forster 4 4
Richard Egerton 6 6
Lawrence Darbisheire. 4 4
WHISTON.
Henry Ogle
Henry Asliton
John Lathom
Klizabeih l>rowne....
Henry Lathom
George Pembarton .
William Forisi
William Anterbiis ...,
10
8
6
4
4
4
4
6
CHILD WALL.
(iilbert Tarleion
Mr. John Litherland (in
the vicaridge)
4
LIVERPOOL —
JlaUr Street.
Kalherine Williams ... 4
Richard Peirceivall ... 6
John Chaimdler 4
Margaret Williamson. . 4
Anne Owen 8
Alice Jones 4
Edward Formby 5
Thomas Kenion 5
Margaret Hird 4
J one Browne 6
John Stmzaker 4
Thomas Birche, Esq... 4
Alexander (keene 9
Chappell Street,
Mr. John Ward 4
Tho. Weaver 6
Elizabeth Tarleton .. 4
Evan Marsh 4
William Jump 4
William Gardner 5
Thomas Ando 5
o
8
6
4
4
4
4
6
4
4
6
4
4
8
4
5
5
4
6
4
4
9
4
6
4
4
4
5
5
TAX, (*-2|0|. A.D. 1662.
WEST DERBY.
Hearths, s.
yjigiers Street,
Margaret Bicksteth ... 4 4
Richard Holland 4 4
Ralph Massam 4 4
Dorothy Sandiford ... 5 5
John France 5 5
0/d hall Street.
John Fogg 7 7
Thomas Carre 4 4
Castle Street,
John Williamson .... 5 5
EUinor Eccleston,widow 7 7
Dale Street.
William Eccleston 5 5
William Bushell 5 5
Ellinor Winstanley ... 5 5
Henry Ryding 4 4
Peter Liirting 4 4
Arthur Hutton 4 4
Henry Shaw 5 5
Roger Harrison 4 4
Thomas Patrick 4 4
John Higinson 6 6
Thomas Ashbrooke ... 5 5
PRESCOTT.
Cutiibert Ogle, Esq.... 7 7
John Ackers 4 4
Ricii : Alcocke 4 4
William Glover 4 4
Thomas Glover 5 5
Edw : Darbishere 4 4
Thomas Litherland ... 6 6
Isabell Lyme, widow... 6 6
Edw: Booth 4 4
James Bond 4 4
Rich : Litherland 4 4
Margery Walles, widow 5 5
Nathan Lowe 4 4
Rich : Harpur 6 6
Robert W^alley 5 5
Edward Stockley, gent. 8 8
134
Lancashire Hearth Taxes.
Ilc.tltlis. S.
John Poughton 4 4
M"-* Ulundell 7 7
John Parr 4 4
John Wiihens, viciir ... 6 6
kAlNFoUTH.
Lawrence Hriers, gent
and y\^^ tTrances
Latlioni
M*"^ Mary Lulhoni anci
her sisters
M"" Edmund Parr and
Tho: Lyon, junior
lanies Navlor
Peter Lalhom
II II
i»
8
4
4
4
4
HALKWOOD.
// s.
(iilbert lieland, K^ ... 22 1 2
HALK.
Sir (iiii)crt Ireland
John Mi(idleton .
17
5
17
GRKAT WODl/roX.
[^None of the inhabitants pay for
more than three hearths.]
WAVKK'JRKK.
William Ellison and his '
mother 5 5
GRKAT SANKKV.
Lawrence Calen 4 4
KAINHILL.
'i'iiomas Lancaster, gent. 8 8
by Henery Lowton ... 4 4
Edward Deane 4 4
Edward Greene house
in possession of John
Wales 4 4
William Parkinson 4 4
PKNKETr.
AP Ashton, Esq 6 6
Henry Wood 4 4
DinoN.
He;irili>. s.
John Hoghton, Escj. ... 8 8
Paule Lathom 6 6
Daniel Treioch 4 4
James Lawton 4 4
C RONTON
Richard IMiithian 4 4
Thomas Wicke 4 4
CAVKDLtY.
John Houghton 6 6
John Rutter 4 4
IJOLI).
^P Henry Greene for
(Iranshaw 5 5
M"" Greene for Holbrook 5 5
Ann Wood 4 4
^P'\Ioan Owen 20 20
WlUXES-CUM-APPLtJON.
John Hawarden, senior 6 9
junior 5 5
Arthur Bold 4 4
Widow Plumpton 4 4
M"=^ Lawton 4 4
John Willie 5 5
Edward Appleton 5 5
John Norland 4 4
Thomas Rigbie 4 4
Thomas Hawarden ... 6 6
John Ditchfield 5 5
SUTTON.
Richard Eltonhed, senior 4 4
junior 4 4
Lawrence Watmough. . 5 5
Myles Sergeant 4 4
Richard Taylour 4 4
Thomas Greenhough.. 5 5
Mary Roughley 4 4
Thomas „ .. 4 4
John Sutton 4 4
Lawrence Linze 6 6
Lancashire Hearth Taxes.
135
PARR.
Hearths, s.
James Byron, Esq. . . 7 7
Thomas Leigh 5 5
Henry Eccleston, gent. 4 4
Will: Ashton 4 4
KCCLESTON.
Henry Hccleston, Esq. 24 24
John Tunstall 4 4
Cieorge Cockeram 5 5
Ar^ Elizabeth Alcock 9 9
James Glest 5 5
Cieorge Lyon 5 5
FORMBV.
[None of the inhabitants have
more than three hearths.]
WEST DERDY.
M"" Richard MoUineux 4 4
M*- Robert Mercer ... 8 8
M*" Ambrose clerke ... 6 6
M"* James Stand ish ... 4 4
Alice Rycroft 4 4
John Lyon 5 5
yV Richard Lathome 4 4
M'^ Hugh Rose 5 5
M*" William Holme ... 6 6
KIRKDALL
Edward Moore, Esq... 17 17
BOOTLE-CUM-LINACRE.
William Whittle 4 4
WALTOX-CUM-FAZAKERLEY.
Tho : Spencer, for brecks
house 4 4
M'" Roger Briers 6 6
M"* Nicholas ffazakerley 4 4
M*" Howard, Rec'" 10 10
Richard Black more ... 4 4
Henry Marcer 4 4
M*^^ Mary Tarlton 5 5
M" Ellin ffazakerley... 4 4
LITTLE WOOLTON.
Hearths, s.
James Bretterish, Esq. 9 9
John Cooke 4 4
Richard Orme 4 4
EVERTON.
[None of the inhabitants pay
for more than two hearths.]
ALLERTON.
Rich : Latham, Esq. ... 8
Mostock house 5
SPEAK E.
Thomas Norres, Esq... 21
Ellen Hogson 4
ROBYE.
Robte Hutchens
Jonathan Williamson. .
Rot)ie Carter
5
II
4
HUYTOX.
John Harrington, Esq. 10
William Wolfall 10
Thomas „ gent.... 7
Tho : Lyon 5
John Case, gent 5
William Bell, clericus. . 4
Eliz : MoUineux 4
Tho: Hodgson 4
Rodger Wilson 4
^L1rgaret Dam 4
Tho: Hurdus 4
William Bell for the vi-
carage 6 hearths, but
not conformable soe
doth not officiate
anil therefore noe
distresse
Edward Orme 4
GARSTON.
Master Ricii : Tarleton 4
TOR BOCK.
Henry Harper
John Marshall
Ric : Harrison
8
5
21
5
II
4
10
10
7
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
5
4
136
Lancashire Hearth Taxes,
KNOWSLEY.
Hearths, s.
I'he Right Hon»^i<= Coun-
tess Dowager of Derhye 72 72
John Greenchoiigh ... 7 7
Edward Ratchdall 4 4
.Ann Traves 4 4
Henry Webster 4 4
Hearths, s.
Phillip Walker 4 4
M'** Issabell Houghton 5 5
William Traves 4 4
KIRKBIE
M"" ffazakerley 7 7
William ffleetwood ... 4 4
LAV SUBSIDY J^Jf. 25
Hkarth 'I'ax, H
livkkpoolk.
Will Letherland
Jn*' Pemberion
Rich : Browne
Rich : Jackson
W" Hushell
'Jho : Stocklev
\\ icid Bollocke
Law Breares
Hugh Diggles
Jos : !*ryor
Tiio : Berch
Will: Parker
Eliza Kideing
Widd Litherland
Peter Luriing
Jn" Lurting
(iregorv fiformbie
Will: Milles
Will: Cerv
\{q\\ : Houghton
James Jones
Ja : Bickerstaffe
Anth : Banester
Evan Stoke
James W^infeild
Wilt Olliues
|n° Morecrofie
M*" John Ashorst
Wilt Bailie
Tho : Buckley
Rot)t ffleetewood
Rich: Morecroft
James Whitefeild
James During
W"^ Williamson
CHAS. n. LANCASHIRE, 1673
UNDRED OF WkST DkRHV.
2
2
I
6
I
->
4
3
2
I
2
2
2
5
2
I
2
•>
J
I
2
I
I
I
2
Rotit Sumson i
Tho: 'i'atlocke 3
Tho : Coventry i
Joneth Gleave 2
Jn*^ Winstandley 3
Ellin Litheriand 2
Van Garrard i
Rotn Ledbealer 2
Widd Haryson 3
Wilt Eccles I
Rich : March i
Peter Waker i
Rich : Windle 4
Widd Borton 3
James Bleuin 2
RoTSt Brindle i
'J'ho : 'i'aylor 2
Tho: Patericke 4
Widd Lorting 2
John Williamson 3
Tho: Blackemore 3
W"^ Ackers 5
Jn° Tcnyres [? r] 5
Peter Atherton 2
Hen : (Jreve \} Crane] 2
James Haskene 3
Jane Hewet 4
Jane Walks 2
Geo : Benet i
Joane Hancocke 2
John Rothweli i
Char : Christan i
Ralph Hall i
Geo : Berch 5
Geo : fformbie 3
Wilt Valentine i
\.
v
Lancashire Hearth Taxes.
137
Jo: Litherland 2
Ja : Jerorii'', iiicreast 6
Rich : Oompton 2
Tho : Sandeford 6
Jno : Storgeker 7
Mary Wood i
Jane Alcocke i
Jo : Wareing 2
M*" W"" ffazakerlev 21
M"* Silvester Ruchmand, in-
creased 2 [had 4' 6
Vl' Tho: Atherton ' 8
M'' Burch, for Custom house i
M«-Tho: Christan 5
Rich: Parcevell 7
Rot^^ Morte 2
Sarah Walker 3
Jn° Lunt 2
Tiio : Lvon 2
Geo: Hill i
Antho : Walles i
Jno Walles 2
More in the same house ... 2
James Travice 4
Kdw : Simson i
Jane Adlington 2
E(i\v:Livesley 2
Jane Houlte 2
Hen: Higinson 3
Marg' Granger i
Ro^t Breares 4
lames ffletcher 2
rho : Nicholson i
Tho: Johnson 3
Rich^ Jones 2
Marg' fformbie 5
Will : Price 2
Will: Price, increased 3
Ellen Eccleston 7
Tho: Gregeson... 2
John Richardes 2
Tho : Dickinson 3
Rich: Williamson 3
RoBt Bulling 4
Ed w^ Jones 2
WiiiMosse I
Ja: Glover i
Robt Hunt I
Tho : Borch
Rich.: fformbie
Hen : Johnson
Rich: Hindley ...
Rich : Lurting
Ralph Eccleston
Rot)t Marcer
Jn° Monerley
Rot)t Enscow
James Scriesbricke
Ellin Williamson
George King
Rich : Rimer
Jo" Goore
Witt Watmough
Rich: WherelUvind
Tho : Rowe
Rog*" Gorstage, i increast...
Peter AUin
Rot)t Johnson
Witt Johnson
?/
ker
Jn^ Kno/<f
P2dw^^ Bow-
Alice Ruter
Hugh Renould
Witt Blundell
Tho : Preston
Witt Preston
Rot)t Kenyon
Rich : Xerson
Rich : Wright, oW
Tho : Wainewright
Rich : Warbricke
Edward Cooke
Tho Gal ewav
Tho : Clayton
'J'ho Brirch, se ^urch, se]...
/riiis name is much rubbed.^
Rot)t Woodside
Rich : Busiiell
Tho : Norbery
Will : Strangewaye
Jn° ffilipes
Tn^ Monelev
Rich : Dickies
Jn° Moneley
Wilt Simsons
Jn° Story Ro : James
3
I
I
2
I
I
3
2
I
I
4
I
I
I
3
3
2
2
I
2
2
2
2
I
2
■>
I
3
2
4
4
T
I
4
2
138
Lancashire Hearth Taxes,
Rotn Burd 3
Robt Lyon i
iM-- Worrill i
]n° Rimer 4
Rofit Bushell i
Peter Dowson 2
Gilb^Suton 2
Edw : l.itherland 4
Wilt Bushell 2
Robt Tickenell 5
Hen : Corles 4
Ellin Nichelson i
Jn^Bankes i
Jn^ Blundell 2
J n^ Walker 3
Alderman Massam 4
Jos : Richardson 4
Edw : Car 2
Tho : Holland 4
Marg' Bickerstaffe 4
Edw** Sutton I
J n° Jackson 2
Jn° Norris 2
Abra : Aldred 2
Robt Bickerstaffe 3
Tho : Glover 2
Robt Blevin i
Tho : Williamson 4
Rich : Erbie i
Tho: Carr i
Hen : Harison 2
Tho: Scriesbricke 2
Eliz : Tyror i
Tho : Copolle 4
Marg* Goore i
Edw** Eccles i
M"" Jo" Lee 2
Edw : Whaley i
Edw : Eccous i
Nicho : Marcer i
Ann Arrowsmith 4
Tho: Hordis 2
Geo: Presecke 2
ThoiAshton i
Ellin Balshaw 2
M'" Rich : Cleveland 7
Tho : Whitehead i
Rich : Tomson i
Rich : Rogerson i
Jn° Holland i
Marg' Barton i
Jn° South I
Eliza Milles 2
Jn*> Higginson i
Arth : Sutton 2
Nich : Stones 2
Mary Hoult 3
John Griffiths i
Tho : Williamson 3
Anne Tariton 2
MMVilt Garner 5
Rich : March i
Bryan Mercer 3
Jane ffarest 2
Tho : Boulton 2
Sam: Arrowsmith 3
M'" Tho : Andowe 5
Anth : Carr i
WiltBailife i
Tho:Jumpe 3
James Person 4
Wilt Brewerton 2
M"^ Sam. ffazakerley 3
Wilt Nickolls 3
W"^ Rimer 4
Tho: Pery i
Ann Andow 3
Tho: Walles 4
Law : Brownelow 5
Eliz. Tariton 4
Wilt Simson i
Geo. Wright ... i
Hen : Knowles 2
Wilt Leich 2
Evan March 4
Wilt Poultney i
John Rimer 2
632
THE ORIGIN OF THE IRELANDS
OF HALE.
By
Wm, Fergusson Irvine,
Ivead 151)1 February, 1900.
A
GRExVT deal has been written on this subject,
and numerous pedigrees are in existence ;
but, so far, the first few generations of the Ireland
family are involv^ed in considerable obscurity. It
was in the hope of elucidating this that the
following notes were collected.
To go back to the earliest point for which we
have any documentary evidence,' we find about the
year 1 157, William, Count of Boulogne and Mortain,
granting the bailliwick of the wapentake of West
Derby to a certain Walthewe of Walton.^
1 7\'s(a lie Ncvill^ f. 403.
2 A task for future local antiquaries will be to find out who these Waltons
were and whence thev came.
While these notes were in the press. Mr. Farrer has very kindly sent
me the advance sheets of a volume of Lancashire Pipe Rolls which he
is editing. On pages iio-iii. some very interesting notes appear on this
family of De Walton. From evi(ience there detailed it aooears that
Walthewe de Walton was originally a Staffordshire man. with estates at
Chesterton and elsewhere. About the year 1 155 or 1157, King Henry II, in
pas5-ing through Staffordshire, hailed at Chesterton, and took up his lodgings
in the house of Walthewe. The house was burnt, probably owing to the care-
lessness or inebriety of some of the King's attendants. The King recompensed
his host munificently. He gave him, by charter, thirty solidates of land in
Chesterton or its adjuncts. At the same lime Walthewe also received a grant
of the Bailliwick of the Wapentake of West Derby, as stated in the text.
140 The Origin of the Ireland^ of Hale,
The bailliwick descended to \Valthe\ve*s son. one
Gilbert of Walton, who flourished at the close of
the twelfth century, and who had issue.
Among* these was one Richard, and with Richard
we shall have a good deal to do.
In 1 185, Henry II attempted to make a complete
conquest of Ireland, and sent his son John over to
conduct the campaign. Among his followers seems
to have gone young Richard of Walton, probably
in a clerical capacity. Of his exploits in Ireland
we know nothing, but for some reason he earned
the distinctive name of Meath, so that Richard of
Walton becomes henceforward Richard of Meath.
In July, 1200. he is a Clerk of the Exchequer,
and from this fact we know that he must have
taken orders. A favourite with King John, he
received at this time a grant of the Royal lands in
Walton,^ and three vears later a "rant of the manor
of Hale,-* to hold bv the ancient ferm of qos., with
an increase of 50s. Thus, as 1 hope to be able to
prove, an ancestor of the Irelands of Hale first
became possessed of its broad acres. I should add
that this grant of Hale was finally confirmed to
Richard of Meath in 1227, ^V Henry 1 11.^
And now a difterent figure appears on the stage,
a fi«[ure that has alwavs interested srenealoo^ists,
who have made strange and wondrous conjectures
as to her identitv, one Cecilia de Columbers.
From Colinson's History of Somerset^ it appears
that a Philip de Columbers obtained the manor of
Nether Stowev, Somerset, bv marriage with Maud
de Candos. Philip died before 1186, and was
succeeded by his son, another Philip de Columbers,
3 AV/. Oi//.. 2 John. P. I., w; 26. w 125. See also ChcrUy Surrey y p. 34,
evUied by R. 1). kadclifFc, Esq., M.A., K.S.A.
4 Kot. Cart., 5 John, m 18.
5 Charter Kolly No. 19, w 7.
6 Vol. iii, p. 552.
The Origin of the I r elands of Hale, 141
who married a Cecilia de Vernai, and died in 12 16,
leaving issue. Cecilia de Columbers, his widow,
was certainly alive in 1257. Now, "our" Cecilia
de Columbers first appears on the scene about the
year 1233, when she has a grant of Hale from
Richard of Meath, who apparently shortly after
died/ "Our" Cecilia de Columbers likewise w^as
alive in 1257, ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ 1260. Thus there is
nothing in the dates to prevent the two Cecilia de
Columbers being one.^ But it is only a conjecture,
and there we must leave it.
Richard of Meath and Cecilia had at least four
sons and two daughters, who were alive at the date
of the granting of Hale by Richard, their father, to
their mother, about 1233 — Richard, Geoffrey, Adam
and Henrv, Cecilia and Edusa.
Richard, Geoffrev, and Adam seem to have died
soon, but Henry, the fourth son, appears to have
enjoyed the property for some time, though once
more the surname is changed, and instead of being
Henrv of Meath he becomes Henrv of Hale.
Among the Norris papers from Rydal — copies of
which are in Mr. R. D. Radclift'e's possession —
Henrv of Hale calls himself definitelv " Henrv of
Hale, son of Richard of Meath," and uses for his
seal an agniis dei, with the legend. S. Henric' fiV
Ric.^ Mediae,
Henry seems to have died about 1260 or 1261,
and the next steps in the devolution of the property
are best told in the actual words of Adam Austvn
7 Hale Charter Roily penes Col. Irelanci-Blackburne. It is nearly certain
that the union of Cecilia ds Columbers and Richard of Meath was not
sanctioned by the Church, no doubt owing to the fact that Richard was in
orders.
8 It is also worthy of note that the arms of the Somersetshire family of
Columbers bear a close resemblance to the traditional arms of Cecilia de
Columbers. The beiid oi the Columbers appears in the Ireland coat as early
as Flower's Visitation in 1567. The crest of the Irelands also perpetuates
the memory of this alliance.
142 The Origin of the I r elands of Hale,
of Ireland, the first Ireland who held Hale, in a
pleading before the Assize, about the year 1292.^
Adam Austvn, as he is called, savs that the
Manor of Hale formerly belom^fed to a certain
Henrv of Hale, who died without heirs. Henrv had
two sisters, a certain Cecilia and a certain Ida (she
is called indifferently Ida, Edusa, and Edith), and
that the said Ida was the plaintiff's o\yn mother,
and was in Irish parts (on the death of the said
Henry), so that the said Cecilia entered into the
whole manor at the same time as into other tene-
ments of which the said Henry died seized. And
he further says that, in the process of time, the
said Ida his mother died, and *' as soon as it
** became known to him, the said Adam hcin^ in
** Irish parts, that the said Henry his uncle was
** dead,'' he came into these parts, and demanded
his share.
This statement is rather more fully set out in a
petition to the Kinj^, drawn up at the same time by
Adam, in which he calls himself Adam of Ireland,
and recounts how King John granted to Richard of
Meath, the petitioner's grandfather, the Manor of
Hale, and that Richard died seized of it, and that
after his death his son Henry of Hale enjoyed it,
who dying without heirs, the property descended to
Cecilia, the wife of Sir John de Woolfall, as sister
and one of the heirs of the said Henry
The said Cecilia had one other sister, Edith by
name, in Ireland, who knew nothing of the matter,
who was mother of the petitioner.
Adam seems to haye won his suit, and thus the
first Ireland came to Hale. It is curious to think
that the fact of his being on a sojourn in the sister
isle, at the time of his coming into the property,
should haye had the effect of stamping the name of
Ireland on his descendants to all time. It may be
9 ffa/e Charter h^oil, f^cna Col. Ireland>Blackburne.
The Origin of the Irelands of Hale. 143
added here that though several ** De Hibernias"
occur in local documents about this time, there is
no evidence to show, and very little probability to
lead us to believe, that thev had anv connection
with the familv at Hale. Adam was not the onlv
Lancashire man who had travelled in foreign parts !
But his entrv into Hale was not in the nature of
a triumphal procession ; he seems to have met with
the bitterest opposition, especially from his cousins
the Waltons, and manv and lens^thv are the docu-
ments relatini^: to the various suits he brouo^ht to
vindicate his right.
At first he simply held the Manor of Hale as
sub-tenant, or rather, two-thirds of it (the Waltons
apparently having purchased one-third from Cecilia
of Wolfall). Richard of Meath had only enfeoffed
CeciHa de Columbers to hold the manor of him and
his heirs. His heirs were the Waltons, and hence
thev became the mesne tenants, with Edusa and
her son Adam Ireland as sub-tenants.
And now we must retrace our steps for some
time, in order to explain another complication which
always seems to have troubled genealogivSts, the
late Mr. Beamont not least. It was clear that the
famous familv of Holland had some share in Hale,
and in order to account for their presence, Gregson
marries CeciHa de Columbers to Sir Robert Holland,
while Beamont, less bold, only ventures to marry
Cecilia of Wolfall to him. There is no evidence,
however, to support either of these statements.
On this point Mr. Farrer's note^° (p. 217 of his
Final Concords. Record Society, vol. xxxix) is so clear
and precise that we cannot do better than reproduce
it exactly.
King John, " early in his reign, bestowed the land
''between Ribble and Mersey upon Ranulph, Earl
10 See also Mr. Farrer's note, p. 138, t'lfic^.
144 ^^'^ Origin of the Irelands of Hale.
•* of Chester, whose title passed to WilHam de
*• Ferrers, Earl of Derbv, in riirht of his wife Airnes,
'* dauirhter and co-heir of the said Earl of Chester,
*• and from him to his son William, liarl of Derbv.
** who died in 1254* ^^"^^ ^^^ ^^^ Robert de T^rrers.
** son and heir of the last-named Earl. The said
** Robert was attainted of high treason [for com-
'* plicity in Simon de Monford's rising], but was
*' pardoned and his estates restored ; but rebelling
*' ai^ain, his estates were confiscated, those in Lan-
** cashire hein^- ultimatelv ijiven to lulmund. Earl
*' of Lancaster. So much respecting the chief
*' Lords of Hale. Richard de Meath, durin^' his
'* possession of Hale, enfeoffed his wife, Cecilv de
*' Columbers, of this estate, to hold it after his
'' death of his brother Henry de Walton, whom he
'' thereby constituted his heir. Accordingly Cecily,
•* as Lady of Hale, was sub-tenant after her hus-
'* band's death, under Henry de Walton, which
** tenure continued when the estate descended to
** her daui^hters and ultimately to Adam de Ireland,
** in riirht of Edusa his wife, one of the said daui^h-
** ters, who ultimately became heir to her sister's
•' purparty. Henry de Walton had a son William,
•* who had a son Richard. The said Richard
** being a minor at his father's death, his wardship
'* fell to Robert de Ferrers, as chief lord, who sold
'* the wardship of the heir and of his estates, and
** also the lordship oyer the estates — thus creating
'* a mesne tenancy — to one Nicholas de la Huse, a
** Wiltshire man, who afterwards sold the wardship
** and the lordship of the land of the heir to Robert
^* de Holland."
Xow Robert de Holland, who accordingly became
possessed of the wood of Hale, which seems to haye
been reseryed in the original "rant to Richard oi
Meath, under the clause, ** with all liberties, except
** hunting/' had a daughter Ayena, also called Ayice,
The Origin of the I r elands of Hale. 145
who married Adam Ireland, ante 1286." Robert de
Holland made a grant, probably on the occasion of
the marriage, of half the land of Halewood, together
with his share in two mills. Robert Holland, how-
ever, does not seem to have readily parted with the
promised land, as in 1300, a precipe is sent down to
order Robert de Holland to fulfil his promise to
Adam Ireland. Five vears later his son. Sir
Robert Holland, the famous secretary to Thomas,
Earl of Lancaster, made a further grant of land to
Adam, and a rent of seven pounds a year, issuing
out of Hale.
From this -alliance of Adam Ireland with Avena
Holland sprang a race which, for over six hundred
years, has been intimately associated with the
history of our county. From this point onward
Mr. Beamont may be taken to be accurate in the
main, so that we need not trouble ourselves with
the later steps.
The greater part of this information is taken from
an interesting Charter Roll now in the possession
of Colonel Ireland-Blackburne, of Hale Hall.
The Roll, which seems to have been drawn up
about the beginning of the fifteenth century, includes
abstracts and, in some cases, complete copies of a
large collection of documents which at this time
must have been in possession of the Irelands of
Hale. It is difficult to see for what purpose these
documents were copied, except as a sort of abstract
of title, or possibly as corroborative of an entered
pedigree.
At the extreme foot of the roll, on the dorso, is
the following, written the reverse way from the rest
of the document, i.e., commencing at the extreme
end of the roll and working up it : —
•• Pesgradus Johis Irland armigeri.^^
" Jfa/e Charters.
M
146 The Origin of the Irdaiids of Hale.
From this follows a fairly accurate peditjree,
bringinj;; it down to John Ireland. Esq., who died,
according to Beamont, in 1462. and suhsequentlv,
in later handwriting, it is continued to George
Ireland, who died in 1595.
In addition to the various charters and pleadings
referred to already, there are several interesting
documents, particuhirlv some in Norman-French,
An abstract of these will be found printed at the
end of the present volume.
,m^
SIR THOMAS JOHNSON.
B\ Miss R. M. Piatt, M.A.
Rend 29th Ncvember, 1900.
THE first twenty-five years of the eighteenth
century were years of great municipal vigour
in Liverpool ; of increase of trade, of rapid im-
provement in the outward appearance of the town,
and of the foundation and origin of some of the
city's chief sources of revenue. Liverpool was
fortunate in having at the head of affairs during
this period men like Richard Norris, Wm. Clayton,
John Cleveland ; but chief among these men was
Sir Thomas Johnson. Of him Picton writes: —
'' The constitution of the parish as separate from
'^ Walton, the erection of St. Peter's and St.
'• George's Churches, the construction of the ori-
" ginal dock, the grant of the Castle and the
'' establishment of the market in Derby Square,
•'were principally owing to his activity and
•' influence." Hevwood, the editor of the Ndrris
Papers^ the storehouse of information on Liverpool
affairs for the first few vears of the eio^hteenth cen-
tury, also says : -■" If the separation of the parish
•'from Walton; the building of St. Peter's; the
•• formation of the first dock; the creation of the
•'Corporation property; and the seeking out of
•• new sources of wealth, by distant and daring
" adventures, entitle the merchants of Liverpool
•' who lived in
the reigns of William and Anne
M 2
148 Sir Thomas Johnson,
*• to be considered as the founders of the town's
'' prosperity, of those traders Johnson was the
*' acknowledged head ; and therefore to him more
*• than to anv one else is the town indebted for its
'* vigorous and well-omened commencement.''
His father, Thomas Johnson, senior, who came
from Bedford Leigh, was elected, in 1659, a member
of the council, and in 1663 served as bailiff. Sir
Edward Moore, in his Rental, mentions Baly John-
son, who was then resident in Castle Street, as ''one
'* of the hardest men in the town." In 1670, he was
elected mavor, and it was durimi* his vear of office
that the celebrated ai^reement was made with
Carvl, Lord Molvneux, bv which the fee farm of
the town was leased to the Corporation for 1000
years, at a rent of £^0 per annum. In 1677. by
Charles IPs charter, he was nominated one of the
council ; but in the minutes of the council, under
the date Oct. 31 of the same year, is the entry : —
** Alderman Thomas Johnson being alsoe required
*' to take the oath answers he'el take noe more
** oaths unles to be elected to some new office, and
'* denies to take the oath of a Comon Councellman
•* pursuant to the said new charter." A further
entry, dated Now 7, 1683, gives the sequel to this
refusal : " Upon debate whether Alderman Thomas
'* Johnson should be admitted one of the Common
'• Counccll. It was ordered that the said Mr. John-
*' son should not be admitted into the said Councell,
'* for that he hadd publiquely declared that he would
** not act by virtue of the new charter ; and volun-
**tarilygave evidence against the Corporation in
*' the trvall with S^ Edward Moore."
Durini^: these vears of the father's retirement, the
son, the Thomas Johnson of this sketch, first
appears on the horizon of municipal politics. It is
evident, even from the few words which I have
devoted to Thomas Johnson, senior, that he was a
Sir Thomas Johnson. 149
staunch Whig, who trained his son in the like
principles. During the father's exclusion from the
council, the younger Johnson was elected a member,
and in 1689 served as bailiff. By William Ill's
charter of Sept. 26, 1695, Thomas Johnson, senior,
was appointed mayor in place of Alexander Norris,
dismissed, and Thomas Johnson, junior, was
appointed one of the councillors. The father,
however, by the charter, was only to serve as
mavor till St. Luke's Day, October 18, when his
son was chosen to succeed him in the mayoralty.
As far as I know, this is the onlv case in the historv
of Liverpool that father and son have succeeded
one another as mayors, a proof of their great
abilities, and of the \\\^ esteem in which their
fellow-citizens held them.
Thomas Johnson, senior, is therefore said by
Picton to have retired from the council in 1677, and
to have ^'remained in seclusion" till the grant of
William Ill's charter in 1695. But I am inclined
to dispute, or at least to modify, this statement.
He kept his title of alderman, still I do not think
this point can be taken as sufficient evidence one
way or the other ; but there is a more important
witness. In 1672, trustees had been appointed for
the property and rights sold to the Corporation by
Lord Molyneux, among whom was Thomas John-
son, senior of course. Under the date Nov. 2,
1692, a time when the elder Johnson, to use
Picton's word, was in seclusion, is an entry in the
council minutes : — *' It is this dav concluded in
" Councell that a new deed be drawne betweene
'' y^ towne and Caryl Lord Molyneux . . . according
" to y« forme of the old one, and the trustees to be
•' nominated in y« said deed are to be y« persons
'• following viz^- " Thirteen names follow, the two
first being Alderman Thomas Johnson, senior, and
Alderman Thomas Johnson, junior. I do not
150 Sir Thomas Johnson,
think this entry proves that the elder Johnson was
at this time serving on the council, but I think it
casts some doubt, at least, on Picton's very decided
statement.
From this date, 1695, Thomas Johnson, junior,
plays a most important part in the history of the
town. The father is still prominent for a few years,
and in i6g8 both father and son were among those
appointed to assist the mayor in conducting nego-
ciations with Sir Cleave Moore about a proposed
new street, to be made on the field called Parlour
Hey. the Union Street of a few years later. But
in 1700 the elder Johnson died ; a man who
evidently did yeoman service for Liverpool, and
whose reputation would be greater than it is had it
not been overshadowed by that of his greater son.
In 1700 the quarrel between the cheesemongers
of London and the Corporation of Liverpool
regarding the port or town dues levied by the
Corporation on all cheese put on board any ship
anchored in the Mersey, resulted in legal proceed-
ings. On April 2, 1700, is the entry in the council
minutes: — ''Whereas v^ trvall betwixt v^ Cheese-
*' mongers of London and this Corporacon is by
" order of Court to be tryed the 23'^ of this
'• pr^ Aprill at y^ Excheq'' Barr at West Minster;
'* for v« better carrving on of the s*^ cause it is this
•* day ordered in Councell that M'- Mai"*^ [Cuthbert
•' Sharpies] and Aid" Johnson go up to London for
'* v« better management of v^ s^ cause.'' The
trial was, however, postponed till the autumn, and
I do not know whether Johnson went up to London
in the month of April, but it seems most probable,
for on May 14, he writes from London to Richard
Norris, *' I am ill wearied of this place." He
either never left London till the autumn or returned
there again, for on November 26, Jasper M audit
wrote to R. Norris : '* Alderman Johnson sate out
Sir Thomas Johnson. 151
'' for Liverpool this morning, designing to be
"• with you next Saturday early." Most probably
Johnson returned home rather hurriedly, for Jasper
Maudit complains a little that he has been requested
by Johnson to remain in London to settle some
affairs still left over regarding the cheesemongers.
But in December Parliament was dissolved, and
Johnson had probably hurried to Liverpool, having
a suspicion or certain knowledge of the impending
dissolution, to assist in the election. Three candi-
dates were put up ; in the Whig interest the two
old members, William Clavton and Sir William
Norris (in spite of his absence on his mission to
India) ; and in the Tory interest Sir Cleave Moore.
Johnson does not seem to have stood ; but Picton
here makes a curious mistake, for he savs that
Clayton and Johnson were returned to this Parlia-
ment. Baines gives the correct names, Clayton
and Norris. The facts of the case are simple The
Liverpool election took place during the latter half
of January, 1701 (Baines, by the way, gives 1700
as the date), and in spite of Sir Cleave Moore*s
candidature, and in spite of Sir William Norris'
absence in India, the two old members, Clayton
and Norris, were re-elected. Sir Cleave petitioned
against the return, on the ground *^ that the Town
*' say, they cannot be without two Parliament men,
" 'till Sir William comes." (Lady Norris to R.
Norris). The petition was, how^ever, never heard,
owing to the dissolution of Parliament in November.
Another general election was held, December, 1701,
and to this Parliament Clayton and Johnson were
returned members.
The history of Johnson's life, from 1695 ^^ ^7^3^
is really the history of Liverpool, and it is obviously
impossible to do more than glance at one or two
matters in which he "[reatlv served his native town :
and following Picton's order, I will first touch on
his benefits to the Church in Liverpool.
152 Sir Thomas Johnson
Up to 1659 Liverpool formed part of the parish
of Walton, and its only church or chapel, viz.. the
chapel of St. Nicholas, was dependent upon the
parish church of Walton. But by the end of the
seventeenth century. Liverpool, in the opinion of
its citizens, was too important a place to be a mere
appendage, ecclesiastically, to Walton, especially as
the buildini^f of a new church was in contemplation.
The town magnates, therefore, appealed to Parlia-
ment for powers to form Liverpool into a separate
parish under two rectors, one at St. Nicholas' Church,
the other at the proposed new church of St. Peter.
The Liverpool ^I.P.'s, Norris and Clayton, ** were
** desired to procure an Act of Parliament to make
** Liverpool a parish of itself, distinct from Walton,
*• to erect a church, etc.'' A bill was laid before
Parliament to carry out this proposal, and the
memorial of the inhabitants, setting forth the
reasons of the application, is a curious document.
One extract runs—'* And there being but one chapel,
** which doth not contain one half of our inhabi-
*' tants, in the summer, upon pretence of going to
*' the parish church which is two long miles, and
** there bein^: a villa^^e in the wav, thev drink in the
'* said villa«:e, h\ which and otherwise manv vouth
** and sundrv families are ruined, therefore it is
*' hoped the Bill may pass, being to promote the
*' service of God.'' After some opposition from
Lord Molyneux. who was the legal patron of Walton
living, although disqualified from acting on account
of his religious opinions (he was a Roman Catholic),
the Bill passed through Parliament, and St. Peter's
Church was commenced at the expense ot the Cor-
poration and inhabitants. In spite of Picton's
ascription to Johnson of the honour of the consti-
tution of the parish of Liverpool, as separate from
Walton, I cannot find any evidence to prove that
he, more than anv other, effected this ofreat
Sir Thomas Johnson. 153
improvement ; but of his interest in the building of
St. Peter's Church, there are many proofs. He
writes from London to R. Norris, in the first letter
sent bv him after taking: his seat in Parliament —
'^ Good Sir, forward the raising money for the
*' church in time, it is a shame." In June, 1703,
he writes from Liverpool — *^ Our new church goes
•' on well ; we now agree to seat it with oak, though
^' I saw your [R. Norris] hand for fir." In Sep-
tember of the same year — '^ Please to enquire what
•' we can have your black and white marble for per
'* stoop or yard, proper to lay in the chancel ; we
** shall want as much as will lay about 40 yards.
" But we should know the charge before we engage,
*' lest it be too large for us. We have ordered the
'' black flag from the Isle of Man to lay the lies
"with; it will be much better than our common
'* fla«:s." In October — " In mv last I omitted to
'' enclose vou a drausfht of the Chancel which is
'' now sent, we desire only within the Rails marble
" white and black, without will be seats, or mav be
" flagged with Manx flags, the same designed for
'• the bodv of the Church."
The erection of St. George's Church is closely
bound up with the acquisition by the Corporation
of the site of the Castle, and of the establishment
of the market in Derby Square. Both of these
were projects dear to Johnson's heart. In 1701.
the Earl of Macc'esfield. who had superseded Lord
Molvneux as constable of the Castle, died, and the
office, in spite of Lord Molyneux's c'aim to it as
hereditary in his family, was given to Lord Rivers.
The Corporation of Liverpool was at this time the
tenant of the site. It devsired to obtain a grant for
the town of the site, and much of Johnson's corres-
pondence from 1702 to 1707 is occupied with an
account of the squabbles, negotiations, and litiga-
tion concerning this matter. In Feb.^ 1702, is found
154 ^^^ Thomas Johisou.
Johnson's first mention of the affair: ** M'' Tyrer
" and M"" Richmond are to make a return according-
•' to form of the Castle, then S'' John will procure
** the Grant from the Queen.*' Sir John Gower
was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. One
of the main objects for the application for the grant
of the site of the Castle was the scheme for making:"
the new market there. The town suffered great
inconvenience from the want of a proper market.
The corn market was at the High Cross ; the
butchers occupied part of the area of the present
Exchange ; the potato, shoe, and yarn market was
at the White Cross, between Oldhall Street and
High Street.
Johnson writes of the proposed new market,
and of the arrangements for the different trades :
** I would propose, and I hope it will look faire,
**that the Butchers be at the new markett ; the
'' Butter, Cheese, and Poultry about the Change,
'* as the Butchers were : The Corne markett as for-
** merlv ; the Yarn markett. Shoe markett. and
** Pottatos at the White Cross.'' In 1704 a grant
was obtained from the Crown of the site of the
Castle to the Corporation for 50 years, on payment
of a ground rent of £^ 13s. 4^/. per annum. Owing,
however, to disputes with Lord Molyneux, the site
could not be appropriated till 1707, when the Cor-
poration gained their suit against Lord Molyneux.
Johnson, commenting upon this victory, writes :
** Now the subject of the discourse will be how to
*' improve this ground, and that in my poor opinion
*' will require some consideration, and is not to be
'* determined hastily. I think a handsome square
'* mi«:ht be made verv well, but then vou should let
** it to people that would build good houses, and
'* make them uniform ; and as the custom is here
'' [London] not to let to any that opens shop. I
** do hope it may be built by merch^s or such private
Sir Thomas Johnson, 155
'' families ; this would be a mighty ornament to the
'' Town.'' Johnson's scheme of building houses
round a square was acted upon ; in 1709 a council
minute runs : " Ordered that M"^ Mayor with the
*' assistance of some of the Council!, not less than
'' four, have power to finish the new buildings and
*' alterations in and about the Castle, now call'd
'' Derby Square, and make such additional! im-
** provemen^'' there as he and they shall think most
'' convenient and to sell and lett the same for the
'' most profitt and advantage.'*
The Castle buildings, however, still remained,
and the site of the Castle proper was still occupied
by the dismantled fortifications. In 1715 there is
the first intimation of the Corporation's intention
to build a church on this site. '' 1715, Mar. 17.
" Order'd That proper methods be taken by
'' M' Mayor to signify the intencon of this Corp"
" to build a church on the ground and site of the
'' late Castle to our representatives in Parliam^ in
•' order to obtain an Act of Parliam^ for the same."
The Act was obtained the following session, and the
site of the Castle was vested in the Mayor and
Corporation for ever, with authority to build a new
church on the site. In 1717 the tenants in the
round tower at the old castle had notice to quit,
" the Council! being of opinion it will be proper to
•* erect the church there." Nothing more was done
in the matter, however, for some seven years. In
1724 the council was ordered ** to view and consider
" of a proper place where to sett " the church, and
in the following year agreed it should be erected on
the site of '^ the old large square stone Tower, and
" the stone buildings adjoining to the same north-
'• ward." In 1726 the council approved of the
plans, and ordered that the work should be set in
hand immediately. The church was not conse-
crated, however, till 1734. As for the market,
156 Sir TJwmas Johnson,
Picton says that ** about 1721, a small square was
*' formed for the new market, and out of gratitude
** for the service rendered bv the Earl of Derbv in
** obtaining the grant, it was called Derby Square."
But in a passage from the council minutes, which
I have already quoted, however, in 1709 Derby
Square is mentioned, and in 1710 the minutes twice
make mention of the ** new markett," which appears,
therefore, to have been established some vears
earlier than Picton states. The chief credit of the
accomplishment of these three important improve-
ments — the grant of the site of the Castle, the
establishment of the market in Derby Square, and
the buildino^ of St. George's Church — must be «riven
to Johnson.
Perhaps, however, the greatest and most advan-
tageous scheme which Johnson helped to carry
through, was the formation of the first dock. As
the commerce of Liverpool increased, the accom-
modation in the pool became insufficient. The
difficultv had been felt much earlier ; and the
scheme had been propounded — alluded to bv Ed-
ward Moore in his Rental — of enlarging the pool
inwards, by an artificial cutting. At the beginning
of the eighteenth century the project was seriously
entertained, and in 1701 a certain William Bibby
petitioned for a lease of land ** along the intended
*' canal." The Corporation took the matter in hand
in November. 1708 — *' Ordered that S' Thomas
'* Johnson and Richard Norris Esq, the representa-
** tives in Parliam^ for this Corporation, be desired
" and impowered to treat with and agree for a
'• proper person to come to this town, and view the
'' ground and draw a plan of the intended dock."
Johnson, however, was busy with the scheme, per-
haps unofficially, at an earlier date, for in Januarv,
1708. he writes to R. Norris: ** On Sunday night
** in good time I saw M'' Serecold ; he would gladly
Sir Thomas Johnson, 157
** save us about the Docks ; he is a very ino^enious
** man ; he is of opinion it may be very well done,
'* and the stones in the Castle will save a great deal
*' of money." The proposal of Serecold and his
fellow-surveyor Huss, was to deepen the stream
which fed the pool, and form a canal along the
present Paradise Street ; but this scheme was not
adopted.
The next proposal was that of Thomas Steers,
a Londoner, who recommended the abandonment
of the canal scheme and the conversion of the pool
into a wet dock, with lock gates. The scheme was
favourably received by the Corporation, which in
October, 1709, passed the following order: — ''It
'' being propounded in Councell that pursuant to
'' an order of this Assembly of the third day of
" November last, a person was agreed with by Sir
'' Thomas Johnson and Rich'* Norris Esq, who
" hath viewed the ground wherein is intended the
*' makeing a convenient Dock for the safety of
'' shipps. and that a Plan thereof being made, it is
'' conceived that about the sume of six thousand
'• pounds will make and perfect a convenient Dock.
" It is ordered and enacted by this assembly that
'' the ground as now sett out or to be sett out be
'' and is hereby granted and sett apart for a conve-
'* nient dock for ever. And that the said S"" Thomas
''Johnson and Riclv' Xorris Esq be requested and
'' are hereby impowered to obtain (this ensuing
'' session of Parliam^ ) such an Act of Parliam^ for
" the raising of a sufficient fund for the same, and
" the makeing and perfecting a convenient dock by
*' such means as shall be agreed on." An Act
of Parliament was therefore obtained, in spite ot
the opposition of the old opponents of the Corpo-
ration, the cheesemongers of London. The Act
authorised the construction of the dock, empowered
the mayor, bailiff, and council, as trustees, to
158 Sir Thomas Johnson.
borrow ;^6ooo for the cost of making it, and to levy
dock dues on all ships entering the harbour In
May, 17 10, the council decided — *' That they will
'* proceed to the makeing of the said Dock or Bason
**in and upon the ground (part of the town's waste)
'' formerly granted in the said Act menconed, . . .
*' it is ordered and enacted that the said parcell of
** orround be and remain to such use for ever And
'* that the thanks of this assemblv be and is herebv
** given to S' Thomas Johnson and Rich^^ Norris
" Esq for their good service therein." The dock
was first opened on Aug. 31, 17 15, for the admission
of ships, but was not completed, for in January,
17 16, the council ordered the members of Parliament
to endeavour to obtain a Bill extendin«f the time
granted for the formation of the dock, which was
obtained in 1716, and the dock apparently finished
in 1717.
Such a record sufficiently entitles Johnson to be
called one of the founders of the prosperity of
Liverpool, and to be placed among the first on the
citv's roll of honour. When we turn from the
achievements of the man to the man himself, we
are able to obtain a good estimate of his character
and opinions from his own letters, published among
the Norris Papers,
His views on relio^ious toleration are interesting".
He was a Whig, and therefore was in favour of
toleration for dissenters. His own words were —
** Places of trust will be given to those esteem'd of
*' the Church of England ; and Tolleration allowed
^' to dissenteis, I doe often say, is all our dissenters
*' desire, and which ever opinion they may have of
** me, I shall never give my consent to abridge them
** of that.'' But the beo^inning: of Anne's reis^n
found Johnson in a wavering political frame of
mind ; as a rule a staunch Whig, he voted, as also
did Clayton, on the Tory side in December, 1702,
Sir Thomas Johnson. 159
against the proposed grant to the Duke of Marl-
borough of ;^5000 a year. On the Occasional
Conformity Bill, however, he does not appear to
have been able to make up Kis mind. This Bill
was introduced in 1702, to prevent occasional
conformity, a phrase by which ** was meant the
** compliance of Dissenters with the provisions of
*' the Test Act only in order that they might qualify
'^ themselves to hold office or to become members
'^ of a Corporation." It was found that persons
so admitted gave in general their support to the
Whigs, and the Tories had therefore a party motive
in supporting the Bill. The Bill passed the Com-
mons, but encountered much opposition in the
Lord3, who moved a great many amendments,
hoping in this way to defeat the measure. On
December 10 Johnson writes : — '* Yesterday, the
" bill to grant occasional conformity came from the
Lords with several amendments ; and after the
reading of them [they] adjourned the further
"consideration of them to this day; when they
" went through them some agreed and most dis-
" agreed. One clause postponed, and a committee
'' appointed to consider of it ; it is in a fair way to
'' be lost. I must own as I took it to be designed,
" I was for it, and am still for that part which goes
"no farther; but what's more I am against and
" shall be able to give my reasons." A week
later he writes : " I do not think it much loss if
" the bill drop ; for my own part I do not think it
" of any service to the Church, the Government
" will take care to prefer such to offices of profit
" that will not go to meetings ; that, and the making
" members, is the chief desire of most for the bill."
Thus Johnson's view seems to be — the Bill maybe
desirable but is unnecessarv, for the Government
will take care only to appoint sound Churchmen
to offices of profit ; as for the Dissenters, bare
I i
I (
i6o Sir Thomas Johnson,
toleration is all he would grant them. A narrow-
minded opinion for a man usually so broad-minded,
and for a strong): Whii^ ; but there are not wanting;
signs that Johnson was a devoted churchman,
meaning: in his davs what we mi«:ht call a bigoted
churchman.
Johnson was married to a Miss Hail, whose
brother, Peter Hall, was one of Richard Norris'
correspondents. We obtain two glimpses of Mrs.
Johnson. One is in January, 1703. Johnson had
been ill in London, but is getting better, and his
wife has gone up from Liverpool to see him ; he is
refreshed by '* the dear company of my poor wife,
** got here after a tedious journey ; I am infinitely
** obliged to you [R. N orris] and my other good
'* friends of Liverpool, for their extraordinary kind-
'* ness towards me and her." The other glimpse
is in September, 1705, for Johnson writes from
Liverpool : *' If my poor wife be got well (who truly
** is but weak) 1 shall be in London some days
** before the sitting of the House."
He had at least two daughters, for a council
minute, dated July 23, 1740, runs :— ** It being now
** proposed that ^I*" Alice Johnson and M"^^ Margaret
*' Johnson, Daughters of Sir Thomas Johnson, will
" give to the Corporation one hundred pounds a
*• piece haveing ten pounds yearly for each hundred
•' pounds, for the life of each. It is now ordered
** that the treasurer do take the moneys and pay
*• the yearly sum of tenn pounds for each hundred
'* pounds." This entry seems to suggest that these
two ladies were badly oft', and indeed Johnson
was not a wealthy man ; perhaps he attended too
much to the business of Liverpool, too little to the
business of Thomas Johnson, He was a tobacco
merchant, for he says himself, in one of the letters
on this question : ** I must own I do repack.*'
That he was not generally held a wealthy man, is
Sir Thomas Johnson. i6i
shown by the fact that, after the general election of
1722, the unsuccessful candidate, Mr. Thomas
Bootle challenged Johnson's pecuniary qualifica-
tion. By the existing law members of Parliament
were obliged to own property to the annual value
of ;^300 ; and Johnson took an affidavit, recorded
in the council minutes, that he possessed the neces-
sary property. But the very doubt cast on his
monetary qualification shows that he cannot have
been o^enerallv esteemed a wealthv man.
One incident in his life must not be omitted — his
knighthood. In March, 1708, an invasion on the
part of the Pretender was feared, and the Corpora-
tion of Liverpool took the opportunity to present
to the Queen, through their members, a loyal
address. Johnson alone took part in the presenta-
tion, and received the honour of knighthood. There
appear to have been suspicions that in this affair
he somewhat overreached his colleague, William
Clayton, although Johnson in his own account of
the occurrence indio^nantlv scouts anv such idea.
Writing to Richard Norris, March 10, 1708, he
says : —
This day about half an hour past 12 or near i, I went to the
House of Lords to know when the Ld. Derby would please to
present the Corporation address, upon which my Lord told me
when the Queen came to the house, in the Princess Chamber,
and desired I would stay, upon which, M^ Poole with me, I did
stay the Queen's coming, and after the Queen returned from the
House, the Ld. Derby carrying the sword, he presented the
address ; and I being there the Lord Derby against my know-
ledge spoke to the Queen to confer the Honor of Knighthood.
God knows I kneeled to kiss the Queen's hand, and to my great
surprise the other followed. I am in great concern about it,
knowing I no way desired that I had, and must undergo a great
many censures ; but the Lord forgive them as I do. I had not
mentioned this thing, but I know it will be said this address was
presented without giving notice to M*" Clayton ; he was this
morning at my lodging and said he was going to Wapping. I told
him I was to go to the Custom House, after to the House, and
ntended to wait on the Lord Derby to know when his Lordship
N
i62 Si)' Thomas Johnson,
would present the address, and promised to give him notice,
not thinking but there would be time to do so, but I leave you
to judge if it was possible in less than an hour I could do this.
I went with him to the Lord Derby's to signe it, and the Lord
Derby did promise to let us know, but if I had nor called I had
no more notice than he. This would have been the last thing 1
should have thought on, but I know vou'll have it bv others,
the' of no information of mvne, nnd I am sure ti.e surnrize has
put me more out of order than 1 have been since I came to
London. This, I am satisfied, was an effect oi my lord's kind-
ness, but I could not forbear telling my lorii I could not
thank him.
In spite of Johnson's protestations, however, it
is impossible not to feel some doubt of his penect
stniii^htforwardness on this occasion, and, unfortu-
nately, a small deception does not seem to be
entirelv foreii^n to his character.
In 1723 Johnson retired from Parliament, on
which occasion the followini^f entrv occurs in the
council minutes : — ' Mem : The second dav ot
*' February, 1723, the Hon'^^^^ Langham Booth was
'* elected Representative in Parliam^ for this Bur-
'* rough in the room of S*^ Thos. Johnson, who
'* hath accepted of a place under the Governm'.
** being that of Collector of Customs in Virginia/'
Heywood, the editor of the X orris Papers, remarks
that ^'whilst Clayton and Cunlift'e repose under
** their marble monuments in the Parish Church.
** in all the odour of municipal sanctity, Johnson,
**\vho was always poor, lies probably in some
** obscure corner of Virijinia.' That is, Hevwood
believes that Johnson left Liverpool in 1723, went
to Virmnia. and died there at some unknown date.
But his office as Collector of Customs seems to
have been a sinecure, for his name is entered on
the council minutes as present at meetings until
October 18, 172S. when it appears for the last time.
and against that date is written in the margin the
single word ** mort."
Sir Thomas Johnson, 163
The only memorial of him is the street running
from Whitechapel to Dale Street, now called Sir
Thomas Street, late Sir Thomas' Buildings. This
street had been commenced by his father, but was
finally carried out by him. On the site of the
buildings erected by him now stand the Municipal
Offices. A local tradition, alluded to by Picton,
relates that Johnson made in his buildings work-
shops for some of the Palatine weavers, who made
their way to Liverpool in 1709, That Liverpool
has not forgotten one of the greatest of her sons
is shewn by a tablet, which has been placed within
the Municipal Buildings, near to the door facing
the Conservative Club, of which the inscription is :
" In memory of Sir Thomas Johnson, Knt., Mayor
" of Liverpool in mdccxv, and its representative in
^' ten Parliaments from mdcci to mdccxxii, to whose
" activity and energy the Town is indebted for many
" of its early improvements, amongst others the
'* formation of the Parish, the construction of the
" first Dock, and the erection of St. Peter's and
" St. George's Churches. This tablet is placed
" A.D. MDCCCLXxiii On the site of the buildings
•' erected by him, from which the adjoining street
" takes its name. Born mdclxx. Died mdccxxix.'*
His character is not, I think, a very difficult one
to estimate. He had a passionate love of his
native town, combined, perhaps, with a love of
being prominent in the eyes of his fellow-citizens.
But the pubhc spirit, energy, and wisdom he dis-
played in guiding the destinies of the town cannot
be overrated. A Whig, firm and staunch, except for
the one curious lapse at the very commencement of
Queen Anne's reign ; an active partizan in muni-
cipal affairs, and not too scrupulous always as to
the means he used to further the ends of his party ;
a merchant who saw no harm in having an under-
standing with the Custom officers, and who loudly
N2
164 Sir Thomas Johnson.
and eagerly deprecated suggested alterations in the
collection ot' the customs, which would have ren-
dered such frauds an impossibility ; and yet evidently
not a man who lived to pile up gold. I'or while his
tellow-citizens, Cleveland, Earle. Clayton, Cunlifte.
amassed ibrtunes which descended to future gene-
rations, Johnson lived and died a poor num. Astute,
cratty perhaps even, but seeking rr.ther the welfare
of his town than himself, and therefore ever to be
remembered with gratitude.
J «
■i *
J *
J J
/
I I III I I I I I I I I I I.I I I I I I I I I I II i I I I I I I I IHiil.l I lull I I I I I I I I U I IT
THE POOLE FAMILY OF POOLE HALL
IN WIRRAL.
By Margaret Ellen Poole,
Read i6tli March, 1899.
THIS ancient Cheshire family has perhaps one
of the lonofest records in the countv, the
Hving members of it dating their ancestry from
the early part of the thirteenth century. Ormerod
says' that the [mesne] manor of Poole was vested
in a family, which assumed the local name before
the reign of Henry III, the elder branch of which
terminated in three sisters and co-heiresses, Gillian,
Basilia, and Alice de PuUe, who quitclaimed to
William ^'le Hare^' of Pulle all the lands of
[called 4 bovates, in] Pulle, for four marks of silver,
by deed enrolled in the Cheshire Domesday, dated
[Tuesday, not] Thursday before the feast [of St.
Simon and Jude] next after the return of the Earl
Randle from Jerusalem (which event took place in
1223) and witnessed by Philip de Orreby, justice of
Chester, Warin de Vernon, and William de Venables.
William '' le Hare" de Pulle, above-named, was
probably the father of Robert de Pulle, who had
issue a son, Reginald de Pulle, who married
I Helsby's edition, vol. ii, p. 419 ; the words within brackets being addi-
tions by Mr. Helsby to Dr. Ormerod*s original edition of the work.
1 66 The Poole Family,
Matilda, daughter and co-heiress of Geoffrey, here-
ditary Master Cook of the Abbey of St. Werburgh.
The next owner of Poole, James de Pulle, we
learn from an early deed, referring to the highway
up to the Dane water at Northwich, was Bailiff of
that place. In 21 Rdw. I. [1293], he had a grant
of the manor of Capenhurst from Hugh de Barn-
ston. In 1292 he and Patrick de Hassel were
appointed Collectors of a fifteenth.
More than forty years afterwards their kinsmen
and heirs, Robert de Pulle and Ralph de Hassal,
were called upon to account for ;fii8 I05. ifrf.,
part of the levy ; and it was then explained that
James and Patrick had been prevented from com-
pleting the collection owing to the war of Madoc
ap Llewelyn, and that others had collected and
paid the same, by command of the King, in wages
to the army guarding the marshes. The expression,
'* kinsmen and heirs," suggests that Robert de
Pulle was not the son, as stated by Ormerod, but
the grandson of James de Pulle.
Robert must have been the son of Reginald de
Pulle, who, in an Inquisition post mortem of 1307,
is called son and heir of James de Pulle, and then
stated to be aged 26 years. This Inquisition states
that James held lands in Nether Pulle of Joan,
daughter and heir of Hugh de Tydryngton. Alice,
the widow of James de Pulle, appealed against
Reginald de Pulle for her dower ; seven years later
Margaret, widow of John de Arden, appealed
against the same Reginald and Alice for her dower.
In 13 16, Reginald de Pulle and Joan, his wife,
ioined in a fine with Robert de Button. Among
the recognizances preserved in the Public Record
Office, we find that Robert de Pulle joined with
Adam (a '' son of James de Pulle") and others in
a recognizance for ;;/^22 to the Abbot of Chester.
He is last mentioned in 1350, and his widow, Isabel
(born Capenhurst), was living in 1368.
The Poole Family. 167
In 1377, protection to his property was given, by
the King, to John de Pulle, on his going abroad
on the King's service, in the retinue of Sir VVm.
Trussell, March 21st, 1380.
In 1380, after he had been knighted, Sir John de
Pulle, knight, went to France in the retinue of Sir
Hugh Calveley, who was governor of Calais.
On the loth October, 1397, Sir John de Pulle,
and his brother James, were both granted, by the
King, an annuity for life of lOOs., both being retained
in the royal service for life. Perhaps they had been
among the few Cheshire men who, Hume says,
alone composed the King's guard on the meeting
of Parliament, September, 1397, though the nobles
brought numerous retainers.
On the i8th September, 1400, Sir John de Pulle
was appointed, by Henry, Prince of Wales, Gover-
nor of the castle and town of Carnarvon, during
pleasure.
From an Indenture, dated the 23rd May, 1402,
it appears that Henry de Percy, knight, surnamed
Hotspur, lieutenant and justice of North Wales,
engaged John de Pulle and William de Stanley,
knights, " to serve the said Henry ' sur la meer' . .
" each of the said knights to receive 2 shillings a
" day, each lance 12 pence, and each archer 6 pence ;
" they were to pay their third of the gains of the
" war to the said Henry, and to deliver to him any
*' person ' ou chieftayn riall ' taken by them."
On the 25th August, 1402, the same knights were
commissioned as conservators and guardians of the
hundred, to appoint watches, and make ditches,
hedges, and other impediments, on the sea coasts
of the county of Flint, against the coming of Owen
Glendower, then in the marshes of the county of
Chester.
Sir John de Pulle and his brother James were
pardoned, on the 23rd November, 1403, for having
1 68 The Poole Fa mil w
joined Henry Percy, and tor all oft'ences committed
by them whilst in rebellion with him.
Sir John's name occurs in a recognizance relating-
to the marriage of his daughter, Joan, with John
Hokes, dated 141 2 ; and he is referred to in a
recognizance in 1415, touching the marriage of
Robert, son and heir of Sir Thomas le Grosvenor,
with Joan, daughter of Sir Lawrence Fytton.
Some irenealo«:ists consider there were two
knights named John de Pulle : if so. Robert's son
John died between 1381 and 1391, as there is no
** kt." after the name of John de Pulle, one of those
commissioned in 1391 to levy a subsidy of 3000
marks to the King.
More than 150 recognizances will be found among*
the Chester Recognizance Rolls,' to many of which,
commencing in 1428, 'J'homas dk Pillk, son of
Sir John de Pulle, and his descendants were parties.
This Thomas married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
William Stanlev, of Hooton. knt.
In 1435-G, Thomas de Pulle was olie of the
Council at Chester, which granted a subsidv of
1000 marks to the King ; afterwards he was one
of the collectors of it; and later of other subsidies.
In 1 45 1. Thomas Pulle and Nicholas More were
granted the custody of the town and lordship of
Eulowe, with the sea coal-mines there ; later they
are called farmers of it.
In 1460, William Stanley, Thomas de Pulle the
eider, and his son Thomas de Pulle, were among
those who arrested Thomas and John Gleggc and
others, charged with stealing from the King, at
Gay ton, money and jewels to the value of 20,000
marks. Thomas de Pulle, senior, must have died
- Many of the facts narrated in the earlier part of lliis paper have been
obtained from the Calendar of Kecognizance Rolis of tlie Palatinate of
Chester, printed in the 36ih and 37ih Reports of the Deputy Keeper of the
Public Records.
i
The Poole Family, i6g
before 1467, as, in a lease of that date to Sir Peter
Legh of tolls of fairs and markets, Thomas de Pulle,
therein mentioned, is styled armiger only.
In 1478, Thomas the younger is styled Thomas
Pole of Pull, when, with William Stanley of
Hooton, and others, he was commissioned to en-
quire touching regrators, engrossers, and hoarders
of grain, and to seize the grain and cause it to be
sold at the markets. His wife, according to
Ormerod, was Matilda Mainwaring; but an old
pedigree in Harl. MS. 2142, fo. 84b, states that
the compiler of the pedigree thought that
Thomas Poole married Mary, daughter and
heir of Sir Thomas Dedwood, of Chester, who
entailed land on her, 2 Hen. VH [1495-6].^ If
this was so, it accounts for John Poole the
son quartering the Dedwood Arms. A deed of
Thomas Dedwood in 1495, and his will in 1497,
imply that his daughter had been the wife of
Sir Thomas Poole. This deed, after mentioning
houses, &c., in Bradwall and elsewhere, says,
'•remainder to John to Rafe and to Will. Pole,''
sons of the aforesaid Thomas Pole, kt. '' Radulf
'' Pole " was.a witness. The will says, '' I wyll y*
'* Thomas PoUe y^yunger have seche londes after
" my dessees as I have gyffvyn hym by wrytyng."
One of his overseers was Thomas Polle, knight,
and he left to him '' and to his eyrrys my beststond-
*'ing coppe." A dower of 10 marks to Margaret,
daughter of Thomas Polle, kt. To Ellyn of Polle
xx\ To Rauffe of Polle (elsewhere Raffe Pull of
Chester) my bevSt gown (togam) and i " flaske koppe
'^ of silver."
3 In Wotton's Baronetaoe^ I74l» Sir Thomas Poole is said to have had to
wife, 2 Henry VII [1495-6], Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas Mainwaring, o
Peover, and to have been the father of Thomas Poole, living temp. Henry
VII, who married a daughter and heir of Thomas Dedwood, of Chester, and
was father of Sir Thomas Poole, who married Maud, daughter of Randle
Mainwaring, of Peover, and had issue Sir William Poole, Sheriff of Chester,
16 Henry VII [1524-5].
170 ' The Poole Family.
On the 20th June. 1480, John MaSvSy, senior,
Peter Button of Hatton. vsenior. Thomas Pole,
senior, armiger, and John Southeworth, armiger.
were " Stewards of the Court of Histrionics at
Chester.''
Thomas Pole was knighted at the battle of
Stoke by Newark, in 1487 : and in 1496 Richard
Cotton granted to Sir Thomas Pole, his son
Thomas Pole, \Vm. Troutbeck, and others, lands
in Tervvn and in Hanlev.
Sir Thomas Pole died on the 24th August, 1500,
leaving: to each of his three male children, viz. :
John, Randolph, and William. 405. per annum for
life. And to each of his female children, viz. :
Katherine and Margery, 4 marks and 20{/. per
annum for life.
Thomas Pole of Pole, his eldest son and heir,
was aged 40 years at the time of his father's
death. He died on the 19th February, 15 10.
His widow, Matilda (who was a daughter of
Thomas Fvtton of Gawsworth, co. Chester),
claimed from his brother and heir, John, a third of
4,000 acres as her dower, in respect of the manors
of Nether Poole and Burton, and lands elsewhere
in the Hundred of Wirral. Later on. when she
was the wife of Peter Newton, she claimed a
further part of her dower from the Abbot of the
Monastery of Whalley, in respect of lands in the
Nether Poole. She probably married a third time,
and so would be the *' Matilda, widow of Sir
Thomas Hanmer,'' whose dower is referred to in
1546.
John Poole was heir to his brother Thomas ;
he married Joan, daughter of Sir John Warburton,
and the particulars of her dower, in 15 10, occupy
the greater part of the Inquisition post mortem of
his brother and heir, Randolph Pole, in 1538. At
that time she was married to Sir William Turville.
In 1547 she was living in Chester.
The Poole Family. 171
Randal Pull, alias Randolph Pole, clerk,
Rector of Neston and Hawarden, succeeded his
brother John, before the 4th February, 27 Henry
VIII [1536]. On the 14th August, 22 Henry
VIII [1530], he granted a house and lands in
Capenhurst and Neston to Richard Hurleton. He
is frequently mentioned in the Welsh records,
chiefly in conjunction with his brother William,
afterwards Sir William Pole, alias Poole, kt..
Gentleman Usher of the Chamber to the Countess
of Richmond and Derby, mother of Henry VII.
In 1509 William was " bailiff of the town and lord-
'• ship of Hollesworthy, Devon," then in the King's
hands by her death. He was the King's Serjeant-
at-arms, with I2d. per diem, and appointed to give
daily attendance upon the Queen. He married
Margaret, daughter of Thomas Hough of Leigh-
ton, CO. Chester, and widow of Sir Wm. Troutbeck,
from whom she had a very large dower for her
life, viz. : parts of 32 manors, comprising 200
messuages, 140 tofts, 8 mills, g,ooo acres of land,
meadow, wood, pasture, heath and turf, the custody
of the gates of the bridge of Dee, and of 12 stalls
for fishing in the Dee. From the Calendar of
Letters and Papers (Domestic), Henry VI I L we
learn that, " W""- Pole of Pole, Cheshire, alias of
" London," married this wealthy heiress without
the leave of the King, but pardon for having done
so, and release of all fines therefor due to the King,
was granted to them on the 22nd July, 15 13.
On the 26th April, 15 13, a grant was made to
" W"'- Pole and Randolph Minshull, to have jointly
'• a Corrody in the monastery of Vale Royal, held
'• singly by the said W"' Pole heretofore." There
is again a grant of the same ' corrodv,' "upon
" Valuation by Sir Will. Pole," in 1532. ^
Ranulph Pole, above-named, wrote from Chester
on the 5th March, 1535, to the Abbot of Vale
172 The Poole Family.
Royal : '• I am informed that the King has granted
'' the reversion of the corrody held by my brother,
** Sir William, to one of his servants. This
*• reversion has been granted through the influence
'* of Mr. Chamberlain, another of his friends.
*' Therefore, to avoid his displeasure, I beg you will
'* defer making: anv o^rant of it till a fortni^^ht after
** Easter, when I will send you a copy of my
'* brother's patent, without which you cannot make
** a new one."
Sir William Pole, who was first styled a knight
in 15 15, was made sheriff' of Chester in 1527. He
died at Poole, 26th September, 1535, leaving a
son Thomas, who in 1538 was ** kinsman and heir*'
of his uncle Randolph, the owner of Poole Hall,
and Rector of Neston and Hawarden.
Some oak panels, probably of the latter part of
the fifteenth centurv, beautifullv carved, with the
Poole, Capenhurst, and Buerton arms, may still be
seen on the front of the organ screen in the
south aisle of Eastham Church. Sir William had
a special grant, in the 4 Henry VHI. [1512-13],
allowing him to use the Buerton as well as the
Poole crCvSt, and both appear on his banner, of
which there is a sketch in the College of Arms.
Thomas Pole of Pole (son and heir of Sir
William Pole, knight, and heir to his uncle, Randle
Pole), held the office of steward to the late Priory
of Birkenhead in tail male, and an annual rent of
405. out of the lands, held of the Queen in socage,
by fealty. He married Mary, daughter of Sir John
Talbot, of Grafton, knight, in June, 1529.
Thomas, finding Poole Hall falling into decay,
commenced to rebuild it. The hall is thus described
in White's History of Ciieshire, i860 : —
Poole Hall, a. fine old mansion, is chiefly built of stone, with
projecting gables. It has a truly venerable appearance, and is an
interesting specimen of the domestic architecture of the gentry
The Poole Family, 173
in olden times. Each end of the [south-] east front terminates
in an octagon turret, of a height corresponding with the centre
gable of the north [-east] front. The house is approached by an
embattled porch, leading to a spacious hall, measuring 45 feet by
30 feet, which is now divided into several apartments for the
convenience of the resident. Over the chimne5'-piece of the
hall is the date 1574. Solid blocks of oak compose the stairs,
and one of the upper rooms is wainscotted. A few years ago a
pit ne:.r the Hall was cleared out, when a quantity of swords,
pistols, and other warlike implements were discovered. The
swords were very much corroded, but sufficient remained of some
to shew thev had been adorned with the most costlv workman-
ship.-^
One of the octagonal turrets (on the top storey)
formed the apse of the chapel ; all but one window
has been filled in ; the altar rails have been left.
The turret at the other end was the priest's
room. A stone, inscribed IP I57[4] KP, formerly
over the fire-place in the hall, now lies in the
garden beneath one of the windows. It possibly
marks the time when the north-west side of the
house was completed by John, Thomas* son, who
probably put up the lead pipe-head on which is, in
basso-relievo, the head of Queen Elizabeth. In
the yard there is a trough, cut out of one solid piece
of stone ; its weight would be about 10 tons. It is
ID feet long, 6 feet wide, and 4 feet high. Whey,
when the cheeses are made, runs into it.
In one of the rooms built by John Poole there
are fleurs-de-lys, carved in relief, in each corner of
the panels of the ceiling. Tradition says a lady
was shot on the terrace, and that she haunts the
oak-panelled room on the first storey, beneath the
priest's chamber ; but she has not disturbed the
present tenants.
4 Of these arms, three are now in the Mayer Museum, Bebington. No.
60 is part of a sword, measuring whh handle, 22J inches. No. 61, a
sword, the handle of which has been originally bound with silver wire ; size,
handle 6J in., handle to end of blade 2 feet 6J inches. No. 62, flint-lock
pistol, length 2oJ inches.
174 ^A^ Poole Family,
A small door leads from the large oak-panelled
room down stairs into the garden ; close by it there
is a sun-dial ; the gnomon is in the form of a griffin,
in bronze. It is of the same date (1723) and by
the same maker (John Seddon, of Frodsham) as
the clock, the face of which is outside the gable, in
the centre of the front of the house, the works being
in a small room at that side of the lonof ofallerv
under the roof. The weights of the clock used to
work inside a wooden casing fixed outside the wall,
and are now lying in the garden.
Three or four years ago, the tenant of Poole
Hall noticed a stone lying under a mulberry tree
in the fore-court, in front of the house. He turned
it over, and on the removal of the soil which
adhered, another carved and dated stone was dis-
covered, bearing the inscription ** IP 1630 DP,"
within a cable moulding. The initials are those of
John Poole's grandson and his wife Dorothy, born
Tyldeslev. This stone has since been broken.
In 1559, John Pole, esquire, was one of those
appointed to collect the mise in Wirral. By an
Indenture dated the 20th February, 13 Elizabeth
[1571], George Cotton of Warblington, in the
County of Southampton, sold to John Poole of
Poole, for ;/^8o, all the Grange of Stanlowe,^ with
the appurtenances lately belonging to the dissolved
monastery of Whalley, in the county of Lancaster,
and then in the holding of John Poole.
Writing of this period, Hume says, *' The
'* nobility and gentry of England were roused to
*^ such a pitch of resentment at the cruelties
^' exercised by the King of France to his Hugue-
'* not subjects, that they offered to bring an armv
5 The Monastery of Stanlowc, in 1296, was removed to Whalley, owing to
the inundations of the Mersey, for the house had been built on an eminenc
only 12 feet above the sea shore. After the dissolution, Stanlowe Grang
was granted to the Dean and Chapter of Chester, but Sir Robert Co tto n
got it and other estates by extortion.
The Poole Family, 175
of 20,000 foot and 4,000 horse to transport them
into France, and to maintain them 6 months
at their own charge." It is probably to this
that the following extract from the Calendar of
Domestic State Papers refers: —
A muster book conteyning the names and number of all the
knights, esquires, gentlemen, and freeholders w*^ in the countie
of Chester. Together with their horses, armour, and other
furnitures of ^portion, being also divided into several hundreds
according to their habitations.
[a.d. 1573]
Namptwich Hundred
Richard Poole of Marbury furnishes one plate coat
Randal Poole of Augur ^ ,, ,, ,, „
Worrall Hundred
] one light horse, 2 corsletts, 2 Allmayer
John Poole, Esq. I rivets, or instead of them coats of
William Massye, Esq. plate or brigandines, 2 long-bows, one
harquebus. All these furnished.
Two of the *' seven justices of peace not known
"to be of any religion, and therefore suspected to
'^be Papists," in 1580, were ''John Poole of Poole,
'' and Sir Rowland Stanley " [of Hooton].
Among the names of the nobility and gentry
who contributed to the defence of the country at
the time of the Spanish Armada, 1588, appears
that of ''John Poole, armiger, g die Marcii £2^,'"
which was the average donation, though a few
wealthier men, such as Sir Rowland Stanley, gave
as much as ;^ioo.
Mr. Joseph Mayer says, ''An appeal in October,
" 1598, for Light Horsemen, was responded to with
6 Auger is the old pronunciation for Alsager (also formerly spelt Algier and
Alsacher). The Pooles had property there early in that century, for in 1 510
Thomas Pole defended his right to 4 messuages, 308 acres of land, pasture,
wood, and turf, &c., in Alsager, Lawton, Wermyncham, and Middlewich.
Perhaps his grand-nephew, Randal (John's brother), had inherited Alsager,
and it may be to this occasion that one of the papers in our possession refers,
" Randal who came with 80 tall men to wail on Queen Elizabeth." These
papers, which are very voluminous, have been largely used in the compilation
of this paper, and many of them quoted at length.
176 The Poole Family.
** alacritv ; voluntarv contributions were sent in to
*' the Treasury ; most of the CathoHc families,
'* represented by the venerable Rowland Stanlev,
** of Hooton, [John] Poole and * others,' rallied
*' round the Standard of the Queen, and thus jjave
** proof of their loyalty and patriotism."
Thomas Poole covenanted with Sir Edward
Fytton of Gawsworth, in November, 1546, that his
son, John Pole, alias Poole, should marry Sir
Edward's daughter, Susanna. It seems peculiar
that out of **the somme of £246 13s. 4J. sterlynge,''
which Sir Edward covenanted to pay to ** Tomis
** Pole/* the sum of '* fii 6s. 8^/. was to be to the
** use of Marv, now wvf of the said Tomis, for her
*' good will, favour, and assent toward the said
** marriasfe.** Thomas Pole died a few davs later,
2nd December, 1546, and John, his son, was then
aged ** 14 years, 5 months, 3 weeks, and 4 days,"
so he was born on the 7th June, 1532, when his
father was not more than ig years of age.
Susanna Poole was living at Gawsworth in
1547, but John Poole had married a second wife
before 1574, as is suggested by the inscription —
LP. 1574 K.P. — already referred to, which was
quite recently, and is probably still, in the front
i^arden of Poole Hall. His Funeral Certificate
(printed below) establishes the fact that his
second wife was Katherine MvnshulK and that she
was the mother of his children." He died on the
5th, and was buried in Eastham Church on the
13th December, 16 13.
The /my. />.;;/., taken at Sandbach in the county
of Chester, 19th April, 12 James I [1614] , says,
John Poole, Esquire, at the time of his death was
seized of several watermills, a windmill, 2,000
acres of land. 5,000 of meadow, 2,000 of pasture,
7 Mr. llelsby, contradicting Ornierod, says Susan Fytton was the mother
of John's children, and (Questions his marriage with Katherine Mynshull>
The Poole Family, 177
600 of wood, 1,000 of marsh, 1,000 of furze and
heath, and los. rent in the manors of Buerton,
Poole, otherwise Nether Poole, Capenhurst, and
Stanlowe, otherwise Stanlowe Grange ; and in
Neston, Liscard, Kirkby, Wallasey, Thingwall,
Leighton, and the city of Chester ; and of mes-
suages in Nether Bebyngton, Great Neston,
Wallasey, and Backford, by much the same
tenures as they were formerly held. That by
his charter, dated 24th January, 3 Eliz. [1561],
in consideration of a marriage previously solem-
nized between John, his son and heir-apparent,
and Mary, then his wife, daughter of Sir Row-
land Stanley, knight, enfeoffed certain trustees
with the said mevSsuages, &c. And that, in
accordance with an Indenture made loth January,
1587, he levied a fine the following April entailing
them . . . That John the son, being seized
of the remainder, conveyed in 1597 of the Buerton
property, 7 messuages, a parcel of land called ^^ le
*' Parke Poole," a messuage in Woodhouse Lane,
closes called the High Bridge Hill, le Calvercroft,
the new park in Buerton, Colman's Meadowe, le
Tranmere Moar, le Ashe Moar, great and little
Stockings, le Syde Field, le Mascock, le Wall
Meadowe, le Wall Croft, and Piggs Croft . .
and a parcel of land in Buerton le Accalses (?),
with their appurtenances, to trustees to the several
uses of Eleanor, daughter of John Poole the son,
and of his younger sons, Thomas, George, Francis,
and lidward for 31 years, they paying the accus-
tomed rents thereof. The said estates of the sons
to be made void, if desired, by a monetary payment
to them by their father for that purpose, and the
daughter's estate redeemed for 100 marks, payable
by instalments, after the decease of John Poole
the elder, and Katherine, his then wife. Eleanor
'^ took to husband John Bowes, Esq.," and they
o
178 The Poole Family.
sold their share of the premises to Thomas Gamull,
Ksq., for;^40. Mary, widow of John Poole of Capen-
hurst, was then living at Oldfield. Then follows an
account of the lands, &c., held by John the father
'• in socage for the rent of a red rose," &c., much
the same as those held bv his father Thomas, but
the value of all is worth more per annum ; and the
Inquisition found that *' John Poole, Ksquire, is
•• kinsman and next heir of John Poole, Esquire.
** deceased, and he is 30 years of age and more."
The Funeral Certificate also savs Katherine was
the wife of John Poole and the mother of all his
children. It seems that in those davs thev usually
ignored those who had previously died issueless.
John's son Richard, his daughter Mary, who had
married James Skrymshire,and several of his grand-
sons, are not mentioned, neither is his third wife
Elizabeth, daughter of H. Copinger, and widow of
Sir Geo. Clifle (alias Clive). She evidently shared
the weakness of some ladies of the present time in
not liking to resign her title on her re-marriage, as
she is entered in the Eastham register as ** Ladie
'* Elizabeth Cliffe, sepult. 20 July, 1609." His
Funeral Certificate is as follows : —
John Poole of Poole in the Counv of Chester, Esq*", dyed on
the v**» day of December, 16 13, and lyeth interred in Estham
Church in the said County. He niaryed to his first wife Susana«
daughf to fitton of Gosworth, knight, by whom he has no yssue.
He maryed secondly Kathern, daugh"^ to John Mynshull of Myn-
shull, in the County of Chester, Esq*", by whom he had yssue : —
John Poole, his sonne and heyr ; he niaryed Mary daugh"" to ii^
Rowland Stanley of Hootpn knight, by whom he had yssue,
John Poole, his sonne and heyr : he maryed Dorethy daugh' to
Thomas Tylsley of Morleys in the County of Lane. Esq*"; he
hath yssue James, Thomas, and Margrett Poole.
(Francis Poole a sonne to John and Mary Stanley maried
Elizabeth, dau. to Tho. Frogge of Mynsule, and haue John.
Ellen eldest dau. to John and Mary Stanley, maried John sonne
to S' Edward Bowes, and they haue yssue.) [The words in par-
entheses have been added in different ink and much smaller
writing, between the lines of the original.]
The Poole Family. 179
Rowland seacond sone to the defunct maryed Mary daught"^
to John Sounde of Hattfeild, in the County of Essex, Esq*" ; they
haue yssue, John, Thomas, Randle, Henry, Richard, James,
Anne and Dorothy.
Raynold third sonne to the said defunct, maryed Cisely,
daughf to Mathew Woods of Wydeberry, they haue yssue John,
Thomas, Jane, and Ales,
Maude, eldest daught' to the defunct, maryed John Culcheth
of Culcheth, in the county of Lane. Esq', they haue yssue, John.
Bridgett, second daught*" to the defunct, maryed to S*" Thomas
Steward of Eley in the County of Cambridge knight.
John Poole."
This ivS probably the signature of John the
grandson. The '*undc " in the name of Rowland*s
wife has been marked through, and " wen/' making
it Sowen, written in the same ink and writing as
the additions which I have put in parentheses.
Parts of the edofe are torn awav from the earlier
Funeral Certificate of—
John Poole, sonne and heyre to John Poole of P. w'Mn the
County of Chester, Esq., decessed upon the xxviij*^ of July 1601
And was interred in . . . Church upon the xxx'^ day of the
some month aforesaid.
He maryed Mary, daughter of S"^ Rowland Stanley of Hooton,
within the County of Chester, knight, and by her hath yssue
John Poole soone and heyre, who hath maried Dorothy daughter
of Thomas Tyldsley of Morley, within the County of Lancaster,
Esq. George 2nd soone, Edward 3rd soone, ffrances 4th soone.
Eleanor sole daughter maryed vnto John Bowes soone and heyre
of S"^ Edward Bowes of . . . within the County of . . .
knight.
This wo^^ gentleman deceased bereth azure A lyon Rampant
ar., the field chareged w*^ vij flower de luces or, borne by the
name of Poole. The 2^^ ar., a cheveron betweene 3 stagges
head cabaged gu/es, born by the name of Buerton. The 3"^
gu/es, A cheveron between 3 Capons Ar., beakes and legs or
borne by the name of Capenhurst. The 4'** sable 2 bars Ar,
vpon a Canton of the first, a garb between akornes or borne by
the name of Dead wood.
The description of the arms and crest written
by Henry, grandson of Rowland Poole, for his son,
^ //a;-/. AfS., 2041, :'o. 128. I'rinttrd by Lane, and Chesh. Record Society y
vol. vi, pp. 1 59-160
2
i8o The Poole Familw
m
and still remaining among the Poole papers is, by
contrast, very amusing.
Son
Y« Armes o' ffamuly bares is A Loyon Rumpiant c^ Argent in
English : white tho so called in Herroldry. Poudred with 7
ffower* De Lusis or, that in Latin is aurum: Gould. In a field
asur\ y* is to say blew :
The Crest
A Griffins heade deepe Asur y* Eyes and Beake thereof or ; y*
is to say as above Gould this is set on A helniit or with A Duckall
Coronett or.
At the date of the /;/</. />.;;/. of John Poole of
Poole, in 1614, his grandson John Poolk of Poole,
Esquire, who was the son of John Poole of Capen-
hurst, gent., who was the eldest son of John Poole
of Poole above-named, was aged 30 years.
John Poole of Capenhurst died in his father\s
lifetime on the 28th |ulv, 1601 (see his F'uneral
Certificate above). He married, before the vear
1561, Mary, daughter of Sir Rowland Stanley of
Hooton, Knight, by whom he had a numerous
family. She was living at Oldfield in 1614.
John Poole, the son, seems to have been ex-
travagant, as ** by the name of John Poole of
'* Capenhurst/' he mortgaged to Edward GamuU,
Alderman of Chester, in February, 1599, for ;{,"383,
messuages, cS:c.. in the manor of Huerton (being
part o{ the al)ove-described property), ** the mort-
** craoe to become an absolute sale unless the
** money were repaid within a year." Then with-
out havini)^ renaid it, he also morti^ai>"ed, 16 months
later, June 1601, lands to Thomas Gamull of the
Inner Temple, London, for /,'iyo, which money
was to be repaid before Michaelmas. His deatii
occurring in the following month, an Indenture was
made on the 25th September agreeing that his son,
described as ** John son and heir of John Poole of
Capenhurst," should nave liberty to redeem the
lands l)y payment of 1,000 marks, in instalments,
The Poole Family. i8i
within 5 years after the death of John Poole of
Poole, his grandfather.
John Poole, the son of John Poole and Mary
Stanley, is mentioned in April, 1632, as paying a
composition of £^^ for not attending and taking
up his knighthood at the King's coronation. This
John Poole married Dorothy, daughter of Thomas
Tyldesley of Morleys co Lancaster, Esquire, and
their initials appear on the stone before referred to.
He died in 1641, and was buried at Eastham on
the i8th of May. Mrs. Dorothy Poole, probably
his wife, was buried at Eastham, from Poole Hall,
on the 2nd January, 1666-7.
John was succeeded by his son James Poole of
Poole, Esquire, who was aged 10 at the Visitation
of 1613, and died in 1645 of wounds received at
the siege of Chester. James married twice, but
having no male issue, was succeeded by his brother
Thomas Poole of Poole, Esquire, the father of
James Poole of Poole, Esquire (buried at Easthani
gth November, i66g), who, by his wife Mary,
sister of Sir Edward Mostyn of Talacre, baronet,
had issue : —
I. Benjamin Poole, of London, who was born
26th Jan., 1656, died 12th Jan., 1714, and was
buried at Walthamstow, co. Essex. He mar-
ried first, Henrietta, daughter of George Vernon
of Sudbury, co. Derby, by whom he had no
issue ; and secondly, Margaret, daughter of
Anthony Lowther of Cleveland, co. York, by
whom he had a daughter and heiress, Margaret,
married to John Nichol of Minchenden, co. Mid-
dlesex, and was mother of a daughter and
heiress, wife of James, Duke of Chandos. His
monument at Walthamstow, which bears the
arms of Poole impaling Lowther, is inscribed
as follows (the name of his father being inac-
curately stated) : —
The Poole Family,
In a vault beneath this tomb | is interred the body of Benjamin
Poole, Esq. eldest son of | S"^ William Poole of Worrall in the
county of Chester Knt. | He first marrried Henrietta, the daugh-
ter of George Vernon | of Sudbury in the county of Derby, Esq.
by whom he had no | issue, and afterwards Margaret, the daughter
of Anthony | Lowther of Maske. in Cleveland, in the county of
Yorke,Esq. | by whom he hath left issue one daughter Margaret |
and by whom this monument has been erected | in memory of
her most dear and most beloved husband. | He was born Jan^
xxvi in the vear mdclvi ' and dved lan^ xii in the year mdccxiv.
2. James Poole, ol' Poole, created a baronet 25th
October, 1677, whose marriages and descen-
dants are described below.
J. William Poole, who was included in the limi-
tations of the patent of baronetcy, and whose
marriage and issue are described below.
Sir James Poole, first baronet, married three
times. His first wife was Anne, daughter of Thomas
Eyre of Hassop. co. Derby, by whom he had
issue : —
I. John Poole, buried at Eastham, i2nd Septem-
ber, 1692.
J. James Pooh\ died without issue 8th October,
1706, having married Meliora, daughter of
Gumbleton of Kent.
3. Francis Poole, M.P. for Lewes in 1743, who
succeeded to the baronetcv,died i6th February,
1763, having conformed to the Established
Church. He married Frances, daughter of
Henrv Pelham of Lewes, co. Sussex, bv whom
he had issue : —
(i.) Henry Poole, Commissioner of Excise,
succeeded as third baronet, and died
without issue in 1767.
(2.) Ferdinando Poole, who succeeded his
brother as fourth baronet, married, in
1772, . . . daughter of Thomas White
of Horsham, co. Sussex, but died without
issue 8th June, 1804.
The Poole Family. 183
(3.) Frances^ married, 6th October, 1767, to
Henry, second Viscount Palmerston, and
died 1st June, 1769.
(4.) Harriot
(5.) Lucy
4. Anne^ married to Robert Molyneux ot Moss-
borough, CO. Lancaster.
Sir James married for his second wife Anne,
daughter of . Kirkham, relict of Sir Thomas
Estcourt of Pinkney, co. Wilts.. Knt., Master in
Chancery ; she was buried at Eastham nth March,
i6g8-g, having had issue ; —
5. Rowland Poole, baptized at Eastham loth
January, i6go-gi ; married Bridget, daughter
of Richard Huddleston of Milom Castle, Cum-
berland, by whom he had three daughters
Bridget. Anne, and Elizabeth, who died un-
married.
6. Thomas Poole, buried at Eastham 14th
December, i68g.
7. Willia^n Poole, buried at Eastham 30th
December, 1693.
Sir James married for his third wife Frances,
daughter and co-heiress of Major-General Ran-
dolph Egerton of Betley, co. Stafford, and relict
of Sir John Corbet of Stoke and Adderley. co.
Salop. Sir James had no issue by her.
We now return to William Poole, the younger
brother of Sir James Poole the first baronet. He
married Mrs. Hesketh of Birchlev. co. Lane, bv
whom he had issue : —
1. William Poole ot' the Hooke, co. Sussex, who
is described below.
2. Edward Poole^ M.D., of the Steyne, Brighton,
CO. Sussex.
William Poole of the Hooke, Receiver-General
of the Stamp Office, was aged 8 years in 1704 ;
and died 22nd December, 1779. He married first
184 The Poole Family.
Grace, sister of Thomas Pelham of Stanmer Place,
CO. Sussex, sister of Frances, wife of Sir Francis
Poole above-named. He and his wife are described
as ** both of Poole Hall " on their marriage at the
church of St. Marv on the Hill, Chester, and thev
were therefore at that time quests of Sir Francis
at Poole Hall. Bv her he had no issue.
William Poole married secondly Dorothea,
daughter of the Rev. Daniel Walter, Vicar of
Cuckfield, CO. Sussex, by whom he had issue : —
1. The Rev. Henry Poole ^ who succeeded as fifth
baronet.
2. Hcnriettiiy living 17 16.
3. GracCj wife of Thomas Sanden, M.D., of
Chichester, co. Sussex.
The Rev. Sir Hlnrv Poole, fifth baronet, suc-
ceeded in 1804; was born 29th February, 1744-5,
and died 25th May, 182 1, when the baronetcy
expired. He married Charlotte, daughter and
co-heiress of Jonathan Burward of Woodbridge,
CO. Suffolk, bv whom he had issue : —
1. Horn Pooli\ who died at Westminster School
*' choking on an orange pip," 1803, aged 11
vears.
2. Henrietta, died loth October, 1862, aged 72
years; married July, 1820, to Francis Ker
Hepburn, C.B., Major-General Scots Guards,
who fought at Waterloo, and died 7th June,
1835, leaving issue two sons and a daughter.
3. Charlotte Eli:.abeth, married to Robert Willis
Blencowe, who died leaving issue a son, John
George Blencowe, born 181 7, died igoo, leav-
ing numerous issue.
Through the kindness of Mr. Blencowe, grand-
son of the Rev. Sir Henry Poole, the last baronet,
copies of the following papers concerning the elder
branch of the famiiv were made bv Miss Alice
Poole, who (with her sister Miss Poole) now
resides at Ealing.
The Poole Family, 185
In 1729 Sir James Poole's son, Rowland, wrote
to his cousin, William Poole, then resident at the
Hall. The letter touches on domestic affairs, and
the whole tone is kindly and considerate. After
complaining that several letters had remained un-
answered, Mr. Rowland Poole continues : —
You'l may be wonder I have not order'd the payment of ye
money you laid out for my wife's lace, but it is because I did not
know exactly what the price of it was, and expected still to hear
from you. My wife is extreamly well pleased with it, if you'l but
send me the charge I will send M^ Tag orders to pay you. My
wife has sent you a keg of Pickl'd Cockles towards Lenten diet,
for Chard this year there was none to be got. There is also a
kegg for M^=^ Stanley. I wish they may prove good, for Carriers
are so very negligent that things of this nature are often spoil'd
in carriage. My wife bids me tell you when you received them
you must take them out of ye keg & put them into an Earthen
Pott & boil up the liquor & put on them again when it is cold.
The postcript states, ''Your cockles set forward
*' tomorrow." The family at the Hall were Roman
Catholics, which will explain the present '' towards
'• Lenten diet." Mrs. Stanley, who also received
a keg, was wife of the owner of Hooton Hall.
In 1744^ Roland Poole was tenant of the Hall,
and one paper of interest is a bill of sale of plate
and household effects from him to his brother Sir
Francis, dated March i6th, 1744.
Know all men i)y these presents that I, Rowland Poole of
Poole in the county of Chester Esquire, for and in consideration
of the sum of one Hundred and fifty pounds to me paid at &
before the sealing and Delivery of these presents, by Sir Francis
Poole of Poole afs^ Baronet, the Receipt whereof I do hereby
acknowledge, Do bargain and sell to the said Sir Francis Poole
All the goods Plate and Implements of Household of me the
said Rowland Poole, hereinafter particularly mentioned now
y Sir Francis Pooie (the second baronei) conformed to the Established
Church, having married into the Pelham family and gone to live in Sussex.
The chapel at Poole Hall, which had been closed for some time, was once
more opened by the Kev. Charles Dormer, S.J. (sixth Baron Dormer), who
came there in September, 1750, and was resident at the Hall in 1752, which
is the last mention of the mission there. (Information of Mr. Joseph
Gillow).— Ed.
1 86 Tlie Poole Familw
standing and being in Poole Hall afs^ and in the Dwelling house
of me the said Rowland Poole within the City of Chester (that
is to say) one silver Tankard and server, five silver spoons, a
marrow spoon and one silver can, Four pair of Bedstocks and
Curtains, six Feather Beds and Blankets, two dozen of caned
Chairs and Couch of the same, two large looking Glasses and
one Dressing Glass, Four Dozon of Pewter Plates and one Dozen
of Dishes, Five Brass Potts or Panns and two Saucepans^ one
stove Grate, Fireshoveil Tongs and Poker, a Jack and all my
other Kitchen Implements, To have and to hold all & singular
the said Goods Plate and Household Stuff & Implements of
Household [use] cS: every of them by these presents bargained &
sold unto the said S"" Frances Poole His Executors and Assigns for
Ever, and 1 the said Rowland Poole for myself my Executors
and Administrators All and singular the said goods & Household
stuff unto the said S^ Francis P. his Ex. &c. against me the said
Rowland Poole my Ex. &c and against all & every other Person
and persons whatsoever shall & will warrant and for ever Defend
by these Presents, of which goods I the said Rowland Poole
have put the said S"" Francis Poole in full possession by delivering
him one silver Tankard at the sealing hereof. In witness whereof
I the said Rowland Poole have hereunto set my hand and seal
this sixteenth day of March 1744.
Sealed & Delivered (being first duly stamped)
in the presence of us the said Tankard
being delivered for the use of the said S"^
Francis Poole. Sarah Markland.
Joseph Skollam.
Mr. Oxton of Bebinj^ton wius ai^^ent for the Poole
estate in the early part of the last centur} . His
letters are businesslike, and show him to have
been a conscientious representative of the interests
of both landlord and tenant. Anionic items of
interest. Mr. Oxton mentions the butchers going to
Warrino^ton to sell the cattle that was on ** ve
** warfe.'' This was '* Poole's wharf" at Stanlowe,
and the cattle were Sir Francis Poole's.
The Mersev was making' serious encroachments
on Stanlowe, and Mr. Oxton tells Sir Francis : —
The, VI have maiie a new llono it comes within about 2 Roods of
the Warte gate, is 30 Roods lonji, the chanell now setts about
Stanloe Rocks — our markits both for corn and cneas are very
loe. Dec"^ i743-
The Poole Family. 187
The next letter from Mr. Oxton. January 25th,
1744. to Sir Francis Poole, at Mr. Otway's. Apothe-
cary, in Penton Street, London, mostly relates to
property in Neston and Wallasey. The Neston
estate they were anxious to dispose of.
I have not had any more than 500/. bid me for your estate in
Neston, but Design to try a week longer to se if I can get more.
The price I wrote you in my last that I had been offered for
adding two lives to that now being in Rowland's Tenem' in
Wallazey parish is a good price, the yearly value it has been let
at is 6/. & 6/. 10 : he is to build upon it the old being p' down,
it is to pay a yearly renewed rent to you of 1 1* 6** ayear, tho'
10^ 6** is all it has paid then now, because in the lease there is
2 hens, & nothing has been paid for them, should have been 12*^
a year, but was. not charged in the rentall.
The next letter of general interest refers to the
gathering of the crops, and the report of those of
John Markland, a farmer tenant, vi^ith a reminder of
promise of Sir Francis to concede an abatement of
arrears to help him oyer the misfortunes that had
happened to him through loss of cattle.
Mr. Oxton was a delightful agent to represent a
good landowner, who, though absent at a distance,
meant to do well by his tenants. The gossip of
Mr. Oxton's letter will be found equally acceptable
to-day. even though 145 years haye passed since it
was written.
Written from Poole 21 September, 17 S3'
Hon** Sir . . We have very fine harvest weather & have cut
the greatest part of our Corn. J"® Markland has cut all his &
we shall finish our tomorrow. I believe Corn will take a pritty
good price this year. J"® Markland has sold his last years chees
& is to go in less than a month's time and have ready money
when I have received it I will have ready a bill. I think you
mentioned when at Poole that you had some thought of allowing
J"® Markland something out of his arrears of Rent towards the
loss of his Cattle, if you*l please to allow Him anything I will
give him credit for what you think proper in his last year's acc*^
We are going to have a good Horse Race at Wallasey on Monday
the first of Oct' next for no/., eleven subscribers, it is said ten
horses will run, the ffirst horse to have 55/., second 33/. and the
1 88 The Poole Family.
third 22/. : a great deal ot" Company is Expected, thare is talk*d
of l4idy Cirosvenor, & sev* other Ladys will be there, when the
race is over I will let Miss Poole know all the news I can hear.
I beg my duty to her vS: am greatly obliged to her for her kind
loiter. ' |No OxTON.
Mi^^* Sanderson's sev* girl has The Rats are very trouble-
a hundred pounds left her by a some at Poole. I have got all
Relation. their runs stop'd as well as I
could but thev have made
new places.
Ilenrv. eldest son of Sir Francis Poole, suc-
ceeded iiis father in 17O3, and the long letter which
is extracted iVoni the family records amply testifies
that, no matter what the jjrade in life, trouble is
ecjually divided, and no man can expect to live a
charmed life, clear ot anxieties ; of which Mr. Henry
Poole had his share prior to his succession to the
family estates. His unexpected removal from the
Board of Excise ; the manv annovances rei2ardin<r
his appointment in a new Ciovernment post ; day
after da\' callini;" upon the gentleman who could set
his mind at rest, without beiui^ able to obtain an
interview ; the death of his father, and unkind
refusal of Mr. John Pelham to allow the deceased
Sir Francis Poole to be buried with his late wife
(formerly Miss Pelham) in St. Michael's Church,
Lewes; the burial at All Saints', and removal of
the wife's bodv to lie with her husband's, the
accounts oi which were all written in one letter :
were hardships enough to unnerve a strong man.
Dec. iS, 1762. It was reported that Hen. Poole was to be
removed irom the Board of Kxcise : on Sunday iq*** it was con-
fidently said ; on Monday the twentieth ]\1*^ Henry Vernon kissed
his Majesty's Hand on being appointed a Commissioner, and the
same day vacated his seat in Parliament. On the 21''^ I waited
on his grace the Duke of Newcastle, acquainted him, who was
affected and concern'd, as soon as I had taken my leave of him
I mounted my Horse for Lewes where I arrived in less than . .
Hours, found my father in good health but very sensibly hurt with
the melancholy news I brought. I continued with him till my
The Poole Family. 189
friends pressed me very strongly to go to London — on Monday
the 17'^ of January I went in the Machine to town ; on Wednes-
day the 19'^ I received a note from Lord Bute the purport of
which was as follows, *' Lord Bute presents his Comp*^ to M*^
'* Poole & desires to have the pleasure of seeing him tomorrow
** morning between 9 and 10." Accordingly I waited on his
Lordship who receiv'd me in the kindest & most obliging manner;
told me my Character was very great, that a great number of
People had interested themselves very warmly in my behalf, that
the removing me from the Board gave him great Concern and
many other civil things — but that the measure was absolutely
necessary, however that he did not mean I should be a sufferer,
& that his Intentions were to appoint me Receiver General of
the Excise in the room of Sir William Milner, which surprised
me not having so much as the most distant Hint of such a thing
being intended ; I cou'd not help after expressing my obliga-
tions to his Lordship observing that the security required was so
immensely great that I really knew not where to apply for it, his
Lordship made light of that and said my Character was such that
I need be under no Apprehensions for want of that, he was sure,
his Lordship then spoke much against Quartering, that is against
a Person being appointed to an Employment & the Profits of it
being given to others, that was a method he said much practised
but vvhat he never cou'd approve, afterwards he meniioned M^^
Poyntz receiving the principal part of Profits arising from the
Place of Receiver General of Excise, that as she was a woman
well spoken of, shou'd he strike her off the world would represent
his Lordship as barbarous and cruel, therefore told me she must
receive apart, but did not specify the snm, indeed said he would
not be seen in it, and referred me to M"^ Martin to settle it — over
and over repeating that I should have a full compensation for
what I had lost. A great multiplicity of Business prevented M"^
Martin from giving me an opportunity of seeing him except for a
moment on Friday the 21^^ of January when he gave me to under-
stand that he should be ready to settle it soon ; upon the 22"^ of
Janv I judged it right and proper to wait on my Father at Lewes
with an account of the kind treatment I received, who expressed
great satisfaction and Joy upon my arrival. I continued with him
until Monday the 24, then return'd in the Machine to Town, and
on Wednesday the 26 was at Lord Bute's Levee who was extreme
kind & gracious & hoped that I had settled my affair with M^
Martin to my satisfaction ; immediately from his Lordship's
Levee I went to the Treasury in great hopes that I shou'd be
able to speak with M^ Martin, but that I found was impossible.
On Thursday the 27*^ I went to the Excise oflfice & attended
as a Commissioner, during my being there 1 took an opportunity
igo The Poole Family.
of speaking to M' Stowe concerning the Business & Profits
arising to the Receiver General ; came home I received a Letter
from Or. Poole with a melancholy account of poor Sir Francis
wrote the Tuesday before ; in about an Hour after by the Hands
of M"^ Tubb I received another with a much more favourable
account, but my Joy was very short for about nine o'clock an
Express arrived, pressing my brother (Fernando) and me to come
as soon as possible, we accordinj^ly got out by six o'clock in the
morning on Friday the 28**^ & arrived at Lewes before one. We
tound Sir Francis extremely ill and in great pain, for several days
he continued much the same very little alteration, his pain less
and less, sometimes we flattered ourselves that he was rather
belter, & for that reason my Brother determinM upon the 7'** of
February to go to London to see M"^ Hawkins, & to ccnsulte
with D' Pringle whether anything more cou*d be done for S'
Francis. The Doctor immediately sent down a Prescription but
Sir Francis's stomach was so weak he cou'd take it only twice.
Upon Wednesday the 9*^ I grew very uneasy finding my Father
weaker and wrote to my Brother pressing him to come down
which he accordingly did on the Friday morning, found there was
no hopes of Sir Francis who lingered on till .Monday the 14,
about three o'clock in ihe afternoon when he expired retaining
his senses to the last. I was very desirous that he shou'd be
buried where my mother was in S* Michael's Church & apply'd
to M' John Pelham for leave who I am sorry to say it, was cruel
enough to refuse me which put me under great difficulties. M^
Humphreys in the most friendly manner offer'd his services &
examined All Saints Church to find out a place to make a vault,
wiiich with some trouble he accomplished. On Saturday the 19'^
he was buried, & orders were given that as soon as the family
were gone to Town for to remove my Mother's Corpse & to place
it in All Saints' Church, which was accordingly done.
On Thursday the 24'^ it was judged proper for my B^ Sister
and me to come to Town, but illness, anxiety, and uneasiness
prevented my stirring out till Tuesday the i*^ March when by
appointment I waited of M*^ .\Lirtin whose very kind Behaviour
I must ever remember for after offering Himself to be one of my
sureties as Receiver General of Excise he express'd a most
friendly Regard & told me my Lord Bute's intention with regard
to my Place ; that I was either to pay myself the same sum 1
received as Commissioner of Excise & that whatever was wanting
to M" Poyntz of what she used to receive, it was to be made up
to her by M^ Jenkinson ; or that I should receive the same sum
which Sir William Milner did, or that whatever sum might be
wanting I might receive from M' Jenkinson, the former of which
schemes with proper submission 1 preferr'd.
The Poole Family. 191
The sister referred to was Frances, who, in 1767,
married the right hon. Lord Viscount Palmerston,
and died in 1769 without issue. Her epitaph is in
Ormsby Church, Romsey, Hants.
In 1767, four years from the completion of this
doleful letter. Sir Henrv died, and, failin^f issue, was
succeeded bv his brother Ferdinando, for whom Mr.
Boydell made a survey, June 24th, 1788. He gives
the •' Totall" yearly value, after deducting taxes, of
Poole Demesne and Hall, Pool Town lands, Stan-
low Farm, &c., as fioy^, and savs —
Note the Lands about Pool Town as well as part of the De-
mesne is a cold thin coated Land on a bad Ramelv Bottom, and
in General very Poor, but would receive considerable improvement
from a Slight Marling, & Dressings of sea Sand or Sluch where
such lies convenient & from Common Sand when carried into
the Farm Yard to receive the Stale and Waste of the Midden —
which would add much to such Manure as will suit that kind of
Land . . Great attention ought to be paid to the Cops Bank
as well as to the Edge of the Marsh to stop the future encroach-
ments of the Tides.
Sir Ferdinando Poole died in 1804, and leaving no
issue, was succeeded by his cousin, the Rev. Henrv
Poole, son of William Poole of the Hooke, county
Sussex, and grandson of William the brother of
James, the first baronet.
In the Rev. Sir Henry Poole the long and hon-
ourable elder branch of the 1 ooles of Poole Hall
came to an end, he havini^ had an onlv son who,
when II years of age, a scholar at Westminster
school, met his death, •* choking on an orange pip.''
Thus this branch of the family is now only repre-
sented in the female line. Sir Henry died in 182 1.
leaving two daughters, co-heiresses. The eldest.
Henrietta, afterwards married General Hepburn.
Her children died issueless. Mrs. Hepburn, the
widow of one of her sons, is the present owner of
the Hooke,
192 The Poole Family.
The vounsrest dauirhter, Charlotte Elizabeth,
was the wife of Robert William Blencowe. Their
son. John Georjje Hlencowe of Bineham. Chailey.
Sussex, has a familv of sons and daiio^hters, and
also i^randchildren.
Upon the decease of the Rev. Sir Henry Poole,
the Cheshire estates were sold bv his daui^fhters
to Earl Grosvenor, whose j^^randson. the I^iike
of Westminster, sold them to R. C. Naylor of
Hooton, Esq., in 1870.
The foilowiniT extracts from diaries of the Rev.
Sir Henry Poole relate to visits he paid to Cheshire
before and after he succeeded to the estates there :
Sept. s^^ 1791- I'C^^ Hooke at 9 a.m. to London, Dunstable,
Daventry, Kenilworth, Talbot Inn Chester. Here we experienced
a sad reverse in our accomodation tor we were fixeti in a bad Inn
in a very nasty and noisy Town peculiar and noticeable chiefly
from the stile in which it is built & from its antiquity. The next
morning the 13th we set out to view Poole Hall the very old and
ruinous seat of the Poole family : about S or 9 miles from Chester
— we found the mansion quite desolaieti «^' in decay iS: the Gar-
dens all neglected Cv: a Wilderness & indeeii the Karms all round
it wretched!) managed and very ill Husbanded.
But the Day being fine we amused ourselves for some Hours
by the side of the River Mersey, & returned to a very late dinner
at Chester where we again slept. On the morning of the 14*** left
it for Crosby.
Memoranda ap Poolk Ham. June & July 1809.
Thomas Hugh's land was divided by M*" Ashurst between
Jonathan ^ Thomas Maddock, v^ the proportion of Rent of each
settled for Remainder of Hughes Lease — They also being bound
to make good the arrears of Rent due from Hugh — The Bricks
and materials of the House and Buildings which were at Pool
Town to be cleared and prepared for repairs or adding to.
Jonathan Maddocks in consequence of his having the largest
share of Hugh's land and of course keeping a greater number of
Cows. The Clamp of Bricks left from the former Repairs and
standing were burnt use to be covered with Gorse and large
Faggots to be wanted for such use or other uses. The ground to
be cleared where House ^ building were burnt*'' ^K: to make a
10 It is curious how often the buildings have been burnt — twice in the time
that the last tenant was at Poole Hall.— M. E. P.
The Poole Family. 193
small Croft to Maddock field. Hie Hedge or Fence to run in
front of that Croft and straight before the Cottage to the Corner
of the Hedge butting out from Maddock's Field to the Cottages
to be altered for Men's Garden Ground & railing away the old
Gardens behind them.
The piece of waste land from the smithy or present Taylor's
House to where the Bricks now stand to be enclosed & laid to
Maddock's Field upon a valuation by M^ Currey with a reserve
to burn Bricks there when or if ever wanted. And also any
other small pieces of waste lying in or near Poole Town to be
enclosed if accomaiing to the Cottages or at all improving the
look of the village. Observing that the water Courses are kept
clear v't open so that the Main Road is not injured by the Water
running over it.
Resprcting Span low Cop or Ska Bank.
It having appeared to me that in consequence of the money I
had paid to the Sewer or level Tax, I had a right to a share or
proportion of the Money so levied for the repairs of the Banks I
called on M*" Potts of Chester, & from him I learnt (S: saw from
the award of Aless''^ Leicester & Topping upon their view of the
whole of the Cop or Bank from one end to the other, that they
had decreed that Sir C. Bunbury and myself sh^ keep our respec-
tive Cops or Banks in repair for certain spaces or distances; but
tliat all the adjoining I^ands were to contribute a Quota to main-
tain the Great Sea Cop on which the safety of the whole appeared
to them to depend, <S: that Quota was to be in proportion to the
Situation &: Quality of the adjacent Land, some paying Sixpence
some a shilling an Acre, t\: mine being in the first Ratio — I must
own that this a[)peared reasonable in parts but not in toto, for it
was quite right that the great Cop should be so supported &
maintained, yet I could see no reason why the other Cops or
Banks sh^^ not also have a smaller share of their own Contribution
for their repairs, because if they failed the mischief would be
almost if not quite as great <!t fatal to all the level lands behind
them as if the great Cop failed — & therefore all those persons,
the safety of whose lands depended on the Preserving the whole
of every Cop or Sea Bank from each extreme Point, sh'^ pay as I
have the who/e Bank in j^roportion to the necessary Expense of
keeping the whole Sound and Ciood.
But it is otherwise adjudged, & therefore it would perhaps be
best to submit to that adjudication than resist or controvert it —
with respect to my Cop at Stanlow & which Sudworth (?) by his
Lease is to keep in repair, some of it is well done & some not
clone, but it is generally thought if a/l former Tenants had done
all thev should have done the encroachment of the sea w^ have
194 ^''^ Poole Family.
been less & the I^iui saved that is now h)st being about S acres
near Stanlow House ^r Point.
M^ Brown of Whitby c^' M"^ Dunkly (?) both agreed that a
(Iripp or (Jroin w** be necessary in a particular Point, cS: I shall
leave to M*^ Currey & them to settle what is ^: ought to be done,
being wholly unversed in such affairs mvself
Saw M"^ Whitby, Lord (irosvenor's Steward, tJs: set him right as
to the properly out ot which the Chief Ront issued which he bad
for some years refused to pay, C^ as He in one instance found the
late Steward M"^ Viccar's Account tally wiiii mine it is probable
this business will be amicably adjusted.
Left Hook on Monday the 12th June, 1S09 (?), with my Wife
and 2 Daughters and Miss Howen, one woman, & one Man
servant on the Dickev or Hox ^: one sent forward on Horseback —
went with my own Horses to Cuck field C^ then 4 post Horses to
Col. Clitheroe's, at Boston House near l>rentford.
Tuesday 13^^ Wed. . . . Thursday . . . <Jv:c. Saturday
went to Lichfield, calling to see Warwick Castle on our way, cC*
got to M"^ Dobsons ab* S o'clock— 80 miles. Sunday spent at
Lichfield ^ went to the (\athedral mornini; and afternoon. M'^
v\: M*^ Nares dined wiiii us.
Monday reached Chester, 63 miles, & dined ^^ walked about in
the evening.
Tuesday 20*'* June, to Poole Hall — 10 miles.
Wednesday 21'*' June. Walking cK: riding about Poole Hall &
the river side <& attended milking of 56 (\iws in evening.
Tuesday [Thursday] 22"^'. .At Poole Hall, ^r in the market
carl to Hooton, i!v: drawing Pond in the evening but caught
nothing.
Friday 23'^'', Marked some Trees to fell for further Repairs on
the Estate.
Saturday 24*'^ Went to Chester with Daalby to speak to M*^
(or M«) Barker.
Sunday 25»*\ 'I'o Lastham C^hurch.
Monday ct*''. Business at Poole Hall v\: on the property, with
M' Ashursi who dined with us, ^K: the Cottons in the afternoon to
tea.
Tuesday 26''*. Went to see Stanlow in the morning & the
Tenants and their wives dined with us.
Wednesday 27'*'. Crossed the Meisey with Cap" Cotton vK:
y\^^ Daalby to Liverpool, view liie Docks. i\:c., ^rc. — dined with
M' Ihldwin at NP I owndes ^: to Crosby in the evening.
Thursday 2S*'\ Went to sea side in the morning Ct M"^ <lt M*^
Blundel from Little Crosby. Cv: .\P and M^ Ciiadstone dined with
us.
The Poole Family. 195
Friday 29^*^. Morning at Liverpool &: dined at home. The
Girls and L. Poole with M'"=^ Blundel.
Saturday 30'^. At home, & al>^ Crosby.
Sunday i^' July. Did Duty at Crosby & a large party. The
Lowndes, W'" Baldwin &c. dined.
Monday 2"^^ Went ali to Liverpool, dined & slept & went to
the Play with the Lowndes
Tuesday 3'"^^ Walked about Liverpool in the morning and
came in the E.istham Boat to Poole Hall to dinner. M^ Baldwin
with us.
Wednesday 4^^ 1 went with Daalby to Chester Horse tit
Cattle Fair — a great show of both but nothing very capital in
either. Saw Mr. Potts on the subject of Commission of Sewers
resi)ecting Stanlow Cop, or Sea-bank.
Thursday 5^^ . . . . iS: Miss Cotton came here, & the
Baldwins being with us we fished some Maries pits in the morning
c\: all dined here, and again fished in the evening.
Friday 5^^ Baldwins left us & we went to dine at Thornton
with the Cottons & the evening being so very wet, slept there &
had a good deal of music.
Saturday 8^\ Returned from Thornton & were at home the
rest of the day.
Sunday 9^^^ Went early to Thornton to Church and did the
afternoon Duty. A great deal of Church music. Returned in
the eveninir.
EXPKNSKS GOIXO TO & AT LIVERPOOL.
i J yJiK L ••• ••• a«a ••! •••
£0
8
Chaise to & from Crosby
I
10
6
Phv
18
Sunchys ...
I
2
6
(iowns <!s: Shawl «^' Candlesticks for
l^HluV ••» ••• ••• -••
4
5
6
A i^>ook bag, Rug ^\:c. &c. at tiie
VA\w(\ Asylum
2
16
6
Tenants Expenses at Liverpool ...
^5
Boat back
£^2 5
Monday ic''\ At Home 1 Poole Hall) Doing business with
-NP Ashurst — Jones came to dinner.
Tuesday ii^\ Went in liie Canal Boat with the Cottons to
Chester, & spent the day witii .\P and M" Humbersion, Nr=^
(Cottons son cS: Daughter, AP »^ W^ Jones from Wales with us.
P 2
igG The Poole Family,
Wednesday io»^. Went, and M^ Cotton with us, to Eten
Lord Grosvenors, the finest Modern Gothic Building in the
Kingdom v\: well worth seeing. Returned to Chester & then
home to Poole Hall. Saw W Ashurst in the evening.
Boat to (Chester ... ... ... ;/,'o 6 o-
Hill at Chester (Chaises included Cs:
also Tenants and Servants)... 426
Gowns for the Daity Girls at I\>ole
Hall as Kairing ... ... ... i 17 6
;^6 6 o
Thursday 13*'*. The Cottons irom T'nornton and Miss Majen-
die — M'^and M*^ Humherston from (Chester dined here & spent a
very pleasant dav, ^: the Servants had a Dance in the Evening in
the Hall.
Friday 14*'^ Rode to Hooton ^: to a View of some I^nds
which were proposed to he exchanged with S*" The. Stanley — but
left all to be .settled by M* Currey c\: M*^ Jackson.
Saturda) 15'^*. Rode with my Daughters to Park Gate and to
Gayton (M"^ Glegge's) and to Pouhon (M'" Green's).
Sunday i6'*'. Did Duty at Eastham C!hurch.
Monday I7^'\ Cotton from 'I'iiornton dined here.
Tuesday i8»K Left Poole Hall with great regret for Withing-
ton-?).
6 July. 1S12. Left Home [Hook' with my wife c^ eldest
daughter in the Chaise v\:c.
,, ,, ,,» .,*
S"*. At Lichfield we dined with our friends the Dodsons, from
Wednesday arieinoon till Friday morning tS: then proceeded lo
Chester ^: from Chester to 'J'hornton, M*" Currev's which we
reached all rii^ht . . . on the loth.
II**'. Rode with M"^ C'urrey to Poole Hall & ab* Premises.
i2'*'. At Churcli at Kasiham. Gave the Ringers a guinea.
i3'*\ Business with M' .\shiirst ; ^: rode round the Farms of
both the Maddo< ks wuh Him ^: M' Currey t!v: also took a survey
of a Road to Whitby proposed to be altered tS: changed.
14^*^. Spent the Day, \' dined at Pooie Hall, ^' drawing
various Maile-pits, t^ catching a great many large E»*.ls hut no
Fish of any size. l\i*iing aiso about the Land with Daalby.
15*'\ Went a larue P.jMv 10 Ciiester Fair unending to see
Eaton but could not get permission. Returned to Thornton to
dinner.
16*^. Rode wi'.h M*" Currev to Puddington to see^M[ Ashurst
Cs; settle some business with him ^ to sign notices to ih^iTt^tiants
The Poole Family, 197
in Wallasy — to quit in order to sell when M"" Ashurst thinks a
most convenient season.
17'^. Went with M^ Cuirey to meet T. Sudworth (?) ab' Stan-
low & to view the Grips or Groins that had cost me so much
Money, and was greatly disappointed in their appearance or
rather «6';/-appearance, for they were quite filled up with mud
except just a ridge of stones on the surface where the grips were
found (?) But M"" Ciurey said this was as it ought to be. How-
ever on riding quite the length of the Cop, & observing how
exposed it was in many places to the Inroads & violence of the
water at higii Tides, & how possible or even probable it was that
what had already cost so much might in a very short time be
done again (? I & knowing that, independant of such accidents,
the keeping the Cop or Bank was a heavy annual expense it
occurred to me that it would be wiser to sell than keep such
precarious Property ; ^: on consulting M'" Currey & M'" Ashurst
upon it, I found they were both already of the same opinion &
for the same reasons, adding also, that it would sell at a high
price, give us a mucli larger Income from Interest of the money
than it would give in Rent, <!»c that all the Risks of the winds &
waves w"^ be done away — 1 therefore desired Ashurst when he
looked it over to ascertain Rent, also to make an Estimate as to
its value at the Hammer. For the meantime I would make up
my mind whether to keep or sell it, but in every point of view it
now appears the most advisable to sell, for the Money will be
ready when wanted for any purpose & I do not consider it as
such a Part of the Family Estate as to excite any unpleasant
sensations at parting from it, it having been a Purchase by the
Pooles from the Bunburys, independent of the Ancient Demesne
of Poole, & Poole Hall. And as it is extra-parochial (Abbey
Land) & both Tithe & Tax free, it will probably fetch a very high
price, & M^ Ashurst thinks this a very good time to sell, because
trade being dull, the Liverpool people who are opulent seem much
disposed to lay out their Cash in Land which never sold higher
than at this Time. — TheWallasea Land it is also thought will sell
in small Lots being much in demand by these Liverpool People
for Gardens & Villas, & other Purposes appendant in its Vicinity
to business places, & it is strongly recommended to purchase a
Field or Fields adjoining Poole Hall Property whenever it, or
they, are to be sold.
•'• •'* ,1, •'•
"I* 'I' -,, 'I*
2 1''^ . . to Liverpool — seeing sights . . & after dinner
came (a fine sail) up the Mersey to Eastham & to Thornton.
I .'• »'* •*»
iji -I' '!• 'I*
23'^. Rode with Charlotte to Poole Hall & dined at Thornton.
*•* «i« *•* •••
»,■» ^ »,» #,■»
igS The Poole Family.
When Poole Hail was sold the pictures were
taken from there to the Hooke. If the only one of
■A nun is that described by Ormerod, it has been
altered, as. instead of a skull, there is a book on
the bench before her, and the words, Sancta Clara,
are now in the corner of the picture.
Among the family portraits (which are all half-
lengths, in oil) is one of Sir James Poole, in
armour, wearing a fair wig with long curls. His
wife, who has dark hair, is dressed in blue and with
tabbed sleeves. Another of his (three) wives is also
in a blue dress: she wears a curl over her shoulder.
Sir Francis wears a grey wig and a drab coat,
his wife, Frances Pelhani, is in brown. William
Poole wears a blue coat, laced waistcoat, and a full
grey wig. His first wife, Grace Pelham, is in
white, with a curl over her shoulder. A lady in red
and white, with powdered hair, called " Mrs. Poole,"
may be his second wife, or the wife of his cousin
Rowland. There are other portraits with no names.
There is also a picture of the bay horse " Waxy,"
which belonged to Sir Francis Poole, and won the
Derby in 1793. Tiie cup, now in the possession of
the lilencowes, is silver gilt. " Waxv" was the son
of " Potato," and had a brother " Mealy." The
artist added the trainer, and, not being good at
figures, placed him too far off — he is, therefore,
represented with impossibly long arms. Once when
" Waxy" was returning from some races, he stopped
the night at Godstone. The tenant of the stables
in which he had been put having died, people came
from the owner to claim a heriot, so they seized
" Waxy," he being the best horse in the stables,
and carried him off. Of course he had to be given
up afterwards.
The Poole Family, igg
Poole of London, etc.
To continue the familv historv, we must now
return to John Poole of Poole, born in 1532, who
died on the 5th December, 1613, and was buried at
Eastham on the 13th December. His issue (by
his second wife, Katherine Minshull) were : —
I. John Poole of Capenhurst, gent., who married
Mary, daughter of Sir Rowland Stanley ot
Hooton, and died in his father's lifetime on
the 28th July, 1601, leaving issue referred to
in the earlier part of this paper.
2 Rowland Poole, whose descendants form the
subject of the following notes.
3. Richard Poole, living in 1587.
4. Reginald Poole, who married Cicely, daughter
of Matthew Wood of Wybunbury, co. Chester.
5. Willtani Poole, living 1587, but died in his
father's lifetime.
1. Maude, married to John Culcheth, of Culcheth
CO. Lancaster, Esq.
2. Mary, married to James Scrimshire of Nor-
bury, CO. • . . , Esq.
3. Bridget, married to Sir Thomas Steward of
Ely, CO. Cambridge, knt., whose sister was the
mother of the Protector, Oliver Cromwell.
The order of birth of some of the children of
John and Katherine Poole is not exactly known,
but it appears from his funeral certificate that John
was his son and heir, Rowland his second son,
and Ravnold his third son ; the other sons were
apparently dead without issue when the certificate
was taken.
Rowland Poole, above-named, was of Ely co.
Cambridge, married Mary, daughter ui John Sowen
or Sounde,^^ of Hatfield, co. Essex, Esq., by whom
he had issue : —
II In the uneral certiBcate of John Poole, 1613, this name has first been
written Souttde and afterwards altered to S<nven»
200 The Voole Family.
1. jo/m Poole, whose children are referred to in
the will of his brother Henrv.
2. Thomas Poole, who died before 163 1, leaving
a dauti^hter him survivini»[.
J. Henry Poole of London, whose descendants
are described below.
4. Kandolph Pooit\ baptized at Easthani 20th
October, 1598, who had a daughter, Priscilla,
living in i6ji.
1. Maf'w baptized at Eastham 24th May, 1610.
2. Ann. married to Mr, Do^K'nes,
3. Dorothy, married to Robert Ori^cll of Ely, co.
Cambridge, gent.
In 164 1 Rowland Poole, who appears to have
lived in London and elsewhere, paid a visit to his
old Cheshire home, which he had left nearly thirty
vears before, and then for the first time he heard of
a settlement, dated the loih January, 1587, under
which he was entitled to an annuitv of ^.'6. It
seems that his nephew, John Poole of Poole, grand-
son and heir to the stttlor, had concealed his right
to this annuitv ; on discoverim^: which Rowland
Poole filed a bill in Chancerv, in Hilarv term,
1C41-2, but the decision of the judge has not been
found. This bill mentions that Rowland had a
very small estate from his father, and, being igno-
rant of the annuity, went ** into a remote country
'* to see if he could better his estate, and did settle
*• himself there ever since, till about August, 1641/*
Rowland Poole made a will, dated the 23rd De-
cember, 1641, and another will, dated the 28th
May, 1644, in which he describes himself as
** Rowland Poole of Elve." The latter will was
proved on the loth July, 1648.
By the earlier will the testator appoints his son
Henrv his executor, and leaves the monev due to
him (the testator) of *' the annuitye of 6 pounds p.
The Poole Family, 201
*' a., which baringe arreares and behinde for the
'* space of these twenty six yeares or thereabouts,
*' amountinge to sevenscore cS: sixteene pounds or
** thereabouts . . so much of the arreareages^'
as should be recovered were to be divided into five
parts, of which '* my sone Henry shall have two
*^ full parts . . of the residue my son Randolph
"' shall have eight pounds," the remainder ** to be
'' devided into five parts, whereof my daughter
'' Downes shall have three parts & my daughter
'' Orwell two parts."
The vear after his son Henrv's death, Rowland
Poole of Blye made the later will already referred
to, '' 28th Maye, 1644," which was proved ** loth
*' July, 1648."' It says :—
First of all for )^ small porcon of lemporall things y^ I liave
y^ God hath pleased to bestowe iii)on me. lm})rimis 1 give uiUo
Robert Orwell )*^ sonne or Robert Orwell of Elye, gent., my
randchild, my trunk and all my clothes and wiiat else is in it
. . all )^ rent and moneys that shall be due unto me in
Staffordshire at y*-' time of my death. And I doe require my
lovinge frende ^1"* W"^ Tudman [he had witnessed Rowland's
will of 1 641] to use what means he may lawfully doe for pro-
curing of the said moneys that shall be due unto me in Stafford-
shire .... and what he shall get I desire him to employe
it in the behalf of my grandchild till he come to th'age of
eightcene yeares. Item my will is that my daughter Orwell shall
enjoy that wc^^ shall be due to me at the tyme of my death of an
anuity which I have of Mr. Oliver Cromwell towards and de-
fraying of y^ charge of my buriall.
The cause of the annuitv enioved bv Rowland
Poole was a connection between him and Oliver
Cromwell by marriage. Rowland's sister Bridget
had been the wife of Sir Thomas Steward of Elv,
knt., while the mother of Cromwell was the daughter
of W"^- Steward of Elv, and sister of '' Sir Tho^-
" Stewarde,'' whose will is '' dated 29th January,
** 1635-6.'' In it he bequeaths '* to my lovinge
** sister Elizabeth Cromwell, widow, an annuity of
<r
202 The Poole Family.
'* £io tor her life. To my brother-in-law Mr.
** Rowland Poole, and Mary Poole his wife, and to
** the lonj(er liver of them an annuity of ;^io, out
*• of a manor & other property, which after the
** payment of my debts and lejjacies I bequeath
*• to my nephew Oliver Cromwell, Esquire, and his
** hiers for ever." . . Amonjj legacies from
other property. '• To my cousin Mr. Robert Orwell
**and his wife £^ each." (Cousin was in those
da\s often used for other relationship). Mrs.
Dorothv Orwell, beim^ Rowland Poole's dausfhter,
was niece to Sir Thomas Steward.
Henkv Poole of London, mercer and girdler,
and afterwards of Boston, New England, the third
son of Rowland, like his father made two wills,
both of which remain for reference. The first will
is dated ist September, 163 1, and the second one
20th August, 1643.
Among the bequests in the first will are —
I'nto my dccrc «!v: welbeloved father and mother Thirtie pounds
hciwixt them — my father my best suit of Clothes & my two best
Cloakcs— to my brother John Poole's children Twenty pounds
a year to sue many as now are living to be ordered by my deere
sister Mrs. .An Downes for their good as she shall think fitt to
dispose of it for iliem — To my sister Downes Tenne pounds —
my sister Porathie Poole five pounds — my brother Randal Poolers
daugii*^'" Prisillah Tiiirtie pounds to be ordered by my sister —
to the daughter of my brother Thomas Poole deceased Tenn
l)ound ... to the right Wors" the Lady Stewart Thirtie shil-
iinges to make iier a Ringe ... to such poore people in this
Citie of London such as my executor shall think fitting to dispose
of the same unto ffive pounds— to five poor or distressed Ministers
or JSchollers . . . fhvc pounds— to A poore woman whose name
is Magorie, dwelling over against Billiier Lane Twentie shillings.
Henry Poole married, about the year 1637,
Elizabeth, daughter ot Robert Castell of East
Hatley, co. Cambridge, who died about the year
1667.
The Poole Family. 203
In 1643 Henry Poole went out to Boston, New
England, landing there in August. There is a
touching letter to his wife, from four of his friends,
informing her of his death. It is addressed —
'I o Mrs. Poole alt her house in London.
By y*= way of Malago [Malaga, Spain].
Boston the 30th Sept. 1643.
Mrs. Poole, We salute you in y*^ Lord with all yours wishing
you all sutable and comfortable supply of grace and peace from
y*^ fountaine of all y^ Lord Jesus your Lord and ours : we cannot
but thiiike and consider how unwelcome this wil be to you : at
least )^ contents thereof and )^ occasion of it : yett wlien we
consider y weight and necessity of it, and presuming you are
not only m y^ generall prepared and armed against )^ feares of
any evil tidings }^ may looke you in y^ face; but also in
p'ticular acquainted w''^ God's good pleasure and dealing with
you in making so sadd a breache upon you, and with our earnest
prayer y' God would come in with his supporting and relieving
power to asist you : we therefore think it our duty to acquaint you
how your busines and affaires are in this place : During the time
of our viadge for )= greatest p' thereof God shined upon your
husband with health when most of us all were under his hand
of sickness and about 14 days before he landed God strooke him
l)ut after 5 or 6 days gave hopes of recovery but afterwards
returned and when we came hither care was taken )^ he was
suddenly removed ashore by his great desire and to his good
liking and sure I am he wanted nothing he needed and y^ contry
could afford him, but God who had foreordained it in whose
hands all our wayss and breath are : after we came ashore and
had bin here about 24 dayes y*^ Lord ended his days upon y^ 13th
of this present month : before he dyed he was p'suaded to settle
his estate and hath made his will )<= coppy whereof we have sent
to you wherein you wil find what trust he hath committed to us
w^' we could not refuse considering y^ distance between himselfe
and you and how his busines lay here he being a stranger here
and therefore accordingly I hope God will help us to be faithfull.
We find more difficulty and intricasy in his busines then we did
imagin, and wonder to se such confusion in his busines, things
being very much out of order. Some goods we cannot find bills
nor invoyce for neither in his books : but we must take y*
more paines about it. At present we have sold none nor
received any mony neither can we yett till we ha/e putt it into
some order which we shal do as speedily as may be if we have
any optunity and can we shal send you home some returns but
} ^ tmies are such as we shal wait for further advise from you
202 The Poole Family.
** /.30 tbr her life. To my brother-in-law Mr.
** Rowland Poole, and Marv Poole his wite. and to
** the longer liver of them an annuity of /.'lo, out
** of a manor cS: other property, which after the
** payment of my debts and lejjacies I bequeath
*• to my nephew Oliver Cromwell, Esquire, and his
** hiers for ever." . . . Amonij legacies from
other property, ** To my cousin Mr. Robert Orwell
**and his wife £^ each." (Cousin was in those
days often used for other relationship). Mrs.
Dorothv Orwell, beini»: Rowland Poole's dauijhter,
was niece to Sir Thomas Steward.
Henkv Poole of London, mercer and girdler,
and afterwards of Boston, New Hngland, the third
son of Rowland, like his father made two wills,
both of which remain for reference. The first will
is dated ist September, 163 1, and the second one
20th August, 1643.
Among the bequests in the first will are —
I'nto my dccrc <!v: welbeloved father and mother Thiitie pounds
hciwixt ihcm — mv father niv best suit of Clothes & mv two best
Cloakcs—to my brother John Poolers children Twenty pounds
a year to soc many as now are hving to be ordered by my deere
sister Mrs. .An Downes for their good as she shall think filt to
dispose ot ii tor them — To my sister Downes Tenne pounds —
my sister l>orathie Poole five pounds — my brother Randal Poolers
ilaugh*" Prisillah Thirtie pounds to be ordered by my sister —
to the daughter of my brother Thonias Poole deceased Tenn
pound ... to the right Wors" the l^dy Stewart Thirtie shil-
linges to make her a Ringe . . .to such poore people in this
Citie of London such as my executor shall think fitting to dispose
of the same unto ffive pounds— to f\\Q poor or distressed Ministers
or Schollers . . . ffive pounds— to .\ poore woman whose name
is Magorie, dwelling over against Billiter Lane Twentie shillings,
Henry Poole married, about the year 1637,
Elizabeth, daughter ot Robert Castell of East
Hatley, co. Cambridge, who died about the year
1667.
The Poole Family. 203
In 1643 Henry Poole went out to Boston, New
England, landing there in August. There is a
touching letter to his wife, from four of his friends,
informing her of his death. It is addressed —
'Vo Mrs. Poole alt her house in London.
By y way of Malago [Malaga, Spain].
Boston the 3olh Sept. 1643.
Mrs. Poole, We salute you in y^ Lord with all yours wishing
you all sutable and comfortable supply of grace and peace from
\^ fountaine of all y*^ Lord lesus vour Lord and ours : we cannot
but thinke and consider how unwelcome this wil be to you : at
least )^ contents thereof and )*= occasion of it : yett when we
consider )^ weight and necessity of it, and presuming you are
not only m y^ generall prepared and armed against }^ feares of
any evil tidings }^ may looke you in y^ face; but also in
p'ticular acquainted nv^^^ God's good pleasure and dealing wiih
you in making so sadd a breache upon you, and with our earnest
prayer y^ God would come in with his supporting and relieving
power to asist you : we therefore think it our duty to acquaint you
how your busines and affaires are in this place : During the time
of our viadge for )^ greatest p^ thereof God shined upon your
iiusband with health when most of us all were under his hand
of sickness and about 14 days before he landed God strooke him
Init after 5 or 6 days gave hopes of recovery but afterwards
returned and when we came hither care was taken >^ he was
suddenly removed ashore by his great desire and to his good
liking and sure I am lie wanted nothing he needed and y*= contry
could afford him, but God who had foreordained it in whose
hands all our wayss and breath are : after we came ashore and
had bin here about 24 dayes y*^ Lord ended his days upon y^ 13th
of this present month : before he dyed he was p'suaded to settle
his estate and hath made his will )^ coppy whereof we have sent
to you wherein you wil find what trust he hath committed to us
w^' we could not refuse considering )^ distance between himselfe
and you and how his busines lay here he being a stranger here
and therefore accordingly I hope God will help us to be faithfull.
\Ve find more difficulty and intricasy in his busines then we did
imagin, and wonder to se such confusion in his busines, things
being very much out of order. Some goods we cannot find bills
nor invoyce for neither in his books : but we must take y*
more paines about it. At present we have sold none nor
received any mony neither can we yett till we ha/e putt it into
some order which we shal do as speedily as may be if we have
any optunity and can we shal send you home some returns but
} * tmies are such as we shal wait for further advise from you
2o6 The Poole Family.
Henry ijoing there in 1643. Otherwise was it
prohable that a stranijer (being ill) could have
started so much business in a few davs. Looking:
through the ** Lo^*^ of the ' May flower,' '' I was
struck with the following passage in *' Bradford's
Introduction,'' p. 9, '• Suggestions were made for
*• a removal to Nauset, on the eastern shore of
** Plymouth Bay, where is now the town of
•• Easthant/' In a list of Puritans out there in
1637, there is a Mr. Stoughton.
Henry Poole, who died at Boston, Massa-
chussetts, about 1643, had three sons, Henry,
Robert, and Iildmund, all living in 1643. ^*
these, the eldest,
Hkxrv Poolh, born about 1639, was of St.
Michael Querne, London, grocer, in 1662, and
then aged about 23 ; he is described afterwards as
of Merton Abbev, Surrev. He married, in or
about Februarv, 1661-2, Elizabeth Child, dau":hter
of Ralph Child of St. Michael Querne, then aged
about 20 (Maniai^^e Licences), who died on the
14th October, 1709.
Among the family portraits there is one on the
back of which is written : — '* Ralph Child, the
•* only family portrait saved from the house of his
'* son-in-law, Henry Poole, in the fire of London,
*• 1666." This portrait is now in the possession of
Mr. Henrv Skeffino^ton Poole, with three other
familv portraits, "iven to him bv his cousin Colonel
Poole. This branch of the family is fortunate in
possessing from that time to the present day pic-
tures, miniatures, or photographs of each generation.
Henry Poole "was a merchant in London, but
••* havini^ suffered in his fortune, bv fire, he retired
*' to Martin Abbev in Surrev." Merton Abbev
(then •' vulgarly called Marton Abbey '') belong^ed
to Ellis Crisi), who had inherited it from his sfrand-
father Rowland Wilson. He mav have lent it to
J
The Poole Family. 207
Henry Poole, who was the cousin of his wife Mary,
the onlv child of Henry's uncle Robert Castell.
Mary Crisp and her son Edward left legacies to
their '' cosen Charles Poole," Henrv's son. Letters
of adminivStration were granted to the said Henry
after the death of his mother Elizabeth {nee
Castell), of Hoxton, Middlesex, widow, on 3rd
October, 1667. In 1668 he '*was appointed by the
*' Earl of Berkshire his substitute for the Receipt
'* of Fines, Forfeitures, Issues, and Amerciaments."
The Earl had obtained from Charles II. a grant to
farm the revenue of post fines.
The following is a passport, on parchment, which
the Earl gave Henry : —
Whereas liis Ma*'* by his Le^rs patente under y* Great Seale
of England hath granted unto me Thomas Earle of Berkshire
kn* of \« noble order of the Garter and one of his ]\ra*^*'* most
]-jQj^bie Privie Council All Fines & ffo^'fiiures Issues &
Aine^'cimend'' under the name of the green wax w^'Mn his Ma*'*^
Reahne of England, And now having employed the bearer hereof
Henry Poole gent, my Immediate servant These are theiefore to
will and req*" you and every of you upon sight hereof to forbear
to molest trouble Arrest or Imp^'son the Body of the said Henry
Poole or any otherwise to disturbe him but peaceably and quietly
suffer him to pass & Repass in pursuing and Attending my
service for his Ma***^** Interest, According to the Ancient p'vledge
due unto the peers of this Realme as you will Answer the
Contrary at )our perils (jiven under my hand and seale at
Arnvs the Twentv second dav of Novemb*" in the year of our
Lord one Thousand six hundred sixtie & eight Anno regn I)S
no" Caroli secnndi Regis nunc Anglice &c.
To all Mag**^ Sheriffs Bayliffs Sergants at mac* Kn*" marshalls
men Constables and all other officers and Ministers whome these
may concearne Berkshire.
Henrv and Elizabeth Poole had issue, besides
two daughters, Elizabeth and Jane, two sons, of
whom the elder, Henry Child Poole, died un-
married. The vounijer son, Charles Poole of
Kingston upon Hull, co. York, entered the Royal
Navy as a volunteer in 1697, and passed as a
Lieutenant in 1701. In 1706 he was on the coast
2o8 77/^' Poole Family,
of Spain, under Sir Clouclesley Shovel. The family
tradition is that he was kind to a Spanish nun, who
<rave him various things connected with a Convent
of St. Af^nes. In the lojj kept hy him, mention is
made of the capture of a Spanish vessel : it is pos-
sible the nun was on board, and that he mav have
helped her to escape — at any rate the family possess
the said articles. There are letters written by his
mother Ivli/abetli (luc Child), while he was abroad.
When she died, in October, 1709, her chief injunc-
tion, sent to him by her housekeeper, was that he
would take care of the aforesaid portrait of his
father. On the 17th July, 1713. he was appointed
captain and master of H.M.S. Nraport. In 1716,
at the time of the expected arrival of the Pre-
tender, he was in command of the Pearl on
the east coast of Scotland, under orders to seize
any ships supposed to have any men, arms, or
papers belon<;in<>- to the enemy, and to send them
to the Duke of Arjjyll. On September 7th, he,
with some other officers on board the PcarL was
iriven the freedom of Aberdeen, and the Provost
of lulinburjjh said, in the succeedinjj month, that
he is sure the Duke will i)e pleased with his conduct.
Captain Cliarles Poole married, in 1713, Hli;jabeth,
daui^hter of Hui^h Mason of Hull. She was the
aunt of William Mason, the poet, a monument to
whom was erected in Poet's Corner in Westminster
Abbey, after his death, in 1797, close to the one he
had put up to his friend Gray. Mason was the
friend also of Sir Joshua Reynolds, to whom he
ii'ave a chair for his studio : it is now in the British
Museum. Sir Joshua jjave a portrait of himself to
Mason, who jjave it to his cousin Charles, son of
Captain Charles Poole. This portrait is similar to
that eni^raved as tiie frontispiece of two of the three
volumes of the Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds. A
mourninj;* rin<>\ in the possession of the family, is
i
The Poole Family. 209
inscribed '' C. Pool, oh, 30 Dec. 1737, cet. 58/'
and was buried in the chancel of Holv Trinity
Church, Hull. His wife Elizabeth, who survived
him, died 5th December, 1755, and was buried
in the same place. They had a son and a daughter,
lilizabeth Poole, who died in 1793, aged 72.
Charlks Poole, the son of Charles and Eliza-
beth Poole, was born in 17 15, and in 1755 married
Anna Catherina, daughter of Jacob Dawson of
Hedon. He had a good deal of property in Hull,
and was '' Captain of an Independent Company of
" Independent Volunteers of his Majesty\s well-
•* affected Subjects in the Town of Kingston upon
•* Hull." in 1745. He was Deputy-Lieutenant of
the East Riding, co. York, in 1753 and 1779 ; and
^vhen Mayor of Hull, in 1776, was required to give
assistance to the officers with press warrants to
•'take up such seafarin"* men as lurk about the town."
He died on the 4th June, 1799, and was buried at
Sutton Church, near Hull, where there is a monu-
ment to his memorv and that of his wife, who died
:)n the 4th June, 1762.
Charles Poole had two sons, Charles and Henrv.
:ind a dau^^hter, Anna Catherina. Henrv died an
nfant in June, 1762, and was buried at Sutton.
Anna Catherina was born on the 22nd November,
1756. died unmarried on the f)th May, 1840, and
A-as buried at Tunbridu'e Wells.
The surviving son, Charles PooLKof the Grove,
in the parish of Stanmore, co. Middlesex, was born
)n the 4th April. 1758. Shortly before he went to
Colleo-e at Cambridi^e, he was, on the 8th of
Septeml^er, 17S0, admitted '^a Burgess or Free-
:iian " of Kingston upon Hull. The oath says
* you shall . . . present your Apprentice
)ef()re Mr. Mavor, to be enrolled within the vear
:hat he lirst entereth into his Apprenticehood."
An indenture witnesseth '* that Thomas Whitehead
210 The Poole Family.
of Cambridjje . . . put himself
Apprentice to Charles Poole, junr., gent" of . . .
to learn to dress hair & shave and do all the offices
of a servant ... to serve from the nth
Nov., 1780 . . . seven years." 27th June,
1787, he was commissioned to license hawkers,
pedlars, and petty chapmen.
He was married on the 5th January, 1801, at St.
James's, Piccadilly, by the Bishop of Bath and
Wells, to Henrietta Octavia, dauijhter of Henry
Lutwidge, Holmrook Hall, Cumherhmd, who was
horn on the igth February, 1778, died on the 18th
September, 1848, and was buried at Boulton, co.
Derbv. She was a niece of Admiral SketVinsiton
Lutwidjje, with whom, when Capt. Lut\vid<;e,
Nelson, as a midshipman, sailed in the CarcazSs
towards the North Pole, in 1773. They remained
friends durini^: the life of Lord Nelson. The name
Skeftington came into the family throujjh the
Admiral's mother, Lucv. dauirhtcr of Sir Charles
Hof^jhton, by Mary, dauj;hter of John SkelVinijton,
Viscount Masserene.
From Mrs. Poole's eldest brother, Charles
Lutwidii'e of Holmrook Hall, co. Cumberland, we
are led to an interestini^: descent. He married the
dauijiiter of Charles I)odj;son, Bishop of Elphin :
their second dauiLjhter, iM'anccs Jane, married her
cousin, afterwards Archdeacon l)od<;son. Throujjh
their eldest son, Charles Lutwidije Dodijson.
Cheshire can claim to be the countv wherein was
*
born the aut'nor of one of the classics of the
century, he, who is better known as *' Lewis
Carroll,-' author of " AHce in Wonderland," having
been l)orn at Daresburv, Tanuarv 27, 1832, of
which parish his father was then incumbent. He
adopted as iiom dc piuinc for his books of
'' nonsense " a i)lay on his Chiistian names : out of
Lutwidge, Lewis ; from Charles, Carroll.
The Poole Family. 211
Charles Poole, who wavS a Deputy Lieutenant
tor Middlesex, died on the 17th May, 1838, and
was buried at Abbeville, France. By his wife
Henrietta Octavia he had issue : —
1. Charles Poolcy M.D., born nth April, 1802,
and died at London, Canada, 24th April,
1850, without issue.
2. Skeffington Poole of Pyrcroft, Chertsey, born
23rd May, 1803, Colonel ist Bombay Light
Cavalry (Lancers) of the H.E.LC.S.; died 2gth
August, 1876, and was buried at Chertsey. He
married, at Reigate, 2nd June, 1840, Isabella
daughter of James Deacon Hulme, secretary
to the Board of Trade. She died 30th Sep-
tember, 1873, and was buried at Chertsey.
Colonel Skeffington Poole had issue : —
(I.) Arthur Poole, born 8th April, 1841, late
Colonel Bombay Staff Corps, now living
in London, unmarried : the present head
of the family. When returning from India
in the P. S: O. steamer Tasmania, on the
1 8th April, 1887, the ship was wrecked on
the Monachi Rocks, off Corsica, and all his
belongings, including medals, documents,
&c., were lost.
(2.) Margaret Prances Poole, now living at
Ealing, unmarried.
(3.) Alice Henrietta Poole, now living at Ealing,
unmarried.
(4.) Reginald PooUy born 14th January, 1853,
now living in Queensland, unmarried.
3. Henrietta Poole, born 28th December, 1804,
died 2 1st March, 1892, unmarried.
4. Anna Poole, born 23rd March, 1805, died 4th
January, 1894, unmarried.
5. Charlotte Poole, born loth July, 1807, died
19th February, 1894, unmarried. She and
her elder sisters lived at Huntsman's Croft,
212 The Poole Fa mi I w
Alvaston, and are buried at Boulton, co.
! Derby.
6. IlcJiry I\)oIi\ whose marriaj^jes and issue are
mentioned below.
7. The Rcr. Julicniil Pooli\ Vicar of Boulton
and Alvaslon, co. Dcr'ov, born iith lune,
iSio, died unmarried iSth June, 1SS4, and
was buried at Boulton.
S. }f(ii'i^uurt Pooit', born 2.:nd November, 181 1,
: died in India ^Sth February, iSjCj. Married
in India, 22nd Auj;ust. 1S37, to C\//)/. jfo/ni
Cluirles Ajtilerson, II.I^.I.C.S., by whom she
I had one son.
y. Fnmcis Poo/f, born jrd July, 1813, died at
Abbeville, Xormandv, unmarried, loth Feb-
I • ■ '
. ruary, 1S36.
10. Frederick Poole, born i uh lanuarv, iSifi,
died 3rd February, iNjf), s.p.
11. Mary /\x)U\ born 4th December, 1817, died
23rd July, iS(j2.
h 12. Arthur J\'uii, burn 14th October, i8iij, died
W loth June 182^, and buried at Stanmore,
Middlesex.
■ IIi-NKV PooLK, the sixth child of Charles and
Henrietta Octa\ia Toole, was born 13th December,
1808, died iilli April, 1878, and was buried at
Sandbacli, co. Chester. He was commissioned in
; 1855, durinj;- the Crimean War, to i;"o to Asia
Minor, to make a survc\- ibr coal in the neiirhbour-
hood of Xicomcdia. lie married iwice ; l\rst, on
the igth October, 1839, FlrAibcth Noail, dauj^^hter
of Charlt's Julwaril Leonard, of Sydney, Cape
lireton, Canada. vShe was born ist May, 1819,
died 2 1 St March, nS^c), and was buried at Ber-
muda, bavin"" hail issue : --
I. Lud>tl Marw born lolh September, 1840, died
22nd March, i8()8, at Cape Breton. l\Iarried
nth June, i8()7, to Parid McKeen, by whom
she had one child, who died in infancy.
The Poole Family, 213
2. Henrietta Elizabeth, born 15th October, 1842,
died 25th October, 1881. Married nth June,
1861, to Robert Grieve (who died April, i8g8),
by whom she had 4 sons and 10 daughters.
3. Henry Skejfin^^ton Poole, whose descendants
are mentioned below.
4. Catherine Lucy Poole, now living at Alsager,
CO. Chester.
5. Margaret Ellen Poole, now living at Alsager;
the writer of this paper.
Henry Poole married secondly, on the 23rd
August, 185 1, at Pictou, Nova Scotia, Margaret
Munro, daughter of Robert Arthur. She was born
nth February, 1827, died 5th July, 1866, and was
buried at Ayr, Scotland, having had issue : —
6. Charles Arthur Poole, born 22nd October,
1852 ; died 20th September, 1857, ^^"^^^ buried
at Ruddington, Notts.
7. Mary A)inie Poole, now living at Alsager.
8. Octavia Charlotte Poole, died 13th February,
1855. and buried at Boulton.
Henry Skeffington Poole, of Stellarton, Nova
Scotia, M.A., F.R.S.M., F.G.S., born ist August,
1844 ; married 15th June, 1877, Florence Hope
Grant, daughter of John Hamilton Gray, a captain
in the 7th Dragoon Guards, afterwards colonel of
the Prince Edward Island Militia, and has issue : —
1. Henry Raynold Poole, born 2nd May, 1877,
Lieut. 36 Co, Royal Gar. Artillery, in South
Africa.
2. Leonard Hamilton Poole, born and died 1878,
and buried at Halifax, Nova Scotia.
3. Edward Geoffrey Poole, born 6th May, 1879^
at Stellarton, Nova Scotia.
4. Margaret Dorothy Poole, twin with Edward
GeoflVev.
5. Florence Lucy Poole, born 12th September,
1880, at Stellarton.
214 The Poole Family.
6. Eric Skeffington Poole, l)orn 20th January,
1885, at Stellarton.
7. Mary Evelyn Poole, born 12th May, 1887, at
Stellarton.
APPENDIX. f
DISPENSATION OF THOMAS PULLK AND
ELIZABETH STANLEY.
William by divine permission l>ishop of C'oventry and
Lichfield to our beloved in Christ 'I'homas Ptille entitled to
bear arms and Elizabeth Stanley lady of our Diocese health
grace and benediction tiie underwritten letters on your pan
directed to us we have lately received in tiiese words : '' To tlie
*' Venerable Father in Christ by the grace of (iod Bishop ot
*• Lichfield or to his Vicar in Spirituals Jordan by Divine mercy
'* Bishop of S. Alban's health and sincere esteem in the Lord :
" 'I'he prudent forethought of the Auostolic See sometimes
'• tempers the rigour of the Law with gentleness and what tiie
** provisions of the Sacred Canons forbid by favour of kindness
"allows the quality as well of persons and times being weighed
•'that it knows how wholesomely to accomplish in the Lord.
*• Well then on the i)art of the noble Thomas de Pulle entitled
*' to bear arms and lOlizabeth Stanley ladv of your Diocese the
*' petition laid before us contained that for certain &: reasonable
*' causes they desire to be joined together in matrimony but
•' because they are related in the fourth degree of consanguinity
'* they are not able to accomplish their desire in this matter the
'•Apostolic dispensation not having been obtained Wherefore
'' they have humbly pra)ed to be provided through the Apostolic
" See with a suitable dispensation : We therefore being favour-
" ably inclined to their supplications in this behalf by the
'' authority of our lord the Pope the care of whose penitenciary
" we have and by his special mandate in this matter given to us
" We commit to vour discretion how far if it is thus with the
'• said Thomas and Elizabeth that notwithstanding the impcdi-
*' ment of consanguinity they may freely contract matrimony
The Poole Family. 215
:t\vecn themselves and in it after it has been contracted niav
wfuUv remain Piovided onlv that tlie said Elizabeth shall
)t have been snatched away from anyone ; decreeing any
.fspring of such marriage to be lawfully begotten. Dated at
;ome at the Moly Apostle's the 15th kalends of P'ebruary in
le pontiticate of lord Martin the Fifth Pope the eighth year."
' Also to the \"eneral)le Father in C'hrist by divine favour
bishop of Lichfield or to h's Vicar in Spirituals Jordan by
Divine mercy Bishop of S. Alhan's health and sincere esteem
in the Lord : On the pait of the noble Thomas Pulle and
Elizabeth Stanley lady of your Diocese the petition brought
• before us contained that they some time ago obtained certain
'* letters in the usual and accustomed form of a commission
'' directed to you from the Apostolic See reciting that not-
'• withstanding that they are related in the fourth degree of
" consanguinity that they may freely contract matrimony between
'* themselves and in it after it has been contracteti may lawfully
*' remain Nevertheless they fearing that these letters would be
" surreptitious and invalid because one of them was distant in
•' the third but the other in the fourth degree from the common
•' stock and because no mention was made in the said letters
" that the other of them was distant in the third degree they
•• caused supplication to be iiumbly made for them on this
"account through the same See: Therefore We giving heed to
'' the fact that Pope CJlement the Sixth of happy memory declared
•• by the Apostolic authority tiiat certain letters obtained from the
'*same See in a like case were valid and sufficient and had full
'• strength tiiough no mention was made in the dispensations
*• themselves about the omission of mention of the distance of
*' the third degree by authority of the lord Pope the care of
" whose penitentiary we have to commit to your discretion how
•' far according to the Apostolic declaration the aforesaid letters
*' of commission are valid as if mention had been made in them
'' of the distance of the third degree. Dated at Rome near the
" Holy Apostles the sixth Nones of July in the eighth year of
'* the pontificate of the lord Pope Martin the Fifth."
^Vherefore We William the Bishop above mentioned inquiring
diligently into the statements contained in the said letters by
summoning those cited and by a true report in the prescribed
form of law have found that the letters themselves contain the
truth : Moreover that you Thomas and Elizabeth are mutually
related in the third and fourth degrees of consanguinity and
that ycu Elizabeth have not been carried off from anyone but
that you and the said Thomas honourably desire to be matri-
monially united We grant our dispensation therefore that
notwithstanding the said impediment of consanguinity it may
>! THE RIGODUNUM OF PTOLEMY.
^HE geography of Ptolemy has fallen out of
favour as a source of information. Some of
s inland places are strangely misplaced, and a
r-nerally distorted appearance of his map of the
K'itish isles has led it to be regarded somewhat
kance. It does, however, supply a list of names
harbours and sites which probably had their
presentatives at the time the notes were made.
There is one place which a concensus of opinion
_i.s relegated to Lancashire, namely, Rigoditnum.
. appears to be so in the map which Mr. Bradley
ontributed to Archcvologia, in vol. xlviii ; nor has
been identified with anv site outside the countv,
bs, for instance, has Vinovium, It was once sup-
<:)sed to supply the original name of Ribchester,
\it an inscription has decided otherwise. When
be fort at Ribchester was shewn to have been
:alled Brcnietcnnaciim, it became more easy to pick
)ut from the lists of the Antonine Itinerarv the
lames of the other Roman stations in that part of
Britain. That at Manchester thus became identi-
fied with Mancunium, Wigan with Coccium, and
Dverborough with Galacum. The station at Lan-
:aster is left without a name ; so, too, is the small
outpost on the Roman road that forded the Ribble
it \Valton-le-Dale, near to Preston. The latter,
lowcver, was never of first importance, and seems
.o have fallen into disuse with the completion of a
iiore direct route through Ribchester, in the middle
:)f the second centurv.
Since Mr. Bradley published his map, it has come
:o be thought that the Seteia .Estuaria represents
.he bav into which flow the Dee and the Mersev,
md not the mouth of one of those rivers alone.
This hypothesis seems to better suit the situation,
or on a modern map, of the same $cale and projec-
;ion, the two other inlets, called Belisama Mstuaria
2l8
On the Rigoduniim of Ptolemy.
\Ho»At^ LANCASHme.
/^.
Ti/^tcuNitiM. ■■■<
and SegantloYum Portus,^ fall relatively into position
at the mouth of the Ribble and in the watei\s of
Morecambe Bay respectively. In the accompanying
sketch these features, as placed by Ptolemy, are indi-
cated by a mark [ o> ] ; in the absence of further
information, the coast line is i^enerallv rei^^arded as
lying straight between them. The relative position
of Rigodunum is
shown by an as-
terisk. It is near
to modern Lan-
caster. Had the
two maps been
superposed from
a different basis,
with the Seteia
more centrally
off the Wirrai,
and Belisama
exactlv in the
Ribble estuarv,
then Riii'odunum
would have fal-
len directly over
Lancaster, but
in this case the
harbour of the Segantii would have landed in
Furness. There is a slight general discrepancy ;
yet the map pictures the extreme case, and the con-
nection is still close.
A possibility that Rigodunum was situated at
Lancaster is thus suggested. Since there is no
negative evidence apparent, it may be profitable to
examine how far each satisfies the conditions of
the other.
Etymology is in this instance of distinct assis-
tance : the name, says Professor Rhys, is derived
from two Celtic ones, rix (rigos) a king, Sinddunon,
a town or fortress. We must therefore seek in the
representative of Rigodunum for the indications of
-A
ao
io
Scale of English Miles.
Jt^ /'
On the KigocUcnitm of Ptolemy, 219
a stronghold of the Celtic people. Archaeology,
fortunately, is prepared with a response. The
irregular outline of the Roman station at Lancaster,
which may have been five-sided, betokens that its
walls had followed the lines of earlier defences,
after a manner not uncommon, as, for example, at
Silchester, in the south. The district around, in-
cluding Furness, abounds in pre-Roman remains,
and the site itself is not without similar indications.
The analo^v is also exclusive. No other station in
the county presents the same irregular outline, save
perhaps that at Wigan, the name of which seems
to have been already determined by Mr. Thompson
Watkin. Certainly no other site provides sufficient
indication of British settlements in its vicinity to
render it probable that it was the headquarters of
a tribe.
There is yet another point. Archaeology cannot
\vell show that the inland forts of the county were
established much before the age of the Antonines.
That at Ribchester, indeed, was possibly not com-
pleted until A.D. 161, and they all seem to form part
of a general scheme of frontier defence that dated
from the time of Hadrian or the buildino^ of The
Wall. Not one appears in the notes of Ptolemy,
which were probably made early in the second
century, or possibly before ; yet all four are included
in the Antonine Itinerary, which was compiled later
in that century. Had they existed at this earlier
time, they must have obtained some mention.
Rigodunum alone obtains a place in the earlier
list ; Lancaster alone, with its inscriptions of Trajan
and of Hadrian, gives token of its origin in the
first centurv.
We are told by Tacitus that in the winter that
followed the second campaign of Agricola, that
general devoted himself to conciliating the district
occupied, which may be supposed to haye now
reached as far as the Solway. He encouraged the
natives to build temples, courts of justice, places of
220 Of! the Rij^odatium of Vtolcmw
residence : il soon tell out that porticos and ballu
were looked upon as marks o\ taste. The j")c)int o
interest is to learn that the erection in Romano
Uritish towns of piil)lie iniildinj^s, on the Romai
system, he,^an wit'n tiie comj-iletion of the eoiujuest
a mililar\- centre such as Rii^odunum mav well liavv
set a similar L'\;imi>le in its own neijLihhourhood
I Now the station ai Lancaster, il has i)een seen
I dates irom tiie eari\- siajje of the settlement ; ant
I an inscription from tiiat site records that, not ii
I hundred and forty years later, tiie basilica ihert
I was restored, **bein^- decayed i)y oUl aj^e," and iht
inrhlic baths were rebuilt. This is not evidence
yet it indicates the earl\- foundation of the post
' and furtiier bears out the analoij'v in detail.
The supposition that Lancaster was Rij;*odunum
hts nicelv into what ma\' i)e gleaned of the carlv
• • • .
historv of the Roman occui'iation. whether from
Tacitus, from the inscriptions, or from other arch-
aeological evidence. It seems as thousrh the
)M)st was founded by Ai;ricola himself, in tht
centre of the conquered Sci^dntii, and that its line
of communication with the south led throuu"!!
i \Valton-le-I)ale : that, i^ein^i;" thus early, and near
to the coast, it became mentioned bv Ptolemv, in
the Latinised form of its former name ; that as tht
svstem of defence elaborated, tiic other fortresses
of Manchester, Ribchester, and Overboroujj^h wore
established in the second century, and that throuirli
them lav the chief military routes of the latei
! times : and that they thus became incorporated ir
.| the list of the Antonine Itinerary.
' The aj;reement of these accumulated possibilities
is somewhat striking;". They show it to be possible
at least, that, if it were in Lancashire at all
modern Lancaster marks the site of Ptolemy's
Ri};^0(iuniini, and would render the direct evidence o
I an inscription doubly interesting.
John Garstang.
Communication.
:V CALENDAR OF PRINTED GRANTvS OF
ARMS, (iRANTvS OF CRESTvS, GRANTS
OF AUGMENTATIONS, AND EXEMPLI-
FICATIONS OF ARMS.
'^T'^HE roliowino- list gives references to such
-L Grants of Arms, Crests, and Augmentations,
including lixemplifications of Arms, as will be
found in various printed books. It must not,
however, be taken as exhaustive ; but it adds verv
considerably to a similar list, published in The
(joualo^ist some years since, which is. apparentlv,
the only calendar of the kind in print.
The works to which reference is most frequentlv
niade in this calendar are indicated below : —
.Afr/i. Cant. .
L\tt. I lev, Ex.
ErtV^, (rffl.
(ten
J/iirl. Soc
//('/-. afiJ Cicn. .
I/isf. S(h\ L. and C
Misc. iren et I/cr. .
X, lUicf Q, . . .
Po2vy:i. Club, . . .
A n/ii€o/o<'it I C( iniian < i .
Ctj/d/(\^f/t' of the lie ra /die dCx/iibition,
JUirliiiLiton House, 1894.
/'hii^.nc'n/ir (rrnfti/o^^ it'll, hv I'\ A CtIsd.
77/ e fdencaioi^isf.
The Gencaiof^ical JAn^iizine,
PuldicatioH^ of the Horleian Society.
The Herald and Geneaiogisf.
Yransac/ions of the Historic Society of
Lancashire and Cheshire.
Misce/ianea Genea/<>xica et Ilera/dica.
Xofes and Qne/ies.
Collections of the Powysland Club.
222 Communication.
I PrOi. StY. Antii]. . - Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries.
R. C. Fani The Roman Catholic Pamiiies of Efig/and^
by J. J. Howard.
Surtees Soc. . . . Publications of the Surtees Society.
Visit. Eng. and IV. . The Visitation of England and Wales,
bv |. |. Ilowanl and Y. A. Crisp.
And the al)breviati()ns used are —
A pp. . . Appendix.
N.s. . . Xew series.
Siij»p. . . - .Supplement.
IS.. . - First series.
2 s. . . Second scries, cVr.
An asterisk indicates that the i^rant is not set
out in full, but that merely a docquet is printed.
A list of •• (irants and Certificates of Arms."
from the Stowe MSS. in the British Museum, is
being* published in Tht Genealogist.
CALENDAR OF PRINTED GRANTS
OF ARMS.
Aberdeen, Royal Boroujjh of. 25 Feb., 1674.
Seton's Laiv and Practice oj Heraldry in Scotland^
511-
Aberdeen, University oi. 26 Sept., 1888. N.andQ.^
7 s., vii, 63.
Acres, George. 16 March, 1576. Hist. Soc. L. and
C, xxxiii, 257.
Allen, George. 16 June, 1586. '"' The Reliquary^
xxi, 240.
Allenson, William. 29 May, 1635. Surtees Soc,
xli, 52.
Althame, James. 5 Feb., 1559. Frag. Gen., v, 57 ;
'" Cat. Her. Ex., 64.
Ames, Henry Metcalfe. 20 April, 1874. Gen. i,
206.
Arbroath, Royal Burgh of. 12 Jan., 1900. Gen.
Mag,y iv, 109.
Communication. 223
Archer, Henry. 2 April, 1575. Kent's Banner
Displayed, 106 ; Morgan's Sphere of Gentry, lib.
ii, 74; The Irish Coiupendinni, 2 edit, iii, supp.
Armourers and Braziers* Company. 15 Oct., 1556.
'•' Cat, Her, Ex,, 64.
Arundel, Richard, Lord Arundel of Trerice. 20
April, 1664. K. C. Fani,, iii, 162.
Arundell, James, of Exeter. 22 July, 1820. R, C,
Fam,, iii, 163.
, William Francis Hunter. 15 March, 1825.
R, C. Fam., iii, 164.
, William George Monckton. 13 April, 1826.
R, C. Fam,, iii, 165.
, W. A. H. 8 May, 1829, and 11 May ,-1829.
R. C, Fam., iii, 166.
Avelin, see Evelin.
Avery, William. 25 June, 1579. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
i, 230.
Bache, Ralph. 10 Dec, 1634. ** ^^^^ Reliquary,
xxii, 52.
, Thomas. 8 July, 1828. Frag, Gen,, v, 62.
Bacon, Sir Nicholas. 23 Feb., 1568. Vicecomites
Norfolcia:, 1843, 4to.
Baeshe, Edward. 10 Dec, 1550. ^' Cat. Her. Ex.,
63-
Baker, George. 10 May, 1573. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
ii, I ; Gen., n.s., vi, 242.
, John. 15 Jan., 1702. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
3 «M ii, 65.
Balle, Thomas. 20 June, 1572. ** Proc. Soc. Antiq.,
2 s., xvi, 351.
Bangor, John. 18 Nov., 1456. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
i^ 54-
Barbers' and Surgeons* Company. 29 Sept., 145 1,
and 2 June, 1568. Misc. Gen. et Her., i, 11 ;
Annals of the Barber Surgeons of London, by
Sidney Young, 432, 437 ; *••' Cat, Her. Ex., 66.
224 Commuuication,
Barow. Thomas, clerk. 6 Jan., 1476-7. Proc, Soc.
Antiq., 2 s., xvi. 344. See Barrow.
Barret, Leonard. 4 Sept., 1575. Eastern Counties
Collectanea, i, 66.
Barrow, or Barowe, Thomas and Richard. 22
Oct., 1495. Surtees Soc^xW, ^^\ Proc.SocAntiq.j
2 s., xvi, 347. See Barow.
Barker, George. July, 1638. Misc, Gen. et Her.y
i, 279.
. James and Rowland, see Hill.
, Rowland. 17 Dec, 1582. "* Proc. Soc. Antiq.y
2 s., xvi, 352.
Barton, Thomas de. 30 Sept., 1403. Local Glean-
ings Magazine, by J. P. Earwaker, 1880, 23.
Bateman, Sir James. 1707. Had. Soc, viii, 464.
Bavant, Thomas and Robert. July, 1638. Misc.
(len. et Her., i, 278.
Baynbrigge, \Villiam. 20 Nov., 1582, and 13 Feb.,
15^3- '■' 77/^' Reliquary, xxi, 240.
Baynes, Adam. 10 Aug., 1650. Surtees Soc, xli,
Beckett, Oliver. 3 July, 1777. Misc Gen. et Her.,
n.s., ii, 192.
Bee, John. 18 Jan., 1573. Misc Gen. et Her,,
n.s., iv, 386.
Bennet. John. 6 Dec, 1560. Misc Gen. et Her.,
i, 48.
Bennett, Thomas. 13 Dec, 1631. Hist. Soc. of
L. and C, xxxviii, 37.
Bentiey, Kdward. 18 July, 1834. Misc. Gen. et
Her,, n.s., iii, 122.
Beverley, Sir George. 20 Jan., 1605. Misc Gen.
et Her., ii, 95.
Birkenhead, Town of. 28 Aug., 1878. Hist. Soc
L. and C. xlii, 13.
Bispham, William. 30 June, 1613. Memoraiuia
concerning the family of Bispham in Great Britain
and the United States of America, 1890, 314.
\
Commti Plication . 225
Blackmore, John. 25 April, 1661. Misc. Gen. et
Her,, 2 s., iii, 269.
Blackwall, see Hurt.
, Richard. 8 Aug., 1494. (Certified copy from
College of Arms.) British Museum, Add. MS.
6670, p. 215.
Blundell, Robert. 1588. "^ The Palatine Note Book, «
edited by J. E. Bailey, i, 57.
Bodicote, Thomas. 3 Aug., 1720. Frag. Gen. , v, ^^.
Bolney, John. 5 Nov., 1541. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
i, 304-
Bolton, John, 5 July, 1555. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
ii; 103.
Bonnatree, John. i April, 1442. Visitation of
Cornwall, edited by Sir N. H. Nicolas, 21 ; Harl.
Soc, ix, 275.
Bordeaux, Arnold de. 1444. Gen. Mag., iii, 502.
Bordeu, Arnold de and Grimond de, 28 Mar., 1444.
Rymer^s Fcedera, v, 132 ; Lawrence's Nobility of
the British Gentry, 8.
Borron, William Geddes. 20 July, 1868. Misc.
Gen. ct Her., n.s., i, 356.
Bostock, Robert. 6 Oct., 1733. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
n.s., iv, 92.
Boughey, see Lingard-Monk.
Boulter, Dr. Hugh. 4 April, 1720. Misc. Gen. et
Her., ii, 252.
Bowman, Charles. 11 Dec, 1798. Frag. Gen., v,
54-
Boycott, Silvanus and Francis. 21 Mar., 1663.
Misc. Gen. et Her., n.s., ii, 162.
Borland, Richard. 2 July, 1558. Misc. Gen. et
Her., 3 s., iii, 128.
Brailsford. 1634. ^ The Reliquary, xxii, 49.
Brewster, Humphrey. 3 July, 1561. Misc. Gen. et
Her., n.s., ii, 325.
Bristowe, Nicholas. 3 Oct., 1544. Misc. Gen. ct
Her., 2 s., iv., 257.
R
226 Commumcatton.
Broad, Henry. 27 June, 1637. Misc, Gen. et Her.^
n.s., ii, jii : Vrag, (iiti,, \\ 7.
Broderers* Company. 17 Aug., 1558. Misc, Gen.
ft Her,, i, 1S3.
Broke, Sir P. B. V., Bart; i March, 1814. Gen,
Miii^'.. i, f)().
Brook, William. 10 Feb., 1602. Misc, Gen. et Her.,
ii, 17.
lirown, James. 31 March, 1789. Gen.^ i, 220.
Browne, Isaac Hawkins. 14 May, 1779. Misc,
Gen, et Her,, n.s., iii, 41.
, John. 12 Dec, 1626. Misc. Gen. et Her..
2 s., i, 126.
•. Nicholas. 4 Nov., 1582. *^ The Reliquar\\
xxii, 50.
Brownlow, Richard. 12 Oct., 1602. Cat. Her. Ex,,
plate xxxix, and pp. 70, 71.
Bruere, William. 14 May, 1803. Misc. Gen. et
Her,, ii, 20.
BrunselK Henrv, LL.D. 10 March, 1660. The
Reliquary, xxii, 244.
Bufjgin, see Underwood.
Bullock, John. 20 June, 1609. * The Reliquary^
xxii, 49.
'ii Bulteel, John. 10 Jan., 1660. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
n.s., iv, 421.
Burdett, Francis. 20 Nov., 1599. Surtees Soc,
xli, 44.
Ill "^ "
j Burjjes, John Smith. 10 June, 1790. Misc. Gen.
et Her,, 3 s., iii, 237.
Burnaby, Richard. 27 Oct., 1554. History of
Market Harborouoh, by J. H. Hill, 333,
Burr, Daniel. 13 June, 1822. Misc, Gen. et Her.,
n.s., iii. 156.
Burt(m, Sir Robert. 22 May, 1478. Burke's
Commoners, iv, 265.
Bury, Sir Thomas. 25 Nov., 1708. Misc. Gen, et
lier,, 2 s., V, 49.
Commuftication . 227
Bury St. Edmunds, Town of. 29 Nov., 1606.
^' Cat. Her. Ex., 71.
Butler, John. Dec, 1560. Gregson's Portfolio of
Fragments, 3 edition, 267.
Byron, Lord, i March, 1822. * Cat. Her. Ex., 75 ;
Frag. Gen., ii, 32.
Caius, Dr. John. 2 Jan., 1560-1. * Cat. Her. Ex,,
Calcutta, City of. 26 Dec, 1896. * Gen. Mag.^
iv, 2ii.
Cambridge, University of. 9 June, 1573. *^ Cat.
Her. Ex., 67.
, Regius Profcvssors in the. 13 Nov., 1590.
o ^
Cat. Her. Ex., 69 ; Gen. Mag., ii, 125.
Campbell, Sir James, 2 Sept., 1859. Seton's Law
and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland, 512.
Canning, Sir Stratford. 24 Jan., 1833. Frag. Gen.,
i, 64.'
Canada, Provinces of, viz., Ontario, Quebec, Nova
Scotia, and New Brunswick. 22 Mav, 1867.
The Flags of the World, by F. E. Hulme; 81.
Cape of Good Hope, Colony of. 29 May, 1876.
Gen. Mag., iv, 185.
Cape Town, City of. 29 Dec, 1899. Gen. Mag.,
iv, 156.
Carpenters' Company. 24 Nov., 1466. Jupp's
History of the Carpenters' Company, 10 ; Catalogue
of the Antiquities exhibited at Ironmongers' Hall,
i8f)r, 264.
Carre, Sir John. 4 March, 1515. Grant of a
Standard. ^ Cat. Her. Ex., 62.
Cartwright, Rose. 1574. ** The Reliquary, xxii,
Castilioni. John Baptista. i May, 1563. Gen., n.s.,
xvii, igg.
Cater, Margerye. 20 April, 1559. Gen., ii, 355.
Charlton, Thomas. 24 May, 1612. Misc. Gen. et
Her., n.s., iv, 109; *^ The Reliquary, xxii, 49.
82
t I
I 1-
I I
I
, I
' I
I
1 .
I I
'I
■ I
I I
I
iii
i ■
h
228 Communication .
Chester, William. 22 May, 1472. Memoirs of the
Family of Chester^ by R. E. C. Waters, 9 ; Misc.
Gen, et Her., 3 s., iv, 117.
Child, Sir Francis. Jan., 1700. Hart. Soc.y viii, 425.
Clarke, John Cremer. 8 Jan., 1876. Gen.^ ii, 173.
Gierke, Humphrey. 29 Nov., 1633. *^ Cat. Her. Ex.,
, Joseph. 25 May, 1761. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
2 s., ii, 324.
Clifton College. 8 April, 1895. * The Cliftonian,
vol. xiv, No. 2.
Clive, Edward Lord. 20 March, 1807. Powys. Club,
V, 167.
Cloos, Nicholas. 30 Jan., 1448-9. Her. and Gen.j
h 135-
Clothworkers' Company. 1530, and 25 March,
1587. Misc. Gen. et Her., ii, 173-175.
Cloughe, Edmond. 26 June, 1612. Surtees Soc,
xli, 46.
Cokayne, William. 10 Oct., 1597. Misc. Gen. et
Her., 3 s., iii, 261.
Collett, Anthony and Samuel. 14 Aug., 1664.
Frag. Gen., i, 57.
Cole, William Cole. 8 April, 1833. Visit. Eng.
and W., Notes, i, 66.
Cook, Bryan. 27 Aug., 1625. ^^^ Seize Quartiers
of the Family of Bryan Cooke, London, 1857, log.
, John. 27 Jan., 1679. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
2 s., iv, 136.
, The issue of Francis. 12 May, 171 1. Misc.
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Cooke, John. 6 June, 1653. Proc. Soc. Antiq.,
2 s., xvi, 354.
, Nicholas. 15 July, 1560. Eastern Counties
Collectanea, i, 43.
Coopers' Company. 27 Sept., 1509. Coopers'
Company, London, Historical Memoranda, by
James F. Frith, London, 1848.
Communication, aag
Corbett, Alice, see Hill.
Cordell, John. Undated. Visitation of Suffolk^
edited by J. J. Howard, i, 246.
, William. 10 Oct., 1549. Visitation of Suffolk^
edited by J. J. Howard, i, 246.
Cordwainers' Company. 25 June, 1579. Misc, Gen.
et Her., i, 242.
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. 23 Dec, 1570.
*^ Cat. Her. Ex., 66.
Coxwell-Rogers, Richard Rogers. 25 April, 1850.
Misc. Gen. et Her., i, 257.
Criketot, William. May or June, 1410. Camden's
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Crispe, Johane (wife to Robert Trappes). 20 Nov.,
1560. Collections relating to the Family of Crispe,
ii, I.
Crisp, William. 2 June, 1774. Collections relating
to the Family of Crispe, ii, 2.
Crocker, John. 20 Nov., 1556. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
i, 140.
Crofts, Christopher. 7 June, 1649. Surtees Soc,
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Crowfoot, William John. 14 Feb., 183 1. Misc.
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Cullum, Dame Mary. 17 Aug., 1793. Misc. Gen.
et Her., 2 s., v, 72.
Cunlifte, Sir Ellis, Knt. and Bart. 12 May, 1760.
Misc. Gen. ct Her., ii, 251.
Cutler, Robert. 21 July, 1612. Misc. Gen. et Her.y
i, 228.
Dalison, William. 5 May, 1557. Misc. Gen. et
Her., 2 s., ii, 105.
Davenport, Sir Salusbury. 17 May, 1838. Gen.,
vi., 34-
Davenport-Handley, J. W. H. 7 May, 1881. Gen.,
vii., 23.
Davidson, William. 25 June, 1575. Misc. Gen. et
Her., i, 273.
220 On the Rls^^oanntini of Piolentv,
residence : it soon tell out that porticos and baths
were looked upon as marks of taste. The point oi
interest is to learn that t'ne erection in Romano-
Uritish towns o\ puhlie 'huildinj^s, on the Roman
system, hej;an with the completion of the conquest:
a militar\- centre such as Kis'-odunum mav well have'
set a similar example in its own neii^hhourliood.
Now tile station at Lancaster, it has JK'cn seen,
dates from tiie early ^iai;e of the settlement ; and
an inscription from t'nat site records that, not a
hundred and forty years later, the hasilica there
I was restored, "hein^- decayed hy (dd aj^e." and the
pui^lic haths were rehuilt. This is not evidence,
yet it indicates the earh' foundation of the post,
i and further hears out the analoi:v in detail.
i •
! The suj^posilion tiicit Lancaster was Kii;odinium
fits nicelv into what mav i^e gleaned of the carlv
• ^ • «^ , .
historv oi the Roman occupation, whether from
i Tacitus, from the inscriptions, or from other arch-
a'oloirical evidence. It seems as thoui^h the
post was foundet.! i\v Ai^ricola himself, in the
centre oi the concpiered Sci^antiij and that its line
of communication with the south led through
I ^^
\Valton-le-I)ale : tiiat. 'neiuij- thus earlv, and near
; to the coast, it hecame mentioned bv Ptolemv, in
i the Latinised form of its former name ; that as the
system of defence elaborated, tiie other fortresses
of .\hinchester, Kibchester, and Overboroujjh wore
established in the second centurv, and that throuirh
them lav the chief militarv routes of the later
times : and that they thus became incorporated in
the list of the Antonine Itinerarv.
The agreement o{ these accumulated possibilities
is somewhat strikinj;". They show it to be possible,
at least, that, if it were in Lancashire at all,
modern Lancaster marks the site of Ptolemv's
Kigodufiuni, and would render the direct evidence ol
an inscription doubly interesting.
John Garstang.
Communication. 23 1
Ellerker, Sir Ralph. 20 March, 1546. Gen., 1, 290.
Ellicombe, Hugh Myddelton. i Oct., 1849. Misc.
Gen. ct Her. J ii, 33.
Eliot, Hariot. 16. July, 1726. Misc. Gen. et Her.^
ii, 43-.
, Sir John, Bart. 9 Oct., 1779. Misc, Gen. et
Her., n.s., iv, 179.
Emmanuel College, Cambridge, i Jan., 1588-9.
^ Cat. Her. Ex., 69.
Eton College, i Jan., 1449. Excerpta Historica,
47 ; Cat. Her. Ex., plate xxxvi.
Evans, Edward. 17 Aug., 1866. Powys. Club, ix,
426.
Evelin George. 3 Aug., 1572. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
2 s., i, I ; '•* Cat. Her. Ex., 67.
Everard, Raymond. 24 March, 1687-7. R-CFam.,
iii, 162.
Evershed, John. 11 March, 1696. Misc. Gen. et
Her., ii, 191.
Eyre, Joseph. 14 Aug., 1662. ** The Reliquary,
xxii, 52.
Fanshawe, Richard. 8 Feb., 1649. Misc. Gen. et
Her., ii, 121.
, John. 4 Jan., 157 1. *^^ The Reliquary, xxiii,
254.
Farmer, George. 20 Oct., 1663. Gen., iii, 161.
Faryngton, William. 16 Dec, 1560. Misc. Gen.
et Her., i, 61.
Feme, William. 27 April, 1585. *•* The Reliquary,
xxii, 50.
Ferrand, William. 20 March, 1586. Surtees Soc,
x\\, 42.
Fisher, John, Bishop of Salisbury. 22 June, 1812.
Misc. Gen. et Her., 2 s., v, 97.
, William. 10 Nov., 1660. Misc. Gen. et Her.^
2 s., ii, 228 ; Gen., n.s., vi, 180.
Fishing, see Royal Fishing.
Flemyng, John. 25 Nov., 1571. Misc. Gen. et Her.^
i, I.
232 Communication .
Fletewood, Thomas, i June, 1545. Misc, Gen. et
Her,, z s., ii, 273.
Fletchers* Company. 12 Oct., 1467. Gen,, iv, 127.
Foley, Robert. 12 Dec, 1671. Gen,, ii, 37.
Foljambe, Godfrey. 28 May, 1587. ^ The Reli-
quary, xxii, 52.
Forbes, Norman Hay. 15 Dec, 1897. The right
to bear Arms, by X, 1900.
Founders* Company. 13 Oct., 1590, Misc. Gen,
et Her,, 1, 103 ; Annals of the Worshipful Company
of Founders, London, 1867, at end.
Fowle, John. 1602. ^^ Cat, Her, Ex,, 70.
Fox, Stephen. 30 Oct., 1658. Gen,, i, 40.
Frankland, Hugh. 8 Nov., 1566. Surtees Soc,
xli, 41.
Fuller, James Franklin. July, 1874. The right to
bear Arms, by X, 1900.
Fursman, John. 31 May, 1742. Gen., ii, 65.
Gale, John, Ebenezer, and Elisha, 28 June, 1712.
Visit. Eng, and IV,, Notes, iii, 93.
Gall, Robert. 7 June, 1576, Frag. Gen., iv, 18.
Gallard (Galuerdet, Galliard), Francis. 17 Feb,,
1526. Misc. Gen. et Her., 2 s., i, 99.
Galwav, see Monckton Arundell.
Gardener, Robert. 20 July, 1548. Misc. Gen. et
Her., 3 s., iii, 141,
Garthvvaite, Edward. 27 May, 1748. Misc. Gen.
et Her., n.s., iv, 422 ; Frag. Gen., ii, 21.
Gatchell, Henry, i Feb., 1703. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
3 s., ii, loi.
Gaus, William. 2 Aug., 1610. ^ Cat. Her. Ex., 72.
Gavell, Robert. 12 Aug., 1572. Surrey Archccolo-
gical Collections, iii, 349 ; Misc. Gen, et Her., n.s.,
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Gidley, Bartholomew. 24 Nov., i666. Misc. Gen.
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Gomm, Sir W. M. 10 Oct., 1859. Misc. C^. et
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Commun ication . 233
Goodricli, Sir Henry, Bart. 27 Aug., 1694. Misc.
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Gratewood, William, see Hill,
Gravesend, Town of. 1636. ^ Cat. Her. Ex.^
Greenall, Gilbert. 16 Feb., 1876. Gen., iv, 290.
Greenaway, Giles. 4 Feb., 1795. Misc. Gen. et
Her., 2 s., V, 241.
Greene, John Joseph. 31 Dec, 1893. The right
to bear Arms, by X, 1900.
, William. 6 Jan., 1663. Surrey Archceological
Collections, iii, 350.
Grene, William. 17 July, 1494. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
2 s., V, 360
Gregory, William. 23 Feb., 1600. Surtees Soc,
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Gresham, John. 20 Sept., 1537. Misc. Gen. et
Her., ii, 311-312.
, Richard. 30 Nov., 1537. Aubrey's Anti-
qnities of Surrey, v, 371 ; Misc. Gen. et Her., ii,
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Greville, see Warwick.
Grose, Francis. Oct., 1756. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
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Gull, Sir W. W., Bart. 17 Sept., 1872. Misc.
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Gunning, George. 6 Dec, 1821. Documents of
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Gurney, John. 17 June, 1669. ** Proc. Soc. Antiq.,
2 s., xvi, 355.
Guydott, Sir Anthony. 22 Dec, 1556. A^. and Q.,
2 s., iv, 438.
Gygges, Robert, Thomas, and John. 26 Feb.,
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234
Conimunication .
Hadlcy, co. Sutlolk. Tdwii of. iS Feb., i6i8
Proci'i'illtiifs of Suffolk A rc/iccoloi^'iail lustitutt\ iii.
2IJt.
Hali;al, Ri»bcrt. 29 June. i5^iy. Misc. Gen. ct I-Ia\,
U.S.. i, 3^0.
Hall, Ji)hn. 27 June, 1399. Arcli, Canl.. vi, 252.
.Joseph, Bishop ot* Mxeter. 12 May, i6ji.
Misc, (hn. ft Her., 2 s., iii. 9.
Hamilton, Dame Kmma. 19 Nov., 1806. (ren,
.UiT^'.. i, 168.
Hampson, Robert. 10 Oct., i()02. Mi.sc, (fih. ct
Her., 2. s., ii, 218.
Hampton. William, ij Au*^., lOfu. Surrey A rchivo^
ioneal Collections, iii, -^51.
Hanson, lulward. 17 July, 1652. John Watson's
History of' Htdifa.w 2h().
Harcourt, luhvard. Archbishop of York. 2 Feb.,
liS^i. ^V</,;^ (ien., v, ()5.
Harin^ton, John. 12 Feb., l50cS. Misc. (icn. ct
Her., n.s.. iii, 17.
Harris, see Smith.
, AltVed. 2^ Mav, 1877. A Narrative of the
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, William. Nov., 1609. Surtees Soc, xli, 46.
Harvey, Cjeori;e. 3 Dec, 1603. liast An^s;;linny ii,
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Hawkesbury, Lord. Supporters, 12 Sept., 1893 J
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ii* 5O' 53-
Hellard, l\*ter. I Oct., 14G9 ; 10 Dec, 1470.
Surtees Soc, xH, 38 ; rroc.Soc.A ntiq., 1 s., xvi, 343.
Henslowe, Thomas. Feb., 1591. Misc. Gen. et
Her., 2 s., iv, 350.
Herbert, Sir Edward, Baron of Castle Lsland. lo
Jan., 1624. Misc, Gen. el Her.^ 2 s., ii, 169;
Ponys. Club, V, 165.
. CommunicaHdn . "235
Hereford, City of, 16 Sept., 1645. Dingley's
History from Marble, part I, ccxii (Camden
Society) ; Gen. Mag,^ iv, 57.
Herick, Robert and William. 8 May, 1598. Misc.
Gen. et Her., 2 s., i, 34.
Heriz, see Smith.
Heynes, Simon. 20 Sept., 1575. Misc. Gen. et
Her., i, 250.
Heysham, William. 3 Feb., 1722-3. Misc. Gen.et
Her., n.s., iv, 375.
Heyworth, Lawrence. 12 Nov., 1856. Gen.,\\\, 88.
Hide, John and Edward. 2 April, 157 1. Gentle-
man's Magazine, 3 s., xvii, 221.
Highlord, see Hilliard.
Hind, J. Y. W. (on taking name of Lloyd). Powys
Club, X, 413.
Hill, Sir Rowland, grant of the Arms of, to Alice
Corbett, William Gratewood, James Barker, and
Rowland Barker. 3 Nov., 1562. '•*' Proc. Soc.
Antiq., 2 s., xvi, 350.
Hilliard, alias Highlord, John and Zachary. 26
May, 1630. Misc. Gen. et Her., 3 s., iv, 37.
Hoadly, Benjamin. 20 Feb., 1715. Norfolk Arch-
oiological Society, vii, 319 ; Misc. Gen. et Her., n.s..
i, 188.
Holbeche, Thomas. 14 Jan., 1586. Surtees Soc,
xli, 42.
Holes, Thomas de. 1383. The true use of Arms,
by William Wyrley, 1592 ; reprinted by John
Gray Bell, 1853 ; 25.
Hoperton, Adam. 28 Aug., 1612. Surtees Soc,
xli, 47.
Hopkins, John. 16 Sept., 1734. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
2 s., iii, 308.
Horton, Ann. 10 Aug,, 1725. John Watson's
History of Halifax, 153.
Hough, Ralph. 30 Mar., 1650. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
2 s., i, 288. \ \
236 Communicationm
Hove, Town of. 16 Dec, 1899. ** Gen. Mag.^ iv,
29.
Hovenden, John. 1585 (?). Misc. Gen. et Her., n.s.,
i, 233.
Hoghton, Richard. 2 Nov., 1606. Misc. Gen. et
Her., 3 s., i, 193.
Howley, William, Bishop of London. 25 Sept.,
1813. Misc. Gen. ct Her., n.s., iv, 6 ; and 2 s., ii,
380 ; V, 81.
Howman, Roger. 5 May, 1684. Misc. Gen. et Her.y
n.s., i, 397.
Hubbald, William. 3 Jan., 1707. Misc. Gen. et
Her., 2 s., iv, 177.
Humphreys, Arthur C. 24 Nov., 1876. Powys. Club,
X, 421.
Hunloke, Sir Henry, Bart., and F. C. G. Hunloke.
14 and 19 Dec, 1674. R. C. Fam., ii, 102, 105.
Hunter-Arundell, see Arundell.
Hurt, Thomas. 4 Sept., 1565. ^•" The Reliquary,
xxii, 51.
Hutton, George Morland. 28 April, 1898. Account
of the Family of Hutton, by A. W. Hutton, App.
xiv.
Hyde, George. 22 Nov., 1600. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
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Hyett, William Henry. 5 Aug., 1813. Misc. Gen.
et Her., n.s., iii, 88.
Innes, Robert. 12 June, 1693. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
n.s., ii, 395.
Ipswich, Town of. 20 Aug., 1561. Misc. Gen. et
Her., 2 s., ii, 343. '" Cat. Her. Ex., 65.
Ironmongers of London, i Sept., 1455. Her. and
Gen., i, 39 ; Nicholas Account of the Ironmongers'
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Jackson, Charles. 3 June, 1854. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
n.s., iv, 37.
James, Roger, John, and others. 18 Nov., 1611.
Arch. Cant., iv, 242.
Communication. 237
Jason, Robert. 10 March, 1588. Misc. Gen. et
Her., 2 s., iii, 49.
Jemmett, Philip. 17 Nov., 1670. ^'' Proc. Soc.
Antiq., 2 s., xvi, 355.
Jenkinson, Sir Robert. 2 Nov., 1618. Visit. Eng.
and IF., Notes, ii, 47.
Jennings, see Lingard-Monk.
Jepson, John Wilkins. 29 Aug., 1782. Frag. Gen.,
V, 64. ^
Jevon, Daniel and Thomas. 10 Jan., 1651. Misc.
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Jodrell, Paul. 10 July, 1707. Visit. Eng.and W.,
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Johnson, Nicholas. 8 May, 1632. Misc. Gen. et
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, Robert. 23 March, 1592. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
n.s., i, 452.
Jude, see Mathew.
Keeling, John. 30 April, 1632. The Reliquary,
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, Grant of Arms of, as a quartering, to Rev.
William Fletcher. 21 Jan., 1836. '•* The Reli-
quary, xxii, 192.
Keith, Sir Robert Murray. 2 June, 1772. Misc.
Gen. et Her., 2 s., iii, 88.
Kempe, William. 6 Dec, 1662. Misc. Gen. et
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Kevall, Cieorge. 15 July, 1577. *^' Proc.Soc.Antiq.y
^ 2 s., xvi, 352.
Keys, Roger. 30 May, 1449. Her. and Gen., i, 137.
Kidd, William Archibald. 16 Oct., 1891. Misc.
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Kimpton, William. 3 April, 1574. Misc. Gen. et
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King's College, Cambridge, i Jan., 1450. Excerpta
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238 Communication .
Knight, Jane. 23 May, 1772. Misc. Gen. et Her,,
2 s., i, 173.
Kvnaston, see Owen.
Kvngeston, John de. 2 July, 1389. N, and O., i s.,
'm, 88.
Kvtchin, John. 12 Feb., 1578. " The Reliquary,
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Lambarde, John. 15 Julv, 1552. AvcIl Cant.j\\
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Lanye, John. 12 July, 1561. '"' Proc. Soc. Antiq.,
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Launce, John. 8 Nov., 1580. iMisc. Gen. et Her.,
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Launceston, Town of. 24 July, 1573. Misc. Gen.
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Laurence, Richard. 1599. Misc. Gen. et Her., i, 204.
Lawson, Ralph. 2 Jan., 1592. Snrtees Soc, xli,
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Leigh, Town of, co. Lancaster. 23 Dec, 1899.
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I
Communication . 2 39
Le Taylor, John. 20 July, 1572. Misc. Gen, ei
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Lingard-Monk, R. B. M. 5, 12, and 16 Jan., 1871.
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Liverpool, Town of. 22 and 23 March, 1797.
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Llovd, see Hind.
Loftt, Henry Capel. i April. 1864, Gen., i, 277.
Lofft-Moseley, Henry Capel. 20 April, 1864. Gen.,
i, 277.
Lombe, Edward. 10 Feb., 1699. Visit. Eng. and
ir.. Notes, i, 104.
London, Robert. 10 Feb., 1664. F.ast Anglian,
iv, 8.
London, The New Corporation of Freemen in the
Suburbs about. 1633- 1643. Gen. Mag., iv, 187.
Londonderry, City of. i June, 1623. Gen. Mag.,
ii, 256 : iv, 58.'
Lubbock, Thomas. 8 June, 1730. Palgrave Family
Memorials, 183.
Lynch, Sir WilHam. 12 July, 1771. Misc. Gen. et
Her., n.s., iv. 360.
Lynche, Symon. 10 Dec, 1572. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
U.S., iv, 351.
Lynn, George Francis. 23 April. 1796. Gen., i,
116.
MacManus, Alexander. 23 Oct., 1810. Misc. Gol
et Her., n.s., i, 167.
240 Communication .
Maddison, Lvonell. 5 June, 1635. Visit, of Dur-
hamj 1575, edited by N. J. Philipson, 61 ; Surtees
Soc.j xli, 50.
Madras, University of. 15 Sept., 1898. ^ Gen,
Mag., iv, 234.
Makins, Charles. 7 Feb., 1872. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
n.s., ii, 34.
Maltby, Rev. Edward, g July. 1829. Misc. Gen.
et //er., 2 s., i, 81.
Mandeville, Rev. John. 9 Oct., 1722. Misc. Gen.
et Her., 2 s., iv, 91.
Manning, Georije and Henry. 20 April, 1577.
Arch. Cant., vi, 271.
Mant, Richard. 29 March, 1820. Visit. Rng. and
W., Notes, iii, 49.
Marple. Richard. 20 Sept., 1574. "' The Reliquary,
xxii, 244.
Markes, Richard. 10 May, 1560. Surtees Soc, xli,
40.
Marlowe, Marlowe Sidney. 13 April, 1776. Frag.
Gen., ii, 56.
Marsh, Thomas. 21 May, 1571. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
2 s., iv, 65 ; '" Cat. Her. Ex., 67.
Marshall, Henry, i June, 1562. Miscellanea Ma-
rcscalliana, ii, part 2, 90.
Mason, John. 4 July, 1739. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
2 s., i, 295 ; Frag. Gen., v, 60.
Masons, Whole craft and fellowship of. 1472, 1520.
Records of the Hole Craft, &c., by Edward Conder,
jun., frontispiece and p. 84.
Master, James. 2 May, 1608. Arch. Cant., v, 238;
Some Notices of the Family of Master, by the Rev.
G. S. Master, 1874, 10.
, Richard, i Dec, 1568. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
2 s., iv, 72.
Mathew, alias Jude, Dame Mary. 5 Oct., 1558.
Misc. Gen. et Her., 2 s., ii, i ; Frag. Gen.^ v, 56 ;
Gen. Mag.., iv, 241 ; ^'' Cat. Her. Ex\^ 64.
Commumcation . 24 1
Mattok, Nicholas. 23 July, 1494. Lawrence\s
Xobilitv of the British Gentry^ g ; Misc\ Gen, et
Her,^ 2 s., V, 329.
Mawbey, Joseph. 15 Sept., 1757. Misc. Gen, et
Her.^ U.S., iii, 447.
Maxwell, John, Lord Maxwell of Herries. 2 April,
1567. Seton's LaK' and Practice of Heraldry in
Scotland^ 73.
Meautis, John. 12 Aug., 1494. Misc, Gen. et Her.^
3 ^-^ i. 65;
Merchant Taylors' Company. 23 Oct., 1480, and
23 Dec, 1586. Memorials of the Guild of Mer-
chant Taylors^ by C. M. Clode, London, 1875.
Metcalfe, Matthew. 29 Sept., 1581. Surtees Soc,
xli, 41.
Micklethwayt, Elias. 6 Nov., 1626. Surtees Soc,
XXX vi, 280.
Mildmay, Sir Walter. 20 May, 1552. Misc. Gen.
et Her., ii, 261.
Mill, David. 16 July, 1803. 7wvz^'\ Gen.^ v, 60.
Milner, Charles. 24 May, 1788. In-ag. Gen., v, 67.
Minet, Hughes. 14 Oct., 1799. l^isit. Ejii^, and IT.,
Notes, iii, 88 ; '" Cat. Her. A\r., 74.
Moigne, William. 22 Nov., 139 1. Camden Soc.^
xliii, 16 ; Topographer., ii, 192.
Molineux, William. 20 June, 1806. \lsit. ling.
and ir.. Notes, ii, 116.
Monckton-Arundell, Viscount (lalway, see Arundell.
Monke, John. 10 Nov., 1615. Misc. Gen. et Her.^
2 s., i, 100.
Moor, Sir John. 25 Aug., 1683. Harleian Society.,
viii, 278.
Moore, Thomas. 11 June, 1654. '••' l^roc. Soc.
Antiq., 2 s., xvi, 355.
More, John and Kdmond. 14 July, 1593. Misc.
Gen. et Her.^ i, 309.
Morgne, William. 2Z Nov., 139 1. Camden's
Remains^ 222.
s
242 Communication .
Morle, Robert de. 6 J -in., 1349. Camden's
Remains^ 222.
Morley, Isabel. 10 Feb., 1575. Misc\ (rcu.et Her,^
2 s., iv, 161.
Morpeth, Town of. 20 May, 1552. Misc. Gen, ct
Hcj\, ii, 216 ; '■' Cat, Her. 7t,v., 63.
Morshead, William. 11 Mar., 1744. Maclean's
History of Trifj^f^ Minor, i, 81.
Mosley, Nicholas. 17 Feb., 1592. Family Memoir,
by Sir Oswald Morley, Bart., 1849 ; Misc. Gen. et
Her., iii, 98.
Mott, Mark. 10 Nov., 1615. Eastern Counties
Collectanea^ i, 16.
Mowbray, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk. 12 Jan.,
1393-4. Gen. Mai^.^ ii, 398 ; Tlw ris^/it to hear
Arms, by X, 1900.
Mylne, William John Home. 29 June, 1891. T/ie
right to hear Arms^ by X, 1900.
Needham, John. 18 Feb., 1586. '•' The Reliquary^
xxii, 68.
Newark'On-Trcr.L, T(Avn of. 8 Dec, 1561. C.
Brown's Annals of Neicark\ 78 ; '"•' Cat. Her. is\v.,
66.
New Brunswick, see Canada.
Xewton, Sir John. 12 Dec, 1567. Proceedings of
the Archceological Institute, 1851, 239. N . and Q,,
I s., ii, 428.
Xicholl, Thomas. 22 Nov., 1817. Misc. Gen. et
Her..^ 3 s., iii, 178.
Noel, see Byron.
Norbonne, Certificate of Arms. 1645-1676-7. ''' Cat.
Her. Ex., 72.
Norcliffe, Thomas. 11 July, 1606. G^v/., vi, 35.
Norfolk, Duke of. see Mowbray.
North, John. 21 June, 1676. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
n.s.,i,30i; Erag.Gen.,\^'^2 ] ''-' Cat. Her. Ex., j^.
Northe, Lady Marj^aret. i Feb., 1564. Misc. Gen.
et Her,^ 3 s., ii, 193.
[Communication 243
Xorthey, Henry. 10 July, 1556. Gd'//., iii, 172.
Northland, Thomas. 10 Nov., 1482. Misc, Gcii,
ct Her,^ 2 s., iv, 145. '"' Cat, Her, E.w, 61.
Nottingham, City of. 10 and 11 June, 1898. Gen.
^ Ma<r',, ii, 388, 432.
Xova Scotia, .9^' Canada.
Nunn, Rev. Samuel. 7 Feb., 1885. ^^/^^^. Gen, et
Her,, 2 s., ii, 88.
Ontario, see Canada.
Orford-Holte, Richard, i Aug., 1825. G<f//., vi, j^^^-
Osborne, John. 3 May, 1573. Arch, Cant,, v, 227.
Otway, Sir Robert Waller. 16 Feb., 1829. /^Vr/,^.
Gcn„ V, 53.
Owen, W. C. E. 2 June, 1868. Pok[\'s, Clnbj x, 422.
, Anne Warburton. 3 April, 1838. Potcys, Club,,
X, 416.
, Edward. 8 Dec, 1582. Sheriff's of Mont-
. 1 ^ ,:' J
i^'onicryshirc, by W. V. Lloyd, 317; Misc, Gen, et
Hcr,^ 2 s., ii, 249.
•, Sir \\, \\ , C. R. 16 Jan., 1846. Poicys, Club^
X, 417.
Oxenden, John. 6 Feb., 1445. Arch, Cant,^ vi.,
^//
Palgrave, Sir Francis. 2 July, 1825. Palgrax^e
Family Memorials, 185.
, Thomas. 26 Oct., 1877. Palf^rave Family
Memorials., 187.
Paltock, Edward. 14 Feb., 1612. Surrey Archcro-
lo^ieal Collections, iii, 351 ; Fra^;, Gen,, iv, 79.
Parker, Henry. 21 Feb., 1537. Misc, Gen, et Her,,
3 s., i, 97- ' ^
, Isaac. 13 Nov., 1790. Gen.^ iv, 288.
, John. 28 May, 1572. Misc, Gen, et Her^
U.S., i, 408.
Parvis. Henry. 3 Dec, 1597. Surrey Archcvolof^ical
Collections,^ iii, 352.
Pearson, Henry Robert. 30 Dec, 1865. Gen,, vii,
-231.
S2
244 ^^^ ^^^ ^' ^^ i cation .
Peirse, John and Richard, ig Dec, 1634. Stirtees
Soc,^ xH, 49.
Pennyman, James. 10 May, 1599. Surtees Soc.^
xli, 44.
Penyston, Thomas. 8 Feb., 1573. Gen.^ i, i.
Peploe, Archdeacon Samuel. 23 Feb., 1753. Misc.
Gen. et Her.^ 2 s., iii, 145.
Perrot, Georije. 4 Jan., 1550. Misc. Gen, et Her.^
3 s., iii, I.
Peshale, Richard. 1436. Camden's Remains^ 223.
Peter, Francis. 25 Nov., 1729. R. C. Fam.^ i, 58.
Petre, Robert, i June, 1573. R. C. Fam., i, 57.
, John. 18 and 30 July, 1802. R. C. Fam.^ i,
581 59-
Phillipson, Rowland and Miles. 18 May, 1581.
Misc. Gen. et Her.^ 2 s., iv, 193.
Pilfold, John. 29 March and 14 April. 1808. Misc.
Gen., et Her.^ n.s., iv, 7S'77'
Pilkington. James, Bishop of Durham. 10 Feb.,
1561, -' r/ie Family of Pilkington, 1066-1600,
by Lieut. -Col. John Pilkington, 57.
Pingo, Benjamin, Rouge Dragon. 22 Feb., 1782.
Frag. Gen., v, 67.
Plasterers' Company. 15 Jan.. 1546. Misc. Gen.
et Her., i. 139.
Platt-Higgins. iM'ederick and others. 16 Aug.,
1889. r/5//. F.ng. and IT., Notes, ii, 106.
Potkyn, William. 25 May, 1517. "•' Proc. Soc. A ntiq.,
2 s., xvi, 348.
Powle, Stephen. March, 1587. "•' Proc. Soc. A ntiq.,
2 s., xvi. 353.
, Thomas. 5 April, 1556. "^^ Proc. Soc. A ntiq.,
2 s., xvi, 349. 7 May, 1569. '' Proc. Soc. Antiq.,
2 s., xvi, 351.
Poole, David. 15 June, 1557. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
h 231.
Pratt, Ralfe. 23 Aug., 1601. Frag. Gen., i, 56 ;
''^ Cat. Her. Fix., 70.
Communication, 245
Prentice, Thomas Augustus. 23 Aug., 1890. Misc,
Gen. ct Her,, 2 s., iv, 216.
Pringle, Alexander. 18 Nov., 1828. Misc. Gen, ct
Her. J n.s., iv., 189.
Prowse, William. 7 Sept., 1573. Misc. Gen. ct
Her. J n.s., iv, 400, and 2 s., i, no.
Prujean, Dr. Francis. 20 March, 1651. Frag. Gen. ,
v., 57 ; '^^ Cat, Her. /:.v., 72.
Purves, Sir Alexander, Bart. 14 Oct., 1772.
Baronage of Scotland, by Sir R. Douglas, 567.
Quebec, see Canada.
Rawe, George. 20 Jan., 1563. ^^ Proc. Soc. Antiq.y
2 s., xvi, 351.
Rawlens, Thomas. 2 Jan., 1560. Misc, Gen. ct
Her., 2 s , iv, 225.
Raymond, Sir Jonathan. 11 April, 1687. Misc.
Gen. el Her., 2 s., ii. 59.
Readhead, Robert. 10 May, 1598. Snrtces Soc,
xli, 43-
Reed, Thomas, sec Smith, Thomas.
Regius Professors, see Cambridge.
Reyny, John. 16 March, 1619. Misc, Gen, el Her,,
i, 191.
Revell, Robert. 10 July, 1545. *^* The Reliquary,
xxii, 51.
Richardson, Edward. 20 March, 1649. Surtces
Soc, xli, 52. 22 May, 1647. (jcn., i, 201.
, John. 18 Sept., 1615. Surtces Soc, xli, 48.
Robinson, Sir John. 20 Oct., 1663. Gen,, i, 153.
, Morris, Baron Rokeby. 9 June, 1801. Gen.,
it At ^m •
»
, William. 20 Feb., 1634. Surtces Soc, xli, 49.
Robotham, Robert. 8 Dec, 1560. Misc, Gen. el
Her., 2 s., i, 269.
Rodes, William. 21 Aug., 1585. Misc. Gen. ct
Her., 2 s., iii, 293.
Rogers, Robert. 26 Jan., 1576. ^^ Proc, Soc. A ntiq.j
2 s., xvi, 352.
246 Commiuiication,
Ross-of-Bladensburg, Robert. 26 April, 1816.
Gai, Mag,, i, 130. The Right to bear Anns, by X.
Rowe, John. 25 May, 1614. Misc, Gen, et Her,,
i, 161.
, Samuel. 20 March, 1653. Local Gleanings
Magazine^ l^y J- 1^- Karwaker, 1880, 429.
, William. 20 Oct., 165 1. Froc, Soc, Antiq,,
2 s., XVI, 354.
Royal Fishing Company. 13 Dec, 1664. ^-^ Cat,
Her, Ex,, 72.
Royds, JamevS. 6 Oct., 1820. Misc. Gen, et Her,,
2 s., iii, 293.
Russell, James. 18 Aug., 1820. Misc. Gen. et Her,,
ii, 168. 29 May, 1835. Misc, Gen. et Her,, n.s.,
iv, 18.
Rustat, Tobias. 30 Dec, 1676. 7\)bias Rustat, by
William Hewett, jun., 71. Visit, ling, and W,,
Notes, i, 87.
Rylands, Thomas Glazebrook. 7 Nov., 1877. Gen.,
iv, 287.
St. Aubyn, Thomas. 18 March, 1545. Visit, Eng,
and IF., iv. i.
Sainthill, Peter. 28 July, 1546. Gentleman's Maga-
zine, Dec, 1825, 501. 18 July. 1646. Misc, Gen,
et\Hcr,, i, 281.
SalusbMry.^John-Pioz^i. 17 Dec, 1813. Misc, Gen,
_ r,, n.s., iv, 185.
Sandbache, Francis. 20 May, 1579. Misc, Gen.
et Her,, 2 s., ii, i.
Sanderson, R. W. 13. 27 April, i86g. Gen,, iv, 287.
Sanders, Frederick William Arundell. 5 Sept.,
1873. R, C, Fani,, iii, 167.
Savage, John. July, 1415. Hist, Soc, L. and C,
xxxi, 8.
Scarisbrick, Leon Remy De Biandos — . 31 Oct.,
1873. R, C, Fani,, ii, 106.
Schank, Alexander. 23 June, 1732. Misc, Gen, et
Her,, 2 s., i, 259.
Communication. 247
Schank, J. M. S. G. 17 June, 1843. Misc, Gen, ct
Her. J 2 s., i, 260.
Scras, Tuppin. 14 Aug., 1616. Memoirs of the
Family of Scrase, by M. A. Lower, 7
Seaman, Aldred. 4 May, 1670. Frag, Gen,, iii,77.
See, Robert. 12 Dec, 1536. .17/56'. Gen, et Her,,
n.s., iii, 298.
Shakespeare, John. 20 Oct., 1596. Her. and Gen,,
i, 510. Mise, Gen, et Her,, 2 s., i, 109.
Sheldon, Daniel. 20 Dec, 1681. Misc. Gen, et
Her,, n.s., i, 371. 1 7s//. Fng, and W,, Notes, i,
lOI.
, Gilbert, Bishop of London. 4 Sept., 1660.
Misc. Gen, et Her,, n.s., v, 8. Visit, Eng, and
W,, Notes, i, loi.
, Dame Margaret. 16 Feb., 1681. Visit. Eng,
and ]V,, Notes, i, 103.
Shelleto, Francis. 24 Jan., 1602. Surtees Soc,
xli, 45.
Sherston, Peter. 16 May, 1793. Jewers' Wells
Cathedral, 179.
Shipham, Thomas. 20 Oct., 1581. Misc, Gen, et
Her,, n.s., iv, 367.
Shropshire County Council. 18 June, 1896. Gen.
Mag., ii, 2.
Sitwell, George, i March, 1660. "' The Reliquary,
xxii, 52.
Skynner, John. 10 July, 1557. Misc. Gen. et Her,,
n.s., i, 80.
Smallshaw, Dorothy, i June, 1750. Gen,, iv, 286.
Local Gleanings Magazine, b}* J. P. Earwaker,
1880, 357.
Smethwick, William. 9 Oct., 1579. Misc. Gen.et
Her., 2 s., i, 324.
Smith, John. 12 March, 1545. Life of Sir Thomas
Smith, by J. Strype, app. i.
, John. 9 Dec, 1603. The true Travels, &c.,
of Capt. John Smith, London, 1630, 17.
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Communication. 249
Sudburv, Town of. 20 Sept., 1576. '^^^ Cat, Her,
Suthaby, Robert. 15 Aug., 1563. Surtces Soc,
xli, 40.
Sutton, Daniel. 23 Aug., 1767. The Principal
Historical and Allusive Arms, collected by an Anti-
quary. 418.
Sweetaple, Sir John. 25 Aug., i6y(j. Misc. Gen.
et Her., 2 s.. i, 133.
Tallow Chandlers' Company. 24 Sept., 1456.
Memorial Catalogue, Heraldic Exhibition, Edin-
burgh, 189 1, plate V ; "' Cat. Her. Ex., 60.
Talor, John le. 20 July, 1572. Muskett\s Suffolk
Manorial Families, i, 241.
Taylor, John. 12 April, 1635. Surtees Soc., xli, 51.
, see Lisle.
, Thomas. 16 Dec, 1600. '•' Proc. Soc.
Anliq,, 2 s., xvi, 353.
Tcnaunt, John, i April, 1613. Surtees Soc, xli, 47.
Tennison, Dr. Philip, i Dec., 1660. Misc. Gen.
et Her.,^i s., i, 225.
rhacker, Thomas, i May, 1538. "• The Reliquary,
xxii, 50.
Thomson, Richard Edward. 23 Sept., 1851, Misc.
Gen. et Her., ii, 177.
Thornhagh, John. 4 Feb., 1582. The Reliquary^
xviii, 16, and *•* xxii, 244.
Thornley, Stephen. 8 Dec, 1655. Misc. Gen. et
Her., 2 s., ii, 294.
Thornton, Robert. 4 Oct., 1563. Surtees Soc,
xli, 40 ; Ixii, 359.
Thoyts, William. 30 April, 1788. Misc Gen, et
Her., 2 s., iv, 6.
Tippets, John. 24 March, 1669. '' ^'^'- ^^'''- -^-^'-j 73-
Titus, Silas. 17 Car. II, 1665. Royal Warrant
to Sir Edward Walker, (Jarter, to grant Arms.
Clutterbuck's History of the County of Hertford^
i, 345.
Af*
' 1 ^
'^^
'l^
^f >
T
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T
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250 Communication,
Toilet, George. 3 Dec, 1708. Misc, Gen, ct Her,,
z s., iii, 7-2.
Tonge, William. Undated. Arcli. Cant., vi, 255.
Tooth, Robert. 4 April, 1854. -^^^^c- Gen, ct Her,,
1 s., iii. 128.
Towerson. William. 24 Jan . 1581. The Principal
Historical and Allusive Arms, collected by an Anti-
quary, 107.
rownrawe, William. 20 May. 1562. "•' llie Reli-
quary, x.\ii, 245.
rownsend. Sir Robert. 29 May, 1663. Goi,, i, 151.
Trappes, see CrivSp.
Trevor, Mark, Viscount Dungannon. 20 Sept.,
1662. Misc. (ren. et Her.. 2 vS., iv, 89.
Trotman, Edward, zy Nov., 1616. Misc, Gen, et
Her., n.s., iv. 188.
Trowte, Alan. 8 Nov., 1376. Lower's Curiosities
of Heraldry, 315.
Trollop, John. 27 July, 1639. Surtees'Z^///'/m;;/,i,gi.
Trollope, Sir Henry. 29 Sept., 183 1. Urag, Gen,^
n, 48.
Tryon, Peter, i July, 1610. Sylvanus Morgan's
Spliere of Gentry, ii, 106.
Trystram, Mathew. 29 Aug., 1467. (By Romerick,
King of Arms of the Holy Roman Empire.) Proc,
Soc. Antiq,, xvi, 341.
Tudor, Lady Mary. 15 Aug., 1687. Gen., iii, 280.
, William. 2 Aug., 1797. Gen., iii, 151.
Tupper, John Elisha. 24 April, 1826. Misc, Gen,
et Her,, n.s., ii. i.
Turbutt, William. 20 March, 1628. Surtees Soc,
xli, 49.
Turner, Rev. Richard. 26 July, 1785. Misc, Gen,
et Her,, n.s., i, 157.
, Nathaniel. Dec. 1710. Misc, Gen, et Her,,
Tyssen, Francis. 24 Nov., 1687. Misc, Gen, et
Her. J n.s., iii, 379.
'1^
ri'^
ff^
/■i^
i
Commuuication, 251
Tyson, John. 4 May, 1803. Frag. Gen., i, 60.
Upholsterers' Company. 11 Dec, 1465. Sylvanus
Morgan's Sphere of Gentry, ii. 94.
Upton, WiUiam. y April, 1569. Misc. Gen. et
Her.. 2. s., V. 2cj6.
Underwood, Cecilia Letitia (lateBug<;in). 15 March,
1 83 1. Frag. Gen., v, 66.
\'incent, Auj^ustine. Rouge Croix, i Jan., 1621.
Memoir of A . Vincent, by Sir N. H. Nicolas, 102.
Walpole, Sir John, June, 1646. Gen. i, loi.
Warrington, Town of. 18 May, 1897. Gen. Mag.
i, 261.
Warwick, Earl of. 2 April, 1760. Account of the
Family of (rreville. 1766, 98.
Watkinson, Henry. 16 Oct., 1664. Snrtees Soc,
Wax Chandlers' Company, j Feb., 1485, ^'' Cat.
Her. Fx.y 61.
Webbe, Henry. 10 Sept., 1550. Misc. Gen. et
Her., 3 s., ii, 156.
Welby, Richard. 16 March, 1562. Misc. Gen. et
Her., 1, 249.
Weld, John. 10 April, 1552. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
i, 10.
Wells, Barnard. 14 Nov., 1634. '^' The Reliquary,
xxii, 51.
Weoley, Thomas. 25 April, 1580. Frag. Gen., v. i.
West, John. 15 Oct., 1600. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
3 s., ii, 177.
, Jane, wife of Edmund. 6 Nov., 1560. ^'' Proc.
Soc. Antiq., 2 s., xvi, 349.
, William. 1535. Snrtees Soc, xli, 39.
\Vestfaling, Herbert, i March, 1575-6. Misc. Gen.
et Her., n.s., ii, 55 ; ^"^ Cat. Her. Ex., 68.
Weymouth, Town of. i May, 1592. History of
Weymouth, by G. A. Ellis, 1829.
Whiteford, Joseph. 31 March, 1840. Misc. Gen,
et Her., 2 s., ii, 265.
252 Communication,
Whitgreve, Robert. 13 Auf(., 1442. Camden's
Kvmains, 221.
Whorwood, James, 14 Feb., 1729-30. Misc. Gen,
ct Her,, U.S., iv, 49.
Wigley, Thomas. 22 June, 161 1. "' Reliquary,
xxii, 244.
Wilkinson. John. 3 Auf;., 1519. Misc. Gen, et
Her.. 2 s., ii, 200.
, W'ilHam. 28 Sept., 1538. Fra<{menls of Family
History, by Susannah P. Flory, i8g6, plate u.
Willey, John. 18 May, 1615. Surlees Soc, xl, 48.
Wise, Henry. 4 April. 1720. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
n.s., i, 201.
Wode, John. 6 Feb., 1532. Misc. Gen. et Her.,
2 s., iii, 206.
Wolte, Francis. 4 July, 166 1. Misc. Gen. el Her.,
n.s., H, 475*
Wood. Albert. 25 Feb., 1880. (jcn., v, 184.
Woodhouse, Robert. 17 Au<;"., 161 1. ^ The Reli-
quary, xxii, 49-
Wyrley, Roger de. Jan., 1377. The true use of
Arms, by William Wyrley, 1592, reprinted by
John Gray Bell, 1853, 24.
Young, Lionel. 8 May, 1558. "' True. Soc. Antiq.j
2 s., xvi, 349.
J. Paul Rvlands, F.S.A.
(253)
REPORT FOR 1900.
During the yeir 12 new members have joined the Society,
while 7 resident, non-resident, life, or honorary associate mem-
bers have either died or resigned. The Society's mcome is now
about ;^i86 a year, or at least ^20 less than is recjuired to
carry on its work efficiently : issuing a well-illustrated volume of
Transactions, and giving a few donations in aid of antiquarian
research each year.
Among those whose loss we have to deplore during the year
are the illustrious art critic, Mr. John Ruskin, an honorary
member of the Society, who i)assed away on the 20th January ;
Mr. Thomas (ilazebrook Rylands, Fellow of the Society of
Anlicjuaries, and of innumerable other learned, scientific, and
antiquarian societies, who died on the 14th of February, a very
old member of our Society, who took the Presidential chair in
1879 — when the Society was in vciy low water — and continued
to hold it tor six years, much to the Society\s advantage and his
own credit ; in his business, as in his scientific and antiquarian
pursuits, he was a real woikcr. Another remarkable man we lost
on the 8th of May, Mr. Richard Bennett, member of Council, cut
off in the prime of life — a self-made, self-taught man. of bound,
less energy, great commercial capacity, and warm sympathetic
nature — who found lime in the intervals of business to comoile
A History of Corn Milting in all countries and all ages, a most
important work, compiled with the greatest assiduity and care
from original sources. Two volumes of this were issued during
Mr. Bennett's lifetime, one has come out since his death, and
one more has yet to aj)j)ear. Another member deceased, Mr.
James L. Thornely, author of a work on local monumental
brasses, was carried off by typhoid fever in his 35th year.
^T»
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3D
''oldest portion being the fine Elizabethan mansion, erected by
" vSir Richard Sherburne in 1596, to which extensive additions
" have been made to accommodate the increasing wants of the
" school. After the death of Sir Richard Sherburne, in 1700,
'Mt passed into the hands of his daughter, the Duchess of
'* Norfolk, and then to Mr. Weld, of Lulwonh, who installed
'• here the English Jesuits, after their expulsion from France.
*' Several of the Jesuit Fathers took charge, and escorted the
" party through the class and recreation rooms, the academy
" room or theatre, the church, the boys' chapel (a new and lovely
'• piece of work, in stone and timber, finely carved^ the museum
" and library — containing upwards of 30.000 volumes, many rare
'' and valuable books among them, and full of objects of beauty
"and historic interest; the swimming bath, the dark yew-tree
" shaded walks, the observatory, and dining hall, hung with
" interesting j)ortraits of persons connected with the college in
" the past. At 2 o'clock the parly left for Mytton, where a
'•substantial meal was provided at the ' Aspinall Arms'; after
" which Myiton Church, with its Sherburne ('hai)el and monu-
" ments, chained liible and other objects of antiquity, were
" inspected. The party then drove to W'hailey, and were met by
*' .Mrs. Ciregory, wife of the Vicar, who was unable to be present.
*' Under this lady's guidance the party was conducted over the
" church, every object of interest being explained, and a brief
•' history of the church given. Afterwards Mrs. Gregory took
'• the party over the old abbey, and gave a description in detail
" of the various parts of the building, proving herself a most
•' learned and able guide. The party then adjourned to the
"'Swan Inn,' Whalley, where tea was served. Votes of
" thanks were passed to the Reverend Fathers of Stonyhurst,
'• the Vicar of Mvtton, the Vicar of Whallev, and Mrs. Gre^orv,
"for their kindness and courtesy ; tiie party leaving Whalley by
•'the 8 p.m train, and arriving in Liverpool at 10-15, ^^ter a
"most enjoyable day." — Mercury^ July 19th, 1900.
" The last excursion of the season of this Society took place
"on Saturday afternoon, 8th September, 1900; when a large
" party left the Central Station by the 1-30 train, to visit the
" Lymm and (irappenhall district, under the able guidance of
" .Nlr. J. Paul Rylands. Arriving at Warrington in good time,
" the party entered wagonettes, and drove to the village anil
'•church at L}mm, at which latter place the registers were
" exhibited, and the village cross and other objects of interest
" inspected. The picturesque surroundings of the parish church
** were especially admired by the members. The parly then
"drove to the residence of Mrs. T. (i. Rylands, wiiere they
" had afternoon tea ; afterwards visiting the modern church of
.'S^'
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Report, &c.
MEMBERS ELECTED,
April 5
Herbert C. Gorst.
Miss Thompson
R. Cyril I.ockett.
Frank Cook son.
George C. Milligaii.
R. H. Case.
Oct. 25
Miss Edith Piatt.
Choiley Library.
Rev. Frank Powell.
Bertram E. Kirby.
Louis Rosenberg.
W. M. Spence.
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Vi
INDEX.
- XAMLS.
Adair Mr., 42
Agricola, 23, 42, 219, acu : Dt Kf
Mela iu'i', 2;, 43
AKlrovandus, £7
A.icg tn Wonaer/itf.ii, 210
Armada, ilie Spanish, 175
Aniniianus. 7
Anderson Captain John Charles,
n.K.i.c.s.. 212 ; Dr., 35
Anglo-Saxon land measures, 62
Anne Queen, 105, 106, 154, 138,
161, 163
Antonines the. T24, 217, 219, 220
Antoninc wall, 7, 25
Antoninus Pius, coins of, 52
Archteo fl^ia, 125, 126, 217 ; Cant-
/f'^f/sis, 52 ; Cttnziana, 126
Arch(Cou\i^nai you'tial, 121, 125
Ardern John de, 166 ; Margaret
de. 166
Argyle Uuke of, 2o3
Arinus, 51
Arklo. Logan, Gibbons and. £6
Aiihur Margaret Munro, 213;
Robert, 213
Ashur^t Mr , 192, 194, 105, 196.
Aspinall. 78. ?o
Aspinall's Liverl<co'. a few years
sitter. 78
Astley Thos., io3
.-* thcnautu the, 1 1 1
Atherton Isabella, 107; Sir John.
94 ; Richard, 107
Augustus C. Octavius, 33 ; Con-
sular denarius of, 35
Aurelius Marcus, 52
Austyn Adini, 141. 142
Azor, 70
" Haines," 5S, 151 ; It.s:cry 0/
Laticnshite^ 60
Baldwin Wm., 194, 193
liall T. Stanley, 93
Uandello. t6
Barker Mr., 194
Barnes Jo.seph, 104
Barubton Hugh de, 166
Bastarde Wm.. 75
Bath and Wells. Bishop of, 210
]>at hurst Earl, 9S
Beiird Charles. 53
Beaumont Mr. Wm., 8S. 143, 143,
146
Bcde the venerable, 63
Belatvnvs. 49
Bennett A.. Ksq., i
lierkshirc Thos., Earl of, 207
Bernulf, 72
Bibby Wm., 156
Blair R., f.s.a., 51
lilencowe lohn George, 184, 192,
198 ; Robt. Willis, 184, 193, 198
GENERAL.
Hlundel Mr. and Mrs 194. 193
Board man. 80
Botldilo Mr.. 205
Buhn Profe.ssor Dr.. 51
BOhn's Gaulic and Germanic Am-
phora atito Insert f'ier, 51
Booth Hon. Langham, 162
Bootle Thos, i6i
Borillvs. 49
Bourne Nehemiah, 204
Bowen Miss, 104
Bowes Sir Edward, 17S. 179;
Eleanor, 179; John. 177. 17S,
175
Boydell. 191
Bradford, 206
Bradley Mr., 217
Bricos, 28, 52
Britannia, 99, 100, 102
Brooke's hist, t*/ Livc^/nhu tfut-
tHZ ^'^^i quartet of Eighteettth
Century, 80, 85. co
Bkown Henky: A Livtrpooi,
AlTOKNEY OF EuiH TKKNTH
Ckntuky, by George T. Shaw,
77-92
Henry, 79. 80, 81, S2, 83,
84. Sp. 80, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92 :
his library, 79, 80, 86, 87, 89 ;
obituary notice of, 00, 91, 92 ;
Mr., 194 ; William, 81
liruce's Aotiutu ll'ai:, 6 7
Bruci, 28. 52
Brucus, 28, 52
Ikierton Arms. 172. 179
Bunbury Sir C, 193
Bunburys the, 197
Burward Charlotte, 184 ; Jona-
than, 1S4
Busli Roger de, 60, 64, 65
Bute Lord, 189, »9(>
Cagnet, 125
Callimaxvs, 49
Calveley Gilbert de, 73 : Sir
Hugh, IC7
Calvj 0., 49
Calvinio, 49
Catnbrensis Archao., 52
Candos Maud de, 140
Capenhurst Arms, 172, 179; Isa-
bel, 166
Carcas H.M.S., 210
Carroballistac. 7
Carroll Lewis. 210
Cartwright Mrs. Eliz., 102
Castcll Elizabeth, 202, 207 ; Mar-
tha, 204 ; Mary, 207 ; Robert,
202, 204, 205, 207
Castor ware, 13
Catalan forge, 26
Cato, 91
Cclta. celtas, 49
Cereal!, M., 50
Chamberlain Mr., 173
Chandos James, Duke of, x8i
Charles II, 148, 207
Ch'irter i\oii^ 140
Chaucer, 83
Cheselden's Anatomy 0/ Bouesy
87
Chester, Abbot of, 166 ; Bishop
of, 107 ; Ranulph, Earl of, 143.
144
Child Elizabeth, 206, 20S ; Ralph,
206
Chresi A., 50
Church Plate in Manchester
Cathedral and the Pari.sh
Churches of Preston ano
Lv.MM, by T. Stanley Ball, 93-
JIO
Clare Joseph, 1 10
Clarendon Earl of, 106
Clayton Wm., 147, 151, 152, 158,
joi, 162. 164
Clement VI Pope, 215
Cleveland John, 147, 164
Clitheroe Col., 194
Cliffe Lady Eliz., 178 ; Sir Geo ,
Clive Sir George, 178
Cnut, 73 ; Insttttttx Ctiuti^ 73
College of Arms, 172
Collinson's Hist, of Somerset ^ 140
j Colquitt John, 81
I Columbus Cecilia de, 140, 141,
I 143, 144 ; Philip de, 140
i Commodus coins of, 5a
Conqueror the, 55
Conquest the. 58
Constantine the Great, coins of, 53
Cook Robt., 204
Copinger Eliz., 178; H., 178
Corbet Sir John, 183
Cotton Capt., 194, 195; George,
174 ; Mr., 196 ; Mrs , 105 ; Miss,
195; Richard, 170; Sir Robt.,
174
Cottons the. 104, 196
Coventry Bishop of, 214, 215
Crimean War, 212
Crisp Edward, 207 ; Ellis, 206 ;
Mary. 207
Cromwell Elizabeth, 201 ; Oliver,
199, 20I, 202
Crosficld John, Esq., t
Croston, 60
Culcheth John, 179, 199 ; Maud.
17^, 199
Cunliffe, 162, 164
Curie James, jun., 39
Currey Mr., 193, 194, 196, 19:
I Daalby Mr , 194, 195, 196 ; Mrs ,
194
Danes the, 72, 73
* Danish money, 73 ; place names,
62
j Dante, 88
26o
Judex.
T\-iti M., 50
l)avifs K., F-nj.. 1
I>:i\i* Win.. :r->»
iMwMin Aniie Culli., jou : Jai-<ih.
709
.'V ArrAiUiiura, VitniNiiis. ifi
I>r«nu M.. 50
lJe(lw>>>(l Anns jfq. :7t; M;iry,
i6u : Sir '1 luis , :f y
I>en(ii«h TIp-s., 3- 5
1 »rnsil>ali, 51
iK'rliy C<»unie-i of, :■;:•. I ;»ri ••(,
I o, 144, 111, I'a ; ko^cr <•!'.
'I. 62 ; Th«', I <■ ; Wm. df
Ferrers, Kail tf. 144
/V AV Metiiiiii', A;:ric<>Ia's, 23
l^er n'nmts.ht' drftiL'v.tii ttl
DfutSxh.'tuJ. ij = , 1 J'-
I >rs<:in lc««" .''rincirta l'hiic>.cip 'ti<e.
■7
I)e Walti'n. i n
1)ighton Tli-.i-... 2 4
I>i«Klesi;in, 12:
I>i'»pi'n<itiiiii «if 'I iiiiiii.i'. rullf
and Kli/nlictli Stanley. ai4--:i'>
Oulisoii Mrs.. 10 1
l>'ul^;-'in Arclidc-uor>n. 2ii->: I'islinp j
("liark-N. -ij; Cliajic-^ I.ui-
\vidi;e, '.MO
IhidsoM's the. :(_/'■
I)i)Mr.'«I>.\Y .Sl'KVf.Y i)F .*^iilTM
L.x.NC.A'iiiiKE, ly J. I.uinby.
I'.. A., .«■ ^7'i
r>')nH-sday assessment fif v.tlues.
''.;, 64 ; r><j<>k, 55. 5Q. 6n, '4. fis.
"■,, 67. f.3. 71 : /look and /»V-
yond. Mailland's, t'j : Connuix-
hioncrs. 5:, 75; In(]ueat, 53. 54,
55. 58. 61 ^
I>oinitian, medallion f.-f, 13 : c.'ins
of, 20. 52
Donati, ma, 50
Dormer I laron. i?5: Rev. Charles
pot, 66
l^ownesAnnC; 2co, 20:. 202; Mr..
200
Drengs. drcnage. .'9. ''4. -4. 75
Dryden, £3
Dudley Lord, 25
Dunkerley Mr., 19 i
I>utton Peter, \-'j \ Robert dc.
166
Pj'montl, i*'5
Earle, i<^4
Kariy Mttailuri:) . 6rc. . W. Gow-
lands, F.S.A., f.c.s , 'J4
Kdith (Kdnsa) of Hale. 142, 14-?
Kdmund, tarl of Lancaster. 144
Kdward the Confessor. 55. «;7, 59,
Oi, 62, 63, 70; I, 166; VI, 93,
94
Kgerlon, Earl of Tatton, 95. 103 ;
Frances, 183; Major- General
Randolph, 103
Elfin St., sQ
Eliz;ibcth Queen, 96, 173, 174.
175- »77
Ellenborough Lord Chief Justice,
82. 91
Klphin Bishop of, 210
F^lwes Sir Gervase, Bart., ic6
Erni, 66
Kr^kiiie L'^d. Cj. v<:
F.sijuurl Sir Thiinias, \c:
Kvans Arthur J.. .M.A.. i . s.a.. 45 ,
l.xi AVA 1 IONS i}\ Tiir Si rK hf
IIIK RMMAN'-J-HKtrislI "Civi- 1
*• iA«i" Ai- \Vn.nEKsi'i)OT., liy :
'I homas May. F.r.i.. Scot.. 1-52 .
Fvre .\nne. 182 : Thomas, ii'2 |
Fairl>airn"s Sir Wm . /nu. i:s
//;...'/»» 1 . «5-». ., 2-
Farrer Mr. --f: i\(.i. ut
Ferrers R.»lit. I'.e. 1 14 ; Wm. tU*.
Filviri, v»
FtH.ti L'cnKfluis. A' «•».';./' ..i\ie:y.
lit/ Nij^el. llamn of Halton and
Widne.N. f I
FlertwuiHl John \' -
Fletcher, J 1
Kliiwer's l'is!.'ii:iiu:, ;»•
Vox Mr., I/;. ;.■>. 12' : Ri'jlian.l.
Franre Kin;; '-f. 174
Fp>i;L:e Dr.. i->j ; I".li/al'eth. 170 :
'1 hom.i>. i;-. I
FyM-n Sir F'»l\vaid. 17''. i-?. :
Joan, \','. ; Sir Lawnin «•. i'8:'
."sns;mna. :-'.•:-. : 'lli<-in.is, :-
( lalcn. .-■■-
Gamel. f : -s
Ganiull Ldwartl. :■--■.. ; J..iiii. i;.: :
'J'homas. i:".i
Ciar-tang Mr. John, r.A.. 0. 1:1.
125, I J')
(ia.s«;oyi.e General, ;. >
(iastrell Mr.. i'>7
Gauli>h and (iermanic Amphoya
^ti:o h'scrt/'rte. Dr. liohn's, 51
(•aunt (iilhert tic. 70
<>cniali, \''\ 51
Geoffrey, t6o
tieorge I, o-^
Gesner's, Conrad. Iiis:ot:\i Atti-
inn Hum, £7
Gihbons. Loj;an and Arkle, ?o
(iildart Francis. £1
Gillow Mr. Jo.seph. 1S5
Glad>tone Mr. and Mrs.. \jX
(Jlegg Mr., \>/\
Glegge John. itS : Thomas 163
(ilendower Owen, if-r
Godeve, 50
(Joi.sfrid. 70
Goldsmith Kdmund, ;'
Golightly Mr., l-i
Gore's Li':'erponi A^ircrtiicr, 00
Gower Sir John Levcson, 105,
106, 154
Gowland Wm., f.s.a.. F.r.s.. 24
Gray, 208 ; Capt. John Hamilton,
213 : Florence Hope Grant, 213
Great Wall the, 6
(ireen Mr.. tc6
(irecnall, Whitley and Co.. a
(Jreenficld Sir Chris., 106
Greening L., FIsq., i
Grcg.son, 143 ; Matthew, 79
Grclley Albert, Co
Grellys the, 60
Greslet Albert, 60. 64 ; Albert de,
61, 64 ; Robert de. 61
Grieve Henrietta Elizabeth. 2:3 :
Robert, 2:3
Grosvenor Earl, 19?, 194, 196 ;
Lady. iSS : Robt. le, i63 : Sir
Thos. le, 1 63
Gruebcr H. L., r.s.A., 46
Guhl and Koner'.s Life oj tUt
Creeks and Romans. 5 1
Giimbletun Meliora, 1S2
Hadrian. 124. 219: coins of, 52;
Great Wall of. 6, 8, 25, 219
Hale Cecilia of, 142, 144; Kdith.
F'.dusa. Ida. of, 142. 143; Henry
of. 14 1, 142: Lady of. 144
Hall Miss. 160: Peter, lOo
Hallows Mr. John, i
IL'iinilton lame.s, Duke of, 106
Hanmcr Niaiilda, 170: Sir Thos..
170
Harduin. £0
Hare Wm. leof Pulle. 165
Harcjreave Francis, 79
Haileian MSS, i''9, 179
Harley Andrew, 2(.>
Harrack"! Peter, jun., 09
Hart.sh<»rne'.«, Alfred, f.s.a , Oid
EnZ'tsk G.nsses, 37. 41
Hassel Patiick de, 160; Ralph
de. i'>:
Maverfield Mr.. f.r..\ , 9 i:i
Maw kin's Mr, 190
Head Barclay V., f.s.a., 35
Helsbys (httiernd. ir.5, 170
Henry I, 83; H, 139, 140. Ill,
140, 165: VII, 169, 171; VIII.
93, 171. 172; VIII, Caieuaar
vf Letters nnd Papers {Domes-
.•/V), 171, 17;; Piinceof Wales,
167
Hepburn Francis Ker, C.B., Maj.-
(>en., i34, ici ; Henrietta, 191 ;
Mrs., i:)i
He.skcth Mrs., 1S3
He>Tirk Elizabeth, iot ; Rev.
Richard, 101
Heywood's Norris Papers^ X47,
ir)2
Hicks Canon Edward L., 103
Hip|>ocralcs. £7
Hiit.->rtr Society rf Lancashire
and Cheshite, Transactions of,
O, 10, 2?
Ho'obes 'Jhos.. £7
Hoghton Sir Charles, 210 ; Lucy,
2: J
Hokes loan. i68 ; John, 168
Holbrook Kdward, 100 ; Eliza*
beth, jo:; John. 100; Mary,
100 ; Mrs Mary, 100, 10 1 ; Rev.
Richard, ico. 101
Holcroft Sir John. 04
Holland Avena Avice, 144, 145 ;
Sir Robert, 143, 144, 145
Hollands the, 143
Holt Sir Thomas, 94
Homer, 83
Hope, 126
Hotspur Henry, 1^7
Hough Margaret, 171 ; Thomas,
171
Hoyle Wm. E.^ m a., 36
Huddleston Bridget, K'3 *, Rich ,
t8^
Hugh Thomas. 193
Index.
261
IIuc;o Count. 72
Hu;;uenots the, 174
H uml)erst«-)n Mr. and Mrs., 193,
196
Hiune, 167, 174; Isabella, 211;
James Deacon, 211 \
Humphreys Mr., 190
} I urleton Richard, 171
Huse Niiholas de la, 144
Hyde Kdwaril, i-to
iiyijituis. 7, 113 i
Ida of Hale, 142
Independent Volunteers, company
of, ;'09 j
Inlanil, 69, 70
Inn lUngesses. roll of, 105 1
In<iuisitioiies Nonarum, 76 ■
J >is:i:utti Ctiitti, 73
Ireland, Adam of, 142, 143, 144. '
145 ; Kdusa of, 144 ; Geortje, !
140 ; John, 145, 146
Ireland-lMackburne Col., 141, 142,
Irelands the, 139; crest of, 142;
oi Hale, 140, 142, 145
Irvine W'm. Kergusson.
I sea, 12
■/ •
1.^9
Jackson Mr.. tQ()
Jai'ubi, ij6
James 1. 17'')
Jenkinson Mr , 100
John, Kinn, 140, 14J, T43
Joiinson Dr., 8y ; Mrs. 100; .Mrs.
Alice. lOo; Mrs. Margaret, 160;
TluMuas. .sen., 148, 140, 150;
.Sir 'J'homas, 147-164; Sir Tho-
mas, memorial tablet of, i('^
Johnson Sir Thomas, by Sliss
v.. M. riait, .M..^., 147-104
Jones Mr. anil Mrs., 105
Jucnns. 51
Kendrii'k Dr.. 41
Kirkham .\ime, iJ^3
Koner (see (iuhl), 51
Lancashire and Cheshire Record
.Society, 179; place names, 76
l..iiicaster Kdmnnd. Karl of, 144 ;
'Ihomas. Karl of, 145
J, aw Mr.. S.\ 01
L ' .1 rniet' Ronmine (VA/riijue, 125
Ke.i;h Sir Peter. i'9
Ix-ii ester and Topping Me.ssrs. .
iq;
Leonard Charles Kdward, 212;
Kli/.ibeth Noad, 212
l,eves'.>n-(lo\ver Lady Catherine,
105 ; deorge, 106; Ceo. Cran-
villeSutherl.md, 106; (Iranville.
10^) ; J(.>hn, 106; Sir John, Dart.,
IOt. U'')
I.ewin. 125
l.ichlield and Coventry, William,
nishop of, .M4. 215
I.if'e 0/ the Cret-ks nna Romans,
(iuhl and Koner's, 51
Llewelyn, u6
Log;in. Crawford, 2>6 : Gibbons
and Arkle, 86 ; William, 86
Lowndes .Mr. and Mrs., i',j4, 195:
William 79,
Lowther Anthony, i8t, 1S2; Mar-
garet, 181, 182
Lumby, J. H., n.A., 53
Lutwidge Admiral Skeffington,
210; Charles, 210; Frances
J.ine, 210 ; Henrietta Octavia,
210, 211 ; ilenry, 210
Lydiuni, 17
Macclesfield Earl of, 153
Macrini, c.i.r... 50
McKeen David, 212
Maddock Jonathan, 192, 193, 196 ;
Thomas, 192, 196
Madoc ap Llewelyn, 166
Magorie, 202
Maniwaring Matilda, 169; Maud,
169 : Randle, 169 ; Sir Thomas,
169
Maitland, 63, 68, 6.3, 71. 72
Maitland's Domesday Book and
Beyond, 6;^
Majendie Miss, iq6
Ma'ichester, Grelfj'S, Lords of, 60
Manners Lady Catherine, 105
Manv, C.K..S., 50
Marcelda, 59
Marcus Aurelius, coins of, 52
Marinvs C Attivs. 51
Markland John, 187 ; Sarah, 186
Marlborough Duke of, 99, 159
Martin Mr., 189; V, Pope, 214,
215
Mason KliAHbeth. 20S ; Hugh,
2o3; William. 208
Masserene Vi.scount, 210
Massey John, sen., 170; William,
Ksq., 175
Matilda, 106
Maudit Jasper, 150, 151
May Tlumias, k.k.i.. .Scot., t
Mayer Mr. Joseph, 175 ; Mu.seum,
" Mttyjio-iver'' Lo<^ of the, 206;
IJrailford's Introtluction to, 200
" .Mealy," 19S
Meath Ailam. 141 ; Cecilia, 141 ;
Kdusa. 141 ; (leoflfrey. 141 ;
Henry, 141 ; Richard. 140, 141,
142. 143. 14 ♦
Melissa, c.i.i... 50
Middleton. 125
Milncr .sir William, 189, igo
Minerva, 36
Minshull t-atherine, 176. 178. 199;
John, 17S; R.'uidolph, 171
Moleven Stephen tie. 75. 76
Molyneux Caryl. Lord. 148, 140.
152. 153, 154 ; Richard de. 75 ;
Robeit. li^
Monford Sinvin de, 144
Monks F. W., Ksq., i. 20 ; Hall
and Co., 20
Moore Sir Cleave, 150, 151 ; Sir
Kdward. 148, 156
More Nicholas, ic.8
Mostyn Sir Kdward, 181 ; Mary,
Nanus F.. 50
Nares Mr. and Mrs,. 194
Naylor R. C, 194
Nelson Lord, 210
Newcastle Duke of, i83
Newport H.M.S., 208
Newton Peter, 170
Nicephori, 50
. . . cephor, c.i.L., 50
Nichol John. 181
Nigel William i\\, (^
Nigellus, 61 ; Maud, 61
Norman Lords the, 65
N^rris Ale.\ander, 149; Lady,
151 ; Papers, 141, 147, 158, 162;
Richard, 147, 150, 151, 15^, 156,
i57» 158, x6o, ibi ; Sir William,
89, 151, 152
Nugent Mrs. Margaret. 96, 97 ;
Richard, 97 ; Walter, 97
Onagri, 7
Occasional Conformity liill, 159
O.V THK RiClODl'NU.M OK PlO-
i.EMY, by John Ciarstang, 217-
220
Ordericus Vit.ilis, 58
OrUHN ok THK lUKL.VNDS OK
Hale, by Wm. Fergusson Ir-
vine, 13Q-146
Ormerod l)r., 165, 166, 169, 170,
loS
Orreby Philip de. 165
Orwell Dorothy, coo, 201, 202 ;
Robert, 200, 201, ?o2
Oswald St., 59
Otway Mr., 187
Owen's College museum, 36
Owen W., Estj., i
O.vton John, i86, 187, iSS
Palatine Weavers, 163
Palmersttm Henry, 183 ; Viscount,
183, 191
Pear., H.M.S., 208
Pecvliar, 50
Pelham Frances. 182. 184, 198;
Grace, 184, 19S ; Henry, 182 ;
John, 1 83, 190 ; Mi.ss, i83 ;
Thomas, 184
Pellat Apsley, 39 ; Curiosities of
Glass inaking^, 39
Peploe R«v. Samuel, 107, 108
Percy Sir Henr>' de, 167, ibS
Petrie Profes.sor, iia
Pevuliaris, 50
Picton's, Sir Francis, Memorials,
80, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152 156,
163 .
Pierpoint R., Esq., m.p., i
Pius Antoninus, coin of, 52
Piatt Miss K. M., m a., 147
Poictou Roger of, 55, 58, 5;. 60, 61
Polybius, 11;
Poole (/'(J.^," PoUe, PuU, Pulle,
and de Pule, : Adam, ion ;
Alice, 1C5. 16?, 179 : Miss, 184,
200; Alice Henrietta, 211;
Anne, 179, 182, 183, 200, 211 ;
Anne Catherine, 200 ; Arms,
170, 180, 181; Artnur, 212;
Arthur Col., 211 ; Basilia, 165 ;
Henjamin, 181, 182; Bridget,
179, 183, 19P. 201 ; Catherine
Lucy, 213 ; Charles, 207, 20S,
209, 210, 211, 212; Ch.irles A.,
213; Charles Capt. ,208 ; Charles.
.M.I)., 211 : Charlotte, 184, 192,
197, 211 ; Cicelj'. 179, iy9 ;
Doctor, 190; Dorothy, 174, 178,
179, 181, 184, 200. 202 ; Kdward,
*77f ^79i 1S3 ; Edward Rev.,
T2
w
.. J
I •
.1:::
.:i'
■ I ■ 'I -.r. • : !ii
^ . . ♦
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f
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I
\:
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If . I
1 . "
J.. '■
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k . .. ■
V ■ 0-
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I
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• '
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t- * ■■• I, It
. I
I p.. -I
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■ I ■ . ■ •■ "I \
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i>
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•» ■■ ■ p
; -■: 1
- : .■ Mx
-fl 1
■ i ■ • :
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!•■ •
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H .
-..• :«
W.ii
r .
.* :<V.tiii
■ ■■• I
I
. ■• ' ;
: '■"• "• T ■ itii: ■ ■
• , ' VI- . J ■ i s.r 7
4 • . . : J- : * jj„i
r • ■.-■..' I.
. • vr
V 1 ■ ■ .' . ■
. ■ . : '. I r I :i
,, V
• t ■
!• Ill
I- ■ .- '..
' t
I- • y :
• I
W
.i :■
■ 5' i - :•
Index.
263
TvWeiley Dnroihy. tjj. ij8. 1™.
i£i: Thomas, 17.4,1-0. iSi
T>T.tJIr., IM
lli-lml. Si. s(l, jS, 61. if, ij, fiB.
i:,.if,™.ir)-. .vi ,.r. ,0,
1'niversily CN>lleiie, IJitnuol, ci
VpchuR-hWar.. 31
Vukriin VU'lwoiis. =1
Vviinlilc. Will. .Lc. 1-3
Wale-, llfiiry rrim-^oF. tor
Walls, .,3s
^UbAain RulcrMnt
Wnltir Kcv. Ihmicl. 1^4: Dof^
WalihcM'vofWalioii i^-i. ua
rtii^Vnlih.Bf. i.ni. n". Wil.
\viIrlIiirll«s'lh=,'!r'ArlVs°. no, iic
W.ml.iJi
W.'d.'lc^ijoim. i-ii
■Waliui^l &.. .\ViWor. I'tr'
■Mhtlby Mt,. jJi '" ' '*■
While Tho,««. 82
While's A''>y»^jj?/'(.-**rf(»>. 172
WlutchcAd Thijiuid, 900
AltocheT, 175
Alidr. s^ 6j. 6j
jkunhmxHiuh. 7^, ;tf I C
Hurtun. t.%. 64
Balhimir\V.d1t, :ia
Hcl«nEI»n. Mayer Ikru
l)«]ror<n.d|.-h| ij^
Belisiiiu. iiS: .tMiiiii
llecBiiula, :ii
^'hiinli. a; lluixlml o
«7i ati. lu. t^i; Mannr cil
^lunlm1. i.c: Sniiil :klun'-.
ClSllcslKlW, II
Cluiiley. 19:1
aiertsry. =11
:hildn'nll.
lT,nl»-. o
ni.g,nr ..f. jj. jU. 5'
«l.vJii«, (io, ..5.
VSlSi
„S|iiSt;i..,
iisr
;:;',',■('„.
1
t ■
« . ■ ■ II
f m
11 ■
I- •
V ■ ; . !
i;
ii
I .
i<
I ■
T\.T;.— :
»t
^*.- . ■
\ •' • .
1.':
' :
' . . " '
< . - • I
: I
I :
' ■ ■ ! ■ ■
Index.
265
Middlewich, T75
Midlands. 41
Mjlom Castle, 18 ;
Mincheuden, 181
MinshuU, 17S
Monarchi Rocks. 21 1
Morecambe Bay, 21S
Morley, 178, 170. i3:
Mortam, 130
Mosshorougli, 183
Mushury, 76
Namptwich Hundred of 1-5
Kauset, 21^7
Nciderbieber, ict, 1^3
Neston, 171, 172, 177, iZ-j\ tlrcat.
'77
Netherlands, lo^
Xether Poole, ico, 170. 177; Sto-
wey, 140
Newark. 170
New England. 20?, 2. '3, 204 205 ;
Cambndgc College, 204. 205 ;
Historic Genetiiosinii Hocifty,
204
Newton, 6S, 73. 74 ; Church. 59 :
Hundred of, 53. 57. 50. r.a ;
Manor of, 59 68. 74 : Saint
Oswald's, 50
Nicomedia, im.
Norbury, ico
Norfolk, 125 ; co. of, 50
Normandy. 212
North Meols, 56, 6^, 72 ; pole,
the. 210 ; Wales. 167
Northumberland. 75
Northwich. 41, 166 ; Dane Water,
166
Nottingham co. of. 5S. 60. z\\
Nova Scotia, 213
Oldfield. 17S, 180
Ormsby Church, ici
Orrcll^ 55
Otegnmele, 56, 72
Otringemele, 56
Overborough, 217, 2^0
Parkpate, 19-5
Peak the. 1 1 5
Pendlebury, 75, 76
Pendleton Manor of. 5 ■>
Penworthani, co, 61, 76
Priory, 107
Pcover, 169
I'evensey, 119, 121, 12:, 125
Piccadilly, St. James's, 210
i'ictou, N. S., 213
J*iggs Croft, le, 177
I*inkney, 183
I*lymouth IJay, 206
Poictou, 55, 5S, 59, 60. f r
Poole (Pulle), 165, 166, 16.). 170,
xri, 172. X74, I75» i77. 178, 179-
j8o, 181, 182, 185, 187, 18S, iv-7.
i;9, 2Do; Hall, X65, 172, 173.
174, 176, 181, 184, 185, 1S6, lor,
ipa, Ip4, 195, 196, 107, i';S ;
Portraits in, 198 ; Nether. i(:6,
»70| J 77; Lc Parke, 177; Town,
Pooles wharf, 187
Porchester, no, 121, 125
J*orta Nigra (Trier), 12 j
Portugal, 205
107
Poulion, 196
Preston, 105, 106. X07, io3. J'3i.
217 j
Preston Church, 104, 105. 106, 107, j
108, 1C9 ; chalices. 104, jo8 ; '
book, iiu. 107. loS : flaKt^ns. |
104, 105. 106. 107. 108 ; patens, 1
104, 105, 106 ; wine strainer.
104. 109
Preston Guild, 105; XXIV, 1*^4.
105
Prestwich, 76
Prince Kdward Island. 213
Public Record Office, 150. loJ
Puddington. 196
Pyrcrofi, 21 1
Queensland. 2:1
Raby. rn
Radeolive. ki
Kedish. 75
Reijjate, 211
Ribble the. 113, iiS. 14;. j:7. 218
Ribchester. 45. 115. iia, 123. i.-'^
r.^6, 217, 210. z-ici ; l\onnxn Rib.
cltrster^ (Jarstaniijs. \:<i
Richboroij^h, 119, i.'o, 122
125. 1:6
Ri^iHlunum. 217-220
Ripam (ct Mcrshani), 53. 5
63. 64, 68, 71. 70
Ri.seholm, rg, 70
Roby, 56. t7 ; Manor t^f. 50
Rochdale. 1 1. 74
Rochester, Hi^h, 6;
street, n
Rokinj;toii, 7^
Roman- Uritain. 1 12
Rome, 115. 116, ur, 21
Romsey. igi
Ruddington. 213
Rutland, 105
Rutupia:, i.'5
liutwind, 75
Rydal, 141
12'
01.
W.itling
Sounde, too
Southampton, 1-4
Southcy, 70
South .Shields. 3«'
South Willingham, 70
Spain. 2c'3, 20S
.Spatatro. 125
Speke Hall, 89 ; Library. Sj
St. Agnes' Convent. 208
.St. Alban's. 214. 215
Staffoid, 1S3
Staffordshire, 75, 13;). 201
Stanlowe, 180, 11^3, 194, 197; cop.
'93» '95 '. farm, 191 ; grange,
174, 177 ; house, 1.14 ; monas-
tt-ry, 174 ; point, 104 ; rocks.
^ 180
Stanmer place, 1S4
Stanmore, 209, 212; the grove,
209
Steliarton, N. S
.Steyne the, xZ^
Stitnam, 105
Stittenham, 105
Stockings, (ircat and Little, 1
Stockton Heath, 8. 26. 43
Stoke, 183
Stoke-by-Ncwark. 170
.Sudbury, iSi, 182
Sud worth, 103
.Suffolk. County of. 58, ;Si
Sumrcford. 72
Surrey, 200
213, 2t4
.Sussex, 2;
102
.Sutton, 209
.Syde Fiel«f, lo.
.Sydney. 212
.Syria, 125
i-\";. 1 ^-4. 183, 19:,
1 1
12."'. J 20
i:.), T.
.Sa.ilbur;; Fortress
Salena;. 42
Salesbury, 76
Salford, ot, 68, 60. 73. 74, 76. 07,
00, 100; Himdred of. 34, 57. (ki.
oi, 62, 64. 68 ; Manor of. 61, oS ;
St. Mary's Church, 61 ; St.
Michael's Church. 6i
.Salina;, 41
Salmesbury, 76
Salop, J £3
.Sanobacb, 176, 21.'
.S.ixon si lores, 1 13
Scampton, 70
Scarisbrick, 56
Scotland 103, 115,
Church of, 103
Scottish Factors. 103: forts. 125
Segantii, 218, 220
.Segantiorum Portus. 21 R
Seteia, 218 ; i^istuaria. 2:7
Silchester, 112. 115, 121, 122. J23,
126, 219 ; Reports in A'dneo-
lo^iit^ 126
Sol way, 210
Somerset ^ CoUinson's liisiory cf,
140
Somersetshire, i.^i
-'i
Talacre, iSi
Tarleton, =6
Tatton, 05, 103
Tervyn, 179
Thing wall, 75, 179
Thon.ton, 195, 190, 19'
Tonge, 73
'J'orbock. 63. 64, 6n. 68
Tottington, 107 ; New Hall, 107
To.vteth, 72
Trafford. 75
Tranmere Moar, le. 17-'
Trier, 123 : Porta Nigra, 123
Tunbridge Wells, 20.5
I'ticouium. Wright's, 9
Vale Royal Monastery, 171
Valet. 62
Vauxhall, 89
Vinovium, 217
Virginia, 172; Collector of Cus-
toms, 172
Walentune. 53, 57
Wales. 195
Wallasey, 177. 187, 197
Wall Croft Ic, 177
Wall Mead«>w Ic. 177
Walthamsiow. iSi
Walton. 56, 147, 152 ; Church, s^,
152 ; Royal lands, 140
Walton in the Dale, 217, 220 ;
Manor of, 59 ; Roman work at,
"3
264
Index.
Ely. 170, 199, 200. 20T
Knglanil 58, 174, 20^, 205. 207
Kasi of, 1 2
Krengermeles, ^ \
Kssex. CO. rS, :;i
Kulowe, ifi
Kxertou, 3''.. S-y
Failswnrth, 7:. 7":
Fi?.h\vick, Cvi
Flint, county "f, i'-;
Folkinjjh.im. 70
Forinby. 71
France, c'8, idj. 174, 17-;. 2:1
Fri)d>ljam, 10, 174 !
FuniCbS, jjiS. J19 I
Galacuin, 717 I
(faul. 4t I
(iawsworth. i-o. 17'S. 17S j
(laytoii. Tt'3. lO'J \
(lelliKaer, 9 '
(jigglcMwicl;. o'l 1
(Jirga, 124
f)lasgi»\v. 7 ; Arch. S'">cirty. 7
(itnlstone, iv^S
(Iraftwn. 172
(Ireenall's avenue. 5
Hale, T39. 140. 141. 142, 143. 144.
J45 ; Chayter Roll, 141. 142.
14, : Hall, us ; Manor cf. 140
141, 142, 14^
IlaleNhale. 50
Ilaicwivxl, 145
ilalifa.x, N.S.. 21 ;^
HaljHill, 55, 6?. (ii. 74
Halton, 10, 61
Hamilton, 75
Hampshire. 00. 125. : y:
Hanlcy. 170
Hardkm.tt ('.istle, 11^. i-'5
Harvard C<^llf;.;c. j^
Haskenmore, 75
Ha.<;si)p, 182
HatfieUl, 179. H>>
Hatton, 170
Ha warden, 171. i"-'
Heaton, 75
Hcd<jn. 209
Helcsliale. 5')
Heywode. 2:0
High Bridge Hill. 177
High kochcster. 6; NVatliug St., 6
Hircltun. 5^-, r 3
Hiretun, 36
Hirletun, 56
Holland, 63, 64, 72
Hollesworthy, 171
Holmrook Hall, 210
Holyrood Palace, 80
Houke, the. 183. 19:, 102, 196, i<.8
Hooton, 16S. 175. 170, 178, 179,1
180, 192, 104, \(,t. i:-9; Hall, I
185 ' ' I
Horbham. 182
Houstcads. 6, 118, 124 I
I fox ton, 207 I
Hull, 209; Holy Trinity Church
209; Sutton Church, 209
Huncoats, Manor of, 59
}^urlcston, 55, 74
Hutton Hall, 107
JIuyton, ''3, 64, 66
Ince. 72
India. 151, 21:, 212
Inner Teniple, \\o
Ireland, :4'>. 14.2
NIe of Man. 15 \
I^le uf Wight. Oi)
Japan, 87
Jerusalem. ;6t
Kenil Worth. i';i2
Kent, no. 120. \ii
Kingston-up»)n-Hull, 207. 209
Kirkhy. 177 : ni;mor of, 56, 71
Kirkdale. M, 6^ 64. 71; 74
Knuw.sley. m.inor of. y--, 71
Lailand, Hundred of, 34, =;7
L.'imheosa, 123, 1^5
Lancashire, 61, 67. 98, 107, 113,
11:, 14^,, 144. 178. 170. r8:, 1S3,
ii.o. 217. 2JO ; Haines' liistoty
o', f o
La\c.\shirk Hearth Taxi-s. hy
W. Fergusson Ir^'ine. 127-13.S.
.* «*'• separntc l/iti'r.v
Lanca'^hire North. -i : P/'^r /v\'.V.r.
13U : South, 57, 62, fS. 71. 75. 7')
L.*.NC.>S!nKE. IHK J)i)MF.SF)AV
SlKVKV OK SolTH, by j. H.
Luinhy. is.a.. 53-7''
Lancaster, 217. 2:0. 219. 220;
County Palatine of. KJ5, i'/,.
174: Duchy of. )05. 1^4; Du'-liy
court. lo'''; Roman stations, 217:
218, 2:9. 220
l.athom. C3. z° ; nian<;r of. -n
La wick, 73
Lawton, 175
Leicest'Tshire. C')
Lcighton. 171. 177
Lewes. i-,2, i!^y. i?.g, 190: All
.'saints ("hnnli. iH?>. u/.t : St.
Mi<;hacrs Church, 18:^, 100
Leyland, 6r. 68, 73, 74. 70 ; Hun-
dred of, 54. 57, 61, r'2
Lichfield, 194, 19'^, 2:4
Lincoln. 113; county of. -S
Lincolnshire, 60, 61. r'f. o«j, 71,72:
Domesday Uo')k. f -.j
Lisl^dU. j<>3
Li.scard. 177
Litherland. 75
Liverpool, 7'.-, 77, -?, Si, <_.o, 01.
14-. 149, 150, 13:. 152, 133, 130.
150. 160, lf';3, 194. 1^5. 197;
.In'vi'rtist'r, Core's, 90 : A Jev
yeats since. Asi)inairs, 78 :
Aihenjcinn, 80, 8-). 01 : Blind
Asylum, 103 ; Cable >treet. 79 ;
Castle. 147, 153, 154, 153. 156.
157; Castle street, 14^; Con-
servative C'lub. 1:3 ; Corpora-
tion. Si, 83, 84, 93, 147, 14S, 149.
I50f T-l'i, 15.^. 154. '53. 'r.f^, »5:.
161 ; Dale street, :6; ; Derby
.s<iuare. 147, i53' i54- i55. 156;
Dock trustees, 85 ; Exchange,
154; Fenwick street. 80 ; First
(lt>ck schemes 147. 156, 157. 153,
162 ; Formation of parish, 147,
752, 163 ; Freemen's right.s, 83 ;
High Cross, 154 ; High street,
134; History 0/ last quarter oj
eighteenth century, Brooke's,
80. 85, 90 ; Libraries. 80 ; Afer»
cury, 90, 02 ; Municipal offices,
163; old council, 82; Old Hull
street, 134 ; Paradi.se .street, 79,
Si. 89, 157 ; Parlour Hey, 150 ;
Picton's Meutorinls of, 80, 147,
149, 150, 151, 132. 156; Private
Libraries. 70 ; Recorder of, 79 ;
Royal Charter. 148, 149; St.
Ceorge's Clhuich, 147, 153, 155,
15^'. 163; St. Nicholas' Church,
152 ; St. Peter's Church, 147.
152. 153. 163 ; Sir Thomas'
Buildings, 163 ; Sir Thomas .<t.,
163 ; .Slave traile in, 77 ; The
Pool, 157 ; Town clerk, 81, 85 ;
Town dues, Sj. 84 ; Town trea-
sury, £2; Union street. 1^0;
I'niversity College, 53 ; White-
chapel. -.OT,
London, 31, 77, 83, 84, 90, 91, too,
110, \^o, 131. 153, 154, ICO, 162,
171. 180, iS:, 187, 189, 190, 192,
199. 200, 2C.2, 203, 204, 206, 211 ;
Assay nfrices and Hall-marks,
on. 07, oS. 99, 102. 103, JIG ;
Piilliter 1 .ne, 202; Cheesemon-
gers of, 130, 151, 157 ; Com-
panies. t:3. 01 ; Custom House,
if'i ; fire of. 206 ; (Jold.smiths'
H.ill, KK) ; Holborn, 90 ; Pen-
ton street, 287 ; St. James's,
Piccadilly. 210; St. Michael's
C^uerne, 2«i6 ; Swiihin's lane.
UK1 ; Wapping. 161
London (Canada), 211
Longbank, 41
Lydiate, c 3. 64 ; Manor of. 56
L>mm. ICO ; .^t. Marj''s Church,
(Chalice) 109. (Paten) 110
Maddock's field, 193
Maghull, Manor of, 56, 71
Malag.i. 203
.Manchester. 6r, 94, 95, 07. lod,
217. 220; Manchester tiarouia
li'y 60; 1 ''trough Reeve, 97, idj ;
Cathedral. 93, 07, qo. 103; Alms
dishes. 98. 102 ; Beaker cups,
103 ; Chalices. 96, 97. 102 ; Fla-
gons, '48. 100, loi ; Patens, 98,
jr)i ; Collegiate church, 93, 94.
06. 97, 98. 100, loi, :o2, ic>7 ;
Court Leet Records, 97, 102;
Guardian, 103 ; Ship CJiuial, 14
Mancuiiium. 217
AL'in. Isle of, 153
Marbury, 17s
Martin, 33, 03 ; (Marton) Alibey,
2c6
Mascock. le. 177
Maserfehh. 59
Maske, ii"'.i
Massachussctts. 206
Mayer Mu.seum, Bebington, 173
Meaih. 140
Melandra, 125; Castle. 9, 50, 115,
1 1 8. 122, 123
Melling, ^s ; Manor of. 56
Meols. 74 : North, 56, 63, 72
Mersey, the, 143, 150. 174, 192,
194. 197, 217
Mersham, 53, 58, 61, 63, 64, 68,
71. 76
Middlesex, 181, 207, 209, 212
Index.
265
Middlewlch. T75
Midlands, 41
Milom Castle, 183
Mincheiiden, 181
Minshull, 178
Monarchi Rocks, 211
Morecambe Bay, 21 S
Morley, 178, 170. i3:
Mortain, 13Q
Mossborougii, 183
Musbury, 76
Namptwich Hundred of 1-3
Nauset, 207
Nciderbieber, 121, 125
Neston, 171, 172, 177, 187 ; Great,
,'77
Netherlands, 103
Xcther Poole, ic6, 170, 177; Sto-
wey, 140
Newark. 170
New England. 202, 203, 204 205 ;
Cambridge College, 204. 205 ;
liisiotic Genealogicai Society,
=04
Newton, 63, 73. 74 ; Church, 59 :
Hundred of, i^, 57. 59, r-a ;
Manor of, 59 68. 74 : Saint
Oswald's, 59
Nicomedia, 1x2
Norbury. ico
Norfolk, 125 ; co. of, 5$
Normandy. 212
North Meols, 56, 63, 72 ; pole,
the. 210 ; Wales, 167
Northumberland. 75
Northwich, Ai,\tt\ Dane Water,
160
Nottingham co. of, 58. 60. ^13
Nova Scotia, 213
Oldfield, 17S, 180
Ormsby Church, lui
Orrell, 55
Otegrimele, 56, 72
Otringemelc, 56
Overborough, 217, 220
Park gate, 196
Peak the, 115
Pcndlebury. 75, 76
Pendleton Manor of. 50 ;
I^enwortham, co, 61, 76, 107:
Priory, 107 j
Peover, 169 '
l*evensey, 119, 121, 121, 125
Piccadilly, St. James's, 210
J'ictou, N. S., 213
Piggs Croft, le, 177
iMnkney, 183
Plymouth Day, 206
Poictou, 55, 58, 59, 60. cr
J'oole (Pullc), 165, 166, 160. 170,
i-i, 172, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179,
183, 181, 182, 185, 187, 18S, 197.
i;9, 2DO ; Hall, 165, 172, 173,
>74> 176, 181, 1S4, 185, 186, IQI,
192, 194, 195, 196. 1Q7, loS ;
I'ortraits in, 198 ; Nether. ic6,
1701 177 ; Lc Parke, 177 ; Town,
191. 193
Pooles wharf, 1S7
Porchester, 119, 121, 12;
J*orta Nigra (Trier), 123
Portugal, 205
Poulton, 196
Preston, 105, 106, 107, io3. 1:3,
217
Preston Church, 104,105. 106, 107,
108, 109; chalices. 104, 108;
book, 104, T07, loS ; flagons. |
104, 105. 106. 107, 108 ; patens, i
104, 105, 106 ; wine strainer. |
104. 109 I
Preston Guild, 105; XXIV, 104,
105 ;
Prestwich, 76 |
Prince Edward Island. 213
Public Record OfTice. 150. io3
Puddinjjton. 196 '
Pyrcrofi, 211
.Sounde, too
Southampton, 1-4
Southcy, 70
South Shields, sc
Queensland. 2
: T
Rabj', to
Radeclive. ci
Redish. 75
Reigate, 2 1 1
Ribble the, ii;„ iiS. 143. 21-;, 218
Ribchester, 45. 115, ii5, 123, 125.
126, 217, 210. 220 : l\oi»(xn Rio-
Chester^ Garstang's. 1.^6
Richborough, 110. 120. 122. 123.
125. 1:6
Rigodunum. 217-220
Ripam (et Mersh.Tm), 53. 5~, 61.
63. 64, 68, 71, 70
Riseholm, 69, 70
Roby, 56. 67 ; Manor of. 56
Rochdale, ti. 74
Rochester, High. 6; W.itling
street. 6
Rokington, 75
Roman- Britain. 112
Rome, 115, 116, 12c. 215
Romsey, 791
Ruddington. 213
Rutland, 103
Rutupis, 125
Rutwind, 75
Rydal, 141
Saalburg Fortress. 115, 122, 126
Salenae. 42
Salesbury, 76
Salford, 61, 68, 6.). 73. 74, 76, 97.
99, 100; Hundred of, 54, 57. 60,
6 1 , 62, 64. 68 ; Manor of. 6 1 , 68 ;
St. Mary's Church. 6x : St.
M ichael's Church . 6 1
Salinae, 41
Salmesbury, 76
Salop, i£3
Sandbach, 176, 212
Saxon shores, 113, iij. 125
Scampton, 70
Scarisbrick, 56
Scotland 103, 115, :o8, 213;
Church of, 103
Scottish Factors, 103; forts. 125
Segantii, 218, 220
Segantiorum Portus. 218
Setcia, 218 ; ili.stuaria, 2:7
Silchester, 112, 115, 121, 122. 123,
126, 210 ; Reports in Atchaa-
io^iti^ 126
Sol way, 219
Somerset^ Collinson's Hiitory cf,
Somersetshire, 141
South Willingham, 70
Spain, 203, 20S
.'^patatro. 125
Speke Hall, 89 : Library, 09
St. Agnes' Convent. 20S
.St. Alban's. 214, 215
: Stafford, 1S3
j Staffordshire, 15, 13}. 201
Stanlowe, 186, 1(^3, 194, 197; cop.
193. «95 ; farm, 191 ; grange,
174, 177; house, 104; monas-
tcry, 174; point, 104; rocks.
iSo
Stanmer place, 184
Stanmore, 209, 212; the grove,
209
Stellarton, N. S , 213. 214
Steyne the, 1S3
Stitnam, 105
Stittenham, 105
Stockings, Great and Little, 1-7
Stockton Heath, 8, 26. 43
vSioke, 183
Stoke-by-Newark, 170
Sudbury, iSi, 182
Sudworlh, 103
."juffolk. County of. 58, 184
Sumrcford, 72
Surrey, 206
Susse.v, 25, iS::, 1^3. 154, 185, 19:.
192
Sutton, 200
Syde Fieltf, lc, 177
Sydney. 212
Syria, 125
Talacre, iSi
Tarleton, 56
Tatton, 05, 103
Tervyn, 179
Thing wall, 75, 179
Thon.ton, 195, 196, 197
Tonge. 75
Torbock, 63. 64, 66. 68
Tottington, 107 : New Hall. 107
To.xtelh, 72
Trafford. 75
Tranmere .Nloar, le, 17-'
Trier, 123 : Porta Nigra, 123
Tunbridge Wells, 209
Uticonium. Wright's, 9
Vale Royal Monastery, 171
Valet. 62
Vauxhall, 89
Vinoviuni, 217
Virginia, 172; Collector of Cus-
toms, 172
Walentune. 53, 57
Wales. 195
Walla.scy, 177, 1S7, 197
Wall Croft le, 177
Wall Meadow le. 177
Walthamstow. iSi
Walton, 56, 147, 152 ; Church, 36,
153 ; Ro}'al lands, 140
Walton in the Dale, 217, 220 ;
Manor of, 59 ; Roman work at.
"3
2Go
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Index.
267
Greenchough John, 136
Greene Alexander, 133 ; Edward,
134 ; Henry. 134
Greenhough Thomas, 134
(iregson Thos., 137
Griffiths John, 133
Hall Ralph, 136
Hancocke Joane, 136
Harrison Henr>', 133
Harper Henrj', 135
Harpur Rirhd., 133
Harrington John, Esq., ijs
Harrison Richd., 135 ; Roger, 133
Haryson, widdow, 136
Haskene James, 130
Ha warden John, senior. 134 ;
John, junior, 134 ; Thomas, 134
Hewet Jane, 136
Hig^inson Mr.. 138
Higinson. Henr>', 137 ; John, 133
High Constables, 130
Hill George, 137
Hindley Richd., 137
Hodgson Thos., 135
Hogson Ellen, 135
Holbrook. 134 j
Holland Mr., 138 ; Richard, 133 ;
Thomas, 13S
Holme Mr, William, 135
Hordis Thos.. 138
Houghton Henry, 136 ; Isabcll
Mrs., 136 ; John, 134 ; John.
Esq., 134
Hoult Mary, 138
Houlte Jane, 137
Howard Rev. (Rector), 135
Hunt Robt., 137
H Urdus Thos.. 135
Hutchens Robt., 135
Hutton Arthur, 133
Ireland Sir Gilbert, Kt., 134
Jackson John, 138; Richard. 130
James II, 127
lames Ro., 137
Jerome Ja.. 137
Johnson Henry, 13-; Robert, 1 ^7 ;
Thomas. 137; William, 137
Jones Alice, 133: Edward, i-j;' ;
James, Z7,6; Richard, i;-
Jump William. 133
jumpe Thos., 13S
Kenion Thos., 133
Kenyon Robl., 137
King George, 137
Knote John (? KnolcV 137
Knowles Henry, 15S
I^'incaster Thomas, gent., 134
Lathom Mrs.Frances, 134 ; lienry,
133; John, 133 ; Airs. Mary,
iu\ Paul. 134; Peter, IJ4 ;
Richard, E.sq ,135
Lathome Richard, 135
Lawton James, 134; Mr.. lu
Ledbeater Robt., 136
Lee Mr. Jonathan, 133
Leich Wm., 13S
Leigh Thos.. 135
Leiherland Wm., 136
Linze Lawrence, 134
Litherland Edward, 138 ; Ellin.
136; John, 133, 137 ; Richard,
133 ; Thomas, 133 ; widow. 136
Livesley Edward, 137
Loriing, widow, 136
Lowe Nathan, 133
Lunt John, 137
Lurting John, 136 ; Peter, 13J.
136 : Rich.ird. 137
Lyme Isabell, Nvidow, T33
Lyon George, i;;? : John. 135 ;
Robert, 138 ; Tlioma-^, 1 13. 13:* ; I
Thomas, junior. 134 |
M.ircer Henry, 135 ; Nicho, 138 ;
Robert, 137
March Evan, 13S ; Richard, ly,
. »33
Margaret Dame. 135
Marsh Evan, 133
.Marshall John, 135
Massam Alderman, 133 ; Ralph,
Mercer Dryan, 133; Mr. Rubort,
135
Middleton John, 134
Milles Eliza, 138; William. 136
Mollineux Eliz., 135; Richard, 135
Moneley John. 13/
Monerley Joh:i, 137
Moore Edward, Esq., i 5
More , 137
Morecroft Richard, 1 3'>
Morecrofte John, 130
Morte Robeit, 137
Mosse William, i.;;
Xayior James, 134
Ncrsoii Richard, 13'
Nicholson Ellin. 138 ; J'Ik.iu.-is 1^7
Nickolls Wm., i^i
Norbery Tho.>,.. 137
Norland John, 134
Norres Thos.. Ivs(j . i;>
N orris John, 13^
Ojjlc CuUibcrt. r.sci.. 73;,: Hcmy.
i.>3
Olliiies Wm., 136
Orme Edward. 135 ; Richard, 135
Owtn Anne, \23 • '^'•"•i. I >a;i, i f 4
Parcevall Richd.. 13-
Parker William, 130
Parkinson Wm., 134
Parr Mr. Edmund, ni : b-iin. 134
Patcricke Thos., i;.o
Patrick Thos . i ',3"
Peirceivall Riclul., i^-;
Pembarion George, i •
Pembert'jii John, 130
Pcrs )n James. 13S
Percy Thos., i-jci
Phithian Richd.. 134
Picton Sir Francis, i j >
Plumpton. widow, 1-4
Poughton John, 134
Pouliney VVilliani,' i ;3
Preseche George, i;8
I'reston Thos., 13--; Willinm. : 15-
i*rice William. 1 ;;
Pryor Jos., :2^>
Ratchdall Edward, 13'i
Renould Hugh, 137
Richardes John, 13-
Richardson Jos., 13S
Rideing Eliza, 130
'<igbie 1 hos., 1:4
Rimer John, 13S ; Richard. 137 ;
Wdli.im, 138
Ro James, 137
Rogerson Richd., 1 ;3
Ro>e .Mr. Huijh. 1 ^5
Roihwell Joim. 136
Roii>;h ley Mary. 134 ; Thomas, 134
Pvowe Thomas, 137
Ruchmand Mr., 137
Ruter Alice, 137
Ruttcr John. 134
Rycroft Alice, 1 3^
Ryding Henry, i; ^
.*^anileford I hos., 1^7
Sandiford Dorothy. 133
Scriesbricke James, 137 ; Thomas,
Sergeant Myles. 134
Shaw Henry. 133
Simson Edward. 1:7 ; William, i}i
Simsons William, 137
South John. 138
.Spencer Thos.. 135
Standish Mr. James, 735
Stockley Edward, gent., 133 :
'JMiDinas, I ;()
.Sioke Evan, 136
.Atones Nicli., 138
Storgeker John, 137
Siory John, 137
Strangtwaye William, 137
.Sturzakcr John. 13;
.Sumson Robt., 130
.SutOn Gilbert, i ;'
Sutton Arthur, 13' ; Edward, i ^3 ;
loini, I ',1
Tarleton Elizabeth, i; 3 ; Gilbert,
Tariton Anne. 133 ; Elizabeth,
I ^^ : Mrs. Mary, 135; Ma.ster
Richard. 135
TatliM.'ke Thomas. 136
Taylor Richd., 134; Thomas, ij'j
Teny^es (? o) John, i y>
Tickenell Kobt., 130
Tomson Rit.hd.. 13;
Traves Ann, 136; James, 133 ;
William. 136
Tr.ivice James, i ^7
Treioch Daniel, 134
Tun^tall John, i ?;
Tyror VAir... : y'>
Valentine NN'illiam. i o
Wainewri.i;ht Thos., i"
Waker Peter, 136
Wales John. 134
Walker John, 13S ; Philip, 136 ;
.Sarah, 137
Wallcs Amh., 137 ; Jane, i3'5 ;
John, 137; Margery, widow,
n3 ; Thos., 138 '
Walley Robert. 133
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INDEX
OF
ARCH^OLOGICAL
PAPERS
PUBLISHED
IN
1899
[being the ninth issue of the series and completing the
index for the period 1 89 1 -99]
Compiled by
G. LAURENCE GOMME, F.S.A
PUBLISHED BY
ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & COMPANY Ltd.
2 WHITEHALL GARDENS, WESTMINSTER
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CONGRESS OF
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES IN UNION WITH
THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
1900
Ik'TLRR & Tanner,
The Sklwood Pkintinu Works,
Fkomb, and London.
CONTENTS
f Those Transactions marked toitk an asterisk * in tJie following list are now for
the first time included in the index^ the others are continuatiotis from the
indexes of 1891-98. Transactions included for the first time are indexed
from 1891 onwards,]
Anthropological Institute, Journal, N.S. vol. ii. pts. 1 and 2.
Antiquaries, London, Proceedings of the Society, 2nd S. vol. xvii. pt. 2.
Antiquaries, Ireland, Proceedings of Royal Society of, 5th S. vol. ix.
Antiquaries, Scotland, Proceedings of the Society, vol. xxxiii.
* Antiquaries, Newcastle, vols, v., vi., vii., viii.
Archseologia, vol. Ivi. pt. 2.
Archseologia -SJliana, vol. xxi.
Archseologia Cambrensis, 5th S. vol. xvi.
Archaeological Journal, vol. Ivi.
Associated Architectural Societies, Transactions, vol. xxi v. pt. 2.
* Ayrshire and Galloway Archaeological Collection, vols, vii., viii., and ix.
Berks, Bucks, and Oxfordshire Archaeological Journal, vol. v.
Biblical ArchsBology, Society of, Transactions, vol. xxi.
Birmingham and Midland Institute, vol. xxi v.
Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, Transactions, vol. xxi.
British Archaeological Association, Journal, N.S., vol. v.
British Architects, Royal Institute of. Journal, 3rd S. vol. vi.
Buckinghamshire, Records of, vol. viii. pt. 2.
Chester and North Wales Architectural, Archaeological, and Historical
Society, Transactions, vol. vi. pt. 8.
Clifton Antiquarian Club, Proceedings, vol. iv. pt. 3.
Cornwall, Royal Institute of, Proceedings, vol. xiii. pt. 4.
Cumberland and Westmoreland, Archaeological Society, vol. xv. pts. 3 and 4.
Cymmrodorion Society, Transactions, 1898-99.
Derbyshire Archaeological Society, Transactions, vol. xxi.
Devonshire Association, Transactions, vol. xxxi.
* East Herts Archaeological Society, Transactions, 1899.
Essex Archeeological Society, Transactions, N.S. vol. vii. pts. 3 and 4.
8
IV CONTENTS
Folklore, Proceedings of the Folklore Society, toI. x.
Glasgow Aroheeological Society, vol. iii.
Hampshire Field Club and Archeeological Society, vol. iv. pt. 1.
Hampstead Antiquarian and Historical Society, 1898.
Huguenot Society, vol. vi. pt. 2.
Kildare Archaeological Society, Journal, vols. ii. and iii. pt. 1.
Lancashire and Cheshire Historic Society, Transactions, 4th ser. vol. xiv.
Leicestershire Architectural and Archaeological Society, Transactions, vol.
viii. pt. G.
Montgomeryshire Collections, vol. xxxi., pts. 1 and 2.
* Monumental Brass Society, Transactions, vols. ii. and iii.
Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society, vols, xiii and xiv. pt. 1.
Numismatic Chronicle, 8rd S. vol. xix.
* Oxford University Brass-rubbing Society, Journal, vol. 1.
Boyai Historical Society, Transactions, N.S. vol. xiii.
Boyal Institute of Great Britain, vol. xv. pt. 8.
Boyal Irish Academy, Transactions, 3rd ser. vol. v. pts. 2 and 8.
Koyal Society of Literature, Transactions, vol. xx. pts. 2, 3, and 4.
St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society, Transactions, vol. iv. pt. 4.
Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Transactions, 2nd
S. vol. xi.
Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Transactions, vol.
xiv.
Staffordshire, William Salt Archaeological Society, Transactions, vol. xax.
Suffolk Archaeological Institute, vol. x. pt. 2.
Surrey Archaeological Society, Collections, vol. xiv, pt. 2.
Thoresby Society, vol. ix. pt. 2, x. pt. 1.
Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographical Journal, vol. xv. pts. 8 and 4.
NOTE
This Index was begun under the auspices of the CJongress of Archseological
Societies in union with the Society of Antiquaries. Its success being assured
the Congress have placed it in the hands of the publishers to continue
yearly.
The value of the Index to arohseologists is now recognised. Every effort
is made to keep its contents up to date and continuous, but it is obvious that
the difficulties are great unless the assistance of the societies is obtained. If
for any reason the papers of a society are not indexed in the year to which
they properly belong, the plan is to include them in the following year ; and
whenever the papers of societies are brought into the Index for the first time
they are then indexed from the year 1891.
By this means it will be seen that the year 1891 is treated as the commen-
cing year for the Index, and that all transactions published in and since
that year will find their place in the series.
To make' this work complete an index of the transactions from the begin-
ning of archaeological societies down to the year 1890 needs to be published.
The MS. of this Index is already completed, and it is now going through the
press.
Societies will greatly oblige by communicating any omissions or sugges-
tions to the editor, Laurence Gomme, F.S.A., 24, Dorset Square, London, N.W.
Single copies of the yearly Index from 1891 may be obtained. The
subscription list for the complete Index up to 1891 is still open, and intending
subscribers should apply at once to Messrs. Archibald Constable & Co. Many
of the Societies in union with the Society of Antiquaries take a sufficient
number of copies of the yearly Index to issue with their transactions to
each of their members. The more this plan is extended the less will be the
cost of the Index to each society.
m^M^^ga^^mm « * ^
INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS
PUBLISHED IN 1899
Acton (Rev. J.). Iwerne church. Dorset Nat, Hist, and Antiq,
Field Club, xvi. 44-47.
Adams (Maxwell). A brief account of Ashton church and of some
of the Chudleighs of Ashton^ Devon Assoc, xxxi. 185-198.
Adamson (Rev. C. E.), On an old tombstone to Ralph Niborne.
Proc, Soc, Antiq, Neiocastle^ v. 100.
Notes on the private account books of a lady of the last
century. Pi*oc, Soc, Antiq, Neiocastle, v. 248-251.
Notes on Haltwhistle church. P)*oc, Soc, Antiq, Netvcastle,
vi. 34.
Notes relating to the franchise of Tyndale. Pi*oc, Soc,
Antiq, Neiccastle, vi. G2-64.
John Dagnia, of South Shields, glassmaker. Pt'oc, Soc,
Antiq, Newcastle, vi. 1G3-1G7.
Ancient vestries. Proc, Soc, Antiq, Newcastle^ vi. 172.
Religious communities in Durham and Northumberland.
Proc, Soc, Antiq, Newcastle, vi. 268-276.
The smoke nuisance on Tyneside, temp, James I. Proc. Soc,
Antiq, Neiccastle, vii. 182,
AiLSA (Marquis of). Notes on the excavation of a mound called
Shanter Knowe, near Kirkoswald, Ayrshire. Ayrshire and
Galloicay Arch, Coll, vii. 93-97.
Aire, survey of the river, from Leeds to Weeland. Thoreshy Soc, ix.
193-195.
Alcock (Alexander M.). The Trench colony of Innishannon. Ihc-
guenot Soc, vi. 180.
Alexander (William). Dundonald, its bell and surroundings.
Ayrshire and Qalloway Arch, Coll, vii. 80-82.
Allen (J. Romilly). Early Christian art in Wales. Arch, Camb,
xvi. 1-69.
Amery (P. F. S.). Sixteenth report of the committee on Devonshire
folklore. Devon Assoc, xxxi, 110-119.
7
8 INDEX OP ARCHiEOLOaiCAL PAPERS
Anderson (Jossph). Notice of a Highland brooch in silver, orna-
mented with niello, exhibited by Mr. T. S. Omond ; and of other
Highland brooches in silver and. brass. Soc, Antiq, Scot, xxxiii.
67-07.
Notes on three buttons of jet or cannel-coal found in a cist at
Old Windy mains, Keith Marischal, East Lothian. Soc. Antiq,
Scot, xxxiii. 68-69.
Notices of articles of pottery, glass, stone, bronze, iron and
lead, found in the course of the excavations at Birrenswark. Soc,
Ant, Scot, xxxiii. 243-249.
AndrA (J. Lewis). Ritualistic eoclesiology of north-east Somerset,
Arch, Journ, Ivi. 144-168.
Andrews (R. T.). The grotto. East Herts Arch, Soc, 1899, pt.
3, 8-11.
Sacombe chui'ch. East Ilerts Arch, Soc, 1899, pt. 5,
6-9.
- Watton church. East Herts Arch, Soc, 1899, pt. 5,
9-15.
Andrews (S.). A short list of some tumuli in north Hampshire.
Hampshire Field Club and Arch, Soc, iv. 47-50.
Andrews (W. F.). Chad well spring ; the new river head. East
Herts, Arch, Soc, 1899, 13.
Ardscull, the moat of. Kildarc Arch, Soc, ii. 186-196.
Arkwright (Rev. W. Harry). letters from Tanner MSS. Derby-
shire Arch, and Nat, Hist, Soc, xxi. 84-89.
Astley (Rev. H. J. Dukinfield). Northborough church and manor
house, in connection with Cromwell and the Claypoles. Arch,
Assoc, N.S. V. 122-140.
Aston (W. G.). Japanese myth. Folklore^ x. 294-323.
Atchley (E. G. Cuthbert ¥,), Notes on a Bristol manuscript
missal. St, PauVs Eccles, Soc, iv. 277-292.
Notes on a manuscript Sarum missal in the Bristol museum.
St, PauVs Eccles, Soc, iv. 293-296.
Atkinson (Rev. Canon). Derivation and meaning of the place-name,
Masthill. Yorks Arch, Soc, xv. 403-407.
Axon (William E. A.). Ortensio Lando, a humourist of the re-
naissance. Roy, Soc, Lit, xx. 159-196.
Baddeley (St. Clair). S. Bartholomew and his cult in mediseval
times. Bristol and Glouc, Arch, Soc, xxi. 147-162.
Baildon (W. Paley). Lincoln's Inn Chapel. St, PauVs Eccles. Soc,
iv. 262-262.
INDEX OF ARCH^OLOGICAL PAPERS 9
Baildon (W. Paley). Musters in Skyrack wapentake. Tlioresby
/Soc.ix. 99-111.
Bailey (George). The bells of St. Peter, Derby. Derbyshire Arch.
and Nat. Hist. Soc. xxi. 90-94.
Ball (F. Elrington). Dascriptive sketch of Clondalkin, Tallaght,
and other places in West county Dublin. Roy, Soc. Antiq. Ire-
land, 5th S. ix. 93-108.
Some residents of Monkstown in the eighteenth century.
Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. ix. 233-243.
Ballard, Ann, note on the brass of, in Radcliffe church, Nottingham.
Monumental Brass Soc. iii. 215-218.
Banister (Rev. E. D.). The vestry-book of the twenty-four sworne
men of Goosnargh. Lane, and Cheshire Hist. Soc. 4th S. xiv.
41-64.
Barbour (James). Account of the excavations at Birrenswark, and
description of the plans and sections. Soc. Ant. Scot, xxxiii.
219-243.
Barker (W. R.). A catalogue of the brasses in Ewelme church, Ox-
fordshire. Oxford Univ. Brass-rubbing Soc. i. 11-23.
• Monumental brasses in the churches of Thame, Holton, and
Great Tew, Oxon., with biographical and genealogical notices.
Oxford Univ. Brass-rubbing Soc. i. 137-169.
A catalogue of illustrations of monumental brasses in Great
Britain. Oxford Univ. Brass-rubbing Soc. i. 211-215.
Barnes (W. Miles). The commonplace book of a Dorsetshire man
(1625-1635). Dorset Nat. Hist, and Antiq. Field Club, xvi.
59-74.
Dorset and King John. Dorset Nat. Hist, and Antiq. Field
Club, xvi. 129-149.
Baq^^et (James). Architectural work in Sydney, New South Wales,
1788-1899. Brit. Archit. vi. 505-517.
Bately (John). Recent discoveries on the site of the Grey Friars,
Gt. Yarmouth. Norfolk and Norwich Arch. Soc, xiii. 21-28.
Bates ( ). Norham castle. Proc. Soc. Antiq. Newcastle, v. 52-
55.
A postscript on the wall of Hadrian. Proc. Soc, Antiq.
Neiccastle, vii. 136-137.
Bates (Cadwallader J.). Flodden field. Proc, Soc, Antiq. Neic-
castle, vi. 17-18.
Bates (Rev. E. H.). The five-hide-unit in the Somerset domesday.
Somerset Arch, and Nat, Hist. Soc, xlv. 51-107.
10 INDEX OF ABCHJfiOLOGICAL PAPERS
Bates (Rev. E. H.) and Rev. F. Hancock. An inventory of church
plate in Somerset. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist, Soc, xlv.
125-178.
Bates (J. C). On the history of Bamburgh castle. Pi'oc. Soc, Antiq.
Newcastle, vi. 194-197.
Bateson (Miss Mary). Origin and early history of double monas-
teries. Royal Hist. Soc, xiii. 137-198.
Batten (John). Mudford and its church, Somerset and Nat, Hist,
Soc. xlv. 179-192.
Baverstock (E. H.). The Conyers falchion. Proc, Soc, Antiq, New-
castle, V. 43-44.
Bax (Alfred Ridley). Suspected persons in Surrey during the
commonwealth. Surrey Arch, Soc, xiv. 164-189.
Beaumont (G. F.). A Roman coffin found at Braintree. Essex Arch,
Soc, vii. 401-402.
Beddoe (D.). On the mediaeval population of Bristol. Jour. An-
throp. Inst, N.S. ii. 142-144.
Beloe (Edward M.). Oxborough. Norfolk and Norwich Arch. Soc,
xiii. 343-357.
Beloe (E. M., Jun.). A list of brasses existing in the churches of
St. Margaret and St. Nicholas, King's Lynn, in the year 1724.
Monumental Brass Soc. ii. 57-59.
Bell (Edward). The shrine of Edward the Confessor. St, PauVs
Eccles. Soc, iv. 237-242.
Benndorf (Otto). Roman monument, Adam-Klissi, Roumania.
Proc, Soc, Antiq, Neivcastle, vii. 147-150.
Bennett (Albert L.). Ethnographical notes on the Fang. Jour,
Anthrop. Inst, N.S. ii. 66-98.
Berkeley (Mrs. R.). A sketch of early provincial journalism.
Assoc, Archit. Soc. xxiv. 550-573.
Beswick (H.). Discovery of remains of a Roman building in North-
gate Street, Chester, Chester and North Wales Arch. Soc, vi.
277-281.
Bevan (Rev. J. 0.). A plea for the production of an archseological
map and index for the county of Warwick. Birm. and Mid,
Inst. xxiv. 6-17,
BiCKNELL (Clarence). Notes on rock pictures in the Val Fonta-
nalba district. Proc. Soc, Antiq. xvii. 243-245.
BiLSON (John). The beginnings of Gothic architecture. Brit, Archit,
vi. 259-269, 289-326.
INDEX OF ARCH-EOLOGICAL PAPERS 11
Birch (Rev. C. G. E,.)» Brasses at Scrivelsby, Lincolnshire. Monu-
mental Brass Soc, ii. 107-109.
The Necton and Great Cressingham brasses. Monumental
Brass Soc. ii. 179-181.
Note on the brass of Dr. Walter Hewke, Trinity hall,
Cambridge. Monumental Brass Soc, ii. 223-224.
Birch (G. H.). London churches of the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. Bristol and Glouc, Arch. Soc. xxi. 103-125.
The priory church of St. Mary, Overie, now the collegiate
church of St. Saviour, Southwark. Bristol and Glouc, Arch,
Soc. xxi. 126-146.
The two chapels in the tower of London. Bristol and
Glouc. Arch. Soc. xxi. 175-189.
The priory and parochial chapel of St. Helens, Bishopsgate.
Bnstol and Glouc. Arch. Soc, xxi. 190-201.
Birch (W. de G.). Historical notes on the manuscripts belonging
to Ramsey abbey. Arch. Assoc. N.S. v. 229-242.
Black (Geo. F.). Descriptive catalogue of antiquities found in Ayr-
shire and Wigtownshire, and now in the national museum,
Edinburgh. Ayrshire and Galloxoay Arch. Coll. vii. 1-47,
Blackett (Sir Edward W.). The sword of Sir John Conyers, of
Sockburn. Proc. Soc. Antiq. Netvcastle, v. 27-28.
Blair (R.). Discovery of Roman remains at South Shields. Proc.
Soc. Antiq. Newcastle^ vi. 14-17.
A new Lanchester Roman altar. Proc. Soc. Antiq. New-
castle^ vi. 56.
A newly-discovered Roman altar at South Shields. Proc.
Soc, Antiq. Netvcastle, vii. 44-46.
Blakeway (Rev. J. B.). History of Albrighton, near Shifnal.
Shrop. Arch, and Nat. Hist, Soc, 2nd S. xi. 25-137.
Blakiston (C. H.). Monumental brasses and matrices in the cathe-
dral church of Christ in Oxford. Oxford Univ, Brass-ruhhing
Soc, i. 268-286.
Blakiston (Very Rev. R. M.). Church restoration. Arch. Journ,
Ivi. 239-244.
Blass (Prof. Friedrich). On the Greek text of St. Mark's gospel.
Roy, Irish Acad. v. 329-335.
BoissiER (Alfred). Deux fables Assyriennes. Soc. Bib. Arch, xxi.
34-48.
BoLAM (R. G.). The town and walls of Berwick-on-Tweed. Proc.
Soc. Antiq. Newcastle^ v. 58-60.
12 INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS
BoLiNGBROKE (LEONARD G.). Players iji Norwich from the accession
of queen Elizabeth until their suppression in 1642. Norfolk
and Norwich Arch, Soc, xiii. 1-20.
The reformation iu a Norfolk parish. Norfolk and Norwich
Arch. Soc. xiii. 199-216.
Bond (E.). Thomas Park, the poetical antiquary. Hampstead Antiq.
and Hist. Soc. 1898, 57-60.
Bond (Francis). On the comparative value of documentary and
architectural evidence in establishing the chronology of the
English cathedrals. Brit. Archil, vi. 17-35.
BosANQUET (E. C). Excavations at Housesteads. Soc. Antiq. New-
castle, viii. 247-252.
Bower (Rev. Canon). Effigies in the diocese of Carlisle. Cumh.
and West. Ant. and Arch. Soc. xv. 417-458.
Brassington (W. Salt). Notes on the old houses in Stratford-upon-
Avon. Birni. and Mid. Inst. xxiv. 33-44.
Brass rubbings, collection of, in the possession of the Suffolk insti-
tute of Archaeology. Suffolk Inst. Arch. x. 237-249.
Briggs (H. B.). The work of the Benedictines of Solesmes in the
plainsong revival. St. PauVs Eccles. Soc. iv. 243-251.
Brindley (W.). Ancient marble quarries of Greek cipollino. Brit,
Archit. vi. 43-44.
Bristol (Right Rev. Lord Bishop of). Some results of the battles
of Durham and Wanborough. Clifton Antiq. Club, iv. 264-276.
Brodrick( Miss M.) and Miss A. Anderson Morton. The tomb of
Pepi Ankh (Khua), near Sharona. Soc. Bib. Arch. xxi. 26-33.
Browne (Charles R.). The ethnography of Garumna and Letter-
muUen in the county Galway. Royal Irish Acad. v. 223-268.
Brownlow (Right Rev. Bishop). The Saxon cross found at Bath,
1898. Clifton Antiq. Club, iv. 252-256.
Brushfield (T. N.). Aids to the poor in a rural parish. Devon
Assoc, xxxi. 199-284.
Brydall (Robert). Notice of the priory church of Ardchattan and
its carved stones. Soc. Antiq. Scot, xxxiii. 33-47.
Notice of a group of carved stones on Inishail, Loch Awe,
Argyleshire. Soc. Antiq. Scot, xxxiii. 48-52.
Notice of a carved stone at Grail, Fifeshire. Soc. Antiq.
Scot, xxxiii. 53.
Buckley (M. J. C). Notes ecclesiological. Roy. Soc. Antiq, Ireland,
5th S. ix. 420-423.
Bund (J. Willis). Religious life in Worcestershire in the ^seven-
INDEX OP ARCBT-ffilOLOGHCAL PAPSHS 13
teenth century, shown by the sessions records. Assoc, Archit,
Soc. xxiv. 574-596.
Burgh (T. J. de). Ancient Naas : outposts and longstones. Kildare
Arch, Soc. ii. 315-323.
Burton (Rev. E,. Jowett). Hundred of Apple tree and wapentake
of Wirksworth : Ayd to his majesty king Charles I., 1627.
Derbyshire Arch, and Nat Hist, Soc, xxi. 69-83.
Cail (Richard). Beaconsfield house, Low Fell. Proc, Soc, Antiq,
Newcastle^ vi. 50-52.
Calvert (E.). Shrewsbury school bailiffs account for 1578-9.
Shrop, Arch, and Nat. Hist, Soc. 2nd S. xi. 5-9.
Cardew (G-. Arthur). The moats or waterforts of the vale of the
Severn. Bristol and Glouc. Arch. Soc. xxi. 58-69.
Cardi (Le Comte C. N. de). Ju-ju laws and customs in the Niger
delta. Jour. Anthrop, Inst, N.S. ii. 51-65.
Carlyle (A. C). A collection of fifty small prehistoric objects of
stone discovered in India. Prod Soc. Antiq. Neivcastle, v. 232-233.
Carr (S. S.). Pre-conquest cross shaft at Tynemouth. Proc. Soc.
Antiq. Newc. vii. 163-164.
Cave (C. J. P.). Thomas Aileward, 1413 ; Havant, Hants. Monu-
mental Brass Soc. ii. 1.
Note on the distribution of monumental brasses in Eng-
land. Monumental Brass Soc. iii. 109-111.
0. J. Charlton and R. A. S. Macalister. The brasses
of Cambridgeshire. Monumental Brass Soc, ii. 174-179, 237-275,
307-314 ; iii. 2-30, 88-106.
Cave (Walter). Notes on the Saxon crypt, Sidbury church, Devon-
shire. Arch. Journ, Ivi. 74-76.
Chadwick (S. J.). Some papers relating to the plague in Yorkshire.
Yorks Arch, Soc. xv. 434-475.
Chancellor (F.). Cressing church. Essex Arch. Soc, N.S. vii.
256-258.
Faulkborne church. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. vii. 264-266.
Faulkborne hall. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. vii. 267-271.
Woodham Ferrers. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. vii. 396-399.
Charlton (0. J.). Notes on a matrix in the church of St. Andrew,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Monumental Brass Soc. ii. 182-184.
Charlton (W. Oswald). The Charlton spur ; the Buccleuch sword.
Proc. Soc. Antiq. NeiccastlCy v. 14-15.
Chattaway (Rev. Arthur L.). Salford Priors. Birm. and Mid.
Inst. xxiv. 18-32.
14
INDEX OF AROILfiOLOaiOAL PAPBB8
Chealbs (Alan B.). Nicolas Fonquet. Berkn^ Bucks^ and Oxon,
Arch, Journ, v. 65-07.
CiiBSiiiRE Records, transcribed from originals in the public record
office. Cheater and North Wales Arch. Soc. vi. 283-346.
CiiEYNE (Dr. T. K.). The blessings on Asher, Naphtali, and Joseph.
Soc. mi). Arch. xxi. 242-245.
Chixley, enclosuro riots at, 15()0. Derbyshire Arch, and Nat. Hist.
Sf)c. xxi. 01 -OS.
Christie (R. W.). Chief rents belonging to the earl of Ealdare in
the manor of Adare. Jioy. S^k, Antiq. Ireland, 5th S, ix. 259.
CiiRisTisox (^Dr. David). Account of the excavation of the camps
and earthworks at Birrenswark Hill in Annandale. Soc, Ant,
Scot, xxxiii. 198-218.
— '■ and Dr. JasEPH Anderson. On the recently excavated fort
on Castle Law, Abernothy, Perthshire. Soc. Antiq, Scot, xxxiii.
ia-33.
Christy (Miller). Some Essex coffin-slabs. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S.
vii. 3(J9-395.
— and W. W. PoRTKous. On some interesting Essex brasses.
Esscv Arch. Soc. N.S. vii. 207-248.
Some lost Essex bmssos. Momimental Brass Soc. in. 254-
264.
Clark-Maxwell (Rev. W. G.). Notes historical and architectural
on Bromfield church. Arch. Camb. xvi. 211-214.
Clarke (Lt.-Gen. Sir Andrew). Sir Stamford Raffles and the Malay
states. Royal Inst. Or. Brit. xv. 754-768.
Clarke (Rev. Francis E.). Notes on the Tinnecarra cromlech near
Boyle. Boyal Irish Acad. v. 374-376.
Clarke (Somers). Report on a few subjects connected with archae-
ology in Egypt. Proc. Soc. Antiq. xvii. 402-417.
Clay (J. W.) and John Lister. Autobiography of Sir John Savile,
of Methloy, knight, baron of the exchequer, 1546-1607. Yorks
Arch. Soc. XV. 420-427.
Clepiian ( ). Notes on the regal law of Friedrich III., of Den-
mark, with biographical notice of the minister who framed it,
and a comparison of some of the words in it with their English
equivalents. Proc. Soc. Antiq. NewcastlCj v. 40-42.
Clephan (R. C). The great temple of Karnak. Proc. Soc. Antiq.
Netccastle, v. 78-84, 103-111.
The temples of PhilaD. Pivc. Soc. Antiq. NeiccasflCy vii.
17-23, 29-30.
INDEX OF ARCHiEOLOGHCAL PAPERS IB
Clephan (E,. C). Two suits of plate armour, 15th cent. Proc,
Soc, Antiq, Neiocastle^ vii. 301-303.
Collection of Egyptian antiquities at Southdene tower, near
Gateshead. Proc. Soc, Antiq, Neiccastle^ vii. 83-88.
Clinch (GtEORGe). Prehistoric man in the neighbourhood of the Kent
and Surrey border : neolithic age. Jour, Anthrop. Inst, N.S. ii.
124-141.
Cocks (Alfred Heneage). The intra-mural monuments and other
inscriptions of Great Marlow church. Bucks Records, viii. 162-
203.
CoDRiNGTON (R. H., D.D.). Memoir of the family of Codrington, of
Codrington, Didmarton, Frampton-on-Severn, and Dodington.
Bristol and Glouc, Arch, Soc, xxi. 301-345.
Cogswell (Eev. T. S.). On some ancient stone fragments found in
Cringleford church. Norfolk and Norwich Arch, Soc, xiv. 99-
102.
Colby (Rev. F.T.). Torrington worthies. Devon Assoc, xxxi. 170-
179.
Cole (R. E. G.). Notes on the ecclesiastical history of the deanery
of Graffoe to the close of the fourteenth century. Assoc, Archit.
Soc, xxiv. 381-448.
Coleman (A.). Dauntesey, Wilts. Monumental Brass Soc, ii. 15-
17.
Coleman (Prebendary). The descent of the manor of AUerton.
Somerset Arch, and Nat, Hist, Soc, xlv. 25-50.
Coleridge (Ernest Hartley). The lake poets in Somersetshire.
Roy, Soc, Lit, xx. 105-131.
Coles (Fred R.). Antiquarian notes on various sites in the neigh-
bourhood of Edinburgh. Soc, Ant, Scot, xxxiii. 330-353.
Notes of the discovery of a cist and urns at Juniper Green,
and of a cist at the Cunninghar, Tillicoultry, and of some un-
described cup-marked stones. Soc. Ant, Scot, xxxiii. 354-372.
CoLLiNGWOOD (W. G.). The Ormside cup. Cumb. and. West. Ant,
and Arch, Soc. xv. 381-387.
CoMPTON (C. H.). The Welsh Marches. Arch. Assoc. N.S. v. 300-
314.
Cook (Stanley A.). Some recent Palmyrene inscriptions. Soc. Bib,
Arch. xxi. 68-78.
Cooper (Rev. T. S.). The church plate of Surrey. Surrey Arch. Soc,
xiv. 190-214.
CoRBRTT (W. J.) and T. Tindal Methold. The rise and devolution of
16
INDEX OF ABOHJEOLOOICAL PAPKB8
the manors of Hepworth, Suffolk. Suffolk Inst. Arch. x. 12»-
143.
CoRLETTE (Hubert C). On the use and value of colour in architec-
ture, nrit. Archit, vi. 4G1-47G, 480-504, 529-53G.
Corner (William). Mitla: an archroological study of the ancient
ruins and remains in that pueblo. Jour, Anthrop. Insf. N.S.
ii. 29-50.
Ci>RXisH ^^J. B.\ The men who made the Cornish mines. Boyal
Inst, Cormvall, xiii. 430-434.
Cosgrave (H. a.). The Irish channel and Dublin in 1735. Boy,
Soc. Antiq, Inland, 5th S. ix. 56-60.
Cossox (Barox de\ The Conyers falchion. Pi*oc. Soc. Antiq. A«r-
castle, V. 42-43, 253-254.
Cowell (^Very Rev. George Youxg). St. Brigid and the cathedral
church of Kildare. KUdare Arch, Soc, ii. 235-252.
CowpER (H. Ct.\ The influence of the Roman occupation upon the
distribution of population in Cumberland and Westmorland,
Arch, Journ, Ivi. 28-50.
CowpER (H. SwAixsox). Tripoli senams : idols or oil presses ? Proc,
Soc, Antiq, xvii. 297-300.
Cox (Rev. J. Charles). Notes on a wooden chair from Stanford
Bishop, Herefordshire. Proc, Soc, Antiq, xvii. 234-237.
Some notes on the family of Shirebume, of Stonyhurst.
Arch, Journ, Ivi. 51-68.
Cranage (D. H. S.). Notes on the churches of Morpeth and Mitfoid.
Pt^c, Soc. Antiq, Xeucastlv, vi. 252-254, 256.
Cripps (Wilfrid J.). Notes on the Roman basilica at Cirencester,
lately discovered. Bristol and Glotic. Arch, Soc> xxi. 70-78.
Crossman (;Sir William). Holy Island. Proc, Soc. Antiq. JVVtc-
castlvy vii. 73-82.
Notes on an old oak framework lately found in a quany
at Mount Hooly, in Kyloe. Proc. Soc, Antiq. Nctccastk^
vii. 173-174.
Crum (W. E.). Notes on: (1) The name Pachomius; (2) "Above"
and "Below" in Coptic; (3) Egyptian "Orantes." Soc. Bib,
Arch, xxi. 247-252.
Cuming (H. Syer). Pin-loi'e and the waxen image. Arch. Assoc.
N.S. V. 161-170.
Cunningtox (E.). Poundbury: the pastoral camp and the old
Dunium of Ptolemy. Dorset Xat, Hist, and Antiq. I^eld Club,
xvi. 48-54.
INDEX OP ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS 17
Cdnnington (E.). Hambedon Hill, Dorset. Dorset Nat Hist, and
Antiq, Field Club, xvi. 156-158.
Helstone. Dorset Nat, Hist, and Antiq, Field Oltob, xvi.
175-177.
CuRREY (Percy). Notes on some old Derbyshire cottages. Derby-
shire Arch, and Nat, Hist, Soc, xxi. 5-9.
Curtis (Eev. A. F.). White Notley church. Essex Arch, Soc, N.S.
vii. 259-263.
Curtis (James). Number " nine '* chiefly considered in its historical
and literary aspects. Roy, Soc, Lit, xx. 237-259.
Dack (Charles). The Peterborough gentlemen's society. Arch,
Assoc. N.S. V. 141-160.
Old Peterborough customs and their survival. Arch,
Assoc, V. 323-342.
Dale (W.). Bronze implements from the neighbourhood of South-
ampton. Hampshire Field Club and Arch, Soc, iv. 75-78.
Dalrymple (Hon. Hew). The seal of the priory of Whithorn. Ayr-
shire and Galloway Arch. Coll, vii. 53-55.
Selections from some papers in possession of the countess
of Stair. Ayrshire and Galloway Arch. Coll, vii. 83-92.
The abbey of the Sweetheart or new abbey, Kirkcudbright-
shire. Ayrshire and Galloway Arch, Coll, x. 1-54.
Dundrennan abbey. Ayrshire and Galloway Arch, Coll,
X. 57-96.
The convent and college of Lincluden, Kirkcudbrightshire.
Ayrshire and Galloway Arch, Coll. x. 99-166.
The priory and cathedral of Whithorn, or Candida casa.
Ayrshire and Galloway Arch. Soc. x. 169-196.
Glenluce abbey. Ayrshire and Galloway Arch. Soc. x.
197-232.
Darby (M.). Irish place-names and local folklore. Kildare Arch.
Soc, ii. 151-154.
Dashwood (H. C). Fiddleford. Dorset Nat, Hist, and Antiq, Field
Club, xvi. 55-58.
Davey (Samuel). The letters of Horace "Walpole. Roy* Soc. Lit.
XX. 261-295.
Da vies (Randall). A note upon the brass of Sir Arthur Gorges
(a.d. 1625) in Chelsea old church. Monumental Brass Soc, ii.
329-331.
Davis (Cecil T.). Will of James Baudouin. Huguenot Soc, vi.
172-180.
B
18
INDEX OF AllCHiBOLOGICAL PAPSBS
Davis (Ciscil T.). Monumental brass in the old or west ohurch,
Abortleen. ^fnnu mental Birtss Soc. iii. 183-186.
Burials at Wandsworth, 1678-1727. Surrey ArcJi. Sac,
xiv. 134-1(J3.
Dawbek (E. Guy). St. Mary Abchurch with St. Lawrence Pountney,
London. lirintol and Glouc, Arch. Soc* xxi. 202-204.
St. Stephen's, Walbrook. liriittol and Glonc. Arch, Soc.
xxi. 205-2(J7.
Day (IlonERT). Gold plates and discs found near Cloyne, oo. Cork.
noy, Soc. Antiq. Ireland ^ 5th S. ix. 413-416.
Dear (F. C). Bayley hall, Hertford. East Herts Arch, Soc. 1899,
\}-V2,
Dexdy (F. W.). I^ands at Cowpon, Northumberland. Proc. Soc,
Antiq. Xeweastle, vii. 240-242.
Devey (Dr.). Wolsingham. Proc, Soc, Antiq. Netcc, vii. 246-250.
Devitt (Rev. Matthew). Carbury and the Birminghama' country.
Kildare Arch. Soc. ii. 85-110.
Dickie (Arch. C). Some early Christian churches in Palestine. Brit. i|
Arch it. vi. 241-258.
DiCKiNSc^x (George). Disused burial places of Allendale. Proc. Soc,
Antiq, Newcastle^ v. 148-149.
Dillon (Viswunt). Some peculiarities and omissions in brasses
Oxford Univ. Brasa-rithbing Soc, i. 2-3.
Brass plates at Ditchley house, Oxon. Oxford Univ.
Brass-nMing Soc, i. 234-237.
DiTCHFiELD (Rev. p. H.). Barkham notes. Bcrks^ Bucks^ and
Ojcon, Arch, Jotirn, v. 78-82.
Dix (E. R. M'C). The Gallan, near Saggart. Eoy. Soc. Antiq,
Ireland, 5th S. ix. 125-127.
Dixon (D. D.). Brinkburn priory. Proc. Soc. Antiq, Netccastle^ v.
85-88.
Callaly castlo and its history. Pi*oc, Soc, Antiq. Neiccastle,
V. 94-96.
The manor of Cartington. Proc, Soc. Antiq, NeiccastlVj v.
167-172.
DoniE (Rev W.). Ladykirk church. Proc, Soc, Antiq, Neiccastk,
V. 55-57.
Dobr^e (H. C. p.). a catalogue of the brasses in New CoUegei both
past and present. Oaford Unii\ Brass-rubbing Soc. i. 41-^7.
— Ecclesiastical brasses, their classification, general features,
and peculiarities. Oxford Univ. Brass-rubbing Soc. i. 86-98.
INDEX OF ARCHJEOLOGICAL PAPERS 19
Doe (George M.). Great Torrington commons. Devon Assoc, xxxi.
156-169.
DowDEN (Rev. John). Inventory of ornaments, jewels, relicks, vest-
ments, service-books, etc., belonging to the cathedral church of
Glasgow in 1432, illustrated from various sources, and more
particularly from the inventories of the cathedral of Aberdeen.
Soc. Ant, Scot, xxxiii. 280-329.
Drew (Thomas). A further note on the surroundings of St. Patrick's
De Insula, Dublin ; the restoration of the north close, 1899 ; the
possibility of recovery of the ancient well of St. Patrick. Roy.
' Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. ix. 1-4.
Drinkwater (Rev. C. H.). Bromfield priory. Arch. Camh. xvi.
205-210.
Charter of Edward IV. to Worfield, 26th May, 1477.
Shrop. Arch, and Nat, Hist, Soc. 2nd S. xi. 1-4.
Indictment of Humfrey Kynaston and others, together with
the coroner's inquisition respecting the murder of John Heughes
at Stretton in 1491. Shrop, Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. 2nd S.
xi. 16-24.
The domestic history of Henry Vynar, of London and Con-
dover, together with a transcript of his will. Shrop. Arch, and
Nat. Hist. Soc, 2nd S. xi. 189-198.
Shrewsbury abbey; two early charters. Shrop. Arch,
and Nat, Hist. Soc, 2nd S. xi. 199-242.
Duckett (Sir G. F.). Gundreda de Warenne. Yorks Arch, Soc,
XV. 428-434.
Duckworth (W. L. H.). Note on a skull from Syria. Jour. Anthrop,
Inst, N.S. ii. 145-151. .
Durham (Miss T. Hermia). The relations of the crown to trade under
James I. Royal Hist, Soc. xiii. 199-247.
Durham, notes of church bells in the diocese of. Proc, Soc. Antiq.
Newcastle, v. 118-122, 204-206.
Notes of communion plate in the diocese of. Proc. Soc.
Antiq, Neivcastle, v. 5-6, 8, 20-24, 29-32, 45-48, 193-196.
Dymond (Charles W.). On the identification of the site of But-
tingtune of the Saxon chronicle, anno 894. Montgomeryshire
Coll, xxxi. 337-346.
Ebblewhite (Ernest Arthur). Elintshire genealogical notes.
Arch. Camh. xvi. 89-104, 189-204.
Edmonds (Eev. Canon). The formation and fortunes of Exeter
cathedral library. Devon Assoc, xxxi. 25-50.
20 INDEX OP ARCH.BOLOGICAL PAPERS
Edwards (John). Torpichen and the knights of St. John of Jeru-
salem in Scotland. Glasgow Arch. Soc. iii. 309-339.
Eeles (F. C). Notice of a Celtic cross-slab recently discovered at
Kinneff, Kincardineshire. /S<)r. Antiq, Scot,xxx\\\, 163-167.
Notes on a missal formerly used in St. Nicholas, Aberdeen.
Soc, Ant. Scot, xxxiii. 440-460.
Egoleston (W. M.). Stanhope. Pi*oc, Soc. Antiq. NetccastlCy
vii. 257-263.
Ella (Rev. Samuel). Dialect changes in the Polynesian languages.
Jour. Anthrop. Inst. N.S. ii. 154-180.
Ellis (A. S.). Notes on Ralph Thoresby's pedigree. Thorcshy Soc
ix. 112-126.
Ellis (H. D.). Notes on the earliest form of coffee-pot. Pi*oc, Soc*
Antiq. xvii. 390-394.
Ely (Talfx)URd). On the bearded type of Apollo. Pi*oc. Soc. Antiq.
xvii. 394-402.
EsMONDE (Sir Thomas H. Grattan). Notes on crannog and other
finds in North County, Wexford, l^oy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland^ 5th
S. ix. 404-40(5.
Evans (Rev. G. C). Nonconformist brasses in Shropshire. Monu-
mental Brass Soc. ii. 326-329.
Evans (G. M.). Monumental brasses at Merton college, Oxford.
Oxford Univ. Brass-rubbing Soc. i. 215-233.
Fairbank (F. R.). Pardon brasses. Monumental Brass Soc. ii. 9-11.
Thomas Garland, 1609 ; Todwick, Yorkshire. Moiiumentxil
Brass Soc. ii. 18.
The brass of Lambert von Brunn, bishop of Bamberg..
Monumental Brass Soc. ii. 145-148.
Ticehurst, Sussex. Monumental Brass Soc. ii. 224-225.
The brasses in Battle church, Sussex. Oxford Unii\
Brass-rubbing Soc. i. 99-103.
Falkiner (Rev. William). Notes upon a rath souterrain at
Gurteen, Gainstown, co. Westmeath. Royal Irhh Acad, v,
211-215.
Notice of a crannog at Lough-a-Trim, Killucan, co. West-
meath. Royal Irish Acad. v. 216-218.
Fane (F.). A legend of Milton. Dorset Nat. Hist, and Antiq. Field
Club, xvi. 159-162.
Farrer (Rev. Edmund). List of some brasses in Norfolk churches.
Norfolk and Norwich Arch. Soc. xiii. 192-198.
FE{VR0N (W. W.). Catalogue of monumental brasses in Adderbury
INDEX OP ARCH^OLOaiCAL PAPERS 21
church, Oxfordshire. Oxford Univ. Brass-inibbing Soc. i.
7a-80.
Featherstonhaugh (Rev. W.). A bronze sword ploughed up on the
Law farm at Ebchester. Pi*oc, Soc, Antiq, NetccastlCj v. 99.
On a sixth pile tower in the county of Durham. Froc, Soc,
Antiq, Newcastle^ v. 101-102,
The stycas of Northumbria, Proc, Soc, Antiq, NetccastlCy
V. 206-213.
The village of Blanchland. Proc, Soc, Antiq, NeiccmtlCy
vi. 38-40.
Ferguson (John). Bibliographical notes on histories of inventions
and books of secrets. Glasgow Arch, Soc, iii. 360-426.
Ferguson (CHANCELiiOR R. S.). Consistory courts and consistory
places. Arch, Journ, Ivi. 85-122.
A Persian talisman. Arch, Journ, Ivi. 175-179.
Notes on a door lock in Carlisle museum. Arch, Journ, Ivi."
180-183.
Discoveries of Roman inscriptions in Cumberland and
Westmorland. Proc, Soc, Antiq, Newcastle, v. 16.
Roman inscriptions recently discovered at Carlisle. Pi*oc,
Soc, Antiq, Nenrastle, vi. 140.
Notes of discoveries in Cumberland. Proc, Soc, Aniiq.
Newcastle^ vi. 263.
On a supposed Roman sword or spearhead found near
Whitley castle. Proc, Soc, Antiq, Neicc, vii. 16-17.
The colliery, harbour, lime, and iron tokens of west Cum-
berland. Cumb. and West, Ant, and Arch, Soc, xv. 392-416.
Ffrench (Rev. J. F. M.). Notes on the family of Sherlock. Kildare
Arch, Soc, ii. 33-47.
Field (Rev. H. E,). Brass of an ecclesiastic, c. 1400, Stanford-on-
Soar, Nottinghamshire. Monumental Brass Soc, ii. 215.
The brasses in Clifton church, Nottinghamshire, il/bnw-
mental Brass Soc, iii. 249-253.
The matrix of bishop Beaumont's brass, Durham cathe-
dral. Monumental Brass Soc, ii. 291-295.
Note on an impression of an episcopal brass (?). Monu-
mental Brass Soc, ii. 343.
Note on the brass of Thomas Magnus, 1550, Sessay church.
Yorkshire. Monumental Brass Soc, iii. 44-47.
Some suggestions for preserving records of the monumental
brasses of England. Monumental Brass Soc, ii. 103-106.
22 INDEX OF ARCHiEOLOaiCAL PAPBBS
Field (Rev. H. E."^. Note on the brass to Simon Bache, 1414, Kneb-
worth church, Hertfordshire. Monumental Brass Soc. iii. lOG-
107.
The monumental brasses of Derbyshire. Monumental
Jirass Soc. iii. ll)-4-liM{, 20{)-216.
Palim))sest brass in Shimpling church, Norfolk. Monu-
mental Brass Soc, iii. 219.
Notes on the brasses in the chui*ches of Wollaton and
Strellev, Nottinghamshire. Monumental Brass Soc, iii. 21J)-
22(>.
Field (Rkv. J. E.). The resurrection as represented in monumental
brasses. Oxford rnie. Brass-rubbing Soc. i. 130-136.
Monumental brasses in Benson church, Oxon. Oxford
Unir. nrass-ruUfUu/ Soc. i. 208-210.
FiGCJis (Rfa'. J. Nkvillk). Politics at the council of Constance.
Bot/al Hist, Soc. xiii. 103-115.
Firth [^C. H.^. The raising of the Ironsides. Royal Hist, Soc. xiii.
17-73.
Fisher (Rev. George W.). Notes on certain names in the dictionary
of national biography. Shrop. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. 2nd S,
xi. 10-15.
FiTZGEiLVLD (LoRD FREDERICK). An accouut of the an*est of Lord
Edwaixl Fitzgerald. Kildare Arch. Soc, ii. 340-353.
Jjeixlip castle. Kildare Arch. Soc, ii. 393-406.
FiTZCJERALi) (Ij<»rd Walter). On a holed cross at Moone. Boy.
Soc, Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. ix. 385-380.
Kilkea castle. Kildare Arch, Soc. ii. 3-32.
— Incidents in the life of Garrett Moi'e, eighth earl of Kildare.
Kildare Arch. Soc. ii. 117-132.
Castle Rheban. Kildare Arch. Soc. ii. 167-178.
Great Connell abbey, co. Kildai*e. Kildare Arch. Soc. ii.
304-314.
Castletown and its owners. Kildare Arch. Soc. ii. 361-
378.
Timolin. Kildare Arch. Soc. ii. 413-425.
The Curragh : its history and traditions. Kildare Arch.
^W. iii. 1-32.
The Carj^enter tomb-slab in St. David's church, NTaas.
Kildare Arch. Soc. iii. 51-56.
Fletcher (^Rkv. W. G. D.). lioicestershire church briefs. I^^iceS'
ter Archit. and Arch. Soc. viii. 387-300.
INDEX OP ARCH^OLOGICAL PAPERS 23
Fletcher (Rev. W. Gt. D.). The mere, in the parish of Baschurch.
Shi'op. Arch, and Nat. Hist, Soc, 2nd S. xi. 179-188.
Shropshire assize rolls, temp, king John (October, 1203),
Shrop, Arch, and Nat, Hist, Soc, 2nd S. xi. 243-251.
Ellesmere, extent of the manor of, 28th October, 1280.
Shrop, Arch, and Nat. Hist, Soc, 2nd S. xi. 252-259.
Welch Hampton, extent of the manor of, 4th November,
1280. Shrop, Arch, and Nat, Hist, Soc, 2nd S. xi. 260-261.
Shropshire inquisitions post mortein ; twelve early in-
quisitions. Shrop. Arch, and Nat, Hist, Soc, 2nd S. xi.
262-276.
The Shropshire lay subsidy roll of 1327. Shrop, Arch, and
Nat. Hist, Soc. 2nd S. xi. 347-390.
Flood (W. H. Gt.). Tombstone in Ardfert friary. Eoy. Soc. Antiq.
Ireland, 5th S. ix. 430-431.
Blackstairs or Knock Branduff. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland,
5th S. ix. 431-432.
The De Verdons of Louth. Eoy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S.
ix. 417-419.
Forbes (S. Russell). Discoveries in the forum. Arch. Jotirn. Ivi.
307-318.
The archaic inscription found in the forum Romanum.
Arch. Journ. Ivi. 324-325.
Fortey (C). Notes upon Caynham camp. ^rcA.Cam&.xvi. 215-219.
Foster (A. J.). A tour through Buckinghamshire. Berks, Bucks,
and Oxon. Arch. Journ. v. 87-92, 111-114.
Foster (Rev. C. W.). Institutions to benefices in the diocese of
Lincoln, 1540-1570. Assoc. Archit. Soc, xxiv. 467^525.
Foster (W. E.). A plea for the preservation of manorial court rolls.
Arch. Assoc. N.S. v. 171-178.
FouLKES (Isaac). Argraphwyr, Cyhoeddwyr, a Llyfrwerthwyr
Cymru. Cymmrodorion, 1898-9, 96-113.
Fowler (Rev. J. T.). Discoveries at Durham cathedral. Proc. Soc,
Antiq. Newcastle, v. 44-45.
Fox (Francis F.). The description of the manor place of Yate in the
second year of Edward VI. (1548-9). Bristol and Glouc. Arch.
Soc. xxi. 22-24.
Fraser (G-. Willoughby). Notes on scarabs. Soc. Bib. Arch. xxi.
148-157.
Frazer (Dr. William). On Patrick's crosses — stone, bronze, and
gold. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. ix. 35-43.
24 INDEX OF AROHiBOLOGICAL PAPSBS
Frter (Alfred C). Notes on Wool ohorch, Dorset, Arch. As$ac.
N.S. V. 36-^.
Ancient fonts in GK)wer. Arch, Assoc, N.S. v. 316-S22,
Cresset stones. CUfton Antiq, Club, iv. 293-299.
Gaibdxer (James). The fall of cardinal Wolsey. Royal Hist. Soc.
xiii. 75-102.
Galpin (F. W.). Hatfield Eegis priory. Ess€;c Arch. 8oc. N.S. vii,
328-329.
Garstix (John Ribtox). The high sheriflfs of the county Kildare.
Kildarv Arch. Soc. ii. 253-2G7.
Gerlsii (W. B.). St. Leonard's church, Bengeo. East Jli*rts Arch,
Soc, 1899, pt. V. 1-4.
Anwell church. East Herts Arch, Soc, 1899, pt iii.
12-16.
GiBSOx (J. p.). On the Roman wall. Proc, Soc, Antiq. Netccastle,
vi. 32-34.
Glasscock {J, L.). Startford castle. East Herts Arch. Soc. 1899,
pt. iv. 1-11.
Glyxxe (Sir Steimiex). Notes on Yorkshire churches. Tories
Arch. Soc. XV. 48G-i>02.
Goddard (A. R.). Ou the origin of deneholes. Essex Arch. Soc.
N.S. vii. 252-255.
The Bartlow hills. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. vii. 349-355.
GoMME (G. Laurexce). Ethnological data in folklore. ^IklorCj x.
129-143.
Goodrich-Freer (Miss A.). The powers of evil in the outer
Hebrides. Folklore, x. 259-282.
GoRDOX (Rev. Charles D.). Notes on the parish and parish church
of Walsham-le-Willows. Suffolk Inst. Arch. x. 176-182.
GoTCH (J. Alfred^ Burghley house. Arch, Assoc. N.S. v. 243-
252.
Gould (J. C.\ The castle of Ongar. Essex Arch. Soc, N.S. vii. 136-
141.
Gould i^S. Barixg), R. Burxard, and J. D. Enys. Exploration of
the stone camp on St. David's Head. Arch, Camb. xvi. 105-
131.
Gould (S. Barixg). A catalogue of saints connected with Cornwall,
with an epitome of their lives, and list of churches and ohapels
dedicated to them. Royal Inst. Cornwall, xiii. 439-532.
The early history of Cornwall. Royal Inst. CorntcaU^ xiii.
358-386.
INDEX OF ABCH^OLOGICAL PAPERS 26
Gould (S. Baring). Early fortifications in Wales. Cymmrodoriouj
1898-9, 1-24.
Sixth report of the Dartmoor exploration committee.
Devon Assoc, xxxi. 146-156.
Irish conquests and colonies in Domnonia and Wales.
Devon Assoc, xxxi. 430-455.
GowLAND (W.). The early metallurgy of copper, tin, and iron in
Europe, as illustrated by ancient remains, and the primitive
process surviving in Japan. Archceologia^ Ivi. 267-322.
Graham (Rev. Charles J.). Celbridge : some notes on its past
history. Kildare Arch, Soc. ii. 198-205.
Grant (Angus). Notice of an ornamented stone cup found at
Balmacaan, Glenurquhart. Soc. Antiq, Scot, xxxiii. 167-169.
Green (Everard). Notes on an embroidered stole and maniple of
English work of the early part of the fourteenth century, pre-
served at Leagram hall, Lancashire. Proc. Soc, Antiq, xvii.
272-280.
The identification of the eighteen worthies commemorated
in the heraldic glass in the hall windows of Ockwells manor
house, in the parish of Bray, in Berkshire. Archceologia^ Ivi. 323-
336.
Gregson (W. E.). Recusant roll for West Derby hundred, 1641.
Lane, and Cheshire Hist, Soc, 4th S. xiv. 231-246.
Griffith (F. Ll.). Notes on hieroglyphs ; the head, the papyrus
roll, the soldier. Soc. Bib. Arch, xxi. 269-272.
Transliteration of demotic. Soc, Bib, Arch. xxi. 273-
276.
Notes on mythology; Eileithyia in Egypt, the god of
Busiris, Hermes Trismegistus. Soc. Bib, Arch. xxi. 277-
279.
Gruchy (Charles de). A few notes on Cornish churches. Brit.
^rcTitY. vi. 558-563.
Grueber (H. a.), a rare penny of -Sthelred II. Num. Chron.
3rd S. xix. 344-349.
GuiSEPPi (M. S.). On the testament of Sir Hugh de Nevill, written
at Acre, 1267. Archceologiay Ivi. 351-370.
GuRDON (Sir W. Brampton). Restoration considered as a destruc-
tive art. Arch. Journ, Ivi. 332-341.
Guthrie (Charles J.). The traditional belief in John Knox's house
at the Netherbow vindicated. Soc, Ant. Scot, xxxiii. 249-
273.
26 INDEX OF ARGHiBOLOaiCAL PAPERS
H. (W. H.). The church bells of Berkshire and their inscriptions.
Bcrk'^j liacksy and Oxon, Arch, Journ, v. 119--120.
Hadow ((t. E.). The house of Godolphin. Eoyal Inst. Cbrniro//, xiii.
407-422.
Haliss (Prof. J. W.). Jack Straw's castle. Ilampstead Antiq. and
Hint, Sor. 181)8, G2-(5G.
Hall (Hamilton). Gundrada de Warenne. Arch, Journ, Ivi. 159-
174.
Hamxett (Robt.). Melandra castle. Derlpyshire Arch, and Xat,
nist. Site. xxi. 10-19.
Harper (JosErH>. Barnstaple registers (chiefly medical). Devon
Ai<ii<H\ xxxi. 298-304.
Harris (Rev. S. G.). Notes on the history of Newton Abbot. Devon
Aasoc. xxxi. 286-297.
Harrison (J. Park). The influence of eastern art on western archi-
tecture in the first half of the eleventh century. Arch. Journ,
Ivi. 21(J-220.
Hartland (E. S.\ Australian gods. Folklore^ x, 46-57.
Hartopp (Henry). Leicestershire lay subsidy roll, 1603-4. As^oc.
Archif. Soc, xxiv. GOl-627.
Calendar of Leicestershire wills. Leicester Archit. and
Arch. ^V. viii. 315-34(5.
Parish registers of Leicestershire. Leicester Archit. and
Arch. Soc, viii. 391-424.
Hartshorne (Albert). Samuel Daniel, and Anne CliflFord, countess
of Pembroke, Dorset, and Montgomery. Arch, Journ. Ivi. 187-
210.
Hastings (Gen. F. E.). The twenty-second Egjrptian dynasty. Soc,
Bib, Arch, xxi. 280-281.
Haverfield (F.). Notes on the excavation of a Roman road at
Blenheim Park. Soc, Antiq. xvii. 333-335.
The sepulchral banquet on Roman tombstones. Arch,
Joicrn, Ivi. 320-331.
A Roman charm from Cirencester. Arch. JTotirn. Ivi.
319-323.
Roman altar at Benches ter. Ptvc. Soc. Antlq. Neiccastk^
v. 39-40.
On the matribus, africanis, or afliabus, oUototatae. Proc.
Soc. Antiq. Newcastle, v. 143-144.
On the recent discovery at Wallsond of fragments of an
inscription to Mercur}'. Proc. Soc, Antiq. Newcastle, v. 187-188.
INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS 27
HaverfielD (F.). On the Pfahlgraben in Germany. Proc, 8oc.
Antiq. Neivcastle, vi. 78-80.
On an inscription at Wallsend. Pivc* Soe, Antiq, New-
castle^ vi. 223.
On a new theory of the vallum Romanum and mnrus by
professor Mommsen. Proc» Soc, Antiq. Newcastle^ vi. 223-225,
246-248.
Notes on the remains of a Roman building in Northgate
Street, Chester. Chester and North WaleB Arch, Soc, vi.
281-282. . • . '
Excavations in the vallum. JFVoc. Soc, Antiq, Neicc, vii.
283-285.
Roman altar at Bewcastle. Cicmb, and ^fest. Ant, and
Arch. Soc, XV. 459-460.
Roman inscribed and sculptured stones preserved at Tullie
house, Carlisle. Cumb, and West, Ant, and Arch, ~'Soc, xv;
461-503.
-- — Romano-Gaulish statuette found in Carlisle. Cumb, and
West, Ant, and Arch, Soc, xv. 504-505.
The Roman milestone found at Castleford. Tlioreshy Soc,
ix. 97-98.
Heslop (R. 0.). A flat circular stone of a reddish-brown colour,
known as the Irish stone, used as a charm. Proc, Soc, Antiq,
Newcastle^ v. 75-76.
Corbridge and Dilston. Soc, Antiq, Newcastle^ viii. 39-47.
Hicks (W. S.). On the architecture of the church of Hartburn.
Proc, Soc, Antiq, Netccastle^ vi. 213-215.
HiCKSON (Miss). Kilmakilloge, county Kerry. Roy, Soc, Antiq,
Ireland, 5th S. ix. 18-20.
Kilelton in Glenfas. Roy, Soc, Antiq, Ireland, 5th S. ix.
64-65.
Hill (Frank H.). Pitt and Peel, 1783-4, 1834-5. Royal Hist, Soc,
xiii. 117-136.
Hill (G. F.). Olba, Cennatis, Lalassis. Num, Chron, 3rd S. xix.
181-207.
Hill- Tout (Charles). Sqaktktquaclt, or the benign-faced, the
Cannes of the Ntlakapamuq, British Columbia. Folklore, x.
195-216.
Hind (William Harley). Declaration and resolutions of the loyal
Loughborough volunteer infantry, 22nd October, 1794, and mus-
ter roll of same. Leicester Archit, and Arch, Soc, viii. 380-382.
28 INDEX OF ARCHiBOLOGIOAL PAPEBS
Hind (Wiluam Harlet). The rifle corps movement, the old militia
in 1810. Li^icestcr Archit. and Arch, Soc. viii. 383-386,
IlrrcHiNO (S.). On yew ti^ees in churchyards. Proc, Soc. Antiq,
NetccastlCj vi. 22.
Hodges (C. C). Branxton church. Proc. Soc, Antiq, Netccastl^*^ v.
6CM51.
Sedgefield church, Durham. Proc, Soc, Antiq, Netccastkj
V. 199-201.
HoDGKiN (Thomas). The Caervoran inscription in praise of the
Syrian goddess. Arch. JEUana^ N.S. xxi. 289-292.
Notes of a journey in Apulia. Soc, Antiq. Netccastle, viii.
62-G8.
HoDGKiN (Dr^ Copy of a letter giving an account of the visit of
George III. and Queen Charlotte to Lord Petrie at Thomden in
Essex. Proc. Soc, Antiq, Nctvcastlc^ vi. 46-46.
The Limes Gennanicus : discoveries in Germany as to the
manner of making the Roman boundary. Proc. Soc, Antiq, Xctc-
castle, vi. 148-152.
Rej)ort on the objects discovered at Greatchesters. Proc.
Soc. Antiq. XcwcastlVy vi. 243-245.
Report on excavations at iEsica. Proc. Soc, Antiq, Xetcc.
vii. 96-97.
Hodgson (J. Crawford). Notices of the Forsters of Bamburgh and
Adderston. Proc. Soc. Antiq. XcivcastlCy vi. 197-200,
Account book of Nicholas Forster, of Newcastle, merchant,
1679. Pmc. Soc. Antiq. Nvtcc, vii. 194-200.
Some forgotten epitaphs and monumental inscriptions in
Hexham priory church. Soc, Antiq, Newcastle, viii. 145-150.
Hodgson (Rev. J. F.). Discovery of the shaft of a fifteenth century
pulpit in the church of Witton-le-Wear. Proc, Soc. Antiq*
Xciccastlc, vi. 203-204.
Hodgson (T. H.). Profiles of the vallum between the north Tyne
and the Erden. I^c, Soc, Antiq, Xncc. vii. 307.
Holdich (Col. Sir T. H.). Swatis and Afridis. Jour, Anthrop.
Inst. N.S. ii. 2-9.
The Arab tribes of our Indian frontier. Jour, Anthrop.
Inst, N.S. ii. 10-20.
Holmes (James G.). A lost architectural feature of Bristol cathe*
dral. Clifton Antiq, Club, iv. 217-219.
Holmes (S.). Notes on cuttings through the vallum on the hill a
little to the east of Heddon. Pi*oc. Soc. Antiq. Xetccastlc, vi. 59-tiO.
INDEX OF ABCH^ffilOLOGICAL PAPERS 29
HoMMEL (Prof. Dr.). Assyriological notes. Soc, Bib. Arch, xxi.
115-139.
Notes on the Hittite inscriptions. Soc, Bib, Arch, xxi.
224-238.
Hone (Nathaniel). Oxfordshire church goods. Berks ^ Bucks, and
Oxon, Arch, Journ. v. 27-28, 48-49.
Reeve's account of the manor of Barkham, temp, Edward I.
Berks, Bucks, and Oxon, Arch. Journ, v. 77-78.
HooppELL (Dr.). Roman altar at Burchester. Proc, Soc, Antiqi
Neivcastle, v. 36-39.
On a holy water stoop at St. Andrew's, Auckland church,
which had been fashioned out of a Roman altar. Proc, Soc,
Antiq, Neiacastle, vi. 21-22.
Hope (W. H. St. John). Notes on the walls of Southampton. Soc,
Antiq, xvii. 221-224.
Notes on two pieces of English medieval embroidery from
Sutton Benger, Wilts, and Hullavington, Wilts. Soc, Antiq,
^■' xvii. 239-243.
Recent discoveries in the cathedral church of Norwich.
Soc, Antiq, xvii. 304-310, 353-363.
Account of recent excavations on the site of the frater at
Christchurch, Canterbury. Soc, Antiq, xvii. 445-452.
Wycombe inventories. Bucks Records, viii. 103-145.
On a painted table or reredos of the fourteenth century in
the cathedral church of Norwich. Norfolk and Norwich Arch,
Soc, xiii. 293-314.
Fountains abbey. Yorks Arch, Soc, xv. 269-402.
and George E. Fox. Excavations on the site of the
Roman city of Silchester, Hants, in 1898. Archceologia, Ivi.
229-250.
Hopkins (Percy). Glinton. Arch, Assoc, N.S. v. 222-228.
HowoRTH (Sir Henry H.). Lancashire old and new. Arch, Journ,
Ivi. 1-14.
On the earliest inscriptions from Chaldea. Soc. Bib. Arch.
' xxi. 289-302.
HUbner (E.). Notes on an altar to Jupiter recently discovered at
Wallsend. Proc, Soc, Antiq, Newcastle, v. 164-165.
Hudson (Rev. W.). On a sculptured stone recently removed from a
house on the site of the church of St. Vedast, Norwich. Norfolk
and Norwich Arch, Soc. xiii. 116-124.
On an ancient timber roadway across the river Wensum
30 INDEX OF ARCHiKOLOGlCAL PAPERS
at Fye bridge, Norwich. Xor/olk and Norwich Arch, Soc. xiii.
217-232.
Hudson (Rev. W.). Three manorial extents of the thirteenth century.
Xorfolk and Norwich Arch. Soc. xiv. 1-51].
Hughes (Prof. T. McKennt). The archteology and geography of
the Fenland. Arch. Assoc. N.S. v. 277-291).
Hulbert (C. L.). Radulph Babyngton, 1521 ; Hickling, Notts.
Monumental Brass Soc. ii. G0-G2.
Hunt (A. A.). Monumental brasses in the churches of St. Peter-in-
the-East, and St. Cross, Holywell, Oxfoixi. 0.iford Unic. Brass-
rubbing Soc.S. llK)-200.
Hussey-Walsh (V.). The O*0onnor Hench^'s of Stonebrook. A7/-
darc Arch. Soc. ii. 407-412.
Irving (George). Morkland cross in Dumfriesshire. Proc. Soc.
Anfiq. NcH'c. vii. 51.
Jacob (W. H.). The west gate of Winchester. Ilanipshirc Field
Club and Arch. Soc. iv. 61-59.
James (Frederick). Account of some remains of the bronze age
found at Aylesford, Kent. Proc, Soc. Antiq. xvii. 373-377.
Jeans (Rev. G. E.). Account of the remains of the chapel of Oiir
Lady at Smith Gate, Oxford. Proc. Soc. Anfiq. xvii. 253-258.
Jennings (J.). Moyses' hall, the new museum of Bury St. Edmund's.
Suffolk Inst. Arch, x, 233-23G.
Jevons (F. B.). The place of totemism in the evolution of religion.
Folklore, x. 369-383.
Johns (C. H. W.). Assyriological notes. Soc. Bib, ArcJi, xxi.
254-255, 284-285.
Babylonian weights and measures. Soc, Bib, Arch, xxi.
308.
Johnson (R. J.). Escombe church. Proc, Soc. Antiq, Ketccastle^
vii. 57-G3.
Johnston (Piulip Mainwaring). The low side windows of Surrey
churches, and some remarks upon the restoration of Warlinghaxn
church. Surrey Arch, Soc, xiv. 83-133.
Low side windows in churches. St. PauVs Eccles, Soc, iv.
2G3-27G.
Jones (Rev. C. W.). Pakenham. Suffolk Inst. Arch, x, 1G9-175.
Jones (David BrynmOr). Early social life in Wales. Cymmrodo-
rion, 1898-9, 25-51.
Jones (T. Simpson) and Robert Owen. A history of the parish of
Guilsfield. Montgomeryshire Coll, xxxi. 129-200.
INDEX OF ARCHiEOLOGICAL PAPERS 31
Jones (Prof. W. Lewis). GeofFry of Monmouth. Cymmrodorion^
1898-9, 52-95.
JoTCHAM (W. C). Ancient introduction to wills. Berks, Bucks,
and Oxon, Arch, Journ, v. 114-118.
Kennedy-Skipton (H. S.). The Berkeleys at Yate. Bristol and
Glouc, Arch, Soc, xxi. 25-31.
Richard Whittington, a Gloucestershire man. Bristol and
Glouc, Arch, Soc, xxi. 94-102.
Ejenyon (R. Lloyd). British Shropshire. Shrop, Arch, and Nat,
Hist, Soc. 2nd S. xi. 159-178.
The Shrewsbury mint and its officers under Henry III.
Num, Chron, 3rd S. xix. 112-124.
Kerry (Rev. C). Tapestry at Renishaw hall. Derbyshire Arch,
and Nat, Hist, Soc, xxi. 20-25.
Autobiography of Leonard Wheatcroft. Derbyshire Arch,
and Nat. Hist. Soc. xxi. 26-60.
Kershaw (S. W.). Lambeth and its annals. Bristol and Olouc.
Arch. Soc, xxi. 79-93.
Keyser (0. E.). Some recently discovered wall-paintings in Stowell
church. Proc, Soc, Antiq, xvii. 382-386.
King (C. R. Baker). The crypt of the priory church of St. John at
Clerkenwell, Bristol and Glouc. Arch, Soc, xxi. 168-174.
KiRKER (S. K.). Armoy round tower, co. Antrim. Boy, Soc, Antiq,
Ireland, 5th S. ix. 121-125.
KiRKPATRiCK (W. T.). Donacomper church. Kildarc Arch. Soc, ii.
277-282.
St. Wolstans. Kildare Arch. Soc, ii. 283-288.
Knowles (W. H.). An effigy of a knight in Warkworth church,
Northumberland. Arch, Journ, Ivi. 69-73.
The Bastle house at Doddington, Northumberland. ArcJi,
uEliana, N.S. xxi. 293-301.
On an old house in Side, Newcastle, recently pulled down.
■ ««MMa^ta«M
Proc, Soc, Antiq, Newcastle, vi. 11.
St. Nicholas^ cathedral church, St. John's church, and
St. Andrew's church, Newcastle. Proc, Soc, Antiq, Netccastle,
vii. 113-122.
Easington and Seaham. Soc, Antiq, Newcastle, viii. 49-
59.
Knowles (W. J.), W. H. Paterson, R. L. Praeger and F. J.
BiGGES. Investigation of the prehistoric settlements near Round-
stone, Connemara. Royal Irish Acad, v. 433-440.
82 INDEX OF ARGHAOLOGIGAL PAPERS
Knox (A.)> Monumental brass to bishop Rutter, Peel, I. of Man.
Monumental lirass Soc. ii. 100-103.
Knox (H. T.). Tobemahalthora, near Ijouisburg. JRoy, Soc. Antiq,
Ireland, bth S. ix. G3-G4.
L. (G. D.). Tostamenta Tjeodiensia. Thoveslnj Soc, ix. lGl-192.
La Touchk (Rev. J. G. D.). Stokesay castle. Arch, Camb, xvi.
290-304.
Lank (Rkv. H. T.). St. Michaers church, Bishops Stortford. East
Herts Arch, Soc, 1899, pt. 4, 11-18.
Lang (Andrew). Australian gods. Folklore, x. 1-4G.
Australian religion. Folklore, x. 489-495.
Langrisiie (Richard). Clonfert cathedral. Roy, Soc, Antiq, Ire-
land, 6th S. ix. 426.
Latimer (Rev. William T.). The minutes of the presbytery of
Laggan. Roy, Soc, Antiq, Ireland, 5th S. ix. 407-412.
Lawrence (L. A.). On some forgeries of the coins of Henry I. and
his successors. Num, Chron, 3rd S. xix. 241-250.
La yard (Edoar L.). On a fortified stone lake dwelling on an island
in Lough Cullen, co. Mayo. Roy, Soc, Antiq, Ireland, 6th S. ix.
32-34.
La yard (Nina Frances). Remarks on Wolsey's college and the
priory of St. Peter and St. Paul, Ipswich. Arch, Journ. Ivi.
211-215.
Original researches on the sites of religious houses of
Ipswich, with plan of excavation. Arch, Journ, Ivi. 232-238.
Recent discoveries on the site of the Carmelite convent of
Ipswich and the old river quay. Suffolk Inst, Arch, x. 183-196.
Lee (Rev. G. E.). Recent cup markings in Brittany. Soc, Antiq,
xvii. 328-329.
Leedes, a register booke for the parish of, 1667. Thoresby Soc>
X, 1-160.
Lego (J. Wickham). An account in English of the anointing of the
first king of Prussia, in 1701. Arch, Journ, Ivi. 123-143.
Leooe (Rev. A. G.). Some account of the Legge family resident in
East Anglia. Norfolk and Norwich Arch, Soc, xiii. 101-115.
Legge (F.). Recent discoveries at Abydos and Negadah. Soc, Bih,
Arch, xxi, 183-193.
Report on the twelfth congress of orientalists held at
Rome, October 3-15. Soc, Bib, Arch. xxi. 261-268.
The sign T (nutir or neter). Soc, Bib, Arch, xxi. 810-311.
Leicestershire Notes. Montuncntal Brass Soc, iii. 52-55.
INDEX OP ARCH^OLOaiCAL PAPERS 33
Lewis (Bunnell). The Gallo-Roman museum of Sens. Arch, Journ,
Ivi. 342-387.
Lewis (Rev. R. M.). Palimpsest inscription, Erith, Kent. Monu-
mental Brass Soc, iii. 203-205.
Lewis (R. W. M.). Complete list of the brasses of the Isle of Wight.
Monumental Brass Soc, ii. 2-6.
Lieblein (Prof. J.). L'exode des H6breux. Soc. Bib. Arch. xxi.
53-67.
LiEBMANN (Prof. James Alex.). Racine's Phedre, and its relation to
the Hippolytus of Euripides. Roy. Soc. Lit. xx. 133-157.
Lipscomb (Rev. H. A.). Sawbridgeworth church. East Herts
Arch. Soc. 1899, pt. 4, 22-29.
Llewellyn (R. W.). Antiquities found at Pen-y-fai, near Bridgend.
Arch. Camb. xvi. 235-248.
LoMAS (Joseph). On some fliiit implements found in the glacial
deposits of Cheshire and North Wales. Lane, and Cheshire
Hist. Soc. 4th S. xiv. 111-122.
Long (Rev. H. F.). St. Aidan-s church, Hamburgh. Pivc. Soc.
Antiq. Neiccastle, vi. 188-194.
Lord (Rev. T. E.). Escombe. Proc. Soc. Antiq. Newcastle , vii. 53-57.
Lucas (R. M. D.). Bent worth church, architectural notes on.
Hampshire Field Club and Arch. Soc, iv. 16-19.
Lynch (P. J.). Caherconree, county Kerry. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ire-
land, 5th S. ix. 5-17.
Macalister (R. a. S.). The cryptic element alleged to exist in
ogham inscriptions. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. ix. 52-55.
The monuments of Clonmacnoise. Royal Soc. Antiq. Ire-
land, 5th S. ix. 116-120.
The brasses of old St. PauPs. Monumental Brass Soc. ii.
45-54,91-97.
The Norton Disney inscription. Monumental Brass Soc.
ii. 301-302.
and Rev. H. E. Field. Durham cathedral : an account of
the lost brasses. Monumental Brass Soc. ii. 338-342.
Macdonald (George). The amphora letters on coins of Athens.
Num. Chron. 3rd S. xix. 288-321.
Macdonald (James). The origin and growth of the tradition, " Ecce
Tiber ! Ecce campus Martins ! " as applied to the Tay and the
Inches of Perth. Soc. Antiq. Scot, xxxiii. 116-128.
Mackinlay (J. M.). " In oceano desertum "—Celtic anchorites and
their island retreats. Soc. Antiq, Scot, xxxiii. 129-133.
c
34 INDEX OF ABCILEOLOGICAL PAPEBS
Mackinlay (J. M.). St. Kessog and his cultus in Scotland. Glasgow
Arch, Soc, iii. 347-359.
Macklin (Rev. H. W.). The brasses of Huntingdonshire. Monu-
mental Brass Soc, iii. 144-lGO, 167-182.
MacLeod (Rev. Walter). Protocol book of Robert Broun. Ayrshire
and Galloivay Arch. Coll. vii. 98-216 ; viii. 1-217 ; ix. 1-281.
McMuRTRiE (J.). Notes on ancient British and Romano-British
remains. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. xlv. 108-124.
Macnamara (F. N.). King John's palace at Little Langley, Oxford-
shire. Berks J Bucks and Oxon. Arch. Journ. v. 9-21, 41 - 1 7.
Macnamara (Dr. Gt. U.). The ancient stone crosses of Ui-Fearmaic,
CO. Clare. Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland^ 5th S. ix. 244-255.
Madan (Falconer). The Gresleys of Drakelowe. Will Salt Arch.
Soc. xix. 1-335.
Madden (Hon. D. H.). The early life and work of Shakespeare.
Boyal Inst. Gt. Brit. xv. 743-753.
Malan (Rev. A. H.). St. Clether chapel and holy wells. Boyal
Inst. Cormvall, xiii. 541-547.
Manning (Rev. Canon C. R.). On Saxon coins struck at Norwich,
with the moneyer's name of Manning. Norfolk and Nortcich
Arch. Soc. xiii. 93-99.
Further illustrations of church plate in Norfolk. Norfolk
and Nonvich Arch. Soc. xiii. 233-240.
South Lopham church. Norfolk and Nonvich Arch. Soc.
xiv. 57-62.
Manning (P.). Notes on the monumental brasses in Chipping Norton
church, Oxon. Oxford Univ. Brass-rubbing Soc. i. 3-10.
Monumental brasses at Queen's college, Oxford. Oxford
Univ. Brass-rtcbbing Soc. i. 67-79.
Monumental brasses in the churches of St. Aldate and St.
Peter-le-Bailey, Oxford. Oxford Univ. Brass-rubbing Soc. i.
103-109.
Monumental brasses in the churches of St. Mary Magda-
lene, Oxford, and Cassington, Kidlington, Woodstock and Yamton,
Oxon. Oxford Univ. Brass-rubbing Soc. i. 176-190.
Monumental brasses in the deanery of Henley-on-Thames,
Oxon. Oxford Univ. Brass-rubbing Soc. i. 237-254, 286-306.
March (H. Colley). Dorset folklore collected in 1897. Folklore^
X. 478-489.
Marriott (H. P. Fitzgerald). The secret societies of West Africa.
Jour. Anthrop. Inst. N.S. ii. 21-27.
INDEX OF ARCHuEOLOaiCAL PAPERS 35
Marshall (David). Notes on the record room of the city of Perth.
8oc, Ant, Scot, xxxiii. 414-440.
Martin (A. T.). Report on the excavations at Caerwent. Clifton
Antiq. Club, iv. 236-240.
Martin (Rev. W.). Alabaster carving in West Barsham church,
Norfolk. Norfolk and Norwich Arch, Soc, xiii., 100.
Martineau (E. H.). Brewers' hall, London. Bristol and Olam,
Arch, Soc. xxi. 163-167.
Massingberd (W. 0.). Survey of the manor of Stow, a.d. 1283.
Assoc, Archit, Soc, xxiv. 299-347.
Master (Rev. G-. S.). Some Gorges wills. Clifton Antiq. Club,
iv. 241-251.
Maurice (Jules). Essai de classification chronologique des Amissions
mon^taires de Fatelier d'Antioche pendant la periode Constan-
tinienne. Num. Chron, 3rd S. xix. 208-240.
Maxwell (Rev. W. G. Clark). The Roman towns in the valley of
the Baetis, between Cordoba and Seville. Arch. Journ, Ivi.
245-305.
May (Thomas). Note on horses' heads in harvest customs. Proc,
Soc, Antiq. Netvcastle, vi. 91-92.
The Roman fortifications recently discovered at Wilders-
pool. Lane, and Cheshire Hist. Soc. 4th S. xiv. 1-40.
Mayo (Earl of). Rathmore (the big rath). Kildare Arch. Soc.
ii. 112-115.
Melville (Lord). Lathom hospital. Arch, Assoc, N.S. v. 29-34.
Micklethwaite (J. T.). TJie Cistercian order. Yorks, Arch, Soc.
XV. 245-268.
Miller (Robert). Where did John Knox live in Edinburgh ? ; and
the legend of John Knox's house. Soc, Antiq. Scot, xxxiii.
80-115.
Minet (William). The church at Calais and its poor fund, 1660-
1681. Huguenot Soc. vi. 138-171.
Minns (Rev. G. W.). West gate house, Southampton, with a notice
of the town walls and gates. Hampshire Field Club and Arch.
, Soc. iv. 81-95.
Mitchell (Sir Arthur). Note on pins found on Reay sands, and on
pin-making as a present day home industry. Soc, Ant. Scot.
xxxiii. 462-464.
MiTTON (Rev. H. A.). Sherburn hospital. Soc, Antiq. Newcastle,
viii. 181-183.
Monasterboice Cross. Roy. Soc. Antiq, Ireland, 5th S. ix. 68-71.
36 INDEX OP AUCHiBOLOaiCAL PAPERS
Money (Walter). A religious census of the county of Berks in
167G. nerks, Ihicks, and Oxon. Arch. Journ. v. 22-2G, 55-59.
Montgomeryshire Recjords. MontgonwrysJure CoU, xxxi. 22i>-352.
Morgan (A. P.). Ballynilard cross. [Hoy, Soc, Antiq, Ireland, bth
S. ix. 430.
Morgan (Col. W. L.). Excavations at the old castle camp, Bishops-
ton, Gower. Arch, Canib, xvi. 240-258.
Morris (Ge(>K(ie). Abstracts of the grants and charters contained in
the chartulary of Wombridge priory, co. Salop. JShroj), ArcJt,
and Xat. Ilht. Soc, 2nd S. xi. 331-ai(;.
Morris (Rupert H.). Sidelights on the civil war in Cheshire,
1043-5. Chester and Xorfh Waletf Arch. Soc. vi. 34(^-394.
MoULE (H. J.). Antiquities of Dorchester. Dorset Xat, Hist, and
Antiq. Field dub, xvi. 150-155.
Mow AT (M. R.). Three altars consecrated to the Ollotot goddesses at
Binchester. Proc, Soc, Antiq. NewcastlCj v. 127-131.
Mow AT (R.). Inscription to Apollo on the patera discovered on the
Herd Sand, South Shields. Pivc. Soc. Antiq. Newcastle^ v. 18G-
187.
MUNRO (Robert). A bronze sword-sheath found in Ayrshire. Ayr-
shire and GalloivayArch. CoU. vii. 48-52.
Notes on a crannog at Hyndford, near Lanark, lately dis-
covered and excavated by Andrew Smith, Esq. Soc. Ant. Scot.
xxxiii. 373-387.
Murphy (Rev. Denis). The Pale. Kildare Arch. Soc. ii. 48-58.
St. Laurence O'Toolo. Kildare Arch, Soc. ii. 159-lGG.
Kildare : its history and antiquities. Kildare Arch, Soc,
ii. 289-302.
Murray (David). Notes on a brass cup found in the graveyard of
the church of St. Clement, Rodil, I. of Harris. Glasgow Arch,
Soc, iii. 214-237.
Murray (Mias M. A.). Catalogue of the Egyptian antiquities in the
national museum of antiquities, Edinburgh. Soc, Ant, Scot,
xxxiii. 465-531.
Myddeltons (The), of Chirk castle. Montgomeryshire Coll, xxxi.
207-208.
Mylne (Rev. R. S.). Notices of the king's master gunners of
Scotland, with the writs of their appointments, 1512-1703. Soc,
Antiq. Scot, xxxiii. 185-194.
Myres (J. L.). Age and purpose of the megalithio structures of
Tripoli and Barbary. JTVoc. Soc, Antiq. xvii. 280-293,
INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PAPERS 37
Nash (Walter L.). Ancient Egyptian models of fish. Soc, Bib.
Arch. xxi. 311-312.
Neilson (George). Annals of the Solway — until a.d. 1307. Glasgow
Arch. Soc. iii. 245-308.
Nelson (Philip). Coinage of the Isle of Man. Num. Chron. 3rd
xix. 35-80.
Nevell, Sir Thomas, notes on the brass of, 1542, at Merewortl^.
Kent. Monumental Brass Soc. iii. 235-237.
Neville (Archbishop Alexander), inventory of the goods of, 1388.
Yorks Arch. Soc. xv. 476-485.
Newberry (Percy E.). Note on a new Egyptian king of the XIII.
dynasty. Soc. Bib. Arch. xxi. 282-283.
(1) The story of Sanehatand the inscription of Amenemheb :
a correction ; (2) The Persea tree of ancient Egypt ; (3) A stone
vase of Ptahmes, high priest at Memphis under Amenhetep III. ;
(4) A statue of User, vezir of upper Egypt under Thothmes III.
Soc. Bib. Arch. xxi. 303-308.
Newstead (R.). Discovery of Roman remains in Bridge Street,
Chester. Chester and North Wales Arch. Soc. vi. 395-
899.
Nicholson (J. Holme). Antiquities of Lancaster and district. Arch.
Journ. Ivi. 15-27.
NoRGATE (Kate) and Maurice Henry Footman. Some notes for a
history of Nocton. Assoc. Archit. Soc. xxiv. 347-381.
Norman (Philip). Notes on flint implements found at Keston, Kent.
Soc. Antiq. xvii. 216-221.
On the ancient conduit-head in Queen Square, Bloomsbury.
Archceologiaj Ivi. 251-266.
Northumberland Excavation Committee, report of. Proc. Soc.
Antiq. Netvcastle, vi. 137.
NuTT (Alfred). Britain and folklore. Folklore^ x. 71-86.
Ethnological data in folklore. Folklore, x. 143-149.
Odell (Rev. W. R.). The old church, St. Lawrence, Ventnor, I. W.
Hampshire Field Club and Arch. Soc. iv. 61-74.
Offord (Joseph). Dancing worship. Soc. Bib. Arch. xxi. 253.
Chedorlaomer. Soc. Bib. Arch. xxi. 256.
O'Grady (Hon. Mrs.). A misappropriated monument in Worcester
cathedral. Assoc. Archit. Soc. xxiv. 596-600.
O'Leary (Rev. E.). Notes on the southern boundary of the ancient
kingdom of Meath, where it passed through north Kildare.
Kildare Arch. Soc. ii. 59-63.
38 INDEX OF ARCH^OLOGICAL PAPERS
O'Leary (Rev. E.). John Lye, of Clonaugh, co. Kildare. Kildare
Arch. Soc. ii. 133-150, 354-359 ; iii. 39-50.
Oliver (A.). Notes on the matrix of a brass in Woodbridge church,
Suffolk. Monumental Brass Soc, ii. 11-12.
Olley (Henry). Recent discoveries on the site of the Grrey Friars,
Great Yarmouth. Norfolk and Norxvich Arch, Soc» xiii.
29-32.
O'Neill (William). Bow and Chelsea china. Assoc, Archit, Soc,
xxiv. 449-457.
Owen (Rev. Elias). Montgomeryshire folklore. Montgomeryshire
Coll. xxxi. 115-128, 204-206.
Page (William). Notes on Romano-British pottery lately found at
Radlett, Herts. Proc. Soc. Antiq. xvii. 261-270.
Parker (John). Notes on the desecrated church of St. Mary, Stoke
Mandeville. Proc. Soc. Antiq. xvii. 386-389.
The church of St. Mary, Stoke Mandeville. Bucks Records,
viii. 153-161.
Partridge (Charles, Junr.). Partridge, of Acton, Sudbury, and
Lavenham, Suffolk. Suffolk Inst. Arch. x. 150-163.
Paton (W. R.). Folk-tales from the Greek islands. Folklore, x.
495-502.
Patrick (G.). Some account of Peakirk, Northamptonshire. Arch.
Assoc. N.S. V. 215-221.
Peck (F. G.). Notes on two Spanish brasses. Monumental Brass
Soc. iii. 196-198.
Some Dorsetshire notes. Monumental Brass Soc, iii.
231-234, 246-249.
Peck (Rev. W. C). List of Staffordshire brasses to end of eighteenth
century. Monumental Brass Soc. iii. 107-108.
Peers (C. R.). Swiss bracteates in the British museum. Nutn.
Chron. 3rd S. xix. 12-34.
Perdrizet (Paul F.). Decret de Cyzique pour un antandrien. Num.
Chron. 3rd S. xix. 1-4.
Perkins (Herbert). Some Australian tree carvings. Jour. Anthrop.
Inst. N.S. ii. 152-153.
Perry (Martin). The origin, progress, and present state of the
Spalding gentlemen's society. Arch. Assoc. N.S. v. 39-50.
Petrie (W. M. Flinders). The development of the tomb in Egypt.
Eoijal Inst. Gt, Brit. xv. 769-783.
Phillips (Rev. James). Glimpses of Elizabethan Pembrokeshire.
Arch. Camh. xvi. 269-282.
INDEX OF ARCH^OLOGICAL PAPERS 39
Phillips (Maberly). The Biddenden maids. Proc, Soc. Antiq,
Newcastle^ vi. 157.
Sparrow hall. Proc, Soc, Antiq, Newcastle, vii. 190-191.
Portugal gold circulating in England. Proc. Soc. Antiq.
Newcastle, vii. 280-283.
Pickering (William). On a fragment of an ancient British urn and
of a portion of a skull discovered on the coast a little to the south
of Amble. Proc. Soc. Antiq. Neivcastle, yi. 72.
Pinches (Theophilus G.). A new Babylonian king of the period of
the first dynasty of Babylon ; with incidental references to
Immerum and Anmanila. Soc. Bib. Arch, xxi* 158-163.
Major Mockler Ferryman's tablet, giving the names of
temple-overseers. Soc. Bib. Arch. xxi. 164-167.
An interesting cylinder-seal. Soc. Bib. Arch. xxi. 168-169.
Plunkett (Lieut.-Col. Q. T.). On a cist and urns found at Tallaght,
CO. Dublin. Royal Irish Acad. v. 338-347.
Pope (A.). Stratton church and village cross. Dorset Nat. Hist, and
Antiq. Field Club, xvi. 1-4.
Porteous (W. W.). On two brasses from Braughing church, Herts,
now in Saffron Walden museum. Monumental Brass Soc. ii.
213-215.
PouLTER (J. A.). Bury church and Biggin house, Ramsey,
Huntingdon. Arch. Assoc. N.S. v. 253-256.
Powell (Edward). Pryce (Newtoun hall) correspondence. Mont-
gomeryshire Coll. xxxi. 65-114, 289-336.
Price (F. Q-. Hilton). Notes upon some predynastic and early
dynastic antiquities from Egypt, in the writer's collection.
Archceologia, Ivi. 337-350.
Notes on some Egyptian deities. Soc. Bib, Arch. xxi.
239-241.
Price (H. W.). Account of excavations on Sit tee river, British
Hondm^as. Proc. Soc. Antiq. xvii. 339-344.
Priestley (Rev. Thomas). Notes on Albrighton in the 19th century.
Shrop. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. 2nd S. xi. 138-158.
Prior (Rev. R.). Description of the Garland barrows. Eoy, Inst.
Cornivall, xiii. 435-437.
Pritchard (John E.). Archaeological notes for 1899. Clifton Antiq.
Club, iv. 257-263.
Bristol tokens of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,
with special reference to the square farthings. Clifton Antiq.
aub,iY. 211-289.
40 INDEX OF ARCH^fiOLOGIGAL PAPEBS
Pritchard (John E.). Bristol tokens of the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries. Num. Chron. 3rd S. xix. 360-361.
Procter (Rev. J. E. I.). Thorley church. East Herts Arch. Soc,
18!K), pt. 4, 18-22.
Pryce (Thomas). History of the parish of Llandysilio. Montgomery
Coll. xxxi. 1-04, 209-288.
Raven (Canon). Dennington church notes. Suffolk Inst. Arch, x.
231-232.
Ravens<'ROFT (W.). An old fireplace. BerkSy Bucks, and Oxon.
Arch. Jonrn. v. 68-()9.
Read (Charles H.). Woollen cap and shroud discovered in a lead
coffin at Windsor. Proc. Soc, Antiq. xvii. 225-228.
Rfiad (F. W.). a supposed eclipse of the moon under the 22n(l
Egyptian dynasty. Soc. Bib. Arch, xxi, 309-310.
Reavrll (George, Junr.). Notes on recent discoveries at Hulne priory.
Proc. Soc. Antiq. Xeircastle, vii. 42-44.
Redmond (Philip). Some Wexford folklore. Folklore, x. 362-364.
Redstone (Vincent B.). Orford and its castle. Suffolk Inst. Arch.
X. 205-230.
Rees (J. R<X3ERs). Slebech commandery and the knights of St. John.
Arch. Cmnb. xvi. 220-234, 283-298.
Reid (Arthur H.). Architecture in South Africa. Brit. Arch it. vi.
363-371.
Reynolds (Rev. G. W.). The parish church of Elwick Hall and
village of Elwick. Pi*oc. Soc. Antiq. Netccastlc, vi. 178-182.
Rhys (Principal Dr. John). The Drumloghan ogams. JRoy. Soc.
Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. ix. 390-403, 426-427.
Some Glamorgan inscriptions. Arch. Camb. xvi. 132-168.
Roberts (Arthur Courtenay Roberts). An Essex church tower.
Arch. Assoc. N.S. v. 209-214.
Robertson (James G.). Notes referring to the Archer chalice. Boy.
Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. ix. 2a-31.
Robinson (Sir Charles). Notes on a silver-gilt image of the virgin
and child, a drinking horn mounted in silver gilt, and four ancient
reading desks. Proc. Soc. Antiq. xvii. 316-321.
Notes on objects of medieval art in goldsmiths* work, enamels,
etc., recently obtained in Spain. Pi*oc. Soc. Antiq, xvii. 345-352.
Robinson (J. F.). Notes on a find of bronze weapons near Medoms-
ley. Proc. Soc. Antiq. Newcastle, v. 213-216.
On an old barrow found in pit workings at Whorl ton, near
Walbottle. Proc. Soc. Antiq. Newcastle, vi. 20-21, 27-28.
INDEX OF ARCHJEOLOaiCAL PAPERS 41
Robinson (John). Legends and traditions of a Northumbrian village.
Proc, Soc. Antiq, Neiccastle^ v. 28-29.
A number of fragments of glass, etc., of various ages, from
Westminster abbey. Proc, Soc, Antiq. Newcastle^ v. 147.
Discoveries made while pulling down the "Fox and Lamb"
in Pilgrim Street, Newcastle. Proc, Soc, Antiq, Newcastle, vi.
95-96.
RoEDER (C). On a newly discovered neolithic settlement at the Red
Roses, New Brighton, near Liverpool. Lane, and Cheshire Hist,
Soc. 4th S. xiv. 123-130.
Rogers (Showell). Dr. Samuel Parr, of Hatton, 1747-1825. Birm,
and Mid, Inst, xxiv. 45-69.
Rogers (W. H. Hamilton). Brook, of Somerset and Devon ; barons of
Cobham, in Kent. Somerset Arch, and Nat, Hist, Soc, xlv. 1-24.
Roper (William Oliver). The manor of Halton. Lane, and
Cheshire Hist, Soc, 4th S. xiv. 65-76.
RosCAMP (Rev. R.). St. Helens, Auckland. Proc, Soc, Antiq, New-
castle, vii. 63-66.
Ross (Thomas). James GifFord, a Scottish sculptor of the seven-
teenth century, and some of his works in Tweeddale. Soc, Antiq,
Scot, xxxiii. 147-162.
— Notice of six paintings on wood, representing the sibils,
recently found at Wester Livilands, Stirling. Soc, Ant, Scot,
xxxiii. 387-403.
RoTHERAM (E. Crofton). A cashel on Sliabh na Caillighe. Roy,
Soc, Antiq, Ireland, 5th S. ix. 259-261.
Throwing stones or hammer stones. Boy, Soc, Antiq.
Ireland, 5th S. ix. 428-429.
Round (J. H.). The foundation of the priories of St. Mary and of St.
John, Clerkenwell. Archa^ologia, Ivi. 223-228.
The family of Clare. Arch, Journ, Ivi. 221-231.
Essex vineyards in domesday. Essex Arch, Soc, N.S. vii.
249-251.
The Fitzwalter pedigree. Essex Arch, Soc, N.S. vii.
329-330.
Walthamstow church. Essex Arch, Soc. N.S. vii. 330-331.
The origin of deneholes. Essex Arch, Soc, N.S. vii.
400-401.
Rouse (W. H. D.). Folklore from the southern Sporades. Folk-
lore, X. 150-185.
Christmas mummers at Rugby. Folklore, x. 186-194.
42 INDEX OF ARCHifiOLOGIGAL PAPERS
RowE (J. Brooking). Ninth report of the committee on Devonshire i
records. Dvi'on Assoc, xxxi. 120-145.
RoysTNW (Rev. Peter). Orton Longueville church. Arch. Assoc,
N.S. v. ;)7-105.
RuxDLE (Rkv. S.). Cornubiana, No. 2. Eoyal Inst, CormcaUf xiii.
351-354.
Rutland Notes. Monumental Jirass Soc, iii. 55.
RuTTON (WiLiJAM J. L.). Groat Yarmouth and the Cinque Ports.
Norfolk and XornicJi Arch, Soc, xiv. 70-98.
Rylands (J. Paul). Notes taken in the churches of Preston, Man-
chester, Eccles, Wiiiwich, Farnworth, Sephton, and Hale in the
county of Lancaster, some by Thomas Chaloner in or about the
year 151)1, and others by Randle Holme in the years 1636 and
1G52, and notes taken at Lea hall in the same county. Ijonc,
and Chci^hirv llht. Soc, 4th S. xiv. 2aV230.
Rylands (W. H.). Freemasonry in Lancashire and Cheshire (17th
century). iMnc. and Cheshire Hist, Soc, 4th S. xiv. 131-202.
Salishury (Bishop of). The consecration of a church, altar, and tank,
according to the ritual of the Coptic- Jacobite church. Soc, Bib,
Arch, xxi. 80-108.
Sami'SON (Prof.). Thomas Wright, the Durham astronomer. Proc.
Soc, Antiq, Xen'castlCy vii. 99-104.
Sanderson (H. K. St. J.). The Saunders' brasses (it Pottesgro\^
Beds, and Wavenden, Bucks. Monumental Brass Soc. ii. 6-9.
The family of Peckham. Monumental Brass Soc. ii. 12-14.
The brasses of Bedfordshire. Monumental Bixiiss Soc, ii.
33-45, 74-90, 117-133, 153-174, 193-213, 275-291 ; iii. 31-41.
The brasses of Wells cathedral. Monumental Brass Soc,
ii. 140-143.
Richard Atkinson, 1574, St. Peter-in-tho-east, Oxford.
Monumental Brans Soc, ii. 143-145.
Norton Disney, Line. Monumental Brass Soc. ii. 216-223.
Newark, Nottinghamshire. Monumental Brass Soc. ii.
226-233.
Somersetshire notes. Monumental B)nss Soc. ii. 343-344
- Contributions to a complete exploration of Northampton-
shire. Monumental Brass Soc. ii. 345-346; iii. 47-52.
Tjincoln cathedral. Monumental Brass Soc. ii. 814-326;
iii. 67-87, 119-142.
Notes on the brasses in some Buckinghamshire churches.
Monumental Brass Soc, iii. 115-118.
INDEX OF ARCH^OLOaiCAL PAPERS 43
Sanderson (H. K. St. J.). Merchants' marks. Oxford Univ. Brass-
rubbing Soc. i. 30-41.
Savage (Rev. H. E.). Northumbria in the eighth century. Arch,
^liana, N.S. xxi. 259-280.
Saxon architecture. Soc, Antiq, Newcastle^ viii. 21-29.
Sayce (Prof. A. H.). The new Babylonian chronological tablet. Soc,
Bib, Arch, xxi. 10-22.
Contract from the country of Khana. Soc, Bib, Arch;, xxi.
22-24.
An early Babylonian document relating to the Shuhites.
Soc, Bib, Arch, xxi. 24^25.
Hittite notes. Soc, Bib, Arch, xxi. 194r-223.
A new Egyptian king ; the predecessor of Kheops. Soc, Bib,
Arch, xxi. 108-110.
Some old empire inscriptions from El-Kab. Soc, Bib, Arch,
xxi. 111-114.
Scott (Walter). Bishopwearmouth church. Proc, Soc, Antiq,
Neiocastlej v. 175-177.
Scott (William). Some old Italian building accounts. Bj*it,
Archit, vi. 155-158.
Selby Abbey, account roll of, 1397-8. Yorks Arch, Soc, xv. 408-419.
Seltman (E. J.). The seated figure on silver coins of Rhegium.
Num, Chron, 3rd S. xix. 5-12.
Nummi serrati and astral coin types. Num, Chron, 3rd S.
xix. 322-343.
Shepard (Thomas). The heraldry of the abbey and see of Peter-
borough. Assoc, Archit, Soc, xxiv. 526-537.
Sherlock (Rev." Canon). Early Landowners in Kill, county Kildare.
Kildare Arch, Soc. 179-185.
Sherwood (G-. F. T.). Early Berkshire wills from the P.C.C. ante
1558. Berks J Bucks, and Oxon, Arch, Journ, v. 49-54.
Shore (T. W.). Bentworth and its historical associations. Hamp-
shire Field Club and Arch, Soc, iv. 1-15.
Simpson (H. F. M.). A Swedish prime staff at Callaley castle.
Proc, Soc, Antiq, Newcastle, v. 98-99.
Skelly (Gteorge). Alnwick : town walls ; parish church. Soc,
Antiq, Netccastle, viii. 19, 125-130.
Skyrack, wapentake of, lay-subsidy f-J J, 30 June and 20 October,
1545. Thoresby Soc, ix. 126-lGO.
Smith (G. Nuttall). Holy well and antiquities near Cahir, co. Tip-
perary. Roy, Soc, Antiq, Ireland, 5th S. ix. 258-259.
44 INDEX OF AROHJBOLOGIGAL PAPERS
Smith (John). On a stone crannog in Ashgrove Lock, near Steven-
ston. Ayrshire and Oalloxoay Arch, Coll. vii. 56-61.
The Ardrossan shell-monnd, with an account of its excava-
tion. Ayrshire and Galloicay Arch, Coll, vii. 62-74.
•Ancient structure at Dirrans, near Kilwinning. Ayrshire
and OaUoway Arch, Coll, vii. 76-76.
Two ancient fireplaces at Shewalton and Ardeer. Ayrshire
and Galloway Arch, Coll,Yn. 77-79.
Smith (J. C. Challenor). Some additions to Newcourt's repertorium.
Essex Arch. Soc, N.S. vii. 272-284, 356-868.
SoMMERViLLE (Rev. J. E.). Notico of an ancient structore called
"The Altar," in the island of Canna. Soc, Antiq, Scot, xxxiii.
133-140.
Spence (C. J.). On a Qunter's quadrant and a universal ring-dial.
Proc, Soc, Antiq, Newcastle j vi. 70-72.
On three sundials. Proc, Soc, Antiq. Newcastle, vi. 155-
156.
Swire (W. Barclay). Notes on the arms of Henry Bost, provost
of Eton, 1477-8 to 1502^. Soc, Antiq, xvii. 301-304.
Stapletox (Gait, the Hont. B. J.). A report of a paper on Glouces-
tershire brasses. Oxford Univ. Brass-rubbing Soc. i. 23-24
Stein (M. A.). Notes on the monetary system of ancient Kasmir.
Niun. Chron, 3rd S. xix. 125-174.
Stephens (Professor G.). A pre-conquest memorial stone from
Holy Island. Proc, Soc. Antiq, Newcastle, v. 189-190.
Stephensox (Mill). Brasses at Charlwood, Surrey. Monumental
Brass Soc, ii. 54-56.
Brasses at Leigh, Surrey. Monumental Brctss Soc. ii. 98-
100.
Some notes on the work of a society for the preservation and
study of monumental brasses. Monumental Brass Soc. ii. 133-
139.
William Maynwaryng, Ightfield, Shropshire. Monumental
Brass Soc. ii. 181-182.
Discovery of the brass of Roger Dynham, 1490. Menu-
mental Brass Soc. ii. 337-338.
Brasses at Aldermaston, Berks. Monumental Brass Soc.
iii. 41-44.
An impression of an episcopal brass, being that of John
Bell, bishop of Worcester, now replaced in the church of St. James,
Clerkenwell, Middlesex. Monumental Brass Soc, iii. 56-57.
INDEX OP ARCH-fiOLOaiCAL PAPERS 45
Stephenson (Mill). A palimpsest brass at Checkenden, Oxford-
shire. Monumental Brass Soc, iii. 87-88.
Note on a brass at Lowthorpe, east Yorkshire. Monu-
mental Brass Soc, iii. 143-144.
Notes on the Zouch-Oker brass at Okeover, Staffordshire,
Monumental Brass Soc, iii. 187-193.
Notes on the palimpsest brass of Robert Rugge, 1B58, in
the church of St. John, Maddermarket, Norwich. Norfolk and
Norwich Arch, Soc, xiv. 63-69.
Stokes (Rev. Dr. G. T.). Swiftiana. Roy, Soc, Antiq, Ireland^
Bth S. ix. 111-112.
Moira house. Roy, Soc, Antiq, Ireland^ 5th S. ix. 113-
115.
Stokes (Miss Margaret). The holed-stone cross at Moone. Kildare
Arch, Soc, iii. 33-38.
— Old Kilcullen. Kildare Arch, Soc, ii. 431-446.
Stokes (Whitley). Inscription to Apollo on the patera discovered on
the Herd Sand, South Shields. Proc, Soc. Antiq, Newcastle^ v.
187.
Story (R. Herbert). Two champions of the covenant. Glasgow
Arch, Soc, iii. 340-346.
Summers (Rev. W. H.). Population returns for Buckinghamshire,
1876. Bucks Records, viii. 146-152.
Sutton (Rev. A. F.). A description of the churches visited in the
excursion from Kings Lynn, June 15 and 16, 1898. Assoc,
Archit. Socs, xxiv. 281-299.
Sweeting (Rev. W. D.). Maxey church and parish. Arch, Assoc,
N.S. V. 106-121.
SwiNTON (Hon. Mrs.). Notes on a " Book of hours of the blessed
Virgin Mary." Kildare Arch, Soc, ii. 426-429.
Syers (Rev. Canon). Barnack church. Arch. Assoc, N.S. v. 13-
28.
Sympson (E. Mansel). The choir-screen or pulpitum in Lincoln
minster. Assoc, Archit. Soc. xxiv. 457-466.
Taylor (Rev. C. S.). The origin of the Mercian shires. Bristol and
Glouc, Arch, Soc, xxi. 32-57.
Taylor (E). Ancient well in the Galilee, Durham. Proc. Soc. Antiq.
Newcastle, vii. 182-183.
Taylor (Rev. J. E.). Discoveries of mediaeval remains during the
reparation of the old church at Hartlepool. Proc, Soc. Antiq.
Newcastle, vi. 20.
4() INDEX OF AKCHiSOLOGIGAL PAPEBS
Taylor ;;Li/>yi)). The architecture of the colony of Victoria. Brit
Avihit.xi, 537 518.
Temple (Sir RiriiARn). Historic worthies and celebrities of Hainp-
stead. Ilampstcad Autiq, and Hint. Soc, 1898,07-74.
TEMPiiE (C.Hi. 11. C). Beginnings of currency. Jour. A nth rop. Inst,
N.S. ii. JH) -122.
The folklore in the legends of the Panjab. JF^olklorc x.
384-443.
Terky (C. S.). The visits of Charles I. to Newcastle, in 1633,
1<)31>, and l<)i(>-7, with some notes of contemporary history.
Arch. AliUana^ N.S. xxi. 83-145.
The Scottish campaign in Northumberland and Durham
l)otweon January and June, 1()44. Arch. ^Ecliaiia^ N.S. xxi. 146-
17!).
Tlio .siege of Newcastle by the Scots in 1041. Arch. JEiiana,
N.S. xxi. 180-258.
T110.MAS ( ). Castle and church of Ford. Proc. Sac. Antiq. Xeic-
castlcj V. 62-GG.
Th(1MI»30N (G. H.). The sickle and the hook. Proc, Soc. Antiq. Nac-
castle, vi. 90-91.
Thorpe (W. G.). Notes on a charter granted by the Temple in Eng-
land. Proc. Soc. Antiq. xvii. 229-234.
TiLLE (Alexander). Yule and Christmas : their place in the
Germanic year. Glasgow Arch, Soc, iii. 426-497.
T1M.MINS (Sam). James Keir, F.R.S., 1735-1820. Birni. and Mid.
Inst, xxiv. 1-5.
TiNciEY (J. C). A calandar of deeds enrolled within the county of
Norfolk. Norfolk and Xoncich Arch. Soc. xiii. 33-92, 125-191,
241-292.
ToMLiNsox (W. W.). The advertisement columns of old Newcastle
newspapers. Proc. Soc. Antiq. Neiccastle, vi. 107-128.
Copy of a grant of lands in Danton and Newham. Proc.
Soc, Antiq. Neiccastle j vii. 15-16.
Treen (A. Edward). Some historical notes on the parish of
Barby, Northamptonshire, and the recent discoveries of fresco
paintings on the church walls. Assoc. Arch it, Soc. xxiv. 538-
549.
Troup (Mrs. Frances B.). Nicholas Monk, the king's messenger
and the honest clergyman. Devon Assoc, xxxi. 305-325.
A few sheaves of Devon bibliogi'aphy. Devon Assoc, xxxi.
331-355.
INDEX OF AllCHJEOLOGICAL PAPERS 47
Upton (Henry A. S.). Bronze caldi-on found at Milkernagh Bog,
near Granard, co. Longford. Roy, Soc, Antiq. Ireland , 5th S. ix.
256-257.
Vane (Hon. and Rev. G. H. F.). The parish registers of Ship ton.
Shrop. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. 2nd S. xi. 277-284.
Some Shropshire briefs. Sh7*op. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc.
2nd S. xi. 285-300.
Ventress (John). Merchants' marks in St. Nicholas's church, New-
castle. Soc. Antiq. Newcastle^ viii. 135-139.
Waite (James A.). The lesser-known gatehouses and gateways of
Lancashire and Cheshire. Lane, and Cheshire Hist. Soc. 4th S.
xiv. 77-110.
Wakeman (W. F.). The mace of the ancient corporation of Athenry,
county Galway. Eoy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. ix. 109-110.
Walker (Rev. John). Ponteland. Pi*oc, Soc, Antiq. Neiix. vii.
202-208.
Notes on Netherwitton. Proc. Soc. Antiq. Netvcastle, vi.
209-211.
Walker (Robert Craufurd). Notice of an old heraldic iron door
knocker from Meikleour, near Blairgowrie. Soc. Ant. Scot.
xxxiii. 461.
Walker (T. J.). The traces of the Roman occupation left in Peter-
borough and the surrounding district. Arch. Assoc. N.S. v.
51-62.
Notes on two Anglo-Saxon burial places at Peterborough,
Arch. Assoc, v. 343-349.
Wallace (Thomas). Notes on some antiquities in Enzie, Banffshire.
Soc. Antiq. Scot, xxxiii. 54.
Waller (J. G.). Notes on some early Christian symbols. Proc.
Soc. Antiq. xvii. 322-325.
On the rotable in Norwich cathedral, and painting in St.
Michael-at-Clea church. Norfolk and Noriuich Arch. Soc. xiii.
315-342.
Waller (William Chapman). Essex field names : the hundreds of
Lexden and Frishwell. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. vii. 285-327,
399-400.
Stondon Massey. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. vii. 400.
Walters (R.). Ware priory. East Herts Arch. Soc. 1899, pt. 3,
16-20.
Ward (John). Notes on several barrows recently opened in Derby-
shire. Soc, Antiq. xvii. 310-816.
48 INDEX OF AKCIIiKOLOOICAL PArERS
Ward (John), lloman remains at Bradwoll. DcrhynJiirc ArcJi. and
Nat, Ilittt, /SW. XX i. 1-1.
Warring (T.). Some notes on a brass-rubbing tour in west Sussex.
Monumental Brass Soc. ii. 295-^SOO, 332-837.
Bright Waltham, Berks. Moninncntai Brass Soc. ii. 300.
Warren (Robert Hall). The choir of Bristol cathedral. Clifton
Antiq. Club, iv. 220-235, 2iH>-202.
Watteville (H. G. de). Monumental brassos in the church of Great
Haseley, Oxon. Oxford Unii\ Brass-rubbing Soc, i. 170-175.
Monumental brasses in the churches of Stadhampton, Chal-
grove, and Wateri)erry, Oxon. Oxford Untv, Brass-rubbing
Soc, i. 110-121.
Weber (Sir Hermann). On finds of archaic Greek coins in lower
Egypt. Nam, Chron, 3rd S. xix. 2(>9-287.
Welpord (Richard). Obituary notice of the Rev. E. H. Adamson.
Arch, AUiana, N.S. xxi. 281-288.
On the will of Edward Heslopp, of South Shields, dated
July 8, 1689, and other documents. l^*oc, Soc, Antiq, Newcastle^
vi. 142-144.
- Four old deeds relating to the transmission of property
belonging to the family of Emersons in Newcastle. I^roc, Soc,
Antiq, Ncwc, vii. 2-6.
Werner (Miss A.). The tar-baby story. Folklore^ x, 282-293.
Westropp (T. J.). Notes and folklore from the Rennes copy of the
Dindsenchas. Hoy, Soc, Antiq, Ireland ^ 5th S. ix. 21-27.
Roi)ort on the photographic survey collection. Bog, Soc,
Antiq, Ireland, 5th S. ix. ()1-G3.
Dun Aeughus, Aran. Boy, Soc, Antiq, Ireland, 5th S.
ix. 66, 67.
Rathmichael. Boy, Soc, Antiq, Ireland, 5th S. ix. G7.
Tobernahalthora and Tobergrania. Boy, Soc, Antiq, Ireland,
5th S. ix. 127-128.
Prehistoric remains in the Burren, co. Clare. Boy, Soc,
Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. ix. 367-384.
Commonplace book relating to Ireland. Boy, Soc, Antiq,
Ireland, 5th S. ix. 429.
A list of the round towers of Ireland, with notes on those
which have been demolished, and on four in the county of Mayo.
Boyal Irish Acad. v. 294-311.
Notes on the lesser castles or " Peel Towers " of the county
Clare. Boyal Irish Acad. v. 348-365.
INDEX OP ARCH-aEOLOGICAL PAPERS 49
Weyman (Henry T.). Recorders of Ludlow. Shrop, Arch, and Nat,
Hist Soc. 2nd S. xi. 301-330.
Whale (Rev. T. W.). The tax roll for Devon. 31 Edward I. Devon
Assoc, xxxi. 376-429.
Whitley (H. Michell). The Cornwall domesday and geld inquest.
Royal Inst, Cornwall^ xiii. B48-575.
Whitley (H. Stuart). Note on a brass to a lady, c. 1440, at Hel-
lingly, Sussex. Monumental Brass Soc, iii. 205-206.
Whymper (Edward). Notes on lathe-made stone objects from the
Riffelalp. Proc, Soc, Antiq, xvii. 245-253.
WiLKiNS (W. H.). Burton's pilgrimage to Mecca ; an unpublished
MS. of the late Sir Richard F. Burton. Roy, Soc, Lit, xx.
197-235.
Williams (Rev. Sterling De Courcy). The termon of Durrow.
Roy, Soc, Antiq. Ireland j 5th S. ix. 44-51, 219-232.
Tihilly, parish of Durrow, Kings county. Roy, Soc, Antiq,
Irelandj 5th S. ix. 65-66.
Wilson (Edmund). Two old plans of Leeds. Thoreshy Soc, ix.
196-204.
Wilson (Rev. George). List of the antiquities of Glenluce, Wig-
townshire, with descriptive notes. Soc, Antiq, Scot, xxxiii.
170-185.
Wilson (J. Mackay). Earthwork fort or rath in county Longford.
Roy, Soc. Antiq, Ireland^ 5th S. ix. 67-68.
Wood (H. M.). The rectors of Whickham. Soc, Antiq, Netvcastle,
viii. 259-266.
Worth (R. H.). Eighteenth report of the barrow committee.
Devon Assoc, xxxi. 94-100.
The pilchard "constitutions" in the white book of the
Plymouth corporation, 23 and 26 Eliz. Devon Assoc, xxxi.
465-466.
Wroth (Warwick). Greek coins acquired by the British museum
in 1898. Num. Chron, 3rd S. xix. 85-111.
Young (C. G.). Notes on some shell implements from Barbadoes.
Royal Irish Acad. v. 221-222.
Young (H. W.). Ancient roads in Stirlingshire and Perthshire.
Soc, Antiq, Newcastle, viii. 99-101.
Young (James). Recent archseological discoveries in the parish of
Lesmahagow. Glasgoiv Arch, Soc. iii. 498-503.
Zimmerman (Rev. Benedict). The whitefriars at Ipswich. Suffolk
Inst. Arch. x. 196-204.
D
INDEX
Abbeys: Birch ^ Dalrymple, Drink-
ictUer, Fitzgeraldf Hamnett^ Uope^
Selhy^ Shepard,
Aberdeen: lieles.
Adderbury : Fearon.
.^ica, excavations at. Hodykin,
Albrighton : Blakeway, Priestley,
Aldermaston : Stephenson,
Allendale : Dickinson,
Allerton: Cdeman,
Apollo: Efy.
Appletree : Burton,
Apulia: Hodykin,
Arab tribes : Holdich,
Architecture : Barnet^ Bilson^ Corlette^
Ourdon^ Harrison^ Beidf Savaye,
Taylor.
Armoy, Kirker,
Arms and armour : Clephan^ Cosaon,
Art : Harrison,
China : O'Neill,
Early Christian : Allen,
Gold plate and discs : Day,
James Giflford : Boss,
Mediaeval : Hope^ Robinson,
Metallurgy : Goidand,
Hock pictures : Bicknell,
Stone cup : Grant,
Tapestr^r : Kerry,
The Sybils : Boss.
Wall paintings : Keyser,
Assyrian antiquities : Boissier^ Cheyne^
Crunif Hommelj Johns,
Athenry : Wakenian,
Australian religion : Lany,
Aylesford : James,
Ayrshire : Black,
Babylonian antiquities : Johns j Fifiches^
Sayce.
Barbadoes|: Young,
Barbary : Myres.
Barby: Treen.
Barnstaple: Harfier.
Barkham: Ditchfidd,
Baschurch: Fletcher,
Bath : Brownlow.
Battle : Fairbank,
Battles : BateSj Bristol,
Bayley hall : Dear,
Beaconsfield house : Cail,
Bells : Bailey J Durham^ IT,
Bentworth: Shore,
Berkshire : H., Money, SJtertoood. See
"Aldermaston," "Bright Wal-
tham," " Windsor."
Berwick-on-Twoed : Bciam.
Bibliographical and literary: Ark-
trriyhtj Atchley, Axon, ianider,
Berkeley, Birch, Blctss, Clephan,
Coleridye, Curtis, Dacey, Ferguson,
Fisher, Hind, Legg, LteUiusmt,
Madden, Marsh, Smith, l^ckes,
Swinton,Temple, Thorpe, Tomlinson,
Troup, Wef/ord, WeHropp, Wilkins,
Biddenden maids : Phillips.
Birrenswark : Anderson, Barbour,
Christison,
Blackstairs: Flood,
Blanchland : Featherstonhaugh,
Bloomsbury : Norman,
Braintree: Beaumont,
Brass cup : Murray,
Brewers' hall : Martineau,
Bright Waltham : Wdreing,
Bristol : Afchley, Beddoe,
British remains: McMurtrie, Picker-
iny.
Bronze age : James,
Bronze antiquities: Dale, Feather-
stonhaugh, Munro, Bobinson, Up-
ton.
Buckinghamshire : Foster, Simmons.
See "Great Marlow," "Stoko
Mandeville," " Wycombe."
Burghley house : Gotch,
Bury St. Edmunds : Jennings,
Buttingtune: Dymond,
Caerwent: Martin,
50
INDEX
51
Caherconree : Lynch.
Cahir: Smith.
Calais: Minet.
Cambridgeshire : Cave.
Canna : Sommerville.
Canterbury : Hope,
Carbury: Devitt.
Carlisle: Bower,
Castle Law : ChrUtison,
Castles : Bates, Dixon, Fitzgerald,
Glasscock, Gould, Hales, Hamnett,
La Touche, Redstone, Simpson,
Thomas,
Castletown: Fitzgerald,
Cathedrals: Bond, Fowler, Holmes,
Langrishe, Sanderson, Waller,
Warren,
Celbridge: Graham,
Celtic anchorites : Mackirday,
Chadwell spring : Andrews,
Charles I. : Burton.
Chedorlaomer : Offord.
Cheshire: Morris^ylands, /See" Ches-
ter," " Goosnargh."
Chester : Beswick, Newstead.
Chinley, enclosure riots: Chinley,
Church briefs : Fletcher.
Church plate : Bates, Cooper, Dowden,
Durham, Hone, Manning, Robert-
son, Robinson,
Church tower : Roberts.
Churches : Acton, Adams, Adamson,
Andrews, Astley, Baildon, Batten,
Birch, Blakiston, Brydall, Cave,
Chancellor, Ctark-Maxioell, Cogs-
well, Cowell, Cranage, Curtis, Daw-
ber, Dickie, Dobie, Drew, Field,
Fryer, Gerish, Glynne, Gordon,
Gould, Gruchy, Hodges, Hooppell,
Hope, Hunt, Jeans, Johnson, John-
ston, Keyser, King, Kirkpatrick,
Knowles, Lane, Lipscomb, Long,
Lucas, Malan, Manning, Martin,
Minet, Odell, Parker^ Pope, Foul-
ter, Procter, Raven, Reynolds, Ro-
berts, Round, Royston, Rylands,
Scott, Skelly, Sutton, Sweeting,
Syers, Thomas, Waller, Watteville,
Cirencester: Cripps,
Civil war : Morris.
Clondalkin: Ball,
Coffee pot : Ellis.
Coffin slabs : Christy.
Conduit head : Norman.
Consistory courts and places: Fer-
guson,
Constance, politics at the council of :
Figgis,
Corbridge and Dilston : Heslop.
Cornwall : Cornish, Gould, Bundle,
Whitley.
Cowpen : JJendy.
Crail : Brydall.
Cressing : Chancellor.
Cringleford : Cogswell.
Crosses : Broionlow, Carr, Eeles, Fitz-
gerald, Frazer, Irving, Macnamara,
Monasterboice, Morgan, Stokes.
Crown, relations of, to trade : Dur-
ham.
Cumberland : Cowper, Ferguson. See
« Carlisle."
Cup markings, recent : Lee,
Curragh, The : Fitzgerald.
Dancing worship : Offord.
Dartmoor : Goutd.
Dauntesey : Coleman.
Deneholes: Round.
Denton : Tomlinson,
Derbyshire: Currey, Field, Greg son.
See « Appletree," " Chinley,"
" Wirksworth."
Devonshire: Amery, Rowe, Whal^,
Worth. See " Barnstaple," " Dart-
moor," " Exeter," " Great Torring-
ton," "Newton Abbott," "Ply-
mouth," "Sidbury," " Torring-
ton."
Dialect : Ulla.
Doddington : Knowles.
Door lock : Ferguson.
Dorchester: Moule.
Dorsetshire : Barnes, Peck. See " Dor-
chester," " Fiddleford," " Hambe-
don hill," "Helston," "Pound-
bury," " Stretton."
Dun Aenghus : Westropp.
Dundonald : Alexander,
Dundrennan : Dalrymple,
Durham : Adamson, Featherstonhaugh,
Fowler, Taylor, Terry, See " South
Shields."
Durrow : Williams,
Earthworks and mounds : AUsa, An-
drews, Christison, Wilson,
Ecclesiology : Andri. Baddeley, Blak-
iston, Bond, Buckley, ^Green, Salis-
bury, Sympson, Waller.
Edinburgh : Coles.
Edward the Confessor, shrine of:
Bell.
Egyptian antiquities : Brodrick,
Clarke, Clephan, Crum, Fraser,
Griffith, Hastings, Legge, Murray,
52
INDEX
Nash^ AVirfc«rry, Pirfri^, /Vic*,
Heady Saffc$,
Elwiok : Rtynotdt,
Enii»: Wallace.
Kaoombe : lAtrd,
Essox : ChristUi Ooildartly JioberU^
Rfmnd. See " BrRintiw," " Crejw-
inj?,'' ** FaulklK»rne," '* Stondou
Ma*wy;' " Whito Notify/'
•* WtMxlham Forivn*."
Ethnojfrauhy : Henneit^ Bi'owne*
Exetor: Mmonda.
Faulkbonio : Chancellor,
Ftuilaiul : IlMjfhes.
Fiddlefortl : Daehwood,
Fiolil names : Waller.
Fiivplaoos, ancient : Havenscro/l^
Smith.
Fivt»-hiile-unit : Bale*.
F I i n 1 8)n n» : KltlJewh ite.
FlmMeu fieUl : Jiatea.
Folk lon» : Amery, Anton. Cnrdi^ Cum-
inijy I)ack\ Darhffy Gomme^ dood'
riV/i-/'\frf, Ilartlandy Haver fields
Jietlopy Hill'ToHty lAing^ March ^
May. SmU^ Offhrd. Otcwft, Palon^
PhilliMy liidmondy MiobineoHjiouse^
TimiUe, Werner^ Weatropp.
Fonts: Pryer.
Franchise of Tymlale : Adamson.
Fref»n\asonry : Jlylatuh.
Frioilrich III., regal law of: Chphafi.
Oalean, The : IHx.
(lalway : Jirowne.
OaUthouses and gateways : Waite.
Uenealojjy, family ami perst>nal his-
tory : AdaviSy Adamnony Astlet/^
Axofty liarktry Jhirnea^ Jiaver stocky
JiaXy Jilackftty Jiondy Cnily (\iir,
CharltoHy (7i«a/r», Christie^ (Vnrkf^
Vlayy (\Hlrinyton^ ^W/>//, CorsoHy
CoXy J)afrympley Daveyy Davis^
J)rinkwnlcry Ducket ty FMcwhite^
Klliify F/re»vhy jh'itsyentldy fYrxx/,
(lairdiirry (hthrftpiy (/w/AriV,
J fad on y Hatty HartnUorney JlUly
Jfodysoiiy Jfitssry' Wal^hy Jone»y
Kennedy - Skif)tony Kerryy Lfyycy
Macleody JiladaUy Mitlery Murithyy
Myitdeltonay Xevilley (>'/>«!•//, Par-
tridyCy PorteouSy y*oi(W/, Hoyerity
Ho3Sy Jionndy Siimpaony Sanderaony
Staptetony «SVry»/i<'«.'»o«, Storyy Tim-
minay Troupy Warcinyy WattevillCy
Welford. Whitley.
Glen luce: Wilson.
Glinton: Ho^tkiHs.
GloueeHtei>ihire: Stapl^loH* iSm** Bris-
tol," " Ciix^noester."
Goosnargh : BanitUr.
(Jraffoe: Vole.
Gn»at Mario w : Cocks.
(Jreat Torrington : Doe,
Gix^at Yarmouth : BaitUify OtUjfy
IfMUon,
Gn»atchestei'a : Hodgkitt.
Gi\H»k antiquities : Legge,
Gi*otto : Amh^tca.
Guilsflehl : Jonea,
Gurteen: Falkiner*
Halls : Deary IViUUpSy Btyw>ld9,
Ilamlxxlon hill : CHnningtotu
HamjMihiro: AHdreucs, Set "Bent-
worth," " Southampton," ** Sil-
ohe^tor," " Winchester."
Ilamitstead : Temple.
HartlejKwl : Taylor.
HtU)nHix, L'exoiledes: LiMein^
HeiUlon : Holmea.
Ilelstone: CnnningtoH*
Hep worth: iWbelt.
IlevaUlry : Shepard, Squirt^ WaUt$r,
Hereforushire. See ** Stanford
Bishop."
Hertford, See " Bayloy hall,"
"Chadwell spring."
Highland brooch : Andereon*
Holy island : Crossniany StepheM.
Honduras: Price.
Housesteads : BoaanqueL
Huntingdonshin*. See "BamRej'."
Hyndfonl : A/nNfu
Idols or oil pi'osses? Cowper,
Innishannon : Alcock.
Inseriutions :
Api^llo : Stokea.
Caervoran : Hodgkin^
Chaldean : Hoicorth,
Glamorgan: Bhy$,
llittite : Jiommet.
Monumental : Hoilgaon.
Norton Disney : Macalieler,
Ogham : Macaliatery JRhge*
Pal im psest : I^etcia.
Palmyivne: Cook.
Roman: Ferguaoiiy JB\>rbeSf Haver^
^fieldy Mouyitl,
Ipswich : Layartly Zimmennan,
1 IV laud : Coagravey Botherham^ Wee-
tropp. See ** Armoy," " Atheury,"
'* Hlftckst ail's," " Caheixjouree,"
" Cahir," " Carbury," " Gaatlo-
INDEX
53
town," "Celbridge," "Clon-
dalkin," " Curragh," "Dun
Aenchus," " Durrow," *• Galean,"
" Gal way," " Gurteen," " Inni-
shannon," " Kildare,"" Kilelton,"
" Kill," « Kilmakilloge," " Meath,"
" Monkstown," " Mount Hooley,"
" Naas," " Old Kilcullen," " Pale,"
" Bathmichael," " Bathmore,"
" Tallaght," " Timolin," " Tober-
nahathora," " Wexford."
Ironsides: Firth.
Italian building accounts : Scott,
James I. : Durham,
Jet buttons : Anderson.
John, King, and Dorset : Barnes.
Journalism, early provincial : Berkeley.
Karnak : Clephan.
Kent. See "Aylesford,"" Canterbury."
Kildare : Oarstin^ Murphy,
Kilelton : Hickson.
Kill : Sherlock,
Kilmakilloge : Hickson,^
Kinneff: Meles,
Lambeth: Kershaw.
Lancashire : Howorth, Bylands^ Waite.
Lancaster : Nicholson.
Lathom hospital : Melville,
Leeds: Wilson,
Ijeicestershire : Fletcher^ Hartopp.
Lesmahagow : Young.
Libraries: Edmonds.
Lincoln : Foster. See " Fenland,"
" Norton Disney," " Peterbo-
rough," "Scrivelsby," "Spalding."
Lincluden: Dalrymple,
Little Langley : Macnamara,
Llandysilio: Pryce.
Ludlow : Weyman.
London : Brewers' hall : Martineau.
Bloomsbury: Norman.
Chapels in the Tower : Birch,
Chelsea : DavieSj 0''Neill.
Churches of 17th and 18th cen-
turies : Birch,
Clerkenwell : King^ Bounds Stephen-
son,
Hampstead : Hales^ Temjjie.
Lambeth: Kershaw.
St. Helens, Bishopsgate : Birch.
St. Mary Abchurch : Dawher,
St. Mary Overie : Birch.
St. Stephen's, Walbrook : Dawher.
Wandsworth : Davis,
Westminster Abbey : Boeder,
Malay states : Clarke.
Manorial court rolls : Foster,
Manors : Astley^ Christie^ Coleman^ Cor-
bettj Dixony Fletcher^ FoXy Green,
Hone, Hudson, Massingherd, Boper.
Marble quarries, ancient : Brindley.
Master gunners : Mylne.
Meath: CLeary.
Merchants' marks : Sanderson, Ven-
tress.
Mercian shires: Taylor.
Milton : Fane.
Missal : Eeles.
Mitford: Cranage,
Mitla: Corner.
Moats or water forts : Cardew.
Moira house : Stokes,
Monkstown: Ball.
Morpeth: Cranage.
Monuments, tombs, effigies and bras-
ses: Adamson, Ballard, Barker,
Beloe, Birch, Blakiston, Bower,
Brodrick, Cave, Charlton, Christy,
Cocks, Davies, Davis, Dillon, Do-
hr4e, Evans, Fairhank, Farrer,
Fearon, Field, Fitzgerald, Flood,
Haverfield, Hulhert, Hunt, Knowles,
Knox, Lewis, Macalister, Macklin,
Manning, Nevell, COrady, Oliver
Feck, Rutland.
Mount Hooly : Crossman.
Mudford : Batten.
Music : Briggs.
Mythology : Griffith, Hartland.
Naas: Burgh.
Netherwitton : Walker.
Newark : Sanderson,
Newcastle : Charlton, Knowles, Bohin-
son, Terry.
Newham : Tomlinson,
Newton Abbot : Harris,
Niger delta : Cardi.
Nocton : Norgate.
Norfolk : Farrer, Tingey, See
" Cringleford," " Great Yar-
mouth," "Norwich," "Ox-
borough."
Northamptonshire : Sanderson. See
" Barby," " Peakirk," " Peter-
borough," " Bugby."
Northumberland : Adamson, Bohinson,
Savage, Terry. See " Allendale,"
" Berwick," " Blanchland," " Cor-
bridge and Dilston," " Cowpen,"
"Denton," *'Doddington," "El-
wick," " Escombe," " Flodden-
field," "Greatchesters," "Hartle-
:a
INDEX
" Mitford," " Mon>oth," "Nothor-
witUm,'* '* Newcostlo," " New-
ham/' "Pontolaml," "St.IIolons,"
" Stan)»oiK» " " T y n o in o u t h ,"
" Wallst'iui;' *' Whickham,'*
" Whorlton," ♦• WolHiugham."
Norton Dij*nov : Samieraon.
Norwioli : BoliHghrokf^ Hove^ lludaotu
Nottiiigliamnhiro. Se* *' Nowark."
Numismatics : PtrdritH^ Salman,
Bristol tokens: Pritchard*
CumU^rland tokens : Ferguaon.
Currency beginnings : Temple.
(3m^k : JIUl, Maurice, U «6cr, Wroth.
Henry I. : Laterence.
Isle of Man : Nelaon,
Kasmir monetary svstera : Stein,
Letters on coins : Alaedonaid,
Northumberland stycas : Feather^
HotUtaugh,
Penny of uEthelred : Grueber,
Portugal gold : Phillipa,
Haxon coins : AfaHniMg.
Hhrewsbury mint : Ken yon,
Swiss braoteatos : I^ieera,
Old Kilcullen : Stokes.
Orford : Jiedatone,
Orientalists* congi*i>ss : Legge,
Oxborough : Beloe,
Oxford : J}obt*^e, Hone, See " Adder-
bury," " Little Langley."
Pakenham : Jonea,
Pale, The : Murphg,
Pardon brasses : J*'airltnnk.
l*arish registers : Jlartopp.
Parishes : Jiotingbroke, Britshjietd,
(Hordon.
Peak irk : J*atrick.
PiH»l towers : Wratropp,
Pembi'okeshire : iViiV/i^w.
Pen-y-fai : LlexceUyn.
Persian talisman: Ferguaon,
Perth : AlacdoHald, Ma rah »
Peterbt)rt)ugh : JMck, Walker.
i^hiUu : Vlephan.
Pins and pinmaking : Mitchell.
Place names: Atkinaon, Darhg*
Plague in Yorkshin>: Chadwick.
Plymouth : Worth,
}\)nteland : Walker.
PotttM'V, llomano-British : J\tf/e.
Poundbury : Cunningfou.
Prehistoric remains : CViwr/i, Jlaver-
Jietdj Smith.
Barrows: Prior, Ward.
Burial placi* : H rt/Av r.
Burnm : Weatropp,
Camps : Forteg, Gould, Morgan.
Cists : Colea, Ptnnkett.
Craunogs : Falkiner, Munra,
CromliHMis: Clarke.
Dimoholes : Goddard, Round,
Flint implements : Lofnaa, Norman.
Lake dwellings: Layard.
Neolithic : Clinch, lioeder.
Settlements : KnotUes.
SUmes : Brgdall, Carlgle,
Priories : Birch, Dalrymfile, Dixon^
Drinktcater, Galpin, Morria^ liea-
veil. Bound, Walter a.
Pulpit shaft : Jlodgaon,
Ramsej^ : l\>uUer,
Rathmiohael : Weatropp,
liathmore: Mayo,
Religious communities : Adanuom^
Bateaon, Bund, Latimer^ La^fard,
Micklelhiioaite,
Rivers: Ait*e,
Rodil: Murray,
Roman remains : Haverfeld, Me-
Murtrie.
Altai's : Blair, Baverfield^ Haopptil^
Buhner, MowaU,
Boundaries : Hodgkin,
Bradwell: WdU,
Chai*m: Haverfield.
Chestt^r: Beawick, Haverfield, iVitio-
atead,
Cirtmcost<»r: Crippa, llaverjitld.
(yoilin: Beaumont.
Excavations: Uaverfield,
Fortifications : May,
Forum: Forhea.
Inscriptions : Ferguaon, Jlfa^^erjield,
Milestones : Uaverfield,
lVt.erlHUH)Ugli : Walker,
Poundbury : Cunnington,
Roads: Uaverfield.
Roumania: Jaenndorff,
Silchester : Bope.
South Shields: Blair,
S)>ain: Maxtcell,
Stones : Uaverfield,
Swortl : Ferguaaon,
Tombstones : Gibaon, Baverfield,
Walls: Batea, Gibson, Jfodgaon^
Jlolmea.
Rou mania : Benndorf,
Round towers: Weatropp,
Rugby: Bouae,
St. Brigid : Cotvell,
INDEX
OO
St. Helens, Auckland : Roscamp,
St. John, knights of : Edioards, Recs,
St. Kessog : Mackirday.
Salford Priors : Chatavoay,
Saxon crypt : Cave,
Schools: Calvert,
Scotland : Anderson^ Smith, Young. See
"Aberdeen," "Ayrshire," "Bir-
renswark," " Canna," " Castle
Law," " Crail," " Dundonald,"
" Dundrennan," " Edinburgh,"
" Enzie," " Glenluce," " Hynd-
ford," « Lincluden," " Perth,"
" Rodil," " Shanter Knowe,"
"Solway," " Torpichen," "Whit-
horn."
Scrivelsby: Birch.
Secret societies of West Africa: Mar-
riott.
Sens : Lewis.
Sessay: Field.
Shanter Knowe : Ailsa,
Shell implements : Young.
Sherburn hospital : Mitton.
Shipton : Vane.
Shropshire : Fletcher, Kengon, Vane.
See " Albrighton," " Baschurch,"
" Ludlow," " Shipton," " Wor-
field."
Sickle and hook : Thompson,
Sidbury: Cave.
Silchester: Hope,
Sk3rrack: BaUidon.
Smoke nuisance : Adamson.
Solway : NeUson.
Somersetshire : Andri, Bates, Coleridge,
Sanderson, /SiC6"Allerton," "Mud-
ford."
South Africa : Beid.
South Shields : Blair,
Southampton : Dale, Hope, Minns,
Spalding: Perry,
Stanford Bishop : Cox.
Stanhope: Eggleston,
Stoke Mandeville : Parker.
Stondon Massey : Waller,
Stone objects : Whymper.
Stones, carved : Brydall.
Cresset: Fryer.
Cupmarked: Coles.
Hammer: Rotherham.
Irish: Heslop.
Memorial : Stephens.
Sculptured: Hudson.
Stratford-upon-Avon : Brassington.
Stratton : Pope.
Subsidy roll: Fletcher,
Suffolk. See "Bury St. Edmunds,"
" Hepworth," " Ipswich," " Paken-
ham."
Sundials: Spence.
Surrey : Bax.
Sussex. See " Battle," " Ticehurst."
Swat is and Afridis : Holdich,
Swedish pine staff: Simpson.
Syria : Duckicorth,
Tallaght : Ball.
Thornden : Hodgkin,
Ticehurst : Fairhank.
Timolin: Fitzgerald.
Tobergrania : Westropp.
Tobernahalthora : Knox, Westropp.
Todwick: Fairhank.
Torpichen : Edwards.
Torrington : Colby.
Totemism: Jevons.
Trade, Relations of the Crown to
DurJiam.
Tree carvings : Perkins,
Tripoli : Coioper, Myres,
Tynemouth : Carr,
Vestries, ancient : Adamson,
Wales : Compton, Fotdkes, Gould, Jones,
Llewellyn. See " Guilsfield,"
" Llandysilio."
Wallsend : Haverfeld.
Wandsworth burials : Davis.
Warwickshire : Beuan. See " Salford
Priors," " Stratford-upon-Avon."
Wells : Malan, Smith, Taylor,
Westminster abbey : Boeder,
Westmorland: Coioper,
Wexford : Esmonde,
Whickham: Wood,
White Notley : Curtis.
Whithorn: Dalrymple.
Whorl ton: Robinson.
Wigtownshire : Black.
Wills : Davis, Drinkwater, Hartopp,
Jotcham,Masfer,Sherwood, Wei ford.
Wiltshire. See " Dauntesey."
Winchester : Jacob.
Windsor : Read.
Wirksworth : Burton,
Wolsingham : Devey.
Wood ham Ferrers : Chancellor.
Woollen cap and shroud : Read.
Worcestershire : Bund.
Worfield : Drinkwater.
Wycombe: Hope.
Yew trees : Hitching,
Yorkshire : Chadwick, Glynne, See
" Sessay," " Skyrack," "Todwick."
Yule and Christmas : Title,
CcM^rcss of Archaological Scckties in Union with tht
Society of Antiguarits, July iith^ igoQ*
Notes on the Systematic Study
OF
OUR ENGLISH PLACE-NAMES.
By J. HORACE ROUND, M.A.
I HAD the honour, some years ago, of reading in this room
before the Society of Antiquaries, a paper on the Settle-
ment of the Saxons in Essex and Sussex, in which I dwelt on
the great value of the study of Place-names for our early
history, and urged ''the practical impossibility of accom-
plishing any scientific work in this department of research
until the place-names of England have been classified and
traced to their origin."* I ventured then to express the hope
that we might see **this urgent work undertaken, county by
county, on much the same lines as those adopted by the
Government in France. It seems to me," I added, "to be
eminently a subject for discussion at the Annual Congress of
Archaeological Societies." Consequently, when Mr. Nevill
suggested that the time had now come for the Congress to
take up some fresh work, I brought forward this subject, and
it received at once the Committee's approval. Since then the
British Museum has rendered a great service to antiquaries by
the publication of an index to the place-names contained in
* This paper has since been printed in my Commufu of London and
Other Studies (Archibald Constable and Co.).
its rolls and charters, for which it is claimed that one of its
** chief points of interest and value lies in the evolution of
modern place-names from the early forms found in the oldest
documents." Here, then, we have the first step that has been
taken in this country towards such an undertaking as I hope
to see carried out.
There are two grounds on which ^he present time is
peculiarly suitable for putting it in hand. The first is the
great increase, of late, in the available material, owing to the
publication of records by Government, by societies, and even
by individuals; the other is the change that, in this generation,
is passing over the face of the country. I am confirmed by
the Deputy Keeper of the Records in the belief that the new
edition of the Ordnance Survey omits ancient place-names
that were still to be found in its predecessor. Railways alone
have done much in shifting the balance of population, in
reducing the importance of old villages, and causing new ones
to spring up ; and agricultural depression is affecting the map
as surely as the conversion of arable into pasture in the
agricultural revolution of the i6th Century ; the great towns,
again, are rapidly absorbing and effacing villages of which the
names may be found even in Domesday Book. As an expert
on this subject observed to me last week, antiquaries two
generations hence may be seeking the origin of a district's
name, which was really given by a speculative builder who
called it after one of his daughters. Some changes in
nomenclature are due to a subtler cause ; the too ingenious
antiquary has much, I fear, to answer for. In Worcestershire,
Ab (or Hab) Lench kept the name it possessed in Domesday
down to the other day, but has now become Abbot's Lench,
having never, to my knowledge, had anything to do with an
Abbot. In Northamptonshire, the " Holewelle " of Domesday
remained undisturbed till, promoted to an ecclesiastical district,
it became Holy Well. In Essex, our Society, last year, visited
Stow Maries, which is known to have derived its name firom
the family of Ma rice or Morice, and discovered it beginning
to blossom out into Stowe St. Mary, the change, which began
on the Church bills, having already reached the sign posts.
As ecclesiastically-minded ladies would say, the new names are
much " nicer," but they breathe the spirit, I venture to think,
of Church restoration at its worst.
Now these exaiivples have a real moral, a lesson that we
need to bear in mind. The influence on our place-names of
folk-etymology has been far greater, probably, than is supposed.
If such changes as these I have glanced at are possible even
at the present day, what could not be effected when all spelling
was uncertain, and when maps were as yet unknown ? for folk-
etymology has been always with us, and the too ingenious
antiquary is no modern phenomenon. Even Henry of
Huntingdon could hardly mention a place without proceeding
to explain the meaning of its name ; and Robert of Gloucester
explained that Colchester derived its name from King CoeL
Colchester proved itself worthy of the tale, and showed not
only his statue and his sword but even his " kitchen " and his
" pump." It is now proposing to place his Arms on its new
Town Hall, having, I observe, obtained them for the purpose
from ** Heralds' College, London."
It is on account of the influence of this folk-etymology that
I dispute the claim t)f the philologist to explain place-names
by his laws. His laws fail from the same cause as the laws of
political economy 3 they ignore the human element. I have
observed that if you tell a philologist what a place-name
originally was, and what it is now, he will produce a law with
a long name which accounts for the change to perfection, but
if he is not supplied with that preliminary information, his laws
are by no means a sure guide to the modern forms of an
ancient name. Let me cite, from a single county, two instances
as a test. The name of Chaddesley Corbett, Worcestershire,
suggests that there must have been some other Chaddesley in
the county from which it had to be distinguished. Ana
research will show that in the 12th Century there actually was
such a place, which appears as " Chaddesleia." But this latter
place has now become ** Chaceley," while the other remains
*' Chaddesley." So, again, the *' Biselege ** of Domesday has
liecome " Bisley," in Gloucestershire, while in Worcestershire,
some ten miles off, it has become '^ Bushley,'' a fact which,
even now, proves confusing to students. It is obvious that
no philological " law " can account for name-developments so
different as these.
Cognate to the process of folk-etymology is that marked
tendency of our people to introduce the syllable "ing" into
place-names which did not contain it. In the Paper to which
I have alluded I dwelt on the enormous importance attached
by such scholars as Kemble, Stubbs, Green, and Canon Taylor,
to the existence of sNg in place-names as evidence of clan-
settlement, and I pointed out that, even apart from other
l)OssibIe criticisms, the scientific study of our place-names
would prove that in many cases the ifig was a mere corruption.
A curious instance came before me only the other day. The
City of Hereford appears in Domesday as "Hereford port,"
but a Worcestershire Hereford, by the addition of " tun,*'
becomes Herefordtun, and in Domesday " Herferthun," and
finally by a process of corruption " Harvington." Nothing at
first sight could be less likely than the true derivation of the
name, and Kemble accepted its present form as proof that the
place was the home of the Harvings, or as he termed them the
Horfingas. By a no less strange corruption the " Widemonde-
fort" of Domesday, the " Withermundeford " of charters,
became our Essex Wormingford. The name, of course, was
claimed by Kemble as evidence of its settlement by a Worming
clan, but we have got beyond the clan now ; we have discovered
the totem, and we run him for all he's worth. The Wormihgs,
therefore, are claimed as totemists, sons of the Worm, and as
you must never eat your totem, we discover that this interesting
clan cannot have lived on a diet of worms. You may think
that I am jesting, but Mr. Grant Allen, under the auspices
of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, included
Wormingford among the place-names leading: to " the almost
r\)l
irresistible inference that at some earlier period the Anglo-
Saxons had been totemists."*
I have tried to bring home to you, by actual instances, the
strange theories, historical and other, to which students have
been led by the change and corruption in place-names ; and
in the Paper to which I have referred I have Shown how, largely
through the influence of Kemble, their erroneous derivation has
affected our views on our early history. In doing this, it has
been my object to plead for their systematic treatment in the
belief that such treatment will not only save us from much
error but will enable students to arrive at conclusions of great
importance. They can hardly be expected at present to work
out for themselves the history of every name with which they
are called upon to deal. So brilliant a scholar as Professor
Maitland has observed, for instance, in his great work on
Domesday Book and Beyond^ that Amport, Hants, derives its
suflfix from having been at some early date a port or market
town. Now it can be shown that this place was in Domesday
simply Anne, and derived its suffix " port " from the Norman
family of de Port, which then held it, and which was itself
named from Port-en-Bessin. There are many other interesting
cases of English names incorporating those of foreign families
or individuals. If our place-names had received scientific
treatment as in France, scholars would have ready to their
hands the whole material in a trustworthy form instead of being
driven, as now, to guesswork, or to virtually prohibitive toil.
The mere collection of local names on a scale as exhaustive
as possible, will prove that some of the oldest are now among
the least known. Manors of great antiquity have often vanished
from the map, while the names of others may only be preserved
by a farm, by a wood, or by a lane. The ancient names of
our Hundreds, often now obsolete, call for special attention,
representing as they sometimes do, the meeting place of
primitive settlers. And, to turn to a later time, the coming
* Anglo-Saxon Britain^ p, 8l.
of alien lords is recalled by the names of the castles they
erected at " Montacute " and at ** Pleshy," at " Richmond "
and at ** Bclvoir.*'
As to tlic method of the treatment to be adopted, I do not
propose to deal with it in detail, but rather to elicit from this
Congress an expression of opinion that the work ought to be
taken in hand. Should it be pleased to refer the subject to a
S[)ecial Committee, the whole matter could be carefully con-
sidered and a scheme of work drawn up for uniform adoption
throughout the country. For that such work should be uniform.
I need scarcely say, is essential.
I referreii at the outset to the lines adopted by the
Government in France as a guide to ourselves in the matter.
French scholars are justly proud of the Dictionnaire Topo-
graphique de la France comprenant les noms de lieu anciens
et ffwdernes. This great undertaking is printed at the national
expense, and describes itself as " published by order of the
Minister of Public Instruction and under the direction of die
Historical Works Commission." But the system is strictly a
local one in practice, inasmuch as it is carried out department
by department. Moreover, the assistance of a local society, it
one exists, is secured, and the volume produced under its
auspices by some qualified Scholar. In this series an intro-
duction to the volume deals with the geography, geology,
history, and ancient divisions, ecclesiastical and administrative
divisions, and so forth of the department. But the body of
the work consists of its place-names in alphabetical order.
Hamlets, manors, fiefs, farms, streams, hills, and similar
objects are included, but not mere field-names,* The
essential feature, however, is that the date and the authority
for each form of the name cited is given, as is done with all
words in our New English Dictionary. Alphabetical lists are
given, for reference, of all the sources of information employed,
* Genuinely ancient field-names are oflen of great interest, but the
modem ones, of little or no value, now swamp them.
1 1
V
dm
printed and manuscript, and formidable lists they are. A
" table des formes anciennes," that is, the Latinised forms, for
cross reference, completes the volume.
We should, I think, certainly retain the above essential
feature in any scheme we may adopt, but should add, when
well established, those peculiar local pronunciations which
are now rapidly being lost. And I would make the further
suggestion that certain selected sources of information* should
be systematically read for the purpose by volunteer helpers, as
has been done to supply the material for the New English
Dictionary. Those who are willing so to assist should inform
their local society, and might perhaps enlist others. We are
so rich in mediaeval records that we should not only illustrate
the origin and history of existing names, but bring, I believe,
to light many that are now forgotten. Lastly, I desire to make
it clear that the scheme I suggest will not comprise philological
speculation. It aims only at collecting the evidence in a trust-
worthy and scientific form, a process which, in many cases, will
suffice to guide us to the origin of a name.
My own work has lain so largely among records of the
1 2th and nth centuries that the need of the work I am
advocating is continually brought home to me. The Deputy
Keeper of the Records, to whom I spoke lately on the subject,
told me that he thought the idea excellent, and I think we
might fairly reckon on the approval of the Public Record
Office, which is doing so much itself, by its noble series oi
Calendars, to illustrate our local history and identify om
ancient place-names. In the striking words of Professoi
Maitland : " The map of England is the most wonderful of all
palimpsests, could we but decipher it," and it is because I
agree with him that much of our history that is still dark h
written in the names that our remote forefathers gave to theii
English homes that I ask you, as a Congress, to express th(
Some printed works are not trustworthy for the purpose.
of alien lords is recalled by the names of the castles they
erected at " Montacute *' and at *^ Pleshy," at " Richmond "
and at " Belvoir."
As to the method of the treatment to be adopted, I do not
propose to deal with it in detail, but rather to elicit from this
Congress an expression of opinion that the work ought to be
taken in hand. Should it be pleased to refer the subject to a
Special Committee, the whole matter could be carefully con-
sidered and a scheme of work drawn up for uniform adoption
throughout the country. For that such work should be uniform.
I need scarcely say, is essential.
I referred at the outset to the lines adopted by the
Government in France as a guide to ourselves in the matter.
French scholars are justly proud of the Dictionnairc Topo-
graphique de la France comprenant ies noms de lieu anciens
et modernes. This great undertaking is printed at the national
expense, and describes itself as " published by order of the
Minister of Public Instruction and under the direction of the
Historical Works Commission." But the system is strictly a
local one in practice, inasmuch as it is carried out department
by department. Moreover, the assistance of a local society, it
one exists, is secured, and the volume produced under its
auspices by some qualified Scholar. In this series an intro-
duction to the volume deals with the geography, geology,
history, and ancient divisions, ecclesiastical and administrative
divisions, and so forth of the department. But the body of
the work consists of its place-names in alphabetical order.
Hamlets, manors, fiefs, farms, streams, hills, and similar
objects are included, but not mere field-names.* The
essential feature, however, is that the date and the authority
for each form of the name cited is given, as is done with all
words in our New English Dictionary. Alphabetical lists are
given, for reference, of all the sources of information employed,
— ■ r — ■ ^^—^^^—^ ^ ■ ■ —
* Genuinely ancient field-names are often of great interest, but the
modem ones, of little or no value, now swamp them.
8
opinion that the scientific treatment of our place-names on a
uniform system throughout the country is a task that ought to
be taken in hand, and that is likely to prove of high value for
the knowledge of our early histor}-.
Harrison & Sons, Printers, St. Martin's Lanei London.
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