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PRINTKD II Y T. HRAKF-LI^ COOK HTRRET.

ADVERTISEMENT.

The Council beg to repeat the intimation given in the preTious Volumes,—
that the Writers of Papers alone are responsible for the opinions and
statements of fact, which their respective communications contain.

ocjo^^^

luatiirir .Inrifiii

ANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE.

PtocttiHnjs anB iitifm ;

i.lVl-.lil-iHil
PRINTED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL,

MRMBRR8« TU

Bold, Thomas, Fair Lawn, Tue Brook, West Derby, and 7, Water

Street, Liverpool.
Boult, Francis, Riunford Place, Liyerpool, and Clifton Park,
Birkenhead.
D.E. Boult, Joseph, Harrington Chambers, and Groye Park, Lodge Lane,
Liverpool.
Bourne, Cornelius, Stalmine Hall, Preston.
^Bracklej, the Viscount, M.P., Worsley Hall, Manchester.
E. Brackstone, R H., 47. Wood Street, London.
D.E. Bragge, William, Brook Street, Chester.
D. Brakell, Thomas, d, Cook Street, and 40, Kensinfirton, Liverpool.
D. Bridger, Charles, F.S.A., 3, Keppel Street, Russel Square, London.
Brooke, Henry, The Grange, Northwich.
D.B.P. Brooke, Richard, F.S.A., 16, Canning Street, and 14, Cook
Street, Liverpool.
"("Brooke, Eiohard, jun., Norton Prioiy, Ronoom.
Brooks, John, 65, Great Goorge Street, Liverpool.
D. Bbooks, Venebablb JoNATHAMt MA., Archdcaoon of Liverpool,

Everton Road, Liverpool, Vice-Pbesidsnt.
D. "("Brown, William, M.P., 7, Chapel Street, Liverpool, and Fenton's
Hotel, London.
Buckley, Robert, 22, Moss Street, Liverpool.
Byrne, Andrew Eoing, 4, Rumford Place, and 8, Kenyon Terrace,
Claughton, Birkenhead.

Caine, Nathaniel, Id, Dutton Street, Liverpool.

Campbell, Rev. Augustus, M.A., The Vicarage, Childwall, and 131,

Duke Street, Liverpool.
Campbell, Rev, Colin, M.A., St. Thomas's, Lancaster.
Cardwell, Edward, 3, Whitehall Gardens, London.
^Carlisle, the Earl of, Naworth Hall, Northumberland, and Gros-
venor Place, London.
D. Carson, Thomas, Talbot Chambers, Fenwick Street, and 3, North-
umberland Terrace, Everton, Liverpool.
Carter, George Barker, Rock Park, Rock Ferry, Cheshire, and 6,

Lord Street, Liverpool.
Casson, William, York Buildings, Sweeting Street, and Lodge Lane,

Liverpool.
Chester, the Mayor of, VicE-PREsiDEirr, bx officio.
B. Clare, John Leigh, Richmond Terrace, Breck Road, and 11, Ex-
change Buildings, Liverpool.
Claypole, Henry Krebs, 41, Lord Street, and 67, Kensington,
Liverpool.
D.B.P. Clattok, Rbv. Georoe, M.A., Warmingham Rectoiy, Middlewich.
Cliffe, Thomas, 23, Brunswick Street, and (5, Andley Street, Ever-
ton, Liverpool.
D.E. Colton, John Caspar, 7, Oldhall Street, and 114, Duke Street,
Liverpool.
Conway, John, 3, Union Court, Castle Street, Liverpool.

vm MKMBEBH.

Goulthart, John Boss, Croft House, Ashton-ander-Lyne.

Gripps, Frederick, Dale Street, Liverpool.

Crooks Thomas, 61, Shaw Street, liyerpool.

Crosfield, Heniy, 4, Temple Place, and Edgemoont, Edge Lane,

Liverpool.
Crosse, Thomas Bright, Shawe Hill, Chorlej.
Crossley, James, Booth Street, Manchester.
Cunningham, John, F.G.S., Hon. M. Boy. Com. G.S., 90, Seel

Street, and Beach Bank, Liscard, Cheshire.
D.E.p. CusT, Majob-Gen., the Hon. Sib Edwabd, K.G.H., F.R.S.,

Leasowe Castle, Cheshire, and Hill Street, London, Vigb-

Presidemt.

Dale, Bev. P. S., M.A., Hill House, Tranmere.

Dale, Bobert Norris, Hargreaves* Buildings, Exchange, LiverpooL

Daliymple, William, Percy Villa, Northumberland Terrace, Eveiton,

Liverpool.
Danby, Bev. Francis Barton, M.A., County Asylum, Lancaster.
Darlington, Bichard, Wigan.
p. Dawes, Matthew, F.G.S., Westbrooko, Bolton.
't'Dawson, Henry, 20, Bedcross Street, and 14, St James*s Boed,

Liverpool.
Dawson, Thomas, M.B.C.S., 67, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool.
Dcarden, James, F.S.A., The Orchard, Bochdale.
Deighton, Joseph, 46, Church Street, Liverpool.
De Tabley, The Lord, Tabley Hall, Cheshire.
Dickinson, Joseph, M.A., M.D., F.L.S., M.B.I.A., President of the
Literary and Philosophical Society, Liverpool, 5, Nelson
Street, LiverjMol.
Dignan, John, Chromcle Office, Church Street, Liverpool.
D. Donaldson, J. Binning, 12, Gloucester Place, Low Hul, LiverpooL
Dove, Percy M., Boyal L^urance Office, 1, North John Street^
Liverpool, and 49, Hamilton Square, Birkenhead.
D. Duarte, Bicardo Thomaz, 11, Exchange Buildings, Liverpool.
D. Dunlevie, Charles Thomas, 52, Castle Street, Liverpool.

Eden, John, 57, Church Street, and Aigburth Vale, Liverpool.
Edgar, James, 5, Falkner Street, Liverpool.
D.E.p. *Egerton, Sib Phiup deMalpas GBEY,Bart,M.P., F.RS.,F.G.S.,

Oulton Park, Tarporley, and 43, Wilton Crescent, London.
D. "^Ellesmebe, The Earl of, F.S. A., Worsley Hall, Manchester, and
18, Belgrave Square, London, Pbesident.
Evans, Edward, 52a., Hanover Street, Livei|)Ool.
Evans, Thomas Bickerton, 52a, Hanover Street, Liverpool.
Ewart, Joseph Christopher, New Brighton.

tEwart, William, M.P., 6, Cambridge Square, Hyde Park, London
Eyes, Edward, jun., 6, Cook Street, Liverpool.
Eyton, Caradoc, James s Street, Liverpool.
Eyton, Peter Ellis, Flint

ICBMBBBS. IX

Falcon, William B., 11, Shaw Street, Liyerpool.

Feilden, John, MoUington Hall, Chester.

Ffrancis, Thos. Robert Wilson, Rowcliffe Hall, Garstang.

Finlay, William, Golledate Institution, LiyerpooL

Fisher, William M., Fh.D., F.RA.S., 89, Great George Street,

LiverpooL
Fleming, Thomas, 58, Castle Street, Liyerpool.
Forshaw, Rev. Charles, M.A., Altcar, Ormsldrk.
Forster, Wilson, Willow Bank, Tue Brook, West Derby, and North

John Street, Liverpool.
Fox, Bev. W. Darwin, M.A., Delamere Forest Rectory.

Gardner, Richard Cardwell, 4S, Dale Street, and Newsham Hoose,

Liverpool.
Gamett, William James, Bleasdale Tower, Garstang.
Gaskell, John, Exchange Chambers, Exchange Street East,
Liverpool.
D. Gath, Samuel, 137, Finch Street, and Haiigreayes* Buildings,
Liverpool,
s.p. Gawthrop, Hugh, Mersey Cottage, Mersey Street, Birkenhead.
Gill, Robert, 1, Chapel Street, Liverpool, and Much Woolton.
Girdlestone, Rev. Edward, M.A., Deane, Bolton.
Godfrey, J. J., M.R.C.S., Heathfield Street, Renshaw Street,

LiverpooL
Gordon, Hunter, Broughton, Manchester.
Gore, William Ormsby, Porkington, Oswestry.
Gray, John, 10, St. Clements Terrace, Windsor, and S5, Strand
Street, Liverpool.
D.E. Gray, Thomas, Royal Insurance Office, 1, North John Street,
Liverpool.
Gray, William, Bolton.

Green, Robert Molyneux, 75, Grove Street, Liverpool.
D.E. Greenall, Rev. Richard, M.A., Incumbent of Stretton, and R D.

of Bolton, Stretton, Warrington.
D.E. Guyton, Joseph, 5, Church Street, Edge HUl, Liverpool.

Hall, William, Park View, Rock Feny.
D. Hammond, William John, Swift Court, U, Castle Street, Liverpool.
Hampton, Rev, H., M.A., Cemetery View, 18, Upper Parliament

Street, Liverpool.
Harden, J. W., New Ferry, Cheshire.
D.E. p. Habland, John, Guardian Office, Manchester.

Haslam, Samuel Holker, F.L.S , Greenside Cottage, Milnthorpe.
Hawkins, Edward, F.li.S.,F.S.A., F.L S., British Museum, London.
Hawthorne, Hans Stewart, 61, St. Aime Street, Liverpool.
Hay, John, 2, Cable Street, and Paritfield Cottage, Birkenhead,

Cheshire.
Heath, Edward, Orange Court, Castle Street, and St. Domingo

Grove, Everton, Liverpool.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PRIMEVAL OR PREHISTORIC PERIOD. pack.

Britisli Burial Places near Bolton, Co. Lancaster, by Matthew Dawes,

F.G.S. (lUmtraUd) 180

BRITISH AND SAXON PERIOD.

Traces of the Britons, Saxons, and Danes, in the Foreland of the Fylde,

by theRov. Wm. Thomber, B.A 100

The Danes in Lancashire, by the late John Just 121

MEDIEVAL AND MODERN PERIOD.

The Norman Eai-ls of Chester, by William W. Mortimer 85

Historical Notes respecting the Township and Village of Evcrton, by

James Stonehouse. (Illustrated ) 97

The Early History of Warrington and its Neighbourhood, ])y John

Robson 203

Description of an ancient Mural Fainting at Oawsworth, by Dr. Hume.. fto

Lease of Gorsy Fields in Liverpool in 1501 • 15

An Account of Warrington Siege, A.D., UU.S ; and of Rome Manuscripts

of the Period, recently discovered at Houghton Oroen near War-

ringUm, by James Kendrick, M.D. (Illustrated.) 18, 201

Tlie Alleged Royal Visits to Liveri)ool, by Jos. Mayer, F.S.A. ( Illustrated.) r»

ARCHITECTURE AND TOPOGRAPHY.

An Account of the Ancient Hall of Samleshury near Preston, by Alfred

Rimmer, Esq. (lUustrateti.) ^'^

Topography and Antitpiities of Southport and its Neighbourhood, by

Hugh Qawthrop ''^

laverpool ChunOies and Chapels ; their Destruction and Removal or Al-
teration, — i^-ith notices of Clergymen and Ministers, by the Rev.
Dr. Thorn. V.P. Parti ".. 1^7

Remarks on the Grounds of Gawsworth, by Richard Brooke, F.S.A Vl^y

Notes on the Church of West Kirkby, Cheshire, by James MiddleUMi,

(Illustrated.) 10^

C0NTBNT9. V

GENEALOGY AND FAMILY HISTORY. page.

Letters, relating to Lancashire and Cheshire, temp James I, Charles I,

and Charles II, by Thomas Doming Hibbert 189

MISCELLANEOUS.

Account of the Grant of Free Warren, by Henry III., to Thomas Gresley,

sixth Baron of Manchester, by John Harland ...% 44

Notice of the Octagon Chapel, Liverpool, by Richard Brooke, F.S.A., 42

First Importation of American Cotton into Liverpool, by Richard

Brooke, F.SA ,..., 43

Papers relating to Moreton in Cheshire, 1607 ^ 80

A Lancashire Charm, in Cypher, against Witchcraft and Evil Spirits, by

John Harland. (lUtutraUd.) 81

Notices of Relics in Cheshire, by the Rev. Dr. Thom, V.P 09

The Old House of Correction, Liverpool, by Richard Brooke, F.SA 186

An Account of the Society's Operations, by the Rev. Thomas Moore, M.A. 200
Donations to the Socibty...1, 2, 3 ; 13, 14; 40, 41 ; 62, 63, 64; 79, 80 ; 98 ;

119, 120 ; 133, 134.
Curiosities, &o.. Exhibited... 3, 4; 14 (TUustnUedJ, 15; 41, 42; 64 (lUus-
trated), 65, 66; 80; 98 flUustrated J, 99; 120 f Illustrated J, 121 ;
134 (lUustrated), 135 (Illustrated), 137 (Illustrated J ; 200.

Meetings Held 1, 13, 40, 62, 79, 98, 119, 133, 200, 201, 208

Members Enrolled, Honorary 1,40

Ordinary 1, 13, 40, 62, 79,98, 119

Index 209

ERRATA.

Page ii, Plates I and III, read King William's Room, Peel Hall.

Page 66, line 24. Dele " part of it."

Page 167, line 5. Rev. R. Bannister was not one of the Parish Curates ,^
but came from Upholland.

LIST OF MEMBEBS.

SESSION 1851-52.

The letters D. E. P. denote respeotiyely that the gentlemen in connexion with whoM
they oconr, have been Donore, Exhibitors, or Authors of Papers daring
the four Sessions of the Society's existence.

Those marked thus * are Life Members.

♦Ainslie, Montagae, Grisedale, Milnthorpe, Westmoreland.
D. Alexander, William, L., 4, Momit Vernon Green, and *2, Harrington
Street, Liverpool.
Anderson, Thomas Francis, Holly Lodge, Fairfield, and 8, Cable

Street, Liverpool.
Anson, Very Rev. Frederick, D.D., Dean of Cliester and Hector of

Doddleston, The Deanery, Chester.
Ansdell, Richard, 7, Victoria Road, Kensington, London.
Astley, John, 26, Brunswick Street, Liverpool, and Rock Feny,

Cheshire.
Aston, Walter, Chadderton Hall, and 7, Norfolk Street, Manchester.
Atkinson, Fenton Robinson, Oak House, Pendleton, Manchester.
D.E. AviBON, Thomas, F.S.A., Fnlwood Park, Aigburth, and 16, Cook
Street, Liverpool, Tbeasuber.

Badnall, Rev. William, M.A., Wavertree.

Bainbrigge, William H., F.R.C.S., 8, Islington Square, Liverpool.
D. Baines, Thomas, Times Office, Castle Street, Liverpool.
Barclay, Rev. John, M.A., Vicarage, Runcorn.
Baylee, Rev. Joseph, D.D., Principal of St. Aidants College,

Birkenhead, Clau^hton Road, Woodside.
p. Beamont, William, Wamngton.

Bell, Henry, Union Court, Castle Street, Liverpool, and Grosvenor

Road, Claughton, Birkenhead.
Bennett, Edward, Bedstone House, Bedstone, near Ludlow.
Bennett, William, 69, Shaw Street, Liverpool.
Bent, Sir John, 1 , Rake Lane, Edge Hill, and 30, Johnson Street,

Liverpool.
Bickersteth, Kobert, F.RC.S., 2, Rodney Street, Liverpool.
Birch, Sir Thomas Bernard, Bart., The Plazels, Prescot.
£. Birchall, Thomas, Ribblcton Hall, Preston.

Bird, William, 1 1 , South Castle Street, and The Dell, Rock Park

Rock Ferry.
Birley, Rev. John Shepherd, Halliwell HaU, Bolton,
p. Birley, T. Langton, Carr Hall, Kirkham.
Blackbume, Jcmn Ireland, The Hall, Hale.
Blundell, Thomas Weld, Ince BlondeU, Great Crosby.

MEMBERS. XIU

Haikes, Worshipful and Rev. H., M.A., Hon. Canon and Chancellor
of Chester, Deo Side, Chester.
v.E. Raines, Rev. Canon, M A., F.S.A., Milnrow Parsonage, Rochdale.
D. Reay, James, 142, Mount Pleasont, Liverpool.
Reay, Thomas, 87, Church Street, Liverpool.
Raffles, Rev. Thomas, D.D., L.L.D., Mason Street, Edge HUl,
Liverpool.
D. Rawlinson, Robert, Gwydyr House, London.

Richardson, Samuel, 4, Berkeley Street, and George's Dock,
Liverpool.
n.E.p. Rimmer, Alfred, 59, Hope Street, Liverpool.
Roberts, Rev. E., M.A., Seacombe, Cheshire.
D.p. Roberts, William John, 7, Berry Street, Liverpool.
D.B. Robin, John, Chapel Walks, South Castle Street, and Grove Hill,
West Kirby, Cheshire.
D.E.p. RoBSON, John, Warrington.
D.E. Robinson, Charles Backhouse, 102, Chatham Street, Liverpool.
Ronald, Robert Wilson, 1, Everton Brow, Liverpool.
Ross, Charles James, 58, Crown Street, Liverpool.
D. Ross, David, Chronicle Office, Church Street, Liverpool.
Rosson, John, Moor Hall, Ormskirk.

DR. p. Sandford, Rev. G. B., M.A., Church Minshull, Middlewich.

Scliolefield, Henry D., M.D., M.R.C.S., 14, Hamilton Square,
Birkenhead.
B. Sefton, The Earl of, Croxteth Hall, West Derby, Vice-President.
Sharp, John, Dalton Square, Lancaster.
Sharpe, Edmund, M.A., Lancaster.
D. Sharpe, Richard, 17, Bedford Street, Bloomsbury Square, London.
Sherlock, Cornelius, )^2, King Street, and Stanley, Liverpool.
Shute, Robert, 28, Bedford Street North, Liverpool.
D. Simpson, Rev. Robert, M.A., Skerton, Lancaster.
^Simpson, Rev. Samuel, Douglas, Isle of Man.
Skaife, Thomas, Vanbrugh House, Blackheath, London.
D. Skelmersdale, the Lord, Lathom House, Ormskirk.
D. * Smith James, Brunswick Dock, and Seaforth.

Snowball, J. G., 16, Castle Street, and 11, Upper Canning Street,

Liverpool.
Spence, Benjamin Evans, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool
Stephens. Alfred, 4, Upper Parliament Street, Liverpool.
Stewart, Rev. Jolm, M.A., Hayman's Green, West Derby.
Stewart, Rev. William, M.A., The Parsonage, Hale.
Stock, John, 7, Exchange Buildings, and Westdale, Wavertree,
Liverpool.
D.E.p. Stonehouse, James, 9, Christian Street North, Everton, Liverpool.
D.E. Stuart, William, 1, Rumford Place, and Springfield House, Knotty
Ash, Liverpool.
Sutherland, John, M D., 10, Bedford Street North, Liverpool.

Vm ICEMBSBS.

Cioolthart, John Boss, Croft House, Ashton-under-Ljne.

Cripps, Frederick, Dale Street, Liverpool.

Crook« Thomas, 61, Shaw Street, liverpool.

Crosfield, Henry, 4, Temple Place, and Edgemoont, Edge Lane,

Liyerpool.
Crosse, Thomas Bright, Shawe Hill, Chorley.
Crossley, James, Booth Street, Manchester.
Cunningham, John, F.G.S., Hon. M. Boy. Com. G.S., 29, Seel

Street, and Beach Bank, Liscard, Cheshire.
D.E.F. CusT, Majob-Gen., the Hon. Sib Edward, K.C.H., F.R.S.,

Leasowe Castle, Cheshire, and Hill Street, London, Vice-

Pbesident.

Dale, Bev. P. S., M.A., Hill House, Tranmere.

Dale, Robert Nonis, Hargreaves* Buildings, Exchange, Liverpool.

Dalrymple, William, Percy Villa, Northumberland Terrace, Everton,

Liverpool.
Danby, Bev. Francis Burton, M.A., County Asylum, Lancaster.
Darlington, Richard, Wigan.
p. Dawes, Matthew, F.G.S., Westbrooke, Bolton.
*Dawson, Henry, 20, Bedcross Street, and 14, St James's Boad,

Liverpool.
Dawson, Thomas, M.B.C.S., 67, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool.
Dearden, James, F.S.A., The Orchard, Rochdale.
Deighton, Joseph, 46, Church Street, Liverpool.
De Tabley, The Lord. Tabley Hall, Cheshire.
Dickinson, Joseph, M.A., M.D., F.L.S., M.B.I.A., President of the
Literary and Philosophical Society, Liverpool, 5, Nebon
Street, Liverpool.
Dignan, John, Chromcle Office, Church Street, Liverpool.
D. Donaldson, J. Binning, 12, Gloucester Place, Low Hul, Liverpool.
Dove» Percy M., Royal Insurance Office, 1, North John Street,
Liverpool, and 40, Hamilton Square, Birkenhead.
D. Duarte, Ricardo Thomaz, 1 1 , Exchange Buildings, Liverpool.
D. Danlevie, Charles Thomas, 52, Castle Street, Liverpool.

Eden, John, 57, Church Street, and Aigburth Vale, Liverpool.
Edgar, James, 5, Falkner Street, Liverpool.
D.E.P. "t'EoEBTON, SiB Phiup DE Malpas Gbey, Bart,M.P., F.RS.,F.G.S.,

Oulton Park, Tarporley, and 43, Wilton Crescent, London.
D. ^'EIllesmebe, The Earl of, F.S.A., Worsley Hall, Manchester, and
18, Belgrave Square, London, Pbesident.
Evans, Edward, 52a., Hanover Street, Liverpool.
Evans, Thomas Bickerton, 52a, Hanover Street, Liverpool.
Ewart, Joseph Christopher, New Brighton.

tEwart, William, M.P., 6, Cambridge Square, Hyde Park, London
Eyes, Edward, jun., 6, Cook Street, Liverpool.
Eyton, Caradoc, James s Street, Liverpool.
EytoD» Peter Ellis, Flint

ICBMBBBS. IX

Falcon, William B., 11, Shaw Street, LiTerpool.

Feilden, John, Mollington Hall, Chester.

Ffrancis, Thos. Eobert Wilson, Bowcliffe Hall, Garstang.

Finlay, William, Collegiate Institution, Liverpool.

Fisher, William M., Ph.D., F.RA.S., 89, Great George Street,

LiverpooL
Fleming, Thomas, 58, Castle Street, liverpool.
Forshaw, Rev. Charles, M.A., Altcar, Ormskirk.
Forster, Wilson, WiUow Bank, Tue Brook, West Derhy, and North

John Street, LiverpooL
Fox, Rev. W. Darwin, M.A., Delamere Forest Rectory.

Gardner, Richard Cardwell, 43, Dale Street, and Newsham House,

Liverpool.
Gamett, William James, Bleasdale Tower, Garstang.
Gaskell, John, Exchange Chambers, Exchange Street East,
Liverpool.
3. Gath, Samuel, 137, Finch Street, and Hargreaves' Buildings,

Liverpool.
p. Gawthrop, Hugh, Mersey Cottage, Mersey Street, Birkenhead.
Gill, Robert, 1, Chapel Street, Liverpool, and Much Woolton.
Girdlestone, Rev. Edward, M.A., Deane, Bolton.
Godfrey, J. J., M.R.C.S., Heathfield Street, Renshaw Street,

Liverpool.
Gordon, Hunter, Broughton, Manchester.
Gt)re, William Ormsby, Porkington, Oswestry.
Gray, John, 16, St. Clement's Terrace, Windsor, and 25, Strand
Street, Liverpool.
E. Gray, Thomas, Royal Insurance Office, 1, North John Street,
Liverpool.
Gray, William, Bolton.

Green, Robert Molyneux, 75, Grove Street, Liverpool.
E. Greenall, Rev. Richard, M.A., Incumbent of Stretton, and R. D.

of Bolton, Stretton, Warrington.
E. Guyton, Joseph, 5, Church Street, Edge Hill, Liverpool.

Hall, William, Park View, Rock Ferry.
0. Hammond, William John, Swift Court, 11, Castle Street, Liverpool.
Hampton, Rev, H., M.A., Cemetery View, 18, Upper Parliament

Street, Liverpool.
Harden, J. W., New Ferry, Cheshire,
p. Habland, John, Guardian Office, Manchester.

Haslam, Samuel Holker, F.L.S , Greenside Cottage, Milnthorpe.
Hawkins, Edward, F.R.S.,F.S.A., F.L.S., British Museum, London.
Hawthorne, Hans Stewart, 61, St. Anne Street, Liverpool.
Hay, John, 2, Cable Street, and Parkfield Cottage, Birkenhead,

Cheshire.
Heath, Eklward, Orange Court, CasUo Street, and St. Domingo
Grove, Everton, Liverpool.

C MEMBEB8.

E. Herdman, William Gawiii, Lansdowne Place, Everton, liTerpool.
^Heywood, Sir Benjamin, Bart., Claremont, Mancheeter.
Heywood, James, M.P., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S., Acreefield, Man-
chester, and Reform Club, London.
D.P. ♦Heywood, Thomas, F.S.A., Hope End, Ledbury, Herefordshire.
E.P. Hibbert, Thomas Doming, Miadle Temple, London.
D.p. HiooiN, Edwabd, Fenwick Chambers, and Elmleigh, Breckside
JPark, Liverpool.
D. Higgin, Thomas, 3, Tower Buildings West, Liverpool.
B. HiS, Rev. John Wilbraham, M.A., Waverton, Chester.

Hinde, John Hodgson, 9, Saville Row, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and
Acton House, Felton, Northumberland.
D. Holmes, John, 11, Everton Brow, Liverpool.
Howitt, Thomas, M.R.C.S., Lancaster.
HorsfaU, Thomas Berry, M.P., Mill Bank, West Derl)y.
D. HowBON, Rev. John Saul, M.A., Principal, Collegiate Liatitation,

Liverpool.
D. Hughes, Robert, 8, Brandon Street, Birkenhead.
Hufton, William Adams, Hurst Grange, Preston.
D.E.p. Hume, Rev. Abbaham, D.C.L., LL.D., F.S.A., Corr. Mem. S.A.
Scot, 9, Clarence Street, Everton, Hon. Secbetart.
Hunt, Charles, Ravenshead House, St. Helens.

Jacob, John Greer, 66, Church Street, Liverpool.

Jacson, Charles R., Barton Lodge, Preston.

James, Rev. David, M.A.,F.S A., 20, Great Mersey Street, Eirkdale.
*James, Paul Moon, Summer Ville, Manchester.
D. Johnson, John H., 29, Oxford Street, Liverpool.

Jones, Alfred, 17, Goree Piazzas, Liverpool.

Jones, Captain, care of Mr. Jordan, Manchester.

Jones, Morris Charles, 75, Shaw Street, Liverpool.

Jones, Roger Lyon, 1, Great George s Square, Liverpool,
p. Just, Johk, Grammar School, Bury.

Keet, George J., 90, Renshaw Street. Liverpool.
D.E.p. Kendrick, James, M.D., Warrington,

Kerferd, John A., 23, Everton Village, Liverpool.
D KiLPiN, Thomas Johnson, 1, Arrad Street, Hope Street, Liverpool^

D.p. Lamb, David, Plumpton Terrace, 29, Everton Road, Liverpool.
Lambert, David Howe, 1 , York Buildings, Dale Street, and Bedford

Street, Liverpool.
Lancasteb, The Matob of, VicE-PaEsrDENT, ex officio,
Langton, William, Manchester.

Laycock, William, Sir Thomas's Buildings, Dale Street, Liverpool.
Ijedger, Reuben, Knot^ Ash, Liverpool.
D. Lee, Rev. Thomas Faulkner, M.A., Grammar School, Lancaster.
Legh, G. Cornwall, M.P.» High Legh, Warrington.

MBMBBBS. XI

Calford, the Lord, Oundle, Northamptonshire ; and Groevenor Place,

London.
Lincard, Alexander BoTKfsand, M.RO.S., Eastham.
Linasaj, Hon. Colin, Haigh Lands, Wifmn.
Lister, James, Union Bank, Branswibk Street, and 3, Green Bank,

Breckfield Road North, Liverpool.
LiYEBPooL, The Matob of, Vice-President, ex officio,
Llotd, Johk Buck, Exchange Alley, Exchange Street West, and

Aigburth.
> Lord, Lieut. William, KN., Surveyor of the Port, 16, Sandon

Street, Liverpool.
Lowndes, Matthew Dobson, 7, Brunswick Street, Liverpool.
Lucas, Henry Walker, 1, Sweeting Street, Liverpool.
e. Lyon, Thomas, Appleton HaU, Warrington.

Macrorie, David, M.D., M.RC.S., 126, Duke Street, Liverpool.

Manchester, the Mayor of, Vice-President, ex officio,
.* Manchester, the Lord Bishop of, Sedgley £[all, Manchester.

Margoliouth, Rev. Moses, A.B., St. Bartholomew's, Salford.

Markland, James Heywood, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., Bath.

Marsden, George, 52, Pembroke Place, Liverpool

Marsh, John Finchett, Fairfield, Warrington.
E. Massie, Rev. Wm. H., M.A., St. MaiyWn-the-Hill, Chester.

Mather. Daniel, 58, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool.
E. Mather, John, 58, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool, Auditor.

Mather, Robert, 58, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool.

Mawdsley, James, 11, Canning Street, and 4, Castle Street, Liver-
pool.

Mawdsley, John, Mersev Court, Covent Garden, and Pool Cottage,
Seacombe, Cheshire.

Mawdesley, Joseph, 8, Prospect Vale, Fairfield, and 49, South John
Street, Liverpool

Mayer, Jos, Brown Hills, Burslem, Staffordshire.
•P. Mayer, Joseph, F.S.A. 68, Lord Street, Liverpool, Hon. Curator.

Mayer, Samuel, Newcastle- onder-Lyne.

Mayer, Thomas, Dale Hall, Longport, Staffordshire.

M'Conkey, Rev Andrew, M.A., Wobum Hill, Green Lane, West
Derby.

M'Culloch, Samuel, M.R.C.S., 120, Duke Street, Liverpool.
E. M*QuiE, Peter Robinson, Low Hill, and 20, Water Street,
Liverpool, Auditor.

D. M*Viccar, Duncan, Abercromby Teiiace, and 7, Exchange Build-

ings, Liverpool.
•P. MiDDLETON, James, Grecian Terrace, Everton, and 12, Rumford
Place, Liverpool.
Moore, John Bramley, Carioca Lodge, Aigburth, and Orange Court,
Castle Street, Liverpool.

E, Moore, Thomas, 18, Chapel Street, and 10, Beaufort Buildings,

Seacombe, Cheshire.

"~"— ■« ■ r —

XU MEMBERS.

P. MooBE, Rev. Thomas, M.A., 57, Everton Road, LiTorpool, Hon.
Secretary.
D.B.p. Mortimer, WUliam Williams, City Walls, Chester.
E.p. Moss, John James, Otterspool, Aighurth.

Mostjn, Rev. G Thornton, M.A., St. Helens.
Mott, Albert J., 20, South Castle Street, and Edge Hill, Liverpool,
p. Muspratt, Sheridan, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., College of Chemistry, Duke
Street, Liverpool.

D.E. Neill, Hugh, L.R.C.S.E , F.R.A.S., 115, Mount Pleasant, Liver-
pool.
Nicholson, James, F.S.A., Thelwall Hall, Warrington.
D. North, Alfred, 23, Husldsson Street, Liverpool.

Oates, Capt. W. C, Cavendish Place, Bath.
D.p. Ormerod, George, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., &c., Sedbury Park,
Chepstow.
Ormerod, George Wareing, M.A., F.G.S., Broughton View, Man-
chester.
Osborne, John James, Macclesfield.
Overend, James, 45, Hope Street, Liverpool.

Paris, Thomas Jeremiah, 68, Lord Street, Liverpool.
Parker, Charles Stewart, Bank Chambers, Cook Street, Liverpool.
Parr, Alfred, M.D., St. George's Mount, New Brighton, Chesnire.
♦Patten, John Wilson, M.P., Bank Hall, Warrington.
Pedder, Edward, Clifton Hall, Preston.
e. Pedder, Richard, Stanley Terrace, Preston.

Penny. Rev. Edward, M.A., Rectory, Great Mongeham, Kent.
Perkes, Samuel, I, Wallbrook, City, London.
Perrin, Joseph, 15, Prince's Street, Manchester.
Piccope, Rev. J., M.A., Famdon, Chester.
D. PiCTON, James A., F.S A., 10, Clayton Square, and Sandy Knowe,

Wavertree.
Pierce, George Massie, 4, Exchange Alley, and Linacre March,

Liverpool.
Pierpoint, Benjamin, Warrington.
Pilkmgton, James, M.P., Park Place, Blackburn.
Poggi, Rev. Dominca Joseph, D.D., Seacombe House School,

Cheshire.
D. Poole, John, 23, Oxford Street, Liverpool.

Poore, George, J., 42, Castle Street, and Bedford Street North,

Liverpool.
Poore, Henry, C, 42, Castle Street, and Bedford Street North,

Liverpool.
Power, Rev. F. A., M.A., 24, York Terrace, Everton, Liverpool.
Preston, William, 13, Vernon Street, and Rock Houkc, West Derby

Road, Liverpool.
Purdon, Rev. William J., M.A., Aigburth Vale, Aighurth.

MEMBERS. XUl

Kaikes, Worshipful and Rev. H., M.A., Hon. Canon and Chancellor

of Chester, Dee Side, Chester.
Eaines, Key. Canon, M A., F.S.A., Milnrow Parsonage, Rochdale.
Reay, James, 142, Mount Pleasont, Liyerpool.
Reay, Thomas, 87, Church Street, Liverpool.
Raffles, Rev. Ilionias, D.D., L.L.D., Mason Street, Edge Hill,

Liverpool.
Rawlinson, Robert, Gwydyr House, London.
Richardson, Samuel, 4, Berkeley Street, and George's Dock,
Liverpool.
. Rimmer, Alfred, 59, Hope Street, Liverpool.
Roberts, Rev. E., M.A., Seacombe, Cheshire.
. Roberts, William John, 7, Berry Street, Liverpool.
;. Robin, John, Chapel Walks, South Castle Street, and Grove Hill,

West Kirby, Cheshire.
?. RoBSON, John, Warrington.

s. Robinson, Charles Backhouse, 102, Chatham Street, Liverpool.
Ronald, Robert Wilson, 1, Everton Brow, Liverpool.
Ross, Charles James, 58, Crown Street, Liverpool.
D. Ross, David, Chronicle Office, Church Street, Liverpool.
Rosson, John, Moor Hall, Ormskirk.

p. Sandford, Rev. G. B., M.A., Church Minshull, Middlewich.

Scliolefield, Henry D., M.D., M.R.C.S., 14, Hamilton Square,
Birkenhead.
B. Sefton, The Earl of, Croxteth Hall, West Derby, Vice-President.

Sharp, John, Daiton Square, Lancaster.

Sharpe, Edmund, M.A., Lancaster.
D. Sharpe, Richard, 17, Bedford Street, Bloomsbury Square, London.

Sherlock, Cornelius, 22, King Street, and Stanley, Liverpool.

Shute, Robert, 28, Bedford Street North, Liverpool.
D. Simpson, Rev. Robert, M.A., Skerton, Lancaster.
^Simpson, Rev. Samuel, Douglas, Isle of Man.

Skaife, Thomas, Vanbrugh House, Blackheath, London.
3. Skelmeisdale, the Lord, Lathom House, Ormskirk.
. * Smith James, Brunswick Dock, and Seaforth.

Snowball, J. G., 16, Castle Street, and 11, Upper Canning Street,
liverpool.

Spence, Benjamin Evans, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool.

Stephens. Alfred, 4, Upper Parliament Street, Liverpool.

Stewart, Rev. John, M.A., Hayman's Green, West Derby.

Stewart, Rev. William, M.A., The Parsonage, Hale.

Stock, John, 7, Exchange Buildings, and Westdale, Wavertree,
Liveroool.
p. Stonehouse, James, 9, Christian Street North, Everton, Liverpool,
s. Stuart, William, 1, Rumford Place, and Springfield House, Knotty
Ash, Liverpool.

Sutherland, John, M.D., 10, Bedford Street North, Liverpool.

XIV MEMBEBS.

Sutton, Hugh Gaskell, Exchange Court, Exchange Street East, and

Wood End, Aigburth.
Sweetlove, John, 41, Edward Square, Kensington, London.
Stubs, Joseph, Warrington.
Sjkes, James, Breck House, Poulton-le-Fylde, and 49, Seymour

Street, liverpool.

Thacker, Eobt. Pearson, Standard Office, and Percj Street, lAwer-

pool.
D.E. Thicknesse, Ealph A., M.P., Beech Hill, Wigan.
D.p. Thom, Rev. David, D.D., Ph.D., 3, St. Mary's Place, Edge HID,

Liverpool, Vice-President.

D. Thompson, John Caton, Commerce Court, Lord Street, and Sand-

field Park. West Derby.
Thompson, George, lU, Church Street, Liverpool.
e p. Thomber, Rev. William, B.A., Blackpool.
Thomely, James, 16, Hope Street, Liverpool.
Tinne, John A., 13, Bank Chambers, Cook Street, and Briarlej,

Aigburth.

E, Tobin, Thomas, BallincoUig, Cork.

Torr, John, 13, Exchange Buildings, and Eastham.
Tucker, Robert, 11, North View, Edge HiU, Liverpool.
D. Tudor, Richard A., M.RC.S., Church View, Bootie.

D. Turner, Edward, High Street, Newcastle, Staffordshire.

D.'^Varty, Thomas, 30, Prospect Vale, Fairfield, and Lime Street,
Liverpool.

♦Walker, Sir Edward, Chester.

Warburton, Rowland Eyles Egerton, Arley Hall, Cheshire.
Wany, Thomas Symes, Hamilton Square, Birkenhead.
Watson, William Pilkington, Rock Park, Rock Ferry.
Watorhouse, Sebastian, 18, Percy Street, Liverpool.
D. *Way, Albert, M.A., F.S.A., Wonham Manor, Reigato, Surrey.

E. Webstor, George, Exchange Alley North, and 7, Nortnumberland

Terrace, Everton, Liverpool.
D.E.*WuiTEHEAD, James Wrioht, Grange Court, Castle Street, and 15,

Duke Street, Edge Hill, Liverpool.
Whiteley, Rev. William, Whitegate, Northwich.
Williams, John, Chester.
WiUoughby, Edward G.
Wilson, Henry, 18, Everton Terrace, and Collegiate Institution,

Liverpool.
Winstanley, Samuel T., 68, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool.
Wolley, George, 20, Mason Street, Edge Hill, Liverpool.
Wood, Vener^le Isaac, M.A., Archdeacon of Chester, The V^icar-

age, Middlewich.
Wood, Isaac Moreton, Middle^ivich, Cheshire.

MEMBERS. XV

Wood, John Nelson, Chapel Walks, South CasUe Street, and Oak-
lands, Rock Ferry, Cheshire.

Woodhouse, John George, 47, Henry Street, Liverpool.

Wright, William, 25, ^change Alley North, and 25, Deane Street,
Fairfield, Liverpool.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

. Akerman, John Yonge, Sec. S.A., Somerset House, London.

. Bell, William, Ph.D., 17, Gower Place, Euston Square, London.
. Betham, Sir William, M.R.I.A., Ulster King at Arms, the Castle,
Dublin.
Blaauw, Wm. H., M.A., F.S.A., Beechland, Uckfield.
Boileau, Sir John P., Bart., Talconeston Hall, and Eetteringham
Park, Norfolk.

Charlton, Edward, M.D., 7, Eldon Square, N6woa8tl»K>n-Tyne.

D. De Perthes, J. Boucher de Crevecoeur, Chevalier des ordres de
Malte et de Legion dlionneur, membre des diveises Societes
Savantes, Abbeville.
Duncan, Philip B., M.A., Ashmolean Society, Oxford.

D. Londesborou^, The Lord, F.S.A., Londesborougfa Pork, Yorkshire,

and Picoidilly, London.

p. PiDOEON, H. C, 2, Russell Place, London, London Segbetabt.

E. Smith, Charles Roach, F.S.A., 5, Liverpool Street, City, London.

Tumbull, Wm. B. D. D., F.S.A. Scot, Saint Heliers, Jersey.
Turner, Dawson, F.RS., F.S.A., F.L.S., M.RLA., M.R.S.L.,
Yarmouth.

Williams, Rev. John, M.A., Llanymowddwy, Mallwyd.
Willis, Rev. Robert, M.A., F.R.S., Jacksonian Professor, Caius* Col-
lege, Cambridge.

COUNCIL AND OFFICERS FOR 1851-52.

The Right Hon. The Eabl or Ellesmkre, D.C.L., F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S^ Wonley

Hall, Lancashire.

Ffce^^^Presfiicnta.

Elected.

Ex 0FFICII8. Bight Hon. The Earl of Sbftoh, Croxteth

The Mayor of Chebteh ^^^' Lancashire.

ine MAYOR OF CHESTER. Mtyor-Generol The Hon. Sir Edwabo

The Mayor of Lancaster. Cust, K.C.H., F.R.S., Leasowe Gastk,

The Mayor of Liverpool. Cheshire.

_- __ __ ; The VeDerable Jonathan Brooks, IfJL,

TheMAYOR OF Manchester. Archdeacon of Liverpool, Evcrlon.

Liverpool.
Rev. David Thom, D.D., Ph.D., Edg« wm,

Liverpool.

^er JVttmhttsi of tf)t CDoundl, tUtttts.

Rev. Oborgb Clayton, M.A., Warming- Davtd Lamb, Esq., Plumpton TeiTBoe,

ham, Middlewich. Everton.

Sir Philip Grby Eobrton, Bart, M.P., • John Buck Lloyd, Esq., Exchange Allej,

F.R.S., F.G.S , Oulton Park, Tarporley. • E xchange Street West.

John Harland, Esq., Manchester. James Middleton, Esq., Grecian Temee,

Edward Hiooin, Esq., Elmleigh, Breck- Everton.

side Pork. ' Hugh Neill, F.R.A.S., Mount Pleaamt.

Rev. J. S. HowsoN, M.A., Collegiate Insti- , James A. Picton, F.S.A., Clayton Sqiuure.

tution. I C. B. Robinson, Esq., 102, Chatham

Thomas Johnson Kilpin, Esq., Arrad John Robson, Esq., Warrington.

Street, Hope Street. James W. Wh itehbad, Esq., Orange Court,

John Just, Esq., Grammar School, Burj. Castle Street
Jambs Kendbick, M.D., Warrington.

ISiutrttors.

Petbb R. M'Quib, Esq., 20, Water Street | John Matheb, Esq., 58, Mount Pleasant,

CreaBurcr.

Thomas Avison, F.S.A., IG, Cook Street, Liverpool.

I^onoraq; Curator of tf^e i^uscum.

Joseph Mayeb, F.S.A., 68, Lord Street, Liverpool.

l^onorarp Secretaries.

COBRESPONDINO SECRETARY.

Rev. A. Hi'ME, D.C.L., LL.D., F.S.A., 0,
Clarence Street, Everton, Liverpool.

Recording Secretary.

Rev. Thomas Moore, M.A., 67, Everton
Road, Liverpool.

Secretary in London.
H. C. Pidgeok, Esq., 2, Russell Place.

FIRST MEETING.

CoUsgiate Institution, Idth November, 1851.
David Thom, D.D., Vice-President, in the Chair.

PROCEEDINGS.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Certificates of nine Candidates for Membership were read for the
first time.

The foUowing was enrolled a Member, without election or entrance fee,
in accordance with Bye-law of 28th November, 1849 : —

John Williams, Esq., late Mayor of Chester.

The following were duly elected : —

1. Honorary Member.

Wm. Bell, Ph.D., 17, Gower Place, Euston Square, London.

2. Ordinary Members.

Robert Hugh Brackstone, 47, Wood Street, London.
John Binning Donaldson, 14, Low HiU Terrace, Liverpool.

The following Donations to the Society were laid upon the table : —

1. From the Societies.

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of
London, No. 28.

The Sussex Arch»ological Collections, voL iv.

ArchsBologia Cambrensis, or Journal of the
Cambrian Arch»ological Association for
July and October, 1851.

Transactions of the Kilkenny Arch»ological
Society, for 1850.

2. From the Authan,

S. From the Editan.

i. From the Artists.

Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii. part 6, bj Chis.
Roach Smith, F.S.A.

Etchings of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities* «-

tracted from Do. bj Do.

Miscellanea Paladua; consisting of Geoaft-
logical Essays, illustrative of Lancaahira
and Cheshire families, and a memoir oo
the Cheshire Domesdaj Roll. Bj Geoigo
Ormerod, D.C.L., &c.

Treasure Trove in Northumberland, bj Jdin
Fenwick, Esq.

History of Liverpool, part vi. By Thomas
Baines, Esq.

Ancient Charters, and other MnnimentB of
the Borough of Clitheroe ; edited from the
origmal documents, with TmnslatJoim and
Notes. By John Harland, Esq.

Autobiography of Wm. Stout of Lancaster^
whol^ale and retail grocer and ironmonger ;
a Member of the Society of Friends,—
AD. 1685-1752. Edited by John Har-
land, Esq.

The Restoration of All Nations, or a Yindi-
cation of the Goodness and Grace of God;
by Jeremiah White, Chaplain to OliTor
Cromwell. Edited by D. Thom, D.D,,PhJ).

A map of the Borough of Liverpool, for ooni-
puting distances for the flEures of Hacknej
Coaches, 1851. Executed for the Corpora-
tion of Liverpool, by Maoluro, Maodonald,
and Mac^rogor.

Lithograph of the Ancient Stone Coffins* cot
in the rock, at Heysham, Lancashire ; by
the Rev. J. F. Lee, M.A., Grammar Sdiool
Lancaster. — Lithograph of a portion of the
Walls of Ancient Verulam ; by Ditto.-—
Etching of Roman Sepulchral Remains^
found in the Church-yard of St Stephen's*
near St. Albans, 1848, by Ditto. — ^Etching
of part of a Column found at St. Albans ;
by Ditto. — Etching of the doorway of tbo
Church of Belgrave, Leicestershiro ; by Do.

5. From other Donors.

Jos. Mayer, F S A., An Anastatic fac-simile of the Chroniole of

Proprietor. Thomas Sprott, privately printed by Joseph

Mayer. F.S.A. ; with a copy of the original
in Roman letter, and an English transla-
tion by Dr. Bell.

John Fenwick, Esq. Slogans of the North of England, by Michael

Hislabie Denham, Esq.

JohnCatonThompson,Esq. Blomes Britannia, 1673.

J. H. Johnson, Esq. The New Testament, by Bonham Norton,

1073. Pharmacopeise Londiniensis, 1683.

Chronological Chart of Anglican Church
Architecture.

James Kendrick, M.D., The History of Manchester, by the Rev. W.
Warrington. Whitaker, 1773.

John Harland, Esq. Newspaper Cuttings of various Antiquarian

Articles.

Mr. James Stonehouse. The Art of War, by Nicholas Machiavell , 1 560.

Mr. Thomas Brakell. An American Bull-frog, preserved and stuffed.

The foUowiug Articles were ExHiBrrED : —

By P. R. M'Qoie, Esq. A volume entitled ** Ccelum Philosophorum,

seu liber de secretis Naturae ;" per Philip-
pum Ulstadium. Lugduni, 1557.

Two ancient drinking bowls of stone, with
carved circles, and oriental inscriptions.
One of black stone is from the shore of the
Black Sea ; the other of variegated marble
is from Jerusalem.

By Dr. Hume. Three jagged spears of wood. One is said to

be from Canraria, with feathered head and
arrow notches ; another is from New South
Wales ; and the third, of very curious con-
struction, from Western Africa.

By Andrew J. Lamb, Esq. An ancient Fibula of peculiar construction,

believed to have been found in Whittlesea
Mere.

By Joseph Mayer, F.S.A. The following drawings to illustrate his

Paper: — viz., I. Peel Hall, near Tarvin,
Chesliire. — 2. Another view of Ditto. —
3 Inscription on Ditto.— 4. Gay ton Hall,
near lleswall, Chesliire. — 5. Stair-case at
Ditto. — 6. Heswall Church, Cheshire. —
7. Three carious monuments in Ditto.

By Richard Brooke, The Poll Book of Free Bva^dtBOB of liter-

F. S. A. pool, who Toted at the election lor Liyerpool

in 1780, when the contest took place be-
tween Bamber Gascojne, Jiul, Esq..
Richard Pennant, Esq., and Henij Raw-
linson, Esq., which terminated in the elec-
tion of Mr. Gascojne and Mr. Rawlinsoii.

The Book of Addresses, Squibs, PasqoinadeSv
Songs, &c., written on the occasion of that
election. We learn from it that the prin-
cipal electioneering booses of the candidates
were the Fleece (Banner s), and George's
Coffee House, Castle Street, for Mr. Gbs-
Goyne ; the Golden Lion (Forshaw's), for
Mr. Pennant ; and the Talbot, Black Hofse,
and Rainbow, for Mr. Rawlinson.

The Poll Book, <&c., for 1796, when the can-
didates were General Tarleton and Colonel
Gascojne, who were elected, and John
Tarleton, Esq., who was unsuccessful.

The Book of Addresses, Squibs, &c., of that
election.

MiSCELTAKEOUS CoMlfUMICATIONS.

Mr. Brooke stated, that between 30 and 40 jears ago, a ceremony some-
what similar to the election of a Mock Major in Newcastle, Staffordshirev
used to take place annuallj in liveipool. On every St. Luke*s day, 18th
October (on which day the Mayor of Liyerpool was then elected), a number
of working men, acting as a kind of Mock Corporation, used to meet at
Pagers Tavern, in Roscoe Street, for the purpose of electing a Mock Mayor.
They were called the Mayor and Corporation of *' Asses' Green," from the
circumstance of an imindosed tract of ground being then in front of the
tayem, extending thence to the west side of Rodney Street, and form-
ing part of it After the election, which took place after dark, the new
" Mayor of Asses' Green" underwent the ceremony of " Chairing." He
was carried in procession, attended by drums and fifes, with colours, and
occasionally torches, and accompanied by a considerable crowd ; and the
procession proceeded through Roscoe Street and Leece Street, into Rodnej
Street, and when it arrived about half-way between Leece Street and
Knight Street it made a halt, and '* the Corporation" and populace sang
" Ood save the King.^ They used to halt close to Mr. Brooke's residence ;
and as they were invariably well conducted, and as he considered the cere-
mony harmless, he was accustomed to give *' his worship" a small gratuity.
The procession then used to move on along Rodney Street to Knight Stieet*
down the latter to Roscoe Street, and back to the Tavern. Mr. Brooke
also stated, that he had no reason to suppose that the ceremony of
electing the Mock Mayor of Asses' Green was an ancient one. It has now

been difloontinaed for many years ; the last time that he could recollect
seeing the procession ¥rat8 on St Luke*s day, about 30 years ago.

Mr. Neill mentioned, that of the original members of the Liverpool
Athenteum, established in 1798, only three now survive.

Dr. Home read a letter from the Town Clerk, intimating that the Libiaiy
and Museum Committee of the Town Council had agreed to provide ac-
commodation for the Society s Collection, at the apartments of the Free
Public Libraiy and Museum.

A letter having been read from John Ireland Blackbume, Esq., of Hale,
soggesting that at least two meetings of the Session should be held during
the day, for the accommodation of non-resident members ;

It was moved bv Hugh Neill, F.R.A.S*, seconded by Richabd
Brooke, F.S.A., and resolved, —

** That the Soeietj, tpproying and recommending the principle of the suggestion,
refer the matter to the Coimcil for consideration, and for the arrangement of
details if necessary."

PAPER.

The Alleged Rotal Visits to Liverpool,
By Joseph Mayer, F.S,A.

It is always at a disadvantage that any one sets up a doubt, or
even hints at the want of historical evidence to support an old, and
generally received tradition ; nor oaght we to wonder at this, for one
half the world never ask themselves the question whether it is
likely to be tme, or whence the narrator had his authority for the
assertion. On the contrary, they content themselves with the proba*
bility of the occurrence, and so taking it for granted, tradition often
becomes, in course of time, embodied into written history, and is
handed down by after writers on the subject as fact. Just such is
the case in the subject now before us ; where various writers on the
early history of Liverpool, after failing to make it a British or
a Boman Station, boldly drag in Royalty to fill up the gap, which
they wished could have been occupied by a British Chieftain or a
Boman Emperor.

Bat surely tliis is not the true end and nim of History — to bring
forward mere imaginings and suppositions, to bo set forth in such
light as to be like a *' Jaok-o'-Lantern" leading us into a quagmire ;

and then^ on the return of thought, we find that we have been misled^
and stand upon a flimsey coating of unconsolidated rubbish.

I shall not presume to lay down any rules for guidance in His-
torical writing ; but I must say that at the present day too much
time is thrown away in argument on subjects that are quite un-
worthy of the higher ends that ought to be held in view by
every one who undertakes to write on History. And however fond
we may bo of doing honor to our home, truth should not be
sacrificed at the altar of doubt ; as it is far better to be accused of
" the sin of ignorance" than blamed for negligence.

In most of the histories of Liverpool, King John is said to have
visited this town in the year 1206, but of that event we have no
positive record, as wo shall presently see ; the only document now
preserved being one in the Close Rolls, which states that the King
was at liancastor on the 26th of February, 1206, and at Chester on
the 28tli of February following. But that is not sufficient docu-
mentary evidence to prove that the King visited Liverpool on his
way from Lancaster to Chester ; for Liverpool is not at that time
named at all. That the King might have stayed at his hunting-seat,
in the Royal Forest of Toxteth, is probable ; but it is more likely,
I think, that he stayed at the homestead of some neighbouring
Lord, where lie would be entertained in a befitting manner as a
Sovereign, than that he should visit the Castle of Liverpool, even
admitting that Castle to have been in existence at the time,
which we have very poor grounds for asserting.

It was in 120?=^ — two years after this alleged visit — that John
first became possessor of the town of Liverpool, as the following
document shews : —

" John, by the Grace of God, &c. — Know ye that we have
granted, and by our present Charter have confirmed, to Henry
Fitz-Warine of Lancaster, the lands which King Henry, my
father, gave to Warine, his father, for his services, to wit:
Ravinosmoles, Amnolnesdal, and the French Lea, which tee
have [five n to him in exchange for Liverpui and Uplitherland^
which the aforesaid Henr}% my father, had given with the

aforesaid lands, to the aforesaid Warine, his father, and which
the said Henry hath remised to us and our heirs. To be
holden to him and to his heirs (on payment of) 20/ yearly, at
the feast of St. Michael, for all service and exaction, saving
to us and our heirs the wardships and marriages of Uie heirs
of the said Henry, in manner as our ancestors used to have
the same, when Warine, the father of the said Henry, did the
service of a falconer to our ancestors. Wherefore the afore-
said Henry, and his heirs after him, may have and hold the
aforesaid lands, with all their appurtenances, of us and our
heirs, by the aforesaid service, in wood and plain, in ways and
paths, in meadows and feedings, in moors and marshes, in
waters and mills, and in pools, well and in peace, freely and
quietly, peaceably and honorably, fiilly and entirely, in all
places and things, with all liberties and free customs, to the
aforesaid lands pertaining, as is aforesaid.

" Witness,

" William, Earl Warenne,

" WiUiam, Earl of Derby,

" S. de Quency, Earl of Winchester,

" William Bruhere,

" Gilbert Fitz Reinfare (Reinfrea),

** Thomas Basset,

*' Allan Basset,

** Robert de Gros^ley (Grezley),

" William de Cantilupe.

" Given by the hand of Henry de Wells, Archdeacon of
Wells, at Winchester, on the 28th day of August in the 9th
year of our Reign."

We now begin to find that the King saw the great advantages
that would flow from establishing a town at the entrance of the
Mersey, as he would by this means make that part of the coast
secure against the attack from an enemy. Accordingly, in the same
year, he ordered his vassals in Toxteth to settle in the new Town,
and as an inducement thereto, gave them the following grant : —

** Carta Regis Johannis.

** Rex om'ib* qui burgagia ap* villam de Liv'pul h're volu'int
&c. Sciatis quod c.cessim* ora'ib* qui burgagia ap' Liv'pul
cep'int q*^ ha'nt omnes libertates et lib'as c.suetudines in villa
de liiv'pul quas aliquis lib. burg, sup* maro b't in t'ra n'rs.

Et i'o yob. mandam' q^ secure et in pace n ra illuc veniatis
ad burgagia n'ra recipienda et hospitanda. Et in huj, rei
testim® has litt'as n ras patentee vob. transmittm*. T. Sim. de
Patesh. ap' Wint. xxvij die Aug. anno r. n. jx®. — ^p. Sim. de
Patesh."*

Translation.

" The King to all who may be willing to have burgages at
the town of Liverpul &c. Know ye that we have granted to
all who shall take burgages at Liverpul that they shall have all
liberties and free customs in the town of Liverpul which any
free borough on the sea hath in our land. And we therefore
command you, that securely and in our peace you come there
to receive and inhabit our burgages. — And in testimony hereof
we send you these our letters patent. Witness Simon de
Pateshill at Winchester the twenty- seventh day of August in
the ninth year of our reign. By Simon de Pateshill."

Thus it was made a free Burgh. We must mention, however, that it
is asserted that in the 4tli year of this reign, 1203, certain repairs
were made of the Castle of Liverpool ; but so inexpensive were
they, that it must either have been lately erected and required few
repairs, or else the record alludes to some small tower of defence ;
as, in the same year, we find there were much larger works done at
West Derby Castle.

I have therefore come to the conclusion, that from the evidence
adduced, there is very little foundation for the belief that his
Majesty, King John, visited Liverpool at this time ; and certainly
he did not do so on his return from Ireland at a later period of
his reign.

Now let us see what authority we have for the assertion that
King William the Third visited Liverpool, on his way to Ireland
and the Battle of the Boyne, in 1690.

In the first place, we have plenty of documentary evidence that
Liverpool was not such a place as would tempt a King to go out of

• Copied froxn a Transcript in the Records of the Corporation of Lirerpool, which
was taken firom the original Record of Chancerr remaining in the Tower of London.
Rot. Pat. 9 Joh. No. 30.— J. M.

his way to see it^ at a time when the dismemherment of part of his
Kingdom was threatened, and his subjects in Ireland in rebellion
against him. The safety of all depended upon prompt and
decisive measures being taken on the spot. Nay, would he not
have been blamed for imprudence in delay, had he spent his time in
visits of condescension when he ought to have been in the field,
inspecting his troops ; which were then waiting for him at Hoylake,
the place of embarkation. Liverpool at that time was not con-
sidered a safe harbour '' by reason of the strong tydes that run
here ;"* besides which, there were many reasons why Liverpool was
not chosen as the place of rendezvous — amongst which was the
uncertainty of obtaining provisions for the army in that neigbour-
hood, as the country was for the most part an uncultivated waste for
many miles round on this side of the Mersey ; entirely without roads
and the necessary means of conveyance. This appears to have been
well known to the authorities of that day, and we find some time
before that orders were given to the Commissariat, as follows : —

•' Instructions to be observed by Godphrey Richards, Pur-
veyor of their Majs**** Train.

" You shall w^ all convenient speed repair into England
p'ticular into county of Lancaster and y** adjacent there to
bargain for and buy att the chepest rates & in y* most conve-
nient place or places for shipping off & transportation to
Belfast in this pvince such & so great a quantity of good
cleane dry and wholesome oates as may be a convenient supply
in y* season for y* Horses of their Maj*^** Train. And if
y® may not be had in & about Lancashire for & at a reason-
able Price you are to use all Expedition in repairing to
Milford haven and the country adjacent their to buy y« said
quantity of y* said grain in which yo" shall use yo' utmost
care, skill, & Diligence.

"And for a supply of money to buy or purchas the said

Juantity of oates yo" shall have & recieve a lett' of creadite
irected to y« Hono"« S' Henry Goodrich Knight & Barr"
L* Genrall of tlieir Maj**^ Ordinance & y* rest of y* principall
officers of y* same to supply yo" with any sum to any place

• 8m CoUint' Oreiit Briuun CoMting Pilot.

for y^ purpose aforesaid not exceeding three Hundred Founds
starling. And in regard expedition is to be used in y* s* ser-
vice for y® better pformance thereof yo'* shall also reseive a
warr" for one of y* ships now in tlieir Maj**~ service to
Transport y* said oates into y* s* Towne of Belfast of 35 Tuns
or thereabouts.

" You shall also observe such further ord" & Instructions
as from tyme to tyme yo^ shall recieve of me or shall be
sent yo** by S' Henry Goodrich & the rest of the Frincipall
OflBcers of y* Ordinance before mentioned. Given att y* head
Quarters at Lisbome this 8th of January 1689 in y* first yeare
of their Maj*'®* Raine &c.

" SCHOMBERO."

Let us now trace the records of the Royal progress, and we shall
find it stated that King William left London on the 4th of June,
1690 ; slept at Peel Hall, the seat of Colonel Roger Whiteley, near
Tarvin, on the 9th ; and the next day we find him at Chester, and
being Sunday morning, attending Divine Service at the Cathedral.
From thence, the same afternoon, he travelled to Gayton Hall, near
Farkgate, the mansion of William Glegg, Esq., where he stayed
on the night of the 10th ;^ and the next morning, commanding
Mr. Glegg to kneel before liim, he struck him on the shoulder with
his sword, and putting out his hand, raised him as Sir William
Glegg. Departing from Gayton, he at once proceeded to the
Leasowes ; and the troops striking tlieir tents, were put in motion,
and embarked on board the Royal Fleet (at a point since called
the King's Gap) lying on the Lake, and sailed out with the tide
at noonday.

The following order corroborates the date of the King's staying
at Gayton : —

" By virtue of his Majesty's order, dated at Gayton the tenth
day of June, 1G90: — I doe discharge you William Reymer
(fformerly) Edward Tarlton master of the James of Liverpoole
from his said Majesties service, and you are hereby discharged

• It was dnring his stay at Gayton that the King granted to Sir William and his bdn
for f Ter, the free fishery of the River Dee, which right is now exercised by his descendants.

from the day of the date hereof. Given at my office at Hoy-
lake this Eleventh day of August Anno domini One thousand
six hundred and ninetv.

Sam^^ Atkinson."

" To William Reymer (fformerly)
Edward Tarlton master of the
James of Liverpool."*

This Edward Tarlton was the person who piloted the Eling's
vessel from Hoylake to Carrickfergus.

We have, down to the present time, some idea of tJie state of the

roads in those days, and see the time it took to go from one place to

another on the King's highroad. How then would it be possible, as

has been alleged by various writers, that the King with his retinue

could pass either from Chester to Liverpool and then to Gayton, or

from Gayton to Liverpool and then to Hoylake in one day, over a

cross country, where there were only agricultural roads, and having

on either supposition, to cross and recross the river Mersey ? The

accomplishment of so much would be almost an impossibility at

that time, and a good day's work at the present time, with all the

advantages which we now possess of good and nearly direct roads

from one place to the other. I think, on looking at the large tract

of country which would have to be traversed by the King, and the

• Copied from tlie original docuinpnt in the possession of Mr. Tliomns Moopp, a
descendant of the Tarltons. But, for the nhove Horviee nnd others r<>ndi'red t)ie King, wi*
find that Edwani Tnrlton nevrr reoeivi'd his due rewiunl : nnd his widow, petitioning the
Ptfliament, received tlie following order — tliough never paid : —

'* Transport Office, Aug. '20, lCn.">.
" No. •^>.'r.\

"Whereaji by nn Act of Parliament passed in y' si^nvmth year of Ids Ma*'** Reign
y* Comm'* of Transportneon are Inipowen-d and Dinned to niake out authentick De-
bentures for all and every thr Ships hir«"d for Tnin sporting Forres, Aninmnieon and
Prorisions, for reduc<'ing y« Kingdtini nf Ireland to its ihie ohrdienre to his Ma**'. We
J* laid Gonnn"' d<»e certitie that there is <lue io the Ship Wheel of ffortune, Ralph
StandUh M' the sunie of fonrtey t)in*e Pounds «C Kight ShilHngs as appears by an
ace* stated in y'" l^>oks of tliis otlie*', and i-* hereby to be p** to Mrs. Ann 'rarlt4m or her
assignes for y* use of y' (»wners of said ship.

" SiSI. Atkixsox,
" Entered in y* Auditors Offiee " Asth. iM'xcoxna,

p* ord»'r y* Comni •• Roii^'lIrNiT,

John Hf.ki.y. " Tiio: Iloraixs."

means at hand for doing it^ that difficulties would he presented
which would at once have deterred his Majesty from attempting it :
and the more so, as he could have no special object in view in
visiting such a poor and insignificant town as Liverpool then was.
And if it was undertaken at all, it must have been on the way from
Chester to Gayton, where the distance would have been nearly 30
miles, as there certainly would not have been time to do it the next
day from Gayton, before high water, at which time the King and
his fleet sailed out of the Lake.

By a computation of the state of the tide on the 1 0th of June,
1690,. old style, I find it was high water at Hoylake or Liverpool at
nine o'clock, a.m. ; but we now find, by the alteration in time
of flowing of the tides, that, by the present computation of rise and
flow, it would have been twenty-two minutes past eleven. The former
computation is, however, no doubt correct ; as we find that the
King's ship, on board of which his Majesty was, grounded on a
Bank near the Point of Ayre, off the Isle of Man, at about four
o'clock the next morning. This being the low water of a spring
tide, his vessel did not get off for more than an hour afterwards ;
and the Bank has ever since been called " King William's Bank."

On these data, therefore, my conviction is, that neither King John
nor William the Third, nor indeed any other Sovereign of these
Realms, visited Liverpool ; until the time just now passed, when
Her most gracious Majesty, Queen Victoria, was pleased to honor
the town with her august presence on the ninth day of last month.
Her loyal and faithful subjects vied with each other to receive her
with all the demonstrations of homage and affection, as became
a great people to a great Queen ; and on the part of Her Majesty,
we shall long remember the satisfaction which she expressed at the
view of the mighty works raised on the site of the once small fish-
ing village, and the great signs of progress still carrying on in this
" city of ships."

The annexed niostralion, — representing the Box which contained the address presented
to the Qaeen by the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Coonoil, — is supplied by Mr.
Mayer, at the request of the Society.

SECOND MEETING.

Collegiate Institution, 8th December, 1851

John Hobson, Esq., in the Chair.

PROCEEDINGS.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Certificates of eight Candidates for Membership were read for the
first time.

The following was enrolled a Member, without election or entrance fee,
in accordance with Bye-law of 28th November, 1840 : —

Sir John Bent, late Major of Liverpool.

The following were duly elected Ordinary Members : —

Cornelius Bourne, of Stalmine Hall, Preston.

Rev. Peter Steele Dale, M.A., Hill House, Higher Tranmere.

Robert Norris Dale, Iti, Exchange Street Ea.st.

James Edgar, 5, Wesley Street, Toxteth Park.

William John Hammoud, Swift Court, 1 1 , Castle Street.

John Hodgson Hinde, U, Saville Row. Newcastle-on-Tyne, and

Acton House, Felton, Nortlunnl>erland.
Joseph Perrin, 15, Princes Street, Miuichester.
Rev. Wm. Thoniber, B.A., Blackpool.
John Abraham Tinne, Briarlcy, Aigburth, and Bank Chambers,

8, Cook Street, Liverpool.

The following Donations to the Society were laid upon the table : —

1. From the Societies.

Communications made to the Society. No. 1.

From the Cambridge Antiquarian Society.
Proceedings of the Literary and Philoeophical

Society of Liverpool. No. 6.

2. From individual Donors.

John Mather, Esq. Ormerod^s Histoiy of the County Palatine of

Chester, 3 vols. fol. 1810.

Jos. Gujton, Esq. A Black-letter Bible, of the date 1561.

Miss Chambers. Observations on Meteorology, by J. H. Cham-

bers, of the 46th Eegiment

John Harland, Esq. Newspaper Cuttings of various Antiquarian

articles.

Eev. W. H. Massie, M.A. Three Etchings of Paintings in distemper,

found on the walls of Gawsworth Church,
during the alterations now going on there.

1. St. Christopher carrying the infant Christ
over a river. He walks on the water,
supporting himself by his stick. The
background is filled up with various figures,
amongst which is a church, with bell m the
turret, &c., and in front stands a nun, in
the usual costume, with fia^ellum and
rosaiy. In her left hand she nolds a lan-
tern, to direct the saint, should he want
light

2. St George and the Dragon. In the dis-
tance the princess is on her knees, and
before her a lamb. Further ofif is a walled
town, with the king and queen looking
over the gateway.

8. The General Judgment.

The following Articles were Exhibited : —

By the Bt Hon. the Earl A large collection, consisting of 83 silver and
of Sefton, Vice President. 47 copper coins, found on the estate of his

lordship, at a farm called " The Old Sprink,"
in the parish of Torbock, in the year 1888.
They include several of the emperors, Ves-
pasian, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian,
Antoninus Pius, Aurelius, and others, with
one of Julia, daughter of Titus, inscribed

" IVLIA. AVGVSTA. TlTI. AVGVSTI. P* ;" OU

the reverse, " R, Venvs. Avovst."

By J. A. Graham, Four charms or amulets of parchment, nearly

M.R.C.S.L. seven inches long, by four broad, on which

are written sentences from the Koran.—
These were taken from the persons of the

By Miss OkiU.
By Dr. Eendrick.

By Eichard Brooke,
F.S.A.

By Joseph Guyton, Esq.

Malay pirates during the late expedition up
the rivers of Borneo, by the officers and
men of H.M. ship RoyaHst.

An early Map of Lancashire (from Speed),
by Henry Overton.

A Horn-book of the time of Charles 11.
Pulpit Bible used at HiU-Cliff Chapel, date
1683.

Various Drawings in illustration of his paper.

A Bill of Lading, dated 1st Febmaxy, 1766,
for 24 male and 6 female slaves, shipped at
the bar of Senegal for Georgia, S. Carolina,
by the Ship Maryborough, Capt David
Morton. The slaves were consigned to
Messrs. Broughton and Smith, of Geoigia.
The bill was one of those used when Liver-
pool participated largely, but in common
with other seaports of England, in the
African slave trade.

Fossil bones found at Saxmundham, in Suffolk.
They are so numerous as to become an
article of use in agriculture.

Two pieces of copper, similar to the gold
fibmsB usually found in Britain. These
arc used on the coast of Manilla as the
current coin of the country.

Sketches taken in various parts of the coun-
try, viz. : —

From St. Andrews. 5 ; Foulis Church, 8 ;
Arbroath Abbey, 3 ; Bangor, 1 ; Bebing-
ton, 1 ; Chester, 3 ; Ellesmere, 1 ; Fumess
Abbey, 1 : Invergarvie, 2.

Lithographed portrait of Kossuth. — ^Artist,
Tbos. Skaife.

Proofs of his Illustrations of Ancient Halls in
Lancasliire.

By Joseph Mayer, F.S.A. An ancient deed, historically interesting as
relating to tlie original quay ; the first accommodation given by
Liverpool to the ships which traded with the port. The document is
entitled — ** Lease of Gorty field* for ever, payt 6/8 ground rent ;**
and endorsed, " M** that possessyon k seasyn was taken k deliv*ed by
the attomes w^hin wiytton in the p.sonce of these p.sones folowynge
viz Robert Corbett Rauffe Jameson llauffe Egekers Thom*s Engle-
felde cum aliis/'

'* This indenture made the xijth daye of August in the thyrd

By C. B. Robinson, Esq.

By Dr. Hume.

By Alfired Rimmer, Esq.

yero of the roiguc of o' Soveraigne laJie Elizabetli by the
grace of God Quyne of England France and Ireland defend''^ of
the faith &c. Betwyxte Banff Sekerstont Mayre of tlie Quynes
Majesties borouch and porttowne of liv'rpole in the com* of
Lancast' his brether and cominaltie upon the oone p.tie, and Thomas
Seconun* of the same towne & coimtie gentylman upon thoder p.tie
Wyttenessyth y* whereas William More* esq'er in thoose dayes past
mayre of liy*pole aforsaid his brether and cominaltie of oone hoUe
mynde consent & assent dyd gyve graunte & by they' dede sufficient
in the law confirmed unto Hugh Davidson late of liv'pole barcker
deceased & to his heyrs and assignes in a fee ferme for ev' all
thoose lands wheche they had laying and beyng at the eastende
of the galow feld soe eastwarde to a cloose callid the Gorstie
heygh in leingh & in breade from the lands of Richard Starckie
esquier imto the heath & a long diche callid the common diche upon
the sowth p.tie of the sayd galow felde and soe extendyth eastward
unto the sowth comell of the sayd Gorstie heich whiche lands
by gud and just conveyhance in the law discendid unto Gilbert
Hughson oone of the sons legitimate of the sayd Hugh Davidson
w"'* Gilbert havyng the right thearein for a certen somme of
monieys & other causes hym movying haath as well bargayned
sold gyvyn grauntyd surrendred assigned and delivered the sayd
lands wyth thapp'tun*nce & all the wrytyngs thereof, as all that
his ryght terme tytle int'st possession & demaunde whatsoev'
unto the sayd Thomas his heyre & assignes for ever. In corroba-
raconn & p.fourmanconn whereof the forsayd Rauff Sekerston mayre
aforesayd his brether & cominaltie have gyvyn grauntyd «fe confyrmed
& be theise p.^nts doe frelie give graunte and by this theyr dede
confirme unto the sayd Thomas Secom all & oy'ic thoose the same
lands as they be wyth the bounds may red in man'r and fourme
before in theise p nts expressed & specified To have and to hold
all the sayd lands wyth thapp'tn nee theareto belongyng wythall
& singler the liberties commodities easements p.fets & all & singler
other thadvauntages to the same in anywise blongyng to the sayd
Thomas Secom his heyrs and assigns & to his and they' use

• WiUiam More was Mayor of Liverpool, ir)th Henry VIII. A.D. 1523.
Thomas Secom. ditto ditto, bih Elizabeth, 1502.

Rauff SeckerstoQ, ditto ditto, 3rd and 4th Edward VI. 1550.

Ditto, second time, 4th Elizabeth, 1561.

The Oallow field was sitoated on the Kortli side of Shaw's Brow, and the East side of
the Pool, now Byrom Street. In the Soutli-west comer of tlie field stood the Townsend
cross, at the end of the Bridge which was erected over the Pool at the extremity of
Dale Street

Whilst this sheet is going through the press, all the houses on the side of Shaw's
Brow adjoining St. John's Church-yard, together with the whole of the village of Saint
John's, as it was called, are being removed, in order to improve the locality. The
remains of the very extensive Potteries which once occupied that site are swept away ; so
that the only remnant now standing is the oon (kiln), situated on the north side of
Shaw's Brow, now occupied as an emery mill by Messrs. Johnson, Church Street

in a fee ferme for ever. Yeldjng therfare yerelie to the sayd
Raufif Seckerston mayre his brether cominaltie & to they' succes-
sors <& assignes six shylyngs evght pence of gud & lawful! money of
England at the feasts of Sayncte Michaell tharchungell & at the
Annonci con of the blessed virgin S. Marie by evonn porc^ons w'*
yerelie Rente of >j s & viij d amongyst thother annuall rents of the
sayd towne is to be employed to & for the use and p.servac on of
the kayegh in the portte & havon of liv'pole defence & maynten nee
of they walles on the westseasyde theare: for the rep.ac*on and
amendement of the pay^ments as w" wliowte the strets of the
sayd towne as of they strets wythin the towne wyth other Kep.ac ous
necessarie to the common hall theare : and for wante of rente paym^
and uoe sufficient distresse to be had & found in & upon they sayd
lande wythin twelve dayes next after any of they feasts and dayes
it oughe to be payed at the sayd Rente and Rents W* th^arreragies
thearof if eny be lawfullie demaundyd & askyd Than it shalbe
lawfull to & for the sayed mayre that tyme beyng his brether
cominaltie they' successo'* & assignes to reentre & the same lands
w*h thapp'tunce & other theye p.misse have agane & repossede
as in they' form' eastate this dede mdentid or eny diyng thearein con-
teigned to tlie contrarie in eny wyse not wythstandyng: and the said
Rauff Sekerston mayre his brether cominaltie successo'* A assignes
they sayd lands and othey they p.misses wyth thapp'tn*nco unto
the sayd Tliomas his hevre & assignes in man' a fourme as is
afore spe'ied agaynst al folkis shall awarand & defende by thiese
p.sents for ever. And furthermore knowe the sayd Rauff Sekerston
mayre hys brether & cominaltie to have constituted ordeyned and in
they' place have putt they' faythfull in Christ Ric' Hannson A
John Heygh their lawfull attorneys in to the sayd lands & other
they p.miss wyth thapp'rtn nee to entre for theyme A in theyr name
& thearin to take possession & seasyn fullie and peaceabUe: And the
full & peaceable ])ossession & season thearof soe takyn to g}'ve &
deliv* unto the sayd Thomas Secom or his certen attorney to have
Sc to hold to the same Thomas Secom his heyrs & assigns for ev'
acconl}'ng to the streng* foiume and effecte of this p.nte dede to hym
theareof made and for tlmccomplishment & true p.fourmac on of all
and singler they p'miss* as well upon the oone p.tie as upon the
other before in this present dede indentid expresseil A sj)ecitied they
sayd ptios & Hvther of theyme stand bounden to the other by this
one p'nte dede in the somine of fyftie pounds of gud and leafull
money of En*jland. In wytteness wheareof to the one p.tie of
thiese p.*<ents Hemaffnyng wyth the sayd Tliomas Secom his hevn*
and assi^iCH the Niyd Rauff Sekerston mayre liis brether & cominaltie
have aflixcd and putt tlie common sealle of the sayd liorough &
portteowne of liv'pole aforesayd yevyn the daye & yere first above
expressd and specified."*

* ThU i» piinlMl frnm a tninBoript, hj a ^ntlpman connect^ with the Driti«h Moaeuin.
In thf tbM»nr(> of trpr^ to indicate the con tr«rtionii, tlie j bare been rrpresented approxi
lumtelj bj Uie onliiiiiry tnarkii.

A fragment of a seal of red wax is appended, being a portion of the
common seal of the town of Liverpool, bearing the impress of a bird witli

a part of the legend COM and beneath, apparently ufKin a scroll

issuing from the bird s beak, lOH* * This is the thinl document discovered
by Mr. Mayer having the ancient seal of the corp(^ratioii appended, all of
which were supposed to have beendestroyed or lost.

Mr. Mayer mentioned that he had received a communicAtion from
Thomas Tobin, Esq., of Ballincollig, near Cork, one of the Members of
the Society. Mr. Tobin stated that he was clearing out the rubbish from
the old castle at Ballincollig, and adopting other means for its careful
preservation.

PAPERS.

I. — ^An Account of Warrington Sicoe, A.D. 1643; ani> of some

Manuscripts of that Period recently discovered at

Houghton Green, near Warrington,

By James Kendrick, M.D,

The following narrative of local history has been prompted by the recent
discovery at Houghton-Green, near Wamngton, of a number of original
manuscripts, so closely connected with the military transactions in this
part of our county, during the Civil War between Cliarles the First and his
parliament, as to come peculiarly under the province of this Society for
notice. They consist almost entirely of warrants or precepts for the supply
of forage, provisions, and money to the troops of the party in power, alter-
nately lloyalist and Parliamentarian. A few only of the documents are in a
complete state of preservation ; the remainder have suffered much from the
attacks of mice or insects, but about thirty can without difliculty be deciphered.
The whole were discovered in tlie month of May lust, in the roof of an
ancient farm-house at Houghton- Green, a hamlet about two miles distant
from Warrington. In one of the rooms on the chamber floor of the house
in question, was a walled-up cavity, apparently intended for concealment,
and in the thatch immediately covering this the manuscripts were found,
tied together with a piece of cord. The house appears to liave formerly
been the residence of Thomas Sargcant, who in ICiO was constable of
Houghton, and at a subseqent period served the same ofTice for South worth
with Croft adjacent In all probability, the varying occupation of the
district by Parliamentarians and Royalists, led to his wary concealment in
the thatch of his house, of these evidences of his implication with the
Royalist caase.*

* The annexed Plate is a representation of the house at Hongliton Ureen. The letter
(A^ sliews the situation of the cavity in which the document n were found.

The members of this Society are necessarily unacquainted with many of
the localities to which I shall have occasion to refer. This will be sufficient
apology for my offering to their notice a few iUustrative sketches, taken on
the spot. By their means I hope to present the subject more definitely
than I could do without their assistance.

It would be impossible in the course of a short paper, to read the
whole of the documents now brought to light. I have, therefore to the best
of my abiUty transcribed them, and offer the copy to the Society for accept-
ance.'!' A few I shall read at length, with a view of rendering more complete
the immediate object of my present paper, which is to produce all the in.
formation which I have been able to collect on

Wabrinoton Siege, A.D. 1643.

At the outset of the Civil War, (January, 1641 — 42) when King Charles
the First withdrew from his Parliament and repaired to Yoik, the eyes of
his Council were directed to Warrington, in the county of Lancaster, as the
most fitting rallying-point for the royalist adherents. It was therefore
selected as the spot where the first open declaration of war, the raising of
the King s standard, should take place ; and that *' all but royal subject"
James, Lord Strange, (shortly afterwards by the death of his father, seventh
Earl of Derby,) was dispatched to Warrington, as the centre of the loyal
counties of York, Cumberland, Westmoreland. Chester, Lancaster, Salop, and
Nottingham, and of North Wales. The Earl is said to have speedily raised
twenty thousand men, well armed and loyal to their Sovereign. But enemies
amongst the courtiers who remained with the King at York, poisoned the
ear of his Miyesty with unjust suspicious of his lordship s truth and loyal^,
and this led to the royal standard being first displayed at Nottingham, on
the 22nd of August 1642.

The Elarl of Derby, however, still made Warrington his head quarters,
and it was from thence that on the 24th of September following, he led
4000 foot, 200 dragoons, 100 horsemen, and 7 pieces of ordnance to the
siege of Manchester, then a stronghold of the Parliament. It is well-
known that his attempt was unsuccessful. Leading his discomfited forces
to join the King at Shrewsbury, tlioy formed part of the Royalist army at
the battle of Edge-Hill on the 2t)txl of October following. The Earl him-

• At tli<* olonr of thi^ Pftp^r will be foand aii abstract of Uie dociiiDentt,

self had unwilUnglr netumed to Warriiigton, to raise, at his owii expense,
new levies ; and with these in the early part of Novemher he laid siege to
Birmingham, but again unsuocessfxiK the end of the montli finds him with
his troops in giirrison at Warrington.

It was here, and al>out this pericKl, tlut the 'Eat\ of Derby returned an
indignant refusal to tlie tempting oflft^rs of tlie Parliament, tliat if his Lord-
ship woidd engage in tlieir pW o;uiso, he should have command equal to

his own greatness, or any o( his ancestors. **Tlie puqH>rt of these letters,**
says tlie liistorian* of the 'House o( Stanley' **raised a gn>ater indignation
in his lonlship than all the slighti^ and indignations he had received at court,
whereup<^n he vouohs;ifeil them no other answer tlian tliat he gave to the
Colonel who bn.>iight the mtssage — Tray tell the gentlemen at Manchester,
and let them tell the gentlemen at l>>i\don, tliat when they hear I turn
traitor, I shall he^irken to their pa^}vsitit>n, till then if I receive any other
papers of this nature, it shall Ix^ at the pi^ril of him who brings them.'**

The Earl of Derby, during his sojourn at Warrington, is traditioiiaUy
said to have occupied a low thatehetl house on the south side of Ghoroh
Street, It is still standing, and known as ** The E^irls Lotlgings,** and I
have reason to beheve is tlie identical **Norris Tenement" bequeathed
in 1C'21 by William, sixth earl of Derby, for the keeping in repairf of
Warrington Bridge.;

The Letter of Tliomas Jesland, of Atborton, in iMincasliire, to a Her.

Divine in Li^ndon, under date of the 'ixn) of Deceml>er, 104*^,§ says, "The
Lord Strange, now Earle of Derhir, is the great ringleader of the Popish
faction and Malignant partie and keepes his rendezvous at Warrington^
whither great multitudes of ill-alTected people lH>th out of Ijancaihire and
Cheshire doe daily resort, it lying upi^n the frontiers of l»otli. They make
daily great spoile in the country, which hatli now awakened, and so incensed
them, that they are, tide-death tide-life, resolved to endure it no longer/*

• John Seaooine, house-steward to Williaiu, ninth earl of Derby.

f See Dr. Kuerden's MSS. in tlie Chetlinm College Librar)-, Manchester, vol ii p. 607.

J On tlie opposite side of Church Street is another ancient eiUlice, now conrerted into
a taTem, and known as the ** General Wolfe," prior to which it bore the sign of the
"Spotted Leopard." It still, however, retains its name of " Cnmiwell's Lodgiogs;** and
here the future Protector is traditionally said to have resided for three daya, when in
August, 1048, he was in pursuit of the Scots army under the Duke of Hamilton. At
Warrington he captured all their foot, to the nunil>er of -iOOO, which had been deserted
by tlie cavalry. It is further asserted, and with every probability of truth, that Cromwell
attended divine worship at the ancient Dissenting (Baptist) Chapel at Hill-Cliff, a mile
and a half distant from Warrington, and that one of hia soldiers occupied the polpit
upon this occasion. {See the accompanying Plate.)

f See Ormerod's " Cirti War Tracts of Lancashire;' (Chetham Society's Transac-
tions, vol. ii. p. 03.)

iie close of the letter, Jeslaud states that *4t is reported by some al>out
Earle of Derbie, that he is very melancholy and much perplexed about
; unadvized course that he hath run, for the last Thursday* at Warring-
» at dinner, he said he was bom under an unfortunate planet, and that
thought some evill Constellation reined at the time of his birth, with
nj such other words of passion and aiscontent"*

But although harassed, and depressed in mind by his ill success at

mchester and at Birmingham, and perhaps most of all by the unkind

d undeserved mistrust of his Sovereign, the Earl of Derby was not the

« zealous in the cause of his royal master. During the winter months

1 642-43 we find him personally engaged, and with somewhat better

rtune, in the capture of Blackburn, Lancaster, and Preston. From Bolton,

is true, he was twice repulsed, and suffered an inglorious defeat at Lowton,

ut we cannot feel surprise at these reverses, if the Earl's military materiel

rere not more efficient than the following extract from a Puritan pamphlet |

»f the time would lead us to imagine. '* We'* (the Parliamentarians,) "have

brtified Northwich with trenches, sconces, &c. for the securitie of all those

parts which have been much infested by the Commission of Array, and the

£a. of Darbie's forces at Warrington; and we have often sallied out for the

clearing of those parts which were most in danger. One place above others

hath been extremely assaulted, Mr. Brookes of Norton, a neere neighbour

to the Ea. Rivers, against which they brought their cannon, with many

horse and foot, and fell to batter it on a Sabbath day. Mr. Brooke had 80

men in the house; we were careful he should lack no powder; with all other

things master Brooke furnished them fully. A man upon his tower, with a

flag in his hand, cryede them aime whilst they discharged their cannon,

saying * wide, my lord on the right hand; — ^now wide two yards on the left;

— two yards over, my lord, &c.' He made them swell for anger, when they

could not endanger the house, for they only wounded one man, lost 46 of

their owne, and their canonier; then in divelish rage they burnt a bame,

and com worth (as it is valued) a thousand pound, set fire to another, but

more execution was made on the man that attempted it, tlian the bame, for

he was blinded in fireing the bame, and so found wandering in the fields,

and confest he had five pound given him for his service. After this they

• This would fidl on November 24tli, 1042.

f " Cheflhire's Successe, London, March 20, 1642," reprinted in Ormerod's " History of
Cheshire, vol. i. p. xxxvii.

plundered Mr Brockets tenants, and returned home with shame and hatred
of all the country.'*

During the same winter {164J^-43), the Earl of Derhy is said to have
strongly fortified the town of Warrington, but in what its military defences
consisted we have no record. In a Puritan tract entitled "Manchester's
Joy for Derbie*s Overthrow, 1643," it is styled "a town of great strength:" —
the "outer walls" of the town are expressly mentioned by Edward Burghall
in his Diary entitled "Providence improved"* — and Mr Ormerod in his
"Civil War Tracts," already referred to, speaks of mud walls being thrown
up at Warrington, as at Manchester, Bolton, Liverpool, and Lancaster.
Moreover, one of the precepts found at Houghton Green, requires the
attendance of six carts with horses and drivers, and of ten able bodied men
with spades, for the repair of the works of Warrington garrison, after the
Siege which is the subject of our present enquiry. They cannot, however,
have been of great extent, since they have left no obvious remains to the
present day.

But be this as it may, the possession of Warrington was considered of
such importance by Sir William Brereton,f one of the most successful of
the Parliamentarian leaders, that in the spring of 1643, bemg at Northwich,
in Cheshire, he requested Col. Assheton^ to send him 500 of the Manchester
forces from Wigan to aid his own troops in gaining the town of Warrington
from the Earl of Derby. On the morning of Easter Monday, the 3rd of
April, a small advanced body of Brereton's forces, under the command of
Captain John Ardeme, of Alvanley, approached the town on the Cheshire
side. The Earl of Derby, perceiving that their force was small, at onc<)
sallied out to attack them, and encountering them on Stockton Heath,
about a mile to the south of Warrington, a severe engagement took place,
in which many of the Parliamentarians fell. The timely arrival of Sir
William Brereton, with the remainder of his forces, alone prevented a total
rout, for the Earl judged it best to draw off Ins troops, retiring to the town

• Edward Burghall was Vicar of Acton, near Nantwich, Cheflhire. A manascript copy
of bis Diary ** Providence Improved" 30 pages folio, is in Uie British Musenm, (Add.
MSS. OBdl, p. 110.) and from this the quotations made use of in this paper haie been
carefully copied.

f Sir William Brereton, of Ilonford, Chesljire, baronet; a deputy lieutenant for the
County of Lancaster.

I Colonel Ralph Assheton, of Middleton, Lancashire. He had captured Wigan in con-
junction witli Sir John Seaton, on the Saturday previous, April 1st.

with many prisoners, and several of the enemy s colours. Under the guise
ci these colours the Earl contrived at four o clock in the afternoon of the
same day, to push forward a considerable body of his men, who crossing the
Mersey at the ancient Ford at Lachford, (See the adjoining Plan,) advanced,
by the route of Ackers Common, unsuspectedly upon the right flank of the
Cheshire troops, and he himself leaving the town by the bridge and causeway
at WHderspool, assaulted them so furiously in front, that with trifling loss
on his own part, he completely routed them, as the account states ''with
greate slaughter and little labor."

It is traditional that such of the Puritans as fell in the battle of Stockton
Heath, many in number, were interred in the burial-ground of the Chapel,
already alluded to at Hill-Clifl*. Others, probably disaflected Churchmen,
were buried at Budworth, five miles south of Stockton Heath, as we find in
the register of burials there, the following entries. —

1643. AprUl 6. Thomas ffirih de Barnton gardianus qui apud Stock-
tan Heath in prcdio occisus fuit tertio die mentis Aprilis d teptd, sexto
die ApriUs.

6. Johannes Amerie de Barnton eonstabtdarius qui prosUo eodem
die d loco d sepult, sexto die ejusdem Aprilis.

16. Thomas fil, Thomas Yewley sepul. decimo sexto die Aprilis.

20. Thomas Yewley de Aston qui periit oh vulneribus acceptis apud
Stockton Heath tertio die Aprilis sepult. vicesimo die ejusdem mensis,

22. Bicardus Ridgway de Budworth qui periit apud Stockton Heath
tertio die.

In connection with the period we are now considering, another interesting
tradition is current amongst the congregation who worship at Hill-cliff
Chapel. It runs thus : — ^That during the Civil War, a man and his wife,
members of their congregation, suffered martyrdom (impljring, I presume,
for their religious tenets,) by order of " a person liigh in authority at War-
rington.*' I have not yet been successful in finding any written record of
this occurrence, but it is singularly in accordance with a passage in *' Lan-
cashire's Valley of Achor,"* printed in the same year (1048), in which it is
Stated that the Royalists at Warrington killed ** a g(Hlly man and his wife
in their own house,'* which was in the adjacent country.

Notwithstanding the severe defeat sustained by Sir William Brercton at

• lU'priutcd iu Oriuerod'H « Civil War TmcU," {Chcth. Soc) \k 13m.

Stockton Heath on the 3rd of April, he appears still to have remained in
the neighbourhood of Warrington, for on the Wednesday following (April 6th)
we find him effecting a junction on the Lancashire side of the Mersey*
with the expected troops from Wigan, as I believe, under the command of
Colonel Richard Holland of Heaton. At 4 p.m. on this day the conjoined
forces, in the description of Burghall, ** beset the Town about, and fiercely
assaulted it, having gotten Sankey Bridge, a fair House of one Mr. Bridg-
man s, and some of the outer Walls, and within a short space of Time were
Hkely to have the whole ; which the Earle perceaving set the middle of the
Town on Fire, protesting hee would bum it all ere they should have it ;
which the Parliament Forces perceaving (seeing the Fire still increasing,)
to save it from utter desolation withdrew their Forces after they had been
there 8 dayes and more, and so departed for that time." I may remark in
passing that the *' fair House of one Mr. Bridgman*s" mentioned in the
above extract is still standing, though degraded to the rank of a tavern,
the '* Black Horse,** at Sankey Bridges, about a mile fix)m the town. The
initials and a date, " H. B. 1632,** are still visible on an oak beam in the
front of the house. — {See the adjoining Plate,) Its occupant at the time
of the Seige of Warrington was Edward Bridgman, a royalist, who in 1647
compounded with the Parliament for his estate by a fine of one hundred
poimda.

There are several other sources of information relative to this first assault
upon Warrington,! but as the second volume of the Chetham Society*s
Transactions has rendered them of easy reference, I shall introduce one

* At what point Sir William Brereton crossed the Mersey npon this occasion is
matter of conjecture. There it» no ford westward of Warrington except Hale, and this
was probably the route taken. He was certainly acquainted with it, and aware of its
importance in a military Tiew, for in May, 1645, when the Royalists under Rupert and
Maurice had reached Whitchurch on their way to attack Liverpool, he thus writes to the
Parliamentary commanders at Warrington : — " Gentlemen, — I am very glad to heart thai
you have taken soe good course to secure Hale Ford and Ronchome^ wch. I conceive must
be by casting up some sconces, yt I believe may doe. Ye enemy I am assured is ai ,
Whitchurch <tc. rfc."

f See "Mercurius Aulicus," a royalist newspaper published at Oxford 1642-46.-^
" Manchester's Joy for Derbie's Overthrow, 1643." — *' Lancashire's Valley of Achor is
England's Doore of Hope, 1643." — Colonel John Rosworm's " Good Service hitherto iU
rewarded, 1649." With the exception of the first, from which extracts only are given,
the whole are reprinted in Mr. Ormerod's " Civil War Tracts." Of the last it may be
necessary to state that Mr. Robson, of Warrington, in the 21st vol. of the " Gentleman's
Magazine," has clearly identified the narrative of proceedings which succeeded the
capture of Wigan with those which occurred nt the first assault upon Warrington^ and
not upon BoUony as Rosworm assigns them, " to tlie best my remembrance."

only in consequence of its not being reprinted in detail. It is to be found

in " Vicars* Parliamentary Chronicle," (Brit. Museum) part i., p. 297 : —

" Much also about the same time, namely the 8 or 10 of this Aprill (1643)
lettors out of Lancashire for certain informed that the £rl of Darby that
grand and gracelesse patron of Papists in that county, whose forces then
were about 1400, at least, in Wiggon in Lancashire, the only or main place
of receipt for the Papists treasure and goods, that he was, T say, most
soundly beaten by that pious and valiant Commander Colonell Sr. John
Seaton and his brave Manchestrians, togetlier with the honest club men
of those parts, and that in the fight at this Town, they took about 800
prisoners, 500 more were quite routed, above 1000 armes taken besides
ordnance, and other aniniunition, treasure, and goods of the Papists, to the
value of at least 20000 li. Besides that, the honest-heartea and most
courageous Manchestrians (who indeed are the principall men in the king-
dome, next to the most famous and renowned Citie of London, that fight
most prosperously for God and true religiou) with their valiant and faithlull
Germane Enghieer,* rested not thus, but marched on to Warrington, a
place also of good strength and great resort, which good Town (after a
brave and most valiant fight) they also tooke, beat the Papists in the Town,
Church and Steple, where they were strongly enclosed, and environed
roond, and made some battene against the Church, and make no doubt
(by Grod's assistance) to be masters of it sodainly, and by God's blessing to

Eat an end to the Lancashire distractions, especially if the Earl of Derbie
imself be there, as it is supposed.'* In this last conjecture, however, the

journalist was premature, for we have sufiicient proof that the Eail suc-
ceeded in repelling his assailants.

Shortly after the retreat of the Parliamentarian forces, the Earl of Derby
appears to have left Warrington. We find him suffering a defeat at
WbaUey, in Lancashire, on the 20th of April, from whence he retired to
his seat of Lathom House, and thence into Yorksliire, where he joined the
Queen. The charge of the royalist garrison at Warrington, which was still
an object of desire to the leaders of the Parliament, devolved upon
Colonel Edward Norris,+ and two original precepts issued by him, under
the conviction that he was speedily to bo the object of an attack, were found
at Houghton Green.

• Colonel John Roswonn, spoken of in the proct'eding note.

f The Colonel Edward Norris lien* mentioned was eldest son of WillUin Norris of
Sftke, Lancasliire. In No. 111. of the Houghton Grt>en documents he is addressed as
•* Cmfimim of the Trained Band for the hundred of H'est Derby:' Inihe '• Siege of
Lalbom** he is deHignated Colonel Norris, and this is the last mention of him in a mili-
ttiy ebaracter. Mr. Ileywood ( Cheth. Trans, v. ix. p. \:\) quotes a memorandiini trota
Um Sequestrator's hooks : — " Kdward N(»rris of Speke, a PapiMt, • • • the above
«id«sMte was added to the hook of surveighs. the '^^ith day of June lO.V^." He died
ialCM.

$i6

No. X.*

" Theis are in his Ma^ys name atraiUy to chardge and comand you and
every of you that immedicUely upon receipt hereof you make diligent
search w'thin yo'r Constablarie for p*vision of victualls and oates and hay
for the Armis here. And the same forth' th to hringe or cause to he
brought unto this towne of Warrington for relief e of the souldierSy and
storeinge the same towne in com any Beige he laid thereunto by the enrnnie.
And hereof faile not at yoW p'U. CKven wider my hand this third day
of May, Anno Dni 1643.

To the Constables of Souihworth) E. Nobbis.

Middleton Houghton Arhury d Croft j

md. to brings in noe bread, but wheate or meale instead thereof or pease,"

EndorBed on the back thus : — ** Southworth rec'd ye 4tA day of May, at 8

of ye cloche in ye afternoons ''

No. XI.

** Whereas very lately I directed my warrants to sever all parts neare
adjacent for the calUng in of aU the able men unto our ayd but finding
thai the Enemy iros relraited was very willing that the said men should
return to their owne houses, but nowe soeitis that this day I have received
intelligence by 3 severall messengers that the Enemy intends very speedily
to assault us. Theis are therefore in his MaYs name straitly to Charg
and Comand you that forthwith upon receit hereof you give notice and
warning to all the able men w'thin yoW severall Constahleries that are
w'thin the age of 60 yeares and above the age 0/36 yeares that they come
unto this towne of Warrington with their best armes and p\ision of meate

for 4 dayes by 9 of the clocke beinge the Ibth daye of this instant

May ; wherein you are not to faile as you lionor his Ma ties service and
wUl answer the contrarie at yoV utmost pHUe. given under my hand tlie
Uth daye of May 1643.

E. NoRBis.

Se you send me an accompt of this

» »»

warrant.

To the Constables of Hulme, d'
Winicick, d all the otJier Constables
w'thin the pislie of Winudck, and to
every of them greeting. ,

Endorsed on the back as follows : —

*' Seene d p'suned (sic) by the Cunstables of Winwick d hulme.
Seene d p'used by the Constable of Newton.
Seene d p'used by the Con'bles of haidoke, and speedUye sent away to

the Con'bles of Golbome.
Seene d p'used by the Constable of Qoulhome the \hth day between 3 d

4 of the clocke in the aftemoone and speedUye sent unto Loton,
Seene by the Constable of Lawton about 7 of ye clocke ye 16 day and

sent to Kenion with speede.

• By referring to the abstract at the end of this Paper, it will be seen that the earlier
numbers have no immediate reference to " Warrington Siege."

Ssme d paused by the Constable of Kenyon.
Seene S paused by thA Constables of Culchet and sent away.
8eens d p'used by the Constables of Southworth en Croft and Middleton
Houghton en Arbury d sent away with aX speed.''

The expectation of Colonel Xorris that he was shortly to be the object

of an attack bj the Parliamentary forces was realised within a few days

of the date of his last precept. Burghall says,"*" *' at this time Coll.

Brereton & all his Horse were at Stafford, from whence they returned to

Namptwich, & some considerable Forces out of Cheshire marched forth to

meet the Forces of Manchester at Warrington^ which happened to be on

Whitsunday, May 21. On Monday morning they planted their ordinances

and beset the Town round about, played upon it all that week, it being

•toongly fortified, & the Souldiers behaving themselves very bravely. But

Bread & other Necessaries being scarce, upon Saturday they came to a

Paxley, when it was agreed upon That the Town should be rendered up,

ft that some Capts. & Comanders should depart with every man his Horse

and Pistols, and all the Souldiers to pack away unarmed, and leave all their

annSy amunition and Provision behind them, which was done accordingly.

" And upon Trinity Sunday, Sir George Booth,\ being lord of the Town,
entred it, where he was joyfully entertained by the Inhabitants. There
were slain on the Parliament side only 4, & 2 of the To^n, wherein the
mercy of God appeared."

From a contemporary source I wo learn that the Siego of Warrington was
upon this occasion allotted to Colonel Assheton, of ^liddleton, ono of the
most active and successful soldiers of the Parliament. His regiment leaving
Manchester on Saturday the 20th of May, 1043, appears to have been
joined on its route by the Chesbiro forces under Sir George Booth of
Dunham-Massey, and to have reached Warrington on tlio day following.
On Monday the assault began, lasting until Satunbiy, May 27th, when the
capitulation took place,'! followed by tlie formal entry of Sir Geoi^e Booth

• ** Providence Improved,'* ppokcn of in a foriinT Note.

<f Of Danhani-MASsry, in Chc-^Iiirt*. IHh futlier had purchased tlie manor of War-
lington in 1028 from Tlionias Ireland, of Bcwsey. At tlie period of which we are
tnating be was in his 77tli year.

J See ** Kxceedin^ Joy full News out of I^ncashin' Ac, l>einpr a True lU^lation of the
ftrikmeDt Forces tuking the Townen of Warrin^on and Whiti^hurrh, iVo. Sec. London,
IMS'* reprinted in Mr ()rmcr<Hl'8 'HUvil War Tracts." Mr ItobiMin < (Sentleman's Maga-
lilit, Tol. xxi.) lias shewn that the passage in tliis Tract considered to refer to LiTcrpool,
is rwlity applies to Warrington.

DFrom tlie extract which follows it would appear that Uie Church and Steeple were
gained at least one dsy Ix'foro the Town itself.

on Sunday, May the '28th. During the siege one or two marvellous inci-
dents are recorded in "Lancashire's Valley of Achor"* with the character-
istic extravagance of a Puritan historian.

"All this while the cry of oppressed Warrington importuned heaven,
and compassion wrought in us, and having this far-fetched terrifying assist-
ance,! we entered upon a new and prosperous Voyage the twentieth day of
May: The three and twentieth of May was designed for Fasting and
Prayer in Manchester, to meet with the heginning of the enterprize against
Warrington.

"Whilst the duty was in performing, tidings came of the taking of Winunck
Church and Steeple, they on the steeple standing on terms, till God sent a
deadly messenger out of a fowling-Piece to one of them ; also a strong Hall J
possessed by professed Romane Gatholikes, and stored with Provisions, as
if it had been purposely laid in, both for our supply and ease.

" In this Warrington Siege so good a friend was God to our faith, that the
greatest Peece was made unusefuQ the second time it was in use, and with-
out the terrour of those Idols, the living God gave us the Church and
Steeple the 26 of May, and that strong Hold upon termes. May 28.

"A Providence much to be observed in this Siege was this: One night our
men were to work within half musket shot of the Town : It was a great
calme, that they could not work, but the enemy would hear : when some
went to worke others went to prayers; and God raised a great winde, that
took away the noise: a Providence not altogether unlike what I have heard
in Boston: The Chancellor gave organs to Boston; before they breath in
that new world, the well-afFected pray : after their prayers, a mighty winde
forceth its passage into the Church, blows down the organs, brake them and
stopt their breath. ||

"That which ripened the enemies mine, was their hard usage of prisoners,
and well-affected in the Town, their extreme cruelty in the country, killing
a godly man and his wife in their own house, and their professed confidence
and pride in their strong Hold, appearing by their hanging out a Flag of
Defiance upon the highest chimney.

" Some recompence God made to tyred Warrington in

the shortnesse of the Siege, and security firom spoyle, which we chantablj
made an article of our Peace."

The episode at Winwick Church § afibrds me an opportunity of introduc-

• Reprinted in Ormerod's " Civil War Tracts."

f Six pieces of ordnance, part of those brought to Manchester from Lancaster.

I Probably Southworth Hall, one mile east of Winwick Chorch.

II It is well known that amongst the early Poritans all instruments of Music for re-
ligious purposes were held in abhorence. The Organ was especially an ol:(ject of hatred
and derision, and as such was designated by them **a box of whistles"

§ Mr Ormerod (Civil War Tracts) assigns the 23rd of May for the attack on Winwick
Church, but as its capture, according to the above quotation, was announced and acknow-
ledged in prayers at Manchester on that day, it probably took place on the 22nd.

i>9

ing another of the documents found at Houghton- Gret'n. It is a precept
issued apparently by a Committee of Lancashire deputy-lieutenants, sitting
at Winwick, or at Bewsey Hall,* near Warrington.

No. XTI.

" These are to will and require d immcdiatehj to charge and com-
mand you that immediately upon the receipt hereof you summon d
require all men and others of ability irthin your toirnes to cofne (t appear

before us at Winwick upon Fryday next beiny the 20/A. of aye

clock in the afforenoone to lend d contribute money

if they will avoid of their estats and securinye of their persons

able men furnished with spads d mattocks d 3 days

proiisions for such service for the as shall be appointed them.

And further that you yather in yr vittuals for p' vision of our

Armie d bringe it d the in to morrowe morninge to Beusy. hall

as you wUl answer the contrary at your ottermost pill.

Given und^r our hands this 2^th of May 1G43.

T. Stanley +
Constables of Southworth cu Croft. Richard {Holland ?)

Peteu Eoerton
joun hoi'lcrofte

The battery of the Parliamentarians in the Siege of Warrington was
beyond doubt placed on the Moot-Hill near the parish church, which tradi-
tion asserts was raised higher than its former level for this express purpose.*
A recent excavation of the hill has stronj^ly confirmed this idea. Amongst
other curiosities of an earlier period which have thus Wen brought to light*
are a few which may be referred to the time of the Civil War, and the
Siege in 1G4.S. Of these the most remarkable are portions of horses'
trappings, the hilt of a sword, and an ancient miliUiry spur. Tnu-es of
cannon-shot are still visible on the eastern end of the chancel of the church.
and to the same cause may be attributed the shattered condition of the
trocery of the oast window, rendering its removal a few years since necessary.
The stained glass, rich and very ancient, botli here and in the Boteler

• Bewsev Ilttll, onr milo wrst of \Vftrrin«^t<>n, was* nt tins tiim- tbo |>r«ii>orty of Sir Gin>crt
Iiekuul, a parliaiiienbirian, and l^unraHliin* <I<>puty lionU'iiaiit. Iliii oliiff reMilcuco, how-
ever, waa at Hah*, twolvi' inilfH wi-st of Warrington.

♦ Sir TlioniaH Stanlry, of HirkiTstutf, llurt: — lUohanl (IloUond, of Heaton?); — Vein
£gerton, of Shaw: and Jolm llolcnift, of llolcrofl esqiiireii, deputy-lirutetuuits of Lan-
CMhaie, for thv Parliament.

( From its distance withiu half musket shot of the town, we may renturc to buppoiu*
the Moot-UUl the precise locality where the K'sie^ni^ soldiers were labouring when there
UOte Uie marvellous *'yre<i/c wimh, that took*- uicatf tfu- n"i>e.'

Chapel, was at the same time wholly destroyed, as we find a minute of a
Vestiy Meeting in the year 1647, in which the glass of the windows is
ordered to be replaced, and other repairs of the church to be undertaken,
since it was then ^^Jar decayed in respect of the long disasters."

In conclusion I may remark that the surrender of the town of Warrington
by Colonel Norris was expedited by intelligence of the surprise, defeat, and
capture of Lord Goring at Wakefield by General Fairfax on the 2 1st of
May. It was followed by a summons to all the Earl of Derby's Lancashire
forces to join the Queen at York, and the vanquished garrison of Warrington
doubtless joined the retreating body.

NoTS« — Since the foregoing Paper was read before the members of the Historic Society,
I bave received several transcripts from tlie " King's Collection" in the British Museam,
referring to Warrington subsequent to the period of its surrender to tlie Parliament.
These, in conjunction with the remaining portion of the documents found at Houghton
Green, I may at a future dme, if the Society deem the subject worthy of their notice,
embody in a further historical narrative under the title of '* Warrington as a garrison for
the Parliament**

Along with these I have received the following extract from "Vicars* Parliamentary
Chronicle, part i, page 341," which as it has not hitherto been reprinted, and yet contains
some incidental particulars connected with ** Warrington Siege" j I may perhaps be
excused for introducing in the form of a concluding note : —

** About the beginning of June (1043) came credible and certain information to
London out of Lancashire, that the most noble and renouned Manchesterian CkristitmSf
have taken and fiiUy possessed themselves of the good and strong town in Lancashire,
called Warrington, being the last Hold of considerable strength and consequence that
the Papbts had in all ^at county: and that now the whole county is fSedrly purged of
those pestilent members that had so infected and infested that couutie formerly, and
that now it stands wholly for the King and Parliament: And that now they have bravely
secured the chief towns and places which the enemy had either had, or were in any danger
of them. Those that speak witli the least assure, that these noble Mauchesterians took
at least six hundred prisoners in tlie winning of tlie said Warrington, and eight pieces of
ordnance, and tliat now they will be able to spare and send to the most renouned and
faithful Lord Fairfax some considerable strengtli of their Manchester forces for the
assistance of tlieir honest friends in the West Riding of Yorkshire."

And here by the way, I desire the Header to take notice of this further passage of
moment, confirmed also by certain intelligence from those parts, namely, "That the Lord
CapeU (that Court Summer-flea who hath so leapt and skipt up and down to no purpose,
God be praised for it,) sent a messenger to assure those in Warrington (while they were
beseiged) that if they could hold out but to such a day, he would come to their reliefe,
and raise theire seige, but the messenger was apprehended by the way, by Naroptwich
forces, who thereby understanding of the advance of the aforesaid Lord Capell for that
purpose, made out witli all speed to Wliite Church, and sodainly surprised that Town,
slue about an hundred and fiflie malignants, took forty prisoners, some of them men of
eminencie and good worth, took five hundred armes besides Ammunition of Powder,
and Bullets and Match, and manned and fortified the town bravely for the King and
Parliament, and so wiped the Lord Capell*s nose both of his poore expectation of
relieving Warrington, and hereby also sent him to seek another lodging where he cotdd
get it: by this losse of Wliite Church unto noble and victorious Sir William Brenerton
and his valiant forces of Namptwich."

APPENDIX.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE CIVIL WAR DOCUMENTS FOUND AT HOUGHTON

GREEN, NEAR WARRINGTON, IN MAY, 1851.

I. — ^A Petition from the Inhabitants of Southwortli 5c Croft, Midleton,
Houghton and Arbury to Cupuiin Coney {of JJUtoHf Laiu^uhire) coui-
plaining tliat Captain Holcroft of Ilolcroft liud favoured tlie township
of Culcheth by imposing upon Soutli worth ttc. an unfiiir proportion of
men for the train-band.
Ilii— A siniilar Petition to Mr. William Alcock (of Pretrotj Ixincailure),

III. — A Report upon tlie above Petition by Mr. Alcock to Edward Norris, esquire,
Captain of tlie traiuband for tlie hundred of West Derby, disclaiming his
connection with tlie above unfair imposition. Dated at Prescott Jan. 6 104*4.

Vfd — ^A Precept signeil ** Richard Astley" to the constables of Southworth &
Croft, Middletou & Arbury, m pursuance of a precept from Henry Ogle
esquire, {of IVhiston^ Lanrathire,) directing an assessment to raise
£"^1, 15. 0. imposed upon those townships. I>ate<l 14 Jan. 1642.
V. — ^A Precept from Sir Gilbert Hoghton to tlie consubles of Houghton cu
Middleton, commanding them to summon all the able men of tlie town-
ship, between the ages of 10 and 00, to appear with their best arms on
the 13th of Februar>' following at Wigan. Dated at Wigau 10 Feb. 1042.

VI.—- A Precept signed ** Richard Asbjf" under tlie authority of a warrant from
James, earl of Derby, addressed to the x>etty constables in the several
townships of the parish of Wiuwick, requiring them, in consequence of
the non-payment of the various assessments imposed upon the county,
to give warning to four sufficient men in each township to appear bt>fore
the earl of Derby on tlie 27th of February following, at the house of
Hugh Lathom in Ormskirk. Dated 25 Feb. 1042.
VII* — A Precept signed " Richard Astlejf" under the authority of a warrant
from the earl of Derby, to the p«'tty constables of tlie several townships
of Culcheth, Southworth cu Croft, Middleton & Arbury, ordering an
assessment to raise i!05. 5. 0, to \w ])ai«l upon the 14th of Marcli follow-
ing at tlie houHe of Hugh Lathom in Ormskirk. Dated Mar. 1042.
VIII*— A Precept signed " R. Molyneux" to the constabh's of Southworth A
Croft, Midleton, Hou>|:1iton li* Arburie, requiring them at night thereof,
to bring into Uie town of Newton {lAuimsh:) 20 butthels oats, 104 nume
of hay, 5 threnve of straw, and .£2. 10. H. in money ^*Jor my lord
moUinex:* Dated at NewKm 28 Apr. lOiM.

IXd— A private note^ without date, iutuiiating that ** lord muleifnex'ir precept to
Culcheth demanded <30 bushels of oatH, IhO stone of luiy, and JlL 10. 0.
in moiiev.
X.^— A Prei^ptfroni Colonel Edward Norriss. {Oivcu at lenijth in the preceding
Paper).

Xld— Another Precept from tlie siinie. {(iircn at hntjth with the last).
XII^-~A Precept from Sir Tlionias Stanley, and Richard k Holland t ^^ Peter
Egertou, and .lolin Houlrrofte, esquires. ( (iivcn at length with the
two precedintf).
Xm.— A Precept from Sir Tliomas Stnnley, and Peter Fgerton and Joljn Iloul-
CTofte, esjquires, to tlie ronstnblrs of Sontliwortli, Croft, Ac. onlering an
assesHment on tlie town«^1ii]) for XIO in pur««uuiief of an onler from thi*
deputy-lieutenants of Ijinra.sliin', *\/»»r /»«i.v»M'/ "/ *»uldicr$t and nerrmtirjf
defence of the same (county) in thcis danijennin .t distracted tymcs.**
Dated at' Warrington 11 July 104.').

XrV. — A Precept from ColoDel John Booth, governor of Warringtou, and Peter
Egerton, esquire, to the constables of • • • Hougliton S: Arhury,
reqairing " sixe good and able teames u-'th Cartes <t three horses in ent-h
Carte, together with an able driver. And tenn sufficient and able work-
men of bodie to trorke w'th spads for the doinge d- pfomiinge of such
service in an ahoute Vie repagre of the workes belonginge to the s'd garri-
son as shall be severally Imposed on them." Dated at Warrington
14 Sep. 1043.
XV. — ^A Receipt from Richard Abraham, of Warrinpton, treasurer appointed to
receive the snms imposed upon Oie townships, to Tliomas Sargeant,
constable, for monies received in Sep. Oct. and Dec. 104;3. Dated at
" Warrington Garrison."
XVI. — A Petition from Thomas Sargeant to the governor of Warrington for relief
frt>m further senrdng the office of constable for Houghton, and that his
next neighbour (apparently a female,) may be compelletl according to
ancient custom, "/« send her son or any other to give content to the towne
and exacut the office of a constable" No date.
XVn. — ^An Account of monies paid for provision, forage, and cartage during a year
by a constable, (Thomas Sargeant.) No da'c.

XVIII. — A Power of Attorney from Colonel John Booth, governor of Warrington,

to enable Robert Burley, "his servant, now resident in L^mdon" to receive

jCIOOO from the C<mmiittee of Revenue, for the payment of soldiers in

the garrison of Warrington. Dated 24 Nov. 104r».

XIX. — A Precept signed "Henry Byrom" to the constables of Win wick witli

Halme, Newton, Culcheth, Southworth cu Croft, Middletcm, Houghton

& Arbury, ordering assessments, by virtue of an ordinance of ])arliament,

to raise the sum of j£45 within tlie said township. Dated 8 Feb. 1045.

XX. — The same to the same, for raising further sums of money Dated 14 Mar. 1045.

XXI. — A Precept ugned *^Henry Byrom" to tlie constables of Winwick iV: llulme,

Newton, Culcheth, Southworth, Croft, Hougton, Myddelton A* Arbury,

^who have served from the beginning of the present parliament, requiring

tliem to bring in tlieir accounts to be exhibited to tlie parliamentary

commission, at the house of Geo. Woods in West Darbie, on Friilay

24Uj of April, 1040. Datetl 14 Apr. 1040.

XXII. — A Precept signed "Henry Byrom" to tlie constables of Southworth cu Croft,

Middleton, Houghton tt Arbury, requiring them by virtue of an onler

of the Committee of the County, dated Aprill 25, 104(5 to present to the

Committee for Sequestrations at Preston, n'tums to a series c»f questions

respecting delinquents and their estates. Dated 25 April 1040.

XXII I. — The same to the same, with further questions. Same date.

XXIV. — A Warrant itoni Thomas Holcrofte to the constable of Houghton to bring
to Warrington four persons therein named to provi«le a soldier under Ills
command, or to senr-e in person. Dated 21> May, 1C40.
XXV, — A Warrant from the same to tlie same, empowering him by virtue of Colo-
nel Booth's order, to receive from .lane Robinson of Middleton, widow,
tlie sum of I4d. towards the hiring of a soldier. In default of payment
to distrain her goods. Datetl 29 May 1046.

XXVI. — A Certificate from Will. Brocke thot John Bordmon of Houghton had
deposited his musket witli him at Warrington. No date.

XXVII — XLV. These documents are in a very dilapidated state. Fortunately they
consist chieflv of Constables' Accounts and Itates for the different Town-
ships mentioned in the foregoing Abstract, and possess comparatively
little interest

Report of the Board of Health on the Paiitth
of Havant, Hampshire.

Chas. Roach Smith, F.S. A. Memoir on the European Colonization of

America in Ante-Historic Times, bj E. G.
Squier, Esq.

The Newspaper Press Directory for 1847.

A complete copy of the documents discoTored
in May, 1861, in taking down an old house
at Houghton Green; illustratiTe of his
paper r^ at the last meeting.

Hugh NeiU, F.R.A.S.
James Kendrick, M.D

The following Articles were Exhibited : —

By Wm. Atherton, Esq. Two silver figures found in an ancient burial

ground of Indians near Tjampa, in the de-
partment of Puno, in South America. Both
figures are naked and about three inches
long, with the hands together on the breast
The male has a cap on the head, but the
female s cap seems composed of hair plaited,
extending to the waist Similar figures
have been found in the graves of the Abo-
rigines, in and about Ouzoo, the former
capital of Peru, along with the two-necked
bottles, connected by a sort of handle,
which were formerly thought to have been
peculiar to South America, but which are
now found in other countries and even
in the tombs of the Egyptians. The figures
shew a good knowledge of the art of work-
ing silver, and prove that a civilized race,
perhaps one of Scandinavian origin, dwelt
m the plains of Central America.

A Tract, entitled **Arte de la Lengua
Quichua, 1610.

By Dr. Hume. Curious plaited cordage from the F\ji Islands.

Vegetable chain from Fernando Po, manu-
mctured by the *' Boobies**, in imitation of
an English chain cable.

Leg of an Emu from Australia.

A curious hand-club fh)m New Zealand.

Two interesting specimens of modem draw-
ing, manuscript printing, and emblazoning.

By Andrew J. Lamb, Esq. A specimen of an antique tobacco pipe.

Bj C. B. BobiDson, Esq. An earthen mug of early English pottery,

coTered mih. the old smear glaze, and orna-
mented with a rude design in colours. This
mug has been kept in the family at Peel Hall,
Cheshire, and is supposed to be the one
used by William III. when staying at Peel,
in 1690, on his way to Ireland.

By James Kendrick, M.D. A large loaf of "jannack" about eighteen

inches in diameter and three inches thick.
It is made of oatmeal, and leavened with a
portion of the old dough. It was formerly
much used by the middle and lower classes
in Lancashire.

Miscellaneous Communications.

I. Mb. Brookb, F.S.A., exhibited a Prayer Book which had been used
by a congregation of Protestant Dissenters, in Liverpool, usually called
Octagonians, from their frequenting the Octagon Chapel, in Temple Court,
on the site of which is now the Fire Police Station. ** The congregation
was peculiar in the circumstance of regularly using a prayer book, of
which two or three of the prayers resembled those of the Church of Eng-
land. The congregation was formed by some members from the Dissenters'
Chapels in Key Street and Bonn's Grardens, in Liverpool, who preferred the
use of a printed book of Prayers and Psalms ; and Divine Service was
first celebrated in the Octagon Chapel, in 1763. It never had a very
namerous body of frequenters. The congregation was broken up in 1776 ;
and the last time that Divine Service was solemnized according to their
form in it, was about the /25th of January, in that year, when the Rev.
W. Clayton was the minister. The building was then purchased by the
Rev. John Plumbe, a clergyman of the Church of England, and it was
soon afterwards licenced for Divine Service, according to the rites of the
Church of England, and called St. Catharine s Church ; and it was after-
vrards purchased by the Corporation of Liverpool. It was in use as a
church from the 25th of March, 1776, until the month of March, 1820,
when, being out of repair, and standing in the way of the improvements
of the town, it was pulled down by orders of the corporation, and the
materials sold. The prayer book belonced to Mr. J. Wyke, a member of
the congregation of Dissenters, from whom Wyke's Court, Dale Street,
derived its name ; and though now it appears to us a most objectionable «
pfirt of the town to select for a residence, he had a house in which he hved,
and what is still more remarkable, a tolerably sized garden there. The ,
coiurt has some years since been pulled down : and the site of the court, the l
house and the garden, is now covered by the buildings, &c,j which were the
old Gas Works. The clergymen who held St. Catherine's Church after \^
the Rev. John Plumbe, were the Rev. — Wilmot; the Rev. Brownlow \
Forde, (afterwards Dr. Forde, the ordinary of Newgate) ; the Rev. R. K.
Milner, and the Rev. Thomas Bold. The two last held it jointly."

2. '* Mr. Brooke also exhibited a paper, published by the late Mr. Bryan
Blundell, called * Recollections of Liverpool/ and observed that, amongst
other matters, it mentions the often repeated circumstance of eight bags of
cotton, from the United States of America, having been detained by an
officer of customs, at Liverpool, on the ground that cotton was not grown
in the United States. Mr. Brooke stated that a misconception seemed to
exist respecting that occurrence, and that much more had been said
respecting it than it merited. It merely seems to amount to this : that a
blundering and perhaps very yoimc officer, who knew nothing about cotton,
had temporarily detained it, (sinular mistakes equally remarkable, occa-
sionally occur even now, with respect to other articles,) but the matter
appears to have been set to rights as soon as the result of his ignorance
was known to his superior officers ; and there is not any reason to believe
that any reference was made to the Commissioners of Customs, to decide
the important point, — ^whether cotton could be imported from the United
States. Mr. Bryan Blimdell has given the date of the occurence as
1784, and he was a veiy high authority, for at that date he was a young
man living in Liverpool, and the circumstance was most likely to be re-
tained in his memory, because he afterwards held the responsible office of
Jerquer in the customs. Mr. Brooke also mentioned, that he had recently
made enquiries on the subject, from his own father, who not only
resided in Liverpool at that date, but had resided there from a period
anterior to the American Declaration of Independence of 4th July, 1770,
and who is yet living in his 01st year, and whose memoiy is still wonder-
fully clear. He states that the anecdote is a true one, and that his impres-
sion is, that the date given by Mr. Bryan Blimdell is about correct, and
that for some time after the close of the first American War, though some
little cotton was imported into Liverpool from the United States, it was in
very insignificant quantities. Mr. Bryan Blundell's account of the transac-
tion is as follows : — * In 1 784, an American vessel imported eight bags of
cotton into Liverpool, which were seized by one of Her Majesty's officers of
customs, as supposing they were not of the growth of America.' If they had
not been grown in the United States, it is clear that by our Navigation Laws,
they could not be legally imported in an American vessel, into Liverpool.
Mr. Brooke added that, though the commerce had never been completely
interrupted with the North American States, during the war, yet it pro-
bably was so far interrupted, that the blundering officer alluded to might
not have heard that cotton had ever been grown there and imported from
thence ; especially as the peace with that country only took place the year
before, (in 1 783.) Mr. Brooke also stated, that so far from its importation
from Hne United States being imprecedented, or unknown, prior to 1784, he
was prepared to shew that before the first American War, cotton certainly
was imported into Liverpool from the British States of North America,
afterwards the United States ; and also that the list of imports of goods
into Liverpool, as long ago as in 1 770, contains the particulars of several
importations of cotton from thence into Liverpool."

3. Db. Hume noticed that fifteen drinking bowls had been found amid the
ruins of Babylon, similar to those exhibited by Mr. M'Quie, at the first
meeting of the present session.

A*M^>»JHitt«^

PAPERS.

I. — ^Account of the Grant op Fbee Warren, by Henry III.,
TO Thohas Greslby, Sixth Baron of Manchester.

By John Barland, Esq.

Before proceeding to the immediate object of this paper, a brief defiui-
tion of the terms " warren" and " free warren," both etymological and
legal, may serve as general preface and introduction. ''Warren," in Dutch
waerandSf but by us derived from the Norman French Oarren or Oarenne,
implying a place kept, (from garder, to keep, to preserve), denotes either
the franchise or incorporeal hereditament, or the place itself in which, by
prescription or grant, the lord of the honour or manor is privileged to keep
" beasts and fowl of warren," as hares, coneys, pheasants and partridges.
To arrive at the origin of this feudal privilege, we must go back to the
conquest. Flintoff, in his " Rise and Progress of the Laws of England
and Wales," states that when William the Conqueror ascended the English
throne,— claiming it in right of the will of Edward the Confessor, and not
obtaining his title from a notion of conquest over the people, which he
carefully disclaimed, but from the feudal meaning of the term *' conquest,"
which signifies acqtiut or newly acquired feudal rights,* — ^he solemnly
8?rore, in the 4th year of lus reign, that he would observe the ancient and
approved laws of the kingdom, particularly those of Edward the Confessor,
and also ordered that twelve Saxons in each coimty should make inquiry,
and certify what those laws were. Subsequently to this, it was solemnly
ordained, in a general council, that the laws of Edward, with such altera-
tions and additions as the Conqueror himself had made, should in all
things be observed f Thus the system of Saxon or Auglo-British juris-
prudence was confirmed as the law of this country ; and thenceforth it
formed the basis of the common law, upon which every subsequent altera-
tion was to operate. These alterations, therefore, down to the end of the
reign of Heniy II., or the beginning of that of Richard I. formed, when

* Eren yet, nova feuda, or lands taken by purchase, are termed in the Sooteh law,
" feus of conquest"

•f ** Hoe quoque pneeipimus ut omnes habeant et teneant leges Eduardi regis, in
omnibus rebus, adauetis bif quos eonstituimns ad utilitatem Anglomm. — Leg. Gul.
Cong. see. 28.

Uended with the previously existing Saxon jurispradence, the common law
of England. Some of these alterations, however, were widely at variance
with the letter and spirit of the older Saxon law. One of the most violent
alterations of the ancient constitution consisted in the depopulation of
whole counties for the purposes of the King's royal diversion ; and subject-
ing both them, and all the ancient forests of the kingdom, to the unreason-
able severities of forest laws imported from the Continent, whereby the
slaughter of a beast was made almost as penal as the killing of a man. In
Saxon times, though no man was allowed to kill or chase ^e Eing*s deer,
yet he might start any game, pursue and kill it, upon his own estate. But
the rigour of these new constitutions vested the sole property of all the
game in the King alone ; and no man was entitled to disturb any fowl of
the air, or any beast of the field, of such kinds as were specially reserved
for the royal amusement of the Sovereign, without express license from the
King, by a grant of a chase, or free warren ; and those franchises were
granted as much with a view to preserve the breed of animals, as to indulge
the subject. Out of these now obsolete forest laws sprang the game laws
of more modem times ; and in one respect the ancient law was much less
unreasonable than the modem ; for the King*s grantee of a chase or warren
might kill game in every part of his franchise ; but though, until the
modification of the law some ten or twelve years ago, a freeholder of less
than £100 a year was forbidden to kill a partridge upon his own estate ;
yet nobody else, (not even the lord of a manor, unless he had a grant of
free warren) could do it without conunitting a trespass, and subjecting him-
self to an action.

In King John's time, and that of his son Henry III. the rigours of the
feudal tenures and the forest laws were so strenuously enforced, that they
occasioned many insurrections of the barons or principal feudatories ; which
at last had this effect, that first King John, and afterwards his son, con-
sented to the two famous charters of English liberties, Magna Charta and
Carta de Foresta. The former contained this remarkable clause : —

XLVm. 89. — " AU evil customs of forests and warrens, and of foresters and war-
reners, sheriffs and their oflBeers, water-banks and their keepers, shall immediately be
inqniigBd into by 12 knights of the same connty ; and within 40 days after the inqnisi-
tion is made, they shall be altogether destroyed by them, nerer to be restored ; provided
that this be notified to ns before it be done, or to oar jasticiary, if we be not in
England."

The Carta de Foresta was also well calculated to redress many grievances

and encroachments of the Crown, in the exercise of forest law. It is no
part of our subject to notice these grievances and oppressions, of whidh
perhaps the most graphic and striking exhibition is to be found in the
Forest and Game Law Tales, of Miss Mardnean. We return to the mors
strictly legal definition of Warren and Free Warren.

Scriven, in his work on Copyhold and other Tenures, (4th edition, 1846»
Tol. ii. p. 660 et seq.) says that ** the finmchise of free warren is to be
claimed only by grants from the crown, or by prescription, which supposes
such a grant ; and the effect of it is to vest in the grantee a property in
such wild animals or inferior species of game as are deemed the beasts and
fowls of warren/* He adds that " the grant of free warren would seem to
give a right to appoint a warrener to preserve the game, who is justified by
ancient usage, in killing dogs, cats and vermin.**

Manwood, in lus " Forest Laws*' (cap. 1, sec. 6) says that ** a forest is
the highest franchise of noble and princely pleasure : next in degree unto
it, is a liberty of a frank chase ; the diversity between a park and a chase
is, that a park is inclosed and a chase always open ; the last in degree is
the liberty of franchise of a free warren.**

Blackstone in his Commentaries, (ed. of 1829) in the section on Real
Property, chapter iiL " Incorporeal Hereditaments,** (which he says are of
ten sorts), includes in " franchises,** the right to have a forest, chase, park,
warren, or fishery, endowed with the privileges of royalty. A forest in th
hands of a subject is properly the same thing with a chase, being sub;
to the common law and not to the forest laws. But a chase differs fr
park in that it is not enclosed, and also in that a man may have a cha:
another man*s groimd as well as in his own ; being indeed the liber
keeping beasts of chase or royal game therein, protected even frc
owner of the land, with a power of hunting them thereon. A pa^
enclosed chase, extending only over a man's own grounds. The w
indeed properly signifies an enclosure ; but yet it is not every fiel«
mon which a gentleman pleases to surround with a wall or palic
stock with a herd of deer, that is thereby constituted a legal par)
King 8 grant, or at least immemorial prescription, is necessary
60."*^ Though now the difference between a real park and s^

* Coke on Littleton, 283. 2 Inst 199. 11 Rep. 86.

grounds is in many respects not yeiy material, only that it is unlawful at
common law for any person to kill any beasts of park or chase* except such
as possess these franchises of forest, chase, or park. Free warren is a
similar franchise, erected for preservation or custody (which the word
signifies) of beasts and fowls of warren f ; which being fertt natunB, every
one had a natural right to kill as he could ; but upon the introduction of
the forest laws at the Norman conquest, these ftniinftlfl being looked upon
as royal game and the sole property of our savage monarchs, this franchise
of free warren was invented to protect them, by giving the grantee a sole
and exclusive power of killing such game so feur as his warren extended,
on condition of his preventing other persons. A man, therefore, that has
the franchise of warren, is in reality no more than a common gamekeeper ;
but no man, not even a lord of a manor, could by common law justify
sporting on another's soil, or even on his own, unless he had the liberty of
free warren.^ This franchise is almost fallen into disregard, since the new
statutes for preserving the game, the name being now chiefly preserved in
groimds that are set apart for breeding hares and rabbits. There are many
instances of keen sportsmen in ancient times, who have sold their estates,
and reserved the free warren, or right of killing game, to themselves ; by
which means it comes to pass that a man and his heirs have sometimes
free warren over another's ground. ||

Enough has been stated to enable the non-antiquarian reader to compre-
hend what it was that was conveyed to Thomas Grelle, Gresley or Gredley,
the sixth lord of the manor of Manchester, by Henry the Third's grant of
Free Warren. We have not seen the original of this grant, but only the

* These are properly back, doe, fox, martin and roe ; bnt in a eommon and legal
sense extend likewise to all the beasts of the forest; which, beside the deer, are
reckoned to be hart, hind, hare, boar and wtAf, and in a word, aU wild beasts of venerj
or hunting. — (Coke on Littleton, 238.)

•f The beasts are hares, ooneys and roes ; the fowls are either campestres, as part-
ridges, rails and quaUs ; or iylvestret, as woodeocks and {feasants ; or aquatiles, as
mallards and herons. — (Coke on Littleton, 233.) Groase are not birds of warren.
But Manwood (Forest Laws, c. 4, s. 3) gives a different aeconnt : he says (and supports
his opinion by referring to 1 Regist Brev. fol. 03) that there are only two beasts of
warren, the hare and the eoney, and but two fowls of warren, the pheasant and the
partridge. — (Note by the Editor of Blackstone, J. £. Hovenden, Esq.)

t Salk.637.

II Bro. Abrid. tit. Warren, — If the King has granted a warren within a manor, and
and the owner infeoffs the King or lord manor, without saying '* and the appurten-
ances," the warren will not pass from the grantor ; for a man may well have a f^
warren in the lauds of others. — (Dyer 30 b. pi. 809.)

paper copj (apon a Ss. stamp) of the Becoid in the Tower, as the heading
of the document sets forth :—

*' Inter Recorda Conie Cancellariffi in Turn London asserrata, sdlt : in
Rotulo Gartarom de anno regni Henrici tertii tricesimo tertio, membmna
8', sic continetur : —

p'^Ho"^ G^t}k« ^^^'^ *<=• Salfm. Sciatis noe con-
cessisse & hac carta n*ra confirmasse dl &{'i n*ro Thome Gredley q*d ip*a
& heredes sui in p.petuum h.eant lib'am warennam in om'ibz d^nicis t*ns snis
de Mamecestr, m comitatu Lane* : & de Wjllanesham in comitatn Soff :
ita qd nullos intret t*ras illas ad fogand : in eis yl ad aliquid capiendiun
quod ad warennam p.tineat sine licenda A volimtate ip*ius Thome VI
heredum suor' sup. fonsfc^uram n'mm decem librar*. Quare volum* & firmit*
p^cipimus p. nob* & heredibz n*ris q*d ip*e, ^. ut s* [supradicta]. Testibs
Job e de Flessetis comite Warr*, Joh*e Maunsel, p.posito Bevl : Rado* fil
Nich*i. Paulino Peyor\ Rog* de Monte Alto. Rob'ti de Ros, Rob*to da
Mucegros, Joh*e Exfneo, Rad*o de Wauncy, Rob'to le Norrejs, Nicho' de
Stani]ibrd, Steph*o Bauzan A aliis. Data p. manum n*ram apud Wodest*
xxiij die Julii anno r* n' xjudij.**

[Beneath is written in a smaller hand, *' The above is a tme copj of
the original record of Chancery remaining in the Tower of London. (Signed)
Wm. lUingworth, Deputy Keeper of the Records, 27th Feb. 1818."]

The following we offer as a literal translation of the grant : —

*' Among the Records of the Court of Chanceiy, preserved in the Tower
of London, to wit, in the Roll of Charters of the 3drd year of the reign of
Henry III. in the third skin is contained the following : —

^^r^J^'o^r] '^'> KiBg to the Archbishops. Ac. greeting.

Know ye, that we have given, and by this our charter confirmed, to our be-
loved and fiEiithful Thos. Gredley, that he and lus heirs for ever may hare
free warren in all his demesne Laiids of Mamecester, in the county of Lan-
caster, and of Wyllanesham in the county of Suffolk, so that no one shall
enter his lands to hunt in them, or to take anything which belongs to
warren, without leave and license of him the said Tnomas or his hein,
upon our forfeiture of Ten Pounds. Wherefore we will and firmly com-
mand, for us and our heirs, that he, &c, as abovesaid. Witnesses : John of
the Parks, Earl Warrenne, Jno. Maunsel provost of Beverley, Ralph son
of Nicholas, Paul Pey [or] ? Roger de Montalt, Robert de Ros, Robert de
Mucegros, John L*£strange, Robt. le Norreys, Nicholas de Stannford,
Stephen Bauzan, & o". Given by our hand at W^odest', the 23d day of
July, in the 33d year of our reign." [1249.]

The above is an abreviated copy of the original grant The *' &c.'' after
the word Archbishops in all probability implies the following, which we

take from another grant of free warren, by the same King in 1^158, nine
years later, — *' bishops, abbots, priors, dukes, earls, barons, justices, sherifib,
reeves, officers, and all bailiffs and their faithful servants," greeting. The
grantee, Thomas Qrelle, Greslej, or Gredlej, was the son and heir of
Robert Greslet, the 6th Lord of Manchester— (who is said to have died
15th Feb. 15th Hen. 111. 1231, when this Thomas was only 3 years old) —
by a daughter of Henry, brother of Wm. Longchamp, the Chancellor of
Bich. I. Thomas Greslet succeeded his father as 6th Baron of Man-
chester, about the year 1231, but did not obtain his majority till about
1249. In a post mortem inquisition, his father ** Robert de Gredley,** is
stated to have " held twelve Knights* fees in the county of Lancaster, infra
limam et extra," that is within or without, or under and beyond the line
or verge of, the old Mercian boundary. On the county of Lancaster be-
coming an Earldom, Thomas Greslet (and after him his successors in the
barony of Manchester), became liable to take his turn in the duty of castle-
ward in Lancaster. About the 20th of Heiuy III. (1241-2) the King
being desirous to make another hostile iim>ad in France, Thomas Greslet
received a sunmions to fit himself with horse and arms to attend the King
in the expedition ; but he preferred to give 100 marks (£66. 1 8s. 4d.) be-
sides his ordinary scutage, to be exempt from that duty. However in the
following year he was induced to serve ; the expedition proved disastrous
and to Greslet expensive, of which indications are left in the sub-infeuda-
tions about this period, of lands in Rumworth, Worthington, &c. The last
feudal event recorded by Dr. Hibbert Ware as occurring in the life of this
Thomas Greslet was the grant of free warren, which he had confirmed to
him over the lands of Manchester and Horewich. The following is the
Doctor*8 notice of this grant : —

•(

Within the barony there was much sporting ground. The wood of Aldport, a mUa
in eirenmferenee, which was used by the tenants of Manchester for pannage, contained
within it an aery of hawks and eagles. The park of Blakelegb, covered with oaks,
was seven miles in eirenmferenee ; it was produetiye in honey, bees, and * mineral
earths^ ; it was Talaed for it pannage, and it contained an aery of eagles, besides herons
and hawks. Bat the glory of the whole was the eztensiye chase of Horwich, whieh
merits a more particular description. It is eyident, from an examination of manorial
records, that a preseriptive liberty of the chase had snbsisted thronghoat the barony of
Manchester, time ont of mind, and that local forest laws had been framed for the pro«
tection of the game to the use of the lord. Bat in order to obviate any dispute to the
contrary, from the newly-created Earl of Lancaster, a confirmation of the privilege by
the crown was desirable. As no animals of the class of fer» nators conld be appro-
priated without license of the King, unless they were claimed by prescription, which
was frequently challenged, and as no lands could otherwise be converted into a fran-
chise or privileged place for the keeping of beasts and fowls of the warren, the Lord of

Mtnohester ayailed himself of the well-known inclination of the King to rtUa the
MTerity of the forest laws, and interceded with saeh snecess, that in the 88d of Heniy
III. [A.D. 1248-9] he had obtained the royal grant of a free warren over the estates of
his barony. Thomas Greslet, in the spirit of the Norman * Veneni', regarded the fofeet
of Horewidi as the most valuable appendage of the manor of Manchester. It !• also
rendered highly probable, from an examination of manorial records, that the baron's
ehief residence was not at Manchester, but at a hunting-seat, which he boilt for him-
self, at or near Heton-under-the-Forest, for the sake of hunting and hawking upon the
grounds of Horewich."

Dr. Hibbert Ware then prints a summary of the curious forest laws of

Horewich, derived from a manorial record of Euerden ; observing that

*' although not described until the extent of the barony was taken in 1323,

they had a date of origin which is referable to a far more remote period ;

the right of free warren in the barony having been originally prescriptiye.**

Befening the curious to " the forest laws of Horewich" as described by the

historian named, in the " Foundations of Manchester," (vol. iv. pp. 67-68),

we may briefly state that the Moor of Horewich about the period named,

consisted of both wood and pasture ; having a vesture of oaks, elms and

other trees, which extended to the adjoining township of Lostock, where,

in addition to oaks, hazel trees and thorns are described. Although the

extent of the forest was rated at 16 miles in circumference, its boundaries

were so much disputed by adjoining proprietors, among whom were the

Lacies, that the greatest vigilance wa« required to prevent intrusion or

trespasses. According to the manorial record it was so " several [divided]

that none might enter it without leave of the lord."

Henry III. in consequence of his expensive wars in Gascony and his
proposed expedition with an English army to the Holy Land, was com-
pelled to seek an aid from Parliament, which in the outset was resisted,
when many forfeitures of lands ensued. It is to this cause, says Dr. Hib-
bert Ware, that we must attribute the escheat which took place of the
lands of Manchester and Horewich Forest The entry was as follows : —
•• 88th Henry III. [1253-4] Thomas Grelle, Manchestre, Horewych forest*
terr* Lancastr*." Subsequently, however, we find Thomas Greslet in the
repossession of his estates, although the escheat does not seem to have
been formally rescinded. In 1250 Greslet was among the number of
barons who obeyed the summons to repair to King Henry at Chester ; and
for this compliance he was in the following year [1260] constituted Warder
of the King's Forests South of the Trent. In the 46th year of Henry
III. [1201-2] Thomas Greslet died, seised of the Manor of Manchester
and its appurtenances. It would appear that he held five and Srhalf

knights* fees in Manchester ; in other parts and the Honour of Lancashire
six fees ; and one-third part of a knight's fee, with one-twelfth part of
another knight's fee, in chief from the Lord the King.

Having concluded this brief sketch of the grantee's life, including a
notice of a grant of free warren over the lands of Manchester [? the baroDy]
and Horewich, we must next see whether that grant is the same as the one
now under consideration. First, it is clear that the document copied from
the original archives in the tower is not an original grant, but a confirma-
tion either of a former grant, or more likely of the immemorial prescription.
But while the area of its free warren is *' in all his demesue lands of
Mamecestre (Lancashire) and Wyllanesham " (Suffolk), the grant referred
to, but not cited by Dr. Hibbert Ware (also a confirmation of existing
privileges) is stated to be " over the lands of Manchester and Horewich" ;
and elsewhere " over the estates of his barony." It would seem that this
is merely a general and vague way of stating the extent of the privilege
conferred, with probably the omission of the manor in Suffolk, as not con-
nected with a local and ecclesiastical history of Manchester. " Demesne,"
(from the French demaine, which is derived from dominium) in its widest
and earliest sense, signified ** patrimonium domini," and may be regarded
as embracing all parts of the manor in the hands of the lord himself, or of
his copyholders and lessees,-— excluding only those portions in the hands of
freeholders. The reference by Dr. Hibbert Ware is, therefore, in all pro-
bability to the grant of which a copy is given ante. Willanesham in Suf-
folk, of which we find no other notice in any inquisition or other document
relating to the Gresleys, — ^is now called Willisham : it is a parish in the
hundred of Bosmere and Claydon, 4 miles S.S.W. from Needham.

This paper has already extended beyond our intention, and we can
therefore only name two or three of the principal witnesses. The first is
" John de Plessetis," or of the Parks (from Plesseiz, Norman-French, park,)
Earl of Warrenne, one of the greatest men of his time. He was descended
from William de Warenne, who was nearly allied to the Conqueror, fought
courageously under him at the Battle of Hastings, and for his services was
constituted one of the chief justiciaries of the realm. William Rufus con-
ferred upon him the Earldom of Surrey. In 1247, while young, this John
Earl Warrenne married Alice, or Avicia, sister by the mother's side to
Henry III. She died in 1256, to the great grief of her royal brother, and

as an old chronicler* adds, '* especially of her husband, that loved her
entirely." In the struggles between the King and the barons with
De Montfort at their head, this Earl of Warenne was found occasionaUy
with and at other times opposed to the King. The latter was his position
at the Battle of Lewes, which being gained by the King, the Earl fled into
France ; his possessions being given to the Earl of Clare. He returned in
1265 ; landed in Wales in great force, and is said to have been benefitted
by the Battle of Evesham, where Montfort was slain.

It was in the following reign, however, that Warenne manifested his
great ability both for military conmiand and wise counsel. He is said to
have been **a man greatly beloved of his people ; " and in all his knowledge
and distinction, he seems to have been the champion of their liberties.
Thus, in the reign of Edw. I. he bravely withstood the King and the re-
cently passed statute of quo warranto\ ; and being asked by what right he
held his land, suddenly drawing forth an old rusty sword, he boldly ex-
claimed — " By this instrument do I hold my lands, and by the same I
intend to defend them." The chronicler we have already quoted adds —
*' So that the thing which generally should have touched and been hurtful
to all men, was now suddenly stayed by the manhood and courageous
stoutness of one man, the foresaid Earl." Still he found himself com-
pelled to plead, under the statute, before John de Heygate and his associ-
ates ; and his plea sets forth that by adhering to the cause of the Kings of
England in France, the Warennes had lost all their lands in Normandy
(his ancestors being Earls of Waren in Normandy), on which account King
John gave the lands in England to the ancestors of this Earl, and all which
they should afterwards acquire, in warrenage, because of their surname,
*' a Warenna'^ Evidence was adduced that he had all the chases, vcarrens
and liberties appertaining to the honour and barony of Lewes ; and it was
adjudged that the King should seize nothing by his writ for the present
In close connection with our subject, we may mention that in 1238 this
Earls father, William de Warenne, in consideration of a goshawk given to

• Peck's Antiquarian Annals of Stamford, lib. viiL

f 18th Edw. I. Stat 2 [ 1290]. Under this statute those who ekdd not prove the
seisin of Iheir ancestors and predecessors as therein required, might N|iU[}adged to have
lost or forfeited their estates and finnchises : and these escheated estate^ were sold and
the money ^»plied by the King.

Simon de Pierpont, obtained leave for himself and his heifs to hunt (over
Pierpont*8 lordships of Heist and Godebride, Sussex) the back, doe, hart,
hind, hare, fox, goat, cat, or any other wild beast, in any of these ]ands.
This Earl William died May 27, 1240, nine years prior to the grant of free
warren to his son. We can only enumerate a few of the most striking
events in the life of this fEunous Earl John, whose daughter Isabel married
John Baliol, the candidate for the Scottish crown ; who (Warenne) was
created Earl of Surrey, and in the war with Scotland took the Castle of
Dunbar ; his forces slew 10,000 Scots ; and he was made Warden and
Governor of the Kingdom. In September 1207 he was defeated by Sir
William Wallace at Stirling, and he forms a prominent charactef iD Miss
Porter*s pleasant romance of the Scottish Chiefis. We can only name his
spirited protest against the Pope, and that he died at Kennington, near
London, 27th Sept., 1304 [32d Edw. I.] having been Earl of Surrey 64
years, and was buried in the midst of the pavement in the choir of the
Abbey of Lewes, before the high altar, with this epitaph in the Anglo-
Norman of the time : —

" VooB qe passer oy bouche dose
Prier par cely ke cy repose :

En Tie come Yoas esti jadis fh,

£t yoas del, ferretz come je sa ;
Sire Johan Coant de Garenne gist yey ;
Diea de sa alme eit mercy.

Ky par sa alme prierra,

Traiz mill joars de Pardon ayera."

Which may be thus literally rendered : —

" Yoa that pass with moath shufc
Pray for him that rests here :
Aliye as you are once I was.
And you shall be sach as I am.
Sir John Earl of Warrenne lies here,
Qod on his soal haye mercy.
Whoever for his soal shall pray
Three thoasand days' pardon shall have."

This last promise was probably the result of a precept of the King di-
rected to the Bishop of London, in which after characterising the departed
Earl as a most faitMul and useful subject to himself and the whole realm,
and who had " departed this life to his [the King s] very great sorrow,**
he requires the Bishop to cause' the EarVs soul to be commended to the

mercj of God, by all the religious and ecclesiastical persons throughout
Ids diocese. Similar precepts were directed to the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, for Ids whole proyince, and to six Abbots. Incidentally we may
notice a tradition, given in an old book on Arms, and noticed also in the
Gentleman's Magazine^ that the Earls of Warenne and Surrey (who bore
for arms, cheeky, or and azure) were Earls of Warenne in Normandy, allied
to William the Conqueror, and accompanied him hither. Having lost
their Norman possessions, they afterwards received an exclusive power of
granting permission or license to vend malt liquors, and to enable their
agent to collect the consideration-money paid for this privilege, the more
readily, the door posts were painted in chequers, the arms of Warren, the
practice of which has been handed down to the present day. This privilege
of licensing is said to have been exercised by their descendant, the Earl of
Arundel, as late as the reign of Philip and Mary.

The second witness, John Maunsel, Provost of Beverley, was also a
notable man. He v^as the grandson of Philip Maunsell who accompanied
the Conqueror into England. Our witness rose rapidly in the favour of
Henry III., first attaining the rank of Kings Chaplain; in the 18th year
of the King [1233-4] he was appointed to an o&ce in the Exchequer ; in
1243 he was a subscribing witness to the charter of dowry to the Queen ;
and in the same year was constituted Chancellor of St. Paul's. In 1244
and again in 1246, he was made Keeper of the Great Seal ; and his fEune
for the impartial administration of justice was great. In 1248 he succeeded
to the Provostship or Chief Magistracy of Beverley, and soon afterwards
was appointed an Ambassador to negociate a nuptial treaty with the Eang
of Spain. In this document he is described as ** fidelem nostrum Johannem
Maunsell, Cancellarium London : ac Praepositum Beverlacifle, Secretarium
nostrum.'' In short, he was in high favour with Henry III., who consulted
him on all occasions ; employed in many diplomatic missions of the highest
importance ; and his address and superior talent raised him rapidly to the
highest dignities of his profession. In Scotland, like Earl Warenne, he
was "invested with almost regal powers;" he was raised to the Council,
and was styled ** Domini regis Clericus, et Consiliarius Specialis." He
entertained most sumptuously at his house in London the Kiug and Queen
of Scotland, and a great number of the English nobility, upwards of 700
dishes being served ; and the house being too small to contain the number
of guests, tents were erected for the superfluity in the field. Soon after

he became Treasurer of York ; was Ambassador Pleoipotentiary to the
Court of Rome, and a witness to the deed by which the Pope transferred
the Kingdom of Sicily to Edmond, second son of Henry III. During the
greater part of that turbulent reign, he was, in short, constantly employed
in commissions of importance to the State. He was thrown into prison by
De Montfort and the barons for publishing the Papal Edict, absolving the
people of England from the oaths they had been compelled to take, to the
prejudice of the King ; but on the death of the Earl of Leicester, the
King liberated Maunsell and made him Lord Chancellor. Subsequently
when the King was captured, Maunsell fled to avoid the resentment of the
barons, and remained in exile till his death, which occurred probably in
1265. In addition to the high dignities already specified, this distinguished
man was the Chief Justice of England, a valiant soldier, "in armis strenuus,
et animo imperterritus ; " and in a battle fought between the English and
the French, in which he took an active part, he captured with his own hand
a genUeman of quality, named Peter Orige, after a close and well-fought
combat He was styled by the Pope ** dilecto Alio, Johanni Maimsell,
Thesaurario Eboracensi, CapeUano nostro,'* {** our beloved son John Maun-
sell, Treasurer of York, and our Chaplain.**) He held 700 Ecclesiastical
livings ; was one of the richest commoners in England, having an annual
income of more than 4,000 marks [£2,666 13s. 4d.]; ** quo non eiat in
toto orbe, ditior," says Matthew Pans ; lived in great pomp and splendour ;
was honoured with the confidence and esteem of the King and of the Pope ;
and possessed an influence equal to that of the first baron of the realm.
Yet his latest days were spent in concealment, obscurity, and exile, and he
probably died from want !

These two remarkable men, alike distinguished in war and in council,
for personal courage and for diplomatic ability, being thus brought into
juxtarposition as witnesses of this grant of free warren,— offered a tempta*
tion, too strong to be resisted, to enliven this dry essay with a biographic
outline of their lives. The other witnesses must pass unnoticed. Robert
le Norreys was in all probability a son of Alan and a brother of Alan le
Nereis, of Speke ; and is named in deeds of 1277 and 1202. This grant
isdatedafWodesti^Con Friday.] 23rd July, 1249. [83rd Henry III.]
This may mean Woodstone, in Huntingdonshire ; but more probably, Wood
stock, where Henry III was visited a few years afterwards by the King and

Qoaen of Scothmd;^ in AttguBt, 1256. Always in need, and having been
refosed aid by his dtizens of London, or by the parliament, the King
■old his jewels and f^ate to raise money, and retired to Woodstock ; and in
this way we goess, the expensive honour of feasting the Royal Vidtore
derolved upon the wealthy commoner, cleric, soldier, magistrate, royal
aecretary, and chief justice, the worthy provost of Beverley. These thingi
exhibit a singular picture of our England, midway in the l<3th century.

II. — Remarks on the Ancient Mubal Paintino of the General
Judgment, recently discovered in Gawsworth Church.

By the Rev. A. Hume, D,C.L., LL.D,

The painting to which the following remarks refer is one of three, of
which the etchings were presented to the Society at its last meeting.f The
drawings had been made by the Rev. W. H. Massie of St. Mary*s Chester,
a member of this Society, who is brother to the Rector of Gawsworth. To
the former gentleman a letter was written immediately after last meeting,
at a help to the elucidation of this interesting painting. The following is
an enlarged transcript.

There aj)pear to be three distinct parts — Heaven, Earth, and Hell.

I. Heaven. — The Sun and the Moon are both visible, and very near each
other. This was the usual way of conveying a certain idea, and producing an
effect, though not consiHtcnt with the laws of modem Astronomy. The
Judge is represented as seated on a rainbow, with his feet on a small
circle, in allusion no doubt to the well-known text, Ccelum sedes mea ; terra
auUm Bcabellum pedum meorum, which occurs both in the Old Testament

* Alexander II married the Prinoeas Joan, eldest sister of Henry III, in Jane, 1221.
We learn from the Cronica Maionim et Vicecomitum Londoniarum, (Vol 84 of Camden
Society), that **in the same year [1256] the King of Scotland and his Queen, daughter
of the King of England, came into England, and on the Assumption of the Blessed
BUry [Aug. 20] were with the Lord the King at Woodstock;" and that afterwards the
King of Scotland and his Queen came to Edinurgh, on Sunday before the decoUation of
Bt John the Baptist [Aug. 20.] As the Assumption that year fieU on Friday, August
ttd, and the following Sunday, Aognst 27, the King and Queen came to London, (distant
sixty miles,) they conld only ha?e remained a day and a night with their Boyal brother
or brother-in-law, at Woodstock.

f See page U.

and the New> On the right and left two angels are sounding trumpets
similar in size and form. Our translation gives two words in a single line,f
the original (" trump**) and the diminutive (" trumpet**) ; but the priest who
superintended the original painting no doubt read, in novissima tuba, canet
enim tuba. On the right and left of the picture are two female figures,
each in the attitude of supplication and surrounded by a nimbus. If there
were only one, we should have no hesitation in saying that she was in-
tended for the " Queen of Heaven.** Beside one of them, who exhibits a
rueful coimtenance, there are " the five wounds of Our Lord,*' dropping
blood ; and beside the other, whose countenance betokens rejoicing, there
are the cross, the reed with the sponge, and the spear, all marked with
gouts of blood. The figures may therefore be symbolical, as indicating
suffering and rejoicing, or the Humiliation and Exaltation. The Judge is
represented as the second person of the Trinity, with the cross, the
wounds, &c. Blood is issuing from each of the wounds, and the hands
are elevated as if in the act of exhibiting them.^ The persons to be
judged, and who are " caught up in the clouds,** are ranged in a circle,
apparently in front of the throne and directly under the trumpets ; they are
twenty-four in number. These are separated by their countenances into
two distinct classes ; the twelve on the right hand of the Judge (i.e. on the
left of the picture) exhibiting tranquillity, thankfulness and rejoicing; while
those on his left indicate surprise, sorrow, or pain. St. Peter, standing

• Isaiah IztI. 1. Acts viL 49. f 1 Corin. xv. 52.

{ In the Mystery Plays of the middle ages, the circnmstances which are here repre-
sented to the eye are explained dramatically. Tbas in the Towenely Mysteries^ — the
MS. of which is preserved in Lancashire, and which were published by the Sortees
Soeiety in 1836, — the following uecnrs in the play entitled ** Juditium."

** Jesus, • • • • •
Tunc expandit manus auas ei ostendit eis vulnera sua.

Here may ye se my woundes wide

That I saffred for youre mysdede,

Thmghe harte, hede, fote, hande & syde.

Not for my gilte hot for yonre nede.

Behald both bak, body, & syde.

How dere I bought youre broder-hede

Thise bitter paynes I wold abide.

To by you blys thus wold I blede.

My body was skowrged withoutten skUle,

Also ther fulle throly was I thrett,

On erosse thai hang me on a hille,

Bio [blue] and blody thus was I bett, [beaten]

With erowne of thorae thrastyn fulle ille,

A spere unto my harte thai sett.**

beside the former group, exhibits much interest, and is preparing with his
key to open the gates of Heaven. Satan on the other side, armed with a
hooked club in his left hand, sits directly over the mouth of HelL He
seems in the act of claiming those that belong to him, for he is speaking
with open mouth, and exhibits a piece of \vriting in his right hand. This
may be a record of their ofifences, or more probably it is meant for a catar
logue of their names. At the feet of Satan, the head of a monster is
Tisible, perhaps with the intention of representing an idea similar to that
of Milton,* that Death, the horrid fruit of Satan and his daughter Sin, is
one of the guardians of the gates Hell.

Though this is but one- third of the subject, it comprises more than
a-half, nearly two-thirds of the picture. The obvious design of the un-
known artist was to give it prominence ; and to make the other two allied
subjects mere accessories or under plots.

TI. Earth. — Here the church with a cross on the gable seems to indi-
cate the entrance to the celestial regions. Non hie est aliud nin damuM
Dei et porta cali f Its position is on the right hand of the Judge, and
St. Peter with his key stands immediately over it. Neither of these fiacts
can have been merely accidental. Within appears the sun, perhaps in
allusion to the ** sun of righteousness." The Holy Father (the Pope) at
the door, seems in tlio act of guiding the true believers in the right direc-
tion ; and a long tiuin following him have turned their backs upon Satan
and are at the side remote from the mouth of Hell. A King and a Queen
are among the foremost, as if indicating the fact of a pious nation, or in
allusion to the promise, erunt reges nutricii tut, et reginae niUrices tuas.l
There would be a slight allusion, too, to the condition of the royal flEunily
at the time ; thus, wo may assume that there was not only a King regnant
but a Queen consort, though from the rudeness of the drawing there can
have been no attempt at portraits.

• ** The other 8btp«

If shape it might be called that shape had none
Distingnishable in member, joint, or limb.
Or substance might be call'd that shadow seem'd.
For each seem'd either ; blaek it stood as Night,
Fierce as ten Furies, terrible as Hell,
And shook a dreadful dart. What seem'd his bead
The likeness of a kingly crown had on.*

Ptimiiie Lost, II. 666 673.

f Genesis iiviii. 17. { Isaiah lUi. 23.

III. Hell. — Fire is heaped at the entrance ; and this mode of repre-
senting Hell* was common in the Pageants and Mysteries till a com-
paradvelj recent period. The wreaths of smoke are visihle at the
entrance, (quasi ^'fumus tormentorum eoruni'),\ and a demon is in the
act of stirring up the flame as if " to heat the furnace one seven times
more than it was wont to he heated." Lower down in the picture it
seems more placid hut not less terrihle, answering to the graphic descrip-
tion in the Eevelation, pars iUorttm erU in stagno ardenti igne et sulphure,
quod est mors secunda.l Another demon is in the act of hringiug forward
a victim on a wheelharrow, and his hahoon-like features '* grin horrihlj a
ghasUj smile."

The Mystery Plays represent the Demons as mocking the sufferings of

the tormented, or conversing coolly respecting them. Thus in the Towndey

" Juditiimi" the following occurs : —

Secundus Daemon. — I wold cut thaym a skawte and make theym he knawen,
They were sturdy and hawte, great hoste have thei hlawne,
Your pride and your pransawte§ what will it gawne ?
Ye tolde ilk man s defawte and forgate youre awne.

TtUiviUus, Moreover

Thare neghhurs thai demyd,||
Thaym self as it semyd,
Bot now ar thai flemydlF

From sayntes to recover.

Primus Daemon. — ^Thare neghhurs thai towchid with wordes fulle ille,
The warst ay thai sowchid ** and had no skille.

Secundus Daemon, — ^The pennys thai powchid and held thaym still,
The negons-H- thai mowchid^t and had no will

For hart§§ fere,
Bot riche and ille-dedy,
Gederand and gredy,
Sor napandjlll and nedy

Youre godes for to spare.

• Fosbroke enamerates among the mtehinery at St. Mary's Bedcliffe, Bristol, for
performing the play of the Sepulchre, ** Item — Hell made of timber and iron work
thereto, with Devils the number of thirteen.** Sharp, in his disserution un Pageants,
qnotes the following: ** Item — payd for mendyng Hell mought, i^^-f and again
**Item — payd for kepyng of fyer at Hell mothe iiij<^" Mr. Wright says in his iutro-
daetion to the Cheiter Myttery PUtyi, printed by Uie Shakespeare Society in 1843, —
" I have somewhere read of charges for eoals to keep np Hell fire ; and that on one
occasion Hell itself took fire, and was nearly burnt down."

f ApooaL ziv. 11. } Apocal. zzi. 8.

% Pnmoing? || Judged. ^ Driven out. ♦♦ Murmured.

ff Neighbours, i.e. negh ones. ♦} Spied privately. §§ Hard. [!|| Grasping.

:{: 4e 4: * 3te

Now shalle thai have rom in pjk and tar ever dwelland,
Of thare sorow no some,* hot ay to he yelland

In oure fostre.f

In the foreground there are three, of whom the one on the right
seems leading the procession, apparently with a musical instrument.
Two others appear to he hringiug forward two heings to undergo ad-
ditional torture, and they suhmit quietly, while liie one on the barrow
exhibits signs of sincere sorrow. On the extreme left, a demon seems to
be standing at the entrance of a descent, " in the lowest deep a lower
deep;" while in the distance another is carrying a burthen of fuel to the
fire, and a victim near him is waiting bound for his or her turn of deporta-
tion to the fiery lake.

It is scarcely necessaiy to say that in trying to describe a painting like
this, we should endeavour to enter into the contemporary ideas of it, instead
of recording our own. The Church at Gaws worth is supposed to have been
built in the time of Edward III. ; so that this may have been executed
about the middle of the 14th century, or perhaps later. Similar paintings
were not rare at that period ; for the Church, as we know, addressed its
teachings to the understanding, more through the eye and less through the
ear than at present. From the description of St. Cuthbert*s shrine at
Durham, we learn that it had a wooden covering, which was elevated and
depressed by pulleys, like the top of one of our larger fonts. It was beaa-
tifully gilt ; and on the North and South sides were ** four lively images.**
On the West side was depicted the Virgin with the infant Saviour on her
knee ; and on the East, the Saviour sitting on a rainbow to give judgment.
In some instances, external symbols* are adopted to give us ideas of that
which is invisible and immaterial ; but a contrary plan is also adopted. The
ancient painter, in depicting the sacrifice of Iphigenia at Aulis, represented
her father s head as veiled ; and similarly, in revelation, there is a veil
drawn over scenes whose colouring could not be correctly given in mortal
language. " Eye hath not seen nor ear heard, neither have entered into
the heart of man, &c."

* Definite ending. f Nouriiihment.

I A Romtn Catholie gentleman has direeted my attention to a little work which is

eitensiTely used iu the education of the yoang. It it translated from the Pnrtaguese,

and published by authority. The Title is ** ffell opened to Ckristiang, to cautioH them

,from etUering it,"* Derby, Thomas Riehardson and Son. It contains eight engravingn,

all of which exhibit &odUy torments of the most awful character.

A circumstance that cannot escape notice is the great preponderance of
female figures in the picture. Of sixty-two in all, there are forty-eight of
them. Where only heads are visible, they are known by the shape of the
countenance, the length of the hair, and the absence of beard. Various
reasons may be assigned for this fact. First, it is usual to represent angels
as boys or women, for they embody ideas of purity and innocence but not
of power. Now in the upper portion of the picture, there are only three
that can be distinctly pronounced males, viz., the Judge, St. Peter, and
Satan, — and these are all persons possessed of power. The others are
distinctly females ; or doubtful, like the angels blowing the trumpets.
Second, in the middle portion, they are all clearly females except the Pope
and the King. This may possibly be an allusion to the fact that in Conti-
nental countries, (and similarly in England, anterior to the Keformation,)
women are much more attentive to their religious duties; sometimes
almost the only persons that think of them. Third, it was not unusual
for the clerical painters of the olden time to perform a practical joke
against the gentler sex, by representing a very large proportion of them in
the lower regions. Females were in fact placed in an unfair position.
Their virtues were little known, especially to that portion of the clergy
who devoted themselves to literature and the arts ; but their errors were
known, not only by scandal but through the confessional. It must be ad-
mitted, however, that such jocularity has not been indulged in this case,
but that on the contraiy, if these views be correct, the monks have paid
a high compliment to the women of Cheshire.

It may be objected that the texts of scripture which have been quoted
were really not familiar to the people some centuries before the Reforma-
tion ; but we must remember that in all probability a priest was the painter,
at all events that the clergy superintended the work. The latter wero not
quite Ignorant of scripture as we know by numerous proofs ; and absurd as
some of the Mystery Plays are, there are occasional quotations from the
Latin text. The passages have been designedly quoted in that form on the
present occasion ; and it is a curious fact, that the very copy from which
they have been taken exhibits numerous proofs of having been carefully
studied. It was printed in the early part of the reign of Heniy YIII. ;
and the numerous marginal notes, in a very ancient hand, and underlined
sentences, show that its first possessor must have been a man of piety,
intelligence, and observation.

FOURTH MEETING.

CoUsgiate Institution, 5 th Februaiy, 1852.
Hugh Neill, F.R.A.S., in the Chair.

PROCEEDINGS.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Certificates of three Candidates for Membership were read for the
first time.

The following were duly elected Ordinary Members : —

William Adam Hulton, Hurst Grange, Preston.
Robt. Pearson Thacker, 47, Canning Street, Liverpool.

The following Donations to the Society were laid upon the table : —

1. From the Societies.

Transactions of the Literary & Philosophical
Society of Manchester, vol. ix.

Transactions of the Architectural Institute of
Scotland, vol. ii., part 1.

2. From the Authors.

Guide to Northern Archaeology, by the Royal
Society of Northern Antiquaries of Copen-
hagen ; translated and edited by the Earl of
Ellesmere.

Baines* History of Liverpool, sect. vii.

Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii., part 7, by Chas.
Roach Smith, Esq.

3 From other Donors.

P. R. M*Quie, Esq. Two wax impressions of a seal found in the

garden of the Rev. John Longhurst, at
Kirkby Mallory Rectory, Leicester. It
represents a pelican feeding its young ; and
perhaps belonged to some warrior at the
Battle of Bosworthfield, as the soil in which
it was found was carried from thespot, near
which Richard III. was killed. Tne device
answers to the name of Came or Crane,
and in Heraldry is called a Canting Coat.

J. H. Johnson, Esq.

J. B. Donaldson, Esq.

R A. Tudor, M.R.C.S.
R W. Rawlinson, Esq.

Jas. Eendrick, M.D.

A MS. volume of Sermons by the late Rev.
Wm. Lewis, Calvinistic Minister, at Whit-
church, Salop.

Comedies of Terence, vol. i., by Madame
Dacier, 1724.

" A Guide to Grand Jurymen, divided into two
bookes. In the Jirst is the author*s best
advice to them, what to doe before they
bring in a billa vera in cases of Witchcraft,
with a Christian direction to such as are too
much ffiven upon every crosse to thinke
themselves bewitched. In the seeond^ is a
treatise touching witches good and bad, how
they may be knowne, evicted, condemned,
&c. By Richard Bernard, London, 1627."

A small Prayer-book in black letter, printed
m 1608.

Reports of the General Board of Health on a
preliminary enquiiy under act II and 12
victoria, cap. 63, on the Townships of Orms-
kirk, 1850; Altrincham, 1850; broughton,
1860; with Appendix, 1851; Pendletont
1851; Wavertree, 1851.

Minutes of Information Collected on the prac-
tical application of sewer water and town
manure to Agricultural productions, 1852.

A Sketch of " Eyres's Warrington Press," a
building taken down twenty-five years ago.
*• Eyraz Warrington Advertiser,'' the first
of our County Newspapers, was issued there
in March, J 756. Howard the Philanthro-
pist selected this press for its noted excel-
lence to print his great work on the State
of Prisons in England, and on Lazarettos.
" Reinhold Foster s translation of Kalin s
Travels,** was also printed here; "Pennant*8
Tour in Scotland ; " Roecoe's poem of
" Mount Pleasant ;" " Watson's History of
the House of Warren;*' ** Priestley's History
of Electricity ;" •* Aikin's Translation of the
Life of Agricola by Tacitus ;** which the
editor eulogizes as **A Specimen of a War-
rington Printed Classic.** Many other pro-
ductions from the pens of Mrs. Barbauld,
Enfield, Dr. Percival, Gilbert Wakefield,
and others, could be enumerated which have
iflsued (rota this old building.

John Holmes, Esq. A Volume of Newspapers consisting of the

Evening Mail for 1780 and 1700.

The following Articles were Exhibited : —

By Joseph Mayer, F.S.A. Four curious early made Watches, one of

them a ** pocket clock," similar to one exhi-
bited by Mr. Mayer on a former occasion.
It is circular in form, ^\ inches in diameter
and one inch thick ; the case is brass richly
pierced and gilt. Parts of the works have
been repaired, and new springs put in. The
second in age, is oval in form with a catgut
chain ; it was made by *' Bouquet, a Londre."
The third is cruciform, but the machinery is
nearly all gone. It is elaborately engraved
with figures, animals, scroll work, kc., and
inscribed '* Josias Cupar, fecit." The fourth
is of about the middle of the last century ;
maker s name " Ed. Fletcher, Lond."

An early English brownware Jug, on which is
the following inscription : '' This jug was
found on the 1st of May, 1795, on the west
side of the kitchen chimney at Afcott, Salop,
by the workmen who were employed in
taking down the roof, in order to have it
repaired, with 197 shillings and 16 six-
penny pieces in it, of the reigns of Edward
VI., Philip and Mary, Elizabeth, and James
I., the top being stopped with part of the
sleeve of a coat, the cloth being perfect and
free from moths." The top of the jug bcinff
broken off, some of the coins were melted
and formed into a lid, on the top of which
and the neck were let in some of the coins.

A Goblet made of the same silver, and orna-
mented with coins in the same manner.

By Mrs. RawHns. An elaborately pierced and engraved gold

repeater "Watch, of about the period of
William III. ; maker*s name *' James Keith,
London."

A beautifully wrought gold Chatelain, orna-
mented with figures, &c.

Four very small Minatures, two of which are
in Russian costume. The frames are veiy
rude, and are perhaps specimens of the arts
of the period.

tt5

An elaborately carved Tobacco Box of wood,
on tbe top of wbich is represented, the
Visit of the Queen of Sheba to Solomon ;
and on the bottom, the Judgment of Solo-
mon. The manner of opening, and fiEtsten-
ing the lid, is very curious.

An Ivoiy Snufif Box ; the top and bottom each
consisting of a single piece. There is on
the lid the bust of a female, apparently the
Empress Catherine. It is surroimded by
branches of laurel and Howers, and is well
executed for the work of an amateur. The
binge is simple, but solidly constructed, and
well adapted to the material which it is to
hold together. On the bottom of the box
is the following description : " Tins snufif
box VFas made by Peter the Great, Emperor
of all the Ruasias. Preserved by his
daughter, Elizabeth, it was presented by
her, when Empress, to John Earl of Hjmd-
ford* (a Scotch peer), ambassador from the
court of St. James s, to the court of St
Petersburgh in the reign of George the
Second.'* It is said to have been made by
the Czar, when residing in Holland. f

By R. II. Brackstone, Esq., A large collection of flint Arrow-heads, from
I^ondon. various parts of the United Kingdom.

An engraving of one of them, of unique form.

By W. G. Herdman, Esq. The following Drawings, in illustration of the

first paper for the evening :

I . Everton Village, with the Cross which was
taken down in 1820. 2. The Beacon in
18()'2. 3. Back of Prince Rupert's Cottage
and the Mound from which Liverpool was
besieged. 4 4 5. Everton Road & Village.
Vk East and west fronts of Everton House,
at Gregsons Well. 7. House at the end
of Shaw-street, about 1 820.

* John, thinl F.arl of Ilvudford, who died 1708, wad Ambuj^Mdor to the Court of KuMia
from 1744 to 1750.— Ed.'

f The watch was prpJiented by one of Queen Anne's phTsiciiuifi to his niece. Mm. Peters,
whose husband was an officer in tlie Russian array, in the reign of P ter iiif (ir<Mt. >he
afterwards married Betyamin Vigor, Ksq., an eminent British merchant, residing at St.
Petersburgh, and upon his decease it be<*ame the property of his only daughter, Jane,
Countess of Hyndford, of Camiichael -house, I^msrktthire. The countess bequeathed
the watch, snuff- boi, minature.H, and other articles of value, to her namesake and cousin,
Jane (Mrs.) Rawlins.

The following in illustration of Uie secomi
paper: —

1. Southport, with a View of the old or first
Inn. U. Old Inn and Lord Street. 3.
General View, looking north.

PAPERS.

I. Historical Notes, respecting the Township and Village of

EVERTON.

By James StoneJumse.

[From the great length of the paper as read to the Society, it has been found neees-
■arj to condense it very materially : many interesting and curious particulars connected
with the township have therefore been unavoidably omitted.] — Ed.

The township of Everton is a locality the features of which are rapidly
changing. The following notice of it may appear to such of the members
as are familiar with the History of Liverpool, to contain many statements
of facts perfectly well known ; but local information which is collected and
arranged for a society at large, is always comparatively interesting to those
even who are acquainted with it.

Of the antiquity of Everton there can be no question. In Doomsday
book it is mentioned as Hiretun, which may be regarded as the first form
of the name ; and it was afterwards written Yerton. Probably both signified
Over-town or Higher-town, i.e. the town on the hill. It has also been called
Dunnock Brow. It is a township in the parish of Walton-on-the-Hill, and
part of it lies within the Borough of Liverpool. In early times, it must
have been a most agreeable place, commanding as it did an uninterrupted
view of the sea, the river Mersey, the Cheshire coast, the Welsh hills in
the distance, and the champaign country northward and eastward.

In 1066 or shortly after, the Conqueror granted to Roger de Poictiers
the lands lying between the Kibble and Mersey, " inter Ripe et Mersham,**
which included Everton. This chieftain appears to have been of a turbu-
lent disposition ; by grants to his followers, he was the founder of the Lan-
cashire families of Molyneux, Gerard, Halsall, Villiers, Norris, Blundell, and
others. He was afterwards dispossessed of his lands, they were restored, how-
ever, in the reign of William Rufus ; but having been known as a rebellious
leader, he was stripped of them a second time, when they were conferred

upon Stephen, afterwards King of England. There is also a story current
that Roger de Poictiers, in his anxiety to join the Crusades, pawned his
possessions to King Rufus, and was afterwards unable to redeem them.

In the Oth year of Henry III. (I '225) the King issued a mandate to the
Sheriff of Lancashire " to permit his tenants in Everton to have reason-
able ' estovers' out of the King's wood at West Derby, as they were used to
do in the time of his father King John, and that he do not compel them to
other suit and service than they were accustomed to in the time aforesaid."
Hence it would appear that Everton was then a manor of itself ; the tenants
holding their lands by a direct yearly rent and service to the King.

In 1220 the Manor of Everton was added to the possessions of Ranulph,
Earl of Chester. It is probable that in his time the establishment of the
Beacon took place ; conununicating perhaps with the castles of Halton and
Beeston in Cheshire.

On the death of Ranulph without issue, Everton passed into the hands of
the Derby family, through Agnes his sister, who had married William Ferrers,
Earl of Derby. In the 33rd year of Heniy III. (1240), the possession of
Everton, with all the other possessions of Ranulph lying between the
Mersey and the Ribble, were confirmed to this family. In 1252, the Earl
of Derby obtained a charter of Free Warren for ever, through all his pos-
sessions in Liverpool, Everton, Crosby, Wavretree, and Salford. On the
death of the Earl of Derby in 1254, his son Robert succeeded him ; and
forfeiting his Lancashire estates they were bestowed on a younger son of
Heniy III., who became Earl of Derby, forming a new line. On the
death of Edmund in 1206, Thomas, Earl of Leicester, Derby, &c., suc-
ceeded him ; and he gave to Robert de Holland the manor of Everton,
but it afterwards reverted to the Derby family at his death. In 1327, at
an Inquisition taken at Lancaster before Simon de Grimesty, it was stated
** that Thomas, late Earl of Lancaster, held in fee various manors, by the
service of rendering an ambling nag or 40 shillings per annum ; that there
was at West Derby an ancient castle ; and that there were at Everton 19
nativi who held 24 oxgangs* of land." In the 1st year of Edward I. (1327)
at an Inquisition held at Wigan, it appeared that Robert de Holland had
entered into possession seven years before, in or about 1320. In the 25th
of Edward III. (1352) Henry, Earl of Lancaster and Derby "did give and

* Thirteen acres are reckoned to the oxgang.

grant his town of Everton to John Barret, yielding for the same four
pounds." In the grant it is clearly shewn that Everton constituted a
special manor ; and it is covenanted therein that in the event of Barret
dying without issue, the manor should revert to the Earl of Lancaster and
his heirs for ever. John Barret, who was appointed castellaiii of Liverpool in
1366, by Henry, Duke of Lancaster, appears to have died without issue ;
for we find that Everton once more became crown hmd, and came into the
possession of John of Gaunt, who married the daughter of Henry, Duke of
Lancaster. John of Gaunt was succeeded by Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of
Derby, afterwards Henry IV.

In the 3rd Henry VII. (1488) at an Inquisition taken at Walton, the
boundary to the south of Walton is thus described. ** It begins at Carton
cross, and following to Darling dale and to the east end thereof, and so over
the Breck by one ancient ditch to the lands of Everton called Ilangfield *
Ditch, on the south part of the common of pasture of Walton." Hang-
field is sometimes written Hongfield ; and the ditch mentioned ran west-
wardly, dividing Walton Breck from Everton Breck, and other parts of
Everton from the southern limits of the Walton township. The lands in
Everton were known by the name of Whitefield, Netherfield, and Hangfield.

Prior to the 16th century the greater part of Everton was waste land,
and served as pasture for the cattle of the people of Kirkdale, for which
privilege they paid to Everton 6s. 8d. annually, while Evertdh had to pay
to the Lord of the Manor 1 3s. 4d. as a quit or chief rent, called " Breck-
silver." This sum was paid up to the 1st October, 1833, and was derived
from the rent of a cottage close to St. Domingo Pool still standing,
which produced £9 9s. per annum, £5 15s. of which went for the Lord's
rent, 13s. 4d. for " Breck-silver," and 4d. for the receipt.

In the 17th James I. (1620) the copyholders of West Derby and Wavre-
tree sent to treat with the crown respecting *' a composition to be paid to
his Majesty for the confirmation of the copyholders' estates, and for granting
the wastes and commons of said Manors by copy of court roll." The crown
Commissioners proposed that " such tenants should pay thirty years' rent of
their ancient rent ; and they would be confirmed for ever in possession on
paying, at the death of any tenant, or on surrender to his Majesty, one-third
part of the yearly rent as a fine and the yearly rent of 4d. per acre, of seven

* The name is now changed to Anfield.

and a-half yards to the perch, the first payment to be made within a year
of possession being given " The copyholders of West Derby and Wavretree
agreed, but those of Everton neither joined in the application nor accepted
the proposals of the crown, and they were supported by a decision of the
Duchy Court, issued 18th James I. (1621), which run thus: — "It is
ordered that the allotments and enclosures of the wastes of Everton shall
stay and be forborne till further hearing of said difference, at which time
the court will order to whom the said wastes of Everton shaU be granted.*'

In the 4th Charles I. (1629), the King, by letters patent dated June 14th,
granted to certain citizens of London, viz. : — Edward Ditchfield, John
Highlord, Humphrey Clarke, and Francis Mosse and to their heirs the
Manor of West Derby. The patentees claimed under the grant, Wavretree
and Everton also, but the tenants of Everton refusing to pay them, their
goods were distrained, on which, petitioning the King, they had the matter
referred to the Duchy Court of Lancaster, and the disputants were sum-
moned to the Duchy House in the Strand, to appear on the 6th November,
1632, before the Chancellor, Lord Newburgh, the Chief Baron of the
Exchequer, and the Attorney-General.

On the 23rd December, 1633, it was decided "that the tenants of
Wavretree and Everton may keep their rents in their hands, and shall not
be troubled by distress or other process out of the Court for the same, until
such time as they have direction from the Court to whom they shall pay
the same." The patentees, not satisfied, brought a bill into Chancery, and
distrained the tenants of Everton and Wavretree for non-payment. The
tenants applied to the Duchy Court, and the following order was made —
" That the bailiff of the Manor of West Derby, upon notice of this order,
shall forbear to impose, collect, or gather any fines or amercements of any
of the said tenants and inhabitants of Wavretree and Everton for not
appearing and doing service at the said Halmote Court kept for the said
Manor of West Derby, or for any other matter against them or any of them,
in anywise." On the IJth February, 1635, the Court of Chancery dis-
missed the cause, and the rights of Wavretree and Everton were estab-
lished. Tlie patentees, however, distrained again, and in consequence, on
the 17th February, 1635, it was ordered, that the Receiver-General should
receive the two and a-half years* rent then due, amounting to £] 2 lis. 1 Id.,
and give an acquittance for it, and that they should continue to pay their

rents to him. Litigation continued, the tenants of Everton took pro-
ceedings on the 20th Maj, 1686, and the Court of Chancery made the
following order : — " That the plaintifis shall reply to the defendants' ans-
wers hefore the end of Michaelmas next, and the cause to proceed to legal
hearing in this Court according to ordinary course, and tlie injunction
formerly granted to stand in force." On the 8th May, 1638, it was ordered
that the cause be set down to be tried on the ensuing 7th June, on ten
days* warning being given to the plaintiffs or any one of them. But the
plaintiffs, instead of litigating the matter further, made a purchase of the
manors of Everton and Wavretree. In 1639, Charles, by letters patent in
the 14th year of his reign, gave and granted to Ditchfield, Highlord,
Clarke, and Mosse, the towns of Wavretree and Everton.

On the 20th June, 1639, the patentees sold to James, Lord Stanley, the
manor of West Derby and the towns of Everton and Wavretree, who in
1642, the 17th Charles I., appointed a Court for these manors, Sir Richard
Molineux, Bart., being Steward. At this Court it was proved that Everton
paid £6 lis. 3id. for the enclosed lands, and for the commons called
Hongfield, Whitefield, and Netherfield 1 3s. 4d. per annum, and at every
King's fifteen,* 2s. for the said commons.

After many disputes, at last in 1667, the Everton copyholders agreed
to pay the Earl of Derby 12 years' rent, of their ancient rent, and permit
him to enclose 69 acres of the commons land for self and heirs, on
condition that he would confirm their copyhold rents certain for ever,
with the privilege of the other two-thirds left unenclosed, amounting
to 120 acres. This agreement is dated 1st January, 1667. It is
probable that the Heyeses availed themselves of this arrangement to
build their house, which still stands in Everton Village and bears

date as follows : —

H
M

1688

On the death of the Earl of Derby, in

1702, the entailed estates went to another branch of the Stanley family,
but Everton and those un-entailed came to I^ady Henrietta Maria, Baroness
of Ashbumham, whose trustees, in 1716, granted a lease of 1000 years, of
115 acres of the common land to certain copyholders of Everton, in con-

* The King's fifteens were ainongst the oldest rates in the kingdom, and were super-
seded by the land tax. In Magna Charta, fifteenths are named in payment to the King
as bring oue-fifleeuth of all moveables.

sideration of £115 ready money. Thus only five acres of common land re-
mained The copyholders had to pay £5 15s., or one shilling per acre on the
land leased, and 13s. 4d. " Breck-silver." This lease is important, as firom
its date, all the waste land in Everton, with the exception of the five acres,
which include the mere and some patches of ground, was reclaimed.

In 1717 Mr. Isaac Green, a solicitor of Liverpool, whose wife was
daughter and heiress of Sir Gilhert Ireland, purchased the rights, privileges
and emoluments of the Manor of Everton, with those of the Manors of West
Derby and Wavretree. On his death. July 5th, 1749, his possessions be-
came the property of his daughters, co-heiresses, afterwards Mrs. Blackburn
of Hale, and Mrs. Gascoyne of Childwall. Everton fell to Miss Mary
Green, who married Bamber Gascoyne, Esq., M.P., of Barking, Essex, by
whom she had two sons. At Mrs. Gascoyne's death. May 8th, 1700, the
Manors of West Derby, Everton and Wavretree, descended to Bamber
Gascoyne, Esq., the elder son, many years M.P. for Liverpool. General
Gascoyne was the other son. At the death of the younger Mr. Bamber
Gascoyne, 16th January, 1824, the Manors were inherited by his daughter,
who married the Marquis of Salisbury, by whom they are now ei\joyed.

An important event in the history of the Township is its occupation by
Prince Rupert, in 1664. He encamped on the high ground between Shaw
Street and Everton Village, and established his head quarters in a cottage
which was pulled down April 2'ind, 1845. Behind it, until lately, there
was a mound, on whirh a battery is said to have been constructed. In
1844 a gun and sword, thickly encrusted with rust, were dug up from the
area of this mound, which wsis used as a garden. Few details of the events
of the siege are on record, which is singular, considering the length of time
Everton was occupied. Prince Rupert, after taking Bolton, and refreshing
his troops, towards the end of May, 1644, marched to Liverpool, and
arrived on the 1st June. He attacked, first the north side of tlie towii,
which was defended by a ditch 1 2 yards wide and three deep, extending
from the east end of Dale Street to the river. Ramparts were also con-
structed of woollen packs, brought over from Ireland by refugees from the
religious persecution then taking place in that country. The river defended
it on the west, and on the south the Pool, which would also protect the
east, as it ran up Whitechapel, then called Frog Lane. We may suppose
also, that on the west side of Whitechapel, which was skirted by open fields,

7j>

lying between it and Dale Street, now occupied by Button Street, Sir
Tbomas' Buildings, &c., batteries were hastily constructed, which assisted
in keeping off the assailants so long. The attack on the north side failing,
Prince Rupert moved to Everton, and is said to have extended his lines on
the heathery brow of the hill, from the Beacon to what is now called
Brunswick Eoad.

It is to be doubted whether Prince Rupert ever thought seriously of
taking Liverpool from Everton, as it is evidently too distant from Liverpool.
What was Prince Rupert's motive, then, in remaining at Everton ? It was
not to be out of harm's vra-y, as there never was a braver soldier. It was not
through ignorance, as he was an engineer of first-rate abilities. His true
character has only of late been made known, and as a warrior by sea and land,
and as a statesman, he had few equals. He was skilled in the arts of the
sculptor, the musician, the poet and the chemist. What then were his mo-
tives for attacking Liverpool from Everton ? It is most probable and pos-
sible, that finding " the crow's nest," as he contemptuously called Liverpool,
to be " a den of lions,'* as he afterwards called it, he busied himself while at
Everton in that negociation which eventually placed the town in his hands.
Wliatever were his motives, he soon advanced his line of attack to the London
Road, where he threw up batteries opposite the ends of Norton and Seymour
Streets, extending them thence northwards towards Gerard and Hunter
Streets and Shaw's Brow, and on the south, on the site of the houses which
lie between London Road and Copperas Hill, which were then open fields.

As corroborative of this it may be mentioned, that some 35 years ago a
very old lady stated that she remembered a trench to be open in those
fields, and that in her young days it was said " to have been opened by
Prince Rupert." In this trench several rebels of the year '45, hanged at the
Gallows Mill adjacent, were buried. In 1805 the trenches in London
Road were discovered for about twenty yards, opposite to Norton Street.
The rock seemed to have been cut through very deeply, but filled up with
rubbish. In these trenches broken flasks, bones, shot-belts, leaden balls,
and a portion of a wall were found. In 1745, while digging the founda-
tions of the Old Infirmary, which stood on the site of St. George's Hall,
other trenches were foimd, and in them were cartouche boxes, bottles, a gar-
devin, &c. ; and in 1821 remains of trenches were again found in Gloucester
Street. Prince Rupert not succeeding on this side, moved again to the North/

and on the Q6th June carried the town by escalade, being assisted, it is said,
by persons in the town itself.

Rupert 8 Cottage was a long, low thatched building, of a single stoiy, and
nearly rectangular, being about fire yards in width at the Eastern end and
somewhat wider at the Western ; its length was twenty yards. It was built
of rubble and broken stone. The rafters were of oak, and two beams are
at this date to be seen in the yard of Mr. Jones of Everton, plasterer, who
purchased the materials when the cottage was taken down, and serve as up-
rights for a timber rack. From its timber also, Mr. Joseph Mayer, F.S.A.,
caused a vase to be made, which was presented by the Society in 1S48 to
Lord Albert D. Conyngham, now Lord Londesborough, and a case for con-
taining the address of the Corporation of Liverpool on the occasion of Her
Majesty *s visit in 1851. There was a projecting closet attached to the cot-
tage, which was taken down some fifty years ago. The interior of the
cottage was of the usual humble description. There is in the Collegiate
Institution, an old cabinet, purchased from the inmates of the cottage,
which is said to have been in it in Prince Rupert's time.

At the time of the siege, tlie army occupied the hill from the Beacon to
Low Hill, which was then completely covered with heather, without a single
dwelling. In Everton there were a few cottages, one of which, of the
same date probably as Prince Rupert's, was pulled down about five or six
years ago. Previous to 1700 the whole of the North and South sides of
the hill were unbuilt upon. Nearly opposite to Halliday s Coflfee House
(licensed about 1770) in Ruperts Lane, on the site where Mr. Shand's
gates now stand, were a pinfold and cage. In 1787 the pinfold was re-
moved to Netherfield Road and the cage was erected m the triangular
spot of ground on the sloping brow. Tliis field was anciently called
Bam o' the Hill field, as a barn once stood upon it, and was sold to
the township in 1770 by Mr. Seacombe for £20. In 1797 the grass on it
was sold for the first time for 5s. Mr. Harper, who obtained the town-
ship's order for the removal of the pinfold and cage, built, in 1790, Mr.
Shand's house, and improved Rupert Lane, which at that time was deeply
rutted and almost inipa.ssable. Tlie site of Rupert's Terrace was formerly
a smithy, connected with the village by a footpath, which probably is repre-
sented by a passage which connects at the present day tlie lane and the
village. Previous to 18*-^0 there stood opposite to the Parish Office a Cross,

on which wan a dial. The township kept it in repair, as we find that in 1774
'* a shilling was paid to a majson for squaring the dial,*" and in 1 785 the same
sum for repairing the cross, and in 1787, £2. 158. 5d. for the same purpose.
Daring the sweating sickness in LiverfKKjl, in 1650, a market was held
roond the cross, and the money in pa.ssing between the parties was dropped
into a bucket of water. The cross was removed in 18*2r>, as it was found
to be in the way of vehicles, and some accidents liad l>een occasioned by it.
But as it was much venerated, it was secretly removed by two individuals
daring the night, and the stones were deposited in the cage till the excite-
ment caused by its disappearance ceased.

Within the last five or six years there stood in the village an old cottage
of similar construction to Prince Rupert s, probably occupied during the
siege by his offirers. Its place is now occupied by the Parish Office, and
the original fire-place is shewn in the outer office. In 1759 Molly BusheU,
the originator of the famous Everton toflee, resided here — it was made
from a receipt of Dr. Gemird's. The present Mr. Sandiford of the village
is a descendant of this Mrs. Bushell, and preserves the original receipt.

The cottages which skirt the deep brow rising from Netherfield Road
were built al)Out 1692, and among them we have another toffee establish-
ment kept by Mrs. Cooper, which has been in her family for more than
fifty years. The sliambles near these cottages are supposed by some to be
of very ancient date, but they have been erected within the last thirty-five
years only.

In the njUTOw part of the street leading from the village to the com-
mencement of Church Street there are two cottages, built by an old and
respectable Kvcrton family of the name of Heyes before alluded to, one is
dated 16hh ; the other is dated 17IU. Where Rupert Lane, Church Street,
Everton Village, and Breck Road meet was anciently called ** Four lane
ends."

ITie main approach from Livcri)ool was by the present Everton
Croscont, tlie fields about which were formerly called Richmond mea-
dows. This road was formerly called Causeway I^ane, and aftorwards
Loggerhead Lane, from a public house which was near the sito of
the present ** Loggerheads Revived "* : near it stood a dyer's house

• The houne wan previously orciipied by n private family, and in it Mrs. Heroans
«»ffnt muny of her rarly y^nrs.

and a pond surrounded by willows. The sum of £8. Ids. lOd. was paid
by the township for paving this lane, which was often almost impass-
able from ruts. The Crescent was built shortly after 1 807, the two fields
on which it stands having been purchased by Messrs. Webster, Highfield,
Bibby and Scholefield. From the early part of the eighteenth century
the houses of Everton improved greatly, and towards the end of it, the
Liverpool merchants built many elegant mansions. The value of land in-
creased, so that £21 were paid for what would have been let for only the same
number of shillings formerly. In 1 549 the fields at the back of Aspinall's
Buildings, containing ^i acres, were sold for £15, and some time ago they
brought £200 per acre. At present from 15/ per square yard has been
obtained for land in the township.

The St. Domingo estate occupies the North-east of the township, and was
owned in 1790 by two individuals. A part of it was called " Cobbler^s Close,**
a shoemaker having first enclosed the waste land. This title was changed
to " Pilgrim" by Mr. Barton, who purchased it out of his share of the spoil
of a French vessel, captured by the Pilgrim privateer, the property of
Joseph Birch, Esq., M.P. Sir William Barton, Mr. Atherton, and
afterwards Mr. Woodhouse who gave it the name " Bronte," (from his
connexion with Bronte in Sicily,) held it in succession. The originator
of the St. Domingo estate was Mr. Campbell, who, in August 1757,
purchased a portion of, it and afterwards the remainder : he called it
" St. Domingo," from one of his vessels having taken a rich prize off that
island. In 1793 it became the property of Mr. Sparling (Mayor of Liver-
pool) who rebuilt the house. From him Sparling Street Wapping, and
Sparling Street, connecting Beacon and St. Domingo Lanes were called.
In 1812 it became the property of the Barrack Commissioners for £26,383.
6s. 8d., subject to 19s. 4d. Lord s rent. The inhabitants used every exertion
to prevent these Commissioners from taking possession, but without avail.
Everton was again selected as a barrack station in 1848. In 1803 Prince
William (afterwards Duke of Gloucester) resided at St. Domingo House,
when commandant of the district, and in 1804 was visited by his father,
and both from their courtesy were very popular. St Domingo House,
after passing through various hands since, has lately become a Jesuit's
College, called St. Edmund s. Mere Bank at the North-east comer was
originally called '* Headless Cross," and a cross b said to have stood there,
but its histon' is unknown.

In the South-east of the township was the house of Mr. Oregson, close
to which was an excellent well, from which the neighhourhood had the
name of Gregson's Well. The singular hend that the road here takes was
originated by the owner of this house diverting the throughfare to its pre-
sent shape in consequence of the dust incommoding him and his family.
Gregson's villa was erected on the site of the Fabious' house, which was
built long prior to 1700. In this year the Fabiouses (alias Beans) procured
a license for a room in their dwelling for prayer meetings of the Baptbts.
They appear to have been influential members of a then small community.
In 1707 Daniel and Hannah Fabious gave the Baptists a piece of ground
for a cemetery. It is on the Everton Road. Interments have not taken
place in it for some time, the ground being quite full. The management
of it is vested in three trustees. In 1714 a Baptist chapel was erected
near the burying ground, the congregation of which about 1722 removed to
the new chapel in Byrom Street. Gregson s villa and gardens have disap-
peared, and are covered by multitudes of small houses.

The Necropolis, commenced in 1824, was opened February 1, 1825,
Dr. Baffles officiating at the funeral of a Miss Hope. Shaw Street was
conmienced in 1829, and on its East side is the Collegiate Institution, the
first stone of which was laid October 22, 1841, by Lord Stanley. In the
North-west of the township is St. George's Church, built at the cost of
£11,500 in £100 shares. The land was given by Mr. Atherton, who re-
served for himself ground for a vault, and stipulated tliat no funerals should
enter by the West gate except by permission of himself or heirs. There
are three exquisitely stained glass windows at the Eastern end of the
Church, executed by Wailes of Newcastle. The centre or principal one
was erected in memory of the late Rev. R. P. Buddicom, the first incum-
bent, who afterwards became principal of St. Bees. The window at the
end of the left-hand gallery was put up by Mr. Dyson, and that in the
right-hand gallery by Mr. Staniforth in memory of liis parents, the late
Samuel Staniforth, Esq., and lady. St. George s Church was consecrated
26th October, 1814, being the first place of worship erected in the town-
ship with the exception of the Baptist Chapel previously mentioned,
^{lere are now three more Churches, viz., St. Augustine s, Christ *s, and
St. Peter's Churches ; a fifth, St. Chiysostoms, is in progress of erection,
near Whitefield Lane.

t t

On the site of the comer of the East end wall of St. George s Church
formerly stood the Beacon, which Gregson in his Fragments supposes was
built by Ranulph Blundeville, Earl of Chester, and which may liave been a
medium of communication with Ilalton and Beeston Castles, both in his
possession. Others doubt this, as up to the time of Edward III., faggots
only were piled up for Beacons, which were fired when occasion required,
while in his reign boxes filled with pitch on poles were used. A sketch
taken in 180'2 shews it to have been a plain square tower, of a dull
red colour. There was a lower apartment and also an upper, reached
by a flight of narrow stone stairs, and by another similar flight the flat
platform on the top was gained. It was six yards square and twenty-five
feet high. In 1770 a watch movement maker took up his abode in it,
who was succeeded by a cobbler about 1773. Marriages are said to have
been performed in it in the time of Chas. I., when the loyal clergy were
expelled from Liverpool. The Beacon, it is thought, was used at
the threatened invasion of the Spanish Armada, and in 1700, when
Thurot's descent was expected, it was an important station. It was
blown down in a storm in 1803. In forming St. Georges grave-
yard two skeletons were found, supposed to have been the remains of
Prince Rupert's soldiers. In 1804 a telegraph station was established by
government on the site of the Beacon, where St. George's Hotel now
stands, in connexion with one at Ashurst. It was taken down in 1815, at
the end of the war. At the corner of Priory Ljine tliero is a house, built
in 1800 by Mr. Ilinde, which is said to have been in its original state a
copy of the Beacon.

Waterhouse Lane, connecting Church Street with Everton Terrace, has
been a thoroughfare for the last eighty years. It was opened by William
Clarke, Esq , who erected the house lately occupied as a barrack, and
now in the possession of Mr. Waterhouse.

Adjacent to Whiteficld Lane, witliin a few yeai^, a large village has
sprung up, and will shortly form a small town in itself.

The renUil of Everton in 1071, was £5ji ^s. ; in 1700, t2)lO\i Us. 6d. ;
in 1815, JC9981 ; in \x\t\), £30,139 ; and in 1851, £9*^.071.

The population of EvrrU»n was —

In 13-^7 95 inhabitants.

l69--i 135

17U 140

1709

46 houses

253 inhabitants.

1790

370

1801

499

1811

140

913

1816

188

1222

1821

320

2109

1829

670

3703

1831

• • • .

. .

4511

Hoases.

Unoccapied.

Bailding.

Inhabitanta.

Rateable property.

1841..,

...1680

137

9221

£59,260.

1861..,

....6741

674

183

25508

£92,071.

It will be thus seen that a most astonishing increase is taking place m
the population of Everton, and there is little doubt that when the next
census is taken there will be found an increase of at least two-thirds over
the present number of inhabitants.

II. Topography and Antiquities of Southport and its neioubourhood.

By Hugh Gawthrop, Esq,

This was a brief topographical Essay, noticing the prominent features of
the country, in the four parishes of North Meols, Halsall, Walton-on-the-
Hill, and Ormskirk. Soutliport was taken as the starting point, from which
a temporary resident might radiate to the others, at occasional visits. The
rapid rise of Southport is one of the curious facts of modem times. About
fifteen years ago, it was known mainly to the working classes in the various
manufacturing towns of the county, and was, as if by a sort of conventional
arrangement, the watering place of the poor. They came at periodical
intervals to enjoy a week's cessation from their wasting toil ; and anxious
to give themselves over to rude enjoyment, the scenes of drunkenness and
general depravity said little for the condition of their morals. Now, these
have given place to totally different classes in society. The scattered huts
among the sand hiUs have become a small town ; comfortable houses have
been built for the accommodation of temporary residents ; the place is easily
accessible by railway from Manchester or Liverpool ; it is celebrated for its
beautiful air and water ; and thus its primitive character is lost for ever.
The other places mentioned in the paper are of too much importance to be
passed over with a brief notice ; and it is hoped that on future occasions,
distinct memoirs may be written on all or several of them, either by the
author of the present paper or by others.

FIFTH MEETING.

Collegiate Institution, 4th March, 1852.
P. R. M*QurE, Esq., in the Chair.

PROCEEDINGS.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Certificates of three Candidates for Memhership were read for the
first time.

The following were duly elected Ordinary Members :—

Rev. John Shepherd Birley, Halliwell Hall, near Bolton.
David Howe Lambert, Baltic Buildings, Redcross Street, and

Bedford Street, Liverpool.
James Sykes, Breck House, Poulton-le-Fylde, and 40, Seymour

Street, Liverpool.

The following Donations to the Society were laid upon the table : —

1. From the Society.

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries,
No. 2i2, in vol. ii.

2. From other Donors.

Robert RawUnson, Esq. Reports of the Board of Health, on a pre-
liminary inquiry, &c. respecting Berwick-on*
Tweed, (2 copies) ; Poulton-cum-Seacombe,
(2) ; Rusholme, (2) ; Dorchester and For-
dington, (2) ; Morpeth and Bedlington,(2);
Birmingham, Carlisle, and Dover, (1 each.)

P. R. M'Quie, Esq. A map of Manchester, A.D. 800. Copied by

James Wyatt, Engineer.

James Eendrick, M.D. Randle Holme's Academy of Armory; printed

at Chester 1688.

Rev. T. Faulkner Lee, Lithograph of the Ancient Runic Cross, of
M.A., Lancaster. Lancaster, now in the Museum of the

Natural History Society at Manchester.
Drawn from the original, by the Rev.
T. F. Lee.

J. W. Whitehead, Esq. Prospectuses of Projected Schemes ifi Liver-
pool, about the year 1836. Of 102 which
were proposed, Mr. Whitehead had collected
as manj as 80 Prospectuses.

The following Articles were Exhibited : —

By Joseph Mayer, F.S.A. Six stone Celts of various sizes and shapes ;

four bronze do. ; part of a sword blade ;
an ancient spear head with the wood in it ;
and a palstab found in the County Antrim,
Ireland.

By Dr. Hume. Bag of a " leubra" or native Australian

woman, made of the stringy bark tree. A
New Zealand basket made throughout of
the phormium tenax or native flax.

By Alfred Himmer, Esq. Three Drawings by George Ormerod, Esq.,

D.C.L., Ac., — viz., Smithell's Hall, exterior
and interior views, 1810 ; and Hale Hall,
1820.

MiSCELTANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS.

Dr. Hume exhibited and read extracts from certain MSS. forwarded by
Major-General the Hon. Sir Edward Cust, K.C.H., Vice-President. The
following extracts suflBciently explain their import and shew their character.

" Deposiconns of witnesses taken within the King's MaVs
Court of Excheq'* within his liighnes Castle at Chester, the
vij"* daye of Maye, Anno Regni Regis Jacobi, Angliae &c.
quint, et Scotie xl** 1607 Upon the pie & behalf of Gilbert
Vrmeston defte against John Vrmeston compl**

" Henrie Watte of Moreton w.thin the County e of Chester husbandman,
aged three score yeares and upwards, sworn and examned. Saith ho
knoweth the p.tyes, and bath knowne them for the space of thirtye yeares
nowe last paste and above. And did also knowe William Vrmeston in this
Interr. named, and that the said defte is eldest sonne and next heire to the
said William Vrmeston. The said William in his Uef tyme and at the
tyme of his death, was taken and reputed to be lawfully seised in his de-
measnes of fee, of and in the messuage & certeyne bowses and bmldings
garden and yord to the same belonging, scituate in Moreton, nowe in the
pits occupacion, and also of and in one Close or p.cell of land in Moreton
aforesaid, called the West-car-hey,. * * * And verilye thinketh that
the said cottage is bmlded upon the defies owne landes, or upon the waste
landes in Moreton aforesaid, But whether the deftes father did fynd tym-
ber to the building of the same he knoweth not. * * * Hee saith
that there was heretofore a survey taken and made by Henrye Connye
John Roberts and Myles ffells, officers for the said henry the late Earle of

derfoje of the landes in the Jnterr. mentioned. And that there weare
p.sent at the survey with the deponent WQliam Beunet and Richard Roh^
with others whose names he certeiulj rem mbreth not. And that theis
p.celles of land hereafter named, Viz the lytle Kyllonde, the two huUondes
in the Gorstefield, the dovehowselonde, the Waynsharelonde, the Smyi1e>
londe, the hadlonde at the head, the hullonde in the oulde field, the hol-
londe in the Hawthorne, the Waye butt, the Wyldmarelonde, the horde
meadowe, the pyke by the rake, and the hullond by the rake weare then
surveyed * * Also saieth that the said Gompl^ hath used and taken
one Cowe ^rasse in the Towne More of Moreton aforesaid, as Ten*nt
thereof to the defte. And that the right ho'* WiUiam Earle of derby is
Chief lord or owner of the Tnheritance of the said Moore, And that the
said defte hath the said Cowe grasse as app'ten nte and belonging to his
Inheritance in Moreton aforesaid, and p'mitteth the Complt to use the
same. And that the defte doth putt one Cowe less in the said Moore by
reason that the Complt hath the superior title there. And further saieth
that the defte is a Charterer w^.in the said Townshippe of Moreton. And
that there are divers other Charterers w^.in the said Townshippe, that have
Comon of pasture or grasse for kyne or Cattle in the said moore, by reason
their Inheritance in Moreton aforesaid." Other Witnesses were William
Martin of Saughaull Massye, yeoman ; Thomas Fabon of Moreton, hus-
bandman ; Henrie Smith, Arthure Vrmeston, and Henrie Irbie of More-
ton, husbandmen.

The Society resolved to join in the invitation to the British Association
fo^he Advancement of Science, to meet in Liverpool in 1863.

PAPERS.

T. — A L.\NrAsiimK Charm, in CvrnEu, against Witchcraft and

KviL Sri KITS.

By John llarland. Est].

Many years ago, certainly prior to May 1825, some men engaged in
pulling down a bam, or shippon, at West Bradford, about two miles north
of Clithem, in this county, were attracted by seeing a small square piece of
wood fall fn)m one of the l>oams ; and with it dropped a paper, folded as a
small letter [^J by '2 J inches], but measuring, when opened, 7 J by 6 inches.
A sort of superscription was in large and unknown characters ; and inside,
the paper A^-as nearly covered with a sort of hieroglyphics, with strange
symbols and a table or square, of HO small squares, fiUed with characters in
red ink, the great bulk of the writing being in black ink. For the loan of
this paper I am indebted to its possessor, Jeremiah Gamett, Esq., of

Roefield, Clithero.

In May ]825, this curious document was entiiisted to the late Rev.
Eichard Garnett, of the British Museum, a gentleman of much eruditioii,
and varied and extensive learning. By the aid of some old astrological books,
he succeeded in decyphering and explaining the whole, and it is his ex-
planation, (with a very few additions and corrections of my own) that I
have now the honour of submitting to this Society. In the middle ages,
charms and exorcisms were numerous ; and Brand, in his Popular Anti-
quities, gives a week's entire service of the Roman Catholic Church, for the
exorcising of a haunted house by the priest, the prayers differing every day ;
as to which we may observe, in reference to the charm under notice, that the
collect for St. Michaers Day was said on the Tuesday and not the Sunday.

The table in the left top comer is a sort of magic square, called bj
astrologers " The Table of the Sun." It is so arranged that the sum of
every row of six small squares, whether counted vertically, horizontally, or
diagonally, amounts to III, and the sum total to 666, a fEivourite magical
number, the origin of which is to be sought in Revelations, xiii., 18 : —
" Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of
the beast : for it is the number of a man ; and his number is six hundred
three score and six" — i.e., 666. For the sake of greater mystery the
numerals are expressed by letters^ as follows : —

•

There are apparently some slips of the pen in it. For example, the
second number of the first transverse or horizontal row (io=34), ought to
be (ie=3tj), and the 2nd number of the 5th row, which is partially oblit-
erated, should be (er=29). In the top tablet or space, flanking this table,
are five mystical characters or S3Tnbols in red ink. The first in the top
left comer, consists of the symbols of the Sun, and of the constellation Leo,
which, in astrology, is ** the Sun's own house," and where of course he is
supposed to have the greatest power. The word written in black ink imder
these symbols, is /a-x"' (fnachenj the cabalistic name of "the third
heaven," and the Archangel Michael being supposed to preside over that
sphere, — ^his seal or cypher is introduced below the symbols just named
(the commencement like a mde 4 and the termination like a capital N,)
with his name subscribed, i^tx-*^ (Michael). The next character, at the
centre top (like a rude Z with circular ends,) is " the InteUigence of the

Sun", that word being written over it, ivWJjyoct. Under this is a character
or symbol (like a broken fork) denoting '* the Spirit of the Sun,** the
word ffxi^it (spirit) being written within it. In astrology every planet is
supposed to have two beings or spirits attached to it, and called its Intel-
ligence and its Spirit. The last figure, which contains within its quarterings
the (r>y*x (Sigil, seal), is the seal of the Sun himself, in astrological language.
All these symbols show that the charm was meant to be put in operation
on a Sunday, that being the day of the Archangel Michael, as well as of
the Sun.

We now come to the words of the charm itself. These are disguised by
a peculiar vowel notation, and further obscured by the partial employment
of a few Greek characters for some of the consonants and the distortion
of the form of most of the other letters. The vowel notation runs thus : —

a e i u

- /> ' \ /

The consonants are thus written : —

6, like a rude capital C.

Cfftjt s, ic, Xj with little alteration from the ordinary forms.

df A, as they are found in ancient writings.

g, I, m, n, p, in Greek characters.

q, r, like the figures and 7 respectively.

t, like a staff, with a hook or small circle at top.

These are all illustrated in the fac-simile a<]yoining.

The charm occupies fourteen lines, which may be thus rendered into
ordinary letters : —

Line 1. — apantou [or awanton] + hora -f camab -f- naadgrass +
pynavet ayias + araptenas

2. — + quo + signasque -f payns [or pagns ? pagus] -f- sutgosikl -f-
tetragrammaton +

3. — inverma + arao + 9, [apparently an abbreviation for Thso$t God]
-f- dominus + deus -f hora -f- [here the hole in the paper obliterates a
word] + fiat + fiat + fiat +

4. — ^ut dicitur decimo septimo capitulo Sancti Matthsi a vigesimo
carmine

5. — fide demoveatis montes, fiat secundum fidem, si sit vel fuerit

6. — ut cunque foscinum vel demon habitat vel perturbat banc

7.— personam, vel hunc locum, vel banc bestiam, adjuro te, abire

8 — sine pertorbatione, molestia, vel tumultu minime, nomine

9. — Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sanctu. Amen. Pater noster qui es

10. — ^in coelis, sanctificetur nomen tuum, veniat regnum tuum, fiat
voluntas

1 1 . — tuo, sicut in coelo etiam in terra, panem nostrum quotidianum da
12. — ^nobis in diem, et remitte nobis peccata nostra, etenim ipsi
13. — ^remittimus omnibus qui nobis debent ; et ne nos inducas in tentat —
14. — ^ionem, sed libera nos a malo. Fiat."

It will be seen that the first three lines of this charm are a sort of gibberish,
with an admixture of Greek and Latin words, constituting in itself a charm,
supposed to be efficacious in expelling or restraining evil spirits. With the
fourth Une then, must begin our translation : —

** As it is said in the 1 7th chapter of St. Matthew, at the 20th verse, * By
faith ye may remove mountains ; be it according to [my] faith,'* — if there
is, or ever shall be, witchcraft [or enchantment] or evil spirit, that haunts
or troubles this person, or this place, or this beast, [or cattle], I adjure thee
to depart, without disturbance, molestation, or trouble in the least, — ^in the
name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost Amen."

Then follows the Lord s Prayer — '* Pater noster," ** Our Father, which
art in heaven," &c., ending with the word, " Fiat", (be it done.)

It remains to notice the superscription or endorsement, for the paper has
been folded as a letter, and these words are written outside : —

-y\— -\- §9

titl—yl—iJL^—t f

These we read '* Agla — On [or En] — tetragrammaton." The first two
words are names given to the Deity by the Jewish cabalists. The third,
(which is also the last word in the second line of the charm) is meant to
authenticate Uie whole ; and to show that it is the production of an artist
who understood his business ; for ** tetragrammaton ",f and " fiat", are words

• This is not a literal qaotatioD. The verse ruDS thus: — " If ye have faith as a
grain of mustard seed ye shall say unto this mountain, Remove henre to yonder place,
and it shall remove ; and nothing shall be impossible unto you.**

f ** Tetragrammaton" is a word frequently in use among Jews, as descriptive of the
sacred and unpronounceable name (Jehovah.)

of such potency, that a charm without them would be of no efficacy what-
ever. The late Mr. Gamett, writing in May, 1825, adds — '* I should
think that the document is of no great antiquity, probably not more than
80 or 40 years old. It was doubtless manufiEu^tured by some country ' wise
man', a regular dealer in such articles. There are, I belieye, several
persons within 20 miles of Blackburn, who still carry on a trade of this
sort"

II. — Memoir of the Earls of Chester.
By W. WiUianu Mortimer.

Part II. — The Norman Eabls.

In a former volume of the Society's publications,* will be found a brief
memoir of the Anglo Saxon princes who held the Lordship of Chester
previously to the Conquest. The following is a similar sketch of the
Noeman Lords, and of the Palatinate Earldom which they held, after their
predecessors had been banished or exterminated. Some account of the
mode in which the Saxon princes conveyed and granted their lands, may
form a suitable introduction.

In the reign of Alfred, a general survey was made of his dominions, the
particulars of which are still preserved in the Cheat Book of Wincluiter,
Of its accuracy there is little doubt ; and it is quoted in almost every page
of the Donmday Book^ of which it formed the model, but which \?as not
completed until twenty years after the Conquest.

By the fundamental laws of the Saxons, all their lands were subject to
the performance of the following duties : I. The erection and upholding of
castles. II. The building and maintenance of bridges. III. The militarj
defence of the realm ; not under particular leaders, but in general " the
expugnation of foreign invaders." The estates were of four great kinds :
1 . Thanelands, otherwise Boclands or Charterlands. These, which comprised
much of the kingdom, were hereditazy, and independent of any superior ;
so that the owner could freely sell or grant them to others. 2. The Bene-
ficium, granted on condition of military service to some particular chieftain ;

•Vol. il. p. 8ir».

this was held either for life or for a definite term. 8. The Folkland, held
by the many commoneiB or yeomanry, \?as not entirely free or hereditaiy,
but under an obligation to make a fixed annual return of provisions. 4. The
Church lands were held under Frank-Almoigne; i. e. without feudal service,
but with perpetual prayers and masses for the souls of the grantors and
their flEunilies. To these may perhaps be added 5, the small plots occupied
by the slaves [thralls or bondmen,] and villains [mere villagers], for their
support, and with which they were sold.

At the Conquest, these modes of tenure were cancelled by the sword of
the Norman ; and estates were granted on condition of military service.
Each Norman leader received his fief from the king on this condition ; and
again he infeoffed his own vassals in smaller portions, imtil the system of
subinfeudation was complete.

The City of London and the territory immediately adjacent to the field of
Hastings yielded at once to the Conqueror, but this formed not one fourth
of the kingdom. Twenty years elapsed, ere all the midland and the
great northern Counties had surrendered to his arms. Then, and then only
was the Domesday Survey made ; with the double object of showing how
much had been allotted to his companions in arms, and how much yet
remained to be disposed of similarly. But, one of the ancient Saxon king-
doms, Mercia, the Conqueror was unwilling to entrust to any one of his
Barons ; he therefore divided it into separate portions or counties, — ^thus
destroying the unity which might endanger his throne, and rewarding a
greater number of his followers. To some he also gave commissions,
granting in perpetuity such lands as might be conquered from the native
occupiers, in the " Marcher " counties of England and Wales.

I. The City and County of Chester, (the latter including that part of Lan-
cashire between the Kibble and the Mersey, and also the Hundred of
Atbcros in Wales, lying between Chester and the Clwyd,) was granted to
Walter de Gherbaud, a Flemish nobleman. His valour at the battle of
Hastings, and subsequently against the Saxons and Welsh, obtained for
him this reward. Little is known of this Earl, except that the difficulties
of his position were great and unceasing. Wearied with the fatigues of
warfare, he obtained leave to visit his patrimonial estates in Flanders ; when
being cast into prison in his native country, the Conqueror resumed posses-
sion of his lands in England. The name of Gherbaud is seldom mentioned

in local history, although he was unquestioiiahlj the first Norman Earl of
Chester ; but he must not be confounded with the Palatinate £aii8 who
succeeded him. The difficulties which he had experienced in retaining
possession of the tenitoiy assigned to him, induced the Gonquerer to erect
Chester into a County Palatine, giving to its holder *' a fullness of power
previously unknown in these realms ; such a Sovereign jurisdiction that the
ancient earls kept their own Parliaments, and had their own Courts of Law,
in which any offence against the digni^ of the sword of Chester was as
cognizable as the like offence would have been at Westminster against the
dignity of the Royal Crown ; '* for William '* adds Pennant " allowed Lupus
to hold this County tarn libere ad Oladium neiU ipis Rex Unthat AngUam
ad Coranam.*' The Palatinate Lords might pardon treason, murders and
felonies, they appointed justices and judges, and were as absolute in their
own county, as the king in his own palace, whence says Blackstone, ''Coun-
ties Palatine are so called a paUatio,'*

These privileges were granted to the counties of Chester and of Durham
" as bordering upon the inimical countries of Wales and Scotland in order
that the people having justice administered at home, might not leave the
county exposed by absence to the enemies* incursions ; and that the owner
by so large authority might be more watchful and act with greater efficacy
in its defence/*

II. All these privileges were by the Conqueror conferred on his nephew
Hugh Lupus, son of Richard Goes, Earl of Avranche, Auranges or Abran-
OB, and Viscount of Armorica, by Margaret, the daughter of Hariowin a
Norman of rank. Hariett the mother of Margaret was the daughter of a
respectable skinner of Valois ; she had had, previously to her marriage, an
intrigue with the Duke, Robert of Normandy, sumamed the Magnificent, as
likewise from his violent temper and disposition, Robert le Diable. This
eventuated in the birth of an illegitimate son, William, who succeeded to the
Dukedom of Normandy, and is better known in English histoiy as William
the Conqueror. His nephew Hugh, the sou of Richard Goss, was at the
conquest rewarded with the manor and castle of Tutbuiy and lands acyacent,
for the great bravery he had evinced in many encounters with the English,
in all of which his daring courage and ferocity amply confirmed the proprieqr

• But Uicre are sererml otliir etymologies of Uiis word. See »ppn«»#»r*ft Trt'land, »pnil
Todd, V. viii. p. :UH, «nd Brarlon.

of the surname he had previously acquired, of Lupus or the wolf, by whidi
he is so well known in our local history.

To maintain the state and dignity of the Earldom, Hugh Lupus was
invested with immense estates in different parts of the kingdom. The city
and castle of Chester with the whole of the county which did not appertain
to the Church, was conferred upon him, or his immediate retainers; he him-
self holding in demesne no fewer than forty-eight entire townships. His
other properties extended into the counties of York, Lincoln, Norfolk,
Suffolk, Huntingdon, Oxford, Northampton, Derby, Notts, Rutland, Berks,
Buckingham, Warwick, Salop, Gloucester, Hants, Dorset, Somerset, and
Devon. After Hugh Lupus's investment in 1070, he restored the city
walls, enlarged the fortifications, subdued the Welsh, and reduced the entire
county of Flint under the sword of Chester. He also appointed great
officers of his state and household ; and nominated several of his principal
Barons'^ to aid him in the government of his extensive territory.

The Normans partook largely of one feeling at this period, which was
that scarcely any christian virtue exceeded that of the building and endow-
ment of churches and religious houses. Many of them, therefore, founded
or extended monasteries, as they believed their end approaching, and Hugh
Lupus among the number. A monasteiy had existed for centmries at
Chester, the foundation of which was attributed by tradition to Wulpherus
King of Mercia, for the reception of his daughter Werburgh, afterwards
patron saint of Chester, and such as chose to join her. After undeigoing
various changes, its previous inmates were dispossessed by Lupus in the sixth
year of William Rufus. He was then suffering from severe illness ; his
endowments were upon a magnificent scale. The new foundation was
transferred to Monks of the regular order of St. Benedict, and Anselm,
Abbot of Bee in Normandy, who died in 1105, became its first Abbot.
Hugh died in 1101.

Historians have differed much respecting the character of Lupus. By
some he is represented as an active and prudent prince, especially in his
early days, but tovrard the close of his life he sunk into voluptuousness. By
others he is represented as prodigal, vain, ungodly, an epicure and sensualist
His numerous severities practised on the Welsh were retaliated by con-
temptuous names derived from his personal appearance, as Hugh Fras,

• See Appendix to this Paper.

(Hugh the faiy) or Hugh Dirgane, (Hugh the Gross.) His wife was
Ermentrade, daughter of Hugh de Clerimont, Earl of BeauTais, in France.
By her he had only one son.

ITI. Richard, son of Hugh Lupus, succeeded at the age of seren years.
It is not known with certainty how the Palatinate was regulated during
his minority, nor indeed till the time of Earl Randall, but there is reason
to suppose that he was under the guardianship of his mother. In 1119
he married Maude, the daughter of Stephen de Blois, son-in-law of the
Conqueror, and in a few weeks afterwards, returning to England with his
bride, accompanied by two of the sons and one daughter of Heniy I, and
about a hundred and fifty of the young nobility of England and Normandy,
he suffered shipwreck ; and all save one of the crew were drowned. The old
chroniclers relate the details, that the King*s ship sailed first and arrived
in safety, but that the crew of the Prince's ship had been intoxicated with
part of three hogsheads of wine, and ran their vessel upon some rocks.
The historians of the period testify no sorrow for this event, but regard it
as *' a divine vengeance,*" '* a judgment of God,** &c., occurring in a calm
sea, in fine weather. The reason is that William, the legitimate heir of
Henry I, cherished a spirit of bitter animosity against the Anglo-Saxons,
and had been heard to declare that if ever he came to reign over the
miserable remnant of that people, he would yoke them like oxen to the
plougli.

IV. Randal de Mesghikes, Viscount Bayeux next succeeded. He
was nephew to Lupus, being son of his sister Maude, by Randal of Mes-
chines, and of Bricasart in Normandy. Of Earl Randal, peaceful in
his disposition and domestic in his habits, not one incident is recorded
worthy of notice. His name seldom appears after 1110, when he is men-
tioned 88 remaining faithful to Henry I, daring the disturbances that
prevailed in Normandy in that year. He married Lucio the widow of
Roger de Romara, by whom he had issue Randal his successor, another
son who became Earl of Cambridge, and a daughter. He was liberal in
his contributions to the church, and in his donations to his followers.'*' He

* Among othera be gare the manoTB of SUirelon and of Paddington, and the baUiwick of
the fontt of Wirral lo bb ateward, Alan SylTeatie or SaTage. Thii Alan had a dangfattr
who taeoeeded to hia eatatea, and eonTeyed them to one Alexander, who ia preanmed to
hare been tutor to the aon of Earl Bandal, thongh in aome pedigreea he ia eallad
ateward of the bonaehold. Adopting the flMhion of the time he aasamed the name of
his r^dence — Storeton — which with the wardenahip of Wirral forett waa eon Armed to

died iu 1 1 28, after au iucumbency of eight years. His wife, now a widow
for the third time, gave £266 ISs. 4d. for lirerj of her fiather^s land, and
paid a fine of 500 marks, that she might not he compelled to marry within
five years.

v. Hakdall the second, generally sumamed de Gernons — ^but per-
haps, more correctly de Yemon, from the place of his birth — ^was the son
of the first flarl Randall, to whose estates and dignities in England, as well
as in Normandy, he succeeded. The influence he derived from the great
possessions of his father, was increased by his marriage with Maude,
daughter of Robert Earl of Gloucester, natural son of Henry I. He
was of a very ambitious disposition, and living in times when political
contentions prevailed, he makes a conspicuous figure in the history of that
period, in which he was not only one of the most powerful of the Barons,
but, decidedly the greatest warrior. United in arms with his father-in-law,
Robert of Gloucester, and his half-brother, the Earl of Lincoln, '* he made
many most notable stirs in this nation.** The old historians have left
elaborate details of the proceedings of these powerful barons during that
" confused alternation and succession of anarchy and tyranny, which the
poverty of language compels us to call the reign of Stephen.** This monarch
had given ofifence to Randall, by making Henry, son of the King of Scot-

him by Hugh Cyveliook, afterwards Earl of Chester. Storeton afterwards stiled himaelf
Magister, and his signatcire as Mag*tro Alexandra freqaentlj appears, in numeroat
deeds, immediately after that of the Sheriff of the County. He had two daughters, by
the marriage of one of whom in 1315, to Sir Thomas de Bamville, Storeton was oon-
veyed to liim, and afterwards divided between his three grand-daughters co-heiresses.
Upon the marriage of Jane or Joan, the eldest, with Sir William Stanley, the first of the
name in Wirral, he obtained the bailiwick of the forest and her share of the manor ;
and having purchased the other shares firom her sisters, he assumed the armorial
bearings of the Foresters, viz. — Argent, on a bend azure, three bucks* heads cabosaed or,
instead of those previously borne by the Stanleys. His great grandson, Sir William
Stanley, Lord of Storeton, who died 21 Bichard II, appears from an inquisition to IttTe
held the manor from the King as Prince of Chester. Many charters now in Chester
shew bow much Richard the Second was attached to the capital of his fnvourite County,
which in his greatest extremity furnished him with a body guard of 2000 native archers.
In the latter part of his reign, 21 Richard II, cap. 10, the Earldom was erected into a
principality. But these proceedings were cancelled by his successor Henry IV, who
conferred the Earldom upon his son, creating him Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall,
and Earl of Chester. This Sir William was the direct ancester of the many noble and
distinguished Stanleys who have since occupied so conspicuous a position in the annals
of this kingdom. His eldest son married Margaret the daughter and heiress of William
de Hotone, from whom is in direct descent the present Sir William Stanley Massey
Stanley, Bart., late of Hooton. His second son was Sir John Stanley, Ix>rd Deputy <^
Ireland and Knight of the Garter, who marrying Isabella the heiress of Latham, became
the founder of the ennobled fiunilies of Stanley of Knowsley, (Lord Derby,) and of
Stanley of Aldorloy — also of the Stanleys of Ponsonby in Cuiulx^rlaud.

land. Earl of Northumberland, and presenting him with Cumberland, a
county which Randall considered his own, as he claimed to be lord of
Cumberland and Carlisle. ProTented by the King from attacking North-
umberland, on his return to the court of his father, Randall's indignation
was roused against Stephen, and he immediately surprised the town and
castle of Lincoln, which the King had garrisoned, and took it with all the
strongholds in that county.

The two earls of Lincoln and Chester, were in turn besieged in Lincoln
by Stephen, but Randall escaping, raised a large force among his own
followers in Cheshire and North Wales. Robert of Gloucester, his father-
in-law, aided him, and Matilda was proclaimed Queen. The King s troops
consisted in a great degree of Flemings; but a battle taking place at
Lincoln, on Candlemas-day, 1141, they were forced to flee before the
fierce Webhmen, and the king was sent in irons to Bristol, where Matilda
was residing.

At this period, Randall was in the zenith of his power ; but Gloucester
had been made a prisoner, and his liberty was of so great importance to
his party, that the king was exchanged for him. During the remainder of
his life, Randall was engaged in a continued series of battles with Stephen,
attended with very varied success; once fully one-third of the kingdom
belonging to himself. In every town and village, the factions of the royalists
and imperialists, (as the party of Matilda was caUed,) had almost daily con-
tests, in which both sides sufiered severely. The frequent and long
absences of Randall from Cheshire, and the exhaustion of males in
fighting his battles, tempted the Welsh to make inroads upon his territories,
*' making great store of spoil and devastation.** Late in life, he was one
of those who invited Henry Plantagenet to England. He died in 1152 or
1153, it is generally supposed by poison. He had previously founded
Trentham Priory, the Nunnery in Chester, and several other religious
houses in Wan^ick and Lincoln. One of his last acts, vras to give to
the monastery of St. Werburgh, Chester, the manor and churches of
Bromborough and Eastham, as a recompense for injuries which he had
done to the brotherhood. And to procure the removal of a sentence of
cxcommimication which had been pronounced by Walter, Bishop of Lich-
field, against the Eari, his widow and son, shortly after hb death, trans-
ferred the manor of Styshall, with other lands in Warwickshire, to the
Bifthop.

VI HroH the seconcL suhmmimI CtYm)UK»ciL IMmi k^t^i W^ ImsvH
in the CoQuuote^ of thai nftHM in F9>wy«hM<i tiioo^f^ M thlh Km<^
He pot^s^essed. we are told» th# ^idkmr aim) R^rtitviU^ Vkf hiU (^ih^nx (ml >n«mi
greatly mferk^r to him iu TOKkwi aiM) iu lh<> ov>uli\4 \xf Kim i^aiKH^^ IW
wrested from the Webh» aivl rNaiueU iu hU own haiHb% luvH^h v^ lh%« Uih)
about Bromtield and the ueighbouHKH^d. Al ihini tim0« w Wu \\w NWWh^
conEued withiu their mouutain fii^tnecMiea, wen> ih> kiiv||i94* a »smi\^ vvf Mtim^i'
to the English* when the vast poaaeaaiona of Iha Hriliah ui^uiais4i Ui
France were not ilbputeii, when SeoUaiu) no hx^f^ Uuraai^ie^l i\w UmxI«4'
frontiers with iuvaaiou. and iu Huglaud all waa i^aaoaaUa a)koe)4 m^a ^ur lw^»
of lus own turbulent Barona. Uanry 11 api^eared al lh« h<4||hl \\t kUa
prosperity. But by the evil dia)H)«iitiau of hla Quean iiuili||aiiim Uia (Uihhi
sons, then mere Ih)^, a powerlUl iHuiajilracy waa Auruiad anaiuMl him. Tha
flames of civil discord broke out iu all dirm^tiuuM. The (luwiMrlV^I Karl iif
Chester, '* William tlie Lion" King of HoiiUaml, aiul the ICarl of Ltiloaniiir
led theii' forces against the King, and were at ttmt eminently iiuotHMailVil
both iu England and France. But a reverwe ucourrlng, Karl llughlVill
into the hunds of the King, at Uie oastle of llule, in I Hil i uuil tha King
of Scotland being t^iken, peace wai aoun e«tabliMhail, The ihrep yiiung
princes wore pardoned, with the moMt uf thi;ir allleii, but the Uirau prlitol|ial
conspiratorH wore to be treated witli neparately. William tlit* IJom and tlui
Earl of LeicoHter efinily made terma ; but it waa only in 1 17H| that llnnry
restored t^ Hugh his liberty and eMtatei, on tlie aarnniit antroaty nf bia
friends. " Being taught by hia folly to be mora wiae," MiyM Woldi, ba
retired to ChcBter, where be waa buried in II HI. II0 alao waa libaral
to the church. He added to the endowment of TrDntbam Abbayi and
confirmed the manor and Tillage of GreaAby to ilia Abbey of (Jliaatart

VII. Randall the third, sumaiiied Uumtm^thtM,l immtHuiml biafattfKfi
and held the earldom during the long iHtr\f4 of fifty-miii ymm, lla waa
the principal adriaer of ftmr Engliab rm/iiarelia, (MttUfjf ll« Iii4itm0(i I,

• Put fit * %Uir*!, btiJiilf«4, Of tmfiU*4, 4umUiiuU$u tihf fiik^ffmr /fu4Uy,

f As ft iritAAM u> ft duttdf ffftikitof lliMk fnUmtth t4 l^fM0mff U* lf#^ A^Am^, ^tn Mt*Hf f4
Gilberts /Hi^f yiMMmm Mfftmn, Ut^ttft Ih* UiAttif tA fli>« fftlWi itm wAm*% S$^ Hir
ecnw, tn BotJ«r, wkkh mmmt b« mtmm i iA f9nm \M t4k4m ^ M irftft ll#^ it4t^i4ci^ t4 $lttt
Betlcrt or Boulvfl ^/f Am^mtu Um u m tm4 fkmiUFf, a«v«f*l Umtllii^ itfmtf^iiktu Uttf*t 14m
an extinev — »» BmaU^ tA TmMh, a fc a r w i a tl ***4 flM4 f%^i Wfff^MfM m4 m0iff9d

John, and Henry III), and all writers agree in considering him one of the
principal barons of England, not only in prowess, but in wisdom and
prudence. He was called Randall the Good, from his benevolence ; but
partaking of the feelings of the period he entered the lists of the crusaders
at an advanced period of life, with a degree of fury and fervour which
fanaticism only could inspire. He attained great celebrity, and Robert
Langland or John Malvern gives a curious illustration of the EarUs
notoriety in song at the time when he wrote. An ignorant monk, attempting
to chaunt mass, pleads as an excuse for his inability to perform it : —

" I cannot the Pater Noster as the priest it syngethe,
But I can Rimes of Robin Hood, and of Randall of Chester,
But of our Lord and Ladye, I leme nothing at all."

The first twenty years of this earldom present little worthy of notice. He
was in arms in 1 104, to aid in the liberation of Goeur de Lion from im-
prisonment; and the known designs of Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, to
attain the independence of his country, kept the border or marches in a
state of perpetual excitement. Amid the changes of the period, the
alliances and hostilities, the vaiying friendships and treaties. Earl Randall
appears to have acted with firmness and consistency.

The Earl of Chester was one of those who had been instrumental in
procuring the elevation of King Henry III., who was crowned in 1216, at
the age of nine years, and in the divided condition of the nation and
weakness of the crown, Llewellyn attempted to attain his object, bat
mainly in consequence of the faithlessness of the English barons in
alliance with him, he was defeated. The victory in which the young King
broke the forces of his reltellious barons Is quaintly called ** the fair of
Lincoln/* and took place in May, 1217. The earl of Chester was then
Regent ; and next to the security of the nation, he sought that of his own
territories. The devastations of the Welsh extended to almost every
village and town on the borders ; they were witnessed often from the walls
of Chester; and the suburb of Ilandbridge, on the opposite side of the
Dee, was thence called Treboth, or the burnt town. In September, 1217,
Randall took advantage of a treaty that had been made with Llewellyn,
and went to the crusades. On his return he made grants to several
religious establishments. The Cistercian monks of Poulton were trans-
ferred to the Abbey of Dieulacres, in Staffordshire, which he had first
founded ; he erected Bee^ton and other castles, which were to be supported

liy tolls on tho^te who passed through his lordships ; and he established
beacons, as at Everton. His whole life was spent in activity, and nothing
was either too difficult for his accomplishment, or too minute for his atten-
tion. Alike in his victories and in his government, he was influenced by
feelings of pure patriotism.

He was undoubtedly, the first subject in the kingdom, holding the two
great earldoms of Chester and Lincoln, and by virtue of his wife Constance,
(widow of Geoffrey, son of Henry II.,) the dukedom of Brittany and earl-
dom of Richmond, which she had inherited from her father. He was
sheriff of the three shires of Stafford, Salop, and Lancaster, in the two
former of which he held large estates by inheritance ; and, in consequence
of receiving confirmation of lands which his ancestors had held, but which
had been forfeited by the defection of Roger de Poictiers — the original
grantee, — ^he became chief lord under the king, of all Lancashire. For the
tenure of his lands between the Ribble and the Mersey, he paid annually
a goshawk, or fifty shillings into the king's exchequer. Such large posses-
sions gave him great power and influence, so that he sometimes refused to
answer the summons of royalty itself.

He died in 1232, at WaUingford, whence his body was removed to
Chester for interment. He was twice married, having been divorced from
Constance in 1200, and remarried to Clemence, widow of Alan de Dinnan.
Some say that he was married a third time ; but there is evidence that his
second wife survived him. Respecting his private or personal history little
is known ; but it is inferred that he was small of stature, from a reproachfal
remark made of him previous to the battle of Lincoln. His vast posses-
sions were divided among his four sisters. Maude, the eldest, who bad
married David, Earl of Huntingdon, brother to William the Lion, King of
Scotland, received Cheshire as her portion. Mabel, married William
D*Albiney, Earl of ArunHel ; and Agues, Ferrers, Earl of Derby. Avis
or Hawes, the youngest, and her brother s favourite, received the earldom
of Lincoln, with all his lands in that shire ; she married Robert de Quinoey,
son and heir of the Earl of Winchester.

VIII. John, surnamed the Scot, son of Maude and David, succeeded
as Earl of Huntingdon and Chester. Little is known of him, but it is
behoved that he spent his time mainly in the improvement of his posses-
sions; and that he was of a peaceful disposition. He at first took part with

the Burons against Henry III., but speedily joined the councils of the
monarch — being influenced no doubt by personal attachment as well as by
alhance. He was constant in his attendance at the court of the king ; and
at the marriage of the sovereign, carried one of the swords of state — that
of mercy. On this occasion, the great barons of the land had all been sum-
moned to perform the usual offices or duties which had anciently been
held by, or were due from their ancestors, at the coronations of the kings.

In the life time of his father, by his desire, he married Helen, a daughter
of Llewellyn, Prince of North Wales ; the object being to heal the differ-
ences which had long existed between the Welsh and the Cestriaus. The
maniage was not attended with happy results. He had no issue, nor was
there any direct or immediate heir to succeed to the earldom ; when in
1237, after having held it for only Ave years, he died and was buried at
Chester. It is supposed that he was poisoned, and that by the connivance
of his wife.

With him terminated the Palatinate Earldom of Chester, for the King
took possession of all the manors and lands which had been held by the
Earl, giving in lieu thereof ample domains to his sisters whom he had
appointed his coheirs. His widow also received from the king, lands in
Northampton, Middlesex, Bedford, and other counties. The rewards or
exchanges as they have been called, were liberal, the king being ''not
averse to any, but unwilling that so great an inheritance as the earldom of
Chester, should be parcelled out among distaffs."

The widow and children of John le Scott» last Earl of Chester and of
Huntingdon, being thus recompensed out of his princely possessions, the
honour and dignity of the Earldom were attached to the Crown, and they
have since remained a brilliant appendage of the British monarchy, having
been imiformly borne by the heir-apparent of these wide-spread realms.

APPENDIX.

THE BARONS OF CHESTER.

Hugh Lupus, anxious to commence tlie exercise of bis almost regal prerogatiTefi in
becoming state, nominated several of bis principal Babons, to form a Parliament to aid
bini in tlie Government of bis extended territory. Tbeir number, exclusive of spiiitnal
peers, was seven or eigbt ; the title of each was hereditary, and it was taken from his
chief place of residence. They had ample means to support tlieir dignity. Sir Peter
Leycester says, " though inferior in rank, nay in place below all Knights, they bad great
power and privileges in the county, which then extended over all Flintshire, and tbe
greater part of Denbighshire, and Capmarvonshire." From them, many of the distin-
guished families of Cheshire are descended.

1. P'oremost in precedence was Neal, Nigel, or Lenoir ; — Baron of Halton, Constable
nnd E>>rl- Marsh all of Cliester. He possesseil ctmsummate skill as a commander, and
great bnivery as a soldier. In addition to tbe offices of state entnisted to him, h^ pos-
sessed twenty-seven manors or townships in Cheshire, in one of wliioh he erected a
rosidenre and fortiiiration — Halton Castle — the ruins of which still remain. His son
William, the second Bai*on, foundeil a priory at Kuuconi ; and his grandson, tbe third
Baron, dying wiUiout male issue, bis estates were divided between his two daughters.
Lenoir, does not appear to have accompanied tbe Conqueror to England. One of his
brothers was the ancestor of the numerous families of Dutton, Aston, Arley, Gerard, and
Warburton ; his descendants taking tbeir names from their respective properties. Tlie
elder daughter of the tliird Baron, married Eustace Fitzjohn, whose great grandson took
tlie name of Lacy in 1194. on inheriting the possessions of Robert Lacy, lord of PomfreU
Henr>' de Lacy, the tenth Baron, was high in rank and power, and a great favourite with
Edward I. He was Earl of Lincoln, Constable of Chester, Baron of Halton, Pomf^t,
Black bnmshire, Roos, and Roweynock, and Lord Protector of England. He left only
one daughter, sole heiress, at bis death in 1310; and she married Thomas Plsntagenet*
Earl of Leicester and Derby. His widow dying without issue, the Barony of Halton
reverted to Hie crown ; and, is since known as tbe ** fee of Halton.**

2. Robert dc Montalt or Mold, came next. He was Seneschal of Chester, and en-
trnstrd with the government of Mold. A strong castle was erected there to protect the
Normans from the incursions of the Welsh. Upon the death of Robert, bis heirs snc-
ceeded tDl L'].i7; when tbe last Baron, dying without issue, bequeathed bis estates to
Isabella, Queen of England, and John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall.

3. William de MaKlebeng, Malbank, or Nantwich, a near relative of Hugh Lnpus,
became Huron of Nantwich. He built a castle of great strength at Nantwich, and
adopted tlie name of the place as his surname. It is mentioned in Domesday, that he
possessed no fewer than forty-seven manors or townships. His son, who founded Com-
l»eriiiere Abbey, gave one-fourth of Nantwich as an endowment ; but tlie male issue
failing, the remainder b(Hvime much divided. Most of it is now held by the Marquis of
C'hohncmdeley and Lord Crewe.

4. Richard Vernon, Baron of Shipbrook. The fifth Baron dying (07 Henry III.)
without male issue, his barony became vested in his sisters as co-l:eircsses, whenee it
descended to the families of Wilbraliam, Stafford, and Littleburj'.*

5. Robert Fitzhugh, supposed to have been a natural son of the Earl, was his chief
secretary ; and though properly Baron of Malpas, is sometimes called Baron of Hawar-
den. lie had thirty-one manors, including Malpas, which he chose for his castle and
surname. The lords of Malpas, in common with other powers, possessed that of life and
d€»ath in tlieir courts ; and it would appear from various reason*, that they more fire-
quenllv exercised it than others. From him are descended the ancest(»rs of the &inilies
()f Cholmondeley, and the Egertons of Cheshire, Bridgewater, and Wilton.

0. Hamon de Masci, Baron of Dunham, held his barony, under Lupus, by military
tenure. The first Baron was a distinguished warrior ; and the thini founded the priory

* Half of the Paronial Manor wan after legal proceedings recoveri>d by an uncle called In tbe
pedigrees " Sir Kalphc the Olde, ' and ** the Old Liver." He in stated to have lived one hundred
and flJty vears. See llarL MSS. 2079 pp. Vi l-U-», and Lysotis, May. Brit.

of Birkenhead, about the middle of the twelfth century, — ^in a portion of the baronj of
Dunham. It was further endowed by Hamon the fifth Baron, upon the death of whose
son, in 1342, without male issue, the barony passed to the ancestor of the present earl of
Stamford and Warrington.

7. Gilbert de Venables, a younger brother of the celebrated Earl of Blois, was
appointed Baron of Kinderton; and had thirty seven townships annexed to his dignity.
The power of inflicting capital punishment, was exercised by the Barons of Kinderton
so lately as 1507 ; when one Hugh Stringer was tried for murder in the Court Baron,
and being convicted was executed. The descendants of this Gilbert are frequently men-
tioned in the history of English warfare ; as at the battie of Shrewsbury* and in the
wars of the Boses.t Peter Venables, the last direct male descendant, died at Middle-
wich in the early part of the last century. The Baroness suryived him only a few
years, dying in 1717. Various other £Eunilies, still seated in Staffordshire as well as in
Cheshire, are descended from these Barons.

8 ? To these seven, some add a Baron of Stockport ; respecting whom, however,
there is great doubt. Camden and Spelman incline to the affirmative ; and they are
followed by the learned authorities of the Magna Britannica, as well as in some degree
countenanced by an ancient painting. Sir Peter Leycester, on the other hand, decides
in the negative, and denies the authority of the painting. In the records of Henry III.
andEdwud 11. Stockport is described merely as a manor, and not as a lordship ; and the
proprietor in a plea, temp, Henry VII., only claimed the right of punishing minor
offences. It is probable therefore tiiat there was not an eighth Baron, of the same rank.

To tiie above Temporal Barons, Lupus added certain Lords Spiritual. These were as
follows : — 1. The Bishop of Lichfield, who in 1075 transferred his episcopal seat to
Chester, and thenceforward was called Bishop of Chester. 2. The Bishop of Bangor,
whose diocese comprised all the lands lying fh)m Chester to the Menai Straits. 3. The
Abbot of Chester. 4. The Augustine Prior of Norton. 5. The Benedictine Prior of
Birkenhead. 6. The Cistercian Abbot of Stanlaw. 7. The Cistercian Abbot of Com-
bermere. [Some add erroneously — 8, the Abbot of Vale BoyaL]

It is probable that others still were added to this Parliament, among whom it is allow-
able to reckon first Lupus's partner, cousin and firiend, Bobert de Bodelent, who became
commander-in-chief of his forces. Under the name of d'Avranches, he was knighted at
the court of the Confessor ; and retiring to Normandy, he afterwards was one of the
companions of the Conqueror. He received certain grants joinUy with Lupus, as the
right to govern all territories wrested from the Welsh. The whole diocese of Bangor
was by him obtained in this way. He built the castie of Rhuddlan, whence he assumed
the name " de Rodelent ;" and rebuilt that of Deganwy (Dinas Gonway or Conway.) To
the monks of Ultica, he gave with other things, the manor, tithes and church of West
Kirkby in Wirral, " the church of the Island," (most probably the cell or chantry on
Hilbre Island), and the church of St. Peter at Chester. Of two sons, one was drowned,
and the other, supposed to be illegitimate, held the manor} and church of Thurstanston,
from which he assumed his surname.

• ** Where almost all the powers of Cheshire got tosether.

By Venables (there great.) and Vernon musterea thither.**
t ** There Dutton, Dutton kills ; a Done doth kill a Done ;

A Booth, a Booth ; and Leieh by Leigh is overthrown ;

A Venables aninst a Venables doth stand.

And Troutbeck flahteth with a Troutbeck hand to hand.

There Molyneux aoth make a Molyneux to die,

And Bgerton the streo^h of Egerton doth try.

Oh Cheshire, wert thou mad I of thine own native gore.

So much, until this day, thou never shed'st before.

Above two thousand men upon the earth were thrown.

Of which the sreatest part were naturally thine own.**
t The QPeat grand-daaghter of Matthew conveyed the manor, by her marriage, to Patrick of
HeswalLHigh Sheriff or Chester 5 Edward 1. Their onlv daughter married Robert of Whit-
more, whose direct descendants remained in uninterrupted possession till 1751, when it became
tibe property of six eo-heiresses. Proceedings in Chancery took place, by which the manor and
b^ of Thurstanston were settled in 1816 upon Mrs. Lucy Brown, of Marchwiel llall, Co. Denbigh,
and at her decease they became the property of their present occupier Colonel Olegg.

SIXTH MEETING.

ColUgiate IruHtution, Ist April, 1852.
David Thom, D.D., Ph.D., Vice-President, in the Choir.

PROCEEDINGS.

llie Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Certificate of one Candidate for Membership was read for the first time.

The following were duly elected Ordinary Members : —

John G. Jacob, 50, Church Street.

Rev. Thos. Faulkner Lee, M.A., of the Grammar School, Lancaster.

Thomas Symes Warry, Hamilton Square, Birkenhead.

The following Donations to the Society were laid upon the table: —

From the Editor. Guide to Northern Archaeology, by the Royal

Society of Northern Antiquaries at Gopen-
liagen. Edited by the Rt. Hon. the Earl
of Ellesmere, 8vo. 1848.

From Thos. Moore, Sen., A Document on the regulation of time in
Esq. Liverpool.

From the Rev. Dr. Thom. Fragments of ancient Pottery from Eddis-

bury Hill in Ohesliire.

Fragments of Ik)ncs from the same place.

A rubbing and drawing of a Coat of Arms,
from a brass plate in Tarvin Church,
Cheshire.

The following Articles were Exhibited : —

By the Rev. John W. Hill, Several impressions of Seals connected with
Waverton, Cheshire. Fountains Abbey.

By Joseph Boult, Esq. Twelve specimens of a Work on Church

Monuments, by Mr. Gibbs of Wigan.

By J. G. Woodhouse, Esq. An agreement for 500 pipes of Bronte Wine,

between Lord Nelson and the Messrs.
Woodhouse ; the wine to be delivered to
His Majesty's ships lying in the Mediter-
ranean. Much of the document was in
Nelsons writing, and liis signature was
'* Bronte and Nelson."

By R. H. Brackstone, A collection of celts and bronze swords, found
Esq., of London. in various parts of Ireland.

By Dr. Hume. Specimens of bones which are found in large

quantities, at the caves of Cefn, near
St. Asaph.

By Thos. Doming Hib- A large collection of letters and other MSS.,
bert, Esq. relating to Lancashire and Cheshire persons

and places ; most of them of the time of
James I., Charles I. and Charles II. They
had come into his hands in a direct line
from the original possessors. Several in-
teresting passages were read.

Miscellaneous Communications.

1. Dr. Thorn explained that the drawing and rubbing just presented by
him, both referred to the engraving on a brass plate, inserted in the wall, at
the south-east end of the Chancel of Tarvin Church. The plate was
erected in memory of Henry Hardeware, who died in 1584, apparently at
or near the period of his decease. Mr. Hardeware, who had held high
civic offices in Chester, appears to have spent the latter portion of his life
in the country. The arms, which are found on the plate along with his
own, are those of the city of Chester; not dimidiated but entire. The
pointed sword is interposed between the two upper garbs, and the hilt is
inserted in the lowest or central one. The drawing was made by Mr
George Charles, late of Tarporley.

2. Dr. Thom having heard of the discovery of burnt bones and pottery
at Eddisbury Hill, in the spring of 1851, visited the spot in the autumn,
accompanied by some frienas. A labourer who had been present at the
discovery conducted the party. In a field called the Sand-pit field, occu-
pying the slope of a hill facing the south, was a collection of irregularly
shaped stones of various sizes. This was the place where the articles had
been discovered. The stones had formed a smsdl arch or vault, under which
was the urn, with its contents ; and had been thrown together in preparing
the field for the crop. The site is about half a mile to the south-east of the
cairn of the trigonometrical surveyors ; about the same distance from the
large farm-house on Eddisbuiy Hill ; and a few perches from the Roman
road leading easterly from Cnester. The precise spot was in a hollow,
midway between two converging ridges. The stones which had covered
the urn, were the common sandstone of the district, undressed. One had
a very rude resemblance to the human bust ; and another had rude carving
like the capital W. written across three parallel lines. The um had been
broken when found ; but portions of it and of the bones were strewed
about. The former is of coarse baked clay, slightly indented ; the latter
seem to have been subjected to the action of fire. From a large fragment
of the urn preserved by Mr. Dean of the adjoining farm house, it appears
to have been nine or ten inches in diameter and four or five deep. Below

100

the rim, on the outer side, was an ornamental herder of ahout two inches
deep, consisting of alternate white and hlack squares.

3. In reference to the document exhibited by Mr. Woodhouse, a letter
from which the following are extracts, was received a few days after the
meeting. It is written by Mr. James Boardman of Aigburth. " I was on
a visit to the late Mr. John Woodhouse at Marsala, during the vintage of
18] 4, and as you may suppose, wine was the theme of our conversation.
I remember my kind host telling me of Nelson's purchases, and how the
wine in question came to bear the name of Bronte. When Nelson was
signing the order for the fleet, he said, * Woodhouse, let the wine be good,
for my brave fellows deserve a good glass ; and let me liave a few pipes for
friends at home.' Mr. W. promised to do his best, but added, * it wants a
name, and nothing goes do\Mi in London without a fine name.' * Well,'
replied the hero in his own way, * d — n it, call it Bronte after my new
estate.' * A good name too,' said Mr. W., • but Bronte is a nut and not a
tcine district.' ' Don't mind that,' said Nelson, * what do the folks in Eng-
land know of Bronte ? Let it be Bronte,' * * The wines of the
Messrs. Woodhouse are the production of the Marsala and Mazzaia dis-
tricts, at the west end of Sicily."

4. Fountains Abbey, to which the seals exhibited refer, is still standing,
in ruins. It is in Skeldale, in the county of York, about three miles south-
west of Ripon. It was founded in 1 1 32, by Thurstan Archbishop of York,
for the support of thirteen monks, (originally sent from St. Mary's Abbey,
York,) in a more austere mode of living. At first their means were so
limited that they were obliged to lodge under the shsuiow of a large tree ;
but connecting themselves with the Cistercian order, the community at
length roso to preat wealth. At the dissolution, temp. Henry VIIL, the
yearly rent of their lands was iJ1073.

5. A communication having been read, from John F. Marsh, Esq., Town
Clerk of Wai'rington, inviting — in his own name and that of some other
gentlemen — the whole Society to meet at Warrington on the 7th of May,
along with deputations from certain other societies, to examine the lodl
antiquities ; —

Besolred, — Tliat the best thanks of the Society be given through Mr.
Marsh, to the gentlemen at Warrington, and that the invitation be accepted.

PAPER-

Traces of the Britons, Saxons, and Danes in the Fobelaxd

OF THE Fylpe.

By the Eev. Wm. Tho ruber, A.B.y Blackpool.

At the close of a fine day, some weeks ago, I found myself after a
pleasant walk on the height of Beiyl, the highest hill on that range of cliffs,
which defend the Foreland of the Fylde towards the north of BlackpooL

101

from the ravages of the Irish sea. The sun was jost dipping, in the royal
majesty of purple and gold, his splendid orb into its watery bed, and the
gloom and chill of evening were fast dispelling that rosy brightness in the
west, the harbinger of fine weather. A broad expanse of water lay before
me, unruffled by a breath of wind, of glassy brightness, and glittering as a
mirror. All nature was solemn, even the plaintive wail of the sea-fowl was
hushed ; whilst the gentle murmur of the flowing tide and the music of the
waves, shoaling among the pebbles on the beach, broke harmoniously on the
ear. The mind loves to contemplate on such an evening — mine was
turned inward upon itself, and as its mood grew more and more congenial,
both ear and eye administered to its pensiveness. The sea before me spoke
of immortality, '* from age to age enduring and unchanged ;" whilst the
landscape behind, that told of change, excited thoughts and feelings full of
charming sadness. " The Britons, the Romans, the Saxons, the Danes,
and the Normans" — soliloquised I — " have looked upon thee, as I do now
— ^hoaiy yet young, restless yet unwearied, marked with a thousand fur-
rows yet unwrinkled. Incomprehensible, multitudinous sea, thou hast been
a wonder to many races. Nor dost thou alone seem to speak of immorta-
lity : yonder broken, fractured coast of Wales on the south with its gor-
geous hills, towering one above another ; that land of Fumess on the north,
backed by the heights of Cumberland, the craggs of Lancashire, and the
mountain fastnesses of Westmoreland, as well as those seven pinnacles of
the Isle of Man, still appear at this distance to retaui their bold outlines,
presenting the same beautiful lineaments, which they did in ages by-gone.
Can familiarity with such a scene ever render man insensible to its grandeur?
The peasant of Switzerland regards with indifference the mountain glaciers,
those vast piles of eternal ice, which fill and glaze the immense cliasms
between the summits of the Alps ; yet they are amongst the most sublime
and terrific phenomena of nature. Indignantly for myself 1 rejected such
a thought ; but, in my earnestness I had turned round, and a glimpse of
the landscape suggested in a moment the sobering fact of my own weak-
ness — I too might change. Still there were features, which the piiinted
Briton might have recognized. The longitudinal ridge of the English
Apennines, that once by its battlements of hills, separated the Brigautes
from the Siatantii, elevated as of old the peaked vertebne of its huge Itaek-
bone, and poured its rivers with the same short precipitous descent into the
sea, and a constant succession of tame, unbroken slopes, scarcely ever ex-

102

panding into a single majestic hill, still swelled in tiresome continuity of
lengthened ridges ; but the woods and forests were gone — ^the trackless
moss of Marton, and the level flat of Thornton Marsh waved with corn-fields
— ^the Hawes of Layton and Eossal displayed towns and comfortable home-
steads — stately churches reared their heads, and cultivation had converted
into meadows, the unwholesome sites of swampy morasses, meres, tarns,
laches, and dubs. *' Ah !'* asked 1 aloud, '* who has wrought these wonders
—made the desert to blossom as a rose ? "

That night I commenced a short history of the changes, which this
remote section of our island has undergone, as well as some account of
the different races of the people who effected them. Let me, however, at
the outset crave your indulgence — my task is no light one, and to fulfil it,
I must summon to my aid, ancient documents, much reading, conjecture,
and tradition.

" Tradidou ! oh ! tradition ! thoa of the seraph tongue,
The ark that links two ages, the ancient and the young."

It lies not within my province to speak much of the vast geological
changes which have taken place in the district of the Foreland of the Fylde ;
but a slight epitome will, I trust, be pardoned. At a period called by
Lyall the Newer Pliocene, the waves which now wash the beach of Blackpool
must have hurled their fury against the foot of the English Apennines, the
intermediate country being the bed of the sea. From some cause, it is
clear, that there has been an elevation of the deposit of the basin, which now
forms bet wen the Ribble and the Wyre the segment of a circle. The water-
worn appearance of the Apennine rocks, attested by the late Mr. Gilbertson,
of Preston — the number of marine shells found in the sand, gravel, and
marl, identical \vith those on the shore, and each species corresponding in
number with those now found, those which are rare in the marl, still rare in
the waters, and those wliich are abundant, still scattered profusely over the
sands, unmistakably declare, that this tract of land was at some remote period
a domain of the briny deep. From facts too numerous for me to narrate,
it would appear, that the matter which composed the basin had been de-
posited, in a long course of years, by a slow and gentle action of the waters,
as we may gather from the shells contained therein, not being much detri-
ted — a great number of them perforated by carnivorous molluscs, and some
few bearing the impression of marine plants. The deposit is also varied :
at one time the sea having been surcharged with one kind of matter, at

103

another by another kind, of different colour and quality, now depositing
laminsB of blue silt on a bed of deep marl, then sand intermixed with beds
of gravel, and boulders transferred chiefly from the rocks of the north, or
from Ireland.

Great changes have also occurred at the estuaries of the Bibble and
Wyre, which make it manifest, especially at the former, that the sea is re-
storing the domain, which it had usurped. Long ago, it left Marton after
destroying its forest, now called Marton Moss, leaving, however, the mere
as a memorial of its occupation ; the Hawes and Blowing Sands are culti-
vated fields, and the Horse Bank, with Waddum Thorp, overwhelmed by the
sea in the reign of James the First, are again becoming dry land by its
channel rapidly retreating to the west. But it is to the Wyre that I would
draw your attention. There is reason to conjecture, that of yore More-
cambe Bay was a large inland lake, even covering and including the site of
Thornton Marsh, which lake was defended from the waves of the sea by a
tongue of land defined by the subterranean forest that may be seen opposite
Oleavleys, and which emptied itself into the ocean by two or more outlets.
This is borne out by facts. Look at the vast sandbank caUed North Wharf,
stretching out from Rossal Point, and left bare at low water for many a mile
— ^trace the blocks of rocks in the sands, known by the names of " Eossal
Gentlemen," running across the estuary and marking a line by their tall and
singular shapes— observe the shallowness of the water, where once was the
barrier between the lake and the sea, and then say, after you have read what
West and Close afi&rm concerning the inroads of the wave on the Fumess
coast — ^whether there be no truth in the conjecture that Morecambe Bay was
once an inland lake, destroyed in the prehistoric ages, and a portion of its
basin gradually filled up by the detritus of the Apennines and the sand of
the sea, the one being charged with the horns of deer, and the other with
shells. And the same agents of destruction are at work at this day. Sin-
gleton Thorp, overwhelmed during the reign of Phihp and Mary, only records
the name of the old lords of Thornton ; whilst the skier,"^* or stone-reef,
once its site, speaks of its desolation, and two large rocks. Higher and
Lower Gingle, point us to the two mansions of the same name, which the

* These huge siog^arly shaped red sand blocks fall from the marl cliffs, being
formed thereon by water, which impregnated with calcide of lime and oxyde of iron
petiifies, as it percolates, sand, stones, or other materials to which it has affinity. The
vast inroad of the sea on the land is attested by these rocks being found at the utmost
verge of the retiring wave.

J 04

Singletons afterwards erected on their estate at Whitingham, in the parish
of Kirkham. The hostel of Pennjstone also is no more ; so the wanderer
on the shore need not expect his penny pot of ale ; nay, is debarred by a
surrounding pool from mounting the rocky seat, to which the thirsty horse-
man formerly feistened his steed. Of these, tradition often speaks, and
hands down the incidents of the fury of the storm that desolated the
coast by the effects it had on the stones, which now stud its sands —
'* Penny stood, CarHng fled, Eedbank ran away."

It is fruitless to conjecture at what poriod the Fylde was first occupied ;
this we may say, that the colonists, advancing from the south, would neces-
sarOy expend years in cutting their way through forests and wading OTer
morasses, before they penetrated the tract of land, afterwards named the
territoiy of the Sistantii. When, however, they had settled themselves in
the southern parts, we may conceive that the adventurers, first to pioneer
the recesses of the Fylde, would be herdsmen, sent by their chiefs in search
of pasture along the fertile hills of the Ribble and Wyre. Thus from Bib-
chester and Penwortham, they would advance to the heights of Kirkham
where, without any doubt, as reliques attest, was established, in process of
time, a British station. From this ancient seat, excursions would be made,
and, as suitable situations were found, habitations erected upon them.
When the Brigantes conquered the Sistantii, a short time before the inva-
sion of the Romans, the number of settlers would be increased, and, per-
haps for the first time, the swampy recesses of the forests and the islands
of the marshes, such as Midgeland and Stockindale in Marton, would be oc-
cupied as asylums from the attack of merciless foes. These in return were
compelled to submit to the Romans imder Cerealis, whereon the Sistantii
were for a season freed from their dominion ; but this exemption continued
not long ; for Agricola, in his second campaign, attacked them among their
estuaries and woods so strenuously, that the Sistantii were compelled to
yield. This was in the summer of 79, and it appears that the general
himself led the main body of his army among the estuaries, from the words
''oestuaria" and **ipse" being connected, whilst his smaller detachments
scoured the woods, &g. that flanked him on his march. But Agricola
knew not only how to conquer, but how to retain his conquests. Such a
general, therefore, would not fail to maintain his position by erecting sta-
tions, and that which had induced the Britons to select, induced the Romans
to retain. Moreover, as roads would be as necessary as stations, he especiaUy,

105

if the Sistantian Port were either on the Bibble or Wyre, would not be
long before he ran them through the Fjlde in the manner, which my other
papers have described ; and to the more northerly roads probably Qalgacns
refers, when in the year 84, he tells us, that the conquerors — ** Corpora
ipsa, ac manus sylvis ac paludibus emnniendis — conterunt.**

I cannot possitively assert that the urns, skin^boats,* celts, amulets, &o.,
etched by your society and found at Kirkham and throughout the Fylde,
belonged to the Britons prior to their subjection. TTirkhftm was evidently
their chief town, and its inhabitants must have been rude ; nor will I say
with the Rev. Mr. Whitaker, of Manchester, that a great trade was transacted
from and to the Sistantian Port, this I know, that the Phoenicians might
descry our coast without the aid of a glass on their voyages to Anglesea, for
on a fine day from Blackpool beach, I can see the straits which separate
the island Mona Taciti from the main land ; neither will I guess, that they
grew barley, Gallic red and white wheat, &c., which they ground in such
querns, as that in the possession of the late Dr. Moore, or brewed old October
— curmi ; one thing I may perfectly assert on the authority of Csesar, that
whilst those who lived in the interior, occupied themselves in the chase,
those on the coast cultivated the land.

The Romans,! however, notwithstanding their thirst for conquest, intro-
duced the arts of civilized life. Under their rule a new order of things
commenced, and we begin to know something of the Britons. Tacitus speak-
ing of the Brigantes, says ** Civitas numerosissima provincisB totius,** and
Palgrave asserts that the Britons were populous from Dumbarton, the
metropolis of Strathclyde to the south bank of the Eibble. Indeed about
two or three centuries after the Christian era, a change took place in the
north of Britain ; those who formerly occupied the midland of Scotland,
betook themselves to the south, where they formed the above-named king-
dom, which lasted from the fourth to the tenth century ; but there also was
another formed by Cymri in Cumberland and the ac^acent districts, called the

* Last August another bronze instrument was foond by the Rer. Mr. Banister, a foot
above the clay beneath an 8} fleet deposit of peat, and within 20 yards of the spot of the
fluted celt of Pilling Moss. It is in the shape of a laurel leaf — ^its length with the
spike being 6^ inches, the greatest breadth 1-^ inch, and its thickness that of a penny
in the centre, but tapering to a very thin edge at both sides. The point is rounded and
as sharp as a razor.

f In September, 1802, a silver denarius of Faustina was discovered at the commence-
ment of ihe Danes' pad on Stalmine moss. At the Poulton Breck railway station
another of Domitian was found ; though much corroded, the DOM was plain.

106

kingdom of the Cambrians. Such being the case, we may expect to meet
with British traces in permanent objects, customs, &c., and we are not disap-
pointed. In Bossal and Eilgrimol, the districts on the estuaries of the
Wyre and Ribble, we meet with names of British signification ; the * cambe*
in Morecambe we stUl retain, when we say, that a man with crooked
shanks has gams legs. But the appellatives of rivers on account of their
running through long tracts of countries, are more likely to preserve their
primitive names than towns or hamlets, which are circumscribed in their
locality. Thus the river Levens, I am told in Ord's Cleaveland, is a pure
British word signifying, the Queen of Heaven ; so also in Wyre, Savok,
and Belisama, we find traces of the same people ; yes, in the name of BeH-
sama, although Dr. Bell's* mode of sUghting the Kibble, has almost as much
startled me as his assumption, that few persons can now be found to assert
that language is the gift of God. But I myself must be careful, lest, in
attempting to prove that Belisama, the Eibble, signifies the Queen of
Heaven — ^the moon, and that Minerva is a personification of her, I also
become liable to the charge of presuming to deify a crotchet of my own
fiancy. Camden tells us, that the Wharf was worshipped under the name
Verbeia, and Whitaker, the Lune under that of laolanus, both grounding
their belief, on altars found dedicated to these local deities. I believe
that nibble was honoured with the name of Minerva Belisama.

I need not say that rivers were worshipped in Britain from the earliest
times, to so late a period as to be forbidden in the 16th of the canons made
in the reign of Edgar, 960, and also in the canons of St Anselm, A.D.
1102. If such viras the case in the days of Christianity, we must not object
to it in the times of pagan ignorance.

When men fell away from the worship of the true God to SabsBanism,
they first regarded the sun and moon as possessing intelligences suited to
become mediators between them and their creator; but perceiving that
these luminaries were invisible for certain hours out of the twenty-four, they
formed images, or fixed upon natural objects as their representatives — most
frequently rivers or fountains. Now the worship of the moon was more
extensive and more fJEunous than that of the sun, and strange to say, she
was adored as a male. One title given to her was, Bel, or Lord of Moist-

* Dr. Bell calls the god BeU, great northern river deity. At the tonroe of the Seine
he informs us that the ruins of a temple to the goddess 9eqnana have been fonnd.

107

ures, and we are told by the author of the Life of Garocalla, who came to
Oarha on his birthday, in honour of the god Lunus, and in whose time the
temple of Minerva was rebuilt at Ribchester, ** that they who called the
moon by a feminine name, and considered her as a woman would always be
subject to female command ; but that they who thought the moon a male
god, should have dominion over women and not be subject to their in-
trigues." Thus much have I said, that you may not be startled to find the
name of the goddess Minerva coupled with the masculine title Bel ; al-
though I shall have to show by-and-by, that the moon was conjointly wor-
shipped with the sun as a female, thus as Semen, or Bel and Sema, hus-
band and wife, mythologically personifying material nature. But whence
make you sama the moon ? Four lines from the Puranas of India will
suffice.

Sama the eldest son of AtrL

Was the moon in human shape.

Was a portion and form of Brahma,

To whom the sacred isles in the west were allotted.

Let US now advance another step. The Greeks and the Romans were
anxious to recognize their own deities in those of India and Eg3rpt, because
they were more ancient ; so finding, in no single god of their own, the attri-
butes of the sun, i.e. Belinus, Baal, Bel, Beel-samen, the mythologists, by
their own philosophical or poetical process, appear to have elaborated from
this Lord of the SabsBan idolatry both Jupiter and Apollo, the former as
the king of heaven, the latter as the local deity of the sun. And this is
accounted for apart from the sophistries of scholastic learning, when we re-
collect that the sun and king of heaven were the same at Babylon — ^but
among the Greeks supposed to be separate existence. In the Orphic
Hymn, Jove is invoked as a multiform deity, and we need not, therefore, be
surprised at the dedicatory title Apollino Belino ; for Herodian says,
** some call the deity Apollo, which we call Belin** ; thus in London the
name is retained in Belin Vgate, (BUUngsgateJ, As they treated the gods,
so they did the goddesses. The moon, therefore, was represented either by
Diana, Juno, Venus, or Minerva, just according to the personification they
wished to attribute to her. Csesar, speaking of the gods and goddesses
whom the Gkuls worship, translates the Gallic Belisama by the term
Minerva, *'Deum maxime Mercurium colunt, post hunc Apollinem, et
Martem, et Jovem, et Minervam," Lib. vi, chap. 16. Here we have the

108

Britons, for the Celts are of the same race as the Gaols, worshipping
Minerva Belisama. Let us seek for sach a goddess at Bihchester.

The principal city on the hanks of the Rihhle (Belisama) in those days
was Cocciam — Bihchester ;— as yet, Preston existed not. Although its
ancient grandeur is no more, the constant discoyeries of coins, altars, &c, pro-
claim what it once was. The greatest discovery ever made was that of the
ruins of a temple, which, since the digging up of a helmeted head of hnss,
with a Sphynx for a crest, has heen universally pronounced to have been
dedicated to Minerva ; nay, Whitaker has proved this from a flagstone, which
once rested above the main entrance, having on it an inscription, and addres-
sing Minerva as " praep d et reg.**, which that antiquarian reads " prsepo-
tenti numini et regins," wondering how she came to the title, having no
idea that regina was coupled vnith Belisama, queen of heaven. Of the two
first words praep n, I should have wished another interpretation, say, pras-
posito niunini ; but the difficulty is great, so I must be content Had the
Doctor ever considered the passage of Csesar above quoted, and known of
the ancient stone inscribed to Minerva Belisama, (Boch. Greog. Sac) he
would not have hesitated in allowing to her the title of queen. But I have
other proofs to adduce, from altars found at Bihchester, to strengthen my
argument There is one, and there is only another similar in England,
dedicated to '* Diis Matronibus,** and who else can they be, but Juno, Diana,
Venus, and Minerva, each a personification of the moon. Moreover, the
the altars inscribed to Mars and Apollo are favourable to my hypothesis ;
for each of these deities is frequently styled Balenus, and I said above, that
the sun and moon were jointly worshipped as a female. Nay, in the hymn
of GaUimachus, Pallas is invoked as synonymous mth, i.e., as a personi-
ficadon of the earliest saffiron-coloured light of morning, as Dr. Dodd con-
firms in a note to his translation. *' The name of Athene,** says that learned
but imfortunate annotator, " is derived from the Hebrew Ath and Thene, a
serpent or dragon, being known-emblems of light in its darting motion,**
and two serpents are represented on each side of the &ce of the helmet
discovered at Ribchester.

Nor is the worship of the sun and moon even now foigotten — firmly has
it been implanted — ^ages have not uprooted it — Christianity has not banished
it I myself have seen the Beltain — ^the fire in honour of the sun, or, as
our coimtiy people would call it, the Teanla, celebrated on Halloween with
blazing fires and leapings through them. I have heard it also asserted by

109

well accredited men, that only a few years ago the bride and bride-
groom, when setting out from Marton to Poolton church, as well as the
fishermen on the coast, took all care to bend their steps and to torn their
boats, not Weddershins, for that would have been a slighting of Bel ;
but sunwise, as expecting no happiness, did he not smile upon them ; and
I have been told again and again by old Mr. Banks, of Blackpool, that
when he was young, some eighty years ago, the oountiy folk were wont to
boil in milk a yellowish stone— (was it amber ?) and on it becoming soft, and
the milk cold, to drink it in the face of the sun when he was first seen to
rise. These are remarkable facts ; but some account of the Teanla, which,
on a less scale than formerly, was so lately as last year celebrated in Carl-
ton, in order to defend the com from darnel, &c., and the herds from
disease, must close my remarks on the Fylde Britons.

I am here however met with a denial, that the Beltain and Teanla are
the same ; because we do not light our fires exactly on any one of the four
great festivals of the Druids ; but in India, in the ceremonies of the
Dermah Rigah, as well as in Wales, the Beltain is observed on the veiy
eve, viz., that of AllhaUows, on which the Teanla is observed ; or if this
be not sufficient, I must lay the fault of the advance of a few weeks on the
Romanists, who have adapted the festival to their own purposes; for Gre-
gory, we are told, observing how the converted Pagans clung to their
ancient observances, founded christian institutions upon them. Thus the
Teanla, by dropping Bel, and adding la, (in Irish, day,) eras I have seen it
spelt — ^low, a blaze, was converted into a ceremony for lighting with torches
souls out of prison, whence, a field in Poulton Green was caUed Puigatoiy,
where on Halloween, the votaries of superstition were wont to run in a
circle, not resting from their toil, as long as the priest's ear could distin-
guish, when applied to the ground, the groans of the sufferers, which vul-
gar opinion represented as growing less and less, as the zeal of their
friends increased.

In different places throughout the Fylde, round cairns of fire-broken
stones are still to be seen where the Beltain or Teanla had been observed.
Those, however, of Stonyhill, near Blackpool and Hardhom, (Hoideniy
from Heord cattle, and Earn cottage, stall &c.,) near Poulton, will be suffi-
cient for me to describe. Of the former, which gave its name to the place,
many wonders are spoken. Its antiquity is undoubted from the attempt
to account for the fire-broken granite boulders, which cover acres, by naming

110

the locaHtj as a Danish camp, that it had undergone some volcanic action,
or that two fiends, red hot from Tartarus, met here in battle, and using the
stones firom the shore, battered each other so lustily, that the boulders,
heated by their hands, were shivered against their bodies. The round
cairn was removed in order to erect on the ground the Lodge of Stonyhill ;
its broken contents in prodigious numbers are met with in eveiy direction.
As at this Teanla cairn, the flocks of the great pasture of the Hawes were
blessed, so those of Hardhom were used for the same purpose ; but here ad-
joining the cairns are attached two weUs, the one celebrated as Fairy, or
Wrangdomwell, and the other, issuing from a huge oblong mound of stones,
as Bel spring, or vulgarly Bull spring, in the Bull meadows, evidently bear-
ing the same name as Beltain meadow in Blackpool. Here on this Hardhom
oblong cairn, ceremonies were observed for the purpose of securing health
to the herds of the farmers in the township— to free the wheat-land from
tares, weed, &c. — ^to bring good luck to the votaries, and to enquire into
the secrets of futurity. The ceremony was thus : — ^flrst, large fires were
lighted, two or three families joining at a circular cairn, the ashes of which
were carefully collected. Then the white stones, which at first, had circled
the fire were thrown into the ashes, and being left all night, were sought for
with anxious care at sunrise, when the person who could not distinguish his
own particular boulder was considered fey, i.e., some misfortune would
happen to him, during the course of the ensuing year. As a finale, the
stones recognised were thrown, as an ofifering, on the oblong cairn to the god
or saint who presided over it and the well, and thus, such collections were
made in a succession of years, as to astonish the curious. The water of the
wells also had a sovereign virtue for healing diseases of men and cattle.
Fairy well is even yet visited for such a purpose. To succeed in obtain-
ing a cure, however, the patient, escorted by his friends, was made to pass
through the cairn, then he was sprinkled or dipped in the well, and lastly,
he made an offering of a shell, a pin, a rusty nail, or a rag, but principally
three white stones burnt in the Teanla fire. It is surprising in what num-
bers pieces of iron may be picked up. I have found since the meadows
were ploughed, nails, an old shaped knife, leather thongs, &c. The site of
the large circular cairn is not now easily to be distinguished, since Mr.
Fisher, the proprietor of the field, has carted away upwards of twenty loads
of the refuse that composed it, but the soil around is burnt red and black.
This hice was carried on in its pristine glory long after the reformation ;

Ill

for rational Christianity, which had been almost lost previously, progressed
but slowly in the district of the Fylde. Even the waters of Marton Mere,
which once washed Storeton township, were held sacred, nor need this excite
wonder, seeing that the hill of Presal, (the Pressonde of Doomsday), with
its well was all but deified ; and although the votaries, like those in the pool
of Laconia, may not have cast into it cakes of bread-corn to Juno, yet a
bush was named " Beggar's bush,** from the circumstance of the offerings
of rags and clouts being afi&xed to it, over which a prayer was said ; for
Bishop Hale ridicules a superstitious prayer for the blessing of clouts for
the cure of diseases.

Such were the superstitions of Allhallow*s e*en, memorials of Belisama,
the worship of the sun and moon, under the Phcenician title of Bel and
Samen, and Baal Schamain of the Hebrews, a worship so old, that we only
say of the people, who deified the Bibble by its first name, as the Eomans
afterwards did by that of Minerva, they were of the ancient Celtic stock,
and retained, on their arrival in the Foreland of the Fylde, the more re-
cent customs, worship, and chantcters of oriental antiquity. Nor are many
other traces of this idolatoiy wanting in modem times — the mother
attaches to her infiEuit*s neck the coral ring — the adder's egg — ^not think-
ing the while, that she is performing a Druidical observance— «he casts the
extracted teeth of her boy, sprinkled with salt into the fire, lest he should
have to seek them at the day of judgment, she cuts his hair, &o, under a
favourable aspect of the moon. If Hanno, the Carthaginian, said in the
Pflsnula of Plautus, '* O that the good Belsamen may favour them !** and
if, according to O'Halloran, the cordial blessing of the Irish peasantry is,
** The blessing of Samen and Bel be with you ;*' we too have heard the
passer by express his good wishes to the newly married couple returning
from church, ** May the sua smile as brightly upon you through life, as it
does this day !*' Allhallows may be blotted out of the ultra-Protestant's
calendar ; but in the Allhallow*s Church of Bispham and its sacred well
in the garden acyoining, we shall have memorials of the former sanctity
of the day, so long as one stone remains upon another.

The wrath of the Almighty was ready to burst on the Romans : their
legionaries were called home to protect their own city, and the Britons,
unable to defend themselves from the inroads of the Picts and Scots, were
compelled, about the year 450, to seek the aid of the Saxons who, having
found that the country was good and foir, after a long struggle, po oaeos ed

themselyes of it, and by degrees amalgamating with the natives, imparted
to the TolatQe and Yivacioas Celts their own sedate and persevering cha-
racter. At the very outset of the straggle, Hengist and Horsa discomfited
the marauders in the country of the Brigantes, compelling them to retreat
within their own borders. They themselves, however, were disinclined to
quit the country, and, though, after taking possession of BremotonsdcsB,
Goccium, Mancunium, and Veratinum, yet nothing could resist the Saxon
arms. Even Arthur^s battles, three of which, according to Nennius, were
fought upon the river ** quod vocatur, Duglas, (Wigan) quod est in regione
linuis" availed only for a period ; on, on the strangers advanced, till all
England was subdued and the Heptarchy established, of which Northumbria
included the Foreland of the Fylde.

The ministers of religion have ever been the media through which the
records of history have been transmitted to us. With Christianity came
light and light brought knowledge ; but of that eventful period I can only
speak as far as is necessary to elucidate what I have to relate concerning
my own district. Bede informs us, that Columbkill came over from Ire-
land — and the Irish had held intercourse with the Britons from the end of
the Roman era, which fact, in part, accounts for the similarity of our an-
cient customs with theirs — ^to preach in Britain, and that many monasteries
were established by his missionaries on the coasts of Scotland, Wales, Ac.
from lona, and frt)m his eldest one of Dearmach, in Ireland. In 652,
Oswald, king of Northumbria, sent for some of the Ecclesiastical followers of
Oolumba to instruct his people, and Aidan of lona undertook the mission,
being succeeded by Finan, of the same sacred shrine, as overseer of the
young church. Bede, whilst he tells us that they were " without know-
ledge," pronoimces an eulogium on their character. On the appointment
of Oolman, the dispute concerning Easter arose to a high pitch ; nothing
daunted, however, he, aided by Ceadda, pleaded the practice of his prede-
cessors against the Romarnsts, for whom Wilfrid was speaker, and one of
whose arguments was, that all the churches in the world, excepting those of
the Sootf, PicUt ami Britons kept Easter at the time fixed by the church.

Thus much have I said in order to connect the cemetery of Eilgrimol,
about two miles on the south shore from Blackpool, with the ancient
British church. Kills, the ancient names by which the infant establish-
ments of Columba were recognised, had the Culdees for their priests, who,
we are told, were the immediate followers of the Druids. The foundation

lift

deed of Lytham prioiy, of which I shall liave much to say, if penmUed to
continue these papers, as well as the voice of the countiy, points out a place
called Church Slack, or Cross Slack, on the Hawes adjoining the sea shore,
as the site of some old sacred building ; and the antiquarian Ormerod avers,
that the appellative of KUgrimol, indicates there a Culdee establishment of
remote antiquity. Others fancy also, that in Killamergh, an adjacent town*
ship, they perceive tlie echo of the same word "kill" ; but I rather here pre-
fer "kel,'* (wood), as we find in the name of Kellet, (at the wood). In de-
scribing, however, the boundaries of his new prior}', Richard Fitz Roger
says, " from the ditch of the cemetery of Kilgrimol, over which I have thrown
a cross.** Thus, it is evident, that he recognized the ground as holy, and
erected a memorial of its sanctity on the spot. The ditch and cross have
disappeared, either obliterated by the sand, or overwhelmed by tlie inroads
of the sea — ^but, with tradition the locality is a favourite still ; the supentiUo
iod marks the site; " the church,'* it says, '' was swallowed up by an earth-
quake, together with the Teanla cairns of Stonyhill ; but on Christmas eve,
every one, since that time, on bending his ear to the ground, may distinguish
dearly its bells pealing most merrily." Did indeed the monks, the recluses
on this desert spot, entertain the doctrines, the purity of Columba? To
us, the disputes about tonsure, Easter, &c, do not appear to. have deserved
such fierce contentions, yet, centuries elapsed, and still partizanship was
continued ; one party dedicated at Preston, a church to St Wilfrid, the
champion of the Romanists, the other consecrated another at Poulton to St
Chad, the friend of Colman, and Wilfrid s opponent

At length, I find myself traversing Amoundcmess with the first authen-
tic documents that mention it, in my hands, informing me that in the mid-
dle of the sevontli century-, Eata, abbot of Melrose, Scotland, founded a
monastery at Rippon, which was subsequently granted by Alfred, king of
Northumbria, to the above-named Wilfrid. At its consecration in 705,
among other donations of the great Saxon princes, who witnessc<l the core-
monj, lands near Ribble, in Hasmundemess were l)estowod on the new
foundation. — Mon. Ang. Where was the site of tliese lands ? One anti-
quarian will guess, that Preston now stands upon them, thus connecting
tliem with its patron saint ; but it is even a matter of coiyecture, whether
the town was in existence. Certainly the church was not for it would not be
dedicated to St Wilfrid, who was not yet canonized, for canonization re-

quired one hundred years to elapse to test die worthiness of the candidate
for saintship. In the next century but one afterwards, the church-building
eta. in the Fylde, we have a most important instrument of Athelstan, giving,
A.D., 930, the whole hundred '* quod soUcolse Agemundemess vocitant" to
the church of York. It is in the bloated style of the Saxon Kings ; still, we
find from it that Amoundemess was not part of the ancient demesnes of
the crown, and that the monarch purchased it •* propria ct non modica
pecunia "calling it "praedia * * * t obrizo empta auro." Of whom? His
decisive battle of Brunnanburgh, which gave him the kingdom, was not
fought till eight years after, and he was not till then sole monarch of
England. Alfred, the king of Northumbria had, as we have seen, granted
lands in Amoundemess to Rippon, so it does not appear unlikely, that
Athelstan purchased it of Alfred s or Wilfrid's successors. However this
may be, the great price given, proves that the land was comparatively
under some cultivation, and if not very populous, yet sufficiently inhabited by
people to till the ground, for land would be valueless without serfs. Nor
was the Fylde of small account in the bargain, as may be gathered from the
fact, that Biscopham, (Bispham), in which parish lies Blackpool, is the only
name in the hundred that echoes its ancient episcopal o>vners. Ask me
not why an obscure village does so. Whitaker acknowledges it and won-
ders. Was the land more fertile here ? It contained in the Doomsday
Survey, eight car. of land fit for, or under the plough, being actually two
more than any other town or hamlet possessed in Amoundemess. Might
the district steward reside here, or was there erected a church or oratoiy
soon after Atlielstan's grant? We liave no record of one — the survey is
silent — the sweeping charter of Roger of Poictou mentions the rent-charge
of ten shillings given by Gooff'rey, tlie sheriff, to God and St. Martin of
Sees ; but the appropriation of " capclla de Biscopliam" to the priory of
Lancaster is not recorded till r^40. After tlic grant of Athelstan, no
doubt Christianity progressed more favourably, yet with checks at times
that threatened its very existence. From some unrecorded cause, the
church of York was not in possession of Amoundemess at the Norman con-
quest, either having lost it by escheat, or what is more likely, it had been
rendered unproductive by the incessant ravages of the Danes and Norwe-
gian-Danes ; for even a very few years after coming into seizure of it, there
was an invasion under Anlaf, who entered the Humber witli 615 ships, and
there united his forces with those of Constantine, his father-in-law, the

115

Prince of Camberland. Chnstiaiiitj roceived a sevore blow : accordiDg to
tndition, a large idol of Woden was set up near Wedicar Hall — ^mark the
name — in the Garstang township of Baroacre with Bonds, and Canute
thoni^t it necessary to publish an edict against the worship of the sun and
moon, riTors, fountaios, &c, Naj, we are told notwithstanding Wilfrid's
ezertionB, and Dunstan s activity, that there was not before the conquest a
single monk in all the Northumbrian territory. — Simn Dunelm. But to
doee this section of my paper, Canute gave Northumbria to the Norwegian
jari Eric, who was succeeded by Siward, immortalized in Macbeth, but,
owing to his son Waltheof being too young to govern so important a fief, it
was made over to Tosti, the brother of Harold, to whom, at the conquest,
mider the head of Yorkshire, Amoundemess was taxed.

Bat the Anglo-Saxons enjoyed not their robbery of England in peace, as
must already have been observed. At the close of the eighth century, the
pirate Danes of the same Teutonic stock began their attacks, ravaging the
kingdom, and, for about three hundred years becoming the terror of its in-
habitants, especially at the mouths of the rivers, where they moored their
ships. If one chief were routed, another sprang forward, more inaccessible
to any appeals to the common feelings of humanity, and exulting more fero
ciously in the work of destruction. To obtain a cessation from these
Vikings, who measured their glon* in tlie world to come by the extent of
their bloodshed in this, whole territories were ceded bv the Saxons. An
ever*craving thirst for jJuuder, however, hurried them on to break every
treaty, till at length, to secure Siifcty, the Danes were permitted to inter-
many with their families, nay, to connect thcniselvc-* with the blood royal,
and, eventually, for a time to become the sovereigns of Brit4un. Six years
after their arrival, in 7R7, the whole coiist of Xorthuniberlaud was desolated,
and ever afterwards, from local circumstances, especially from Alfred
having assigned it to the comjuered Dane, Outhrum or Gorm, and to its
contiguity to the Norwegian Isle of ^lan, bore the brunt of innumerable
hostile attacks. Lanj^uaj^e cannot detail what this iniliappy country suf-
fered. In 0(*»r), Thon*d, the son «>f ( nniner, plundered Westmoreland, and
A.D. 1000, King Kthelred went into Cumberland and nearly laid waste
the whole of it with his army, while his navy cruised n\>o\it Chester with
the intention of cn-op-niting with his Ian J forces. — Saxon Chron. Athel-
stan, to extinguish the sj)irit of rebellion, had previously man-hed into
Northuinbrin, where he had fouj^ht the above-named battle of Bnmnanburgh,

117

innumerable, as Angle's Holm, Green Holmes, Thornton Holmes, &e. ;
hoos (hills) are not unfrequent, as Hoohill, (Wheelmill), Greenhalgh, Steno,
&c. ; then bjs, wicks, dales, thorps, tarns, ings and brecks are everywhere,
especially on the line of the Danes' pad, as Aggleby, Nateby, AVestby, Kigby,
and Sourby, Salwick, Elswick, Kirkham, Deepdale, Mythorp, Tamacre,
Staining, Poulton Breck, Norbreck, Warbreck, Larbreck, and Mowbreck,
and Lund, (a grove). Nor are Danish appellatives wanting on our
estuaries, rivers, and headlands, where we should expect to meet with
them. Thus — Bourn, Naze, Neb of the Naze (Nees), Wyre,* (Vigr), Ship-
pool, Skippa (Skibean, ship rivulet) ; Wall and Wain, as in Wallasea pool,
(Vagr a bay). But I shall weary, so let me trace the pirates in an expres-
sion used to a friend about to undertake a journey— ^f are well, go well on your
cruise — ^and conclude my account with three memorials of these despera-
does of the deep. In the constant expression, ** Go to old Nick," we wish
the denounced with Nikka, the Danish river sprite, and in the Euloaves
and Yule-candles of Poulton, we see traces of their observance of Christmas ;
for with them, that festival was celebrated with greater glee than by any
other people, therefore it is, that in those parts of the kingdom that en-
dured their sway, the inhabitants have retained more distinctly the ancient
memorials of that merry season. But in the curious tradition oi the dun
cow of Amoundemess, I fancy that I catch a glimpse of that mythological
creature, the cow Audhumbla, which may have swallowed our friend Tom
Thumb ; but supporting herself by licking off stones salt and hoar frost,
fed by the streams that ran from her four teats, the giant Ymir. " Once
upon a time," say our old wives " when all the people of Amoundemess
were in fear, lest they should perish for want of food ; for a famine
raged in the land — a cow presented herself amongst them, ready to
nourish every family with milk, so long as no vessel was offered, which
she could not fill. Envious persons were to be found then, as now, and
envy is ever diligent to work mischief. An old witch, after much fore-
thought, accomplished the destruction of the bountiful cow by milking
her into a sieve, which, when unable to fill, so grieved the animal, that she
wandered sorrowfully away to a hill near Preston, called Cowf Hill to
this day, and there died." I have not varnished the story, nor indeed any
other of my traditions which T have recorded. They may to many appear

* A stone very near the mouth of this river is called King's skier, Tirkings' skier,
t One of its liiige ribs is exhibited at Grimsargli Hall.

118

foolish, but they lead to grave reflections not unworthy of the antiquarian, the
erudite historian, or the curious inquirer into the vagaries of human nature.

My paper, I fear, has transgressed the ordinary limits, but a few de-
ductions must not be omitted. The very name Fylde, mal-treated as
the word has been by Danes, Normans, and Antiquarians, indicates the
flat marshy pecuUarity of the district. Claiming as it does a cognomen
from the earliest time, its signification must be sought for in the Saxon
tongue, probably provincialised by the Danes from Field into File, Fyle ;
for in Norway tlie d in field — a mountain ridge — is almost silent in its
pronunciation, thus becoming fell. In Pilling, I fancy that I see some-
thing like it, and Alfred in his version of Orosius, has on pildum
UBudthutn in the plural number to denote level countries. This is tlie
proper meaning, however individuals may wish to mnke it otherwise.
Soon after the conquest, in the deeds of Whalley Abbey, referring to
Staining Grange, I find field latinized by ** Campus," a corn-field,
henco the Fylde is now styled the corn-field of Amoundemess. To
make it "lima", a file, is nonsense. Moreover, if one cast his eye
over the Doomsday record, he will see at once, how the predominating
names of towns corroborate the signification 1 have given to the
Fylde — Rossal, (ros, a marshy flat), Burne, Mereton, Wideton, &c., he
may take as examples. And why is tun the termination of most names of
places ? Because the high grounds alone were fit for habitations, the low
being covered with water, at least in winter, or with swampy morasses.
Nor need the etymologist be a geographer to know that the Fylde is on
the sea coast — Lidun, Wartun, &c. inform him ; nor a farmer, for Lea,
Latun, Shaininghe, Cartentun, &c., \nth their carucates will remind him
of the herds that browsed in their pastures and meadows, and the husband-
men, (ceorls), free tenants tliat followed the plough ; nor a builder, for Sin-
gleton will tell him, that habitations, superior to hovels of wattles and clay
tJiatched with reeds, even cottages built and tiled with shingles (planks),
afforded shelter to their occupiers, from the unwholesome swamps in their
vicinity, and a refuge from the fierce blast of Uie interior sea ; nor an
ecclesiastic, for in Pres, Chicelram, Michels cherche, and Pressonde, he will
distinguish spots sacred, on account of the residence of priests, and the
erection of temples for the worship of the only true God. Such were the
features which the Foreland of the Fylde represented before the Danes, the
great northern insurrection, and the fury of William the Conqueror had made
it a desolation so great, that his Survey thus records of Amoimdemess —
*' All these villages and three churches belong to Prestune. Of these sixteen
(out of sixty) have few inhabitants ; but how many inhabitants there may be
is not known. The rest are waste. Roger de Poictou had it."

SEVENTH MEETING.

Collegiate InstittUion, 6th Maj, 1852.
James Kendrick, M.D., in the Chair.

PROCEEDINGS.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

William Ewart, M.P., 6, Cambridge Square, Hyde Park, was duly elected
an ordinary member.

The following Donations to the Society were laid upon the table : —

1. From the Societies.

Transactions of the Numismatic Society,
No. 16.

2. From the Authors.

Remarks on some of the Weapons of the
Celtic and Teutonic Races ; by John Yonge
Akerman, Esq., Sec. S.A.

Ancient Halls of Lancashire, by Alfred Rim-
mer, Esq.

Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii. part 9, by Chas.
Roach Smith, Esq., F.S.A.

An Account of two ancient Chessmen made
of jet, found in the Moat Hill near War-
rington ; by Dr. Kendrick.

3. From other Donors.

Robert Rawlinson, Esq. Report of the General Board of Health, on

the Township of Newton Heath, Lancashire.

John Harland, Esq. Cuttings from the Manchester Guardiany on

Antiquarian subjects.

John Mather, Esq. "0 f ul tru un pertickler okeawnt o Greyt

Eggshihishun e Lundun. (A tract m the
dialect of Rochdale.)

W. W. Mortimer, Esq. A volume of Newspapers, the Evening Mail,

1790.

A Report of the Proceedings of the Fifth Session of the British
ArchsBological Association, held at Worcester, 1848, — edited by
Alfred John Dunkin, Esq., was received in exchange for the
Society*s volumes ii. and iii.

The following Articles were Exhibited : —

By Wm. Rathbone, Esq., A silver tankard, presented by Charles II. to
Greenbank. a Mr. Wolf of Madely in Shropshire, for

secreting him in a bam, after the defeat of
the King at Worcester.* This was the last
of several articles of plate, presented by
the King at the same time ; on which occa-
sion he granted him for crest a demi wolf
holding a royal crown in its paws. The
arms are engraved in front of the tankard,
and theix3 is an explanatory inscription on
the lid. (See plate.)

• The followiDg is from " An Account of the Preservation of King Charts II., after
the Battle of Worcester, drawn up by himself." The account was dictated by tlie King
to Mr. Samuel Pepys, on Sunday the 3rd and Tuesday the dtli of October, 1680 ; and
the edition from which this is taken is that of 1801, Edinburgh, pp. 17 — 21.

" We continued our way on to a village upon the Severn, where tlie fellow [Richard
Penderell] told me there was an honest gentleman, one Mr. Woolfe, that lived in that
town, where I might be with great safety ; for that he had hiding holes for priests. But
I would not go in till I knew a little of his mind, whether he would receive so dangerous
a guest as me ? and therefore stayed in a field, under a hedge, by a great tree, command-
ing him not to say it was I ; but only to ask Mr. Woolfe. whether he would receive an
English gentleman, a person of quality, to hide him the next day, till he could travel
again by night, for I durst not go but by night

" Mr. Woolfe, when the country-fellow told him that it was one that had escaped from
the battle of Worcester, said, that for his part, it was so dangerous a thing to harbour
any body that was known, that he would not venture his neck for any man, unless it
were the King himself. Upon whiqli, Richard Penderell, very indiscreetly, and without
my leave, told him that it was I. Upon which Mr Woolfe replied, that he should be
very ready to vtature all he had in the world to secure me. Upon which, Richard Pen-
derell came and told me what he had done. At which I was a little troubled, but then
there was no remedy, the day being just coming on, and I must either venture that or
run some greater duiger.

*' So I came into the house a back way, where I found Mr. Woolfe, an old gentleman,
who told roe he was very sorry to see me there ; because there was two companies of
the militia foot, at that time, in arms in the town, and kept a guard to the ferry, to
examine every body that came that way, in expectation of catching some that might be
making their escape that way ; and that he durst not put me into any of the hiding-
boles of bis house ; because they had been discovered, and consequenUy if any search
should be made, they would repair to these holes ; and that therefore I had no other

121

ByR. H. Brackstone,Esq., Three large implements of flint, which with

Loudon.

By Mr. Garvin, War-
rington.

By Jas. Middleton, Esq.

a fourth now m the British Museum, were
found about 1794 or 1795 in a cave three
miles from the sea at the Bay of Honduras,
by Captain William Stott of the merchant
service. They were procured by Mr. Brack-
stone from a friend of Mr. Stott*8 after his
decease. They are noticed in the Archao-
logical Journal for 1851, p. 422, which
states by mistake that they were found in
1810. They are among the largest objects
of flint known to exist. Their uses are
quite unknown.

A miniature of the Young Pretender, painted
on silver, and found in a common sewer at
Chester.

A wheel-lock Gun.

An Aflghan Knife.

A pair of Pistok in a case, with all the requi-
site accompaniments. On the inside of the
case is inscribed ** Donn£: fab le Premier
Consul Bonaparte, au General de Cor-
dova, CHEF d' EsCADRE DE 8A MaJESTE

Catholique An X de la Rep : Franc."

PAPERS.

I — The Danes in Lancasuike.

By the late John Just, Esq., Orammar School, Bury.

A victorious people have always had a wide-spreading influence over the
people subdued by them ; an inferior race never witlistood with effect a

WAj of security but to ^ iuto his baiu, and tliere lye behiud his com and hay. So after
lie had given us some cohl meat, that was ready, we, without making any bnstle in the
house, went and lay in the burn all the next day ; when towards evening, his son, who
had been prisoner at Shn.>w>tbury, an honest man, was releanod and came home to hiH
fiither's house. And as soon as ever it began to be a little darki»h, 51 r. Woolfe and his
son brought us meat into tliu bani ; and there we diseouned with them, whether we
might Hafcly get ovor the Severn into Wales ; which they advised me by no means to
adventure upon, because of the strict guanis tliat were kept all along the Severn, where
any pasnage could be found, for preventing any body's escaping that way into Wales."

Fatlier Ho<llestone, whose grandfather and seven gmnd-nnejes — one of tliem Sir Wra.
Ilo<llestone — raised twd regiments for the King, a4ld8 various notes to the present aceonnL
He says hens ** Mr. Francis WtMdfe lived at Madely,'* [l>etween Wellington and Hridge-
nortli in Shropshin*.] For similar information, see *' The civil Warres of (iireat Britidii
and Ireland, containing an exact history of their originall progress and happy end,"
Ltmdon 1(>((1 ; ** BoscoWl, or the compleat history of his Most (iracious Migesty's most
miraeulou.H preservation, after the Battle of Worcest<'r," Worcester 1700; and ftli»»
Srtickland's " Historic Scenes and Poetic Fancies."

V22

superior. The very fact that the Danes gained an ascendancy in many
parts of England, and thoroughly subjugated others, proves their superiority
over the Anglo-Saxons. The indigenous Britons felt the ameliorating in-
fluence of Roman superiority, and the civilization which formed an element
of the Roman sway. The sturdy Saxon too, after the Roman era, intro-
duced into the country a more improvable character than ever appertained
to the Celt. The Anglo-Saxons settled down into a quiet life and more
peaceful habits than the feuds of the petty princes and chieftains of the
Cymiy allowed. Their spirit exhausted itself in the struggles for mastery,
and when the octarchy merged into the kingdom of England, the Anglo-
Saxon was a plodding, patient, and persevering creature, almost such as
we see in the genuine Lancastrian peasant. As the Danes settled down
among the Anglo-Saxon population chiefly about the period of the Anglo-
Saxon dynasty, their influence was felt, and though evil prevailed at first,
the amalgamation ended in good. The Romans were as superior to the
aboriginal Britons, as the English of the present time arc to the Aflghans
and Sikhs of India. The Anglo-Saxons, though not so refined as the
Romans, were still an improvement upon the Romanized Celts, while the
intermixture of Dane and Northman was lastly an advance upon the
Anglo-Saxon sluggishness, and an exciting ingredient in the formation of
what now constitutes the chivalrous, enterprising, and persevering Eng-
lishman.

Leaving to the Danes themselves to tell their own tales in their own
way, and perhaps in their own favour more^than in strict justice they ought,
we undertake a sketch of their connexion with the county of Lancashire,
and the eflects consequent thereon, as the permanent result of their pre-
sence and settlements therein. Hitherto, history has unfolded nothing
regarding the date when the '* Vik-ings" first visited the Lancastrian coast
and plundered the country, slaughtering the inhabitants. As their eariy
visits were limited to the eastern coast, and their depredations commenced
about A.D. 787, as recorded in the Saxon Chronicle ; * we cannot assign
dates to their movements in this quarter, nor discover the year when, for
the first time, they landed on the Lancastrian coast. We know that A.D.
894, f the city of Chester fell into their hands under the redoubtable Has^
mgs. This celebrated city, the Danes afterwards fortified, and made it one

♦ Sax. Chron. 6\ t Sax. Chron. *-ift, 106.

125

of the chain which connected the west with the east, the Dee and the
Mersey with the Humher. The hodj of the people along with Hastings was
chiefly Danish. They had ventured along the southern coast, douhled the
Land's End in Cornwall, and harassing, as they proceeded, the Welsh ;
they took and garrisoned Chester, on their way to the north. Another hand
down from the Orkne3rs, and from the rendezvous of the Isle of Man, which
they had subdued, made frequent irruptions upon the Lancastrians. These,
however, were chiefly Norse. The ancient Dane and the Norse were quite
distinct, though often combined in their piratical expeditions. Even yet,
the districts where either of the two prevailed, tells its tale in. the names of
places, persons, and customs which they have left behind them. The
history of words implies the usages of people, and oftentimes more cleariy
points out facts than the obsolete habits, the existence of which they alone
recognise and indicate.

When the Danes, whether along with Hastings, and subsequently, or
from the Orkneys, Sodorcy and Man, the Norse, invaded the fertile districts
of Lancashire — Cumberland and Westmoreland were under the dominion
of the Cumrian Britons. On this district the Anglo-Saxons had made
aggressions wherever they could. But, mountains to them were insuper-
able barriers. Only on the other, or western side of Morecambe Bay, had
the Anglo-Saxons been able to obtain a footing against, and among the
Cumbrians, who, with the absolute hatred with which they regarded the
race, retired within their fastnesses, when overcome, and left the domain
once and for ever to the successful foe. When King Alfred divided the
kingdom into shires, he stepped not over the limits of the Mersey and the
Humber. In aftertimes, when Cumberland and Westmoreland were
ceded by the Scottish kings to the monarchs of England, the lower part of
Fumess Fells being of Anglo-Saxon race, was considered as a portion of Lan-
cashire, and as before, so then it became an integral portion of the county
of Lancaster. But ere this, the Danes had settled among the Anglo-
Saxons, and, these hating those, yielded quiet possession of many districts.
Danish names, and Norwegian terms, were imposed upon many a district,
residence, and place. Lancashire was divided into hundreds like the
Mercian dynasty, of which it had all along felt the influence. We, hence,
can assign no period when the subdivision of hundreds took place, but that
mentioned by Ingulphus : but wc knpw that the Danish influence at the

124

tim6 was so great, as to impose its own names on three of the five hua-
dreds which Lancashire comprises. Vid. Jngulp Croy., B. ii, p. 44.

As hundreds were subdivisions in Denmark and France prior to Alfred s
time, and Alfred adopted rather than ordained them, we may infer that,
ere King Alfred's time, the Danes had obtained within Lancasliire, many
settlements which are distinguished by Danish names ; yet, if we exclude
Lancashire altogether from the sphere of liis authopty, and consider it with
many, as a veritable portion of Northumbria — then it was under the juris-
diction of the Denelaga, and the hundreds must have been of Danish intro-
duction. This, however, as will hereafter be seen, indicates a much greater
Danish influence than ever prevailed within the county ; — even yet, the
southern division is more Mercian than Danish in its character. The
evidence adduced by names, we will now produce, and assign such reasons
as are most apparent.

The northern hundred of the shire Is named Lonsdale, in consequence
of the vale of the Lune being the head-quarters of the Danes in their set-
tlements. Lonsdale is a true Danish word. The Danes, hence, had so
much influence in the northen limit, that they could assign a name of their
own to a hundred. Included within this hundred, is the territory across
Morecambe Bay, called Lonsdale, north of the sands. Danish influence ex-
tended further also, as the sequel will shew. The second hundred, and the
one adjoining Lonsdale, is called Amoundemess; **ness" is certainly a
more common name in Norse and Danish, than in Anglo-Saxon. Yet, as
Aymundr or Omundr is a genuine Norse name, it seems more correct to
assign the name of this hundred also to the Danes, than to the Anglo-
Saxons. Most hkely, the " Vik-ing" who first landed thereon was Omundr,
and the whole district thence, in Danish parlance, obtained the appellative
of Omundr's Promontory, or foreland at the entrance of the great bay.

To the third hundred lying more inland, the name of Blackbumshire, or
Blagbome has been given. It seems from the term, first to have had a
primary term applied ; as if it had been a primary division such as Rich-
mondshire, in Yorkshire, but subsequently fell into a secondary series.
As a name it is, like the shire in which one of its titles terminates, wholly
Anglo-Saxo^. We shall see hereafter, that this part of the county offered
no allurements to the Danes, who, as masters, settled dovm only where
houses were built, the countiy cultivated, and abundance smiled, within a
certain distance from the sea, the vast home of the old Vikings.

1-^5

The fourth huudred is that of Salford, also inland and Saxon. Perbapd
this hundred includes natives who are less mixed with Scandinavian popula-
tion than any other in the north of England. As specimens of the Anglo-
Saxon hreed, that of genuine Mercians, this hundred supplies in the rural
districts especially, multitudes of individuals male and female. The broad
hulky chest and square shoulders, low broad foreheads, ruddy complexions,
and sinewy legs and arms, show the make of the old Mercian ; one who,
though he might be slow in his movements, and not over ready in his appre-
hension, yet was difficult to put out of his way if he felt the disinclination.
He had a low tower of strength in himself not found in any of his fellows.
Only let him fight long enough, and the victory was ever his own.

The fifth and last hundred of the shire has much seacoast, and there-
fore, came more under Danish inspection. The name of West Derby is
Danish, and also the name of the hundred. The Danes, therefore, had
been within it, and had the honour of giving it its name. It was far, how-
ever, from being so much under Danish inflaence as the other Danish
hundreds ; the Danes, as we shall presently see, having limited their visits
and settlements to the coast, the interior not being choice enough in con-
dition and other incentives to attract such fastidious choosers, as had all
civilized Europe for their selection, and who generally speaking, were
capable of securing to themselves their own choice by force of arms.

Tlie renowned Hastings reached Chester on the Wirrall, A.D. 894.
After having been driven from pillar to post, and post to pillar throughout
most of the southern districts of the kingdom by the hero of the Anglo-
Saxons, Alfred himself, Chester fell into Hastings' hands, and he fortified
the place. Alfred, however, hunted him out, besieged him in his fortress,
and fleeing through North Wales from the victor, he repaired to his ships,
and entering the Tliames, sailed up past London, and wintered in the heart
of tlie victorious monarch's kingdom. Truly named, Hastings was in haste
everywhere, yet ever}'where favoured by fortune, that fortune which often-
times favours the clear head and the valiant right arm.*

We have introduced this digression, l>ecause South Lanca.shire being so
near to the chief seat of Danish influence, when they predominated on the
western coast, would be likely to be effected by the movements of those
restless, and almost eveiywherepresent marauders. A.D. 910, Edward the

• Sax. Chron. *Z\ IOC. Cam. vol. iii , p. 42.

126

Elder having defeated the Danes in a great battle at Wodensfield, fortified
the confines of Northumbria and Merda. In Chester, he fortified Ches-
ter itself, Runcorn, and Thelwall. In Lancashire, Manchester; showing
that in the interior across the Mersey, the Mercians had then territory and
influence. We proceed, therefore, with our subject, leaving open to infer-
once, that the West Derby hundred was known and partially occupied ere
this period, by the o£f-shoots of the great Danish movement under Hast-
ings, and most likely, in many and minor ways and occasions by other ad-
venturers from the kingdom-seeking sons of the north. Our first investiga-
tion will be confined to the hundred of West Derby, and to the evidence of
local names within the same.

The word by is well known to be Danish, and especially of that section
of the invaders who left the confines of Denmark, properly so called. Our
English word by^ as a suffix in the names of places, is derived from this
word. By, means a fixed residence, and is exactly synonymous with the
Anglo-Saxon, " bidan," to stay or abide, whence the modem English word
'* abode*' has descended. Before the admixture of Danes and Norse among
the Saxons, the Anglo-Saxon tongue had no such word in its vocabulary ;
all names of places then terminating in by, are as undoubtedly of Danish
origin as Danemark itself is of the Danish occupation. West Derby then
is of truly Danish derivation. The Danes settled at the place, and imposed
the name of the spot, and thence from their greater jurisdiction there than
elsewhere, it was transferred to the whole hundred. West Derby implies
an East Derby, and Derbyshire sprung from that Derby, also indicates the
superiority of the place in the terms we are describing. What East Derby
then was to Derbyshire, West Derby was to the Derby hundred within the
shire of Lancaster.

It was not so much owing to any inferiority in the warlike qualities of
the Anglo-Saxons, that the Danes gained so frequently the mastery over
them, as to the influence of Clmstianity. Just as Christianity by its reflex-
influence prepared the way for the overthrow of the greatest and the last of
all the vast empires that the world has ever seen or history recorded, viz.,-*-
the Roman ; so had a like feeling perNaded England, when the pagan
Danes fell upon it. Then, ambition connected \rith talent and worth, found
a fitting medium for action in the chiu*ch and the cloister. The pen was
handled by the mighty rather than the sword. The heart was softened
by the greatest of all influences which can touch it to the core ; and, though

127

it can make the bravest still more bniTe, it is in the passive voice, it is in
the quiet endurance, the fortitude that fears not death, but overcomes it
with the exultation of Martyrdom, that ches out God s will be done, and
makes God*s will its own, that Chnstianity triumphs. The brave Britons,
whom the swarming legionaries of Rome could only partially conquer, and
never entirely overawe, received Christianity from Constantine ; and weak-
ened in various ways, and exhausted by dmughts to the empire, and monks
going to Bangor and other places in thousands, they were afterwards not able
to scare away a few Scots and Picts from the Eoman Wall, but let tliem
overcome the entire kingdom. Christianity conquered the Roman empire,
and not Goth, and Hun, and Vandal. It divided the empire against itself
— the sure premonitory symptom, that such was more than the divided
house can stand. It is only when Christianity wields the high adjunct of
civilization which it fosters and encourages in its adult state, that the
highest courage and most indomitable fortitude co-exist with the still higher
ennobling qualities of the true Christian character. When daring is felt
to be a duty, then it joined to physical qualities of the perfect man, crown-
ing him with a diadem of noble deeds, that shows him to be the prince of
humanity.

If the Anglo-Saxons had settled in a goodly land, and quietly, compara-
tively speaking, enjoyed a prosperity unknown to them in their pagan
homes on the continent — the sea ; and during tlieir unsettled movements,
if they had built churches, and endowed monasteries with a princely mag-
nificence, of which many a relic still adorns the land, the Danes, when
they came, and saw, and conquered in many instances, fell into the same
habits. Conquered Rome, converted and conquered its barbarian and
heathen masters to the dominion of the cross. Anglo-Saxon converted his
Danish neighbour, and subdued him with the cross. The higher the super-
stition of the pagan, the greater the devotee when he is converted. All along,
the Danes had evinced a superstitious reverence for their mythology ; Odin
and Thor, a warrior's heaven, and warrior's delight mingled up cups of en-
chantment, more intoxicating than ale or mead, till men loathed life, if
death met them not sword in hand, and despatched them to tlio netlier
world. Hence, when the Danes were converted to Christianity by their in-
tercourse with the Anglo-Saxons, they transferred all their 8upci*stitious
feehngs to the emblems of Christianity, which the Anglo-Saxons had never
done. The Danes, more than any other people reverenced their dead.

128

Wherever a hero fell, eyen if bat a short time was at their command, it
sufficed to cover his remains, and fix a mark on the spot. If nothing
more suitable was at hand, they covered the hero's grave with the boat
which had borne him up many a river to many a victory in many a land ;
and if more time allowed, they reared a banta-stone over his remains, or
heaped up a '* haugr** or hill, in memory of his name and actions. Denmark,
Sweden, and Norway ; Scotland and Ireland near their coasts ; and England
contain many of these memorials yet, though the spoilers, the spade and
the plough, and time more mighty than all, have assailed them on every
hand. But when Christianity upset the **hofs'* of Thor and the sacred
enclosures, and made fires of their temples and images, then crosses were
reared over the christians' graves, and the customs of the pagan state trans-
ferred as far as could be allowed into the practices of their newly-adopted
creed. This accounts for the great number of " Crosbys'* in the Danish
districts. On the coast of the West Derby hundred, there are " Great
Crosby" and ** Little Crosby," memorials of Danish residence, and Danish
remains within the Umits of such spots ; evidences too of their early culti-
vation, when barrenness reigned around them.

We do not meet with many Danish settlements in Southern Lancashire.
Though advantageously situated for their inroads, the ooimtry at the time
was unfavoiunble ; a low, swampy, boggy plain ran along almost from the
Mersey to the Ribble, and penetrated inland beyond their ken on the coast.
During the Roman sway, these bogs and marshes not being worthy of
Roman occupation as fixed tenements, furnished retreats for the Britons
when at variance with their masters. The turn outs of these days were into
the marshy districts. This is the reason why the Romans had no fixed sta-
tion nor military road within the West Derby hundred. Traces of tempo-
rary occupation may be found, but the great features of Roman residences
are wanting. After the Romans, for a like reason, the Anglo-Saxons were
but thinly scattered within the district, and hence, the Danes as spoilers,
had little to do from their usual allurement.

Churches also were built by the naturalized Danes in all places where
they settled ; and just as easy as it is to recognize their dwellings by their
bys, so is it to know the places where they reared their churches. Their
name for a church was *' kirlga.** Hence in whatever compound name this
word enters as a component, there it indicates a Danish origin. Hence

L
I

Kirkby, and Formby, and Ormskirk, and Kirkdale are places appertaining
to the early Anglo-Danish history.

Dale is likewise a genuine Danish appellative ; in Kirkdale, as already
noticed, it enters. Besides this place in this hundred, we find Skelsmere-
dale, Ainsdale, Eirkdale. and Ouerdale ; such as these are general names.
Hereafter we shall notice (if needed) the particular.

The Danes formed no settlements as general localities along the Lancas-
trian banks of the Mersey. The Cheshire side had more charms for them,
as being better cultivated from the natural advantages of the soil. The walls
of Kuncom enabled them to sail up the river, until they fell in with the
Roman roads, which enabled them to penetrate into Derbyshire and North-
umbria. Nor did the Ribble furnish them with a much better choice;
altogether, the territory was poor — too poor for their possession. Nor
could the united energies of Saxon and Dane improve it. It was almost
valueless when the Domboc registered the wealth of the kingdom. The
only two places which the Danes seem to have noticed in their navigation of
the Ribble, were Walton-le-Dale, and the more important Cuerdale, now
renowned in archeology for the richest find of ancient coins recorded in
histqiy. It would be the wantonness of conjecture to presume for what pur-
pose the Danes brought a treasure amounting to 7,000 pieces into Cuerdale,
and equally so, to conceive a reason for their leaving them there. They,
however, teach us a very valuable lesson in the habits and customs of the
time, let the causes of their concealment be what they may. Bars of silver,
amulets, broken rings, and ornaments of various kinds, such as we read of
in Scandinavian Sagas, were mingled with the coins ; many countries had
been rifled for this treasure. Kufic, Italian, Byzantine, French, Anglo-
Saxon coins were in the booty ; besides 3,000 genuine Danish pieces,
minted by kings and yarls on the continent, and within the precincts of the
districts in which the Danes had settled. The coins are so well known,
that further notice of them would be tedious and discursive.

Another discovery of Danish treasure was made at Harkirke, near Crosby,
already mentioned. The coins here found were of a more recent deposit,
and contained but one of Canute the Great Recent times have introduced
those changes into the hundred which disturb the surface of the ground for
a variety of purposes. Almost stagnant previoasly, was the condition of
the natives from, the conquest until the beginning of the present century.

130

Cultivation had extended, but it was on a low scale, and with no tendency
whatever to improvement. Nothing new in any way was introduced. The
Saxon ** timbered" his house as in the days of Alfred. Post and pillar,
rushes and clay plaster interlarded ; and a thatched roof was frequent as
the residence of the peasant. The Dane kept to the shore, and contented
himself chiefly with fishing. His habits had survived, but his spirit in-
stinctively followed the feelings of his fathers. The sea was his fjarm. He
dredged the coast and the estuary, had his boat and his innate love of
danger, till Liverpool sprung up with the magic of eastern fable, and tinned
out many a rover to visit every region in the world. The race of the Vik-
ings are, many of them, the richest merchants on the earth's surface.

II. — British Bubial Places near Bolton, Co. Lancaster.

By MaUhew Dawes, Esq., F.GS.

In a densely populated manufacturing district, like the neighbourhood of
Bolton, it is particularly interesting to find traces of the early inhabitants
of this island, which the hand of time and the progress of civilization have
still spared to the antiquary. I have therefore thrown together a few
notes, briefly describing the British burial places which have been discovered
near Bolton, during the last twenty-seven years ; within which period five
Tumuli have been exposed to view, the first, fourth, and fifth of which I
personally inspected, accompanied in the latter instance by my fiiend Sir
Henry E. L. Dryden, Bart , to whose pencil this Society is indebted for
several of the drawings which illustrate this paper, and for the plan and
view of the stone circle hereafter mentioned.

No. 1 . Near Haulgh Hall, about a quarter of a mile South-east from
Bolton Parish Church, on a piece of high flat land, on the East bank of
the Croal, and about fifty feet above that river, was a Tumulus, about
thirty feet in diameter and four feet deep, consisting of small boulders.
The subsoil here is gravel. It was discovered in September 1825, in
forming a branch of the new road leading from Bolton to Bury. It was
probably much depressed since its formation, and was covered with a few
inches of mould. The cop, or fence, crossed it in a North and South direc-
tion. About the centre of this Tumulus was a cist-vaen, about four feet
six inches long and one foot deep, formed of four upright stones and a

Jdi

coverer, and its length was nearly North and Soath. In this cist-vaen was
a skeleton, with the legs doubled up, and the head to the North. Near the
head and on the West side was found an urn inverted, (fig. 1) 4^ inches in
the widest diameter and 3^ high, and perforated bj four small holes below
the widest part. On the other side of the head was a bronze spearhead,
4} inches long and 1} inch wide, (fig. 2) of which the point was bent back
and a piece of the side chipped away. The urn and spearhead were taken
to the Countess of Bradford, the Earl of Bradford being the owner of the
land. The Watling Street from Mancuninm (Manchester) to Cocciom
(Ribchester) running N.W. and S.E., passes within three miles N.E. of
this Tumulus.

A man, in the employ of the Earl of Bradford, the superintendent of
the workmen who made the discovery, informs me (1852) that two other
Tumuli [Nos. 2 and 3] were found shortly after the one just described, a few
yards to the South of it, in the same fence ; but of this fact I was not,
until lately, made aware.

No. 4. The next discovery was made in digging for the foundations of
the Church lately erected at Walmersley, three miles North of Bolton
Parish Church, and about 100 yards West of the turnpike-road to Black-
bum. This was on the Southerly end of a long knoll, on the East side of
Eagley Brook, and about fifty feet above the water ; but surrounded on all
sides by much higher hills. The soil is gravel with fine sand. It was dis-
covered in 1838, but I was not informed of the circumstance until some
days aftenvards, so that my description is taken almost entirely from the
workmen. This burial place consisted of a Tumulus of boulders, like the
one at Haulgh Hall ; but these and the earth had, when I visited the spot,
been nearly all removed. In the centre of the heap of boulders was a
cist-vaen, containing a skeleton, lying North by East and South by West,
and a grey urn, ill baked, and broken to small fragments by the workmen,
from whose information it must liave been four or five inches in diameter.
With tliis uni was a white fiint celt, or knife, about 2( inches long, and
1( inches bnmd. This flint was afterwards lent by me to a temponiij
museum at S;ilford, and thence stolen. On the hill, called Turton Heights,
about one mile North by East of this burial place, is a stone circle, (here-
after described), and at about a mile and a half S.W., on a part of SmithiUs
Deane, called Egbert Dean, were found, about 40 years since, a stone
hammer, and a bronze paalstah, now (1852) in my possession.

132

No. 5. The next and last disco veiy of this kind was made in November
185 1 , on the edge of the West bank of the river Croal, about one mile South-
west from Bolton parish church, and 100 yards East of the turnpike road to
Manchester. The bank is sixty or seventy feet above the water, and com-
mands a view of the surrounding country for some miles, and is composed
entirely of gravel. This burial place consisted of a Tumulus about fifteen
feet,diameter, and four feet deep, formed of boulders, of from three to eight
inches diameter. About two feet in thickness of earth covered the stones ; in
the middle of the Tumulus, was an urn about two feet high and one foot three
inches wide, (by the workmen's account), inverted and sunk about six in-
ches into the earth, below the boulders. This am contained the burnt bones
of a very young person, together with bones of one or two small animals ;
and in or close to the urn was a relic, which, by the workmen's descrip-
tion, was a piece of what is called Kimmeridge Coal-money. A small clay
bead was also found ; but as no care was taken to preserve the remains, the
urn was broken to fragments, and probably other beads were lost. Some of
the fragments are in the possession of Mr. Piggot, Steward to the Earl of
Bradford, and some are in my possession ; of the latter of which I send
drawings, (fig. 4). The \xm is figured here, (fig. 5), of the size described by
the workmen, restored by Sir Henry Diyden ; but, as the curve of one of
the fragments, at undoubtedly the largest part, gives a diameter of one foot
and half an inch only. Sir Henry doubts whether the urn was as much as
two feet high. The ornamentation is rude and irregular. There are one
or two urns something like this in shape, but not in ornament, figured in
Sir H. C. Hoare's beautiful work.

The circle of stones referred to, (in No. 4), is on the north end of Che-
tham s Close, which is the southerly and highest division of a hill called
Turton Heights, lying on the east side of the road from Bolton to Black-
bimi. The top of this hill is boggy : near the circle is a trigonometrical
station, whose altitude is marked on the Ordnance Map, 1075.

I accompanied Sir Henr}- Dryden to visit these remains in 1 850, and at
that time, tliere remained six stones upright, varying in height from one
foot to four feet eight inches, and in width, from one foot six inches to four
feet, and in thickness, from eleven inches to two feet. Judging from the
relative distances of those remaining, three stones have been taken away.
See Plate.

At 115 feet S.E. from the circle is a single stone ; and at 82 feet S.W.
is another ; and between these two stones Ls an assemblage of smaller stones
only just appearing out of the boggy soil. This circle is about a mile and
a half S.W. of the Roman lload before-mentioned.

jCf.

^\^

^2 ft

:< t

134

straggling horsemen in pursuit, having
looked at the house passed on. A solitary
trooper who followed, scanning it more at-
tentively, the loyal owner who was on the
watch, asked him the question ; and having
successfully enforced his speech with the
argument of the quarter staff, the King
ordered that the words should be placed on
the west front, facing the road.

From Thos Tobin, Esq., An etching of the gold torque in his collec-
Ballincollig, Cork. tion.

Etchings of four other Irish objects of antiquity.
The following Articles were Exhibited : —

By Thomas Doming
Hibbert, Esq.

By Mrs. James Dunlop,
Everton Road.

By W. G. Herdman, Esq.

By Wm. H. Dobie, Esq.

By Mrs. Phillips.
Belle-Vue.

By John Mather, Esq.
By Joseph Mayer, F.S.A.

The six original letters of which an acooant
was afterwards given to the meeting.

Four earthenware heads of small size, used in
ornamenting the buildings of the ancient
Mexicans. No bodies are ever found con-
nected with them.

An arrow head of black flint, from the shores
of the Gulf of Mexico.

Drawings of the following places of worship,
in illustration of the Rev. Dr. Thoms
paper, viz. : — Old St Catherine's Church,
the old Chapel Newington, St. Andrew's
Cockspur Street, Lime Street Chapel. A
model of St. Matthew's Church, Key Street.

A large collection of sketches, representing
old houses and antiquities in Liverpool,
many of which have been destroyed.

A watch said to have been worn by Prince
Charles Edward. At a levee in Holyrood
Palace, shortly before the battle of Culloden,
he presented it to a lady whose son had ren-
dered him an important service. The thumb
pieces are set with diamonds. (The carious
watches noticed at page 64 were again ex-
hibited along with it.)

A series of views of Old Halls in Lancashire
and Cheshire.

A large oil painting, being a view of the
Wishing-gate formerly on the North shore.

The spoon of Prince Charles Edward, and its
case. See Plate. — The spoon has a joint

135

near the heel of the bowl, which allows it
to be folded up, iu order to fit in the case.
This makes it more portable, a very desir-
able quality at that time, when people were
obliged to carry their own silver spoons, as
the usual articles of that kind then in use
were made of pewter. It was presented to
the ancestor of the person from whom Mr.
Mayer purchased it, by the young Chevalier ;
as a remembrance of him, and as an ac-
knowledgment for the hospitality which
he received during his stay in Manchester,
on his intended march to London, in 1745.

Book lUing in Limoges enamel. Soon after
the art of glazing pottery was discovered
by Luca della Kobia, enamelling became
very much used for many purposes, and at
Limoges there was established a manufac-
tory, where the art was carried to great per-
fection. It was applied, however, in a dif-
ferent way, having for its basis thin sheets of
copper, instead of terra-cotta ; and many of
the specimens then made have never been
surpassed for tlie purity of colour and the
texture of the l)ody. Amongst other uses, it
was employed in ornamenting the covers of
books ; and there are many examples still
remaining of the beautifully illuminated
manuscripts of that period, having illings
richly oniamentod with figures and other
devices in high relief on coi)i>er. They are
then exquisitely enamelled with brilliant
colours. The accompanying cut will give an
idea of the stvle of omamontution.

MiscELi^NEuL's Communications.

I. Mr. Richard Brooke, F.S.A., iu a brief communication otfered some
new suggestions respecting the grounds at Gaws worth. A paper on the
subject will be found in vol. ii. of Proceedings and Papers, pp. MOO — '210.
From an examination made on tlie 20th of May last, lie believes that the
appearances do not indicate the remains of an ancient Tilting Ground, but
*' tnat they are nothing more than the remains of the quaint and fonual
hanging gardens, raised walks, terraces, pleasure grounds, artificial hillocks
or mounts, flower and fruit gardens, j)ond8, Ac. which were formerly com-
mon near old mansions in England.** The ** loner and lofty terrace'* men-
tioned by Ormerod, he regards merely as a raised walk ; this is along the
west side. There is a similar terrace at the east side of the ganlon, and

137

•* A strong presumption of the use of such a mode of punishment, in com-
paratively modem times, is afforded, by a note, at the foot of Mr. Neild's re-
marks, in which he states as follows : * What I have called a Ducking Stool,
is in Cheshire called a Cucking Stool, i.e. a Choaking Stool. It is a standard,
fixed at the entrance of a pond ; to this is attached a long pole, at the extre-
mity of which, is fastened a chair, in this the woman is placed, and under-
goes a thorough ducking, thrice repeated. Such a one within the memory
of persons now living, was in the great reservoir, in the Green Park.'"

3. Dr. Kendrick, of Warrington, exhibited the ancient "Plague Stone"
fh)m the neighbourhood of that town, and explained the facts connected with
it. During the Plague, in 1065, it formed part of the rounded coping of
court yard wall, of a farm house. It was situated in the Wash Lane, Latch-
ford. Tradition uniformly assert** that the Plague prevailed here, though
there no liistoric notices of it ; and that the money in payment for provisions
and other necessaries, was deposited in the square hollow of the stone, in a
mixture of vinegar and water. All communication with the inmates was of
course cut off. The idea has gained strength of late that there were no
such things as Plague Stones ; for, no fewer than ten have been shown to
be the sockets of way-side crosses. That was quite impossible in the present
case, as the cavity is only four and a half inches square, and two deep. The
stone also stood on private property, forty 3rard3 from the high road, and
the date of the house is the Puritan one 1650. It is said that those who
died of the pestilence were buried in an adjacent croft, for in such circum-
stances, interments in unconsecrated ground were not unusual; and in 1843,
several skeletons were found at the spot. The accompanying view shows
the house, the stepping stones in the lane, and the spot (A) where the
stone stood.

PAPERS.

I. — Liverpool Chuiuhks and Chapei^; tiieiu Destklction, Removal,

OR Alteration :

wmi Notices of CLER(iYMEN, Ministers, and Others.
By Rev. D. Thorn, D.D., Ph. D , one of the Vice-PresidenU of the Society.

P.\RT I.

It has stni<k me as likely to prove interesting to members of tJie
Historic Society, were I to bring undor thoir notice, witliin a re&sonable
comjiass, a view of the changes which have o<Turred in connection with
ecclesiastical edifices now existing, or which at a fonner period liave existed,
in the towu of Liverpool. Fai'ts lying scattere^l throughout the pages
of our local historians might, I liave conceived, l»e brought together —
circumstances not known gencmlly, or if known hitherto untouched on,
might l»e sdvprted to— and fmrties who. although po<»scs8ed of temporary

138

notoriety, are now almost forgotten, might again acquire something like *' a
local habitation and a name." Some little advantages, I have thought,
might be the result of this. The future investigator into Liverpool affairs
might have a few hints suggested to him. Persons from a distance, whose
information concerning the town had been derived from those who had long
ceased to reside in it, or from antiquated directories and guide-books,
instead of being startled and confused, on visiting it, at missing particular
buildings, or being unable to hear of particular congregations, might be
prepared for some of the alterations which time, and municipal improve-
ments had produced. And the inhabitant of the town himself, to whom
certain facts were previously unknown, might, if possessed of the anti-
quarian spirit, imbued with literary tastes, and taking an interest in the
subject of religion, be enabled from time to time to pause, and contemplate
spots, which, although now the scenes of commercial bustle and activity,
were once hallowed by totally different associations. Thus considering,
and thus influenced, I have now to submit to my colleagues a brief account
of some of the changes which have passed over the ecclesiastical structures
of this great mercantile emporium, as well as over the congregations
worshipping in them. In doing so, I shall bestow a transient glance on
the men by whose names, as writers or preachers, the churches or chapels
named, may have been adorned, and by whose labours the persons assem-
bling therein may have been benefited. Notorious facts and characters
will be made to pass before the mind, and seasons of peculiar religious
excitement will not be overlooked. Condensation and brevity, as a matter
of course, I have been forced to study. For to sketch and suggest, not to
fill up outlines and exhaust the subject, is what I have aimed at.

Two obvious divisions of my paper present themselves. First, buildings
which have belonged to the EstabliEhed Church ; and second, such as all
along have been occupied by Dissenters. Under these heads do I treat
of my subject.

I. — Established Churches.

From among these, I select for particular consideration, 1, St. Catherine's,
Temple Court; 2, St. Matthew's, (former;) 3, St. Matthew's, (present;)
4, St Mary's, or the Church of the Blind ; 5, St. Simon's ; 0, St. Mary's,
Harrington Street ; 7, St Matthias' former and present ; 8, St. George's ;
9, All Saints, now St. Joseph's; 10, St. Stephen's; and, 11, St. John the
Evangelist's. Passing references to three other churches will follow.

130

1. — Sl Catherine 8t Temple Court,
This building was situated in Temple Court, off John Street and
Matthew Street, and occupied the spot on which now stands the fire police
station. Its form was octagonal ; a circumstance horn which — as my friend
Mr. Richard Brooke acquaints me, and as I see mentioned in Mr. Board-
man s recently published pamphlet, ** Bentleyana,"")" — ^those who attended it
at first were popularly known by the appellation of Octagonians, A full
and accurate description of it will be found in Enfield*s ** History of
LeTerpool," pp. 47, 48.f And parties who wish to look at a representation
of it, may be referred to one of the pages of engravings in W. G. Herd-
man's interesting and magnificent volume.^ Mr. Brooke says, that its
vestry was decidedly the most commodious and comfortable of any in the
town, and a perfect model of what such an appendage to a place of wor-
ship should be. It was large and well-furnished, with an antechamber
adapted for meetings of the tnistees and managers, as well as for the use
of the clergymen ; and by its position at the upper part of the building, was
exempt from damp and offensive smells With the edifice there was
connected an extensive graveyard in which were burial-places belonging to
several of the wealthy and influential inhabitants of the town.

Ehifield and Herdman both concur in representing this structure as
having been erected in 1763, by persons disaffected to popular theological
dogmas, or, as the phrase then in vogue was, entertaining liberal and
rational notions on the subject of religion. A few of these might have
been members of the Church of England, but the great minority were
Presbyterians belonging to Bonn's Garden and Key (Kay) Street Chapels. §
Although rejecting the doctrines of the Trinity and Atonement,|| the body
of dissenters who opened the Octagon, seem to have preferred set forms of
prayer to extempore devotional exercises. To meet their views and

• UverpiK*!: Wareing Webb, 1851.

t lu the (iciitleniau'ti Magazine, for 1704, it it noticed and described, as one among
the puldic building:* then recentJj erectetl in Liverpool. Moss in his " History," p. 148,
alsfi describes it, as it appeared after tJie alterations of 17U*i.

I •' Hctorinl Relics of LiTcrpool."

I Mr. Thomas BenUej appears to have taken a leading part in the formation of the
Rocictj, and, even after he left the town, to have cherisbetl a deep, lively, and lasting
interest in its success — BenUejana, pp. 0, 10, and 18.

I Openly and avowedly, but not on the fiioe of their tmst deeds. Their legal style
then was Presbyterians. It was, as is well known, contrary to law for any one, or any
body of individuals, to denv or impugn the doctrine of the Trinity, until the pasting oif
Mr. W. 8mith« srt in l«li

140

Irishes, a Liturgy consisting of three distinct services was drawn up,
nominally by a committee of gentlemen appointed for the purpose, but
really by the Rev. Mr. Seddon, of Warrington ; * and, having been approved
of, was printed and circulated for the use of the congregation, f A copy
of the work, by the kindness of Mr. Brooke, I have had an opportunity of
seeing and perusing. Its resemblance, in certain respects, to the Liturgy
of the Established Church, is manifest ; and, in the composition of its
prayers, much good taste is evinced. Dr. Enfield speaks highly of it.
Its title is given below. I

The Octagon was opened as a dissenting place of worship in 1763 ; § and
after passing out of the hands of its original proprietors, it became con-
nected with the Established Church, when it assumed the name of St.
Catherine*s. It existed until the month of March, 1820. Having got out
of repair, and standing in the way of improvements of the town, it was
then taken down by order of the Corporation, and its materials sold.
Previous to its demolition such bodies as had been interred in the ad-
jacent cemetery, were removed to other places of sepulture.

There is a diiSerence of a whole year, between the statement made in
Gore's ** Annals of Liverpool," and that supplied to me by Mr. Brooke, as to
the period when St. Catherine s ceased to be a Presbyterian Chapel. The
** Annals " say, 1775.|| Mr. Brooke avers, that divine service was solemnized
in it for the last time, according to the peculiar forms of its own litui^, on

* So says Mr. Henry Taylor, now of London, in a valuable MS. volnme of his,
belonging to the Unitarian congregation, Benshaw street here, to which I shall have
oocasion frequently to refer.

f The scheme of using a liturgy was much disapproved of by several of the leading
ministers of the English Presbyterian denomination, who anticipated no good from it,
and besides, condemned it on the ground of principle. Among these was the celebrated
Dr. John Taylor, then residing at Wanington. His pamphlet, entitled, *' Scripture
aooount of prayer," contains his views on the subject.

I " A form of Prayer, and a new collection of Psalms, for the use of a congregation of
Protestant Dissenters in Liverpool, printed for the Society, and sold by Christopher
Henderson, under the Royal Exchange, London ; and by John Sibbald, Bookseller, in
Liverpool, 176.3." The copy seen by me, has, on the inside of the cover, the words,
** W. Wyke, (60,)" having belonged, as Mr. Brooke informs me, to a gentlemen bearing
that name, who was a leading member of the Society. Mr. Wyke, it seems, was
proprietor of a house and garden situated at the comer of Dale Street and Hatton
Oai^en, as well as of several other houses, more to the West, in Dale street Upon the
site of the whole, now stand the buildings belonging to the Coal Gas Company. Some
members of the Historic Society may remember Wyke court, in Dale street.

I January 19th I believe. Mr. Henry Taylor, in his MS. volume, page 20, says
dth June.

II " First service at the Octagon, 1763. *

141

the 25th day of February, 1776. The question, it appears to me, may be
easily settled, by a reference to the newspapers of the day, and to the ser-
mon preached at the dissolution of the Society, which was afterwards pub-
lished. Pending an examination of these documents, I have no hesitation
in avowing my conviction, that Mr. Brooke is right. He has ascertained
the date, not only by a manuscript marking on the copy of the Octagon
liturgy in his possession, * but also by a domestic occurrence well known
to him. Mr. Bentley's letter, in Boardman*s ** Bentleyana," seems to me
to be decisive in Mr. Brooke s favour, f

St. Catherine's was, for several years after its abandonment by the dis-
senters, the property of the Rev. William Plumbe, J a clei^gyman of the
Church of England. It was purchased by the Corporation in 1792. Con-
sulting Moss, — " History of Liverpool," p. 148, § — we find it recorded by
him as having only then become connected with the establishment. || Con-
siderable repairs seem to have been made on it by its new owners.

Respecting its different ministers, a short account may not be im-
acceptable.

During the whole period, from 1763 till 1776, the congregation was
under the pastoral care of the Rev. Nicholas Clayton. This gentleman
came from London. IT An amiable, intelligent, and highly educated man
he appears to have been. It would be unjust to his memory, to withhold
from the Society, what the celebrated Gilbert Wakefield, a writer whose
powers of penetration no one will dispute, and who was by no means parti-
cularly inclined to flatter, has recorded concerning him in his *' Memoirs."
Speaking of him, as one of his colleagues at the Warrington Academy, vol.
i, p. 226, edition 1804, he says, " Dr. Clayton, (afterwards of Nottingham),
succeeded, on the death of Dr. Aiken, .to the tutorship of Divinity. He
was for some years minister of the Octagon, Liverpool, (where a liturgy was
used), and the author of two sermons ; one occasioned by the dissolution of

• " Last service at the Octagan, February, 1776. John iv 20, 21, 22, <fe 2(3."
i As also Mr. Henry Taylor's tesdmony, MS. vol., p. 20.

I ** John," according to Mr. Brooke. He is more than once named ** William,** in the
directories of the period.

§ Published 1795.

II Troughton, ** History of Liverpool," p. 381. expresses himself to the same effect.

IF Bom at Enfield, county of Middlesex. Taylor's MS. vol. — See also '* Bentleyana,"
p. 9.

Uii

lliat society, and the other on prayer, •• preached at a meeting of dissent-
ing ministers — both of them excellent compositions. This gentleman was
my very particular friend, and I might here indulge those encomioms
of his intellect and heart, which, even envy would not attribute ta the un-
discerning partiality of affection." More of Dr. Clayton afterwards.

Along with Dr. Clayton, while at the Octagon, was associated as his col-
league in the ministry, Mr. Hezechiah Kirkpatrick. Tliis gentleman had
been trained at Dr. Jennings' celebrated Academy, London. + He was
author of a volume published in 1785, and entitled, " Sermons on Various
Subjects, with an account of the principles of Protestant Dissenters, their
mode of worship, and forms of public prayer, baptism, and the Lord b sup-
per." A copy of this work will be found in tlie Library of the Lyceum,
Liverpool. His introduction, which is Yery interesting, supplies the reader
with a great deal of information. Having removed to Park Lane Chapel,
nojir Wigan, he breathed his last there, September, 19, 1700, aged 01,
after an incumbency of 13 years. We must beware of confounding him
with William Kirkpatrick, D.D., ^ the first minister of Oldham Street
Kirk hero.

The Rev Mr. Plumbe, the church clergyman, by whom the Octagon was
bought in 1770, and who officiated as its minister for several years, was
propnbly, a personal friend of Dr. Clayton ; for I find, on reference to the
Liverpool Directory of 1777, that both were then li\'ing under the same
roof. § Mr. Plumbe had for his curate in 1 78 1 , the Rev. Robert Wilmot In
1700, the Rev. Brownlow Forde, afterwards, for many yeara the ordinary
of Newgate, London, and to whom, as having had occasion in that capacily
to be present at the execution of several notorious criminals, our frienid,
Mr. Brooke, has more than once alluded, was incumbent. About a

* 1 have not seen tlie sennon, but, from cimimstauces, I should satpeet it to have
htivn intendeil ha a viuilicntion of liis own use of set forms of prayer, and as an answer to
llie tract of Dr. Taylor, already noticisl.

+ S«»fl Mr. Tuylofs MS. volame, p. 'M\

I Thin ^cntlonian, created D.I), by diploma from the UnWersitv of St Andrew**, Scot-
land, boarhig date drd May, 1811, published a work, to which reference will be foand
inaile in my paper on the Scotch Kirk^ and Congregations in Liverpool. It likewiee is in
tlie Lyceum Library. I have rensim to think that, lika the productions of many others.
it may be regarded as a monotfram. Dr. Kirkpatrick's ministry lasted firom 170d till
181 T).

5 At what WHS then No 2'2 in Duke Street.

subsequent to that nieutioued, Mr. Forde left Liverpool, and the church
came into the hands of the Corporation. *

On the 16th November, 1792. the Rev. Robert Eennion or Eenjon
Milner, and the Rev. Thomas Bold were appointed by the Common Coun-
cil joint-ministers of St. Catherine's. In that relation, these two gentlemen
stood to each other for the long period of between 20 and 30 years, indeed,
till within a very short time of the demolition of the edifice. When
the church was pulled down in 1820, Mr. Bold was the surviving coUeagoe.
It may be interesting to mention, that this venerable and respected
clergyman is still alive. By looking back a sentence or two, it will be ob-
served that nearly 60 years have elapsed since his appointment as minis-
ter of St. Catherine's. I learn from a report made by Mr. Shuttleworth,
the present town clerk of Liverpool, to the Common Council, on the 27th
December, 1850, a document, which was afterwards printed by order of that
body, that a salary of £150 a year has been secured to Mr. Bold, payable by
the Corporation during his life-time, but destined to terminate upon his
decease.!

2. — St, MatthewX (former).

Every vestige of this edifice, an engraving of which may been seen in
W. G. Herdman's " Pictorial Relics of ancient Liverpool,"* has been swept
away. It was substantial, although plain in its appearance ; stood on the
Western side of Key (Kay or Kaye) § Street, about 50 or 60 yards from
Tithebam Street ; and was tiikcn down three or four years agi>— its site,
and the site of the court or yard connecte<l with it, | having been required
for the Umtinus of the East Lancashire and Lancashire and Yorkshire
Railways. The traveller leaving the railway by the incline on the eastern
side of the station, now passes unconsciously over the spot, where once the
praises of God ascended from tlie lips of devout worshippere.

• HertliDAn says, p. 01, thnt St. Ciulierine't ** was boagbtby the Corpoimdon, bat never
conswraied."

f Sw Report of the Town Clerk, Ac, p. 7.

I Mr. Ilcrdinan produced a T<*rj pretty little model of old St Matthew's, at the meet-
ing of ihe Soci«ty, June lOtli, Ib.Vi, tbe same meeting at which this paper was brought
under its notice.

I Kay or Kaye Street was, no doubt, the proper name. So also is Lumber Street, in
tbe same neighbourhood, dearly Lombard Street. See Liverpool Directory, 1781,
p. \0\

There was, as I recollect, a considerable flagged space in tronL

144

Taking for my guides Mr. Henry Taylor's MS. volume in the Library
of the Unitarian Chapel, Renshaw Street, and information kindly and
courteously furnished by my friend, the Rev. James Martineau, the follow-
ing facts connected with old St. Matthew's, while it continued a dissenting
place of worship, are submitted to the Society.

This building was erected in 1706-7. It belonged originally to the
denomination of Presbyterians. According to Mr. Taylor, it owed its ori-
gin, " probably to the rising population of Liverpool, and the influx of set-
tlers from Scotland, and [the north of] Ireland," MS., p. 26. Having
been licensed, it was opened for public worship, November 24th, 1707.
With that year, and about the period just mentioned, its register begins.

Its first minister was Mr. Christopher Basnett All contemporary docu-
ments concur in bearing testimony to the high respectability of his charac-
ter. Mr. Basnett was the author of a volume of sermons, published 1714,
entitled, " Zebulon's Blessing Opened," &c. ; and in 1717, there appeared
from his pen, a discourse on ** Church OflBcers, and their Missions," de-
livered at St. Helen's, on occasion of the ordination of Mr., afterwards Dr.
Henry Winder, and Mr. Mather. Towards the close of his life, Mr. Bas-
nett seems to have required assistance in the discharge of his ministerial
functions, for with him we find Mr. John BrekeU associated, for several
years as colleague. The commencement of their joint-pastorship, Mr.
Martineau dates in April, 1732. * Mr. Basnett's death took place in 1744.
**His entries in the register," observes Mr. Martineau, '* continue till
April of that year."f As to his age, at the period of his decease, I can say
nothing. Judging from the time when he began his studies under Mr.
Richard Frankland, at Rathmel, ] st April, 1696, and supposing him to have
been then twenty years of age, it would shew him to have died before attain-
ing his 70 th year.

After Mr. Basnett's demise, the pastoral duties and responsibilities de-
volved entirely on Mr. Brekell. J Concerning the history of this gentleman,

• 1728 is set down as the time iu Mr. H. Taylor's MS. volume, p. 26.

•f His death occurred 22nd July.

I Mr. Sraithers in his history of Liverpool, page 416, speaks of him as "minister of St.
Peter's." This is one of the many blunders which I have detected in that gentleman's
otherwise valuable production. Confining myself to matters connected with the subject
of this present article only, I find him stating the date of the foundation of St Luke's
church, as " 9th of April, 1816," p. 32, instead of 1811 ; Mr. Bell, as " Vicar," instead
of Bector of Liverpool ; Mr. ** John," instead of James Lister, &c., &c, I notice these

145

a few particulars have been transmitted to us. He was bom, 1 697, at
Moels, is supposed to have received his education at Nottingham under
Mr. Hardy, and was married, 1736. Mr. Taylor gives these particulars
on the authority of his relation, Mr. Philip Taylor. According to Mr. Mar-
tineau, " he has left a published volume of sermons, which bears testimony
to his having been a scholar, and a man of some elegance of taste." This
testimony, in itself most valuable, is corroborated by that of Dr. John Taylor,
who speaks of Mr. Brekell as '* having been a learned man." The M5.
volume of Mr. H. Taylor, pp. 26 and 27, furnishes us with a list of Mr.
Brekell's various publications, amounting to fourteen. He continued
minister of Key Street chapel till his death, which occurred, 28 December,
1769. His whole incumbency, including the period of his association with
Mr. Basnett, (1732 — 1744), extended over a period of between thirty-seven
and thirty-eight years.*

Mr. Brekell, it would appear, became unfit for the discharge of the
duties of his office, some time before his death. " A number of entries in
the register," says Mr. Martineau, " made in 1769 and 1770, by Mr. after-
wards Dr. Enfield, then minister of Benn's Garden chapel, seems to imply,
that no regular successor had, during that period been appointed to" him.
Mr. Philip Taylor from Norwich, grandson of Dr. John Taylor, accord-
ing to the MS. volume so often already referred to, was nominated his
assistant two years before his death. The fact of Mr. Taylor not having
then been ordained, explains why Dr. Enfield, an ordained Presbyterian
minister, was employed to officiate in cases, in which one who was merely a
probationer could not act.

The death of Mr. Brekell opened up the successorship to Mr. Philip
Taylor, who was ordained to the work of the ministiy, over the Key Street

minor inaccuracies with pain ; for Mr. Smithers, whom I knew, and to whom I rendered
some trifling assistance in the composition of his work, was not only a clever, but a
kind-hearted, and honoorably-minded man. However, it must be mentioned for the
guidance of those who may have occasion to refer to his history, that in cases of disputed
dates, and other matters of that sort, it might occasionally be advisable to have his state-
ments corroborated by the authority of others. To what I have stated with regard to Mr.
Smithers, I may add, that he was a Londoner, and in early life intimate with John Home
Tooke, and other celebrities. He was author of a work, a copy of which he did me the
honour to present to me, entitled, ** The Cultivation of the Arts and Sciences maintained
to be fiiTourable to virtue and happiness," — Brussels, 1818; as also of another publication,
" Observations on the Netherlands."

* Above 40 years, of course, if 1728 was, as Mr. Taylor alleges, the date of the com-
mencement of the joint-ministry.

140

congregation, in July 1770. He removed to Eustace Street Chapel, Dub-
lin, in 1777, where he continued to act as pastor, till his death in 1831, at
a very advanced age. Towards the close of his life, Mr. Martineau, his re
lation, assisted him in the performance of his ministerial duties.

Mr. John Yates was called to supply the vacancy occasioned by Mr. P.
Taylor's resignation. The ordination of Mr. Yates, along with that of Mr.
Hugh Anderson, appointed minister of the Park Chapel, took place in Key
Street Chapel, Ist October, 1777. On that occasion. Dr. Enfield preached
and presided ; the sermon which he delivered having been afterwards pub-
lished. No one belonging to Liverpool requires to be told of the high re-
spectability of Mr. Yates* character.'*' His talents and attainments are
evinced in various pulpit discourses, which, at different periods, he sent
forth from the press. His ministry was a long one. Suffice it to say
here, that, during its continuance, the connection of the Society over which
he presided, with the meeting-house in Key Street, terminated. Having
erected a new place of worship in Paradise Street, at the comer of School
Lane — for a minute description of which, I may be permitted to refer to
Moss's " History," 1795, pp., 152, 154, — Key Street was abandoned, and
the new chapel taken possession of and opened, on the 1 1th day of Sep-
tember, I79l.t

Key Street Chapel, having been sold, and taken under the wing of the
Establishment, was consecrated I and opened in 1795, when it received the
appellation of St. Matthew's Church. § We cease, henceforward, to be able
to avail ourselves of the information derivable from Messrs. Taylor and

Martineau.

Few religious edifices in Liverpool can boast of having had a greater
number or variety of officiating clergymen than St. Matthew's. To state
their names and the period of their incumbency is all that, in most cases,
we are competent to. In 1795, the Rev. James White was chaplain ; who,
having left before 1800, was succeeded by the Rev. William, afterwards
Dr. Pulford, a gentleman well known, and distinguished as a teacher of

• Or of the distinguished individuals to whom he stood in the relation of father.

f Of Mr. Pendleburj Houghton. Mr. Yates* colleague during a portion of his ministry,
I shall speak afterwards.

I Lacey's ** Pictorial Liverpool," 1844, p. 262.

§ The requisite repairs' had not, I perceive, been completed when Moss published his
*♦ liistory" in 179.'). See page lft5.

147

youth. Dr. Pulford was for eight or nine years connected with St Mat-
thew's, and at a subsequent period of his life officiated in other Liverpool
churches. The Elev. William Marsden appears to have been mimster fix>m
about 1809 till 1813, or 1814. The Re?. John Fearon. A.M., having
taken charge of the congregation till about 1822, gave place to the Rev.
Thomas Tattershall, first A.M., and then D.D., who remained at St Mat-
thew's till his removal to St Augustine's, in 1881. Need I remind any of
his contemporaries of the esteem, and even admiration, in which this
talented, laborious, and excellent minister was universally held? or of
the deep impression of regret produced by his death ? Dr. Tattershall, after
his settlement at St. Augustine s, gave to the public a long and able pam-
phlet, on the doctrine of Election, composed on Sublapsarian principles ;
and was, besides, author of one of the '* sermons*' preached and pub-
lished, thirteen or fourteen years ago, in the course of our then local Unitarian
controversy.* — To return to St Matthew's. The Rev. J. B. Clarke* son of
the celebrated Adam Clarke, was its minister for a short time, about 1831.
The Rev. J. H. Stafford officiated there, 1832—1834. The Rev. Thomas
Dwyer, our late respected colleague, who, when he died two or three years
ago, was chaplain of the West Derby Union Workhouse, appears in the list
as clergyman of St. Matthew's, in 1835. We find the congregation pre-
sided over by the Rev. J. W. Gowring, B.A.,t author of more than one
tract on the subject of religion, and at one time a frequent rontributor to
the *• Gospel Magazine," between 1835 and 1837. To him, 1837. 1 838. suc-
ceeded the Rev. John Buck, D.C.L., * who was afterwards, for two or three

* Hit life and remains were pubUshed by his friend, the late Dr. Bjrth.

f I bate now lying before me one of Mr. Gowring's very able productions, entitled,
" The Doctrine of Free and Sovereign Grace ; being the substance of two sermons on
the seventeenth article, preached in Witton Choroh, Northwioh, July 13th and 20th,
18:34. By J. W. Gowring, B.A., Curate of Witton." This gentleman is now blind ; but
having acquired the habit of reading, by means of relieved, or raised letters, be still ofR-
dates as a clergyman, somewhere, I believe, in the neighbourhood of London.

I Autlior of various able Sermons and Tracts. He publbhed a very clever pamphlet
on the subject of religion, during his residence in the Isle of Man, about eight or ten
years ago ; and, since taking up his abo<ie at Houghton, has printed and circulated a dis-
course on the seventeenth article of tlie Church of England. Some things occurred,
which imparted to Dr. Buck's ministry, during his residence in Liverpool, no small de-
gree of notoriety. A sennon delivered by the Rev. William Nunn, of St. Clement's,
Manchester, at St. Matthew's, on Sunday, September 17th, 1837, the substance of which
was afterwards published nnder the title of ** T*he Supreme Domimiom of J^^Kovah" drew
down upon it, as well as its author, the severe aninuulversions of Dr. Buck, and was the
subject of much conversation among religious persons at tlie time. Cireumstances, too,
connected with the Doctor's preaching, and the nunner in which be discharged his
other duties as chaplain of the Borough Gaol, ltd to moch private and newspaper cut-

148

years, Chaplain to the Borough Oaol, Liverpool, and is now incumbent of
Houghton, Stanwix, near Carlisle. The Rev John Leighton Figgins. B.A.,
now officiating in St. dementis, Manchester, and author of at least one pub-
lished sermon, took charge of St. Matthews from 1838 or 1889, till the
close of 1843; the Rev. Robert Townlej, B.A.,* now minister of the
Universalist Church, Charlestown, Boston, U.S., during 1844 ; the Rev.
William Duncan Long, B.A., in 1845 and part of 1846 ; the Rev. George
Cuthbert, M.A., 1847, 1848 ; and the Rev. Thomas W. Moeran, B.A., 1849.

I may here mention the fact of my having heard from the pulpit of St
Matthew's Church, in the autumns of 1823 and 1824 respectively, two moet
logically composed and impressive discourses addressed to the Jews, by the
reverend and celebrated Charles Simeon, M.A., Fellow of King*s College,

Cambridge.

The Rev. Henry B. W. Hillcoat, D.D., who for many years was incum-
bent of a chapel in Bath, had long been proprietor of St. Matthew*8, as weU
as the party by whom its officiating ministers had been appointed. By
him the church was disposed of to a Railway Company : its site, as already
stated, having been required for the Liverpool terminus. Having received
in exchange,

3. — St. Matthew^ (present),

he removed to, and took possession of it about three years ago, with his
congregation.

The particulars connected with the origin, building, and early biBtory of
this religious structure, which stands in Scotland Road, are so remarkable,
that I shall not merely be excused, but probably thanked by the members
of the Society for bringing them under their notice. They may be relied
on as authentic. Joseph Robinson, Esq., of Falkner Square, in this town,
who had no small share in the transactions which I am about to mention,
and was one of the original Trustees, is, by the high respectability of his
character, a sufficient guarantee for the truth of the &cts with which,
from documents in his possession, he has been polite enough to furnish me.

troversy in 1840, and 1841. A retiring pension of ^£60 a year was allowed him by
the Corporation, in the spring of the year last-named. It wiU, no doubt, be in the
recollection of several members of the Society, that Dr. Back did daty, in a yery taalons,
and efiBcieut manner, as Corate at Trinity Church here, during the autumn, winter, and
spring of 1848 and 1849.

* Mr. Townley published in 184d, a work, entitled, ** The Second Adrent of the Lord
Jesus Christ a Past Event,** in which are contained many startling positions.

149

Owing to the great and rapid increase of the Scottish population in the
Northern districts of Liverpool, as far hack as the month of Septemher,
1838, it was resolved at a meeting of the sessions of Oldham Street, and
Rodney Street Kirks, agreeing to co-operate for this purpose, to take steps
for having a place of worship, in connexion with the Established Church of
Scotland, provided for that particular locality. In pursuance of this
resolution, an appeal was made to the liberality and christian feelings of
the Scotch residents here. This appeal was heartily responded to. Sub-
scription-books were opened, and subscriptions received. Money came in
so plentifully, that by the year 1841, those who had set the matter a-going,
could boast of having collected the sum of £1775, a large proportion of
which had been derived from small contributors. This was deemed suffi-
cient to authorise the summoning and holding of a meeting of subscribers
and others friendly to the cause, in the month of June, 184 1 . Resolutions
to proceed immediately were unanimously adopted. A general committee
of twenty gentlemen contributing JS50 each, and a sub-committee of five
were appointed. The latter was empowered to look out for an appropriate
site for the contemplated church, and the school-house which was to be con-
nected with it : when found, to make the requisite purchase — to execute
mortgage deeds — ^to enter into building contracts — and to take all the other
steps which might be deemed necessary or advisable for carrying the inten-
tions of the meeting into effect. Acting under the powers thus entrusted
to them, land in Scotland Road was acquired by the sub-committee from
the late Earl of Derby, and it was contracted with Mr. William Beattie
to build the church, under the superintendence of Mr. John Cunningham,
F.G.S., architect This last arrangement was concluded in February, 1842.

Long before the meeting of the two Kirk-sessions in September, 1838,
already noticed, the Northern part of Liverpool had, by seriously-minded
Scotchmen, been regarded as a most eligible field for missionary labours.
Under this impression, different precushers, and ultimately Mr. John Ferries,
had been employed to cultivate it. The Carpenters' Hall, Bond Street,
was in process of time hired as a temporary place of worship, and there
Mr. Ferries preached for some years to an attentive and increasing con:
gregation.

The foundation stone of the church of which we are now speaking, which
was at first denominated St. Peter's, was laid on the 22nd day of March,

150

1842, by George Armstrong, Esq., and the work was immediately and
energetically proceeded with. On the 2nd of July, that year, Mr. Fer-
ries, who had *' borne the harden and heat of the day" in forming the
congregation which, in due time, was to be transferred to and occupy the
new building, was appointed minister, with a salary of not less than JglSO
a year ; and ou the 14 th September following, he was, according to the
Presbyterian ritual, by prayer and imposition of hands, solemnly ordained or
set apart to the work of the ministry by the Presbytery of Lancashire, then
in connexion with the Established Church of Scotland. The ceremony took
place in Rodney Street Kirk here. Mr. Ferries, for some time longer, con-
tinued his labours in the Carpenters* Hall, it not having been until the
Slbt day of May, 1843, that St. Peter's was formally opened for divine
worship, — the Rev. John Park, then of Rodney Street Kirk, officiating in
the morning, Mr. Ferries himself in the afternoon, and the Rev. Alexander
Munro, of Manchester, in the evening.

In the meanwhile, matters of the utmost importance had been going on
in Scotland. Collisions, of a very unseemly and unedifying kind, between
the Established Church and the Civil Courts, on the non-intrusion ques-
tion, had taken place. Such a state of things, it was evident, could not
long continue. A disruption had for some time been threatened, and was
obviously impending. At last it occurred. The decision of the House of
Lords in the famous Auchterarder case precipitated it. Within a very
few days after the opening of St Peter*s, a large body of the Scottish
clergy had laid their protest on the table of the General Assembly of the
Established Church of Scotland, and seceded from her communion. Of
this step, the organisation of that large and powerful body of dissenters,
the Free Kirk of Scotland, has been the result.

Immediately the trustees and congregation of St Peter's were made to
experience the consequences of this altered state of things. A great number
of Scotch livings having been abandoned by their incumbents, persons
from all quarters were sought after, for the purpose of supplying the
vacancies thereby occasioned. The successorship to one of the vacated
parishes — ^that of Torrybum, in Fife — ^having been offered to, was at once
accepted of by Mr. Feriies.* His Liverpool charge he speedily demitted,

* To the great surprise and chagrin of his friends, he, whether justly or not I cannot
say, having been regarded by them as, up to that period, a firm and nncompromismg
supporter of N on -Intrusion principles.

151

and to him, no regulcu: successor was, or could be appointed. For, besides
the opposition which they had to encounter from certain members of the
General Committee, the Trustees found themselves involved in other, and
what at first appeared to be inextricable difficulties.

When Lord Derby agreed to sell the land in Scotland Eoad, it was on
the express imderstanding, that a Church and School-house, in connexion
with the Established Church of Scotland, were to be built on it. Nothing
but missives passed on the occasion. After the completion of the edifice,
regular title deeds became necessary. But to whom? And for what
purpose ? To persons adhering to the Scottish Established Church, his
Lordship was perfectly ready to make over the property, and thereby to
fulfil his engagement. Equitably, no less than legally considered, he was
satisfied that he could not grant a conveyance to any others. And in this
view, his lordship was backed and supported by several Scotch gentlemen,
some of them members of the General Committee, and some of them sub-
scribers to the building, who clung to the church established by law in the
northern portion of the Island. This puzzled the Trustees. Not only
were they themselves inclined to favour the Free-Kirk, but from the senti-
ments and temper of the Scotch population residing in the neighboiurhood
of St. Peter's, they saw clearly that to open it in connexion vrith the Church
of Scotland would have been absiurd, and in a pecuniaiy point of view
ruinous. They would not perhaps, in that case, have had twenty hearers
paying for seats and sittings. Meanwhile they, four in number, were
obliged, in terms of contract, to make advances on the building, to the
amount of nearly dg4,000 ; its whole cost having been about £7,000, and some
of the gentlemen who had undertaken to pay fifty poimds each as their con-
tribution, having refused, under existing circumstances, to defray a single
fjEirthing of the expenses incurred. For some years, the situation of the trus-
tees was truly embarrassing. They had advanced a considerable sum of
money on the security of the edifice ; and unless title deeds, with power of
sale, and a clause enabling them to indemnify themselves could be procured,
they were but too likely to be out of pocket to the whole amount. In this
state, matters continued from the summer of 1848, till the month of Feb-
ruary, 1847.

After Mr. Ferries* departure, 1843, the trustees, owing to the peculiar
and critical situation in which they stood, would not sanction the calling

152

and ordination of any new minister ; but allowed the Free- Kirk congrega-
tion merely on sufiferance, and with the understanding that the door might
be closed against them at any time, to worship within its walls. For some
time, the vacant pulpit was supplied by probationers and minbters appointed
to preach by the Lancashire Presbytery. At last, in May, 1845, Mr. John
Wiseman received a call to become permanent minister. This necessi-
tated the immediate removal of the congregation from St. Peter s, as the
trustees were threatened with a prosecution, on the part of the adherents
to the Scotch Establishment, in the event of their permitting the settle-
ment of a pastor to take place. The church was shut up. Mr. Wiseman
went back, with the congregation, to the Carpenters* Hall, Bond Street
Shortly afterwards dissension made its appearance among his followers.
Supported by one party, he remained with them as their pastor, and strug-
gled with difficulties until a year or two ago, when he abandoned his charge,
and went to America. By the opposing party, steps were taken for the
erection of another meeting-house on Free-Kirk principles, in the immedi-
ate neighbourhood. Land was procured by means of a mortgage, in Great
Oxford Street North, nearly opposite to the eastern end of St. MartinVin-
the-Fields. To the structure reared on it, when completed, was given the
name of St. Peter s ; and over its congregation, Mr. Walter Smith was
invited to preside as minister.

The Earl of Derby having, in February, 1847, made over the church in
Scotland Road, and the ground on which it and the school-house had been
erected to the four trustees, to be held in connexion with the Church of
Scotland, but with power of sale in the event of certain conditions not being
fulfilled on the part of the subscribers, steps were promptly taken to cany
into effect the provisions contained in the deed of conveyance. Offers of
the church were made to the minority of the general committee and to the
subscribers, they indemnifying the trustees and others for all outlay of
money on their part. These offers were not accepted. Under the circum-
stances, and after going through the other forms requisite, St Peter*8 was
brought to the hammer, on the 15th July, 1847. At the sale, it was
knocked down at the price of £5,510 to the Liverpool and Bury Railway
Company. And by them, as has previously been mentioned, it was con-
veyed to the Rev. Dr. Hillcoat, in exchange for the old church of St
Matthew's.

It is not to be supposed, however, that Dr. Hillcoat and his congregation

153

were put in immediate possession of the building. Considerable litigation
followed the original arrangements, with the merits of which I am not par-
ticularly acquainted, only that, if I mistake not, it turned on some legal
nicety connected with the transference to the church given in exchange, of
a sum of money payable out of the Queen Anne's Bounty Fund, which had
been previously secured on the abandoned edifice.* At last, matters were
adjusted; — the transfer took place; — necessary alterations were made; —
and on taking possession of the church in 1849, its former name of St.
Peter s was superseded by that of St. Matthew's, by which it is now known.

Thus after the lapse of more than ten years from the time when the
subject was first formally mooted, and after much toil, immense anxiety,
and the surmounting of numerous difficulties, what had been originally
started as a Scotch Kirk, ended in becoming one of the churches belonging
to the English Establishment, in this town.

Tant8B molis erat condere — ecclesiam.

4. — St. Mary's, or the Church for the Blind,

All our Guide-books and Directories, from 1819 till 1850, make mention
of this church as standing in Duncan Street East, now Hotham Street, at
the comer of Great Nelson, now Lord Nelson Street. In vain, however,
will the stranger now look for it there. Nothing remains to indicate that
any edifice, much less an ecclesiastical one, once occupied the spot.

The fact is, that the ground on which the church originally stood, having
been required by the London and North Western Railway Company, for
the enlargement of theu' terminus, the church itself, which had been con-
structed in 1818-1 9, t was, after protracted negociations, removed, and a
place for its erection having been selected in Hardman Street, at the comer
of Hope Street, (the other buildings constituting the Asylum of the Blind
being set down close to it in Hardman Street), it there made its appear-
ance again, rising, phoenix-like, exactly as it had stood for thirty years in
Hotham Street.^ Not a stone is altered in its position. And, except that
the church fronts the north, instead of the west, and that the entrance to it
is obtained now from the sides only, not the slightest difference can be de-

* Was there not some differeDoe of opinion between Dr. Hillcoat and the Railway
Company, as to the value of the ground in front of the old chapel ?

f Foundation stone laid, 6th October, 1818 ; opened 6th October, 1819.

} It is said that the erection of this church was the first act of our present worthy
chief Magistiate (Samuel Holme, Esq.) as a builder, and the remoYal of it his last.

154

tected between what it was, and what it is. Its removal took place in 1850.
The church of the Asylum of the Blind now forms one of a cluster of pub-
lic buildings, which bj the variety, grandeur, and beauty of their respective
designs, are eminently calculated to strike the eye of the beholder.

To describe at any length an edifice like the Church of the Blind, which
every stranger of taste will make a point to visit, and concerning which any
Guide-book may be consulted, is out of the question. Suffice it to say that
the design was furnished by Mr. Foster, the well-known architect ; and that
its elegant portico, facing the north, is said to be a copy of that attached to
the Temple of Jupiter Panhellenius, in the island of ^gina.

In the interior, is a small organ gallery, and the musical portion of the
services is conducted by the blind pupils themselves. When the church
occupied its former site in Hotham Street, the inmates of the Asylum en-
tered it by means of an underground passage cut in the solid rock.*

I may be permitted to observe, with regard to the Asylum of the Blind
in Liverpool, that it was first set on foot in the year 1790. f About the
beginning of this century, the Hev. William Blundell, B.A., one of the
parish curates, (1800), and afterwards incumbent of St. Annes,^ (1803),
became its chaplain, IJ and continued to give the charity the benefit of his
services in that capacity, until the erection of the church in 1819, when he
resigned his office.

From the period of the building of St. Mary's until now, 1819 — 1852,
the Rev. Edward Hull, M.A., has been minister of the church, and has

* For further particulars, see Lacey's ** Pictorial Liverpool,** p.p., S02 and 204.

f Claims to its origination have heen set up in behalf of Mr. Edward Bashton, the
poet, father of our late stipendiary magistrate.

} It may be interesting to the Society to be informed, that the only member of the
episcopal bench taken from among the Liverpool clergy, was once minister of this
church. In the coarse of 1784, the Rev. Claudius (called in the old Liverpool Di-
rectories, Cornelius), Crigan, D.D. was by the then Duke of Atholl, promot^ to the
Bishopric of Sodor and Man. The Doctor was the first incumbent of St. Ann's, having
been presented to the benefice as soon as the building was completed, on the 29th October,
1772. — Moss, p. 146. Concerning this prelate, Gilbert Wakefield speaks respectfnlly in
his " Memoirs," p. 178. Smithers has related the gossip of the time, as regards the
cause of Dr. Crigan's appointment to thp vacant see of Man. I suspect that he has
committed at least one mistake in this story. The party to whom he aUudes as having
been the bishop's intended successor, was, if I remember right, not a son, but a brother
of the then feudal sovereign of the neighbouring isle. Besides, did not Dr. Origan's
episcopate extend to more than twenty- five years ? See Smithers* " History of llver-
pool," p. 435.

1 lie was also sceretarv.

155

discharged the other clerical duties incumbent on the chaplain of one of our
most valuable institutions. Under his auspices, the charity has flounshed.
Mr. Hull is well known as preaching to one of the most genteel and intelligent
congregations in Liverpool, and as the author of more than one able and
spirited pamphlet ;* while his occasional contributions to our local papers
are always characterised by superior excellence, and have often turned out to
be very useful. Indeed, the character, varied attainments, talents, and zeal
in behalf of the charity with which he is connected, of Mr. Hull, rank too
high, and are too well appreciated to stand in need of any eulogium of mine.

6. — St Simon's,

On the spot now occupied by this building, stood formerly a meeting-
house, or chapel, erected about 1808, by a body of individuals, chiefly
indeed exclusively from the north, in connexion with the Associate, or
Burgher Synod of Scotland. This class of dissenters was then known
among their countrymen by the name of Seceders.f A fusion of the
Burgher and Anti-burgher divisions of this body J took place in 1819, when
they assumed the appellation of the United Secession Church. And, about
1847 or 1848, the Scotch Synod of Relief § having joined them, their pre-
sent style is, the United Presbyterian Church

* Sometimes, I have been conscious of a feeliog of regret, that a man of Mr. Hull's
learning and classic purity of taste, has not fiEkvoured the world with some larger and
longer production, than any that has yet issued from his pen. But, perhaps, he pro-
ceeds on the axiom, fMpya jSt^ov, ju«y» kokov.

i The Scotch Secession body owed its origin to the withdrawal of Messrs. E. Erskine,
Fisher, Moncrieff, and Wilson, from the Established Church of Scotland in 17.32.

} Early in the history of the Secession Church, a dispute having arisen as to the duty
of its members to take the Burgess Oath, which was then imposed on all persons com-
mencing business within the precincts of Scottish corporations, a '* split** took place in
1747 : those who agreed to take the oath being denominated Burghers, and those refusing
to do so, Anti-burghers. Mr. Ebenezer Erskine headed the one party, and Mr. Moncrieff
the other. Great bitterness of spirit evinced in various ways, prevailed on the part of
both sections of seceders towards each other. The breach was repaired in 1819, after the
lapse of 72 years, by the various municipalities agreeing to dispense with the imposition
of the oath.

§ Deriving its origin from Mr. Gillespie, minister of Camock, in Fife. This gentle-
man was deposed by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1752, for refus-
ing to concur in the settlement of Mr. Richardson as minister of Inverkeithing, the people
of that parish having almost unanimooslj " reclaimed*' against him. Several ministers
who objected to the exercise of patronage, and vnshed to have congregations relieved
from that oppresfdon as they deemed it, by being invested vdth the power of choosing
their own pastors, joined Mr. Gillespie, and laid the foundation of the Belief Synod.

II These united Seceding and Relief people form a very powerful and intelligent body,
consisting of at least 000 ministers and congregations. Some Seceders, however, keep-
aloof from the Association. A party of these have very recently joined the Free- Kirk of
Scotland. See Acts of F. K. General Assembly, Tuesday, Jime 1, 1802.

156

The first minister of the Scotch Secession Chapel was Mr. John Stewart,
afterwards D.D., a native of Dornoch, near Annan, in Scotland,* who had
for some years taken the pastoral charge of a congregation in the neigh-
hourhood of Perth. This gentleman*s character was excellent, and he pos-
sessed talents of a superior order, which were evinced in several puhlica-
tions of his, especially in his Treatise on Baptism, written in opposition to
the views maintained hj Mr. Henry Paice, and in his sermon on the
Eldership, f

The present St Simon's Church is not the original meeting-house. That
edifice which, like the present, was in Gloucester Street, (then running
down to the New Haymarket), having stood at the comer of Silver Street,
and occupied a somewhat elevated position, was at first familiarly known hy
the appellation of Silver Hill Chapel. It was tolerahly large and com-
modious, containing a gallery, as well as pews below, but was very plain in
its external appearance. From it, the congregation and their pastor re-
moved in June, 1827, to their present large and elegant place of worship at
the corner of Mount Pleasant and Great Orford Street.

Dr. Stewart, who had continued to labour among his people with great
assiduity and marked acceptance, from about the year 1809, was compelled
at last, by the growing infirmities of age, to solicit and receive the assbt-
ance of a colleague To act in this capacity, Mr. Hugh Crichton was ap-
pointed. Theirjoint-pastorship began in 1838. Notwithstanding the aid
thus seasonably afforded, Dr. Stewart's life was not long protracted He
died 7th October, 1840. Since that time, owing to the delicate state of
Mr., now Dr. Crichton s health, Mr. William Graham has been chosen to
co-operate with him in the work of the ministry.

When deserted by the Scotch Seceders, Gloucester Street Chapel passed
into the hands of the Independents. Mr. James Widdows having quitted
the chapel in Russell Street, in which, for several years, he had officiated,
about 1828 became its minister. There he remained about ten years. His
successor was Mr. P. Strutt.

• Brother of Andrew Stewart, MJ)., minister of Erskine, and of Mr. DaTid Stewart,
one of the ministers of the Secession Church, Stirling.

f We must be careful to disdnguish between Dr. John Stewart, minister of Olonoester
Street and Mount Pleasant Chapels, here, and Mr. John Stewart, who was for nine or ten
months in 1823 minister of Oldham Street Kirk in this town, was inducted into the
charge of the parish of Som, Ayrshire, in 1824, and became incumbent of the pariah of
Libbcrton, near Edinburgh, (where he now is,) in 1848. Nobody, surely, will commit the
mistake of confounding either gentleman with the present worthy rector of West Derby.

157

Having been acquired by the Church of England, the chapel was opened
and consecrated in 1841. Some changes and repairs were then made upon
it. These enabled it to be used for several years as a place of worship in
connexion with the Establishment. But in process of time, the old struc-
ture was taken down, and now, in its stead, there meets the eye, a large
and handsome edifice in the Gothic style fronting the west, * with a tall
and elegant spire, and standing almost close to the brink of the termintu
of the London and North Western Eailway. In its present form, the
church was opened and consecrated in 1848.

Since becoming connected with the Established Church, St. Simon's has
had for its active and energetic incumbent, the Rev. John R. Conor, M.A.,
who had previously for some time taken charge of a congregation, meet-
ing for religious worship, in the small chapel, Sir Thomas's Buildings ; that
chapel having, during his ministrations there, borne temporarily the name
of St. Simon's.

6. — St, MaryX Harrington Street.

Concerning this building, which appears never to have been a place of
much consequence, a few remarks may suffice.

Moss, in his "History of Liverpool," 1796, thus describes it, "This
chapel is situate in Harrington Street, and has nothing outwardly to recom-
mend it to notice. It is a plain, decent chapel ; has a flight of stairs to the
galleries from the principal entrance ; these galleries are supported by seven
slender iron columns ; the whole is well lighted by large windows with cir-
cular heads. Three small compositions in plaister ornament the ceiling.
There is a good organ over the west galleiy, and on the £Eice thereof under-
neath is a small king's arms. There is no chancel : a flat neat altar is aU
that is seen, with a few external ornaments ; and [there is] a picture of the
Ascension in oil placed in a circle, which appears to have been the perform-
ance of a capital master." p. 151.

We are indebted to Mr. Herdman, for having, in his splendid '* Pictorial
Relics," 1844, supplied us with the following additional particulars in re-
gard to St. Maiy's: — "There was a church formerly in Harrington,

* It occupies more ground tban its predecessor — ^reaching firom Silver Street to White
Bfill Street.

168

(originally Castle Hey), built* by a Rev. Mr. Bragg, a clergyman of
Liverpool. It was a brick building, on the right hand side, just bdow
Marshall Street, f now converted into warehouses. (' On the site of this
church, Downward and Mann*s sugar-house was built' { — Author). It was
called St. Mary's. The people who left St. Mary's obtained the old meet-
ing-house in Key Street from the Unitarians, which was consecrated by the
name of St. Matthew's Church. — MSS. of Dr. Raffles." Again, " we liaTe
been informed on living authority, that St. Mary's Church, Harrington
Street, was strictly Church of England ; and that the congregation did not
remove to any other place of worship but became dispersed. The chorch
was licensed, but not consecrated." These quotations constitute two notes
at the bottom of page 48 of Mr. Herdman's work.

On perusing what precedes, one can not help cherishing a wish for some-
what more information as to the views and movements of those who fre-
quented this extinct place of worship.

All that I would remark further, in reference to St. Mary s, Harrington,
is, that it was opened for divine worship, on the 10th day of March, 1776, §

• Lacey says, " Pictorial Liverpool," p. 79, that it ** was a Dissenting Chapel'' in
lington Street, that was opened as a Church, by Mr. Bragg, in 1770. Consequently the
bailding must have been erected previous to that time. Could this hare been the
original " Castle Hey Chapel" of the Presbyterians, or, at all events, oonld Bir. hu§^m
Church have been raised on its site ? Observe, *' tliere was no chancel.**

f How could this be ? Marshall Street, as I remember it, 1823-1825, reacfaed only
from Cable Street to Lord Street To render the quotation consistent with hu. Jobs
Street, or a portion of it muHt have been called Marshall Street A little explaaatkn
may set it all to rights. In the oldest maps of Liverpool, it will be observed that John
Street extended only from Dale Street to Harrington Street ; and that Love Lane tenni-
nated at Cable Street. There was then no prolongation of John Street into Lord Street
on the one hand, or of Love Ltine into Lord Street on the other. John Street and Lot«
Lane were, however* in due time connected ; a Street having been run directly from the
one to the other, tlirougli Lord Street. To the whole of this it is shewn by one wmp^
now in the Athensum Library, that the name of Marshall Street was given. Dnring ths
period when it was so named, St. Mary's was litly described as being in Harrington St reet ,
** just below Marshall Street." Afterwards, '* New John Street" was llie name applied to
that portion of Marshall street which extended from Harrington Street to Lord Street ;
Marshall Street, from tliat time until the widening of the whole line of street, having been
confined to the part lying between Lord Street and Cable Street Now we find ** North
John Street" the common name of all that section which runs from Dale to Lord Street ;
and ** South John Street,'* of what formerly bore the names of Marshall Street, Love
Lane, and Trafibrd Lane. In the maps of Liverpool, for 1803 and 1807, St Maiy't
Church will be seen placed in Harrington Street, between ** New John's Street," (Nofith
John Street), and ** Doran Lane."

} Burnt down, if I mistake not, about 1810.

§ See Laoey, p. 70. Also, the ** Annals** in Gore's Durectory. Was not 1777 imthtr
the year in which the opening of St Mary's took place ?

159

and was tal^en down in March, 1809 ; that during its existence, it is always
found enumerated among the churches and chapels belonging to the Estab-
lishment in the Liverpool directories ; and that the only clergymen whom
I can discover to have regularly officiated in it, were the Rev. Joseph
Bragg, * and the Rev. John Vickers, or Viccars ; the former from its
opening, until about 1804, and the latter for some time subsequently.
In 1807, it seems to have had no stated chaplain.

7. — Sl Matthias, (former and present).

Few, if any, public edifices in Liverpool have had so ephemeral an exist-
ence, and of few is the existence, such as it was, so little known as that
of the former church of St. Matthias, f

Probably, one of the chief means of bringing it under the notice of future
generations, will be Gage's map of Liverpool, 1835. A glance at that very
valuable document will serve to shew, that it had on two sides of it one of
the public ways denominated Love Lane, I having been likewise bounded by
Emma-Anne and Thornton Streets. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal was
in close proximity to it. As I believe the lane and streets to which I have
just alluded are all now swept away, the enquirer, unable to discover its where-
abouts otherwise, may be directed to look for it on Gage*s map, a little to
the northward of the Borough Graol, and to the eastward of Great Howard
Street.

This church, which was exceedingly neat, but low and unimposing in
its appearance, contained 1,050 sittings, of which 500 were free. It was
opened in July, 1834.

The Rev. John B. Winstanley, M.A., || an exceedingly amiable young

* A respected Mend infonns me, that in his younger days, St Mary's was familiarly
and commonly spoken of as '* Bragg's Ghoroh ;*' and that Mr. Bragg's religious senti-
ments were considered peculiar.

fit was intended originally to have home another name — at least, so says the
Liverpool Mercury, when giving an account of the laying of the foundation stone.

} Love Lane, at St. Matthias' Church, south east comer, was hent nearly into the
form of a right angle.

II Son of the Bev. Calvin Winstanley, M.A., (called Calvert Winstanley, in the Liver-
pool directorips of 1796 and 1800), who officiated as curate of Trinity Church here,
from 1704 or 179'') till 1812. Mr. Winstanley, sen., who died hetween twenty and thirty
years ago, was well known and extremely successful as a teacher of youth. His school-
room in 1823, and following years, was in Duke Street, nearly opposite Bathhone Street,
He was a man of more than ordinary ahility, and possessed considerahle learning, as is
evident firom his " Elementa Orammatica Ciceroniana," 1802, and " A Vindication of
certain passages in the English Version of the New Testament," 1805. Some remarks

160

man, aud possessed of respectable, if not even saperior abilities, mth whom
I had a slight acquaintance, was its first minister. Having been appointed
chaplain to the St James* Cemetery — ^where he died suddenly about 1836, —
he was succeeded by the Key. Edward Spencer, A.B. This gentleman
also was, for some time after Mr. Wiustanley*s death, officiating minister at
the St. James' Cemetery. The Rev. Richard Walker, incumbent of Great
Crosby, was, in 1844, nominated also to the incumbency of St. Matthias.

After a very brief occupancy of the then recently erected place of
worship on the part of Mr. Walker, operations connected with the for^
mation of the terminus, and the construction of warehouses of the Liverpool
and Bury, and other Railways, having rendered its demolition necessary, it,
along with many private houses, was pulled down.**^ Streets even were at
the same time obliterated. A great change has been the result. Indeed,
the whole aspect of that locality has been made to undergo so complete an
alteration, that I would defy any person conversant vnth it twenty years
ago, and now re-visiting it for the first time after having been absent from
Liverpool during that interval, by any possibility to recognize it.

According to agreement, a new church also called St Matthias was
erected by the railway company, instead of the one which it was intended to
demolish. In March, 1848, the foundation-stone was laid, and it was
consecrated in April, 1849. Its exterior, which is Gothic, and some-
what elevated, differs totally from that of its predecessor ; but as the
amount of the sittings is 1,070, it will be observed, by looking back a few
sentences, that the internal capacity of the former and present structures is
not very dissimilar. The present St Matthias is situated in Great Howard
Street, between Vulcan and Porter Streets.

Mr. Walker resides at Crosby, and the Rev. George Aspinall, Ph.D.,
officiates as curate.

on the use of the subjunctire mood in Latin, which occur in a small Latin Orammar of
his, and wliich I saw seTeral years ago, struck me as yaluable and useful. Mr. Winatanley
became the object of much public sympathy, in consequence of one of his dat^hters
having been killed by the falling of a chimney, on the night of the great storm of
December 3rd and 4th, 1823.

* Rather, the former St. Matthias was burnt down. No doubt it had been doomed to
destruction, and the foundation-stone of its successor had been laid ; but, subsequently
to the last named event, it took fire accidentally, April 10th, 1848, and was completely
demolished : thus anticipating, as it were, its own sentence of condemnation. For
directing my attention to this fact and two others, I gratefully acknowledge myself in-
debted to my friend, Dr. Hume.

161

8. — St. George's.

St George's Church, as may be seen by a reference to any of our guide-
books, occupies the site of the old castle of Liverpool. Although generally
stated, it is not we suspect generally understood, that the church of the
present day is not that which once caught the eye, and excited the admira-
tion, as well of the inhabitant of the town as of the passing stranger^

Such a minute description of the former St. George*s Church is given in
Moss's " History," pp. 136—139, as to supersede entirely the necessity
of my entering into details. Parties who cannot prociure Moes, may consult
Enfield, Troughton, f Smithers, or Baines. Lacey, pp. 257 and 258, com-
bines a satisfiEurtory account of the church as it formerly was, with a brief
narratiye of the changes which it has undergone. Still a few remarks may
be permitted.

The former St. George's Church was completed and consecrated in 1734.
Views of it may be seen in Enfield's and Herdman's works. Its spire
having been considered dangerous, on account of the unevenness of the
foundation on which it rested, [ was taken down in the summer of 1809. §
And I remember that the church itself was rebuilt piece-meal, after my
coming to Liverpool in 1823. I say piece-meal. For, instead of throwing
it down entirely, and then commencing the work of reconstruction, first
one wall was taken down, and then another — the renovation of the exterior
thus going on gradually, and the interior, in the meanwhile, being allowed
to remain. The end wall towards Lord Street, is placed several feet more
to the east than formerly was the case. In its present form, the church was
re-opened for divine service, Sunday, September llth, 1825. ||

Besides having an exterior that is attractive and imposing, and being got
up in a style of great elegance internally, St George's has other claims on

• ** The Church, on its completion, wm tpoken of m one of the huidbomett in the
Kingdom." Lacey.
f Whose tceoant is minute, and criticall j excellent
^ It had been bailt on the site of the old moat

I '* The first stone of the new tower was Uid on the 0th March, 1810, bj J. Blondell
HoUingshead, Esq., Mayor, W. liolyneax, and N. Robinson, Esquires, Bailiffs.'* Lacej,
p. 257. See also ** Annals.'*

II Lacey acquaints us, p. 258, thai, **the steeple, previous to 1833, was considermblj
higher than at present, and terminated in a Tane representing St George and the Dragon.
In a storm which oocurred that year, NoTcmber 20, it was materially shaken, and was for
some time obaerred to Tibrate in the gale. It was found necessary to take down part of
tlie steeple, and complete it, as it now is. Its height is 214 fset**

our notice. It is the place of worship at which the mayor and corporation
attend oilicially, and is honoured, during assize-time, hy the presenoe of
the judges. Its choir is excellent.

Several clergymen who have obtained subsequently the highest ecclesias-
tical preferments in the gift of the corporation,* have had an opportanitj
at St. George's, in the capacity of Cliaplaius and Lecturers, of preriouslj
edifying their patrons, f Indeed, the history of the ministers of this chuich
is, in a majority of instances, the history of rectors of Liverpool. The Rev.
Henry Wolstenholme,J author of two volumes of sermons, who was chap-
lain from 1734 till 1752; the Rev. Thomas Mmldock, M.A.,§ (see Gilbert
Wakefield's " Memoirs" respecting the period of his residence here), who
officiated in the same capacity from 1752 till 1771; the Hew Oeoiige Hod-
son, 1780 till 1784 ; the liev. Samuel Ilenshaw, M.A., j 1784 till 1794 ; and
the Rev. Robert Hankinson Roughsedge,*' M.A., (cliaplain for some months

* No longer so, the adyowson to the Reetorr being sold.

t Scarcely unv member of tliis Society can be ignorant of the recent appeanmee of a
work, entitled, "Liverpool, a few years since: by an Old Stager. London : Whittaker A Co.
Liverpool: Deighton & liaughton. IH.V^." The book consists of twenty-fiye ehapfeen,
and extends to ir>9 pages. A copy of it was, by the politeness of Mr. Mather, presentad
to the Society, at its meeting in November. Although light in its textoie, and deaUxif
with the subjects of which it treats in the dashing, sketchy, off-hand manner, wbieh beai
suits the renders of a newspaper, (its chapters made their appearance originalW ia tho
columns of tlie "Liverpool Albion,") it has many claims on our attention and r^ud*
Leaving to others to expatiate on its easy, graceful, and gentlemanlike style, (only
sparkling with by far too many false gems, and condescending to borrow by tu too
largely from the copious vocabidary of slang.) and on the happy manner in wbieh
it has embahned many persons and events too evanescent otherwise to have eaoaped
the mvnging influence of time, it is enough for my present purpose to obserfe,
tlmt its notices, generally and necessarily very brief, of the Liverpool clergy of a
former day, are not among tbe least of its recommendations. As far as I am compelmt
to judge, from personal knowledge of the parties mentioned, the delineations given an
not merely graphic, but characterised by truth and impartiaUty. I shall make acme ntt
of the work in the way of reference. — By the bye, is it not to a well-known and talented
clergjnian — we vrill not say where — that we are indebted for tins clever production f

I Absurdly spoken of as " Sector of St. Nicholas," by Smithers. lie was one of th«
" Rectors of Liverpool," from 17f>2 till his death in 1771.

§ While minister of St. George's, he published, 1771, a Sermon, entitled, *' Religion
Necessary to the Being and Happiness of Society."

i; Autlior of " Sennons " published 17U'^.

^ The "Old Stager,'* chapter xx., pages 110—] 10, of his book, speaking of Meran.
Renshaw and Roughsedge, gives us some amusing and characteristic strokes, especially
of the latter of them. We cannot but smile at tlie finale of the somewhat odd reneontre
between the Bishop and the Ventriloquist. I well remember the two clerical gentlemen
whose names buve suggested this present note, when far advanced in life. Mr. Renshaw
was of uiiddlin;; stature; Mr. Roughsedge was rather short, and exceedingly thin. Their
respective characters seem to me, to have been fairly and happily sketched. I
recollect tlie circumstance, first of Bishop Law, and afterwards of Bidiop Blomfield,

163

of 1794), were all successively promoted from the living of St. George's to
the incumbency of the parish. The Rot. Thomas Fishwick, 1 77 1 till 1780 ;
the Rev. Thomas Blundell,* 1795 till 1812 ; the Rot. Dr. Hodson, and the
Rev. John Boughey Monk, M.A., the present minister, constitute the
exceptions to the rule of promotion which, while the advowson to the recto-
ries was in the hands of the corporation, prevailed with I'espect to the chap-
lains of St. George's.

Speaking of those whose previous services at this church secured to thgn,
as vacancies occurred, a translation to the superior parochial livings, we are
led irresistibly to say something of the two present worthy rectors, the Rev.
Jonathan Brooks, M.A., Archdeacon of Liverpool, and one of the vice-pre-
sidents of our society, and the Rev. Augustus Campbell, M. A. Mr. Brooks,
after having acted as lecturer at St. George's from 1813, succeeded Dr.
Hodson, as chaplain, about 1822 ; and Mr. Campbell, who had been suc-
cessively rector of Wallasey, and vicar of Childwall, was appointed to the
lectureship at St. George's, about 1827. Messrs. Renshawfand Roughsedge,
the joint-parish incumbents, having died within a short time of each other,
in the autumn of 1829, both medieties of the rectory thereby became
vacant. Mr. Brooks almost immediately, and Mr. Campbell shortly after-
wards, [ were elected by the common council to supply their places. And
well have both gentlemen justified the sagacity of their patrons. Whether

staying each for a brief space with Rector Boughsedge. By the way, the house in which
he resided, and where the 6cene between the Bishop and Alexandre occnrred, is the
high and somewhat imposing mansion in Mount Pleasant, which stands third firom
Benson Street, as yon go np towards Rodney Street. Next to it, and immediately above
it, is the house which was long occupied by Mr. John Bourne, Mayor of Liverpool,
1812, 1818, and which subsequently came into the possession of Mr. Deane, the
Attorney. Mr. Roaghsedge*s name was, if I recollect right, pronounced Bustedge,

* Respecting Mr. Thomas Blundell, of St. Oeorge's, (not Mr. Blundell of St Anne's,
whose christian name was William,) a few interesting remarks are dropped, in " Liver-
pool, a few years since," page 124. Mr. Mawdsley, Castle Street, has been good enough
to inform me, that, to the best of his knowledge and belief, the Messrs. Blundell,
William and Thomas, were cousins, and descendants of Bryan Blundell, the venerated
founder of our Blue Coat School. A brother of the Rev. William Blundell, Bryan
Blundell, Esq., held a high situation in the Custom House.

f '' That kind-hearted man. Rector Renshaw," says the ** Old Stager," p. 33, " lived
here," Bold Street, ** in a comer house, with its door opening upon Newington Bridge."

} To the chaplaincy of St. George's, and consequently to higher preferment, the infe-
rior grade of lecturer was generally preliminary, and, looking at the established practice,
might almost have been deemed indispensable. Dr. Hodson conformed to the rule ; so
likewise did Archdeacon Brooks^ It was not until he had been about nine years lecturer,
that the latter was elevated to the rank of chaplain. Mr. Campbell's case, it striked me, is
the only one in which a clergyman stepped all at once from the St. George's lectureship,
into the rectory of the parish.

104

rrjarJcd OS a clergyman, a magistrate, or a citizen, the claims of Mr.
Bry.ks to distinctian are unquestionable. Few events haye been hailed
with more pleasure, not merely by members of the Established Ghoich, but
ij iLe community at large, than his elevation to the archdeaconry of
'Liyer[>(jo].* Copious reports of the sermons delivered by him on public
occasions, always find their way into the newspapers. Nor are Mr. Camp-
bell's literan' and scientific attainments less conspicuous than those of his
respected colleague. A sermon preached by him about 1824 or 1826, be-
fore the then Lord Bishop of Chester, (now Bishop of London), while he
was rector of Wallasey, and subsequently published, attracted considerable
notice at the time. Another production of his, which has since appeared,
has contributed to deepen and strengthen the favourable impression which
the former one had produced. Both rectors are decidedly men of business;
and are remarkable for the tact, dignity, and impartiality with which thej
preside at parish and vestry meetings.

One other gentleman, ranking among the chaplains of St. Geoige^s of a
former day, is entitled to special mention at our hands. I mean the Rev.
Frodsham Hodson, D.D, f It may be interesting to the members of the
society to be informed, that Liverpool claims him as her own, he having
first seen the light here in 1770. His father, the Rev. George Hodson, after
having been in succession lecturer and chaplain at St. George*s, occupied the
place of one of the parish rectors from 1784 till 1704, (April). Toang
Hodson s career at college gave promise of future eminence. Along nilh
the Rev. Thomas Blundell as chaplain, he was chosen lecturer of St.
Georges in 1795. ^ To the chaplaincy he succeeded in 1812 or 1818.
Prior to that time, however, 1809, his great merits and attainments had
occasioned his appointment to the dignity of Principal of Brazen-Nose Col-
lege in the University of Oxford. Under the circumstances, constant resir
dence in Liverpool, on Dr. Hodson*s part, v^as out of the question. An

• Mr. Brooks is the first clergyman by whom this preferment has been held.

i Kasily distinguishable from William Ballantyne Hodgson, LL.D., who, from abonl
1839, was for eight or nine years first secretary, and then principal of the Meohaniea'
iDStitution, Liverpool.

* Not only had one mediety of the rectory been vacated by the death of Dr. Hodson's
father, which Mr. Renshaw had been chosen to fiU in May 1704, but the death of
tlie Uev. Thomas Dannett, the other rector, soon afterwards, had occasioned the promo-
tion of Mr. Rriughsedge to the vacont office. In this way, two clergymen were required
for the charges at St. George's.

165

assistant chaplain, in the first instance, the Rev. James Hamer, M.A.,* and
subsequently the Rev. William Pulford, D.D., discharged in his absence, the
duties which devolved on him at St. George *s. His death took place 1821
or 1822. Dr. Hodson, in addition to his clerical and academical rank, is
imderstood to have been the representative of an old and respectable family
in Cheshire, f

The remainder of the history of the clergy of St. George's need not de-
tain us long. When Mr. Brooks became chaplain 1822, the Rev. James
Case, M.A., was appointed lecturer. A disease of the eye — amaurosis,
I believe — ^put a stop, at an early period, to his clerical career. His suc-
cessor was Mr. Campbell. And on the election of Mr. Brooks, and Mr.
Campbell to the joint- rectory in 1829, the Rev. J. B. Monk, and the Rev.
T. G. Leigh were nominated respectively to the vacated situations of
chaplain and lecturer, the former of which Mr. Monk still retains.

It appears by the report of Mr. Shuttleworth, the present town clerk, to
which I have once already had occasion to allude, that, in terms of an Act

* A few interesting lines respecting this gentleman, and the breWty of his eareer, will
be foond in the earlier part of the xxL chapter of the " Old Stager's" book. See page
124.

f Upon none of the clergy whom he notices, does the " Old Stager " dwell longer, or
with more intense delight, than on Frodsham Hodson. He evidently writes about
him con amore. Anecdotes of him, and striotores on his talents and character, oceapy
by far the greater portion of his xxL chapter. Well, indeed, might this able writer
hare been attracted — fascinated, I might say — by such a man. Never, perhaps, has a
brighter star, in respect of strength of intellect and scholastio attainments, graced the
theological galaxy of the ** good old Town." Frodsham Hodson was in himself a host.
He might not be particularly pious. His demeanour, in the University might be rather
too overbearing and imperious. But he was emphatically, what Thomas Carlyle so
much desiderates, a man. He might be undervalued and overlooked in Liverpool ; but
his academical oontemporaries understood and appreciated him. He possessed the stuff
of which rising men are made, and there can be no doubt, that, had his life been spared,
his highest ambition would have been crowned with success. No wonder that such a
man has arrested the " Old Stager's" attention. No wonder that he speaks of him with
gusio. Such of his readers as knew the man, will, I have eveiy reason to think, be
ready to participate with the author equaUy in his admiration and his regret.

Knowing as I do the lively interest with which spots that have been hallowed by the
residence, or even by the footsteps of the illustrious deceased are apt to be regarded,
and believing Dr. Hodson to have been, out of sight, one of the most illustrious clergyr
men, if not the most so, in an intellectual point of view, whom Liverpool has produced,
I may mention, that, by means of the local Directories, we are able to point to his several
places of abode here after having been appointed to St George's, 1795. 1st. In 1796
and 1800, he resided at 13, Great George's Street 2nd. In 1803, 4, 0, and 7, his place
of abode was in Duke Street, No. 72, or 74, or 76, for it is variously stated. (Was not
this the large long house in Duke Street, comer of Suffolk Street, purchased by John
M'Gulloch, Esq., surgeon, about 1811, and inhabited by him for many years afterwards ?)
During these periods, he was a lodger with Elizabeth Hodson, I presume hi# mother or
sister. Srd. Probably after his marriage, he took up his abode at 36, Mount Pleasant

167

Thus briefly is dismissed the history of an edifice, many circumstances
connected with which justify a more minute and detailed notice, on the
part of those who have occasion to treat of local religious affidrs.

It is understood to have been built expressly for the Rev. Robert Ban-
ister, A.B., (who had for some time been one of the parish curates, and in
that capacity had become exceedingly popular,) by his attached friends. If I
am not misinformed, it was originally intended that this gentleman should
have been minister of Christ Church.* When, however, in consequence of
the currency of reports to which it is undesirable and unnecessary more
particularly to advert, Mr. Houghton, the builder of that noble edifice, f
saw meet to change his mind on the subject, the late Mr. Richard Walker,
and some others, who espoused Mr. Bamster*8 cause, and considered him
to have been ill-used, erected " All Saints," and made a present of it to
him. Troughton says, p. 384, that the church *' was purchased by the
Rev. Robert Banister, A.B., sole proprietor, and the present incumbent "t

Possession of this church Mr. Banister retained, and in it he continued
to officiate, until his death, April drd, 1829. For a long series of years, he
was probably the most popular minister in Liverpool. Although nominally
in connexion with the Church of England, his attachment to it appears to
have been by no means particularly strong. Not only was the building
allowed to remain unconsecrated during his lifetime, and were modifica-
tions of the liturgy introduced, but for some time before his death, I have
reason to think that he performed divine service, without an episcopal
hcense. One thing I know, that he occasionally admitted dissenters to his
pulpit I remember distinctly having heard the well-known William Gadsby,
of Manchester, a Baptist minister, preach there one week-day evening,
in the year 18*26 ; and having accompanied the late Mr. William Rushton,
jun. and Mr. Gadsby after sermon into the vestry, where I was intro-
duced to Mr. Banister, and where I saw him paid for the use of his
church by Mr. Rushton.

Want of time and space prevents me from dwelling at length on the

• The report is conflrmed by the Ungaiige of Lacey, in his ** Pictorial Liverpool,"
p. 84.

•f Opened 1708 m a disaenting place of worship, or, at all evenU, as a chapel in which
the aerrice of the Chnroh of Kngland was to be nsed with some modlficationa. Sabae-
qnentlj, howerer, 1800, it was oonaecrated. Troughton mentiona iu cost aa baring
been if 18,000 and upwards.

\ This anthor'a Hiatorr of Liverpool appeared in 1810.

168

character and labours of Mr. Banister. This circumstance I deeply regret
The gentleman in question acted in his time too conspicuous a part, and
his local influence over the so-called Evangelical portion of a whole genenir
tion of Churchmen was too great, to justify any one treating professedly of
Liverpool men, and Liverpool afi&drs, — especially those of a religious
nature, — ^in passing him over, or even in bestowing upon him only a brief
and cursory notice. To the necessities of the case alone do I submit. Not
that Mr. Banister was a man of brilliant or commanding talents. Quite
the reverse. As I saw him in advanced life, he had a heavy, although not
entirely unintellectual look ; and according to the best information which I
can obtain, he never had any pretensions to rank among those who have
stood high, and been distinguished in the art of oratory. Mr. Banister
was, I suspect, one qualified to shine only in the absence of his superiors*
or, rather, by contrast with his inferiors.

Velut inter ignet
Luna nimores.

Mr. Samuel Walter, nephew of the late Mr. Lewin of Liverpool, who for
many years was a Swedenborgian minister and a teacher of youth in this town,
teUs me, that our present subject was slow and deliberate, sometimes even
apparently cold and unimpassioned in his utterance. Altogether, he says, a
preacher of whom it coiild not with truth have been asserted, that he was
an eloquent man. What, then, constituted the secret of the power which
for a long time he wielded and exercised over lai^e, attentive, and
deeply interested auditories ? Without superior abilities — without rhetori-
cal artifices and flourishes — without any thing peculiarly dignified or striking
in his personal appearance — what was the magic by which for years he
charmed and captivated hundreds, I might be justified in saying thousands
of his townsmen? It may be replied, by the subject-matter of his dis-
courses. The answer, I believe, to be a correct one. At a time when
" Extract of Blair," to use the " Old Stager's " phrase,* was regarded by
too many of the Established Clergy both in and out of Liverpool, (and by
too many Dissenting Ministers likewise,) as a panacea for every moral and

• ** Nothing was heard flrom our own pulpits but what might have passed muster at
Atheus, or been preached without offence in the mosque of Constantinople. In faet,
' Extract of Blair' was the dose administered, Suuday after Sunday, by drowsy preaehen
to drowsy congregations. If it did no harm, it did no good.** — Liverpool, a few fean
tince, p. 100. As regards Blairitm, see further what is said by this elever writer, whtn
speaking of one of our beneficed elergymen, of a former day, at page 116.

169

spiritual malady, and copiously administered by them to their hearere accord'
ingly,* Mr. Banister took a different course. Along with the Rev. W. Wise,
then incumbent of St. James\ f he put to the test the efficacy of another
mode of treatment He proclaimed the death and resurrection of Jesus
Christ as the sole grounds of hope towards God to guilty man ; and followed
up the proclamation by appeals to the conscience founded on these revealed
and heaTonly verities. One effect of this, in Mr. Banister's case, was to
elevate him to the rank of the most popular Church Clergyman of his day.
Combined with the attractions of the doctrine which he preached, there was,
I have been told — and this especially in the earlier part of his career — some-
thing peculiarly solemn, earnest, and impressive in his manner. Not
affectedly so, for he was the embodiment of simplicity itself. Still, when
speaking, he made himself to be felt The way in which he read the ser-
vice of the Church was easy, familiar, and even conversational, but it told
upon his fellow worshippers. Having thus beforehand suitably impressed
and prepared their minds, he delivered to them a [Jain, forcible and scrip-
tural sermon. Need we, when made acquainted with these particulars, feel
astonished at his success ? Mr. Walter, who knew Mr. Banister well, and to
whom I have been indebted for much information concerning him, has been
kind enough to inform me, that a reason fEir more creditable to that gen-
tleman, than the one commonly assigned — ^namely, his faithfulness and
fearless honesty in dealing with the conscience of his intended patron — cost
him the living of Chnst Church. Let this be recorded to his honour.

Some time after Mr. Banisters death in 1829, All Saints came into the
possession of the Rev. Heniy Tudsbury Turner, a truly excellent man, then
having deacons* orders in the Church of England. This gentleman has since
been admitted to full orders by the present Archbishop of Canterbury, and
is now settled at Bardsley, Ashton-under-Lyne. What followed Mr. Tur-
ner s temporary occupation of All Saints is so singular, and brings on the

• I naimoc ooneeire anything better, or more heppily expressed, than the estimate of
"Blaii^s (Hugh) Sermons,** given by the **01d Stager," at page 109, of his Tolume,
almost iiumediately after the passage just quoted.

f One of the few mistakes, (as fsr as known to me,) committed by the ** Old Suger,*
is when he says, at the oommenoement of chapter xix. : *' None of the Erangelieal clergy
had then," 40 or (K) years since, '* appeared in this distriet, to stimnlate the paee of the
old-fashiooed jog-trot High ChurehTen." He happens to hare forgotten that llrsi Mr.
Wise, at St James*, and then, when his star began to pale in the aseendant, Mr. Ban-
ister, had, as ** the salt of** the EsUblisbed Chmeh here, kept it from a state of absolute
putrefaction. They were not oertafaUy fltry seaJote; but they wtrt ealm, eoneeientiioiie»
decided, efficient men.

170

tapU a person of such notoriety, that we may well be indulged in some
copiousness of detail.

Towards the end of the year 1827, there appeared in Liverpool, the Bar.
George Montgomery West.* This individual, a native of Ireland, and for
some time labouring as a local preacher among the Wesleyan Methodists
there, had visted the United States of America, and been brought into con-
tact with the Right Rev. Philander Chase, then Bishop of Ohio, in con-
nexion with the American Episcopal Church. By this Bishop, who had
been struck with his eloquence and other ministerial gifts, and to whom he
had been specially recommended by Lord Kenyon, and other influential
personages in England, first deacons* and then priests' orders were conferred
on Mr. West, in 1827. f To the former orders, he was admitted sub dio,
or, to use the bishop's phraseology in his official letters, ''beneath the
spreading trees of Marriott Park, in view of Kenyon College, on the banks
of Vernon River, near Gkunbier, Knox County, State of Ohio, North
America. *" Fortified with the Bishop's credentials, as well as with commis-
sions on the part of that prelate, to act as his chaplain, and to raise funds
throughout the British Islands, for the purpose of assisting in the erection
of the buildings of Kenyon College, Mr. West returned to this country.

The American Bishops deriving their authority, partly from a gentleman
who had been consecrated by prelates of the Scottish Episcopal Church,
after the acknowledgment of the Independence of the United States in
1783, J but principally from parties consecrated in this country by the
hierarchy of the Church of England, under powers specially granted by an
Act of Parliament passed in 1787, the validity of Mr. West's ordination
was at once and unhesitatingly recognised on this side of the Atlantic. §

• A.M. of Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio. — The following copy of the diploma issaed
by this infant Academical institation of our Transatlantic friends, may not be nnmocepta-
ble or uninteresting to some members of tlie Society : — " Praeses et Professorcs Gollegii
in Bepublica, Ohio, omnibus literamra studiosis: Salutem in Domino sempiteniam.
Vobis notum sit, quod Dominum Geoboium Montgomebt West, titulo, gradoque
Artium liberalium Magistri adomavimus et condecoravimus, et ei fruenda contulimas
omnia et singula privilegia, honores atque dignitates quae ubique gentium ad eundem
gradum pertinent Ccgus sigillum et autographum prsBsidis in testimonium sint. Datum
ex fledibus academicis," (query, was any permanent building then in existence?) "die
undeyigesimo Junii, anno salutb mUlesimo octingentesimo, yigesimo septimo.

Philahdeb Chasb." L.S.

f On the lOih and 17th days of June, 1827, respectiyely.

I See Bishop Skinner, of Aberdeen's History of the Scottish Episcopalians.

% Notwit h sta nd i n g, by the way, some great and very serious changes made in the
language of the liturgy, as used in the United States. Changes, I mean beyond those
which were absolutely required by the republican nature of the American Institations.

171

Admissiou to the pulpits of the Established Chaxch followed as a matter of
course. Rapidly did he make his way to public favour ; and of no preacher
in this locality at the time could it be alleged with truth, that he was
more decidedly popular. Liverpool was one of the principal scenes of his
ministerial labours. From 1827 till 1830 he was in the habit of constantly
addressing audiences of our townspeople. St. Mark*s, St. Andrew s, and
other churches have often resounded with his powerful appeals and inspirit-
ing harangues. The best proof of the influence acquired by him is, that
the Liverpool contributions made, under the sanction of the diocesan and
clergy,**^ towards the promotion of the ostensible object for which he had
come to Europe, were numerous and liberal. Not to Liverpool, or its
neighbourhood, however, were his exertions confined. The cause of Bishop
Chase, and Mr. West as his agent, having been espoused by the two Eng-
lish, and the (then) four Lish Archbishops, and a most imposing array of
their respective suffragans, (besides many of the nobility and gentry), the
pulpits of many churches were thrown open to Mr. West — ^those of sevend
Irish cathedrals among the rest ; and copious streams from that never-fail-
ing source, British bounty, continued to flow into the American Episcopal
exchequer. At last, bearing with him the gifts of the faithful, and com-
mended in the strongest terms, for his efforts in the good cause, Mr. West
went back to tlie United States in 1830.

* Mr. West adduces the following documents in proof of this : — 1. A letter addressed
to him by the then Lord Bishop of Chester, Dr. Blomtield, (now Bishop of London),
the closing sentence of which is " Sincerely wisliing that yon may be successful to UU
extent of your wants, and commending you to the protection of Him in whose service
we are engaged, I remain. Rev. Sir, your faithful friend and senrant, C. J. Chistib."
2. A recommendation of several Liverpool Clergymen. '* In consideraiion of this excel-
lent work, and in consequence of the strong recommendation of our bishop, we, the un-
dersigned, who have had an opportunity of seeing Mr. West, desire to add oar names
and testimony of approbation to his important mission. And we sincerely pray, that,
through tlie divine blessing on his labours, the great and laudable olyect of them may
speedily meet a full accomplishment, —

'* Richard Blacow, A.M., W. Goddard, A.M.,

T. S. Bowstead, A.M., J. Jones, A.M.,

Jon. Brooks, A.M., William Rawton, A.M.,
R. P. Buddicom, A.M., F.A.S., William Scoresby,

Augustus Campbell, A.M., C. L. Swaintoo, A.M.,

Ambrose Dawson, B.D., T. Tattershall, A.M.,

C. T. Gladwin, LL.B^ II. T. Turner.**

The suoeeeding Bishop of Chester, Dr. Samner, ( 1829,) now, 1853, Archbishop of
Canterbury was dfso, it appears, friendly to the eaose advocated by Mr. West to which
be presented a donation of iilO ; ngnifying at the Mmc time, bow modi it would gratify
bim to find that the cleifj of his dioosM w«r« fisvonrable lo the OMMort, and nidj to
promote its beneficial porpoie among their respective eongrsfations.

172

What happened on Mr. West's arrival may be cursorily touched on.
Bishop Chase's reception of his deputy was not exactly the pleasantest in
the world. A quarrel between the two gentlemen ensued. The Bishop,
in a report or address delivered by him before the Annual Convention of
the Protestant Episcopal clergy of Ohio, assembled at Gambler, on Wed-
nesday, September 8, 1830, made allegations, or, at all events broad in-
sinuations unfavourable to Mr. West's integrity. That gentleman defended
himself in a long and clever pamphlet, of 64 pp., published at New York,
towards the close of the year just named.* A copy of this work, which
contains a copious Appendix, is now in my possession. Upon the merits
of the dispute between Bishop Chase and Mr. West, I do not venture to
pronounce an opinion.

To return to Mr. Turner and the church of All Saints.

This gentleman having taken the church on lease shortly after Mr.
Banister's death in 1829, and being himself only in deacons' orders, wished
to combine with his own, the services of some one capable of discharging
the priestly functions. Mr. West's popularity in Liverpool, as well as
throughout the kingdom, was not imknown to him. Nay, he had for some
time ranked himself among that preacher s warmest admirers. Under these
circumstances, to procure Mr. West's aid and co-operation at All Saints,
seemed to him to be indispensable to his own success. Whether or not con-
versation on the subject had taken place before that gentleman's return to
America, I am unable to say. But, at all events, an invitation to him to be-
come joint-pastor was despatched across the Atlantic. He acceded to the
request. About the beginning of 1831, we find him again in Liverpool;
and thenceforward, for some time at least, the congregation of All Saints
was edified by the united ministrations of Mr. Turner and himself.

Singularly enough, Mr. West came back to England, not only as victo-
rious in the controversy which he had maintained with the American pre-
late, but likewise claiming the status and privileges of a bishop for himself.
Not of the Chiurch of England, but of the Episcopal Church of America,
or, rather as he afterwards expressed it, of the Primitive Episcopal Church.

* Its title is, *' Reply to certain statements set forth by Bishop Chase, and contained
in his Report or Addnss delivered before the Annual Convention of the Protestant Epia-
copal Church in Ohio, on Wednesday, September 8, 1830; and afterwards by him pub-
lished in the OamhUr ObMerver^ of September 10, 1830. By George Montgomery West
With an Appendix. New York : Printed by William A. Mercein, No. 240, Peail Street,
1830."

1T3

His right to this dignity he was not slow in asserting and vindicating. As
to the grounds on which he rested his claim, these will be found stated and
urged in his " Keply to Bishop Chase's statements," pp. 26, 29, 34, and 38 ;
and in the "Primitive Episcopal Church Magazine," three numbers of
which appeared in the months of April, May, and June, 1832. f

The following resolutions adopted by the minister, church wardens, and
vestry of All Saints' Church shew, that Mr. West's claim to the possession
of Episcopal rank was easily and readily admitted by them : — " At a con-
vention, or vestry meeting held at All Saints' Church, Grosvenor Street,
Liverpool, on the 18th day of February, in the year one thousand eight
hundred and thirty one, after prayer to Almighty God for his guidance and
blessing, it was unanimously resolved : —

** First, that having read, and maturely considered the several documents
and other evidences of the consecration of the Rev. George Montgomery
West, Master of Arts, by the Bishop of Ohio, we are fully convinced of the
scriptural validity of said consecration ; and although the temporality of
any regular diocese is not necessarUy implied, yet we firmly beUeve, that
the diocese of Ohio was intended by the Bishop as a consequence of the
consecration.

" Second, that being sound churchmen, our congregation being large,

respectable, and increasing, although the church has never been consecrar

ted, and is not under any Episcopal authority, and being fully satisfied as

to the qualifications of the Bight Hev. George Montgomery West for the

episcopal office, we now unanimously resolve to communicate these our

conscientious views to him, accompanied by our respectful and urgent requests

both on our own behalf, and that of the congregation generaUy, that he,

will from henceforth preside over the church and congregation, and that

should he consent, we will, to the utmost of our power, support the digniiy

of his office,

"(Signed), "H. T. Turner, Minister,

" William Beckett, ) _ , rrr »
,, T^ -, y Church Wardens.

"Daniel Povah, j

" To the Right Reverend

" George Montgomery West."

f Pablished by J. PanneU, 24, Byrom Street, LiTerpool. A well executed engraving of
Mr. West is prefixed to the April Number.

174

Persons desirous to read the letter which was trBnBmitted to Mr. West
along witli these resolutioas, his reply, and the vote of thanks psnimi! in
consequence, will find the whole in the *'FrimitiTe Episcopal Choicli

Magazine" for April, 1832. pp. 50 — 58.

On this footing, Mr. Turner and Mr. West acted as jointrpaston <^ All
Saints during the remainder of the year 1881, and for a portion of 1883 :
Mr. West, in the meantime delivering lectures in favour of the PrimitiTO
Episcopal Church, in vindication of liis o^n dignity as a hishop, and with a
viffw to the introduction of certain alterations into the Book of Common
Prayer. His popularity was then at its height. Among the working cI«m^
it may be described as having been almost unbounded. He could boast also.
of ail augmentation of adherents of a superior grade. During the cur-
rency of the period of which wo are now speaking, a most respectable Jew-
ish gentleman, who had been converted to Christianity, and who was ofll-
ciating as minister of a Hebrew Church of Christian Israelites, assembling
for public worship in Sir Thomas' Buildings, placed himself and his Ghaich
under Mr. West's episcopal care and jurisdiction.

In January 183*/^. was printed, by Mr. Pannell. I believe, the altered
form of Common Prayer, intended for the use of the *' Primitive Episoopal
Church. **':' This, as will be seen by looking back to what has been said
respecting the Octagon, or St. Catherine s Church, was the teeond improved
liturgy which had made its appearance in Liverpool.

Early in 183*2, occurred the consecration of tlie church of All Saints, and
the admission to deacons* and priests' orders, of several individuals, hj
Mr. West and another person claiming the rank and authority of a
bishop, the following account of which I extract from the Liverpool
Mercury, of February 24th : — ** Primitive Episcopal CHUBOH.-»On
Wednesday sennight," (Februaiy 15th), "the Church of All Saints,
Grobvenor Street, was consecrated by the Rev. T. R. Mathews, D.D.,
one of the bishops of the Primitive Episcopal Church. The Rer.
George Montgomery West, who is also a bishop of this church, read
the morning service, after which he robed himself in the full costume
of his office, and, together with Bishop Mathews, read the consecration
service at the altar. After an appropriate sermon from Colossians i, 10,

• Tbe Book of Common Prayer, and Administration of the Sacraments, and other
rites and ceremonies of the church, according to Uie use of tlie Primitive Episcopal
Church. Revised in England, in the year of our Redemption, 18^'U, «tc. &c.

175

Bishop Matthews ordained a number of individuals who were candidates
for holy orders, and they were then admitted to the order of deacons. The
Primitive Episcopalians rqject the Thirty Nine Articles, and have compiled
a code of doctrines in their stead. A prayer book for the use of the body
is now in the press. The church of All Saints is the mother church in
this country ; but the Hebrew Congregation of Christian Israelites, accus-
tomed to meet in Sir Thomas' Buildings, have joined the new connexion,
and their place of worship was consecrated on Friday, the 17th instant, by
Bishops Mathews and West.** — What I have to say fiGurther in regard to
the subject of consecrations and ordinations may be thus summed up : —
St. Clements Church, (Salem Chapel), Russell Street, nearly opposite
Warren Street, was consecrated by Bishop West, on Friday, the 30th of
March ; and, likewise, an edifice in Preston, on Friday, the 6th of April.
On the former occasion, the Bishop admitted a gentleman to deacons'
orders — making altogether seven who had received ordination as deacons or
priests, at the hands of Dr. (?) Mathews and himself.

Harmony between Messrs. Turner and West does not appear to have
been of long continuance after the consecration of All Saints. Mr. Turner,
who was and has always approved himself to be a gentleman of the highest
integrity and respectability of character, deemed himself compelled, on the
27th March,* to intimate to Mr. West, the discontinuance of their joint-
ministerial connexion ; informing him also that from that time, he should
take the duties of All Saints exclusively on his own shoulders. Following
up this step, Mr. Turner, instead of Mr. West, on the evening of the next
day, Wednesday the 28th, made his appearance in the pulpit For a de-
scription of the scene to which this gave rise, one of the most extraordinary
perhaps ever witnessed in a place of worship, members of the society, who
are curious to know particulars, must be referred to the other newspapers
of the time,t if not satisfied with an extract from the columns of the
Liverpool Mercury, of Friday, the SOth March, 1832, which I have given
in the note below. J

• 1832.

f See the Liverpool Journal, of March 8 1st, the Albion, of April 2nd, and the Cowritr,
of April 4t}i. Diflcaasions haviDg arisen on the sabject, enqoirers may consult the
"Mercury,*" of April 6th, 20th, and 27th, and the columns of the newspapers first re-
ferred to.

\ After a good deal of preliminarj matter, which it is unneeessarj to quota, the editor
thus pn)ceeds :-^" The Rev. Mr. Turner, as we are informed, after repeatedly remonstnU*
ing with his colleague, against the alterations proposed by him in the Book of Common
Prayer, and also against the doctrines occasionally advanced by him in his sermons. In*

176

Mr. West's stay in Liverpool after his rapture witli Mr. Turner extended
to several months. Having been rallied round by the great miyority of
the congregation, and supported at first by six of the gentlemen on whom
he had conferred orders, matters for a while appeared to go on prosperoosly.
A piece of ground in Soho Street, nearly opposite to Queen Anne Street, on
which was to be erected a church destined for Mr. West, was bargained for;
and reports were industriously circulated that money to the amount of three
thousand pounds had been instantly subscribed for the purchase of the land,
and the completion of the building. * Every thing seeming to hold out
the prospect of a successful issue to the undertaking, the foundation stone
of the intended edifice was laid by Mr. West himself with episcopal pomp,
and suitable religious rites on Easter Monday, April 23rd, 1832, in pre-
sence of a vast crowd of spectators, whom even a continued and drenching
rain could not deter from remaining to witness the whole of the imposing
ceremonial. Until their chiurch could be finished, the Music Hall, Bold Street,
in its present altered state,! was selected by the members of the society, to be
their place of meeting for pubHc worship. But, alas ! the shew of prospe-
rity was not of long duration. Subscriptions to the required amount, indeed
to any available amount, were not forthcoming. And, as " the course of*'
party attachment, whether reHgious or political, like that " of true love,*'
seldom or never, for any length of time, "runs smooth,** unpleasant feelings,
ending in disputes sprang up between Mr. West and his friends. Acrimo-

formed him at last that his senices woald in future be dispensed with ; and that he
would not be permitted to preach again. On Wednesday last, when the church was m
usual crowded to overflowing in expectation of the Bev. Mr. West's customary lecture,
the RcT. Mr. Turner took possession of the pulpit, and prevented his reverend oolleagae
fjrom occupying it. The scene which ensued, we are told, ba£9es all description, and ap-
proached very much in tumult and disorder, to what is said of the recent exhibitione at
Mr. Irving's chapel in London, the head-quarters of the unknown tongues. The
« tongues" of men and women were immediately put into requisition, and amidst the
shouting of the one, and the crying and screaming of the other, the partisans of the
(gected minister, who formed fu the largest part of the congregation, proceeded to peek
up their cushions, prayer books, bibles, t&c, &c. and took their departure ; some of Uiem
telling the clergyman in the pulpit, that he might preach to the walls if he pleased, for
they would follow Bir. West wherever he went. The uproar was so great, that it could
be distinctly heard at some distance from the church ; and persons passing in the streets
went in to see what could be the occasion of so unbecoming a tumult in a place of wor-
ship." In the No. of April 6th, an article in the Mercury mentions, that '* Uie noise and
concision outside of the church did not finally subside until about eleven o'clock at
night" By some of Mr. West's friends, the accuracy of the Mercury*$ account was called
in question.

* It was given out that the church when completed, would accommodate above 2,600
hearers.

^ f When the paper was submitted to the Society, this was the case ; but now the build-
ing no longer exists.

177

nious language was uttered from the pulpit. The breach continued widen-
ing. And in this case the ira amantium did not issue in the retlinUgralio
amorU. On the contrary, a final and irreconcilable quarrel was the re-
sult. The body was broken up, and Mr. West quitted the town.*

From Liverpool, Mr. West proceeded to Birmingham, where at first he
met with a very gratifying reception. In that bee-hive of industry, how-
ever, he did not long continue. Having raised an action for defamation of
character, in which he was successful, he again left England, and set foot on
the shores of America, in 1834.

Meanwhile, the site of the intended chapel in Soho Street was sold to
the Baptists, who erected on it a small but neat edifice, of which Mr. Moses
Fisher, an excellent man who had been for several years pastor of Byrom
Street Chapel, which he left in 1824, and who had subsequently officiated
to congregations in Oil and Cockspur Streets, became, about 1835, first
minister. To him, after his death, in 1840, succeeded Mr. Lancaster.

I may here take occasion to mention, that in the printed document to
which reference is made in a preceding note, the managers, so far from
having ** enriched themselves at the expense of their pastor s labours,** en-
deavour to shew a deficit in the funds, and themselves to be losers, or at
all events to be lying under obligations to the amount of £11 1 4s. 4(d.

As regards Mr. West's subsequent liistory, it may be remarked, that on
his arrival in the United States, in 1834, he joined the Presbyterian
Church there, and was for some years an exceedingly popular minister in
connexion with that body, first, at Philadelphia, and afterwards in Long
Island, New York. Certain proceedings before the Presbytery of Brooklyn,
having issued in the severance of his union with the Presbyterians,
about the year 1843, he, some time afterwards, made his appearance again
in Liverpool, as the Rev. George Montgomery West, D.D., and for several
Sundays preached in the Portico, Newington Bridge.} This happened
about 1844 or 1845. llaxing failed in obtaining the support of old friends,
he went to Bristol, where, for a while, his talents attracted notice, and his

* From a printed document now lying before me, being an account of tbe receipta and
expenditure at ttie Music Hall, during the period of themKiety's assembling tliere, I per-
ceive tliat tbe connexion beti^een Mr. Wet and it terminated in Febnianr, 1hH3. The
amount rrceivtHl appeara to have been exceedingly trifling, when we take into considera-
tion the number and apparent onthuaiasra of Mr. WeMt'a followers.

f The Orangemen of Liverpool i»er«* invited by placards bearing Ids name, to counten-
ance hit preaching, and enrol themselves under his banner.

178

popularity was considerable. About 1847, having been appointed by a
majority of the Trustees, minister of St. Paul's Episcopal Chapel, Camib-
bers' Close, Edinburgh, he preached in it for several months with great ap-
ceptance, he and his friends holding it, during that time, in spite of the re-
fusal of Bishop Terrott, formally to recognise and admit him as incumbent
On quitting Edinburgh, Mr. West went to America, where, I believe, he
now is.

With Mr. West's superior abilities, and effective pulpit oratory, what
might he not have been and done ? A very graphic account of his peisonal
appearance, and public ministmtions, after the close of his pastorship at
All Saints', will bo found in the "Comet," — a short-lived but clever hebdome-
dal, conducted by M. J. Falvey, — of the 4th August, 1832.

Turning from the eccentric and somewhat painful career of this extraor-
dinary man, wc may notice, tliat his expulsion from All Saints' in March,
1832, was at no distant period followed by the abandonment of his charge,
on the part of his amiable and excellent colleague. Left with but a small
minority of the congregation, Mr. Turner found it impossible to get on.
For a while, he retired into private life. Shortly after his leaving All
Saints', it was regularly licensed as a place of worship, in connexion with
the Established Church, by the then Bishop of Chester. Under his
authority, it was re-opened, November 27th, 1833.

Two clergymen of the Establishment, subsequently to this, officiated in
the building in succession, namely, the Rev. John Lyons, from the end of
1833 till about 1838; and the Rev. Andrew M*Conkey, M.A., from that
period, until 1846 or 1847.

Circumstances having rendered the sale of the Church necessary, it came
into the possession of the Roman Catholics, five or six years ago. By them
it has been named St. Joseph's. The burial-ground, a large portion of
which belongs to Protestants, is still of course open to interments by them,
on giving a specified notice.

In lieu of the Church thus abandoned by the Protestant communion, a
new All Saints', connected with the Esbiblisliment, has been erected in
Great Nelson Street, towards the north end of the town, of which the Rev.
Henry Marlen is incumbent.

10. — St, Stephens.
Walking along Byrom Street, from Scotland Road, just before reaching

179

the janction of the former street with Shaw's Brow, Whitechapel, and Dale
Street, we observe on our left hand, an old-fashioned, quaint, and small, but
rather neat-looking ecclesiastical structure, with a belfry. This is the
Church of St. Stephen's.*

Originally erected by the Baptists, and opened for public worship by that
respectable sect of Christians, in 172S,f this was long the sole Baptist
meeting-house in Liverpool. Hill-Cliffe Chapel, near Warrington, was the
place where the Baptists first assembled for devotional purposes in this part
of the country. Their first public meetings, in connexion with this town,
were held at Low Hill, Everton, in 1700. t For the space of 14 years,
they licensed and worshipped in a house situated near the present Necro-
polis. Afterwards a small chapel was buOt by them, close to the burial
ground still existing in Everton Road.§ Mr. Peter Davenport seems to
have become their first regular pastor in 1714.|| From the period of the
removal of the congregation to Byrom Street,ir until 1792, what is now St.
Stephen's Church continued to be the property of the Baptist body.** In
1773, they somewhat enlarged the building,tf and in 1789* J they abandoned
it, on occasion of their taking possession of the larger and more commodious
structure, then just erected a little further to the north, at the bottom of
Gerard Street. Tlie deserted chapel was disposed of to the Church of
England in 1792. It was, on its being acquired by the Establishment,
that it came to be known by the appellation of St. Stephen's. It has been
consecrated.

* An engraving of the Church maj he seen in Ilerdman's " Pictorial Relics.'*

f " Annals." Lairey's " Pictorial Liverpool," 1844. p. 262, Ac, «fcc. By Mr. Taylor, in
the MS. Tolame belonging to the Renshaw Street Chapel Library, so often already referred
to, Byrom Street Chapel is said to have been opened in 1729. See MS. page 1, note.

I At the house of Dr. Daniel Fabius.

$ This burial-ground servos to indicate tlie sites of Dr. Fabius* property, and of tlie
Chapel mentioned in the text.

I, For many of the preceding facts I Iiave been indebted partly to the note, p. 1, of
Mr. Taylor's MS. volume, partly to ** Lacey" (that is, Underhill,) and partly to Mr.
Robert Hall, now of New York.

^ 1722 as generally stated.

•• The Ministers who succeeded Mr. Davenport were Mr. John Sedge6cld, 1718. or
1719 ; Mr. John Johnson ; Mr. John Oulton. from Leominster. 1748 ; Mr. Samuel Hall,
176.*^; and Mr. Samuel Medley, 1772. Mr. Taylor's MS. volume represento Mr. John
Turner to have been Mr. Davenport's successor.

tf See page 94 of the Memoir of Mr. Samuel Medley, written by his Son, and prefixed
to his two Sermons. 1800.

^ ^ So says Mr. Medley, in the Memoir just referred to, page 01. So also says Mr.
Taylor in bos MS. volume, note, p. 1. Other authorities specify 17H7.

180

I should not consider myself justified in passing over, without some slight
notice, two men, of more than ordinary talents and eminence, whose public
services the Baptists enjoyed, during their occupation of the edifice of which
we are now treating. Besides the local notoriety which both of them
acquired, they were both well known, and highly esteemed, by their contem-
poraries in the Metropolis, and in many other parts of England.

The first of these was Mr. John Johnson. This gentleman was Pastor
of the Congregation assembling in Byrom Street Chapel for about twenty
years, closing his ministry there in 1747 or 1748. He left inconsequence
of certain peculiarities of doctrine which he had adopted, and was zealously
promulgating, — deemed by some to be Sabellian, and certainly inconsistent
with systematic Calvinism — having rendered him obnoxious to a large and
influential portion of the church over which he presided. He and his ad-
herents, by whom he was much beloved, and who continued tenderly attached
to him to the last, removed to the chapel at the bottom of Stanley Street,
and comer of Matthew Street, — still standing, but now or lately used as an
old furniture warehouse — where he preached till the period of his death,
which took place at the advanced age of about 90, in 1791.* Mr. Johnson
was a vigorous and originally-minded man. One of his great characteristics
was singular acuteness of intellect. A staunch supporter of the Royal House
of Brunswick, and Revolution principles, was he — evinced, among other ways,
by his having enrolled himself as a volunteer in the Liverpool Regiment,
raised for the defence of the town, during the rebellion of 1745. He was
founder of the sect commonly denominated Johnsonian Baptists, who,
besides the society here, had affiliated congregations at Wisbeach in Cam-
bridgeshire, and elsewhere. A very good abstract of the views entertained
by Mr. Johnson and his followers is given in Hurd s History of various
religious denominatious. See, also, the Bibliotheca Britannica. Mr.
Johnson was a rather volumiuous writer. Many years ago, I remember
perusing two octavo volumes of his discourses — one or two volumes of his,
containing minute and laboured explanations of his peculiar sentiments —
and a volume or two of his printed coiTcspondence.

The other Baptist minister of Byrom Street Chapel, (St. Stephen s,) to
whom I have alluded, is the well-known, and once eminently and deservedly
popular Samuel Medley. No small degree of information concerning this

• His friends left the MHlLbew Street Chapel, to take poiwcssiou of a place of worship
erected bv them in Couiiis Street, about 180.*}.

181

gentleman, 1 have gleaned from parties who were alive when I came to
Liverpool, (1823,) and who had been his stated or occasional hearers ; and fbr
more minute and autlientic details, I have had recourse to tlie Memoir of
him, which, after his death, was published by his son.* All that I have
heard and read tends to establish Mr. Medlej*s great fame and success as a
preacher, t Mr. Medley, junior, after giving some interesting particulars
concerning his great-grandfather, J and grandfather,§ informs us that his
father, our present subject, was bom at Cheshunt, Herts, June 23rd, 1788.
Passing over the earlier portions of Mr. Medley's life, with the remark, that
at one time he held the rank of a midshipman, and a commission as master's
mate in the Royal Navy, and was present, on board of the Intrepid, 74
guns, at the hard fought action off Cape Lagos, 18th August, 1759, where
he was severely wounded, we find him, after having quitted the service, to
have taught a school for some time in London. At last, under the influence,
and by means of the persuasions of the justly celebrated Dr. Giffard of the
British Museum, he was induced to enter on the work of the ministry, among
the Baptists, in August, 1766. He commenced his stated labours at Wat-
ford, Herts, and was there ordained, July 13th, 1768. To take the pastoral
charge of the Byrom Street church and congregation, Liverpool, he was
invited by a letter, bearing date, November 1 1th, 1771. Having preached
to the people, with great approbation, in the December and January following,
his formal admission as pastor of the Church took place on the 1 5 th day of
April, 1772. His subsequent career in Liverpool was one certainly of
almost imbounded popularity, but it was one likewise of great and increasing
labour. In every possible way, he laid himself out to go good. Sailors and
their interests, temporal and spiritual, were very particularly the objects of
lus regard. The seamen belonging to the port he frequently addressed from
the pulpit, and he was incessantly engaged in conversing with them privately.
It is to him, I think, that Mr. Wakefield refers in his ** Memoirs," vol. i,

* *' Memoirs of the late Rev. Samuel Medley, compiled by his son : to whidi are
annexed two Sermons. London : Johnson ; 1800." A likeness of Mr. Medley is
prefixed.

f Confirmed, were additional evidence required, by Mr. Taylor's remarks, in the uot«
in his MH. volume, page 1, so often already referred to.

I One of the suite, — private secretary, I believe,— of the Karl of Kinuoull, ambassadoi
to the Ottoman Porte, at ConsUuitinople, from 17*^9 till 1736.

$ This gentleman was master of eight or nine different languages, several of which he
spoke fluently. He was the intimate friend of tlie celfbratefl James Ilfncv, author of
" Meditations among the Tombs," «l'c., hIio i»cemti frequently to have cousultt'd him on
literary and tbeologicul topics.

pp. 208, 209, Edn. 1804, where he speaks of him, as was but too much the
custom with that able, learned, and honest, but deeply prejudiced man, in
terms of extreme and unjustifiable severity. Notwithstanding every drawback,
Mr. Medley stood deservedly high, not only on intellectual, but on moral and
religious grounds, in pubHc estimation. His character was unblemished.
Death put an end to his career of usefulness and popularity, July 17th,
1799, soon after his having completed the 6ist year of his age.

Since the time that St. Stephen's came into the hands of the Church of
England, 1792, the services of a number of talented clergymen have been
enjoyed by its congregation. Among these, I find recorded the names of
the Rev. George Henry Piercy, 1796 — 1805* ; the Rev. Joshua King, now
Rector of Woodchurch, Cheshire, a gentleman of talents, as well as of con-
siderable notoriety in this district of the country, 1807 ; Rev. William, after-
wards Dr. Pulford, 1810—1813; Rev. John Richard Tetlow, M.A., 1816;
Rev. Alfred Hadfield, M.A., 1818—1821 ; Rev. Joseph Hilton, M.A., 1823
—1830; Rev. Jacob Picton, M.A., 1833—1839, and the Rev. Thomas S.
Ackland, B.A., the present incumbent. It will no doubt be gratifjdng to
my colleagues, and the auditory, to be informed, if they do not already
know the fact, that in this church and district, our able, accomplished,
indefatigable, and respected Secretary, the Rev. Dr. Hume, has for three
years been labouring as Mr. Ackland s substitute, with characteristic zeal
and success. The tracts which he has published in relation to the statistics
of a neighbouring district of which he is incumbent, and also of St.
Stephen's, have attracted much notice and will remain as monuments of his
industry, accuracy, discrimination, enlightened judgment, and ardent and
benevolent desire to promote the welfare of our large and flourishing, but
singularly heterogeneous mercantile community.

St. Stephen's is of but Hmited dimensions, being capable of accommodat-
ing not more than 550 hearers.

11. — St. John the Evangelist,
This edifice, which stands close to the Medical Institution in Hope

* *' One of the best preachers in these old times was the incumbent of St. Stephen's,
Byrom Street, tlie Rev. O. H. Piercy, a fine fellow, in every way. lie is still alive at his
living of Chaddesley, in Worcestershire, to which be was presented tlirough the influence
of old Queen Charlotte. • * • Mr. Piercy must have reached the age of the patriarchs,
at least." — Liverpool a few yean sincef p. 110. See also page 115. By the way, an
amusing fart or two with respect to the Rev. R. K. Milner, of St. Catherine's, already
spoken of, will be found recorded, page 110, of the lively work which we have just quoted.

183

Street, although first opened for public worship not further back than 1630,
and consequently ranking among our more modem ecclesiastical structures,
is not now in the possession of those by whom it was erected.

It is indebted for it^ existence to a body denominating itself "the
Christian Society," between which and the Primitive Methodists there are,
as regards doctrine and practice, many remarkable points of agreement.
At the head of it originally was the Rev. Robert Aitken, a gentleman who,
if I am not mistaken, had been admitted to Holy Orders in the Established
Church, by one of the Bishops of Sodor and Man. Having, under the
influence of conscientious motives, temporarily quitted the pale of the
Establishment, to which he afterwards returned, the formation of the
"Christian Society, "and the erection of St John the Evangelist, bear tes-
timony to the zeal with which he followed out his new-bom convictions, and
the great popularity which he speedily attained.

Mr. Aitken in his efibrts to propagate the doctrines, and advance the
interests of his new sect, was ably seconded by the Rev. John Bowes, who
soon after the opening of the edifice in question, took the pastoral care of
the congregation assembling in it, and has more recently been distinguished
by his discussions with the Mormonites. This gentleman who is pret^
extensively known, is now regularly engaged as a preacher in Manch^ter.

Occasion having been found for Mr. Bowes* services and active exertions
elsewhere, in promoting tlie objects of the " Christian Society," Mr. Aitken
took upon himself, about the year 1838, statedly to conduct public worship,
within the walls of the chapel in Hope Street

During the period of Mr. Aitken s ministrations there, it was my lot, one
week-day evening, to hear him preach. Hb sermon, and its effects upon
his auditory, I shall never forget. The place was crowded almost to suffo-
cation. Having selected as the subject of his discourse, Christ's healing of
Jairus* daughter, he spoke upon it for the space of 45 or 50 minutes. His
language was pointed and energetic. His manner, impassioned. Occasi-
onally, indeed, bordering on the wildest enthusiasm. Upon his hearers,
his discourse, which was carefully composed, but declamatory, told with
prodigious effect From about ten minutes to a quarter of an hour before
reaching his conclusion,* many of the audience, apparently unable to control
themselves, were givuig loud vent to their feelings. " Amen," •* Lord hear

* Might I not My climax ?

184

him," " Come Lord Jesus," " He is coming," and similar expressions, I
heard resounding on every side of me. The gestures of many persons, in
my immediate vicinity, betrayed their intense agitation and excitement.
When the preacher had ended, an invitation to go down stairs was given to
such as felt inclined to do so.* I did not comply. A friend who went
down, described to me the scene as extraordinary, but inexpressibly painful.
In the apartment below, he saw persons to the amount of fifty or thereabouts,
in different postures and attitudes : some grovelling on their bellies, some
kneeling, and some standing ; some anxious, some depressed, and some
joyful; but all more or less excited, and the majority uttering a great
variety of exclamations. Some were labouring under convictions of sin, and
some had just obtained deliverance. Individuals were constantly flitting
about, ready to aid the parties described in their religious trials and exercises.
But enough of this. Profanely in this town, and at the time, those who
under the influence of excitement descended into the apartment in question,
were said ** to go down into the cellar to seek for Jesas." Such scenes,
indeed scenes still more extmordinary and revoltiug are said to be common
at " Camp," and ** protracted meetings " in the United States of America.
To my friend they were new. And the recital of them, so far from provoking
feelings of ridicule, painfully affected me. As connected with this locality,
I have thought them worth placing upon record.

Like many other instances of overwrought enthusiasm, the system of
which I have been speaking tended to wear itself out. In 1841, Hope
Street Chapel passed into the hands of the Establishment. On the 21st of
March in that year, after having undergone certain necessary alterations,
and assumed the name of St. John the Evangelist, it was temporarily licensed
for Divine worship in connexion with the Church of England.

The Rev. Richard Cargill, B.A., was, subsequently to this new state of
things, its first minister. To him, in 1848, succeeded tlie late Rev.
Thomas MacGill, M.A., nephew of a highly respectable gentleman long
resident in this town, and related to the late excellent and devoted
Stevenson MacGill, D.D., Professor of Divinity in the University of Glasgow.
Mr. MacGill was, if I am not mistaken, son of a gentleman who wrote a very
interesting volume of travels on the Shores of the Mediteiianean and in the
Levant, and who, at a later period of his life, held H.B.M. Commission as

* To Uiose who " were solicitous about the salyation of their souls."

185

Consul at Malta.* The deceased gentleman, of whom we are speaking, was
one of the curates of St. Nicholas' here, during his connexion with this church,
and, therefore, only acted personally as Evening Lecturer. The duties
of officiating minister were performed, during part of the period in ques-
tion, by the Rev. J. H. Brown, M.A., and during the remainder of it, by
the Rev. Dr. Hume, both at the time holding situations in the Collegiate
Institution. The vacancy created by Mr. MacGill's removal to the curacy
of Clapham, in the spring of 1846, was filled up by the appointment of the
Rev. Henry H. Higgins, M.A., as sole minister.

St. John the Evangelist's, although capacious and comfortable as to the
interior, has no particular claims on attention when looked at from the out-
side. It may be regarded as neat, but certainly it has not an elegant
appearance. We may observe, that its surplus funds, if any, are devoted to
the support of the Female Orphan Asylum.

With this one, I close my detailed notices of the Liverpool Established
Churches which have been the subjects of alterations.

As it may be alleged, however, that changes have not been confined to
the eleven which I have enumerated, I have thought fit briefly to advert to
certain alterations which have been undergone by three others.

1. — Sl Nicholas,

What this Church was externally eighty or ninety years ago, may be seen
by referring to one of the plates in Enfield's History of Liverpool, engraven,
as were the others, by Mr. George Perry, f to whom also we are indebted
for the Map of the town, which is prefixed to the History.

Smithers, in his History, upon what authority I know not, carries back
the foundation of this Church to a very remote period. For full and
authentic particulars concerning it, the curious reader must be referred to
Moss, t Gore's "Annals," Smithers' History, and all our Guide Books,
make us acquainted with the facts of the body of the Church having been

* He is said to have been one of the descendants of the celebrated John Knox.

♦ For an account of this gentleman, see Smithers' History of Liverpool ; and for an
account of the share which he had in coUecting materials for, and drawing up the history
which passes by the name of Enfield's, see the Preface to that work. One of Mr. Perry's
sons, having the same name as his fkther, published a work on Conchology, and was
besides a distinguished architect.

I Lacey's *' Pictorial History," pages 252 — 255, may likewise, in reference to St.
Nicholas, be consulted with advantage. Nor must Baines be overlooked.

186

re-built in 1774, and of the lamentable loss of life which attended the falling
of the spire on the forenoon of Sunday, llth February, 1810. The real
causes of this catastrophe appear to have been, the misjudged economy of
the rate-payers of Liverpool, of a former generation, in erecting the spire on
the base of the old and worn-out tower, between 1745 and 1750 ; and the
vibration occasioned by continued ringing of the very heavy bells, which
were hung in it. The details connected with the building of the spire, as
given by Moss, are curious. " By the falling of the spire," says Lacey,
•* one of the few fine specimens of antiquity in this town was destroyed,
being a font which bore a latin inscription." This font will be found
described at length in Moss' History.

The present tower surmounted by a lantern was erected in 1815.

Recently the Church has undergone very considerable alterations, and
we are justified in saying improvements, in the interior. Are we not in-
debted for these principally to the taste and knowledge of mediaeval
antiquities, for which Rector Campbell is distinguished ?*

A handsome Gothic Gateway leads out of the Church-yard into Chapel
Street. Very unpleasant and protracted discussions, arising out of a refusal
on the part of the Vestry to pay for it, were the result of its erection by one
of the Churchwardens, about thirty years ago.

2.— St. Thomas\

Erected in 1750. During a hurricane in 1757, 42 feet of the spire,
which according to Lacey rose originally to the height of 420 feet, f were
blown down ; of which 24 feet were afterwards re-built. In 1780 a thunder-
bolt struck one of the stones near the top of the steeple, which falling had
well nigh killed a person who was passing in the street. In process of
time, the spire of St. Thomas' came to be regarded as dangerous. Applica-
tions having been made to the proper authorities, it was taken down in 1822.
The tower, however, on which it rested, was left standing. Upon this, which
was square, a low hexagonal structure was erected, surmounted by a small
dome and cross. Lacey considers this dome to have been '* clumsy," and

• Was he not aided in this by Mr. Harmood Banner, lately one of our Church-
wardens ?

t A mistake evidently for 240, the original height of the tower and spire, as given in
other histories. I must except, indeed, that of Moss, who, p. 140, makes the height of
both, from the first, to have been only 216 feet

187

the whole, "not to have had a yeiy handsome or graceful appearance/*
pp. S58, 259. I perfectly concur with him. After the change alluded to,
the tower of St. Thomas' had the look of a gigantic pepper-hox. This state
of things did not long continue. Suhsequentlj to the publication of the
" Pictorial liverpool/'about seven or eight years since, the tower of St Thomas*
was razed to the ground, and the present erection, of which it is impossible
to speak very complimentaiily, was substituted for it. At the same time,
the beautiful urns which stood on the top of the side and back walls, and
which constituted not the least of the embellishments of this Church, were
removed, and on these walls was constructed the parapet which now runs
nearly round the building. Disfigured to the eye, as almost all rifacciamentos
are, the edifice, viewed as a whole, now decidedly is.

What St. Thomas' was before 1769 or 1770, is represented in one of the
engraviugs in '* Eofield's History,*' executed by Peny ; and a very good
idea of the effect produced by its tall and magnificent spire, may be acquired
by examining the view of the Old Dock and Custom-House, which is given
in Uerdman's '* Pictorial Eelics.**

I cannot part with St. Thomas* without expressing my conviction, that,
when entire, it must have been one of the handsomest ecclesiastical build-
ings in Liverpool. Well might Moss observe, p. 140, " there is an easy,
elegant simplicity in the whole external of this Church, from whatever point
of view it is seen" Thus he ^Tote in 1795. Even as I saw it for the first
time in 1823, when deprived of its spire, and exhibiting marks of incipient
decay, it appeared to me singularly beautiful. Moss will be found to give a
very good description of it, pages 140, 141. Mr. Roughsedge was chaplain

of St. Thomas' when removed to St. George s, (from which he was soon
aftervvards elevated to the rectory,) in 1795.

S.—St, Luke'i

is unquestionably not only the finest modem Gothic structure in Liverpool,
but one of the finest in the Kingdom.* From the laying of its foimdation
stone, April 9, 1811, until it was consecrated and opened, January 19,
1831. a period of nearly twenty years elapsed. | The stones of which it is

* Its aiv'hiteeture is, I admit, in some respects open to criticism.

f Strikingly enough, while tlie foundation stone of this Church, wss laid by James
Driukwater, Esq., Mayor, t)ie Church itself was opened, during the Mayoralty of his Son,
b>ir George Driukwater, Knight.

188

built are of a superior quality, and the workmanship is excellent. Well
might the plan and execution of St. Luke's be of no ordinary kind, when we
consider that its cost is understood to have exceeded £44,000. See Lacey'a
"Pictorial Liverpool," 1844, p. 263, where a very interesting description of
the building may be met with.

Such of my auditors as have been in the habit of reading ** Blackwood's
Magazine " for any length of time, may happen to recollect, that in a paper
which appeared in that ably conducted periodical, about 20 years' ago, it
was suggested, that, in the event of the diocese of Chester being divided,
and a new bishopric being called into existence, St. Luke s should be selected
as the Cathedral Chui*ch.

What has occasioned my notice of St. Luke's here, is that I may have
an opportunity of mentioning an alteration which has taken place in the
wall by which its churchyard is surrounded. At present it is a low parapet
wall, surmounted by a railing, both of elegant appearance, and rising as it
were by a succession of steps, in accommodation to the rise of the ground.
But in 1823, when little more than the foundation stone of the Church had
been laid, a handsome Gotliic wall, about six feet in height, which is said to
have cost several thousand pounds, environed the premises. This wall
stood for some years after the period stated — indeed, if I remember right,
until the Church itself was approaching to completion. It was then taken
down, to be replaced by that which now meets the eye of the passenger.

One fact may here be thrown in as if by the way. It is this. With a
view to the widening of St. John's Lane, the burial ground of St John's
Church was considerably cmtailed of its dimensions about twenty years ago.
This fact has suggested to me a question : — Have not proposals been made,
in certain quarters, for a similar curtailment of that portion of the grave-
yard of St. Pauls, which lies to the east of the church ?

180

II. — Letters relating to Lancashire and Cheshire ; — Temp. James I.

Charles I., and Charles TI.

By Thomns-Doming Hibherty of the Middle Temple^ Eiguire.

The following letters are only specimens of a number which I disco-
vered among a mass of old papers in a garret in Rivington Hall,
while I was spending a few days with my kinsman, Robert Andrews,
esquire. They are now in my possession, and if the Society think the
present letters of sufficient interest, I may be induced to lay before them
others of equal interest. I shall commence with the letter of Richard
Speakman to his master, Richard Hilton, or as it was often written, Hulton,
BO that I may be able to give the genealogy of the MSS. Richard Hilton
was a wealthy yeoman and fustian manufacturer, who resided at West Leigh
in this County; his only daughter and heiress ** Mistress Abigaill,** became
the wife of Thomas Crook of Abram, alias Aburgbam, near Wigan, gentle-
man, by whom she had issue, with several daughters, an only surviving
son, Richard Crook of that place and Macclesfield, esquire. He married
Martha, one of the daughters of John Hollinshead of Macclesfield, gentle-
man, by Joan his wife, daughter of Thomas Mottershead, whose family were
connected with the Batemans, both being old Macclesfield families; he died
without issue, leaving his sisters liis co-heiresses. One of them, Abigail,
married Mr. John Andrews of Rivington and Bolton, attoniey at law, the
brother of the present Robert Andrews* great grandfather. Thus the papers
of Hollinshead Mottershead and Bateman, became mixed with the
Hilton and Crook papers. On the extinction of the issue of John and
Abigail Andrews, they came into the possession of the father of the present
Estjuire of Rivington. Margaret, the wife of John Percival of Liverpool
and Allerton, merchant, was another sister and co-heiress of Richard Crook.
Mr. Thomas Hey wood in his account of the Percivab,in vol. I. of the Society's
Proceedings and Papers, page 05, has fallen into the same error as Gregson,
calling her Margaret Cook. Another daughter and co-heir married Thomas
Yate of Whitchurch, Salop, from whom descends John-Yate Lee, esquire, of
the Bankruptcy Court in Liverpool. More accurate genealogical information
of the Crooks, I must defer to another occasion. Mr. Thomas Valentine
whose name occurs, was also in the Bolton trade, and was probably one
of the Valentines of Bentclille in the Parish of Eccles, in the County of

190

Lancaster. Mr. Gillibrand was the Reverend Jonathan Gillibrand, who
had been appointed on the 31st of the previous July, vicar of West Leigh,
in place of the Rev. Bradlej Hayhurst, one of the ejected ministers
mentioned. Mr. GilHbrand died in 1685. Galamy says Mr. Hayhurst
afterwards conformed.
Post mark /' X

ffor M'- Richard Hilton

att Blossome Inn
in Lawrance Lane

in London

22 Aug (10)62
Most affectionate M'

After my servise to you premissed not fforgettinge
my homage to my best dame and to mris Abigaill I rec** your letter of y*
19 Instant am sory that you have such ill markets for flfustiens as ffor y*
waginer Heapy I have paid him 19' but noe more soe that you may pay
his porter Forth if you please. I have waighed one packe (of) yome and
it weigheth 230" pond sixscore pond to hundrath I pray you order m'*
Thomas Valentine to pay A bill of 20-^ & I shall charge y* bill upon him
ffor I presume you will bee comne out of y" city before y* bill come up
ffor I have had five pounds of mris Cason of Warrington & am to
have some more & to give her husband a bill att his retume out of y*
north which wilbee y* next weeke I suposse or else to repay her 5" pond
againe & soe must take up some 20" I am sore necessitated for I have
borrowed 4" All ready. M'* Gillibrand is still Amongst us instead of
A minister & like to be for y* p'sent ffor y* bussines is not yet ended tho y*
bishope hath had a hearringe of itt k promisseth fairc to y* parish but y
is All att prsent. our non conformist ministers preach thir last or fare-
well sermons this weeke.

I rest your servant

I shall tell Rich Ranicars as you Writt & shall
gett y* wheat to Weys-leigh so sonne as dry
but we have continual wett weather y* lord
ceasse itt for itt treatens sore.

Rich. Spakeman.

[P.S. on the margin.]

The bird & little dove doe very well — ^not ells but desyre you" good
health & saf Arivall att home in Lancasherre

The next document is a short note from Peter Egerton of the Shaw Hall,

in the parish of Flixton, esquire, to the same worthy yeoman, and one

Roger Bayley, (of whom nothing is known,) but not of so pleasant a nature.

We are placed at once in the days when only force was known, and when

191

rents were as difficult to collect as they now are in the sister island. Colonel
Egerton was at the time besieging Lathom House. ** My cosen Holcroft,"
was probably Colonel Holcroft of Holcroft, who was also at that siege.
Four days before the date of this note, namely, upon the 20th of March,
cannon had been brought to play upon the walls of the house with some
little success, and Lady Derby had refused to surrender, though
her Lord who was then in Chester, had sent a letter through Sir
Thomas Fairfax, desiring an honorable and free passage for the Coimtess
and her children. Probably this determination of her Ladyship was the
cause of Colonel Holcroft's journey to. town.

Colonel Egerton served the office of Sheriff for Lancashire in 1641, was

deputy Lieutenant in 1642, a Colonel under Faixfax, and a General in the

Parliamentary Army. He took an active part in the sieges of Manchester

and Bolton; and on the Ist of April, 1643, he was appointed one of the

Committee of Sequestration. He was the grandson of Peter Egerton, (a

younger son of Rafe Egerton of Ridley, County of Chester,) by Alice his

wife, daughter and co-heiress of Leonard Asshaw, of the Shaw, esquire, who

brought that estate into the Egerton family. The great Chancellor Egerton

was half brother, on the wrong side, of Eafe Egerton, the latter being the

son and heir of Sir Hichard Egerton of Eidley, the former his reputed son

by Alice Sparke.

ffor Richard Hulton &
Roger Bayley at Legh

these

I was intreated by my cosen Holcrofte before his goeinge to London,
to call unto you for yo' rent (w^ at this time is) due unto him, and
w**all he made me p*mis (that if yo" payde it not to me upon the day)
that I shoulde sonde a troope of horse for the coUectinge of it Nowe I
thought fitt to let yo* understand, that if you bringe it to Warrington on
thursday next, I shall be ready to receiue it, and to giue you a discharge
for it, but if yo" fayle that time, I must doe accordinge to my p.mis w*^
is not desired by me, but to remaine

yo' louvinge frende

Peter Egerton.
Ormeskirke March 24*^
1644

We now have a short note from the celebrated Sir William Brereton of
Hanford, County of Chester, Baronet, who was commander of the Parha-
mentary Forces in Cheshire, with his own cousin, once removed. Lieutenant
Colonel Robert Dokinfield. He was the son of Wilham Brereton of Hanford,

esquire, bj Margery, youngest daughter and co-heiress of Richard Holland
of Denton; and Colonel Dukinfield was the son of Robert Dukinfield, of
Dukinfield, esquire, by Frances his wife, daughter of Geoi^e Preston of
Holker in Cartmel, esquire. Robert, was the son and heir of Robert
Dukinfield of Dukinfield, esquire, by Jane, the eldest of bis five
daughters and co-heiresses. Colonel Holland was also a cousin, the estate
of Denton having fallen to him in consequence of the elder line having ended,
as just mentioned, in co-heiresses. I give these particulars to shew how
nearly allied in blood the principal movers on the side of the Parliament
were to each other.

Mr. Mottershead as I liave said was of an old Macclesfield family, who
some time after the date of this note drew doT^v-n the wrath of the Heralds*
College, for having used the Arms of Mottram, (to which they were not
entitled,) at the funeral of one Samuel Mottershead, in 1601, as appears
by a very curious letter among the Harl MSS. addressed to one of the
Randal Holmes, by his sister and co-heiress Joan HoUinshead, requesting
him to help her out of the scrape. She shows a wholesome fear of the
£arl Marshal s authority to fine for the usurpation of arms. I have among
my papers a large number of letters addressed to the Mottershead family,
from wbich I leani tbat they were largely engaged in the silk button trade.
They also acted as bankers, which is proved by finding among their papers a
receipt from president Bradshaw, dated 5th November, 1 029, when he was
a student of Gray s Inn, for money which his friends had paid into Motters-
head s hands in Macclesfield, which sum they ordered their correspondent
Mr. Kendall of Bread street, to pay to Bradshaw.

The forest alluded to is Macclesfield, of which Sir William vras Forester.

For M' Mottershed at

Macclesfield
M' Mottershed

I haue sent these lynes to desire you to hasten the gatheringe
in of the Midsoracr rents due in and about the iTorreste to be ready ag* the
middle of tliis Mouth. Ilaveinge Confidence of your Care herein and
that you have already made some progresse, I shall not need to enlarge,
but shall remaine

yo' verie Loveing Friend
Julie 2 1649 Will Brereton

The next document is a letter from John Ashton, who appears to have

been one of tlie Ash tons of Ashton, in the fee of Mackerfield, a respectable

family, with doubtful pretentions to Coat Armour. Mr. Sorocold, to whom

193

It is addressed, was one of the Sorocolds of Barton, a family of lesser gentry
who entered their pedigree at Dugdale's visitation in 1664-5, when the arms
which they claimed were respited. The letter relates to the death of his
brother John Sorocold, one of the gentlemen of the guards, being in Colonel
Scrmipshire's squadron. Formerly the guards were composed entirely of
young men of family: even now I am told that the first guards are always
addressed as " gentlemen of the guards."

The Sorocold family were connected with the Hiltons. I have a number
of letters ftom Sir Peter Legh of Lyme, to his " baliffe " James Sorocould
of Haydock.

Mr. Bradshaw was one of the Bradshaws of Darcy Lever, an old Pres-
byterian family, who appear also in Dugdale*s Visitation. I have several
letters from him relating to the death of Mr. Sorocold, and from Mr.
Mullinux, and one from Mr. Sorocold written a few days before liis death.
" The bills inclosed " I give at the foot of the letter, from the originals in
my possession ; they are curious as they shew the expense of keeping a
horse at livery in 1662. Lord Gerrard was probably Lord Gerrard of
Brandon, afterwards Earl of Macclesfield; there were at this time two
baronies of Gerrard existing.

ffor M' James Sorocold att
his howse att the Eye bridge
in Ashton neere Wigan

these
Leaue these att Ellen Ashton*8
house in Ashton to be delived
as above with care
in
Lancashire
hon"* Sir

I rec** yo' Le' directed to M* Ghaddock & another from yo'
brother Laund** which I opened according to M' Laund" direccon M'
Ghaddock being gone for Yorkshire & soe for Lancashire. I requested
M' W"^ Blundell to Answer them for me my occasions being that post soe
urgent y* 1 could not w*** conveniency. S' in order to yo' request I haue
beene w*** M' George Greene the onely man y' was ingaged on yo' brothers
behalfe in y* quarrell & he informs me y* manner of it to be thus. On
Sunday the 28*** of Aprill last at night M' Sorocold & M' Greene going
towards their Lodgings were iostled from y* wall by a company of butchers
& a poulterer w''** caused words on both sides insomuch y* yo' brother
struck one of them & then all y* rest engaged & struck them sorely but
nothing appeared outwardly on yo' brother, they were much in drinke both

104

of them & it is to be doubted that cheefelj a Surfeit occasioned bis favo'
which he gott in M' Greens company, but truly I thinke y* neither the
Surfett alone nor y* bruses alone would have occasioned his death but both
meeting carryed him away ; he neuer complained of his bruses in y* tyme
of his sicknesse neither did y* docto' know it till aboute 2 or 3 dayes
before his death w** he discerned by his spitting of blood, on Munday
after yo' brothers death I desired M' Molineux & M' Bradshaw y* yo'
brother might have beene vewed by y' Crowner,& y* poulterer apprehended,
but they bein^ doubtfuU y* you would not p.secute & y* tyme being short
y* we intended to bury him & he swelling soe much then occasioned their
dislike of it. S' I think it will not availe anything to p.secute now for
y* body must be taken up againe & vewed & we shall be fined for bury-
ing him unvewed. S' I desired Colonall Ashby to go along vi^ me to
the Lord Gerard that we might make sale of his horse & to receive what
pay was due to him att his death, he was very high att fii-st & said y*
horse was his being a mustered horse & for his pay y* none was due to him
he being dead, but afterwards I applying my sclfe to Col Scrmipshire
who hath the comand of y* Squadron yo' brother was in und' S' Tho
€ands, he prevailed w*** my Lord for both, y* horse 1 sold before M'
Molineux came downe but what was Due for his meat was paid before
they would p^ with him I discharged these two bills here inclosed &
have 3" 12' 6** being y* remainder in my hands to be disposed on accord-
ing to yo' direccons I have beene above 20 tymes to receive his pay but
am still delayed untill y* next muster, there is in one Robins hands
a Taylo' in Cursitor's Alley six yards of Cloth w*"** was intended for a
sute and Cote for him (the Cloth is oweing for to M' Cropp and I have
promissed to see him paid) this Robins in the y* tyme oi yo' brothers
sicknesse (contrary to his order) cut out the Cloth & soe it lyeth in his
hands mifinished he is a very D* & what to doe with him I know not he
expecteth to he paid for all y* materialls he hatli bought for the sute &
Cote, I desire you to signifie yo' pleasure what yo* will haue done with
it, As for Ned yo' brothers man I admire with what confidence he can
request anything from yo" his m' haueing given him soe much in his life-
tyme for soe litUe service, in y* time of yo' brothers sicknesse he made
bold to take yo' brothers horse & sword & ride him out <fe y* sword & belt
he lost in a quarrell so y* yo' brother hath neither sword nor belt nor pis-
tolls but a girdle & hangers to weare a sword in. I desire you not to
signifie to Ned who acquainted yo" w"* this but to let him know you
know of it S' if Boydell was in Towne this weeke I must crave yo' p.don
for not sending downe y* things by him for I was out of Towne & came
but this night to Towne. W" Houghton hath p. missed me to prayse them
& inventory them according to yo' direccons if he come not till y* next
weeke I intend then to send them. S' if in any thing I can be service-
able to yo* I will studdy to manifest my selfe to be

yo' faithfuU freind

to serve yo*
June 2a^ 1601. Jo Ashton.

195

The following are the two bills alladed to, which were enclosed in the
foregoing letter.

A Bill for M' John Sorocold his horse for Oats and Hay
from the 27*^ March untill 19^ May 1661 at the Bare and
Bagged Staffe in y* Strand.

£ 8 d
Imp' for fifty two nights of hay ... 02 3 4
for fi% two nights of oats... 02 3 4
for a hundred and four pen.

[nyworth] of beans 00 8 8

the sum) 04 15 4

ffor 7 nights hay 00 05 010

ffor 7 peckes of oats 00 05 010

fforbeanes 00 01 08

fforbraun 00 00 04

fforgrinding 00 00 06

given to Will"* Caton ^In i a

the Und' Ostler for a bridle. 06 J " * ^
allowed M' Taylor 10

The farriers bill from the 6^ April to the S^ May 1561.

April 5*^ for a drinke for one gray horse 2

5 for a spunge at head for the gray horse 1

for one wash for the gray horse 1

for balls at severall times 5

13 for 2 shoues 2 remoues of the gray horse 1 4

8 for nailing the gray horse 2

for 4 shoues of the gray gilding 2

for dnssing the gray gilding of a Treatt 2

for drissing the gray gilding of a cannayll nayl 2

sum

is 16 6

The two next and last letters of this series are from the Bey. William
Bateman, who appears to have been educated at Oxford. The first letter
is written from Ludgars-hall, a parish which lies in the Counties of Oxford
and Bucks. The one next in order is written to his father on the deafti of
his mother, and contains strong confimation of Mr. Macaulay's controverted
statement, that the country Clergy occupied a very humble position in the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. No Clergyman could now be found who
would think of sending his sister to an Inn to learn household matters. Mr.

196

BrownswoVd was master of the Macclesfield Grammar School; a man of note
in his day. See Ormerod s Cheshire.

To his Louinge father
Ihon Batemanne alderman
at Maxfelde theise in hast.

Grace mercie and peace from God
the father & from our Lorde Jesus
Christ bo multiphed.

Welbelored father I most humblie commende me unto you
my brother Thomas my sister Ann my Old Master Mr. Brownsw'd wi***
all oth' my kinsfolkes & friendes having conceived soe great griefe by
the death of my mother and yeat daylie increaseth that I am out of doubt
I cannot writ imto you at this time as I would but thear is noe remedie but
God must neades be served As I am informed shea made a quiet end
I trust shea died the servant of God. of this thus much My sister
Katren is placed in a verie good house in Bissiter [Bicester] wher shea
shall leame to doe all manner of thinges that belonge to a good huswyfe
it is a vitailinge house greatlie occupied shea shall not leame onelie to
dresse meate and drinke excellent well, but allso bruinge bakinge win-
novringe, with all other thinges theirunto appertaininge for they are verie
rich folkes and yerie sharpe and quicke both of them The cause v»hy my
Ant received her not as shea answered us was because all this winter shea
intendeth to have but one servant wonmn & shea thought my sister was
not able to doe all her worke because shea imagined her to be verie raw
in theire countrey worke w*^ thinge trewlie shea that hath her now did
thinke and theirefore her wage is the slenderer but xvjs [16s.] w*** in
this place is counted nothinge in effecte for such a strong woman as shea
is, but I briuginge her to Bissiter uppon Wednesday beinng Michaelmas
even told her dame the wage was verie small and said I trusted shea
would mend it if shea proved a good girle as I had good hope shea would,
quoth I it will scarce bye her hose & shooes nay saith shea I will warrant
her have so much given her before the yeare be expyred and by Gods
helpe that w*^** wants I my selfe will fill upp as much as I am able. But
certainelie myne Uncle & Ant both thought verie great discurtestie in
you that you sent them not a letter nor that my brother Thomas beinge
soe neare would not come unto them & I mad excuses & said he coulde
not in no wyse because of his busines & meetinge the carrier in dew tyme
yeas saith mine Uncle he might have set forth a day or two sooner and
bestowed some time with his Ant w*'*' he never saw, but whether theise
weare the causes or whether when ray mother was dead they did not
regard us soe much as they did before I know not but most certaine it
was at that time they would not receive her doe I what I coulde but
myne Ant saide when shea knew the fashions of the countrey then shea
would take her You weare verie quicke in sendinge of her upp unlesse my
letter had signified otherwaies unto you then I am sure it did for I
desired you to send me worde whether shea woulde come or not for as
shea hadi shewed me since her cominge if my mother had lived shea

197

would not have como. I am crediblie informed that theare are some
woulde verie faine have you to marie againe but if you doe I beseeche
you for God's cause have a respecte unto your children & unlesse it weare
to your great losse I would request you to stay untill sommer next
comminge till you & I talke together face to face. Surelie unlesse you keep
house yourselfe I would verie gladlie wish you to dwell with my brother
who tould me you should be verie well used & in my iudgment that weare
the most credit for us all if it weare possible to be soe. Thus I end con>
mittinge you unto the Lorde who ever keepe you & request you earaestlie
not to forget the p.misses. Ludgarsall the xxixth of September,
yo' Lovinge sonne in what he is able
to pleasure you William Batemanno.

The last of this series is addressed to his brother Thomas Bateman, who
was in trade in Macclesfield, probably a mercer. It is dated Stretton Awdley,
a village in Oxfordshire, about fourteen miles from the University, a place
well known to sportsmen of the present day. The writer had to go to
Oxford to keep his Act and at the same time to post hi& letter, there being
no nearer post town. The directions to his brother to ** come a clean man
unto him," may seem strange to modem ears, when every good private
house has its bath ; but in King James* time ablutions were little practised,
hence skin diseases of a most virulent class arose. Beds were articles of
great value, almost every gentleman's will contained a bequest of his best bed,
which like the bed of Ware, generally held more than one individual.

To his Lovinge brother
Thomas Bateman at
Maxfielde in Cheshire
theise in all hast

Loving brother after my most harty commendacones unto you & my
sister Ann your wyfe prayinge God to blesse us all both now & ev' &c.
If it be not much discommodious unto you I would have you to be
wth me a fortnight before Michaelmas next bringing w^ you my bill ;
you havinge received a good summe of monie of me allreadie, and now
being to receive a good somme againe : I trust undoubtedlie that you
are well able so to order the matter that you will come imto me in a
handsome and comelie suite of apparrell because I would have you to rest
you well after yo' iomey and so sometimes shall have occasion to goe
abroade : you may take that course that you may come upp wth the
carriers that carrie linnen cloath for companie is comfortable and will
make the way to seeme shorter unto you Come a cleans man unto me
that I may boldhe entertain you to bee my bedfellow w^'out anie dread :
I hope you have not forgot the same matter in my last wiytinge. I am
constranid to goe to the Act to Oxford to convey this letter unto you. I
pray you forget not my most hearty commendaconnes unto my cosen John
Blagg & his wyfe & the rest of my cosins and good froinds giving him

108

thanks in my name for all his kindnesses towards mee. Thus w^ my
conmiendaconns 1 commit you to the p.tection of Thalmightie desyring
God that you may grow & increase in spirituall & temporall blessings.
StrettonAwdl: 1607. Julie xiij*^

yo' Loving brother

William Bateman.
[The seal a wafer with WB thereon.]

Til. — Notes on the Church of West Kirby, Cheshire.

By James Middleton, Esq.

The body of the present Church of West Kirby offers the curious
anomaly of the ridge plate joining the north-eastern angle of the tower,
the eastern face of which bears the trace of the gable of the nave having
been at some former period attached centrically as usual. The chancel is
lighted by two windows of unequal size and dissimilar style, that on the
south resembling tbe first perpendicular, that on the north the Tudor. Both
are of four lights, and the mullions of fine dressed free stone, with weather
mouldings of the same description. The chancel is correctly figured in
the annexed plate. The north side of the nave is pierced at irregular
intervals with four fiat-headed windows, three of three lights, and one, (that
nearest to the tower,) of four ; on tbe south a like disposition is observ-
able, the form assimilating to the adjoining chancel window. The tower
is certainly of much older date than any part of the nave or chancel
at present existing. The moulding of the liattlement is in very good
taste, and the coupled belfry lights are fair in design and execution.
There is little within the building to call for remark : a walled-up
piscina and two sedilia in a like state of preservation are on the south side
of the chancel, within the altar rails. Of memorials of the dead, the only
record worthy of notice is inscribed on a slab inserted in the southern wall,
and commemorates the decease of a certain Joannes Vanzoelen, who
appears to have followed the drums of Duke Schomberg to the royal
encampment in the neighbouring Leasowes, and finished his campaign
beside the Dee instead of the storied Boyne.

But one more feature remains for notice, and that is the doorway in the
western fece of the tower, the flat moulding of which is bold, of good
workmanship, and the architrave charged with shields and ornaments;
but the bearings on the former are too indistinct to warrant their appro-
priation to any of the families either formerly or at present possessors of
the adjacent lands.

In the existing Church of West Kirby there does not appear to be any
portion remaining of very high antiquity ; no portion, at least, above
ground of that edifice which, together with the oratory on the islet of

Hi ^'-^ '

-■ r .'tT'it
^.v,a ,1 : 1-

> I I W '
r ; 1 r J

L ;i ,rMii
, <* . i I ,

201

11. — An Accouvt or Wabbihotoh Sibqb, A.D. 1043.

By James Kendrick, M.D,

This was an abridgment of the paper whieh is given entire at p. 18. It was intended
as an interesting specimen of the communications made to the Society.

Several other papers were in readiness, bat the reading of them was postponed.
Shortly after three o'clock, the meeting adjourned to the Egyptian Museum.

MEETING AT WARRINGTON.

In accordance with the Resolution, p. 100, certain Members of the Society and
others, met at Warrington, on Friday, the 7th of May. The object was to explore the
antiquities in the town and neighbourhood ; and secondarily, to cultivate those friendly
relat**ons which are at once becoming and useful, especially to persons engaged in a
eommon pursuit. A brief account of the Proceedings is given here, because the His-
toric Society was the only one that had been invited as a whole, and therefore, that was
formally present. Deputations consisting of the OflBcers and certain Members of
Council were present from several other Societies, viz., the Natural History Society,
Warrington ; the Chetham Society, Manchester; the Literary and Philosophical Society,
Manchester; the Literary and Philosophical Society, Liverpool; the Architectural and
ArchflBological Society, Liverpool; the Architectuial Archaoological and Historic So-
ciety, Chester.

From half-past nine, the gentlemen who had intimated their intention to be present
began to arrive, and were received in the Museum by the Mayor, the Rector, and the
Honorary Curators for the various departments of the Museum. They were then con-
ducted through the town, and visited the objects of greatest interest connected with its
past history.

On arriving at the church, the Hon. and Rev. H. Powys, the Rector, conducted the
party through the various portions, noticing particularly the ancient crypt, that having
formerly served for a sacristy, is now a vestry. After concluding the examination of it,
their attention was drawn to a beautiful maypole, which had been presented by the rec-
tor a few days before, and round which, in all the pride of its elegant decorations, 2,000
people of til classes had experienced much innocent enjoyment on the Ist. After
visiting the sacred well, in the neighbourhood, the company returned to the Museum,
to prepare for the first excursion.

At twelve o'clock, carriages were in readiness, provided by the committee at Warring-
ton, by whieh the whole party proceeded southwards to Stretton, to visit the Roman
road recently discovered ^ere. Beautiful sections of it had been laid open for the oc-
casion by Thomas Lyon, Esq., of Appleton Hall ; and further discoveries on the line
had been made, in a field adjoining the Stretton parsonage, by the Rev. Richard
Greenall. The whole facts were explained by Mr. Robson, of Warrington. For some
of the facts, see Proceedings and Papers, ii. 27.

At two o'clock, about sixty gentlemen sat down to an excellent collation in the Lion
Hotel, the Mayor of Warrington in the chair.

At half-past three, the carriages were again in readiness for an excursion northward,
to visit the Castle HiU, at Newton, the Roman road at Haydook, and Winwiek Church ;
some of the party who were most pressed for time, taking leave at Newton, for Liver-
pool or Manchester.

Precisely at seven o'clock, the town clerk, J. F. Marsh, Esq., began to receive the
company at his own bouse at a conversazioni, and, by a little after eight, those who re-
mained, together with the clergy and gentry of the town and neighbourhood, had all
arrived. Mr. Marsh received tbem in his magnificent library, which runs the whole
length of Fairfield House, and is said to be "Uie pride of Warrington, and*he envy of
the neighbouring districts." In the course of the evening, the following Papbr was read.

202

HiStOBICAL AKD AVTIQUABIAH NOTBS OH WaBBIVOTOH AHD ITS NbIOHBOUBROOD.

By Johm Bobaon, Esq.

The object of the present oommanioation, will be to eombine as well as I oan, the
endenee from historieal records, local traditions, and existing remains, so that each
may throw light upon the other, and afford something like a continaoos history of the
district yon hsTO passed throngh this afternoon.

The earliest remains we haye to notice are the Tamnli, of which we have two marked
on the Ordnance Map, to the east, and a little to the north of Winwick Chareh. The
farther one has been opened, bat nothing was foand ; the other is not correctly repre-
sented in the map, where it appears as if the lane went oyer it, bnt, in fact, the highest
point is in the field, and it seems to haye had two offshoots, one from its north-east
side, which has apparently ran across the lane, and been cut throagh, the other to the
north-west The centre Tumulus is from thirty to forty yards in circumference, and
aboat eight feet above the level of the lane ; it is most likely sepulchral. Castle Hill,
in Newton, is probably of a later date, and I shall refer to it hereafter. Another,
marked ** Monnd** on the Ordnance Map, is on the sonth-west side of Newton Common,
it is on the highest bank of the yalley of St. Helens' Brook, more extensive than, though
not so striking as the Castle Hill, and called Windmill Hill by the oountry people. A
windmill no doubt, has stood upon it; but such was not the original purpose for whieb
it was thrown up ; and in the absence of evidence of any sort, conjecture woald be
oseless.

Two instruments, apparently also of this period, have been found in the district, or
yery near it; one, (a doable-headed chisel — shall I call it?) was foand in Orford,
near the boandary of Winwick parish. It is formed of flint, and intended to cut with,
bat how it has been used, is not so easily anderstood, ss there is no space or aceom-
modation for a handle. It was foand in the clay while making a drain. The other has
been supposed to be a war club, and a formidable weapon it mast have been at close
quarters. It is formed of clink stone, is about 17^ inches in length, and 8 or inohes
in circumference at the centre, tapering a little towards the ends. It weighs 6 j pounds,
and was found on the left of the highway to Newton, on New Hey Farm, and not far
from the track of the Roman Road you have examined to-day.

There is another unappropriated relic found at Haydock ; a piece of coarse freestone
has been rounded, and a hole drilled through it, the edges of the opening on both sides
being bevelled off towards the centre. It was found some feet below the surface, when
opening a new coalpit belonging to Messrs. Evans. Stones something like this, are
need by rude nations to keep the threads steady in weaving, or it might be used to sink a
net with. Perhaps we are too much in the habit of taking for granted, that instruments
like these were always used as instruments of destruction or war. The stone club
would answer every purpose of a modem mallet

The ne\t object in chronological order is the Roman Road, and though here we are
at no loss for its origin or the time of its construction, there are several poiuts of interest,

203

And some that may be profitable in more extenaiTe researehes ; for in all arehoologieal
inquiries, a well established fact is peifaaps more yalnable for its application in other
places than for its original local bearing. This road, which is clearly of Roman con«
Btmetion, is formed as yon have seen, not of pavement, bat of a sabstmctnre of nide
masses of sandstone bnilt ap together six or seren yards wide, and eoTered with a
thick bed of gravel, while in some plaees, the sod has been preTionsly removed, and a
layer of sand spread below. The depth of the road in the oentre is between two and
three feet, the stone foundation being about one-half. The rounded erest of the road
is often plain enough, its course generally straight, and there can be little doubt, that
the road at Haydock has been a direot continuation of that at Appleton, and that tht
whole has been formed by the same engineer. Now, as we know that the Romans had
conquered the Brigantes and Cangii A.D., 50, * and that Suetonius Paulinus attacked
Ani^esey in 61, it seems natural enough that either then, or soon after, when Julius
Agrioola advanced to the north, which he did from Wales in 78, the road was formed,
or at least in a state of formation. A milestone was found on the line a little lo
the south of Lancaster, inscribed to the Emperor Julius Philippus, who reigned be-
tween 244 and 249 ; but this might be a reparation or renovation at a later period ;
any way, the construction of the road must have been between 50 and 240.

This road has been traced to the top of Orford Avenue, on the northern line to War-
rington, and to the bank of the river Mersey, at Wilderspool, on the south. Between
these two points, (a distance of about a mile, through the town of Warrington) no evi-
dent trace appears, and the common opinion was, that it went between the Mote Hill and
the Church ; then by the bank of the river to the old ford at Latchford, and so round
by the high g^nnd to Wilderspool. A much nearer route, however, is by Orford
Lane, the high g^und on the west side of Fennel Street and Mersey Street, (a Roman
coin of Marine was dug up last summer in Bock Irlam Street, on this very line,
and is now in the Warrington Museum), and across the river, by a ford Just below
the bridge. This ford consisting of a strong bed of gravel, may still be seen when
the water is very low, but has been destroyed on the Warrington side, in improv-
ing the navigation of the rirer. It may then have taken the course of, and been
buried under Wilderspool ** causey," and so joined the road at WilderspooL I may say
that both these statemeots are hypothetical. The road itself has been most effectually
removed.

The fact to which I shall now turn your attention, is the very perfect state of the
road in some places compared with its ulter destruction in others. Of eourse, its
removal in the neighbourhood of (owns is easily understood ; and I think that in our
investigations this day, a new and unexpected solution of the problem has been ob-
tained at Haydock: you have seen the once-substantial and solidly-built road, crumb-
ling away as it were, and becoming so mixed with the soil, as hardly to be distin-
guished ftrom it The soft sandstone has become thoroughly disintegrated, and we

• Tacitus, Ann. c 15

•204

find instCHd of the large ashlers which onee formed its basis, a few small and scattered
pieces mixed with the gravel, which itself, in many places has been purposely removed.

We mast now pass over many years of which we have neither visible remains, histo-
rical records, nor household traditions, to a period when we have all of these bearing
npon the history of St. Oswald, King of the Northumbrians. Oswald assumed the
erown iu 634, and according to Beda, "brought under his dominion all tlie nations and
provinces of Britain, which are divided into four languages, the Britons, the Plots, the
Scots, and the English." He bad embraced Christianity, and was a zealous propagator
of the faith, of which you will find numerous details in Beda's Ecclesiastical History.
He was, however, *' killed in a great battle by the same pagan nation and pagan king of
the Mercians, who had slain his predecessor Edwin, at a place called in tlie English
tongue, Maserfield, in the 38 th year of his age, on the 0th of August, in 042.'**

Beda goes on to say, that in consequence of the miracles performed where he died,
" many took up the very dust of the place where his hotly fell, and putting it into water,
did very mach good to their friends who were sick. This custom came so much into
use, that the earth being carried away by degrees, there remained a hole as deep as the
height of a man ;" and strange enough, this is the very state of St. Oswald's well at
this day. It is a hole about two feet in diameter, and apparently five or six feet deep,
with a little water at the bottom, which has evidently drained from the higher ground,
bat the hole has not been walled round, and is simply an excavation of the soil.

We have, however, a different account in William of Malmesbury, f who says " that
in the insurrection excited by Penda, King of the Mercians, bis guards being put to
flight, and himself actually carrying a forest of darts in his breast, could not be pre-
vented by the pain of his wounds or the approach of death, from praying for the souls
ot his faithful companions." The Saxon Chronicle, year 012, says, " This year, Oswald,
King of the Northumbrians was slain by Penda, and the Souihumbrians, at Maserfeld,
on the nones of August, and his body was buried at Bardney."

Florence of Worcester, (anno 042), uses the expression " comroisso gravi preelio in
loco Maserfeld nuncupato." The Annates Cambrice under 644, have " the buttle (bellum)
of Coeboy, in which Oswald, King of the Northmen, and Eoba, King of the Mercians
were slain." While the history of Nennius, which is also derived from autient British
sources, tells us, that '* Peiula, son of Pyhba, reigned ten years ; he first separated the
kingdom of Merciafrom that of the Northmen, and slew by treachery, Ouna, King of
the East Anglians, and St. Oswald, King of the Northmen. He fouKht the battle of
Cocboy, in which fell Eoua, son of Pippa, his brother, King of the Mercians, and he
gained the victory by diabolical agency. He was not baptized, and never believed in
God." I Geoffroy, of Monmouth, has a totally difiercnt detail, though the actors are
pretty much the same.

It would be utterly hopeless to reconcile those varying statements, and I should
prefer William of .Malmesbury, as agreeing best with the traditions of the neighbonr-

• Bed., Lib. iii, c. 9. + Lib. i, c. 3. X .Mon. His. Hril., p. 76.

ao5

hood ( Aceording to these, the king lired at Woodshetd, where he wm eet apoD by
bis enemies ; he was mortally woanded, and attempting to escape, fUl on the slope of
the hill. The account I heard when a boy was, that his bowels gashed out, and that he
kept them in his hands till he fell.

From Beda's account it follows, that the place was at a distance from any town — and
no chnrch was erected on the spot — there was also a frequented road running past it ;
now all these marks belong to the present locality, and we may proceed to shew that
the ehnreh of Maserfield, or Maokerfield was in the time of Oswald, at Wtnwiek.

Boger of Poictou, according to the Testa de Neville, gaye to the Canons of St Os-
wald, at KosteU, in Yorkshire, the church of Winwick, with two earocates of land. In
Dugdale^s Monastioum, we find that the Priory of Nostell was formed on an old founda*
tion, in the time of William Bnfus, and that at the beginning of the reign of Henry I.,
Stephen, Earl of Moreton, and his chaplain, Boger de Limesey, gave to this priory the
ehnreh of St Oswald, in Macrefield, which grant was confirmed by Henry II. • In
Domesday Book we are told there were five hides in Newton hundred ; of these one
was in domain. The church of the manor itself had one camcate of land, and St.
Oswald of the vill itself had two carucates of land, free fkom all claims : thns die
ehnreh of the manor was distinct from the church of the tUI. The King appears in
Saxon times to have held all the land except five carucates. In another of the public
records — the Proceedings de Quo Warranto, in the time of Edward I — Bichard ds
Waleton claims to be bailiff of the Wapentakes of Derbyshire and Makerfield, by gifl
of William, Earl of Bulon and Morton, to his anoestor Walter.

That these different documents referred to the same place is certain. The bundled
of Newton was the Wapentake of Makerfield, which probably was the name of the
royal domain, and so fumbhed the tide to the district now included in the fee of
Makerfield. After the death of Oswald, the royal residence seems to have been trans-
ferrred to another site, to which naturally enough the name of Newton — the New Town
or Vill — was given, and this again was transferred to the Hundred. To this period I
would refer the formation of the Castle Hill, which might have formed a part of the in-
olosure of the King's residence. I am not aware that the Hundred of Newton occurs
anywhere except in Domesday Book — both it and Warrington hundred merged in West
Derby — but the hundred of Makerfield is still extant in a fee of the same name.

The Saxon King^, who hod no civil list, lived upon each of their manors in succes-
sion, as long as it would support them ; and the piety of Oswald and seal of St. Aidan
would soon found churches all over his kingdom— of course the immediate neighbour-
hood of the royal manor would not be left destitute of a church — and we know that the
division of parishes took place at the introduction of Christianity, or at any rate was
confirmed then, and the parinh church became the spiritual centre of the district
This is rather oddly confirmed by the tradition of the Pig, which is sculptured in low
relief on the steeple. The tradition is, that the church was to have been built near

* Dugtlalo, Mon. Ang. vol. il, p. 35.

206

tbejBpot where the King was kOled, but the stonee and materials which were collected
there from day to day, were careftilly removed dnring the night. Upon a wateh being
set, it was foand that a pig was the indastrions agent of removal, and its natural squeak
directed the founders to the present site of Winwick. The reason why the church was
not built at Woodshead. was clearly that the church was already at Winwick. This
tradition, at least in its present form, is of late origin. The pig is the attendant on
St. Anthony, who occupied the niche beside it, and the steeple itself is of the 14th
century, and no part of the original stmctnre. It is possible, indeed, that St Anthony
interested himself in the business, and the people x^cog^ised him in his pig — (or he
may haye been mistaken for St Aidan, an intimate fHend of St Oswald's, though not
so well known) — and placed his statue in rei perpetuam memoriam in the preyious
building ; but it is not so easy to see how the saint should have been so utterly for-
gotten, as before the Reformation he must have been a very familiar and well known
object to the people. Is it possible that the tradition can have arisen since the 16th
century and the downfall of the saint from his niche ?

The ornamentation of the transverse limb of the stone cross, now placed at the east
end of the church, will put you in mind of the Runic cross discovered in Lancaster,
and now in the museum at Manchester. It is of great interest though a mere frag-
ment Is it a preaching cross erected where Paulinus had stood and taught the
doctrines of a purer faith to the inhabitants of Makerfield, with their King amongst
the audience ? or a sepulchral one to mark the tomb of some forgotten Saxon Saint or
Chief? or is it a churchyard cross given by one of the later Saxon Kings, or by the
Prior of Nostel when he took possession of the church and fat lands of the rectory in
the time of Henry I. ? Its dimensions must have been magnificent, far larger than
the migority of such crosses, the wheel of which is seldom more than a foot in diameter.
The interlaced ornament, though not peculiar to, was usual among the Saxons, and to
this period I should refer our specimen, though instances of a later date occur in
Ireland.

I shall not keep you long in describing the church. It consists of a nave with
clerestory, side aisles, each terminated by a private chapel — chancel, which has just
been rebuilt — ^porch on the south, now converted into a lumber-room — and western
tower with a plain spire. The tower is of the flowing decorated period, has a western
doorway, a window with a niche on each side— empty — the pig looking to the niche on
the right — a door with a flat trefoil-like top inside opens on the stairs — the shafts on
the south side of the nave are clustered of four round pillars, the capitals with beaded
mouldings and a necking below, and supporting pointed arches, consisting of two
square orders, the edges being canted off. The shafts on the north side are octagon,
formed of a hollow and a round with fillets, the capitals with fleurs de-lis, or the stalk
foliage, cut in the stone, and the bases with a mitred head at the comers — in fact the
bases of all the columns are peculiar, and the church would gain a good deal if the present
pews were removed and the whole work shewn. The arch mouldings over tliese shafts
are the same as those of the western entrance, and two engaged shafts of the decorated

207

period fi>nn the entrance to the chanoel. There are two shafts with square abaei at
tha western end of the Legh obapel, which contains the brass of Perkin Legh and his
wifis, and two later marble moDuments of the same family. The Oerard ehapel on
the opposite side is enclosed by a screen of the date 1471, and contains a brass of
Piers Gerard, Esq., son and heir of Sir Thomas Gerard, who died 1492. The side
aisles and clerestory may have been built by Thomas Johnson, whose name appears
in the inscription which is placed beneath the battlements on the outside.

The changes that have been made in the church, howe?er, are so great, and the
records connected with its reparation being res non inventit, I shall take up your time
no longer with attempting to distinguish the generic features, but pass on to the
inacription just alluded to : —

" Hie loeus Oswalds quondam plaonit tibi yalde.
Northanhumbromm fueras rex, nuncque polorum
Reg^a tenes ; prato prins Maroelde Tocato

Poscimus hinc a te nostri memor esto beate

• • •

Anno miDeno qningentenoque triceno
Solater post Cristnm mumm renovayerit btum
Henricus Johnson curatus, erat simul hie tune."

Makerfield is here latinized into Pratum Maroelde or Markeldsfteld. The wall was
rebuilt it appears in 1530, and the inscription with it, for the four first lines belong to
an earlier period. The word Sclater, in the last line but one, I suppose is a proper
name, bat whether architect or churchwarden or something else, I am unable to say.
Henry Johnson's name appears in deeds of that date ; but in what sense are we to
understand the word curatus ?

In connexion with tlie present subject, we find in the Fifth Report of the Deputy
Keeper of the Public Records, p. flO, App. 2. Calendar of Letters, &c., in the Wake-
field Tower, tlie following — "494, Roger, Bishop of Lichfield and CoTcntry, to the
King — spraying aid against certain persons who had seized the churches of Leech'
[Leigh pronounced still with the guttural] Bury and Wynwyke, 39 Jan. 1204.**

A few words on Uie '* Bloody Stone** which is placed at the edge of the footpath op«
posits Park Bams, and I have done. The trailition is, that some great person was
killed there, and the marks of the supposed blood-stains are still yisible after a shower.
A more particular account says, that it was a Scotch lady who was beheaded by Oliycr
Cromwell after Red Bank fight — which took place here^and a field on the east side of
the road is said to have deriyed its name of Gallows Croft, at the same time, firom a
number of soldiers having been hanged there by the same redoubtable commander.
Cromwell, however, following a beaten enemy as hard as he could, and when every hour
was precious, would hardly linger on his way to behead women or hang his prisoners.
The Gallows Croft is at the verge of the township, and may have been the site of the
original baronial gallows, when the Baron of Maokerficld rejoiced in that important ad-
dition to his state. Mr. Beamont first suggested that the Bloody Stone, which certainly
was in Newton Park, might be the plaee where the Welsh Knight, who hsd usurped the

208

CasUe of Haigfa and the Lady Mabel, was killed by the real Lofd, Sir William Brad'
ahaigh on his retam from the Holy Land. This event, if it took place at all, wonld
be in the reign of Edward L, and about the time when the church tower was bailt

I have now gone through the facts and traditions connected with the history of Win-
wick to the 16th century. The township is decreasing in population, but whether
it and Newton were ever the great towns which popular tradition would make
them, maybe doubted. They were certainly Royal Manors before the conquest, and
Culcbeth (in the parish of Winwick) has been assigned by high authority, as the site
of many synods of the Anglo-Saxon Church. Many charters are aated from Cflslohyth,
or Cslichyth — and the place is ealled Kilsha by the country people. We have also one
of the farm bouses moated round, and called the " Old Abbey ;*' but when or why this
name was given, is utterly unknown. It seems to point to some ecclesiastical build-
ing of remote antiquity.

Before the Meeting separated, several gentlemen expressed their individual gratifiea-
tion at the proceedings of the day ; and on behalf of their respective Societies their
best thanks, for the honour which had been done them.

SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING.

A Special General Meeting, called by the Counoil for the revision of the Laws, was
held in the Royal Institution, on Thursday the 10th of April, at half- past one, p.m.,

Major-General the Hon. Sir Edwabd Cust, K.C.H., V.P., in the Chair.

The following is the substance of the alterations recommended by the Council, all
of which were adopted unanimously : —

Law I. — ^The expression was assimilated to the terms of the original Prospectus.

Law III. — ^A date which was necessary only at the formation of the Society, was
eaneelled.

Law IY. — A similar date cancelled.

Law VI. — ^A clause was inserted requiring a retiring member to give a written notice,
and to pay up all his arrears.

Law VIII. — An unnecessary descriptive period was cancelled. ^

Law IX. — Several dates like those in III. and IV. were cancelled.

Law XV. — This, which was entitled " Powers of Council, as to Stipendiary Officers,
Servants, &c.," was re-written, but without altering its effect

Law XIX. — The privileges of Honorary Members were modified, so as not neces-
sarily to be for life.

Law XXII. — Each Member was authorised to introduce two gentlemen, not Mem-
bers, at any of the ordinary meetings.

INDEX.

AbmbiDo.Ilkihuil. nca|Mfnim,3»

AcUnd.Kei, TLm. 8,. ini

AJlbol, Stliip, lag (Ran, M

Algbtu inlk.VJi

Aftl«. WeM jogtfod BpiwrfWin, 3

Alkia, Bn. A'.lwn. ih\ M

AlklD'i tnn.lMloo Mf lliu Lif- Qf AgHcoU, M

AlD»d.lf.,orteUiofliii.n«u.,lw ° ^

AknnuD, J. v., d'mor, 110

UMck, Winiin). pellUon lo. 31 ; hli nport oi

An Mala'. LtnirpDal. IM

riot (»loilli4Uon'of, II
rMrJobn, lUUi. S3

AnUqniuTea. SacLety at. iIoddf 1 TV
AntiqailiM In tumuli, 131 ; Do. Anglo Suan, 9

Antrliocounl]r,'uiliiiuiii«, from.m
Arbrouta, akelrhn rrun. la

milnlMil. Bei.W., iv»

to Cburrh, w

I. fmin QQU

AibT, Rlehvri. pntrpt b j. 31
Aalih7.>lv-j*.Zoach, Bah pondi u, 13a

Atpinill. fipT.'o.~>'rve. IW
Am»n Onra, corpunli^jn or 4
AwhBlun. Coi,.n<.rw
A.U.T, Hlrhvl. tm'.'frl. b,. 31
AXoD bnil;. origin M. va
AUii-iwiiB^UTprpuoLonRlMl mi-mbiT-,
Athi-rloB, WJliun, rtlubiuir, II
AUlDion.Suau'l. II, ll.a

Hibbsn. Thomu D.. IW
HDiiw,Ilst.Dr.,«3,M
Jiut. /obn, 131
Ksodrtck.bi., 1^13T,S0I
M»7«r, JoHph, F. 8. i., », IS
MlddlBlon, JuDM. IM
Moora. Rot. TboniH, 300
Moitlmnr. WUlUm WUliuu, si

BibrloD. corioiu dilnklns bosl* tnu. «
B«lD«. ThoniM, doDor, «; ainorr •

pool br, ai
fiilllncoUla. cHll« H. 1«
Busor, dloCMO of, 117; (kMchN from, 1.

BuiDJtur. BcT. Robart. IS7
Bnplin Cbimol, Et--"- ■"

Buiwotil, Uii,, n

• prtutad M WtnlnitoB. S

•cnptioo of, TT. dnwliiE

l<'U, dlU PlhlDU

ItMlUiffioD, report ai
B«IhM,lo

uUwof. I
-udHoo.

Bcluln, i<m

~ ■ ■c:»ti.,wM™..t.i3

OuilsB Cbaprl, It
DBnonl, WillUm. Hi
fint, Sir John. nrDlIM, U
BundfT. TbomH. IM.n, lit
Btrvtrk-oD-Trnnl, report od
] Brrrl. brulbu nt. in]

B1W», bWk lMl»r, II
BIVMVrr, ISS

fiUlnnni'. ilxrlTHIoD or. in
Bill or UiUuf tor •]»». II
BlrkRi>H*<l vrion.Vt.
BUlrf, Rm. J. §.. cIkM, Jt

210

Binniiighnn besieged, 90, report on, 79
Blaokbnm, astroloffen at, 85, the town taken, SI
Blaokbome, John Ireland, 5

— Mrs., 71

Blackbnmshire, 194

Kack horse tavern. 94

Blaokstone. Sir ^HUiam, 46

Black Sea, bowl from, 3

Blacow, Bev. Bichard, 171. n

Blapg, John. 197

Blairtsm. 166. n

Blind, Church for the, 153

Bloody stone, 907

Blore's, Britannia, 3

Blowing sands. Sea retiring from, 109

Blnndeu, Bryan, 43, 163. n

■ Bev. Thomas, 168, 163. n

Bey. WilUam, 154

William, 193

iiuni]yof,66

Boaxdman, James, 139. 141 ; letter from, 100, 900

Bold. Bey. Thomas, 49, 143

Bolton, operatiyes at, 191

Bonaparte, present nom, 121

Bones, trom. Saxmondluun, 15 ; frx>m £ddisbary,

96, 99 ; from Gefh, St Asaph, 99
Boooies of Fernando Po, 41
Book Cling, 135

Books and Pamphlbts, (Donations during the
Session)—
Akerman on Ancient We<4)ons. 119
Baines's Liyerpool, vi. 2 ; ylL 62
Bernard's Ooide to Grand Jury Men, 63
Bible in bl. let 1551 14
Blome's Britannia, 3
Chambers's Meteorology, 14
Dacier's Terence, toI. i, 63
Denham's Slogans of the North of England, 3
Eyening Mail Newspaper, 1789—90, 190
Fenwick's Treasure Trove, 9
Guide to Northern ArcheBology, 98
Hariand's Ancient Charters of Clithero, 9
Autobiography of Wm. Stout, 9
Lewis's MS. Sermons, 63
Maohiayelli's Art of War, 3
Norton's New Testament, 3
Newspaper Press Directory. 41
Ormerod's History of Chesnire, 3 yols. 14
— — Miscellanea Palatina, 9
Prayer Book, bl let 63
Pharmacopsiaa Londiniensis, 3
Proceedittgt, Journals, Transaetion*, ^.
Antiquaries Society, 1, 79
Architectural Institue^ Scotland, 09
Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 13
Cambrian ArchaBological Association, 1, 40
Kilkenny ArchaBological Association, 1
Liyerpool Literary and Philosophical Soo., 13
Manchester Literary and Philosoph. Soo., 63
Norfolk and Norwich ArchaBological Soo. 40
Numismatic Society, 119
Sussex Archaeological Society, 1
ReporU. by Robert Rawlinson. Esq., of the
Board of Health, London. Altrincham, 63 ;
Berwick-on-Tweed, (two copies). 79 ; Birm-
ingham, 79; Bronghton, 63; Carlisle, 79;
Dorchester and Fordington, (two copies).
79; Dovsr, 79; Hayant, 41; Morpeth and
Bedlington, (two copies). 79 ; Newton Heath,
119 ; Ormskirk, 63 ; Pendleton, 63 ; Poolton-
cum-Seacombe, 40 ; Do. (two additional co-
pies), 79; Wayertree, 63; Bnsholme, (two
copies), 79.
Rimmer's Old Halls of Lancashire, 119
Rochdale Dialect, Almanao in, 190
Sprott's Chronicle, (Jos. Mayer, F.8 Ju, and
Dr. Bell), 3

Simpson's History of Lancaster, 133
Smith's CoUectan^i Antiqua, 9, 62, 119
Squier's European Colonization of America,

41
Thorn's Restoration of All Nations, by White, 2
Whitaker's Manchester, 3
Booth, Sir George, 27

Col. John, precept from, 32 ; power of At-
torney from, 32

family, in Wars of Roses, 97. n

Borneo, charms from, 15

Boscobel, 121

Bosworth field, seal from, 69

Bottles, two handed, from Guzco, 41

Boult, Joseph, exhibitor, 98, donor, 133

Bouquet, watchmaker, 64

Bourne, Cornelius, elected, 13

^— — John, Mayor. 163. n

Bowes, Bey. John, 183

Bowls, for drinking, 3, 43

Bowstead, Rey. T. S., 171. n ^

Boydell, a carrier, 194

Box, containingaddress to Queen. 12. n

Brackstone, R. H., elected, 1 ; exhibitor, 64, 99, 121

Braddyls, possessed Samlesbury, 39

Bradford, West, charm from, 81

— Earl of, has urn, 131

Bradshaw, Mr , 193, 194

Bragg. Rev. Joseph, 158, 159

Brakell, Thomas, donor, 3

Brekell, Rev. John, 144

Brereton, Sir William, Bart., 22, 22ji 191

Waiiam, 191

Bridgenorth, 121

British Bubial Placbs. (M. Dawes, F.G.S.)
Fiye tamuli, 130 ; No. 1, description of, skele-
ton found, 130, 131 ; No. 4, described, 131 ;
Cist-vaen, 131 ; No. 5, discovery and further
detiuls, 132 ; Kimmeridge Coal-money, 132

British Antiquities found, 105

burial places, 130

■ Museum, articles in, 121
Brocks, William, certificate from, 32
Bromborough, manor and church, 91
Bromley, Sir E., 37, 38
Bronte, wine from, 98, how named, 100; a nut

district, 100
—^ House, 75
Bronze swords from Ireland, 99
Brooke, Richard, F.S.A., communications frx>m, 4,

42,43, 135, 136 ; exhibitor, 4, 15 ; donor, 133 ; re-

ferred to. 139, 140. 141
Brookes, Mr., of Norton, 21
Brooks, Archdeacon, 103, 164, 171. n
Broughton, report on, 63
Broughton and Smith, 15
Brown, Rev. J. H., 183
Brownsword, Mr.. 196
Brown ware jug, 64
Broxton Hall, gardens at, 136
Bruhere, William, 7
Brunnanburgb, battle of, 115
Buck, Rev. Dr., 147 147. n
Buddicom, Rev. P. K., 171. n
Bud worth, interments at, 23 *

Bull Spring, name of, 110
Barghall, Edward, Vicar of Acton, 22. n
Burghers, 155. n
Bushell, Molly, 74

Butler, origin of name, 92. n ; of arms, 92. n
" By" in composition of names, 117, 126
Byerley. Jane and Ellen, tried for witchcraft, 37
Byrom, Henry, 5, precepts from, 32

Caflbraria, jagged spears from, 3

211

Calamy, 190

Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 13

Campbell, Bev. Aagustos, alladed to, 163, 164,
171. n, 186

^— — — Rev. Colin, elected, 40

Cantilupe, WiUm., 7

Capell, Lord, 30. n

Cargill, Rev. Richard, 82

Came, seal of, 72

Carrickfergas, pilotage to, 11

Carta de foresta, 45

Carton cross, 66

Case, Rev. Jas., 165

Case with pistols, 121

Carlisle, report on, 79

Cason, Mrs., 190

Castle Hey Chapel, 158. n

CasUe Hill 201, 202

Catherine. Empress, 65

Caton, Willm., 196

Qefh, St Asaph, bones from, 90

Celts, bronze exhibited, 80; stone elhibited, 80;
from Ireland, 99

Chaddock, Mr.. 193

Chairuek at Mretinos.—

Cnst. Hon. Sir Edwd-, K.C.H., 300, 208

Kendrick, Dr., 119

Mather, John, 40

M'Quie, P.R., 79

Neill, Hugh, F.RJ1.S., 63

Robson, John, 13

Thom, Rev. Dr., 1, 98, 137

Chambers, J. H., aathor, 14
Miss, donor, 14

Chapels, various, 42

Charies ii., escape of, 120

George, drawing by. 99

Charm, Lancashire, 81 ; do. nrom Borneo, several,
14

Chakm. a Lancashirx. in Ctphbr. (John Har-
land.) Charm found at West Bradford, near
Clithero, 81 ; property of J. Oamet, Esq., 81 ;
deciphered by the Bev. Bd. Oamett, of the
British Museum, 82 ; Brand's Popular Antiqui-
ties referred to. 82 ; magio square explained,
82, 83 ; words of the charm explained, 83 ; its
curious notation, 83 ; contains Lord's prayer,
84 ; endorsement 84 ; date of the charm, 85.

Charters of Clithero, 2

Chase, Bishop, 170

Chatelaine, curious, 64

Chatterbox, Dame, 38

Check or door posts of ale-houses, 54

Cheshire, Domesday book, 2 ; why Palatinate, 87 ;
ftmilies in, 2; ancient limits of, 86; Ormerod's
History, 14

and Lancashire, old halls in, 134

Chessmen of jet, 200

Chester, sketches fh>m, 15 ; Saxon earis of, 85 ;
Norman earls of, 85 ; depositions at, 8 ; miniature
found at, 121 ; visited by King John, 6

Chester, Norman Earls. (W. W. Mortimer.)
Anglo-Saxon Earls in 3rd vol., 85; mode in
which Saxon princes conveyed their land, 85 ;
Great Book of Winchester and Domesday Book,
85 : duties to which lands in Saxon times were
subject, 85 ; estates of four great kinds. Thane-
land, Beneflcium, Folkland, FrankAlmoigne,
85, 86 ; these cancelled by the Normans, 86 ;
Norman tenure, 86 ; Domesday survey, when
made, and why, 86; Meroia divided, and why,
86 ; original county of Chester, 86 ; granted to
Walter de Gherband, first Norman Earl, 87;
Chester made a County Palatine, 87; extra-
ordinary powers granted, 87; Pennant, 87;
Blaokstone says Palatine trom pallatium, 87 ;
Hugh Lupus 2nd Earl, nephew of th« Con-

queror, 87 ; parentage of William I. and Hugh
Lupus, 87 ; Robert, the magnificent, of Nor-
mandy, 87; Hugh Lupus' possession in Eng-
land, 88 ; Wulpherus King of Mercia erects a
monastery at Chester for his daughterWerburgh ,
88 ; Lupus transfers the monastery to the monks
of St. Benedict, 88 ; Anslem first Abbot, 88 ;
character of Lupus, 88 ; Ermentrude wife of
Hugh Lupus, 89 ; Richard son of Hugh Lupus
marries Maude, daughter of Stephen de Blois,
89 ; shipwrecked, 89 ; Randal, nephew to Lupus
the 4th Earl, 89 ; Randal's character, 89 ; Ran-
dal's issue, 89.

Randal 2nd, de Gemons, 90 ; his character,
90 ; takes Lincoln. 91 ; takes the side of Matilda
a^inst Stephen, 91 ; battle atLincolnJiHi) ^1 ;
his great power, 91 ; inroads of the Welsh, 91 ;
invites Henry II. 91 ; founds Trentham Priory
and Nunnei^ at Chester, 91 ; gives Brom-
borough and Eastham to St.Werburgh, Chester,
91 ; gives manor of StyshaU, Worcestershire, to
Walter, Bishop of Lichfield, 91.

Hu^h Cyveliock. 6th Earl, 92 ; " Commote;'
meanmg of, 92 ; reoels against King Henry n.
and is taken prisoner, 92; William the Lion
King of Scotland, 92 ; Earl of Leicester, 92 ;
Dole CasUe, 92 ; Trentham Abbey, 92 ; Oreasby,
92 ; Abbey of Chester, 92 ; Prestbury, 92. n ;
Butlers of Amonndemess, 92. n.

Randall 3rd, Blundeville, 7th Earl 92; Blun-
deville, origin of, 92. n ; adviser of Henry II,
Richard I, John, Henry III, 92, 93; Robert
Langland, 93 ; John Malvern, 93 ; proof of Ran-
dall's celebrity, 93 ; helps to liberate Richard I,
93 ; Lllewellyn, 93 ; Handbridge, called Treboth
or Immt ioum, 93 ; Poulton, Cistercian Monks
of, 93. Erected Beeston Castle, 93 ; established
Everton Beacon, 94 ; Chester and Lincoln. 94 ;
had Norman possessions, 94 ; sherifi' of tnree
shires, 94; Stafford, 94; Salop, 94; Lancaster,
94. Roger de Poictiers, 94, held lands between
the Ribblis and the Mersey, 94 ; died at WaUing-
ford, 94 : Alan de Dinnan, 94. Small of stature,
94 ; William the Lion, King of Scotland 94 ;
William D'Albiney, Earl of Arundel, 94 ; Fer-
rers, Earl of Derby, 94.

John le Scot, 8th Earl, 94, took part with the
Barons against Henry III, and again with the
King. 95; married Helen, daughter of Llewellyn,
05 ; Palatinate Earldom of Chester terminates,
95 ; Earldom of Chester attaches to the Crovm,
95.

BARONS.

Hugh Lupus, 96 ; Sir P. Leycester, 96 ; Neal
or Nigel, Baron Halton, 96^ priory at Runconi
founded by William, 2nd Btti, 96 ; origin of the
families, Dutton, Aston, Arley. Gerard, War-
burton, 96; Henry de Lacy, lOtli Baron, p. 96.
Robert de Montidt or Mold, 96; Marquis of
Chohnondeley, 06 ; Lord Crewe. 96. Richard
Vernon, 96; families of Wilbranam, Stafford,
Littlebury, 96 ; Sir Ralph the Olde, 96. Robert
Fitzhugh, 96 ; his descendants are the families
Oholmondeley and Egerton, 96. Hamon de
Masoi, Baron of Dunham, 96 ; Birkenhead
prioryfounded in 12th century by the 3rd Baron,
97; Earl of Stamford and Warrington, 97.
Gilbert de Blois, Baron of Kinderton, 97 ; in-
flicted capital punishment so late as lfi07, 97 ;
his descendants fought the wars of the Roses,
97 ; poetic quotation on the battle of Shrews-
bury, 97. n. Baron of Stockport, 97 ; Camden,
Spelman, and authors of Magna Britannica say
there was such a baron, 97 ; Sir Peter Leycester
decides in the negative. 97. Hugh Lupus added
Lords Spiritual, 97 ; Bishops of Lichfield and
Bangor, 97 ; Abobot of Chester, Priors of Nor-

212

ton and Birkenhead, 97 ; Abbots of Comber-
mere, and Vale Royal, 97. Robert de Rodelent
built Rhaddlan CasUe, 97, rebuilt Conway, 97.

Chisel fonnd at Orford, 203

Christian Israelites, 174

Church Architecture. History of, 3

Churches and Chapels, 137

Clarke, Humphrey, 69

Rev. J. B., 147

Clayton, Rev. Nicholas, 141

Rev. W., 42

Clithero, charters of, 2

Cobbler's Close. 75

Coins, exhibited, 14 ; presented, 133 ; one found
in Warrington, 203 ; many at Cuerdale, 129

Collectanea Antiqua, 2

Collection of the Society, place for, 5

Collegiate Institution, site of, 76

Column at St. Albans, 2

Common ditch, place called, 16

Coney, Cantain, petition to, 31

Connye, Henry, 80

Conor, Rev. John, 157

Constables' accounts, &c., 32

Cooper, John, 39

Copper used for coin. 15 ; coins of, 133

Cordova, general de, 121

Councils of other Societies, 133, 201

Cotton, first importation of. 43 ; from U.S., 43 ;
seized by custom-house officers, 43

Criohton. Rev. Dr., 156

Crigan, Biahop, 154. n

Croal-river tumulus, 132

Croft, constable of, 26, 27, 29

Cromwell, chaplain to, 2 ; his lodgings, 20. n

Crook, Thomas, 189

Cropp, Mr., 194

Crosby, origin of name, 128 ; free warren in, 67

Cruciform watch, 64

Cucking stool, 136 ; term explained, 137

^— i- lane, 136

Cuerdale, origin of name, 129 ; coins found at, 129

Culcheth, constable of, 27 ; old abbey, 206

Cunningnam, John. 149

Cupar, Josias, watchmaker, 64

Cust, Hon. Sir Edward, chainnan, 200, 908; papers
firom, 80

Cuthbert, Rev. George, 148

Cuttings, antiquarian, 3

Cuzco, human figures found at, 41

Dacier's Terrence, 03

Dale, Rev. P. 8., elected, 13

^— R. N., elected, 13

Dakbsih Lancashirb. (John Just) Elements
of the English people, 122 ; inroads of the
Danes Noresmen, 122, 123 ; Fumess Fells, why
in Lancashire, 123 ; Lancashire divided into
hundreds, 123 : Danes in Lancashire before
Alfred's time, 124 ; Lonsdale, a Danish word,
also Amoundemess, from Omundr, 124 ; Black-
bum and Salford are Saxon, 124, 125; Went
Derby, Danish, 125 ; some account of HastitigH,
125; ^'by," fW)m "bidan," Danish, 124; Chri.«»t-
ian Britain fell before the Danes, a.s Christian
Rome before the Goths, &o., 120, 127, ; why so
many Crosbys in Danish districts, 128; few
Danish settlements in south Lancashire, why ?
128 ; dale, in Kirkdale, &c., Danish, 129 ; Danish

Itlaces on the Uibblo, 129 ; Danish coins, amu-
ets, &c^ 129
Dannett, Rev. Thomas, 164. n
Darhng dale, 68
Davenport, Rev. Peter, 179

Davidson, Hugh, 16

Davies, Mr., exhibitor, 64

Dawes, Matthew, paper by, 130

Dawson, Rev. Ambrose, 171. n.

Day meetings, letter respecting, 5 ; held, 1S3, SOO

Dean, Mr., Eddisbury, 99

Deane, Mr^ attorney, 163. n.

Demdike, Dame, 37

Denham, M. H., author. 3

De Perthes, M.. elected hon. mem., 40

Derby, earl of, (Ferrars) a witness, 7

(Stanley) Henry, 4th earl, 80 ;

William, 6th earl, 81 ; James, 7th earl, head
quarters of, 19
Directory, newspaper press, 41

Ditchfleld, Edward, 69

Dobie, William H., exhibitor, 134

Domitian, coins of, 14

Donaldson, J. B., elected, 1 ; donor, 63

Donations Classifikd —
Antiquities, 99, 133
Books, 1, 2, 3, 13, 14, 40, 41, 62, 63, 64, 79, 99,

119, 120, 133
Cuttings, 3, 13,119
Documents, 41, 80, 133
Drawings, 63, 133
Miscellaneous, 2, 3, 62, 79
Pamphlets (v. BooUh)
Prints, 2, 14, 65, 133, 134

Done, family of, in wars of Roses, 79. n

Donors— Akerman, J. Y., 119; Antiquarian Soci-
ety, Cambridge, 13; Do. London, 1, 79; Do.
Norfolk and Norwich, 40 ; Archeeulogical Society
Sussex, 1 ; Architectural Institute, Scotland,
62 ; Baines Thomas, 2, 62 ; Boult, Joseph, Sec
retary of Architectural Society, 133 ; ^rakell,
Thoma8,3; Brooke Rich., F.S.A., 133; Cambrian
Archffologieal Association, 1, 40; Chambers,
Miss, 14 ; Donaldson, J. B., 63 ; Ellesmere, the
Earl of.W ; Fenwick, John, 2,o; Guyton, Joseph,
14 ; Harland, John, 2, 3, 14, 119 ; Holmes, John,
64; Johnson, J. H.,3, 63; Kendrick, Dr., 3, 41,
63, 79, 119; Kilkenny Archaeological Association,
1 ; Lee, Rev. Thos., A.M., 2, 79; literary and
Philosophical Society, Liverpool, 13 ; Do. M«n
Chester, 62; IJoyd, J. B., 133; Maclure, Mac-
donald, and Macgregor, 2 ; Mossio, Rev. W. H.,
14 ; Mather, John, 14, 120 ; Maver, Jos., F.S.A.,
3, 133 ; M'Quie. P. R., 62, 79 ; Moore, Thos., sen.,
98; Mortimer, W. W., 120; Neill,Hugh,F.R.A.S.,
41; Numismatic Society, 119; Ormerod, Geo.,
D.C.L., 2; Rawlinson, Robert, 40, 41, 63, 79, 119;
Rinuner, Alfred, 1 19 ; Rylands Peter, 133 ; Simp-
son, Rev. Robt, 133 ; Smith, C. R., 2, 41 62, 119 ;
Stonehouse, James, 3; Thorn, Rev. Dr. 98;
Thomson. J. C, 3 ; Tudor. R. A., 63 ; Whitehead,
J. W., m ; Woodhouse, J. G., 133.

Doorway at Belgrave, 2

Dorchester, report on, 79

Doufflas river, position of, 112

Dovehowselonde, 81

Dover, report on, 79

Drawing and emblazoning, specimens of, 41

Drawings, various, 134

Drinkwater, Sir George, mayor, 187. n
James, luavor, IH?. n

Dr>'den, Sir Henry. Bart, 130, 132

Ducking stool, UHecl till lately, 136

Doncan of Scotlimd, new facts respecting, 200

Dimcombe, Anth., 11. n

Dnkinfield, Colonel, 192

Robert, 192

Dnnkin, Alfred J., exchange with, 120

Dunham, barons of, 96

Dnnlop. Mre. James, exhibitor, 134

Dnnnock-brow, Everton, 66

Durham, why a Palatine County, 87

DattOD funiljf.origla uf, <

Dwyer, Rav. Tlioinis, 147

Bnnnliig of flint »rrow-b<
ErALna, Ebcneiw, IM. d
" Ertoren " (!| ETerton, 87
Klcihinga, Sj tkHdub. 134
ETSDiDg mail fbr M-'M, M

SrsTl^r^'; n^nes o( liin tol°mrBrB, Mol

SStle'^of HeD^"Jll.%7; lieromsalbepr
MitTof IUnalpti,Eario((;li*Bler,87; beati
prvbiblTerecteiJ by him.a?; rs|j< U IbeDsrl
Similr, A? ; b apf ciaJ manar, 67 ; boondor?

41 ; BncktUne, R. H.. BS. IM. 131 ; Brooke,
Rii]bud.F.e^,4,l9; I)ob[e,W.H.,134; Dan-
lap,Mn., 134; OuTiii, Ur., 121; Oibba.Ur.,
QA ; Gnbuu, J, A., 14; OoTion, Joeeph, lA;
Herdmui.W. U.. OA, 134; iUbbert. T. D., W,
134 ; HOI, Rft. J. W., BH, 100 ; Home, Rei. Dr.,

Laai, ioAnw.'a, 41; HUhn-' John.' 134;
MajBT. JoMph, F.Sjl,, », IS, M, BO, 134, 13S;
M'QdIh, p. K., 3: HIdiilrtan, James, 191, IM ;
OkUl, AIXi, IS; PhilUni, Mrs., 134 ; ttBthboue,
W..lil;BBwbn - ~ "

Eribrtdge.'iw'"'

BeAon, iheEa^of,

FTnuiciH, T. B. W.. sleeted, 40
Figgink, Kev.J. L., 14S
Fiinires in siiter, 41
Fiji Munds. cordage from 41

FlTtb,riiomaH, slain, S3
'•■ ■ r, ReT. HfoaoH, 17J

ick. Rei. Thomas, 183

igb, Robert, 9«

Lnfiire. Giilwn. 7

I MetiLer, ^dirard, watcluniiker, M

John.lM

, Flint, county of onder tbe BHord of CbesI

W. tI; MollT Boshell 7»: «"■ Coojwr, 74; f

Mr«.*^™aii«' jf," 4* n ; °progM""i'e ■™oo of I
property In, 7^- 6t-Dcmuipa Entat«, hlitoty
of and ila varioos poeseeacn, 7A; OregBon'B I

Uila' bnr^g-gnmnilln ETerton roB.i, 76; Ne. I
OTopolia, opened bj Dr. Ri91e>,7a; CoHeB1at« qnol
InalitnlloD, foondation stooa laid by Lonl I tluui
Btanlay.Te; St. Oeorgea Churcb, «be-

otbet etanrcfaea, 7B; Baacoo, ita blsio
Tartooa naea, 7J ; WaierhonaoJano, 77 ;
fleld-lane, 77. Benltl of ETerton from
1891,77; popnlatlon from 133Tiallul,;

onlii, ekelchea from. Is

oanlaina AblMy foanda
of,8M.10U; aeajifrom.

on of.

as, 100

': "

Harland-) W

nn, deri^on of, 44 ;

peasoftboLawaof E
CoQiiaerot sngagea to

Edward the CoofaMOr

44; b

moQ law of England, 4

varit, of for,

Sd ^E^Sry'lil ;■ Ola

.e"™

™.p. King Jo
peclinB Ms

Char«a^«, Carta de Fo
eaaaT'oreat and Gam

rSw*

■■w-^s""

Copyhold qnoled, 46; S

i'a Foreet La

qooled, 4a ; BUekwood

9.1ef

ilion of /or.

elmi. and fork. 48, 47

as OKsley,

faeaMs, Ice., inelnded lu

Record 'in'

T^«?*S; uanalation

TboniaaGrealey,49;Dr

Hilihert Wares nou

of the grant of warren

e lands of M

214

ing acts of Oredey's life, 50 ; grant noticed by
Ware and that tn the Tower refer to the same
thing, 51 ; demesne derived, 51 ; Wyllanesham
(Soffolk), 51 ; Dr. Ware, 51. John de Plessetis,
account of, 51 ; at the battle of Lewes, 52 :
resists the quo tcarranto, 53, yet pleaded before
John de Reygate, 52 ; William, Earl Warrenne,
52 ; Earl John Warrenne, account of, 53 ; de-
feated by Wallace at Stirling, 53 ; Miss Porter,
53 ; he protests against the Pope, 53 ; buried at
the Abbey of Lewes, 53; epitaph in Anglo-
Norman and translation, 53. King's precept to
the Bishop of London, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, &o., about the earl's soul, 53, 54 ; origin
of painting the door posts of public houses in
chequers, 54 ; licenses to sell liquors given by
the Warennes down to Philip and Mary's reign,
54. John Maunsell, account of, 54^ imprisoned
by Simon de Montfort for publishing the Papal
Edict, 55 ; much esteemed by the Pope, 55.
Robert le Norreys, 55 • Wodest, Woodstock, 55.
Frog Lane, Whitechapel, 71
Fumess, why in Lancashire, 123 ; sketches from,

15
Ftldb, FoaBLAND OF THE. (Rev. W. Thomber.)
View from Beryl hill, 100, 101 ; supposed
changes in the districts from early times, 101 ;
place of the sea in the Newer Pliocene period
of Lyell, 101 ; proofs of the inroads of the sea,
102 ; sea has retired at Uie mouths of Ribble
and Wyre, 103 ; Morecambe bay once a lake,
103, proved by facts, 103. Herdsmen colonists
first occupied the district, 104 ; condition when
the Brigantes were conquerors, 104 ; Brigantes
8ubdue<l by the Romans under Cerealis, 104 ;
Agricola in A.D. 79 conquered the district, 104;
made roads and stations, 104 ; Kirkham, 105 ;
condition under the Romans as stated by
TacituSj Palgrave, &c., 105, 105 n. ; British
traces m names, &c., 106 ; Morecambe ox-
plained, 106 ; worship of rivers forbidden, 106;
progress of creature worship in the East,
Greece and Rome, 107; the " Puranas" of India,
Orphic Hymn, Ca)»ar, Tacitus quoted, 107 ;
proofs that Minerva was worshipped at Cocium,
108. Whitaker, Bochart, Callimachus. Dr.
Dodd quoted, 108 ; remains of this worsnip in
the Beltain, 108, 109, conflrraetl by wedding and
other cuHtoniH, 109 ; objection answered, 109 ;
traces of tho worship in tbe t'ylde, 109 ; wor-
ship dPHcrihed, 110 ; explanation of several
common customs, 111. Proof that KUgrimol
was connocted with the ancient British Church,
112,11:}; history of Amoundcmess in Skxou,
DaiHHli, &c., times from the various authorities,
11.'), 114, ll.'> ; Danish language detected in the
provincialisms of the Fylde, 116; examples
illustrated by Worsaae's* catalogue, 116, 117.
Dun cow of Amoundemess, 117 ; derivation
and meaning of the word Fylde, 117.

Oadsby, Rev. William, 167

Gallow field, 16

Oallows croft, 207

Game laws, ancient, 45

Gamctt, Jeremiah, charm belonging to, 81

Rev. Richartl, 82, 85

Gar\'in, Mr, exhibitor, 121
Gascoyne, Bamber, jun., 4, 71

Colonel, 4

Gaws worth, paintings at, 14 ; one expliuned, 56 ;

figures in, 60 ; plan of groonda, 133 ; Mr.

Brooke's view, 135, 136
Gawthrop, Hugh, paper by, 78
Ovyton Hall, 3, 10 ; staircaae in, 3

General Jodoment. (Dr. Home.) Drawings
of, by the Rev. W. H. Massie, 56 ; Gawswortli,
56. Three parts in the picture. Heaven, Eurth
and Hell ; probable meaning of the two female
figures, 57 ; Towneley mysteries quoted in illus-
tration, 57. n ; St. Peter, 57 ; Satan, 59 ; Milton,

58. n ; Pope represented, 58. Hell as pour-
trayed in the picture described, 59 ; Towneley
mysteries quoted in illustration, 59. Fosbroke,
respecting St Mar>-H, Re<lcliffe, 59. n ; Wright's
introduction to the " Chester Mystery Plays,'*

59. n. GawBWorth Church built temp. Edw.
111,60. Similar paintings common at the pe-
riod, 60. Description of St. Cuthbert's shnne
at Durham, 60. Extomal symbols, use of, 60 ;
sometimes not used, 00. " Hell opened to
Christians, &o.," 60. n. Reasons for the great
propoi-tion of female figures, 60. Latin quota-
tions, whence taken, 60.

George's Coff'ee House, 4
Gerard, family of, t)6 ; origin of, 96
Gerrard, Lord, 1<W, 114
Gibbs, Mr., Wigan, work by, 98
Gilbertson, Mr., on geology of Fylde, 102
Gildart family, chest used by, 133
Gillibrond, Rev. Jonathan, IIM)
Gingles, Higher and Lower, 103
Gladwin, Rev. C. T., 171. n
Glegg, Sir William, 10

Colonel, 97

Goblet of coins, 04
Goddard, Rev. W., 171. n
Gorsey field, lease of, 15
Gorste field, 81
Goidboume, constable of, 26
Gowring, Rev. J. W., 147, 147. n
Graham, J. A., exhibitor, 14

Rev. William, 156

Gregson, error of, 189

Gregson's well, 76

Greek silver coins, 133

Green, Isaac, 71

Greenall. Rev. Richard, 201

Greene, George, 193

Green Park, Ducking stool at, 137

Gresley, Thomas, grant to, 44 ; biographical

sketch of, 49
Grezley, Robert, 7

(itiards, composed of gentlemen, 193
(iun, wlieel lock, 121
Guthrum, in Araonndemess, 115
Guy ton, Joseph, donor, 14 ; exhibiter, 15

Hacknev coach map, 2

Ha<lfield, Rev. Alfred, 102

Hadrian, coins of, 14

Hale H^, drawings of, 80; ford, 24. n

Ilrtll, Rev. Sanmel, 179. n

Halls in liancashire, proofs from, 15

Halsall, family of, 6() ; the place, 78

Halton, baron of, 96 ; fee of, 9<)

Homer, Rev. James. KVi

Hammond, W. .!., elected, 13

Haubrid^fe, called Treboth, W

Hand club, New Zealand, 41

Hoiigfield, Everton, (W

Hannsom, Richonl, 17

Hanlbom, 1(K)

Hardeware, Henry, 99

Hardkirke, coins found at, 129

Harland, John, donor, 2, 3, 14, 119; papers by,

44,81
Hastings, movements of, 123
Haulgh HaU, tumulus near, 130
Haunted house, cure of, 82

215

Hfttini, Hants, report on, 40

Htwes, sett retiring Arom . 103

Hsydook, constable of, 26 ; sinker found at, 202

' Roman road in decay, 209

Hayhont, Rev. Brad, 190

Headless cross, 75

Heads without bodies, 134

Health reports, 79

Hettpy, a wagoner, 190

Heaven depicted, 56

Hebrew Christians, 174

Hell depicted. 59

Henley, John, 11. n

Robert, 11. n

Herdman, W. G., exhibitor, CA, 134
Heswall ciiarch, drawings from, 3

■ monuments in, 3
HeewaU Patrick, 97
Heyes, family of, 70, 74
Heygh, John, 17
Heysham, stone coffins at, 2
Heywood, ThumaH, 189

Hibbert, T. D., exhibitor, 99, 134 ; paper by, 189
Higgtos, Rev. H. H., 183
Hlghlord, Jon., 69
Hill, Rev. J. W., exhibitor, 98
Hill Cliff chapel, 20. n ; bible used at, 14 ; inter-
ments at, 2!)
Hillcoat, Rev. Dr., 148, 152, 153
HUton, AbigaU, 1h9, 190

■ Rev. Joseph, 182

Richard, 189. 190, 191

Hinde, J. H., electe<l, 13
Hireton (Everton), 66
History of Manchester, 3
Hodgson, Rev. Dr., 163
Hodleston, Father, 121
Hodson, Frodsham,D.D.,

— ^— Rev. George, 102, 161, 165. n

W. B., LL.D., 1«»4. n

Hoghton, Gilbert, precepts by. 31

Holcroft, Colonel, 191 ; Thomas, two warrants

from, 32
Holland. Col. Richard, 24, 29
HoUiiishcad, J. B.. 161. n

— John. 189

"Holme" in composition, 117

Homuel, 15:}. n

Holmes, Jon., donor, 64

Honduras Bay, implementH from, 121

*• Hoo" in compoMition, 117

Hope, Mi.HH, first interrc<l nt Nccropoli<«, 76

Hopkins, Thon.. 11. n

Hortfwich. forest laws of. .00 ; forett, escheat of

lands of. 50
Horse Bank, sea rotiring from, Ut\
Horti book exbil>ite<l, !.'»

Houghton, Mr., built Christ Church, 167
William, P.U

— ^— constable of, 2ti, 27

— Green, donauents from, 18, 41

Houlcroft, Jan., 2«>

Houne of Correction, Liveri^jwl, 1.1<>

Howard, hi?* work on pri**onH priut«*d at Warring-
ton, ♦«

H*>3rlake, troops of Win. Ill mailed fn»m (». 12

Hutfh Lni'UM. |»irentage of, M7 ; e*4tates of, sTi ;
nicknames of. mh, n«»

Hnglmon, (iilbert. 16

Hull, Hev. K<l«anl. l.VI, l.V). n

HulIon<b>. M

Hulme. eonntabb' nf, W

Hulton. W. A., elertttl. 6'i

Hum.'. Rev. Dr.. exhihitor, 3. i;>. 41. H>, W ; poper
by. 5»» ; refi'rred to. HiO. n, 1^2, Ik'j

Hvudfonl. earl and count«>s!« or, 6^)

Invergarvie, sketches fh>m, 15

Irby, Henry, 81

Ireland, bronze sword firom, 99 ; celts from, 99

Ireland, Sir GUbcrt, 71

^— Thomas, 27. n

Iron chest, of Oudart funily, 133

Ivory snuff-box, 65

Jacob, John O., elected, 96
Jagged spean, 3
"James,"aship, 10, 11
James I, coins of, 64
Jannock, of Lancashire, 4S
Jerusalem, bowl from, 3
Jesland, Tuomas, letter from, 20
John tlie Scot, i>4, 95
Johnson, Messrs.. emery miU, 10
' Rev. John, 179. n, 180

J. H., donor, 63

Jones, Rev. John, 171. n

Mr., 116. n

Judgment scone, picture of, 14
Jug. brownware, 64
Julia, cohis of, 14
Julius Fhilippus, 203
Just, John, paper by, 122

Kalln's travels, by Foster, 63

" Kell," in composition, 113

Kendrick, Dr., donor, 3, 41, 63, 79, 119; exhibiter,

15, 42 ; papers by, 18, 201
Kenyon College, U.S., 170, 171
Kenyon in England, constable of, 27
Kenyon, Lord, 170
Kenyon, Rev. Robert, 143

Key Street, original name of, 143. n ; chapel in, 42
" Kil." in comiMsition, 113
Kilgrirool. cemetery of. 112
Kilkenny Arehatologirol Society, donor, 1
Kinderton, Barun of, !>7
Kmg, John, tnubtion ivspccting, 6

William's l»ank. 12

Rev. Joshua, 1H2

Kings gap. 10

Kirkity, origin of name, 12*>

Mollony, fteolr* from, «i2

Kirkdale, t*»8 ; origin of name, \'I9
Kirki>atri(k, Hev. H.. 142

WUliam, D.D., 142

Knife. Affgban. 121

Knight Street, procession through, 4
Koran, sentences from, 14
Ko^outh, portrait of, l.'»
Kyllonde field. Hi

I^eero Street, proces-ion throngli, I

Lamb. Andn'w, J.. «>xbibit«)r. 3, 41

lAIubert, D. H., eb-Cted. 75*

I>anipa, in South .\merioa, flgun«*« found at. <1

I^neaNbin' an«l ('heHhirt>. tdd IisIIm in IM

— SpiHHl H map of 2

jiuino4'k much u«n»«I in, 22

Lancaster, visitetl b> King John. 6; taken, 21 :
Kuuic cn>-«« at, TM ; Hi-tory of, KU

I W. Stout, of, 2

I l4»nd. tenure of, M. m\

I.ati-bf«>nl. ford at, 23 ; ploguo stone, from. I.')7

Ij*»«. r»' virion of, WON

I^wsing Steailes. bani at, 34

216

Lawton, constable of, SO
Leasowes, 10
Lee, John Yale, 189

Rev. T. F., elected 98 ; donor 2, 79 ; artist «, 79

Leigh, family in wars of Roses, 97. n

Rev. T. O., 165

Le Noir, baron, 96

Leo, coustellation sign of, 83

LBTTSas BB LATINO TO LaWCASHIRS AKD CkK-

8HIBE. (T. D. Hibbert.) History of the letters,
189 ; account of the family in whose possession
they were, 189 ; letter to Mr. R. Hilton given at
length, 190; CoLEgerton besiegesLathomHodse,
191 ; Countess of Derby refuses to surrender,
191 : account of Col. Egerton, 191, his letter to
B. Halton, 191 ; Sir William Brereton's letter
to Mr. Mottershead, 192 ; an account of each,
192. Letter from Mr. Ashton to Mr. Sorocold,
193, 194 ; an account of these and of Mr. Brad-
shaw, 192, 193 ; copy of the bills alluded to in
the letter, 195 ; letter fh>m the Rev. William
Bateman to his father, 196 ; from Uie same to
luH brother, 197.

Leubra's bag, 80

Lewis, MS., sermons of, 63

Library and Museum, accommodation at, 5

Limoges, enameHing at, 135

Lincoln, battle of, 91

Lisbum, 10

IJthograph of Runic cross, 79

Littlebury, family of, 96

Liturgy for dissenters, 140

Liverpool, borough and porttown, 6; ChcmeU
Lime Street and Newington, drawings of, 134 ;
Churches, paper on, 137 ; St Andrew's and St
Catharine's, drawings of, 134, St Matthew's,
Key Street, model of, 134 ; GasUe repaired, 8 ;
History of (Baines) 2, 62 ; house of correction,
136 ; free warren in, 67 ; map of, 2 ; mock
niayer in, 4 ; Poll-books of, 2 ; projected schemes
in, 80 ; recollections oi; 43 ; trade list of, 133 J
town given in exchange, 6 ; charter to, 8 ; So-
cieties donors, 13, 133.

Liverpool, CnuRCBBS and Chapels in. (Rev.
Dr. Thorn.) Division of sutject; I, Churches,
n, Dissenting Chapels, 138 ; names of churches
noticed, 138; St Catherine's, former site, by
whom erected, 139 ; their Liturgy, 140 ; bo-
comes a church, 140 ; its various incumbents
till it was pulled down, 141, 143. St Matthew's,
Key Street, the site of the Lancashire and York-
shire Railway terminus, 143 ; its history and
the aathorities, 144 ; its ministers while a dis-
senting chapel, 144 — 146 ; its clergymen since
it became a church, 146—148 ; Charles Simeon,
preached In (182344) 148. Present St Mat-
thews, originally a Scotch Kirk, its history,

149, called St. Peter's, 149 ; difficulties in con-
seqncDce of the schism in the Scotch Church,

150, 151 ; purchased by the Lancashire and
Yorkshire Railway Company in lieu of St Mat-
thow'a, 152. St Mary's, or the Church for the
Blind, original and present site, 15:) ; iui his-
tory, 151, 1.V5. St Simon's, built on the site of
a dissenting chapel, 155 ; its hiMtory and various
ministers, 15<» ; becomes a church, and a new
ediiico is built, 157. St Mary's, Harrington
Street, pariiculars relating to, its ministers,
157—159. St. Matthias*, its site, history, des-
truction, l.W, IfjO; the present St Matthias'
IfiO. St. Georges, occupies the site of the old
castio, 161 ; the former and present St George's,
161 ; Corporation and Judges attend service at,
162 ; notice of its incumbents, 162 — 166. All
Saints, now St. Joseph's, B.C., position, 106 ;
its history, 167 ; notice of Mr. Bannister, its
first clergyman, 168, 169 ; notice of G. M. West,

170—173; hit retam from Amerlct, 179; ac-
knowl«dged as a bishop, 173 ; issoes aBefbrmed
Lltarg7>174. He and Dr. Matthews oonsacrato
AU Sainta, and ordain priesta and deacons, 174,
175; curious scene in the church when Mr.
West was not allowed to preach, 175. n; Mr.
West's subsequent history, 176— 17H; other
clergy at All Saints, 178. St Stephen's, Byrom
Street, where situatml, 179; history of the
Baotists in Liverpool, 179 ; its ministers while
a Baptist chapel, 181 ; congregation removed
to the chapel in GeranI Street, 181 ; its clergy,
men to the present time, 1H2. St John Uie
Evangelist's, Hope Street, 182; originaUy be-
longed to the "Christian Society," 183; a ser-
mon of Mr. Aitken's described, 183 ; extrava-
gant practices, 184 ; becomes a church, 184 ;
Its clergy, 184, 185. St Nicholas', 185 ; some
particulars relating to, 186. St Thomas', 186 ;
various changes in the edifice noticed, 186, 187.
St Luke's, 187 ; change in the churchyard
wall, 188. Curtailment of St John's church-
yard, 188.

Llewellyn, marriage of his daughters, 97

Lloyd, J. B., donor, 13:)

Ijonsdale Hundred, llM

Long, Bev. W. D., 148

Longhurst Rev. Jon., 63

Lowton, operations at, 21

Lnca della Rnbia, 134

LudgarshaU, 195, 197

Lumber Street, original name of, 143.n

Lyon, Thomas, Esq., 201
■Rev. Jon-, 178

Macaulay, T. B., 195

Macbeth, not guiltv, 200

Maoelesfleld, 196, 197; ducking stool near, 36,

MacGill, Rev. Thos., 182

Stephenson, D J)., 183

Machiavelli, author, 3

Maclure, Macdonald and Macgregor, donors, 9

M'Quie. Peter R., exhibitor, 3 ; donor, 63, 79;

chairman. 79
Maddock, Rev. Thos., 102
Madeley Great, house at, 133
— — — Market, escape of Charles IL at, 190,

133. n — » »

Mama Charta, clause in, 15

Malay Pirates, charms from, 15

Malpas, barons of, 96

MANCHBSTEm, hlstorv of, 3 ; escheat of lands at,

50 ; Literary and Philosophical Society, dxmor,

62 ; map of, 79, siege of, 19
Manilla, coin used at

Manuscripts, various, 99
Manwood s Forest La^

Laws, 46

Map of Liverpool, 2: of Manchester, 79
Marcher Counties, 86
Marlen, Rev. H., 178
Marsala Wine, 100
Marsden, Rev. W., 147
Marsh, Jon. F., letter from 100; entertainment

by, 201, library of, 201
Martin, W., 81

Martinean, Rev. James, 144, 145
— — Miss, tales by, 47
Marton Moss, 103
Marwade's trade list, 133
Maserfield, 204; identical with Winwick, 205
Massie, Rev.W. H., donor, 14
Massy, Hamon, 96
Mather, John, chainnan, 40; donor, 14, 190;

exhibitor 134
Rev. Mr , 144

MtOntn, RsT, T., ■]lFe»l BIhUop, IT*
HuDiel, Jobn, M. M

MiTflr, Jo'rwpb, y.sX. eihiWior, 3, IB, (

Mijpolfl'.rit^rriilotoD. Ml

M'OookBJ, ReT.'An.lrBW. ITS
M«d1«T, Rer. Hunue], ITS. n. IM, 181

UlHBEU ELICTID OB BRROLLtl. 1—

13: Halloa, W. .L, Bi 1 iue^li.T, Q.. IIP, Lki
Inn, B. H., TS: Lee, Rbt.T. ¥.. HH; Pern
JalKth, 13; Bbini, Jolm. «l: BimpwD, Re
RobL, «; Hrkas. Jimtn, K; Thieker, Rot
P.,«; Thornbor, Bfr. Wm.. 13; TtimB, Jul
A.. 13: TotT. Joba, 4n : Win?, Tl.o>. S.. «<
WitMB, Wm. niklDglun, 40; WUUipiB. Juli

imodatiim tnt, a

aiUbilor, 111

MlniUuna, foil

HiKdlUMPl^

Hddd of Bt. HKtho'a, Key^lreet, 134

KoNWLBer. Tbo*. W., Its

MoU, wliT no calleil. IM

Mi^yHui fiunily, W : In IVhto of Bosui, n

Mr„ltB,llH

R.,i™*l.ll.r.31

. W„Wn

HoHcnlff, A.. las. n

MoBk,]le*.J. B.,tin

Modtali, Kolien •Is. M

Hoaiunent*, wr>rk oi,, 43

Moon, JnhuB., lee

I ■ ■ TbiM., xea.. lee, n ; donor, 90

llp».Tli(n..,|«infrhv,«IO

Mom, Wm., le

HDnciiDl>e,taniniiJi(ori>'rTu, lim
HoTM'in, proprny M, iM
MoiiMtli, mwt oil, IH
MoniJBpr,W.W.,iJ«iiiThv,H5: ilonor, 1*

MoUenhead. Mr., lt>^
.-. - _.. Thirt., IW
HoUiHi. Anna nf. Ilij

Monm. K.'v. Al-i

NewcutjB-mider.LTDe, moCk mBtor, 4

Hew Her Farm, 3m

few Soulh Walra.jiKged ■pHitrom, 3

Sr*loa,Xil.Xa; ConnsU'eaf.W

Hundred, a»

NpirZeiliLiid,c1iibfroiii,41 J bMkvtfrom.M

NotTolk ud Sorvteh AntJq. Bodetr, donor, 40

S'oni.fmilT,e« '

CoL Edwird, aft, IS Ji : pnoapUbr.M

OcUgon rhapel, esnloai U, 4t, 139, 140

Ocbmonime, 1311

Ukill, Misa.eiblbilor, 1ft

Orfm* iu chun-b. S8. W. n

Oridoe, G. F., dnwingi by, IM

Omienxl, George, donor,!; quoUd, I3ft: dimw.

(InnBklrk, 7H; Drioin of Duie, 119; report OD.a

PW'l TKem. 1
Piire, Rot. Hen

SfS,"

Pertlvid, Dr.. printed MWuTiniVin, A3

Mmr'ant, ISO

P.'rHn. JoM-ph. vlected. 13

l-eler the an-«l. 01

I'.-lem. Ur-., !-••

Plmnhkctipria Lond. 3

l'l><lipui.lM*ry,r<>ini.nt,«4

PblUlpn. Mr*.. exhJlHlor, IM

riuli»i>pbunuB,UDelum,3

lli^lou.Ker.JAnib. litt

I-irrey. ller. O. H., IW, IM.n

I'hlerim IMtMem. M

l-illiu|[ MoH.nbjeiiJi nnind u, liU.n

PiufoUi. udeim u EienoD. n

Plalol* koJ Ciwe, Ul

PlmBeiitAimi.l3Ti nee bom W*rrlB(Uin, II

>.'nnlt nf Kowmlli. eiblbiied. 1ft

*oIlerr, frtiCTueDI* of aneLnnt, W, 0r
•..UertednUierpiMl, III

DDk^ornnand.W

•218

Povah, Darnel, !73

Po^a, Hon. and Rev., 201

Prayer book. bl. let., 83 ; Diseenting, 42

Pret»ton taken, 21

Pretender, miniature of, 121

Priestley on Electricity, 63

Proofs from Halls in Luicashire, 15

Prospectuses of schemes, 80

Puddington giren by Randal, 80. n

Pulford, Rev. Dr., 146, 165. 182

Pulpit Bible from Hill Cliff, 15

Puno, figures at, 41

Queen Elizabeth, document Ump., 15

of Sheba, 65

Qulchua, Arte de Lengoa, 41

R
Raffles, Rev. Dr., 158
Randal de Meschines JW
■ de Germons. 90

de Blundeviile, 02, 93, 94; rhymes of, 93 ;

marriage of his sisters, 94

Ranicars, Rich., 190

Ranulph, Earl of Chester, possessed Ererton, 07

Rathbone, William, exhibitor, 12)

Ravinesmoles, 6

Rawlins, Mrs., exhibitor. 64; descent of the

articles. 65
Rawlinson, Henry, 4

Robert, donor, 40, 63, 79, 119

Reith, James, watchmaker, 64

Religious Houses, founded by the Normans, 88

Renshaw. Rev. Samuel, 162, 163

Reyner, Wm , 10

Rhuddlan Castle, buih, 97

Richard, Earl of Chester, 80

Richards, Godfrey, purveyor, 9

Richmond Meadows, (Everton Crescent,) 74

Ridgway, Rich.. 23

Rimmer, A., exhibitor, 80 ; donor, 119 ; paper by, 33

Roberts, Jolm, 80

Richanl, 81

Robins, tailor, 194
Robinson, C. B., exhibitor, 15, 42
■ Joseph , 149

NichoUs, 161. n

Robson, John, chairman, 13 ; paper by, 202; his

researches, 24. n
Rock Savage, grounds at, 136
Rodney-streetjprocession in, 4
Roman Road, Haydock, 201 ; description of, 202;

milestouo found, 209
■■ silver, 6 ; copper coins. 133

Roscoe-street, procession from, 4
Roscoe's Mount Pleasant, 63
Rosworm, in error, 24. n
Roughsedge, Rev. Robert, 162, 163, 187
Royal Institution, museum, 133, 200
RoTAL Visits to Livrepogl. (Joseph Mayer,

F.S.A.) King John said to have visited Liver-

fool (1*206), 6 ; alleged proof, 6 ; insufficient, 6 ;
olin first became possessor of Liverpool in
1208, G ; documentary proof given, 6, 7 ; directs
his vassals in Toxteth to seUle in Liverpool, 7 ;
charter making Liverpool a free Burgh, copy
of, 7, 8 ; repaire to the castle of Liverpool and
West Derby (1202), King John did not visit
Liverpool then or on his rstum from Ireland,
8 ; King William HI. said, to have visited it in
1690, H ; reasons for the King's not visiting
Liverpool, 8, 9 ; documentary proof, 9 ; order of
Schoniherg, 0, 10 ; left London June 4, 10 ; aiept
at Peel Hall on 9th June, 10 ; was at Chester
Cathedral, 10 ; at Gayton Hall, 10; at Leasowe,
10 : embarked at King's Gap, 10 ; an order of
William III. while at Gayton, 10, 11 ; Liverpool
too distant for the King to visit, 11 ; state of
tide would not admit of it. 12 ; the King's ship
aground at the Point of Ayre, 12 ; Queen YiC'
toria's the first rosral visit, 12

Runcorn, fortified, 126- ford at, 24. u

Runic Cross, lithograph of, 79

Rupert, Prince, encampment of, 71 ; his lines in

Liverpool, 73 ; his cottage, 73
Roaholmejreport on, 79
Rnahton, William, jun., 167
Rylands, Peter, donor, 133

Salford, free warrm in, 67 ; the Hundred, 125.

Salisbury, the Marauis of, 71

Salvation, oniversal, treatise on, 2

Samlbsbuet Hall, Account of. (A. Rimmer.)
Samlesbnry, where situated, 33; founded by
Southworths, 33 ; general description of, 33 ;
dioing-hall, 34 ; Dr. WhiUker's opinion of the
age of, 34; quotations from, 34; Whitaker's
opinion doubtful, 35. Radcliffe Hall, 35; ex-

Slanation of the inscription in the dining-hall,
i ; state of preservation, 36 ; former residence
of the Southworth family, 36 ; why ancient
houses last better than mo<lem, 36, 37. Three
females tried for witchcraft at Samlesbnry in
1612, before Sir Ed. Bromley, 37 ; ceremonv of
initiation in magic rites. 37. Dame Demdike,
37. Account of Samlesbury Manor from
Baines's Lancashire, 37. Pedigree of the
Southworths, where found, 38. Samlesbnry
passes over to the Braddylls, and then to John
Cooper, 38

Sandiforcl, Mrs., 74

Sandpit field, 99

Sankey bridge, fairs house at, 24

Sargeant, Thomas, constable, 18 ; petition from,
32 ; accounts bv. 32

Saughall. Massye*. 81

Savage, family of. 89. n

Saxmundham. bones found at, 15

Saxon laws, 85

Schomberg, Duke, 198 ; directions from«9

Sooresby, Rev. William, 171. n

Scotland, Architectural Institute of, 62

Scriven on free warren, 46

Scrmipshire, CoL, 193, 194

Seacombe, report on, 40, 89

Seals, impressions of, 62; from Fountains Abbey ,98

Seaton, Col. Sir John, 22. n, 25

Secom, Thomas. 16, 17

Seddon. Rev. Mr., 140

Sedgfield, Rev. J< hn, 179. n

Seft'>n. the Earl of, exhibitor, 16

Sekerston. Rauff, 16, 17

Sepulchral remains, St. Albans, 2

Severn river, 121

Sewer water, uses of^ 63

Sharp, John, elected, ^

Shaw's Brow, 16

Shaw Street, drawing of house in, 65

Shillings, ancient, h4

Shipbrook, baron of, 26

Shrewsbury. 121

Shnttleworth. William, Town Clerk, 143, 165

Silver coins, 133

Simeon, Rev. Charles, 148

Simpson, Rev. Robert, elected, 40; donor, 133

Sixpences, ancient. 64

Skaife, Thomas, artist, 18

Sketches, various, 15; ditto in Liverpool, 134

Slade, Canon, 199

Slaves, bill of lading. 15

Slogans, of North of England, 3

Smith, C. R., F.S.A., donor, 2, 41, 162, 119

^-^ Henrie, 81

Rev. Walter, 152

WilUam, his Act of 1812, 139. n

Smithells Hall, drawing of, 80
Smyrlelonde, 81

Snuff-box, ivory, 65
Societies at Warrington, 201
Solomon, judgment of, 65

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Full text of "Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire for the year .."

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