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Natural History and Antiquarian Society

_ FOUNDED NOVEMBER, 1862.

SESSION 1911-1912.

DUMERIES:

_ Ewart Public Library.

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“AL (ONYOUw)D AO SAVG WHOL NI ANAOS GAVOU V

N.S. Vol. XXIV. SO”

THE TRANSACTIONS

AND

Journal of Proceedings

OF THY

DUMFRIESSHIRE AND GALLOWAY

Natural History and Antiquarian Society

FOUNDED NOVEMBER, 1862.

SESSION 1911-1912.

DUMFRIES:

Published by the Council of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural
History and Antiquarian Society, Dumfries and Maxwelltown
Ewart Public Library.

1912

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Office=-Bearers for 1911=1912.

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President.
H. 8. Guapstonk of Capenoch, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.

Honorary Vice-Presidents.

JAMES Barsour, F.S.A.Scot., Dumfries.

J. F. Cormack, Solicitor, Lockerbie.

Wm. Dickir, Merlewood, Dumfries.

G. F. Scorr Extior, Meadowhead, Liberton.

JouN M‘Kiz, R.N., Kirkcudbright.

Dr J. W. Marri, Charterhall, Newbridge, Dumfries.
Dr JAmEs MAaxwett Ross, Duntrune, Dumfries.

Vice-Presidents.

S. Aryort, F.R.H.S., Sunnymead, Dumfries.

James Davinson, F.S.A.Scot., Sommerville.

James Lennox, Provost of Dumfries, F.S.A.Scot., Edenbank, Dumfries.
Dr W. Sempre, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. Mileash, Dumfries.

Honorary Secretary and Editor of Transactions.
G. W. Suiruey, F.L.A., Ewart Pubiie Library, Dumfries.

Honorary Treasurer.
M. H. M‘Kxrrrow, Burgh Treasurer, 43 Buccleuch Street, Dumfries.

Honorary Librarian and Curator of Museum.
G. W. Surguey, F.L.A., Ewart Public Library, Dumfries.

Honorary Departmental Curators.
Antiquities—W. Murray.
Coins and Tokens—JAmegs Davipson.
Natural History—Dr J. W. Martin.
Geology—RosEert WALLACE.
Herbarium—Miss Hannay and Dr Semeur.

Honorary Secretary Photographic Section.
W. A. MackinneL, The Shieling, Dumfries.

Members of Council.

The President; Hon. Vice-Presidents ; Vice-Presidents; Secretary ;
Treasurer ; Librarian ; Departmental Curators ; Secretary of Photographic
Section ; and Miss M. CartyLe A1rKEN, Messrs Ropert Dinwippig, A. D.
Dryspatu, T. A. Hatumway, J. P. Minuean, R. C. Reip, G. MacLxop
STEWART, and A. WEATHERSTON,

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PAGE

Office-Bearers for 1911-12 Ss ia ae Bae ay, aS ee
Annual Meeting .. swe is ee si as as 9
Presidential Mitcia. Hragh St Gladstone... 9
Addenda and Corrigenda to ‘‘ The Birds of Teeecahire® Hugh S S.

Gladstcne ... ai ae sls
The Dumfries Post Office, 1642-1910—J. M. ‘Corrie ae : 38
The Scottish Parliament and the Capes Boh racna rye im

Rev. W. M‘Millan ... sie 0 bo Sy ANY,
Glenluce Abbey as it was and is—Rev. A. Taylor Hill as wee alex
The Kirkeudbrightshire Coast—Rev. C. H. Dick ... oi ee .. 135
The Application of Electricity in Agriculture— Professor J. W. Priestley 140
Electrical Treatment on Potato Crops, 1911—Miss #. C. Dudgeon... 143
Some Notes on Estate ie sigan in the cantiees Centur ap W.

Miine one Sc oF ... 146
The Blacklock Receeariets at Taian imi Miller... , .. 155

The Carlyle Farm and Dwelling-place at Birrens; Agricola’s Well on
Birrenswark Hill; and a German Company’s Copper Mine at
Torbeckhill—all in the Parish of Middlebie—James Barbour ... 163

The Development of Modern Fish Culture, with aie Reference to

the Salmonidze— Wilson H. Armistead ; : ae oa log)
Notes on the Parish of Kirkgunzeon—Rev. J. E. Gillespie ey seo LENT]
Scotch Forestry—The Romance and Business Side of it—G. F. Scott
Elliot a ¥ ap Boon dtc
John Welsh, the ieee Covenanter— Rev. S. pinkie a ies ... 190
Weather of 1911 in Relation to Health—Dr J. Maawell Ross .. ... 201
Rainfall Records for the Southern Counties for the year 1911—Andrew
Watt ae ... 210
Abstract of Mensenlesien ee vations Water at Gachion Royal
Institution, Dumfries, 1911... aes ae soe 22
Weather ana Natural History Notes for 1911—J/. Rutherford 4 ... 214
Some Local and other Plant Names—S. Arnott... Ec Ps soe 220
The Origin of the Name Dumfries—J. W. Whitelaw ae ee ... 229
On the Name Dumfries—G. W. Shirley... i ee Ee Frat
The Crannogs in Carlingwark Loch—James A fleck oa ie --. 235

The Market Cross of Sanquhar—Rev. W. M‘Millan 360 a0 toe

6 CONTENTS.

PAGE.
Place Names of Kirkpatrick-Dorand, cee: called ame ‘
Durham—Rev, W. A. Stark... a vas vent 249
Destructive Forest Insects of Dumfriesshire—W. H. Whellens ... ..- 260
Anwoth Old Churchyard—Rev. F. W. Saunders... een ibe penal)
The Coleoptera of the Solway Area—Bertram M‘Gowan ... x See

The Early Coinage of Scotland, with Special Reference to a Small
Group of the Early Coins of Alexander I[I].—James Davidson ... 285

Gleanings from the Vernacular—Dr Alexander Chalmers ae se» 289
John Lindsay, Provost of Lincluden—Dr John Lindsay ... Bi .. 292
Old Bridal Stone, Crouse Farm, Kirkcowan bee S eae Uk
Meteorological Observations taken at Dumfries, 1909 and 1910... ... d0L
Presentations Re oe Bos =e th rat ae ae .. 804
Purchases ... ae aa aa ee eh nS: ie aos ... 309
Exhibits... ae fs Pay sa ve ne ue ts ea OL
Exchanges bee Se is es ate tor at ree vain) BLS
List of Members ... ae eh Py oe aa a a ... oll4
Index sa er = re ee a Se ae «1 O28

ILLUSTRATIONS.

A Road Scene in the Days of George IV... ae bce Frontispiece.
Mail Bag Labels . a eee 6 as a eae oe sea Od
Ms Geos aia is ae : ao St oe Ee i040
The Dumfries and Piripaiise § Mail Coach ... BAG ee Ria s) 380
Dumfries and Sanquhar Waybill, 12th July, 1789... zs as Bee ak
Dumfries Postmarks—Plates L-V.... se i ea “> ann, 0
Glenluce Abbey. Plan... re hie ee tt ok ven ... 129
Coins of Alexander IIT. believed to be minted at Dumfries nin .. 288

Leadwork from Old Blue Bell Inn, Dumfries Ws ia oa .-. 308

PREFACE:

It is intended that this volume, being the Transactions of the
49th year of the Society, should form the last volume of the New
or Second Series. It will be followed by an Index of both Series
in one volume. It is not a complete record of the session’s work
inasmuch as it does not cover the summer months. It has been
found desirable to publish the Transactions at the close of the
Winter Session, and it is intended that in future the summer work
should appear in the volume of the succeeding session. For the
same reason no Treasurer’s Accounts are included in this volume.

It must be understood that as each contributor has seen a
proof of his paper, the editor does not hold himself responsible
for the accuracy of the scientific, personal, and place names or
for the dates that are given therein.

I acknowledge my indebtedness to Miss Harkness for typing
the Index, and to the Editors of “The Dumfries and Galloway
Standard,” “ Dumfries and Galloway Courier and Herald,” and
“The Kirkcudbrightshire Advertiser” for reports of meetings.
Mr W. A. Mackinnell has kindly photographed the Leadwork
from the old Blue Bell Hotel, and Mr A. Coldwell, the Plan of
Glenluce Abbey.

I shall be glad to hear from members working on Local
Natural History and Archeological subjects. Papers may be
submitted at any time. Preference is always given to original
work on local subjects.

Enquiries regarding purchase of Transactions and payment
of Subscriptions should be made to the Honorary Treasurer, Mr
M. H. M‘Kerrow, 43 Buccleuch Street, Dumfries.

Exchanges, Presentations, and Exhibits should be sent to the
Honorary Secretary, Ewart Public Library, Dumfries.

G. W: S,

PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS
OF THE

Dumfriesshire and Galloway

- Natural History and Antiquarian Society.

SaisSo LOIN 1911-12.

20th October, 1911.
ANNUAL MEETING.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

The Secretary and Treasurer submitted their annual reports,
which met with approval.

On the motion of the Treasurer, seconded by Mr Simon
Scott, it was agreed to advertise the meetings in the local papers
instead of sending out post-cards.

On the nomination of the Council the Office-bearers were
appointed for the Session. (Vide p. 3.)

PRESIDENTIAL ADDREss. By H. S. Giapsrone, Esq. of
Capenoch, M.A, F.Z:5., F2R.S.E.

I have again to thank you for having elected me your Presi-
dent for the coming session ; and though I feel that an apology is
due from me for not having been a more regular attendant at the
meetings of our Society during the past twelve months, I would
remind you that I warned you a year ago how this would be.
You know that the serious work of our Society is done in com-
mittee, and that the records of these committee meetings do not

10 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

appear in our printed Transactions. I am not conscious ol
having missed such a committee meeting during the past year;
and therefore my guilt, although I know how few of our Society’s
meetings and excursions I have attended, does not appear to me
so enormous. ‘To be present on such occasions is surely more
of a pleasure than a task, and it is only the awkward distance at
which I live from Dumfries which has prevented my attendance as
often as might be expected. As regards the past year, I think we
may claim to have had a good season. Our ordinary member-
ship, numbering 268, is at high-water mark; but there is no
reason why this number should not be increased. In view of the
fact that we may expect some extra-ordinary expenditure in con-
nection with our jubilee, to be celebrated next year, it is very
desirable that our membership should be added to as far as ever
possible. It is a somewhat remarkable fact that some 17 per
cent. of our present members are in arrear of their annual sub-
scriptions. We have, of course, to mourn the death of several of
our members during the past session. By the death of Mr Robert
Service our Society has lost one of its keenest members, and Scot-
land one of her most trustworthy zoologists. The names of Dr
Chinnock and Mr J. Carlyle Aitken also occur to me. You have
this session duly received the volume of our Transactions as
usual, and you will shortly receive another volume. This
publication of two volumes during but one session has been under-
taken so as to avoid the delay, previously experienced, by which
the papers read before us were not in our hands fill twelve months
or more after we had heard them. I am sure this plan will be
approved, and I trust that in the future the publications of our
Transactions will be kept more up to date than in the past. You
will notice when this, the 23rd volume N.S. of our Transactions,
comes to your hands that nearly all the papers have a local bear-
ing. Ina Society such as ours this is most desirable. The range
of subjects covered in the 300 odd pages is satisfactorily diversi-
fied, but I should have been glad to have been able to see more
attention paid to photography; and some of our members will
regret that so little has been done during the past season in
philately. As regards our finances, I am glad to be able to
announce a credit balance of £7 2s 9d. I may here mention that
the sum of £170, which it was remitted to a sub-committee last
year to invest, has been placed in heritable security at 3? per

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 11

cent. There remains an important venture to chronicle which,
I am glad to say, has proved justifiable. I refer to the publica-
tion by the Society of a book on Communion Tokens by one of its
members, the Rev. H. A. Whitelaw. It may be thought that in
doing so the Society has created a dangerous precedent, and I so
far agree in that I am sure that all similar publications in the
future should be carefully scrutinised by an able sub-committee of
our Society before being undertaken. Anissue of similar character
will shortly be published on the Dumfries Post Office, by Mr J.
M. Corrie. We should welcome, this coming year, the fact that the
Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments is going
to commence operations in Dumfriesshire. It has already sur-
veyed Kirkcudbright, and many other counties in Scotland.
There are several of our members who are well qualified to help
the Commissioners in their work, and the names of Messrs
Barbour, Lennox, and Mackinnell particularly occur to me. Last
year I referred to the proposed publication of a MS. History of
Dumfries. Mr R. C. Reid has, I am glad to say, been very
successful in getting subscribers to this, and I hope we may shortly
see his book on our bookshelves. Such, ladies and gentlemen,
is a very brief review of what has gone on during the past session,
and in all the innovations and improvements I can see the hand of
our honorary secretary, Mr G. W. Shirley. Our secretaries in
the past have always been whole-hearted in their desire to pro-
mote the welfare of our Society, and, profiting by their good
example, Mr Shirley is proving himself to be as energetic as the
best of them. Our honorary treasurer continues to carry on his
duties most scrupulously, and he would probably be only too glad
to have far larger funds to administer. Why should we not try
to please him in this respect by each endeavouring to increase our
membership? It is now only twelve months before we celebrate
the jubilee of our Society, and you will remember that a year ago
you remitted to a sub-committee to consider how this occasion
could most suitably be honoured. It has been decided—and,
in fact, steps have already been taken—to do so by publishing an
alphabetical index to all our past Transactions. This has
already proved, and will prove an even greater, labour to our
secretary. He, however, is impressed with the desirability of
such a work, and we trust that its publication will be acceptable
to a wider circle than that of our members. It is also hoped

12 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

to publish a list of all the members of our Society since its
foundation in 1862, and a catalogue of all the books, manu-
scripts, and specimens in the possession of the Society.
Possibly the inclusion of these in the index volume already
referred to may be impracticable, on account of the great
space they will take up; but this is a matter which I would ask
you to leave in the hands of the sub-committee you appointed
last year. As regards the conduct of the fiftieth anniversary
meeting on November 20th, 1912, there are several details to be
considered, which I think it would be well to refer also to this
sub-committee. When we consider that among our past presi-
dents we can claim such illustrious men as the present Lord
Chancellor, Sir Herbert E. Maxwell, Sir James Crichton-Browne,
and Professor Scott Elliot, it would certainly seem ideal could
we persuade them to be present on that occasion. We must,
however, remember that from their very attainments their services
are much in request, and for this reason they may be unable
to take the active part in our jubilee, which I trust will meet with
the co-operation of all the members of the Dumfriesshire and
Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. _t is
indeed, something to be proud of that here, in the South-West of
Scotland, a Society such as ours has flourished for close on fifty
years. In each address which I have had the honour of deliver-
ing to you as president, I have hitherto always tried to impress
upon you, that the welfare of our Society depends on the efforts
of each individual member. You will forgive my repeating a
truism as true to-day as when I first told it to you two years ago.
With these brief remarks, again thanking you for the honour you
have done me in re-electing me to this chair, and sincerely
hoping that the coming session will be as profitable as any of its
predecessors, I shall read a paper which I hope may be deemed
worthy of publication in our Transactions.

“Tue Birps OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.’’ 13

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA TO THE “ BIRDS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.”
By Hueu S. Grapstong, M.A., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.

Since the publication of my book on The Birds of Dumfries-
shire in June, 1910, I have received a good deal of additional
information on the subject. I have also become aware of several
errors which I now propose to correct, though I shall not point
out corrections in spelling or punctuation, except where such are
important. The page references throughout are to T’ke Birds of
Dumfriesshire.

Going through the book seriatim there are the following
remarks to be made on the section dealing with

THE ORNITHOLOGISTS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

: William MacGillivray’s name should be spelt with a capital

G (p. xxv.): a rule not generally followed, but which I have ascer-
tained to be correct by the recent perusal of some of his auto-
graph letters: letters not only rare but beautiful on account of
their caligraphy.

The epitaph on Dr. George Archbald’s tombstone in St.
Michael’s Churchyard, Dumfries, runs Clarus in arte fuit medica,
and so on. In my book the word medica appears emdica, which
is nonsense. (p. XXvil.)

Since the publication of my book I have learnt that I, and
others, have been wrong in describing Dr. John Stevenson
Bushnan as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He
wrote Vol. XXVII., published in 1840 (not Vol. II.), of the first
edition of Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library. (p. xxviii.)

It was in 1830 that William Thomas Carruthers of Dormont
sent Sir William Jardine a small collection of birds from Madeira.
(p. xxix.)

William Hastings, the taxidermist, is described as being “in
a good way of business from 1860-1885.’’ (p. xxxi.) He, how-
ever, in a paper read to the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural
History and Antiquarian Society on January 6th, 1863, states that
he had then been a preserver of birds for thirty years.

Sir William Jardine’s collection of birds, nine thousand
skins in all, sold by Messrs Puttick & Simpson on June 17th,
1886, realised £358. His collection of British birds, which he
had sold ten years previously to the Edinburgh Museum, com-
prised four hundred and thirty-two specimens. (p. xxxiii.)

14 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

Rev. William Little was a native of Jedburgh. (p. xxxiy.)

Sir John Richardson, the intrepid Arctic explorer, is buried
at Grasmere, Westmoreland. (p. xxxviii.)

We have to add here the name of the late Robert Service,
than whom no one has done more to elucidate the Fauna of the
Solway Area.

SERVICE, RoBert, b. May 23rd, 1854, at Netherplace, near
Mauchline, Ayrshire, came to Maxwelltown at an early age.
Educated at the old Free Kirk School, he in due course
entered his father’s business as a nurseryman. A keen field-
observer, all his spare time was spent in the study of the
fauna and flora of the Solway Area. In 1876 he was the
principal of those who re-organised the Dumfriesshire and
Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, and was
elected Secretary. In 1882 he was offered the appointment
of naturalist to an expedition undertaking the exploration of
Eastern Africa, which, however, he declined for private
reasons. In 1892 and 1895 he gave valuable evidence to the
Royal Commissions appointed respectively to investigate the
vole plague in Scotland, and the salmon fisheries of the Sol-
way. On the death of his father in 1901 the conduct of his
business devolved almost entirely on himself, but in 1903 he
was induced to act as honorary secretary and curator of the
Dumfries and Maxwelltown Museum. His work was more
than one man could overcome, and in 1910 he was stricken
with paralysis ; his recovery was but partial, and he died on
May 8th, 1911. His knowledge of the local fauna and flora
was unsurpassed, and though his observations never took a
more concrete form, upwards of two hundred valuable papers
by him on these subjects are to be found in the scientific
magazines of his day. Personally, I may say that without
his generous assistance my book on The Birds of Dumfries-
shire could never have been written.

I think there should be included a short notice of

STRICKLAND, Mrs (CATHARINE Dorcas MAute, 2nd daughter
of Sir William Jardine, 7th Bart. of Applegarth (g. v. p.
Xxxlil.), b. June 22nd, 1825; m. July 23rd, 1845, Hugh
Edwin Strickland, the celebrated naturalist. Upwards of
forty of the one hundred and one illustrations in her father’s

“Tur Birps OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.’’ 15

Contributions to Ornithology, 1848-1852, were drawn by her ;
as well as several illustrations in her husband’s book, The
Dodo and its Kindred, 1848. While pursuing geological
studies, he was knocked down and killed by an express train
on September 14th, 1853. After his death, she and Sir
William Jardine edited his Ornithological Synonyms, Vol. I.
Accipitres, 1855. She eventually gave her husband’s natural
history collection to Cambridge University in 1867. She d.
s.p. August 6th, 1888.

The next section is the
LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS.

I can offer no excuse for my omission of the name of Mr.
William Evans, F.R.S.E., M.B.O.U., of Edinburgh, who wrote
me several helpful letters during the compilation of my book.
Mr. George Russell, of Dumfries, is another correspondent whose
name I should have included.

Many of my original correspondents have sent me additional
information since my book was published, and I have to thank
the following new correspondents for their assistance :—

Bedford, Her Grace the Duchess of.
Blackwood, G. G., Edinburgh.
Calder, T. M., Auldgirth.

Dickson, Walter S., Moniaive.
Dixie, Sir Beaumont, Bart., Annan.
Goldie-Scot, A., Moniaive.

Greaves, A. R., Tynron.

Home, J. H. Milne, Canonhie.
Robson, George H., Dumfries.
Tweedie, A., Annan.

Wilson, George B., Canonbie.

As regards the
BIBLIOGRAPHY,

it would be tedious to enumerate the various magazines that
have been read so as to keep my book up to date.

A topographical work, published in 1910 by Mr. John Corrie,
entitled Glencairn (Dumfriesshire): The Annals of an Inland

16 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

Parish, contains on pp. 180-185 a list of local birds, and should
be included.

Mr. William Evans, to the omission of whose name from my
list of correspondents I have already alluded, has written many
papers which I gratefully perused. Perhaps the most useful of
these has been “Our Present Knowledge of the Fauna of the
Forth Area.’’! His many contributions to The Annals of
Scottish Natural History have also been of much assistance.

The Catalogue of Dr. Grierson’s Museum, Thornhill, 1894,
is a publication which I should have included.

The Catalogue of the Birds contained in the Collection of
Sir W. Jardine, is dated with a query [? July, 1847]. This
catalogue is of great-rarity. I only know of one copy containing
a title page, and this was given me quite recently by Lady
Hooker, Sir William’s second wife. I have learnt that the cata-
logue was drawn up by Sir William and his secretary, Miss Kent,
just before he died. In fact, the proof sheets were not passed
till a month after his death, and it was never rightly published ;
though two hundred and fifty copies were delivered at Jardine
Hall. These, I believe, were all subsequently destroyed. The
date that I have given [? July, 1847] is therefore clearly wrong,
and should read 1874. (p. lv.)

The references to the various volumes of Jardine’s Natur-
alist’s Library refer to the first edition and to the ornithological
section of that work. (p. lvi.) This observation should, of
course, be remembered throughout the book wherever such refer-
ences occur.

I have been wrong in stating that Sir William Jardine’s
“Note of Rare Birds that have occurred in Dumfriesshire and
Galloway ’’ appeared in the Trans. D. and G. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
ot May 5th, 1868. J should have referred to this as 1871, p. 39.
(r. lvi.)

The correct title of the Kirkcudbright Advertiser is the Kirk-
cudbrightshire Advertiser. (p. lvi.)

It is interesting to know that Alexander Goodman More (p.
Iviii.) was (circa 1861) supplied with a list of birds breeding in
Dumfriesshire by Sir William Jardine.

1 Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., Vol. xvii., pp. 1-64d.

“Ture Brrps OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.”’ 17

The following papers by the late Robert Service should be
added, as containing useful information regarding local birds :—

“Bird Notes,’’ Trans. D. and G. Nat. Hist. Soc., March 20th,
1908.

“ The British Skuas, with special reference to their local occur-
rence,’’ Trans. D. and G. Nat. Hist. Soc., November 6th,
1908.

“Notes on the British Starling,’’ Trans. D. and G. Nat. Hist.
Soc., January 28th, 1910.

“Rare Birds of recent occurrence,’’ Trans. D. and G. Nat.
Hist. Soc., February 19th, 1909.

Robert Service’s paper on “The Waders of Solway ”’
appeared in the Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc., Glasg., 1905-06, Vol.
VIII., pp. 46-60; and not in the Trans. D. and G. Nat. Hist.
iigc.,. (p. Ixi.).

As regards the
PHYSICAL FEATURES AND CLIMATE

I am able to add the meteorological observations taken at
Cargen, Kirkcudbrightshire, for the year 1910.

BAROMETER. THERMOMETER. RAIN.

Ne eee | Wah jose fe Se" Brey) Ow. ae

The rainfall of the year exceeded the mean of the preceding
fifty years by upwards of twelve inches and by over twenty-seven
per cent. In nine months the average rainfall was exceeded,
and it was the wettest August ever recorded at this station.
Fortunately, September and October were exceptionally dry, and
fine harvest weather was followed by a splendid seed time.

18 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

Although corn crops were somewhat light, the year on the whole
was not unfavourable to agriculturists. On thirteen days upwards
of one inch of rain fell in the twenty-four hours, an unprecedented
record. The coldest month of the year was November—mean
temperature nearly six degrees below the fifty years average.

Records for this year (1911) are not yet due; but the
drought and heat of the past summer is not likely to be soon
forgotten, and I believe that such a period has not been experi-
enced since 1826, though as early harvests were carried in 1893
and 1899 in the parish of Langholm.

When writing of our
“PLIGHT -NEGs”

I have quoted (p. Ixxxv.) H. A. Macpherson’s statement,
from p. 466 of his History of Fowling, where he says Irving
“4 Crimean veteran.’’ This, I have since learnt, is
not the case; though Murray may have been engaged in trans-
porting troops to the Black Sea during the war. He had often
been in Constantinople, and knew the eastern Mediterranean well.

Murray was

The section entitled
PROTECTION

is rendered out of date by the Wild Birds Protection (County of
Dumfries) Order, 1911, which is here appended :-—

THE WILD BIRDS PROTECTION (COUNTY OF
DUMFRIES) ORDER, 1911.

Whereas the WILD BIRDS PROTECTION (COUNTY OF
DUMFRIES) ORDER, 1908, will expire on the 28th day of
February, 1911:

And whereas it is expedient to RENEW the said ORDER:

Now, therefore, I, the undersigned, His Majesty’s Secretary
for Scotland, in pursuance of the powers conferred upon me by
the Wild Birds Protection Acts, 1880 to 1908, and upon appli-
cation by the Joint Committee of the County and Burghs of
Dumfries (to whom the administration of the said Acts has been
delegated by the County Council of Dumfries, in terms of Section
76 of the Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1889, do hereby
make the following Order :-—

“THe Birps OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.’’ 19

1. This Order shall apply within the County of Dumfries.

2. The “ Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,’’ shall apply to
the following Wild Birds, as if they had been included in the
Schedule to the said Act, viz.:—

Blackcap.
Bullfinch.
Buzzard.
Crossbill.
Dipper.

Garden Warbler.
Goosander.

Hawfinch.

Jay.
Kestrel.

Merlin.
Osprey.
Peregrine Falcon.

Pied Flycatcher.
Quail.

Raven.
Redstart.
Siskin.

Tufted Duck.

3. The taking or killing of any of the following Wild Birds
is hereby prohibited throughout the whole year, viz. :—

Bittern.

Buzzard.

Chough.

Dotterel.

Eagle, Golden.

Eagle, White-tailed or
Sea Eagle.

Goldfinch.

Grebe, Little.

Grebe, Great-crested.
Grebe, Slavonian.
Kestrel.

Kingfisher.

Kite.

Merlin,

Osprey.

Owl, Barn.

Owl, Long-eared.

Owl, Short-eared.
Owl, Tawny.
Peregrine Falcon.
Sheld Duck.

Shrike.

Siskin.

Titmouse, Long-tailed.

Woodpecker, Great
Spotted.

4. The taking or killing of the Woodcock is hereby pro-
hibited between the first day of February and the first day of

October in each year.

5. The taking or killing of any Wild Bird and the taking
or destroying of the eggs of any Wild Bird are hereby pro-
hibited on all Sundays throughout the whole year.

6. The taking or destroying the eggs of the following Wild
Birds is hereby prohibited, viz. :—

Bittern.
Blackcap.
Bullfinch.
Buzzard.
Chough.
Crossbill.
Dipper.
Dotterel.
Eagle, Golden.
Eagle, White-tailed or
Sea Eagle.

Kestrel.
Kingfisher.

Kite.

Mallard.

Merlin.
Nightjar.
Osprey.

Owl, Barn.

Owl, Long-eared.
Owl, Short-eared.
Owl, Tawny.

Redstart.
Sheld Duck.
Shoveller.
Shrike.
Siskin.
Skylark.
Snipe.

Teal.

Tern, Arctic.
Tern, Common.
Tern, Little.

20 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

Eider Duck. Oyster Catcher. Tern, Sandwich.
Garden Warbler. Peregrine Falcon. Titmouse, Long-tailed.
Goldfinch. Pied Flycatcher. Tufted Duck.

Grebe, Great-crested. Plover, Golden. Wigeon.

Grebe, Little. Plover, Ringed. Woodcock.

Gull, Common. Pochard. Woodpecker, (Great
Hawfinch. Quail. Spotted.

Jay. Raven.

7. The taking or destroying the eggs of the Lapwing is
hereby prohibited after the 15th day of April in each year.

8. This Order, which may be cited as “The Wild Birds
Protection (County of Dumfries) Order, 1911,’’ shall remain in
force until the Twenty-eighth day of February, 1914.

Given under my hand and Seal of Office at Whitehall this
21st day of February, 1911.

Ls) (Signed) PENTLAND,
(us His Majesty’s Secretary for Scotland.

In terms of the Wild Birds Protection Acts, 1880 to 1908, the
Joint Committee of the County of Dumfries and Burghs
hereby give public notice of above Order by the Secretary for
Scotland.

JOHN ROBSON, Clerk of the Committee.
County Buildings,
Dumfries, 23rd Februrary, 1911.

Several birds have, I am glad to say, been added to the
Schedule ; but the most beneficial clause is that prohibiting the
taking of any wild birds or their eggs on all Sundays throughout
the whole year.

I recently heard a

LOCAL MISNOMER

which roused my excitement. I was told the “ Bittern’’ had
nested’ in 1911 near Closeburn, but investigations revealed the
fact that this was but another name for the Common Snipe.

The table showing the
NUMBER OF SPECIES

known to have occurred locally, requires a little alteration :—

“Tur Birps OF DUMFRIESSHIRE ”’ 21

Those “fof doubtful occurrence] ’’ should be [80] instead
of “[29],’’ since on farther consideration I doubt whether the
‘Red-Backed Shrike should be included otherwise than such.
This change alters the number of “ occasional Visitors ’’ to 29,
but the occurrence recently of the Ibis replaces these former
figures. ‘The total therefore remains 218, to which must be
added [40], not “[39] [Introduced Species]’’ and those “ [of
doubtful occurrence].’’ (p. xcvii.)

The following notes refer to

THE BIRDS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

THE MISTLE-THRUSH. A nest of this species was found
(1910) so early as March 20th near Thornhill (Morton).

THE BLACKBIRD. A white variety was seen at Closeburn in
1911 for the fourth year in succession. I saw a bird of the year
this spring at Capenoch (Keir), which, though white with pale
coloured legs and beak, had normally coloured eyes.

THE RING-OUZEL. This species first made its appearance
locally in 1910, on April 10th ; a somewhat early date.

[THE BLACK REDSTART. My correspondent, Mr. William
Evans, has in his possession the nest and white eggs of the
Yellow Bunting found by Mr. R. Service at Duncow, near
Dumfries, on June 16th, 1886, which helped to disprove the
previous allegation that the Black Redstart had nested in that
neighbourhood.] (p. 14.)

[THE NIGHTINGALE. It is interesting to note that the first
specimen recorded in Scotland was obtained on the Isle of May
on May 9th, 1911.2]

THE WOOD-WREN. Mr. J. A. Harvie-Brown, in his Fauna of
the North-West Highlands and Skye, points out that Yarrell
stated in 1843 and 1845, that “not one record exists ’’ of this
species in Scotland. As it was regarded as a Scottish bird
both by MacGillivray and Sir William Jardine, it is indeed
difficult to say why Yarrell should have disregarded these com-
petent ornithologists. At any rate I am prepared to abide by

2 Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist., 1911, p. 132.

22 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

their decision as to its presence here in the early part of the
nineteenth century.

An albino Wood-Wren was caught at the end of July, 1910, near
Drumlanrig (Durisdeer).

[THE REED WARBLER. This species has now occurred more
than once in Scotland ; but only on migration.] (p. 30.)

THE GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER was heard and seen in the
Cairn valley on several occasions last spring.

THE BRITISH DIPPER nested in its accustomed haunt on
Capel Burn in 1909, 1910, and 1911, so that this nesting-site
has now been resorted to annually for one hundred and twenty-
six years by a pair of Dippers. (p. 36.)

THE BRITISH MARSH-TITMOUSE. It now seems probable
that my records under this head should apply to the BRITISH
WILLOW-TITMOUSE (Parus atricapillus Kleinschmidtz).
The only specimen that I have actually examined in the flesh

was shot near Clonrae (Tynron) on July 20th, 1911. It was .

sent to Mr. H. F. Witherby, who identified it as a juvenile
British Willow-Titmouse. This species differs from the
British Marsh-Titmouse in having a brownish-black, not glossy
blue-black, head ; a more graduated tail, and brown edgings to
the secondaries. (pp. 40-42.)

THE GREAT GREY SHRIKE. One was obtained near
Dumfries in the winter of 1907. One was seen in Canonbie
parish not far from Scotch Dyke, on February 24th and
March Ist, 1911, as I am informed by Mr. George B. Wilson.

[THE RED-BACKED SHRIKE. This species would perhaps
have been better placed within square brackets. It has not
“been known to breed occasionally in south-east Scotland,’’
though it has beén supposed to have done so.] (pp. 56-57.)

THE WAXWING. The specimen found in a cupboard at
Capenoch (Keir) has been ascertained to have been sent home
from Russia in 1854. (p. 58).

THE SPOTTED FLYCATCHER. J have / recenthjseemms
letter from Sir William Jardine to an English correspondent,

“THe Birps OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.’’ we

dated 1840, in which he refers to the comparative rarity of
this species in Scotland at that date. (p. 58).

THE SWALLOW. The first Swallows were seen locally in 1911
on April 19th, near Capenoch (Keir). On October 28th, 1911,
six or seven Swallows were observed skimming about the surface
of the water on the Annan close to the Town.°

THE MARTIN. A white Martin is recorded as hatched near
Ecclefechan (Hoddom) in the spring of 1911.4

THE BRITISH GOLDFINCH. I am certain that this species
is on the increase throughout the county.

THE HOUSE SPARROW. A cream-coloured individual was
reported to me by Mr. J. Corrie as seen near Moniaive (Glen-
’ cairn) in June, 1911.

THE CHAFFINCH. A “Shelfie wholly white with the excep-
tion of a small brown bar across one of the wings’’ was
recorded as frequenting Cleughbrae Mill farm, near Eccle-
fechan, (Hoddom) during the winter of 1910-1911.5 It mated
the following spring, but none of its progeny were white.

THE COMMON CROSSBILL. A small flock was seen at
Craigdarroch (Glencairn) on November 9th, 1911.

THE TWO-BARRED CROSSBILL. A record of the occur-
rence of this species in 1882 near Rothiemurchus, Inverness-
shire,® would (if good?) make the Dumfriesshire record the
third, and not the second, of its occurrence in Scotland.
(p. 99.)

THE YELLOW BUNTING. In explanation of the rhymes
current locally as regards the connection of this species with
his Satanic majesty, “Chambers says that this bird (called
Devil’s bird in the North of Scotland) is the subject of an
unaccountable superstition on the part of the peasantry, who

3 Dumfries Courier and Herald, Nov. 8th, 1911.
4 Dumfries Courier and Herald, Sept. 9th, 1911.
5 Op. ci., Feb. 11th, 1911.

6 British Birds (Mag.), Vol. v., pp. 24, 28.

24 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

believe that it drinks a drop, some say three drops, of the
devil’s blood each May morning, some say each Monday
morning.’’?

The white eggs of the Yellow Bunting with the nest found in
1886 are now in the possession of Mr. William Evans. (pp.
101-102.)

THE STARLING. A white specimen, a male, with pale yellow
beak, pink legs and feet, but normally coloured eyes, was shot
at Kirkland (Tynron) on June 10th, 1911. In 1911 Starlings
proved a great pest at the Crichton Royal Institution, Dum-
fries. They nested in the ventilators of the houses, and it was
estimated that fully a half of these, or some one hundred and
eighty, were thus utilised. The noise of the parent birds when
feeding their young greatly annoyed the patients, and the mess
they made was so disgusting that it was thought necessary by
the Board of Directors to put up copper-wire screens at a total
cost of £12 to £15, in front of each of the three hundred and
sixty ventilators, to prevent the birds from repeating the
nuisance the following spring.

THE BRITISH JAY. I have several records of this species
nesting in 1910 and 1911 in the littoral parishes.

THE JACKDAW. Mr. George H. Robson informs me that he
shot a pied Jackdaw in 1904 near Dumfries, and he kindly
sent me one obtained on October 22nd, 1910, which had five
white primaries in each wing. (p. 117.)

THE RAVEN. This species nested in several of its old haunts
last spring.

THE HOODED CROW. One, a female, which I shot at
Auchenhessnane (Tynron) on December 8th, 1910, was the first
that had been seen in that parish.

THE ROOK. An albino, a bird of the year, was shot near
Lockerbie House (Dryfesdale) on May 15th, 1911.
It was estimated in 1827, that the damage done by Rooks

7 Prov. Names Brit. Birds, 1885, pp. 70, 71.

“Tyr Birps OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.”’ 25

to seed-wheat in Kirkmahoe parish amounted to £350 annually,
besides injury to the potato crops.

A rookery of about twenty nests existed close to Capenoch
House (Keir) in 1847.

Recently when going through a quantity of letters to Sir
William Jardine I came across several references to this species.
The following are perhaps the most interesting :—

The damage done by Rooks to crops is referred to in an Act
ot Parliament of James I. of Scotland (May, 1424).

A list of rookeries in the following parishes was drawn up
in 1844 :—

Dalton Hook, Halldykes, Oldwalls, Corrielaw, Drysdale (s7c).
Balgray,* Jardine Hall,* Dinwoodie (Applegarth).

Shaw* (Hutton).

Raehills (Johnstone).

Park Woods (Kirkpatrick).

Leitherhall, Miln,* Gerthland* (Wamphray).

Craigieburn®* (Moffat).

Those marked * were in existence in 1908; and possibly
others now to be seen were known by other names in 1844.

On March 22nd, 1844, the members of the Lockerby (sic)
Farmers’ Club, on account of “the great amount of damage done
annually to Turnips and other Crops by Rooks and Wood-
pigeons ’’ requested proprietors in the district to reduce” the
number of the former as far as practicable, and “to kill Wood-
pigeons wherever they are to be found.”’

In 1858 the following rookeries are mentioned :—Amisfield,
partly cut down; Raehills, destroyed by hurricane of 1857;
Woodcockair, partially destroyed by the same cause ; Halleaths,
partially destroyed by some of the trees being cut down.

Throughout his life Sir William Jardine seems to have been
in favour of checking, but not of exterminating, the Rook.

The rookery at Jardine Hall (Applegarth) (p. 130) is known
to have been in existence in 1844; and about 1870, people used to
come there from Liverpool and other parts of Lancashire for the
rook-shooting in spring.

The following is the list of Rooks killed in Dumfriesshire
in 1911, under the auspices of the Scottish Gamekeepers’ Associa-
tion :—

26 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

Estate. No. of birds killed.
Auchencastle ... at itt a 72
Balgray, etc. ..- site as ‘Ge See
Burnfoot Ae om, i Ae oee ar OOO
Castlemilk ae — Sos sve ene
Comlongon - a Se ale SRO
Dinwoodie eae an oe ac AO
Dumcrieff wee At fee 22 00
Gillesbie abe es nee ea 2220
Halleaths — Re Bs ee AGG
Hoddom et ae ae Rom. tol
Jardine se ae: ae ai, C208 :
Kinmount au ake oe joa keke)
Kirkwood an ae oa ile 00
Mount Annan ... Sei Sie eet (All
Murraythwaite ... fe , realy ee
Raehills me as ee seas MOS
Wamphray ae oes Ste iat | OU

Gta eeee Bog ads AS

THE SWIFT. A bird of this species was seen on August 13th,
1911, at Capenoch (Keir). Those, however, that were bred~
under the roof of that house left apparently some three days
earlier.

THE BRITISH GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER. This
species, which is certainly increasing locally, I have heard
called the Black and White Spotted Woodpecker and the
Black and White Woodpecker. Individuals were seen in the
autumn and winter of 1910 at Carnsalloch (Kirkmahoe) and
Auchengibbert Wood (Tynron). In the spring of 1911, I
received reports of birds being seen near Closeburn Hall
(Closeburn), Denbie (Dalton), Raehills (Johnstone), Capenoch
(Keir), and Auchengibbert Wood (Tynron). At the latter place
they nested in the same decaying tree as in 1910. (p. 160.)

THE ROLLER has occurred on three occasions in the county,
not twice (p. 165). Firstly, prior to 1839. Secondly, near
Bankhead (Tinwald), October, 1864. Thirdly, near Auchen-
brac (Tynron), June 23rd, 1910. The contents of the stomach of

“Tuer BirDS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.’’ Ar

this latter specimen were identified for me by the late Robert
Service as follows:—‘“(1) Nine specimens of the Dipteron,
Anthemyia pluvialis (?), or a nearly allied species. (2) A
quantity of Beetle remains, all of them being Geadephagous, and
not less than sixteen individuals. (3) One ant, Formica curri-
cularia. (4) One (head only) of the beetle Carabus nemoralis.
(5) One specimen of Broscus cephalotes. (6) One specimen of
Aphodius rufescens. (7) Numerous vegetable fibres. All of
these could have been picked up in some woodland path at
the time of year the bird was shot.”

THE CUCKOO. Although reported as “heard at Glenmaid
(Kirkmahoe) on Friday, March 31st, 1911,8 I very much

"suspect some mistake here. Personally, I did not see this
spring migrant locally till April 30th.

THE BARN OWL. I understand that this species is not con-
sidered uncommon near Denbie (Dalton). In August, 1911,
an owl (of what species is not recorded) is stated to have flown
against and smashed the thick glass look-out window of the cab
of a locomotive engine, which was travelling at express speed
between Kilmarnock and Carlisle.9

THE COMMON BUZZARD. One was seen at close quarters
near Capenoch (Keir) on November 5th, 1910. I saw another
near Chanlock (Penpont) on Nov. 8th, 1911.

THE PEREGRINE FALCON nested in several of its accus-
tomed haunts in the spring of 1911; and I knew of an eyrie in
a new locality this year. The two eggs were, however, taken
after they had been laid three weeks.

THE MERLIN. In 19101 knew of a case where the female of
a pair of breeding birds was shot from its nest on the ground.
The survivor found a mate, and the old nest of a Carrion-Crow
was utilised for the second matrimonial venture. In 1911 a
pair of Merlins bred in the old nest of a Carrion-Crow in a Scots
fir, some thirty or forty feet from the ground, near Kilmark
(Tynron). The fact that this species does not uncommonly

8 Dumfries Courier and Herald, April 5th, 1911.
9 Thornhill News, August 14th, 1911.

28 - ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

breed locally in trees in disused nests of other species has
already been recorded. (pp. 216, 217.)

THE COMMON HERON. There was a heronry at Jardine
Hall (Applegarth) in 1870, but not a large one. (p. 228.)
’ The number of nests at Dalswinton (Kirkmahoe) was only
three in 1910 and in 1911.

THE GLOSSY IBIS, Plegadis falcinellus (Linneus). On July
26th, 1911, a man employed to scare Rooks at Crurie (Eskdale-
muir) shot an [bis from a flock of four. 1t was seen in the flesh
by Mr. A. Hay Borthwick, who had Often seen the species in
Egypt, and who at once informed me of the occurrence.

The Ibis is but an irregular visitor north of the Alpine
range of Central Europe, and only some sixteen records of its
visiting Scotland have hitherto been recorded.

[THE SPOONBILL. Mr. John Harkness has informed me that
about 1865 a bird believed to have been a Spoonbill, and
identified as such by Irving Murray who had become familiar
with the species while employed in the Eastern Mediterranean,
was shot at Priestside (Cummertrees). ]

THE BARNACLE-GOOSE. One was shot on January Ist,
1895, near Shieldhill (Tinwald), some twelve miles from the
sea.

THE BRENT GOOSE. One was seen on the river Scaur, near
Capenoch (Keir), some eighteen miles from the sea, on
October 5th, 1910.

THE WHOOPER SWAN. A flock of twenty-three Swans, be-
lieved by my informant Mr A. Goldie-Scot, to have been of this
species, were seen on Loch Urr (Glencairn) on November 9th,
1911.

The ominous appearance of “The White Swan’’ on the
loch at Closeburn, within twenty-four hours of which it is
alleged that the heir of Sir Thomas Kirkpatrick (second
Baronet of Closeburn) died, may be hazarded as 1686.
(p. 258.)

“Tue BirDS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.’’ 29

THE MALLARD. The best night’s “flighting ” that I have
heard of being obtained locally, was got near Shieldhill (Tin-
wald) in the winter of 1894-1895, when forty-six mallard were
obtained in one evening.

THE PINTAIL. In February, 1911, I saw a lot of upwards of
a hundred in the estuary of the Nith, opposite Carsethorn,
Kirkcudbrightshire. I was informed that they are seen there
in increasing numbers annually.

THE AMERICAN BLUE-WINGED TEAL. The specimen
now in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, and which is
recognised as the bird obtained locally in 1858, is not a male
(p. 276) as has been generally accepted, but a female. The
illustration in my book is sufficient evidence of this, and Mr.
Eagle Clarke has also carefully examined the bird at my
request.

THE WIGEON. It is interesting to note that Sir William
Jardine, when on a tour in Sutherlandshire in the summer of
1834, was the first to ascertain that this species nested in Great
Britain.

The Wigeon has been found nesting in Roxburghshire
within five miles of Dumfriesshire, so that records of its breed-
ing locally may be expected any spring.

A female was shot out of a flock of seven or eight at Craw-
fordton Loch (Glencairn) on October 13th, 1910.

THE GOLDENEYE. Males of this species in full plumage are
comparatively so rarely seen, that it is worthy of record that I
flushed one off a small loch near Capenoch (Keir) on Novem-

ber 5th, 1910; another was seen on the same loch on
November 14th, 1911.

THE RING-DOVE. On March 22nd, 1844, the members of
the Lockerby (sic) Farmers’ Club urged the local proprietors
“to kill Woodpigeons wherever they are to be found, on account
of the great amount of damage done annually by them to
Turnips and other Crops.’’

In October and November, 1910, this species was locally
more than usually numerous. On different occasions I counted

30 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

from the dining-room window at Capenoch (Keir) one hundred,
ninety-two, seventy-seven, and seventy-two feeding beneath the
oak trees. On October 31st I shot forty-four under the same
trees with the aid of decoys.

THE TURTLE-DOVE. One of a pair was shot by J. Anderson
at Horseclose Wood (Ruthwell) on May 24th, 1909. An im-
mature female was shot near Rockhall (Mouswald) by Mr
Jardine Paterson in October, 1910.

THE CAPERCAILLIE. A report that a bird of this species

was seen near Comlongon (Ruthwell) in October, 1911, is not... :

confirmed.

THE BLACK GROUSE. In the autumn of 1843 some living
Blackgame were sent under the charge of John Shaw, head
gamekeeper at Drumlanrig, to Prince Albert for turning down
on Bagshot heath.

The season of 1910 proved an exceptionally good one.
Ninety-five Blackgame were killed at Langholm on October
11th; and one hundred and fourteen at Auchenbrac (Tynron)
on October 25th, 1910.

The curious variety of a Greyhen, which I have recorded
as shot “ by Sir Sydney Beckwith on the moors above Beattock
Bridge in Annandale,’’ was obtained on August 21st, 1828.
(p. 324.)

THE RED GROUSE. The shooting season of 1910 was an ex-
cellent one in some parts of the county. At Langholm, where
the moors are particularly well studied from a sporting point of
view, the remarkable total of over ten thousand Grouse, shot
between August 12th and October 5th, was obtained. The best
day’s bag was one thousand one hundred and ninety, killed off
Middlemoss (Ewes). The year 1911 proved even better on the
Langholm moors, where upwards of twenty thousand five hun-
dred Grouse were shot before the end of October. Some of
these moors extend into Roxburghshire, and the bag of two
thousand five hundred and twenty-three, killed by eight guns at
Roanfell on August 30th, cannot be claimed as a Dumfriesshire
record. On Middlemoss (Ewes) one thousand three hundred
and thirteen were shot on September 4th, 1911, beating the

“THe Birps OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.”’ Bull

record of the previous year by one hundred and twenty-three
birds.

The eagerly awaited Final Report of the Committee of
Inquiry on Grouse Disease was published in August, 1911, and
is far too valuable a publication to pass by unnoticed. It would
be impossible here to attempt to show how exhaustively this
monograph has been compiled. “Grouse disease ’’ has been
found to be due to the ravages of a threadworm, T'richo-
strongylus pergracilis, wach infests the ceca. It is obviously
difficult to cope with diseases of wild birds, but it is demon-
strated clearly how ‘mportant it is to keep moors in good con-
dition by considerate and systematic burning; and also, how
dangerous it is to attempt to keep more Grouse on a moor than
the ground will carry in early spring, at which period the food
supply is likely to be at its lowest. The variety of plumage in
the Red Grouse is dealt with fully in the Committee’s Report.
In Dumfriesshire the males would appear to be for the most
part of the red form, though the white-spotted form is occa-
sionally met with. Of the females, the commonest form is
the buff-spotted, though the red form is at times found.

THE PHEASANT. In Scotland the pheasant does not appear
to have been preserved at a very early period. Robert Gray
writes :—‘ The first mention of the Pheasant in old Scotch Acts
is in one dated 8th June, 1594, in which year a keen sportsman
occupied the Scottish throne.’’20 Sir William Jardine con-
sidered that “ upon the Scottish berder and high Cheviot range
they must have been early abundant; for in the old ballad of
the field of Otterburn we have :—

“The roo full rekeles there sche rinnes,
To make the game and glee ;
The Fawken and the Fesaunzt both,
Among the haltes on hee.’’4!

The battle of Otterburn was fought on August 19th, 1388, and
the ballad may be regarded as belonging to the fifteenth century.
We have, however, no definite evidence of the existence of the
Pheasant in Dumfriesshire till a much later date. There can be

10 Birds of West Scotland, 1871, p. 226.
11 Nat. Lib., Vol. IV. (Ornith.), 1834, pp. 191, 192.

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

no doubt that the species of recent years has been turned down
in increasing numbers, and that it has thriven exceedingly.
Personally, I am inclined to think that this increase has had
something to do with the general decrease of Blackgame and
Partridges locally. I have lately often been shocked to see
Pheasants on ground which should belong exclusively to Red
Grouse. I flushed a cock and hen Pheasant near Langshaw-
burn (Eskdalemuir) in the spring of 1911 ; and have seen others
at Loch Ettrick (Closeburn), Loch Urr (Glencairn), Shinnel-
head (Tynron), and Polgowan (Penpont). What were these
birds doing there? and if this species is going to take to the
moors will it not be detrimental to the Red Grouse? These are
questions I cannot answer authoritatively; but I know what I
think, and I strongly believe that Pheasants should be kept
strictly in their place, and not allowed to compete for existence
with our indigenous species.

Females assuming the plumage of the male occur far more
often than is generally supposed. In the autumn and winter of
1910, I obtained specimens from Capenoch (Keir) and Auchen-
hessnane (Tynron).

Pheasants are well known to stray widely from where they
are reared. Birds which were hand-reared and ringed at Cape-
noch were shot three and four miles from where they were
turned down.

On December 3rd, 1910, I shot and winged a hen Phea-
sant, which took refuge in a rabbit hole. It was necessary to
dig down three feet before recovering it.

THE QUAIL. Sir Emilius Laurie of Maxwelton tells me that

it was about 1870, and not in 1838, that he shot a Quail on
Braco farm (Keir). (p. 345.)

A pair are said to have been seen near ‘Braehead (Torthor-
wald) in July, 1910; but I was not able personally to verify this
report.

THE LAND-RAIL. Two nests with eggs were found in 1910

on August 8th and 9th, in a hayfield, near Beattock (Kirk-
patrick-Juxta).12

72 Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1911, p. 145.

“THe Birps OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.”’ 33

THE SPOTTED CRAKE. One, which had killed itself by
flying against the telegraph wires, was picked up in Holywood
village on August 24th, 1910.

THE WATER-RAIL. I saw a bird of this species near Byre-
holm (Keir) on February 4th, 1911.

THE LAPWING. The flock of “at least 50,000 birds ’’ seen
“near Maxwelltown’’ in 1900, were on the farm of Garrol,
Kirkcudbrightshire. (p. 371.)

On August Ist, 1911, I shot a Lapwing at Capenoch
(Keir), whose feet had become entangled in sheeps’ wool.
One foot had been completely worn off, and the other was
pitifully distorted and swollen. The bird was in an emaciated
condition.

On August 8th, 1911, I found a young Lapwing which had
not yet gained its power of flight, and which must therefore
have been hatched at an unusually late date.

THE OYSTER-CATCHER. I saw a pair of these birds at
Loch Urr (Glencairn) on May 22nd, 1911. I could find no
nest, but quite possibly this had been destroyed along with
many of the more accessible nests of the Black-headed Gulls.

An Oyster-catcher was seen at Auchanstroan (Glencairn)
early in September, 1911.

THE WOODCOCK. A Woodcock with white primaries was
shot in Capenoch Big Wood (Keir) about 1880.

A light lavender-coloured Woodcock was shot near San-
quhar on December 3rd, 1910, and is now in my collection,
thanks to the generosity of Mr. A. R. Greaves.

The winter of 1910 proved a good season; and I heard of
thirty-three Woodcocks being killed in one day at Langholm in
November; twenty-eight in the same month at Springkell
(Kirkpatrick-Fleming) ; and twenty-two near Drumianrig on
November 29th, 1910.

The following spring more Woodcock than usual nested
locally, and over fifty birds were picked up and _ ringed
“B.Q.”’ near Langholm. I was informed of a nest with four

34 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

eggs so late as June 29th, 1911, at Craigmuie, Kirkcudbright-
shire.

THE COMMON SNIPE. It has recently come to my know-
ledge that in some parts of the county this species in spring is
known as “ the Bittern.’’

Before 1870, bags of from thirty to forty couple of Snipe
were not infrequently obtained on Lochar Moss; and I have
been told that sixty-one couple were shot there by three guns
one autumn day in 1868 or 1869.

Mr. Cecil Laurie and I shot thirteen and a half couple on
Braco farm (Keir) on August 8th, 1910.

A Snipe ringed “1908 H.’’ was shot at Springkell (Kirk-
patrick-Fleming) in October, 1910; but it has not yet been
ascertained where this bird came from.

THE DUNLIN. In the spring of 1911 I saw several of these
birds, obviously on their breeding grounds, near Loch Urr
(Glencairn), and also near Langshawburn (Eskdalemuir).

THE RUFF. One was shot near Glencaple (Caerlaverock) in
September, 1911. This species has recently been described
as “ getting quite common ”’ in that district: but the statement
that a pair nested there in 1910 and 1911 is so unexpected as
to need farther evidence.

THE COMMON SANDPIPER. I have never seen this species
inland locally as late as in 1910; when, on August 18th, I shot
one on the river Scaur near Capenoch (Keir).

THE GREEN SANDPIPER. A pair of these birds were seen
at Morton Loch (Morton) on August 8th, 1911, by my friend
Mr. Henry Birkbeck who is intimately acquainted with this
species in Norfolk.

THE REDSHANK. I saw a pair near Waterside (Keir) on
March 15th, 1911, which is an early date for their appearance
so far inland. I am informed by Mr. J. Bartholomew, that
Redshanks nested for the first time on Kinnelhead farm

13 Dumfries Courier and Herald, Oct. 4th, 1911.

“THe Birps OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.”’ 35

(altitude, about 1,200 feet), in Kirkpatrick-Juxta parish, in
1911. I saw one near Langshawburn farm (Eskdalemuir) on
May 24th, 1911.

THE COMMON CURLEW. It is hardly correct to say that
“the curious rippling crescendo note of the Curlew in spring
is reserved for those who know the bird at its breeding-haunt,”’
(p. 417), for I have heard this note when on the Solway mud-
flats in spring. Doubtless, however, it is best known to those
who are familiar with the bird at its breeding-haunt among the
hills.

es > The white Curlew, which has been known to visit the head

of Shinnel water annually in spring since 1904 (p. 419), was

seen there again in 1911.

Curlews were first seen in 1911, at their inland breeding-
haunts in Keir on 20th, and in Tynron parish on 25th February.

On June 12th, 1911, I spent an amusing half-hour watch-
ing a pair of Curlews buffeting an old blackfaced ewe, which
was taking much too close an interest, as they thought, in
their progeny.

THE WHIMBREL is not known to nest in the Outer Hebrides,
as I have stated. (p. 421.)

THE COMMON TERN. On August 4th, 1910, three Terns
flew over my head while near Low Lann (Tynron). I was
unable to ascertain to which species they belonged, but the
appearance of any Tern twenty miles inland and far from any
known breeding place during fine summer weather, is remark-

able.

THE BLACK-HEADED GULL. Langshawburn Loch (Esk-
dalemuir), where there was a “ gullery ’’ of some two hundred
nests in 1908, should be named Moodlaw Loch. (p. 432.)

In the spring of 1911 I counted about one thousand nests
at Loch Urr (Glencairn), and about eight hundred at the Dhu
Loch (Penpont).

The following Black-headed Gulls ringed locally, under
the auspices of the Editor of the British Birds Magazine, have
been recovered as under :—

ADDENDA

AND CORRIGENDA.

THE COMMON GULL. As regards a complaint in 1852 of
the damage done to the turnip crops in Berwickshire by this
species, Sir William Jardine wrote :—‘“In our own district, at
a distance in a direct line of about twelve miles from the sea,
the Common Gull, since we can remember, during winter and
spring, daily wends its way inland considerably farther than
our locality, and as regularly may be seen returning toward
evening in its wedge-formed groups. These during the fore-
noon frequent the fallows, and often follow the plough; but
their chief resort is the pasture land, and their chief, almost
only food is worms or snails, etc. We have never heard of

or suspected their attacking turnips or other vegetable pro-
duce.4

THE POMATORHINE SKUA. ‘The two specimens “ obtained

in Gretna parish in 1892’ (p. 444) are now in Tullie House
Museum, Carlisle.15

THE BLACK GUILLEMOT. Mry statement that this species
nests in “ precipitous cliffs ’’ (p. 452) is misleading. It nests
in some places on low rocky islands, but is not known to breed
within the limits of Dumfriesshire.

14 Contributions to Ornithology, 1852, p. 40.
15 Trans. D. and G. Nat. Hist. Soc., Nov. 6th, 1908.

“Tuer Birps OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.’’ 37

THE GREAT CRESTED GREBE. Several pairs nested in
the Lochmaben Lochs in 1911; and I had the pleasure of seeing
one there on the Castle Loch on June 6th.

THE RED-NECKED GREBE. The Catalogue of the Birds
contained in the collection of Sir William Jardine was printed
in 1874, not 1847, as indicated. (p. 461.)

THE SLAVONIAN GREBE attempted to breed in Inverness-
shire in 1908 and 1909, not in “ Argyllshire ’’ as I have stated
(p. 463), and would probably have done so had not the birds
been persecuted.16

LEACH’S FORK-TAILED PETREL. The specimen recorded
as picked up “by Mr. John Jardine’’ (p. 469), was found by
him on November 16th, 1830, about three miles north of
Jardine Hall (Applegarth) “ after one of the most violent storms
of thunder, wind, and rain that had for many years visited
Dumtfriesshire.!”

A Leach’s Fork-tailed Petrel was found on the road
between Cummertrees and Annan on November 15th, 1911,
having killed itself by flying against the telegraph wires.

As regards

THE INDEX,

the following local names should be added :—
Bittern for the Common Snipe (p. 389).
Brown Hawk for the Kestrel (p. 217).
Glead or Gled, formerly, for the Kite (p. 209).
Woodpecker, Black and White, and Woodpecker, Black and
White Spotted, for the Woodpecker, British Great
Spotted (p. 157).

Finally, it may be pointed out that in
THE MAP

the darker of the two shades of blue, used to denote the sea,
indicates the water below low-water mark.

16 Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1910, p. 211.
17 Edinburgh Journal of Nat. and Geog. Science, 1830, Vol.
TIl., p. 46.

38 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

In conclusion, I wish to state that I propose to make known
any farther Addenda and Corrigenda, which may occur from time
to time, to my Book on The Birds of Dumfriesshire, through the
medium of the Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway
Natural History and Antiquarian Society.

2nd November, 1911.

Chairman—Mr JosEPH SWAN.

Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910. A RECORD OF
PROGRESS AND DEVELOPMENT. By Mr JoHN M. Corrie.

PREFACE.

In sketching the general history of the Post Office (Section I.)
free use has been made of the well-known works by Joyce and
by Hyde. The subsequent chapters embody the results of per-
sonal research among Public Records, original documents, and
other authentic sources.

To G. W. Shirley, Esq., Librarian of the Ewart Public
Library, Dumfries, the writer is indebted for extracts, letters, and
documents from the Burgh Records of Dumfries, for some early
postmarks, and for seeing the work through the press. Grateful
acknowledgments are tendered to Sir E. P. W. Redford, C.B.,
Secretary to the Post Office in Scotland, for arranging for per-
mission to reproduce the postmarks ; to the Town Clerk and Town
Council of Dumfries for kind permission to examine and to take
extracts from the Burgh Records; to the Proprietors and Editor
of the “ Dumfries and Galloway Courier and Herald ”’ for afford-
ing opportunities of consulting the files of their paper and for the
use of a block; and to Major Threshie of Barnbarroch, Dal-
beattie, for permission to reproduce the valuable and interesting
portrait of Robert Threshie.

His acknowledgments are likewise due to J. W. Gulland,
Esq., M.P.; C. S. Chapman, Esq., late Postmaster of Dumfries ;
W. Carmichael, Esq., Postmaster of Dumfries; R. C. Reid,
Esq., Mouswald; W. M‘Math, Esq., F.S.A.Scot., Edinburgh ;
John Kirk, Esq., Poolhouses, Lockerbie ; James Davidson, Esq.,
F.C.S.;° S.--Amiott, . Bsq., FOR. EUSs" AP @aldwell=eane.

POST OFFICE, BUCCLEUCH STREET, DUMFRIES, OPENED 1889,

THE Dumrriés Post OFFice, 1642-1910. 39

Ak .C.O.; W. UL. Blackie, Esq.; W. Allan, Esq.; J. G. Drum-
mond, Esq. ; and J. Thomson, Esq., Hole i’ th’ Wa’ Inn, Dum-
fries, for assistance in various ways.

In the preparation of these pages the writer has found a
pleasant relaxation from the severer duties of a subordinate
position in the postal service. If the work should prove of
interest to his former colleagues in the Dumfries Office and help,
even in a small measure, towards a complete history of the Post
Office in Scotland, his labours will not have been in vain.

I.—INTRODUCTORY AND GENERAL HIsToORY.

Like all institutions whose origin dates back to early times,

the first establishment of a postal system is somewhat obscure.

What may be regarded as the initial step in the postal develop-
ment of our country is recorded during the reign of Edward II.,
when we learn that private individuals kept horses for hire so that
a messenger might travel “ post,’’ 7.e., by relays.

It is not, however, clear that at this early date the post was
established as a public institution. In all probability it would be
used as occasion might demand and as soon as the requirements
of the moment had been satisfied the system would be allowed to
fall into disuse.

Again, in the reign of Edward IV., it is recorded that when at
war with Scotland in 1481 he established a system of posts of 20
miles distance, so that he might receive early news of the progress
of his army, and in 1482 Parliamentary sanction was obtained for
the establishment of a public post to be paid out of the Treasury.°®

These posts were controlled from the King’s Household, and
an officer, known as the Master of the Posts, was appointed to
direct them.

In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, about the year 1543, some
kind of regular system of posts was adopted, but it would appear
to have met with only a varying amount of success, as we find that
although letters were conveyed from London to Edinburgh in
four days (a rate of transportation exceedingly rapid for the
period) the arrangement was abandoned after a very short time.

0. Proceedings of Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Vol. I.,
p. 278.

1. The Post Office: An Historical Summary. Published by
order of the Postmaster-General, 1911.

40 THE DumrriEs Post OFFice, 1642-1910.

That the idea of a postal system was not altogether lost sight
of, however, is abundantly evidenced by the fact that a patent
granted by Queen Elizabeth in 1590 to John Stanhope as Master
of the Posts was surrendered to James I. in 1607, and, with a
view, no doubt, of securing the succession to Stanhope’s son, a
new patent was granted to Stanhope, now Lord Stanhope of
Harrington, and to Charles his son and heir-apparent.

The appointment was as “ Master of the Messengers and
Runners commonly called the King’s Post as well within the
kingdom as in parts beyond the seas, within the King’s
dominions.’’

Although not specially empowered by his patent to send or
work posts in foreign parts, out of the King’s dominions, it
appears to have been Stanhope’s practice to do so, no doubt, with
considerable profit to himself.

The King, James I., ever quick to detect a means of raising
money, took advantage of this opening in Stanhope’s patent, and,
by the recital of a patent bearing date the 30th April, 1631, we
learn that “the King appointed that there should be an office or
place called Postmaster of England for Foreign Parts, being out
of the King’s dominions ; that the office should be a sole office by
itself and not member or part of any other office or place of
Postmaster whatsoever; and that there should be one sufficient
person or persons, to be by the King from time to time nominated
and appointed, who should be called the Postmaster or Post-
masters of England for Foreign Parts, being out of the King’s
dominions, and, for the considerations therein mentioned, the King
appointed Matthew De Quester, and Matthew De Quester, his son,
to the said office ; to hold to them the said Matthew De Quester,
the father, and Matthew De Quester, the son, as well by them-
selves or either of them as by their or either of their sufficient
deputy or deputies, during the natural lives of Matthew De
Quester, the father, and Matthew De Quester, the son, the said
office of Postmaster of England for Foreign Parts, being out of the
King’s dominions, for their natural lives and the life of the
survivor, etc.”’

Thus until the year 1632 there were two distinct Masters of
the Posts. Stanhope filled the one office and the De Questers the
other.

On the death of the younger De Quester, and the elder De

Tue Dumrries Post Orfrice, 1642-1910. 41

Quester “being stricken in age,’’ the office of Postmaster of
England for Foreign parts was, by the recital of a patent dated
15th March, 1632, made to devolve upon Wm. Frizell and
Thomas Witherings as deputies of the elder De Quester.

Nothing of note is afterwards heard regarding William
Frizell, but Thomas Witherings soon proved himself a man of
marked ability, keen in business, and shrewd in organisation.

The success that attended these foreign posts under his able
and energetic management would seem to have awakened a desire
for a regular and more efficient service by the inland posts, for we
find Thomas Witherings appointed to manage a system of public
posts to be grafted under the chain of deputy postmasters already
existing upon the roads and under the direction of Stanhope.

By this appointment a third control of the Posts was intro-
duced, and it is not, therefore, a surprise to find that such com-
plex arrangements did not work smoothly. The controversies to
which they gave rise resulted finally in Stanhope being driven from
office.

As soon as Witherings was legally secure in his place he
seems to have set himself assiduously to the task of reorganising
a system of inland posts. In less than a year he had established a
regular service of postal communication between London and
Edinburgh “to go thither and come back again in six days; and
to take with them all such letters as shall be directed to any post
town in the said road; and the posts to be placed in several places
out of the road to run and bring and carry out of the said roads
the letters as there shall be occasion, and to pay 2d for every
single letter under fourscore miles; and if 140 miles 4d; and if
above then 6d; and to any part of Scotland then 8d.”’

The system would appear to have been successful, for steps
were speedily taken to monopolise the service, and in 1637 it was
further ordered by proclamation that no other messengers or foot
posts were to carry letters except those employed by the King’s
Postmaster-General, unless it was to places not touched by the
King’s posts, and with the exception of common known carriers
or persons carrying a letter to a friend or messengers sent on
purpose.

It is not to be imagined that the formation of this monopoly
took place without opposition. On the contrary, it gave rise to
general dissatisfaction, as a result of which a Committee of ihe

AD THE Dumrrigs Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

House of Commons was appointed to inquire into the matter, but
it was not until the Common Council of London endeavoured to
set up a rival post that the question was finally settled, for the
Commons, although they had loudly denounced the formation of
the Crown monopoly, now promptly put down this infringement,
and from that time the carriage of letters has remained, as a
monopoly, in the hands of the Government.

As far as Scotland is concerned it is largely to the wisdom
and foresight of Oliver Cromwell that we are indebted for the
establishment of the Post Office on a business footing. Changes
in its constitution there have been, it is true, but in every case the
object in view has been increased efficiency.

Il.—Tue Dumrries Post OrricE—EarRLY History.

Coming now to deal with local developments, we find the
earliest record of a post in a Proclamation of Summons made at
the Market Cross of Dumfries in 1592.

As the person summoned had fled, the messenger, Nicoll
Newall, had drafted an Instrument stating that he had performed
his duty as aforesaid. The document, which was witnessed by
John Finlayson “callit the Post,” and John Aitken in Kirkgait,
was then (presumably) sent to the Clerk of Parliament.?

At a later date we have mention of another post in the
Minutes of Dumfries Town Council.

“At Drumfreis the twentie ane day of marche 1622.—The
qlk day George Ramsey post to the burrowes resauit fra Johne
craik thesaurer of the said burghe in name of the provest and
bailleis thairof the sowme of fourtie markis money and that for
his paines and trubell in carrieing the missive letteris throw the
heed burrowes of Scotland for ane generall convention to be
halden in Drumfreis the secund day of July nixt and thairupon the
provest and baillies decernit act.’’

Again, in the Burgh Treasurer’s Accounts for the year 1635,
we have the following entry :—

“TItm to Georg ramsay the burrowes post, 48 sh.”’

This was not a local post. At an earlier date George Ramsay

2. Acts of Parl. Scot, Vol. III., pp. 529 and 535, in H.M
Register House, Edinr.

THE Dumrriges Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 43

had been appointed by the Commissioners of Royal Burghs to be
“thair common post.”8

It was not until some years later that regular postal com-
munication, under Government control, was established in the
district.

Under date 15 Feb., 1642, we read:—“ The Lords of
Privie Counsell recommends to the Earle of Cassills, the Lord
Angus, Justice Clerk and shireff of Teviotdail, to thinke upon the
best wayes and meanes for establisheing of posts betwix Portpat-
rik and Carlil, and to call before theme suche persons as know the
bounds and to try the most comodious places quhair the post
stages may be established and to report.”’

At a later date it is recorded:—“ The Lords of Privie Coun-
sell, for the good of his Majesties service and the better keeping
of intelligence betwix Ireland and this, and dispatche of pacquets,
thinks fit and ordans that post stages be provydit and established
at Blaikburne [ ? Broxburn], Hamilton, Newmilne, Air, Girvane,
Ballintrae, and Portpatrik, and that fiftie punds sterline be
allowed as a fee for everie post maister yeerlie, and that half a
yeeres fee be advanced to thame for furnisheing of horses, they
first findeing caution for keeping three sufficient and able post
horses for the service forsaid; and recommends to the Lord
Chancellor and Treasurer Deput to deale with Sir William Seaton
or anie other gentlemen in the bounds abone-written for setling
and establisheing the saids post-stages in the places abone-written
or at anie other places as sall be most convenient and make
speedieest dispatch for the service.” ;

In the case of the post stages between Carlisle and Port-
patrick the same arrangements also to take effect.

Again in a Supplication, by the postmasters between Port-
patrik and Carlill, of date 27 Septr., 1642, we are informed :—

“In the month of [ _ ] last order was given by the Parlia-
ment of England ‘for establishing post stages betwix Edinburgh

3. Haddington, 9 July, 1619.—Vnderstanding the abilitie and
qualificatioun of George Ramsaye and of his guid seruise done and
to be done be him to the saids commissioners of borrowis, thayrfore
they admitt and ressave the ‘said George Ramsay to be thair
common post, and ordanis him to be imployit in making of all thair
warnings.—Records of the Convention of Royal Burghs of Scotland,
1615-1676 ; Vol. III., p. 9.

44 Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

and Portpatrik and Portpatrik and Carlill,’ ‘and the doing so was
laid by some of the Commissioners at Court upon Robert Glen-
cors merchant burgess of Dumfreis,’ as a person who knew best
to sattle post stages betwix Carlill and Portpatrik, and who wes
also fittest person to be postmaster at Dumfreis; who did there-
upon represent the mater to the Scotish Commissioners at Lon-
doun and to the English Commissioners for the affaires of Ireland,
who directed him to Mr Burlimakie, maister of the letter office,
for agreement anent this service, and so the said Robert was
established postmaister betwix Annand and Drumfreis, 12 myle,
and Mark Cook‘ betwix Carlill and Annand, 12 myle; Andro
M‘Min betwix Dumfreis and the Steps of Or, 12 myle; Ninian
Mure betwix the Steps of Or and Gaithous of Fleit, 12 myle; and
George Bell from thence to the Pethhous, elleven myles, and
John Baillie from thence to the Kirk of Glenluce, 13 myle; and
John M‘Aig from that to the Port, ten myles . . . which
persons are the onelie men fitt for that employment, as being
in-keepers and of approved honestie in these parts, who have
done also acceptable service to the Parliament of England since
the month of May that they entered to that service, and ar to be
peyed be them for the same, as by thair orders may appeare and
by some letters written to the said Robert Glencors from the
said Mr Burlimakie, Sir John Cotworthie, and others, and this
service wes found so neccessar that even in time of peace the
same wes thought fitting for keeping intelligence with Ireland
but stayed be the late Earle of Stafford, and since the supplicants
have so long served with the good lyking of England and they wer
also established by motioun of some of the Scotish Commissioners
humblie desiring therefore the saids Lords to ratifie this imploy-
ment and to allow the said John M‘Aig postmaster at Port
Patrick.?

“The Lords finding the desire of the supplicants reasonable
and the imployment and service forsaid to be much conducing for
intelligence betwix England and Ireland therefore they have
allowed and be thir presents allowes of the saids supplicants
thair imployments forsaid and of ane post bark to the said John
M‘Aig, their fees always being paid to them be the Parliament of
England.”®

4, Not “‘Loch,”’ as given by M‘Dowall.—History of Dumfries,
p. 418 (8rd Ed., 1906).

5. Privy Council Records.

THE DumrrRiEs Post OFFice, 1642-1910. 45

It was not, however, until the year 1664 that direct postal
communication was established between Dumfries and the capital.
On the “5 Dec,” of that year “ the counsall considering the tounes
prejudice by want of constant correspondence with the toun
of Edr and by wanting occasioune to get letrs conveyed to and
from Edr about the inhabitants particular affairs for remedy
yroff they haif appoynted the pnt magistrats Stephen Irving lait
baillie the conveinar and Jon Martein four of ym to establish a
constant foot poast to go weikly Betwixt this and Edr. To
appoint his sallarie and to consider qt sall be payit for the post
of lres and to every thing yranent qch may mak the same speci-
ally effectuall for the weill of the brugh and to report yr Diligence

- the next Counsall”6

No report in regard to this matter is recorded in the Burgh
Records, but there can be little doubt that the instructions were
duly carried into effect.

Under date 19th February, 1677, we learn, “The qlk day
the counsell ordeans and appoynts the thesr to pey to Wm. ffingas
ane of the pnt baillies of this burgh the soume of ffyve libs Ster-
ling the one half therof at lambes to come and the uther half
therof at the last of March therefter in the year 1678 for his
incouragement to maintean a post from this burgh to Edgr weekly
for a year efter the last of March in this instant year and in caice
the sd Wm. doe not agree wt the gnall postmaster for the liberty
therof then ther pnts to be null etc.”

Again under date 4th November, 1678, “The councill
ordeans the thssr to pey to Wm. ffingas baillie the sowme of ffyve
pund Sterling the one halfe at Martimmes nixt to come and the
uther half at Witsunday nixt for his incuragment to mantean ane
post from this burgh to Edgr weekly for a year qlk begun al
March the last day theirof bypast and ends at Apryle nixt.”

“20 Nov., 1679.—The councill continewis Wm _ ffingas
baillie his cellary for the post office as formerly and ordeans the
thest to make payment yrof for this year commencing from Apryle
last."

Thus in the earliest days of local postal arrangements those
employed in the conveyance and delivery of letters were not

6. Dumfries Town Council Minutes.
7. Dumfries Town Council Minutes.

46 THE Dumrriges Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

always in the pay of the Post Office or under its control, and it
is of interest to obtain records of appreciation in respect of these
“Council Posts ’’ as they were then designated. In the Burgess
Roll of Dumfries Town Council under date 1st December, 1684,
we find the following entry: “ Johne Fisher post ffor his bygone
service as post to the brugh is admitted burgess and freeman

given gratis.” On later dates, March 26, 1689, and
3rd July, 1689, we find the names of Wm. Irving and Wm
M‘Goune as posts to the burgh.®

As safeguarding the public property and interests, and
possibly also with a view to imparting“dignity to the position of
Council Post, a badge of office was provided.

Under date 14 Feb., 1676,9 “The Counsall ordeans Wm.
fingass to caus mak tua badges for the tounes posts qlk they will
ordean to be payit by the ther upon ane accompt.”

This instruction was duly carried out, and under date 10
March, 1676, it is recorded, “ The qlk day the Councill appoynts
the toun thesr to receave from Balive Bishop two Silver Badges
for ther two posts and to deliver the samyn to Wm. ffingas Post-
master qo is to be furth command to the toun for them qn they
sall be callit for and ordeans the thesr to pay to Balive Bishop
twentie leb Scotts qch he had peyit out for the Silver and work-
manship therof.”

Again under date 2 Dec., 1700, we read: —“ The sd day the
clerk produced to the counsell the touns post badge or Blazone
which he got from the late post for whom he was catione and in

8. Dumfries Burgh Records.

9. In an old Post Office notice, dated June 15th, 1728, in the
possession of W. V. Morten, Esq., Manager, P.O. Telephones, Leeds,
we read that, . . . ‘‘It is ordered by the Postmaster Generall
that every letter carrier whose walk is within London, Westminster,
or Southwark, shall, as a badge of his employment, wear a brass
ticket upon some (the most visible) part of his clothing, with the
King’s Arms upon it, which ticket he is always to wear whilst he is
upon duty. And all persons who shall discover any Letter Carrier,
Porter, or other person whatsoever, delivering letters which should
have passed through the General Post Office, without such Badge
or Ticket upon the most visible part of their clothing are desired to
give information thereof to the Postmaster General, that the
offenders may be prosecuted according to Law, and for such infor-
mation they shall meet with all fitting encouragement.

Joseph Godman, Secretary.’’

THE Dumrrigs Post OFFicE, 1642-1910. AT

respect the theasre is not here the same is continued in his hand
till it be delyvered in face of counsell.”

It is greatly to be regretted that these “ badges or Blazones ”
have now disappeared.

Notwithstanding such precautionary measures references ex-
pressing mistrust in the posts are frequently met with, and the
following examples from local records are of peculiar interest :—

“Drumfries, Aug. 15, 1694.—The Clerk is appoynted to
wryte to Mr Black Minister of Gratney to gett all the intelligence
he can find annent Jannett Maire.”

“Drumfries, Oct. 8, 1694.—In regard the Clerk could not
gett a sure bearer to carie a letter to Mr Black Minr of Gratney
anent informatione about Jannot Maire, the appoyntment is yet
continued upon him.”!0

Again, in a letter from James Armstrong, Moderator of the
Presbytery of Middlebee, to Mr Wm. Dunlop, Principall of the
Glasgow Colledge, dated Oct., 1696, we find the following :—
“Tf ye send your answere by Drumfries it will readily miscarry.”

In contrast we quote the following extract from a letter dated
from Drumfries, 14 April, 1762, and addressed to Mr Gilbert
Grierson, Chamberlain to the Duke of Buccleuch at Dalkeith :—
“T could not get a bill upon Edinr for £30 I wanted to remit you
so I shall be obliged to send it in the posts pocket upon Monday.’’

It can scarcely be said that this mistrust was not warranted
for, on occasion, liberties were taken with the correspondence of
the individual.

In the minutes of Dumfries Town Council, under date 3rd
June, 1689, we find it deliberately recorded :—“ The sd day the
Magistrates and Cowncill takeing to their consideration the pre-
sent troubles of the tymes and that Correspondence may be
suspected to be keept by dissafected persons in prejudice of the
present governemint and for acuseing of the people. Therffore
appoyntes and ordaines the post Master of this burgh to bring
the poist letters to the Clerkes Chamber (dureing ther pleasr) that
the directions of the lers may be read and any suspect Irs broken
up and considered before sealling of the bag. And that at
Sealling yrof the seall of any ane of the Magistrates be also put
upon the same And att the returne of letters fra Edgr the poist

10. Dumfries Presbytery Records.

48 THe Dumrries Post OFfrice, 1642-1910.

bring the bag before brekeawn yrof to the Clerkes Chamber to
the effect forsd And further Impowers any of the Magistrats as
they shall find cause to take the poistMr aith and his servants lers
enent abstracting of lres or keeping up the same And to doe
every uther thing requisit enent the premisses.”’

The only other reference to the postal affairs of this period
that we have been able to discover occurs under date 3 July of
the same year.1!

“The whilk day in presence of Robert Johnstone ane of the
baillies of Drumfries compeired personallie William M‘Goune
toun post and enacted himself that he shall cary and behave him-
self in all time comeing peicebilie as becomes, acting nothing
prejudiciall to the protestant intrest Neither by word nor deid
nor yet asperse lyes of the pnt government under the pain of
ffiftie punds Scots of liquidat penaltie in caice of failzie. By and
attour whet uther punishment the mag. Shall be pleased to inflict
upon him.”

Until the year 1715, according to various historians of the
post office, there were no horse posts in Scotland except those
which plied betwixt Berwick and Edinburgh, and from thence to
Port Patrick for the sake of the Irish packets.!2 There must,
however, have been earlier attempts to establish such a service.
We are able to supply authentic information in respect of a
London horse post passing through Dumfries in 1690. Thus in
a document preserved among the Records of Dumfries Town
Council and entitled, “ Petitione, John M‘Gillter to the toune
counsall of Drumfries 1690,” we read as follows :—

“Unto the right Honll the
provost Baillies Conveiner
and toun counsall of Drumfries
the petition of John M‘Gillter

prisoner in the burgh pledge-hous.
Sheweth

that qr the petitioner being in this toun upon wedensday the
2d aprylle instant And being exceedinglie drunk Did strike att

11. Dumfries Town Council Minutes.
12. Joyce’s History, p. 118. Lang’s Hist. Summary of the
P.O. in Scotd., p. 9.

THE Dumeries Post OrfrFice, 1642-1910. 49

the London posts horss that wes coming ryding through this toun
with the packit that efternoone which occasioned the man and
horss baith to fall upon the hie street And true it is your
Worships may easilie consider that if their petitioner had not
bene a drunken beast he had not medled with the post Wheiras he
is verie sensible that the doing thereoff was more nor the peti-
tioner dare answer for And he yet admires when your Worships
put him in prisone that ye did not loaden him with irons or made
him a spectackle to the haill toun for such a gross fact however
their petitioner is exceedinglie sorie for what he did and trusts
that he sall be more sober for the tyme to come. And wishes
that all good people wold take example be him And now the
truth is the petitioner has a great charge of a poor familie and
the bestiall at home are in a starving conditione And the crop
which hes sowen will undoubtedlie goe to ruine without he be
set at libertie to oversee it himself.

May it tharefore please your

Worships in consideration of the

haill premisses to set the

petitioner att libertie and he

sall be very willing to

undergoe what punishment

your Worships shall be pleasit

to inflict upon him And hopes

that this shall be a rebeuk

for him to walk more soberlie

for the future And your Worships

anshr.
John M‘Gillter.”

In a marginal note, dated 7 Aprylle 1690, the document is
endorsed :—“ The magistrats and counsall pnt continues to give
anshr till this day aught days.”

That the duties of the Town Council were, in other ways,
closely linked with the Post Office of this period is shown by
numerous entries in the Council Minutes and Treasurer’s
Accounts, of which the following are typical examples :—

“2 June 1684.—The sd day the counsell thinks fitt that there
be correspondence for news keepit betwixt this burgh and the
cittie of Cairlyle weiklie They therefore appoint the bailzies to

50 THE DumrriEs Post Office, 1642-1910.

wryte to the postmaister of Cairlyle or Bernard Ross at Sark brig
for sending in what news comes there weiklie and appoynts the
same to be sent to the thessrs Shop and him to pay weiklie yrfore
twentie four shillings Scots whilk shall be allowed in his accompts
and appoynts the news Ires to be red ilk counsell day att the
meeting yrof.”

“9 March 1685.—The sd day the counsell ordaines the thessr
to pay to Thomas Irving merd in name of Bernard Ross the
sowme of thritie pound Scots for news sent be him to the mag.
from Cairlyle and the same to be allowed in his accompts.”

“30 Aug. 1697.

The qlk day the Counsell appoynts the above Comettee to
revyse Robert Johnstoune postmaster his accompts of the news
Letters and other letters relating to the toun and what is dew to
give precept therefore.”’

“6 Sept. 1697.

The qlk day the Counsell having received in and considered
ane accompt of the post Letters dew to Robert Johnstoune post-
master for the soume of one pond sixteen shillings and four pence
sterling money ffinds the same just and dew.”

“27 Janry, 1701.

The qlk day the counsell considering the lose they are at
throw not getting forraigne and domestick news dewlie and tyme-
ouslie sent ym and considering yr provost being at Edr can best
settle the same for the behoove of the burgh. Thairfore they
all in on voice recommend to the provost to agree wt the generall
post master for news lers forraign and domestick for ane year
after Candlemas nixt. Wheranent this act shall be ane sufficient
warrand and commissione as also to endeavour to get the post
dayes altered. And if possible to get the post to com of Edr
upon Saturday and be hear upon Munday so as he may goe away
upon Tuesday efternoon and what agreement the sd provost may
make that he gett in the bargain the newes packet free of postage
heir.”

The council’s instructions were duly carried out and the
result of the negotiations is recorded in the Town Council
Minutes as follows :—

“17 March, 1701.

The qlk day the provost reported to the counsell that whyle
he was at Edr attending the parliat He had agreed with the

<—

Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 51

generall postmr for forrayne and domestick news from candle-
mass last to candlemes nixt weeklie for ffive ginneis free of
postage whereof the counsell approves and by this present act
declair the sam the tounes debt and disburdeins the provost
yrof.”

In further illustration of the Council’s dealings with the Post
Office in regard to the supply of News Letters and Newspapers
“for the touns behoove” we quote the following additional

~ extracts from the Council Minutes :—

“16 March, 1702.

And the provost further reported That in respect the postmr
was deed he knew not who represented him and therefore could
not pay the composition made for news letters for the last year
but withall reported that he has agreed with Mr Simpson
deput postmaster to Mr George Main} for the news letters for a
year after the first of Febry last for six pound sterling. Whereof

the Council likewise approves and which is payable quarterly

And because the sd post Mr deput charges ane exorbitant rate for
the English votes of parliament The Councell recommends to
the Provost to write to the sd Mr Simpson discharging the same.
The aforsd Discharge and Recept and accompt all mentioned in
this act is delivered to John Brown present thessr to be keeped by
him until they be called for to be put up in the charter chest.”’

“20th Apr. 1702.

Accompt due by the Toun to George Main Postmr Generall

_ of Two pounds Twelve shillings and one pence sterline for news

furnished by him to ym with ane bill subjoin’d to the sd accompt
Desiring peyt of the accompt to Rob. Johnstoun postmr in this
burgh.”

“Monday last of May, 1703.

The Councill considering yt the news sent by George Main to
the Magistrats are not so satisfying to the toun as might been
expected Therefore they think fitt to give precept for what is
resting him and to discharge the sending ym in time coming and

Recommends to the Provost to write to Provost Johnston to settle

wt some carefull man to send in the Scots Gazetts and minute of

_ Parliament and Recomends to Bailie Robert Corbett to write to

13. Farmer of the Post Office in Scotland.

52 Tue Dumrriges Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

Carlile for settling ane Correspondence yr for the news or to
Samuel Gordon surveyor at Allasonbank"4 as he thinks fitt.”

Notwithstanding the Council’s finding in regard to Mr Main’s
supply and the instructions to Baillie Corbet as to a new arrange-
ment it is curious to find the first system reverted to.

“25 Oct. 1703.

The weh day John Crosbie Bailie reported to the Councell
that conform to their direction when last at Edr he had agreed
with George Main, generall postmaster for the news viz two’
London Gazetts, three flying posts and Postscripts and two Edr
gazets weekly for six pound sterling for the ensuing year after
Hallow day nixt to be payed quarterly being thirty shillings each
eariers .. ~' fs”

Entries in the Dumfries Burgh Treasurer’s Accounts for
1708-9 and later, under the heading “ Accompt of John Gilhaggies
Disbursements for the Burgh of Drumfries from Michaelmas 1710
to Michaelmas 1711” show that this arrangement was adhered to
for a considerable time and even after the control of the local
service had passed into the hands of John Johnston as successor
to the aforementioned Robert Johnstoune in the office of Post-
master.

Novr 8, 1708.

Itt payed to George Main by Councels apoyntment signed by
the provost for 18 00 00

Feb. 21, 1709.

Itt payed to Jo. Johnston upon accompt of George Main by
the Councells apoyntment signed by Ball. Barkley for

29 04 06

May 16, 1709.

Itt payed to Jo. Johnston upon the accompt of George Main
by the Councells apoyntment signed by Ball. Barkley for

18 00 00

Nov. 27, 1709.

To John Johnston for a quarters news preceeding the first of
Novr. etc. £18. 0 0

14. An Inn in the parish of Graitney, about half-a-mile south of
the church where the King’s Custome was of use to be uplifted before —
the Union.—Macfarlane’s Geo. Coll., Vol. I., p. 384.

THE Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 53

May 8, 1710.

To Mrs Johnston, Robert Johnstone postmr Relict for a
_ quarters news due the first of May 1710 p Mr Mains precept—the
Councils precept and her recept £18 0 0

August Ist, 1710.

To John Johnston postmr for a quarters news due at Lambas
1710 p. Mr Mains precept, the Councils Precept and John John-
stons recept. £18 0 0

Nov. 13, 1710.

To John Johnston Postmaster for a quarters newspapers
_ furnished by Mr Main to the Town viz. from August 1, 1710, to
1 Nov., 1710, per the Councils precept upon the back of Mr
Main’s recept yrof to John Johnston and the sd John Johnstons
Recept. 18lib. Os Od

Nov. 29, 1710.

To John Johnston postmaster for 3 weeks newspapers fur-
_ nished by Mr Main to the Town viz. from 1 Novr to 21 ditto per
the provosts precept on Mr Mains Recept yrof to John John-
ston 4lib. 10s Od
About this time, dissatisfaction appears to have again arisen
_ and the supply of news was therefore obtained from Carlisle.

_ The entry in the Treasurer’s Accounts in reference to this is as
follows :-—

Feb. 8, 1711.
By the provosts order to Mr Parker of Carlisle for new:-
papers sent formerly by him to the Town 6lib. Os Od

Under date June 20, 1711, we find the following entry, which
' seems to indicate that the original arrangement had again been
_ Teverted to :—

To John Johnston postmaster for news p- the Councells
precept and his recept 1llib. 10s Od
4 At the Union of 1707 the Post Office in Scotland was united
with that of England and it appears to have been found necessary
to discontinue the post between Carlisle and Dumfries.

Much correspondence in regard to this matter passed between
the Magistrates and Council of Dumfries and the authorities in
London, and the following letters, preserved among the Records
of Dumfries Town Council, enable us to ascertain the steps taken
_to meet the difficulty.

54 THe Dumfries Post OFFice, 1642-1910.

(1) “Scroll Letter sent to Doctor Hutton. 1709.
Sir

Yours to the Rd Mr Vetch our minister hes been com-
municated to the Magistrats and councill we all have a very grate-
full sense of this token amongst others of your favour and respect
to this toun and its wellfare and wish we may have occassione to
show our gratitude to you. After deliberation on your letter
anent this matter of a post from Carlile to this toun the Magis-
trats and Councill having agreed to the draught of the letter to
Sir Thomas Frankland have sent to him the inclosed letter and
left it open for your own perusall efter which we desire you to
seall and deliver it. We have recommended one John Johnstone
who is deputy postmr heir for the postmr Generall of North
Brittane as fitt and qualified for this Imploy to whom we desire
you will give your assistance and favourable commendation with
Sir Thomas Frankland for we know him to be very honest and
carefull in whats entrusted to him as you have offered your good
ofices in this affair so we desire ye will continue the sam which
with our humble dutie and respects to you is all in name of the
Magistrats and councill from.”’

{2) Letter from Sir Thomas Frankland Generall-postmaster of
Great-Britain. 1709.

London, Mar. 24th, 1708/9.

Gentlemen

My very good friend Dr Hutton having given me your
letter of the 9th instant, relating to the continuing the Post from
Carlisle to Drumfries, I take the liberty in answer thereto to
acquaint you that at present wee are not sufficiently impowered to
make any settlement of Posts in North Brittain but hope before
the end of this sessions of Parlint to pass such an act to con-
solidate the Offices in both parts of the United Kingdome under
one directione as will enable us to make such regulations as may
be most for the benefit of the Trade and correspondence of the
whole Iseland. I am very sensible that your letters to and from
this place passing throu Edinburg must render your intercourse

15. Founder of the Hutton Trust. Physician to William and
Mary.

Tue DumrrRiges Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 55

very delatory, and that it may be very fit to redress this inconveni-
ence when we can enter upon the consideration of those affairs.
I am, Gentlemen, Your most humble servant,
Tho. ffrankland.

(3) Letter from Dr Hutton to Provost John Crosbie Att
Drumfriese.
Whitehall, May 21st, 1709.
Honoured Sr.

I take this opportunity to assure you that I shall
not neglect any occasion, whereby I shall find myself capable to
serve your good town in generall or your own interests in par-
ticular. The inclosed will inform your friends and you what was
indeavoured to be don, and what is intended shall be don in time
convenient; I Hope before this time Mr Somervell Has laid
before you the summe of that affair. our freshest publick news,
are contained in ye inclosed print. Sr Thomas franckland says
you nead not writ to nor trouble any man about the post, because
it is soly and only His proper business and He most Have the
powers neadfull by an act of parliament: if you can agree to
employ a carrier for ye summer time, you will in a few mothes be
able to judge off the advantage, please yr command with free-
dome att any time what may be in the power off

Honored Sr
Your most fathfull Humble Srt. Jo. Hutton.

(4) Letter from Dr Hutton For The Much Honoured Provost John
Crosbie, Baylie Alexr Barkly, And Baylie John Martin
present Magestrats of Drumfriess.

Whitehall, May 21st, 1709.

Gentlemen

I Had Last night the favour off your Letter from Drum-

fries, but without date. Att the Riseing of the parliament near a

month agoe I was carefull to send for you a particular account

off what Had past, and How, with Relation to your affair, and

lest it Has not been Laid before you, it was in substance viz: {n

a few dayes After That Sr Thomas Franckland Had Recived and

answered your Letter, Haveing His clause Ready He fell sick off

a Fever, joynd with gout, and a mighty cold which tyd Him to

_ His bed and chamber all ye whyle the parliament satt. His son,

with other frinds, members of the House who He employed to

56 Tue Dumrriges Post OrFice, 1642-1910.

perform what He intended in our affair finding That the debates
ware Long, and very warm for three or four weeks, on the subject
of the Act of Traison which is the Act, called the Act for improve-
ing of the union &c. (in which was intended to Have the clause
inserted) was Like to be Thrown by, for this seasson; it was
Thought fitt to prepare and offer a short Act by itself to impower
the post masters To Transact whatever should be for the interest
off the Crown and the ease of Her Majestyes good subjects.
This was made Ready but the Heats between partyes, and par-
ticularly betwixt the Scoth and English on the said bill of Traison,
and all publick bussiness being finished, it was with deliberation
thought better to defferr Sr Thomass bill Than offer it to the
house, when Her Majesty was to prorogue it As she thought fitt
to doe in a weeks time After. I waited on Sr Thomas nixt day
after the parlmt was up who told me He was as sorry as I was for
our disapointment, but that the Heats and angry debates in
parliament and his own great and dangerous illness ware unfore-
seen accidents; these were indeed our misfortun, but not our
fault. He gave me Leave to tell you that you may be assured and
Rest satisfied that if it please god He Live till nixt sessione off
parliament He will take care to serve the Quen and ease and
please you in this matter And therefore nead give yourselves no
trouble on the subject till the begining of nixt winter when you
may Renew your Regist to put Him in mind of what He said in
His letter to you. in the mean time He owns and allowes, that
He nor no man, can or will Reasonably be displeased, if you
your selves will think fitt, to employ your own carrier for serveing
your own good Town, and nighbours, for goeing to, and Returning
from Carleisle till such time as the post be settled. by this
method you may save time and charges, and by so doeing you will
form the best Argument can be adduced to settle the Affair; this
is the summe of what I wrot before And please perswad your
selves That I continue with great Respect.
Gentlemen,
Your most fathfull Humble Srt.,
Jo. Hutton.

By the Act of 1711 the Post Office, all over the country,
was placed on a somewhat better footing, and Dumfries in com-
mon with other districts of Scotland shared in the benefits of the
new administration.

Tue Dumrriges Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 57

Of the thirty-four Postmasters, who at this period existed in
Scotland, twelve only were paid by salary, the remaining twenty-
two being allowed, as their remuneration, a certain portion of the
postage on inland letters. The Postmaster of Dumfries was one
of the twelve who were paid by salary, the amount of which was
£12 per annum.’ Runners, who performed the full journey from
town to town, were maintained at fixed charges, and it may be of
interest to record that the earliest “ Runners ” of this class known
to us, are Archibald Frazer, Post,!®* Dumfries (1740), and Robert
Slowan, the Drumfries to Sanquhar and Kirkconnell post (1741-
1745).17

In addition to these appointed “ Runners ” we find numerous
instances of special messengers being used in cases of urgency and
importance. At a time when the facilities of the post were
limited such instances must have been of frequent occurrence, and
the following records of “ Expresses” from the Dumfries Burgh
Treasurer’s Accounts are of peculiar interest.

UEC RNCT: ae €
1641-42.—Itm. to Jon Edger officr for carieing of
tua paketis of lres to Lochmaben af, po OO LAT 00
6 Mairch, 1655.—Itm for ane poist to Wigtoun ... 02 08 00
23 May, 1655.—Itm to Thoas ve to go to
portpaytrek see 03 00 00
5 day of Jannuar, 1657. Sen to wae Cannidhers
for carring of ane letter to saunt BBs to try
about the sikness i 00 12 00
Dec. 26, 1688.—Itt to Thomas Raney a two
posts to Carlyle ve 16 04 00
Aprile 18, 1708.—Itt payed to W il Seiesine oa
caring a letter to Apellgirth ... 00 06 00

Oct. 29, 1709.—Itt payed to William Creare fa

going twise to Carlyle to times to fetch news by

Ballie Gilcrists order ... 03 00 00
Noyr. 8, 1710.—To Thomas ee by ie Pie.

vost’s order for going to Carlile express about

the toun’s affairs sie zt sks RRS TAN) GE SD

16. Joyce’s History, p. 118.

16*. Register of Baptisms (Dumfries), in H.M. Reg. House,
Edinburgh.

17. Ardwall House papers.

58 Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

lib, «ies tecs
Aug. 21, 1711.—To Robert Selchrig for going
express for the Toun to Edr with Letters anent
Carnsalloch’s plea oe ie ee
17th Oct., 1715.—To Bailley Baterson ween He
gave to Wm Weems for going to Drumlanrik

for the bagg of ye post.. ; 0: aie at)
25th Oct., 1715.—To Hadley Paterson: iar two

expresses to hayik and to the Langham... .... O 12 O

To dito for ane express to the Sanquor io + OR RRoe aaa

Noy. 7th, 1715.—To James Davison express from
Edinburgh that was stript et the Cea the

provosts order ... act : OR Ce oie
14th Nov., 1715.—To ane express aes ae

cubrik by the provost’s order . : 0. uO
Sept. llth, 1745.—To Cash pd W ‘it Mi Pele

goeing Express to Edinr p. order of the

Councill a 0° <t6: —0
28th Mar., 1746.—To Gan: el an pearese goeing

to Annandale p. B.W.C. ae OA

By Expenses on bringing the Milltary ae
Edinr on accott of the Riots, viz. :—
March 2, 1771.—Paid Te Wallace Acme express

to Edinr p. prec. ; Ly pce
Aprile 1, 1771.—Paid an express to 6 Geockmabene p.

wader a ‘ ‘ es cies AO ere
Aprile 2, 1¢%1. Paid de Glendining an express to

Hodom p. do. ... = ah sie) Ol ae
Aprile 3, 1771.—Paid Henty aeksan going

express to Edinr p. do.... Wee on 2 Ee

We have been unable to secure any authentic record of the
location of the Dumfries Post Office during the earliest years of
the service, but we have reason to believe that during Robert
Johnstone’s and John Johnston’s tenures of the office of Post-
master (1695-1737) it was established in an old thatch-roofed
house with front stairs situated on the north-west side of Loch-
mabengate Street.18

18. Rental Books, Dumfries Burgh Records.—‘‘ 27 Oct. 1698.—
Lochmabengait Quarter,—Robert Johnstoune, Post Master, his free

THE Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 59

The rebellion of 1715 helped to awaken the public mind to
the necessity for improved postal facilities, and we have evidence
to show that in Dumfriesshire and Galloway the matter received
careful consideration.

In the Records of the Convention of Royal Burghs it is
recorded!9 :—-“ Edinburgh, 10 July, 1717.—The convention upon
a memorial from Sir Robert Adair, baronet, craving that the con-
vention would concur with severall of the noblemen of the king-
dom in their requeist to the commissioners of the general post
office for settling of five stages betwixt Dumfries and Port Patrick
for establishing a correspondence betwixt Brittain and Ireland
the convention granted their concurrance to the said request in so
far as the same was not prejudicial to any of the posts already
sertled.’’

About this time also, the Government, probably as a result
of this request, evinced great concern about the Irish correspon-
dence and ordered Mr Anderson, Deputy Postmaster General of
Scotland, to visit Port Patrick, and examine the harbours, with
a view to selecting the one most convenient for the Mail Packets.

In the beginning of 1737 John Johnston, Postmaster at Dum-
fries, died, and steps were immediately taken by the Council to
secure a competent successor.

We learn from the Council Minutes of date 21st Feby.,
1737, that “The Said Day the Magistrats and Councill Con-
sidering that the office of Postmaster of this Burgh is become
Vacant by the death of John Johnstone late Baily formerly Post-
master, and that it is of very considerable moment for the Burgh
and Country that the said office be suplyed with a Sufficient,
well-qualified person, And haveing full proof of the fidelity and
ability of James Gilchrist one of the present Bailys for Discharge-
ing that trust They Appoint the Provest to write in yr name to the

stocke means to be above 1000 m. and below 5000 m.’’ ‘‘ Janet
Glessell Relict of Robt Johnstone Mercht for the forestaire to the
tenet in Lochmabengate sometime Rott Glessells 0 9 O. for the
Step nixt to the Street to the Sd Stair in Augmentation 0 2 0.”
Ibid (circa 1709) ‘‘ John Johnstone post master his houses where he
dwells 36 lib. his house in Lochmabengate 50 lib and his barn and
yeard yr 10 lib.’’ Vide also ‘‘ Council Minutes of 3rd June, 1799
anent Ruinous Houses.’’

1. Vol. V., p. 182.

60 THE Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

General Postmasters Recomending the sd James Gilchrist to the
forsd office of Postmaster of this Burgh.’’

No further mention of the matter appears in the Council
Minutes, but trom the following extract from the Burgh Trea-
surer’s Accounts and the subsequent extract from the Council
Minutes regarding local postal facilities in 1745, we obtain strong
presumptive evidence of the confirmation of the appointment :—
Nov. 28th, 1745.—To Cash pd Baillie James

Gilchrist An Accott of Newspapers p. precipt

29th Augt. dit ae a at an SE Ok

In the autumn of 1745 local postal arrangements again
engaged the attention of the Council. Under date 5th Augt. of
that year we read—

“The said Day the Magistrats and Councell Recommend to
and appoynt the Magistrats with Provost Crosbie and Provost
Ewart and Baily James Gilchrist to meet and concurr with the
Justices of Peace of this Shyre in applying to the Postmaster
Generall to have the Post comeing from Carlisle to come by
Mousewall instead of Bankend and to have the Post to go from
this upon tuesday night instead of wednesday, and to come in
upon wednesday night instead of thursday.’’?°

As far as we have been able to ascertain no report as to the
result of these deliberations was given. It is not improbable that
the rebellion of 1745 interfered with the proposed arrangements.

Although the rebellions of 1715 and 1745 seem, for a time at
least, to have retarded postal progress in some respects they were
the means of considerable improvements in the roads and conse-
quent extension of the posts. Thus the mails began to be carried
from stage to stage by different post-boys, and in 1765 the posts
between Edinburgh and the chief towns of Scotland were extended
in frequency from three to six days a week, Dumfries being
described as on the G.M. (i.e., The Galloway and Moffat) post.

At this time one of the principal post offices between Edin-
burgh and Dumfries was at Annanholm in Wamphray. From
that office two riders or postboys were despatched, each with
pistols in his belt, the one carrying the letters to and from Dum-

20. The existing arrangements were still in force on 2nd Sept.,
1745. Vide Corrie’s ‘‘ Annals of Glencairn,’’ p. 96.

Fy ‘THe Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 61

fries ; the other journeying to Bield 0’ Tweed with the Edinburgh
letters and receiving the south country letters in return.?4

This interesting picture of early postal methods recalls the
well-known lines by the poet Cowper :—

Hark! ’tis the twanging horn o’er yonder bridge
That with its wearisome but needful length
Bestrides the wintry flood in which the moon

Sees her unwrinkled face reflected bright :

He comes, the herald of a noisy world,

With spattered boots, strapped waist, and frozen locks ;
News from all nations lumbering at his back.
True to his charge, the close-packed load behind:
Yet careless what he brings, his one concern

Is to conduct it to the destined inn ;

And having dropt the expected bag, pass on.

He whistles as he goes, light-hearted wretch!
Cold and yet cheerful ; messenger of grief
Perhaps to thousands, and of joy to some:

To him indifferent whether grief or joy.

Houses in ashes and the fall of stocks,

Births, deaths, and marriages, epistles wet

With tears that trickled down the writer’s cheeks
Fast as the periods from his fluent quill,

Or charged with amorous sighs of absent swains
Or nyrnphs responsive, equally affect

His horse and him, unconscious of them all. ;

IIl.—Tue Dumrries Post OFFICE—THE PERIOD OF THE MAIL
COACH.

The introduction of the mail coach by John Palmer in 1784
_ marks one of the most important events in the history of the Post
Office. Until that time the mails had been carried either on foot
or by post-boys on horseback, at an average speed, including
stoppages, of from three to four miles an hour. Palmer’s own
description, submitted to Mr Pitt in 1783 when making claim to
_ the advantages of a mail coach system, conveys perhaps the truest
conception of the condition of postal facilities at that period.

21. Paterson’s ‘‘ Wamphray.”’’

62 THE DumFriEs Post OFFICE, 1642-1910.

He says: “ The Post at present, instead of being the swiftest,
is almost the slowest, conveyance in the country; and though,
from the great improvement in our roads, other carriers have pro-
portionately mended their speed, the post is as slow as ever. It
is likewise very unsafe, as the frequent robberies of it testify, and
to avoid a loss of this nature people generally cut bank bills or
bills at sight in two and send the bills by different posts. The
mails are generally intrusted to some idle boy, without character,
mounted on a worn-out hack, and who, so far from being able to
defend himself or escape from a robber, is much more likely to be
in league with him.”

Although the advantages accruing to such a’system as Palmer
suggested must have been apparent to many it met with consider-
able opposition from the postal authorities, and had it not been
that its merits were recognised by Mr Pitt, under whose guidance
the Act of Parliament authorising its adoption was passed, it is
doubtful if Palmer, at that time, would have succeeded in his
efforts. The success that attended the new system exceeded the
most sanguine expectations. The speed of the mails was almost
doubled, still greater acceleration being subsequently effected.

It was not, however, until the summer of 1786 that a mail-
coach was established in Scotland on what was known as the
Great North Road. Two years later (7th July, 1788) direct mail-
coach connection was established between London and Glasgow,
and additional coaches were shortly afterwards arranged for from
Edinburgh and Carlisle to Dumfries and Port Patrick.”

Dr Burnside, in his valuable MS. History of Dumfries,
written in the year 1791, refers to the mail coaches in the follow-
ing terms :—“ We have at present an English, Irish, and Edin-
burgh mail coach out and in every day of the week. When our
new bridge is built and a road open that is now framing by Muir-
kirk we are in hopes of having the Glasgow mail coach this way
likewise. The country in that direction is more populous, and
the road more level and nearly as short as by the tract in which
it at present runs.’’ (p. 72.)

22. The writer of the General Observations for the New Statis-
tical Account of the County of Wigtown is in error when he states
(p. 223) that the mail coach was first introduced into Galloway in
1804.

Tue Dumrries Post OFFICE, 1642-1910. 63

Two years later (in 1793) the same author writes as follows
for Sinclair’s Statistical Account of Scotland:—“ The London
mail coach passes through Dumfries every day of the week, and
a daily post between Edinburgh and Port Patrick.’’? (Vol. 5,
p. 126.)

The two extracts appear to be at variance, but each of them
is correct for its own period. From the Old Statistical Account
of Scotland (1792), Moffat Parish, we learn that “a mail coach
from Dumfries to Edinburgh was lately set on foot, but has been
given up. When that road is completely repaired it will prob-
ably be re-established.” That this was really done is evidenced
by the following notice of Provost Staig, published in the Dumfries
Magazine shortly after his death on the 21st of October, 1826 :—
“He was a main pillar in the building and organising of the
Dumfries Academy ;” and, “ after unwearied exertions and corre-
spondence with the Postmaster-General,” he established a mail
coach communication between Edinburgh, Dumfries, and Port
Patrick in 1805.

A curious account of this coach is furnished in Will Caesar’s
poetical description of “ A Jaunt to Edinburgh.”’

Ye neighbours a’, wha e’er ye be,

That travel here or ’vont the sea,

Come hither now, give ear to me,
T’ll tell ye a’

That I mysell did lately see,
When far awa’.

I took the mail on Tuesday’s morn,

A blyther man was never born ;

The horse were fleet—weel fed wi’ corn—
We scoured away ;

The guard employed his bugle horn
Right oft that day.

We got fresh horse.at Bourance Rig,
Were soon in view o’ Saint Ann’s brig,
And saw Raehills, sae braw and trig,
4 Stand up the glen;
And mony a tree and bonny twig
Adorn the fen.

64 Tue Dumrriés Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

The Craiglands next came in our sight—
The Beattock inn is on the right,
Where mony a weary travelling wight
Has gotten rest
And entertainment, day and night,
O’ Wilson’s best.

We hied us on to Moffat town,

Saw Annan water rinnin’ down,

And Granton standing up aboun
Near the Beef-tub,

Named for the devil, filthy loun,
Vile Beelzebub.

We now to M‘Intosh’s® went,

Got meat and drink to our content,

Then baith prepared to tak’ the bent.
At Amisfield Town

They had me safe, or e’er I ken’t,
And set me down.

Now to my kind friend, Mr Fraser,

And the Contractors, I wi’ pleasure

Give grateful thanks, while I’m Will Caesar ;
IT shall not fail

To wish them life, and health, and treasure,
And mony a mail.

ee eee

But yet, I hope, they’ll understan’

The Dumfries still maun hae comman’,

For she’s weel worth ’t in ony lan’,
Where mails are seen.

Yes, war’ there hundreds in a ban’,
She wad be queen.

We have already indicated that for a considerable time prior
to the re-establishment of the Edinburgh, Dumfries, and Port
Patrick line of communication a coach existed on the Dumfries
and Port Patrick and Dumfries and Carlisle roads. Thus we are

tab de ee

23. The mail coach guard.

eee ey Ae

‘SIMAVT HV

p iinae pie
¢ 4 ee e
ES

os P10) : ]

SOUTH

a
a

Rai ries

Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 65

able to determine in what way Dumfries was first brought into
direct touch with the mail-coach system.

A very precise account of the method of sending mails by
the coaches is furnished by Mr Baines in his “ Forty Years at the

Post Office.’? In that work the mail-coach arrangements from
London to Dumfries and Port Patrick are described in the fol-
lowing terms:—“ There was yet another route to the border.

The Manchester coach, which ran through Barnet and Derby,
was continued by a second coach to Carlisle, and by a third to
Port Patrick, and carried the North of Ireland Mails. Leaving
London at 8 p.m., it was at Manchester (187 miles) at three
o’clock in the afternoon of the second day, only 7 minutes, by
the way, before the coaches for Glasgow and Edinburgh were
timed to leave, so that one would suppose that letters from
Lancashire for Scotland generally, must more than once have
missed the junction. It passed through Gretna Green at 6.35
a.m.—not too early probably for the blacksmith.

“And while the 35 miles 5 furlongs from Carlisle to Dum-
fries were cantered over at 9 miles an hour by four horses, there
was a sad come-down for the Port Patrick mail from the south as
soon as Dumfries was passed. A pair-horse coach struggled
through Kirkcudbrightshire at 7 miles 4 furlongs an hour; and
if for the 85 miles it was paid 5d a mile, or £646 a year in all,
it certainly got as much as was fair. The coach was due at
Port Patrick at 9.22 p.m. Thus the journey of 424 miles from
London (the greatest distance, by the way, traversed by any mail
coach) to the Irish Sea was accomplished in a little more than
two days. The mails for Ireland passed on by packet to Donagh-
adee.”

In addition to the foregoing particulars, we have ascertained
that the mail-coach called at the Queensberry Arms, Annan,
every morning at seven, and reached the King’s Arms, Dumfries,
at 9 a.m. ; while the return coach left the King’s Arms, Dumfries,
at 1.30 p.m. and reached the Queensberry Arms, Annan, at
3.30 p.m.

To return to the Edinburgh, Dumfries, and Port Patrick mail-
coach, we learn that the Royal Mail for Dumfries left the Black
Bull, Catherine Street, and 10 Princes Street (Edinburgh) at a
quarter past nine every evening. It called at the Spur Inn,
Moffat, at 4 a.m., and reached the King’s Arms, Dumfries, at

66 THE DumrrigEs Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

twenty minutes past six. Here a halt was made to await the
arrival of the Carlisle coach with the North of Ireland mails.
Thence it proceeded to Portpatrick, leaving Dumfries at 9.15
a.m. every morning, and journeying by way of Castle-Douglas,
Gatehouse, Newton-Stewart, Glenluce, and Stranraer.24 The
return journey was performed by a second coach, leaving Port
Patrick at six o’clock in the evening, reached the King’s Arms,
Dumfries, at 26 minutes past five in the morning, and departed
thence for Edinburgh at 26 minutes past six, calling at the Spur
Inn, Moffat, shortly after 9 a.m., and proceeding by way of
Noblehouse. The two coaches met at Gatehouse-of-Fleet, in the
parish of Girthon.

The foregoing hours of departure and arrival were, of course,
subject to periodical alteration. The purpose of mentioning them
is to show the time occupied on the various stages of the journey.

It was at one time contemplated to run the Edinburgh to
Dumfries mail-coach via Lochmaben, but the .road trustees
objected on account of the expense of building a bridge across
the A! and of making a few miles of new road. A proposal to
discontinue the coach on the 6th June, 1828, was strenuously
opposed by the inhabitants of the district, and the coach con-
tinued to run for many years after. The incident has been cele-
brated in verse by Will Caesar in an addendum to his “ Jaunt to
Edinburgh.” A further attempt to discontinue this coach appears
to have been made in the beginning of the year 1847, but the
Town Council of Dumfries petitioned against its withdrawal, and
they appear to have been successful.

So much for the mail-coaches. What of the men who had
charge of them?

We are told that, on the whole, the guards and mail-coach
drivers were extremely conscientious in the discharge of their duty.
Those in charge of the various mail-coaches passing to and from
Dumfries seem to have maintained the high reputation of their
class. Exposed to the inclemency of the weather, and always,
perhaps, setting out with a lurking fear of accident or robbery,

24. On the opening of the new road in 1800 the coach was trans-
ferred to it and travelled backward and forward daily through that
part, taking the villages of Crocketford and Springholm by the way.
—Frew’s ‘‘ The Parish of Urr,’’ p. 61.

Tue Dumrries Post Orricr, 1642-1910. 67

it can well be imagined that their duties were at times performed
under most exacting circumstances.

In a print of a local coach which, through the courtesy of
the Editor of “ The Motor,’’ we are able to reproduce, the artist
has depicted what must have been a common experience in early
coaching days.

From the Diary of William Grierson, father of Dr T. B.
Grierson, of Thornhill, and from other sources of information we
gather that delays were of frequent occurrence. Thus we
read :—

“Sunday, 10th Feb., 1799.—The mails have been very
much past their usual time of coming in by reason of the snow.
In many places the roads are totally blocked up. The London
Mail that should have come in on Friday night only came in this
day about one o’clock.’’ (p. 13.)

“Thursday, 26th Jany., 1809.—Last night and this morning
a heavy fall of snow. Partly frost and partly thaw during the
day; the roads blocked up. The mail-coaches did not arrive,
but the mail was brought in on horseback.’’ (p. 21.)

Again, in a report of a storm on 7th January, 1839, it is
recorded :—“ We learn from Mr Corson, guard of the mail on
the Dumfries and Portpatrick line of road, that when he reached
Castle-Douglas about one o’clock that morning matters looked
most gloomy. From that hour till its arrival in Dumfries the
storm raged with increased fury, accompanied with the terrific
peals of thunder and vivid flashes of lightning, along with which
torrents fell, while the winds continued greatly to increase.
Altogether, Mr Corson says, in all his experience such a night of
storm he never witnessed. Mr M‘Intosh, the Edinburgh mail
guard, states to us that the storm commenced in Edinburgh on Fri-
day. The snow began to fall as he left Moffat, and continued all
the way to Edinburgh—within five miles of which it was so deep
that the mail had to be dug out ; in consequence of which she was
two hours behind her time. All the other mails were also late.
On Mr M'‘Intosh’s return he had to leave the road at the same
place, but with the assistance of additional leaders they reached
Broughton, when the wind at eight o’clock continued to increase
till his arrival in Dumfries an hour and a half behind the usual
time. The night was truly gloomy and the storm appalling.”’

But even these instances are eclipsed. The heroic example

68 Tue Dumrrigs Post OrFice, 1642-1910.

of James M‘George and John Goodfellow, the guard and driver
of the Dumfries and Edinburgh Mail-coach, will long be remem-
bered in the district. The story of the mail-coach disaster near
Tweedshaws in the snowstorm of February, 1831, has been fully
described in “ The Gallovidian.” Here we purpose giving na
more than an epitome of the story detailing the circumstances -
under which these loyal servants of the Post Office heroically
sacrificed their lives through devotion to duty.

On the morning of Tuesday, Ist February, 1831, they set
out from Dumfries for Edinburgh at 7 a.m.,” and in spite of a
blinding snowstorm manfully fought their way to Moffat, where
they secured the services of two additional horses, and proceeded
on their journey, accompanied by Marchbanks, the Moffat road-
man, who had volunteered to help in case of accident.

About a mile and a half from Moffat the coach stuck fast,
and they were compelled to leave it. After directing the pas-
sengers to return to Moffat they attempted to proceed with the
mails on horseback, but in this they were unsuccessful, and the
horses were set at liberty, M‘George, the guard, stating they must
try what they could do on foot. Goodfellow and Marchbanks
endeavoured to dissuade him, but his resolution was fixed.
Goodfellow, seeing this, determined to accompany him, and,
after persuading Marchbanks to return, M‘George and he set out
together. It was their last journey. The following day the
mails were discovered hanging on a snow-post about five miles

M‘GEORGE’S HORN.

Found beside him after the disaster. Now in the
possession of Mr Kirk, Poolhouses, Lockerlie.

24*. No. 36, Vol. IX.
25. Another account says 10.30 a.m.

Tue Dumrries Post Office, 1642-1910. 69

and three-quarters beyond Moffat. Five days later the bodies of
the two men were found, and conveyed to Tweedshaws to await
interment.

Even in the face of death their thoughts had been of duty,
their purpose having evidently been to leave the mails where they
would readily be found.

There were other sources of danger, viz., accident and
robbery. Although the coaches to and from Dumfries seem to
have escaped the attentions of the highwayman, they were by
no means immune from accident.

On one occasion, on the morning of the 14th April, 1806,
the mail-coach was obstructed in coming out of Dumfries by some
evil-disposed persons placing boughs or branches of trees across
the turnpike road, by which the lives of the passengers were put
in peril and the mail much delayed.”

From the “ Dumfries Journal ’’ for September 17th, 1811,
we learn that:—“ On Tuesday afternoon the mail-coach betwixt
Port Patrick and this town was overset near Tarf Bridge. It
seems that immediately after delivering the mail there the horses
went off at full speed, and before they could be checked the
accident happened. We are sorry to add that several of the
passengers were severely hurt. Mr Gordon, innkeeper at Port
Patrick, and his wife were considerably bruised and cut, and
James Davidson, of the same place, had his leg broken; a
gentleman from Whitehaven got his shoulder dislocated, and his
daughter, who was in the inside, was much cut with glass. Both
the guard and driver also received injury.’’

Again, from the “Dumfries Courier’’ of date November
13th, 1827, we extract the following :—“ An accident bad enough
in itself, and which might have been attended with more serious
consequences, happened to the Galloway mail on the night of
Wednesday last at 7 o’clock. When about 4 miles to the west
of Castle-Douglas, the horses took fright at something on the
road, and rushed or rather leapt to the one side. By this sudden
and unexpected movement the poor driver was pitched from his
seat, and dashed with such violence on the stony ground that his
arm was fractured and his body otherwise seriously bruised.
When freed from all control the horses set off at full speed and

26. Hyde’s ‘‘ Royal Mail,” p. 35.

70 Tue Dumrrigs Post OrFice, 1642-1910.

continued careering at the same pace until they had passed the
village of Twynholm. Here the guard, Hunter, much to his
credit, and at the imminent hazard, we believe, of his life, passed
over the vehicle to the back of the wheelers, and both by restrain-
ing and soothing these succeeded in checking the fury of the
leaders. The Kirkcudbright postman, while waiting at Tarf
Bridge, observed the coach pass without stopping, and not
choosing to be cheated out of his usual burden, and suspecting
moreover that all was not right, he immediately galloped after the
truant mail. From the darkness of the night, no one could
observe the absence of the driver, and it was fortunate the man
possessed so much presence of mind; and from the state of the
reins it required both the guard and the postman to pilot the
horses to the burgh of Gatehouse. The high mettled steeds,
before they were stopped, had galloped a distance of 4 miles, and
passed in their course Red Lion Village, Meiklewood toll bar,
and two bridges, one of which from its narrowness and the
awkward way in which it angles with the road requires careful
driving even in daylight. It so happened that there were no
passengers either in or on the mail, and the only sufferer is the
poor driver, who, on recovering from the stunning effects of his
fall, got toa house, where he now lies in a critical, though not, it
is hoped, in a dangerous way.’’27

“On Saturday, 25th January, 1840, the Dumfries Mail was
upset when about eight miles on this side of Edinburgh. The
axletree all of a sudden gave way, and pitched the coach on its
beam ends to the great alarm, although very fortunately not to
the serious detriment, of the passengers. The guard in particular
was thrown from his seat to some little distance, and in falling
sustained a few slight bruises. But wayfarers such as him care
little for scratches, and although a relay might easily have been
found he still continues in the performance of his duty. As no
help happened to be at hand to repair the axletree the driver was
despatched to Edinburgh for another coach, the passengers
meanwhile locating themselves as they best could in the neigh-
bouring houses; and the accident altogether detained the Mail
fully six hours beyond the proper time.””8

27. ‘‘Courier,’’ Nov. 13th, 1827. 5
28. ‘‘ Dumfries Courier,’’ Wed., Jan. 29th, 1840.

Tue Dumrrigs Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 71

Another incident, illustrative of the trying experiences of the
guards and drivers of the mail coaches, is recorded by M‘Diarmid
in his “ Picture of Dumfries.’’

“We were roused from our beds on Friday morning, Febru-
ary 6, 1829,” he says, “by a messenger who stated that the
miscreant Hare had arrived in Dumfries. At first we could
hardly credit the intelligence, . . . but on repairing to the
coach office at the King’s Arms Inn, a little after eight o’clock,
we discovered that the news was too true. By this time a con-
siderable crowd had collected, and every moment added to its
density. . . . Nearly the whole of the high-street was one
continued mass of people, so closely wedged, that you might have
almost walked over their heads, while Buccleuch-street was much
in the same state; and, to express much in few words, the one,
as far as numbers went, reminded us of a great fair, when the
country empties itself of its population, and the other of what
takes place at an execution. The numbers of the people are
variously estimated, but the best judges are of opinion that they
could not be under 8000. As it was known that Hare was bound
to Portpatrick, the mob everywhere evinced the greatest anxiety
to see him pass by, and pay their respects to him in their own
way. But in the interim of more than four hours that elapses
between the arrival of the Edinburgh and the departure of the
Galloway or Portpatrick mail hundreds, if not thousands, were
admitted to see him. . . . The Edinburgh mail arrived at
about 20 minutes before seven, and as the crowd was soon on
the gui vive, it became necessary to secrete Hare in the tap-room
attached to the King’s Arms, . . . where crowds continued
to visit him, almost up to the hour (eleven o’clock) when the
Galloway mail was expected to start. With a view to this, the
Inn yard was cleared not without difficulty, the horses yoked, and
the coach brought out; but the mob, who, Argus-like, and with
far more than fis eye, anxiously watched every operation, had
previously formed their plans almost by instinct, and their aspect
appeared so truly threatening that it was deemed impossible to
drive the mail along the High-street, if Hare was either out or
inside, with safety to any person connected with it. In these

circumstances, and while two passengers were sent forward a few
miles in gigs, the coach started perfectly empty, if we except the
guard and driver, and one of Bailie Fraser’s sons, who seemed

72 Tue Dumrries Post OFFice, 1642-1910.

anxious to protect his father’s property. The crowd opened and
recoiled so far, and the tremendous rush—the appalling waves
on waves of people—far exceeded in magnitude and intensity
anything we ever witnessed in Dumfries before. When near the
Post Office the coach was surrounded, the doors opened, and the
interior exposed; and though this proceeding served to allay
suspicion, the cry soon resounded far and wide that the mis-
creant, who was known to be a small man, had managed to
squeeze himself into the boot. We have said that the mob had
concocted a plan, and from all we can learn, their resolution was
to stop the mail at the middle of the bridge and precipitate Hare
over its goodly parapet into the river. Failing this, they had
fully determined to way-lay the coach at Cassylands toll-bar, and
subject him to some other species of punishment ; and in proof of
this we need only state that they had forcibly barricaded the gates.
But when it became obvious that Hare was neither in nor on the
mail, the guard and driver were allowed to proceed.”

Hare was not allowed to go by the mail, and it was only by
the strategy of the inmates of the King’s Arms that he was enabled
to escape by a back entrance and obtain a temporary shelter
within the walls of the old jail in Buccleuch Street.

At the beginning of last century the conveyance of news was
an important feature of our coaching system, and the interesting
custom of discharging firearms, adopted by the guards of the
various mail coaches to announce the arrival of important news,
seems to have been observed in our district.

“Thursday, 5th September, 1799.—This night the mail
coach guard fired when the coach came in on account of the news
of taking the Dutch fleet.

Sunday, 4th September, 1808.—This night the news of an
important victory having been gained by Sir.A. Wellesley in
Portugal, the mail coach guard fired in consequence when he
came in.

Saturday, 17th September, 1808.—The news of the sur-
render of Junott and the Russian fleet arrived this night. The
guard of the mail coach fired.”29

29. Diary of William Grierson, father of Dr T. B. Grierson,
Thornhill, pp. 18 and 21.

Pe i.

THE DumrrieEs Post OFFicr, 1642-1910. 73

We are indebted to the issue of the “ Dumfries Courier ’’ for
May 10, 1841, for yet another reference to mail-coach arrange-
ments in our district :—

“We learn from good authority that an application was
made within these few days to Mr Maberly, in London for an
acceleration of the Galloway mail and that the application was
met by an announcement of the intention of Government to give
up both the Mail and the Port and send all the Irish bags by
Glasgow. It is the further apprehension of our informant that
Mails twice a day accelerated to the utmost are to be established
and that, from that line as a trunk, branches with riders or gigs
will be established to Dumfries, Annan, &c., and that we shall
lose all our coaches.”

The intentions of the Government would appear to have
been reconsidered, and although the port at Port Patrick was
afterwards given up we know that a mail coach continued to run
between Dumfries and Port Patrick until the year 1861.

In addition to the mail coaches, a number of other coaches
plied to and from Dumfries for passenger traffic and in at least
one instance a private coach was utilised also for the conveyance
of the mails.

Thus we learn, “ that the Dumfries and Kirkcudbright coach
which carries the mail bags betwixt these towns and Dalbeattie
and Castle-Douglas, will shortly run to Dalbeattie via Newabbey,
Kirkbean, and Southwick in place of the direct route at present
followed. In addition to its usual despatches the coach will carry
bags for Newabbey, Kirkbean, etc., which are now conveyed by a
foot post.”%?

Consequent upon the introduction of mail coaches the work

of the Dumfries Post Office appears to have increased to such an

extent that it was found necessary to employ a clerk. Under

date 19th September, 1786, we learn from the Council Minutes

that one Charles Gordon, clerk in the post office, was admitted
burgess and freeman of the Burgh. This is the first mention of
a clerk, the said Charles Gordon being apparently a nephew of

William Gordon, Postmaster, who had charge of the office in

Friars’ Vennel.

30. ‘Courier,’ 15th Jan., 1844.

74 THE Dumrriks Post OFFIcE, 1642-1910.

About this period also James M‘Clure (1763-1813), the
friend and companion of the Poet Burns, filled the position of a
letter-carrier, while at a later period David Johnstone (1795-
1810) performed the duties of a riding post between Dumfries,
Thornhill, and Sanquhar.

In 1804 Mr William Gordon was succeeded in the control of
the office by Mr Robert Threshie, who appears to have had, for
a few years, the assistance of a Miss Gilchrist, probably a grand-
daughter of Bailie James Gilchrist, a previous holder of the office
of Postmaster. Mr Threshie located the Post Office in Buccleuch
Street, in premises which occupied a site adjoining the present
Town Hall, but this step, as evidenced by the following
communication from Mr Threshie to the Town Council through
David Staig, Esq., the Provost, does not appear to have met
with the approval of the inhabitants of the burgh.

Dumfries, 23d Feby., 1805.
Sir,—

It has been complained to me that the present situation
of the Post Office in Buccleuch Street, being distant from the
center of the Town, is extremely inconvenient to the bulk of the
Inhabitants—I should have felt happy in being able to obviate
that inconvenience, but the Emoluments being limited, and
having been at considerable expence fitting up the Office where
it is, 1 had no inducement to remove it. Being anxious however
to accommodate the public and understanding the Old Guard-
house belonging to the Town will soon be unoccupied, I should
be inclined even to sacrifice*the expense I have been put to, and
with considerable personal inconvenience to myself, to remove
the Office to that more centrical place, provided the Town
would agree to fit it up, and set it me in lease at a moderate rent.

I persuade myself, you and the whole other Magistrates and
Town Council will feel equally disposed to encourage this pro-
posal, and shall expect to be favoured with an early answer,
meantime

I have the honor to be
Sir ;
Your Most
hum! Servt
R. THRESHIE.

Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 75

The application does not, however, appear to have com-
mended itself to the Council. Under date 25th Feby., 1805, we
read :—“ The said day the Magistrates and Council Authorized
the Magistrates to sett the old Court House and Guard House at
such rents as they shall think proper, to advertise for proposals
to be given in to them.—If necessary to sett them by public roup
for such a number of years after the term of Whitsunday next as
they may think fit and to report.”

Again, under date 22d April, of the same year, we read :—
“The said day the Provost reported that he had lett the old
Guard room and small apartment below the Steeple to Joseph
Hinchcliffe, Cutler for the space of fifteen years after the term of
Whitny next at the yearly rent of sixteen pounds Stg and the
burden of repairing the room at his own expence; of which the
Council approve and authorise the Magistrates or any two of
them to enter into a Lease of the premises accordingly.”5!

Some time prior to the year 1819 Mr Threshie removed the
office to the shop, No. 12 Castle Street.”%2

During Mr Threshie’s tenure of office the salary attaching to
the office of postmaster was £100 per annum.* In the year
1832 the Revenue of the Post Office in Dumfries amounted to
almost £2500, after deductions for salaries.%4

Some interesting details of the business transacted at the
office is furnished to us by the following tables of postal informa-
tion :-—

1820-1-2.5

“Post Office. Robert Threshie, Post Master.—The Mails from
Edinburgh, Glasgow, London, and Carlisle arrive at Dumfries at
half-past eight, p.m., and the Mail from Port Patrick arrives at
Dumfries at twelve at night.

The Mails for Edinburgh and Glasgow are despatched
from Dumfries at half past five a.m. ; the Mail for Port Patrick is

31. Town Council Minutes.

32. Wood’s Plan of Dumfries, 1819.

33. ‘‘ Dumfries Standard,’’ Oct. 27th, 1906.

34. New Statistical Account of Scotland.

35. From the Commercial Directory of Ireland, Scotland, and
the Four Most Northern Counties of England for 1820-1-2. In the
possession of Mr W. Allan, Chemist, Dumfries.

76 Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

despatched from Dumfries at about nine P.M. ; and the Mails for

London and Carlisle are despatched from Dumfries at half-past
twelve at night.”

1835.36
“Hour of Arrival and Despatch of the Mails to and from
Dumfries.

With the time for Delivery of Letters after arrival.

Time of Delivery.
MAILs. Arrival. Despatch.

Summer.) Winter.

Edinburgh, Glasgow, Moffat,
&

SECs ra alk we ... | past 6 a.m. |} past 6 a.m. | 7 A.M. | 8 A.M.
London and whole of England.

Office shut 1 hour after
arrival for despatch of mail

to Ireland, &e. 8.45 a.m. |4 past 1 p.m. | 104.M.| 10 a.m.
Ireland, Por ‘pate ick, ‘and the

whole of Gallow ay ... % past 5 A.M. 9 A.M. 7 A.M. | 8 A.M.
Thornhill, Sanquhar, Moni-

aive, &c. (Riding Post) . | 4 past 9 p.m. 9 A.M. 7 AM.|8 A.M
Lochmaben, Torthor wald

(Foot Post) ... ae 6 A.M. 10.30 A.M. | 7 A.M. | § A.M.
Newabbey, Kirkbean, &e.

(Foot Post) ... 28 am 7 P.M. 9 A.M. 7 AM. |S A.M.

Hours of attendance in Office, except when shut for despatch
of Mails—from 7 in the morning in summer and 8 in winter till 8
evening. Sunday—From the same hours in the morning till

half-past 10, from quarter to 1 till half-past 1, from 4 till 5, and
from half-past 7 til! 8.7’

From Pigot and Co.’s Directory for 1836 we obtain the fol-
lowing additional reference to a post:—“ Post, Mouswald and
Ruthwell—Letters arrive from and are despatched to Dumfries
three days a week.”’

From Halliday’s issue of the same year (1836)57 we obtain

the following particulars in regard to the staff at the Dumfries
office of that period :—

36. From Halliday’s Dumfries and South of Scotland Almanac
for the year 1835. In the possession of Mr W. Blackie, Postal Over-
seer, Dumfries.

37. In the possession of Mr Wm. Allan, Chemist, Dumfries.

THE Dumrrigs Post OFFIce, 1642-1910. 77
“Post Office—Castle Street.

Robert Threshie, Esq., Postmaster.
Robert Wallace, 1st Clerk ; William Mitchell, 2nd Clerk.
Hugh Downie and James Kirkpatrick, Letter Carriers.”

On his death on the 26th July, 1836, Robert Threshie was
succeeded as postmaster by Mr John Armstrong. Mr Armstrong
died in March of the following year, and Mr John Thorburn,
solicitor, was appointed in his place. In Mr Armstrong’s time
the office was removed from Castle Street to a little shop on the
east side of the High Street, on part of the site now occupied by
the shop of Messrs Cooper & Co., and on Mr Thorburn taking
over the control of the office he temoved it to English Street, to

a place known as “ the Doocot,” nearly Opposite to the head of
Queen Street.

INTRODUCTION OF PENNY Postrace.

In 1840 uniform penny postage was established, and as was
to be expected increased demands were made upon the local
service.

In consequence of this the attention of the Town Council was
directed to the postal facilities in existence at that period, and
for some years subsequent to the introduction of penny postage
the Council minutes afford evidence of general dissatisfaction in
regard to the local office.

On Tuesday, 17th November, 1840, “The Council resolve
that at next Ordinary meeting they would take into Considera-
tion the propriety of petitioning the Lords of the Treasury as to
having a permanent established, Post Office here built at the
public expense in same way as had been done in Glasgow, Edin-
burgh, Aberdeen, and other large Burghs. And the Draft of a
petition to that effect was laid on the table.”

Again on 11th December, 1840, “Mr Hamilton moved that
the Petition laid on the table as to a grant from the Treasury for
erecting a Post Office be signed by the Council, and that the
Provost be desired to use his utmost influence in promoting the
object by applying to the Representatives of the Burgh and
County or otherwise, which Petition being read, it was suggested
by Mr Lookup that a Petition might emanate from the Council

78 Tue Dumrries Post OrrFice, 1642-1910.

praying a grant to erect a Post Office, Custom House, Stamp and
Excise Office, it being well known that the Crown at present pays
large rents for several of these offices, but he was convinced that
if properly laid before the Treasury a saving might be proved
to be effected by combining all these offices in one.”

The Council signed the Petition, and agreed to carry out the
suggestion of Mr Lookup by signing a Petition presenting the
same to the Treasury, and named Messrs Lookup, Thomson,
Kemp, Hamilton, and the clerk to prepare the Petition and get
it signed and transmitted to the Lords of the Treasury.

The matter was again referred to at the Council meeting
held on 11th February, 1841, but consideration of the corre-
spondence was delayed until the following meeting on 5th March,
1841, when the Council was informed that the Post Office authori-
ties desired to be informed what sum the Council or Burgh would
contribute towards the expense of erecting a new office. After
much discussion Mr Lookup moved that an application be made
in name of the Council to the Treasury praying that a grant may
be made from the public funds for erecting a building sufficient to
contain the different public offices of the burgh. This was
seconded by Mr W. Smith, and agreed to, the following gentlemen
being named a Committee to frame the Memorial, viz. :—The
Magistrates, Dean, and Treasurer, Messrs Lookup, Kemp,
Hamilton, and W. Smith—Mr Lookup convener.

On 18th March, 1841, the Petition, drawn up by these
gentlemen, was read and approved of, signed, and directed to be
sent to the local representatives in Parliament for presentation to
the Treasury.

Thereafter much correspondence in regard to the matter
passed between the Council and their representatives in Parlia-
ment, but the only additional fact that emerges in the course of
this correspondence is that, “ Failing the Treasury entertaining
this Memorial, the Council entreat that you will urge forward the
application for the Post Office alone.”58

38. Letter to General Sharpe, M.P.

Tue Dumerrigs Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 79
We subjoin a copy of the Memorial to the Treasury :—

“Unto the Right Honourable
The Lords of her Majesty’s treasury
The Humble Petition of the Provost
Magistrates and Town Council of
Dumfries in common _ council

assembled.
Sheweth

_ That the Petitioners have already preferred a Petition to
Your Lordships praying a grant for erecting a Post office and it
has been intimated to them that Your Lordships are desirous of
being informed to what extent the Petitioners will contribute
towards the expense of erecting it along with Your Lordships.

That from the depressed state of the corporate property and
the amount of the debts owing by that Burgh the Petitioners are
not prepared to offer any sum from these funds and they are
doubtful if the Inhabitants generally would contribute by volun-
tary subscription but the (sic) crave permission to make the
following statement in reference to the yearly expenditure incurred
for the public offices in Dumfries and to suggest a plan whereby
provision may be made for the accomodation of these offices
without subjecting the Country to an expenditure much greater
than at present and they venture to offer this plan upon the
assumption that Dumfries from its importance in the South of
Scotland is entitled to be provided with accomodation for the
discharge of public business more suitable than hitherto has been.

That at present the public offices are scattered throughout
the Town and their situations have been chosen more to suit the
convenience or taste of the officer under whose charge the depart-
ment may be than to accommodate the public.

The following are believed to be the rents payable for the
different public offices :—-

Custom House ... is ve bi rhs os 240) 20 0
Stamp Office... tha - re Le ee BOO 8
Post Office woe ip oa sn ws see oor OF oO
Excise Office... noe ie SF Ae 2g MADIAOe 10
Bonded Stores ... ape Bie ae rie ee AOR OF a0

£160 0 0

80 Ture Dumrriés Post OFricr, 1642-1910.

That were the Petitioners allowed to suggest the sum that might
be necessary to provide accomodation which they contemplate
they would suggest that a sum between three and four Thousand
Pounds would be amply sufficient to defray the expense of the
site and erecting the Buildings.

That were Your Lordships pleased to order an inquiry into
the preceding statement the Petitioners will prove the truth
thereof.

May it please Your Lordships to take the premises into your
consideration and to grant the prayer of the Petition.

And the Petitioners will ever Pray.

(Signed) John Fraser
Provost and Chief Magistrate.”

No further reference to the Petition appears in the Council
Minutes, but it is evident that the Postal authorities had the
matter under consideration.

At the Council meeting on 3rd March, 1843, “ The Provost
laid before the Council two letters upon the subject of a New post
office for the Town from Mr Reeves, Post Office Surveyor.
Having considered these communications, it was decided that Mr
Reeves should be informed that a New post office had been taken
for five years, and that the Council were of opinion that a trial
should be given to the New Office. And further procedure
delayed as to the building of an office until a future period.”

It seems clear that the expectations in regard to the new
office cannot have been realised, for the subject was again brought
under the notice of the Council on 4th June, 1847, when, on the
motion of Mr Scott, they appointed the following Ccmmittee to
meet with Mr Thorburn, the Postmaster, to confer with him as to
a more convenient situation for a Post Office, viz. :—Bailie
Newall, Bailie Hammond, Bailie Smyth, and Mr Scott—Mr
Scott convener.

Here, for the time being, the matter was allowed to rest.
In the following year Dumfries was brought into direct touch
with the railway systems of the country, and a new era was
opened up for postal developments.

*(CHOALAMOONO ‘UVA ALIN ANIN Lv) HOVOO TWIVW HOIMLVdLHOd GNV SHTHANOdG WH

Tue Dumrrigs Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 81

IV.—THE Dumrries Post OFFICE—LATER DEVELOPMENTS.

The advantages of penny postage, combined with the safer
and more expeditious mode of conveying the mails by rail, pre-
pared the way for a marked expansion in post office business, and
Dumfries, in common with other districts, can boast of a wonder-
ful record of progress and development, especially during the last
thirty or forty years.

The town was first linked with the railway system in 1848,
when a line to Carlisle was opened. Two years later the system
was extended to Glasgow, and the line was established under its
present title of “The Glasgow and South-Western Railway.”
A branch line between Dumfries and Castle-Douglas was opened
on 7th November, 1859, by The Castle-Douglas ‘and Dum-
fries Railway Co. On 11th March, 1861, it was continued to
Stranraer and Port Patrick by a joint company, designated The
British and Irish Grand Junction Railway Co., and now known
by the name of “ The Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Railway Co.”
The Castle-Douglas and Dumfries Railway Co. ceased to exist on
Sth July, 1865, when it became amalgamated with the Glasgow
and South-Western Railway Co. In 1863 a branch line was
opened by The Dumfries, Lochmaben, and Lockerbie Railway
Co.*9 between Dumfries and Lockerbie, and in the following year
another line was constructed by the Glasgow and South-Western
Railway Co. between Castle-Douglas and Kirkcudbright. Among
recent extensions we have the Cairn Valley Railway, a branch
of the Glasgow and South-Western Railway, opened in .1905.
Although this railway passes through a quiet rural district with
only two villages of any considerable size it has already been
taken advantage of for the conveyance of mails to and from
Moniaive almost since the day it was opened.

We have already mentioned that a coach continued to run
between Dumfries and Portpatrick until 1861 for the conveyance
of the mails. The reason for this is not far to seek. We learn
from the foregoing references that it was not until that year that
railway communication was established on that road between
Castle-Douglas and Stranraer. The withdrawal of the mail

39. Amalgamated with the Caledonian Railway Co. in 1865.

82 Tue Dumrries Post Orricr, 1642-1910.

coach is thus described in the “ Kirkcudbrightshire Advertiser ”
of date 8th March, 1861:—

“EXIT THE Matt CoAcu.

The opening of the Portpatrick Railway for passenger and
goods traffic on Tuesday first will cause a considerable alteration
in the modes of conveyance hitherto used in the Stewartry. For
nearly fifty-one years the mail coach has run from Dumfries to
Stranraer, but to-morrow is the last trip from Castle-Douglas of
the mail coach. The arrangements made for the conveyance of
mails in the meantime is that a small gig will run from Castle-
Douglas to Stranraer each day at nearly the same hour as at
present, contingent on the arrival of the mail from Dumfries. It
is also contemplated to despatch the mail in the afternoon by the
five o'clock train instead of half-past three—an arrangement
which will be a great boon to the inhabitants south, east, and west
of Castle-Douglas. It will allow the boxes in the various places
to be kept open upwards of an hour longer than at present, and
thus give an opportunity to reply to any communication by the
same day’s post. The withdrawal of the mail coach will also
change the route of passengers from Creetown and Newton-Stewart
to Kirkcudbright. Instead of driving round by the coast, travellers
will now come by train to Castle-Douglas, and go on by coach to
Kirkcudbright—Mr Payne’s omnibus waiting the arrival of the
train from Stranraer.”

When the railway was first brought into direct touch with
Dumfries Mr Thorburn was still in office as Postmaster of the
Burgh. Upon him therefore fell the responsibility of carrying
out the necessary alterations for the adoption of the new system
and for the expeditious delivery of the increased volume of corre-
spondence consequent upon the introduction of penny postage.
Sub-offices began to spring up in rural districts, and runners were
established on roads not previously touched by the post, while

pillar and wall boxes began to be erected at convenient points .

throughout the Burgh.

Mr Thorburn’s tenure of office, as evidenced by the numerous
references to the postal facilities of this period which are to be
met with in the Records of Dumfries Town Council, must indeed
have been one of strenuous activity.

Thus on 14th Nov., 1850—“ Provost Nicholson laid before the

dS haut ables

rr eer

ee eS a

aes

THE DumrriEs Post Orrice, 1642-1910. So 3.

Council a letter from the Post Office, Edinburgh, stating that an
application having been made to the Postmaster-General desiring
that a delivery of letters should be made from the Dumfries Post
Office between 1 and 2 o’clock on Sundays and desiring that the
Provost should inform the Post Office whether the inhabitants of
Dumfries generally would prefer an afternoon to a morning
delivery. The Council, having considered this subject, request
the Provost by a majority to answer said communication and state
that the feeling is for a delivery betwixt one and two.”

Again on 7th Feb., 1851—*“ Mr M‘Gowan brought the subject
of the postal arrangements in this quarter before the Council, and
moved that a Committee be appointed to watch the proceedings in
an action now in progress at the instance of the Lord Advocate
against the Perth and Dundee Railway in regard to carrying the
mails. [The meeting agreed to this motion, and named the
following Committee, viz.—Provost Nicholson, Bailie Leighton,
Messrs Dinwiddie, Blaind, Smyth, and M‘Gowan, 3 a quorum—
Mr M‘Gowan convener. ] ”

At the next Council meeting, on 7th March, 1851, Mr
M‘Gowan intimated that the Committee upon Postal Arrangements
in this quarter had not been called together, but he considered the
subject so urgent that he begged to move the following resolu-
tions :—

“That the Burgh and District of Dumfries from their exten-
sive and daily increasing population and extensive Mercantile and
Shipping interest are entitled to the benefit of the most improved
communication under the powers entrusted by Parliament to the
Post Office.

That the existing postal arrangements are defective, incon-
venient, and exceedingly prejudicial to the interest of the Burgh.
That although two Mails from London arrive in Dumfries within
twenty-four hours one of these lies in the Post Office there till the
following morning, and by this means the whole correspondence
to Galloway and the upper district of Dumfriesshire is detained
for eight or ten hours unnecessarily.

That the Edinburgh and Glasgow Mails, which formerly
arrived twice in twenty-four hours, now only arrive once, and,
were these forwarded by the train from Glasgow direct, to and
through Dumfries, two mails from each might readily be had
and an end put to the absurdity of all the Dumfries Correspond-

84 : Tue Dumrries Post Orricr, 1642-1910.

ence with the County of Ayr and the Towns and Villages along the
line of Railway being transported round by Carlisle and Glasgow
in place of directly to their place of address.

That these obstacles and several others might be stated to a
ready communication can very easily be cured at no great expense

-and be a mighty boon to the population along and within the
range of the South-Western Railway. And that a Memorial by
the Council be presented to the Postmaster-General on the
subject.”

These resolutions were seconded by Bailie Leighton and
unanimously adopted, and it was remitted to the former Com-
mittee to prepare the memorial resolved upon.

In August, 1852, the delivery of letters on Sundays was again
brought under the notice of the Council, and we are informed
in the minutes dated 6th August of that year, “ The Council then
on the suggestion of Mr M‘Gowan took up the delivery of the
letters at the Post Office on Sundays. Agree to memorialise and
represent to the Post Office authorities the great inconvenience at
present experienced from the irregular delivery on Sundays, in the
middle of the day, and pray that the delivery be betwixt four anJ
five in the afternoon in future.” At the Council meeting on 21st
September, however, Mr M‘Gowan stated “ That from certain
communications from the Post Office authorities to the Town
Clerk that the Mails would be shortly accelerated, the Memorial
as to the delivery of the letters on Sundays had not been sent off,
and that no movement had been made in the meantime.”

Earlier in the spring of the same year the old question of a
new office had been re-opened, and in the Council Minutes of date
2nd April, 1852, it is recorded—* Mr Dunbar brought forward the
great necessity there was for an alteration in the site of the Post
Office which was at present very inconvenient. The Council
remit the matter to the following Committee to consider the
same and to report. [Viz., Bailie Leighton, Bailie Crombie,
Dean Payne, Messrs Sloan, M‘Gowan, Dunbar, and Smyth—three
a quorum. Mr Dunbar convener.] At the following meeting on
7th May, 1852, the above Committee recommended that the Meal
Market and Granary above belonging to the Burgh be fitted up as
a Post Office and let to the Post Master at the rent allowed to that
gentleman for such an office. Thereafter much correspondence

wactast

Cima

—

; Se ae, ++ eee ion

Steere

ess distil nh, facia iin nate aed Aa

Ef AB a Beet

eb ten:

eas.

Tue Dumrrigs Post OFFice, 1642-1910. 35

in regard to this matter passed between the Council and Mr
Western, the Post Office Surveyor.

Plans of the premises and medical certificates as to the light,
ventilation, and healthy situation of the site were submitted at
the request of the postal authorities, and although the Town
Council announced their intention of carrying out certain altera-
tions that were deemed necessary, it was intimated to them by the
Clerk at their meeting on 4th March, 1853,-that a letter had been
received from the Postmaster-General stating that after inquiry
the Post Office authorities did not think it would be advisable to
take a lease of the premises offered for the purposes of a Post
Office. The Council expressed regret at this decision, but being
still of opinion that extended Post Office Accommodation in Dum-
fries was much required the agitation for this purpose was con-
tinued.

In the Council Minutes of date 5th August, 1853, we are
informed, “ The Member for the Burghs, Wm. Ewart, Esq., M.P.,
being present, Bailie Currie took occasion to point out the present
existing Postal arrangements. Mr Ewart stated that were a
Memorial prepared stating the grievance complained of he would
do his utmost to press the same on the attention of the Govern-
ment and get the same redressed. The Council then named
Bailie Currie and Messrs M‘Gowan and Sloan a Committee to
prepare a Memorial in terms of Mr Ewart’s recommendation.
Bailie Currie convener.” On 2nd September the Provost read a
letter from William Ewart acknowledging receipt of the Memorial
and stating that he had used every exertion in order to get the
grievance complained of redressed.

Possibly as a result of this agitation the office was removed
to 10 Queen Street, the same building which, after an interval
of seventeen years, has again been brought into association with
the service as a sub-office. Notwithstanding these improvements
the Dumfries Office must have presented a striking contrast to
the Office of to-day. In illustration of this it may be mentioned
that the public were then served in the adjoining passage through
a hole in the wall.

In Johnstone’s “Guide to Dumfries and Galloway,’’ pub-
lished in 1860, the Post Office in Queen Street is described as
“a commodious building, in which is ample accommodation both
for officials and the public.”

86 Tur Dumrriges Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

This cannot have been the opinion of the general public.

“On 2nd January, 1857, Provost Leighton brought before the
meeting the subject of the great necessity that at present exists
for a more convenient and comfortable Post Office, and on his
suggestion the following Committee was appointed :—[Provost
Leighton, Bailies Payne, Pagan, Watt, Dean Lawson, Messrs
Dunbar, M‘Gowan, Herries, Sloan, and Corson—Three a
quorum—Provost Leighton convener] to take the whole subject
into consideration and to prepare and transmit to Government a
memorial praying for a Grant for the erection or purchase of suit-
able premises.”40

Plans of premises which the Council proposed to let to the
postal authorities for the new office were afterwards submitted,
but after correspondence in regard to the matter, the Provost
intimated at the Council meeting on 24th April, 1857—“ That as
directed at last Meeting he had communicated the resolution then
come to as to the New Post Office to the Post Office authorities,
and he produced an answer stating that they declined the premises
under the Council Chamber as ineligible, being deficient in space,
in height, and in general accommodation.”’

Thus for a second time the efforts of the Town Council were
unavailing, and although the agitation for better accommodation
was continued at intervals, it was not until the year 1889 that the
inhabitants of the Burgh enjoyed the advantage of a newly
erected and specially equipped Post Office.

Some idea of the work transacted at the Dumfries Office at
the time of its transfer to the Queen Street premises may be
gathered from the following mail sheet*! :—

40. Dumfries Town Council Minutes.
41. From Slater’s Directory for 1852.

Tue Dumrriés Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 87

“P.O., English Street, Dumfries.
Mr John Thorburn, Post Master.

Arrival Box. | Despatch
Town, &e. of Mille Closes. of Mails,
London and the South, Edinburgh, hetanadie A.M. P.M. P.M.
&c., also Ireland (via Lockerbie) “ 2.30 7.45 8.0
A.M. P.M. P.M.
London, &c., also Ireland (via Gretna) 9.55 215 2.40
P.M. A.M. A.M.
Port Patrick, &c. ... es 1.0 9.45 10.25
Kirkeudbright, Castle-Douglas, Dalbeattie, | p.m. AM A.M.
Be... he aa ope ae af wae 6.0 7.30 8.0
AM. A.M. A.M.
Sanquhar, &c. 1.0 9.45 10.25
P.M. AM. AM.
Parkgate, &c. 7.0 6.30 7.0
A.M. AM, AM.
Dalswinton, &c. 9.30 9.45 10.25
PM. A.M. A.M.
Glencaple, Newabbey, &c. 7.0 9.45 10.25

The office is open from the fourth of November to the fourth
of March, at half-past seven in the morning ; and from the fourth
of March to fourth of November at seven in the morning; and
the office closes at nine at night (Sundays excepted).

On Sundays the office is open from a quarter before one
noon till a quarter before two.

Late letters may be posted with an additional stamp through
the late letter box until within five minutes of the despatch of
mail.

Money orders are granted and paid daily (Sundays excepted)
from nine in the morning till six in the evening.

* When the letter M occurs at the end of an address it
Signifies Maxwelltown.”’

By way of contrast we append a mail list for the year 1854,42
which may, perhaps, be regarded as more authentic than the
previous one, having been compiled and published by Mr William
M‘Farlane, one of the Dumfries letter-carriers. It supplies us
also with additional particulars as to the mode of conveyance of

_ the different mails.

42. In the possession of Mr Wm. Blackie, Postal Overseer, Dum-
fries.

88 THE Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

MAILS AT DUMFRIES.
December, 1854.

Arrival. |Delivery. Shuts spatch

a P P
9.45 London, We., Irish Mails, Edinburgh, 3.20 3.50
“Glasgow and North of Scotland

P.M. A.M. P P.M.
8.30 7.0 London, &e., Irish Mails, Edinburgh, 9.45 | 10.15
Glasgow, and North of Scotland
A.M P.M. P.M.
10.0 — aes ... (On Sundays via Lockerby) 1.45 | 3.0
P.M. P.M. A.M. A.M,
3.25 | 4.0 Castle-Douglas, Kirkcudbright, Gate- 9.0 9.35

house, Stranraer, &c., per Mail
Coach

P.M. A.M. A A
6.0 7.0 Thornhill, Sanquhar, Kilmarnock, 8.20 8.50
Ayr, &e., per Railway

(On Sundays no mail either sent or
received.)

P.M. A.M A.M. A.M.
Tes0e il adeO Holywood and Closeburn Mounted 9.0 9.45
Messenger ; six days a week
P.M. A.M. A.M. A.M.
7.0 7.0 Amisfield and Parkgate Runner 9.0 9.45
A.M, AM. AM. A.M.
8.45 | 9.45 Dalswinton Runner 9.0 9.45
P.M. AM. ; A.M. A.M,
7.0 7.0 Glencaple and Bankend Runner 9.0 9.45
P.M. AML. A.M. A.M.
6.40 | 7.0 Newabbey and Southwick, per Gig... 9.0 9.45
P.M, P.M. A.M. A.M.
7.0 7.0 Collin and Mouswald, six days a 9.0 9.45
week
P.M, P.M, AM. AM.
a) 7.0 Terregles and Shawhead, six days a 9.0 9.45

week

Late Letters may be posted through the Late Letter Box,
with an additional stamp affixed, up to 15 minutes before the
despatch of each mail.

Office Open.—At 7 a.m. from 5th March to 5th November,
and at 8 a.m. from 5th November to 5th March.

Shut.—At 10 p.m. and for 30 minutes after the arrival and
before the Despatch of Mails.

g@~ =—- After the arrival of the 8.30 p.m. Train (as soon as the
Mail is sorted) there is a General Window Delivery for an hour.

Open on Sundays from 12.45 to 1.45 p.m.

When the Mail via Lockerbie arrives so as to admit of a
delivery at that time; and, when late, to be opened for an hour
so soon as the Mail can be sorted.

+ are

at om

ee ny

EN eR U6 heads ets Pe

:
/
By
>

Tue Dumrries Post OFFice, 1642-1910. 89

Money Orders are issued and paid between 10 a.m. and
6 p.m. (except from 3.20 till 4 p.m.) on week days only ; and on
Saturday Evenings Money Order Business may be transacted up
to 8 o’clock.

In the year 1861 the Post Office Savings Bank was estab-
lished, and in the following year Mr Thorburn retired from the
office of Postmaster. He was succeeded by Mr Alexander
Loudoun, from the Greenock Office. Mr Loudoun may be
described as the first practical postmaster, for he had not only
been trained in the service, but was required to devote his whole
time to the duties of the office. The salary attached to the office
was at this time fixed at about £130. On his retiral in 1889 it had
been increased to almost £300 per annum.

During Mr Loudoun’s term of office further changes, resulting
in greatly increased facilities to the public, were made. For ex-
ample, in 1870 the Telegraph service was transferred from private
hands to the Government. Later in the same year a halfpenny
postage rate for printed matter was introduced, and a few days
later the first post-cards were on sale to the public.

On the Ist of May, 1871, a sorting carriage, staffed by one
clerk from the Dumfries Office, made its first journey between
Dumfries and Stranraer, leaving Dumfries, with the Irish mails,
at 5.40 a.m.

The Postal Order system was commenced in 1881.

In August, 1883, the inland “ Parcels Post ’’ was started,
and two years later the parcel post was extended to foreign coun-
tries and the colonies. In 1883 the Postal Authorities secured a
lease of premises at the station to be utilised as a parcel depot.
Here the work of receiving and despatching the parcel mails to
and from Dumfries is still conducted.

The continuous and rapid expansion of postal business fol-
lowing on these improvements, combined with continued agitation
by the people for still further facilities, led to the erection of the
commodious and handsome Post Office in Buccleuch Street.
The contract for the erection of the new building was given to Mr
David Kirkland, Ayr, and the foundation-stone was laid with full
Masonic honours. The office was first occupied at Whitsunday,
1889, when the late Mr Wm. G. Weir, a Greenock officer like his
predecessor, was appointed to take charge, at an increased salary.

90 Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

In Mr Weir’s time numerous other improvements were
introduced. Thus in 1889 Telegraph Money Orders were autho-
rised, and the system was further extended on the Ist March,
1890. On the 25th March, 1891, Express services were in-
stituted, and on the Ist January, 1895, free re-direction of letters,
books, newspapers, etc., was conceded. More important still
was the introduction of “ Imperial Penny Postage ” in 1898, as the
outcome of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations.

Mr Weir retired on pension in 1900, and was succeeded in
office by Mr C. S. Chapman, from the Kendal Office.

During the years in which Mr Chapman had charge of the
Dumfries Office further concessions were granted to the public.
Perhaps the most important was the extension of penny post-
age to New Zealand and to the Chinese ports in 1902, to Aus-
tralia in 1905, and to the United States in October, 1908. A
noteworthy development was inaugurated on the 2nd of January,
1909. On that date payment was made for the first time of the
weekly pension granted by the State to the aged poor of the
British Isles.

On his retiral in March, 1910, Mr Chapman was succeeded
on 3lst May, 1910, by Mr William Carmichael, the present able
and energetic postmaster.

V.—RECEIVING OFFICES AND TOWN SuB-OFFICES.

A branch office, known as the Maxwelltown Receiving Office,
was established in 1843 for the greater convenience of the inhabi-
tants of that burgh, and it is of interest to obtain some idea of the
work transacted at the office shortly after it was first opened to the
public.

From the “ Dumfries Courier” of date January 29th, 1844,
we learn that:—‘“ There passed through this office, in 94 days
from its institution on 22nd July, 1843, 2512 letters and 5QT
newspapers ; and during the second 94 days ending January 5th,
4033 of the former and 752 of the latter, showing an increase
on the last quarter of 1521:letters and 225 newspapers. The
Maxwelltown community are under great obligations to Her
Majesty’s Post Office Commissioners for granting so seasonable
a boon as the establishment of this branch, tending as it does so
much to facilitate business.’’

THE Dumrries Post OrFicE, 1642-1910. 91

The first postmaster in Maxwelltown was a Mr Clark, and
the office was located in the shop at No. 1 Glasgow Street, pre-
sently occupied by Mr M‘Courtie. Mr Clark held office for only
a brief period, and was succeeded by Mr John Bell. In 1853
the office was at the shop in Galloway Street now occupied by Mr
Beattie, grocer. Mr Bell was succeeded by Mr John Davidson
in May, 1855, and the office was then transferred to the shop now
eccupied by Mr Kirk, tobacconist, at 45 Galloway Street. On his
death in February, 1878, Mr Davidson was succeeded in office
by a relative (probably his son), Mr John Davidson, in April,
1878. The second Mr Davidson was in turn succeeded by Mr
John Moodie in December, 1884, and the latter again removed
the office to the shop No. 32, further up the same street, pre-
sently occupied by Mr Tait, cycle agent. On Mr Moodie’s
resignation in July, 1886, the control of the office again passed, in
August of the same year, to a member of the Davidson family,
viz., Mr James Davidson. ‘Thereafter the office was located in
the premises presently occupied by the Misses Aitken, confec-
tioners, at 42 Galloway Street.

On the Head Office being established in Buccleuch Street

_ the Maxwelltown Receiving Office was abolished, and Mr James

Davidson was appointed to take charge of a new “ Receiving
Office” located in the shop No. 63 English Street, Dumfries.
Mr Davidson was succeeded by Mrs E. Johnston in May, 1890,
and she removed the office to her place of business at No. 9
English Street. On Mrs Johnston’s retiral in June, 1906, she was
succeeded as sub-postmistress by Miss Jeanie T. Fergusson, the
present holder. Miss Fergusson removed the office, now known
as English Street T.S.O. (i.e., Town Sub Office), to the building
previously occupied as the Head Office, at 10 Queen Street.

At the present time the office transacts the usual postal

duties, including Money Order, Savings Bank, Annuity and

Insurance Business. It is also a collecting office for telegrams,
a telephone installed in May, 1907, being utilised for trans-
mitting the messages to the Head Office. The hours of business
are8a.m.to8p.m. There is no Sunday attendance.

The St. Michael Street Receiving Office was established in
November, 1889, and Mrs Margaret Gibson was appointed Sub-
postmistress. The office was located in the shop now occupied

92 Tue Dumrries Post OFFice, 1642-1910.

by Mrs Kerr at 1 Lindsay Place. On Mrs Gibson’s death in
August, 1896, the appointment was given to her daughter, Miss
Sarah H. Gibson (afterwards Mrs Thoms) in October, 1896,
Mrs Thoms resigned the position in July, 1898, and was suc-
ceeded immediately afterwards by Mrs MacWhinnie, the present
holder. Mrs MacWhinnie removed the office to her business
premises at 16 St. Michael Street.

At the present time the office transacts Money Order,
Savings Bank, Annuity and Insurance business, in addition to
the usual counter duties; but there is no telegraph work. The
hours of business are 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. on week days, and there
is no attendance on Sundays. ‘The office is now known as “ The
St. Michael Street T.S.O.’’ (Town Sub Office).

The Milldamhead T.S.O. was established in July, 1898,
and the appointment of Sub-postmaster was given to Mr Samuel
Fergusson, who conducted the business in the shop now occupied
by Mrs Chesser, at the corner of Maxwell Street, Dumfries. Mr
Fergusson resigned in September, 1901, and for a time the office
was discontinued. In March, 1902, however, it was re-established
at No. 3 Kirkowens Street, and Mrs Jane Jackson Dalziel was
appointed to the office of Sub-Postmistress. Mrs Dalziel resigned
in November, 1906, and was succeeded by Mr J. D. Little, the
present Sub-Postmaster, who carries on the business at the same
address. This office also transacts full duties in regard to Money
Order, Savings Bank, Annuity and Insurance business, with the
exception of telegraph work. There is no Sunday duty. The
hours of business on week days were originally 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.,
but on December 6th, 1909, these were altered to 8.30 a.m. to
7.30 p.m., and on the 2nd May, 1910, authority was given for
closing the office at 2 p.m. on Thursdays of each we>k.

Laurieknowe (Maxwelltown) T.S.O. was first opened for
business on the 4th of January, 1909. Mr John W. Trotter was
appointed Sub-Postmaster, and the office was located in his
business premises at 64 Laurieknowe, Maxwelltown. The office
transacts the usual counter duties, including Money Order,
Savings Bank, Annuity and Insurance business, but has no tele-
graph work. The office is not open on Sundays. The hours of
attendance on week days were originally 8 a.m. to 8 p.m but

Tue Dumrries Post OFFICE, 1642-1910. 93

these were altered to 8.30 a.m. to 7.30 p.m. on and from Ist
November, 1909.

Troqueer Road (Maxwelltown) T.S.O. was also opened on
the 4th January, 1909; the office being established in the shop
at 10 Troqueer Road, and Miss Brown being appointed Sub-
Postmistress. No Money Order, Savings Bank, Annuity, or
Insurance business, or telegraph work, is, as yet, transacted at
this office, but Postal Orders are issued on a limited scale. There
is no Sunday attendance. Originally open from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.,
the hours of duty were changed on Ist November, 1909, to 8
a.m. to 7 p.m.

On the introduction of the label system for registered letters,
packets, parcels, etc., numbers were allocated to these sub-offices
as follows:—English Street T.S.O., Dumfries, 1; St Michael
Street T.S.O., Dumfries, 2; Milldamhead T.S.O., Dumfries, 3 ;
Laurieknowe, Maxwelltown, T.S.O., Dumfries, 4; and Troqueer
Road, Maxwelltown, T.S.O., Dumfries, 5.

In addition to these Town Receiving Offices and Sub-Offices,
Dumfries had under its control a large number of Rural Receiving
Offices and Sub-Offices. Very few of these, however, were in
existence prior to the introduction of uniform penny postage.
There can be little doubt that the developments in the establish-
ment of these Rural Sub-Offices were largely the outcome of this
far-reaching reform.

The more important sub-offices were established at Auldgirth
Bridge, Closeburn,*® Colvend,** Crocketford (previously a penny
post office under Dumfries), Dalbeattie (constituted a Head Office
on Ist February, 1869), Duncow, Dunscore (previously a penny
post office under Dumfries), Haugh of Urr,‘* Isle Toll,*° Kirk-
bean, Kirkgunzeon, Kirkmahoe, Kirkpatrick-Durham,*4 Mous-
wald,** Newabbey (previously a penny post office under Dum-
fries), Old Bridge of Urr,*4 Palnackie,“4 Parkgate (previously a
penny post office under Moffat), Preston, Shawhead, Spring-
holm,“ Southwick, and Torthorwald‘*®

43. Now under control of Thornhill Office.

44. Transferred to Dalbeattie, lst Feb., 1869.

45. Now non-existant.

46. Transterred from Lockerbie on and from Ist January, 1877.

A runner from the Dumfries Office previously undertook the delivery
to the Roucan.

94 Tue Dumrrigs Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

VI.—POSTMARKS OF THE DUMFRIES POST OFFICE.

In the year 1660 the system of postmarking was invented and
first used by Henry Bisshopp, Esq., His Majesty’s farmer of the
office of Postmaster-General, but it was not until about the year
1714 that the provincial or country Postmasters, then called
“ deputies,” adopted this method of stamping or marking all the
letters posted at or delivered from their respective offices.
Hitherto the letters had been entered on what was termed “a
labell” or waybill giving the time of arrival and despatch of the
mails, and also the number of letters paid and unpaid.

Poft opie Lm 2 Ili I 789

Bye Letters to oS oes —

Unpaid , 79 at L. shryo
Paid 72 that mee

DUMFRIES AND SANQUHAR WAYBILL, 12th suny, 1789.

In the year 1715 instructions were issued that each Post Town
should use a stamp “so that a check may be kept on letters
passing from one stage to another.” The instructions would
appear to have been rigorously carried into effect, for one of
the earliest orders issued to Post Office Surveyors or “ Agents to
ryde ye severall rodes and find out abuses,” as they were then
designated, was “to examine whether all letters are duly
stamped.”

The advantages of such a system can readily be understood.
For a long time no important change is noticeable in the charac-
ter of the stamps, but as the demands made upon the service
increased defects became apparent and numerous improvements
have from time to time been brought into operation.

Thus it is of interest to notice that still more stringent regula-

Tue Dumrries Post OFFICE, 1642-1910. 95

tions were laid down as to the work of stamping. Under date the
28th December, 1807, a “ Special Instruction” was issued to the
various offices in the following terms:—“ Stamp all letters with
wooden stamp, using common writing ink. On no account what-
ever apply the smoke of candles for the purpose.”’

There can be little doubt, we think, that Dumfries, in
common with other provincial offices, would use a stamp in 1715.

The late J. G. Hendy states’? that the earliest Scottish
postmark which had come under his notice was taken from a
letter of 1774. _ It may therefore be of interest to record that
we have secured markings from the Dumfries Office of dates 14th
June, 1761, and 25th March, 1765; from the Annan Office of
dates November 27th, 1738, and August 27th, 1744; and from
the Moffat Office for the 28th December, 1761.

Fig. 1 shows the Dumfries postmark for the 14th June, 1761.
It possesses the peculiarity of having the letters M and F joined
together so as to form what is called a ligature or nexus. This
mark remained in use until about the year 1763 or 1764, when it
seems to have been superseded by a larger mark (Fig. 2). The
latter evidently continued to be used at the Dumfries Office for
a considerable period. We find a similar postmark on a letter
from the Poet Burns to his brother William, dated from Ellisland
the 10th November, 1789, which is preserved in the Burns
Museum of Mr John Thomson, Hole i’ the Wa’ Inn, Dumfries.

In the year 1808 the marking of mileage (i.e., the distance
from London) was authorised, but it is certain that the rule was
not applied generally. Figs. 3 and 4 represent the Dumfries
marks showing mileage in use from 1814 to 1820. J. G. Hendy
says :—“ The Scotch stamps bearing mileage also bore the initial
letters B, C, D, E, & G. These indicated the route by which
the letters circulated, i.e., Berwick, Carlisle, Dumfries, Edin-
burgh, and Glasgow. It appears, however, that there were ex-
ceptions, thus we find Dumfries bearing route letter “G” and a
different mileage (Fig. 4).4”

In 1821 the character of the Dumfries postmark is somewhat
different. The frame, as shown in the markings of 1814-20, has
disappeared, while details as to the date of posting and hour of

47. History of the Early Postmarks of the British Isles, p. 127.
47*. History of the Early Postmarks of the British Isles, pp.
137-8.

96 Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

arrival have been added. Thus the specimen shown in Fig. 5
taken from a letter posted at the Castle Street P.P.O.*8 Edin-
burgh, on the 13th July, 1821, tells us that the letter reached
Dumfries on the morning (M.) of the 14th July, 1821. In this
case also the mileage differs from that given on the earlier
postmarks. Another marking of a similar character (Fig. 6), in
use during the years 1825 and 1826, has no index letter to indicate
the time of arrival at the Dumfries office.

In 1830 the mileage and route marks gradually disappeared
and a new mark (Fig. 7) was brought into use. Some specimens
of this postmark bear an index letter “N.” Others again (Fig. 8)
have no index letter. In 1834 the first circular stamp of type
shown in Fig. 9 was introduced.

In 1838 a question arose as to the supply of a more uniform
type of stamps for use in Scottish post offices. “ Previous to this
date,” says Hendy, “ postmasters in many instances supplied
their own stamps. It was now decided that these officials should
be supplied from London with steel instead of brass stamps.”
Postmarks as shown in Figs. 10 and 11 then came into use at
the Dumfries Office. In addition to these marks several others
were in use at this period for special purposes. Thus Figs. 12
and 13 represent the marks endorsed on correspondence delivered
through the medium of the local penny post, i.e., to Crocket-
ford, Dunscore, Maxwelltown, or Newabbey, at the additional
cost of ld. Again Fig. 14, taken from a letter of date 22nd
September, 1837, shows the marking in use to denote that the
postage was prepaid. Another type of the “ paid stamp,” intro-
duced at a later date, is shown in Fig. 15. Fig. 16 represents the
mark used to denote that the letter had been missent and was
therefore exempt from a second postage.

In the year 1813 an Act of Parliament was passed repealing,
as far as Scotland was concerned, exemption from toll in the case
of mail coaches with more than two wheels. The same Act, in
order to indemnify the Post Office for the loss it would sustain,
imposed an additional postage of 4d upon every letter conveyed
by mail coach in Scotland. Figs. 17 to 21 represent “ additional
halfpenny ” marks used at different dates in the Edinburgh Office

48. Penny Post Office.

i
|
|

Spee tee ee edt oe

Tue DumrrieEs Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 97

for marking correspondence conveyed by the Edinburgh to Dum-
fries Mail Coach.

On the 6th of May, 1840, the 1d adhesive postage label
which had to be cut with scissors from a sheet or strip of the same
and the artistically drawn cover of Mulready also came into use,
and their introduction was immediately followed by the first
obliterating stamp (Fig. 22). The earlier impressions of this
mark were made in red ink, but this was changed to black on
account of the ease with which the red could be removed from
the stamps. These stamps were cut in wood, and cost Is each.

“From want of a distinguishing mark,’’ says Hendy in his
History, “it was found impossible to indicate the office where
letters defaced by them were posted, so that in February, 1841,
instructions were issued to all postmasters to date-stamp their
letters with the office where posted. in front, and with the office of
delivery on the back.”

The State though making no charge for the transmission of
newspapers by post had, since 1711, levied a Stamp Duty upon
them. Fig. 23 represents the Government stamp of the “ Dum-
fries Courier” for transmission through the post, while Fig. 24
shows a similar stamp for the “ Dumfries Weekly Journal.” The
paper had to be so folded that the Government stamp was seen,
otherwise it was marked with the stamp shown in Fig. 25 and sur-
charged. Fig. 26 tells that the newspaper had been examined at
the Dumfries office with a view to surcharge if it contained any
unauthorised enclosure. On the introduction of uniform penny
postage in 1840 another mark (Fig. 27) was adopted, and con-
tinued in use until about the year 1848, when a further change
was made to the type shown in Fig. 28. In 1850 another change
appears to have been made to the type shown in Fig. 29.
Specimens of this mark show that it remained in general use
throughout at least the years 1850 and 1851. ;

In the following year (1852) the first circular Dumfries stamp
with an outer frame all round is met with (Fig. 30). We think it
probable that this would be an experimental stamp, as it does not
appear to have been kept in use for any length of time. Only a
single specimen has come under our notice.

In the year 1853 another stamp (Fig. 31) was introduced.
In this instance an index letter has been added. We know from
other specimens of this marking which have come under our notice

98 Tue DumrrigEs Post Office, 1642-1910.

that it was still in use until the beginning of the year 1857. In
that year two new marks (Figs. 32 and 33) are met with. From
the position of the marks we ascertain that they were designed for
distinctive purposes. Thus Fig. 32 was used for endorsing inward
correspondence, while Fig. 33 was for obliterating the stamps and
endorsing the covers of outward correspondence. The reason
for the use of a double stamp was that while one impression fell
on the label the other would appear on the letter, and, as each
number was allocated to one particular office, it thus formed a
sufficient check on Postmasters and clerks against substituting an
obliterated for an unobliterated stamp. Fig. 33 has the further
peculiarity of having the index letter in the under portion of the
stamp. Another type of the double stamp (Fig. 34) appears to
have been in use in 1858, while a slightly different mark of the
same class (Fig. 35) seems to have been introduced a few years
later. Fig. 36 shows yet another type with thick parallel lines.

Other changes were made in regard to the marks for inward
correspondence and the markings (Figs. 37, 38, 39, and 41) were
afterwards brought into general use.

Fig. 40 shows the small mark (Fig. 41) in use also on a com-
bined stamp.

We are indebted to the late J. G. Hendy for particulars in
regard to the treatment of defaced stamps. He says, “ All letters
bearing stamps which appeared to have been previously used were
to be charged with double rates of postage, as in the case of
unpaid letters, and to be marked ‘ Old Stamp.’” The suspected
stamps, whether appearing to have been previously obliterated
or defaced, or otherwise imperfect, were not to be again obliter-
ated, but carefully marked across, thus, X with pen and ordinary
ink, so that the mark should not be an obstacle to any subsequent
inquiry.

Prior to the abolition of the Maxwelltown Receiving Office in
1889 two markings (Figs. 42 and 43) were in use at different
periods at that office. The latter marking (Fig. 43) is of interest
as showing an error in the spelling of the name and on account
of the use of the term R.O. for Receiving Office.

Of the subsequent changes we do not purpose to speak
further than to mention that the double or combined date and
obliterator stamps were afterwards withdrawn, and that clock time

THE Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 99

was substituted for “Index letters” about the end of the year
1894.

Here we conclude our references to the Dumfries postmarks.
We leave the reader to form his own opinion as to the merits of
the respective designs which are here illustrated.

VII.—Rates or PostaceE, INcLupING “ THE FRANKING SYSTEM.”

The term “ postage,’’ as applied to the charge made for
the conveyance and delivery of articles passing through the post,
is comparatively modern.

“The Act of 1764,’’ says Joyce,*? “is the first so to use it.
The term is indeed used in the Act of 1660, but there it signifies
the hire of a horse for travelling, i.e., “Each horse’s hire or
postage.”

As we have already seen, the tariff for postage or “ portage ”’
introduced by Thomas Witherings at the establishment of a
regular postal service with Scotland was as follows :—

Single Letter. Double. If bigger,
Under 80 miles __.., x fos a ete 4d 6d an oz.
80 miles and not Saeeine. 140 . en ee 8d 9d an oz.
Above 140 miles .., AME ae Gan Wal 12d 12d an oz.
To and from Scotland _... Sos Pha! saad After two ozs. 6d the oz.

This was the introduction of such charges, but it is of interest
to note the various changes and concessions which have from
time to time been introduced.

Although it was to the Act passed in 1657 that the Post
Office owed its establishment on a sound basis, another Act passed
in 1660, as being unimpeachable, has come to be regarded as its
charter. The rates of postage prescribed by the earlier Act were,
however, only slightly altered by the Act of 1660. As finally
introduced, the charges were as follows:—

Single Double Per

Letter. Letter. “0z.
80 miles and under ... na An oe ena 4d 8d
Above 80 miles a oe sti ee ped 6d 12d
To and from Berwick ee A Se Jat) “aks 6d 18d

From Berwick within arctan.”

40 miles and under ... = Ne ee 20 4d 8d
Above 40 miles be = He ee Md 8d 12d

49 Footnote Joyce’s ‘‘ History of the P.O.,”’ p. 29.

100 THE DumFrRIEs Post OFFice, 1642-1910.

These charges were, in turn, superseded after the Union of
1707 by the following tariff from the Post Office Act of 1711:—

From London. Single. Double. Ounce.
80 miles and under ... et Le Riel OL 6a 12d
Above 80 miles ote Bs a aed «4d. 8d 16d
To Edinburgh... ns ae rat OGL 12d 24d

From Edinburgh within Boatland:

50 miles and under ... Ae 2d 4d 8d
Above 50 miles and not exceeding ‘80 miles 3d 6d 12d
Above 80 miles ee ae ie ie 4d 8d 16d

By the same Act rates for correspondence passing between
Dumfries and Edinburgh were prescribed as follows :—

“ And for the Port of every Single Letter, or Piece of Paper,
from the said General Post Office in Zondon unto the City of
Edinburgh, in that Part of Great Britain called Scotland, or
from thence to the said General Post Office in the City of
London, and to and from Dumfries, or Cockburnspath, and
between either of those Places and the said City of Edinburgh,
not coming from, or directed on Board any Ship, Six Pence;
and for the like Port of every Double Letter, Twelve Pence ; and
so proportionally unto the said Rates, for the Port of every
Packet of Letters.”

In the earliest years of postal administration it appears to
have been a common practice for public bodies, such as the Town
Council, to make only periodical payments for postages, etc.
It may not therefore be out of place to quote here the following
extracts from the Dumfries Burgh Treasurer’s Accounts :—

hb, ss ems
1708-09.—Feb. 24. Itt payed to Jo. Johnston for

Eleven two peny leters and five four peny

leters upon ye towns accoumpt bie 02 02 00
July 4. Itt payed for postage of letters for ye town

from ye first of Aprile to the 4th July instant... 03 14 00
Decr. 20, 1710. For two post letters from Bar — 4 —
Febry. 16, 1711. To Torrery for postage of two

letters from John Sibbald about ye toun’s

affairs... ae =f ane ae a
Septr. 8 (1711). To John Johnstone Postmaster

for postage of Letters to and from ye Magis-

trats about ye Touns affairs from 1 Decr. to 22

August last- ... Pe ae aS. 3 3 2 oe

Tue Dumrries Post OFFice, 1642-1910. 101

D+) .5,S¢:" Oak

July 7, 1712.—For postage of a letter from Edr
to ye Magrats ... O16: 00

Sept. 15, 1712.—To John Tohnston postiiaste: fot

postage of Letters and Gazetts to the Town p.

the Councels precept at ye end of ye [partiar]
accot and his Receipt .. iol S00

Feb. 23, 1728.-—Postage of 9 eee ae hive
pool about the bell mettal .... . — — 8
Apr. 14, 1728.—Postage of a Letter ae Edr.. — — 2

May 4, 1728.—Postage of a Letter from Edr. wt
the Act & Commission in John Irving’s affair —- — 6

For postage of a Letter from Prov. Irving at
London — — 6

12 Aprile, 1742. = RG) posta pie a mDoible ene:

to the provost from Glasgow anent the Linen
Gianit: 4... ies aa ny he . — — 8

Such entries are of frequent occurrence, and many of them
are of more than passing interest.

In the year 1764 a concession in the rates of postage for
distances not exceeding two post stages was granted, to take
effect from and after 10th October, 1765; but the tariff for the
longer distances remained unchanged.

By the same Act (Section vii.) the Rates of Postage between
England and Ireland through Carlisle, Dumfries, Port Patrick,
and Donaghadee were arranged as follows :—

“And whereas, for the more ready and extensive Convey-
ance of Letters and Packets between that Part of Great Britain
called England and Ireland, and for the Conveniency of Trade
and Commerce between the said Kingdoms, it may be convenient
and expedient to improve the Communication for the Convey-
ance of such Letters and Packets by the Post through Carlisle,
Dumfries, and Port Patrick, or some other convenient Port in
Scotland; and through Donaghadee, or some other convenient
Port in Zredand ; be it further declared and enacted by the Autho-
tity aforesaid, That it shall and may be lawful to and for the
said Postmaster General, and his Deputy or Deputies by him
thereunto sufficiently authorized, to demand, have, receive, and
take, for the Port and Conveyance of all Letters and Packets

102 Tue Dumrriges Post OFFice, 1642-1910.

passing and repassing by the Post between England and Ireland,
through Carlisle, Dumfries, Port Patrick, and Donaghadee, or
other convenient Ports in Scotland and Ireland, the same Rates
or Sums for English Postage, according to the Number of Miles
or Stages such Letters and Packets are carried by the Post in
England, as also the same Rates or Sums for Scotch Postage,
according to the Number of Miles or Stages such Letters and
Packets are carried by the Post in Scotland ; and, moreover, the
same Rates or Sums for Packet Postage between Port Patrick
and Donaghadee, or other convenient Ports in Scotland and
Ireland, as likewise the same Rates or Sums for /rish Postage,
according to the Number of Miles or Stages such Letters are
carried by the Post in Zreland, as are respectively settled, estab-
lished, and ascertained, by the said Act, made in the Ninth Year
of the Reign of Her said late Majesty Queen Ame, or by this
present Act.’’

On the introduction of the mail coach in 1784 an increase
became necessary, and new charges were imposed as follows :—

Distance. Single. Double. Treble. Ounce

Not exceeding one post stage wee rete 4d 6d 8d
Above one but not two post stages en ou 6d 9d 1/-
Above two stages but not exceeding 80

miles... Bee sa ore Ee con, 401 8d 1/- 1/4
Above 80 miles but not exceeding 150 miles 5d 10d 1/3 1/8
Above 150 miles te a a saa VO 1/- 1/6 2/-
To or from Edinburgh and London sae gh 1/2 1/9 2/4

The extract from the Act (24 George III., C. 37, a.p. 1784)
in regard to the increase of one penny on single letters passing
to and from Dumfries and Edinburgh is as follows :—

“And for the Port or Conveyance of every Single Letter
conveyed or carried by the Post from the General Post Office in
the City of Zondon unto the City of Edinburgh, in that Part of
Great Britain called Scotland, or from thence to the said General
Post Office in the said City of Zondon, and to and from Dumfries
and Cockburnspath, and between either of those Places and the
said City of Edinburgh, the Sum of One Penny; For every
Double Letter, Two Pence; For every Treble Letter, Three
Pence ; And for every Ounce in Weight, Four Pence; and so in
Proportion for every Packet of Writs, Deeds, or other Things.’’

A further increase was made in 1797, the rates within Scot-

Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 103.

land, i.e., “ to any town or district in Scotland from Edinburgh,”’
being again raised 1d for a single letter, 2d for a double, and so
on.

Nor was this the limit of such charges. Thus while in
1797 the charge for a single letter from Dumfries to Edinburgh
was 5d, in 1802 the charge was raised to 6d. In 1803 the
tariff was reduced, but in 1808 it was again increased, this
time to 7d, and a further increase of 1d was imposed in 1813.
The latter increase would appear to have met with consider-
able opposition from the members of Dumfries Town Council.
Under date Monday 22nd March, 1813, it is recorded in the
Council Minutes—“ Which day Provost Staig laid before the
Council a letter from Mr Douglas, the representative in Parlia-
ment for this district of Burghs, dated the twelfth of March
Current,covering a Printed Minute respecting the local hardship
imposed on the Trustees of the High roads in Scotland by the
exemption from Toll enjoyed by Mail Coaches, and suggesting
that such exemption might be given up, taken an increase of 1d or
14d per letter of postage on all Letters passing in Scotland as a
compensation for an expense which would thereby be occasioned
to the revenue, and the Council, having reasoned upon and con-
sidered the proposal contained in the said Minute, they are unani-
mously of opinion that such increase of postage is not a fair prin-
ciple of compensation and ought to be resisted, they therefore
desire the Provost to instruct Mr Douglas to give his decided
opposition to the measure.”

Again, under dates 25th and 31st May, 1830, it is recorded

_ that—“ Dr Symons brought before the Council a tax levied by the

Post Office of a halfpenny at delivery of letters, and he read a
return of the Burghs in Scotland that paid and the Burghs which
are exempted. After consideration the Council determine this to
be a grievous burden to the public and request the Provost with-

- out delay to make the proper application to the Postmaster-
_ General for redress.”

We have been unable to ascertain the result of this applica-
tion. An interesting reference to the repeal of the additional
charge on letters conveyed by the Side Posts has, however, come
under our notice :—“ Postage on Letters at Side Posts—A con-
siderable portion of our readers will be as glad to learn as we
are ourselves, that this obnoxious and anomalous duty will be

104 THE Dumrries Post OrrFicr, 1642-1910,

repealed in the course of a few weeks. That the penny stamp
which franks a newspaper from London to Dumfries and from
Dumfries to Stranraer, should not afford the same protection at
the Nine Mile Toll-bar, on the same line of road, is indeed an
absurdity. It may be true that small side posts hardly pay ex-
penses ; but they are a part of the general system—conduits which
feed those larger cisterns of correspondence which contribute
rather handsomely to the revenue of the country.”4™*

In consequence of these high rates of postage the advantages
of the postal service to the community in general were greatly
restricted, and, as was to be expected, illicit means of com-
munication was adopted in order to evade the payment of postage
altogether. Thus one correspondent writing to a friend says :—
“T send this by the blind carrier, so that it may be some time upon
the journey.” In a later communication the same correspondent
writes in regard to the foregoing :—‘* This anticipation proved but
too true, as my learned correspondent did not receive my letter
until a twelvemonth after it was written. I mention this circum-
stance that a gentleman attached to the cause of learning who now
holds the principal control of the Post Office may consider
whether by some mitigation of the present enormous rates some
favour might not be shown to the correspondents of the principal
Literary and Antiquarian Societies. I understand, indeed, that
this experiment was once tried, but that the mail coach having
broke down under the weight of packages addressed to members
of the Society of Antiquaries it was relinquished as a hazardous
experiment.”

This, however, was by no means the only evil from which the
Post Office of that period suffered. The system of “ franking,”
with its attendant abuses, is too well-known to call for special
mention here. Originally designed to enable members of. Parlia-
ment to keep in closer touch with their constituents, the system
rapidly developed into an illicit means of communication, and it is
recorded that in 1838 the number of franks which actually passed
through the Post Office was estimated at about seven millions.
Some idea of the loss thus occasioned may be gathered from the
following interesting reference :—“I had a great postage to pay,
my letter being weighty by the papers that were inclosed ; and by

49*. ‘Dumfries and Galloway Courier,’ Wednesday, March
29th, 1837.

DUPMFRIES

Fic. J.

DUMFRIES

Fig. 2.

DUMFRIES IDUMERIES
‘[341-—D 344-—G

|
| Fig.d. Fia.4.
i

POUMERIES

LA JUL 1821.

M340- B=
| Fic. 3d.
DUMFRIES DUMFRIES
340—D M
Fie 6, Fic. 7.

DUMFRIES POSTMARKS.

DUMFRIES aF Rp

yn
26 APR 1837 ~ 1835
Fia. 8.
Fic.9.

i
|

(OUMFRIES |OUMFRIES
\2S AU JY 16
| 1839 1640

Fig. 10.

DUMFRIES ‘°*'
PENNY POST

Fig. 52.

PUMFRIES.
PENNY POST

Fic. (3.
DUMFRIES
PAID
DE 9
1846

Fia.Jg.

DUMFRIES POSTMARKS,

MISSENT TO

DUMFRIES
aa de
we
Add} Fic.19

| oe ¥ "
|

pf ¢ Fic-ai e
| des = A
6b O0% Q
| aa
| (24551

Fin. 24
STAMP ACT VISIBLE
Fic 2s.

DUMFRIES POSTMARKS.,

DUMFRIES| AF Ry
DE 30 @QNRI Sy

1840 Nee

~~ eS

Fig. 335.

SN
I ——
Fig. 35.

DUMFRIES POSTMARKES.

FR, : | A

a 2) 108 Byu 17%
a> — \1860 /
Fic. 36 r 37
1G. .

ONO 14%

66
Fic 39,

MAXWELLTOWN)

Fic 42.

DUMFRIES POSTMARKS.

Tue Dumrriges Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 105

some omission my letter not being franked, I had 8s 9d to pay
to Mr John M‘Nish, Postmaster of Dalbeattie, and then I had
paid for letters one pound, from England, Ireland, and other
places.”5°

It will thus be acknowledged that the time was ripe for
sweeping reform. It was not, however, until Rowland Hill had
placed his scheme of Penny Postage before the public and gained
their confidence and support that he was enabled, in spite of
unflinching opposition on the part of the Government officials, to
secure the adoption of his measure.

At a meeting of Dumfries Town Council held on 2nd Novem-
ber, 1837, a letter from Mr Wallace of Kelly accompanying a
resolution of the Chamber of Commerce of Edinburgh as to
adopting the plan proposed by Mr Rowland Hill for a uniform
rate of postage was submitted. The Council agreed to petition
both Houses of Parliament in favour of the measure.

In this connection it is interesting to find that in 1827, that
is ten years prior to the date on which Rowland Hill pub-
lished his famous pamphlet advocating penny postage, the Town
Council of Dumfries would seem to have had under consideration
proposals of a similar character. Thus we read in a minute
dated 1st April, 1839:—“ The Provost laid on the Table a Copy
of the Newspaper Called Post Circular®* Containing a form of a
petition praying for an equal rate of postage not exceeding one
penny, and as he observed that the Council had petitioned on the
same subject so far back as Nov., 1827, he would propose that
another Petition be presented.” Unfortunately, on referring to
the records for 1827, we find them incomplete, and no corrobora-
tion is therefore forthcoming of this statement, which, it is
obvious, has a most important bearing upon the history of penny
postage.

On the 10th of January, 1840, the uniform rate of One
Penny for letters not exceeding half-an-ounce in weight was offi-
cially introduced, and we can safely say that this marked a new
era not only in the history of the postal service, but in the Annals
of our national prosperity. That further concessions have from

50. ‘* The Gallovidian ’’ Summer number, 1906, p. 90.

50*. The ‘‘ Post Circular ’’ was a paper set up temporarily by the
**Mercantile Committee’’ to advocate the reform. It was ably
edited by Mr Cole, and had a wide circulation.

106 THe Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

time to time been introduced goes without saying, but these, it
may be claimed, are just the outcome of the unqualified success
of Penny Postage.

In closing these references to the postages it is perhaps
fitting that we should add a few particulars in regard to the
Parcel Post, which although a comparatively modern institution,
has developed into one of the largest and most important branches
of our postal service. On the introduction of the service, in
November, 1883, rates of postage were prescribed as follows :—

S.2Ds

Not exceeding 1 lb. in weight .. 3, ORTS
Exceeding 1 lb. and not exceeding 3 Ibs. wa OA
a bs. nn 8 5 lbs. agi LORY)

5 lbs. _ : lbs. 0

”

1
No parcel can be sent exceeding 7 lbs. in weight.

On the Ist May, 1886, the conditions of the Inland Parcel
Post were altered. The maximum weight was increased to 11 lb.,
and the scale of postage was fixed as follows :—

Ss. D.
Not exceeding 1 lb.. i 0 3
Exceeding | lb. but not exceeding 2 Ibs. O 44
- 2 Ibs. o 5 3 lbs. 0 6
‘ 3 lbs. bi 33 4 lbs. 0 8
Bs 4 lbs. 6 i 5 lbs. 0 9
A 5 lbs. Ms 35 6 lbs. 0 104
33 6 lbs. ie a5 7 lbs. 0
- 7 lbs. EA 5 8 lbs. 1 14
aA 8 lbs. *¢ An 9 lbs. IDS
9 lbs. as x 10 lbs. 1 44
- 10 lbs. 5 i 11 Ibs. ib

At the Diamond Jubilee of the late Queen Victoria a further
concession in the rates of postage was announced, and the follow-
ing tariff then came into operation :—

Ss. Di

Not exceeding 1 lb.. re 0 3
Exceeding 1 lb. but not exceeding 2 2 Ibs. 0 4
‘5 bs, 3 3 lbs. 0 5

x 3 lbs. BY 3 4 lbs. 0 6

5 4 lbs. 4 i & lbs. Oni

ne 5 lbs. ne 59 6 lbs. 0 8

ie 6 lbs. a as 7 lbs. 0.9

ae 7 lbs. Pe a 8 lbs. 0 10

& 8 lbs. x or 9 lbs. 011

i 9 lbs. > 55 11 lbs. 1 0

These charges were in turn superseded by a further reduced
tariff on 2nd July, 1906, when the present low and popular rates
came into force.

Tue Dumrries Post OFFICE, 1642-1910. 107

Viti TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE.

Perhaps it was only to be expected that a department which
had served the community so faithfully in the conveyance and
delivery of letters and parcels should be called upon to undertake
the transmission of messages by means of the electric telegraph
and telephone, but like other great reforms of which we have
already spoken the change only came in response to continued
public agitation.

An Act empowering the Postmaster-General to purchase
existing electric telegraphs was passed on the 3rd July, 1868, and
in the year 1870 the transfer was completed.

Dumfries has had the advantage of the Telegraph since
1854, but at that time the business Was in the hands of private
companies. “The first Dumfries Telegraph Office,” we believe,
“was located at the unpretentious wooden structure which served
as the original railway station, and which adjoined the Annan
Road, on its north side. Mr William Wright was in charge of it:
but owing to the high rates charged for messages his work consisted
chiefly of signalling the departure of trains to stations north and
south of Dumfries. Quite a number of stations were on the one
wire, viz. : Carlisle, Annan, Dumfries, Thornhill, Sanquhar, the
Cumnocks, Auchinleck, Hurlford, Mauchline, Kilmarnock, and
Glasgow, and many a quarrel occurred as to who should get their
message off first.

A considerable reduction was made in the charges after the
erection of the new station, and correspondingly greater advan-
tage was taken of the telegraph by the general public, with the
result that a second clerk was appointed. Then rival companies
appeared in the field. The Electric opened an office in Bank
Street. Thereupon the British and Irish Magnetic Company,
which had its office at the railway station, opened another in High
Street, in premises Opposite to Assembly Street, ”51

On the actual transfer of the telegraph lines to Government
Control on 28th January, 1870, the business was consolidated in
the Post Office in Queen Street, and an allowance of £10 a year
Was granted to the Postmaster to provide the necessary accommo-
dation for the work.

: 51. “ Dumfries and Galloway Standard,” Oct. 27th, 1906

108 Tue Dumrries Post OrFice, 1642-1910.

At that time the tariff imposed by the Post Office was 1s for
twenty words, with threepence extra for every additional five
words or fraction thereof, the names and addresses of both
senders and addressees not being included. This payment
covered delivery within a mile of any telegraph office or within
the town postal delivery of any head office: outside those limits a
charge was made of 6d per double mile for porterage. The
charge for press telegrams was fixed at a much lower rate, being
1s for 100 words at night and for 75 words in the daytime, with
an additional charge of 2d per 100 or 75 words for the transmis-
sion of the message to every additional address, wherever situated.

A sixpenny rate was indeed spoken of, but the authorities
decided that it was too soon for so low a tariff, and it was not
until the 1st October, 1885, that the present rate of 6d for twelve
words or fraction thereof, with a halfpenny extra for each addi-
tional word beyond twelve, was introduced, the free transmission
of addresses being abolished. Porterage at the rate of 6d per
mile was charged on all messages addressed to places beyond a
mile radius from the office of delivery, but at the Diamond
Jubilee in 1897 a large concession was granted and delivery free
of charge undertaken to all places within a three-mile radius, and
the porterage charges for the longer distances reduced to 3d per
mile, reckoned from the office of delivery. These porterage
charges were still further reduced on Ist January, 1906, the fee
of 3d per mile being then reckoned from the boundary of the free
delivery area, instead of from the office door.

As regards technical improvements, the recently published
“Historical Summary of the Post Office” says:—“ The most
striking is perhaps the increase in the working capacity of the
wires effected since the transfer. In 1870 each wire afforded
only a single channel for communication. By the introduction of
duplex working in 1871 it was rendered possible to use a wire for
the simultaneous transmission of two messages ; quadruplex work-
ing (introduced in 1878) raised the number of simultaneous trans-
missions to four; and multiplex working (introduced in 1885) to
six. Great advance has also been made in the speed of the
Wheatstone automatic apparatus. In 1870 a speed of from 60
to 80 words per minute was the highest which could be attained,
whereas at the present time a speed of 600 words per minute is
possible, and a working speed of 400 words is the fixed standard

pod

7 are
PE

|
i
7

abet *Pe~

oo, yw;

2 i

Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 109

for certain circuits. The duplex system has also been success-
fully applied to the automatic apparatus.”

The Dumfries Office is well-equipped with convenient
apparatus for undertaking the usual telegraph work, but on
special occasions, as for example important political demonstra-
tions, or on the occasion of the Highland and Agricultural
Society's Show, additional apparatus and special working
arrangements are rendered necessary. At the time of writing
telegraphic communication is maintained between Dumfries and
the offices named by means of the following apparatus :—To
Glasgow by means of a “ Quad ;” to Carlisle, Polarised Sounder
B; to Stranraer, Newton-Stewart, Castle-Douglas, and Dalbeattie
by a Double Current; to Auldgirth and Thornhill by a Double
Current ; to Annan by a Double Current ; to Dumfries Rail by a
Double Plate Sounder ; and to Crichton Royal Institution (Private
Wire), Southwick, Kirkbean, and Newabbey by A.B.C. Com-
municators.

In September, 1876, the Telephone was first introduced by
Sir William Thompson, and numerous companies sprang into
existence. Becoming alive to the possibilities of the new system,
the Government, on 20th December, 1880, decided that the Tele-
phone Companies were an infraction of the State’s Electric Tele-
graph Monopoly bought by Act of 1869, and legal arrangements
with the Companies were completed on 11th April, 1881, a
license being granted to them by the Postmaster-General on pay-
ment of an annual royalty.

A few years later public dissatisfaction at the want of
development of the telephonic system forced the subject upon the
attention of the Government, and as a result an Act was passed
on 28th June, 1892, authorising the purchase by the Govern-
ment of the Trunk Lines of the Telephone Union. The transfer
was commenced on 4th April, 1896, and completed on 6th Feb-
tuary, 1897, the only Telephone Company left in existence being
the National, whose business was restricted within defined local
areas.

Dumfries has had the advantage of the telephone since 1888.
On the 31st of August of that year the Dumfries and Maxwelltown
Telephone Exchange was opened by the National Telephone
Company at 113 High Street, under the management of Mr R.
Bryson. In September of the same year the service was extended

110 Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

to Glencaple, and in the following year a line was opened between
Dumfries and Annan. Call offices were established at Car-
rutherstown and in Annan, and from these the general public
could speak for three minutes on payment of a fee of 6d. Sub-
scribers were entitled to communicate with parties within a radius
of six miles without any extra charge being made, but a fee of 4d
for three minutes was charged when they desired to converse with
individuals outside this area.®?

In the annual schedule of the National Telephone Company
for the year 1889 it is stated that in the Dumfries centre there are
three exchange offices, one each at Dumfries, Annan, and
Carrutherstown ; 7 call offices, 72 exchange, and 5 private lines,
making a total cf 77.

In April, 1890, a trunk line was opened between Dumfries
and Carlisle, and from that time the service has been steadily
increasing.

It was not, however, until the year 1896 that the Telephone
was introduced as part of the equipment of the Dumfries Post
Office.

1X.—Tue Dumrries Post OFFIcE oF To-Day.

The Dumfries Post Office, as we know it to-day, was opened
in 1889. Situated in Buccleuch Street, it shows a two-storey ele-
vation with deep basement. Admission to the building is gained
by two entrances. One of these is a private entrance for the staff
and for the despatch and receipt of mails, while the other,
approached by means of a flight of steps, admits to the public
office, which measures nearly 30 feet in length.

The counter accommodates six clerks, and runs the entire
length of the office. The telegraph desks for the convenience of
those who desire to send telegrams are placed under two spacious
windows facing Buccleuch Street, and there is a call box on the
public side of the counter for those who desire the use of tele-
phonic communication. A pneumatic apparatus conveys the tele-
grams from the counter to the instrument room on the second
floor. To the right of the public office and communicating with
it is the private office of the Postmaster. A commodious sorting
office measuring 40 feet by 49 feet 6 inches adjoins. It is ade-

52. ‘“‘ Dumfries Standard,’’ May 11th, 1889.

DR aa ae aS

NMA Ni tered ae AER Seb

Tue Dumrriés Post OFrFice, 1642-1910. 111

quately fitted with sorting tables, stamping tables, bag racks,
newspaper and parcel sorting divisions, lockers, etc., with special
apartments for the Superintendent and Registered Letter Clerks.
This room is well lighted from the roof as well as by windows
back and front. ‘Gas with inverted incandescent burners is in use
at night. Ventilation has likewise been amply provided for.

Leaving the sorting office by the side entrance we pass in
turn the postmen’s retiring room, and the male clerks’ retiring
room, both fitted with convenient cooking apparatus for the use
of those employed on lengthy duties. The present male clerks’
retiring room was originally set apart for the telegraph engineer’s
office, but in May, 1908, the engineer’s headquarters were
removed to Hamilton, and a re-arrangement was rendered neces-
sary. In the basement provision is made for the heating apparatus,
coal cellars, lavatories, engineers’ store room, postal store room,
and caretaker’s room. The battery room, to which the wires,
which run underground from the railway station, are conducted
direct, is likewise accommodated here.

On the second floor there are two large retiring rooms, one
for male and the other for female clerks, the telegraph operating
room of the same size as the public office, and an adjoining apart-
ment, fitted with double switch board, for telephone exchange
duty.

To the rear of the main building wooden erections extend for
a considerable distance along the boundary wall and afford shelter
to the official cycles, while provision for a similar purpose is avail-
able for the mail barrows and parcel delivery vans.

With the exception of a short interval on Sundays the Head
Office in Buccleuch Street is always open for the despatch and
receipt of mails.

At the Station Parcel Depot important alterations have
recently been made. In the autumn of 1910 a large addition was
built and the depot fitted throughout with electric light. The
depot now measures 78 feet in length by 20 feet in breadth and it
is connected with the Head Office in Buccleuch Street by tele-
phone. In this department the parcel mails to and from Dumfries
are opened and despatched, while parcels posted at the Head Office,
collected from the Town Sub-Offices, and received from the
tural districts or from offices sending combined letter and parcel
despatches, are transferred to the depot by means of hand-carts.

aly Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

Two sorting carriages staffed from the Dumfries Office and
fitted with apparatus for despatching and receiving mails while
the train is in motion, travel daily both ways between Carlisle and
Stranraer in order to expedite the delivery of correspondence io
and from the Kirkcudbrightshire, Wigtownshire, and North of
Ireland Offices. Working arrangements are tabulated in the
Directory of the Burgh compiled and issued biennially by a few of
the senior officials of the Dumfries Post Office staff.

(CONCLUSION.

Our task is done. The past with its record of achievement
lies behind us; the future with its great possibilities opens before
us. That the Post Office will continue to grow can scarcely be
doubted. Even as we prepare for the press the Postal Authori-
ties have assumed the control of the Service of the National
Telephone Co., and we hear of proposals for the erection of a
new and larger Head Post Office in Dumfries. This is as it
ought to be. We are confident that the movement will be wel-
comed by all who reflect on the Burgh’s long and honourable
connection with the work of His Majesty’s Post Office in Scotland.

APPENDIX A.—THE POSTMASTERS OF DUMFRIES.
Robert Glencorse. In office 1642.

Robert Glencorse, merchant and innkeeper, was the first
Postmaster of the Burgh, being appointed to that office in
February, 1642.

He appears to have been prominently identified with the
public life of the town and his name is frequently mentioned in
the Council Records.

The following extracts from the Burgh Treasurer’s Accounts
are especially worthy of notice :—

1641-2.—Item peyit to Robert Glencors quhen he was in
Edg. at the parliment with proveist Irving... i+ LOTthe ea soh

March 8th, 1651.—Itt payed to Rot Glencorse when he went
to Edgr to seik a comishand ffor the wiches a» 08> 0G sau

1 febry, 1655.—Itt in Rot. Glencors spint wt the baillies and
qmnr ..: = me ai BB Ss ... 00. TaaLng

The latest entry concerning him that we have observed occurs
under date 16th March, 1663.

Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910. 113

~ William Fingass. In office 1676.

William Fingass may, perhaps, have been the second Post-
master of the Burgh, but we have been unable to ascertain the
exact year of succession. He appears to have been an innkeeper
in Dumfries and he is specially deserving of notice on account of
his lengthy and prominent public services. He was Dean of the
Burgh in 1675-6 and afterwards served as Baillie from 1676-1685.
He was appointed Commissioner to the Convention of Burghs in
Parliament 2nd April, 1685.

From the Burgh Treasurer’s Accounts for 1683-4 we obtain
the following references. —

“Decemr 24, 1683.—Spent wt baillie ffingas, baillie Roome,
& James Cuthbertson massin when they went to sight the Bridge

OOS Onr eGo)”

“Octobr 2, 1684.—It. spent with baillie ffingas, baillie
Roome, Corheid & Baillie Coupe the tyme of the Circuit Court
for Ale, Brandie, tobacco & pyps... ao gs) U2 O27 000%

He died 5th May, 1686.5

Robert Johnston. In office 1695, demitted 1709.

Robert Johnston, also a merchant and innkeeper in Dum-
fries, may possibly have succeeded William Fingass in the office of
Postmaster. Our earliest mention of him as holder of that office
is obtained from Dumfries Kirk-Session Records under date
April, 1695. He appears to have been admitted a Burgess on
6th July, 1691. He retained office until his death in 1709.

John Johnston, 1709-1737.

John Johnston, merchant, succeeded to the office of Post-
master on the death of the above-mentioned Robert Johnston in
1709. He rendered valuable service to the community as a coun-
cillor, and was elected a Bailie in the year 1724, Stentmaster on
_ 14th September of the same year, and Representative to the Con-
vention of Burghs on 31st June, 1733. He was Postmaster of
_ the Burgh during the rebellion of 1715, and seems to have taken a
prominent part in the preparations for repelling the Pretender and
his forces. As Rae, the historian of the Rebellion, puts it :-—

“Hereupon they [the Pretender’s forces] retired to Loch-

53. “‘ Memorials of St. Michael’s Churchyard,” p. 290.

114 Tue DumrriEes Post OFFicEe, 1642-1910.

maben, where they lodged that Night with Mr Paterson, one of
the Bailies of Drumfries, Mr Hunter, Chierurgian and Mr John-
ston, Postmaster there, who had been sent out to reconnoitre
them. They treated their Prisoners civilly enough, and dismist
*em next Day, when the Town had set at Liberty three of their
Friends, who had been incarcerate there, as suspected Jaco-
bites.”>4
He retained office until his death in 1737.

James Gilchrist, 1737.

James Gilchrist, merchant, would seem to have succeeded
John Johnston. We know at least that he was highly recom-
mended for the appointment, and, although we have been unable
to find any record of him as Postmaster, we have reason, as ex-
plained elsewhere, to believe that his appointment to that office
was duly confirmed.

, Like his predecessor in office, he also rendered valuable
public services, acting as Stentmaster in 1749 and again in 1757,
as well as several terms as Bailie.

He was admitted a burgess of the Burgh on 13th June, 1717.

He died 22nd April, 1772, and was interred in St. Michael’s
Churchyard, Dumfries.

William Gordon. Demitted 1804.

William Gordon, probably a writer in Dumfries, appears to
have been the next Postmaster of the Burgh.

Our only record of him as holder of that office is obtained
in the year in which he retired, but from the circumstance of his
nephew being a clerk in the post office in 1789 it seems probable
that at that period William Gordon would be in charge of the
local office.

Robert Threshie, 1804-1836.

Robert Threshie succeeded William Gordon in the office of
Postmaster. He was a man of humble birth and circumstances,
but it is said of him that being naturally plodding, aspiring, and
of more than average ability, he achieved a high position, rising
alike in opulence and social rank. From being a lawyer’s

54. Rae’s History of the Rebellion, p. 252.

WILLIAM WEIR,
1889-1900.

ROBERT THRESHIE.
1804-1836.

WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
Appointed 1910.

DUMFRIES POSTMASTERS,

CHARLES 8S, CHAPMAN,
1900-1910.

116 Tue Dumrries Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

Charles S. Chapman, 1900-1910.

Charles S. Chapman, the next holder of the office of Post-
master, was a native of Dumfries, being born there in 1849. He
began his official career in the service of the Magnetic Telegraph -
Company at Newton-Stewart in 1865, and was subsequently clerk
at New-Galloway, Castle-Douglas, and Kilmarnock. While at
the latter town he was in 1870 transferred to the Post Office
service, and after holding the position of senior telegraph clerk
until 1883 he was promoted Chief Clerk and acted in that capacity
until appointed Postmaster of Galashiels in 1889. In 1897 he
was transferred to the Postmastership of Kendal, and three years
later—in 1900—he came to Dumfries, his native town.

He retired from the Service on the 3lst March, 1910.

William Carmichael, appointed 31st May, 1910.

William Carmichael, the present able and energetic Post-
master, was appointed to succeed Mr Chapman on 31st May,
1910. Shortly after the transfer of the telegraphs to the State he
entered the School of Telegraphy in Edinburgh, and after under-
going the usual training was appointed telegraphist at the Jed-
burgh office. He afterwards proceeded to Hawick, where, after
twelve years’ service, he attained the position of Chief Clerk. In
1888 he was appointed Postmaster of Wishaw, and from thence
he was transferred to Stranraer in 1897. In 1905 he was pro-
moted to the Postmastership of Keighley, and on Ist July, 1910,
he took up his duties at Dumfries. }

APPENDIX B.—DuMmFRIES OFFICIALS WHO Occupy oR HAVE
OccuPIED PROMINENT POSITIONS IN THE SERVICE.

*Mr John Mint 3..05..) Postmaster and Surveyor of Manchester,
PM race WV AUS OW ance oer eG satianew nersege ce nmeate ete Postmaster of Leeds.
WEA See sn NATUMOT 4b sce coca chee cece eee we aaee Postmaster of Grimsby.

a Nir poh = Matcbelll » o....2.n00n<sesnargedenes Postmaster of Paisley.

A Nirafemies ATMSUROM Es. coscn as «dena dthacotans Postmaster of Penrith.
Mr al Giver. conests ote uadvewe sesame eee Postmaster of Annan.
Mr JohmsMonrai: <5... sc. 26 rene a ysateas Postmaster of Linlithgow.
Mr Noman Manley, ovis .se0sen Postmaster of Kirkcudbright. —

* Retired.

Tue Dumrries Post OFFIce, 1642-1910. 117

Mjames Copland. ..........5.....0+0 Superintendent, Dumfries.
Mr William Lookup Blackie .................. Overseer, Dumfries.
VES CATSON 2...5.<0.c0cseecrn ere eeenpe ss Overseer, Dumfries.
PEATE DICKSON o0.c0scccc0ce'sscesecaeesterecs Overseer, Dumfries.
MPMI IDACIKSOM tecec ss <i circ tciteiacienc sss obits Overseer, Hull.

APPENDIX C.—STATISTICS OF WORK.

1870-1872.

“ Considered as a central place in the Post Office system, the
town has long stood high, and every year of late its importance
from this point of view shews a steady increase. The number of
letters, cards, books, pamphlets, and newspapers delivered during
four weeks in 1870 was 151,293 ; in the corresponding four weeks
of 1871 and 1872 the number respectively was 159,715 and
177,370. The weekly number of such articles passing through
Dumfries and Galloway Sorting Tender for head Post Offices
has risen from 19,239 in 1870 to 23,549 in 1872. Of telegrams
forwarded, received, and transmitted, in 1870 there were 25,987 ;
in 1871, 36,342; and in 1872, 47,356. The money order trans-
actions show a similar advance, these having numbered 20,536 in
1870, 22,996 in 1871, and no fewer than 26,249 in 1872,”56

1904.

Since 1872 there has been a remarkable development of the
postal service, in respect both of the extent and variety of its
work. Figures for 1904, obligingly supplied by Mr C. S.
Chapman, postmaster of Dumfries, shew that in an average week
the number of letters and letter packets posted in the town and
district is 66,110, giving an annual total of 3,437,720, without
taking into account the large amount of extra correspondence
dealt with at the Christmas season; and the weekly delivery
reaches a total of 69,573, or an annual total of 3,617,796.
Forwarded letters (i.e., passing between other head offices and
re-sorted at Dumfries) number 52,609 weekly; yearly total,
2,735,668. In the Galloway and Irish sorting carriages, which
are under the control of the Dumfries postmaster and worked by

56. These statistics were obligingly supplied by the local post-
master, Mr Loudoun, for M‘Dowall’s ‘‘ History of Dumfries.”

118 Tue Dumrriges Post Orrice, 1642-1910.

the Dumfries staff, 85,860 letters are dealt with weekly, yearly
average, 4,464,720. This return brings out a grand total of
14,255,904 per annum. For the parcels department the return
is:—Posted, 2209 weekly, 114,868 per annum; delivered, 2071
weekly, 107,692 per annum; forwarded, 5772 weekly, 300,144
per annum; in Galloway sorting carriages, 5946 weekly, 309,192
per annum; grand total, 831,896. About 420 letter mail bags
and 240 parcel receptacles are dealt with daily at Dumfries and in
the sorting carriages. Of registered letters there were 12,706
delivered during the year, and there were 652 express letter
services. Of telegrams there were 47,346 handed in at Dumfries
(exclusive of those received at the railway station), 58,593 de-
livered, 82,732 transmitted (these being messages received from
offices not having direct communication with other towns and
forwarded from Dumfries to their destination). Telephone calls
numbered 11,024. The return of the financial business trans-
acted at the head office shews 101,516 money and postal orders
issued and paid, and 3928 savings bank transactions. The head
office staff of all grades numbers 89. In addition there are two
telegraph engineers and four linesmen located in the premises.
The Dumfries district comprises 29 sub-offices, with about sixty
postmen or postwomen employed in rural letter and parcel
delivery.”
1910.

Returns for 1910, kindly supplied to us by Mr W. Car-
michael, Postmaster of Dumfries, are as follows :—

Letters—Posted, 3,738,800 per annum; delivered, 4,166,240
per annum; forwarded, 3,333,212 per annum; yearly average of
letters dealt with in Galloway Sorting Carriages, 5,451,836 ;
grand total, 16,690,088. Parcels—Posted, 140,140 per annum;
delivered, 130,193 per annum; forwarded, 329,264 per annum;
dealt with in Galloway Sorting Carriages, 328,224; grand total,
927,821. Of registered letters there were 16,126 during the year
and there were 630 Inland Revenue license transactions. Of
telegrams dealt with at Dumfries Office there was a grand total for
the year of 203,438, and there were 54,476 telephone trunk calls.
There were 11,284 money order, 127,904 postal order, and
5768 Savings Bank transactions during the year.

57. Footnote M‘Dowall’s ‘‘ History of Dumfries,” 3rd Ed., pp.
848-9.

ScorrisH PARLIAMENT AND SANQUHAR REPRESENTATION. 119

Tue ScoTtTisH PARLIAMENT AND THE SANQUHAR REPRESENTATION
THEREIN. By the Rev. W. M‘MILLAN.

The origin and constitution of the Scottish Parliament are
involved in obscurity. Long before the existence of the word
“ Parliament ” the Scottish Kings, like all other feudal monarchs,
were accustomed to consult with the Bishops, Abbots, and Barons
of their kingdom, and in course of time these councils held by the
Kings became what we now term Parliaments. It is impossible,
however, to point to any particular reign as seeing the first
Scottish Parliament, for while there are instances in the reigns of
David I., Malcolm IV., William the Lion, and Alexander II. of
important public transactions being carried with the aid of a great
council of the prelates and nobles we cannot say that these coun-
cils were as yet Parliaments. Wyntoun tells us that in the reign of
Alexander III. “the King caused a great gathering of the States
at Scone for the purpose of settling the succession of the crown,”
and Fordun, who mentions the same assembly, informs us that it
was composed of the prelates and nobles of the realm. The first
time the word “Parliament” is used in connection with such
gatherings is in 1286 immediately after the death of Alexander
Iil., when, at a council held at Scone, six guardians were
appointed to govern the kingdom. Unfortunately, no record of
its proceedings has come down to our time nor is its exact con-
stitution known. Three years later, however, another Parlia-
ment was held at Brigham, a village in Roxburghshire, and this
we know was composed of five guardians or regents, ten bishops,
twelve earls, twenty-three abbots, eleven priors, and forty-eight
barons, who took the title the “ Community of Scotland.’’ There
were then Royal Burghs in existence, but they do not seem to have
had any representation in the “ Estates of Scotland ’’ in the earlier
gatherings. During the wars of independence, however, the
Burghs appear to have taken a share in the government of the
country. In the first Parliament of John Baliol there were the
“majores populi,’? who were probably representatives of the
Royal Burghs. The famous letter addressed to the Pope and
sent in 1320 from Aberbrothock to Rome was drawn up in the
name of the “ Prelates, Earls, Freeholders, and whole community
of Scotland.’’ :

In 1326 King Robert held a Parliament at Cambuskenneth,

120 ScotTtTisH PARLIAMENT AND SANQUHAR REPRESENTATION.

and although the original record of its proceedings has been lost
an indenture has been preserved which proves conclusively that
besides the Earls, Barons, Bishops, and Freeholders the repre-
sentatives of the Burghs sat in this Parliament and formed the
third estate of National Council.

During the whole period of its existence the Scottish Parlia-
ment sat as one chamber, lords and commons meeting on equal
terms on the floor of the House. Its members belonged to at
least five different classes, all of which at one time or another had
constitutional access to it. These five classes were :—(1) Officers
of State, (2) Higher Clergy, (3) Nobility, (4) Barons, (5) Repre-
sentatives of Royal Burghs. The last three groups, however,
alone had an unbroken right of attendance. An Act of Parlia-
ment of 1427 ordained that “the small Barons and tenants need
not come to Parliament nor general councils so that of each
sheriffdom there be two or three wise men chosen at the head
court of the sheriffdom according to its size.” This system of
sending representatives kept the Scottish Parliament very small.
In 1612 there were 109 members. In April and May, 1641, the
numbers fell to 29 and 59 respectively, and not till 1703 did the
Roll have over 200 names. There were sixty-seven Burgh con-
stituencies in Scotland, and each of these possessed the right to
send two members to Parliament, but as a matter of fact rarely
was more than one sent. The member for a Scottish Burgh was
elected annually whether there was any likelihood of a Parliament
sitting or not. The election took place annually at Michaelmas,
and the commission held good for one year. This was different
from the English method, by which a member was elected for each
Parliament. The members were elected by the Magistrates and
Town Council, not as now by the body of the inhabitants. San-
quhar was created a Royal Burgh in 1598, and at once possessed
the right to send representatives to the Scottish Parliament, but
whether it was the case that the Burghers could not afford the
expense of sending a member or whether they were ignorant of
their rights or did not trouble themselves about politics, the fact
remains that it was not until 1621, twenty-three years after the
granting of the charter, that the first Sanquhar representative took
his seat in Parliament. This was Michael Cunningham, a native
of Dumfries, who was also the Burgh’s representatve in the Con-
vention of Royal Burghs in that year. The Cunninghams of

ScoTTisH PARLIAMENT AND SANQUHAR REPRESENTATION. 121

appear to have been a family of some note. James VI., in his
tour through Scotland, was entertained by Provost Irving of
Dumfries in a Painted Hall in the Burgh belonging to the Cun-
ninghams. Our second member was a Sanquharian, Johne
Crichtoune, who appears to have been the first town clerk of the
_ Burgh. At least he signs some documents in connection with the
granting of the charter in 1598. He also was the first representa-
tive of the Burgh in the Convention of Royal Burghs. In the
Records of that body we find the following under date 16th June,
1600 :—“ The saymn day comperit Jhone Creychtoun and Robert
Phillop induellaris in the toun of Sanquhar and gave in thair
supplication desyering the said toun to be enrollit and admitit in
the societie and number of fre burrows as ane burgh regal and
offerit thair concurrence in all things with the rest of the burrows
and obedience to the lawis thairof.” He was again the Sanquhar
representative in the Convention in the year 1627. He was
member of Parliament for the Burgh from 1628 to 1633. He
appears to have been a notary in the town as well as a burgess.
‘He belonged the Ryehill family of Crichtons. It would appear,
too, that he was not of a very peace-loving disposition, for on
8rd September, 1607, Andro Creichtoune of Ulysyd enters into
a bond of 1000 merks for Johne Creichtoun, notary in Sanquhar,
_ that he will not harm Robert Hunter, minister at the Parish Kirk
_ of Sanguhar. It is only fair to add that the parish minister enters
into a similar bond not to harm Johne Creichton, notary in San-
-quhar. The ex-burgh member died circa. 1641, and was suc-
ceeded in business by a son bearing the same name.
; The Parliament which met in 1641 was one of the smallest
which ever sat in our land. Sanquhar is mentioned in the
Record, but as there is no commissioner’s name given we
may take it that the Sanquhar member was an absentee.
‘In 1643 Lawrence Davidson was our representative. He was
also a native of the burgh. He was Bailie in 1631, and appears
to have been made Chief Magistrate about the same time as he was.
‘made burgh member. On the day of Sanquhar’s chief fair, the
feast of St. Mary Magdalene (22nd July), 1631, two men, John
~M‘Connel, in Woodend, and Hew Douglas, servitor to the Earl of
Angus, had been creating a disturbance within the burgh. The
Provost, Thomas Grierson, together with the Bailies Davidson

; Duntfries were a branch of the Cunninghams of Caprington, and

122 ScorrisH PARLIAMENT AND SANQUHAR REPRESENTATION.

and Stewart, laid hold of the two disturbers of the peace, and
cast them into the Tolbooth. The two men presented a petition
to the Privy Council protesting against the treatment they had
received. The Magistrates had to defend themselves before the
Council, and the matter ended by the men being liberated, three
others becoming security in 1000 merks that they would appear —
if called upon.

In the Parliament of 1644 Sanquhar is noted among the
“absent Burrows.” In the Parliament of January, 1645, however,
the Burgh was again represented by one of her own sons, John
Dicksone, who belonged to a family which had been resident in
the locality for at least 350 years. Dicksone must have resigned
his office or have died soon after the meeting of Parliament, for
in July, 1645, we find the Burgh represented by Wm. Creichtoune,
who continued member up to the year 1648. He was a member
of the family of Crichtons of Carco and was an ancestor of the
famous Abraham ‘Crichton whose ghost kept the Sanquharians in
alarm after his decease. Wm. Crichton was evidently a man of
some note, and in 1647 when the country was engaged in the
disastrous civil war he was chosen as one of the “committee of
warre of the shire.” In the minute of appointment he is styled
“Burgess of Sanquhar,” so that while he was of the family of
Carco he was not Zaird, otherwise he would have been styled so.
After the execution of Charles I. the Scottish Parliament did
not meet again until 1661. During the interval the English
Parliament continued to meet, and it would appear that on several
occasions Scottish members sat with the English. In 1655 we
are informed that the Commissioners for Sanquhar were the
“ Baylies for the time being and Ninian Dalyell Burgess,’’ which
probably means that they possessed the right to nominate a mem-
ber to sit at Westminster. In 1656 and again in 1659 the Com-
missioners are the “ Provost and Bailiffs for the time being, by
order of Cromwell Lord Protector.” With the return and restora- _
tion of King Charles II. came the Restoration of our Ancient
Parliament, and in 1661 Johne Williamson took his seat as the
Commissioner from Sanquhar. The Williamsons are an old
Sanquhar family, and at one time possessed the lands of Castle
Robert (now Corsebank) in the parish of Kirkconnel. John
Williamson, the Burgh Member, was the third son of James, who
died at Castle Robert in November, 1637. At the time he repre- —

SCOTTISH PARLIAMENT AND SANQUHAR REPRESENTATION. 123

sented the Burgh the Bridge across the Nith was “ totalie fallen
down and ruined,” and he was successful in getting Parliament
to pass an Act in favour of the Burgh to assist in the rebuilding
of it. By this Act “ His Majestie, with advice and consent of the
Estates of Parliament, have ordained and ordaines ane contribu-
tion and voluntar collection to be made and ingathered with all
paroches both burgh and landward on the south side of the water
of Forth for building of said bridge, and hereby seriously recom-
mends to and requires all noblemen, gentlemen, magistrates,
ministers of the law and Gospell within the said bounds to be
assisting to the said Magistrates of Sanquhar for so good a work
and for ane liberall contribution for that effect.”
Williamson sat also in the Parliaments of 1662 and 1663, and
also represented the Burgh in the Convention of Burghs for 1660,
but in 1665 his place was taken by Robert Carmichael, who was
also a scion of an old Sanquhar family. The Carmichaels appear
to have been resident in Sanquhar from at least the beginning of
the 16th century. They belonged to the same stock as the Car-
michaels of Meadowflat in Clydesdale. He is called Carmichael
of Corp, but where that place is or was I have been unable to
discover. It may be a corruption of Crawick or Cog. He was a
Bailie in Sanquhar at the time of his election, and two years later
_ he became Provost. He continued member up till 1686, but he
was not Provost for so long. He represented Sanquhar in the
_ Convention of Royal Burghs from 1655 to 1688. Although mem-
2 ber in from 1665 to 1686 he does not appear to have attended
| every Parliament during those years, for in 1673 the Commis-
' sioner’s name for Sanquhar is omitted, but in the appendix to the
_ Record of the proceedings of Parliament his name is given. Pro-
_bably he had been re-elected member, but had not attended the
deliberations of the House. Carmichael appears to have died
about 1686, and there is no record of a member being elected
| again till 1689, when “ Mr John Boswall” represented the Burgh.
| By this time the Stuarts had been dethroned. At the Cross of
Sanquhar in 1680 Richard Cameron and a few followers had de-
| nounced the reigning sovereign Charles II. because of his having
broken his Coronation oath. In 1685 James Renwick with a
larger retinue had at the same place protested against the pro-
clamation of James VII., and in 1689 the people as a_ whole
followed the example of those two and declared that as the Stuarts

epee

124 ScorrisH PARLIAMENT AND SANQUHAR REPRESENTATION,

had broken their compact with the nation the nation was justified |
in throwing off its allegiance. What was treason in 1680 and |
in 1685 had become the Revolution Settlement of 1689. Ihave |
already said that the members of Parliament were chosen by the
Magistrates and Town Council. To this procedure, however, the
election of 1689 was an exception, and Boswell was elected by the 3
whole body of the inhabitants. | The reason of this was that only
Episcopalians could be members of corporations in Scotland at
that time, and had the elections been left to the corporations the
men who would have been sent to Parliament would most pro- —
bably have been Episcopalians favourabie to the Stuarts.
William therefore devised the plan of having the members elected
by the whole body of the people so that the mind of the nation”
might be more thoroughly known. The meeting held in March, —
1689, was called not a Parliament but a Convention since it had
been called by William of Orange, who was not yet King. The
Convention consisted of 42 Peers, 49 Members for Counties, and
50 Burgh representatives. This Convention declared that James
VII. was no longer King, and called on William and Mary to
become their sovereigns.

The Parliament met again in June, 1689, when Boswell was
again present. He was again at the meeting of Parliament in
1690, and continued to be the representative of the Burgh to his
death in 1692. He was one of the Boswells of Auchinleck, and
the fact that he is always described as “ Mr John Boswell,” being
the only member for Sanquhar who has the prefix Mr, leads one
to the supposition that he must have been a University graduate.
Though not a native of Sanquhar he appears to have possessed
some property in ihe Burgh and to have been a Burgess. He
represented the Burgh at the Convention of Royal Burghs in 1690
and in 1691, and there again he is the only representative with
“Maister ” prefixed to his name. At that period no person was
allowed to represent a burgh in the Convention unless he were an
inhabitant of the Burgh, and in 1675 it was ordained that only
“Merchand traffiqueris ” were to be allowed to sit. Sanquhar
had good reason to abide by the law in this matter, for in 1660 her.
Commissioner was not allowed to take his seat because he was not
properly qualified. 4

[In Brown’s “ History of Sanquhar,” Appendix A, and in
Wilson’s “ Genealogies of Uppermost Nithsdale,” page 188, there

ScoTTIsH PARLIAMENT AND SANQUHAR REPRESENTATION. 125

are references to a William Crichton, who represented Sanquhar
in the Scottish Parliament from 1690 to 1702. Where they got
their information from is, unfortunately, not mentioned, but this
person’s name does not occur in the Records of Parliament, and
as there are other members mentioned as having been the repre-
sentatives of Sanquhar in the years 1690-1702 I think we may take
it that a mistake has been made. Perhaps the error arose from
the fact that in 1689 the Convention ordered a new election of
Magistrates in the various Royal Burghs of Scotland, and ap-
pointed “ William Crichton of Gorland” overseer of the election
in Sanquhar. ]

On Boswell’s death in 1692 Sir Alexander Bruce became the
representative of the Royal Burgh in Parliament. He was in
some ways her most distinguished representative, but he appears
to have had but little connection with the Burgh which gave him
his seat. Sir Alexander belonged to the Royal line of Bruce,
being a son of Lord Bruce of Broomhall, who was a Lord of
Session from 1649 to his death in 1652. His grandfather was
Sir George Bruce of Carnoch, Fife, who had extensive coal
works in the neighbourhood of Culross, and who had been
knighted by James VI. He married a daughter of George Prim-
rose of Burnbrae, one of the family now represented by Lord
Rosebery, and was member for Culross for some years. Sir
Alexander succeeded him, though not immediately, in the repre-
sentation of Culross, for which burgh he sat for several years
previous to 1695. While member for Sanquhar he was appointed
Joint Receiver-General of Supply and Excise, an office which
seems to have had some resemblance to that of Chancellor of the
Exchequer. In 1695, on his motion, Parliament gave Sanquhar
the right to have a fair on the first Thursday of every quarter.
In 1702 Parliament met in the month of June, and on the 9th of
that month Sir Alexander Bruce moved that some be “ appointed
for drawing an answer to the Queen’s letter,” which was agreed to.
On the 12th day of that month, however, Sir Alexander was by a
unanimous vote of the members expelled from the House. The
Records of Parliament give the following account of the affair:
June 12th, 1702.—Sir Alexander Bruce, commissioner for the
Burgh of Sanquhar, having said upon the reading of this Act that
the Act of Parliament did contain many things inconsistent with
the essences of monarchy, he was thereupon called to the Barr,

126 ScorrisH PARLIAMENT AND SANQUHAR REPRESENTATION.

and not giving satisfaction was ordered to withdraw, and the ques-
tion being put expell him out of Parliament or not it carried in
the affirmative “nemine contradicente” and a warrant was
ordered to the Burgh of Sanquhar to elect a new commissioner in
his place in manner following :—

“Her Majesties High Commissioner and the Estates of
Parliament in respect of that Sir Alexander Bruce Comr to this
Parliament from the Burgh of Sanquhar is expelled the Parlia-
ment by a sentence of this date grants order and warrant to the
Magistrates and Town Council of the said Burgh to elect a com-
missioner to represent the said Burgh in this parliament in vice of
the said Sir Alexander Bruce at Sanquhar, 18th June instant and
ordaines intimation to be made hereof in the usual manner.”

This rather bald account of the expulsion of our Burgh
Member is fortunately supplemented by an account preserved in
the “Diary of Sir David Hume,” one of the Senators of the
College of Justice. From Lord Hume’s account we learn that
when “the Act for ratifying the Protestant Religion and Presby-
terian Church Government ” was being read “ Sir Alexander Bruce
of Broomhall said there was a distinction to be made betwixt the
Protestant Religion and the Presbyterian Church Government
which, as it is now settled, is inconsistent with the essence of
monarchy as might easily be demonstrated. Upon which there
was a cry of very many ‘To the Bar, to the Bar.’ The earl of
Seafield and the Marquis of Annandale said, ‘ What he had said
deserved censure, but he might be allowed to craye pardon of the
House or to explain himself.’ He said, ‘ He did only express his
own sentiments,’ whereupon the cry was, ‘To the Bar, to the
Bar.’ So he was sent to the Bar, and said he only did say he
conceived so. The advocate and others craved he might be
removed, the treasurer depute moved that it be put to the vote
Expell him or not. Carried nemine contradicente Expell. So
he was called in and the sentence intimate. He said he was
sorry he was deprived of the opportunity of showing his readiness
to do Her Majesty service, and so removed and order signed for
Burgh of Sanquhar to chose a new Commissioner. Argyle said
before Sir Alexander went to the bar that the gentleman had
taken the wrong cue, he had spoken too hastily. The Act again
read voted and approven.” From this account it will be seen that
Bruce’s offence, if an offence at all, was a very venial one. He

|
|

ScoTTisH PARLIAMENT AND SANQUHAR REPRESENTATION. 127

appears only to have expressed the idea that Presbyterianism was
akin to Republicanism, a fact which few to- day would venture to
deny. It appears, however, that there was more behind this than
appears on the surface. Bishop Burnet declares that when the
Parliament was proceeding to ratify alZ the former Acts in favour
of Presbyterian Government Sir Alexander Bruce’ moved that
these should be read, peradventure some of them might be found
inconsistent with monarchy and that for this he was expelled the
House (Burnet’s History, Vol. III., p. 353). The Parliament
which expelled Bruce was presided over by the Duke of Queens-
berry. It was something of the nature of a “ Rump,” for before
it commenced its deliberations the Duke of Hamilton, with seventy.

four of his followers, seceded on the ground that owing to the
death of King William since the last election they no longer had
any right to continue to sit as a Parliament. This makes Bruce’s
expulsion all the more strange, since Hamilton and his followers
were Whigs, while the sentiments which Bruce gave utterance to
might have been expected to give but little offence to the Tories.
Be that as it may, Bruce was expelled. He, however, was not to

_ temain long outside the House, for in 1705 he took his seat as

the Earl of Kincardine. On the death of the third Earl

_ (Alexander), his second cousin, he claimed the title, and was

allowed, strangely enough, to sit and vote in the House before
the title was confirmed to him. Lady Mary Cochrane, sister of
the third Earl, claimed the title by declarator in the Court of
Session, her claim being based on a resignation in her favour by
the late Earl not completed by a Crown charter, but which it was
legally held to be in the power of the Crown to accept and com-
plete. Lady Mary protested at the elections of L7O07,, 1708,
1710, but the Queen did not interfere, and so it was held that
Sir Alexander’s title was quite valid. Perhaps Parliament had
regretted his hasty expulsion in 1702 when they allowed him to
sit while his claim to the title was being disputed in the Court of
Session. Sir Alexander married his cousin Christian, by whom
he had four sons and five daughters. His three eldest sons,
Robert, Alexander, and Thomas, were fifth, sixth, and seventh
Earls of Kincardine respectively. His great-grandson, Charles,
ninth Earl of Kincardine, became fifth Earl of Elgin in 1747,
and since then the two titles have been united. The ex-member
for Sanquhar was succeeded in his representation of the Burgh

128 ScorrisH PARLIAMENT AND SANQUHAR REPRESENTATION.

by William Alves, who was received on 23rd June, 1702, as

Commissioner for Sanquhar. He appears to have been con-
nected with Dumfries, for which place he was “ Commissar” at
some time previous to his being chosen for Sanquhar. He sat _
as member to 1707, and throughout the whole of the Union
debates he voted steadily with the Unionist party. With the
Union of Parliaments in 1707 Sanquhar was merged into the
Dumfries District of Burghs, where it still remains. Until 1832
the member for the group was elected by five Commissioners,
who in turn were elected by the Town Councils of their
respective Burghs. When the writ for an election was issued
the Sheriff sent word to the Town Council “ to meet and convene
within their ordinary Council House or place where they use to
meet in Council with all convenient despatch and there to choice
a Commissioner for the Burgh in such manner as they were in use
to choice a Commissioner to represent them in the Parliament of
Scotland.” The Commissioner appointed had to be “a man
fearing God of the true Protestant Religion publickly professit
and authorised by the laws of the Kingdom without suspicion to
the contrair Expert in the comon affairs of the Burrows a burgess
and inhabitant within this Burgh bearing all portable charges
with his neighbours and a part of the public Burdens and who
can lose and win in all their affairs.” Whether the Commis-
. sioners who previous to 1707 represented the Burgh fulfilled all
these conditions is unknown, but certainly during the 76 years
that Sanquhar had a representative in Parliament by far the
larger number of those who represented her belonged to the
Burgh.

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GLENLUCE ABBEY. 129

17th November, 1911.

Chairman

Ex-Provost LENNOox, V.P.

_ Lantern LEcTuRE: GLENLUCE ABBEY AS IT WAS AND Is. By
the Rey. A. Taytor HiL1, Minister of Glenluce.

The remains show that the buildings were manifold and
extensive. The style is First Pointed English Architecture.
_ The church was the largest single building. It is situated due
east and west: the head towards the east.

Extreme length, 180 feet.

_ Extreme breadth, 86 feet:
Length of Nave, 112 feet.
Breadth of Nave, 54 feet 4 inches.
Crossing and Choir, 68 feet.
Breadth of same, 24 feet.

NAVE.

This had seven bays, each measured sixteen feet from centre
to centre of the dividing piers. Probably the piers were plain
cylinders. The diagram furnished herewith shows the ground
plan ; and the remains of the walls are shown by thickened lines.
What remains of the Nave walls suggests that the roof was
timber. These were not strong enough to support an arched
stone roof. At present there is a well-kept pathway up the centre
of the Nave. ‘This way is maintained by the Dalrymple Hay
family, as it leads to their burying-ground, which occupies all
the Crossing and most of the Choir. The present floor level of
the Nave is six to ten feet above the original level. At present
the Nave, with exception of the walk, is filled with ivy, shrubs,
and some thirty great trees. The lower half of the south wall
still remains, varying from twelve to twenty feet in height. Of
the north wall there is only a few feet at the west end. Of the
west wall nothing is visible.

_ The Nave had two doors: the main door was in the west
gable, and the other was at the east end of the south wall, and
opened into the Cloister Garth. Of the latter all the dressed
mework is gone; and the opening is filled with undressed un-
limed stones.

130 GLENLUCE ABBEY.

CROSSING AND CHOIR.

These together measure sixty-eight feet by twenty-four feet,
inside measurement. Most of the south wall of the Choir still
remains. It measures twenty-four feet in length by about thirty
feet in height. Only a fragment of the north wall remains. But
in this fragment there is a Pesina in an almost perfect state.
This Pesina faces north into one of the Chapels. _ It is an interest-
ing and important relic. It is twenty-five inches wide, with ~
trefoil arched head, and chamfered round the edge.

About two-thirds of the Crossing and Choir is used by the .
Dalrymple Hay family as a burying-ground. The family do not
have proprietory right ; but only the right or privilege to bury.

The Crossing and Choir are not two sections, but three. First
there is the open Crossing, twenty-four feet square, which had a
groined stone roof. Last of this there is the Choir proper, of the
same size as the Crossing, but walled on the north and south sides
(of which only the south wall and a fragment of the north wall
still remain). And still east of this there is a twenty feet section,
enclosed on the north and south by walls, two windows, and by a
great window on the east. Of the walls only the foundations
remain. And of the windows there remains only part of the
jamb of that to the south.

TRANSEPTS.

There are (or were) two Transepts: one to the north and one
to the south of the Crossing. These measure thirty-two feet
across by twenty-five feet from west to east. Of the north tran-
sept the east and north walls are gone ; and a modern wall protects
the Gordon Tomb and the Pesina situated in this transept.
When discovered some 15 years ago the Gordon Tomb was much
broken. The covering slab was carefully put together, and
restored to its place by Mr Macgregor Chalmers, Architect. The
date on the slab is 26th April, 1548. Most parts of the south
transept still remain. The roof and part of the east wall are
gone. The south gable rises about seventy feet. Until twenty-
five years ago a tower stood at the top of this gable. This tower
was reached by a spiral stair, which can still be traced. This |
stair also communicated with the dormitories over the Sacristy
and Scriptorium southward, and to dormitories built over the
south transept. The transepts were roofed with carved stones,

GLENLUCE ABBEY. 131

in groined arches. Parts of the corbelled angle shafts and ribs
are still in place. The upper portions of the transepts and cross-
ing were lighted by clerestory. And I may add that the Nave
also was lighted by clerestory. My reason for thinking so is, that
the south wall of the Nave shows no traces of windows, though
in places it still rises twenty feet. The roof must have been
constructed of timber in three sections. Two lower portions
would cover the side aisles; and a higher portion over the middle
with clerestories on both sides.

Four CHAPELS.

To the east of each transept are two chapels. A large lancet
window lighted each. These windows were in the east wall. In
the two south chapels the sills and parts of the jambs are still in
place. These chapels would be used for week-day celebrations:
the high altar in the chancel being reserved for high mass.

Two More REtics.

In the chapel to the south of the Choir there is a stone arch.
Inside measurements are 304 by 26 inches; outside measure-
ments, 414 by 354 inches. The other relic is a Pesina built in
the south wall of the south chapel, and in a good state of
preservation.

OTHER BUILDINGS.

All these are on the south side of the Church. A glance at
the ground plan annexed to this sketch will make this clear.
From the east end of the Church the clerical quarters ran due
southward. Plans on the ground level ran as follows :—Sacristy,
Chapter-House, and Day-Rooms. Above there were the Scrip-
torlums and Dormitories. The measurements of this line of
building were:—North to south, 94 feet; east to west, 32 feet;
height to ridge, 65 feet (nearly).

CHAPTER-HOUSE.

This part of the Abbey suffered least from the vandalism
that followed the Reformation. For this reason restoration was
possible. It has been restored, and is now used for Christian
worship. Inside it measures twenty-four feet square. The roof
is of stone, finished as groined arches in four sections. Each
Section is supported by four ribs with horizontal cross-ribs; and
each groin is finished with a heavy, carved boss. Some of the

132 GLENLUCE ABBEY.

corbels are carved with circular lines; some are figured: all are
beautiful. Two of the bosses show armorial shields, and two are
circular patere.

In the east wall are two large traceried windows. At the
inner edges they measure nine feet in breadth by eleven feet in
height. The actual lights are five feet five inches in width.
Between the windows against the wall was the Abbot’s Stall.
This is ornamented by a trefoiled hood moulding. The seat is
part of a stone bench which ran round the four walls. The hood
moulding above the Abbot’s Stall is surmounted by the mitre,
ornamented on one side with two cinquefoil flowers, and on the ~
other side by one cinquefoil flower. The corbel which projects
above the mitre is carved into a human head, over which are
the words, “ Reguiescat in pace.”*

The Chapter-House was included in the important restora-
tion work carried out fifteen years ago. At that time it was
falling into utter ruin. The inside roof was then repaired, and
the outside protected with concrete. That work was opportune
and excellent. And it seemed to me that that work should be
continued so as to make the house fit for worship. But I also
resolved that no existing structure should be cut, or changed, or
removed. Workmen were put upon the roof to make it weather-
proof. The floor was cleared, the walls pointed and toned, the
windows glazed simply, and a suitable door fitted. A communion
table was built in front of the Abbot’s Stall. The original dais
was restored in concrete. The concrete area was covered with
warm matting, and a stove set up. The furniture is:—Two
prayer desks, a lectern, a small organ, forms round the dais, and
chairs filling the area.

On Saturday, 25th February, 1911, the Chapter-House,
after an interval of 350 years, was reopened for public worship
in presence of a large congregation.

LAYMEN’S QUARTERS.

As the clerical quarters go southward from the head or east
end of the Church, so the laymen’s quarters go southward from
the foot or west end of the Church. These are smaller in évery
way, except in length. The clerical quarters form the east side, —

* Photographs of the Abbey and drawings of many of the
details are given in ‘‘The Five Great Churches of Galloway”
(Ayrshire and Galloway Archeological Association).—Ep.

GLENLUCE ABBEY. 133

and the laymen’s quarters form the west side of the cloister garth.
These laymen’s quarters would not be more than fifteen or twenty
feet in height. If they had been higher, they would have spoiled
the appearance of the Church nave. There would be a refectory
for workmen, and another for pilgrims, two day-rooms, and pro-
bably attic dormitories.

Under these quarters are the remains of

VAULTED CHAMBERS.

These, I believe, were used as stores—for such stores as
were to be kept for long periods. It was a rule of the monastic
orders that pilgrims could lodge at any abbey for three days free
of charge. In this way a heavy demand was often made on the
Abbey stores. All things in the lines of food stuffs and seeds
were stored at the abbeys. In the days of their faithfulness the
monks toiled terribly, and lived on the plainest food in the
smallest quantities. Such industry and economy resulted in the

‘accumulation of goods. | Consequently in times of dearth a

monastery often supplied the needs of a whole parish. So I
think that most part of the underground area of the laymen’s
quarters was used as vaulted store-chambers.

CLOISTER-GARTH.

This is an open space eighty feet square, enclosed on all
sides by the Abbey buildings. Round the four sides was a broad
covered walk. ‘Those monks who had indoor work, such as
copying or weaving, took fresh air and exercise here. The
Cloister-Garth had doorways on all sides communicating with

the refectory, day-rooms, chapter-house, prison, church, stores,
and exit passage.

KITCHEN AND OFFICES.

These were to the south of the laymen’s quarters. In the
days of monastic zeal the food prepared in the kitchen was
the plainest. In fact, it was primitive! In winter one meal only
was taken in the twenty-four hours—at noon. And the cooking
for this was merely the boiling of vegetables. Brown bread and
vegetables—that and no more was the monks’ fare! And even

_ that was curtailed during Lent. Apparently the cooking resolved

itself into filling the boiler with cabbage, carrots, and turnips,

and priming the furnace.

134 GLENLUCE ABBEY.

Scraps of ABBEY HisTorRY.

If records were kept, they have not been preserved, or have
not yet been found. Among the Ailsa Papers David Henry found
some scraps. The earliest is dated 1220. In that year Henry
III. issued an order to Jeoffrey, justicier of Ireland, for the supply
(by purchase) of corn, meal, and other necessaries to the abbot
and monks of Glenluce. And this order was renewed from time
to time during thirty years.

These orders indicate that the Abbey had no agricultural
land. They also indicate that such food stuffs could not at that
time be purchased in Galloway. There is, however, abundant
documentary evidence to prove that long before, as well as at the
time of the Scottish Reformation, the Abbey owned tens of thou-
sands of acres of land. It is difficult to understand how, or
when, or by whom, these valuable and extensive lands could have
been alienated or transferred. As all church properties and
revenues came under the cognisance and jurisdiction of the
Scottish Parliament of 1559-60, no church property or revenue
could be alienated unless by the same authority. If the pro-
perties and revenues of this Abbey were restored to the Synod of
Galloway as the legal representatives of the Glenluce Abbey, the
Synod would have an additional revenue of twenty-five to thirty
thousand pounds sterling per annum. In 1329 King Robert
the Bruce visited this Abbey. The object of his visit does not
emerge. He may have hoped for medical aid or medicine for
the malady that was killing him. There is no evidence that
medicine or the preparation of herbal medicine was one of the
arts at this Abbey.

In 1507 King James IV. and his Queen made a visit. They
may have come to see the famous Abbey gardens. The Royal
record shows that a gratuity of four shillings was given to the
chief gardener.

In 1560 Thomas Hay was appointed Abbot. He came with
the Pope’s authority ; but the Gordons, who had a lease of some
of the Abbey lands, refused to admit him. Hay got possession
by authority of the Court of Session. The Gordons had been
pulling the Abbey to pieces; and Hay accepted a loan of 2000
merks (about £1350) for its repair.

In the same year (1560) Hay granted a lease of fifty-eight
farms to the Earl of Cassillis. The annual rental of these farms
at this date is, in round figures, £18,500.

ht, Ah RAP One

Tue KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE COAST. 135

Ist December, 1911.
Tue PRESIDENT in the Chair.

LANTERN, LECTURE: THE KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE Coast. By the
Rev. C. H. Dick, B.D., Moffat.

The lecture gave an account of the Kirkcudbrightshire
section of a journey along the whole of the Galloway coast-line.
The more striking points of view on the road between Maxwell-
town and Newabbey were noted, the history of Sweetheart Abbey
Was reviewed, and various details of the building discussed.

The great window at the west end has been spoiled by the
introduction of a mass of masonry below the rose window, no
doubt on account of a fear that the edifice was not sufficiently
strong. Even from the floor level one can see that the original
tracery runs down into this mass. The walls of the church are
composed of unhewn granite blocks covered over with dressed
freestone brought from beyond the Nith. According to tradi-
tion, Devorguilla, the foundress, was not the only lady associated
with the building, for a carved stone in the wall of a house in
the village, shewing the side of a boat surmounted by three
heads, is said to commemorate three maiden ladies who kept a
ferry and displayed both their piety and their muscularity by
transporting all the freestone required for the abbey. Crom-
well’s lieutenants are said to have bombarded the place from the
neighbouring Barhill, causing a breach in the containing wall.
When a grave was being dug on the edge of the churchyard some
years ago a cannon ball was found. Before the abbey was built,
the parish took its name from Loch Kindar, a sheet of water at
the foot of Criffel. This loch has two little islands, the one a
crannog consisting of stones resting on oaken piles, and the other
the site of the ancient church of the parish.

A little farther on, the shining waters of the Solway come
into sight. Respectable historians have connected Solway with
Selgovae, the name given by the Romans to the British tribe
inhabiting Dumfriesshire. Dr George Neilson has the great
credit of tracing it to “ Sulwath, the muddy ford,”’ the name of
a ford on the Sark. The name came into use gradually for the

136 THE KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE COAST.

Firth as a whole. The Firth was regarded formerly as part of
the Irish Sea.

Carsethorn village and the outlook across the Solway were
described. Arbigland, the birthplace of Paul Jones, is about a

mile and a half south of Carsethorn. It is not yet recognised —

sufficiently that Paul Jones should be reckoned among the
greatest of Scotsmen. The old calumny that he was “a pirate ”’
has perhaps hindered this recognition ; but Jones’ doings do not
fall under any authoritative definition of piracy.

The Statistical Account of 1795 mentions three villages in
the parish of Kirkbean—“ Kirkbean, Preston, and Salterness.’’
Preston has disappeared ; but its market cross has been preserved
and stands beside the farmhouse of East Preston. It bears no
inscription or carving of any kind. Satterness is a charming
seaboard village. The lighthouse was built before the end of the
eighteenth century, and is the oldest in Galloway. Satterness
got its name from the salt pits which provided former generations
of the villagers with one of their industries. The absurd name
“Southerness,” which has been stereotyped on the Ordnance
Survey maps and adopted by the Post Office, was not heard of
until the nineteenth century. Let the members of this Society
avoid its use in all time coming!

The scenery of the Colvend shore is more striking than that
of the much-vaunted Ravenshall coast. After passing the Bain-
loch burn, I took the first turn to the right and pushed my bicycle
up a steep bye-way towards the old church of Southwick parish.
What remains of the church occupies a very small part of the
sacred enclosure. The only indication of the architectural style
is given by two very narrow lights in the east wall. The church
has been built of unhewn granite blocks, but these windows are
framed with red freestone with a round top in the early English
style. Few ruins in Galloway are so entirely neglected as this.
Almost every inch is covered with ivy, and dilapidation is going

on rapidly. Before photographing one of the windows, I had

to spend a long time in cutting and tearing the ivy away. I con- ©
gratulate myself that I have arrested the disintegrating activity
of the ivy so far as the windows are concerned; but surely the
proprietor of the ruin could send a man to spend a day or two
in completing the work in which I made this small beginning.
When I had returned to the main road and followed it to

THE KriRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE Coast. 137

Sandyhills, I turned again to the right to visit the site of St.
Lawrence’s Chapel. It is at F airgirth farmhouse, about a mile
up the glen of that name. I had seen no literature on the sub-
ject and went to investigate. ‘The farmer’s wife kindly shewed
me a low garden wall, about three feet thick, saying “ That was
never made for a garden wall!’ She drew back some of the ivy
on the surface, and shewed me a dressed and moulded piece of -
_ freestone, saying she thought it was the top of a headstone, and
that there were one or two more of those stones among the ivy.
_ I observed, however, that the stone was not shaped with the
F Symmetry usual in headstones. I learned also that when the
garden was being dug over fourteen years ago, a large dressed
Stone had been found in the middle and left in its place, and
_ that when some alterations had been made on the farm offices on
_the north side of the house human bones had been found. The
_ doo: of the farmhouse is framed in granite blocks with a single
circular moulding. The moulding of the lintel is complete ; but
on both the sides it is intermitted with a plain block at the top,
inserted to increase the height of the entrance. In the older
_ part of the house there is a granite newel stair of two storeys
leading to an attic with a built-up window deeply splayed within
and having a rounded top. It would be interesting to have an
_ €xpert architect’s opinion on these remains, especially those in
the garden. Fairgirth is mentioned in an old list of the most
important houses in Galloway. When I learned that the Royal
Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scot-
land was making its present survey of Kirkcudbrightshire, I sent
what I had gathered to Mr Curle, the Secretary of the Commis-
sion, who replied that the facts were new to him, and would
Teceive attention. We may hope,- therefore, that some light may
_be thrown presently on these remains.

Kippford, or the Scaur, is a village of seamen on the estuary
Of the Urr. I induced one of them to take me over to Heston
island. On ascending to the higher part of the island, I was
much impressed by the magnificent panorama of the mainland,
a far-extended succession of broken, rocky hills, sharp peaks,
and elevated plateaux. Screel and Bengairn were, of course,
the most prominent features. Seen thus from the south, they
_Tesemble closely their aspect from the north, but with an effect
_ Of increased grandeur. “Rathan ” is an old name of the island.

138 THe KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE COAST.

There are some slight remains of an old house or castle beside
the lighthouse-keeper’s dwelling. After the fall of ‘the Doug-
lasses, the island became the property of the monks of Dun-
drennan Abbey, who had on the shore what was known as “ the
monks’ pool ’’ for keeping salmon.

Palnackie, with its quay on the west bank of the Urr, is
one of those shipping villages which have fallen on quiet times
since the introduction of railways. The round tower of Orchard-
ton has been described already in the Society’s “ Transactions.’’
It is associated with a story which is believed to have provided
the groundwork of “Guy Mannering.’’ There are several
remarkable caves on the Rascarrel and Barlocco shores, between
the village of Auchencairn and Dundrennan. ‘The architecture
of Dundrennan Abbey belongs to the Transition period. Little
is known of its history. It was founded in 1142, in the reign
of David I., possibly by Fergus, Lord of Galloway. The monks,
like those of Sweetheart Abbey, were of the Cistercian order.
The most interesting historical statement about the Abbey is that
Mary, Queen of Scots, spent her last night on Scottish soil here.
The last abbot, Edward Maxwell, sold or gave away a large part
of the lands on the eve of the Reformation. When he died the
remainder went to increase the revenue of the Bishop of
Galloway. The revenues were annexed to the Chapel Royal at
Stirling by James VI. in 1621. After this the buildings fell into
disrepair. There are several well-preserved monuments of great
interest. These have been described fully by the Rev. George
M‘Conachie.

The older streets of Kirkcudbright, such as High Street,
are full of houses standing end to end with little closes here and |
there giving glimpses of the gardens behind. The gardens near
the old boundary wall were held formerly under a “ watch and
ward ’’ superiority duty; that is, the due exacted from the
tenants was that they should watch and defend the wall in time
of danger; a due represented now by very small sums of money,
in one case by sixpence, the grand total of seven shillings and
sixpence being collected every fifteen years.

The Tolbooth is entered by an outside stair, and is sur-
mounted by a tower with a little spire, said to have been made ~
of stones brought from Dundrennan Abbey. The tower has a
bell, rung still at the hour of curfew and at other times, and a

THE KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE COAST. 139

clock with two dials facing the two sections of High Street
respectively. The clock is lighted every evening at dusk, a
pleasing detail in the nightly aspect of the town. One of the
most memorable pictures of Kirkcudbright, indeed, is the dark
Street with the illuminated clock-face overhung by the evening
star. The largest of the old buildings in the town is the castle
of the Maclellans, the Lords Kirkcudbright.

The burgh records are full of interest. Extracts have been
printed in the “ Transactions,’’ but I do not think the following
incident has been noticed before. The parish was stirred to its
depths in 1761 by the appointment of a blind minister. The
anxiety of the people to have the settlement obviated was so
Strong as to lead to a step which must surely have few parallels.
The appointment was made by the Crown, and among other
Opposition measures, the Town Council, “encouraged by your
Lordship’s honour, piety, and tender regard for the welfare of
the Christian Church,’’ appeal to the Bishop of London to use
his influence in high places on their behalf. The minister was
the Rev. Thomas Blacklock, the poet and friend of Robert
Burns.

The records contain little that bears on the general history
of the country. During the war scare of 1797, however, we
find a meeting of the Council called to consider whether, in the
then alarming state of the country, it might not be necessary to
have one or more men stationed at or near the mouth of the
harbour to keep a constant look-out, and report on the appear-
ance of any of the enemy’s ships. It was decided to place a
man on either side of the river to watch the coast both day
and night.

A beautiful road runs down the west side of the estuary of
the Dee towards the old churchyard of Senwick, where John

_ Mactaggart, the author of “The Scottish Gallovidian Encyclo-

pedia,’’ published in 1824, is buried. There are some remains

of some ancient forts on the tops of the cliffs extending west-

wards from the Little Ross lighthouse. The pretty village of
Borgue is the site of the memorial tablet to William Nicholson,
the author of “ The Brownie of Blednoch,’’ and in the neighbour-
ing churchyard of Kirkandrews is his grave. :
Gatehouse-of-Fleet is associated with Burns’ “Scots wha

_hae.’”’ The poet is said to have committed it to writing in a

140); THE KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE COAST.

room in the Murray Arms Hotel. The old church at Anwoth
was the scene of the ministry of Samuel Rutherford. Of the
houses and estates in the neighbourhood, Ardwall is the most
interesting. A famous beech tree stood in the grounds until
recently, the tree about which Thomas Campbell wrote “ The
Beech Tree’s Petition ’’ in 1800. It had been decided that the
tree should be cut down on account of the harm it was doing to
the garden in which it stood. As a result of Campbell’s appeal
on its behalf, the tree was spared and a new garden made in
another part of the grounds. The tree was blown down on the
12th of November, 1909. It was then about a hundred and
seventy years old. There are three old castles on the coast
between Gatehouse and Creetown—Cardoness, the old home of
the M‘Cullochs ; Barholm, the reputed original of “ Ellangowan ”’
in “Guy Mannering ’’; and Carsluith, the birthplace of Gilbert
Brown, the last abbot of Sweetheart Abbey. Other details of
this part of the coast are the rocks at Ravenshall, the cave of
Dirk Hatteraick near the foot of the Kirkdale glen, and the
circle of standing-stones at Cairnholy near Barholm, and the
wide vistas across Wigtown Bay to the coast of the Machars and
across the Firth to Cumberland and the Isle of Man. After
skirting the grounds of Kirrouchtrie, the scene of a_ battle
between Edward Bruce and the English, the road descends to
Creebridge and the river Cree, where the coast of Kirkcud-
brightshire ends.

15th December, 1911.
Chairman—Mr S. Arnott, V.P.

LANTERN LECTURE: THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRICITY IN ©
AGRICULTURE. By Professor J. W. PriestLey, Leeds |
University.

[From the Dumfries and Galloway Standard, December 23, —

1911, revised by Professor Priestley.]

Professor Priestley said he was very pleased to talk on the
subject of the application of electricity in agriculture in Dum-
fries, because the question was one that seemed very likely to
have useful information added to it in this neighbourhood. It _
was a subject that was of rather vital interest to all interested in

ep AGRON RGAE RRC PONENT Ne oe Eh Ef

THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRICITY IN AGRICULTURE. 141

science, because there were many things remaining to be under-
stood about plants; and it was of interest to the practical man,
because there might be money in it some day. One of these
days, with cheaper distribution, electricity was going to be used
for far more purposes than at present, and he was sure it would
then be of more use on the farm. With the aid of the pictures
thrown on the screen, the lecturer sketched the history of the
subject. The earliest known apparatus took the form of a large
tray, insulated by means of pedestals, on which it rested. The
tray contained a number of plants in pots to which electricity was
being applied ; and from the dresses of figures in the picture the

date of the experiment could be fixed at about 1750. It was not

known who made the experiment. Pictures. of other early
machines were shown, in which not only plants, but in one case
a cat and a bird were in course of being electrified. Most of the
early work on the subject was done in France, though the best
experiments were those of the Scandinavian scientist, Lemstrom,
whose machine was a better one than any that had gone before.
It was mounted on ball bearings, and was driven by a motor,
and was really the parent machine of many that had since been in
use. There could be no doubt that electricity applied to certain
plants stimulated their growth. Under the old system the wires
were near the ground, among the plants, but now they are high
up, and the electricity is discharged down through the air to the
plants. They might think that a high tension current of,
perhaps, 100,000 volts was very dangerous, but it need not be
dangerous at all. The great trouble was to know whether the
discharge was happening, as they could not always hear the
“sizzling” sound made by it, and a number of failures had
occurred because a sufficient discharge was not coming down.
The only way to test it was to put an insulated wire below the
top wire and collect some of the electricity, and test the dis-
charge by touching this wire with the fingers or with the tongue,
when a slight shock would be felt, or at night a vacuum tube

_ might be attached, and in it they would see a little glow. Up

till now it was positive electricity that had been used. With
regard to the method of applying the electricity, it was shown,
with the help of lantern pictures, including several of Miss
Dudgeon’s experimental station at Lincluden Mains, that at

142 THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRICITY IN AGRICULTURE.

certain places where experiments had been made, low tension
electricity was carried into a shed, where there was elaborate
machinery for changing it into high tension electricity, and it was
then carried out to the field by means of thick wires. When it
reached the field it was laid on to thin wires, which, being unable
to hold so much electricity, allowed it to leak off to the plants.
Over the part of the field to be electrified a network of wires was
taken, high up out of the way of all farm operations. An illus-
tration of the effect of the electricity was found in the fact that a
hedge showed extraordinary growth at that part of it over which
the wires were led. Experiments proved that wheat and other
_crops had a much greater yield when electrified, wheat, in one
instance, showing an increase of 29 per cent., mangels of 18 per
cent., and strawberries of 25 per cent.’ But whether electrifica-
tion resulted in an increase or a decrease, it was found in nearly
every case that there had been acceleration. And as it was in
the early part of the plant’s life that the effect of electricity was
to be seen in the acceleration of the yield, it would follow that
crops could be got in earlier. If ever the electrification of plants
came to be a practical thing, it would be of use in countries like
Canada, where it would enable them to reap the harvest before
the winter set in, and in this country crops would be on the
market earlier, and thus growers would be in an improved posi-
tion with regard to competition. He did not regard the work
that had been done in connection with the subject as completed.
It was only in its beginnings, because though the work had been
going on for a hundred and fifty years, it was only in the last five
years that it had been conducted on a practical scale. They still
wanted to know what the effect was on the complicated life of
the plant. If the work failed in the end, it had still been worth
the trial; and if it was successful, it would mean one more
victory of man over nature. Replying to questions put by
members of the audience, Professor Priestley said that he
believed that the biggest future for the system would be in places
where there was a large irrigation scheme. The reason for this
was that plants were always giving off water, and when electri-
fied they gave off more water than under normal conditions.
There had been nothing discovered to show that electrification
was a cure for disease in potatoes and other crops, but he thought

ELECTRICAL TREATMENT ON POTATO CROPS. 1438

that by means of it the plant was raised in tone, and so was helped
to resist disease. Electricity had a tendency to exhaust the land
quicker, owing to the acceleration of the crops. It would not
take the place of manure.

aire -

ELEcTRICAL TREATMENT ON Potato Crops, 1911. By Miss
E. C. DupcGeEon, Lincluden House.

The following is a brief account of my experiments during

the past season on the growth of potatoes with Electric Treat-
ment, by means of the Oliver Lodge-Newman High-tension
Electric Discharge Apparatus.
: The field chosen for the trials was one on the farm of Lin-
_ cluden Mains, near Dumfries, tenanted by Mr Cameron, who gave
me every possible assistance in carrying out the experiment. The
portion reserved for experimental purposes was about 8 acres,
which, from the date of ploughing till the planting of the seed
tubers, was treated all over in precisely the same manner. The
land was practically level, having only one or two slight undula-
ions ; the soil varied slightly, some portions being loamy, while
others were gravelly, but as these inequalities were distributed
over the whole field, care was taken in dividing the plots so as to
include equal portions of each variety in both experimental and
control areas.

The field was ploughed in February, after which it was
given a dressing of Biggar’s ‘Special Potato Manure—about 6 cwt.
to the acre—and at the time of putting in the seed tubers, about
25 cart loads of farmyard manure per acre was spread between
the drills, which were 27 inches apart.

Owing to a spell of wet weather it was not possible to com-
mence planting till the third week in April, and for the first week
‘after planting had been completed rain fell for several days.
_ From May 4th to June 15th the weather was bright and dry ; after
that date rain fell for several days, when dry weather again set in
and continued up to the date of lifting the crops.

The Electric Discharge was applied daily from May Ist till
_ August 18th, averaging during that time four hours per day. The
hours for putting on the discharge were regulated by weather con-
_ ditions—on dull days it was applied both morning and afternoon;

144 ELECTRICAL TREATMENT ON PoTATO CROPS.

when it was warm with bright sunshine, for two, three, or four
hours in the evening. Total hours the discharge was applied—
413.

The varieties of potatoes planted were:—Ringleader,
Windsor Castle, Golden Wonder, Great Scot.

Owing to applying too late for seed tubers of the Ringleader,
which variety I was anxious to have for trial, I was only able to
obtain the third-grade size, which in many cases were little larger
than an ordinary marble.

From the commencement of the application of the discharge
a distinct difference was observed between the two plots, the crops
under the electrified wires being, from the commencement of
growth up to the time of ripening, distinctly in advance of those
outside the influence of the charged wires. The tubers were
ready for lifting quite a week earlier; also the difference in the
height of the haulms and greater luxuriance of leaf-growth was
very marked.

The following tables give the weights per acre of the crops —
lifted in the experimental and control plots :—

EXPERIMENTAL PLOT.

Variety. Tons. Cwts. Qrs. Lbs.
RINGLEADER—
Seed size.. 6 19

Under 14 inches 1 2

Total pera prs) 1 ae ... No disease.

Winpsor CastnE—- Tons. Cwts. Qrs. Lbs.

Seed size... ae LO 19 1 4
Under lfinches_... 15 0 244
Total won Al 14 2 04 No disease.
GoLpEN WonpDER— Tons. Cwts. Qrs. Lbs.
Seed size... eee drors 19 2 as
Under lf inches _.... 15 0 244
Total eens: 14 2 243 No disease.
GREAT ScotT— Tons. Cwts. Qrs. Lbs.
Seed size.. “eo weld 1 1 15
Under ri inches... 10 2 6
Diseased .. erences 4 0 64
Total tee wl 15 3 274 Diseased, 4 cwt. 64 lbs.

ELECTRICAL TREATMENT ON POTATO CROPS. 145

CONTROL PLOT.

Variety. Tons. Cwts. Qrs. Lbs.
RINGLEADER—
Seed size... chai: 4 13
Under 1} inches 1 4
Total See cad 17 ae ... No disease.

Winpsor CasttE— Tons. Cwts. Qrs. Lbs.

Seed size.. Ae ifs) 18 0 19
Under 1} inches... 19 2 9
Total Lane) 17 3 Q No disease. —

GoLpEN WonpER— Tons. Cwts. Qrs. Lbs.

Seed size.. is 7 5 1 7
Under 14 inches... 17 1 5s
Total oie S 2 2 124 No disease.
GREAT Scotr— Tons. Cwts. Qrs. Lbs.
Seed size.. meal) 6 2 20
Under ce inches... 16 3 194
Diseased .. eon ae 2 2 24
Diseased—
Total » 10 6 1 73 2 ewt. 2 qrs. 24 lbs.

Extra yield under the electrified wires per acre :—

Variety. Tons. Cwts. Qrs. Lbs.
RINGLEADER res gt ake 4 0 0
Wunpsor CASTLE ery 16 3 04
GOLDEN WoNDER aay ides 12 0 12
GREAT Scor aa thee Moa 9 2 20

) The cost of ee the electric discharge was :—
Mretrol .. A Bs < an nee Lhe pO
Lubricating Oil ... ies : ‘ ie zee fn Gro)
: Depreciation at 10 per cent. on dppatanis (Casting
£175) for three months... ae an eT: eat ee 5

£5 19 6

The same expense would have covered the cost of electrify-
ing an area of 15 acres.
I was supplied by Mr A. W. M‘Alister, Seed Potato
Merchant, Dumfries, with the seed tubers. He very kindly super-
vised the lifting of the crops, and most carefully verified the
eights in both areas.

146 EsTATE MANAGEMENT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

19th January, 1912.
Chairman—Dr W. Sempte, V.P.

Some Notes on EstaTE MANAGEMENT IN THE EIGHTEENTH
Century. By Mr R. W. MILNE.

At different times I have noticed that interesting lectures
have been delivered to this Society from notes taken from Parish
Session Records and Town Council Minutes. To-night I am
going to do something in the same direction, the source of my
paper being a Minute Book kept by John Earl of Hopetoun
during part of the period he had charge of the Annandale estates
from 23rd May, 1758, to 30th December, 1774, during which
time every transaction of importance seems to have been
recorded. As far as possible it will be my purpose to select such
information of general interest tending in a small way to illustrate
the manners and customs of estate management in the latter half
of the eighteenth century, while the care and regularity with
which the various entiies were made render them very suitable to
be extracted and read without alteration.

I may mention that the factors who conducted the ordinary
affairs of the estates under the Earl were Bryce Blair and Ronald
Crawford, whom, as the Earl wrote in his. Journal or Minute
Book, “ were both very knowing and skilled in their business as
writers and had great practice in Law and Country affairs whereby
they were not only of great use by their advice but also in the
execution of their duties—particularly Mr Blair, who, living in
Annandale, was always at hand and ready upon any emergency.”

Mr Blair died in January, 1762, and was succeeded by John
Story, writer in Dumfries, who went to reside in Moffat at
Whitsunday, 1763. It is interesting to note that Sir Robert
Laurie of Maxwelton was a surety for his intromissions.

The other Factor at that time was James Hoggan (who was
not a writer), and he managed the upper division of the estates
till the appointment of John Story, when he was transferred to
the lower division.

With the foregoing introductory explanation, I will now
begin with the Minute Book. I mentioned that the Earl was
appointed on 23rd May, 1758, and it should be noted that he

EstTATE MANAGEMENT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 147

then.resided at Hopetoun House, Linlithgowshire. Thirteen
days after his appointment he sends his factors the following
instructions :—

“Wrote to the Factors for Rentals of the Estates, and for
information upon several different points, and directed Eye-
Draughts of the whole Estate, for the better understanding of the
nature and position of the different farms, to be made by John
and James Tait, Land Surveyors in Lockerbie.”

An Eyedraught as used in 1758 was a form of plan prepared
by judging measurements by the eye without the use of a scale
I have been able to find and bring with me four—they are appli-
cable to the lands in the Upper Division of the Estates, namely—
_ Johnstone, Kirkpatrick-Juxta, and Wamphray parishes, and the

Jands on Annan, Evan, and Moffat Waters. They are very

interesting because they give a complete survey of all the farms
in that portion of the Estate as arranged prior to 1758, also the
_ lands that were held runrigg and a number of commons before
_ they were divided.
Having shown you the farms and their boundaries as they
appeared in 1758, let me now draw your attention to the lets of
farms as appearing among the older papers. In an old rental
_ dated 1683 most of the farms seem to be without tenants. This
can easily be understood when we remember that about that time
‘Claverhouse was busy in this county stamping out “ Con-
venticlers,” so much so, that according to a recent writer, “ The
peasantry fled his presence as if it were the plague.”

The next rental I noticed of any importance was for the year
1707 (the year of the Treaty of Union) by which time all the
farms appear to have been let to tenants on yearly tacks, which
_ continued till about Whitsunday, 1722, when long leases came
into use for the larger farms, the following being the usual con-
’ ditions of let then in use for a sheep farm, viz. :—

Polmoodie, in Parish of Moffat.—* To John Murray, Junior,
for 21 years after Whitsunday, 1722, pays of tack duty £1633
6s 8d Scot mony at two termes, viz., Martinmas and Whitsun-
day, as also pays the sum of 2400 Ib. Scot in name of grassum,
viz., 600 Ib. Scot Lambas, 1722; 600 lb. Scot Lambas, 1723;
600 Ib. Scot Lambas, 1724; 600 lb. Scot Lambas, 1725.”

' Another of the same for an arable farm :—

“Kirkbank in Parish of Johnstone.—“ To James Thor-

148 ESTATE MANAGEMENT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

burn for 21 years after Whit Sunday, 1721, pays of tack duty 120
lb. Scot at Martinmas yearly, as also 120 lb. Scot in name of
grassum, viz., 60 lb. at Martinmas and 60 lb. at Whity, 1723;
cess offering to £101 Scot, 4 Kain hens, day service, short
carriages as formerly.”

Some years prior to the Earl of Hopetoun’s time leases seem
to have gone out of use, but the tenants on many of the farms
had increased. That is to say, when a tenant found his farm was
too large for his capital it seems to have been a custom to take in
joint tenants. The result was that some farms had as many as
four or five joint tenants, among others noticed being the
following :—

In 1758 “ Stobohill,” in parish of Corrie, had five tenants,
viz.—Francis Johnstone, John Moffat, James Graham, Robert
Graham, and George Johnstone. Wynholme, in the same parish
—Rachel Little, John and George Blake, John and William
Irving.

The foregoing are sufficient to illustrate a peculiar position
of matters then applicable to a number of farms. In the first
place there was no division of the rents, showing what was pay-
able by each tenant, and in the second place the old farm plans
of same period show only one steading or town on each farm,
for the accommodation of all. It also seems apparent that each
tenant was liable for the full rent in case of failure of the others.

To meet this condition of affairs the Earl again introduced
the practice of letting on tacks in terms of the following “ rule”
from his ‘Minute Book :—

“Resolved that in regard many of the farms, to make it a
tule that the whole tenants in any one town, or upon one farm,
should bind and be rentalled conjunctly as one possession, so
that if at present any are in such low circumstances that the rest
will not bind with them, or if during the currency of the tack any
of them fail, their part of the possession should fall to the rest,
whereby there will be a gradual diminution of the numbers.”

In the foregoing I have given you some details from the old
rentals. But to take up the Minute Book again. During the first
three months of the Earl’s management the following entries in
the Minute Book show what progress he had made in arranging
the affairs of the Estate :—

“1758, Sept.—Small pocket books of the farms of every

EsTaTE MANAGEMENT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 149

parish were made, in which the whole farms were entered, show-
ing all the variations of rent that had happened upon them since
the year 1718, with notes of their contents as estimate by the
surveyors of their holding and number of sheep and cattle that
they keep, the quantity of arable ground or proportion of rent
that is made by corn or by pasture. The character they bear in
the country as to being cheap or dear, the quantity of wool grow-
ing upon them, and a guess of the value, with every other useful
observation relating to each farm that could be gathered from
the factors and others, and the most intelligent people in the
country, upon whom he could best rely.”

“There is also entered in these books the rent and entries
at which it was judged each farm might be let after viewing the
estate and considering with the factors, and likewise notes of the
bargains made with the tenants, which, however, often vary con-
siderably from what had been previously concerted, according
as things cast up in the community; and as offers were made,
and though in some instances the farms are let under what was
intended yet in many they are considerably above it.”

To make an official visit to the Estate was the next step the
Tutor took, when the plans and information collected was
brought into use.

“1758 (no date).—The next step the Tutor took was to ride
through the whole estate and view every part of it, having hardly
missed one single farm, and had along with him some of good
judgment in those matters, and though this could not be done
very minutely, especially in the higher muirland parts, yet by
means of this survey with the help of the eye-draughts, and the
notes and previous enquiry and information, he acquired a much
_ clearer and better notion and idea not only of the position,
nature, and quality of each farm, but also its value, than he
could possibly have otherwise done.”

Here is another entry in the Minute Book which shows us
one result of the visit :—

“1758 (Sept.)—The Tutor, at his first coming, intended
no more this year than to inform himself of all circumstances as
_ before narrated in order to be the better enabled to let tacks the
next season, but, having succeeded beyond his expectations in
_ acquiring the necessary information and knowledge for that pur-
pose, and finding that as the season and markets had been extra-

150 EstaATE MANAGEMENT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

ordinary good, and consequently the whole country in a much
better state than it had been for many years past, he judged this
a more favourable time for letting tacks than he might perhaps
find again, and therefore resolved to proceed to let tacks of all
such farms, to the setting of which there were no particular
objection from the situation and marches of the lands. The
Tutor made it known that he would not commune with any
tenant of the Marquis’s for a tack who had not cleared all arrears
due at or before Whity., 1758, for crop and year 1757, which
had an extraordinary good effect, though in some few particular
cases and circumstances he was obliged to deviate from this rule.”

You will, perhaps, have noticed that so far I have made no
reference to tenants, houses, or farm buildings. I now proceed
to do so, and for convenience will group the entries under the
heading of “ building,” giving the dates in ‘each case.

The first entry is dated :—

“Nov., 1759.—The Tutor having often observed with regret
that the tenants’ houses upon the whole estate were remarkably
bad and poor, and in great disrepair, even worse than any others
in Annandale, where they are in general meaner than in most
other parts of Scotland, and being sensible of the great disadvan-
tages the tenants lay under in that respect, not only from the
scarcity and dearness of the proper materials and the length of
carriage, but also from the uncertain state they had been in for
many years as to the continuance of their possessions, judged it

would be highly for the proprietors’ interest that some remedy

were applied to this great defect, as it is found by experience that
nothing promotes the letting of lands to good advantage more, or
is a greater encouragement to industry, than the having of good
houses upon them. The Tutor, therefore, resolved that notwith-
standing he had taken the whole tenants bound by their tacks
to repair and uphold the houses upon their own expenses (but
which cannot be understood to extend farther than to keep them
up in the same poor way they have always been in, mostly built
of fail and stone), that he would order timber to such of the
tenants as would undertake to meliorate their houses, and for
that purpose ordered the following advertisement to be
published :—

“That such of the tenants as have got tacks and are willing
upon their own expense to improve their houses by rebuilding

EsTATE MANAGEMENT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Tom!

them with stone and mortar, and the door cheeks with stone and
lime, may give in notes of the quantity and kind of timber the
same would require to the factors, who are desired to view and
consider the same, it being intended for their encouragement to
give them such assistance of timber as can be spared from the
woods ; but to prevent embezzlement or impositions every tenant
at receiving what timber may be ordered for him is to give his
bill for the full value thereof, which will not be given up till the
repairations are finished and inspected, to see that the timber has
been properly applied, and if any misapprehension shall be dis-
covered the value of the whole will be exacted. If any of the
tenants shall propose to build their houses with mortar and all
the doors and windows with stone and lime, and to cast the whole
walls with lime, they will be preferred to the best timber. No
timber will be given out of the woods after the first day of May
till winter again.”

The next entry explains itself :—

“1769, Sept.—When the Curator took the management of
- the estates in 1758 he found the whole tenants’ houses upon the
estates, in general, very bad and in great disrepair, and after
having set the leases, in order to encourage the tenants to make

better houses, he ordered that whosoever should build new ones
according to the rules prescribed should be furnished with timber
_ out of the woods, but the Marquis was to be at no expense in
repairs. This had the desired effect in so far that a good many
_ new houses were built and of a much better kind than formerly,
_ and in the year 1767, when the leases were to be renewed, it was
considered that if a tenant who had bestowed a good deal upon
his houses should not happen to take the same farm again it
_ would be a hardship, if, after a few years’ possession, he should
lose all he had bestowed upon the houses, and would effectually
stop the spirit of building that had been. To prevent which the
Curator declared in all such cases that a reasonable allowance
should be made to the outgoing tenant.”

Still the Tutor is not satisfied, and finality (so far as the
Journal shows) is not reached until he takes the rebuilding and
_ repairing of the houses on the estate “upon his own charges.”
| The following being the entry, which is dated 8th April,
1772 :—

“Tn order to encourage the tenants to build good houses on

152 EstTaTE MANAGEMENT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

their farms, the Curator gave the following order to Mr John
Story, the Marquis’s factor :—

(As engrossed in Minute Book.)
“ Hopetoun House, 8th April, 1772.

“Sir,—As many of the tenants’ houses on the estate of
Annandale are in a ruinous condition, and as great advances of
the rents were made by the present possessors at the last set
upon the faith that the houses would be repaired for them, which ~
it could not be expected they should do on their own charges,
especially considering the shortness of the leases, I hereby em-
power you to employ proper tradesmen to rebuild or repair all
the said houses where you find necessary in a sufficient manner, it
being always understood that the walls are to be built of stone and
lime, or, at least of stone and clay cast with lime, but none of
stone and fail, and that the timber is to be furnished from the
Marquis’s woods, as far as they can afford it, and in every respect
observing the greatest economy consistent with the work being
effectually done and in the proper seasons. I likewise under-
stand that the carriages are to be performed by the tenants them-
selves, except it has been otherwise covenanted at the set, and
likewise that they are to uphold the houses in time coming.—

vam setes,
“(Signed) HoprtToun.

“To Mr John Story, factor.”

“Tn consequence of this encouragement a considerable num-
per of very good houses were built upon the estate, but it was
found that the Marquis’s woods, which began to be much ex-
hausted, could not furnish the proper timber for building houses,
and, therefore, it was found necessary to buy timber from other
woods of the country when it could be got, and also foreign —
timber, which in some cases was found to be cheaper and to
answer the purpose better.”

So far I have been dealing with commonplace routine work |
on an estate about 150 years ago. I am glad, however, I can ~
introduce at least one interesting chapter, for I have always
noticed that people are keen to hear anything that concerns —
Gretna Green or smugglers and smuggling.

At all events, the following report shows how the direct
influence of the smuggling “trade ’’ was brought to bear upon —
the management of the affairs of an estate on the Solway shore :— |

ESTATE MANAGEMENT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 153

“1761, Sept.—Ordered Mr Blair, the factor, to advertise
the house and whole estate of Graitney to be let, and to take in
offers for the same and report, and as it was judged that both

_ the house and estate would set to better advantage if the house
were put in proper repair, Mr Blair was directed to provide
materials and to contract with tradesmen for that purpose.”’

Mr Blair died in January, 1762, so Mr Hoggan, who suc-
ceeded him, made the following report :—

“This estate was purchased in 1725 from the creditors of
_ Colonel Johnstone, Ruthven, for behoof of James, Marquis of
_ Annandale.

“The rental of the estate has been, with some small varia-
tions, about £124 sterling, but this includes £12 10s of tolls
that are now disputed, and of which little has been paid for some
_ years, so that the rental could not be reckoned about £110, and
that includes some house rents.

“The tenants are very numerous, and mostly in bad circum-
‘stances, some of them being in great arrear.

“The land itself, even the best of it, is of a very light, dry
kind, and a great part of it muirish and some mossy.

“By Tait’s Survey the whole estate contains 634 acres
(Scotch), besides the right in the common.

“The mansion-house was fallen into very great disrepair,
so that it must soon be quite ruinous. Therefore it was ordered
to be repaired by getting a quite new roof, in 1761, in the view
that it might answer for an inn, being well situated for that
purpose, or for some good tenant that might take the whole or a
Great part of the estate, as it would be very desirable to have it
in fewer hands than at present. Several attempts were made for
this purpose, and proposals got from different people both from
England and in Scotland, but, besides the difficulty of finding

d lawless disposition of the inhabitants, not only on this estate,

yut all the “eae arising from their situation upon the

€terred from venturing among such a crew, and not without
d reason.

154 Estate MANAGEMENT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

“Though many of the present possessors would have
engaged for a higher rent, yet there was little prospect of it being
paid unless some means could be fallen upon to induce, and even
force, them into a greater habit of industry than they have ever
been accustomed to. At last Simon Graham, a merchant, and
James Black, innkeeper, both in Graitney-Green, who are both
rich and had bestowed a good deal in building houses for them-
selves, being alarmed at the prospect of being removed if the
house and estate should be let together, made an offer for being
tacksmen of the whole, which, circumstances considered, was
thought the best shape the thing could be put into, as they could
manage and govern the inhabitants, who are in a great measure
already dependents upon them, much better than any stranger
could do, against whom they could probably have proven the
greatest enemies by egging up and supporting the inhabitants
against them. They offered to take a lease for 21 years of the
mansion-house and whole estate at two hundred and sixty pounds
sterling, of yearly rent, and to pay the cess as formerly, but not
the stipend nor school salary, and be bound to build offices, and
to uphold the whole at their own expense. And therefore the —
Curator agreed to accept of their offer. But James Black after-
wards resiled, and therefore the Curator agreed with the said
Simon Graham for a tack of the mansion-house and whole estate
of Graitney for 21 years from and after Candlemas, 1763, for
the yearly rent of two hundred ‘and sixty pounds sterling, payable
at Martinmas yearly.’’

The following is interesting because it shows even in the
early times we are dealing with a desire to encourage home
industries :—

“Tt having been represented to the Curator that it would be
a great advantage to the Marquis’s estate, as well as to the
country in general, if woollen manufactures were established and
encouraged at Moffat and the neighbourhood, and particularly
the combing of wool and spinning, whereby the tenants of the
store farms would find a market for their wool in the country
without the trouble and risk of carrying it to distant markets, and
the poor would be enabled to support themselves by spinning,
without being a burden upon the heritors and tenants, and the
Curator being sensible that it would tend greatly to the improve-
ment of the Marquis’s estate if the wool produced upon it could

EsTATE MANAGEMENT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 1dé

be manufactured in the country, agreed to give all reasonable
encouragement to those branches of the woollen manufactures in
the town of Moffat and neighbourhood, and a master comber
from England, spinning and knitting mistresses, and a stocking-
weaver having been procured in 1767, and several quantities of
wool from the tenants of the Marquis’s store farms, with combs,
pots, wheels, reels, and other utensils which was necessary in
order to keep them in constant work for instructing apprentices
and scholars. A considerable quantity of wool was combed and
spun, and several combers and a great number of spinners and
knitters taught from 1767 to 1771 inclusive, which has already
proved very advantageous to the country, and will no doubt be
still more so in a little, but which, with salaries, premiums, and
apprentice fees, and the rents of houses taken for the accommo-
dation of the several persons employed, occasioned a considerable
expense above the produce of the work from 1767 to 1771
inclusive. The account whereof is not yet finally settled, the
returns for the yarn sold not being all come in, and some yarn and
stuffs manufactured in Moffat being still unsold, but there is
allowed to Mr Story, the factor, ia his acccunt crop, 1771, £400
as part of said expense.

THE BLACKLOCK MANUSCRIPTS AT ANNAN. By Mr FRANK
MiLier, Annan.

The manuscripts which I have undertaken to describe were
presented to Annan Mechanics’ Institute in 1898 by the late Mr
W. R. Duncan, Liverpool, a descendant of Mary Blacklock, the
poet Blacklock’s sister, whose husband, William M‘Murdo,
merchant, Dumfries, was an uncle of Burns’s friend, John
M‘Murdo, Drumlanrig, father of “Bonie Jean” and “ Phillis
the Fair.”

I shall read the letter in which the MSS. were offered to the
Institute, as doubtless you will be glad to know what the donor
said about them :—

“Liverpool, May 25/98.

Dear Mr Miller,—In looking over my late father’s books, I
came across a number of the works of the late Dr Thos. Black-
lock. As he was a native of Annan, I thought it likely that the

156 THE BLACKLOCK MANUSCRIPTS AT ANNAN.

Mechanics’ Institute Committee might be pleased to accept them
as a donation to the Library. If so, I shall be very pleased to ©
send them on to you.
With kind regards,
I remain,
Yours very truly,
W. R. Duncan.

The books include :—

A Volume of Poems, and Life of Blacklock by Mackooa

Also, bound in same vol., a number of MS. Poems. 4
A Volume of Poems, with Blacklock’s Life by Spence. Also

MS. Poems. :
Blacklock’s ‘ Practical Ethics,’ bound MSS.
A Volume of MS. Poems.

Letters and Observations on Men, Books, and Manners, by ~

‘George Tennant’ (a xom de plume of Blacklock’s).
Five Volumes of Sermons, MSS. bound.

Many of the poems, etc., have notes and explanations —
written by some member of the family, I think.”

Dr Robert Anderson, in the “ Life” prefixed to his edition
of Blacklock’s Poems, published in 1795, says:—“ He has left
some volumes of Sermons in manuscript, as also a Treatise on
Morals, both of which, it is in contemplation with his friends to
publish. It is probable that the most important of his other
pieces may be collected and republished on that occasion.”
Though Dr Blacklock’s representatives gathered together and
arranged his different writings, they did not carry out their inten- —
tion of publishing them. The news that the MSS. referred to by
Anderson have been recovered may interest you. Blacklock’s
formal verse does not appeal to many readers at present; but —
the great service which he rendered to Burns has secured for him
a place in the affection of every true Scotsman.

The MSS. are on thick greyish paper of different shaken
The paper on which the most valuable poems are written bears
the name of James Whatman—a famous maker who carried on
business from 1760 to 1765... No dates are discoverable in the —
watermarks of the paper. The “notes and explanations” —
referred to by Mr Duncan are very brief, and are merely designed —
to identify the men and women celebrated in the different odes —
and addresses.

i THE BLAcKLOcK MANUSCRIPTS AT ANNAN. 157

When the MSS. were received I examined them carefully,
and I have since gone over them twice. It is therefore unlikely
that anything in them of interest has escaped my observation.
I found among them three unprinted poems of some value; and
these I published—one of them in “The Scottish Historical
Review,” and two in a book of my own. I diligently searched
among the MS. poems and essays for references to Burns, but,
unfortunately, did not discover any. The two rhyming epistles
by Blacklock to Burns which every admirer of the chief Scotiish
q poet knows by heart are not included.

According to Henry Mackenzie, Blacklock “ obtained high
‘reputation as a preacher.” It need not surprise us, therefore,
that five of the ten volumes in the collection are made up of
sermons. ‘The able and orthodox discourses preserved deal with
such subjects as:—“ The Character and Fate of Hypocrisy,”
“The Pernicious Tendency of Enthusiasm,” “The Advantages
arising from a Proper Estimate of Human Life,” “The Un-
satisfactory Nature of Sublunary Enjoyments,” and “ The
Nature and Duration of Future Punishments.” Two of them are
marked “Delivered at Dumfries, 1761.” In one of the volumes

Dr Blacklock’s qualifications as a Christian teacher are also
attested by “ Practical Ethics.” This carefully written treatise is
doubtless the work which Dr Anderson, in his biographical sketch
of the poet, alludes to as a “ Treatise on Morals.”

Of more varied interest is the volume which bears the

“ Letters
and
Observations
on
Men, Books, and Manners.
By George Tennant,
Farmer in the Lands of Grim gribber.” |

The contents of this volume consist largely of reviews of
heological and poetical works published between 1770 and 1785.
In an article written at the beginning of 1784, there is a reference
amuel Johnson, who had offended the literary men of Edin-

158 Tue BLACKLOCK MANUSCRIPTS AT ANNAN.

burgh by pronouncing an unfavourable verdict on Hugh Blair’s
“Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian ”:—“ Doctor Johnson will
be universally acknowledged to have united a great genius with
profound and extensive learning; but these qualities, however
eminent, are not only disfigured but almost counterbalanced by his
hateful and incorrigible affectation.” Blacklock was personally
acquainted with Johnson, having been introduced to him in 1773
and received, as Boswell records, “with a most humane com-
placency.”

Only three of the Blacklock volumes are devoted to poetry.
One of the three consists entirely of a play in MS., entitled “ The
Deserter: a Tragedy,” the other two are made up of printed as
well as written poems.

After the publication of the second London edition of Black-
lock’s Poems, Joseph Spence, the Professor of Poetry at Oxford,
urged him—but urged him in vain—to write a tragedy, assuring
him that he had sufficient interest with Garrick to get it acted.
Mackenzie says :—“ At a subsequent period he wrote a tragedy;
but upon what subject, his relation, from whom I received the
intelligence, cannot recollect. The manuscript was put into the
hands of the late Mr Crosbie, then an eminent advocate at the
Bar of Scotland, but has never since been recovered.” Though
“The Deserter” is not an original work, but a free translation
from the French of Mercier, I think that in it we have the long-
lost play. Unfortunately, it does not contain a single good line.
I shall not trouble you with an extract from the play, for I do not
wish to tempt anyone to exclaim, in the words of Byron :—

“Stop, my friend; ’twere best—
Non Di, non homines—you know the rest.”

As you would observe, the volume which heads Mr Duncan’s
list embraces a copy of Mackenzie’s edition of Blacklock’s Poems
(1793). When I examined the volume I noticed that while the —
last page of the printed part was numbered 216 the first page of
the manuscript part bore the number 377. Evidently the written ©
poems originally formed part of another volume, and were trans- —
ferred to their present position to make Mackenzie’s edition
fuller. The longest piece in writing is “The Graham.” This
very poor heroic ballad is not in the strict sense a “ manuscript
poem,” for it was published by the author in 1774, and was re-

THE BLACKLOCK MANUSCRIPTS AT ANNAN. 159

printed in “ The Nithsdale Minstrel” (1815) by the Rev. William
Dunbar, who may have got his copy from Blacklock’s grand-
nephew, the Rev. Henry Duncan, of Ruthwell. “The Graham ”
is followed by a few short pieces. In one of these—a parody on
“Rule Britannia ”—Blacklock refers in no generous spirit to “a
regrettable incident” associated with the name of Admiral
Keppel :—

When Keppel first from Britain’s strand,
Plough’d o’er the surge his liquid way,

Deep groan’d the Genius of the land,
And cruel mermaids sang this lay:

“Yield Britannia, yield the main

To faithless France and haughty Spain.”

The volume which includes a copy of the first London
edition of Blacklock’s Poems is richer in interest than any other
in the collection. It embraces no fewer than 53 written poems,
occupying 380 quarto pages. The pieces are described as
“Manuscript Poems,” and there is no marking on any of them to
indicate that they are to be found in print ; but some of them were
published by the author himself. One of the longest of them—
a satire entitled “A Panegyric on Great Britain ””—was issued
separately in 1773, and a considerable number of the shorter
pieces were published at different times and in different ways.
The earliest verses were written in 1745; the latest probably
about 1780, when Blacklock was almost 60 years of age.

Prominent in the collection is a play called “ Seraphina ”—a
translation of the “Cenie” of D’Happoncourt de Grafigny.
Whilst engaged on this work, Blacklock, remembering the pro-
ceedings in connection with John Home’s “ Douglas,” had some
fear that his occupation might lead him into trouble with the
Church, of which he was still a minister, though he had resigned
his charge at Kirkcudbright. Dr Beattie, author of “The
Minstrel,” consoled him by arguing sophistically that to translate
a dramatic poem could not be held to be on the same footing
with composing one! The poetical merits of “Seraphina ”
being small, we need hardly regret that it was never published.
Into the sentiment of the following lines the extreme sensitiveness
of Blacklock must have enabled him fully to enter :—

160 THE BLACKLOCK MANUSCRIPTS AT ANNAN.

“Would we but serve th’ unhappy as we ought,
With what respect, what delicate address,
What unaffected tenderness of heart,
Must we perform the service we intend

Some of the pieces in the volume are historical in character.
In an ode on the Rebellion of 1745-6 the infamous Duke of
Cumberland is thus addressed :—

“O glorious youth, delight of Fame!
Th’ immortal Muse’s favourite theme,
And Heaven’s peculiar care!”

An unpublished poem on a man who better deserved the
title of “ Glorious William ” than the merciless prince has a place
in the collection. It is entitled “On the Re-admission of a great
Commoner to the Administration,” and clearly belongs to the |
year 1766. The author assails Chatham with great virulence, ©
condescending now and again to the use of coarse language.
Here are the most interesting verses :—

“Tet demagogues trumpet the praise of the nation,
For cautious and delicate use of taxation ;
America, conscious of gaining the hit,

Will assert independence, supported by P——.

With joyful presages the Genius of France

Views her navy increase and her commerce advance,
Views the lords of the ocean their colours submit,
Deterr’d by the thunder she borrow’d from P ;

Old Scotia, too late for her freedom alarm’d,
Her majesty blasted, her Thistle disarmed,
Now vainly her impotent venom may spit ;
Just curses and infamy trouble not P “

Let thy manes, Belhaven, indignant arise,
Thy prophecy now can no longer surprise,
Yet of its completion the Union acquit,

Since thy country’s disgrace and perdition was P——.”

Four of the poems direct our attention to an episode in the
personal history of Blacklock—his rejection by the people of
Kirkcudbright in 1762. “ Pistapolis,” the longest of them, is an

THE BLACKLOCK MANUSCRIPTS AT ANNAN. 16f

extraordinary production. I need not quote it, as you have in
your library a print from the “Scottish Historical Review”
giving the text in full. But to show how the iron entered into the
poet’s soul at Kirkcudbright I may read a short piece, entitled
“An Ejaculation ” :—-

Good God, whose all pervading eye
Inspects the human breast,

Whose ears are open to the cry
Of innocence ofprest,

In mercy hear our humble suit,
Relieve our souls from pain ;

Nor be our sufferings more acute
Than nature can sustain.

; 2.

For prepossessions, deaf and blind,
To wreck our peace appear,

While fury kindles in each mind,
Implacably severe.

For us no social bosoms glow,
No kind affections reign ;

But haughty power contracts its brow,
And meanness smiles disdain.

Not a few of the “manuscript poems ” are odes and songs to
ladies. Among the productions of this description I found a
fine unpublished version of the famous “Ode to Aurora on
‘Melissa’s Birthday.” The songs appear all to have been
published, though not in any edition of Blacklock’s poetical
works. Two of them were included in Johnson’s “ Scots Musical
Museum,” and several in “ A Collection of Original Poems, by
the Rev. Mr Blacklock and other Scotch Gentlemen” (1760).
One of the lyrics was set to music by Blacklock and published in
the “ Edinburgh Magazine and Review.”

Blacklock delighted to compose and dictate to his amanu-

162 THE BLACKLOCK MANUSCRIPTS AT ANNAN.

unpublished epistle to a clerical friend shew that Blacklock had a
hearty contempt for Anglified Scots :—

Frae eard should our bald Gutchers rise,
How would their sauls ilk Oe despise
Wha southern phrase, a winsome prize,
For theirs could barter ?
Yet when the ape his English tries
He takes a Tartar!
The Daw in peacock’s feathers dress’d,
When first he mingles wi’ the rest,
Wow! but he shaws an ally crest,
And pensy stride!
But soon the birds the fool divest—
Sae comes 0’ pride!

When the volume came into my hands a religious poem con-
tained in it greatly interested me, for I saw at once that it was the
unpublished original of the beautiful Sixteenth Paraphrase :—-

“Tn life’s gay morn, when sprightly youth

With vital ardour glows,

And shines in all the fairest charms
Which beauty can disclose,

Deep on thy soul, before its pow’rs
Are yet by vice enslav’d,

Be thy Creator’s glorious name
And character engrav’d.

For soon the shades of grief shall cloud
The sunshine of thy days ;

And cares, and toils, in endless round,
Encompass all thy ways.

Soon shall thy heart the woes of age
In mournful groan deplore,

And sadly muse on former joys,
That now return no more.”

Hitherto the paraphrase had not been assigned to Blacklock
with full confidence, as you will see if you turn to Maclagan’s
“ Scottish Paraphrases ” or Julian’s “ Dictionary of Hymnology ;” —
and I was glad to be able to prove that it was his work. The

Tue BLACKLOCK MANUSCRIPTS AT ANNAN. 163

complete text of Dr Blacklock’s hymn is given in “ The Poets of
Dumfriesshire ;” but I may read the two stanzas which were used
as a paraphrase, after a little needful revision—possibly by John
Logan or William Cameron :—

A Poem from Eccles., Chap. xii., Verse 1.

“Tn life’s gay dawn, when sprightly youth

With vital ardour glows,

When beauteous innocence and truth
Their loveliest charms disclose,

Deep on thy spirit’s ductile frame,
Ere wholly prepossess’d,

Be thy Creator’s glorious name
And character impress’d,

For soon the shades of grief and pain
Shall tinge thy brightest days ;

And poignant ills, a nameless train,
Encompass all thy ways.

Soon shall thy heart the woes of age
In piercing groans deplore ;

And, with sad retrospect, presage
Returns of joy no more!”

THE Cartyt—E Farm anp Dwe.rinc-PLAcE aT BirRENS;
AGRICOLA’S WELL ON BIRRENSWARK HILL; AND A GERMAN
Company’s Coprper MINE at TorRBECKHILL—ALL IN THE
ParisH oF MippLEBIE. By Mr James Barsour, F.S.A.
(Scot.).

THE CARLYLE FARM AND DWELLING AT BIRRENS.

The old Roman Station at Birrens, examined by spadework
some years ago, revealed interesting material bearing on the
military life of the Romans during their occupation in Scotland ;
the Station derives interest also, in connection with less distant
times, from its association as the abode of the ancestors of one
Who rose to conspicuous literary fame. “Our humble fore-
fathers,’’ says Carlyle, “dwelt long as farmers at Birrens, the
old Roman Station in Middlebie,’’ adding that the Birrens

164 THE CARLYLE FARM AND DWELLING AT BIRRENS.

tradition bounded his remotest look into the past. That Car-
lyle’s great-grandfather died at Birrens is evidenced by a
horizontal tombstone in the disused kirkyard of Yennersaughs,
worked by his father when a stone mason, and bearing that
John Carlyle died at Birrens, May the 1lth, 1727, aged 40. .
The Birrens Roman Station is described by Carlyle as “A place
lying all in dimples and wrinkles ; grassy but inarable, with ruined
houses if you dig at all; part of which is still kept sacred in lea
by the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, while the rest has
been dug to powder in the last sixty or seventy years by the
adjoining little lairds. . . The Caledonian Railway,’’ he
adds, “now screams and shudders over the dug parts of Birrens.”’
The station thus described consists of two parts, the Fort proper,
and the Annex, and these are now, and have been for a long
time, possessed by different proprietors. The latter, with the
farm of Land, was conveyed 11th October, 1664, by James Earl
of Hartfell to Thomas Bell, and after several changes it is now,
together with the said farm of Land, the property of Herbert C.
Irving, Esq., of Burnfoot. The fort is part of the farm of Broad-
lea, and remains in the possession of his Grace the Duke of
Buccleuch.

The Carlyle holding, it would seem, corresponds in area
with the part of the station known as the Fort, before described
as “grassy but inarable, with ruined houses if you dig at all,”’
the ruined houses referred to being the remains of Roman
masonry underlying the sward. It was bounded on the west by
the Annex, on the north by the farm of Land, and on the east —
by Middlebie burn, on the opposite side of which is Satur.
Ownership defines all the boundaries except that on the south,
where the Fort is possessed in common with the farm of Broad-
lea, but here the Mein Water would appear to have been the
dividing line. A modern public road passes northward through
the Fort, towards the east, with a stone bridge spanning the
Mein Water. Before these modern works existed the Fort was
cut off and isolated from the larger farm, and in such a state it
would naturally lend itself to the purpose of a separate holding ;
that it was so applied is obvious from the circumstance that a
dwelling and outbuildings were attached, situated at the south
end over the steep embankment. A recent writer says: “ The c
little farm is absorbed now by a larger one, nor can anything —

: THe CARLYLE FARM AND DWELLING AT BIRRENS. 163

more than the probable site of this ancestral cottage be traced.’’
This is hardly correct, as the site of the cottage lay, as before
stated, at the south end of the Fort. In the course of carrying
out the exploratory works alluded to the writer was able to dis-
cover traces of the foundations, and in General Roy’s time,
about 1750, the buildings existed, and are shown in block on
his plan of the station. Roy mentions also that the house was
known by the name of Birrens. This little farm would extend
to 10 or 12 acres of good grassy pasture land, overlying the
ruins of the old Roman Station in Middlebie.

_ AGRICOLA’s WELL AT BIRRENSWARK HILL.

From many a distant standpoint one’s eye, travelling over
_ yariously cultivated or pasture lands, is attracted and rests on a
hill of peculiar form in the district of Lower Annandale, known
as Birrenswark Hill. Seen from afar, it also commands exten-
Sive prospects, the shores of Liverpool on the one hand, the
hills beyond Moffat on the other, and wide circuits in other
directions. On nearer approach the hill is seen to be detached
a good way on all sides, to rise up from comparatively level
ground, steep, almost unclimbable, crowned with a long narrow
oval-shaped tabular top; treeless, but covered everywhere with
tichly tinted verdure, Nature has excellently moulded her part,
and the hill is beautiful in form and finish. Art adds to its
wonders; the tabular top is encircled with double ramparts, in
which there are*several gates ; spreading around the base a great
fortified camp lies on the north side, another more formidable
flanks the hill on the south, showing three of its gates protected
by notable earthen towers. Subsidiary works stretch to the west
d to the east, and a rampart and ditch circumvalation embraces
military remains covering an area of something like one hundred
acres, which mainly, with the exception of the natural detritus
om the ramparts and corresponding silting of the ditches, con-
ue not greatly defaced as compared with the condition in which
they were left by the Romans.

__ Many interesting details may be gathered, but here only one
will be noticed, viz., the water supply, about which the Romans
Were exacting. Vitruvius dedicated to Augustus Caesar his book
Architecture in ten chapters, one of which is devoted to water
Supply. Treating the subject generally, he says:—“ Divine Pro-

166 AGRICOLA’s WELL AT BrRRENSWARK Hitt.

vidence has made those things neither scarce nor dear which

are necessary for mankind . . ._ but has diffused abundantly
throughout the world those things without which the life of
mortals would be uncertain.’?’ He remarks on methods for

finding water, its different properties according to the varied
nature of the places where found, how it ought to be conducted,
and in what manner it should be judged of, inasmuch as it is of
infinite importance for the purposes of life, for pleasure, and for
daily use. From red sandstone and flinty rocks at the base of
mountains copious supplies of cold and wholesome water may,
he avers, be expected.

Birrenswark rests on old red sandstone formation, and at
its base there are two springs—one at the north side, intended
apparently for the supply of the tabular top, being situated at the
easiest point of approach thereto, and protected by an earthen
rampart drawn from the place of ascent; the other spring lies
at the west base of the hill. The most important and interesting
source of supply, however, is a fountain in the south camp,
known as “ Agricola’s Well.’’ It rises near the north side of the
camp, and about mid-way between the east and west, out of high
and dry ground, issuing with considerable force in a stream of
the thickness of a man’s wrist, and rising perpendicularly to a
height of about eighteen inches above the surface, when it turns
over like a fountain and falls on the floor. A little artificial
conduit serves to carry the water across the camp towards the
south rampart, but before reaching the rampart the conduit
widens out to a circular basin of considerable size, built of earth
and faced internally with a pitching of flat stones. Thence the
conduit passes through the rampart, but not in a straight line, a
traverse being interposed for the protection of the camp, something
after the manner employed for the protection of the gateways,
round which the water passes to the exterior. It is an interesting
question whether the fountain issues from a natural crevice in the
rock, or from an artificial bore constituting what has come later
to be called an artesian well. In either case this glorious foun-
tain has with ceaseless energy poured out its cool and wholes »me
stream for nineteen centuries, and will doubtless continue so long
as the hills endure.

Like many other works whose origin is obscured in the dim
and distant past, Birrenswark Hill was regarded with something

AGRICOLA’S WELL AT BIRRENSWARK HILL. 167

of superstitious awe. An old man brought up in the vicinity
told the writer that in his boyhood the hill was regarded as an
uncanny place. Few were bold enough to stroll there on Sundays
or after sun-down, and against such practices his mother fre-
quently gave him solemn warning. Some, he said, thought the
ancient Britons or the Romans had something to do with these
inexplicable earthworks ; but the common belief was that another
potent influence had a hand in the matter, who, desirous not to
have his part detected, visits with elemental manifestations of
displeasure such as come there to howk for hidden treasure.

The profound present-day scepticism makes no allowance
for such wanderings in superstition as these, but some measure
of excuse is properly due in circumstances unusual which may
sometimes occur. The writer having occasion to visit the hill for
the purpose of conferring with an officer of the Society of Anti-
quaries of Scotland, on reaching the south camp, found the place
wholly enveloped in a dense fog, and no one could be seen.
Shortly, however, conversation was overheard, and the desired
meeting ensued. The effect of the mist was curious and interest-
ing. Normal dimensions disappeared, and the ramparts, ditches,
and other details loomed hugely gigantic and undefined. The
writer seemed to perceive also fitful movements of something with-
out shape or substance, and, whether preceding, accompanying
or following, the motion had some sort of relation to his own—
a rare phenomenon which arose from a quick flash of light from
the sun casting trembling and uncertain shadows on the yet par-
_ tially dense body of the mist. When the mist quickly unrolled,
the sun broke out, and the whole place was bathed in the bright
sunlight of the fully opened day.

During fine summer weather the atmosphere is fragrant and
breatheable, but the hill is subject to sharp and sudden storms.
When the excavations had been well advanced the Secretary of
the Society and other Edinburgh friends paid a visit to view the
works. They had just got under cover at the farm when, without
warning, a fierce storm of elements broke over the scene—light-
ning, thunder, hail, rain. Ultimately the rain subdued the other
elements, but continued to fall, not in drops, but like stalks
reaching from the clouds to the ground, where it fell with a
tushing sound. After lasting about half-an-hour the storm ceased
as suddenly as it had begun, the clouds shifted, leaving a bright

168 THE GERMAN MINE aT TORBECKHILL.

blue sky and warmth of sunshine ; and the howking for the hidden
treasure proceeded. Seen under cover, the storm was impressive
and grand.

THe GERMAN MINE AT TORBECKHILL.

A chapter of Horrebow’s “ Natural History of Iceland,”
entitled “ Concerning Snakes,’’ is sufficiently brief, being summed
up in the words:—‘“ There are no snakes in the Island.’’ The
present communication would seem likely, on account of the
absence of available information, to be somewhat similarly char-
acteristic. Here, however, we have at least something positive.
The mine exists, and there is documentary evidence relating to
it, although extending to only one sentence.

The mine, which is sufficiently characteristic of the effects of
mining operations, is situated on the north face of the high
ground overlooking at a little distance the Mein Water. The
external opening is large, but it immediately branches into two
leads, diverging in the form of the letter V. How far these have
been carried underground is not known, being rendered inacces-
sible by accumulations of debris fallen from the roof. The work- —
ing is in a rock of splintery, ragged whin, to appearance of a
rusty colour. That the mine was worked for copper by a German
company appears from a MS. “Description of the Stewartrie
of Annandale,’’ by Mi William Garrioch, 1723, included in —
Macfarlane’s Geographical Collections. “ Near Albie,’’ it reads,
“(E. from Middlebie Kirk 1$ mile) is a copper milne (mine) which
the German Company is just now working at.’’ Albie, it may be~
noted, is adjacent to Torbeckhill. What the influences were
which had induced the German company to come to Scotland
and enter on such an enterprise we do not know. The army of
continentals which accompanied the Prince cf Orange to England
may perhaps have been in some way accountable. The Prince
came over 1714; the Jacobite rising followed 1715; and the —
German company were at work 1723. During the 1715 affair
the proprietor of ‘Torbeckhill and Minsca was a thorough-going
Jacobite. Mr Peter Rae’s “ History of the Late Rebellion,” page
184, reads :—-“ And one —. Bell of Minsca, a Jacobite gentleman, ©
having insulted the Guards at Penpont, and refused to stand when
the Centries requir’d him, was shot by one of ’em thro the Leg;
which I the rather take Notice of, because it was the first blood

. THe GERMAN MINE AT TORBECKHILL. 169

that was drawn against the Pretender.’’ This took place about
the end of July, 1715. Mr Bell of Torbeckhill has kindly allowed
me to exhibit the sword of the Minsca Jacobite, his great-great-
grandfather, and also another old sword found in a crevice of a
quarry at Torbeckhill a few weeks ago.

The first is a gentleman’s dress rapier, the hilt furnished
with shell, quillon, pas-d’ane, and knuckle-bow; the blade
double-edged, 2 feet 5 inches in length, § inch in breadth, 1 inch
from the hilt, and tapering to a point. The blade is marked with
saucer-like sinkings on both sides about } inch in diameter in
two rows, not opposite, but alternating so as to produce a wavy
line along the centre of the blade. Writing appears on both
sides of the blade, but it is not sufficiently distinct to be decipher-
able.

The other sword, which is entirely encrusted in rust, is a
double-edged broad-sword. The blade is 1 foot 74 inches in
length, but possibly reduced by corrosion, and 2} inches in
breadth. The knob at the end of the hilt is in the form of a
crown, on one side of which is a slightly raised line forming a
_ circle 3 inch diameter enclosing some indefinite marking.

aiee

2nd February, 1912.
Chairman—Mr G. MacLeop STEWART.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN FisH CULTURE, WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO THE SALMONID@. By Mr Witson H.
ARMISTEAD.

Though fish culture cannot claim the antiquity of agriculture,
there are records which show that it was practised by the ancients,
and in a crude way there has always been an attempt to cultivate
and even domesticate trout in this country ever since the Church
of Rome first built monasteries in England. The remains of
some of the fish ponds attached to these buildings show that the
monks had a considerable knowledge of fishery management, but
it is also evident that they did not concentrate their energies upon
trout and salmon, but preferred those fish which to-day have
practically no value in the food market, such as carp, tench,

170 Tut DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN FisH CULTURE.

perch, and pike. The keeping of these fish was much less
trouble than the maintenance of a stock of trout would have been,
because there was no need to have a supply of running water, and
besides their quality was not a matter of such vital importance as
in the case of trout.

I examined a set of trout ponds which had been made by the
monks in a monastery in Herefordshire not long ago, and I was
struck by the resemblance to an up-to-date set of ponds at any
modern trout farm, and I could not help thinking as I examined
the remains of their work that they probably knew a great deal
more than we give them credit for.

So far as I am aware, there are no records which tell of a
more complete knowledge than that required for the growing
and fattening of young trout procured from the streams, but in
the case of the ponds in Herefordshire there was enough evidence
to justify the belief that! they may have had a knowledge of
artificial propagation. Unfortunately, after the monasteries were
abandoned and the monks dispersed there was no one to take the
place of these managers of ecclesiastical trout farms, and so far
as we know, all attempts at fish culture in this country ceased,
with the exception of a few private fish stews belonging to manor
houses here and there.

There was a long gap before the reintroduction of fish
culture took place in this country, but its development has been
steady, though the difficulties have been great, and to-day there:
are thirty or more trout farms in this country all doing usefal
work. There were several influences which led to the revival of
fish culture, but apart from the increasing value of trout as a food
the most inspiring fact undoubtedly was the prolific nature of tne
fish and the enormous loss in the early stages of its development ~
which takes place in nature. A little investigation showed that
there were means of averting this loss and turning it to good
account, though I do not think the early investigators realised
what an enormous amount of difficulties would have to be over-
come before the work had attained the comparative perfection it
has to-day. ;

The first step was the taking of eggs by hand and their
incubation under conditions which eliminated the disastrous.
influences they had to contend with in a natural state.

It was Frank Buckland who gave the impetus to fish culture:

THe DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN FisH CULTURE. abyfal

forty years, and it was he who said that under natural conditions
not more than one trout egg in every thousand produced a mature
fish.

It was admitted on all hands that the first heavy loss took
place during the egg stage, and one can imagine the enthusiasm
| aroused amongst the little band of experimenters when they dis-
| covered that by means of their methods they could hatch off
safely somewhere about 90 per cent. The person who invented
| that stupid saying “ Well begun is half done” has been the cause
| of a great deal of bitter disappointment. The much older and
: wiser advice contained in the words “Let he that thinketh he
|

| which has resulted in a steady forward movement during the last
|

Standeth take heed lest he fall” is applicable to most human
undertakings, and certainly much disappointment would have
been saved to the pioneers in fish culture if they had borne it in
mind.

Such a splendid beginning as 90 per cent. of young trout
hatched off as against a probable 5 or 10 per cent. under natural
“conditions, was a tremendous gain, and one can well imagine
how rosy the future looked. It was not long after the young fish
were hatched before troubles of various kinds came along, and
each one had to be studied and, when understood, guarded
against, and for a long time the elimination of one trouble only
Jeft the way clear for others, so that it soon became apparent
that the hatching of eggs was only a first simple step which led
one into a wilderness where there was lurking trouble on every
hand, with no experience or knowledge to cope with it. The
| tearing of young trout to yearling stage was an accomplishment
| only arrived at with any measure of success after many weary
:

years. Again and again, after it was thought the matter was
thoroughly understood, new troubles would come along, and a
whole season’s work would be lost in a few hours. Some of the
| Most memorable recollections of my early boyhood are connected
with these wholesale losses amongst young fish, and I think it was
not till the early nineties that there was any security felt in the
ultimate outcome of a season’s work, and even to-day there are
Many disasters which may, and occasionally do, overtake the fish
culturist, rendering this form of farming a very precarious busi-
ness indeed. All the experience and costly experimenting was
borne by some half-dozen men in this country, but as soon as

172 Tue DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN FisH CULTURE.

knowledge had been accumulated which gave a certain amount —
of security to the work, farms sprang up in many places. It may
be said that it has taken forty years to learn how to rear trout,
but during this time another and a wider field for the fish cul-_
turist was opening up. This was the application of fish culture ©
to all the varying conditions that are to be found in our lakes and
rivers throughout the country. Though the growing of trout on
a trout farm was rightly considered a most important work, it soon
became apparent that if a reasonable return for this labour was
to be expected it was necessary to understand the needs and
influences affecting the fish in a natural environment. It was”
found that if fish culture was to fulfil the hopes of its promoters
there was much to be done in the adaptation of the more or less _
artificial product of the trout farm to the strenuous life in an
ayerage water where Nature deliberately besets the path of living
things with difficulty and danger in order to eliminate the unfit.
After the young trout had been successfully reared it was
found necessary by a judicious adjustment of the fish for its new
environment and of the environment to the welfare of the fish to so
arrange matters that there should be the least possible chance of
the new conditions proving too severe for them. There was a
very natural endeavour at one time to produce a trout which
should be as large at any given age as was possible or at any rate
as large as any other trout farm could produce. The idea that
the largest fish were the best fish for stocking purposes became so
fixed and so universally acted upon that it is with the greatest
difficulty that the fish culturist can pursuade those who wish to
stock a water that this is not the case. Many cases of disappoint-

ndiiinete ee

not been allowed to develop too fast. The reason for this is
apparent if we consider what are the two sets of conditions unde
which a trout is reared at a trout farm and destined for some loch
or river.

The training which the fish receives at the trout farm is very
different from the training a wild fish gets at the hands of nature.
The instinct to hunt for food is impaired unless great care is taken
to keep the fish alert and smart, and this can only be done by
judicious feeding. It will be apparent that a young trout with
more food at hand than it can take several times a day is sure

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN FIsH CULTURE. 173

develop an inability to hunt for itself. This means two things-—
it is not fitted for the competition and rigours of a natural
environment and, also, too much food and very little exercise
invariably causes a diseased liver. This was the type of fish that
was and is produced where the demand for the Jargest possible
size has to be supplied. This is the type of fish which is grown
for the food market, but it is useless for stocking purposes.
The type which the fish culturist has found to be the best
where their life is to be passed in lake or river is a fish that, while
not being underfed, has always been kept in such condition that
he is a keen feeder. He will not be so large a fish as the one we
have had under consideration, but he will be a much more beauti-
ful fish with colour markings that indicate health and also the fact
that he has been in the habit of supplementing his food supply
from the natural food contained in the water. He is well made,
lively, and hardy, a great contrast to the colourless over-fed and
sluggish fish that has had his digestion ruined.
_ Though it is only comparatively recently that the discovery
of the importance of preparing fish for their natural environ-
ment has been thoroughly understood, the earlier fish culturists
were aware that there was some influence at work which rendered

ed by the mistaken process which resulted in a forced growth.
Fish culturists found that it was not only necessary to grow fish
but to produce a class of trout fitted in every way to fend for
hemselves when turned into waters where they were dependent on
he natural food supply, and to-day it may be said that the hand
earing of trout is carried on in such a way that this result is

It was early found that no amount of care on the part of the
fish culturist was sufficient to ensure a satisfactory growth in loch
and river if the conditions prevailing there were not favourable
tothe fish. All over the country different results were arrived at
as the result of stocking and in many cases these were disappoint-

When the matter was gone into it was found that where
Its were poor invariably the native stock of fish was of poor

a Ye! THe DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN FIsH CULTURE.

quality. It became evident that the work of the fish culturist
must be considerably extended, and that he must learn not only
how to produce good fish on a trout farm but also how to improve
the existing conditions in an environment which was unfavourable —
to the growth of good trout. It was found that the natural pro- —
ductiveness of water varied as much as the fertility of the land,
and taking a lesson from the farmer the fish culturist set to work
to find out how poor water could be rendered more productive. —
This was an uphill task not only on account of its inherent diffi- —
culties but because there were so few men willing to undertake ©
the work, and consequently knowledge which might have been
rapidly accumulated was collected with the greatest difficulty and —
at the expense of a great deal of time. We are still working at ©
this problem, and each year brings fresh knowledge, but when it
is remembered that there are only about a dozen men in the
country who are seriously tackling this work and that all of them
are busy men it will be seen what difficulties have to be overcome. —
It is more than ten years since we arrived at a working know-_
ledge of the chief factors which go to the improvement of a_
trout water, but we are aware that to-day there is still very much
to be learned, and we are confident that we shall arrive at a
knowledge complete enough to enable us to deal with any water
as effectively as a farmer deals with his land.

It must be distinctly understood that this application of fish
culture is distinct from the work on a trout farm and is necessary
in order to make the growing of trout as productive of good results —
as possible. 3

I will give a simple instance showing how the work on a trout
farm may be frustrated at the point when it should be most pro-
ductive, i.e., when the fish are turned out into some loch or river.
A certain loch in Perthshire contained a good stock of trout, but
they were all very small. So small in fact as to be practically
worthless either as food or as sporting fish. The owner, without
consulting a fish culturist, purchased a number of trout averagin
a pound and a half. These he turned into the loch in the autumn.
The following June I was sent for to find out why these fish had
proved a failure, and to see if it would be possible to do any-
thing which would improve matters. The owner of the water
took me out to try and catch some of the fish, and at almost eve
cast we had one of the small indigenous trout. Presently there

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN FisH CULTURE. 175

was a rise from a fish which was evidently a good deal bigger, and
it soon became apparent that we had hooked one of the larger
fish. This was led into the landing net with hardly a protest, and
it was indeed a pathetic sight. To say that the fish was thin and
lanky conveys no idea of what it looked like; it was reduced to
the point of emaciation.

A knowledge of the natural conditions prevailing in this loch
would have enabled the fish culturist to avoid a mistake of this
_ kind, and the size of the native trout would have been the first
thing to call his attention to the fact that all was not as it should
be. He would have investigated the reason for this state of
affairs, and would very speedily have found that the remedy did
not consist in the introduction of large trout but in a preliminary
course of food cultivation.

Strange though it may appear, many people, without having
thought much about the matter, have jumped to the conclusion
that good water is all that is necessary for the production and
maintenance of good trout, whereas the truth is that the water
stands in the same relation to the fish as the air stands to us. It
is the medium in which they live. The food supply for the trout
in the water and the quality of it determine the size the trout will
attain and the rapidity of their growth. This food supply is
- composed of many kinds of small creatures such as water beetles,
larvee of flies, mollusca, various crustacea, the most valuable beiig
the fresh water shrimp, and, as everyone knows, flies. When the
food question has been brought to notice a common mistake has
_ been made in thinking that it is only necessary to introduce this to
at once put matters on a satisfactory footing, but it is essential to
remember that even as the trout require food so do the creatures
of which this consists.

It is precisely at this point that difficulties arise. Most of
the creatures on which trout feed are dependent on various forms
of vegetable growth, and those that are not are dependent for
their food on other creatures that are, so that we are driven to a
‘consideration of these vegetable growths and the conditions under
which they thrive. This, one might be tempted to say, is a
simple matter, and so it would be if we only had to deal with the
common aquatic vegetation which may be found in any ditch, but
it is with the delicate and almost invisible alge which grow on
these plants that we are concerned, and we find that here a con-

- —
— =

176 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN FisH CULTURE.

sideration of the geological formation on which the water lies is
of the utmost importance.

To the casual observer grass is grass and one field is the same
as another. The farmer knows that there are very many grasses
with different food values and that some of the most valuable will
only thrive on certain soils. It is precisely the same with regard
to aquatic vegetation, and particularly with regard to those most
delicate and valuable algze which are necessary to the creatures
on which the trout feed.

In determining what is to be the treatment followed for the
improvement of any trout water we have to consider first the
nature of the land on which the water lies or over which it flows.
After that we must adapt our methods to the natural conditions,
making use only of those plants or creatures which experience has
taught us are best adapted to this particular locality.

The geological formation is a most important matter, and we
find that in waters which are in a natural state the quality of the
trout varies with the value of rock and soil. It may further be
said that there is a close parallel between the fertility of land and
the productiveness of the water. In practically every case which
has come under my observation it has been found that water
overlying good fertile land in a prosperous agricultural district
produces first-rate trout, while lakes or rivers in barren districts
produce poor trout.

The fish culturist is able to modify the existing conditions,

and the means he adopts are very like those employed by the |

agriculturist, indeed the use of chemical manure has already been

proved a success, and they are largely used at our trout farms, —
and there is little doubt that in the future this principle will be —

applied to lochs.

In this work we are greatly helped by the researches of the
agriculturist, and, indeed, it may be said that a knowledge of
scientific agriculture is essential to the production of the best
results from the water.

ee ee

NOTES ON THE PARISH OF KIRKGUNZEON. Vi

NoTES ON THE PaRIsH OF KIRKGUNZEON. By the Rev. J.. E.
GILLEsPrE, Minister of the Parish.

j The earliest record that we have of Kirkgunzeon is in a
charter of Uchtred, son of Fergus, Lord of Galloway, who
granted to the Monks of Holm Cultram Abbey, in Cumberland,
the lands of “ Kirewinnyn ” for six pounds sterling. The witness
to this charter was Christian, Bishop of Galloway from 1154, who
died at Holm Cultram in 1186. In 1207 Pope Innocent con-
firmed to the same Monks the lands and chapel of “ Kircwynnin,”
_ which they had enjoyed peaceably for forty years in terms of the
original grant of Uchtred. .
; The earliest example of the present spelling of the name is to
be found in the grant of King David II., in 1367, to Sir John
_ Herries of the lands of Kirkgunane, which had formerly belonged
to the Monks of Holm Cultram. One writer gives as the reason
for their deprivation that the Monks had taken the side of the
English in the wars between the two countries. A century later,
in a charter from King James III. to Sir Herbert Herries, it is
written Kirkgunzene. The old form is still found in “ Winning’s ”
Well, near to Kirkgunzeon Mill.

The Church was thus dedicated to the same Scoto-Irish saint
who gave his name to Kilwinning in Ayrshire; that is, the Church
of Winning, in the Welsh dialect, and in Gaelic, Kilfinnan—the
Church of Finnan; “f” in Gaelic becoming “w” or “gu” in
_ Welsh. The change from the earlier to the later spelling is an
example of this modification. In the ancient Irish Church there
were two bishops named Finan—one Finan or Finian, bishop
about 575; the other Finian, Wynnin, or Frigidian, about 579.
‘Symson says in his history that the name is from “extrema
-unctione ”—“ Kirkgunguent.” This derivation is on a par to that
which the writer heard given by an Englishman when the train
Stopped at Kirkgunzeon station. “The Kirk requires a gun to »
send people to Zion!”

The “Grange” of Kirewynnin, which was granted to the
Monks of Holm Cultram, seems to have been larger than the pre-
Sent parish. In the “ Book of Caerlaverock’’ there is given in
Latin a perambulation of the marches between the lands of Kir-

Cwynnin and Culwen, made in 1289 by Sir Robert Abbot of Holm

and Sir Thomas of Culwen. Unfortunately, while some of the

ies

178 NOTES ON THE PARISH OF KIRKGUNZEON.

places mentioned can be identified, such as “the Water of
Suthayk ’’ (Southwick), “ Bracanhirst ’’? (Breconside), “ Clochoc
Monachum ”’ and “ Clochoc Beg of Culwen ”’ (that is, Cloak and
Little Cloak, and Stranside and Saltflat), there is so much change
in the names that it is impossible to trace the boundaries.

I need not dwell on the general features of the parish. Kirk-
gunzeon Lane, which rises in Lochaber and joins the Urr below
Dalbeattie port, intersects it from north to south. Roughly
speaking, on the south side the rock is granite, and on the north
whinstone. About fifty or sixty years ago, when the stream was
being deepened opposite the farm of Porterbelly, some fine fresh
water pearls were got from the bed of the burn.

On the Ordnance Survey Map of 1854 a spot on the southern
slope of Clawbelly Hill is marked as the supposed site of Lord
Maxwell’s cave. It was said that the Lord Maxwell, who was
outlawed for killing the Laird of Johnstone, hid there before
escaping to France. Some years ago Mr Maxwell, Terregles
Banks, and the writer made a careful search over the hillside,
but were unable to find any trace of the supposed cave. About
the middle of the slope there was a quantity of granite stones or
boulders, loosely piled together, and it is just possible that these
may have blocked the entrance.

There are three round moats or camps in the parish—one
near the top of Camphill, close to the march between Kirkgun-
zeon and Urr. This camp is about 350 feet in diameter, and is
well preserved. On the farm of Torkirra, about three and a
quarter miles south from Camphill, there is another camp, fully —
as large. This one is not so well preserved, gravel having at
times been taken from it. About 580 yards north-west from
this camp, at the lower end of the field, there are traces of a
smaller moat. Thirty years ago the encircling ditch and mound
were distinct; but owing to drainage operations they are now
somewhat obliterated. In the new Statistical Account published
about 1844, it is stated that on the farm of Glaisters there had
been a large cairn, which had been carried away for dykes, and
that in the bottom of the cairn a number of urns were found
filled with ashes, which crumbled into dust when exposed to the
air.

At Barclosh and Corra are the remains of two old mansion-
houses of the Terregles family. A tradition has been handed —

NOTES ON THE PARISH OF KIRKGUNZEON. 179

down in the parish that Mary Queen of Scots slept at Corra
during her flight from Langside. In the earlier part of the last
century the old house was used as a dwelling-house by the
tenant of the farm, and there was then in the building an old
carved oak bedstead, now removed to Terregles. One of the
adjuncts of the mansion was a large pigeon-house, which was
removed from Corra and re-erected near the Glebe by the Rev.
Mr Heron. An old Scottish statute of 1617 enacted that no
person should build a dovecot or pigeon-house unless he was
possessed of lands of the yearly value of ten chalders or victual
lying at least within two miles. On the top of the pigeon-
house is the remains of a stone sun-dial, and on a slab above the
door are the initials of William, Lord Herries, and Katherine
Kerr, his wife. The tower at Drumcoltran is smaller and much
' plainer in style than that at Hills, in Lochrutton. Both towers
belonged to the same branch of the Clan Maxwell. There is
nothing noteworthy about the building, except the inscription
above the doorway: “Secla : Secreta : Loquere Pauca. Verax
Esto A Vino Cave. Memeto (for Memento) Mori. Misericors
Esto.”

The ancient church, which was erected by the monks of
Holm Cultram before 1207, was used as the Parish Church till
the close of the eighteenth century, when, having become very
Tuinous, the present church was built, in 1796. Dr Pocock, a
dignitary of the Irish Episcopal Church, who made a tour through
parts of Scotland in 1747, 1750, and 1760, refers to the old
building as follows :—‘“ We passed the Our on a bridge, and came
in two miles to Cairgunian. I observed the little Church was
old, with a round window in the East end, and a Cross in relief
over the door.” The length of the “ Kirk” was 44 feet, and the
“Queere ” 20 feet, giving a total length of 64 feet. The width
of both kirk and queere was 17 feet, with an arch between. The
roof was of oak, and was said to have been brought from Holm
‘Cultram. The old oak beams of the roof were used as joists,
_ to which the seating of the present church is nailed, and are still
beneath the floor. The only other part of the old church still
existing is the oak pulpit. It appears from the Presbytery
records that well into the eighteenth century the area of the
_ church had never been allocated, and at the heritors’ request
_the Presbytery did so. The queere was set apart for the com-

180 NOTES ON THE PARISH OF KIRKGUNZEON.

munion table and for the seat of the patron, who was the Earl of
Nithsdale. The pulpit and place for baptism were on the south
wall of the kirk next to the arch, and on the north wall at the
arch was a place for ringing the bell. The bell bore the inscrip-
tion: “ Kirkwinnong, 1674.” At the manse there are still stand-
ing a pair of whale’s jaws, which were given to Rev. Mr Heron
by Captain Crosbie of Kipp. They measure about 13 feet in
height above the ground and 11 feet in width.

The Kirk-Session Records state that in October, 1716, James
Anderson in Isles was cited to the Session, there being a flagrant
report that he had been guilty of a breach of the Sabbath by
carrying a sheep on his back from Armannoch to his own house.
At the meeting of Session he confessed “that on a Sabbath night
in harvest he had carried to his own house a lamb of his own
which had wandered to Armannoch muir and which he found
among their sheep.” For this he was gravely rebuked and ex-
horted to take more heed to his conversation in time to come.

In 1721 the Session appointed that whoever are married out
of the Church in time coming shall pay one shilling, which is to be
laid out on some pious use.

In 1730 “ Nathaniel Ferguson appeared and confessed that he
had cast knots on a string during the time of a wedding in church.
He was required to produce them, and loose them and destroy
them before the Session, which he did. Whereupon he was
sharply rebuked for such a wicked practice.” Putting knots on a
string was supposed to be a charm of ill omen for the couple who
were being married. References to the superstition are to be
found in Norse sagas, for example, in Njal’s saga—* Story of
Gunnhild and Hrut.” The superstition, however, was not con-
fined to northern countries, as there is an allusion to it in the
decrees of an ancient church council in Spain (Statuta Eccles.
Valentina Concil. Hispan).

The Rev. John Crocket, who was settled at Kirkgunzeon in
1809, told the writer, who was his assistant and successor, that
when a boy at Newabbey village he had met Billy Marshall, the
well-known gipsy of the eighteenth century, who told Mr Crocket
that he was helping with harvest at the Haugh-of-Urr when he
saw King William III.’s soldiers pass through Galloway to the
Irish campaign. That was in 1690, two hundred and twenty-two
years ago.

ScotcH FORESTRY. 181

1Gth February, 1912.

PRESIDENT in the Chair.

LANTERN LECTURE: ScoTcH FORESTRY—-THE ROMANCE AND
BUSINESS SIDE OF IT. By MrG. F. Scott Ettiot, F.R.G.S.

The subject on which I have the privilege of speaking to
you to-night is one of the most important practical questions of
the day.

You have only to glance at any contour map of Scotland to
see that the amount of rough pasture and hill grazing, moorland
and peat moss is out of all proportion to that of true agricultural
land. The area of land which is worth from 6d to 3s 6d per
annum is enormous as compared with the good grazing or arable
which fetches from 10s to £2 per acre.

Many of us have wandered over the moors of our Scottish
uplands and can bear me out in saying that it is only when one
ascends up into the haunts of the whaup, grouse, and blackcock
that one realises how great is the amount of undeveloped land in
Scotland.

If one were to begin a tour of inspection at the West Coast,
say near Glenapp, and walk by the Merrick and Alwhat then by
Queensberry and Whitecombe and afterwards visit the Moorfoots,
Lammermuirs as well as the wild country of Eskdalemuirs and
even the Pentlands, one could then realise the enormous area in
Scotland which is still practically undeveloped.

I do not wish to venture on any estimate of the acreage cap-
able of being afforested. That would be far too dangerous with-
out a much more thorough and detailed examination of the
country than I have yet been able to undertake, but if even a
twentieth part of this area were covered with forest, though bring-
ing in even ten shillings per acre, the whole future of Scotland
would be altered.

The first question, however, is to see what the prospects
are of turning all these brown heaths of Scotland into wood, but
not necessarily shaggy wood.

Questions of history, climate, soil, and elevation must, of |
_ course, influence us in estimating the probability of successful
__ afforestation.

182 ScotcH ForREsTRY.

Now it is undoubtedly the case that at the dawn of history,
Scotland was a very well-wooded country. Authorities differ in
their opinion as to how far there was a Highland Scots Fir forest
covering what is now all moorland and peat hagg, but certainly
there was at a very distant period (possibly prehistoric or even
glacial) a Scots Fir forest composed of trees 18 inches to two feet
in diameter over an enormous area. Dr Lewis found remains of
these trees practically wherever he searched for them at altitudes
of 800-1000 feet in the Merrick Kells district. In the Highlands
also he found remains of two Scotch Fir forests which had appar-
- ently developed at different periods.

Even if one grants that these forests were prehistoric and
that the climate has changed, the change has most certainly been
for the better from a forestry point of view.

Besides this upland Coniferous forest, it seems that at the
dawn of history a forest of oak, birch, and hazel apparently
covered almost the whole of the lower grounds, upon which a few
clearings made by the scanty population can hardly have made
much impression.

But the climate of Scotland to-day is really the decisive
factor, and is of more importance than its rainfall in the period
of Agricola, or at the close of the Glacial period.

There is, so far as I can gather from rather insufficient data,
a very close resemblance between our climate and that of British
Columbia.

In British Columbia the rainfall appears to be from 60-80
inches, rising in the hills to probably 100 inches. The Western
Highlands of Scotland have a similar rainfall, which appears to
be on the whole similarly distributed. We have not in the Scot-
tish uplands quite so heavy a rainfall as this, but both here and in
Renfrewshire there is ample moisture for forests. So far as I can
judge, I think it is safe to say that all those parts of Scotland
which one would wish to afforest enjoy what is essentially a true
forest climate.

In British Columbia, on soil which is only a few inches deep,
often only porous gravel, trees 150 to 200 feet grow within a few
feet of one another. “These Douglas Firs, Sitka Cypress, Menzies
Spruce, Thuja gigantea (T. plicata), and Tsuga Mertensiana have
been tried in Scotland and the results are decidedly encouraging.

So far as regards climate, Scotland has from a forestry point
of view nothing to complain of.

Se ee Se

st
te

ScotcH FORESTRY. 183

Nor as regards soil are there any insuperable difficulties. At
Corrour, near Fort Augustus, I have seen trees growing well even
though planted in peat moss on a subsoil which contains iron-
salts which appear to be injurious to the roots. This is at an alti-
tude of 1300 feet and without any specially favourable conditions
of any kind. When one has seen Sir John Stirling Maxwell’s
plantations at Corrour and also the Black Wood of Rannoch, one
is inclined to think that with drainage and on a proper system the
soil will in no way prevent afforestation, at any rate by qualified
foresters.

But there is one point which must be most carefully studied,
which is the question of altitude.

It is the exposure to wind which limits tree growth in height
above the sea, just as it limits forest formation towards the North
in the Arctic regions. On the top of Criffel or of Tinto it would
be unwise to attempt to grow a plantation, although quite good
Larch forests exist at even 4000, and, though not so good, even
at 6000 feet altitude in the Alps.

Wherever the wind is unchecked and has free scope the
growth of trees is seriously affected. The enormous mass of high
land in the Swiss Alps makes it possible for trees to thrive at these
great altitudes.

In the Southern counties our highest hills do not reach to
‘more than 2200 to 2764 feet. These exposed wind-harassed
“summits are often very scantily covered with vegetation. One
finds there rock surfaces and stones which, during all the time
which has elapsed since the Ice Age, have been unable to pro-
duce anything beyond a mere stain of lichen or close cushion of
moss.

On the slopes of the Merrick and about Alwhat it might be
possible to grow trees profitably up to 1700 feet, or possibly at
en higher altitudes, but it by no means follows that you could
grow them even at 1200 feet if the highest land to the North-East
is only 1400 to 1500 feet altitude.

__ Much seems to depend on the general slope of the country
and on the local configuration. I have seen at a height of barely
00 feet in Wigtownshire trees probably 60 years old but only
17 feet high and resembling exactly the miserable scrub which
occurs about the upper limit of trees in the Alps.

The brow of a cliff and even the summit of a plateau over

184 ScotcH FORESTRY.

which there is no check to the violence of a South-Westerly gale
is always a dangerous place for plantation, whilst the undercliff or
the steep side of a hill at almost any elevation should in most cases
be comparatively easy to plant.

The truth is that it is only since aeronautics became possible —
that we are beginning to understand something of the way in which
wind blows, and even now we do not know very much. I think
a good botanist ought to be able to say from inspection of the
natural vegetation the level in any locality at which planting
would become dangerous.

But even if these higher levels, the summit plateaux, and ~
higher ridges of hills are excluded, there is still plenty of forest
land. ~ . i

There have been many courageous planters in the past, and
I have noticed here and there in the Scottish uplands woods at
great heights. It should not be difficult to get the practical tree
line by testing the growth of these trees, which after all is a very
simple matter.

So far then as history, climate, and altitude are concerned,
the prospects for Scotch forestry are most encouraging ; but what
is really much more encouraging are the actual facts of growth.

For many years past Scotch proprietors have here and there
been carrying out long, extremely expensive, and unselfish experi-
ments in forestry without Government assistance, and in far too
many cases without scientific help of any kind. We have not yet
in Scotland proper statistics, that is applying to the whole country,
of the growth of trees.

In Germany and France the increment of growth is measured
to decimals of a millimetre, and one can obtain the fullest infor-
mation based on practical experience and rendered useful by the
best scientific authority. .

We cannot apply these Continental statistics to Scotch trees ;
we have now to make our own practical knowledge available and
useful.

I have been collecting a few examples of the growth of young
plantations during the last year. These seem to me of great
interest, but, of course, many more observations are required
before practical conclusions should be drawn.

I will first mention a few given by Mr Somerville (Journal,
Board of Agriculture, 1903). In these the girth is taken at
4} feet from the ground.

ScotcH FORESTRY. 185

Age Feet Inches
in per per
years. H’ght. year. Girth. year. County.

Abies amabilis ae se oee aS SO 212 Dumfries

», concolor iv aeons ode Dsl bo: 2:02 Kirkeudbright

ss» grandis Som ee OL BOSe mote ODE cons Lanark

3 Mmagnifica ... Reale aS eed 1g: Dumfries

s» nobilis a we Le AD 24 40) 235 1p

>> nordmanniana we C205 ASS) (DAA 2a 1 - Kirkeudbright

4 i a EG. le _AeGr ec GOae eEOieh — -
Araucaria imbricata veo Ome ie acorn Osi CLG Dumfries
Cedrus libani att mew) 4A ale 48) 2 3
Cupressus Lawsoniana ., 22 33 15 30 14 Ross
Chamaecyparis nutkaensis 15 22 14 22 14 Banff
Cupressus macrocarpa ... 30 48 16 60 2: Edinburgh
Thuja gigantea... soos ole ale 79 2:4 Fife
Picea sitchenis (Menzies)... 22 49 22 92 4:18 Dumfries
Pinus excelsa Se Ae Pee Pk IT Me Kirkeudbright

», Laricio 735 ae 2b edb 18> 36). 4 5

»» monticola ... wus gGO) S27 "42; N09 Perth

5, ponderosa ... son OOM 44s 4 58" 9 ee Dumfries
Thuja gigantea... eeeS? Able 2-225. ee Ikd Lanark
Tsuga Albertiana ... sre CoPeOo mals a meo lod Kirkeudbright

Now the trees that have been hitherto the mainstay of Scotch
forestry are Larch, Scots Pine, and Spruce.

Mr Berry of Glenstriven has very kindly allowed me to see
his Forest Record. This gives the growth of a few best speci-
mens in 12 plantations at Glenstriven. I am told that this is one
of the very best places for Larch in Scotland, and it is interesting
to compare the behaviour of the Larch at Glenstriven with that
of these other trees which are still on trial in Scotland.

LARCH PLANTATION AT GLENSTRIVEN,.

Girth at 43 Inches per
Age. feet. year. Height.

10 10” Wy, Paley sabeeeans

10 10°5” TT O5) rel) wee Beats

17 17:9” AE | 5 PS as ab eee

17 23'8” 14 30 to 35 feet
20 33" LS cs ee eae

21 27°6" LSS 4! Oe A eat eer

22 30” LUE. 9 OE ae

24 Mie SR ewes

33 41°8” IE aN ete er Pa

47 39-9” 8 ease

50 55” St ' 65 to 70 feet .

51 56" LSOGnS © * hea

186 ScotcH FORESTRY.

The average increase of girth per year of Larch in a specially
favourable locality was therefore 1.14 inches per annum.

At Glenstriven a few other trees have also been measured in
the same way.

In our own district I have not been able to take many obser-
vations, but the following notes may be of interest. Thus there
are plantations at Monreith of both Japanese Larch and Common
Larch side by side. These are eight years old, and I measured
ten trees as a sample in each group.

The Japanese averaged 11.5 inches in girth, showed no trace
of disease, and already formed a satisfactory canopy. The
European averaged 7.5 inches, and were without exception dis-
eased. Three were obviously doomed to death, whilst the canopy
was also very imperfect. At Kirkennan I saw a number of
Japanese plantations which gave the following results :—

Girth at 4} Inches per Height. q

Age. feet. year. Feet. 4

Abies nobilis... ee D, 14” 15 4
a er nea SFO Li? 11 . !

is Bek Pil 29" 2: : * |

. i eee 59” a :

3 Sl ees sr} 25

4 Att Pele a6 72 . %
Araucaria imbricata ., 48 60” 1°25:. — (Sala ‘
Picea albertiana Pag 1K) 10:5” 1:05 . ., Vee |
Pinus insignis ... tO Toe 15” are j
i

5 years old 10 to 11 feet high average girth 6 inches

6-7 ” P & ey ? 7 2?
9 ” 17 Cees, ” 14 ”
One tree 27 As 40 e Ai 00 “4s

Up to the age of 27 years these results would go to show
that the Japanese, with an average yearly increase of 1.4 inches,
is far ahead of the European. At Murraythwaite also there is a
splendid plantation of Japanese. The control experiment of
European Larch, which is on the other side of the glen, has been
almost extinguished by disease.

Certain Douglas Fir at Kirkennan, 23 years old, showed a
girth of 36 inches. Others 35 to 40 years had a bole fully 40 feet
long and average quarter girth of 11.25 inches. A group, 40 to
50 years, were from 19.25 to 21.5 inches quarter-girth. Picea

Scotcu Forestry. 187

Albertiana, 40 to 50 years old, showed 22.25 inches quarter-
girth.

On the whole, it seems to me that such evidence as I have
collected shows that whereas with Common Larch it is hardly fair
to reckon on a gain of one foot in height and of one inch in

girth per annum, the Japanese Larch ought to increase fully
1.3 inches in girth up to 27 years.

So many of the other trees have been grown under specially
favourable conditions that it is dangerous to say much, but as you
see from the figures all, except one or two, show a larger increase
in girth than the Glenstriven Larch. Even the monkey puzzle
has beaten it.

Larix occidentalis is another very promising newcomer; at
_Monreith eight have been planted out. They have only been
_ three years out, but the average height is already 4 feet 6 inches
(one was 6 feet high with a leader 2 feet 34 inches long).

The seed appears, however, to be very difficult to get.

It is surely of the very first importance that more statistics of
growth should be collected and more experiments made with these
exotics, and especially with those from British Columbia.
At any rate experiments with Douglas Fir, Menzies Spruce,
Abies nobilis, and indeed with almost all these mentioned seem
to show that there is quite a good chance of helping out the usual
trees in Scotch forestry with others which appear, so far as the
evidence goes, to grow far more quickly and to be just as hardy
and healthy as the Larch, Scots Pine, and Spruce, which
hitherto have been our main forest crop.

But, of course, in any practical proposal, the point which
finally decides the question is, will it pay?

As a matter of fact, Scotch forestry does pay when conducted
carefully, as a business and with ordinary common-sense. I know
at least two proprietors who obtain ten shillings per acre regularly .
€very year from their woods. These woods are increasing in
value every year, and will not reach full bearing for probably 20
or 30 years to come.

The land in one case was so covered with rock, whin, and
broom that it was worth less than nothing per acre.

For those of us who know by evidence of our own eyes the
extent of Scotland, both in the Lowlands and the Highlands,
Which is worth only from 6d to 3s 6d per acre, the prospect of

188 ScotcH FORESTRY.

10s per acre, even if only a twentieth part is afforested, means an
extraordinary increase in the wealth of our country.

But it is not so much the mere material wealth that is impor-
tant as the indirect benefits which would arise from afforestation.

Forestry works in very nicely with agriculture. It is a pro- |
fession that requires and produces a fine, vigorous, and virile type
of mankind. Those engaged in it live an open air life which may
. perhaps check the deterioration of national physique which inevit-
ably follows existence in large cities.

Moreover, there is an enormous population which would
indirectly be called into existence by Scotch forestry. Few seem
to realise what would result if the demands for wire netting, fenc-
ing wire, carts, tools of all kinds, as well as plants and seeds,
were to increase by fiftyfold in a very few years.

I have, as the result of fourteen months in which my whole —
time has been given to the question, not the very smallest hesita- —
tion in saying that Scotch forestry pays even to-day when run on
business lines and carefully and economically worked, but it is
very difficult to prove my opinion.

The mistakes made, especially in the years 1840-1870, have
been deplorable ; and even to-day there are not many woods and
plantations which are run as a serious and profit-making business. |

There are, however, two serious objections which must be —
carefully considered.

When new plantations are formed, the proprietor who makes
them is at once called upon to pay extra rates. That is (to put it
mildly) discouraging. | Moreover, should he die before these
plantations are ready to be felled, his successor pays heavy death
duties. 7

Is that the way to encourage what is after all a most valuable
national industry ?

It is this point that is the real weakness of the future of
Scotch forestry; no ordinary person will lay out large sums of
money if it is only his grandchildren who will benefit.

There was, until some fifteen years ago, exactly the same
objection to rubber plantations. The rubber plants, or at least
the most valuable of them, take seven years to come into bearing.
Very few people at that time contemplated seven years in the
tropical climate in which rubber thrives, and for this reason 0 plas 7
tations were considered out of the question.

Ti i it gE! Te

ScotcH FORESTRY. 189

Now, by means of companies on a large scale, this difficulty
_has been got over, and the wet jungle tropics promise to become
one of the richest, instead of as hitherto the poorest and least
attractive districts of the earth.

It is either by co-operation or by companies feuing land for
afforestation that, it seems to me, the big question will be finally
tackled. But there will always be time and opportunity for every
proprietor who cares to work his own estates to develop his own
forests.

I cannot see how the Government—that is the British
Government—could embark on an enterprise of this kind. The
genius of the British nation tends to self-help, and I very much
‘doubt if interference by well-meaning Government officials is in
_ the least desirable. E

No ; if forestry, as I maintain, is a profitable industry in Scot-
land, relieve it of every Government burden that can possibly
be removed and leave it to dree its own weird.

Government has not in the least helped those hundreds,
even thousands, of Scotch proprietors who have covered the land
with the beautiful woods which we see almost everywhere in
Scotland. No public department has helped those who intro-
duced the larch and the sycamore, as well as these newer conifers
which appear to be even more promising than the larch.

Until one has devoted special attention to the subject, one
has not the slightest conception of the amount of scientific experi-
ent in planting carried out by Scottish proprietors. I do not
ieve that even in Germany or in France have there been experi-
ents on anything like the scale of those visible in all parts of

These have been conducted at enormous expense without

elp from Government, often without scientific advice, and very
often from the most patriotic motives,

190 Joun WELSH, THE IRONGRAY COVENANTER.

Ist March, 1912.

Chairman—S. Arnott, V.P.

Joun WetsH, THE IRONGRAY COVENANTER. By the Rev. S.
Duntop, Minister of Irongray.

It is a noteworthy fact that there exists no memoir of John
Welsh of Irongray, though from the Battle of Rullion Green till
Bothwell Bridge he was the most conspicuous Covenanting mini-
ster in Scotland. Had he glorified God in the Grassmarket, or
fallen in some scuffle with Claverhouse’s dragoons, or even like his
friend Blackadder of Troqueer languished in prison on the Bass
Rock, some pious hand would have been moved to write his story.
His last public appearance in Scotland at the Battle of Bothwell
Bridge alienated the extremists, and Patrick Walker speaks of
him much in the same way as Robert Browning spoke of his Zos#
Leader :—* It was the observe and saying of several solid Chris-
tians, especially Mr John Dick, that singular and cheerful sufferer
at Edinburgh, the 5th March, 1684, who rode much with that
gracious and worthy Mr Welsh, ‘ That he had always had ups and
downs in his case, warm blinks and clouds, but especially from |
the time he took the wrong end of the plea, in pleading in favour —
of the indulgence and censuring the more faithful by witnessing
against it, and opposing the inserting of it among the steps of our
defections as one of the causes of a day of humiliation.’ .
He died at London under a cloud at last” (Patrick Walker, “ Six
Saints of the Covenant ”).

As far as men interest themselves now-a-days in na
squabbles of the Covenanters between Drumclog and Bothwell
Bridge, they will be more inclined to sympathise with Welsh’s
attitude than that of “the singular and cheerful sufferer, Mr John
Dick.” It was Welsh’s misfortune that he died in his bed—such a _
death for such a man was a sort of anti-climax. The man upon
whose head the price of 9000 merks was set—three times as much
as that offered for any other Covenanting minister (Wodrow iii.,
15)—the man who “had long set at defiance every magistrate in
Scotland, riding about in a stately fashion to his conventicles wit.
a party of armed men, who went under the name of Mr Welsh’s:
bodyguard,” ought not to have died in peace.

Joun WELSH, THE IRONGRAY COVENANTER. 191

Kirkton’s estimate of him is probably not far from the truth:
— He must have ane extraordinary character, as he had ane
extraordinary province. He was grandchild to that incomparable
man, Mr John Welsh, minister of Ayr. His father, Mr Josias,
was likewise ane excellent gospel minister, and because of his
mighty, rousing, wakening preaching gift, he was called in the
North of Ireland ‘The Cock of the North.’ This Mr Welsh was
a godly, meek, humble man, and a good popular preacher ; but
the boldest undertaker that ever I heard a minister in Christ’s
Church old or late: for notwithstanding the threats of State, the
great price set upon his head, the spite of the bishops, the dili-
gence of all bloodhounds, he maintained his difficult post of
preaching in the mountains of Scotland, many times to many
thousands, for near twenty years’ time, and yet always kept out of
his enemies’ hands. It is well known that bloody Clavers, upon
intelligence that he was lurking in some secret place, would
have ridden 40 miles in a winter night, yet when he came to the
place he always missed his prey. I have known him ride three
days and two nights without sleep, and preach upon a mountain
at midnight in one of the nights. He used to say to his friends
who counselled him to be more wary, that he believed God would
preserve him so long as he continued among dangers, but that
_ whenever he should betake himself to safety then his time should
come, which accordingly came to pass ; for, after Bothwell Bridge,
_ when all people forsook field meetings, he went to London and
there died; but was honourably buried near the King’s palace,
as was his grandfather.” (Kirkton’s History, 219, 220.) Sir
_ George Mackenzie, “the bloody Mackenzie” of the Covenanters,
described Welsh as “a person of much courage, but no parts.”
_ His life speaks for his courage, and his sermons and pamphlets
rather bear out the Lord Advocate’s opinion of his parts. Beyond
great earnestness and sincerity they show no striking originality.
_ The events of Welsh’s life must be sought for in the pages of
Wodrow and Kirkton and in the letters and State papers of the
reign of Charles II. After spending a fortnight hunting him in
the British Museum, I have come to sympathise with Clavers and
his dragoons. Mr John Welsh is a most elusive gentleman.
_ Though I have by no means a full account of his life to offer you,
still I feel justified in giving what I have, and hope that some

192 Joun WELSH, THE [RONGRAY COVENANTER.

more fortunate historical student may build a fuller life upon my
foundations.

As Kirkton tells us, he was “the grandchild of that incom-
parable man, Mr John Welsh of Ayr,” and the great grandchild
of a still greater man, John Knox, the reformer. John Welsh, of
Ayr, married the daughter of John Knox. Carlyle has made us
familiar with King Jamie’s opinion of the match, and Mrs Welsh’s
criticism of the King’s opinion. His father, Josias, was minister
to a congregation of Ulster Scots at Templepatrick, in Co.
Antrim. I do not know whether our Mr Welsh had the good
fortune to be born in Ulster, indeed I do not know when he was
born. His father died, I believe, in 1636, and we first hear of
John Welsh in 1653, when he was ordained minister of Irongray.
He succeeded Mr Patrick Broun, whose grave still may be seen
in our kirkyard, as minister of the parish.

On January 5, 1653, he delivered his Latin discourse to the
Presbytery of Dumfries, “De Qualificatione Membrorum Ecclesiae
Visibilis.” Whether it was a piece of very choice Latinity we do
not know, but it “ gave great satisfaction to the refreshment of the
brethren.” (Presbytery Records, Dumfries.)

On January 21, 1653, “after sermon made by Mr Hew
Henryson (minister of Dumfries) calling upon the name of the
Lord and the imposition of the hands of the brethren then present
upon Mr John Welshe, before the eldership and remnant people
of that congregation and others, the said Mr John was solemnly
admitted to the function and charge of the ministry of the said
place ; and ane ordinaire was given to Mr Thomas Melvill and Mr —
Francis Irving to tak workmen with them and appreciat the
Manse that so Mr Patrick Broun, late minister there, may get
satisfaction, and the said Mr John may get possession therein. —
This was done after the return of his edict and execut and en-
dorsate” (Idem). Mr Melviil’s and Mr Irving’s valuation of Iron-
gray Manse was 500 merks. And Mr John Welsh was instructed ~
to pay Mr Patrick Broun £50 Scots for his deed of locality.

From the memoirs of Blackadder, his friend and neighbour
of Troqueer, we have a glimpse of his early ministry in Irongray.
These two, with Johnstone of Lochrutton, united in a plan of
joint pastoral visitation and catechising in their respective parishes.
(Blackadder’s Mem. p. 34.) From his pamphlet, “A Friendly
Advice,” we learn his opinion of “ the powers that be ” during this —

Joun WELSH, THE [RONGRAY COVENANTER. 193

period. “Unparalleled villany was preached against the King’s
Majesty’s sacred Person by ungodly and perfidious men (the
Sectaries) shall therefore the Cause and Covenant bare the blame
thereof? We cannot judge a cause by its events; let them be
accursed who had any hand in the Regicide, but let not the Cove-
nant be charged as the cause thereof.” Cromwell and his
Sectaries were not popular in Scotland, though it must be con-
fessed the Kirk had peace under their rule, and Scotland had
never been so prosperous since the Reformation.

In 1660 the rule of the Sectaries came to an end, His Sacred
_ Majesty, Charles II., the one Covenanted King of Scotland,
_ ascended the throne. Welsh was soon to experience that if the
Sectaries chastised Scotland with Whips, the Stuarts would
chastise her with Scorpions. On January 1, 1661, Parliament
met, with the Earl of Middleton as Commissioner. It rescinded
_ the proceedings of every Parliament since 1633, it passed between
January 1 and July 12 three hundred and ninety-three Acts, and
declared the King “ Supreme Governor of this Kingdom over all
persons and in all causes,” besides voting him £40,000 sterling a
_year. Welsh in his sermon described Middleton’s Parliament “a
drunken Parliament ”—a title by which it is still known in history.
One of his heritors, David M‘Brear of Newark, a member of this
Parliament, accused Welsh before the Privy Council; and Max-
well of Munches, Steward-depute of Galloway, was sent to arrest
him. On a Sabbath night Maxwell arrived at the Manse, but
Welsh begged him to allow him to preach the next day at Holy-
wood, being the Monday after the Communion, “ which liberty
Maxwell (though a papist) civilly granted.” Next morning most
of the parish and some brother ministers assembled to convey
him a little on his way. “There was great sorrow and outcrying
of the poor multitude beside the water of Cluden, where he was
to take to horse. It was with great difficulty he got from among
them, who were almost distracted, and cried most ruefully with
tears. But he being resolute, would not be detained; and after
two or three ministers had knelt down and prayed, he got to horse,
the people still holding him. The ministers and he rode quickly
through the water to win from among them; many, both men and

women, brake in on foot after him, and followed on the road a

good space, with bitter weeping and lamentation.” (Black-
ad der’s Mem. 89-90, Kirkton’s Hist. 268-9.)

14 JoHN WELSH, THE IRONGRAY COVENANTER.

Welsh was carried to Edinburgh, but allowed to live in
private lodgings instead of being incarcerated in the Tolbooth.
His libel was pursued before the Lords of the Articles, but
owing to the testimony of the witnesses not agreeing, he was dis-
missed, and returned to the parish in June, 1662.

While Welsh was being tried at Edinburgh, Parliament had
fully restored Episcopacy and lay-patronage. It enacted that
all ministers should before September 20, 1662, receive presenta-
tion from their lawful patrons and seek collation from their
bishops or demit their cure. The order was not obeyed, and
therefore the Privy Council sitting at Glasgow on October 1,
ordained that if ministers did not obey by November 1,
parishioners should cease to acknowledge them as their ministers
and refuse to pay stipend. It was believed that most ministers
would obey rather than sacrifice their livings. As a matter of
fact, one-third of the ministers refused. The obstinacy or the
consciousness of so many made the Council pause, and they
extended the day of grace from November 1 till February 1,
1663.

Whatever other ministers might do, the grandson of John
Welsh, of Ayr, and the great-grandson of John Knox, was not the
man to seek collation from a Bishop ; and if, as I believe, David —
M‘Brear of Newark was the lay-patron of Irongray, could Welsh —
have gone to him to ask the living, or would he have received
it had he asked? Welsh was outed like Blackadder of Troqueer |
and Gabriel Semple of Kirkpatrick-Durham.

A curate, Bernard Sanderson, was appointed to succeed him,
but his settlement was effected not without strenuous opposition
on the part of the parishioners. “A party of messengers was
sent to intimate that the said Mr Bernard was to enter that Kirk
for their ordinar. Some women of the parish (headed by one
Margaret Smith), hearing thereof, placed themselves in the Kirk-
yard with their ordinary weapons of stones, whereof they had
gathered great store; and when the messengers and party of
rascals with swords and pistols came, the women maintained their
ground, defending themselves under the kirk dyke, that after hot
skirmish the curate messengers and party of soldiers, not pre- —
suming to enter, did at length take themselves to retreat, with the -
honourable blae marks they had got in that conflict.” Not only
the women, but two of the heritors, signalised themselves in the

poes

JouN WELSH, THE IRONGRAY COVENANTER. 195

fray. William Arnott, of Little Park, and George Rome, of

Beoch, stationed themselves at the door of the Kirk. Arnott

drew his sword, saying, “Let me see who will place a minister

here this day.” T. M‘Brear (should it not be D. M‘Brear ?)
= attempted to prevent Arnott drawing his sword.

: The inhabitants of Irongray were called in question for this
day’s uproar. On May 5, 1663, “The Lords of His Majesty’s
Privy Council being certainly informed of very great insolencies
lately committed within the Burgh of Kirkcudbright and parish
of Irongray by the tumultuary arising of diverse persons within
the same, and in a barbarous manner opposing the admission of
certain ministers who were appointed and came to serve there
appoint the Earls of Linlithgow, Galloway and Annandale and
Lord Drumlanrig, and Sir John Wauchop of Nidry or any two of
them to repair thither and call the plotters, and if necessary,
secure their persons, and send them to Edinburgh to answer
before the Lords of the Council.” The Earl of Linlithgow was
further instructed to take with him 100 horse and 200 foot of His

' Majesty’s Guards, and to take free quarters in Kirkcudbright and
Irongray, and raise money to satisfy the said horse and foot, viz.,
30 shillings Scots per horseman and 12 shillings Scots per foot-
man during their abode their by and altour the paying the officers
their ordinary pay.” (Privy Council Reg. 3rd Series i., 359.)

On May 30, 1663, the Privy Council ordered the heritors of

Irongray to find caution of £100 stg., for each defaulter, and

. express their sorrow for the late tumult. William Arnott and
Margaret Smith, the male and female ringleaders, were brought
to Edinburgh and lodged in the Tolbooth. Here they became
the objects of pious care and interest, being visited by ministers

_ and others, who prayed with them and exhorted them as suffering

for righteousness’ sake, insomuch that the keeper of the Tolbooth
was ordered to “take notice of who visits them, and their dis-
course and carriage towards them.” The prisoners appeared
before the Council. William Arnott was fined 5000 merks (after-
wards, on petition, reduced to 1000), and ordered to make public
acknowledgment of his offence on two Sabbath days at the Kirk
of Irongray in presence of the whole congregation. Margaret

Smith received a heavier sentence—transportation to the Barba-

does, but she told her tale so innocently before the judges that °

q the sentence was not executed.

Sl ee

196 JoHN WELSH, THE IRONGRAY COVENANTER.

Before I resume the story of John Welsh, I must, after the
manner of Lactantius, “De Mortibus Persecutorum,” tell what
became of the persecutor David M‘Brear of Newark. I do so in
words of the good Kirkton “one David M‘Brear in the paroch of
Irongray, a landed man, a grievous persecutor, who accused Mr
John Welsh, his paroch minister, upon his life before Middleton’s
parliament, being upon a time hiding himself among his tenants
(because he was in hazard of being imprisoned for debt) was
providentially encountered by one John Gordon, a merchant in
the North, and just such ane one as himself : and because M‘Brear
looked somewhat sad, Gordon apprehends him to be a Whigge
and requires him to go with him to Dumfries, which M‘Brear_
refused to do because he feared the prison for his debt. Gordon
suspects him the more strongly, and because he had come south
to be agent in the cause of a Northern curate, and had borrowed
Chambers, the infamous curate of Dumfries his sword, this sword
he draws and presents to M‘Brear: the other either resisting or
fleeing is presently run through the body by Gordon with Cham-
bers’ sword. After this he vaunted he had killed a Whigge ; but
when the country people saw the body, they told him the dead
man was as honest a man as himself (and just so he was) ; where-
upon he is carried to Dumfries, and there, by the Earl of Dum-
fries and Nithsdale, is condemned to be hanged to-morrow, which
sentence was accordingly execute: which made the people of the
country say, the Lord made one enemy destroy another, and that
it was a curst thing to persecute Whiggs.”

It was probably in February, 1663, that John Welsh was — .

outed from Irongray. He seems to have sought refuge with John
Neilson of Corsack, where other outed preachers, Gabriel Semple

of Kirkpatrick-Durham and Blackadder of Troqueer also found ~

shelter. Ejected ministers were forbidden to reside within twenty
miles of their parishes, six miles of Edinburgh or any cathedral
church, or three miles of any royal burgh. “ Conditions which,”
as Wodrow remarks, “the nicest geographer would find hard to
satisfy.” They were pretty nearly satisfied in Welsh’s case. At
Corsack Welsh’s first wife died. (Wodrow ii., 4, 5, 6, Veitch’s
Memoirs, Blackadder 24.) It was probably too at Corsack that —
Welsh penned his pamphlet, “ Fifty and Two Directions to Iron-
_gray.” The title from the earliest edition I have come across —
(1703) is “ Fifty and Two Directions, written by that famous and_

: Joun WELSH, THE IRONGRAY COVENANTER. 197

eminently faithful servant of Jesus Christ, Mr John Welch, to his
Paroch of Irongray.” There is a reprint of it in 1712, “ where-
unto is annexed now a friendly advice, etc., containing reasons
proving the unlawfulness of prelacy and of submitting to prelates
and their curates, by the same author.” The date of the “ Fifty
and Two Directions” can be fixed by a quotation near its close.
Welsh is replying to the charge that the Covenanters are guilty of
schism—“ They have gone from us, not we from them, for we
continue in the way. We are sworn unto these twenty-three years
since our reformation.” This reformation I take to be the Solemn
League and Covenant, 1643, the first head of which was the
reformation of religion in the British Isles “ according to the Word
of God.” The greater part of these Directions were such as any
earnest minister might give his flock, though throughout we feel
that they were written to warn his parish against Episcopacy and
hearing curates. “ Dear friends ye know by the laws of the land
we were put to a necessity either to comply with Episcopacy con-
trary to our Covenanted Ingagements, or to be no more permitted
to labour among you, being by Act of the Council banished out of
the Parish and Presbytery. And now knowing that after our
departure shall grievous wolves enter in amongst you, not sparing
the flock. Therefore we have judged it our duty to leave you this
small testimony and token of our care and affection to you, which
is a legacy by a man dead in law as to his office among you, and
all I crave of you is that ye would accept it in love and make it
your own.” In the last direction Welsh argues at length the ques-
tion, “ What say you to our hearing these men that have intruded
themselves in your places?” And he comes to the conclusion that
as they have no call either from God or the congregation, it is
absolutely unlawful to hear them. “If it be sin to countenance
an usurper in civil government, how much more an usurper in the
House of God.”

In the 13th Direction he tells his people, “the time that ye
used to set apart for the Lord’s worship on the Sabbath days and
_at other times, Jet it now be devoted to Him in private and secret
duties, seeing public opportunities of hearing preaching is taken
away from you.”

In the 26th Direction we come to the question of conven-
ticles, “ My next advice to you is, and I pray you take it in love, if
you shall see at this time a difference in opinions and practices

198 JouN WELSH, THE IRONGRAY COVENANTER.

amongst us who were ministers of the Gospel, some standing and
sticking at things that others can digest, be not offended at this, it
has been so always since the beginning, it is no new thing, if there
be some that leave off preaching when others continue to preach,
though against law, I say offend not at either; when both keep
right in the main.”

Welsh was among the first who decided to preach in the fields
against law, indeed, he is credited with being the inventor of the
field conventicles of the Covenanters. In January, 1666, he was
proclaimed for this, along with Semple and Blackadder, by the
Privy Council. “ Particularly the said Mr John Welsh does pre-
sume frequently, at least once every week, to preach in the parish
of Irongray in the Presbytery of Dumfries, and himself and those
who frequent his conventicles do convene together armed with
swords and pistols; at which meetings he also baptizes children
which are brought to him by disaffected persons.” (Wodrow ii. 6.)

From Veitch’s Memoir we have an account of one John
Osburn of Keir who got into trouble over these preachings.
It is related in his own words—“ In the first place when the
ministers preach in the hills to wot, when Mr John Welch,
Mr Gabriel Semple, and other eight with them, were denounced,
and I was also denounced with them as being a muntan (mount-
tain) beddall (i.e., a person who summoned hearers to the
hill preachings), as likewise afterhand I was forced to flee,
and afterwards returning home, was apprehended at my Master’s
harvest by a party of Turner’s men, being taken to Dumfries,
was interrogate who they were that preached and who were the
auditors of my acquaintance ; the which I absolutely refused upon
all hazards. Thence he (Turner) put me in the Thieve’s Hole
and threatened me with starving, keeping the key the space of
three days himself, thinking to make me confess whom I knew to
be preachers and hearers, the which I absolutely refused, after-
wards my wife went to one of the tune (town) bailies declaring to
him that she would go to Edinburgh and complain. Afterwards
I was brought out of the prison and put in another, where I re-
ceived meat and drink otherwise I had starved.”

The Government despatched Sir James Turner to Dumfries
and Galloway to suppress these field preachings, and to exact fines
from those who were accused of non-attendance on church by the
curates. His force, however, was quite inadequate for the task.

Joun WELSH, THE IRONGRAY COVENANTER. 199

He had but seventy men at his command, and so scattered here
and there that only thirteen were together in one place. He
boasts that he executed his commission in a generous spirit. “I
never came the full length of my orders.” (Andrew Lang’s Hist.
of Scot., vol. iii., 307.) However this may be, the inhabitants of
the Stewartry broke out in open rebellion at Dalry in the middle
of November, 1666. They marched on Dumfries, making a
rendezvous at Irongray Church, seized Sir James and his fines
before he had time to fight or flee. He would have been pistolled
but for the intervention of Neilson of Corsack, a kindness he in
vain endeavoured to repay when Corsack was captured and con-
demned after Rullion Green.

It is unnecessary to retell the story of the Pentland Rising.
It is enough to say that the insurgents marched north, under
Colonel Wallace, hovering for a while between Glasgow and
Edinburgh, threatening both cities. The citizens were terrified,
and the country folk indifferent. A force was speedily collected,
under Tom Dalziel of Binns, who had fought in the wars of
Muscovy, which met the insurgents at Rullion Green on the Pent-
land Hills. The insurgents were routed, and their leaders fled.
Welsh was at the battle, and left it with the insurgent leader,
Colonel Wallace. Whether he fled with Wallace to Holland I
cannot say, but for nearly two years we hear nothing about him.
Two parishioners and namesakes of Welsh were present at the
battle, Welsh of Skaar and Welsh of Cornlee. They were among
those who were exempted from the indemnity after Pentland.

Discussing the paper, Mr G. W. Shirley asked if the lecturer
could give any further information about David M‘Brair of
Newark? His identity had considerably puzzled him (Mr
Shirley). The M‘Brairs of Almagill, of whom at least five had
been Provosts of Dumfries in succession from 1453 onwards, pos-
sessed after the Reformation the New Wark in Dumfries. Hence
some of them were known as “of New Wark.” On the 26th of
4 anuary, 1608-9, a David was baptised as son of Robert M‘Brair
of Almagill, Provost of Dumfries in 1599, and Sheriff of Dum-
friesshire, 1619, and Margaret Murray, his wife. From other
sources he appeared as the third son. In 1646 he was appointed
a tor to his nephew and nieces, the children of his eldest brother,
John of Almagill. There was a David of Newark in 1648-9 and

200 Jonn WetsH, THE IRONGRAY COVENANTER.

1656, but there was also a David of Almagill in 1647. Did the |
two designations refer to the same person? Was the Newark in —
Irongray confused in any way with the New Wark in Dumfries? ~
It seemed as if there were two persons, for Mariote Maxwell, wife
of David M‘Brair of Almagill was in 1660 appointed tutor to her
son, Robert M‘Brair of Almagill, who was served heir to his father
in 1664. David M‘Brair of Newark was murdered in 1667. He |
appeared to have been succeeded also by a Robert M‘Brair, who —
appears as “of Newark” in 1673. Could the descent of David
M‘Brair of Newark be traced?

Referring also to the murder by John Gordon, Mr Shirley
said he had found the following document among the Burgh
Records of Dumfries :—

“ Ane order by my Lord Annindaill and Lord Drumlangrike
to the magistrats to cause them haue the toune in
armes and to goe to the bridgend of Drumfreis to—
atend the execution of Johne Gordoune.

Drumfreis the last of May 1667.
These requyereth zow in his Maties [Majesty’s] name to haue
ane company of foot belonging to zor toun armed the best way
they can be Boden; To be by ten of the clok this day at zour
gaule [gaol] stair foot to receave the persone of Jon Gordoun now
in your gaule and to guard him from thence to the bridgend of — |
Drumfreis and ther to attend till he be putt to a tryall for his con
fessed murdering of David M‘brair and giff he sall be fand guiltie
and adjudged to die that the said companie attend the execution
and do sutch dewtie as is vsuall for guardes to do in sick caices.
This ze sall not faill to do as ze will be ansherable.
ANNANDALE.
DRUMLANGRIG.
ffor the proveist and baillies of the burgh
of Drumfreis.”

From a document of the same date, which unfortunately he
did not have with him, Mr Shirley gathered that John Gordon was
executed on the Gallowhill, in Troqueer parish.

; WEATHER OF 1911 IN RELATION TO HEALTH. 201

WEATHER OF 1911 in RELATION TO HEALTH. By Dr J. MAxweELi
a Ross.

The following notes are compiled from the returns of four
meteorological stations in the county, viz., Eskdalemuir 778 feet,
Drumlanrig 191 feet, Dumfries 155 feet, and Comlongon 74 feet
above sea level, and from the returns made by registrars of births,
deaths, and marriages. It may be most convenient to present
_ them under the heads of each month.

January.—During this month the conditions were mild with

high barometer, high mean temperature, low rainfall, and winds
chiefly from south-west. A violent westerly gale was experienced
~ on the 10th and 11th with heavy falls of rain, sleet, and snow,
_ but the weather thereafter almost to the end of the month was
extremely mild, like the Januaries of 1898 and 1906. ‘The
average of the barometer readings at the four stations was 29.916
inches ; the average mean temperature 38.8 degs. F., the humidity
90 per cent., the rainfall 2.56 inches, the average number of wet
days being 17. The total number of deaths recorded in the
ounty Landward and six Burghs was 70, giving a rate of 14.520
per 1000. The average death-rate of this month during the ten
previous years being 18.384, the “expected” deaths may be
‘stated at 88, or 18 more than the actual number. The chief
causes of death were the circulatory diseases, pneumonia,
phthisis, and cerebral hemorrhage. This was one of two
months, October being the other, when the phthisis mortality was
at its highest for the year. Among the notifiable diseases scarlet
fever was the most prominent, none of the others appearing in
the list. Thirty-one cases, a much greater number than usual,
came under observation, and these were fairly scattered over the

February showed two definite types of weather, the first half
of the month being characterised by anti-cyclonic conditions with

second half by storms of wind and rain, low barometer, high
hean temperature, and high rainfall, this being to such an extent

the average. Winds during this period were chiefly from south-
west, and frequently reached the force of a gale. The average
af the barometric readings was 29.694 inches; the average mean

202 WEATHER OF 1911 IN RELATION To HEALTH.

temperature 38.4 deg. F., the humidity 89 per cent.; average
rainfall 5.91 inches, the average number of wet days being 19.’
The total number of deaths was 66, giving a rate of 15.155 per .
1000. The average death-rate of this month during the ten ~
previous years having been 19.507, the expected deaths may be
stated as 85 or 19 more than the actual number. Circulatory
diseases, pneumonia, and cerebral hamorrhage were again among
the principal causes of death, but the phthisis mortality was low.
There was a considerable diminution in the cases of scarlet fever
as compared with the previous month, the number coming under
observation dropping to 16. <A few cases of diphtheria began to
appear.

March.—During this month there was a prevalence of keen |
north-easterly winds, giving an impression of great cold, but the
mean temperature was practically about the average or very —
slightly above. The barometer was fairly high and the rainfall —
low, there being a considerable period of drought. The average
pressure was 29.644 inches, the mean temperature 39.6 deg. F., —
the humidity 83 per cent., the rainfall 1.61 inches, the number of
rainy days 14. The total deaths registered were 67, giving a rate
of 13.897 per 1000. The average death-rate was 16.933 and the
expected deaths 81. The principal diseases contributing to the
mortality of the month were cerebral hemorrhage and cancer.
The circulatory disease mortality was at its lowest for the year,
and it is of interest to note that mortalities from phthisis, pneu-—
monia, and bronchitis were low. The number of cases of scarlet
fever coming to our knowledge was one less than in February.
Diphtheria cases continued to occur, but did not increase.

Apnil.—This month was somewhat breezy, in spite of the
fact that the barometric pressure remained high during the first
half, and anti-cyclonic conditions prevailed. The mean tempera-
ture was low, intense cold being sometimes experienced during
the day. The rainfall was above the average at most stations
in the north and west. The average of the barometric readings
was 29.629 inches; the mean temperature, 42.7 degs. F.; the
humidity, 82 per cent.; the rainfall, 4.56 inches; and the rainy
days, 18. The deaths registered were 97, the rate being 20.793 .
per 1000. The average death-rate was 17.875, and the number
of expected deaths 83. The death-rate is the highest of any —
month in the year. The chief contributors to it were the circula-

WEATHER OF 1911 IN RELATION TO HEALTH. 203

tory diseases, pneumonia and bronchitis, cancer, phthisis, and
influenza. The heavy mortality may be adduced as an illustra-
tion of the truth of the old proverb, that “A green Yule and a
white Pasch make a fat kirkyaird,” inasmuch as the weather con-
ditions of December, 1910, were mild, while those of April were
severe and falls of snow were recorded at all the stations. The
eases of scarlet fever continued, however, to fall, and there was a
considerable drop in diphtheria, one case only coming to our
knowledge.

May was a month of mild weather, with a variable distribu-
- tion of pressure, and very high mean temperature (highest of any
year in Scotland since 1896), which was experienced more particu-
larly towards the close. The rainfall was in excess, but the rainy
days were fewer than usual, and about the middle of the month
we began to experience the period of drought which was so
marked a feature of the year and caused so much anxiety as
regards water supplies and vegetation. The average of the
barometric readings was 29.662 inches; the mean temperature,
mit deg. F.; the humidity, 79 per cent.; the rainfall, 2.60
inches ; and the rainy days, 11. The deaths registered were 69,
‘giving a rate of 14.312 per 1000. The average death-rate was
16.172, and the expected deaths 78. Circulatory diseases showed
their maximum mortality for the year, the deaths due to it being
23 per cent. of the whole. Phthisis and cerebral haemorrhage
also contributed largely to the rate, but there was a considerable
fall in the mortalities from pneumonia, bronchitis, and cancer.
Infectious diseases were few in number, there being only nine
cases of scarlet fever, two of diphtheria, and one of enteric fever.
June.—The first half of June was hot, dry, and anti-cyclonic ;
the latter half cold and at times wet, the rainfall being very
slightly in excess. The average of the barometric readings was
29.633 inches ; the mean temperature, 58.4 deg. F. ; the humidity,
“7 per cent.; the rainfall, 2.99 inches; and the wet days, 14.
The deaths registered were 62, giving a rate of 13.290 per 1000.
e€ average death-rate 14.225, and the expected deaths 66.
Circulatory diseases again showed a high mortality, and after
them phthisis, cancer, and digestive diseases were the principal
contributors to the death-rate. Digestive diseases were at their

204 WEATHER OF 1911 In RELATION TO HEALTH.

show a continued fall, there being only five cases of scarlet fever,
one of diphtheria, and one of enteric fever.

July.—This month was characterised by exceptionally fine,
dry weather with high barometer, high mean temperature, low
rainfall, drought, and brilliant sunshine. The average of the
barometric readings was 29.799 inches; the mean temperature,
60.1 deg. F.; the humidity, 79 per cent.; the rainfall, 1.67
inches ; and the rainy days, 14. The total deaths were 54, giving
a rate of 11.201 per 1000. The average death-rate was 14.463,
and the expected deaths were 70. The principal diseases con-
tributing to the rate were again the circulatory, cerebral hamorr-
hage, and phthisis. Pneumonia continued low, and bronchitis
did not appear in the list of causes of death. Neither did the
ordinary digestive diseases, though the diarrhceal diseases were
at their maximum for the year. There was an increase of infec-
tious diseases, the scarlet fever cases being 10, diphtheria six,
and one case of enteric fever was reported.

August.—The conditions in this month were very similar to
those of July, though perhaps as a whole the weather was of a
breezier character. The warmth was, nevertheless, without pre-
cedent in the records of the county, though there was some
prevalence of winds from the north-east. The average of the
barometric readings was 29.644 inches; the mean temperature
59.6 deg. F.; the humidity, 86 per cent.; the rainfall, 2.93
inches; and the rainy days, 13. The deaths were 43, giving a
rate of 8.919 per 1000 (the lowest of the year). The average

~ death-rate was 13.289, and the expected deaths 64. Circulatory

disease mortality was near its minimum (the actual minimum

having occurred in March). Cancer mortality rose considerably

above the July figure. Digestive diseases again appeared in the
list, with a rate approximating that of June (the maximum).
Pneumonia was at its minimum, and the rate from bronchitis was

again nil. Scarlet fever and diphtheria again* receded, there

being seven cases of the former and one of the latter.

September.—During a considerable part of this month the —

fine warm weather continued, but towards the end it became cool,
changeable, and showery. The long-continued drought told
heavily on many of the water supplies, and caused some anxiety.

The average of the barometric readings was 29.702 inches, the —
mean temperature 52.3 deg. F., the humidity 88 per cent., the

WEATHER OF 1911 IN RELATION TO HEALTH. 205

rainfall 2.39 inches, and the rainy days 11. The deaths were 62,
the rate being 13.290 per 1000. The average death-rate was
11.493, and the expected deaths 54. Circulatory diseases con-
tinued to yield the heaviest mortality, but the rate from this
cause was the fourth lowest of the year. The cancer mortality
rate was very slightly above that for August. The figure for
phthisis (1.072) was slightly below that for the year (1.110).
Pneumonia showed an increase on August, but remained low, and
bronchitis re-appeared in the list of causes of death. The cases
of scarlet fever were eight, and of diphtheria three.
October.—From the Ist to the 19th the weather was anti-
cyclonic in character with a prevalence of winds from easterly
points, a high barometer, low rainfall, and rather low mean
_ temperature. With the latter date the long-continued drought of
1911 came to an end after lasting for about four months. From
then to the 3lst there were frequent wind and rain storms. The
average of the barometric readings was 29.597 inches, the mean
temperature 45.9 deg. F., the humidity 86 per cent., the rainfall
_ 4.09 inches, and the rainy days 11. The total deaths were 64,
giving a rate of 13.275 per 1000, practically equal to the average
tate 13.243, so that the expected deaths tallied exactly with the
~ actual number (64). The phthisis mortality was at its maximum
(1.659) as in January. It was the principal contributor to the
death-rate, being in excess of the circulatory disease mortality.
After these came cancer and cerebral hemorrhage. Pneumonia
and bronchitis continued low, as did also diarrhceal and digestive
diseases. Cases of scarlet fever and diphtheria began to increase,
there being sixteen of the former and twelve of the latter.
November.—The cyclonic conditions of the latter end of
October continued until the 19th of November, after which until
the end the weather was more favourable, but over the whole
month the barometer was low, the rainfall high, the mean tem-
perature about normal. The prevailing winds during the first
part were from westerly points, during the latter from northerly
and easterly. The average of the barometric readings was 29.303
inches, the mean temperature 40.7 deg. F., the humidity 88
per cent., the rainfall 5.98 inches, and the rainy days 20. The
deaths were 70, giving a rate of 15.005 per 1000, which is very
Slightly in excess of the average, 14.903, so that the actual
number of deaths is one above the expected, 69. The mortalities

206 WEATHER OF 1911 IN RELATION TO HEALTH.

from circulatory diseases, pneumonia, bronchitis, and cancer
were high; those from phthisis, diarrhcea, and other digestive
diseases low. Phthisis mortality was at its minimum for the year.
Cases of diphtheria increased, but those of scarlet fever fell,
there being twenty of the former and eleven of the latter.

December.—This month according to the meteorological
office was the most disturbed, wettest, and stormiest month of
the year over the United Kingdom, and this holds true of Dum- —
friesshire. The barometer was low. Winds frequently ap- —
proached the force of a gale. They were chiefly from the south-
west, so that the month though wet and stormy, was unusually mild,
the mean temperature being at least 3 deg. F. above the average.
At many of the rainfall stations it was noted that the greater
portion of the rainfall occurred during the night. The average
of the barometric readings was 29.230 inches, the mean tempera-
ture 40.9 deg. F. (slightly greater, it will be observed, than that
for November), the humidity 91 per cent., the rainfall 7.89
inches, and the rainy days 27. The total deaths were 86, giving
a rate of 17.838, which is somewhat in excess of the average,
16.275, so that the actual deaths are more than the expected
number (78). The pneumonia and bronchitis mortalities—the
chief contributors to the death-rate—were considerably above
that from circulatory diseases. Cerebral hemorrhage and cancer
were next in order, and were followed at no great distance by
whooping-cough, which was particularly prevalent in many parts
of the county at this time. The cases of scarlet fever were
seventeen and of diphtheria fifteen.

The averages of the barometric readings for the year at each
of the four stations were:—Eskdalemuir, 29.090 inches ; Drum-
lanrig, 29.743; Dumfries, 29.781; and Comlongon, 29.864.
There were eight months in which the mean pressure was greater
than the yearly mean, three (October, November, and December) -
in which it was less, and one (April) in which the figures closely
corresponded. The mean temperatures for the year were:—at
Eskdalemuir, 45 deg. F.; at Drumlanrig, 47.6 deg. F.; at Dum-
fries, 48.4 deg. F.; and at Comlongon, 48.6 deg. F.—giving an
average over the county of 47.4 deg. F. The mean of all
the maximum readings of the thermometer was 54.5 deg. F.
The mean of all the minimum 40.2 deg. F. The absolute
highest temperature recorded was 89 deg. F., which was observed

WEATHER OF 1911 IN RELATION TO HEALTH. 207

at Drumlanrig on 12th July; the lowest 16 deg. F., and this
was the reading both at Eskdalemuir and Drumlanrig on Ist
February. ‘The aggregate rainfalls were 60.93 inches at Esk-
dalemuir ; 49.69 at Drumlanrig ; 37.34 at Dumfries ; and 36.75 at
Comlongon. I am able by the courtesy of Mr H. C. Irving,
Convener of the County, Provost Halliday, and Mr Lyall to
give the rainfalls of three other stations, viz., Burnfoot, Eccle-
fechan, Lochmaben, and Ewes, the yearly aggregate of these
being 39.20, 37.40, and 53.48 inches respectively. The falls for
the seven stations give an average of 44.97 inches. The rainfall
over seventy-three stations of the Scottish Meteorological Society
averaged 38.88 inches. There was a long drought, as already
indicated in the monthly notes, from about the middle of May
to the middle of October, but the question whether this year as
a whole was a dry one would provoke very varying answers. At
Dumfries the fall was 0.91 inches below its average; at Drum-
lanrig it was 5 inches above. The rainfall over the seventy-
three stations in Scotland was like that at Dumfries, just 0.91
inches below its average. The observations on wind directions
show that 21 per cent. of these were from easterly points, more
particularly north-east; 49 per cent. from westerly, the greater
number from south-west; 6 per cent. from due north; the same
proportion from due south ; and 18 per cent. were variable.

To turn now to the vital statistics, the total number of deaths
was 810, and the rate per 1000 14.270. This is below the
average of the previous ten years (15.5035), a point which may
be otherwise and more plainly expressed by saying that the
“expected” deaths were 880, or seventy more than the actual
number, so that 70 lives have been continued into 1912 which
might on these calculations have been expected to come to an
end in 1911. How far this may have been due to seasonal
influences it is difficult to say, and as so many factors go to the
making of a death-rate one must be careful not to make one’s
‘inferences too wide. An examination of the monthly figures of
actual and expected deaths brings out one or two points of
interest. During eight months, January, February, March, May,
June, July, August, and October the actual number of deaths
was less than the expected by 101, while in the four remaining
months, April, September, November, and December, the
actual exceeded the expected by 31. The months in which the

208 WEATHER AND NaAtTuRAL History NOTEs.

death-rates were low were months which were characterised by
a fairly high barometer, the average of the readings being in
each case above the yearly mean. The high barometer is usually
indicative of favourable and settled weather. They also with
the exception of October showed a fairly high mean temperature.
Both of these are certainly favourable to a low death-rate. Of
the four months with high death-rates April showed a barometric
pressure about average, a low mean temperature, “ intense cold
being sometimes experienced during the day,” and a comparatively
high rainfall. The barometer in September was a little above the
yearly mean ; the earlier part of the month was fine and warm, but
the latter part cool, changeable, and showery, and the mean tem-
perature was considerably below its average. Usually this month
exhibits the lowest death-rate of the year, but in 1911 it changed
places in this respect with August. November and December were
both unsettled months with low barometric readings and high
rainfalls. Though the temperature of November was about
normal, and that of December considerably above, the wet and
unsettled weather seems to have been a prolific cause of catarrhs
and chills, and the fatalities from such diseases as pneumonia,
bronchitis, and whooping-cough were particularly high, more
especially in December, when they were at their maximum, the
combined rates amounting to 6.85 per 1000. The next highest
combined rate (4.07) was in April, and both months contrast
greatly in this respect with July and August, when the combined
death-rates from these causes were considerably below one per
1000.

With regard to other causes of death those from scarlet
fever, diphtheria, measles, and septic diseases were low. The
pulmonary phthisis rate was also favourable, though it does not —
show any decrease on that of 1910, when it was 1.1 per 1000. —
Its course during the year was remarkable, being at its highest
in January and October, next highest in April, and at its lowest
in November, when it was very low indeed (0.2). The malignant
disease death-rate was fairly high, especially in the month of
April. Circulatory disease mortality was at its maximum in
May, next highest in April, and at its minimum in March. —
Apoplectic diseases were most fatal in April, least so in August. —
Of other diseases subject to seasonal influences the diarrhceal
and digestive do not show high death-rates. The diarrhoeal

WEATHER AND NaAtuRAL History NOTEs. 209

diseases are usually most fatal in summer and autumn, and there
was a slight rise in the death-rate during July, but the rate in
_ October was with that of January the lowest of the year. The
fatalities from the other digestive diseases was high in June and
_ August, but otherwise generally low.

5 Among the infectious diseases the most noticeable point is
_ the increase of cases of diphtheria in October, November, and
_ December. So far as this was due to seasonal influences I think
_ it may be explained by the catarrhs of the throat caused by the
wet weather following the prolonged drought and affording suit-
_able breeding grounds for the development of the organisms
which produce the disease. A gratifying feature was the low
“mortality, there being only five deaths out of 72 cases notified
_ throughout the year.

Taking 1911 as a whole, though one or two isnthe showed
adverse weather conditions and high death-rates, it cannot be
said to have been unfavourable to health, and this is borne out
_ by the figures given as well as by the low general death-rate.

RAINFALL RECORDS FOR THE SOUTHERN COUNTIES.

210

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212 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN DUMFRIES.

ABSTRACT OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS TAKEN

Station 155 feet

Baro- AIR TEMPERATURE. HYGROMETER. fey
meter. : 3 4 .
we =
Mean of Absolute Maximum and} Mean at 9 a.m, Lo |
ES F od z Minimum. and 9 p.m. E
Month. | 22] A. | B. | 3 | € : Bigs
Le ee a Uneeiai a es ag
7 : © & ; 3 F - |2 : 3 ea)
eau/ 8 | e|/S2\8el8!| 28] 3 | 4 eales|S Eee
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aa8 % a a ge * as 7 i=) n | SE Re 5 Berl
ie a=] 55] q a <j a
Beesi= (S*) 2 a iS) 3 el 3 | e0° sea
Inch. | deg. | deg. | deg. | deg. | deg deg deg. | deg) Inch| %
January... | 30-082 | 44:1 | 35°7| 39°9| +1°6| 52 | 26th | 24 {23th | 39-7} 1-4] -216| 98
(17th 31st
February | 29-860 | 44:7 | 33°8 | 39°3 | +0°2 | 51 ae 20} 1st |390]1°5| -209| 88
28
Mareh_ .. | 29°797 | 45:8 | 34°7 | 40°3| -0°8| 52 | 2nd | 29] 13th |39°8|25]|-197| 80
3rd
April .. | 29°789 | 50°8 | 37°3 | 4491] -1°9| 59 | 13th | 24] 6th | 441] 2°7| -281| 79
May .. | 29818 | 68:5 | 45°3| 54-4] +8°0| 77 |{29th | 39 | gra | 52-9 | 3°6| 308 | 77
June... | 29°799 | 65°9| 47°38] 569] 00] 80] Ist | 35} 14th | 56°3| 43) -336| 73
July —_.. | 29°960 | 69°C | 53°8 | 61-4; +2°3] 86] 12th | 42] 3rd | 60°7| 4:0} -407] 77

August .. | 29°801 | 68°7 | 52°7 | 60°7 | +2°5| 84] 13th | 45 | 30th | 60°4| 36) 412] 79
September] 29°862 | 61°6 | 45°1 | 53°4 | -1°2| 70 | 2nd 30 | 22nd | £2°9| 31} *320 | 80
October .. | 29°758 | 53°7 | 40°1 | 46°9 | -0°6 | 62 | 18th | 24 | 29th | 45°6 | 2°3 | -255 | 83

November | 29°466 | 46°8 | 36°4 | 41°6 | -0°3 | 57 | 5th 29 | 21st | 41°2) 2°1 | °215 | 84
December | 29 384 | 46°2 | 37°9 | 42°1 | +3°3] 55 | 3rd 30 | 25th | 41°6 | 1°4 | ‘233 | 90
|

AT CRICHTON Roya. InsviruTion, DumrriEs, 1911.

Total Fall.

Difference from
Average.

Inch} Inch

-1°S4
+112
—1°62
+1°09
+0°35
+1°03
-1°89
—1'15
— 2°06
-0°72
+1°36
+3°38

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN DUMFRIES.

above sea level.

| RAL AND OTHER Forms
OF PRECIPITATION.

S)
&

Day
of Month.

WEATHER.

Number of Days with

Thunderstorm.
Clear Sky.
| Overcast.

| Fog.

el Oe ay Oe ts Oe eS oe it ea aic:
nm
re

pk Oo eGo ake tc" 00). 00

hor eN 4 oO o., 0" oS © 'o
Seto Sr Soo oe et ee

WIND DIRECTIONS.

Number of Observations at

9a.m. and 9 p.m,

=
wo

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AU NS mn 9 i — ee Gant)

Pe Oo Oo WwW

Cu) Sah i) N08 — YO > a = Ta a

213

WIND
FORCE.

and 9 p.m,

Mean at 9 a.m.
Scale 0°12.

2°9

214 WEATHER AND NATURAL History NOTES

WEATHER AND NATURAL History Notes ror 1911. By Mr J.
RUTHERFORD, Jardington.

JANUARY.

The very mild and open weather of 1910 was continued
into the New Year; and during the whole of January, with the
exception of the last day, the weather was more like that of April.
There were no unusually high winds, no snow, and very little
frost. The wind for the first week was principally from the
North and North-West ; during the remainder from the South and
South-West. Temperature was above the normal; and towards
the end of the month the fields were fresh and green.

The rainfall was 1.58 inches, being the lowest record for
January since 1897. The Hazel came into bloom on the 25th—
30 days earlier than 1910. The head of the Snowdrop was
hanging over on the 15th, and came into bloom a few days later
—23 days earlier than 1910. First Daisy on the lawn on the
29th. Highest maximum temperature (in screen 4 feet above
the ground), 53 deg. on the 25th; lowest maximum, 40 deg. on
the Ist and 4th; highest minimum reading, 47 deg. on the 25th;
lowest, 18 deg. on the 31st; lowest on grass, 11 deg. on the 31st.
At or below 32 deg. in the screen on 10 days ; at or below 32 deg.
on the grass on 23 days. Highest barometer reading, 30.75
inches (which was very high) on the 31st ; lowest, 29.5 inches on
the 5th. This was the only day that it was below 30 inches
during the month.

FEBRUARY.

The first twelve days of this month were simply a continu-
ance of the dry, calm, settled weather which began about the
middle of January, being exceptionally mild for February. With
the birds singing in the morning and a little green on the fields,
everything had the appearance of Spring. From the 16th there
followed squally, stormy, changeable, disagreeable weather till
the end of the month. There were some strong winds during this
time, but none sufficiently high to do much damage in this —
locality. There were no heavy floods, no continued hard frost, :
and no snow, so that the “dyke was black ’’ throughout. First
Crocus came into bloom on the “ terrace ’’ on the 18th ; Coltsfoot —
on the 24th—both much earlier than 1910. Highest maximum —

WEATHER AND NATURAL History NOTES. 215

temperature, 52 deg. on a number of days ; lowest, 36 deg. on the
2nd ; highest minimum, 46 deg. on 16th; lowest, 18 deg. on the
; Ist. At and below 32 deg. on the grass on 21 days, and 10 days
in the screen. Rainfall, 4.36 inches. Barometer—lowest,
29 inches ; highest, 30.72.

Marcu.

Came in with a fine bracing clear air and sunshine and a
rather strong westerly breeze—a mixture of “lion and lamb ”’
combined. The 7th was specially mild and warm, with bright
sunshine. Larks, Lapwings, Curlews, hedges and gooseberry
bushes, were all voicing Spring, and our heart was in sympathy
with their song. After the first week rougher weather was noted.
After the 11th till the end of the month there was a continuance
of very cold, biting wind from the East and North-East, which
checked all growth, kept the fruit buds from coming forward,
and took all the green from the fields—a proverbial withering
March wind. The fields, which were fresh and green at the end
of February, had a grey and barren appearance at the end of
March. ‘The rainfall was low, which allowed the farmers a good
opportunity for getting the land ready for the seed. On the Ist
the crows were noisy enough at their nests at Newton Rookery.
Flowers came into bloom earlier than in 1910. Lesser Celan-
dine on the 2nd; Anemone on the 10th; Flowering Currant on
the 30th. Sowing corn began on the 22nd, with the ground in
nice condition. Highest maximum temperature, 55 deg. on the
7th ; lowest, 43 deg. on the 14th; highest minimum reading, 46
deg. on the 2nd; lowest, 28 deg. on the 12th. Lowest tempera-
ture on the grass, 20 deg. on the 12th. There were 9 days in
the screen when 32 deg. and under was registered, and 22 on

the grass. Highest barometer reading, 30.4 inches; lowest,
29.7.

APRIL.

The cold, dry, barren weather which began in the middle of
March continued with us till the 12th of this month, when with a
change of wind from the East and North-East to the West and
South-West a change for the better in the weather set in. This
was followed on the 15th with nice refreshing rain (April showers),
_ which continued every day till the end of the month. With the
moisture and genial heat, the progress of vegetation was rapid,

216 WEATHER AND NaTuRAL History NOTEs.

and by the end of the month the grass was quite green and full
of promise, and the fruit trees were in full bloom. There was
thunder on the 29th. Flowers came into bloom a few days
earlier than 1910. Primrose on the 8th; Jargonelle Pear on the
10th ; Dog Violet on the 12th; Blackthorn on the 14th; Wood
Sorrel on the 20th; Cuckoo Flower on the 21st. Willow Wren
first seen on the 17th; Sand Martin, 19th, which was about their
usual time. First Swallows seen at Lincluden House on the
22nd (pioneers). Highest maximum temperature in shade, 58
deg. on a number of days; lowest, 44 deg. on the 4th; highest
minimum reading, 47 deg. on the 21st; lowest, 25 deg. on the
5th. Lowest on grass, 20 deg. on the 5th. Number of days on
which the temperature on the grass was at 32 deg. and under, 10;
number in the screen, 6. Highest barometer reading, 30.45
inches ; lowest, 29.3 inches.

May.

“May morn ’’ the ground was covered with white frost, which
thawed when the sun rose, and left an abundance of May dew.
A single (pioneer) swallow was singing cheerily on the house-
top at ll a.m. On the 3rd there was a cyclonic storm of wind
and rain of considerable violence. Taken as a whole, May was ~
a month of Spring and Summer: sunshine, with a fair amount of —
shower, with high temperature and high barometer, particularly
near the end. From the 17th there was a warm, genial atmos- —
phere, with some thunder, which produced a luxuriant growth.
In my notes on the 24th I find those words:—*‘ The world is —
very beautiful.’’ The last five days were very warm, the tem-
perature in the shade averaging 81 deg. There was thunder on |
the 13th, 14th, 26th, 27th, and 31st. Sowing turnips on the
12th. Blenheim Orange Apple came into bloom on the Ist;
Garden Strawberry on the 12th; Wild Hyacinth on the 13th; _
Lilac on the 14th; Chestnut on the 14th ; Hawthorn on the 16th; —
Ox Eye Daisy on the 26th; Wild Rose on the 31st. Saw first
small White Butterfly on the 9th; heard Corncrake on the 15th; _
saw first Wasp on the 19th. Highest maximum temperature, —
82 deg. on the last three days ; lowest, 52 deg. on the 3rd; highest —
minimum, 58 deg. on 31st; lowest, 29 deg. on the Ist. Lowest
temperature on the grass, 27 deg. on the 3rd. Number of days

WEATHER AND NATURAL History NOTEs. O17

j
: when the temperature on the grass was 32 deg. and under, 2; in
, the screen, 1.

JUNE.

Brilliant sunshine, heat, and drought were the leading
features of the weather during the first seventeen days. The tem-
perature in the shade for the first eight days averaged over 80
deg., which was 10 or 12 deg. above the average. It reached
the highest point, 88 deg., on the 7th. The wind was prin-
cipally from the South-East, with a high and steady barometer.
The wind continued mostly in the South-East until the 16th, and
during this time there was no rain, and vegetation suffered for
want of moisture. Pastures were getting burned, and a great
quantity of turnips either failed to braird or, after brairding, died
away, and sowing over again was very general. From the 16th
till the end of the month rain fell (less or more) on most days,
but not sufficient in quantity ; and during that time the tempera-
ture was lower than at the beginning of the month, and the
_ crops were not much benefited. On the 22nd, the day of the
Coronation of King George the Fifth and Queen Mary, the
weather in the morning was cold and stormy, with a maximum
temperature of 61 deg. in the shade, and the two following days
were more like April than June. Corn began ragging on the
24th, two days earlier than 1910; cut ryegrass hay (a heavy crop)
on the 14th and 15th, which was secured in fine condition.
_ Thunder on the 4th and 18th. Saw first Cleg on the 7th; first
Meadow Brown Butterfly on the 18th. Honeysuckle came into
bloom on the 10th. Highest maximum temperature, 88 deg. on
the 7th ; lowest, 60 deg. on the 21st and 24th; highest minimum,
56 deg. on the 8th; lowest, 36 deg. on the 10th. Lowest on the
grass, 29 deg. on the 14th, when potatoes on some low-lying
‘ground got a little nip of frost. Temperature on the grass at
32 deg. and under on the 10th, 13th, and 14th. Range of baro-
“meter was between 29.6 inches and 30.6.

Juty.

This month left behind it an extraordinary record of weather.
‘The first week was rather cold, with a West and South-West
wind, and steady barometer about 30.35 inches, with fine sunshine
. and no rain. From the 7th till the 14th there was an extra-

218 WEATHER AND NATURAL History NOTEs.

ordinary heat wave. On the grass and exposed to the sun the
thermometer registered 126 deg. at 4 p.m. on the llth. The
same thermometer has been in the same position for 25 years,
fully exposed to the afternoon sun, and registered to 135 deg.
It burst with the heat on the 12th. The heat required to do this
would evidently be at least 135 deg. A record temperature was
recorded on the 12th and 13th, when 92 deg. in the shade was
registered on both days. Observing the very high temperature,
I thought perhaps the sun’s rays might be reflected in some way
through the slanting bars of the screen; but I found on covering
the whole screen with a cloth that it in no way altered the reading.
As no rain fell till the 16th, and under an inch and a half till the
end of the month, grass, corn, and turnips all suffered; but on
heavy land in good condition they did not suffer to the same
extent as they did on land which was poor and light. Com-
menced cutting meadow hay on the 3rd; a good crop, secured
in fine condition without getting any rain. In my experience of
haymaking (in a small way), which extends to over 30 years, I
have not seen anything to compare with the haymaking of 1911.
The strong, bright sunshine dried the hay so quickly that on one
or two days hay that was cut in the morning was quite ready to
go into the hay-shed on the afternoon of the following day, just
about as green as when cut. ‘The Harebell came into bloom on
the 7th, two days later than 1910; Black Knapweed on the 11th,
eight days earlier. Highest maximum temperature, 92 deg. on
the 12th and 13th; lowest, 62 deg. on the Ist and 17th; highest
minimum, 62 deg. on the 29th; lowest reading, 42 deg. on the ~
9th. Lowest temperature on the grass, 35 deg on the 2nd,
Barometer was high and steady: Lowest, 29.8 inches; highest,
30.7. Thunder on the 29th and 30th. The wind was prin- |
cipally from the West, South, and South-West.

AUGUST.

There was a continuance of the fine, warm, sunny weather, —
quite charming to all except farmers and others whose water —
supply for domestic purposes was getting very low and in many
cases stopped altogether. There was some rain which fell during:
the first and last week; but the quantity was not sufficient to —
benefit vegetation to any great extent or to increase the diminishing ~

WEATHER AND NATURAL History NOTES. 219

ewe

_ water supply. Until the last week the fields had a dry and parched
appearance, when, with the little rain which fell, a slight green
came on. Corn cutting began on the 8th, and as no rain fell
from that date till the 25th, and only a small quantity during the
last days, with brilliant sunshine and a fair good wind from
East and North-East, corn was ready for going into the stack in
a short time ; and although in many cases it was less in quantity,
it was excellent in quality. Cut clover on the 16th. I think it
was the most beautiful crop I ever saw—just a complete cover
of purple bloom. Wasps were exceedingly numerous, destroying
a lot of fruit, particularly the finer varieties of apples, plums, etc.
Thunder on the 14th, 28th, and 29th. Highest maximum tem-
perature, 87 deg., on the 13th and 14th; lowest, 65 deg., on the
25th. Highest minimum, 60 deg., on the 8th; lowest minimum,
42 deg., on the 16th; lowest on grass, 39 deg., on the 30th.
Wind during first and last week was principally from the S.W.
Barometer between 29.8 and 30.35 inches.

SEPTEMBER.

Delightful, warm weather; and great want of rain was also
the leading feature of the weather of September. A little rain
fell in the last week, and the temperature was a little lower.
There was a great want of water in many districts, and in many

cases there was a good deal of difficulty and inconvenience in
procuring it. Saw Brook’s Comet on the 4th and on many
subsequent evenings. In my notes on the 19th I find “Fine
seeing, nucleus about white, tail fan-shaped, and about 6 to 8 deg.
Highest maximum thermometer, 73 deg., on several days;
lowest, 53 deg., on the 29th. Highest minimum, 55 deg. ;
lowest, 30 deg., on the 21st ; lowest on the grass, 28 deg., on the
Ist, at 32 deg. or under on the grass on two days. Range of
barometer between 29.5 and 30.4 inches. Wind mostly from
the West and South-West. Thunder on the 11th.

OCTOBER.

_ Although some rain fell in the last week of September,
grass did not improve. No rain fell in October till the 19th,
and during that time there was a withering North, North-East,
_ and South-East wind. 34 inches of rain fell from the 19th till

220 WEATHER AND NaTurRAL History NOTEs.

the end of the month, which made the fields look a little greener.
When the Autumn set in it was naturally expected, after the
exceptional warm Summer, with so much heat in the ground,
that when sufficient rain came there would be a fine Autumn
growth, but in this there was disappointment. On the 29th
1.29 inches of rain fell, when the Cluden filled its banks for the
first time since the last week in April. There was a record crop
of “ Acorns,’’ and in this and other localities several cattle died —
rather suddenly, and I would not be surprised to know that eating
too many Acorns was the cause. Our sheep fed on them every
day without taking any harm. Potato digging was mostly |
finished before the rain came, and turned out a good average |
crop, fairly free from disease and nice and clean. Last Swallow
was seen on the 2nd. Highest maximum temperature was —
68 deg. on the 20th; lowest, 44 deg., on the 26th and 27th.
Highest minimum, 52 deg., on the 20th; lowest, 22 deg., on —
the 28th; lowest on the grass, 20 deg., on the 28th; at 32 deg.
or below on the grass on 10 days; ditto in the screen on 7 days. —
The wind was principally from the North, North-East, and
South-East. During the first 17 days the Barometer continued
high, between 30.6 and 30.1 inches; to the end between 29.3
and 30 inches.

NOVEMBER.

From the beginning till the 17th was wet and stormy. A
gale of exceptional severity broke over the country in the early
hours of the 5th, causing considerable damage to buildings,
woods, and shipping. The wind was from the West and South-
West. From the 17th till the end of the month was cold and
wintry, with very little rain. The rain during the early part was
sufficient to raise the springs, and bring the water supply up to
about its normal state. Although there was a good deal of cold,
wet, stormy weather, the average temperature was a good deal
higher than 1910. There was very little frost, and just a trace
of snow on the 28th. The total rainfall, 5.33 inches, was the
highest for November in my record of 18 years. The principal
work on the farm was storing turnips. This crop in its early
stages on many farms had a very unfavourable appearance, and
suffered considerably from drought and mildew during the
Summer; but when the rain came it recovered wonderfully, and

WEATHER AND NATURAL History NOTEs. 221

_ lifted in many places a full average crop. Highest maximum
_ temperature, 55 deg., on the 4th; lowest, 41 deg., on several
_ days. Highest minimum, 46 deg., on the 14th; lowest, 25 deg.
Number of days with temperature on the grass at 32 deg.
and under, 13; ditto in the screen, 10. Barometer between
29 and 30.2 inches during the first week. .The wind was
mostly from the West and South-West; during the remainder
principally from the East and North-East.

DECEMBER.

The weather of this month was also remarkable in many
ways. It had a very high average temperature; it was very
mild; almost no frost; just a trace of snow on one morning.
The heaviest rainfall in my record for December, 8.44 inches.
It rained (less or more) almost every day. For the last ten days
the fields were nice and green, and cattle went out to the grass
a good part of the day, which helped to save fodder and turnips ;
and should an early Spring follow there may be sufficient to
carry stocks through till the grass comes. On the 12th the
great Indian Coronation Durbar was celebrated, and Delhi
again proclaimed the capital; and by a singular coincidence,
within twenty-four hours, the P. and O. liner named the Delhi,
with the Princess Royal, the Duke of Fife, and their two
daughters on board, was wrecked on the coast of Morocco.
Highest maximum temperature, 53 deg., on the 17th; lowest,
deg., on the 8th. Highest minimum, 48 deg., on the 17th;
lowest, 28 deg., on the 22nd. Number of days with tempera-
ture on the grass at 32 deg. or under, 16. Barometer between
28.8 and 30.3 inches.

Note I.

In regard to Trees, Shrubs, and Plants (noted in this paper)
mming into bloom, the individual Trees and Shrubs and the
lants growing in the same situation are noted from year to

ne corolla is fully opened up it is then noted as being in bloom.
All other notes in this paper in regard to Weather, etc. (except
here otherwise mentioned), apply to this immediate locality.

222 WEATHER OF 1911 In RELATION TO HEALTH.

RAINFALL, 1911.

Rain Gauge :—Diameter of Funnel, 5 in. Height of top—
Above ground, 1 foot; above sea level, 70 ft.

Month. Total Depth. | Greatest Fall in 24 hours. ert oD yi

more recorded.

OTH Inches. Inches. Date. ees
January : : 10 15
February ... 4°36 Ao 18 19
March Bas “97 27 3 9
April .. as 3°73 “48 25 16
May ... si 2°66 ‘73 3 14
June.. ine Rev 151 iy 12
July ... = 1-34 “64 27 13
August... 2-68 81 31 13
September ... 1:55 “40 29 10
October i 3°53 1-29 29 12
November ... 5°33 73 3 20
December ... 8:44 ao 10 28
Total, | 39-44 er

Rainfall, 1911.—The average Rainfall for the last 18 years
was 39.17 inches, so that 1911 was .24 inches over. The large
amount which fell in November and December making up for
the deficiency during the summer. The following question,
which has been in my mind for a long time, I will leave with
our members :—Is the well-known influence of the Sun and Moon
and Ocean currents on the rotating Earth, sufficient to account
for our weather conditions?

Norte II.

The year 1911 will long be remembered and referred to as
having been one of the most remarkable years on record. First,
in regard to its weather; for its long-continued drought, which
continued throughout the Summer and into the Autumn; its un-

WEATHER AND NATURAL History NOTEs. 223

exampled sunshine, brilliancy, and heat; and the scarcity of
water in many places for stock and domestic purposes.

In a paper read at a meeting of the Royal Microscopic
Society by Mr C. Harding—“ From statistics gathered from the
various observing stations of the British Isles, compared with the
Greenwich Records back to 1841’’ (from facts thus brought
together)—the writer showed that as far as Temperature was
concerned, the Summer of 1911 was “unique.’’ “The mean
temperature for the summer was higher than for any similar
period during the last 70 years, so many hot days during the
summer have never before been recorded. That the rainfall
for the three summer months has only been smaller in three
previous years during the last seventy; and also that the dura-
tion of sunshine was greater than in any previous summer since
the introduction of sunshine recorders in 1881.’’ I give these
notes from Mr Harding’s paper because he has access to very
old records, while mine only go back 18 years. The year was
also remarkable as being the Coronation year, for its political
events, and for the number of Comets observed—eight having
been seen, four of which were visible to the naked eye.

15th March, 1912.
Chairman—M. H. M‘Kerrow, Esq., Treasurer.

Some Loca AND OTHER PLANT Names. By Mr S. ARNOTT,
BOR. ES.

On two former occasions I have endeavoured to collect and
_ to relate some of the popular plant names current in the district,
together with some of the appellations of the same plants in other
districts. At the request of your Secretary I have again taken up
the subject, although I fear I have already occupied too much
; of your time with the question, and have already monopolised too
many of the pages of the Society’s “Transactions ’’ with what
must appear to some as subjects too trivial for consideration.
Yet I venture to think that they are at least as worthy of con-
sideration as many others which have been presented to the
Society. I may state that the former papers were read in the

224 Some Locat PLant NAMEs.

Sessions of 1904-5 and 1910-11, the first appearing in N.S., Vol.
XVII., part 5, and the second will be found in the last issue—
N.S., Vol. XXIII., pp. 195-201.

I fear on this occasion that I have little to add, as my oppor-
tunities of collecting the colloquial plant names are not now so ~
frequent as before.

A common garden plant, frequently seen in gardens, both
old and new, is the Aconitum, generally known here as the
Monkshood, a name current over a great part of the country. It
is so called because of the resemblance of the flower to the cowl
of amonk. A variant is that of Friar’s Cap; still another, quite
appropriate also, being Helmet Flower. <A Scottish name which.
I have not heard in our own district is Luckie’s Mutch. The last
British name is that of Wolf’s Bane, the plant being said to be
effectual in warding off wolves, or, at least, in poisoning them.
In passing, I may mention that this is well known as a poisonous:
plant, and that a man of my acquaintance once informed me that
it was so powerful that if he worked at it he felt his heart slightly
affected. I cannot corroborate the statement. This plant has —
similar names to most of the above in different European lan- —
guages, that of an.equivalent to Monkshood being the most
common.

I wonder if any one in this neighbourhood has ever heard the ©
name of “Guild Tree’’ applied to the Berberis, which I have
always heard called the Barberry? That of Guild Tree is appar-
ently a corruption of Gold or Gilt Tree. It is called Yellow Tree —
in some parts of England. Is Barberry simply a corruption of
the botanical name of Berberis? We are told that the name of
Berberis is originally derived from the Arabic word, signifying
hollow, on account of the hollow leaf; but, according to others, —
it means wild. ;

Coltsfoot is the ordinary term in use, so far as I am aware,
for Tussilago Farfara; but I believe that in different parts it is _
called Foalsfoot, Son afore the Father, Assesfoot, Horsehoof, —
Bullsfoot, Cowheave (probably a corruption of Cowhoof), and
Dovedock. Names of similar meaning are given to it in some
of the continental countries. Shellago is also employed here.

I have been rather interested in having found more colloquial -
Scottish and English names for the Goosegrass, or Robin-run-the-
hedge, than I had expected, and additional to those I have pre-

Some Locat PLANT NAMES. 225

viously noted. It is called in some parts, but not here, so far
as I know, Lizzy-run-the-hedge, Goosebill, Catch-weed (presum-
ably so named because of the manner in which it adheres to the
garments of those who come in contact with it), Bluid-tongue
(from its roughness doubtless), Scratchweed, Cleavers, Jack-in-
the-way, Goosewort, Beggar Man, Loveman, Catch Rogue, Grip
Grass, Sticky Willie, and a curious word, Harriff, which is, I
observe, said to mean Hedge Robber.

The Speedwell, Veronica Chameedrys, I have always heard
called the Germander ; but it has one highly poetic name. This
is Angel’s Eyes. The same idea is to be found with Milkmaid’s
Eyes ; although one would hardly expect to find that Cat’s Eye is
yet another one. Paul’s Betony is, I think, quite unknown here,
and Fluellin or Fluelling is a term which has long, I believe,
been out of date here, if indeed it ever was current in this part
of the kingdom.

Everybody, I expect, knows the common Yarrow, Achillea
Millefolium, by the former name in this locality, but others for
it in different parts are Hundred-leaved Grass and Thousand-
_leaved Grass. Nosebleed is a name supposed to have been
applied to the Yarrow through a blunder of some of the old
herbalists, the true Nosebleed having been the Horsetail. It was -
said to cause bleeding if put in the nose, and to “cure the
megrims.’’ It was also employed as a love divining plant in the
East of England, where a girl would tickle the inside of one of
her nostrils with a leaf, repeating :—

“Varroway, Yarroway, wear a white blow ;
If my love love me, my nose will bleed now.’’

One of our common plants is the wild Orchis; but I cannot
say that I have ever heard any popular name for this plant,
which has several in other parts, except one which came to me
‘through an inquiry the other day from one of our most valued
members, Mr J. T. Johnstone, of Moffat, who asked me if I knew
what Orchid had applied to it the name of Dodgill Reepans, said
to be a Galloway term for one of the genus. This I was unable

226 Some LocaL PLANT NAMES.

latifolia, another species, has the name of Cockskames also, and
is, in addition, Deil’s Foot, Deadman’s Fingers, Cain and Abel,
Adam and Eve, and Foolstones. One would hardly think it
possible that any other terms were left for the Spotted Orchis,

O. maculata ; but ingenuity has ordered it otherwise, as, although .

it again is Foolstones, it is also called Hand Orchis, Adder-grass,
Henskames, and Deadman’s Hand.

I suppose we all know the Vinca, or Periwinkle, as simply
the latter, Periwinkle; but an old name for it was Pervinkle,
and it has also been called Sorcerer’s Violet, and has, in addition,
with a slight variation, the name of the Ground Ivy, Nepeta
Glechoma, and has claimed that of “Ivy of the Ground.”’

The Groundsel is nowhere in our district known by any
other name than this; but I am informed that in some parts it
is Grundy Swallow and Simon Sention. The former appears to
be derived from the Anglo-Saxon Grundswelge, which meant
“earth-swallower.’’ The latter part of that of Simon Sention
would appear to come from or to be allied to the French Senegon,
which is near the Latin Senecio.

The Fumitory is pretty well known to everyone, and the
name of Earth-smoke may not be forgotten by some, as it is
really conveyed in that of Fumitory. The French is Fume terre,
and expresses the smoke-like appearance of the plant when in
bloom. A curious name, which is probably suggested by the
appearance of the flowers taken singly, is that of Waxdolls. An
obvious corruption either of Fumitory or of the French Fume
terre is Fumeterrie.

The Water Dock is generally known simply as that in our
part of the country; but we find elsewhere that it is Cushycows,
and also Water Patience. It is called in some parts of France —
Patience d’eau. The Cyanus, Cyanus Centaurea, is known to
some of us as the Bluebottle, but it was better recognised as the
Blawart. It is also Ragged Ladies, from the appearance of the
flowers ; Ragged Sailors; Hurtsickle, from the manner in which
it blunted the sickle in cutting the corn; Blue Cornflower, and —
Blewblaw. The Blaeberry of our district, Vaccinium myrtillus,
is the Hurtberry, Whortleberry, Huckleberry, Whurt (an evident —
abbreviation of Whortleberry, Bilberry, Myrtleberry, Wimberry,
and Blackworts), surely a sufficient variety, attesting the wide-
spread character of this little shrub. It is curious that we must

Some Locat PLANT NAMES. DAF

go to Iceland for the nearest approach to our name of Blaeberry.
It is Blaber in the Iceland tongue.

I think I have not previously mentioned in my previous
papers on plant names, though I may have done so in another
connection, that the Sempervivum, or Houseleek, in itself a
corruption, it is said, of House-like, from its being so much grown
on houses in olden times as a preventative of lightning, has for
long been called the Fooze in this district. I do not find this
in several books on the subject; but this plant 1s also called
Sengreen (meaning evergreen), Ayegreen, Birdbread, Jupiter’s
Eye, Bullock’s Eye, and Jupiter’s Beard. _Birdbread has its
equivalent in Pain d’oiseau of the French, and Jupiter’s Beard has
Barba de Giove in Italian; while the common name of House-
leek has its counterpart in the German Hauslauch, the Dutch
Huislook, the Danish Huuslog, and the Swedish Hauslok. The
Shepherd’s Purse or Shepherd’s Pouch was in olden times called
Clappe de Pouche, from the fancied resemblance of the plant to
the wallets of the beggars, who carried clappers, and had, we
are told, the nickname of “Clappe de Pouches.’’ It is also
Poor Man’s Permacetty, Ladies’ Purses, Toywort, and Pick-
purse. One of the French popular names is Bourse a pasteur.

The Rest Harrow, so called from its resistance to the opera-
tions of the husbandman, caused by its long tough roots and
stems, I have heard called Wild Liquorice, as formerly men-
tioned ; but other names not, so far as I know, current here are
Stinking Tam (from its offensive odour), Cammock, and Rest
Plough. One writer gives Petty Whin as a name for the Ononis
or Rest Harrow ; but I imagine that this is a mistake, unless it is
one of the anomalies we find in connection with popular plant
names, as the true Petty Whin is a Furze, but rare in this locality.

Since my first paper I have found some additional names for
the beautiful Briza, or Quaking Grass. Those I named were
Shakin’ Grass, Cow Quakes, Dotherin’ or Dodderin’ Dicks,
Tremlin’ Grass, and Ladies’ Hair. To these I have to add as
current elsewhere Trembling Jockey, Siller Tassels, Silvery Cow-
_ quakes, Siller Shakle, Fairy Grass, Hair Grass, Dotherin’ Docks
_ (a variation of Dotherin’ Dicks), Wagwants, Pearl Grass, Quakers
and Shakers, and Dodder Grass—surely a formidable array.

The Poppy is in our part of the world simply the “ Puppy,’’
but it bears other names, and some of these are rather interesting.

228 Some LocaL PLANT NAMES.

Among them we have Corn Rose, Cockeno, Cockscombs (com-
pare the French Coquelicot), Red Weed, Thunder Flower,
Cheesebowls, Headache, Coprose, Papig, and Jone Silverpin.
It is said that Joan’s Silverpin is, or was, applied in one part of
England to a piece of finery on a slut, and was thus used to
indicate that the Poppy, though a very beautiful flower, adorned
a worthless object. In this part of the country we are not
troubled with the Corn Poppy in the fields to the same extent
as in many other places.

The Honeysuckle seems universally called by this title in
this part of the country, but other local names in other districts
of the United Kingdom are Caprifoly, Ladies’ Fingers, Wood-
bind, Woodbine, Eglantine, and—most poetical of all—“ Lily
among Thorns.’’

Moss is almost always Fog with us, and the Turnip, when
it has not the odious corruption “Turmit,’’ is Neep, derived
without a doubt from the old Anglo-Saxon Naep. I frequently
wonder how the Onion came to be called an Ingan in this part
of the world. I dare not venture on a suggestion. The Potato —
is often the Tatty, and in some parts the Praty, both rather |
unkindly names for the useful plant they do not adorn.

The Sow Thistle is Swine Thrissel in one part of Scotland, |
and it has also been Hare’s Palace and Hare’s Lettice, not —
Lettuce be it noted, but applied with the idea of the word “let ”’
as we have it in Scripture, “ without let or hindrance.’’ It was
said that if a hare could manage to get under its leaf nothing —
would touch the animal.

Such are some further additions to a wide subject, which —
would take much enquiry and many searches to do it proper
justice.

Note.—Errata in former paper in N.S., Vol. XXIII., p. 197,
line 31, for round-leaved Bellflower read broad-leaved ; p. 198,
line 12, for Genista angelica read Genista anglica.

THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME DUMFRIES. 229

THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME DumerRiEs. By J. W. WHITELAW.

This paper was suggested to me by the somewhat paltry and
unsatisfactory nature of the very usual explanation of the place-
name “ Dumfries,” viz., “Dum,” a fort or castle, and “ Phreas,”
brushwood (the castle in the brushwood). Several other explana-
tions have been given from time to time, of which Mr Shirley has
made a collection, and he was good enough to offer to make these
available to me. I think, however, that this information will
come better from himself, and that I shall more usefully employ
my time in pressing upon you the explanation which I think is
the correct one. It seems to me that in the case of a place of the
importance of Dumfries, both historically and geographically, the
name should express some outstanding historical or geographical
fact, and if we dig deep enough into the ethnology and history of
Scotland we may find an explanation which will fulfil these condi-
tions.

We have fairly accurate knowledge of Great Britain during
the time of the Roman occupation, and we find that it was then
peopled by Britons up to the Forth and Clyde, and north of that
by Picts in the north and east, and by Scots, who had founded the
small kingdom of Dalriada, in the west. The Britons were of the
Cymric branch of the Celts, and the Picts were of the Goidelic
branch, or at least spoke that language; but experts are not
agreed regarding them, and it may even be that there was a slight
admixture among them of the pre-Celtic inhabitants who were
Iberians or Basques. The Scots were also Celts, and came from
Treland, and ultimately obtained such dominion over the whole of
the northern kingdom that they gave their name to it. There was
also a settlement of Picts in Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtown-
shire called the Niduarian Picts, of which I shall have more to
say afterwards.

When Rome was tottering to its fall there was naturally a
withdrawal of the Roman Legions from so outlying a part of
_ that great empire, and before their final departure we hear of the
- Romanised Britons being assailed from the north by the Picts and
Scots, and also on the east by a seafaring race who came from the
shores of the other side of the North Sea.

With the departure of the Roman Legions our knowledge of
_ Britain ceases for a century and a half, and when the light of

230 THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME DUMFRIES.

history again dawns we find this seafaring race, whom we now call
Anglo-Saxons, established along the east coast of England and of
the southern part of Scotland. The expression “ Anglo-Saxons ”’
is a comparatively modern appellation, and it really refers to a
confederacy of nations established along the coast from the Elb
to the Ems, if not on to the Rhine, and consisting of Saxons,
Angles, Jutes, and Frisians. Of these the Jutes seem to have
established themselves in Kent and the Isle of Wight ; the Saxons
in Essex, Middlesex, and Wessex; the Angles north of the
Humber ; and the Frisians still further north. The earlier incur-
sions seem to have been by Angles and Frisians, of which the
Angles were the more important, and ultimately gave their name
to the southern kingdom (Angle-land or England), and we find the
chronicler Procopius, who wrote in the sixth century, stating that
the races inhabitating Britain were “ Angiloi, Phrissones, and
Brittones ;” but it is right to mention that this does not refer to
the country north of the Forth and Clyde, of which he seems to
have had practically no knowledge.

In support of the view that the Frisians were the tribe who
went furthest north I may mention that the chronicler Nennius
refers to the Firth of Forth as “ Mare Fresicum,” and they and the
Angles formed the kingdom of Northumbria, running from the
Humber to the Forth, which became very powerful, and one of
the Bretwaldas or Kings of which gave his name to a stronghold
on the Frisian Sea, Edwin’s Burgh (Edinburgh). West of the
Frisians was the British kingdom of Strathclyde, with Dum
Breatan (Dumbarton) as its capital, and Caer Luel (Carlisle) as an
important place in the south, and it then consisted of the modern
counties of Westmoreland, Northumberland, Dumfries, Ayr, —
Lanark, Renfrew, and Dumbarton. On the south-west there still
remained the colony of Niduarian Picts.

The kingdom of Northumbria ultimately conquered Strath-
clyde and established its dominion over the Niduarian Picts,
who in consequence were called Gallgoidel (the Gaul or Celt
under the rule of the stranger), and it is from this name that the
modern Galloway is derived. Apparently the northern part of
Strathclyde ultimately regained their independence, but the lower
part of Strathclyde and Galloway still remained under the domina-
tion of the Saxons, and you will readily perceive that it was
essential that they should retain the lower part of Strathclyde if
they were also to retain Galloway.

.- THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME DUMFRIES. 2a:

Dunfries is the first point up the river Nith from the Solway
where there is a ford readily available for the passage of armed
men into Galloway, and it is only to be expected that at this point
there would be a fort or out-post. What is likely to be the name
given to this fort? We have an indication of how such a fort or
castle is likely to be named in Dum Breatan, to which I have
already referred, and I put forward the idea that this fort or castle
on the Nith was Dum Fries, the castle of the Frisians, who, in
the Saxon chronicles, are referred to as “ Fries” or “ Fres.” We
get some confirmation of this view in Nennius, because in giving a
list of twenty-eight important towns in Britain he mentions “ Caer
Breatan ” (which is evidently Dumbarton) and “ Caer Pheris,” of
the exact location of which we have no knowledge, but which in
my view is clearly Dumfries.

On THE NAME Dumrries. By Mr G. W. SHIRLEY.

It may serve a useful purpose to record and examine the
various suggestions that have been current in the past as to the
origin and explanation of the name Dumfries.

The earliest explanation in point of time that we have come
across is given by Dr Archbald, who sent to Sir John Sibbald
an “ Account of the Curiosities at Drumfreis,’’! which must have
been written about 1680. He stated that the name was from
“the Freezwell near the place.’’ This at once easily avoided
the main issue, and presupposed the existence and naming of a
_ well before a human habitation was made in the vicinity. The
only purpose served was to remind one that there was a well so
named. We have not found this well mentioned in any other
document, the nearest approach being “the ffreizehole.’’ Its
position is indicated in the following :—“ Item, an acker of Land
_ called the Lady Acker betwixt the ffreizehole and the passage
leading to the Craigs on the north, the lands of umqll John
_Corsane on the east and the ffreizehole runner on the south
parts. . . Item, ffive roods of land called the park of Swans
betwixt the lands pertaining to umqll John Pagan on the south,

the yeards of umqll John Johnston and George M‘Cartney on the

1 Macfarlane’s Geographical Collection. Scottish History
Society. ‘

Doe, On THE NAME DUMFRIES.

east, the loaning going to the Craigs on the north, and the said
ffriezehole on the west.” .

William Baxter, in his “Glossarium Antiquitatum,” the first
edition of which appeared in 1719, made an excellent venture

according to the most modern ideas, although Chalmers in his —

“Caledonia” (1890, v. 5, p. 45) says:—“ Baxter, who is never
at a loss for some plausible conjecture, will have Dumfries to be
merely ‘Opidum Frisonum, vel Brigantum.’ But of such excur-
sive imitations there is no end!”’

The next explanation appeared to be current during the
eighteenth century. It was that the name came from “ domus
fratrum Franciscanorum.’’ Writing in 1743, the Rev. Peter
Rae said:—*“ Those who derive its Etymon from the Franciscan
Monastery built there by Dornagilla, as if it signified as much as
domus fratrum Franciscanorum or the Friar’s House, and there-
fore write it Dumfries, do mistake it; for certainly there was a
Town there before that Monastery was erected, and it is called

Drumfries by all our ancient Writers.’’> This, one would have —

thought, was a_ sufficient reason for abandoning “ domus
fratrum,’’ yet in the third edition of the “ Encyclopedia Brit-
annica,” published in 1797, we are told that “its ancient name,
it is said by some of the Scotch historians, was Codiac; but on
what authority we cannot tell. Its present name appears to have
been derived partly from its situation and partly from the monas-
tery of the Grey Friars that formerly stood near the head of the
street called the Friar-vennel, the kitchen of which is all that

now remains; being only a corruption of Drumfriars or the
eminence of the Friary, and accordingly, till within these 40 or

50 years it was always spelt Drumfries, and not Dumfries, as

it is now for the sake of greater softness.’’? Dr Burnside in aus

MS. History (1791) and Robert Riddell of Glenriddel in a note
to Edgar’s MS. History also support this theory.

Rae himself makes another suggestion. Writing of the
Lochar Moss, he tells the following curious story, the original of —

a legend which we have come across in various forms :—

2 Disposition, Mr Peter Rae and Spouse to Robert Corsane, —

their son. 19th May, 1738.

3 Letter from the Reverend Mr Peter Rae in relation to Lochar ~
Moss. Select Transactions of the. Honourable The Society of
Improvers in the Knowledge of Agriculture in Scotland. Edin-—

burgh, 1743.

ee ea

wore =
ee i ar trai

On THE NAME DUMFRIES 233

“There was one William Wilson, a Merchant, the first Com-
piler of that useful Book, the Merchant’s Companion, (tho’ to
save himself the Expense of printing it, he allowed William
Newall, likewise a Drumfriesman born, to prefix his name
thereto), who told me that being at Lynn-Regis in England, he
fell into the company of the Captain of a ship, who, finding,
after some Conversation with him, that he was a Scotsman, born
in Nithsdale, asked him, if he knew Tinwall-Isles? Mr Wilson
told him, That he knew them very well. Upon which the
Captain said, That he had read in a Spanish History That
Tinwall-Isles were the best Harbour in Scotland.’’4 On this Rae
bases his derivation. “There is some,’’ he says, modestly,
“who bring an Argument to support this Opinion, [that the sea
flowed over Lochar Moss] from the Name of the principal Town
_ on the other side of that Moss, viz., Drumfries ; as if it signified
_ dorsum freti (the Backside of the Frith): Because Mr Buchanan,
in his History of Scotland, renders drum, dorsum, and fretum
signifies a Frith or narrow Sea: So the People who inhabit those
_ Towns above mentioned [Tinwald, Torthorwald, etc.] use yet to
call the other side beyond the Moss.”

Robert Edgar, in his MS. History, written about 1746,
gives another theory that, with a difference, still receives support.
It is, he says, from “ Dun, a rising ground or hill, and Freash
Scrogie bushes growing on it.’’ Dr Campbell, in his “Survey
of Great Britain,’’ 1791, supports this explanation.

More romantic than any of the foregoing is the derivation
suggested by the author of “ An Enquiry into the Ancient History
of Scotland,” published in 1789. “Castra Puellarum is a mere
translation of Dun-fres. Dun signifying Castellum, and Free or
Fri, Virgo Nobilis in the Icelandic Tongue.” J. Pinkerton, in
notes to Barbour’s Bruce, 1790, calls the town “ the celebrated
‘Castra Puellarum, Dun, mons, castellum; Fre, puella nobilis.”
I am at a loss to know where and why “ Castra puellarum ”’
was celebrated, unless it is the “ Castle of the Maidens ’’ in the
“Morte Darthur,” generally, I think, taken to be Edinburgh
Castle.

Chalmers in his “ Caledonia” (1824) offers the variant on

_ 4 Letter from the Reverend Mr Peter Rae in relation to Lochar
Moss. Select Transactions of the Honourable The Society of
[mprovers in the Knowledge of Agriculture in Scotland. Edin-
burgh, 1743.

234 ON THE NAME DUMFRIES.

Edgar’s derivation. “ Dunfres” must, consequently, mean the
Castle among the Shrubberies or copsewood’’ he says, after
rejecting the Dun as meaning hill, because “there is not any
hill.’? Chalmers’ view was approved by William Bennet
(“ History of Dumfries,” 1826), Joseph Duncan, the writer of the
Account of the Parish (“New Statistical Account,’’ 1834),
William M‘Dowall (“ History of Dumfries,’’ 1867), and the Rev.
R. W. Weir (“ Statistical Account of Dumfries Parish,’’ 1876).

The next effort is a reversion to Baxter’s despised derivation.
Dr W. F. Skene in his “ Celtic Scotland” (1877) took the view
that it was the Fort of the Frisians, and the Rev. J. B. Johnstone
(“ Place Names of Scotland,’’ 1891) and Sir Herbert E. Maxwell
(“ Scottish Land Names,’’ 1894) add their support to Dr Skene’s
view, so that this derivation seems to be in a fair way to holding
the field.

Turning to another aspect of the question, the pronunciation
of the name, we observe a continuous evolution. It may be
taken that at least up to the close of the sixteenth century words
were spelt in the main as they were pronounced. A collection of
the spellings of the name, though revealing many strange variants,
yet divides into three principal versions. The early writers,
that is, of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, almost without
exception spell the name “ Dunfres,” pronounced apparently
with the accent on the first syllable. About the beginning of the
fourteenth century variations become frequent, and the consonant
“yr? is added, making “Drunfres, Dronfres, and Drumfres.’”
This form settles into Drumfreis or Drumfries, and continues in
use until, as the “ Encyclopedia Britannica ” informed us, about
1750. With this spelling the accent seems to have been distri-
buted equally between the two syllables. As indicated by Rae, ~
the modern spelling began to be used about the beginning of the
eighteenth century, and, however it may be pronounced, we may
expect it to remain so as long as the printing press and the school —
insist upon a uniformity that ignores change. ]

At the present time, as far as I can judge, the process of —
lessening the force of the first syllable still continues, and the ~
second syllable is expanded. It seems now to be “ D’mfriess.’”
The whole evolution of the word appears to indicate a cumulative —
lengthening and softening of certain vowels by the inhabitants of —
the district, a feature more noticeable in some other words. ;

On THE NAME DUMFRIES. 235

The Rev. Dr J. King Hewison, of Rothesay, writes :—As a
Dumfriesian I was glad to read Mr J. W. Whitelaw’s recent essay
upon the meaning of the place-name “ Dumfries,’? also Mr
Shirley’s supplementary notes on the subject. I have had the
honour to be invited to write for the Cambridge University Pres;
a Geography of Dumfriesshire, which will be issued very shortly.
This is my opinion of the place-name under review, as stated in
_ that work :—The county (comitatus) for seven centuries has been
associated with the town of Dumfries—a place where Dunegal
and Radnulf his son held and disponed heritage about the middle
of the twelfth century. Radnulf’s charter was given at “ Dron-
fres,” which in the Gaelic tongue signifies “the ridge of the
bushes” (phreas). This corresponds with the persistent local
pronunciation “Drumfreesh.” The next form of the word is
_ Dunfres and Dunfrez (1183-8), a significant change after the dun
or fort of Dunegal, on the bushy ridge, became of paramount
importance. This form of the word “ Dunfrys ” appears in 1296,
end “ Drumfres” holds on in charters after 1329. . . . OF
_a Frisian settlement in Dumfries, which by some is supposed to
mean “ the fort of the Frisians,” there is no trace, and no record.

Dr George Neilson adds:—Clouds and darkness are thick
around the remote origins of the place-name Dumfries, and they
do not lighten even under Mr Shirley’s lucid grouping of the
various views and reasons. Of only one thing about it I am
deliberately sure and that is that nobody knows: it is guesswork
fall.

CaRLINGWARK LocH AND ITs CRANNoGS. By JAMES AFFLECK.

Carlingwark Loch has long been famous, not only for its
historical and legendary lore, but also as one of the many beauty
spots of “ Bonnie Galloway.” Surrounded by little hills, verdant
les, waving woods, green fields, and flowery meads, it seems
a liquid gem set in the midst of many coloured brilliants.
s tiny bays, jutting promontories, and the placid surface of the
(shan
With all its fairy crowds

Of islands, that together lie

As quietly as spots of sky
Among the evening clouds,

236 CARLINGWARK LOCH AND ITS CRANNOGS.

present to the “ seeing eye” a perfect picture of peace and scenic
beauty unexampled by any other loch in our island home.

It is not, however, with the esthetic aspect of the Loch that —
I have to deal, but with its past history. Carlingwark Loch is not ~
only redolent with the historical, but also hallowed by the irre-
sistible glamour of legendary lore. I have often listened to the —
traditional tale that a town lies buried in its depths, but although
taught to respect tradition, at the same time I have also learned ~
from experience to test its so-called facts with the greatest possible
care. In this particular case, however, I am not only inclined ©
to respect tradition, but also to believe that there is some founda- —
tion for the mystic legend that an ancient village lies buried under
the silt of the loch. From personal investigation, and from other
sources, I have gathered ample evidence to make out at least a
prima facie case for the existence at one time of a Crannog, or
lacustrine village, in the loch.

1. The name of the loch itself practically proves that a
Crannog at one time existed on one or two of the little islands.
Although the word “ Carlingwark ” may be open to several deriva-
tions, only one will stand the test of history and common-sense.
Sir Herbert Maxwell, in his “ Topography of Galloway,” says tha
it is derived from the Anglo-Saxon ceorla weorc, which mean
“the work of the countrymen or men,” while M‘Kerlie holds that
it is derived from the Cymric caer and //yn, meaning “ fort lake,
and if we add the Saxon adjunct weorc, which means “ work,” we
have caer-llyn-weorc, the “ fort-lake-work.” The latter derivation
is not only the oldest, but it is the most intelligible, because it
points clearly to a lake with “ fort-work,” whereas Sir Herbert’s.
derivation is obscure, because the forming of the lake itself could
not be the work of countrymen. My argument is therefore that
the name was given on account of the existence in the loch of a
Crannog, or native fort.

2. The name of the parish of Kelton also points to the exist-
ence of such a Crannog. My experience in research is that most |
of our place-names were generally given on account of some out-
standing feature or object in the vicinity. The name of the |
parish, as first found in old documents, was “ Lochelletun.” This |
was in a gift of the church so called, by Uchtred, Lord of Gallo- |
way, to Holyrood Monastery. “ Lochelletun” simply means the
“Loch-dwelling.” Further, in one of the old charters it is callec

CARLINGWARK LOCH AND ITS CRANNOGS. 237

“Keletun,” alias “Lochetun,” and in an old charter of William
the Conqueror it is called “ Cheletun.” Now both “ Keletun ” and
-“Cheletun ” are derived from the old British words, ceZ7, which
“means “wood,” and un, a “dwelling,” 7.e., a wood-dwelling.
_ One or two authorities are inclined to hold that the parish derived
its name from a church, 7.e., cid or Rill, a cell, or place for
worship, and ¢wz, a dwelling. This is not only a Gaelic and
Norse combination, but it will be seen that there is a material
‘difference between ce//, a wood, and cidl, or kill, a place for wor-
ship. However, even if it were derived from the Latin word
“cella,” it may also mean a hut. This theory, no doubt, arose
from Gordon’s “Monasticon,” where it is said that a church
existed on the side of the loch, or, as tradition has it, on the Isle.
Such a theory is untenable, because up to 1600, and even after
that date, the Isle was under water. At the same time, however,
tradition may be so far right, for a church may have existed on
the same site, and prior to the one whose ruins we see in Kelton
Churchyard, because that site was at one time practically on the
side of the loch. In fact, in 1600, that part of Midkelton
meadow, behind Halmyre Drum, was a loch distinct from Carling-
Wark, except during floods. At anyrate the overwhelming
idence points to Kelton as simply meaning in the original lan-
fuage a “ wood ” or “hut ” dwelling, or in other words a Crannog.
3. Many of the antiquities found in the parish place it beyond
loubt that Kelton was inhabited by various tribes from the “ Stone
” downwards, and it is an indisputable fact that certain of
yese tribes lived in Crannogs.

4. It is on record that canoes, hollowed out by the action of
ire, were found in the loch. These go a long way to confirm its
arly occupation by a Celtic tribe.

5. A bronze cauldron, which has been assigned to the late
eltic period, was found within a dozen yards of the supposed site
the Crannog. It was full of various articles, such as axe-heads,
ammers, bridle-bits, a small saw, etc., many of which have been
nd duplicated in other lake dwellings, or in different parts of
oo |

«6. I have spoken to gentlemen who have not only seen but
d a “ causeway ” running from the land in the direction of the
the Crannogs, and their evidence is confirmed by a writer
e “ Old Statistical Account ” of the parish. He says that this

238 CARLINGWARK [LOCH AND ITS CRANNOGS.

“ causeway ” was formed of rough stones secured by piles of oak.
This corresponds exactly with the usual “causeway” found at
nearly all other Crannogs, because it formed the basis of the gang-
way which connected these dwellings with the shore.

7. The same writer in the “Old Statistical Account” says —
that in 1765, when the loch was partially drained in order to dig
for marl, it was observed that one of the small islands—* The
Ash Island ’”—seemed to be artificial, having evidently been
formed by strong piles of wood driven into the silt, or marl, on
which were placed large frames of black oak. This clearly points
to a Crannog, because that was the manner in which Crannogs
were built.

Finally, I can corroborate this statement, because I have not
only seen the piles, but actually touched them. Whether they —
belong to a Crannog or not it is impossible to say until they are —
raised and the mortising marks examined.

Taking all these things into consideration, a strong case has
been made out for the existence of a Crannog at one time on —
Carlingwark Loch. The question, however, could soon be settled
if permission were given to raise a few of these piles or beams, —
when their antiquity and identity could easily be established by
the mortising or chisel work. This is a matter which the Dum-_
fries and Galloway Antiquarian Sociéty should take up. The
expense would be very trifling, and to establish such a fact, or
rescue such a strange phase of human life from oblivion, would,
I venture to say, be another triumph for prehistoric archaeology.
Owing to the present level of the water, it would be very difficult
to dig for relics, unless permission were obtained from the pro--
prietors to lower the loch in the summer by taking out the dam at
the Buchan Bridge. This could easily be done, and when the
investigations were completed, the dam could be replaced without
in any way injuring the loch. It has been done before, and more-
over, the loch, especially on the Public Park side, would be all
the better of being cleaned of the weeds which threaten to spoil
its beauty. And I am sure the knowledge thus to be gained of a
prehistoric people who lived and flourished more than nineteen
hundred years ago would more than compensate the proprietors
for the permission so given, because the longer the question is
left unsettled the proofs will become more and more indistinct. _

The sites of the supposed Crannogs are on the east side of

CARLINGWARK LOCH AND ITS CRANNOGS. 239

the “Fir Island,” and on the “ Ash Island,” and another little
island adjacent thereto. The largest seems to have been on the
“Fir Island,” and was connected with the shore by a gangway.
Crannogs, of course, vary in construction, according to the
exigencies of the site or the period of construction. A common
method of construction was to drive long piles of wood into the
bed of the loch, or morass, leaving their tops projecting at a uni-
_ form height above the water. On the piles were placed cross
beams so as to form a platform capable of supporting the wooden
dwellings to be erected thereon. Another method was to make
a floating raft of the stems of trees. These stems were all bound
together and covered with hazel, or brushwood, heather, bracken,
etc., mingled with stones, and then floated out till it grounded on
the shallows. When this was effected it was pinned into position
by driving piles all round it and mortising them into the frame-
work. ‘This formed the foundation for the dwelling proper. The
houses built thereon were generally round, with the roofs sloping
from the eaves to a point in the centre, and covered with heather,
bracken, etc. Where a number of them were built together, they
‘were generally connected by bridges or gangways, and thus formed
a lacustrine village.

The inhabitants of these ancient villages seem to have main-
tained themselves almost solely by the spoils of the chase. This
is corroborated by the large quantities of bones, such as the ox
(Bos longifrons), deer, goat, pig, or wild boar, wolf, fox, otter,
beaver, birds, etc., that are generally found in the refuse heaps of
these Crannogs. No doubt many of these Crannogs were in-
habited by the Se/govae (i.e., the hunters), who flourished on this
side of the Dee, at a period prior to the Roman invasion.

At that period the loch presented a very different appearance
from what it does now. The whole of the meadows from the Dee
right to Bruntstick Tollbar were part of the loch. Carlingwark
meadows were connected with the loch through what is now Marl
Street, and also through the “Gallows Slot.” This is not sur-
prising, because a rise of fifteen feet of water would accomplish
this at the present day. Even down to Timothy Pont’s survey
(1608-1620), the loch had its outlet through Cuil meadow, Cuil
ield, along the public road to Whitepark Brae, and from thence to
the Black Loch, down past Torrs farmhouse into the loch beyond,
| and from thence finally down by the Old Mill of Buittle into the

240 CARLINGWARK LOCH AND ITS CRANNOGS.

Urr. All the little islands which now adorn the loch were then
submerged to a depth of at least seven or eight feet, and only the
top of the rocky part of the Fir Island would be visible, if visible
at all. It was only in 1765 when the loch was partly drained by
the formation of the canal from the Buchan to the Dee that these
islands came prominently into view. ‘Tradition says that the Fir
Island was the site of an iron forge where Edward I. shod his
horses when passing through Galloway in 1300. It is difficult to
believe this time-honoured tradition, because at that time the
island would be practically under water. The question, however,
might be easily settled by running a trench or two towards the
rock without in any way damaging the trees, when some evidence
either of the existence of a forge or Crannog may be found.

On the Kirkland side of the loch there are two or three
recesses built into the bank, the use of which puzzles visitors.
These were used as store houses for the marl raised from the
loch, and are of no antiquarian value.

Carlingwark Loch has in the past proved a prolific source of
archeological relics. They have been numerous, the most im-
portant being canoes of an early Celtic period, a stone hammer,
supposed to be Druidical, ancient horse-shoes, which consisted of
a solid piece of iron made to cover the whole of the hoof. On the
inside these shoes were hollow so as not to press on the soft part
of the foot. Several large stag heads were also found. A fine
bronze sword was found in 1873; portions of a bronze sword, and
a plain bronze ring in 1885, a bronze cauldron in 1886, etc. In~
other parts of the parish and vicinity many other bronze articles
were found, such as a bronze mask in 1820, stone coffins, carved
urns, and several implements of warfare, all of which bronze ~
articles prove that the parish and the loch must have been the
scene of an important Celtic settlement, either in the late “ Bronze
Age” or the early “Iron Age.” Such finds ought to stimulate us
to make greater exertions and more exhaustive researches wher-
ever we have evidence of the footsteps of our pre-historic fore-
fathers. And I not only hope, but almost feel sure, that every
encouragement will be given to such research.

SANQUHAR BuRGH CRoss. 241

29th March, 1911.

Chairman—Mr G. MacLreop STEWART.

SANQUHAR BurcH Cross. By Rev. W. M‘Mizan, A.C.P.

The precise date at which the Cross of the ancient Burgh of
Sanquhar was erected is lost in the dim ages of history. In all
probability it would be erected when our town first became -a
Burgh of Barony, and tradition tells us that this took place when
William the Lion was King over Scotland. The tradition, too,
has a certain amount of support in history. The first charter of
which the provisions are certainly known was that granted by
King James III. in 1484. In this charter mention is made of
our town as being anciently a “free Burgh of Barony” (Ex anti-
quis temporibus retroactis fuit liber Burgus in Baronia), and it is
further stated that the earlier charters had been lost in the tumults
of those stirring times (Cartae ejusdem per guerras et alias
destructae sunt et combustae). This charter, then, of date 1484 is
sufficient to show that in that year Sanquhar was considered as an
ancient Burgh, and that previous to that date at least two charters
had been granted to her citizens. In addition, the fact that King
William was related to the Rosses of Ryehill (his natural
daughter, Isabel, having married Sir Robert Ross) makes it quite
probable that he should have given a charter to the town of San-
quhar. Be that as it may, however, the charter of 1484 above
Teferred to gave the Burghers the right to hold a market and to
have a Cross, the words of the charter being:—Rex fecit et de
‘novo infeodavit prefatam villam de Sanguhar liberum burgum in
baronia cum omnibus libertatibus et privilegiis et concessit ut habe-
rent crucem et forum per petualiter die sabbate singulis ebdomatis.
The King makes and anew infefts the aforesaid Burgh of San-
quhar a free burgh of barony with all liberties and privileges and
nts that they may have a cross and a market every week on the
bbath day (Saturday). It is, of course, quite probable that
charter gave to our forefathers rights which they already pos-
sed, but of which the charter evidence had been lost. At any
‘e the Market Cross must have been erected in Sanquhar by the
th century at the latest. It stood at the Corseknowe (hence
c name). This knoll was the highest portion of the Burgh so

242 SANQUHAR BurGH Cross.

far as the main road was concerned, and doubtless this had some-
thing to do with its being placed there. It also sat about the
centre of the town, being almost equidistant from the Council
House, which marks the boundary of the Royal Burgh on the
North-West, and the Townfoot Burn, on the South-East. The
Cross has, unfortunately, disappeared, the only portion of it
which is left is the capital, which is fixed on the apex of the porch -
of the West United Free Church. Underneath it is a stone bear-
ing the inscription, “ Top of Sanquhar Cross. 1680.” Why the
date 1680 should have been placed there it is impossible to tell, —
for the Cross was certainly in existence long before that date.
The Cross itself consisted of a circular base of five steps, on the —
top of which was a square block of freestone, from which the
shaft sprung. The shaft was not more than nine inches in dia-
meter and was surmounted by a plain capital. The Cross was the —
centre of the life of the Burgh. It was there that all proclama- —
tions were mad2, whether national or local. The markets were |
held around it, and in times of danger it was the rallying point of
the Burghers. In 1587 we find it mentioned in the Records of
the Privy Council as “a place for the selling of nolt (cattle).”

In 1598 the Burgh was advanced to the position of a Royal
Burgh, and in the charter granted then by James VI. the burghers
are granted the right to have “ perpetually and at all times a
market place and a market cross.” Not only was it used by the
Magistrates for their proclamations, others considered it a suffi-
ciently important point to publish their declarations regarding the
Government of the country. It was here that in 1680 Richard —
Cameron with some twenty followers boldly asserted that as King
Charles II. had broken his Coronation Oath his subjects were no
longer bound to regard him as their Sovereign Lord. It was a
bold step to take and one which cost its author and many of his
followers their lives, but in 1689 the Scottish Parliament really
asserted the self same principles as the Covenanters had done at
the Cross of Sanquhar when they declared the throne vacant since
the King had broken the fundamental laws of the country.

SANQUHAR BurGH Cross. 243

rebels was made. From the royal proclamation we also learn
that several persons belonging to the district were concerned in
the affair. These included a “ brother-in-law of Robert Park,
Bailie (afterwards Provost) of Sanquhar.” Crocket, in his “ Men
of the Moss Hags,” has given a novelist’s version of the publishing
of the declaration.

In addition to the first Sanquhar declaration no less than
other five were published at the Cross of the old burgh. The
chief of these was that published by Rev. James Renwick on 28th
May, 1685. The members of the Covenanting faction in the
district met at Friarminnon, in Kirkconnel, and after deliberation,
proceeded to Sanquhar, where at the Cross they declared that
“Although a few wicked and unprincipled men had proclaimed
James Duke of York a professed Papist and excommunicated
person to be King of Scotland, we the contending and faithful
remnant of the Church of Scotland do hereby deliberately jointly
and unanimously protest against the foresaid proclamation.”
Renwick’s declaration was published with more pomp than
Cameron’s, for as he made his way to the Cross Renwick was

attended by no fewer than 200 armed men, and we can well
believe the words of the historian, “ Their sudden appearance
without warning in the heart of the town caused considerable
alarm in the townfolk at the unceremonious intrusion of so large a
force.”
The other four declarations were published at the Cross.
The first on 10th August, 1692; the second on November 6th,
1695 ; the third on May 21st, 1703; and the fourth on 2nd Octo-
ber, 1707. These were all after the Revolution Settlement of
_ 1689, and all protested more or less vigorously against the same.
Regarding the publishing of the last of these declarations a very
interesting account has been preserved in the “ Memoirs of Ker of
Kersland.” It appears that the Covenanters met at Kelloside,
_ near Sanquhar, and from there marched to the Cross. Their
protest related to the Union of the Parliaments, and in no
“measured terms did they denounce it, showing to their own satis-
faction that it was a breach of Divine law, a forsaking of the
Almighty, and a “plain subversion of the fundamental ancient
constitutions, laws, and liberties of this kingdom which we, as a
free people, have enjoyed for the space of about two thousand
years without ever being fully conquered. We have thought fit to

244 SANQUHAR BurGH CRoss.

publish and leave a copy of the same at Sanquhar by a part of
our number having the consent of the whole to do so.”

The citizens, however, did not take any heed of the warning,
but pursued their own way much to the disgust of the stricter
Cameronians, who appear to have been ready to go any length to
prevent the Union being carried out. The Cameronians,
strangely enough, never appear to have been very numerous about
Sanquhar, although their chief declarations were made there.

The next scene at the old Cross of which an account has
been preserved to our time took place in 1760, when the new
monarch, George III., was proclaimed. Doubtless. other
monarchs had their accessions to the throne declared at the same
spot, but George III.’s is the first which is recorded. The record
is not in the minutes of the Council but in the account book, but
it gives us sufficient to see of what sort the ceremony was. The
account is as follows :——

Accompt of the Expense of the
Proclamation of His Majesty King George the third, the 4th
November, 1760.

Sy Be
To two pints of spirits and a bottle of wine made into
punch which was drunk at the Cross on < hie
To a pint of whisky to the trades who fired at the Cross 2
To one pound of powder ... a th ee
To carting a load of coals and for ringing ete bell ae me
To a lad for beating the drum i}
To the expenses of the man who neuen up tiie Beoctes
mation ... we a sr i
To James ellos on nainee occasion bat Pe J
18 10

From this we see that the older citizens made much more of
the proclaiming of a king than their present-day descendants.

In 1901 on the 29th of January King Edward was pro- —
claimed at the same spot. The Magistrates and Town Council
met in the Council-House, and, preceded by the Velunteer band,
marched to the Cross, where the proclamation was made, it being
noticed that, although the Provost, Mr Waugh, had a written
copy of the proclamation in his hand, he read it off a news-
paper cutting. The day of the ceremony was wild and blusterous

SANQUHAR BuRGH CROss. 245.

and a considerable amount of snow had fallen in the morning.
Just as the Provost was getting well into his work of reading the
document the snow slid from the roof of the house behind where
the Council were standing and for a moment or two they ceased to
take any interest in the proceedings, while the onlookers, who
were clear of the fall, joined in a roar of laughter. After the
ceremony proper was concluded the crowd, led by Mr W.
M‘Gowan, joined in singing “ God Save the King.”

Another ceremony which took place at the Cross during
Provost Waugh’s term of office was the address which General
Booth, the veteran leader of the Salvation Army, delivered by its
side. The General was then on tour through England and Scot-
land, and he stopped at Sanquhar. A semi-official welcome was
extended to him by the Town Council, and a large crowd of the
townspeople assembled to hear him speak. In the course of his
address he paid a noble tribute to those men who, according to
their light, had endeavoured to obey God rather than men.

Last year (1910) Provost Tweddel at the same place pro-
claimed King George with appropriate ceremony.

Although I have stated above that King Edward was pro-
claimed at the Cross, this statement requires some qualification,
for sometime in the beginning of last century the ancient Cross of
the Burgh was removed. It had been ruinous for some time,
and appears to have been allowed simply to fall to bits, parts of
it being taken by one and other of the burghers to repair their own
premises.

In 1682 the Council of Sanquhar made application to the

_ Convention of Royal Burghs for a grant in aid of their burgh
funds in order to improve their public buildings, including the
_ Cross. Nothing appears to have been done then, and so a peti-
tion bearing that “ the tolbooth, the cross, and the bridge is alto-
gether rowinous ” was presented again in 1688. This time the
_ petition received more attention, and on the report of three com-
missioners £10 sterling was paid to the Burgh in 1697. In 1704,
and again in 1727, the burgh received sums from the Convention
for the repair of the “ Tolbooth and other public works,” which
latter, of course, included the Cross.

Some time about 1810 the Cross was, as I have mentioned,.
removed, and the meeting place of the burghers and the spot
where demonstrations were held was shifted to the “pump well,”

246 SANQUHAR BURGH CROss.

which stood a. little to the north of the Post Office. This was a
large pump from which the lieges drew their water supplies. It
was built of stone with a stone seat beside it. It was driven not
vertically but horizontally like the pendulum of a clock. Few
there were who could swing its handle except with both hands,
and to do so with one was regarded as a proof of great strength.
The widening of the street left this pump in the middle of the
roadway, and in 1836 it was shifted to the side of the street, its
former site being marked by a cross formed of large stones. In
1881 it was removed altogether at the instigation, it has been
alleged, of certain members of the Water Company, who,
perhaps, considered that there might be more users of the private
company’s supply of water if the public wells were abolished.
The following extract from the “ Dumfries Magazine” of
1826 gives a charming glimpse at the customs of 85 years ago :—
“On Thursday last the common bell-man of Sanquhar made
_a notification in the following words: ‘I am requested to intimate
that the baw’ 0’ moosic will meet at the pump well the night at
seven 0’clock to play ‘God Save the King,’ and they’ll be glad
o’ the company o’ onybody that likes to come and hear them
_and to tak’ a glass wi’ them afterwards in a quate discreet kin’ 0’
a way when a’ His Majesty’s loyal subjects are gaun tae toss the
King’s Health for the favour he has done tae the lieges 0’ San-
quhar in opening the ports at this prezeese time.’” In conse-
quence it is related of the above call upon their loyalty a number
of the lieges “ assembled and listened to the performance of the

King’s Anthem and then adjourned from the Pump Well to the —

Court-House, where they pledged His Majesty’s health, long
life, and prosperity in brimming bumpers, but from the more
potent liquor drawn from John Barleycorn.” This reminds us of
the “dry” year of 1826, when the corn supply failed in the
country, and the King on his own authority suspended the pro-
tective laws, and so saved many of the people much unnecessary
suffering. Thus the Sanquharians’ thankfulness for the opening
“of the ports at this prezeese time.” After the taking away of
the Cross its site remained unmarked for about fifty years, but at
_a “demonstration” held in Sanquhar on 22nd June, 1860, the —
180th anniversary, it was resolved to have the spot permanently
marked. The project was kept in abeyance for nearly four years,
‘but on the 11th May, 1864, the present monument was unveiled. —

SANQUHAR BURGH CROSS. 247

It is constructed of Dalbeattie granite, and rises to a height of
twenty-two feet above the street. On the side facing the road-
way is the following inscription :—

In Commemoration of
the two famous
Sanquhar Declarations
which were published
on this spot where stood
The ancient Cross of the Burgh,
The one by
the Rey. Richard Cameron
on the 22nd June, 1680;
The other by
the Rev. James Renwick
on the 28th May, 1685,
“The killing time.”
If you would know the nature of their crime
Then read the story of that killing time.
; 1864.

The foundation stone was laid by the ex-Provost, Mr Samuel
Whigham, chairman of the committee, in presence of a great
concourse of people anxious to witness the ceremony. In a pre-
pared stone near the base of the monument was deposited a
j bottle containing a number of documents, etc. It is to be
regretted, perhaps, that the committee did not attempt to restore
‘the ancient cross of the burgh. There were many people alive
1864 who remembered the ancient land mark and many of the
stones, including the shaft, capital and square block, were then in
existence. But the committee evidently thought that something
brand-new was preferable to that which was old, and so the street
Was ornamented with a modern obelisk.

Although the majority of the citizens of Sanquhar were en-
thusiastic over the project of erecting a monument to commemorate
the worthies of the Covenant, there was a small minority who
Were not so. One of the minority, Mr Alexander Weir, published
a little book of 40 pages, entitled “Sanquhar Monument” (a
politico-religious and historic cantata). In this book Sandy (as
ve was familiarly called) rails at the action of the Covenanters
nd those who supported them. His little book is rather scarce

248 SANQUHAR BurRGH CRoss.

now, but I have one of the copies, and from it I take the following
lines which give a fair idea of the work :—

The Rebels proclaimed their declaration,
On Sanquhar Cross fixed such publication.
To the King they knew the old burgh had sworn
Allegiance and service evening and morn.
This old burgh therefore forfeited its claim
To municipal privileges Royal,

Tainted, perjured, corrupted, disloyal,
Such deeds to perpetuate and preserve,

A monument granite such end would serve.
By our Modern Magnates carnally wise
Erected,.and thus it testifies

Of Rebels unholy who seized the town,
And of Burghal Authorities who in sooth
Were sworn to the King to defend his cause
And fight for his crown and country’s laws.

Behind the Cross still stands the old prison of the Burgh.
Its walls are of great thickness, and in some parts the mortar used
appears to have been clay. The house is now used as a dwelling- —
house, and is probably the oldest building within the Burgh.
During the troublous times which followed the execution of King |
Charles in 1649 a prisoner in this old prison was the means of
causing a great tumult in the town. This prisoner was David
Veitch, brother of the Laird of Dawick, and a member of the same —
family that afterwards had possession of Eliock estate. This Veitch —
had been actively engaged on the side of King Charles II., and
had been arrested and confined in the old prison in Sanquhar. It
so happened that as he was lying there two troops of English
Dragoons serving under the Commonwealth happened to meet in
the town, the one troop, under Captain Mason, coming from
Carlisle, and the other, under Captain Palmer, coming from Ayr.
They met opposite the Burgh Cross, and Veitch, hearing them,
rushed to the window and shouted to them to fight for King”
Charles. Each troop thought that he was exhorting the other
and that the other was composed of King’s men. The result
was that they started to fight, and the party from Ayr being
the stronger, the other was driven back. They made their
way to Christon Peel, where there was an English garrison, and

PLAcE NAMES IN KiIRKPATRICK-DURHAM. 249

the Ayr party seeing them rush there saw that a mistake had been
made. Captain Palmer and several others were wounded in the
encounter and had to stay in the Castle till their wounds were
healed. At this particular period the Tolbooth proper was in
a most ruinous condition, and it may have been on this account
that the prisoner was not confined there. It has always been
held that the present Council House occupies the site of the
former one, but it is just a little strange that the prison and Cross
should be so near one another, while the Council Chambers and
Court-House were at the extreme end of the Burgh. There is a
case here for investigation, and I would not be the least surprised
to see it proved that the present Tolbooth is in quite a different
situation from the former one.

PraceE NAMES IN KIRKPATRICK-DORAND, COMMONLY CALLED
KirKPATRICK-DURHAM. By Rev. W. A. Starx, F.S.A., Scot.

When we attempt to pierce the darkness which shrouds the
hills of Galloway before the time which is called historic, we
seem to descry a people who lived here before the advent of any
Gaelic speakers, either Brythonic or Keltic. Those ancient
inhabitants are supposed to have spoken “a dialect of Iverian,”’
and they have left behind them in Galloway one word, namely,
the word Urr, or Orr, which is the name of the stream that forms
_ the western boundary of the parish of Kirkpatrick-Dorand. The
same word Urr is said to be the Basque word for water.
‘Readers of S. R. Crockett’s “ Adventurer in Spain ’’ may remem-
ber that he mentions hearing on the slopes of the Pyrenees “ the
bell of Ur Church,”’ and adds “ they say Ur is the ancient name
for waters—which, indeed, I can well believe, for this Ur is a
place of many of them.’’ In old accounts of the Stewartry, and
also in the common speech of the people up to the present day,
the name of this stream is not Urr, but Orr, and is the same in
origin as the name of the river Ure in Yorkshire and of the Orr
Water in Fifeshire. That appears to be the only remaining trace
in the names of this parish of that ancient people.

So far as the names of places are concerned, the Roman

250 PLacE NAMES IN KIRKPATRICK-DURHAM.

for I would not admit that the Doon of Urr is, in its name, an
indication of the Roman occupation. Dun-or Doon is of Gaelic,
not Roman, origin, and would indicate Keltic possession.

Vestiges of the Norse dwellers are also very faint. The
parish is fourteen miles from the shore at its nearest point. The
Norsemen might never be in it in any number nor for any con-
siderable time. Some of their place names were appropriated,
and handed on by the Gaelic-speaking residents, such as mar
for moor. If local pronunciation may be accepted as a guide,
Gilmartin should point to the gill or ravine where Martin had his
abode. Whether Martin was saint or sinner cannot in this case
be ascertained. A part of the ancient property of Marwhirn was
known as the “ one mark land of Marwhirn,”’ i.e., the portion of
Marwhirn from which an annual payment of one mark was due to
the superior. This was a designation of land which belonged to
Scandinavian customs, and was in use in Shetland till compara-
tively recent times.

The earliest race of which we have clear evidence in the
place names was a Gaelic-speaking people, and as they overran
and occupied this corner of Scotland for at least 1200 years, we
cannot be surprised to find marks of their occupation in hills and
streams and fields and houses and lands. Besides, we have
sufficient evidence! that Gaelic was spoken in the remote parts —
ot Galloway as late as 1670. Over the whole of Galloway it
would probably be more or less spoken 300 years ago. Those
Gaelic people not only designated the hills with names which
have descended to the present time, but with manifest discrimi-
nation marked the character of the hills by the names which they
gave to them. In various parts of the Stewartry they gave the
prefix Mill or Mull to the highest hills, such as Millfire and
Millyea. One only of these names survives in Kirkpatrick-_
Dorand, viz., Milharay, which rises only to the height of 973 feet —
above the level of the sea.

Distinguished from the Mills or Mulls were the Bars, of
which we have five. Three only of these present the pointed top
which the name is supposed to denote, viz., the Bar Hill, as it is”
now called—a mixture of Gaelic and modern speech ; Barderroch,
the hill of the oak trees; and Barmoffaty, which seems to mean:
Moffat’s Hill, but I confess that it is a sort of puzzle. The two

1. E.g., Riddell’s MSS., vol. 7. Appendix.

PLacE NAMES IN KiIRKPATRICK-DURHAM. 251

remaining Bars, namely, Barbain and Barncailzie, do not show
much of a hill of any kind.

The broken, precipitous-faced hill which we call a crag was
known among those Gaelic-speaking people as a Craig. At any-
rate their word has come to us in that form. Sir Herbert
Maxwell mentions three in Kirkpatrick-Dorand, viz., Craigen-
gillan, Craigadam, and Craigelwhan, of which the first and second
recall the names of persons. Many hills in Scotland and also in
Ireland? perpetuate the recollection of Guillean, who was the
tutelary deity of the ancient blacksmiths. Another Craigengillan
is in Carsphairn. Craigadam, I have reason to believe, is a
modern coinage intended to designate the abode of a gentleman
called M‘Adam. The house has given its name to the hill, as
sometimes happens. The meaning of Craigelwhan is to me
unknown.

Next come the Knocks, which were much the same as in
Southern Scotch would now be denominated Knowes. Of these,
- eight survive, viz., Knockémos and Knockwalker, which possibly
preserve from oblivion two persons, Amos and Walker ; Knocknail ;
- Knockvennie, said to mean the Knowe of the Milk; Knock-
_walloch or Walloch’s Knowe; Knockleach, which is the Knowe
of Flat Stones ; Knockdrockit, the Knowe at the Bridge ; Knock-
_ losh, which may be either the Burnt Knowe—alluding to its burnt
appearance in summer, or more probably the Hill of Fire,
because a beacon signal flared on occasions from its summit.

Still another word those people had to distinguish the appear-
ance of elevated land. In distinction from the Mill or Mull and
the Bar and the Craig and the Knock, they had the Drum, which
denoted a sow-backed ridge. Kirkpatrick-Dorand has only one
Drum, viz., Drumhumphry, or Humphry’s Ridge. If this were
better seen, for it is now covered and obscured by trees, its
“appearance would justify the epithet which those people con-
ferred upon it. :

Cairns would no doubt be numerous in those old days as
monuments of departed warriors, or marks and memorials of
famous battles ; but only two are still mentioned here. They are
Cairney Hill and Meikle Cairn.

We can hardly help remarking that those Gaelic-speaking
people had a keen eye for topographical characteristics, and were

2. O’Reilly’s Irish-English Dictionary, Dubl., 1864.

252 Piace NAMES IN KIRKPATRICK-DURHAM.

able to apply appropriate names to them—names which have ~
remained in use now for many hundred years. Knocklosh may
have been an instance of this, but certainly Barbain=“ the white
hill,’’ is so, and Auchenreoch=“ the grey field,’’ and Minnydow
=“the black moss,’’ prove that they were not colour-blind. So
also Glaisters if it means, as is supposed, “ the green land.’’ The
natural features of the localities have been described with an
accuracy which is still apparent in such cases as Larg=“ the
sloping hillside,’’? Chipperkyle =“ the hollow of the well,’’ Bogue
and Boghall=“ marshy places,” and Lairdlaugh=“ place on the
hillside.’’? We cannot be certain, but it seems probable that
Corsock, of which the Church and Manse are in this parish
quoad civilia, originally designated it as a marshy place.

Those who live in certain parts of Corsock are mostly aware
that, owing to the clay sub-soil, the water which falls in rain does —
not speedily drain away, but lies long upon the surface. The —
Corsock district was at one time famous for its peat mosses.
Indeed it continues to be so still. Owing to the high price of coal,
Corsock people have been glad to fall back upon their peat.

A bare, barren hill with small appearance of vegetation is
Muil, 1135 feet high. At the foot of it are the Muil Well, of
which Symson made a note more than 200 years ago, and the
farm of Muil, which takes its name from the hill. Fleckit Hill,
too, i.e., “the hill of many colours,’’ shows that the people who
gave it the name were observant of the natural features of the
scenery amid which they lived. Take as another instance,
Clonkins, which means “ the beautiful meadow ’’—a name which —
is frequently found also in Ireland. Still another instance is
Garholm, which we may take to mean “the rough holm.”’

Spending their days under the open canopy of heaven—not
confining themselves, as many of us are tempted to do, within four
walls and under a slated roof—they were able to observe more
narrowly the objects of the landscape. They did not dwell in
cities or towns, but in open fields. Neither were their fields like’
ours now, encircled with hedges or fences or walls. They were
open fields. The people wandered across the country at their
will.

Auchen represents mostly their word for field. We have in |
Kirkpatrick-Dorand Auchenreoch=“ the loch of the grey field.”
The field gave its name to the loch which is now the boundary
in that part between the parishes of Kirkpatrick-Dorand and Urr.

PLaceE NAMES IN KIRKPATRICK-DURHAM. 253

We have also Auchenhay, where in old days was an open-air kiln,
a place for drying the grain.

As they had grain to dry they were to some extent at least
tillers of the soil. They had also sheep, for their name survives
in Darngarroch=“ the field of the sheep.’’ Where sheep were
grazing a summer residence of some kind was needed for those
who had charge of them, and as the Gaelic word for a sheiling
is Airidh, so we have still a trace of that word in Areeming.
Pigs would also appear to have been among their possessions,
if we can be sure that Kilnabony really means “the place of
the piglings.’’

[The names of two adjoining fields on the property of Crofts
have come down to these days, one of them Kilnabony and the
other Kilnapany. It seems to me not altogether impossible,
especially as an ancient chapel was in close proximity, that a
holy man or saint had his cell or Kil in that part, and that his
name was Nabony. The name Nabony is an old Galloway one.
I had a family of Nabonys as parishioners who were of an old
Galloway stock. I think it is possible that the field Kilnabony
-commemorates a holy man of that name. If so, the other name
_ Kilnapany would be an invention of some one who tickled his
fancy with a sort of rhyming correspondence of sound. |

I have alluded to the sheep and the pigs. An animal which
Was reared and esteemed a delicacy amongst the Gaelic-speaking
residents of Galloway was the badger. The flesh of the badger
is said to be excellent eating. Those people had places in which
‘they bred and reared their badgers. Such a place was called
Brockloch. We have actually two places of the name in the
parish—two old badger-warrens. Not only did those people
possess sheep and badgers and perhaps pigs, goats were climbing
on their hills. Doubtless they knew how to bring one down when
it was wanted, either for its flesh or for its milk. Slongaber was
the place which took its name from the goats which frequented it.
But while they were fortunate in having so many useful
associates, there were others against which they would carry on
a constant warfare. Wolves, which are long since extirpated,
had found shelter in Tarbreoch. Foxes, not so very long since
driven from the parish, were in those days seen on Shinnie Brae.
Wild cats roamed in the neighbourhood of Lochenkit. Perhaps
some might be found there still. Adders gave their name to

254 Prace NAMES IN KIRKPATRICK-DURHAM.

Knarrie Burn. Most likely descendants of those adders are there
at the present day.

In those times many trees and even thick forests covered
great portions of the country. The lake-dwellings which have
been discovered and carefully investigated prove that those
ancient people had access to an unlimited quantity of timber.
Only one species of tree has left its name in Kirkpatrick. It
is the oak. Barderroch was “the hill of the oak.’’ But that
there were woods is testified by Culfad=“ the long wood,’’ and
Culshand=“ the old wood.’’ Perhaps Garholm, alluded to
already, which meant “the rough holm,’’ may have shown some
sort of vegetation.

We need have no doubt that, owing to the absence of any
artificial drainage and excessive rains, lochs and marshes
abounded in the parish. In fact the whole parish was at one
time known as Kirkpatrick on the Moor. The Norse word for
moor was adopted in the Keltic speech, and is still maintained -
on twentieth century lips in such names as Margley=“ the moor
of the fight,’’ Marwhirn=“ the moor of the cairn,’’ and Mar-
cartney, which was Cartney’s or M‘Cartney’s moor.

We have three Isles in the parish: but they are not “ tracts
of land surrounded by water.’’ The word is Keltic, and denotes —
meadow land beside a stream. Thus Isles of Tarbreoch is a
level carse gently sloping to a burn. Isles of Boot, a name
known now only to a few of the older people, is a sloping piece
of level land behind Durham Street in the Village, watered by a
small stream. Mossisle, though the name is now confined to a
cottage, was at one time the name of the level ground near the ~
cottage and adjacent to the running water. The same use of
the word occurs in the Millisles of the parishes of Kirkinner
and Sorbie. :

The evidence of the ecclesiastical life of those old times —
which survives in the place-names of the present day is rather
disappointing. There is less than one had reason to expect.
The parish name of old, Kilpatrick, gives us the Keltic dedica-_
tion to the saint. That Kilquhanity was the kil or cell of
Kennedy, some saint or hermit of Keltic times, is no more than
a conjecture. At Kirklebride we are on firmer ground, for there —
we have the Kirk of St. Bride or St. Brigid, to whom were many —
dedications in Scotland. The word Kirklebride is interesting, —
because it shows us that the original name was Kilbride, the same

PLace NAMES IN KIRKPATRICK-DURHAM. 255

as East Kilbride and West Kilbride. But when the Gaelic-
speaking people were disappearing and others were taking their
place who did not understand the tongue yet worshipped in the
same little church, they prefixed their own word Kirk. Thus
Kilbride became Kirk-Kilbride, and remains so in the common
speech of to-day—Kirklebride. Kilnabony, as already mentioned,
may have been originally an ecclesiastical spot. Another vestige
of old church usages is found in the words for cross which still
remain. In old Keltic days, as in some continental countries
still, crosses were erected in various places, some elaborately
carved, others extremely plain. That custom accounts for the
names Croys, Corse, Corsehill, Corsegate.

We pass on now to more modern times. Naturally we pass
through a period of transition. Just as Norse words passed into
the usage of those who spoke Gaelic and were modified accord-
ingly, so Gaelic words have come down to us through the speech
of those who knew no Gaelic and have been at times so distorted
as to become unrecognisable. This may account for such names
as Cutcloy and Tailtratnaw. For the same reason—the meaning
of the words having been lost—later additions were prefixed or
appended. Kirklebride is an instance. Again, names were
given to places which brought together the speech of two different

races, thus forming one word. Of this kind is Gowkcairn.
Gowk is Saxon and Cairn is of Keltic origin. If I might hazard
a guess at Tan Hill, I would say that it also is a hybrid, for Tan’
may represent the Gaelic for fire and Hill of course is Saxon.

Coming now to names which are more distinctive of our

modern times, we have a few—I may take this opportunity to put
_ them on record—which are ceasing to be remembered. Slate-
house is one. Perhaps it was the first house in the district to be
slated. All the other houses would be thatched or covered with
turf. Shielbank, Westfield, Springside, Step-end, Marlmount,
_ the old name for Woodpark.

Other names, most of them still in use, have preserved words
which are nearly or altogether obsolete. Nethertown, for
_ instance, and Townhead, in which town is the old word toun=
the farm toun, i.e., the farm with its collection of houses—barn,
_ byres, stables, etc. Fordhouse and Crocketford preserve a use
of the word ford, which has now become forgotten, namely for a

aN TS

3. See Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary, sub voce Teind.

256 PLAcE NAMES IN KIRKPATRICK-DURHAM.

road or way. I noticed lately* that this old Scottish use is found
also in the neighbourhood of Dartmoor, where Lydford, Litta-
ford, Longaford, Reddaford, do not apply to passages over
streams, but take their appellations from the old word ford=
a way.

A small hamlet commonly known as Corsegate has an older
name, Liggatcheek, which preserves two obsolete uses. Liggate
is the old name for a gate. Jamieson defines it as “a gate so
hung that it may shut of itself ’’ and the “ cheek ’’ of the liggate
is the side of it.

Sillerhill is where siller or money was dug up.

Shankfoot is a house at the foot of a shank. Jamieson
says that the shank of a hill is the projecting point of it.

Shaw Brae is the brae which had a wood beside it. Shaw
is an old Scotch word. It was of old spelt SC H A W, and
meant a wood or grove.

Butt Hill is a hill which was ploughed all round, but had a
centre portion unploughed.

Waulk-mill-pool in the Water of Urr recalls the old word
waulk. The waulk-mill was where cloth was fulled or thickened.

Boglebridge denotes the bridge where a bogle or ghost used
to be seen. [A curious fact regarding this ghost deserves to be
mentioned for the benefit of any who take an interest in such
matters. Many years ago, before the construction of the present
road which leads the traveller from Crocketford to Corsock, the
path crossed the water much higher up. It was only a hill
track, and at that time the water was crossed by stepping- —
stones. One dark night, when the stream was in flood, a man—
I have been told he was a soldier—was making his way across
the stones when his foot slipped. He fell into the water and —
was drowned. At intervals thereafter his ghost appeared, to ©
frighten the passers-by. But in course of time a new and better —
road was made considerably further down the water, and a bridge
crossed at the point now known as Boglebridge. For the curious
point is that the ghost, finding that no one was coming to the —
stepping-stones and therefore having no one to frighten, came
down from the old place to the new. It ceased to be seen at the
stepping-stones and made its appearances at the bridge. Hence

4. Baring Gould : A Book of Dartmoor, p. 273.

PLACE NAMES IN KIRKPATRICK-DURHAM. DATE

the name Boglebridge. This change of habitat was so well
known that a local poet® has recorded it in verse.

“T heard folk say
As lang’s the road gaed by that way
That every now and then at e’en
Some fleysome things were heard or seen:
But since the road cam’ farer doun
Frae Galloway unto the toun
The fleysome things have flitted too,
And now and then appear in view.’’] *

This ghost was not the only uncanny visitant of the parish.
Brooklands possesses a Fairy Hill, where the fairies may have
conducted their dances. The Brownie Hill also perpetuates the
memory of one of those Galloway phantoms of which Nicolson’s
ballad, “The Brownie of Blednoch,’ gives such a_ weird
description.

“There cam’ a strange wight to oor toun en’,
An’ the fient a body did him ken,
He tirled na lang but he glided ben
Wi’ a dreary, dreary hum.”’

The Gledsknowe reminds us of the “

a species of falcon.

Cushat-knowe retains the old Scottish word for the ring-dove.

Netheryett gives us the old Scottish word for a gate.
“Please steek the yett.’’

The names of persons have come down to us in the same
way. As the name of the parish tells us both of St. Patrick, to
whom its church was dedicated, and of the family of Dorand
(corrupted into Durham), who were its chief proprietors in days
long departed, so Lochpatrick and St. Patrick’s Well bear the
appellation of the saint, and Durhamhill and Durham Street bear
the altered name of the early proprietors. In a similar way,
Crocketford was called after someone of the name of Crocket,
and Maryfield and Kate’s Well, Tottleham’s Glen and Dronan’s
Craig and Chalmer’s Brae tell us the names but not the history
of persons now forgotten. Piper Croft allows us to imagine a
piper whose bagpipes made the hills resound, but does not tell
us his name.

greedy gled’’ or kite,

5. Shennan’s Poems, p. 78.

258 PiLace NAMES IN KIRKPATRICK-DURHAM.

Regarding the attribution of colour, it is noticeable that
while the Gaelic-speaking people evidently tried to mark their
appreciation of colour in hills and fields, the later inhabitants
have hardly evinced that desire to the same extent. Except at
places called Redhill, Red Brow Pool, and Green Hill, nothing
but white: and black has been thought worthy of remark—
Whitecairn, Blackhall, Blackloch, Blackpark, Blackmark.

Two names mentioned by Sir Herbert Maxwell® as belonging
to this parish might be classed as hybrid. They are Moneyknowe
and Moneypool. The first part of these might be of Gaelic origin,
but perhaps Moneyknowe is like Sillerhill, the knowe where
money was found, and Moneypool was the pool where money
was seen,

This brief review has brought us over a period of more than
two thousand years. Does it not seem strange that a person who
speaks to-day of the Bridge of Urr is using a name which unites
the speech of people between whom is a space of twenty cen-
turies ?

List oF PLace NAMEs.

Areeming. Brooklands. Croys.
Arkland. Brownie Hill. Culfad.
Auchenhay. Burnside. Culshand.
Auchenreoch. Butt Hill. Cushat Knowe.
Cutcloy.
Bar. Cairney Hill.
Barbain. Chalmers Brae. Dalvakie Holm.
Barderroch. Chipperkyle. Darngarroch.
Barmoffaty. Clonkins. Doon of Urr.
Barncailzie. Coldstream. Doonpark.
Barnyard. Corse. Dronan’s Craig.
Blackhall. Corsegate. Drumhumphry.
Blackloch. Corsehill. Durhamhill.
Blackmark. Corsock. Durham Street.
Blackpark. Craig. Eastlands.
Boghal!. Craigadam. Fairyhill.
Boglebridge. Craigelwhan, Fleckit Hill.
Bogue. Craigengillan. Fordhouse.
Bridge of Urr. Crocketford.
Brockloch. Crofts. Garholm.

6. Studies in the Topography of Galloway, p. 255. ~q

Garmartin.
Gilmartin.
Glaisters.
Gledsknowe.
Gowkcairn.
Greenhill.

Hillhead.
Holehouse.
Holmhead.

Isles of Boot.

Kate’s Well.
Kilnabony.
Kilnapany.
Kilpatrick.
Kilquhanity.
King’s Chair.
‘Kirkland.
Kirklandhill.
Kirklebride.
Kirkstyle.
Knarrie Burn.
Knockamos.

~ Knockdrockit.
Knockleach.
Knocklosh.
Knocknail.

_ Knockvennie.
- Knockwalker.
Knockwalloch.

Isles of Tarbreoch.

PLrace NAMES IN KIRKPATRICK-DURHAM.

Lairdlaugh.
Liggatcheek.
Lochenkit.
Lochpark.
Lochpatrick.
Longberry.

Maiden’s Craig.

Manse.
Marcartney.
Margley.
Marlmount.
Marwhirn.
Maryfield.
Meadowhead.
Meikle Cairn.
Midpark.
Millharay.
Millpool.
Minnydow.
Moat Hill.
Money Knowe.
Moneypool.
Moorwood.
Mossisle.
Muil.

Muil Well.

Nether Nassin.
Nethertown.

Netheryett.

Orr.

i)
Or
=)

Pipercroft.

Redbrow Pool.
Redhill.

St. Patrick’s Well.
Shankfoot.

Shaw Brae.
Shepherd’s Cairn.
Shielbank.
Shinnie Brae.
Sillerhill.
Slatehouse.
Slongaber.
Southpark.
Springside.
Squarepoint.
Stanefauld.
Stepend.

Tailtratnaw.

Tan Hull.
Tarbreoch.
Townhead.
Tottleham’s G en.

Waulkmill Pool.
Wee Park.
Wellhill.
Westfield.
Westland.
Whitecairn.
Wilderness.

W oodhill.
Woodpark.

260 DESTRUCTIVE FoREsT INSECTS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

DESTRUCTIVE Forrest INSECTS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. By W. H.
WHELLENS, Esq., Forester, Comlongon.

In presenting this paper to your notice I do not wish to take
up too much time in minutely describing each insect, or family of
insects, but will try, in the fewest words, to give you a descrip-
tion that may enable you to recognise several insects, either from
the damage done by them, or from their distinctive markings or

» colour.

I do not profess to have found all of the destructive insects
of Dumfriesshire, but during the two years that I have been in the
county I have found quite enough to worry any forester.

All or most of the insects that I shall name have been
through my hands in one form or another, although I may not
have specimens of some of them at the present time.

I have brought a few specimens of the less fragile ones for
your inspection and to help to relieve the monotony of the descrip-
tions. I may say here that in the case of a particularly destructive
pest I shall mention any means of prevention or cure that I know
to be effective.

I shall make a start with beetles. They pass through four
stages during their life cycle, viz., eggs, larve, pupz, and the
perfect insect. Some species, as will be seen, do damage in both
the larval and perfect stages, while others do damage only when
mature. The damage varies greatly, some species damaging the
bark, leaves, roots, and others the wood itself.

Melolontha Vulgaris (Common Cockchafer).—One of the —
worst enemies that the forester has to deal with is the Cockchafer,
and once it gets a foothold in a nursery it is very difficult to get rid
of. Inthe Summer the female lays from 30 to 40 eggs, from 6 to
9 inches below the surface of the ground. The larve hatch out
in about 6 weeks time, and live from 3 to 4 years in this stage,
feeding meanwhile on the rootlets of the young trees, causing them
to die. By the time the dying plant is noticed the grub has moved
on. In the Autumn of the 3rd or 4th year the grub descends deeper
into the soil to pupate, appearing as a perfect insect during the
next Summer. In the mature stage the beetle does damage to the
foliage of trees. It can often be seen resting on the leaves of |
trees in the daytime, while at dusk it can be seen flying about.
Traps, consisting of small trenches filled with weeds, sods, bark, —

DESTRUCTIVE FOREST INSECTS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 261

etc., are often very effective in getting rid of the larve. To
prevent the beetle laying her eggs in the nursery the ground
should be sprinkled with flour of sulphur or sprayed with paraffin
emulsion. This makes the ground distasteful to the female for
egg deposition. The mature beetles may be shaken from the
trees and destroyed.

Anobium Domesticum.—Anyone who has wormeaten furniture
may blame or thank this insect—or the furniture doctor. It is a
little brown beetle, not a worm, about } inch long. The damage
needs no description.

Rhagium Bifasciatum.—This can hardly be called a destruc-
tive insect, compared with many others, as it confines its attacks
to dead Scots Pine or Spruce that have been left standing in a
wood, but it aids the decay of the wood by boring into the timber.
The insect is very pretty, presenting a dark mottled appearance,
with two yellow spots or stripes on each wing-case.

Melasoma Populi (Poplar Leaf Beetle).—I have no specimen
of this insect at present, having dissected the only two that I
found, hoping to find more. It does damage in the larval stage,
and also as a mature insect. The larve completely skeletonize

“the leaves and the beetle eats holes in them. The beetle has a
blueish-black thorax, with brick-red elytra, the tips of which are
black.

Phyllodecta Vitellinae (Willow Beetle).—The metallic lustre
of the wing-cases of this insect gives it a very uncommon appear-

ance. The mature beetle eats the extreme point of the buds of
willows and poplars, which causes the plants to throw out side
branches, thereby spoiling the marketable value, especially when
willows are grown for basketmaking, as the rods then are required
clean and straight. The larve, 5 or 6 in number, move about
in line, like soldiers, eating the green portions of the leaves.
Deporaus Betule (Birch Leaf-roller).—The work done by
this insect in rolling the leaves is really wonderful. It rolls them
into a cone shape, like the paper that sweets are done up in by
the grocer. Each leaf seems to be cut exactly to pattern, and
the eggs (one in each case) laid exactly in the same position on
each leaf. The female starts cutting the leaf on one side and
works to the mid-rib, she then crosses over to the opposite side
and again works towards the centre, making each time an S-shaped
cut, which seems necessary to the correct rolling of the leaf. An

262 DESTRUCTIVE FOREST INSECTS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

incision is made in the cuticle of the leaf on the left-hand side of
the mid-rib, and in this receptacle the egg is laid. The leaf is
then rolled, but how this is done I cannot say for certain, but it is
generally thought that one side is rolled first and the other side
rolled over it. I had the pleasure of being the discoverer of the
egg, it being thought before that the insect did not lay an egg
inside the case in the same way as other leaf-rollers.

Attelabus Curculionoides (Oak Leaf-roller).—This leaf-roller
makes “thimble-cases” of the leaves, and inside of each case
there is an egg, loose, not under the skin of the leaf as in the case
of the previous species. The beetle is reddish-brown in colour
and somewhat like a lady-bird, but without spots. The attacks
are generally very slight. :

Otiorhynchus Picipes (Clay-coloured Weevil).—This insect I
found eating the bark of young trees in the company of the Pine
Weevil, but it does more damage to garden plants such as straw-
berries and raspberries than to forest trees. Its colour, as its
name implies, is a brownish grey and blends with the soil, thus
making it hard to find.

Hylobius Ahietis (Pine Weevil).—This insect may be called
the forester’s worst enemy The damage is done by the mature
beetle, which gnaws the bark of young trees from 3 to 7 years of
age, sometimes on a young shoot eating into the wood itself.
When trees that have been newly planted are attacked, they
cannot resist the damage done and therefore die off. As these
insects generally appear in swarms the damage is often very great.
With older plants the damage is often not sufficient to kill them
but their vitality is impaired. When a bad attack has been made
the trees look as if they have been nibbled by rabbits, in fact in
many parts of the country at the present day rabbits are blamed
for the damage. The beetles that have hibernated throughout the
winter swarm about the beginning of April. These lay their eggs
on the roots of trees that have been felled for two or three years.
The larve hatch out in three weeks or a month’s time, and feed
under the old bark till May or June of the following year. They —
then pupate, appearing as perfect insects in June or July. These —
late swarmers are not so destructive as the older swarm, as they
soon hibernate under tufts of grass or lumps of earth, appearing
the following year as the early swarm. As to remedies, the
setting of traps, made by laying a slab, slightly raised at one end, 5

—_—

a ee ee

DESTRUCTIVE ForEsT INSECTS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 263

over some sawdust is very successful. The beetles shelter in the
sawdust and can be collected and destroyed. But prevention is.
better than cure. Destroy the breeding places, viz., the bark on
the roots of felled trees, either by lighting fires over the roots or
stripping it off and burning it. On a bright sunny day the beetles
can be picked from the trees. The beetle is dull black in colour
with several yellow spots forming bars on its elytra. These
spots, through a magnifying glass, are seen to be composed of
hairs.

Pissodes Pini.—This insect is very much like the Pine
Weevil, in fact it is often mistaken for a small specimen of the
latter. The main difference lies in the position of the Antenne.
Those of the Pine Weevil are situated at the extreme end of the
rostrum, while those of the smaller beetle are halfway down.
Pissodes Pini cannot be classed as a very destructive insect as the
larvee which do the most damage are generally found on dead or
dying trees. The mature insect is to be found most often in saw-
dust piles.

Bark BEETLES.

Hylesinus Fraxini.—This beetle is generally found on dead
or back-going ash trees, and their markings on both bark and
wood are very pretty. The centre gallery is made by the female,
who lays ‘her eggs to the right and left. On hatching out the
larvee bore at right angles to the mother gallery, and after pupa-
tion make their exit through the bark and fly away to healthy ash
trees, where they bury themselves in the bark and hibernate there,
emerging in March and April, when they fly to some dying tree to-
breed.

A ylurgus Piniperda.—This is another of the forester’s worst
enemies. In April they withdraw from their winter quarters.
(generally in young shoots) and fly to a sickly or dying tree. The
_ female burrows into the bark, and then upwards partly in the bark
_ and partly in the cambium, laying eggs as she goes. The larve
hatch out in from 10 to 20 days and proceed to eat their way, at
first at right angles to the mother gallery afterwards in all
directions. Pupation takes place at the end of the larval
galleries. After pupation the mature beetles escape by making
exit holes through the bark. The damage done by these insects
is confined to this stage. The beetles bore into the leading shoots

264 DESTRUCTIVE ForREsST INSECTS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

of the Scots Pine, entering the pith and eating their way up the
young shoots, which die and drop off, carrying the beetles with
them. The latter hibernate in the shoots as a rule, although
some pass the winter in the bark. The remedy is to cut out sickly H
and dying trees, which serve as breeding places, and to burn the
bark, especially if the trees are felled during the breeding season.
Felling a few trees to serve as traps answers very well. The bark
is stripped off and burnt as before.

Hylurgus Minor.—This beetle is smaller than the preceding
species, but is very much like it. Practically the only difference
is this, the elytra of both are covered with hairy tubercles, but
near the apex on the larger insect there are two missing. Tne
damage done by the two beetles is very similar, but the smaller
insect is more injurious in the larval stage, as the grubs make
their galleries mainly in the cambium, while those of the larger
one make theirs mainly in the bark. The result is, that the trees
become stagheaded, and are sometimes killed outright.

Phleophthorus Rhododactylus.—Although this is one of the
smallest of beetles, it has, I think, the longest name. It is found
on half-dead stems of gorse or broom, so cannot really be called
a destructive forest insect.

Tomicus acuminatus.—This is a very pretty insect of a terra-
cotta colour. It has a depression at the apex of its wing-cases,
and on each of the latter there are three spikes, the third one on
the female being very strongly marked and like a hook. The
damage done is to the bark of dying trees.

Pityogenes Bidentatus—One can hardly pick up a dead
branch of Scots Pine without finding the markings of this insect.
Sometimes they are quite a work of art. The central chamber is —
scooped out by the male and the larger galleries by the females, —
often from four to six in number, each one taking a different
course. The smaller markings are made by the larve. The
beetle often does great damage to young transplanted trees. For
instance, when trees from six to twelve years are planted out and
the planting is followed by a dry summer. The beetles then —
attack those that are doing badly, and by their attack prevent the i J
young trees from recovering. Pines of all species are attacked
as well as Spruce and Douglas Fir. Collecting and burning all
branches in a young plantation is a means of prevention.

DeEstRUCTIVE ForEsT INSECTS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 265

LEPIDOPTERA OR MOTHS.

The damage done by moths is confined to the larval stage,
the mature insects being quite harmless. We are rather too far
north to get a great variety of moths, but some very destructive
ones are found in the county, although I have not been very for-
tunate in securing specimens.

Orgyia Antigua (Common Vapourer Moth).—The cater-
pillars of this moth feed upon the foliage of almost every tree and
shrub. They are very noticeable for their tufts or bunches of
hair, and for their great variety of colour. They are a mixture
of brown, grey, pink, yellow, red, etc. The male moth varies in
colour between brown and chestnut, with a half-moon shaped spot
on each of its upper wings. The female is almost wingless.
Dicranura Vinula (Puss Moth).—-One of the finest cater-
_ pillars is that of the Puss Moth. It is bright green in colour with
a brown diamond-shaped patch on its back. It has a forked tail,
from which, when roused to a fighting attitude, two threadlike
organs are thrust out. The moth lays her eggs on poplars and
willows, and the larvee on hatching out eat the leaves. The
insect pupates in a hard cocoon, made by gnawing the bark and
soft wood into sawdust, and glueing it into shape round itself,
and on to a branch of the tree. The moth is a large and handsome
‘insect of a greyish colour with yellowish venation. The body is
covered with long soft hair and it is this characteristic that gives
it its name.

Pygara Bucephatla (Buff-tip Moth).—The larvee of this moth
do considerable damage to hard woods such as Oak and Elm,

eight or ten, but do not move far away. Thus the damage is
often confined to one place. They are about 1# inches long, and
covered with long hair. Their colour is a mixture of black
yellow. The moth is a very handsome insect and its colour
onizes so well with the bark of a dead twig, upon which it
likes resting, that it is often overlooked. The extremities of its
pper wings are buff coloured, hence its name.

_ Fidonia Piniari (Bordered White Moth).—The male moth is
rather pretty, the centres of the wings are white, and round the

266 DESTRUCTIVE FOREST INSECTS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

edge there is a broad band of brown. ‘The female is larger than
the male, being over an inch in expanse of wings, but it is duller
in colour, having no white on the upper wings, which are a light
brown. The caterpillars attack Scots Pine mostly. They are
light green when young, changing to a darker shade, with a white
line down the back and a yellow line along each side.

Cheimitobia Brumata (Winter Moth).—The caterpillar is
destructive to fruit trees as well as forest trees. In fact they will
feed on the leaves of any hard wood tree. They are green in
colour, with three yellow stripes along each side and a dark line
along the back. The female moths are practically wingless, and
fruit growers put grease bands on the trees to intercept them
when climbing the trees to lay their eggs. Often, however, the
male carries the female to the top of the tree.

Hybernia Defoliaria (Mottled Umber Moth).—This insect is
injurious to many trees by eating their foliage. The caterpillar
is very prettily marked. It is brown on the back with a narrow
black line running the length of the body, and at each joint there
is a small grey patch. The portion of the body below the black
line is light yellow, with white spiracles, round which is a reddish
brown circle and the belly is yellowish green. The moth is
common, but not conspicuously marked.

Dioryctria Abietella.—The larve of this insect live within
cones of the Silver Fir and Common Spruce. It is generally of a
dirty red colour but sometimes greenish. The damage is hardly
noticeable at first, but later the cone is much eaten away. ' The
moth is dark grey with black markings, and appears on the wing
in July.

Retinia Turionana (Pine Bud Tortrix Moth).—As the name —
implies, this insect attacks the buds of Scots Pine. The female
lays her eggs at the base of the bud and the caterpillars (or rather —
grubs) on hatching, proceed to eat away the inside of the bud, in ©
time completely hollowing it. Pupation takes place in this —
chamber. The resin that exudes from the injury covers up the
entrance hole made by the grub, and the damage is often not —
noticed till the spring, when the injured buds drop off. The only 4
treatment is to pick off the infested buds when the grubs are in ©
them and burn them and so prevent to a certain extent a further

attack next year. Ihave a bad attack under notice at the present
time.

DESTRUCTIVE ForEsT INSECTS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 267

Retinia Buoliana (Pine Shoot Tortrix Moth).—With the pre-
vious insect the buds were attacked, but this one attacks the
young shoots, which become deformed. I have not found this
insect but have seen some of the damage done by it.

Retinia Resinella.—This is another of the same family. The
larve do damage to the shoots of Scots Pine. They bore into
the pith of the shoots, and galls of resin form. In these the larve
pass the winter. In the spring they continue feeding. On open-
ing a gall it is found to have two chambers, in one of which the
insect pupates. The moth hatches out in May, and each genera-
tion extends over two years., The front wings of the moth are
black-brown with silvery grey markings.

H yponomeuta Evonymellus.—One often sees white silky webs
on such trees as birdcherry and spindle tree. Inside the web and
on the foliage round it are to be seen the larve of this insect.
The damage done is the defoliation of the trees. The moth has
silvery white fore-wings with tiny black dots, about 40 in number,
arranged in five rows. The hind-wings are dark grey. The
moths are very easily hatched out, and are very good subjects for
_ a beginner in entomology.

Saw FLies OR HYMENOPTERA.

Lophyrus Pint (Pine Saw Fly).—The larve of the Pine Saw
Fly do great damage to young Scots Pine by eating the leaves,
often quite stripping the trees. It is one of the worst enemies of
the forester. - There are generally two broods in a year, the first
_ about the beginning of June and the second in the Autumn. The
caterpillar is light yellowish-green, with a light brown head, and
sometimes has black spots on the body. The female fly is slightly
larger than the male, and the colour of her body is a mixture of
black and yellow. The wings are transparent. The best remedy
is to spray the infested trees with Paris green. Crushing the
_larvze with a gloved hand can be done when the trees are not too
tall. |
__-Pontania Salicis.—One often sees the leaves of the Goat
Willow skeletonized. This is done by the Willow Saw Fly. The
caterpillars are light green and about half-an-inch in length.
Cresus Septentrionalis.—This species is rather common, and
eeds on nearly all the soft wooded trees, such as Poplar, Birch,

illow, ete The larve are bluish green with a black head and

268 DESTRUCTIVE ForEsT INSECTS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE.

yellow legs, and have one or two rows of black dots along the
body. It is a very handsome caterpillar.

Nematus Erichsoniu (Large Larch Saw Fly).—It is only of
late years that this insect has been much noticed. ‘The presence
of it now is notifiable to the Government. The damage is done to
the foliage of Larch trees of all species. The leaves are eaten by
the caterpillars, which are greyish-green on the back and a lighter
green on the sides, about ? inch to 1 inch in length. Remedy—
Spraying with Paris green or hand-crushing.

Sirex Gigas (Giant Wood Wasp).—The female of this species
is armed with a long ovipositor, and lays her eggs in Scots Pine
or Silver Fir. The insects live for two years in the larval stage,
appearing as perfect insects in the third year. They tunnel ~
through the wood, and often emerge after the timber has been put
into a building. Tne female is a very handsome insect, resembl-
ing a giant wasp. The male is much smaller, and is not so bril-
liantly marked.

Megastigmus Spermatrophus.—The female insect lays her
eggs in the cones of the Douglas Fir, a fact only discovered in
recent years by Mr Crozier, forester at Durris, in Aberdeenshire.
The mature insect is yellowish in colour, but the shade differs in
the sexes. The female is easily distinguishable by her long
Ovipositor, which is as long as her body. The larve eat the
kernels of the seeds and render them useless. It is thought by
some entomologists that a part of the life cycle of this insect is —
passed as a gall-forming insect on Oaks or other host trees.

I shall not take up any more time in describing the many other
insects that I have found, but I shall give you the names of several
saw flies that are gall-forming, and also some other gall-forming |
flies and a miscellaneous list.

Gall forming Saw-Flies.
Pontania Ischnocerus. Found on Willows.
Pontania Salicis. Found on Willows.
Nematus Gallicola. Found on Willows.
Rhodites Eglanteria. Found on Dog Rose.
Rhodites Rosae. Found on Dog Rose (Pincushion Gall).

Oak Galls.
Neuroterus Lenticularis. Spangle Gall.
Spathegaster Baccarum.

——

DESTRUCTIVE Forest INSECTS OF DUMFRIESSHIRE. 269

Oak Galls.
Neuroterus Fumipennts.

; Neuroterus Numismatis. Button Gall.
Aphilothrix Fecundatrix. Artichoke Gall.
Dryophanta Scutellaris. Cherry Gall.
Dryophanta Longiventris.

Dryophanta Divisa.

‘ Teras Terminalis. Oak Apple.

ry Cynips Kollari. Marble Gall.

Gall Mites.
Lriophes Tiliae. Nail Gall, on Lime.
Lriophes Laevis. Found on Alder.
Lriophes Axillaris. Found on Alder.
Lriophes fraxint. Found on Ash.

Two-winged Flies.

Cecidomyia Marginemtorquens. Found on Willow.

Cecidomyta Tiliam Vocens. Found on Lime.

Diplosis Dryobia. Found on Oak.

flormomyta Piliger. Found on Beech.

fformomyta Capreae. Found on Goat Willow.

Chromatomyta Iticis. Found on Holly.

Chromatomyia Obscurella. Found on Woodbine.

Aphididae.

Phyllaphis Fagt. Found on Beech.

Chermes Laricts. Found on Larch. The damage of the latter
is too well known to need any description here. Its effects
are too plainly seen in the Larch plantations, not only in
this county, but all over the country.

Phylioxera Punctata. Found on Oak.

Chermes Abietis. Found on Spruce.

Se py o-bep eta SN ap eo

Scale Insects.
Cryptococcus Fagit. Found on Beech.
Apterococcus Fraxint. Found on Ash.

270 ANWOTH OLD CHURCHYARD.

12th April, 1972.

The PRESIDENT in the Chair.

At this meeting three Life Members and ninety-seven Ordi-
nary Members were admitted, on the motion of the President of
the Society.

ANWOTH OLD CHURCHYARD. By the Rev. F. W. SAUNDERs,
Minister of Anwoth.

[The following is a summary of Mr Saunders’ contribution :

There is no evidence that the Churchyard was used previous
to the date when the Church was built. Most of the Catholics
are interred in the north-east corner. The Church is in the style
nick-named “ Heritor’s Gothic.” It measures sixty-four feet by
eighteen feet. The main door is in the west gable, and there
appears to have been another entrance from the south side oppo-
site the old school. The north wall, in accordance with the old
Scottish superstition, is devoid of windows. The interior was bare
except for a gallery at the east end, reached by an outside stair. —
This was the “heritor’s loft,” and belonged to the Gordons of
- Rusko. In front of the gallery was the pulpit, the preacher faced
the door on the west, his back being to the gallery. The Church
of Abercorn shows a similar arrangement. The Church dates —
from about 1626. Above the door is the date 1627, but this was —
inscribed only a few years ago, and is the date when Samuel —
Rutherford became minister of the parish. There are records of —
a church of Anwoth being granted to the monks of Holyrood ©
Abbey in the twelfth century by David the son of Terri, who held 7
the manor of Anwoth. It was afterwards, with the subordinate
chapel of Culeness, now Cardoness, transferred to the prior and |
canons of St. Mary’s Isle, anciently a dependant cell of Holyrood
Abbey. No trace of the old church remains, though in the north
wall there seems to be some sign of an older wall having been
built in. A rough stone, on which a cross of the most ancient —
design can be distinguished, now stands inside the Church. It is"
not known where it came from, and it is not sufficient evidence on
which to base a claim that there was a Pre-Reformation burying
ground here. A part of the Chapel of Culness still stands and

ANWOTH OLD CHURCHYARD. 2

was used by Colonel William Maxwell, founder of the Cardoness
family as a place of private devotion. Anwoth Church was dis-
mantled in 1826, when the new Church was completed. The new
Church is largely composed of stones from Bush o’ Bield, the
manse in Rutherford’s day.

The most interesting tombstones are those to the members of
the Gordon family and to John Bell of Whitesyde (for transcript
of inscriptions vide Transactions, D. & G. Natural History and
Antiquarian Society, 1887-90, pp. 271-3. There are no other
stones to members of the Gordon family, nor, curiously, to any of
the M‘Cullochs of Ardwall. John Bell of Arckland, Rutherford’s
correspondent, and John Bell for long schoolmaster in the ruined
building opposite the Church, now used as a stable, remembered
for his ability and learning, lie not far from the martyr’s stone.
Other monuments that may be noted preserve the memory of
“Archibald Faulds, gardiner at Bardarroch” (1724), who was
body servant to Colonel William Maxwell; of Elizabeth Latter-
thwaite, who lived to be 100 years, and Agnes Crawford, who
reached 103. One to Samuel Blyth, a tanner in Gatehouse, con-
sists of one of the stones on which tanners used to rub the skins.
A stone let into the south wall of the Church bearing the
Maxwell arms and motto, “Think on” and death’s head and
scroll, is inscribed “ Rebuilt anno 1710, W. M., N. S.” It was
taken from the doorway leading down to the old Cardoness vault
_ which was rebuilt at the date given. The initials are those of
Colonel William Maxwell and Nicholas Stewart, his wife, through
_ whom the estates came to the Maxwell family.]

A List OF THE COLEOPTERA OF THE SoLway District. By Mr
BERTRAM M‘Gowan.

I.—To THE END OF THE CARABID.

The Coleoptera (or beetles) have been pretty well worked in
q ‘the district (though the individual collectors have been few in
number) during a period extending over a great many years, and
it has been suggested to me by our Secretary, Mr Shirley, that it
might be useful for any present or future workers to gather
together all the records for the district and publish a complete

HA ' COLEOPTERA OF THE SOLWAY DISTRICT.

list in the Transactions. In cases where I have not taken the
species myself I have given the name of the collector responsible
for the record.

It will be of interest perhaps to make a short reference to
the various collectors who have worked in the district. The first
appears to have been the Rev. William Little, who was minister
of the Parish of Kirkpatrick-Juxta from 1841-67. He had a con-
siderable reputation as an Entomologist, and corresponded with
the leading collectors of his day. He assisted Mr J. F. Stephens,
the author of “ Illustrations of Entomology,” in 1828-32 in giving
Scottish localities for Coleoptera, and also was of very material
assistance to Mr Andrew Murray in the compilation of his “ Cata-
logue of Scottish Coleoptera,’’ published in 1853. In addition he
published a list in the “ Magazine of Zoology and Botany” in
1838, but some of the species therein included are very doubtful.
Afterwards we had in the neighbourhood of Dumfries Mr William
Lennon, for many years a valued member of our Society, who was
for some time officially connected with the Crichton Royal Institu-
tion, and after his retiral lived in Brooke Street, Dumfries. He
was a most indefatigable and successful collector, and for about
35 years prior to his death in 1899 he, as he says himself,
“searched almost every field, moor, moss, glen, and stream in the
district” for beetles. Unfortunately, his early records cannot be
relied on implicitly. A list almost certainly compiled by him
appears in the “Local Parish Histories and New Statistical
Account for the Parish of Dumfries,” published in the “ Dumfries
Courier,” 12th September, 1876, e¢ seg., but many of the species
therein recorded are obviously in error, as also are some species
recorded by him in our “ Transactions ” as having been taken at
Field meetings. Two papers by him published in the early
numbers of our “ Transactions,” as well as occasional lists of
captures contributed to the “ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,”
can, however, be depended on. His collection is now in the
Edinburgh Royal Scottish Museum, along with a most useful
manuscript list, which I have seen through the courtesy of Mr
Grimshaw, and of which I have made full use in the following
list. Associated with Lennon in his early collecting days we had
the late Dr W. R. M‘Nab (afterwards Professor M‘Nab), who
resided in the neighbourhood of Dumfries from 1867-69, and Dr —

David Sharp, M.A. (Cantab), F.R.S., who has for many years

COLEOPTERA OF THE SOLWAY DIsTRICT. 273

been recognised as one of the chief authorities on Coleoptera, and
who for some years was Curator of the Museum of Zoology at
Cambridge. Dr Sharp was resident in the Thornhill district for
about 16 years, from 1867-83, first at Bellevue, Keir, and after-
wards at Eccles, Penpont, and while here collected beetles most
assiduously in several parts of the district. He became an ordinary
member of our Society in 1867, and some years afterwards was
made a Life Member. Lists of some of his captures in the district
appear in the early numbers of the “ Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine,” and a valuable catalogue by him of the Coleoptera of
Scotland is published in the “Scottish Naturalist” of 1871-81,
which shews the species then recorded for the Solway district, and
which has been referred to by me.

More recently Mr W. D. Robinson-Douglas, M.A., F.L.S.,
.F.E.S., of Orchardton, near Auchencairn, worked the district in
| his: Panes neighbourhood very carefully, but since Lennon’s

death he informs me he has done little or no collecting. He pub-
- lished in conjunction with Lennon a list of additions to the Scot-

tish and Solway lists in the “ Annals of Scottish Natural History ”

in April, 1892. He has also furnished me with a list of the
- species taken by him at Orchardton, and I have noted those of
interest.

A few years ago Mr Frank Balfour Browne, M.A. (Oxon),
F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., worked up the water beetles of the district
(Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae, etc.) very thoroughly, and published
a yery full list of these in the “ Annals of Scottish Natural His-
tory,” April-October, 1909, to which reference should be made.
_ With his permission, I have incorporated his list into mine, with
a few additions we have been able to make. Mr J. G. Gordon,
F.E.S., has been doing good work in the neighbourhood of Corse-
malzie and other parts of Wigtownshire, and has turned up many
interesting species, and two useful lists of his captures appear
in the “ Entomologist’s Record,” 1903-4, and he has also been
_kind enough to assist me with further information. Mr W. H.
_Whellens, forester, Comlongon, also has recently been devoting
some attention to the order, especially to those species injurious to
trees, etc.

Professor T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.E.S., of
Edinburgh, and Messrs W. E. Sharp, F.E.S., and H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S., of London, have also done a little

274 COLEOPTERA OF THE SOLWAY DIsTRICT.

collecting at odd times in the district, and they have been good
enough to send me lists of what they have taken, and to the first-
named gentleman I .am indebted for assistance in determining
some of the more critical species.

The Solway district as defined includes portions of other
counties besides the counties of Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and |
Wigtown, but my list only refers to records for these three coun-
ties. In order to show the counties in which so far each species
has been recorded and to conform to the system advocated by
Watson (“Cybele Britannica ’’) I have added where I am able
the initial letter of the county or counties.

— a. ee —

ORDER COLEOPTERA.

ee ee

FAMILY CICINDELID2.

Cicindela campestris, LL. not uncommon in sandy localities
especially in early summer both inland and on the coast.

D. KW

FAMILY CARABIDE.
Cychrus rostratus, \.. widely distributed but not common under
stones. D. Ke We

Carabus catenulatus, Scop. common on the hills, more local in ~

the lowlands. D. K. W.
C. nemoralis, Mull, common in gardens, etc., often found
crushed on the pathway in early spring. D. K. Wa

C. glabratus, Payk. a scarce mountain species. First taken by —
Lennon on or near the summit of Cairnsmore-of-Fleef in -
June, 1880, and afterwards on 2/7/81. Mr Douglas took”
two specimens on Screel on 2/7/91, and the late Mr Service |
found three in an old whisky bottle on the shore of Loch

Dungeon on 28/9/93. Ka
C. violaceus, L. a scarce species in this district, tt it appears to
be widely distributed. D. K. Wa

C. nitens, L. a few specimens taken by Lennon over 30 years
ago near Tinwald Downs, but it has been found more
recently by Mr Gordon at Corsemalzie and Kildarroch,
Wigtownshire. D: Wa

C. granulatus, LL. not uncommon and generally distributed
especially in marshy places. D. K. Wa

COLEOPTERA OF THE SOLWAY DISTRICT. 275

G. arvensis, Hbst. not uncommon on the hills, Dalveen, Millyea,
Screel, also recorded by Lennon from Tinwald Downs.
DK.

Notiophilus biguttatus, F. very common and general. D.K. W.

NV. substriatus, Wat. probably common, but overlooked ; taken by
Lennon near Moffat and by Mr Douglas at Orchardton.

DK.
NV. aquaticus, L. not uncommon in sphagnum. DKW:
WN. palustris, Duft. also not uncommon in sphagnum. DoE

Leistus fulvibarbis, Dj. in damp places under stones and at roots
of grass not uncommon. ID) Ie AWe

L. ferrugineus, L. apparently very rare, one specimen taken by

Mr Gordon at Corsemalzie, 3/01. W.

_ L. rufescens, ¥. somewhat local, but not uncommon, several often
found together. DKW.
Nebria brevicollis, F. abundant under stones in damp places.

; D. K. W.
WV. gyllenhali, Sch. also common and generally distributed both
lowlands and highlands. Dye We

Blethisa multipunctata, L. rare, has only been taken by Lennon
at Maxwelltown Loch and by Mr Douglas and myself at

Lochrutton. i:
Elaphrus riparius, L. common on mud round margins of lochs
and ponds. De Ke W-
E. cupreus, Duft. also common and often found along with the
preceding. Dy We
E. uliginosus, F. very rare, two or three specimens taken many
years ago by Lennon on Tinwald hills. D.
Loricera pilicornis, F. very common and general. DEK. We
Clivina fossor, L. also very common and general. De KWw:

. collaris, Hbst. locally common, banks of Nith below King-
holm and near Thornhill. By:

Dyschirius thoracicus, Ross. apparently very scarce. I have
_ taken two specimens on the sand hills at Southerness and
_ one at Sandhead, Luce Bay. KW

276 COLEOPTERA OF THE SOLWAY DISTRICT.

D. impunctipennis, Daws. also scarce. I have only found it at

Southerness and Sandhead. K. W. @

D. politus, Dej. Lennon records it as very local and scarce
under sea refuse, estuary of Nith. D.

D. nitidus, Dej. also very local and scarce, but less so than the
preceding, Kelton and Caerlaverock shores, also taken by Mr
Douglas at Orchardton. Das

D. salinus, Schaum locally common, banks of tidal rivers and on
the coast. IDR.

D. globosus, Hbst. common and general in flood refuse, moss,
Cie: D. Ke We

Broscus cephalotes, 1.. common on the coast under stones and
refuse. : Th Ne ab D. K. W.

Badister bipustulatus, F. under stones in damp places, not un-
common and general both inland and on the coast.

D: Ke
Chlaenius nigricornis, F. very rare, a few specimens taken by
Lennon in flood refuse from Nith and Cairn. DD:

Acupalpus dorsalis, F. very rare, one specimen taken by Lennon
under sea refuse mouth of Nith, also recorded from Rae-
hills by Murray on the authority of Rev. W. Little. Da

A. exiguus v. luridus, Dj. very rare, one taken by me in
sphagnum Gore Moss, 13/4/02, also recorded from Moffat
Hills by Murray on the authority of the Rev. W. Little. D.

Bradycellus placidus, Gyll. rare; I have taken a few specimens |
in sphagnum in Comlongon woods. Dz.

B. cognatus, Gyll. not common in sphagnum various parts of
Lochar Moss, also recorded from Orchardton by Mr
Douglas. D. Kg

B. distinctus, Dj. not common in sphagnum Comlongon woods, j
also recorded from Thornhill by Dr Sharp. D:

B. verbasci, Duft. very common and general in sphagnum.

D. Kom

B. har palinus, Dj. recorded by Lennon as not common in moss
and flood refuse, and from Corsemalzie by Mr Gordon. W.

COLEOPTERA OF THE SOLWAY DIsTRICT. 277

B. collaris, Pk. recorded by Lennon as occasional under stones
near top of Criffel. , NS

B. similis, Dj. common and general. DAK. WwW.

Har palus rufibarbis, ¥. apparently very rare, one from Thorn.
hill by Dr Sharp, and two taken by me on banks of Nith

at Nunholm. 1D

H. ruficornis, F. common and general. Ey; es WW.
A. aeneus, F. abundant. Do ewes

H. latus, L.. common and general. D. K. W.

H. rufimanus, Marsh (¢ardus, Brit. Cat.), common at Souther-

ness. K.

Dichirotrichus pubescens, Payk. locally common banks of tidal
rivers. DK

Anisodactylus binotatus, F. not uncommon under stones in sandy
places. D. Ke

Stomis pumicatus, Pz. not uncommon under stones. Dp. K.

Pierostichus cupreus, L. J have only taken it in flood refuse at
- Kelton, but Lennon records it as common in the district, and

Mr Gordon records it from Wigtownshire. DW
. versicolor, Stm. common and general. DB: K. W:
. madidus, F. abundant. Dies We

. aethiops, Pz. very rare, one specimen taken by Dr Sharp in
1867 close to the house Bellevue, Keir, and one by myself

at Dalveen Pass, 20/5/00. 1D);

. vitreus, Dj. not uncommon under stones on hills at Dalveen
Pass, also taken by Mr Douglas on Screel. es sad

. niger, Schal. common and general. D. Ke W:
P. vulgaris, L. also common and general. D.K.W.

. anthracinus, Ill. three specimens taken at Corsemalzie by Mr

Gordon. W.
4 nigrita, F. also common and general. Do KW
P. minor, Gyll. not uncommon and general. D.K

P. strenuus, Pz. common and general. D. K. W.

278 COLEOPTERA OF THE SOLWAY DISTRICT.

P. diligens, Stm. also common and general. D. Ko We

P. vernalis, Pz. locally common, often found abundantly in flood
refuse at Kelton. D.

P. striola, F. rather scarce, but appears to be widely distributed.

: D. K. W.
Amara fulva, De G. not uncommon in sandy places banks of
Nith, Cairn, and A‘, also at Southerness. D. ke

A. apricaria, Pk. not common, taken in flood refuse at Kelton,
and at Southerness, also by Gordon at Corsemalzie.

D. K. W.

A. consularis, Duft. recorded by Lennon as very scarce, banks

of Nith and Af, and a few have been taken by Mr Gordon _

under sand boxes on Glenluce Golf Course. D. W.

A. aulica, Pz. common and general, often taken by sweeping.
D. K. W.

A. bifrons, Gyll. Apparently rare. I have only taken two
specimens, one near Collin, and the other at Dalveen Pass,

and Mr Douglas found one at Orchardton. D.Ks

A. ovata, F. not very common, but appears to be widely distri- —

buted. D. K. W.
A. similata, Gyll. Rare, only taken by Mr Douglas at Orchard-
ton. Kg

A. acuminata, Pk. moderately common under stones and in flood —
refuse, and apparently widely distributed. DS

A. tibialis, Pk. common at Southerness, Orchardton, and Glen-
luce. K. W.

A. lunicollis, Schiod. occurs occasionally in ficod refuse banks
of Nith and Cairn, also found in moss at Dargavel. D. K.

A. curta, Dj. recorded by Mr Douglas as rare in flood refuse at

Orchardton. K.
A. familiaris, Duft. common at Southerness, more local inland.
D. K. W..

A. trivialis, Gyll. very common everywhere. D. K. Wa

A. communis, Pz. apparently not uncommon and generally dis-
tributed. D. K. W.

COLEOPTERA OF THE SOLWAY DISTRICT. 279

A. continua, Th. Has been taken by Mr Douglas at Orchard-

ton. K.
A. plebeia, Gyll. not uncommon and general. Pek.
Calathus cisteloides, Pz. common and general. D: Kk. W.

C. flavipes, Fourc. common at Southerness, and at Glenluce
Golf Course and Craignarget. K. W.

C. mollis, Marsh. common on sandy banks of rivers and on the
coast. Dok.

C. melanocephalus, L. very common everywhere. DrK-W.

C. micropterus, Duft. Apparently very rare, one specimen
taken by me on Cairnsmore-of-Fleet, 16/7/99. K.

_Amphigynus piceus, Marsh. common under dead _ leaves
Crichope Linn, also taken in moss at Maidenbower Craigs,
and found by Mr Douglas at Orchardton, and by Mr Gordon
at Corsemalzie. Dak Ww.

Taphria nivalis, Pz. rather a scarce species though apparently
widely distributed. Dik.

~ Laemostenus complanatus, Dj. common at Ellangowan in out-
houses and probably found elsewhere under similar condi-
tions ; also taken by Mr Gordon at Corsemalzie. D. W.

Sphodrus leucopthalmus, L. Several specimens were taken
many years ago in shops and houses in Galloway Street,
Maxwelltown. he

_Anchomenus angusticollis, F, not uncommon under stones, etc.,
in damp places. Dro Ww.
A. dorsalis, Mull. very common at roots of grass, etc.

DKW.
. albipes, F. very common under stones near streams. D. K. W.

. oblongus, F. taken by Dr Sharp in the salt marshes towards
the mouth of the Nith. 1s

. marginatus, L. common among shingle at Lochrutton and
Loch Kindar, also taken at mouth of Lochar. ID BAK

. ericeti, Pz. recorded by Lennon as occasional in damp
sphagnum Dargavel Moss, also from Corsemalzie by Mr
Gordon. DoW,

280 COLEOPTERA OF THE SOLWAY DiIstTRICT.

A. parumpunctatus, F. common and general. D. K. W.

A. atratus, Duft. very local but common at mouth of Nith below
Glencaple, and found by Mr Douglas at Orchardton. D. K.

A. viduus, Pz. also local but found not uncommonly at Lochrutton

on under bark of fallen timber. K.
>
A. viduus v. moestus, Duft. recorded by Sharp as not common, and
from Orchardton by Mr Douglas. K.
A. versutus, Gyll. two specimens in Dr Sharp’s collection from
Eccles. D.
A. micans, Nic. somewhat local but not uncommon on the banks
of rivers in Dumfries district. D.K.
A. fuliginosus, Pz. common and general. D..KWe

A. gracilis, Gyll. very common at roots of grass and in moss in
damp places. D. KoWe
A. piceus, 1.. not common in marshy places Maxwelltown Loch
and Loch Arthur, and found commonly by Mr Gordon in flood
refuse Castle Loch, Mochrum. K. W.

A. puellus, Dj. recorded by Lennon as local and scarce by sweep-
ing marshy places.

Olisthopus rotundatus, Pk. recorded by Lennon as somewhat
local but not uncommon banks of Nith and Cairn, also from
Orchardton by Mr eee and from Corsemalzie by Mr —
Gordon. D. K. Waa

Cillenus lateralis, Sam. locally common on muddy banks of Nith
at Kelton and Glencaple, also found on the coast at Souther-
ness and Orchardton, Di

Bembidium rufescens, Guer. scarce but found occasionally in

flood refuse. Dek
B. obtusum, Stm. not uncommon and general. D, Ree
B. guttula, F. very common and general. D. Kawa

B. mannerheimi, Sahl. not uncommon and appears to be gene-
rally distributed. Dike

B. biguttatum, ¥. apparently rare, one specimen taken by me in—
flood refuse from Cluden. K.

COLEOPTERA OF THE SOLWAY DistTRICT. 281
. aeneum, Germ. very common on muddy banks of Nith and
Cairn. | 2 Fe

. doris, Pz. local but not uncommon where it occurs in moss
round margins of ponds, Gore Moss, Lochrutton, Loch
Chesney, etc. D. K. W.

. minimum, F. common at Kelton and on the coast. 1D5 Ae

. Schup peli, Dj. three specimens in Lennon’s collection from
flood refuse from Nith below Dumfries, also taken near
Thornhill by Mr W. E. Sharp in March, 1911. D.

. lampros, Hbst. very common and general. Dyker We

. lampros, v. velox, Er. recorded by Lennon as common at
Kelton. D.

. tibiale, Duft. common among shingle banks of rivers. D.K.

. atrocaeruleum, Steph. also common in similar situations.

Dye
. decorum, Pz. also common, often found with the preceding.

Does
. monticola, Stm. also common on banks of rivers. ID),

. Stomoides, Dj. a scarce species, but is found occasionally on
the banks of the Nith below Kingholm, also recorded from

Thornhill by Dr Sharp. D;
. lunatum, Duft. local but not common on banks of Nith below
Kingholm. DD:

. testaceum, Duft. recorded by Sharp as common in one or two
places on banks of -Nith. Ds
. concinnum, Steph. very local but common on muddy banks of
Nith between Kingholm and Kelton. Dz.
. femoratum, Stm. recorded by Lennon as local, and from
Raehills by Murray on the authority of the Rev. W. Little.

D.
. bruxellense, Wesm. not uncommon on banks of Nith, Cairn,
and AS, also found in Wigtownshire. D. K. W.

. saxatile, Gyll. not uncommon on banks of Nith near Kelton,
and found at Alticry, Luce Bay. D. W.

. andreae, F. (anglicanum, Shp.), common on shingly banks of
Nith near Thornhill, and on at A Bridge. De

282 COLEOPTERA OF THE SOLWAY DIsTRICT.

B. littorale, Ol. very common and general. DK. We

B. pallidipenne, 111. common under decaying seaweed at Souther
ness. K.

B. bipunctatum, L. not common, but found occasionally on

banks of rivers, also on coast at Southerness and Orchard-
ton. Dok

B. punctulatum, Drap. common on banks of rivers throughout
the district. D.K.

B. prasinum, Duft. local but common on banks of Cairn above
Irongray Church, also on banks of Nith near Thornhill.

D.K.

B. flammulatum, Clair. recorded by Lennon as rare but occa-
sional on muddy banks of Cargen Water, and at Kelton.

B. varium, Ol. apparently very rare, three specimens taken by

me in cracks of a dried-up pool at Southerness, 3/6/00. K.

B. paludosum, Panz. recorded by Lennon as very local but not
rare at Kelton salt marsh; but I have some doubt about this
record, though there is no reason why the species should not
occur in the district. D.

Tachy pus pallipes, Duft. a scarce species, but it is found occa-
sionally on sandy banks of AE. D.

T. flavipes, L. common on banks of Nith at Dumfries, also at
mouth of Lochar. De

Perileptus areolatus, Cr. very local and scarce, taken by Sharp
and Lennon in some numbers under small stones on both
sides of the river on banks of Cairn above Irongray Church.
It is still found there but appears to be very rare or difficult

to find. DIES
Trechus micros, Hbst, scarce, on sandy banks of Nith below King-
holm, also found occasionally in flood refuse. D.

T. longicornis, Stm. recorded by Lennon (and also taken there
recently by Professor Hudson Beare) as very rare under
stones and shingle banks of Nith near Kelton, also by Sharp
on banks of Nith at Thornhill, and by Lennon on banks of
Cree at Creetown. D. Ke

~
Y.
’

COLEOPTERA OF THE SOLWAY DISTRICT. 283

T. lapidosus, Daws. only taken by me on banks of Nith below
Kingholm Quay. It was not uncommon for a few seasons,
but it seems to have entirely disappeared. D:

T. rubens, F. Lennon records two specimens under tidal refuse
Caerlaverock shore, also recorded from Orchardton by Mr
Douglas, and from Corsemalzie by Mr Gordon. D.K. W.

T. minutus, F. very common and general. D. K. W.

Patrobus excavatus, Pk. not uncommon and general especially in
the higher lands. D. Kk

P. assimilis, Chaud. Lennon records it as not uncommon under
stones near top of Criffel, also recorded by Mr Douglas from
neighbourhood of Orchardton, probably Screel. K.

P. septentrionis, Dj. Recorded by Lennon as very scarce on hills
above Moffat. I have a single specimen which was sent me
from hills near Sanquhar. Dp:

Pogonus chalceus, Marsh. locally common on coast and at mouths
of tidal rivers. D. K.

Lebia chlorocephala, Hoff. recorded by Lennon as very local and
scarce near broom near Dumfries, also by Dr Sharp from
salt marshes towards mouth of Nith. D.

L. crux-minor, L. exceedingly rare, a single specimen taken by
Lennon over 30 years ago in damp sphagnum at Auchen-
crieff Loch. D.

Dromius linearis, Ol. common in cut grass banks of Nith near

Kingholm, and appears to be generally distributed.
DKW

D. agilis, ¥. recorded by Lennon as not uncommon under fallen

or decayed beech trees, also by Mr Douglas as not common
at Orchardton. Le

D. meridionalis, Dj. two specimens taken at Corsemalzie by Mr
Gordon. W.

D2. 4-maculatus, L. appears to be not uncommon under bark and
generally distributed. Die Wis

D. 4-notaius, Pz. apparently rare, two specimens only taken by
me, One on a wall near Maxwelltown Loch and the other at
Ellangowan. DE.

284 COLEOPTERA OF THE SOLWAY DISTRICT.

D. melanocephalus, Dj. common under cut grass on banks of
Nith below Kingholm, and appears to be generally distri-

buted. D.K.
D. nigriventris, Th. occurs not uncommonly in several localities
in Luce Bay. Wa

Metabletus foveola, Gyll. common at Southerness and recorded
by Mr Douglas as rare at Orchardton, also taken by me at
Dargavel. ; D. i

This completes the list of the carnivorous ground beetles
which form the tribe (or sub-tribe) Geodephaga. I have omitted
several species which have been doubtfully or erroneously
recorded, but reference will possibly be made to these at a later
stage. According to the most recent Catalogue (that of Beare &
Donisthorpe, 1904), there are 316 British species contained in 64
genera. Of these it will be seen we have 159 species, or prac-
tically 50 per cent., and of the genera we have 39 or 60 per cent.
This compares very favourably with other local lists. The Bem-
bidia, a large proportion of which are found on the banks of rapid
rivers among shingle, etc., are particularly well represented in the
district, there being found here 30 out of 53 British species, while,
on the other hand, the Harpali, as in other parts of Scotland, are
very poorly represented, as we have only 5 out of the 30 species
on the British list. Several of the genera and species missing are __
almost exclusively associated with chalky soil, which accounts for
their absence here. Turning now to the County records, there |
appear to be records for 133 species in Dumfriesshire, 119 in
Kirkcudbrightshire, and 73 in Wigtownshire, but the last county —
has not been worked to the same extent as the others, anda
number of species at present unrecorded almost certainly occur.
I hope to deal with the water beetles and other groups in a future
number.

THE EARLY COINAGE OF SCOTLAND. 285

26th April, 1912.

Chairman—Dr J. W. Martin, Hon. V.P.

THE EarRty CornaGE oF ScoTLAND. With Special Reference to
a Small Group of the Early Coins of Alexander HI. By
Mr James Davipson, F.S.A.Scot.

It has been well said that old coins have a strange fascination
for most people, the uninitiated as well as the expert. They seem
to suggest so much that one naturally feels a strong desire to know
the story they may have to tell. They may be considered among
the smallest of the antiquities of Scotland, yet none possess a
greater interest. It is strange that the coinage of Scotland should
not have had the same amount of study devoted to it as those of
some other countries have called forth. The different mintages
of the different reigns are quite as interesting, and present many
intricate questions to elucidate. It is only of recent date that
investigations of a systematic and scientific nature were under-
taken to put the coinage upon a sound footing. The Records
of the Privy Council and Exchequer, the Acts of Parliament and
other original documents in connection with the Scottish Mint
were searched, and the information obtained, along with a care-
ful examination of the coins themselves, gave the precise
knowledge necessary for their proper classification. The coinage
of Scotland, so far as we have evidence at present, commenced
with David I., although very probably it had a borrowed cur-
rency long before this. The finds of Roman coins, Anglo-Saxon
and Northumbrian Stycas, may go to prove that they were all in
use as a currency prior to David I., although even in his reign
offences were frequently punished by fines of cattle.

The types of the early Scottish coins copied very closely the
. contemporary coinage of England; they were of much the same
weight and composition. This similarity of the coinage of
David I. to Stephen can be well understood. Mr Edward Burns
in the Coinage of Scotland, in reference to the relation of the
‘Scottish to the English Coinage, quotes from E. W. Robertson
and the contemporary Malmesbury as follows:—“ An intimate

connection with the Court of England for upwards of a quarter

286 Tue Earty COINAGE OF SCOTLAND.

of a century had effectually rubbed off the Scottish rust from
David, converting him into a feudal baron; and many years
before he was called upon to fill the throne he had gathered
around him in his Cumbrian principality a body of knights and
barons from whom spring the older chivalry of Scotland.”
David, the “mighty innovator,’’ would. naturally feel that if
Scotland was to make progress it must have a coinage of its own,
and the type he evidently admired and copied was, as in many
other things, that of England. The two chief Mints were Berwick
and Roxburgh, and, so far as we know at present, are the earliest
Scottish Mints. The coins themselves are not well struck, have
rather a rude appearance, and seldom have the inscription or
legends entire.

Malcolm IV. minted coins similar to the first coinage of
Henry II. at Roxburgh, but they are very rare.

It is in the reign of William the Lion that we have definite
information regarding the coinage. His first coinage was what
is known as the crescent and pellet sterlings. The sceptre head
on the obverse is the distinguishing feature, those with a cross
potent correspond with the pennies of the first coinage of Henry
II., while those with a cross of four pearls correspond to the
second coinage. We find in the “ Chronicle of Melrose” this entry
under the year 1195:—“ Willelmus Rex Scottorum innovavit
monetam suam,’’ which can mean nothing else than a change from
the short single cross on the reverse of the coin to the short double
cross—a change which had taken place in England 15 years pre-
viously. Wyntoun in his “ Chronicle ” also mentions :—

“Of Scotland then the Kyng Willame
Renew’d his moné then at hame.’’

The coinage of William would, however, occupy consider-
able time, as the names of the Mints and moneyers are numerous,
and we must leave it to some future occasion, and hurry on to
the coinage of the Alexanders, which is more the subject of this
paper. Alexander II. succeeded his father in 1214. His coins
are rare, considering that he reigned for 35 years. Mr Burns
explains this by saying that Alexander IT., like his English con-
temporaries, struck his money with his father’s name and type up

to 1247. At this point we are confronted by the double cross

pore

) Sieg y

THE EARLY COINAGE OF SCOTLAND. 287

controversy, which was carried on for a considerable time, whether
the coins bearing the name of Alexander, with a long double
cross on the reverse, should be attributed to Alexander II. or III.
It has been clearly proved that they belong to Alexander III., the
historical evidence all being with that view. Lord Hailes, in
“Annals of Scotland,’’ states: —“ 1250. In this year the form
of the Scottish coin was changed, and the cross, which formerly
went no further than the inner circle, was extended to the cir-
cumference.’’ Lord Hailes mentions that this information is
‘received from the Scotichronicon by Bower. Alexander II. died
in 1249. This change of the coinage took place in 1250, when
Alexander III. was on the throne. It is to a small group of these
early long double cross coins of Alexander III. that I wish to
direct your attention. They all bear the name of WALTER as
the moneyer. We have WALTER ON GLA, WALTER ON
DVN, WALTER ON MVN, WALTER ON FRES. The ster-
lings reading ON GLA are attributed to Glasgow ; ON DVN might
represent either Dundee, Dunbar, or Dunfermline; ON MVN,
Montrose, which is known in ancient charters as Munross. Burns,
inthe Coinage of Scotland, says :—* It is an altogether exceptional
occurrence to find the same obverse die employed upon sterlings
of different mints. After much careful comparison, I have not
in any instance, other than on the sterlings of this remarkable
group with the name of Walter for the moneyer, met with coins
from different mints struck from the same obverse dies. The
_ natural inference, therefore, is that the four Mints must all have
been worked by one and the same moneyer, and probably to some
extent contemporaneously.’’ This is the opinion of the highest
authority on the subject, derived from a very careful examination
of the coins themselves. In France the moneyers are said to
_ have travelled with the King. There is every probability that
Walter accompanied Alexander and coined when necessary.
Forres has been considered the probable town at which the ster-
lings with FRES were minted. “In the absence,” Mr Burns says,
“of any Scottish town whose name commences with FRES.”
This is certainly a very easy way out of the difficulty. Burns, how-
ever, admits that “it may be no more than a coincidence, but it
is certainly remarkable that the two syllables composing the name
Dunfries should have been represented on Walter’s coinages.’’ It
seems to me that Dumfries has a very strong claim to the honour

288 THE EARLY COINAGE OF SCOTLAND.

of having a Mint at some period during Alexander III.’s reign.
In a paper recently read before this Society the writer mentioned
that Dumfries was “the Castle of the Frisians, who in Saxon
Chronicles are referred to as Fries or Fres,’’ and that Nennius
mentions as one of the important towns “ Caer Pheris.” There is
no doubt that this is the distinctive part of the name which would
linger in the district. Dumfries held a very important position
during the reign of Alexander III. It had been a Royal Burgh
from the time of William the Lion, and here King Alexander
brought together a fleet to subdue Magnus, King of Man, a very
important event. We know that Dumfries had trequently the
honour of being visited by the King. It is almost certain that
when Walter the moneyer coined here he would use the second
syllable—in every probability the name by which the town was
generally known—in order to distinguish the coins from those he
had coined at Dunbar or Dunfermline. The coins with Walter on
Fre or Fres are very rare. From this one would infer that the
coinage had not been large. There appear to be five varieties
struck from five different dies. On two of the varieties the A and
L in WALTER are in monogram, while on one he leaves out the
letter L, and calls himself WATER: ON FRES. The form of
bust of No. 1 appears to be of an early type with low flat crown
to left, sceptre head cross pominee.

The following are the legends on the five varieties at present
known, Nos. 1 and 4 having the AL in monogram.

Fig. 1.—obv. ALEXANDER REX
rev. WAL/TER: ONF/RES

Fig. 2.—obv. ALEXANDER: REX: C:
rev. WA/LTE/R ON/FRE

The C after REX on the obverse probably stands for
“ Scotorum.’’
Fig. 3.—obv. ALEXANDER REX
rev. WA/TER/ONF/RE:

The legends on this variety are mostly imperfect, the die having
failed on “ONF.”
Fig. 4.—obv. Same as last, but: after REX
rev. WAL/TER/ONF/RES

Poo
DUMFRIES.

MINTED :

TO HAVE

"
wy
>
gy
4
Z

PLEIADES RG INV SEO

rromerres een er

DS NER OT

THE EARLY COINAGE OF SCOTLAND. 289

There is another variety with similar obverse to above, but the

reverse reading :—
WA/LTE/R ONF/RES

The above sterlings are from the “Brussels Hoard.” I am
indebted to Mr A. H. Baldwin, numismatist, London, for the
loan of two of the coins reproduced. Figs. 1, 3, and 4 are
unpublished varieties. For the reproductions I am obliged to
Mr A. Coldwell, A.R.C.O., Dumfries.

GLEANINGS FROM THE VERNACULAR. By Dr ALEXANDER
CuatmersS, M.A., Crocketford.

I venture with considerable diffidence, and with a very
acute sense of shortcoming, to bring before you my little sheaf
of East Galloway gleanings. Possibly the list could have been
much fuller. Possibly phrases as well as words should have been
included. But it has really been difficult to see where to draw
the line. Words which I thought rare because they occurred but
seldom in my personal experience turn out to be (apparently)
quite common with certain groups of people. “ Grossky,’’ e.g.,
I took to be a unique specimen, possibly imported by the person
whom I heard use it ; I learn, however, that it is quite well under-
stood and used by graziers. Per contra: words occurring so
commonly in the district as “ basque ’’ and “ lown,’’ I thought it
quite unnecessary to make note of; yet I am informed from
several sources that these words are—to my informants at any-
rate—quite unknown.

The only touchstone by which one can gauge the right of a
word to special note appears to be its presence or absence in
Jamieson, or—as I believe we should now say—in Warrack and
Grant, and for the most part I have been guided by this rule.
A few words which Jamieson notes have been introduced here,
because I think they are really rare in Galloway ; though I hesi-
tate to say so definitely, for I do not pretend to anything like a
complete knowledge of the various phases of the vernacular as
spoken by all sorts and conditions of men and women in the
district. Probably it would have been wiser to draw up an

extended list of words used in Galloway speech apart altogether

from their appearance in Jamieson, say, as a supplement to

290 GLEANINGS FROM THE VERNACULAR.

M‘Taggart’s Gallovidian Encyclopedia. But that reached beyond
my immediate aim, which was the preservation of a tew curiosities
of our Scots dialect, which are in danger of early and irretrievable
extinction. In this connection I would take the liberty of sug-
gesting the preparation of lists of technical words used by
farmers and tradesmen, for comparison with similar lists which
might be prepared in other parts of the country. I believe some
interesting results would emerge. In Galloway farmers talk of

coles, stangcoles (? standing coles), grapes, wylies, forry, avval, —

yell, etc., etc. What are the corresponding terms used in other
parts of the country?

Bach: cowbach, cowbat, cowplat = Cowdung as it lies in a piece
on the ground.

With reference to this word, Mr Grant (Ashfield, Cults,
Aberdeen) writes me :—“ Wright gives cows-bachrin as
a Galloway word=dung dropped in the field. Also
bachram, as a probably obsolete word, for Dumfries=
an adhesive spot of filth, what has dropped from cattle
on hard ground. In English dialect duck-batches=
ground trodden by cattle in wet weather.’’

Bachlies = dried dung for fuel. “ Bring in some bachlies.”’

Blinkit (winkit)=soured. “That milk (or buttermilk) is gey
blinkit.’’

Bood=bent, roundabout. “The heich road’s nae bood-gait.’’
“ He ploughed a bood-gait,’’ 1.e., the up and down furs of the
plough.

Boon=bound or boundary. “ Ayont the boons o’ the fairm.”’

Boosse=to sulk. “What for are ye boossin’ there?”’

Broke, applied to one who is slovenly or untidy. “ Ye’re a dirty
broke.”’ :
Grossky=tough and voluminous; fat. “A grossky spit.”
“Grossky grass.’’

Mr Grant remarks:—“ Wright has grosk cum and yks=
luxuriant, fat; Swedish dialect, groske, spring verdure.
This is a very interesting word. I wonder if it is of
recent introduction from Cumberland, or did it come
with the original Scandinavian trek from that district
into Dumfries ?’’

Horrid=very, specially, extra. “It’s a horrid fine day.’’ “It’s
horrid windy.’’

alae A Bis sa A AAR ba

;

GLEANINGS FROM THE VERNACULAR. 291

Scardie = an oatmeal pancake.
Scoor=to rub clean. “To scoor blankets.”’
Smool=to scowl at. “ What are ye smoolin’ at?”’

Mr Grant:—“ A correspondent from West Dumfries[shire]
gives me the meaning as a horse’s scowl.’’ To smool
aboot=to hang about listlessly.

Spluiter (Jamieson has splatter)=a mess. “Don’t mak’ a
spluiter.’’

Whammlum=hunger or starvation, or emptiness; overturn.
“Hae a dish 0’ whammlum.’’ “ Whammle that bine.”’

Mr Grant says :—“ In Huntingdon they say :—‘ I have washed
the milk pails and set them to wemble,’ i.e., drain by
turning upside down.’’

Wylie, is an instrument for making hay ropes.

The following uncommon words met with in Galloway are

mentioned in Jamieson :—

Bengle=a collection of too many things. “ Ye’ve juist a bengle
in your pooch.”’

Byas=by-ordinary, exceptional. “A byas fine day.’’ “ He was
a maist byas man.”’

Glent=a smack. “A glent on the chaffs.’”’

Griesocks =the glowing remains of a fire. “I'll use the griesocks
o’ the fire tae mak’ a wee drap tea.”’

Mr Grant :—“ Wright gives grushach and griushack as Dum-
fries forms. In Morayshire the word is greasach,
Gaelic griosach.”’

Plat. See Bach.

Pookit = wizened, or shrivelled. “ He looks gey pookit.”’

Roopit = roughened or made hoarse. “ He was roopit up wi’ the
cauld.”’

Rug=to rive, pull, or tug. “ Don’t rug ma hair.”’

Scaut=faded. “A scaut-lookin’ dress.”

Yim=a small piece. “Gie me a yim 0’ cheese.”’

In common with many others, I have been struck with the
frequent occurrence of German words and modes of expression ;
and I append a few examples. It will be noted that a different
etymology is suggested of the word leelang than that usually put
forward.

Fleech: She fleeched wi’ me to be quate. “ Duncan fleeched and
Duncan prayed.” “ Ja, ja,” flehte Hilda.

292 GLEANINGS FROM THE VERNACULAR.

Gant: He ganted an’ he ganted. Er gahnt.

Grue: It made me grue tae think o’t. Sie gedachte mit Grauen.

Leelang: We enjoyed oorsel’s the leelang day. “We lap and
dance’t the leelang day.” Durch die er den lieben langen Tag
iiber zu winden und zu schmiegen hatte.

Lown: It’s a lown nicht. In der démmerhaften lauen Nacht.

Rice: They gathered rice for the fire. Reis.

Sair: I’m sair afeird. I was sair putten aboot. Ich fiirchte
sehr du lasst dich zu tief ein.

Sheil: What are ye sheilin’ at? Sie schielte hastig nach
Marianne hin.

Smiddy: Schmiede.

Ticht-handed : She was a trig, ticht-handed body. _ Er ist tiichtig
und klug.

Weer [cf., veer]: Weer the sheep into that field. “To wear the
tod frae the flock on the fell’’ (“ Brownie of Blednoch’’).
Warf Marianne, leise abwehrend, dazwischen.

He micht ha’e could dae that! Er hatte das thun kénnen.

A few of the interjections met with among the peasantry are
added, without present comment :—

Gosh. Lovenenty. Losh. My greaty. Ochanee. Atweel.
Dod. Nabbat. MHech sirs. By Hecky or By Heck. My sang.
My word. By the long. By the long Harry.

James Linpsay, Provost oF LINCLUDEN. By Joun Linpsay,
M.A., M.D., Glasgow.

James Lindsay, Provost of Lincluden, was a son of the laird
of Covington, a considerable barony in the parish of the same
name in the Upper Ward of Lanarkshire. He makes his first
appearance in record history in the year 1432, as a litigant at the
Papal Court, where he was engaged in defending his possession
of the rectory of Arbuthnot against the claim of another priest.
For five years the case dragged on, and in the end was settled by
compromise, Lindsay, while permitted to retain ‘the rectory,
was required to surrender to the rival claimant a prebend held

fhe erred

es:

ee, a a, ao

EA Ti NaS HSMN

+4 CEA yy as oe

ad Eee

James Linpsay, Provost oF LINCLUDEN. 293

by him in the Church of Dunbar, and to pay to his rival a pension
out of the lands of Covington.1

By this time he had succeeded to the family estate, presum-
ably through the death of an elder brother ; for, had he himself
been the first-born son it is unlikely that he would have been
dedicated to the priesthood. This early attainment by him of
the status of a minor baron, with the right to a seat in Parliament,
assured his advancement in the Church; but of even more con-
sequence to that end, and of more consequence than his own
ability, was the patronage of the great house of Douglas. Just
at what time and in what manner he had entered on terms of
friendship with the chief of the Douglases we do not know, but
as early as 1441 he was witness to a charter of James the Gross.”
In the list of witnesses to an ancient document it may not be per-
missible to infer more than a chance association, but generally
the witnesses were selected for definite reasons ; and in the light
of immediately subsequent events we may be allowed to see more
than chance in this connection of the rector of Arbuthnot with
the 7th Earl of Douglas. Probably there was some degree of
blood relationship between them; for, in presenting in 1447 one
Master James Lindsay to the Church of Hawick, newly erected
into a prebend of the Collegiate Church of Bothwell, the 8th Earl
of Douglas calls him “ consanguineus noster ’’ ; and there can be
little doubt that this Master James was identical with him who had
previously been rector of Arbuthnot. That the presumed rela-
tionship was a near one is out of the question; but distant ties
were at that time readily acknowledged and regarded. The origin
of the Covington Lindsays has not been ascertained, but in all
probability they were cadets of the Lindsays of Crawford, with
whom the Earls of Douglas had common blood.

James the Gross died in 1443. Previous to this event, per-
haps, and certainly not later than the same year, Master James
Lindsay became parson of Douglas with a stall in the choir of
Glasgow and a place in the chapter ; for the parsonage was a pre-
bend of the cathedral. So from that time until his election to the

——— ena

1. Calendar of Papal Registers, Vol. VIII., pp. 256, 422, 460.
2. Hist. MSS. Com , 11th Rep., App. Part VI., p. 212.

3. Reg. Lpis. Glasguensis, Vol. II., p. 366.

4. Laing Charters, No. 122.

294 James Linpsay, Provost oF LINCLUDEN,

provostship of Lincluden, early in 1449, he figures as a canon of
Glasgow ; and during the same period he was acting as secretary
to William, Eighth Earl of Douglas.6 He was now, if he had
not been before this, immersed in politics; and since he became
more distinguished as a politician and statesman than as a church-
man, it is necessary to an insight into his life and character that
account should be taken of the political activities of the Doug-
lases, then dominating the public affairs of the kingdom. Im-
mediately upon succeeding his father Earl William went to Court,
and was forthwith appointed Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom.
“Tt sounds a thing incredible in modern ears,’’ says Sir Herbert
Maxwell, “that the whole of the royal forces should have been
entrusted to the command of a lad of eighteen; yet so it was.’
Incredible it may sound to us that military leadership, titular or
actual, should have been regarded as the natural right of noble
birth and feudal power; but such was the idea of the time, and
agreeably to this idea none had a better claim to high command
than the Earl of Douglas, young as he was. Not in this, then,
lies the marvel of Earl William’s career, but in that he, between
his eighteenth and his twenty-fifth year when he died, should have
played so great a part in the game of politics, involved and
hazardous as it then was, and should have more than held his own
against such experienced and wily players as Livingstone, the
King’s Governor; Crichton, the Chancellor; and Kennedy,
Bishop of St. Andrews. Livingstone and Crichton, though not
among the great territorial magnates, had proved themselves for-
midable foes by carrying through such a drastic scheme for
breaking the Douglas power as the judicial murder of the sixth
earl and his brother. On account of this record they had the
best of reasons to watch and to checkmate if possible every move
of their new opponent. Yet verv soon he was playing the one
against the other. The Livingstones he detached from the oppos-
ing party, and looked on with indifference, if not with contempt,
when they went down before the wrath of their old associates.
The great stroke which was to have reduced the Black Douglas
to the level of the other nobles he countered and rendered of no

5. Munimenta de Melros, Vol. IL., p. 573; Frazer, Douglas Book, Vol. IIL, j
pp. 380, 428 ; The Scotts of Buccleuch, Vol. Il., p. 35; Reg. Mag.
Sig. (6th Aug., 1447). Lachequer Rolls, Vol. V., p. 336.

James Linpsay, Provost oF LINCLUDEN. 295

effect by marrying his cousin, the Fair Maid of Galloway, thereby
gathering again into his own hands the whole of the family re-
sources. Then by leaguing with the Earls of Crawford and Ross
he put himself into a position that could scarcely be assailed with
success by the whole forces of the Crown.

Such masterly policy and action emanating from one so
young may be explicable by assuming for him exceptional talent
and courage. There have been many historical instances of
precocity in political affairs; but we do not resort to the excep-
tional and the marvellous in explanation, when the more common-
place will suffice ; and if some one could be pointed to of proved
astuteness and experience, who was likely to be a trusted adviser
of the young earl, we should be bound to give this possible factor
full consideration in any attempted elucidation of his political
aims and achievements. No such personage is mentioned by any
of those who have written of the history of the period. To all
appearance none such was known to them. Yet in James Lind-
say, Rector of Douglas and Provost of Lincluden, there was one
well able to fill the rdle of political mentor.

Lindsay, when he became secretary to the young earl, was
a man of mature years. In 1449 he was one of the auditors of
accounts, and was chosen a member of an important embassy sent
to England, a testimony no doubt to his reputation as a man of
affairs. In later life he was one of the leading statesmen in the
country, and the writer of the Auchinleck Chronicle speaks of
him in terms not flattering, certainly, but such as would not have
been called forth by a merely colourless personality. “ Ye said
quene, he says, eftir ye deid of King James ye secund tuke master
James lyndesay for principale counsalour And gart him kepe ye
preve sele nochtwithstanding yat ye said master James was ex-
cludit fra ye counsall of ye forsaid king and fra ye cort for his
veray helynes And had bene slane for his demerits had not bene
he was redemit with gold.’’’ We do not know the meaning of
the word “helynes,’’ but obviously it was something uncompli-
mentary, craftiness or duplicity, perhaps.

As secretary to Earl William, the rector of Douglas must have
been something more than the parish priest who might be called

6. Excheg. Rolls., Vol. V., p. 336; Rymer, loedera, Tom. XI., p. 238.
7. Auchinleck Chronicle, p. 22.

296 James LinpsAy, Provost OF LINCLUDEN.

upon to aid him in the unfamiliar art of writing. His tastes, his
talents, his experience, his social connections, all tended to make
him a participator in the schemes of his patron; and in particu-
lar he was well fitted to bring into being as a negotiator the league
of the three earls. He was bound in dutiful service to the Earl
of Douglas. The Earl of Crawford was his hereditary chief, and
although this bond might be merely a sentimental one, there is
evidence also of actual association between them, for Master
James was a witness to at least one of the earl’s charters, while
his brother and nephew were the baron bailies of Crawford.®
To him, then, Douglas might very well entrust the task of secur-
ing the participation of Crawford in the league, an object worth
striving for, since he was the greatest noble in midland Scotland,
as Douglas was in the south, and Ross in the north. With his
accession the league would hold a preponderance of material
power and influence throughout the length of the country. Who-
ever carried through the business, it could have been no light
undertaking to bind together in a common cause three such youth-
ful potentates ; for Douglas was under twenty-five, Crawford could
have been only a few years older, while Ross was still a minor
when his father died in 1447. Then, too, whatever the char-
acter of Douglas, Crawford was a man of such fierce and turbu-
lent disposition that in the course of his short life he succeeded
in earning for himself the ominous nickname of the Tiger Earl;
while Ross at an advanced age closed a career that had been a
troubled one, and altogether futile from his own vanity and
weakness.

Now, whatever may have been the purpose of the earls’
league, it was inimical to the Government, if only because by its
very strength it belittled the authority of the Crown ; and it would
surely have been checked in its inception had the acting Ministers
of State been aware of what was afoot. To bring the scheme to
the point of effectiveness secrecy was imperative, and such secrecy
was maintained that it was accounted for special shrewdness in
Bishop Kennedy that he was the first to suspect the existence of
the conspiracy. For the finesse in management that achieved this
result are we to look to any of the young men who were the

8. Reg. Mag. Sig., X., 1383 (18th June, 1449); Hist. MSS. Com., 15th Rep.,
Append. VIII , pp. 64, 65.

James Linpsay, Provost oF LINCLUDEN. 297

nominal heads of the movement, to the arrogant Douglas, to the
truculent Crawford, or to the vain and feeble Ross? Neither
Crawford nor Ross possessed the needful qualifications, and it
may be doubted if Douglas had them. So to the many specula-
tions that have to serve us as the history of the period, I would
venture to add this one, that James Lindsay, Provost of Lin-
cluden, had a hand, and an effective one, in shaping the policy
of the Douglas party.

The Earl of Douglas was slain in February, 1452, killed by
the King because, as it is believed, he had refused to break up
the treasonable alliance referred to. | Crawford immediately took
up arms, and notwithstanding his defeat at Brechin, continued in
rebellion. The brothers of the murdered earl were also actively
engaged in hostilities when in August of that year there was
brought about a reconciliation between them and the King. The
strength of the Government apparently was not such that it could
compel the unconditional surrender of the rebels. | Doubtless
their treasonable plotting was not generally known to the people,
or was forgotten, and only the provocation that they had received
was remembered and served to secure for them much sympathy
and support. With this in mind, perhaps, and desirous of aton-
ing for his own act of violence and treachery, the King received
into his peace the members of the party. The decrees of for-
feiture which had been pronounced were rescinded, and King
James undertook to promote the appeal for a dispensation
whereby the new Earl of Douglas might marry the widow of his
dead brother, that same Fair Maid of Galloway. To be reckoned
also among these measures of conciliation—and the point is
significant for our understanding of the factors at work in the
development of events—the Provost of Lincluden, who at the
time of the slaughter of his patron filled the office of Clerk
Register, was now given the custody of the Privy Seal. Thus
to dispose of a troublesome adversary by loading him with the
responsibilities of office is a manceuvre which has been not in-
‘frequently resorted to in politics even to the present day.
During the years of peace which followed this reconciliation
the name of the Provost of Lincluden is one of those most often

9. Hxcheq. Rolls, Vol. V., pp. 491, 606; Reg. Mag. Sig., IV., 118, 119 (12th
Jan., 1452-3.

298 James Linpsay, Provost oF LINCLUDEN..

met with in the contemporary records, for by reason of his office
he was a witness to most of the royal charters and a party to most
of the public and to many of the private transactions of the time.
Having also been appointed chamberlain to the Queen, receiving
her rents and other allowances, and supervising the expenditure of
her privy purse, he won her esteem and confidence to an extent
that raised him to a position of high influence in the country at a
later date.

But the days of peace were soon to end. For reasons not
definitely ascertained the King and his advisers resolved on the
destruction of the Black Douglases, and speedily carried this
resolution into effect. All their lands and honours were forfeited,

never to be restored; and the Provost of Lincluden as a partisan.

of their house was deprived of his office and expelled from
Court. Whether he had continued actively to serve them we
know not, but that he had remained loyal is evident from the fact
that his lands were distrained for the value of some of the for-
feited estate of the Countess Beatrix, which apparently he had
tried to save from the wreck of the family fortunes.!2 For a time
he lived out of the main current of public life, not wholly in dis-
favour, however, since he was permitted to use the royal authority

in compounding for and remitting fines at the Justice Ayre of —

Dumfries.’ Then in 1460 came another of those tragic happen-
ings which dogged like a fate the footsteps of the Stuart Kings.

James II. was killed by the bursting of a cannon at the siege of —
Roxburgh, leaving as his heir a boy of eight years of age. Im- —
mediately the widowed Queen, Mary of Gueldres, a woman of

energy and strength of character, assumed the regency, and sum-
moned the Provost of Lincluden to resume the custody of the
Privy Seal and to join with Crichton, the Chancellor, Kennedy,
Bishop of St. Andrews, and George, Earl of Angus, in a council
of government ; and if the chronicler may be believed, she made
the Provost her chief adviser, as we know she again appointed
him her chamberlain. Lindsay was now associated with those

10. Hacheg. Rolls, Vol. V., pp. 524, 554, ete.
ll. Hucheq. Rolls, Vol. VI., p. 87; Auchinleck Chronicle, p. 22.

12. Excheg, Rolls, Vol. VI., p. 162. S §

13. Hacheq. Rolls, Vol. V1., pp. 555-557
14. HLucheq. Rolls, Vol. VIL, je 2H 7 31, 69; Auchinleck Chronicle, p. 22.

James Linpsay, Provost oF LINCLUDEN- 299

who had been the chief opponents of the party to which he had
formerly adhered, but by this time he upon whom had devolved
the leadership of that party, if such it could still be called, James,
9th Earl of Douglas, was utterly discredited. It is little to be
wondered at that’ Lindsay should have abandoned the lost cause of
the Black Douglas; and he was not acting at variance with the
spirit of his times in now so cultivating the Red Douglas, George
Earl of Angus, as to obtain from him a gift of various lands in the
neighbourhood of his barony of Covington.!® It does not seem to
have been his conduct in this respect but rather his intriguing with
rebels, perhaps even at the time when he was holding a Govern-
ment office, that called down upon his head the condemnation that
has been quoted from the Auchinleck Chronicle.

To the Provost of Lincluden was entrusted the care of Queen
Margaret of England when she fled to Scotland for refuge upon
the defeat and capture of her husband, King Henry VI., by the
Yorkists. At Lincluden she was lodged as the guest of the
nation, and there being visited by the Queen of Scotland, the
resources of the Provost must have been taxed to accommodate
these two royal ladies and their trains. In the other public busi-
ness of the country Lindsay appears in his capacity as Lord Privy
Seal as witness to most of the royal charters of the period. On
two occasions he went to England to arrange a treaty of peace, the
other envoys being the Bishops of Glasgow and Aberdeen, the
Abbot of Holyrood, the Earls of Crawford and Argyle, Lords
Livingstone, Borthwick, and Boyd, and Sir Alexander Boyd of
Drumcoll.16 We hear of him also going to various places on the
King’s business or to hold courts.!”_ In the latter half of the year
1468 he became Lord High Treasurer of Scotland; but died
before the end of the same year.18

It is of local interest to mention that there is very good reason
for believing that this Provost of Lincluden received as a personal
gift from the Earl of Douglas the lands of Fairgirth and others in

_ the parish of Southwick. If so he settled them on a kinsman and

15. Frazer, The Douglas Book, Vol. II, p. 91.

16. Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, Vol. 1V., 1341, 1350, 1362,
1363.

17. Excheg. Rolls, Vol. VIL., pp. 118, 152, 293, 455, 512; Vol. VIIL., p. 45.

18. Ibid., Vol. VII., pp. 520, 593, 656, 670, 672.

note emt ati el hat Fe

300 James Linpsay, Provost oF LINCLUDEN.

namesake, a nephew perhaps, with whose descendants they con-
tinued, and in whose family it was a tradition that they were
sprung from the house of Covington. The first of the family
married Margaret Cairns, who was heiress eventually of another
Provost of the College Church, Master Alexander Cairns, and
who brought to her husband the lands of Carsluith, which had
been a gift from the Douglases to this earlier Provost.

The direct line ending at the beginning of the 16th century in
an_heiress, Elizabeth Lindsay, Carsluith passed to the son of her
marriage with Richard Brown, while Fairgirth went to her uncle,
the heir male. Branches of the family were the Lindsays of
Auchenskeoch, and of Rascarrel, and probably also those of the
Mains of Southwick. All of them were flourishing in the middle
of the seventeenth century, but within a hundred years thereafter
the various properties were in other hands. If Master James
Lindsay, Provost of Lincluden, had really been the means of
settling these Lindsays in Galloway, then he had established for
himself a very lasting association with the ancient province.

301

OLD BRIDAL STONE, CROUSE FARM, KIRKCOWAN.

In “ The Transactions and Journal of Proceedings” of this
Society, N.S. Vol. XIX. p. 168 (1906-7) an illustration of the old
Bridal Stone on Crouse Farm, Kirkcowan, was given without any
reference being made to it in the text. Mr J. J. Vernon, Honor-
ary Secretary Hawick Archeological Society, in a paper on
“ Betrothal and Other Perforated Stones” read on 19th Decem-
ber, 1911, describes it thus: “ About four miles from Kirkcowan
Station, Wigtownshire, in a field near the farmhouse of Crouse or
Crows, can be seen a perforated stone, commonly called the old
bridal stone of Crouse. It may be fairly described as ovyal-
shaped, seven feet seven inches in height and five feet three inches
at its greatest breadth. When visited in 1864 it was lying almost
level with the ground; to-day it stands once more upright.
Transversely the stone is obtusely curved into a bulge at the
middle of both faces, or, in other words, is double convex. The
stone itself is quite natural, of granite, the perforation may be
described as two circular basins, twelve inches in diameter,
oppositely sunk into the faces of the boulder and connected by the
hole bored through their bottoms.” Mr J. J. Vernon also
describes another holed stone in Galloway: “In connection with

a stone circle there is a fine example of a holed stone far away
among the hills beyond Loch Urr, in the Stewartry, close to a
remarkable structure called Lochrinnie Mote. It is a thin broad
slab of blue whinstone, and stands three feet two inches above
ground, thirty inches wide and six inches thick. The hole is
about four inches in diameter and has been nearly circular. It

_ seems to have been in connection with a stone circle, ten stones of

which remain standing and prostrate.”*

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS TAKEN AT DUMFRIES,
1909 anp 1910.

The death of the Rev. W. Andson in March, 1909, caused
a break in the continuity of the local Meteorological Records
‘given in our Transactions from 1886 onwards. The following
tables fill up that hiatus. They are taken, by permission of Dr
J. Maxwell Ross, county medical officer for Dumfriesshire, from
his Nineteenth and Twentieth Annual Reports. In 1910 the
station was removed from Newall Terrace, Dumfries, to the
Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries.

* Transactions Hawick Archeological Society, 1911, pp. 57-9.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT. DUMFRIES.

302

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J a i A ALLA AA EAL DEED

204
PRESENTATIONS.

3rd November, 1911.—Mr M. H. M‘Kerrow—Engraving of Sir
Thomas Kirkpatrick of Closeburn; Copy of the Catalogue of the
Scottish Historical Exhibition, Glasgow, 1911.
17th November, 1911—Mr R. C. Reid of Mouswald Place—Perforated
Stone Axe found on Drummuir Farm, Torthorwald Parish, in
August, 1911. Measurements: 11 in. by 33 in. (at broadest part
in centre) by 21 in. in thickness. Perforation, 1) in. across.
Dr Rutherford of Mountainhall—Camden’s ‘‘ Britannia,”
ed. by Edward Gibson, 1722. 2 vols., folio.
19th January, 1912.—Anonymous—Four Charters relating to the
Lands of Glengaber and Morrington. The first of these, dated
20th May, 1556, was granted by Thomas Campbell, Commen-
dator of the Abbey of Holywood, to John and Cuthbert Morrin,
and was signed by the Commendator and by David Welche, John
Lytill, and Kenneth M‘Gee, brothers in the monastery. The
other charters are dated 5th Feb., 1574; 3lst May, 1593; 12th
April, 1595.
Rev. Henry Paton, Edinburgh—‘‘ Register of the Rev.
John Macmillan. Being a Record of Marriages and Baptisms
solemnised by him among the Cameronian Societies,’’ edited by
Rev. Henry Paton, M.A., Edinburgh. 1908.
Mr Clement Reid, F.R.S.—‘‘ The Ivish Naturalist,” Vol.
XX., No. 12, containing article on ‘‘ The Relation of the Present
Plant Population of the British Isles to the Glacial Period,” by

the donor.
16th February, 1912.—Mr Robert Wallace—Collection of Fossil.
Plants:
Upprr CArBONIFEROUS.
Crichope Burn— Jockie’s Syke, Netherbie—
6 Specimens Neuropteris ovato. 2 Specimens Annularia.
12 Do. Neuropteris (?). 2 Do. Lepididendron.
3 Do. Fern Stems. 3 Do. Fern Stems.
2 Do. of Rootlets. 5 Do. Neuropteris Schizeri.
1 Do. of Ironstone.

Byreburnfoot (R. Esk)—
3 Grey Shales.
5 Black Shales, containing Neuropteris Pinnuli.

Mr Wallace said:—I wish to draw your attention to the economic
aspect of the Closeburn Basin in its relation to coal. The
memoir of the geological survey describes the rocks of that basin
as belonging wholly to the lower Carboniferous formation ; but

PRESENTATIONS. 305

it is evident to present-day geologists that this is an error.
During the formation of all sedimentary rocks there was a con-
tinual evolution of life in both plants and animals. The lower
bands of sediment contain fossils of species with simple organ-
isms, but the layers above, which were deposited at a later date,
show by their fossil life various degrees of progress or degenera-
tion. The younger rocks are said to be of a higher horizon in
the vertical scale of rock-building, and are frequently named by
the fossil contained in them. The higher deposits of strata in
the Closeburn Basin alternate rapidly between clay, shale, red
sandstone, fireclay, and grey sandstone. This thin bedding of
rocks and their prevailing red colour seemed to speak of an
_ Upper Carboniferous Age in that valley ; but, unfortunately,
fossils could not be found to prove this theory. However, after
lengthened perseverance I have discovered a band of shale
crossing the Crichope burn not far below the famous Burley’s
Leap. This outcrop of dark grey shale has yielded some: beauti-
ful specimens of fossil fern prints. Specimens were sent to the
Geological Survey, Edinburgh, they in turn submitted them to
Dr Kidston, the British expert. They are now returned and
presented to your custody. Dr Kidston has named them
Neuropteris ovato. This species is found exclusively in Upper
Carboniferous strata. After a careful comparison with the
results of similar work in the Ayrshire coalfield, and a personal
examination of the coal measures of the Canobie coalfield, I am
01 opinion that the Carboniferous strata of the Crichope belong:
to the upper coal measures. This gives us another proof of the
very uneven floor on which the red sandstones of Gatelawbridge
were deposited. The possibility of workable coal seams under-
neath—the probable existence of similar strata throughout the
Closeburn Basin, are problems deserving of closest attention in
the future. The Canonbie coalfield gives us an unbroken series
of deposits which belong to the Carboniferous formation. From
the basement beds of cementstone at Tarrasfoot on the north to
the Liddel Moat on the south, the Esk has laid bare all the
deposits in an ascending order. On the Netherbie estate the
highest bands rise from underneath the New Red Rocks, and
contain a creamy white shale which is virtually a fern bed.
From that horizon the most interesting specimen in the col-
lection is Neuropteris Schizeri. This species is confined to the
topmost shale. It is evidently a plant of more perfect organism
than its cousin of the Crichope burn. On the fern fronds
delicate tracings caused by minute hairs can easily be seen.
The last group in this present collection belongs to the lower
coal measures of the Canonbie coalfield. They were found at
Byreburnfoot, where the historic Byreburn enters the river Esk.
Several feet above the fossil bank are two seams of coal, 11 to 2
feet thick respectively. This outcrop of coal crosses the Esk at
the point where the road crosses the tributary stream. This

”

306 PRESENTATIONS.

horizon of the lower coal measures gives us Neuropteris Pinnuli,
a very simple form of leaf.

1st March, 1912.—Mr R. C. Reid of Mouswald Place—‘‘ Petition of
Sir John Sinclair of Longfornacus, Baronet,’’ Nov. 14, 1740.
‘* Petition for Charles Areskine of Tinwald, Esquire, His
Majesty's Advocate, and others, Freeholders of the Shire of
Dumfries,’’ Dec. 11, 1740. ‘‘ Answers for Thomas Charteris of
Amisfield, William Kirkpatrick of Eliesland, John Young of
Gulliehill, John Dickson of Upper Locherwood, William Martin
of Kirkland, James Currie of Spadoch, William Irvine of
Gribton, and Charles Areskine, younger of Tinwald, to the
Petition of Sir James Douglas of Kilhead, Baronet,’ Jan. 23,
1741. ‘‘ Answers for James Maxwell of Barncleuch, Walter
Wilson of Crogline, Edward Irvine of Wisebie, Robert Dalrymple
of Priestside, John Irving, younger of Bonshaw, William Mac-
burnie, Portioner of Kelton, James Grierson of Dalgonar,
Colonel Thomas Dalziel of Beatford, William. Dalrymple of
Waterside, William Carruthers of Warmanbie, Richard Graham
of Blaitwood, Adam Elliot of Arkleton, John and William
Klhots, elder and younger of Cumes, William Scot of Meikledale,
William Elliot of Tarris, William Irvine of Auchinbedrig, and
John Laing of Westerkirk, to the Petition of the Hon. Charles
Areskine of Tinwald,”’ Jan. 27, 1741. ‘‘ Memorial for Edward
Irvine of Wisebie,’’ Feb. 19, 1741. ‘‘ Memorial for my Lord
Advocate and others in relation to the Objection made by them
against Mr Irvine of Wiseby his right to vote at the Elections
of a Member of Parliament for the Shire of Dumtfries,”’ Feb.
19, 1741. ‘‘ Petition of Mr Charles Areskine and others,
Heritors of the Shire of Dumfries,’’ Feb. 23, 1741.

29th March, 1912.—Miss Fraser, Newall Terrace, Dumfries—Col-
lection of Dried Ferns. Anonymous—First type of dry gas-
meter used in Dumfries registering only to 2000 feet.

12th April, 1912.—Mr William Dickie—Collection of Carboniferous
Fossils from Arbigland : —

Brachiopoda. Actinozoa.
1. Productus |. Stenopora.
2 Do. giganteus. 2. Do. obliqua.
3 Do. semireticulatus. 3. Alisiophylid coral.
4. Do. punctatus. 4 and 5. Cup Coral.
5. Do. longispinus. 6. Coninia.
6 Do. pugilis.
fe Do. concinnus. Cephalopoda.
8. Spirifera 1. Orthoceras, ete.

Gasteropoda. Echinodermata.

1, 2 and 3, Euomphalus. 1 and 2. Encrinite Stem. —
4. Do. pentangulatus.

6 and 6. Macrochilina.

PRESENTATIONS. 307

Mr Robert Wallace indicated their significance in the following note:
—These specimens were obtained from the limestones on the
Arbigland shore. They have been sent to Mr Arthur Maccono-
chie, Palzontologist of the Scottish Geographical Survey, who
has named them. They make a very valuable addition to the
other fossils of Carboniferous Age, which have been collected
from various localities in this area. There are twenty-three
specimens, classified in the following natural orders:—1l. Bra-
chiopoda, containing several producti which are generally known
as owl’s heads. 2. Gasteropoda, with their delicate and wondrous
tracery. 3. Actinozoa includes some fine examples of cup corals.
4. The Cephalopoda is represented by a beautiful Orthoceras,
with its various stages of progressive life engraven on the stone.
5. Some encrinite stems give us a glimpse of that mysterious
borderland between the animal and the vegetable world. The
collection is representative of the different types of shellfish
that swarmed the vast Carboniferous Seas, hundreds of millioas
of years ago. When compared with their successors of to-day—
the mussels, cockles, and nautilis of our shores—we see at a
glance that the race has been to the swift and the battle to the
strong. Carboniferous rocks stretch from Carsethorn past
Southerness to Colvend, with an occasional strip at Rascarrel
Bay and White Port on the Rerrick coast. The same group
re-appears at Comlongon, and is continued past Hoddom,
Eeclefechan, and Canonbie into Liddesdale. Strata of the same
age floor the bed of the Solway, and give at Maryport valuable
coal seams of consid2rable thickness. Various attempts have
been made on the Kirkbean shore to discover coal of workable
value. At Powillimont there is a small band a few inches
thick. If we ascend the Kirkbean burn towards the Criffel
granite we find an outcrop of red sandstones belonging to the
Old Red Sandstone period. From this small remnant of the
former massive deposits of Old Red Sandstone the burn cuts
through a continuous section of various strata until the shore
is reached, and there we find the highest band exposed on the
shore in front of the gardener’s cottage. During the deposition
of the Old Red Sandstones that are found high up the burn
this locality was part of a great desert, containing large inland
seas. The water was extremely salt and highly charged with
oxide of iron, which gave the rocks their deep red colour.
Adjacent to the sandstones is a thin cake of lava, which has
also been dissected by the burn. This stream of lava, which
flowed along the ocean floor in early Carboniferous times, must
have been of large dimensions. It broadens out in Middlebie,
and forms a prominent escarpment at Birrenswark. From
there it extends to Eskdale and Liddesdale, and re-appears
again in the North of England, fringing all the Carboniferous
outcrops of the Lake District. From the volcanic lava down the
stream to Kirkbean village we find thin limestones and shales.

stad oa a

308 PRESENTATIONS.

On every hand there is evidence of a great change having taken
place. There are not many fossils in these shales, but wher-
ever found they show by the forms of marine life that the
ocean had entered in. The water was shallow and full of mud,
which was very unfavourable to the inhabitants of the deep
ocean. Probably this condition was brought about by the
barriers of the distant ocean having been slowly submerged.
The atmosphere also changed in these early Carboniferous
times. Instead of the arid sand-blown desert conditions
of the Old Red Sandstone Age, we are confronted with
proofs of warm temperature under humid conditions. During
the existence of these muddy seas or estuaries we have evidence
in other parts of Scotland of the growth of large forests ; but the
conditions as a whole were not favourable to the formation of
coal. Adjacent to these cement stones of the muddy seas we
find a large deposit of grey sandstones. They are known as
the Thirlstane sandstones, and belong to the same horizon as
the grey sandstones of Woodcockair in Annandale and the Fell
sandstones of the Lake District. The grains are large and
coarse, and the stones have been largely used for millstones
in the past. The sandstones have here been quarried into
large caves by the waves, and in many cases the top of the cave
has been removed by wind and weather—leaving weird and
fantastic shapes to guard the shores. In later times they
formed convenient receptacles for smuggled goods. Imme-
diately overlying these sandstones seawards we find another
mass of shales and thin limestone bands, containing fossils, and
in front of the gardener’s cottage the coralline limestones are
finely arranged. By great earth pressure in a lateral direction
the rocks have been thrown into a large trough or syncline.
The appearance on the surface resembles a coral reef. During
the formation of the limestones the waters were crowded with
animal life. The conditions were mainly those belonging to
deep oceans. The limestone is chiefly composed of the dead
bodies of minute animals which fell to the ocean floor. Cup
corals and branching corals abound in great profusion.
During the making of the rocks from which the fossils were
taken the district was covered by a large ocean stretching
across the best part of Europe, teeming with life, bounded by
distant continents now wholly unknown.

12th April, 1912.—Anonymous—Title Deeds of No. 156 St. Michael
Street, Dumfries, from 1628 to 1827. Leadwork taken from the
Blue Bell Hotel in St. Michael Street, which stood immediately
below the Old George Hotel, consisting of a rainbow with initials
‘““R. C.”’ and date ‘1748,’ and various ‘‘lugs’’ with designs.
(vide illustration.) The initials are believed to be those of
Robert Corsane of Meikleknox, son of the Rev. Peter Rae of
Kirkbride and Kirkconnel, an extensive proprietor in the town
at the date given.

——
CS ess

OEM a Sere

PFA RL at See

92 pier; 8

EA SM Crt

LEADWORK (RAINBOX AND LUGS) FROM OLD BLUE BELL INN,
ST. MICHAEL'S STREET, DUMFRIES.

309

PURCHASES.

BOOKS.

Inscribed Stones at Kirkmadrine, in the Parish of Stoneykirk,
County of Wigtown, by Sir Arthur Mitchell. [From ‘‘ The
Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,’ Vol.
IX., p. 269, 1872; includes at end drawing and description of
Stones in the holograph of William Todd, Schoolmaster, Kirk-
maiden. Our knowledge of the inscription on the third stone,
which has now disappeared, rests on this drawing.] 1 vol.,
sm. 4to.

One volume, 64 by 53, containing the following :—

Believer’s Farewel to the World. Elegie on the Death of

\¢
‘ Sir Robert Hamilton of Preston. 1701 pp. 19. (13)
i Bruce, Michael. Good News in Evil Times for Fainting
pI Believers . . 1707. pp. 76. (2)
— The Rattling of Dry Bones. . . Sermon preached at Car-
luke. May, 1672... . nd. pp. 42 (22)
. — Six Dreadfull Alarms. n.d. pp. 23. (20)
i Calamy, Edmond. The Great Danger of Covenant Breaking.
7 W7G62 pp. ol. (3)
it Cameron, Richard. vide Simson, James. (9)
J Cargill, Donald. A Lecture and Sermon Preached at Different
Times by Donald Gargill. n.d. pp. 22. : (27)
— vide Simson, James. (9)

Dickson, John. A Letter written by [torn]. n.d. pp. 8. (15)
Guthrie, John. A Sermon preached upon Breach of Covenant.

n.d. pp. 15. (19)
Mosman, John. The Christian’s Companion under Soul-
Exercise. n.d. pp. 25. (23)
Peden, Alexander. The Lord’s Trumpet Sounding an Alarm
against Scotland. By Mr Alexander Pethine. n.d.
pp. 34. (21)
A Protestation and Testimony Against the Incorporating Union
with England. n.d. pp. 16. (14)
— Another Copy, imperfect. (29)
Renwick, James. Antipas, or, The Dying Testimony of Mr
James Renwick. n.d. pp. 8. (16)
— The Church’s Choice, or a Sermon on Canticles, I., ch. v., 7.
1705. pp. 55. (4)
— Some Notes or Heads of a Sermon. January 22, 1688.
n.d. pp. 15. (5)

— A Sermon. [Isaiah 8, 17] n.d. pp. 8. (6)

310 PURCHASES.

Rutherford, Samuel. Christ and the Doves. n.d. pp. 29. (28)
—_— . or, a Sermon preached in Kirkcudbright.

May 12, 1633. n.d. pp. 28. (26)
— A Sermon Preached to the Honourable House of Commons.
1644. 1709. pp. 67. (24)

— A Sermon Preached before the Right Honourable House
of Lords . . 25th June, 1645. 1709. pp. 69 (23)
Shields, Alexander. Some Notes or Heads of a Preface, Lec-
ture, and Sermon . . preached at Lowthers in Crawford
Moor. March 11, 1688. n.d. pp. 31. (7)
— A Sermon preached . . in the Cannongate Meeting
House, Feb. 10, 1691. 1702. pp. 16. (8)

— Some Notes or Heads of a Preface and of a Lecture
preached at Distinckornhill in the Parish of Gaastoun. April
15, 1688. n.d. pp. [14] x 22. (12)
A Short but Plain Discovery To whom the due Right of Describ-
ing and Appointing of Fasts doth belong. 1707. pp. 16. (17)
Simson, James. The Building the Tower of Salvation.
pp. 15-80. A Preface and Preaching. [Song of Solomon,
ii., 3]. By Mr Richard Cameron; pp. 31-36. A Sermon by

Mr Donald Gargill [Isaiah, lxii., 6]. n.d. pp. 36. (9)
Welsh, John, of Ayr. History of Mr John Welsh, Minister
of the Gospel at Air, 1706. pp. 31. (1)
Welsh, John, of Irongray. The Churches Paradox. n.d.
pp. 22. (18)
-—— A Sermon Preached at Nempterbrae in Clidsdale [torn].
pp. 28. (10)
— Fifty and Two Directions . . To his Paroch at Ivongray,

1703. pp. 42. (11)

311

ESP TS.

20th October, 1911.—Mr A. D. Drysdale—Indian Mutiny and

Crimean Relics, including a tulwan found at Cawnpore in 1857 ;
State sword of the Chief Magistrate of Lucknow ; claymore used
by the Captain of the Grenadier Company of the 42nd High-
landers at Sebastopol, 1854-5; sword carried by him at Alma
and Russian rifle taken there; various Indian daggers; purses

for flints and a brass bowl taken from the Koran Palace at
Delhi in 1857.

19th January, 1912.—Mr James Barbour—Rapier and Broadsword

2nd February,

described in his paper. (vide p. 169.)

1912.—Dr J. W. Martin—Wild Pigeon showing
disease which was at present causing much havoc among wild
pigeons, many of which appear to have died from disease
known as bacillus diphtheriz collumbarum. (vide Paper by Mr
Hugh S. Gladstone, ‘‘The Ringdove.” *‘ Dumfries and (al-
loway Courier and Herald,’ February 24th, 1912.'

29th March, 1912.—Mr W. H. Whellens—Insects and Specimens

showing their destructive work on Forest Trees. (vide pp.
260-9.)

12th April, 1912.—_Mr M. H. M‘Kerrow—A Jug broken and

annealed in the fire in Chicago in 1871. Mr G. Macleod Stewart
stated that he had stood on the smoking ruins, and there was
a great quantity of such material about. Rockeries in Chicago
to-day frequently consist of similar memorials.

312

EXCHANGES.

Aberdeen: University Library.

Banff: Banffshire Field Club.

Belfast: Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, The Museum, College
Square.

Berwick-on-Tweed: Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club (Secretary, Rev.
J. J. M. L. Aiken, Manse of Ayton).

Buenos Ayres: Museo Nacional, Buenos Ayres, Argentine.

Cambridge: University Library.

Cardiff: Cardiff Naturalists’ Society, Cardiff (Secretary, Dr O. L.
Rhys, 22 St. Andrew’s Crescent).

Carlisle: Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archeo-
logical Society, Tullie House.

Edinburgh: Advocates’ Library.

Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 5 St. Andrew Square.

Edinburgh Geological Society, India Buildings, Victoria Street.

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Queen Street.

Glasgow: Andersonian Naturalists’ Society, Technical College,
George Strect. ;

Glasgow Archeological Society, 207 Bath Street.

Geological Society of Glasgow, 207 Bath Street.

Glasgow Natural History Society, 207 Bath Street.

Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nova Scotian Institute of Science.

Hawick: Hawick Archeological Society.

Langholm: Eskdale and Liddesdale Archzological Society (Secretary,
Rev. George Orr, North Manse, Langholm).

Hull: Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club, The Museum, Hull.

Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, The Museum, Hull.

London: British Association for the Advancement of Science,
Burlington House.

British Museum, Bloomsbury Square.

British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington.
Marlborough: Marlborough College of Natural History, The College.
‘Oxford: Bodleian Library.

Perth: Perthshire Society of Natural Science, Natural History
Museum. :
Reigate: Holmesdale Natural History Club.
Sheffield: Sheffield Naturalists’ Club, The Museum.
Stratford: Essex Field Club, Essex Museum of Natural History,
Romford Road.
Natural History and Archeological Society, Smith

Institute.

Stirling:

EXCHANGES. 313

Stockholm, Sweden: Kung Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets
Akademien.
Surrey Archeological Society (Secretary, A. H. Jenkinson, The
Record Office, Chancery Lane, London.)
Toronto, Canada: The Canadian Institute, Provincial Museum, St.
James Square, Toronto.
Torquay: Torquay Natural History Society, The Museum.
United States : —
Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.
Chapelhill, N.C.: Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard College Museum of Comparative
Zoology.
Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology
Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.
Davenport, lowa: Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences.
Madison, Wis. : Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and
Letters.
Minneapolis, Minn.: Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences.
Meriden, Conn.: Meriden Scientific Society.
New Brighton, N.Y.: Staten Island Association of Arts and
Sciences.
New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences.
Rochester, N.Y.: Rochester Academy of Sciences.
St. Louis, Mo.: Missouri Botanical Garden.
Washington: Smithsonian Institute, U.S. National Museum.
United States Bureau of Ethnology.
United States Department of Agriculture.
United States Geological Survey.
Upsala, Sweden: Geological Institute of the University of Upsala.

514

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Revised to 26th April, 1919.

Those who joined the Society at its reorganisation on 3rd
November, 1876, are indicated by an asterisk.

LIFE MEMBERS.

We Coles: Wiclimoriroliy sjocenens coddoenceeceneclaachete eee tees 11/11/81

Wm. D. Robinson-Douglas, F.L.8., Orchardton ......... 11/11/81

J. J. Hope-Johnstone, Raehills, Lockerbie .................. 3/5/84

Sir Mark J. M‘Tageart Stewart, Bart., Southwick .......... 7/6/84 ‘
Alex. Young Herries, Spottes, Dalbeattie ..................065 2/5/85 4
Wm. J. Herries Maxwell, Munches ...:.......c.c0seeeesecseses 1/10/86 R
Thomas Fraser, Maxwell Knowe, Dalbeattie .................. 2/3/88 q
Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., K.T. ............ 10/1/95

Hugh S. Gladstone, F.Z.S., of Capenoch, Thornhill ...... 15/7/05

Earl of Mansfield, Scone Palace, Perth ..............sec000 18/11/07

Dr C., E. Easterbrook, Crichton Royal Institution ...... 20/3/08

EY Jeb rooleso f (ELOOd Om. «.cecosadsasesesmee suet soe en eee oars eee 12/6/09
Robert Gladstone, jun., B.C.L., M.A., Woolton Vale,

MVETOOON seen aserwres ores se acac ane SOL eae Ocoee eee 12/4/12
Henry Keswick, M.P., of Cowhill Tower, Holywood ...... 12/4/12 *
John Lang of Lannhall, Tynron, Thornhill .................. 12/4/12 A
Sir William Younger, Bart. of Auchencastle ............... 26/4/12

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Arnott, S., F.R.H.S., Sunnymead, Maxwelltown ......... 5/2/93
Baker, J. G., F.R.S., F.L.S., V.M.H., 3 Cumberland Road,
Le aS BRU SE UAC HE IRE OR ereOU ESE ORE OR BLnene Aaeaconmacaosers. 2/5/90

Carruthers, Wm., F.R.S., 14 Vermont Road, Norwood, S.E.

Harvie-Brown, J., F.L.8., Dunipace House, Larbert ... 6/12/78
Murray, James, Woodhouse, Edgware, London ............. 7/8/09
M‘Andrew, James, 69 Spottiswoode Street, Edinburgh... 6/10/79
M‘Pherson, Wm., 37 Warrender Park Road, Edinburgh .. 7/8/09
Sharp, Dr David, F.R.S., Lawnside, Brokenhurst ....... 3/11/77
Shirley, G. W., Ewart Public Library, Dumfries ......... 28/10/04
Wilson: Jost; ulivierpoull sc ccscaccer-mersdesoodes se cccceceare ieseeeene 29/6/88

List OF MEMBERS. 315

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Anderson, Dr Joseph, LL.D., H.R.S.A., Assistant Secretary
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Keeper of the National
Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh.

Borthwick, Dr A. W., B.Sc., Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.

Bryce, Professor Thomas H., M.A., M.D. 5 Nal Sl DEG FS.A. Seot.,
Regius Professor of Anatomy, Glasgow University, Mem
ber of the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical
Monuments, 2 The College, Glasgow.

Curle, James, W S., F.S.A.Scot., Priorw ood, sek ‘ose.

Gregory, Professor J. W. D.Sc, P.ES., ERASE. FCB,

.I.M.M., etc., Professor of Geology, Glasgow University.

Holmes, Professor E. M., F.L.S., F.R.B.S., Edinburgh and Lon-
don, F.R.H.S., ete., 17 Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.

Johnstone, R. B., Hon. Secretary and Editor, Andersonian

Naturalists’ Society, 17 Cambridge Drive, Glasgow.

Lewis, F. J., F.L.S., Lecturer in Geographical Botany, The
University, Liverpool.

St bie MGaoree, M.A., LL.D., 17 Learmonth Gardens,

inburg

Reid, Clement, = .R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., 28 Jermyn Street, Lon-

on,

Rhys, Professor Sir John, M.A., D.Litt., Professor of Celtic,
and Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, Fellow of the
British Academy.

Scott-Keltie, J., LL.D., F.S.A.Scot., Secretary Royal Geographi-
cal ae Hon. Member Royal Scottish Geographical
Society, 1 Savile Row, Burlington Gardens, London, W.

Smith, Miss ‘Annie Lorraine, ‘Bise. Fics: Temporary Assistant,
‘Botanical Department, British Museum, 20 Talgarth Road,
West Kensington, ip yondon, W.

Watt, Andrew, M.A., F.R.S.E., Secretary Scottish Meteorolo-
gical Society, 122 George Street, Edinburgh.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

PN GATOSODE, (ice WicOes IO TIMEETCSS Giceccccasenclocstecesaseecccacees 21/10/11
Affleck, James, Queen Street, Castle-Douglas ..............- 23/3/07
Aonew, Sir A. N., Bart. of Lochnaw, Stranraer ............ 9/1/91
Aonew, Lieut.-Colonel Quentin, D.S. fom House of Knock,

Portpatrick SEE a ane natal Saticeepias wneaeot moor wasecsancre 12/4/12

Aitken, John M., Norwood, Lockerbie .................200005 12/4/12
Aitken, Miss M. Carlyle, 2 Dunbar Terrace, Dumfries ... 1/6/88
Alexander, James, Castle View, Thornhill ................... 12/4/12
Allan, William, 10 Albany Place, Diimhictes'ss neat hatece sree: 29/3/12
Anderson John, Albert Road, Maxwelltown ........:...60. 26/4/12
Axragariss, Livery, Uo 1ehbiel iyi) tl PS ee goeeane cn sdnadorpoccec co oaronsnpnoncue 4/7/08
Armistead, W. eb. Kippford, Dalbeattie.
Armstrong, Clement, Eskholm, Langholm ..............+++ 16/2/12
Armstrong, T. G., 24 Rae Street. DURMITIES <b ossenccteeres 9/9/05
Banner, Miss Edith, Palmerston House ...........:s00eeeeeeee 5/11/09
Bannerman, W., West Grove, St. Cuthbert’s Avenue,

IN eeerc INE cae eater ere Je cea brane wadhone cuabeadeeet 26/4/12
Barbour, Miss, St. Christopher’s, Dumfries .....--....++:..++ 4/3/10
Barbour, Jas., F.S.A.Scot., St. Christopher’ s, Dumfries ain
Barker, ‘John, DP eiiades Dum lricacc.cecsessnass-sqeeoceen /9/05
Bartholomew. J.. Kinnelhead, Beattock .........:..e000000 a1f10/10

Barton, Sir Geoffry, K.C.B. , Craigs, IDGMEIES) scans. eos 12/4/12

~I
or

316 List oF MEMBERS.

Bedford, His Grace the Duke of, Woburn Abbey ............ 7/2/08
Bedford, Her Grace the Duchess of, Woburn Abbey ...... 7/2/08
Bell, Arthur, Hillside, Langholm .....................csssecess 16/2/12
Bell, T. Hope, Morrington, Dunscore ............-...eeeeeee 22/10/97
Biggar, William, Corbieton, Castle-Douglas .................- 12/4/12
Blackett Mrs, of Arbigland, Mumibriegy, (i.dssecsoccssseeeeeee 12/4/12

: /
Blacklock W. , The Cottage, Rosemcunit Biase, Dintees oe
SGM John Auchencairn, Closeburn 95

Brodie, D., Ravenscraig, Rotchell Road, Dumfries ...... 23/12/08 —
Brook, Charles, of Kinmount, Annan ................-sse+eces 12/4/12
Brown, Stephen, Borland; Lockerbie ..............s.0cs-0« 10/6/99
Brown: “0. Ma, Closeburn Dhornihill yor ccn-ceene ocemeseeeeeeemee 6/8/91
Brown, Thomas, 89 Holland Road, Kensington, W. ...... 12/4/12
Browne, Sir James Crichton, Crindau, Dumfries ......... 3/9/92
Bruce, WwW illiam, The Academy, Kirkeudbright scdcestenaee 12/4/12 —
Bryson, Alex., Irish Street, Dumfries ...sscsscess-<0sssmeeenetes 6/2/91
Burnie, Robert, Union Bank House, Thornhill 2. setcce<. 12/4/12 ~
Byers, J. R., Solicitor, Lockerbie: beciieteos veecosteaesaeseeeee 14/9/07 —
Cairns, Rev. J., Rotchell Park, Dumfries ............00.»00++: 6/2/91
Cairns, R. D. Sel Mar, KDUMITICS sco. secede custo: tere eee 20/12/07
Campbell, Rev. J. Montgomery, St. Michael’s Manse, :
Warifrigg cen hte ee ee 15/12/05 —
Campbell, Rev. J. Marjoribanks, Torthorwald ............ 21/11/08 ©
Campion, George, Larkfield, Dumfries .............:.:eseceees 12/4/12,
Carmichael, Rev. "g. G., B.D., Tynron Manse, Thornhill... 12/4/12 —
Carmichael, Wilham, Albert "Road, Maxwelltown ........- 4/11/10 —
Carmont, James, Castledykes, Dumfries: ..:.5).eeeee 6/2/91 —
Carrick- Buchanan, D. W. R., Corsewall, Stranraer ...... 12/4/12 —
Carruthers, Dr G. J. el : 4a Melville Street, Edinburgh /10//09
Carruthers, J. J., Park House, Southwick-on- -Weir, E
Ginmdar lavid: Go. sisc coco aaeedossc ek eee ee / 10/08 ‘
Carter, Samuel, 45 Lorne Street, Leith ................0000 12/4/12
Cassillis, Karl of, Culzean Castle, Ayr ........::..ssscseesesee 12/4/12
Chalmers, Dr Alexander, Crocketford ...............0:2+..++: 4/11/10 —
Chalmers, T., Thomasville, Dumfries ....-..c0..<00dseseoseoseme 3/2/11
Chapman, A., Dinwoodie Lodge, Wockerbie z-. --cseeereaee 14/9/07
Church, P. W., The Grove, Dumfries ..............0.sceseeeee 12/4/12
Clarke, Dr, Charlotte Street, DUMUETIeS. “es sssecvsenceee- eee 6/6/89
Coats, W. ‘A., of Dalskairth, Dumfries ......./......-<--.-0s 18/9/96
Cochrane, Rev. John Douglas, The Manse, Kirkbean ... 26/4/12
Common, W. Bell, Gracefield, Dumfries ..................065 14/9/08 —
Copland, John, 12 Carnegie Street, Dumfries .. ee
Copland, Miss, "The Old House, Newabbey LulRia voeucaet eee
Cormack, J. F., Solicitor, oockerbie: ..c..:2c:<e+ces+-0senaeeeeee 4/6/9
Cornet, E. St: Mary’s Place, Dumbries® .5.0...cccrsedur eee f
Corrie, John, F.S.A.Seot., Burnbank, Moniaive ............ 6/8/87
Corrie, John M., Post Office, Newtown St. Boswells .....- 4/10/07
Corrie, Joseph, Millbank, Maxwelltown .....ccccsssssssesseeees 4/7/08
Cowan, John, Glenview, Maxwelltown ........-..:.scsseeeeees 15/12/05
Ci -abbe, Major, of Duncow, Dumfries ............cc0se000000 1/12/11
Crichton, Douglas, a New Square. Lincoln’s Inn, W.C. 7/2/08
Crichton, Miss, 39 Rae Street, Dumiries 2... -...0c5--0snee “90/10/09
Crockett, W.S., The Manse, Twecdsmuir ......-.ssscceeeeeeee 12/4/12
Dalkeith. the Earl of, Drumlanrig Castle, Thornhill...... 12/4/12
Dalrymple, the Viscount, M.P., Lochinch, Castle- :
Kennedy, Wigtownshire .........ccccccccccesesceeeneeenses 12/4/12
Dalrymple, the Hon. Hew, Lochinch, Castle-Kennedy,
WictownShine: i. ..cke0connnsontess++sseucinsd<nanecaanea 12/4/12

_ s

List oF MEMBERS. 317

*Davidson, Jas., F.S.A.Scot., Summerville, Mxawelltown 3/11/76

Davidson, ie Hillhead, Bankend Road, Dumfries ......... 10/5/95
Davidson, W. , Beecharove, PATIO eee ace cenuceaseccesocesbees 12/4/12
Dick, Rev. C.’ St. Mary’s Manse, Moffat ............... 4//11/10
Dick. Rey. ree Blackwood, Auldgirth NSE coche henes 12/4/12
Dickie, Wm. Merlewood, Marx welltowiie.s:csseseseaseees esac 6/10/82
Dickson, Miss A. M., Greenbank, iRortibeee atc tiesto cetes.cs 12/4/12
Dickson, C. W., of Friars’ Carse, AMG OTrbhi acess seseos een 12/4/12
Dickson. G..S8. ” Moffat Academy, Moffat Poet oven tesco neease 14/9/07
Dinwiddie, Rays J: 1. Ruthwelle i se ashe ee, ees 18/5/08
Dinwiddie, L. M. Albany, Diiinifiriesieecete eee eects ae eteaccee 12/4/12
- Dinwiddie, R:, Over ton, Moffat Road, Dumfries ............ 9/3/83
* Dinwiddie, W. A., Bridgebank, Buccleuch Street,
Wmitice oo fae i cn ee Re LON 3/11/76
Dixie, G. D. ,» Cassalands, Maxiwellibown)i.scscsssssses-wseoete 20/10/11
Dods, J. W., St. Miamry2s: Places umibties sc..-csccsccsee sens 2/3/83
Donaldson, T. M. Riddletonhill, Maxton, St. Boswells... 26/4/12
Douglas, ‘Av EL Johnstone-, Comlongon Beats ccan este esd fae’ 20/10/09
Drummond, Bernard, Dumfries senbodds Beara toa eee nee dts 7/12/88
Drummond, dail Or Stewart Epa DUM Eres ss cre saecne eases 17/11/05
Drysdale, A. D., H.M. Prison, Maxwelltown ............... 23/4/09

Dudgeon, Colonel, of Cargen, Dumfries ......................
Dudgeon, R. C., of Cargenholm, Dumfries ..................
Dudgeon, Miss, Lincluden House, Dumfries ...............
Duncan, Jno. Bryce, of Newlands, Dumfries
Duncan, Mrs, of Newlands, Wrneries Ase a
Dunlop, Captain ial Murray, Corsock, Dalbeattie ...
Dunlop, Rev. S., Irongray Manse, Dumfries .....0..c0.00..
Dunn, John, ee Castle- Douglas Se osetia eae caressereaee

Edie, Rev. Greyfriars’ Manse, Duimifries secc<sese25
Elliot, G. a “Scott, GS: . F.R.G.S., Meadowhead,

“TLTILE £1127 ei a a eR a 4/3/87
Elhot, Mrs Scott, Meadowhead, Liberton .................. 26/10/06
Ewing, Lady Augusta Orr, of Dunskey, Portpatrick ...... 12/4/12
Faed, Mark George, Ardmore, Blackhall, Midlothian.. . 12/4/12
Fergusson, D. Southdean, Rotchell Pear ewsergatesaa ceece seis s 29/3/12
Fergusson, Mrs, Southdean, Rotchell Park .................. 29/3/12
Finlay, Miss, Bridgend, (Dy init vena as ape eae 21/10/10
Fleming, James A., C., 33 Melville Street, Edin-

TRG 0 bas tobe See B EADS OSCE IoDEE ACCES EERE SECC E Sere EC ETE ree reCE 12/4/12
Flett, reas. CARD MEIER. sede. a ccet ers cesvareesdunadssees 19/1/12
Foster, Wnm., Nunholm, MabPiGS aan cesses accvessaseene see 20/10/08
Fr raser, John, 54 Great King Street, Edinburgh ............ 12/4/12
Galbraith, Charles S., Terregles, Danitrios . 20s 12/4/12
Galloway, Earl of, Cumloden, Newton-Stewart ....cc000. 12/4/12
Geddes, R., Brooke Street, Peamatries so. tocae eee 20/10/09
Gibson, J. Ewing, writer, 156 St Vincent Street,

Glas¢ow Pepe tne PEt ee Ateeatesoansagondicasauesescecroesse 12/4/12
Gillespie, Wm. Solicitor, Castle-Douglas ........ccccccccsesee 14/5/92
Gladstone, Mrs H. S., Capenoch, {ston haaullll e-cosececensece 13/7/07
Gladstone, Miss Joan, The Lodge, rosette Dorset... 3/11/11
Gladstone, J. B: Architect, Lockerb TMS aecrcjestpoaehtewisnecats 15/2/07
Glaister, Professor John, M_D., F.R.S.E., D.Ph. Cans

The University, Glasgow Mee hoNeesctacasesiccestmepeesaes
Glover, John, W.S. 1 Hill. Street, Edinburgh
Goldie-Scot, ‘A. Grande. Moniaive ......0+. maae
Goldie- Scot, Mrs, Craigmuie, IRGnIAT Viel aces. ecccnescces ances
Gordon, Miss, Kenmure Terrace, Dumfries
Gordon, ies Sea Glonsos. Dumitntestsccsasnis-sosekcsteeacntse eases

Gordon, J. G., F.E.S., Corsemalzie, Whauphill ............ 20/1/11

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

175

180

185

318 List OF MEMBERS.

Gordon, Roger S., F.E.S., Corsemalzie, Whauphill ......
Gordon, Robt., Brockbam Park, Betchworth, Surrey ...
Gordon, William, County Buildings, Dumfries
Gracie, Robert, 51 St. Domingo Grove, Liverpool
Graham, W. F., Mossknow, Ecclefechan ..................00+
Grahame, Mrs, ‘Springburn "Cottage, Kalbarchan, Ren-
frewahiirs "62-00 ks donee eee ashe ee
Greaves, A. R., Dalmakerran, Thornhill
Grierson, R. A., Town Clerk, Dumfries

Grieve, David G., Brynholm, Daniniiriies: deste ences 17/11/11

Grieve, Mrs David, Bry nholm, DUMLTles. 2.10. deescesaceenees 15/12/11 |
Gulland, John W., M.P., House of Commons, London ...
Haining, John nae Solicitor, DUMPS «2 sees sc senseedowsmars 21/11/08 —

Hall, Major H., Denbie, Lockerbie
Halliday, ‘Bs ‘A. poe Dumfries,
Halliday, Mrs, Parkhurst, Diumiinies) 2225.5.0e-esso eee
Halhday, W. J. Esthwaite, Loehmaben’ - :32.:ccecscns-nteecee
Hamilton, W. M. Js Craighlaw, Karkeowany s.ccecncdeereee
Hamilton- ‘Grierson, Sir Philip, 37 Palmerston Place, Edin-

UN OA WF asc kesnns sulosieigilsdsjeuaele epi aai setr olen sie eee ee eenee 12/4/12
Hannay, Miss, Langlands, Dumfries ...............ss0scscesvee
Hannay, Miss J., Lanel ands, 10 }ohaghinhite'Wmereeeapcescecsoocbos<.-
Hastie, D. H., Victoria Terrace, Dumfries
Henderson, Mrs, Logan, CinamOGli.u..c:ccbe2sozeeee aes
Henderson. Miss E. Ee Barrbank, Sanquhar
Henderson, James, Solicitor, Dumfries .................ses0e0
Henderson, Thomas, Solicitor, Lockerbie ...............0+
Henniker-Hughan, Sir <A., Bart., Inveresk House,

Mrssellbume hy -seeeec ete eren see secseeaoet-k ose cook ever eceeee eee
Heriot, W. Maitland, Whitecroft, Ruthwell ..................
Hewison, Rev. James King, D.D., The Manse, Rothesay
Hill, Bazil H., Archbank, Moffat .........ccscecesessesecceneme
Hill, W., Rosebank, Irongray, DUWIMETLeS: aac kcmodase ocean
Hough, J.B. Dalgowan, New “Gialllow. aly coas- «cease meee
Houston, James, Marchfield, DUMAETICS! <saca.c ce tevnctenccateeteete
Houston, Mrs, Brownrigg, Dimbties (i cccscccsueseter ema
Houston, James, Brownrigg, Dumfries

eee wee eee e eee eee

eee ee eersecee

tne ee ewer een ene eeeeeeee

Hume, Colonel A., of Auchendolly, Dalbeattie .............
Hunter, De Joseph, Castle Street, ‘Dumbries ’.<.:s.-sese-> eee
Hunter, St Catherine’s, Linlithgow debiag@s sosincteomeen ceca
Hunter, te S., Cordova, Maxwelltown ......cccsscee
Irving, Colonel, ot Bonshaw, A nia e aeoeaiect sees hasodnee eee
Irving, H. C., Burnfoot, Boeclefechan~ .....:000s.-<1seann

Irving, John A., West Fell, Corbridge-on-Tyne
Irving, John Bell, Shinnelwood, Thornhill ............- ©
Irvine, Wm. Ferguson, EUS VA., Birkenhead: 2.2... s.reeeemen 7/2/08
Jackson, Colonel, Holmlea, Seaman {stécesndecssdetace 9/8
Jardine, D. J., of Jardine Hall, Lockerbie t.c.ces--csaeeeeee
Jardine, Sir W illiam, Luce, Auman: ..csch-ickss
Jardine, Major Wm., Cr aigdhu, Capetown ...........es+ee0
Jardine, Wm., W auchope, Klipdam, Kimberley; <...-cssssem
Jenkens, A. f.. Victoria Terrace, Dumfries .............000++
Jenkens, Mrs, Victoria Terrace, Dumifries: ....-..2--ssse (4/1
Jenkins, Ross T., National Bank ‘of Scotland, Edinburgh 12/4/12
Johnson-Ferguson, Sir J. E., Bart., of Springkell, ,
Miccletiechany sos.ccteocceesssee oowesubivdw seine deseiels ceena
Johnson-Kerguson, A., Knockhill, Soaleterhan iowa
Johnston, Christopher, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., LL.D., Pro-
fessor of Oriental History and Archeology at
John Hopkins University, 21 West 20th Street, Bal-
$imore, WGA srsccoccscscecseceveses wensrne sos en srlenliieea 26

190

200

210

215

220

225

230

240

List OF MEMBERS. 319

Johnston, Dr S. E., Burnbank, Penpont ..................... 12/4/12
Johnstone, I. A. 16 Draycott Place, London, S.W. ...... 11/4/11
Johnstone, John ue Millbank, Moffat .............ccceccseeeeees 4/4/90
Johnstone, T. F., Balvaig, Maxwelltown .......:sssssseveevee 12/9/08
Johnstone, Mrs, Victoria Terrace, Dumfries yi aiee
Johnstone, T. S., Victoria Terrace, Dumfries .... -» 19/2/09
Johnstone, W. S., Victoria Terrace, Dumfries ............... 11/2/98
PLOSS snc wat Gey Rak. UIE IOS eyactvescen an. aeptneaeasaseses 19/1/12
Kellock, R., J.P., 78 Promenade, Portobello ............... 12/4/12
Kennedy, Colonel J. M., M.V.O., of Knocknalling,

Maloy ee ecru nace cates uensatieaeeeeten waren nace aASeme re erates 12/4/12
Kennedy, Lieut.-Colonel John, of Kirkland, Thornhill.. aa aan
Kennedy, Robert, Bank House, Phornihilll ee. ceeescnsvsee 12/4/12
Kerr, James, Troqueer Holm, Dumfries ..................... 24/7/09
INEGI WICK eid. Ob) Mable, Dimitied -i..ccecceeocoessssrszcer +s’ 6/3/08
Kirkpatrick, John George, 32 Morningside Park, Edin-

[DY Dip 221 ha season Beton ron OnEEER not EE aE OR Een, CBRE beee creme eer 12/4/12
Kirkpatrick, Revs BR. 8:5. The Manse. "Govan. ..2..s.c6.c-006 17/2/96
Kissock, James, Solicitor, Dumfries. .:......:..0000.scsseeseee 19/2/09
Laidlaw, John, Plasterer, Lockerbie ............scscseceees 18/10/01
Laurie, Colonel C. E. R., Maxwelton House ............... 20/1/11
*Lennox, Jas., F.S.A.Scot., Edenbank, Maxwelltown ... 3/11/76
Lewis, R. M., Rotchell Road, Maxwelltown .................. 2/2/12
Little, James, solipitar Commercial Bank, Dalbeattie... 12/4/12
Little, Rev. J. UF. Manse, Maxwelltown ............ 26/5/09
Little, Murray, Te Clerk, Meatnhiek eet Pie oe ete ooe 12/4/12
Little, Thomas, Buccleuch Street, Dum brives. seedsecensaees 4/10/07

Loreburn, The Right Hon. Earl, 6 Eton Square, London 9/1/91
Lowrie, Rev. W. J., Manse of Stoneykirk, Wwiceowrehing 2c

Lupton, Thomas, Solicitor, Sipura Glee che casscessacans des tsiaes 2/4/12
Lusk, Hugh D., Larch Villa, CE ane oe 25/4/08
Lyon, J. Stewart, of Kirkmichael, Dumfries ................ 12/4/12
M‘Alister, A. W., Ashgrove V illas, Dim hres ieee. cn..ene sts 1/12/11
M‘Burnie, John, "The Garth, NN Se es eee 21/11/08
M ‘Call, Major Pollok, Kirkmichael House, Dumfries...... 3/11/11
M‘Call, Wm., of Caitloch, WEOTU AVG eee ee re cede.ckssnces sees 20/1/11
M ‘Cargo, James, Kirkpatrick- DANI a seco seasceks basocasban 24/4/96
M‘Clellan, Charniesy The Weal” Duimbries, S.2c. ects. cscs eee 26/4/12
M‘Clure, James, the Clydesdale Bank, Lockerbie ......... 12/4/12
M‘Combie, Rev. John, The Manse, Holywood ............... 26/4/12
M‘Connel, J. I., of Eliock, Sanquhar Gon anD aCe Stee Crpriaaece 26/4/12
M‘Cormick, Andrew, Solicitor, Newton-Stewart ......... 3/11/05
M‘Cormick, Rev. F.. F.S.A.Scot., Wellington, Salop ... 4/10/07
M‘Cracken, Miss, Fernbank, Mavens, Walle. ckccssstesscacens 9/11/06
Macdonald J. Cy Ree WESs MDUMITIES. 2. cess cscs sc ntseeeteees 6/11/85
Macdonald, Major W. B., of Rammerscales, Lockerbie ... 12/4/12
M‘Douall, Kenneth, of Logan, Stranraer .................000. 12/4/12
M‘Dowall, Rev. W., U.F. Manse, Kirkmahoe ............... 20/3/08
M‘George, James C., of Nunfield, Dumfries ................ 12/4/12
M‘Gowan, B., Solicitor, DINETTE SMe see snes oc saat ise meet er sh
M‘Jerrow, David, Town Clerk. ‘Hockerbiew:.;..::.s:.c-se0.00 4 22/2/06
Mackenzie, Colonel, of Auchenskeoch, Southwick ......... 25/8/95
Mackenzie, Miss, Greystone, Wicambies hy, ess ee 12/6/09
M‘Kerrow, M. H., Solicitor, DD tamitfities? & eo ese et Maa aseaeemae se 19/1/00
M‘Kerrow, Matt. ou Boreland of Southwick ..............- 9/1/90
M‘Kie, David, Mayfield, El acelin ptioite: ss ser coss se een rere 26/4/12
M‘Kie, John, R.N., Anchorlea, Kirkcudbright ............ 4/4/81
M‘ Kie, Norman Shes 14 Arthur Street, Newton-Stewart... 12/4/12
MacKinnel, W. A., The Sheiling, Maxwelltown ........0. 22/2/06

MacKinnel,. Mrs, The Sheiling, “Maxwelltown ..........606-. 22/2/06

245

250

260

265

270

280

285

290

300

320 List oF MEMBERS.

M‘Lachlan, Mrs, ap no, Hockerbie' ic. ssessssjcoucesese 26/3/06
M‘ Lachlan, Jas. ee dilaslnSea@ecooe sue oneneaeone 25/10/95
M‘Lean, C. Ace Wises “isl CSE gs (ahh os OE sae 26/4/12
M‘ Micking, Gilbert, M. 'P., 9 Cheyne Place, London,

2p BRIM Die Ce TREN SAAN Ce Tie Fa So 12/4/12
MacMillan, R., of Woodlea, Moniaive ...............::2:eeeeees 12/4/12
M‘Nab, Miss, Tor Bracken, Howwood, Renfrewshire ...... 12/4/12
MacOw an, D. Beer Gli eee hoe eee Seance ree non cen oe eee 5/11/09
M‘Queen, James, of Crofts; Dalbeattie s72..ccsssscccncerreee 12/4/12
MacRae, D. M., of Stenhouse, d bah el eecuemer nen peconpncosS- 12/4/12
MacRobert, W., ” King’ s Arms Hotel, Stranraer ............ 12/4/12
Malcolm, hee 37 George Street, Dumfries ;.....0é-<iececscsot 2/10/94
Malcolm, W., Lockerbie ‘Academy, Lockerbie s..2c.ssseesen 14/9/07
Mann, R. G., Cairnsmore, Marchmount Park, Dumfries ga Ps
Manson, DD ”Maryfield, Dranitries*)..</305.5.2:2 eee 16/6/06 .
Manson, Mrs. Maryfield’ Dumfries :.22)..c2:.c:<6-- pees 16/6/06
Marriott, CW Burnbank Gardens, Glasgow ............ 27/6/07

Martin, Dr i W., Newbridge, Dumfries sae Nels edce ee ueaeees 16/10/96
Maxwell, Captain Aymer, of Monreith, Wigtownshire... 20/10/11
Maxwell, Benjamin Bell, 1 Netherby "Road, Edinburgh ae

Maxwell, Sir H.; Bart. of Monreith, Wictownshire Jeaee /10/92
Maxwell, Jeers ” Castle-Douglas sisjs Musacb sas Vouse ceeseseoneaertts 19/4/19
Maxwell. John, Tarquah, Maxwelltown vapolcvnisteaSeewaeteeee 20/1/05
Maxwell, Robert, ClydewVilla, Wumiries - csc -ncc.cscsesesasied 3/11/11
Maxwell, Sir Wm., of Cardoness, Gatehouse ......:..-0s00 17/6/11
Maxwell, Lacy, of "Cardoness, Gatehouse -/c20.s5. eee 17/6/11
Maxwell, J., Terregles Banks, Dumiries 22.0.0. 0e0enee 6/10/79
Maxwell, Wallebod: of “Kirkennan, Dalbeattie” .......0s.-+- 5/11/86
Maxwell. Miss, Tarquah, Masxwelltowin’ ..cc:ccsesosesses- one 5/2/09
Michie, F. W., 10 Albany Place, Dumfries ...

Milne, R. W., ” Hillside, TidekGr bie “sel sts scene 9
Milne-Home, J. H. , Irving House, Canonbie ....-......-..- 19/1/12
Milligan, James, W.S., 15 York Place, Edinburgh ......... 12/4/12
Milligan, Sewers Aldouran, Maxwelltown ........:scsscceeeeee 17/10/05
Milligan, Mrs, "Aldouran, Maxwelltown ......ccccccccceeeees 17/10/05
Millar, R. Pairman, S.S.C., 50 Queen Street, Edinburgh en
Miller, F., Cumberland House, MATINAN. sas cdsc sew oksee menseeeere 3/9/86
Milroy, Alexander, The hacen. DUumiries cs..+asseeenses 3/11/11
Molteno, PAP M_P., 10 Palace Court, London, W. ...... 12/4/12
Mond, Miss, Aberdour House, Dumfies ...si: ate 9/9/05
Morrin, J. A., Lovers’ Walk Dumitties. 5. 52ce.sst steers 1/12/11
Muir, William, Rowallan, Newton-Stewart ...ccccccceeeeee 12/4/12
Murdoch, F. Ji, Cluden Bank, Holy wood. ....2- se csserne 21/12/06
Murphie, Miss Annie, Cresswell House, Dumfries 23/11/06
Murray, G. Rigby, Parton House, Parton oo... 4/12/08
Murray, William, Oakdene, Maxwelltown .........:0.:.00 20/10/11
Murray, Mrs, Oakdene, Maxwellito wine sie-ce sc cae-nreaceeeess 17/11/11
Murray, Wn., of Murraythwaite, Eecclefechan ...........- 8/2/95
Murray, Mrs, “Murraythwaite, Ecclefechan Bee sea nacocrenos 29/7/05
Neilson, Geo., LL.D. Wellfield, Partickhill Road, Glaszow eae
Neilson, J., of Mollance, Castle-Douglag s.r. <c-<cstor- cesses 13/3/96
Nicholson, a: lel, Airlie, Maxwelltown .....scssssecesesssseseees 9/8/04
Orr, David, County Asylum, Prestwich, Manchester ...... 12/4/12
Orr, Rev. George, North Manse, Lang olan, hvee.cetccceee 16/2/12
Orr, Samuel K., 34 Castle Street, Habarek Maas desicee neers 12/4/12
Ovens, Walter, of Torr, Auchemeaar tt \..2.es.2skoescecsevenseee 13/3/96
Pairman, Dr, Mois b ices uit en eee oe ee 24/2/06

Palmer, Charles, Woodbank Hotel, Dumfries ............... 29/7/05
Paterson, BR 52 Eldon Street, Greenock Pen
Paterson, > Solicitor, Phornhill sc. soivecen tee 4/7/08

805

310

315

320

330

340

345

350

List oF MEMBERS. 321

Paterson, John, Bridge End, Wamphray, Beattock........ 4/12/08
Paterson, J. Jardine, of Brocklehirst, Dumfries ......... 26/4/12
Paton, Rev. Henry, 184 Mayfield Road, Edinburgh ... 21/11/08
Patterson, W. H., 25 Catherine Street, Dumfries SN iaccsseet 18/3/10
Pattie, R., Buccleuch Street, BOAT MEP Goi esa eccceact 23/10/08
Payne, J. W., 8 Bank Sines te AMMAN! sence cecetscesccisssnccrsecsees 8/9/06
Penman, A. C., Mile Ash, DEH ee Bhs Saas 18/6/01
Penman, ea Mile Ash, (Drurabicieige Sa hon Meet 17/10/05
Philip, Rev. Manse ‘of Kells, New-Galloway ............ 12/4/12
Phyn, C. S. Pyocurator-iseal Darnfrios .cceaac. toes: 6/11/85
Pickering, Se NiesvOr Conheath, DDWMETBOS. Ss ss ocs sac ce secs 26/10/00
Primrose, John, Solicitor, Diumiintes’s..esitssistecseres 5/12/89
Proudfoot, Jobn, Ivy House, WWLOnaite. ce ese divescees<ccesoetneeteits 9/1/90
Pryde, Rev. James JJ. Penpont Manse, Dumfriesshire... 12/4/12
Ralston, Oe Wi; Dabton, Whormibillerecs sos ee-s st seseseeses 20/1/11
Rankine, Adam, Rough Hill, Wolwende: Sie esa 1/3/12
Rankine, L., Dalswinton, Wrarneriogs ess GW.cysececeoes cs: 1/12/11
Rawson, Robert, Milloreen, Maxwelltown .............s.05. 4/10/07
Redford, Sir E. P. W., 8 Buckingham Terrace, Edin-

burgh Pee RON S SOND Soa Seca E ee races Satie Jose eco seaeranekeceae 12/4/12
Reid, James, Chemist, Dumfries.
Reid, R. C., Cleughbrae, Ruthwell .......:........0s-200s00s« 18/11/07
Ritchie, Dr, Castle Street, Dumfries ................000.e00000- 26/4/12
Robson, John, Westbourne, Maxwelltown ................... 25/5/95
Gosonk Dadi. i Miaxawellito wal suse. ds -cedeesacacsaenesinels ene 6/3/08
Robertson, Rev. G. Philip, Sandhead U.F. Manse, Wig-

ys casi Tule ae arab 2a nee a NCCI PN EERE CWO SA Fat 20/3/08
Robison, Joseph, Journalist, Kirkcudbright ................ 12/6/09
Robson, George H., National Bank House, Dumfries ... 17/11/11
Rogerson, a Miamehinio tnittncsin-wenide Beccosehs avec eeneciesoss 19/2/09
Romanes, J. M., B.Se., 6 Albany Place, Dumfries ......... 18/1/07
Ross, Dr S. eee, Duntrune, Castle-Douglas Road ... 11/7/91
Russell, George, of Newton, Dyamntricie of Actes, onic 12/4/12
*Rutherford, ae Jardington, Domiirieg Yaesenweccesrecucctese ct /11/76
Salmon, Thomas J., solicitor, Bank of Scotland Buildings,

[EGOS SW FENAE TIES Oro OU RETLAICTS e CCRS 12/4/12
Saunders, Mrs, Rosebank, Lockerbie.
Scott, Alexander, Solicitor, INTNTLAM iweiee vet close sesccsenscerisecte 7/11/90
Scott, Harry, The Knowe, GOGH: aioe ree san ode 16/2/12
Scott, Rev. J. Hay, F.S.A.Scot., Melrose ................-.00 6/8/87
Scott, se 8 ieee, Coltbridge Terr ace, Murrayfield, Mid-

TE RTE so paneer Oe ee Nate a A 12/4/12

Soott, R. A., per George Russell, Banker, Dumfries ...... 1/10/90
Scott, S. He Glebe Terrace, Dumfries Jaa sea na deaueence eee 4/7/08
Scott, W. S., Redecastle, Dalbeattie .....................000e0. 14/1/98
Scott, W. Hart, The Hovel, Maxwelltown .................. 9/11/06
PG pe OT Wel po lanencolelder, cceccsstecccesssce cscs tecilestcaccsse ces 4/7/08
Selby, W. M‘D., Portwilliam, Wigtownshire .............:.. 12/4/12
Semple, Dr, D.Se., Mile Ash, neers Heth, Perernane Gao 12/6/01
Shannon, John ibe ” Noblehill Mill, Duamiries! :54...-cecenses 18/1/07
Simpson, G. D. 16 Montague Street, Dumfries <22<..-css- 16/2/12
Sinclair, James, Langlands, Dumfries Seen a aeock onsen 20/3/08
Sloan, R. J., Barbeth, Newabbey ............2...s.ssseeeses 17/2/11
Smart, Je fT W., Catherine Street, Dumfries ............ 18/12/08
Smith, Miss, Llangarth, WES WellbaWH soc. .ncleestteocsnte 6/10/05
Stark, "Rev. W. A., F.S.A.Scot., The Manse, Kirkpatrick-

"Durham ee Meee ah ser auesacarsccanw tebe cence dtestandsntas 23/10/08
Steel, A. Kirkwood, Lockerbie ..............-.seesesseees 20/1/11
Steven, Robert Colinton Bank=\@olinton: satcssccweresse cece 12/4/12

Stewart, Edward O., yr. of Ardwell, Wigtownshire ....... 12/4/12

360

365

370

375

380

385

390

395

405

410

322 List oF MEMBERS.

Stewart, G. Macleod, Catherine Street, Dumfries ......... 4/11/10
Stewart, William, Shambellie, Newalbbeyt sc.t.tecadecseune 21/12/06
*Stobie, P., Beechwood Bank, Dumfries ..................... 3/11/76

Stobie, Mrs, Beechwood Bank, Dumfries ..................... 17/2/11
Stuart, Professor Anderson, 'M. D., LuL.D., Lincluden,
Double Bay, Sydney, ‘Australia
Swan, J., Stationer, Dramitries, <7, esos ence scree tees ce nere eee
Symington, ‘An, of Allautoin 02 0ccice0's,
Symons, John, Royal Bank, Dumfries
Symons, John, Solicitor, Dumfries :acscctcceacscsssscecgeeeeue
Thom, John, 21 High Street, Dramitries' |. saeteces. cseetete 3/11/11
Thompson, Mrs H. A., Inveresk, Castle Street, Dumfries 25/11/04
Thomson, Mrs, George Street, Dumfries 4/7/0
‘Thomson, Miss, c/o Miss Dunbar, Langlands, Dumtries.

‘Thomson, G. Ramsay, George Street, Dumfries .........+.. 4/7/08
Thomson, Dr Ji. (C2) Dummibrics) 5 scc5 260i dee ces one cue cee teaneeetene 1/3/12
“Vhomson, J. S., Moffat Road, Dumfries ..............0ssc.se 3/11/76
Thorburn, Colonel Charles James, of Abbeybank, New-

abbey de A cemadddonoswaadenseStas eecne acme eon Eee ee eee 12/4/12
Todd, Geo. Eyre, 7 Oakfield Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow nee
Turner, Alex. Chemist, Dinmiries: iscssdedcavs scsneedsantoncneen 17/10/05
‘Turner, Right Rev. Bishop, St Benedict’s, Maxwelltown 12/4/12
Tw eedie, Mex ®¥ Nuirigin. i (20.22 ches sich ta jeeeees Se ce ee 24/7
‘Tweedie, Major-General W., of Lettrick, Dumfries ....... 12/4/12
Veiteh: “Wo Eh) Wactor) Eloddom 24/2. oss.csen anew eeeaeee 26/10/00
Waddell. J, By }Asrlie® (Dumiries) ls.0ast-<cessseseseseeoeeeee 11/6/01
Walker, Captain G. L., of Crawfordton, Thornhill ...... 21/10/10
Wallace, Miss, Lochvale House, Lochmaben ............... 7/10/92 —
Wallace, Sir M. G., Terreglestown, Dumfries ............... 11/3/98
Wallace, Professor Robert, Holmhill, Thornhill .......... 12/4/12
Wallace, Robert, Durham Villa, Dumfries ............... 6/11/08
Wallace, W. Williamson, Kelton, Dumfries .................. 26/4/12

Watt, Jas., Crawford Villa, Johnstone Park, Dumfries ... 7/3/79
Watt, Miss, Crawford Villa, Johnstone Park, Dumfries ... 6/10/05

Watson, George, Corsbie West, Newton-Stewart ......... 26/4/12
Watson, Thos., Castlebank, Dumfries ..2........2.cs.ce00scees 9/1/80
Weatherstone, Andw. Bank of Scotland House, Dumfries Bre)
White, John, Ardw orth, INoblehalll: isin tescab ca caskeeaaasseeens 7/06
White, Mrs,’ Ardworth, Nebiehil a eh, ooze aR F108
Whitelaw, Rev. H. A., 26 Saltwell View, Gateshead ...... 20/5/04
Whitelaw, J. W., Solicitor, Dumfries ..............0cceseeess 6/11/85
Wightman, J., Post Office, Dumfries ...........:.ccecc.es0+e 18/12/07
Wightman, 2: 2) Bath! Place: Moftaitr...c..cs-0+s-ssscceecoaeee 12/4/12 ~
Williamson, Rev. A. Wallace, D.D., 44 Palmerston Place,

Hin brimgeh, 5 2.) risa deecweea sncne ca teas eersisanne sae renee eee 26/3/12
Will, Geo., Farm Manager, Crichton Royal Institution ... 28/7/06
Wilson, Robert, Solicitor, Sanquhar .................ssssseeeee 15/6/12
W ilson, Mrs, Castledykes Cottage, Dumfries ...........ssc0 24/5/05
Wilson. Miss, Castledykes Cottave, Dumiiries <b.ccnsupeeee 24/2/06
Wilsone, Charles R. Davidson, Clonyard, Dalbeattie ...... 12/4/12
Witham, Col. J. K. Maxwell, C.M.G., of Kirkconnel,

Dumfri Obey “ssh a Hes. adicdeadiets guiaadeewane tae a oamentees acess eta 7/3/90
Witham, Miss M., Kirkeconnel, Dumfries ..................+2. 6/2/90
Yerburgh, R. A., of Barw hillanty, per R. Powell, 25

Kensington’ Gore, London, \SoW s (-:.-5-<csdesc0-enentene 17/2/96
Young, E. Denholm, Ww .S., 15 "Rutland Street, Edin-

“burgh Fe EE CeCe PIT ae Cte omerbocdbnaccnn: 12/4/12
Younger, Colonel John, Langshawbush, Moffat ............ 12/4/12

Youngson, Captain, Dumbries 22s. c.cs.c+sccscestesss scsscaeeentee 21/4/11

2 ere tte

323

LN DEA.

Aaron’s Beard (Orchis mascula), .. 225

mepercorn Church, ..ccciesccsease » 20
Abbot, Sir Robert, of Holm, .... 177
Aberdeen Post Office, .............. 77
PAPILIO SLT. FLODEDG, | /<:c.s\o0le+s nie srcie.e ale: 59
Adam and Eve (Orchis latifolia), .. 226
Adder-grass (Orchig maculata), .... 226
SPRITES SLE OS Fo ear, avatayeraiaie's: <je,e e\o\s' nei wrece ate 66

Agriculture, The Application of
Electricity in (Priestley), .. 140-3
— 1911, .... 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220

——) Galloway, 1220,- ...c.0% cccnnce 134
PAUBSARIEADOTS, « ccisis,e;cjete.e(o'ja bee Snie'ae 134
Aitken, John, Kirkgait, Dumfries,..42
SCAT] VCs) e cile v.csjs cisspiviemiascels 10
— Misses, Confectioners, Max-
RUE ILEOMIED,? cca tale Ca/riclela/sie'oiniesistele'e 91
Albert, Prince Consort, ...........- 30
AIDS IMiIddIeDIe, © is siazaictciesiniciasiaise 168
Alexander II. Coinage, ........... 286
Mlemander TUE., cneeccncdance smears
Ma LUTE SAE a ein cis ie elateie(e se GoreTs 287-8
Allan, William, Chemist, Dumfries,
39, 75, 76

Alves, William, M.P. for San-
GCL E SAR CD agne UC ROEE Teron e 126
BREMOPLL EH Ia Core a (nin ciatsle vicrsiejeiels'scis wleiiciee cp 183
ANIISREC CAR Bane SeeOenarnecncrean 64

Ancient and Historical Monuments,
‘Royal Commission on, .... 11, 137
Anderson, —., Deputy Postmaster-
General of Scotland, .......... 59
PASIIGLSOM: CD si seine cieiso'eie ciclo eicwinie ce 30
— James, in Isles, Kirkgunzeon, 180
Angel’s Eyes (Veronica Chame-

ATIVE) Saniee sloie|s sinweh cise ainne el siaraiereie 225
LONER glo ckico Se pEIEU CE ODA aone Operas 230
PARES AMAVASS oiaiun(a/eicls's/oasi- vie s'a\siace's 230
Angus, George de Douglas, 4th

MCAT OMS «acto: opatae roars Cm sca sie'e ea 298-9

— Lord, see Ormond, Archibald
Douglas, Earl of,
Annan Mechanics’ Institute,.. 155, 156

UP OSTITATKS). ivie,s.aip\cieieleie/c.ssie\staieioit'e 95
— Queensberry Arms, ............ 68
— Telephone Service, ............ 110
Annandale, George Johnstone, 3rd
Marquis of, .......' 1502151), 152
— and Hartfell, James Johnstone,
2nd Earl of, ........ 164, 195, 200

— James Johnstone, 2nd Marquis
Glin hoch UCHOOARGUGEESeE OnaBeCOr 153

Annandale, William Johnstone,

5rd Earl of Annandale, 1st
AW ANT UASNGE.,. starnsats aos «sae 126

Annandale Estates, Minute Book,
146-155

Annanholm, Wamphray, Post
ORPCEAD coc dcammiacce tem ot tate ee 60
Anwoth Church, New, ............ 271
== Ghurch} Old), ssc. sascces 140, 270-1
— Churchyard, Old. (Saunders), 270-1
=) AML ANON a eaisheicaistsseswiece we aniateet 270
Arbigland, Kirkbean, ............. 136
Arbuthnot, Rectory of, .......... 292

Archeology. See Bedstead, Bells,
Bronze Articles, Camps and
Forts, Canoes, Cannon Ball,
Caves, Coins, Iron Articles,
Lake Dwellings, Leadwork,
Stone Articles, Stone Circles,
Stones (Betrothal), Stones
(Seulptured), Sun - Dials,
Swords, Urns.

Archbald, Dr George, Dumfries, .. 13

_ Account of the Curiosities at
PAL UBM. asa eheeteaee 231

ArGwall HOUSE sas piecics cm saesteeh 140

Areeming, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .. 253

Argyle, Archibald, 1st Duke of, .. 126

-— WColiny 1st Warl Of; .csseceacces 299

Aprmannoch Muir, |. scsi cccaveacace 180

Armstrong, David, Provost, Dum-
PLES? ctraasinls ca eictconkiae cies 115

— James, Postmaster, Penrith,.. 116
— Rev. James, moderator, Pres-
bytery of Middlebie, ........ 47
— John, Postmaster, Dumfries, 77, 115
Arnott, Samuel, Dumfries, ........ 38
— William, of Little Park, Tron-
BERT rs sae rateiadesae cokes 195
Assesfoot (Tussilago farfara), .... 224
Astronomy: Brook’s Comet, 1911, 219
= Comets; 1914). ...ovacscctsesace 223
Auchenhay, Kirkpatrick-Durham,,. 253
Auchenreoch, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 252

AUP USNS NC RAL: cs seins sft oterels 165
Auldgirth Bridge Post Office, .... 93
Ayegreen (Sempervivum), ........ 227
WIT gies ee eden scn naslnan ears

— County of,

Axe, Stone. See Stone Articles.

Bacterium: Bacillus diphtherisz
collumbarum,

324 INDEX.

Baillie, John, postmaster, Peth-
hous and Kirk of Glenluce, .. 44

Bainloch burn, Southwick, ...... 136
Baldwin, A. H. Numismatist,
ENSUITE | en etete)« wehis ania Cx.e cae sieveis 289
IB all amin@es ec iolcericiee sic sioiewoteisiclsineeia 43
BME ar ietes sacs nseinsines aaisiseeiates 60

Barba de Giove (Sempervivum), .. 227
Barbain, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 251, 252
Barbery (Berberis), .............. 224
Barbour, James, Dumfries, ........ 11
Barclosh Tower, Kirkgunzeon, ... 178
Barderroch, Kirkpatrick-Durham,

250, 254

Bar Hill, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .. 250

arhilly sNewabbey's .i/cc-ecne sees 135

Barholm ‘Castle os -...wsccienciclee oe - 140
Barkley (Barkly), Alexander,

Baillie, Dumfries, ........ 52, 55

Barlocco, @aves, 2.5. .sateccsecee 138

Barmoffaty, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 250
Barneailzie, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 251

Bartholomew, J., Beattock, ...... 34
Ranges, coca awscia we meas clase nes 229
Baxter, William: Glossariwm Anti-
(ADU TATA OR aa retis PEC se ae 232
Beare, Professor, T. Hudson, Edin-
PATE PA cant oreteteatetel scielsieiaraeiciaele cre 273
Beattie, Dr James, author of
The MUNStrel, cents « «cies ape os 159
— Joseph, Grocer, Maxwelltown, 91
Beautock: anys dsctzcuiee.=ietelioisis treeless 64
Beckwith, Sir Sydney, ............ 30
Bedford, Mary, Duchess of, ...... 15
Bedstead, Carved Oak, Corra,
Kirkpunzeony, \sces<seccavcss sls 179
Beeistuh; “Pheyp~iaeesccctaxccecsdeees 64
Beggar Man (Goosegrass), ...... 225
Bell —~, ‘Of MMinsea,) siSeseevecee ce 168

— George, postmaster, Gaithouse
of Fleit and the Pethons, .... 44

— John, of Arckland, .......... 271
— John, of Torbeckhill, ......... 169
— John, of Whitesyde, ........ 271
— John, Postmaster, Maxwelltown,
91

— John, Schoolmaster, Anwoth,.. 271
— Thomas, in Land, Middlebie,.. 164
Bells: Kirkcudbright Tolbooth, .. 138

— Kirkgunzeon Church, ........ 180
BellewHe VeeIT, wins ses kcs oeer ovestc 273
Ben GairM ei ciara steerer ot hatee teamiee 137
Bennet, William: History of Dwn-
Bao Dols og mei Gaye EI . 234
Berry, C. Walter, of Glenstriven, 185
Berwick Mintin san vcomace staisisisanisais 286
Betrothal Stones. See Stones,
Betrothal.
Bield o’ Tweed, ...... ccirdemeete sie 61

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), .. 226

Birdbread (Sempervivum), ..... == aed
Birds: Addenda and Corrigenda to
the ‘Birds of Dumfries-
shire ’’ (List), (Gladstone), 13-38
— Wild Birds’ Protection Order,

Dumfriesshire, 1911, ...... 18-20
Birds: Comerake,, <.sc.<0<seene «. 216
— MOLOW hain vs sesiten dines caaete 215
=" GUrlew; iascie vc sieceicnaisea steers SNES
= Lapwing): .. 0. csscdcecwecacsiecne 215
==) Dark, <.icss orncgd or Banbacc. Poop al,
— Martin, Sand, ........ vaneence WEG
— Pigeon, Wild, ....... wednawome 311
— Swallow, .........ecsee 216, 220
— Willow Wren, ........: Jneceee 216
Birkbeck, Henry, .........- Rabie. 3c 34
Birrens, Carlyle Farm and Dvwell-

ing (Barbour), ............ 163-5
— Roman Station, ............. 163-5
Birrenswark Hill, Agricola’s Well,

(Barbour)y ccnicce csc eee 165-8
me AINE NS vialnswjermre a Sintatts a eee 165-8
—_ Superstitions about, .... 166, 167
Bishop, —., bailie, Dumfries, ...... 46
Bisshopp, Henry, Postmaster-

General, seshicsceessavetauseoses 94
Bittern (Common Snipe), .......... 12

Blaber (Vaccinium myrtillus), .... 227
Black, James, Innkeeper, Gretna-

Green; foi ccd sewerage 154
— Mr James, minister of Grat-

LEM InsU nS oO ngOD HON ao tara ss AT
Blackadder, Rev. John, of Tro-

QueELS Soeenesis 190, 194, 196, 198

Blackhall, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .. 258
Blackie, W. L., Postal Overseer,
DumMiries; Psa sees 39, 76, 87, 117
Black Loch, Kelton, ............. 239
Blackloch, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .. 258
Blacklock, Mary, wife of William

M‘Murdo, Dumfries, ........ 155

— Rev. Dr Thomas, ........... - 139
_— Manuscripts at Annan

AUIS Baaregehonacisonc 155-63

Blackmark, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 258
Blackpark, Kirkpatrick-Durham .. 258
Blackwood, G. G., Edinburgh, .... 15
Blackworts (Vaccinium myrtillus), 226
Blaeberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)... 226

BlRIKDUME; (oc .cshect aun cdsss ee eae . 43

Blaind, —. Town Councillor,
DUMEDIES, Joie isiolsih «ares asl 83

Blair, Bryce, Writer, .......- 146, 153

Blake, George, Wynho'me, Corrie, 148
— John, Wynholme, Corrie,...... 148
Blair, Hugh: Dissertation on the
Poems'of Osstan..... «.'e-sieaeiente . 158
Blawart (Cyanus Centaurea), .... 226
Blewblaw (Cyanus Centaurea), .. 226

SE eS YE eS ee eet eee

; ,
;
f

INDEX.

Blue Cornflower (Cyanus Cen-
UAUTOR) victor atjeiswreecicees case 226
Bluebottle (Cyanus Centaurea), .. 226
Bluid-tongue (Goosegrass), ....... 225
Blyth, Samuel, tanner, Gate-
GUISE rem crate ivan daelosie wigs «876 271

Boghall, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .... 252
Boglebridge, Kirkpatrick-Durham,
256-7
Bogue, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .... 252
Booth, Rey. William, ‘‘ General,’ 245

Borthwick, A HAY, ..cccscccesssses 28
— William, 2nd Lord, ............ 299
Boswall, Mr John, M.P. for San-
BHAT ectisiadsliowes =< el inicioiz esis) 123-5
Boswells of Auchinleck, .......... 124

Botany: Some Local and Other
Plant Names (Arnott), .... 223-8

Botany: Plants, Shrubs, Trees—
Abies amabilis,
— concolor, ..
SE AUARRIS Sosa o\ nia: sa'e cen’ cie'cie eis oie
— magnifica,
PemmATO PUSS aiere vinislaic aibeie owas
— Normanniana, -......ccecsces 185
— pectinata (silver fir),.... 266, 268
PACH TUEGUIIIIG | sieinisnie «viele sin's
Achillea Millefolium, .
Z#sculus Hippocastanum (Chest-

RACE cetetsinin ois pieletorele cere 216
Allium Cepa (Onion), ........... 228
TUBA CALAGD) y) sicleisicieinin'elsin\visicisiaic « 269
PATE MIOTIC) ctercis c'scje Ace 215
Araucaria palrteata: candae 185, 186
Bellis perennis (Daisy), .......... 214
SPePMRTAD IRE lteter ce, mat s\cibvareicin a's a's.dla sleds
Betula (Birch),

‘Brassica Rapa (Turnip), ........ 228
Briza (Quaking Grass), ......... ERAS
Campanula rotundifolia (Hare-

PEL donee par ance bcposeEce 218
Capsella Bursa-pastoris (Shep-

GRAS EMINSE) 2/00 cicialaiuincjeie ojala 227
Cardamine pratensis (Cuckoo

NNSA ES TOPs ecelnre) diel efere icin sc e(s;p: 6! 216
EME GNU ANI ture, eis(acs s/csisle’yiuiccictajs 185
Centaurea Cyanus, ..........000. 226

— nigra (Black Knapweed), ... 218
Chamaecyparis nutkaensis, ..... 185
Chrysanthemum Leucantheum
(Ox Hye Daisy); 0... .200.-.- 216
Corylus (Hazel), ............-.... 214
Crategus Oxyacantha (Haw-

EOLID awe forcia cisteterci nasi oja'sioisiaiers 216
(UUGIOT EG Gonna Sees aoc OnCODOpTOdOne 214
Cupressus Lawsoniana,.......... 185
Ss IMACTOCALTDA, a ojscnccccieciamsce 185

— Nutkaensis (Sitka Cypress),.. 182
Cystisus scoparius (Broom), .... 264
Fagus (Beech), ............ 140, 269

325

Botany: Plants, Shrubs, Trees—
Fragaria (Garden Strawberry),.. 216
Miraximis: (ASH); <i, otisccre cwinvoc 263, 269
Fumaria officinalis (Fumitory),.. 226
Galanthus nivalis (Snowdrop), .. 214
Galium Aparine (Goosegrass),.. 224-5

MISMMEON yy. recess ones ce ceeaaee 269
Landolphia (Rubber), .......... 188
Larix (Larch),...... 183, 185, 268, 269

— europa (European Larch),.. 186
— leptolepis (Japanese Larch),

186-7

=== OCCIACNGALISS |. 5 5:..c/aincsic\snien esis 187
Lonicera Periclymenum (Honey-

suckle, Woodbine), 217, 228, 269

Lycopodiacew (Moss), ..........- 228
Nepeta Glechoma, .............. 226
OnOnIS Sars ccs <aieiinaleene ani as 227
Ar chig” LabilOlia, «see, cisiaicieve lobe 225-6
— mascula (Wild Orchis), ..... 225
—— MACWIALA. cicmirle cise aicesinasiet 226

Oxalis Acetosella (Wood Sorrel), 216
Papaver Rhceas (Corn Poppy),
227, 228
Picea (Spruce), 185, 261, 264, 266, 269
— Douglasii (Douglas Fir),
182, 186, 187, 264, 268
— sitchensis (Menzies), 182, 185, 187

Pinus excelsa, 185
— insignis, 186
=) SG ATICIO Weis aieealasieiccis's serseeiss eal OO
— SMONTICOMA; sawajes «sss <iceeniesse. LOD
— ponderosa, . 185

— sylvestris (Seotch Fin, “182, 185,
187, 261, 264, 266, 267, 268
Populus (Poplar), .......... 261, 267
Primula vulgaris (Primrose), ... 216
Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn),.... 216
Pyrus communis (Jargonelle

ORR) er nani c a cian aia clei aleate ate 216
— Malus (Blenheim Orange
ADDIE) cretsteteate stare dra cise see 216
Quercus (Oak), ........ 265, 268, 269
Ranunculus Ficaria (Lesser
Celandine)s somentcteciicteiccmncie 215
Ribes sanguineum (Flowering
Currant), ...... sess “eaenase 215
Rosa canina (Dog ee Wild
ROSE) 5 ecicnctesta conte . 216, 268
Rumex Tarantino "(Water
DOCK) ice cntean ons semenitestcantaeie roo
Salix (Willow), ........ 261, 267, 268

— Caprea (Goat Willow),.. 267, 269
Scilla nutans (Wild Hyacinth), ..216
Sempervivum (Houseleek), ...... 227
Senecio vulgaris (Groundsel), .. 226
Solanum tuberosum (Potato), .. 228
Sonchus arvensis (Sow Thistle), 228
Syringa, (Walac), sjsccemcswisisseictee 216
Thuja gigantea (T. plicata), 182, 185

326 INDEX

Botany: Plants, Shrubs, Trees—

DFA EAE) Face scce se slerowaree owiccte 269

Tsuga Albertiana (Picea Alber-
MILER) y's cieteie saete stile 185, 186, 187

— Mertensiana, ..........+...... 182

Tussilago Farfara (Coltsfoot), 214, 224
Ulex europzus (Furze, Gorse),

227, 264

POLES GEIIN)! - Scinresitetetasieetesbicuiste wag)
Vaccinium Myrtillus, .......... 226-7
Veronica Chemedrys, .......... 225
Vinay ciccens avemaneres Poco
Viola canina oes Violet), Boeri 216
Bothwell Bridge, Battle so - 190, 191
aa AC IOINC slest cua mage oven . 293
Bourance Rig, . 63

Bourse a_ pasteur \(@uepherds:
(BMETSE NE actearacamneh Slertais wrslaeorese 227
Boyd, Sir Alexander of Drumcoll, 299
— Robert, 1st Lord, of Kilmar-
nock, ais a6
Bracanhirst (eroeanide),
Breconside (Bracanhirst), ......... 178

Brigham, Roxburghshire, ......... 119
British and Irish Grand Junction
Railway Os, fica seceiesis'aet 81-2
— and Irish Magnetic Company,
High Street, Dumfries, ..... 107
BYItONS; ¥..7 Mapeaisexeeneo
Broadlea Tear "Middlebie, areratayete 164

Brockloch, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 253
Bronze Articles:
Cauldron, Carlingwark Loch, 237, 240

Mask, Kelton Parish, ........... 240
Ring, Carlingwark Loch, ........ 240
Sword, Carlingwark Loch, ...... 240

Brooklands, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 267
Brown (Broun), Gilbert, Abbot of

Sweetheart Abbey, ......... 140
— James: Iistoru of Sanquhar 124-5
— John, Burgh Treasurer, Dum-

WHEE aacisoc sma nseaOnbnocUoadan 51
— Miss, Sub-Postmistress, Dum-
fries, Sra ees eat

— Patrick, Minister of Teanleray, 192
— Richard, of Carsluith,
Browne, Frank Balfour,
Broxburn, St z
Bruce, Christian, rite of ‘sir ies

ander Bruce, 4th Ear] of Kin-

REAR gle oy aru sreteino's aioe imc ictal 127
— Edward, ‘ SSoocseron a(t)
— Lord, at Broouhally Lord of

BESSON Fecteau cineerietelars 125

— Sir George, of Carnoch, Fife,.. 125
Bryson, R., National ‘Telephone

Company, Dumfries ........ 109
Buccleuch, William Henry Walter,
6th DURE Ola rere oe aaceeas 164

Buchan Bridge, ....... aaoonod sees 208

Buckland) aM, ye circcs ve siwsisie erie 170
PUGH) Old WU ieee rats oles otalsinests 239
Bullock’s Eye (Sempervivum), .... 227
Bullsfoot (Tussilago Farfara), .... 224

IBunehs; WROVa), cases acres vs) Oe
— Convention of, 120, 121, 123, 124, 245
— at. Duminies, 1627... t.aanes 42
Burlimakie, —., master of the
lehher NOME, Tans eteleiclaretelteleiets 44
Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salis-
WOULTSY 5 cate: visio metotate vce felesalete toteyeteretene 127
Burns, Robert, Scots wha hae ...... 139
Burnside, Rev. Dr William, mini-
ster of Dumfries, .......... 200

Bushnan, Dr John Stevenson, .... 13
Butt Hill, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .. 256

Byreburnfoot Coal seams, .......-. 305
Caer Breatan (Dumbarton), ...... 231
Caer Lnel (Carlisle); s.cassien

Caer Pheris (Dumfries),
Caesar, William, A Jaunt to Edin-
(HIT Or Rpaen are OBES acre oCrOc 63-4, 66
Cain and Abel (Orchis latifolia),.. 226
Cairn, Glaisters, Kirkgunzeon, ... 178
Cairney Hill, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 251

Cairnholy Stone circle, .......... 140
Cairns, Mr Alexander, Provost of
TLimcliden,, .22 0. <cneense gene 300

— Margaret, wife of James Lind-
say, lst Laird of Fairgirth, 300

Calder, T. M., Auldgirth, 15
Caledonian Railway, ........ eee 3: 164
Cambuskemneth, 2.2... 0602-000 Crp tits)
Cameron, J., Lincluden Mains .. 143
SS MICHACTS 4 ics.aeca ns ialc mierda ieleretartette 242
— Rev. Richard, ........ 123, 242, 247
— William, .......cecscccanvesevse 163
OPN eo Nic Came Bo saarcae carmcen fc 242-4
Campbell, Dr John, Survey of Great
BUA cde cans tik ae ee 233
— Thomas, Commendator of
Holywood Abbey, ......--.-- 304
— Thomas, Vhe Beech Tree’s Peti-
PROD te rants) = eletsc homie csais ha ec apEae 140
Cammoch (Ononis), .......-...+++ 227

Camphill Camp, Kirkgunzeon, .... 178
Camps and Forts:
BUDO LS | osfyeie =a cotetelaloteioue cr -iw ais goat
Birrenswark Hill, ............-
Camphill, Kirkgunzeon,
Little Ross Lighthouse, ....
Torkirra, Kirkgunzeon, .........-
Cannon Ball, Sweetheart ‘Abbey 135
Canoes, Carlingwark Loch, .. 237, 240 |
Canonbie Coalfield, ...........+.+- 305
Caprifoly (Honeysuckle), ....-..... 228
Cardoness (Culness), ...-++++++++++ 270
— Castle, ..... Syetsielstetatareieteiatels
Carlingwark Loch and its Crannogs
(Affleck), < 02.5. / 00.2. .000 BOOM)

INDEX.

Carlingwark Loch, Ash Island, 238, 239

SeeeMD TSANG, ..10:0.00:5/aar soideen 239, 240
— Canal, Buchan to the Dee, .. 240
PENANG)" sioia:ciai cleat siclae’atersisre Solaleleld 236
Carlisle (Caer Luel), ...... 43, 52, 230
— Tullie House Museum, ........ 36
Carlyle, John, Birrens, .......... 164
a) ih) 1 a 163-4

Carmichael, Robert, of Corp,
Provost and M.P. for San-

ERRETEAT TY cs cavaye atria ave! Nayainialeeeiorars 123

— William, postmaster, Dumfries,
38, 90, 116

Carmichaels of Meadowflat,
Clydesdale, ..... DoCo sone. J00 123
@arnsalloch, Laird of, ....c0.00s 58
Carsluith Castle, ................ 140
ESRI SE 5. atelc.k alana Gobet di sie wise 300

Carruthers, William, Dumfries, .... 57
— William, of Warmanbie, .... 306
— William Thomas, of Dormont .. 13
Carrutherstown Telephone Service, 110

Carsethora Village; 2. .csee.cceccee 136
Carson, James, overseer, Post

Mice, DuMEries, .....000cc060. 117
Cassillis, Gilbert Kennedy, 4th Ear!

Glee stern “. Cen Nisa Se -
—_ Tein enheaa: 6th Earl of, . 4
Cassylands Toll-Bar, .........0.:..6. 72
Wastle-Douglas,. ....c.cccccevvee 66, 67
— Bruntstick Toll-Bar, .......... 239
= Cuil Meadow, .... 060 cecessces0s LOO
ES GAOWS: SOG, .icwsscccescereseres LOG
SEAT SI ULGEDs: voreicsiacieasivew'ecatdienes LOG

— and Dumfries Railway Co., .. 81-2
Castle Robert, Lands of, Kirk-

RAITT oe focclefsisielenesicssievewoceete: Doe
Castra eit uta (Dumitries); ees
Castra Puellarum (Edinburgh

Castle), Senet: Ocha oat eacrm tet
Catch Rogue oe ee Salerciniorete 225
Catch-weed (Goosegrass), .......... 225

Cat’s Eye (Veronica Chamedrys), 225
Cauldron, Bronze. See Bronze

Articles.
Caves:
PE IOMEO NSS cine ocaisis wide em e's ae¥,cate 138
Dirk Hatteraick’s, Kirkdale
Glen, - 140
Kirkbean, 308
Lord Maxwell’s Cave, ce
zeon, ORT ree vee 178
PRCEIE EE pc at ctalevaieiela'asteio: e(atzyers a'n’e 138
Chalmers, George, Caledonia,...... 233
— (Chambers), James, Minister of
ITHETICDS \</cecicwse swe comcias acteley LOO
— Macgregor, avouiteck: eiavereiaiats 130
Chalmer’s Brae, Kirkpatrick-
HOWE eI sth oteccclanswsievlataiss a emis eaie onl!

327

Chapman, C. S., postmaster, Dum-
RTICH,) ciasiosaniere sopescacOby G0; LEG
ASHARNEAT AL 5 5 oe icscixinilowenn a's 123, 193, 242
Charteris, Thomas, of Amisfield, 306
Chatham, William Pitt, lst Earl of, 160

Cheesbowls (Poppy), ............+. 228
Cheletun (Kelton), ................. 237
Chesser, Mrs, (Maxwell Street,
WORTH S tarcies o sSiavie saree cwreelaree 92
Chicago Mine; (STL sa\das-ceat<o ss 311
Chinnock, Or Bs Tg Sveedcceves oan 10
Chipperkyle, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 252
CBTStON DEEN eniWisdadsatenteascae oe 248
Christian, Bishop of Galloway, .. 177
Church of Scotland, wesee . 193

Circles, Stone. See Stone eiwies!
Clappe de Pouche rua

Purse); .<:0s a Sno b
Clappe de Pamehed ‘(Beg ray . 227
Clark, —., postmaster, axel

LOWS catahatciescteiaisentee seaticenpacetre On
Clarke, W,. Hagies, -.csiccuisicsteentewaseeee 29
Clawbelly Hill, Kirkgunzeon, xomre eS
Cleavers (Goosegrass), eateela ye creeas
Climate, Scotland, ScleteGiats ais POE,
— British Columbia, ............ 182
Cloak, Lands of (Clochoec Mona-

chum), is - 178

Clochoe Beg of Cuber mands of, 178
Clochoe Monachum (Cloak), Lands

OLS qeesstee ag Ws
Clonkins, Ricky ini tartan a Bese
Closeburn Post Office, ............+. 93
Cluden, ‘Water of, .............006. 193

Cochrane, Lady Mary, <....<cocess: 1D
“Cock of the North” (Rev.

JOsiABEWielSh)s <0 cscs ees 191
Cockeno (Poppy), 2 duel «fee
Cockskames (Orchis latifolia), . wees
— (Orchis mascula), ............... 225
Cockscombs (Poppy), ............008 228
Coffin, Stone. See Stone Articles.
Cog, Sanquhar, .......... detect Lees

Coins: The Early Gammane of Scot-
land. With Special Refer-
ence to a Small Group of the
Early Coins of Alexander III.
(Davidson),

— Alexander II.,

— Alexander III.,

— David I.,

— Henry IL.,

— Malcolm IV,

— William the Lion,

Coldwell A., A.R.C.O., Dumfries, 38, 289

Cole, Sir Henry, Editor of Post Cir-

CWHEI si it seth as waved ow sane esee 105
Coltsfoot (Tussilago Farfara), .... 224
Colvend (Culwen), Lands of, ...... 177

POSE OCC ren s ct cesnaisininisinatia(alelefent oot

328 INDEX.
Colvyend=Shores ss iis<sicecs cee cat cerns 136 Crichton, Sir William, Chancellor
Comets—See Astronomy. of Scotland,. ......0.cs0. 294, 298
Cook, Mark, postmaster, Carlisle — William, of Gorland, .......... 125
BNO VARMA) Gecececavcccriac cine Ad Crichton-Browne, Sir James, ...... 12
Copland, James, superintendent, Crichtons of Carco, :...s-c.cce« Poe ee)
Post Office, Dumfries, ...... 117 —— SOT MVYODIUT serrscisrencyerate iets oaeert lead
Coprose (Poppy), ........sccesesees 228 Crichton Royal Institution, Dum-
Coquelicot (Poppy), << ssccs<ce<ee 228 RTOS! wie wo ers eiateieisisis a Shaler 24, 272
Corbett, Robert, bailie of Dum- CTEM a vies tren sdsciael wees anatad cave Loa
PTICS)” occ euesee nyoke wetaraieralaaie 51-2 Crimean Relics, .2...-00.¢sccmeue 311
Cotheid) ‘Laind: of. 7.7). cc csiiewisiaicns 118 Crocket, Rev. John, Minister of
CornsRosey(PODDY)Y rect ce oles eels 228 Kirkeunzeon, isciesw oescetisioee 180
Corra House, Kirkgunzeon, .... 178-9 Crocketford, Kirkpatrick-Durham,
— Pigeon-house, ............000: 179 66, 255, 257
Corrie, John, Moniaive, ........... 23 — Post:-Office,, 0.) scutes caemeeoee - 93
— Gleneairn (Dumfriesshire) Crockett, S. R., Adventurer in Spain, 249
The Annals of an Inland _ Men of the Moss Hags, ...... 243
SPOPISR; (MEAG Ge Bicletasiete sees 16 Crofts, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .... 253
Corrour, Fort Augustus, ......... 183 Cromwell, Oliver, ........-..s«- 42, 193
Corsane, John, Dumfries, ........ 231 Crombie, —., Bailie, Dumfries, .... 84
— Robert, of Meikleknox, ...... 308 Crosbie, Andrew, Advocate, ...... 158
Corse, Kirkpatrick-Durham, ...... 255 — Captain, of Kipp, ............ 180
Corsebank (Castle Robert), Kirk- — John, bailie, and Provost of
CONTE wh cicntele Sareea eiayeaisaterd 122 Duwriries,: <ieiecwulestrs 52, 55, 60
Corsegate, Kirkpatrick-Durham, Crouse Farm, Kirkcowan, Old
255, 256 Bridal Stones. 7. cose eect 301
Corsehill, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .. 255 Croys, Kirkpatrick-Durham, ...... 255
GorsocksNamese tencccce citdieserests 252 Crozier, —., Forester, Durrie,
Corson, —., Mail Coach Guard, .... 67 Aberdeenshire, ............ -. 268
— —., Town Councillor, Dumfries, 86 Crustacea, Shrimp, Fresh Water, 175
Cotiae (Dumfries), ................ 232 Culeness Chapel (Cardoness), .... 270-1
Cotworthie; Bir Jolin; . 2.5 .0.cs.00 44 Culfad, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .... 254
Couper, —., Bailie, Dumfries, .... 113 CUILORSS (555 ccs c stuns clocalaieiaias entrain 125
Covenant, Solemn League and, .. 197 —=—='Coal WOrks;. =i. 2 siuicictele sete detaretate 125
WOVENSIECTS, siafesie:s.0 oleiniecjeie'ee 190, 242-4 Culshand, Kirkpatrick-Durham, ... 254
I OOIMMETINICIES: oe.c 5 Ue dedimeisite aie 198 Culwen, Sir Thomas of, ....... waa ae
Covington Barony, Lanarkshire, 292-3 Cumberland, William Augustus,
Cow Quakes (Briza), .............. 227 Duke-Of, << .coseicitansicieeraae 160

Cowheave (Tussilago Farfara), .. 224
Craigadam, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 251
Craigelwhan, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 25]

Craigengillan, Carsphairn, ........ 251

Cra lands) Gaston isislainin ciclo civiorstelsia'etnin ts 64

Craik, Johne, burgh treasurer,
ERPS tele le silts atelejae renin aes 42

Crannogs. See Lake Dwellings.

Crawford, Alexander Lindsay, 4th
SAT GOT erctale clsiaereeiatere= 295, 296-7

— David, 5th Earl of. See
Montrose, 1st Duke of.

— Ronald, Writer,

Gra witke txts wastleiciccmie cc alefetet sis
Creary, William, Dumfries, ........ 57
Crichton (Creichtoune), Abraham,
RE GriGs Goopscbosnecncens 122
— Andro, of Ulysyd, ............ 121
— John, Notary, Town Clerk and
M.P. for Sanquhar, ........ 121

— William, M.P. for Sanquhar,
122, 125

Cunningham, Michael, Member of
Parliament for Sanquhar, .. 120
Cunninghams of Caprington, .... 121
—=.0f ‘Dumfries, << ccs.0 cave cardee 120-1
Curle, Alexander O., Secretary of
the Commission on Ancient
and Historical Monuments of

Scotlands n:cjcriais aisiciae niet 137
Currie, —., Bailie, Dumfries, .... 85
— James, of Spadoch, .......... 306
Cushat-knowe, Kirkpatrick-Dur-

AAI aye nicheoimeineae eet sclarelae 257
Cushycows (Water Dock), ..... «.- 226
Cuteloy, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .... 255
Cuthbertson, James, Mason, Dum-

PIES) sects lorsicimis\crsiehtanla sctueeitiate eps.)
Dalbeattie Port, ...... mera n pee ali fs)
——= - POSt) OMCe), . <c:.n,.inoesicineele Aree ki
Dalriada, Kingdom of, ..........- 229
Dalry Rising, 1666, ...........- «= 9S

Dalrymple, Robert, of Priestside, 306
— William, of Waterside, ........ 306

INDEX. 329

Dalrymple-Hay, burying-ground,
PMPQIUCE,: ogo cent eis cate 129, 130

Dalziel (Dalyell), Mrs Jane Jack-
son, Sub-Postmistress, Dum-

PERTH: | Saicievs's, diate etewisininia iciesetaeieteia 92
— Ninian, Burgess, Sanquhar, .. 122
tom, Of: Binns). sccc.ccci wow 199

— Colonel Thomas, of Boatford, 306
Darngarroch, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 253

EMEERINES. nislarcls sou vicvowe cacti veheraat 286
— REOIMAGOS | 5s. c'c.clc siee's goatee 285
eee BOM Of Gerri, ccnelivieeees. 270
Davidson, James, Portpatrick, .... 69
— James, Dumfries, ..........0.08 3
— James, Postmaster, Maxwell-
BUIIUUL ST a5 ses pre Koen Team One Siew 91

— John, Postmaster, Maxwelltown, 91
— Lawrence, Provost and M.P.

for Sanquhar, ............ 121-3
Davison, James, Express, from

TATU TUNEAL ~ «. viv nvineie 0 en's a enw 58

PPRPICI LIAR TO 1Of,,, 5 \si0i0i0/o\sie:storereleisiens 248
Deadman's fingers (Orchis latifolia),

226

Deadman’s hand (Orchis maculata), 226
Deadman’s Thumb (Orchis mas-

REP Brita elefclarel syeretase iciclen ctele (oss ats 225
Deil’s foot (Orchis latifolia), .... 226
<eMe his P. & OF Diners oo. 600 oss 221
Devil’s Bird (Yellow Bunting), .... 23
Devorgilla (Dornagilla), ...... 135, 232
Dick, Mr John, Covenanter, ...... 190
Dickson (Dicksone), Henry, Dum-

MNES SOE ete Lakiciuteiihats <ieraletnnior 58

— John, of Upper Locharwood,.. 306
— John, M.P. for Sanquhar, .... 122
— Walter, Overseer, Post Office,

RMA B cs ore ois 0c aca vatens Ualbeciateiare 117
— Walter S., Moniaive, .......... 15

— William, Overseer, Post Office,
BEMICReR Re aaheices) sieves seve: dram hrs bale <fol 117

Dinwiddie, —., Town Councillor,
NIRS oi fo. ss we cei o ainre Maree 83

Dirk Hatteraick’s Cave, Kirkdale
eRe Nig pik ate le stoke bro kode seacc ie es 140
Dixie, Sir Beaumont, Bart., Annan, 15
Dodder Grass (Briza), .......-.... 227
Dodderin’ Dicks (Briza), ..........- 227
Dodgill Reepans (Orchis), ........ 225

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K., F.Z.8.,
ROU ENen csrea’e Nc, so 0) vis ale icturetermetters 273
Doon of Urr, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 250
Dorand, Family of, .............. 257
Dotherin’ Dicks (Briza), .......... 227
Dotherin’ Docks (Briza), .......... 227

Douglas, Hew, servitor to the Earl
SP PANCUE, . xr wierieicre Daaevoulane 121

— James, 7th Earl of, ‘‘ the
RSORGSS ie W's = ccitemwictatiore CSE E RSET)

— James, 9th Earl of, ...... 297, 299

Douglas, Sir James, of Kelhead, .. 306
— Margaret, Fair Maid of Gallo-

WEE ofavahalat claix sce sicinetete ares 295, 297
— William, 8th Earl of, .. 293, 294-7
— William Robert Keith, M.P.,

Dumfries Burghy, .......... 103
ah TRV LG cid saciscaescccws oiees 138
Douglas Parsonage, .............. 293
Dovedock (Tussilago Farfara), ... 224
Downie, Hugh, Letter Carrier,

DUMPS). 6 ie oc cesses wee ects 7
Dronan’s Craig, Kirkpatrick-

Durhamy —shadedesesecte< cece 257

Drumeoltran Tower, Kirkgunzeon, 179

Drumhumphry, Kirkpatrick-Dur-
PAAR ietizie ss Selnaterscraioe sual 251

Drumlanrig, Lord. See Queens-
berry, 2nd Earl of.

Drummond, J. G., Dumfries, ...... 38
Dudgeon} Miss, B.C), ..5..eaeeees 141
Dum Breatan (Dumbarton), .... 230
DMD ALtOn; 2 Secsiceiencessice cee 230, 231
Dumbartonshire, ..........2c.ce008 230
Dumfries Academy, ............... 63
— Alexander III. at, ............ 288
— Blue Bell Hotel, St. Michael
Street, Lead work, ......... 308
— Bonded Stores, Rent, 1841, .... 79
— Bridge, Old) css. Atecstiviene seers 113
— burgess roll, ....... Wadena eas 46
= Burgh Rebtsy neseasaesveacives -. 46

— Burgh Treasurer’s Accounts
52-3, 57-8, 60, 100-1, 112
— Convention of Burghs at, 1622,.. 42

=) ICRATES centamroniseeel ow hieivie tlewee 23]
— Cunningham’s, Painted Hall, .. 121
— Custom House, ...... Galewieveeknle 78
oF PRENSA a 5d srors)etcleicierles se to 79
— District of Burghs, .......... 128

— oocot, The, English Street, .. 77
— Excise Office, .
— Rent, 1841,

at SHE GLO WEN oe + orscais oni divine dciete arene 231
Sey Hreizehole, vecissevcvcececve's 231-2
_ PILUDERE TO ia \diviealayers e wietelniete we Aw ate, 4 231
— Friars’ Vennel, ......... acinar 232
— Greyfriars’ Convent, .......... 232
_ (RAGOH CI, woson a/o/arer aie iste 'cienicheleie s 232

— Hare, William, in, ...........
— History of, Edgar’s M.S.,.. 11, 233
— Hole i’ the Wa’ Inn, Burns

MUBATS GVUNG | rerciasc\cieistoe wre o's «\storarenvre 95
— jail, Buccleuch Street, ........ 72
— Justice Ayre, 1459, ........... 298
— King’s Arms Inn, ...... 65-6, 71-2
— Lady Acker, .......... cen ole 231
=a “Market. Croag, ‘c.cesseatendcsens 42

— Meal Market and Granary, .... 84
— Midsteeple, Old Court-House, .. 75
— Old Guardhouse, .......... 74, 75

330 INDEX.

Dumfries Mint, .......... naitamee EOS
— Name, On the (Shirley), .... 231-5
_— The Origin of the (White-

LO Bienes occocrinecsenas 229-31
—_ Pronunciation of, ........ 234-5
— Newsletters, Supply of, ...... 49-53
== NEW. WALK, |: cise sce tac simi 199-200
—— PANIC OT) SWANS, ‘ss siemesceccsale 231
— Postal Service, 1854, .........- 87-8
— Postmasters, .......0.css-0e: 112-6

— Post Office, 1642-1910 (Corrie), 38-118
— Buccleuch ‘Street, 74, 86, 89, 110-11

— 12 Castle Street, ............ 75
— English Street, ........ 58, 77, 91
— [Prians: (Vienne leis svc srex's<ra(clewiare 73
_ MI PHUStreety occ cc cde cs eleaieee 17
— Laurieknowe (Maxwelltown),
Town Sub Office, ....-.....+ 92

— Milldamhead Town Sub Office, 92
—_ Money Order Department,

87, 88, 89
_ Parcel Post Depot, .......... 89
— Postmarks, ......0-s0--0s 94-9
_ 10 Queen Street, ............. 85
a Renb, HBF: tas ewseceiesterentasieel= 79
— Revenue, 1832, sstnexcwastesen © 75
==! SIGE, cx we ainiererents 74-5, 78-80, 84-5
_— Station Parcel Depot, ...... 111
— Statistics of Work, ........ 117-8
— St. Michael Street Town Sub
ORICE, onepmenciaseee sk eee 91-2

a Sunday Delivery, .. 83, 84, 87, 88
— Telegraph Engineer’s Office, 111
— Telegraph Service, 107-9, 117, 118
— Telephone Service, .. 109-10, 118
—_ Troqueer Road (Maxwell-
town) Town Sub Office, .. 93

—— PPLESDVLEDY giieies oie ceieisicvem nivtes smn 192
— Prison (Pledge-House), .... 48, 200
_— Thieves: Holey ./.c.secccnens's 198
— Railway Station, .............. 107
wm RIOGSS 4G) sic cls wae. ceamesiebtn'siees 58
— Stamp Office, ........cceeeseces 78
— Rent, 1841, ..... icine enon nies 79

— St. Michael’s Churchyard, 114, 115
— ‘St. Michael Street, 156, Title
[Pat Peete diners Bogen. ane .. 308
— Telegraph Office, .............- 107
— Town Council Minutes,
42, 45-52, 103, 105

as TTYL SE ND ot te tets oiasain wialein’star=/atereis . 74
Dumfries and Maxwelltown
MUGEN ci awsisbenivuwnae can wele 14

Dumfries and iarwelliown Tele-
phone Exchange, High

Street, Dumfries, .......... 109
Dumfries Courter, -v ascidian eo = 97
Dumfries, Lochmaben and Locker-

bie Railway Co., .:.....<.. 81-2

Dumfries Fost Office Directory, .... 112

Dumfries Weekly Journal, ........ .. 97

Dumfriesshire, ........ cae siclene til 20

— Vital Statistics, 1911,

Dumfriesshire and Galloway
Natural History and Anti-
quarian Society:

Annual Meeting, 1911, ...... Rosbcr 9
Donations, 1911-12, ...... seacce 304-8
Exchanges, 1911-12, .......... 312-13
Exhibits, LOUD istaacleseete ste 311
WUNANCES, ese watic celec ee eeeeee eeiee LO)
Herbarium, Ferns, “22 .<ccmecae ne 306
DUDES, fic Sesh cicicloatd « vielelstereeieers 11-12
Meetings, Intimations of, ........ 9
Members, List of, April, 1912, 314-22
Membership, “...<.s/1c sjeacc ee eenionte 10
Office-Bearers, 1911-12, .......... oa
Presidential Address, 1911 (Glad-
BEONE)) "snjchus cre. crete eeleieieatonste 9-12
Publications, Extra, ............. 11
Purchases, 1911-12, eects 309-10
TTPATISACHIONS, coe cla clewlsisiceteteble aie 10
Index To, oa. ctiene ee evatimemers 11
Dunbar, —, Town Councillor,
DUTIES is ciate o1-m ole ste mioeeretetae 84
—. Rev. ‘William, . secede 159
Dinbar Chureh; i. sceamcie-iaeeeeere 293
SS Min bs aieisl te). clot wiclseoeanstemines 287
Duncan, Rev. iene of Ruthwell, 159
=) OSEDH; (sic sicicrcls os Sales taeereent te 234
— W.R., Liverpool, ........ 155, 156
Duncow Post Office, .............. 93
Dundee, James Graham of Glaver:
house, Viscount, ..... . 147, 191
Dundee Mint, ............. hobo? Rereon
Dundrennan Abbey, ............-- 138
Dunegal, (Dumfries, ........ Merete eon
Dunfermline Mint, ..........-++005 287
Dunlop, William, principal of
Glasgow College, ..... Saleisha,
Dunscore Post Office, ........--..+. 93
Durhamhill, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 257
Durisdeer, Andrew de, Bishop of
Glasgow; (..0cs'sa> se neiedee 299
Earth-smoke (Fumitory), ........ 226
Eccles, Penpont, ..............5-- 273
Edgar (Edger), John, Burgh
Officer, Dumfries, .......... qo fa"
— Robert: MS. History of Dum-
PTIGRs cick cisisistele icles 11, 233
Edinburgh, . 0.30): <j. cose wants 199, 230
— Black Bull, Catherine Street, .. 65
SWC AStles . Qockivewiokic wteracisteemfeternae 233
— Castra Puellarum, ... senate Cou
— Chamber of Commerce, ...... 105
=— Past OMCE, aces save nent 77, 83
— Castle Street, ...........s00= = 20

— Royal Scottish Museum. See
Royal Scottish Museum,
Edinburgh.

INDEX.

Edinburgh Tolbooth, ........ 194, 195 |
Ni WANd Is), sicescneenianeate ene +» 240 |
Edwin's Burgh (Edinburgh), ..... 230
Eglantine (Honeysuckle), ........ 228 |
Electric Telegraph Company, Bank |
Street, Dumfries, .......... 107 |
Electrical Treatment on Potato

Crops, 1911 (Dudgeon), .... 143-5
Electricity, The Application of, in

Agriculture (Priestley), .... 140-3
Elgin, Charles Bruce, 5th Earl of,

9th Earl of Kincardine, .... 127
*‘Ellangowan ’’ (Barholm Castle), 140

Elliot, Adam, of Arkleton, ........ 306
Std ONN, OL) CUMEB; sccie oisnjeees.ceie 306
— Professor G. F. Scott, .......... 12
— William, of Cumes, ......... - 306
— William, of Tarris, ...... Seyi 306

Entomology. See Insects.
Enquiry into the Ancient History of

PCOLLONI a erat al neamaieisie sicteiasie sae 233
Epidemic, Glasgow, 1657, .......... 57
MIDISCODACY, .ocicleccsicae svicossceece -. 194
MER TEEOT) HUILSTIB Sy Yeore cic ai sicle dic ieiais viaeverave 124
Erskine, Charles. ‘See Tinwald,

Lord.
Estate Management in the Eigh-
teenth Century, Some Notes

OM (UGG) asisccinss acces 146-55
Evans, William, ........ 15, 16, 21, 24
Ewart, John, Provost, Dumfries, .. 60
-—— William, M.P., Dumfries

PRUE PS Wale a tarea she aisle arog a/ejutemiers 85
Fairgirth farmhouse, Southwick,.. 137
PERO TISE Uae cs ic.nc'c cin’ slo Cro cis’ ela aivicle 137
— Lands of, Southwick, ........ 299
Hainy; rags) (Briza);! ./.< 01.7 cis sen 227
Fairy Hill, Brooklands, Kirkpatrick-

RUUD IMAI ae assieheceiee-c 0) 025 aleleieins 257
Faulds, Archibald, gardener at

ERAN O CI Vcrstalsta aiaicts svsieva uitieG 271

‘Ferguson (Fergusson), Jeanie T.,
Sub-Postmistress, Dumfries, ,. 91

— Nathaniel, Kirkgunzeon, ...... 180

-— Samuel, Sub-Postmaster, Dum-
PONE Riedie sinaac ccisclrealcwonjtiwe 92

ERIM ESHOP plein cise viele oe clvie viele eie'ets 177

Fingas, William, bailie and post-
master, Dumfries, .... 45, 46, 113

BRAG DISNOD, ss sie. 2c dete on eas 177
Finlayson, John, post, Dumfries, .. 42
RISE ALD, secsicie clon c'veen asisateleabie 169
se InDOrh BoSoeneoenpacgnapnocaAec 170
BEMMETCE Porch iene, a'aa a cicwle esiviatslelc Os 170
BOTCON 0:0 nic. os e.d ec vices eels aie ola 169
BME ONLL Gn c/cheinlsierc ccclvre cy declale otssc/sieie 169-76

Fish Culture, The Development of
Modern, with Special Refer-
ence to the Salmonide
(Armistead), 2 s'cceweces es 169-76

}

331
Fish Culture and Geological
Formation,
— Trout Food, a}
— Trout Ponds, .s..occcsce. 169-76
— Monastic, Herefordshire,.. 169-70
Fisher, Johne, post, Dumfries, .... 46

Fleckit Hill, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 252
Fluellin or Fluelling (Veronica

CHAMBALYS): eirieieloicisiactee'e tiers 225
Foalsfoot (Tussilago Farfara), .... 224
Mog (VMOSs) eis accicnwie «nets tersteecte ae 228
Foolstones (Orchis latifolia, Orchis

maculata), ........:- pidecaeee 226
Fooze (Sempervivum), ............ 227
Fordhouse, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 255
Forest Area, Scotland, ............ 181
Forests, Highland, ..............s. 182
— Merrick Kells district, ...... 182
Forestry : Destructive Forest

Insects of Dumfriesshire

(List), (Whellens), ........ 260-9
— The Romance and Business

Side of it (Elliot), ........ 181-9
orth Binth Ofer sii. o< vic/sieisiecietoersion, 230
Fossils: Alisiophylid Coral, ...... 306
—» ATINUIATIA Adasen ous ee seelte cs 304
=. MON ay i aiadeacilestieeeed races 306
=) Cup) Coralon..saticencmaccectece a 306
— Encrinite Stem, .............. 306
— Euomphalus, ...............00- 306
a pentangulatus, ...........00 306
= (Merny SLENIss wcrmiciele a victscsenisiiia 304
— Lepididendron,,......).-..<ses- 304
= “Macrochilinas tan... cscoccs sac ne 306
— Neuropteris Schizeri, .... 304, 305
_— ONT ATOS Sars staratsip) aia stora'stelelelats 304, 305
=) Me ELIE serene alelace alate wictos 304, 305
== (OTEROCELASY (Fei nalscss cecal 306
— Productus concinnus, ....,.... 306
_ PIPANGCUBS, siecle cic osdaechudes 306
_— LOTIPISPINS, eaiciasieeis\clesis/eeie ele) U0
a DUSTIIS. Joao cwidae eneiete se 306
— punctatus, <...ctieecccesene 306
—_— semireticulatus, <........<.. 306
=. Roodtlets) \ecsccccsclsiciatcckeccetre 304
<=" SPITILET As clantceoameceretes tees 306
=). Stenoporayciccesiscs sedeenteeee's 306
= OLN QUA elaisete carats ten alana 306
Fossils from: Arbigland, ........ 306-8
——§- ByKEDUTHIOOD Wee a aicielsiwielacieeare 304-5
— Jockie’s Syke, Netherbie, .. 304-5
— Crichope Burn, .............. 304-5
Franking Letters, ......cceesssss 104-5
Frankland, Sir Thomas, Post-

master-General, ........ 54-5, 56

Frazer, Archibald, post, Dumfries, 57
— John, Bailie and Provost of
WMumMETios war cisctte ese 64, 71, 80
French Invasion Scare, 1797, .... 139
Friar’s Cap (Aconitum), .......... 224

332 INDEX.

Friarminnon, Kirkconnel, .......- 243
RISING eee dele ceseaalseie 230, 231, 235
Frizell, William, depute post-
master of England _ for
foreign parts, ........seeeeeee 41
Fume terre (Fumitory), ......... . 226
Gallgoidell (Niduarian Picts), .... 250
Galloway, Fergus, Lord of .. 138, 177
— James Stewart, 2nd Earl of, .. 195

= Uchtred, Lord of, <....... 177, 236

Galloway vec. csenes een Ae eioteinl se 230-1

— and Moffat Post,

=! Bishopric Of, ...00cccrcrcsecses

— Gaelic spoken in,

1), INNO E aiclasecoiele vists =jcvelaleln\s iataisninia

— Synod Of, ......sseeeeeeeeeeee

Garholm, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 252, 254

Garrick, David, ...-.....sce0se sees loo

GasiMieter: Ss suaaeaweldecdcna <2 <0 sieniew 306

Gatehouse-of-Fleet, ..,....- ~««« 66, 139

— “Murray Arms Hotel, .......... 140

Geology: Geological Formation and
Fish Culture, .....eseccesas 176

— Carboniferous Rocks, .......-- 307

— Strata, Lower, ...coreccceses 305

—_ Strata, Upper, ........0c5+-- 305

— (Coal Seams, Byreburnfoot, ... 305

—_ BArEBGaM). icine satidind asada.

_ Powillimount,

St Gs AWAS nln siciapwlaisinjele\siesiele apictapeeet een

— Thirlstane,

mao SR BIESY asrersicislsiclaseiesinle Uisielnix

— BRC okie winieieioeniw a cisias tine stem

_ GG Yes foe ois istae wisinialepieraisisls ais
Geology of: Arbigland Shore, .. 306-8
== CANONdie, 22... cenesweccccsaces 307
— Closeburn Basin, ....... soves 304-5
== WOMIONZGOD, < once wale devciesaicsices

— Crichope Burn,

— Ecclefechan, ......... 5c 307
— Gatelawbridge, ....... - 305
— Hoddom, Nese uel 307
ea ALAM VODs) [clacton sie’«n|uaininuex<sieie'a 307
— Netherbie, ....... 305

— Port White, Berek akinesia GON

— Rascarrel Bay, .....-.ssessesoe 307
— Woodcockair, ........+.+---+-.. 508
George V., Coronation of, ....---- 217
Ghost, Abraham Crichton, San-
QUNAT, 2... .ccneseresececrses 122
— Boglebridge, Kirkpatrick-Dur-
ham, .<.- Neb anstes OOUsE
Gibson, Mrs aabeneos Sub-
Postmistress, Dumfries, ...... 91

— Sarah H., ‘Sub-Postmistress,
Dinitriess peek esesten ose etne dios

Gilchrist, James, Baillie and Post-
master, Dumfries,
57, 59-60, 74, 114
— Miss, Post Office, Dumfries, .... 74
Gilhaggie, John, Burgh Treasurer,

Damtries, 0. .ic«sup > saameeeen 52
Gilmartin, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 250
GEGVAD, .00cscensens as pe Roaaaiaians ist
Glasgow (Saunt Renee oooasbed,. 199
— Epidemic, 1657, ............+- Penn
a) MEI le coral aims aiauacininrnelee eciesOn

— Post Office, ........ acm atee 176
— and South-Western Railway, Serie
Glaisters, Kirkgunzeon, Cairn, .... 178
— Kirkpatrick-Durham, ...... «ne» 202
Glead or Gled (Kite), .......
Gledsknowe, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 257
Glencaple Telephone Service, .... 110
Glencorse, Robert, burgess and
postmaster of Dumfries, 44, 112

Glendinning, J., Dumfries, ........ 58
Glengaber, Lands of, .......-..+.+-. 504
Glenluce, ....... Aaan yeni Ns
— Abbey as it 1 was wa is (Hill),
129-34
— Abbot’s Stall, ..... aeons 132
_ Gordon Tomb, ..........-. -. 130
Mandy ocieis on anisnmnine weeminemtels 134
_— PGRN nciterinacae nae »- 130, 151
Glenstriven Plantations, ........ 185-6

Glessell, Janet, wife of Robert
Johnstone, Postmaster, Dum-
PriOS cose ntecearastemanen anos (Og

— Robert, Dumfries, ............. 59

Godman, Joseph, secretary to the

Post OfMCe;, <1. cise Velsiaceye'dare FAG
Goldie-Scot, A., ‘Moniaive, ...... ‘5, 28
Goodfellow, John, Mail coach

QELVEL, cin.c'aes cae ep anes

Goose (Orchis mascula),
Goosebill (Goosegrass),
Goosewort (Goosegrass), ...
Gordon, — ., Innkeeper, Partpaigieks 69
—_ Glace Clerk, Post Office,
DUMETICS! |» ons nsese- eames eee
— J. G., of Caracnalete: wm [asclnieteset DRE
— Jobn, Merchant in the North,
196, 200
— Samuel, surveyor, Allasonbank,
Gretna, Aataaaa on be
— ‘William, Houioitas: ‘Dumfaee
73-4, 114
Gordons of Kenmure, ........++-- 134
— Of RUsko, <2... 0cccenewe Goroc 270-1
Goslings (Orchis mascula), ......-. 225
Gowkeairn, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 255
Grafigny, Francois d’Issembourg
@Happencourt, Conte, ...... 159
Graham, James, Stobohill, Corrie, 148
— Richard, of Blaitwood, ........ 506

INDEX.

Graham, Robert, Stobohill, Corrie, 148

— Simon, Merchant, Gretna
GROOM, | ics Silas octca descr tees 104
MEEAXMUON cies's'scac needs corace acsboranen GA
Gray, Robert, PnP ter rot
Great North Rows ao haneanens la pee 62
Greaves, A. R., Tynron, ........ 15, 33
Green Hill, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 258
Greenock Post Office, ......... 89, 115
Gretna (Graitney) Estate, ........ 153
— Green, ........ cabelecepttrematc ten)
— Mansion- Bone eis aiala’s bates’ a <ataretu vi A SaeD
— Parish, Smuggling, .......... 152-4
Grierson, Gilbert, chamberlain to
the Duke of Buccleuch, ...... 47
— James, of Dalgonar, .......... 306
— Thomas, Provost of Sanquhar, 121
— Dr Thomas B., Thornhill, ...... 67
— William, Diary, ............ 67, 72
Grimshaw, P. H., Edinburgh Royal
Scottish Museum, .......... 272
Grip Grass (Goosegrags), .......+++ 225
Grouse Disease, Committee of In-
AIREY OWS Ca lateiccuivisivte.s s cle eerclerers 31
Grundy Swallow (Groundsel), .... 226
Guild Tree (Berberis), ............ 224
RMPUE HE) HUTT ot telcis dislste’ sin sie'c cle sis\olelbrs 251
Mullard) JW, MP, sccesssassse. 38
Mair Grass (Briza), ...........0000 227
Halmyre Drum, Kelton, .......... 237
Hamilton, —., Town Councillor,
DU Ty a eS 717, 78
— James, 4th Duke of, .......... 127
MANTELS 5o oe biaives:honies ite oces cheese AS
EMP OHRE OMICE, J cccclevectoendudecns “ut

Hammer, Stone. See Stone Articles.
Hammond, —., Bailie, Dumfries, .. 80
Hand Orchis (Orchis masculata),.. 226
Harkness, John, ......... Weralavereveia: ote 28
Harley, Norman, Postmaster, Kirk-
CMODTIGHES coreccscsccserceses L1G

BEATE MPM THITATING, saiclcie vs ocic's vinciers 71-2
Hare’s Lettice (Sow Thistle),...... 228
— Palace (Sow Thistle),.......... 228
Harriff (Goosegrass), ..........+.+- 225

Harrington, John Stanhope, Lord,
master of the posts, .... 40, 41
Hastings, William, taxidermist, .. 13

REAM H-OFUIT, ccc cwcccscrreasiecsies 180
PMEIIG MODICES: 6 case cece caceljeyese 93
Hauslauch, Hauslok (Semper-

DBMEALL PW otafe iaisiets.e saitieis) sae sie'sic\c 227
Hawick Church, ..........

BEE ORUROLCE, we's/2cie s1ae's 6 ole
Hawk, Brown (Kestrel),
Hay, Thomas, Abbot of Glenluce, 134
Hayter, Thomas, Bishop of London,
139
Headache (Poppy), ..........eseee- 228

333

Health, Weather of 1911 in Re-
lation to (Ross), .......... 201-9
Helmet Flower (Aconitum), ...... 224
Henry Il. Coinage, &.....20..000ee'0 286
TPROTUT VIED caiialatcIvacino aide elelobialt eles sa'stelo LOS
BRGY Wace iete aie arse stelle sralelaivicleloiies'ele 299
Henry, David, Pate lecwcckts ads ok OE

Henryson, Mr ew "Minister of
’ WM TNTS Hy veicteleie vl blere eels ain ww ae aes

Henskames (Orchis maculata), .... 226
Herefordshire, Monastic Trout

POWAGs Javseicdocsnaeateccesenn LAO
Herries, —., Town Councillor,
PRIMILIOS;) © cc ciccelspslecueccjecsidee GG
— 6ir Herbert, 3rd Laird of
UONVO Rast so clateisislareintaterare invests’ 177
— Sir John, Ist Laird of
ANS yds UT ema orndao aa osadcuG 177

— William Maxwell, 5th Lord, .. 179
Heron, Rev. James, Minister of

Kirkgunzeon, .......... 179, 180
Heston Usland > So.clccdeceusvocr's vs 137
CaBtlen:. raiec sites awesteeisieces sek 138
Monks’ Pool; is cceisiccelsss cece LOO
Hewison, Rev. Dr J. King, Mini-
ster of Rothesay, .......... 235
_ Geography of Dumfriesshire, 235
Fill, ROWAN series aliveke cet cere 105
Hills Tower, Lochrutton,.......... 179
Hinchcliffe, Joseph, Cutlar, Dum-
PLIES 5 Sows lewin Caretstaretare asoieie eleleiere 75
Hoggan, James, Factor, Annan-
dale Estates, .......... 146, 153

Holed Stones. See Stones, Betrothal.
Holm Cultram Abbey, Cumberland,

177, 179
Holyrood, Monastery of, ..... 236, 270
_ ADBOB OL eens hanes ddectee
Holy woo’ vecacs trates osysie ec ateroh's
— Abbey, Lands of,..............
Home, John Douglas,
— J. H. Milne, Canonbie, ........ 15

Hopetoun, John Hope, 2nd Earl of, 146
Hopetoun House, Linlithgowshire, 147
Horse Shoes. See Iron Articles.

Horsehoof (Tussilago Farfara), .. 224
Houseleek (Sempervivum), ........ 227
Housing, Annandale Estate, 1759, 150-2
Huckleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), 226

Huislook (Sempervivum), .......... 227
Hume, Sir David, Diary, .......... 126
Hundred-leaved Grass (Achillea
Millefoliim) = <i. <a nte wa slois/erete 225
Hunter, —., Chierurgian, Dum-
AMIGH HS Sess sietousveloeiee ne TLE:
— —., Mail cdacli and: oor Tot 70

— overt, Minister of Sanquhar, 121
Hurtberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), 226
Hurtsickle (Cyanus Centaurea), .. 226

334 INDEX.

Hutton, Dr John, founder of
Hutton Trust, Letters, .... 54-6
Huuslog (Sempervivum), .......... 227
PHEPIONS alee hve eie eae cesiteices nae 229
Indian Coronation Durbar, 1911, .. 221
— Mutiny Relics, ... Pai lit
Ingan (Onion), ......... Ronecnsg aes)
Innocent III., Pope, 117

Insects: Coleoptera of the Solway -
Area, a List of (M‘Gowan),
271-84
— Destructive Forest Insects of
Dumfriesshire (Whellens),.. 260-9

— Meadow Brown Butterfy, wate CLT

— Wasps, ......... « 216, 219
— Water Beetles, niaevisidteisiva) ss 175
— White Butterfly, ............... 216
Irish Campaign, 1690, ............ 180
Iron Articles: Horse-shoes, Car-
ling wark (Goch, © ssjm/asesaccts 240
Iron forge, Carlingwark Loch, .. 240
Irongray Church, ............ 192, 199
—— MGHUTehVand, “.cacsicis seertiawbe 194
som) IMP ANSG 5/5 a acmapecaicsneelsini vis a wantate se 192
Irvine, Edward, of Wisebie, ...... 306
— William, of Auchenbedrig, .... 306
— William, of Gribton, .......... 306
Irving, Francis, Provost of Dum-
MTICS wee ata: dce inte hina 112, 121
— Mr Francis, Minister of Kirk-
AIOE oak stolars pion Cereteisistelerereleiese 192

— Herbert C., of Burnfoot, ...... 164
— John, Provost of Dumfries, .. 101
— John, Dumfries, .............. 101
— John, of Bonshaw, ............ 306
— John, Wynholme, Corrie, .... 148
— Stephen, bailie, Dumfries, .... 45

— Thomas, Dumfries, ............ 50
— William, Wynholme, Corrie, .. 148
— William, post, Dumfries, ...... 46
Isabel, wife of Sir Robert Ross, of

PSV TEI se eyatere' = rel aie eaters sisivicishele 241
Isle Toll Post Office, ....s..s..c0060 93

Isles of Boot, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 254
Isles of Tarbreoch, Kirkpatrick-

TONE EVAL TEN sf stuns tev Sc sta fmal tapes eat oad 254
Ivy of the Ground (Vinca), ...... 226
Jack-in-the-way (Goosegrass), .... 225
PAM CH MUL. ao cre laces exsjocialere 295, 297-8
DAMES ANS Versi cisiecsivie cleiereisio.ctseyeta im 134
PINE R NGL as olcce cletwelae etm ie bs 40, 121, 192
DAMS AVL ss! fas eiejaaratslaienie= 123, 124, 243
Jardine, OHM, es hweecte seals cahias sees MOK
=. Mhomas;- DumiUiries, --ca\o- eee 57

—- Sir William, 13, 14-15, 16, 21,
22, 25, 29, 31, 36

_ Catalogue of the Birds con-
tained in the Collection of, 16

Jeoffrey, Justicer of Ireland, .-.. 134

Joan’s Silverpin (Poppy), ........ 228:
John Baliol, King of Scots, ...... 119
Johnson, Samuel, ..........0 157, 153
Johnston (Johnstone), Colonel,
RUTH VeEM) %:.« s/esisre wloineets oateeine 153.
— David, Riding post, Dumfries
and Sanquhar, .....)csesccss 74
— Mrs E., sub-postmistress, Dum-
PLIES, sc ice Saienernatehe ne 20S)

— Francis, '‘Stobohill, Corrie, .... 148
— Mr George, Minister of Loch-

PULGON,! ose ose deke nis enelvaeeeeene 192
— George, Stobohill, Corrie, .... 148
=) Rev.) Js, Beja tiaras siccocinze ceeemeneOe
— J. Tol Moflate sseneocdtaalacee i. 225

— Sir James, of Johnstone, .... 178
— John, bailie and postmaster,
Dumfries,

52-3, 54, 58, 59, 100-1, 113-4
==) John, Dimines seca aie eh ASL
— Robert, bailie and Provost of

DUMENICS), aicieocicveeleld dalle 48, 51
— Robert, postmaster, Dumfries,
50, 51, 52, 55, 58, 59, 113

Johnstone Parish. 3.5 scce ckswrntente's 147
Jone Siiverpin (Poppy), .......... 228
JONES, PP AW) saraleren\heveteisvwoxareeeteeietenys 136
Junott, Surrender of, ...... Salcnacovereto 72

Jupiter’s Beard (Sempervivum), .. 227
Jupiter’s Eye (Sempervivum), .... 227
Justice Ayre, Dumfries, 1459, .... 298

PUGS, Fsips ¢ arsenals reas heloeearetaeeet cies eae
Kate’s Well, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 257
Keighley. Post Office, .............. 116
Kellock, James, Sanquhar, ........ 244
Kelloside, Sanquhar, .............. 243

Kelton (Cheletun, Keletun, Loch-
elletun, Lochetun), Church-

FANG arcu wie vicisiele em aeleiat es ete 237
— Parish, Name, ......0..... .. 236-7
Kelvin, Sir William Thomson,
TOL, | ais Suen sige se carla 109
Kemp, —., Town Councillor, Dum-
EPICS,» siroe pace p oe. dlajayelel eRe 78
Kennedy, James, Bishop of St.
ATONE WSi ie cetecle sete 294, 296, 298

Keppel, Augustus, 1st Viscount, .. 159
Kerr, Katherine, wife of ‘William,

5th Lord Herries, .....02em. 179
Kidston; De, cle x cwismctes lene eee 305
Kilnabony, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 253
Kilbride, Hast, ..........0 3 a » 259

— West, ....... ova svat alate
Kilnapany, eerie ‘Durkan 253
Kilpatrick (Kirkpatrick-Durham), 254
Kilquhanity, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 254
Kilwinning. Ayrshire, .......... do alti
Kincardine, Alexander Bruce, 3rd
avd OL; te aicecte cies oblate al Jae

INDEX. 3a0

Kineardme, Alexander Bruce, 6th
Marly Oly. narcicaeieeuburlics eee 127

— Sir Alexander Bruce, 4th Earl
of, M.P. for Culross and San-
quhar, Joint Receiver-
General of Supply and
EXCISE), 6 cicie;a\a.craiu/aima/efdin ete ovetata 125

— Charles Bruce, 9th Earl of.
See Elgin, 5th Earl of.

— Robert Bruce, 5th Earl of, .. 127

— Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of,.. 127

TMU BT | EOC, m5 o's: evisieis\e:cicles ojaiste 135
_ EE RUINCH «bes aiaigiaiciniere aterwintstele wleta 135
-= Lake-dwelling, .............. 135
King’s Lynn (Lynn-Regis), ........ 233
UOHES EEDOOING bet re resevu, pTeiataiote aie eth cisyeleiefare 137
Kirewinnyn (Kirkgunzeon), ....... 177
Kirk, John, Poolhouses, Lockerbie,
38, 68
— John, Tobacconist, Maxwell-
THORS Ty RS AGC AR OT COCOA DAM ARAt 91
Kirkandrews Churchyard, ........ 139
Kirkbank, Johnstone Parish, .... 147
SIIB ANTS clocia1~ es «,5\s\0 0-010 Meiners 136
ONCOL (SEAMING %c\s 16,0 «\sin'si0 e1ols sie 307, 308
BEMIS LMONUCES fs, cis:sicicisieleis'e 9) arsi evn v'sla 93
Kirkeudbright, Maclellans, Lords, 139
Kirkeudbright, ........ 159, 160-1, 195
— Burgh Records, ......<.0ce«e 139
== AGE Aoodaasbecudumouoariccrerr 139
Be ARALTIOM Ne: acisiadjup'oabiel sigineucsieiy -. 138
MLE CUS, cinisieerac aese a1c cd ei iap'o "a's
FTI DOO UN sp a:cic aie s.c a\eresciun's\ssd)ate, ores
— Sees Nba eatatetcta ct avai ots jateiojeisiaNt eerste
—_— BLOG yee icpcccteieisl=/eie'«
Kirkcudbrightshire,
— Coast, The (Dick), ........ 135-40
Kirkennan Plantations, .......... 186
— Kirkland, David, Contractor,
BRUNEI ES sveiciesrays' p:4i= 6194's Wicio's-clmie's.aca 89
Kirkgunzeon (Kirewinnyn) Church
TDL Se epedeceeaeerrnncDboS 180
SS OOMECR VE UIDIG, ojs\ 0c ccacasesse 179
= (10s 2555 Sa ae ace peeaners 179-80
— Glebe Pigeon House, ........ 179
PPRPRTOMEC OL aia wic none ne.c.j00c'aensla 177
— Kirk-Session Records, ........ 180
SIG ANIAID © OL sco n'a, 50 [0\4,60.9.2/0. 0/010) soe 177
SS MIMERTNON SN aa) arg cialx\p nie ais aisisisisS eiayars'e\s
—_ Pearls,
— Manse, Whale’s Jaws, ........ 180
IIA coin hava ra u's w/cinie'e'wiatele evatelegn's 177
BeOS UCSICE, <'cceva.nic'e visciainncleie view 93
Kirklebride, Kirkpatrick-Durham
254-5
Kirkmadrine, Sculptured Stones,.. 309
Kirkmahoe Post Office, ....... areas
Kirkpatrick, James, Letter Car-
PIED ML UIMITION: Weiciscia ws garceiwieig 17

Kirkpatrick, ‘Sir Thomas, 2nd
Baronet of Closeburn, ....... 28
— Sir Thomas, 7th Baronet of
Closeburn, Engraving, ...... 304
— William, of Eliesland, ........ 306
Kirkpatrick{Durham (Kilpatrick,
Kirkpatrick-Dorand, Kirk-
patrick-on-the-Moor), Place

Names in (Starke), ...... 249-59
— Durham Street, .......... 254, 257
=i POSG OC L ccicatta cewewonaacs ene 93
Kirkpatrick-Juxta Parish, ........ 147
Kirkpatrick-on-the-Moor (Kirk-

patrick-Durham), ........... 254
Kirrouchtrie, Battle at, .......... 140
Knarrie Burn, Kirkpatrick-Dur-

Hai taa) Farmtaisieeiolereielstatewizetatwiatare ole 254

Knockamos, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 251
Knockdrockit, Kirkpatrick-Dur-
AINE eWrata/arsielainis wierd dlerste slereiaie rae 251
Knockleach, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 251
Knocklosh, Kirkpatrick-Durham,
251, 252
Knocknail, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 251

Knockvennie, Kirkpatrick-Dur-
TIAN es errcosees ata e lee nlereieeeemete 251
Knockwalker, Kirkpatrick-
JUHI EMU Soognence -oaorlomsace 251
Knockwalloch, Kirkpatrick-
MUM aa epetsracie alee siete eves 251
Knotting String at Marriage, .... 180
Kriox,, FOR, Vai pointes ceciatla Sale ose 192
Ladies’ Fingers (Honeysuckle), .. 228
ELBIT CBZ a) so oie wioioialeretesslsscty ats ois's 227

— Purses (Shepherd’s Purse), .. 227
Laing, John, of Westerkirk, .... 306
Lairdlaugh, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 252

(Lake Dwellings, ......ccccessce0e 238
— Carlingwark Loch and _ its
Crannogs (Affleck), ....... 235-40
9 Ch AMAT teas sktarsccreielo ale vie elec 135
MAN aTKSHIVE) J oasis atielaphe sieisisrsta stersies 230
Land, Farm of, Middlebie, ...... 164

Land Tenure: Some Notes on
Estate Management in the
Eighteenth Century (Milne),

146-55

Language: Gleanings from the

Vernacular. (List.)
({CHAIMETS) Si ine teldwnd arte 289-92
Languages: Brythonic, .......... 249
— Gaelic, in Galloway, .......... 250
— Iverian dialect, .............. 249
many IROUBIC HS cathy taeieie tafe rarage «tnjelsiaisicieters 249
Larg, Kirkpatrick-Durham, ...... 252
Latterthwaite, Elizabeth, Anwoth, 271
Laurie, Cecil, Jarbruck, .......... 34

— Sir Emilius, of Maxwelton, .... 32
— Sir Robert, 5th Baronet of
LAR WOLLOMS iejcin cieyeictntpie wisierai nie 146

336 ' INDEX.

Lawson, —, Dean, Dumfries, ...... 86
Lay-patronage, .......... mibcakpte’sikte 194
Lead work, Blue Bell Hotel, St.
Michael Street, Dumfries,.. 308
Leighton, Miles, Provost of Dum-

PIER) i deisiare sine si iielarsin 83, 84, 86
Lemstrom, Selim, Scandinavian
BeIONIAL.. doviadeasineemaheaniane 141

Lennon, William, Dumfries, .... 272
Lennox, James, Provost, Dumfries, 11
Letters, Postage Rates. See
Postal Rates.
Liggatcheek (Corsegate), Kirkpat-
TICKIDUFRAM, jst es fe yess
Lily among Thorns (Honeysuckle), 228
Lincluden Abbey, ...........- 292-300
— Mains, Experimental Station,
141, 143-5
Lindsay, Elizabeth, wife of
Richard Brown of Carsluith, 300
— James, ist Laird of Fair-

PATEIIME Lc eieperarsi ain ahs sonie greta sets 300
— James, 4th Laird of Fair-
Fahy Oi Rta COBBADA a: CE 44-500 300
— James, Provost of Lincluden
(Lindsay), ..... civis ote Winiwie 292-300
Lindsays of Auchenskeoch, ...... 300
— of Covington, ..............0. 293
——) SOLON RW LONG » si0.0sice wincloleialola/esice 293
— of Mains of Southwick, ...... 300
== Of Rasearrel, occ ecesennsmannle 300
Linen manufacture, .............. 101
Linlithgow, George Livingstone,
RIEU LaOdie) weisintaietsisvereaete siete vere 195
Littaford, Dartmoor, ............ 256
Little (Lytill), J. D., Sub-Post-
master, Dumfries, .......... 92
— John, Holywood Abbey, ...... 304

— Rachel, Wynholme, Corrie, .. 148

— Rey. William, Minister of
Kirkpatrick-Juxta, ...... 14, 272

Little Cloak, Lands of .......... oo 18

Little Ross Lighthouse, Forts, .. 139 -

Livingstone, Sir Alexander, .. 294, 298
— James, Ist Lord, ............ 299
Lizzy-run-the-hedge (Goosegrass), 225
EQ DEL ins cteieticicin’s afer nists wisielarsitistc
Bochner cae iasidasaissine
Lochelletun (Kelton),
Lochenkit, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 253
Lochetun (Kelton), ..........0068 237
MOCHMADANE se acinaccriseicdresiee ale ciereieters 66
Lochpatrick, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 257
Lochrinnie Mote, Betrothal Stone, 301

mam SEODSVOINGIBS ye bs satases solani eco 301
Lockerby Farmers’ Club, ...... 25, 29
Bogan; OWN sce mpinvislwe sonata nte 163

London, Common Council of, Post, 42
Longaford, Dartmoor, ........-..- 256

Lookup, —, Town Councillor,

DUmMEPICg, cKieccenweacate went snee
Lord Maxwell’s Cave, Clawbelly

Hill, Kirkgunzeon, .......... 178
Lorebupn; ‘Eiatl,.ca. <a. ssn wees aioe ghee
Loudoun, Alexander, Postmaster,

DumEries,) (ana cvns Ooms . 89, 115
Loveman (Goosegrass), .......... 225
Luckie’s Mutch (Aconitum), ...... 224
Lydford, Dartmoor, ........ Sov 256

Lynn Regis. See King’s Lynn.

M‘Aig, John, postmaster, Kirk of
Glenluce and Portpatrick, .. 44

M‘Brair (M‘Brear), David, of
Newark, M.P., 193, 194, 195, 196,

199-200

— John, of Almagill, ......... dae LOG

— Robert, of Almagill, ........ 200
— Robert, of Almagill, Provost of
Dumfries, Sheriff of Dum-

FriGSShiNe, | rsisciescheiere aoe rigaicres giles)

— Robert, of Newark, ........ «. 200
M‘Brairs of Almagill, Provosts of

Dumfries) | . eas Secnn er ainettee 199
Macburnie, William, of Kelton,.. 306
M‘Cartney, George, Dumfries,.... 231
M‘Clure, James, Letter-carrier,

Dumitties,, x ckscs st iis wind eihe oe
M‘Conachie, Rev. George, ...... 138
Macconochie, Arthur, Palewontolo-

gist, ‘Scottish Geographical

SULVEY 5. \eisisietti tia teteree Ro orire
M‘Connel, John, in Woodend, .... 121
M‘Courtie, George, Grocer, Max-

WELLLO WY! Kai. odcwlue sew ianloertep Pre |
M‘Cullochs of Ardwall, .......... weceta
M‘Dowall, William, Editor Dum-

fries Standard ........ccc0ee 234
M‘Farlane, William, Letter-

carrier, Dumfries, ........ wor tan
M‘Gee, Kenneth, Holywood

Abbey, sis.a0sccnaevlen sie . 304
M‘George, James, Mail Coach

Guards 26 odo Janette . 68-9
MacGillivray, William, ........ 13, 21
M‘Gillter, John, Dumfries, ...... 48-9

M‘Giverin, P., Postmaster, Annan, 116
M‘Gowan (M‘Goune), William,
bailie and Provost of Dum-
BrI@R ncicltocteraeterore 83, 84, 85, 86
— W., Sanquhar, ............ -. 245
— William, post, Dumfries, .. 46, 48
M'‘Intosh, —., Mail coach guard, 64, 67

Mackenzie, Sir George, .......... 191
M‘Kerlie, P. H., Lands and their
Owners in Galloway, ........ 236

Mackinnell, W. A., Dumfries, .... 11
M‘Lellan, William, Dumfries, .... 58
M‘Math, W., Edinburgh, ...... Jaayees

INDEX.

M‘Min, Andro, postmaster, Dum-
fries and the Steps of Or, .. 44
M‘Murdo, Jean (Burns’ “ Bonie

PORTE Py eeidic evo icinitec ce eae 155
— John, Drumlanrig, .......... 155
— Phyllis (Burns’ “Phillis, the

Path Dine Ne areiate'e © aisiasa nin caielae cea 155
— William, Merchant, Dumfries, 155
MITRETI SHAT O PVE s5 cca'e'ctes sen ae Secs 272
M'‘Nish, John, Postmaster, Dal-

BIGAAUICN: falcicjen'vialsews cisiv.cisicleeGle 105

Mactaggart, John, author of The
Scottish Gallovidian Encyclo-

PHBOEO ec araiclsis;csloaie caaccaaeets 139

MacWhinnie, Mrs, ‘Sub-Post-
mistress, Dumfries, ......... 92

Magnetic Telegraph Company,
Newton-Stewart, ........... 116
Magnus, King of Man, .......... 288
Mail Coach Accidents, .......... 67-70
Disaster, 1831, Tweedshaws, .. 68
EST IVGIE Saas crajsvorseweson cst tanec 66-72
Exemption from toll, - 96-7, 103
Ciuards ies cane cass ecsc REHOSHEP 66-72
EMUFOOUCEM s/n ccis:cis 6 cisiels visions §1-2

Service, Carlisle, Dumfries,
and Portpatrick, ...... 62, 64-5

Dumfries and Kirkcudbright, 73
Dumfries and Portpatrick,

73, 81-2
Edinburgh and Dumfries,
75, 76, 97
Edinburgh, Dumfries, and

Portpatrick,

62, 63, 65-6, 67, 68-9, 70, 71-2
Glasgow and Dumfries, 62, 75, 76
London, Dumfries, and

Portpatrick, 63, 65-6, 67, 69-70
London, Dumfries, and
Portpatrick, ..... Fic enw fp bos |
London and Glasgow, .. 62, 64-5
London and Manchester, ... 65
Manchester and Edinburgh, 65
Manchester and Glasgow, .. 65
Main, George, Postmaster-General,

51-2, 53
RITE TS SARNELE.: ss cit cscson scceeeoe 47
Malcolm IV., Coinage, .......... 286

Male-foolstones (Orchis mascula), 225
Mammals, Stag heads, Carling-
WAT Ge OCH "tle. Seleceecica ee 4 240
WATIEIB), chajsecscecisacecs eter aks aloe 142
Marcartney, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 254
Marchbanks, —., Moffat Roadman, 68
Mare Fresicum (Firth of Forth),.. 230
Margaret, Queen, Consort of
enrye VTi oe athens oe 299
Margley, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .. 254
1) ee aisiiainwalniats te earisie weltepteete 240

337
Marlmount (Woodpark), Kirk-
patrick-Durham, ............ 255
Marriage, Charge for, ............ 180
— Knotting String at, .......... 180
ITAYARAMS SBA, ooo occ car cn cece sscce 100
Martin (Martein), Jon, Dumfries, 45
— John, bailie, Dumfries, ........ 55
— William, of Kirkland, ........ 306
Marwhirn, Kirkpatrick-Durham,
250, 254
Mary of Gueldres, Consort of
WRMeS TES, gecacdec 295, 298, 299
Mary, Queen of Scots, ...... 138, 179

Maryfield, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 257
‘Mask, Bronze. See Bronze Articles.

Mason, Captain, ......ccccccccces 248
Maxwell, Edward, Abbot of Dun-
GTENTIANY Mic iaw siet ic ccioeea tt 138

— George, of Munches, Steward-
depute of Galloway, ........ 193

— (Sir Herbert Hu, -...c<cs- 12, 234
_ Topography of Galloway, .... 236
— James, of Barncleuch, ........ 306
— John, 9th Lord, 2nd Earl of
MOrtOn Massicaceseneeaenseee 178
— Mariote, wife of David
M‘Brair of Almagill, ...... 200

— Colonel William, of Cardoness, 721
William J., Terregles Banks, 178
Marwellfown (Bridgend), ........ 200

— | Post, Office, ices cwotm ates 90-1, 98
TiAMNISKMOW Cs... 2<\ecataichais'salefes 92
IPOSt INMATES) ee «is ce wicleesisinjaicte 98
Miroqueen ROAG, </a\asmieiestsiere 93
— School, Free Kirk, ............ 14
Meikle Cairn, Kirkpatrick-Dur-
TAM Scie! ole 0's piste seinen ees
Meiklewood Toll noe ese i eomeies 70

Melvill, Mr Thomas, Minister of
Terre Bless vy. cc'sse's asw at aredeteva snl ae

Merchant's Companion, ............ 233
Mercier, Louis Sebastien, ........ 158
Merrick,” .ccjt, «casement eee ceesanniee, Pune

Meteorology: Abstract of Obser-
vations taken at the Crich-
ton Royal Institution, Dum-
fries! LOM os cee auW.cc sere 212-13

— Observations taken at Cargen,
Kirkeudbrightshire, 1910, ... 17

— Observations taken at Dum-
fries, 1909 and 1910, ...... 301-3

— Rainfall Records for the
Southern Counties for the
year 1911 (Watt); ........ 210-11

— Rainfall Record at ees 2

AOU S Peek ccna eae sess DOO-O

— Weather of 1911 in Caplattea

to Health (Ross), ...... 201-209

338 INDEX.

Meteorology: Weather and Natu-
ral History Notes for 1911

(Rutherford), ............. 214-23
Middleton, John, Earl of, ....... 193
Midkelton Meadow, Kelton, ...... 237

Milharay, Kirkpatrick-Durhani, .. 250

Milkmaid’s Eyes (Veronica
CHAMBUALYS) > aie ciscuecisieaesicicss 225
AIR TIM G eitrasainints atarsto siete Sialeletainiats aston 250
WMGHISIES SKITKINNEN,, Yocecieiciaieleistsv tes 254
=| ROTC. | aaccuicndnuete ee tea wpeidy x Oe
Millyea, ....... maratelaei sae OU)

Mine, Copper, Torbeckhill, siveere; 200-9.
Minnydow, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 252
Mints, Dunfermline, ............ as BOF
— Dumfries,
— Dunbar,
— Dundee, ....
— Glasgow,
— Montrose,
— Berwick, ude eNals einai ehistoe
IROXDUNSH yy cteviesaistieienctdesnieesioe 200
Mitchell, John, Postmaster, Pais-

i GVA RSPR see cn epricacoeerpoaga ule
— William, Clerk, Dumfries
Post Office, ....... Bethy
Moffat, John, Posthaster! ‘Linlith-
OME ialeeieni4 eSsbacadna, 1S
— John, Stobohill, Tare Sihaeinte 148
Moffat: cassie. anaes eee aie LOT
— and Galloway Past, | Reames 60
—— SPOSEINOE ES a cltwaldncl cwncies.ssic access
— Post Office,
—= (Spur Tn) ce... ssn
— Woollen Mecnctnciiess Shae 154-5
Money Orders, Telegraph, .......... 90

Moneyknowe, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 258
Moneypool, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 258

Monkshood (Aconitum), .......... 224
Monreith Plantations, ............ 186
Montrose, David, 1st Duke of, 5th
Marlof Crawiord, cscs 299
Montrose) Mint, ccnecs<ccccewerseicee. O00
Moodie, John, Postmaster, Max-
welltown, ........ bf pia insti nO
More, Alexander ee Rieke state 16
Morrin, Cuthbert, of Glengaber,.. 304
— John, of Glengaber, .......... 304
Morrington, Lands of, ............ 304
Morten, W. V., manager, P.O.
Telephones, Leeds, .......... 46

Mossisle, Kirkpatrick-Durham, -. 254
Mouswald, Foo ARE ea
— Post Office,
Muil, KirkpatrickDurham, ...... 252
— Farm, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 252
— Well, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .. 252
Muir (Mure), John, Postmaster
and Surveyor, Manchester,.. 116
— Ninian, postmaster, Steps of
Or and Gaithous of Fleit, .. 44

Muirkirk, ...... Ro ceeratircceticoscrent (ee
Murray, Andrew, Catalogue of Scot-
tish Coleoptera, ........2.-05+ 272
Ww ARVINGs Miivsssceeeseuee . 18, 28
— John, Polmoodie, Moffat ‘Parish,
147
— Margaret, wife of Robert
M‘Brair, of Almagill, ...... 199
Murraythwaite Plantations, ...... 186
Myrtleberry ae myr-
POLLILIS) S statnietq seroma oce
Nabony, Family of,
Names, Place, in Kirkpatrick- .
Dorand, Commonly called
Kirkpatrick-Durham (List)

(Starke) eas cents en seeeaes 249-59
Names, Plant, Some Local and

Other (Arnott), ...... vee (DOS
National Telephone Company, .. 109
Neep (Turnip), ......-.- Moai a ates ite 228
Néilson, Dr George, .........- 135, 235
Neilson, John, of Corsack, .. 196, 199
Nennius, ....... aepies veo USE ene
Nethertown, "Rickepatrick: -Dur-

Netheryett, Rirkpatrick-Durham, 257
Newabbey Church, ancient (Loch

IDGAL) s,s) avcistecieioleisie/e(ateinialstale
—— PATISH’» wpieinesis cain
— Post Office, .......csceeeree Saati
— Sweetheart Abbey, ...... 135, 138

Newall, —., Bailie, Dumfries, .... 80
— Nicoll, messenger, Dumfries, .. 42
— William, Dumfries, ........ aa 200
Newark, Irongray, .....:...sesce0 200
Wewmlilne, © dj. ce sis «mies oemeinee ar simeeneoe
Newton-Stewart, ...... sendoeees
Newsletters; o.t..cccestsiscvese doeeeao oo
Newspaper stamp aiuty, EetBocdess3 Sy!
Nicholson, William, Provost, Dum-

FTICR). cwoacchecccnc: se wanse ence mmee
— William, Memorial Tablet,
Borgue, ... Fooo. IEA)

Nithsdale, Robert: Bets ‘W1th
Lord Maxwell, 2nd Ear] of,.. 196
=) Maris OF; cia sc <:sidjecn/s scvelcis eerie eee

Nithsdale Minstrel, ............000 159
Noblehouse, ...... wacea een see
Northumberland, Gaunéy ‘ot, Bree)
Northumbria, Kingdom of, ...... 230
Nosebleed (Achillea “Millefolium),
(Horsetail), .....cceceerseenic 225

Oliver Lodge-Newman High-tension
Electric Discharge Appara-

EWS oe eetcisl asic eas Sale slodeloe Sneeie 143
Orchardton Tower, ..........-..- 138
Ormond, Archibald Douglas, Earl

of, Lord Angus, ......-..seess 43
Ornithology. See Birds.

Orr Water, Fifeshire, ............- 249

INDEX.

Osburn, John, of Keir, .......... 198
Pagan, —, bailie, Dumfries, 1857, 86
— John, Dumfries, .............. 231
Pain d’oiseau (Sempervivum), .... 227
Paleontology. See Fossils.
Palmer, Captain, ......ccssessiees 248-9
cay 2G RRR Speer enhanc neseie 61-3
BT AURACHIC elarciate sis'ac.aceiietes tplsutiadas 138
PE POSt OM CO 3 a'p: 010 c10'e'se'cesdjerntelewis 93
DISS (RODDY);) csaccia wicisesnekig trot 228
Paraphrase, Sixteenth, .......... 162-3
PREIS! POSE, .teiceie neieca sie aeiciste oer 89
Park, Robert, provost of San-
GYULA AT es clotetsiei nial atstavesbatel sieisia ete 243
Parker, —, Carlisle; ..cscesnestemece 53
Parkgate Post Office, ......:..ce00. 93
134
HCBMOCRUC CARD COAOD ERODES 112
193, 196
BioldsaSuteiniate eraicia 242
aniclalnie clevefoinie ots =) oicrela lame 50
125-6
_— and the Sanquhar Represen-
tation Therein (M‘Millan),
119-28
—_ Burgh Members, ......... 119-20

_— MO ATAY sei aisvaictalarsieieis tele) clajsioatsis cts
— Membership,
Paterson, Jardine,
— John, bailie, Dumfries, .... 58, 114
Patience d’eau (Water Dock), .... 226

RPL EADIE bisa ts acaisa'y osic'a eplorecaemere as 257
Paul’s Betony (Veronica Chame-

MEN YS) itis e's aloye's alniste/s als aicle ciavneve 225
Payne, —, dean, Dumfries, .... 84, 86
Pearl Grass (Briza), .............. 227
Pearls, Kirkgunzeon Lane, ........ 178
Pennersaughs Kirkyard, .......... 164
PPEMUE HOT Tor tclcralatsrtvs, ¢ oie 0'a,0ielbiw adie oitiaeie'eie 168
IBEMULANCVEISITE, “aiccigicels case enicisiee.c 199
Periwinkle (Vinca), .............. 226
Perth and Dundee Railway, .. 83, 84
Rervinkle’ (Vind), .....ssecsceces 226
Petty Whin (Furze, Ononis), .... 227
Phillop, Robert, Sanquhar, ...... 121
Pickpurse (Shepherd’s Purse), .... 227
PDN a eeictele's « siclaistecs tis eisi« oralane ene 229
—ENTGAUATIAN, <5.0< 010 e0isina vee 229, 230

Pinkerton, J., ed. Barbour’s Bruce, 233
Piper Croft, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 257

PTA UC UMA Ns vale eie’ecisiaia’eisisiciele «sores 61-2
Polmoodie, Moffat parish, ........ 147
Poor Man’s Permacetty (Shep-
HETAIS) PULSES) sy a\slesiere's clerse ticks 227
Porterbelly Farm, Kirkgunzeon,.. 178
PGI ULIGK, nlninininloreinis!< aisic(ain = einisie 43, 66
SMELT DO ULB) c deisa'alevdaisie'sisisteis <icis/s cla 59
Se MOTUS cicclaniccie.cie enicitlc c'slsialele\s'eicicte 73

— and Wigtownshire Railway
(Ohi in Brcecusdceacadnbontene 81-2

339
Post Cards, Introduction of ...... 89
— Common Council of London, .. 42
mm PSL TCOD ict Ss ralclorsasanla'aleicfesalarefovleiele 106
PPORMORECULOT IN vsis 25 erie a alaieiel tate, «1> 105
Postage, Halfpenny, Introduction
Chis RAB ODDO AGED Senos aad 89
naar ETIV ecletriceielaulé.s bialeleiaie\e TT, 105-6
— Penny, Imperial, ...........+0. 90
Postal BAGLER irra ce sre anaes eel 46-7
— Order System, .2....0c.cesenes 89
— Postage Label, .........ccs00. 97
——. PREC D, atic slim ctclat slaideeeid = 99-106
— Runners, Dumfries, .......... 57
— Service, Berwick and Edin-
DUTT He aia lctatslero sterastelseeiriciasis 48
— Oarlisle and Dumfries, 49, 53-6, 60
— Carlisle and Portpatrick, .. 44

— Castle-Douglas to Stranraer, 82
— Dumfries, 1820-1822, ........ 75-6
_— Dumiries; 1835, ©... ..ece-s-0- 76
-- Dumfries and Ayr, ......... 83-4
oa Dumfries and Edinburgh,
43, 45, 60
— Dumfries and London, .. 49, 83
— Dumfries, Lochmaben, and
Torthorwald, .............. 76
—_ Dumfries, Mouswald, and
Ruth wel lee ceesencnenseas cate
— Dumfries, Newabbey, and
MArTkbGan Sivcicncccaucenaceice O10
— Dumfries and Portpatrick, .. 59
_— Dumfries, Thornhill, San-
quhar, and Moniaive, ..... 76
_ Edinburgh, Glasgow, and
Dumfries, ....... . 85
— . Edinburgh and Parisairies)
43-5, 48
— London and Edinburgh, .. 39, 41
—_ Money Orders, eresaehe - 90
= PArGelins isemctscnces ca pamanns sacle
_ Scotland, 1709, ......... Jato Oe

_ Telegraph Service, 89

— See also Mail Coach, Tele-
graph and Telephone Ser-
vices.

— Sorting Tender, Dumfries
and Sbranvaers esse avec 83

— Dumfries and Galloway,
2S ALT Le
— System, origin, .......... 39-42, 99
sot SWWLUVOLLIS 80:5 (cleo ninclesalcebiges sein cee
Postmanrks,, Amman.) 3.0<(..se=<4s<in- cao.
— Dumfries Post Office, ........ 94-9
vated > NIGER EE aces Sarciaie anvlens senna teeeoes
= Heoubigh, ( ccciieetcncvervescceswaael oe
Post Office, Annanholm, Wam-
PULA eC coco BA GAeS
— Auldgirth Budwer SripAndded
== \OlOSPDUIN'. casiscaesesione
— Colvend,

340 INDEX.

Post Office, Crocketford, ........ colek
a Dalbeattie, Susperies . 93
— Dumfries, 1642-1910 ) (Corrie), 38- 118
== WD UINCOW sewasitedacssign see are cesene GO
-— Dinsedre, rey ris CIC in a]
— Edinburgh, Castle ‘Street, ane ule
== Maugh-OF-D0r, oe scaiccsssaviwes ces (OO
a RIE SMO | coe ad ccwcecsanwoi eww sete
+ IKarK DCAM, «Si ascws cwccdscrctcetstae, Oo
= Kirkgunzeon, 20... seecccscusccos 90
sm IVEMANOG, s.c55 Sela secwecscteescen G0

— Kirkpatrick- Dasha pine tenors ats 93
— Maxwelltown, ...... 90-1, 92-3, 98
— Post Marks, ...... Sasstadew esis 98
— Moffat, ekeaelee

— Mouswald, Paistcate
— Newabbey, .............+
== PE ALINE MICS Nera cetcesnicesscess abuse OO
— Parkgate, .........
emer JPTESUOMS © creisisisiecsinse Wacene sieeisweiere
== fSfavings Bank; .cccssccsseces sone 89
—\ ‘SROWHERG) fn cctec aac etive lsc sects OO
=f FSOUGD WICK). icine ows caceitiocesens we OO
=| SprinGholMy ccs. cccsceecso cis ce OS
— Torthorwald, ........... pase
Wrr, Old) Bridge Of) -/cjc<ensc.es
Posts, Horse, in Scotland,
an! Master, Of: accscccccsslecctecenee
Potato Crops, Electrical Treat-
ment on, 1911 (Dudgeon), 143-5

Powillimount Coal Seam, ........ 307
Prehhyy (EOLUO) ss slo cinaeelercie et aeere 228
PLAsbyYTELIAMIAMs No sceie osevne cna 126-7
Preston, East, Farmhouse, Kirk-
Dean, siete. Novia tel kta atahulate se irae 136

Preston Market Cross, ..........2. 136
mast SE EMC Ea Nis, cjccceweurswstsssigis's ema ) OO
Primrose, George, of Burnbrae, .. 125
Privy Council of Scotland, .. 194, 195
PYOCOPIUS, 1 s.5< Danisesiache 200)
Protestant Religion: "mite Presby-
terian Church Government,

Act for Ratifying, ......... 126
Pulpit, Kirkgunzeon Church, .... 179
Puttick & Simpson, Messrs, ...... 13
Quakers (Briza), ccnnss scelsss cesta OT

Queensberry, James Douglas, 2nd
Earl of, Lord Drumlanrig,

195, 200
Queensberry, James Douglas, 2nd
Duke of, .<...:: 52. wemlen

Quester, Matthew De, postiiasten

of England for foreign parts, 40
Radnulf, ‘Dumfries, ............0. 235
Rae, Rev. Peter, minister of Kirk-

bride and Kirkconnel, 232-3, 308
Raehills, ........ Sime - 63
Ragged Ladies (Cyanus ‘Centaurea), 226
— Sailors (Cyanus Centaurea), .. 226

Railways, British and Irish Grand
Junction Railway Co., ..... 81-2
— Cairn Valley, ...........se00- 81-2
— Castle-Douglas and Dumfries
Railway Co.,. os .. 81-2
— Castle-Douglas ‘anal “Rirkeme
VIGHE) <5 odes mnvslsldurccits . 81-2
— Dunfries and Carlisle, ........ 81
— Dumfries, Lochmaben, and
Lockerbie Railway Co., .... 81-2
— Glasgow and South-Western
Railway 'O0.,. wale cen vastean presi (OL
— Perth and Dundee, ........ 83, 84
— Portpatrick and Wigtownshire
Railway Cos, sasenes cones! Olea
Rainfall. See Meteorology.
Ramsay (Ramsey), George, post to
the burrowes, ........+...+. 42-3
— Thomas, Dumfries, ............ 57
Rannoch, Black Wood, ............ 183
Rascarrel Caves, .........+- Boboda gl tie’)
Rathan Island (Heston), .......... 137

Ravenshall Coast, wule s SeaeEELOO
a= ROGEBS . .ocldsenoweites ates stelee A
Rebellion, 1715,.. 58, 59, 60, 113-4, 168-9
FS aly 0 Atribercboorniacnccosic.s: 60, 160

Red Brow Pool, Kirkpatrick-Dur-
War, fsb stvuc vidoes clecen mieeteoston ae

— Lion Village, .........ccce0es so hi)
— Weed (Poppy), .......scesscees. O28
Reddaford, Dartmoor, .......... ase 200.
Redford, Sir E. P. -W., ....see05 wks 00

Redhill, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .... 258
Reeves, —., post office surveyor, .. 80
Reid, R. C., of Mouswald Place, 11, 38
Renfrewshire, ....ccsewesveves waleeate 230
Rents, Annandale Estate, 1722, 147-8
Renwick, Rev. James, .. 123, 243, 247
Repitblicanism,, .......00.e0.ccnoesne Wel
Rest Plough (Gnenisy Sab aek epemiteee led
Revolution Settlement, 1689, 124, 243
Richardson, Sir John, .........eee0: 14
Riddell, Robert, of Glenriddel, .. 232
Ring, Bronze. See Bronze Articles.
Road, Dumfries to Glasgow, ....... 62
= "Great: Northy 'ss2.-0'. eines sestcemrennee
Robin-run-the-hedge (Goosegrass), 224
Robinson-Douglas, W. D., of
Orchardton, .........-.sensemeda
Robson, George H., Dumfries,.. 15, 24
Robert I., King of Scots,.... 119, 134
Rome, —., bailie, Dumfries, ...... 113
Rome, George of Beoch, Irongray, 195
Rosebery, Sir A. P. Primrose, 5th
Wr] OB). ccciemesas = or dcvarersteleane 125
Ross, Bernard, Sark Brig, .......... 50
— Dr J. Maxwell, county medical
officer for Dumfriesshire, .. 301
— John MacDonald of the Isles,
Earl Of, cisesacasteacss 295, 296-7

Ross, Sir Robert, of Ryehill, ...... 241 .
IRABREA) OF RYEHIN, \ pciscasiccins cicvie'e 241
Roxburgh Mint, ..... Pee opcer « 286
Roy, William, General, .......... 165
Royal Scottish Museum, Edin-
burgh, »- 13,29
Rullion Green, ‘Battle af. aaroone 199
Russell, George, Dumfries, ........ 15
Rutherford, Samuel, . 140, 270, 271
PS ePATN B) EYINZE:, <a o0.cie'siccesivisia vems 63
St. Clair, Countess Beatrix, wife
of James~ 7th Earl of
MDD NPURE osm aisles aimciericlapince 6 298
St. Lawrence’s Cape: South-
WICK, cases *Aae chee wei

St. Mary’s Isle, Brine aectispees te LO.

St. Patrick’s Well, Kirkpatrick-
Durham © casse Peary |
Salmon Fisheries, Royal. Conan
CNT ea any 12 US A ee a 14
Salt Pits, Southerness, ...........- 136
Saltfiat, Lands of, ................ 178
Sanderson, Bernard, minister of
UnGh EEN aieicGr drigne saesadones 194
Sandyhills, Southwick, ............. 137
Sanquhar Bellman, ...... Rcsoaiae: fas 246
SPCR TTI Bois 2 ein, o'o)sinirs0'pinieis’ «is, 0(s 123, 245
— Booth, William, ‘‘General’’ at, 245
— Burgh of Barony, ............ 241
= Waste, coves a(ppicly a pkiapie Oe
— Charter of Tones UL., wasn 241
— Charter of James VI., ........ 242
Perm AVOTEEKTIOWEC,, \cicicosien.s 0 enicicjeiaie 241-2
— Council House, .......... 242, 249

— Court-House, ................... 246
EMG TIIS IR, Ve iclais w/a eiee'p oes picnn = omnpesier LAG

_ Declarations. setefels seeee 242-4, 247
SENS), cs cdesidpseesihsanete, (Leda LOO
— Market, Ae ROA Seer a
— Market Cross, .........:.... 241-9

— Parliament, Scottish, and San-
quhar Representation therein

COMEMTIMAT),, 26% ccckewer tgs 119-28
Sem OT CE? .\, igicieiois.cnis <a oisienis 246
— Prison, ...... bigdewenGee, Ieao

_ Proclamation or Edwaid VII., 244
— Proclamation of George III., 244
— Proclamation of George V., .. 245

— Pump Well, . 245-6
SOV AL ITO TM, <<. .00e eine «isis 120, 242
eT OLS OO GH: <a: cision p's 9:3 122, 245, 249
— Townfoot Burn, ....... eieniste' 242
— Water Company, ............ 246

— West United Free Church, .... 242
PE UMPR OTC. ioe vcsssepealcoupsicsecimnt LOD

Saxons, ..... ipiagesiy<clepuheOU
Seaur, The (Kippford), . Svslnehexe arene LOL
School, Maxwelltown Free Kirk, .. 14
Scone, Parliament at, 1286, ...... 119

Scot, William, of Meikledale, .... 306

341
RE SSAA OOF BOCES OE RED AI OP anes
Scott, —., town councillor, Dum-
TRIES ie ois - 80

— Sir Walter, Fest) Madina 138, 140
Scottish Gamekeepers’ Association, 25
Scratchweed Noeene Siaiaiksa ey COE

Bcreel,, oa... Bivacinw oi Saisie ea ul Les

Sculptured Stoners Gee Stones,
Sculptured.

Seaton, ‘Sir William, ....... . 43

Seafield, James Ogilvy, 1st ‘Bar
Oly So cccsacjote satan re case 126

Selehrig, Robert, Dumfries, ...... 58

BPIGOV ER, acosee see seeesnisiitae 135, 239

Semple, Mr Gabriel, minister of
Kirkpatrick-Durham,
194, 196, 198
Senwick Churchyard, Old, ........ 139
Service, Robert,
Shannon, A., postmaster, Grimsby, 116
Makers) CBriza)) oi. ccecencsepecisteste Cam
Shakin’ Grass (Briza), ............ 227
Shankfoot, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .. 256
Sharp, Dr David, F.R.S8., curator
of the Museum at Cam-

Bridges. cic aeicnansitcle cesealetts 272-3
Sharp;, We. Hi, Rabies.) ssccacicceoen 273
Sharpe, General Matthew, M.P. for

Dumfries Burghs, ........... 78
Shaw, John, gamekeeper, Drum-

lanrig, ..... Saeeaher one
Shaw. Era Kirkpabrick- Dirham 256
Shawhead Post Office, ............ ,
Shepherd’s Pouch (Shepherd’s

PETE loan soo dboqenoagaanncdc: 227

Shellago (Tussilago Farfara), .... 224
Shielbank, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 255
Shinnie Brae, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 253
Shirley, G. W., Dumfries, 11, 38, 199

Pippa, SORNS teen aide ntianiear sie --- 100
Sib aldeeOir VOMNE eicvisaisteeis stelle 231
Siller Shakle (Briza), ............ 227
— Tassels (Briza), .............. 227
Sillerhill, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .. 256
Silvery Cowshakes (Briza), ..... meal,
Simon Sention (Groundsel), ...... 2256
Sinclair, Sir John, of Longfor-
TAC TIS spss sicteln ors. 070 wibig e niaye ara Ree 308
‘Simpson, —., depute postmaster, .. 51

Skene, Dr W. F., Celtic Scotland, . 234
Slatehouse, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 255
Sloan, —., town councillor, Dum-
PRIOR, ees haces cp Gee Gos OO
— J.M.,, The Carlyie Country, .. 164-5
Slongaber, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 253
Slowan, Robert, post, Dumfries to
Sanquhar, eolNeigeeeleinls ab «(nis Sinise nee
Smith, Margaret, franaras 194, 195
— W., town councillor, Dum-
ANIEB ies nia nol to dacs on h's cles sissies, MAG

342 F INDEX.

Smuggling, Gretna Parish, ...... 152-4
Smyth, —., bailie, Dumfries, 80, 83, 84
Solway Area, A List of the Cole-

optera of the (M‘Gowan), 271-84

mom EPG IN OINE, Took cvewes cic cane 135-6
Somervell, Mr 2. cc. vccccceccrs 55
Son-afore-the-Father (Tussilago
POLAL As tists Siac wets Casecteee 224
Sorcerer’s Violet (Vinca), ........ 226
Southerness (Satterness, Salter-
ness), Kirkbean, .s00%. sees 136
— Lighthouse, «22.0.2 .esss- 0000 136
Southwick (Suthayk), Church, Old, 136
omg POSH OMCE, use csslenecec ice ner sie 93
tN ELOL PANS fac Sct toe cis sisal na tee 178

Speedwell (Veroncia Chamedrys), 225
Spence (Spens), Joseph, Professor

‘Of Poetry. Oxt0rd,, tii. <2 158
— Thomas, Bishop of Aberdeen, 299
Spotted Orchis (Orchis' maculata), 226
Springnolms. eeaiscseisce see «screcceree 66
SAO CONICS Sogn assancndonuogod 93
Springside, KirkpatrickiDurham, 255
Stafford, William, 1st Viscount, .. 44
Staig, David, provost of Dumfries,

63, 74, 103
DUANNODE, CHATICN: Warm nisctissne siciacis 40
Stanhope, John, Lord, of Harring-
BOW estes Gebrie stains; re
Stepend, Kirkpatrick: Sein Reise nu!
ISEEPHENS, (lapikiey a,c ctstens/sic stasctrasloe 272
Stewart, —., bailie, Sanquhar, .. 122
RNC MT ACIEGUy i\c civics cleletmicris astsioe 311

— Nicolas, wife of Colonel
William “Maxwell of Car-

MOTIESS Weicsrace kiticeacke case oe 271
Sticky Willie (Goosegrass), ....... 225
Stinking Tam (Ononis), .......... 227
Stirling-Maxwell, Sir John, ...... 183
Stirling, Chapel Royal, ........... 138

Stobohill, Corrie Parish, ......... 148
Stone Articles: Axe, Drummuir
Farm, Torthorwald, ........ 304
— Coffins, Kelton Parish, ....... 240
— Hammer, Carlingwark Loch,.. 240

Stone Circles: Cairnholy, ........ 140
— lLochrinnie Mote, ............. 301
Stones, Betrothal (Bridal), Crouse
Warm, KirkeOwan, <i... .cc0<s 301
— lLochrinnie Mote, ............. 301

Stones, Sculptured, Kirkmadrine, 309
Story, John, Writer, Dumfries and

Moffat, ........ 146, 152, 153, 155
UPAMMABI mci celine teleceedeiceine cae 66
mars BROS UDIULGEL ti cintstereieisierein sisi ie sisi 116
Stranside, Lands of, .............. 178
Strathclyde, Kingdom of, ........ 230
Strawberries ses. e neem catcle neces 142
Strickland, Hugh Edwin, ...... 14-15

— Mrs Catherine Doreas Maule, 14-15

Sturgine, William, Dumfries, ...... 57
Sunday Observance, Kirkgunzeon, 180
Sun Dial, Pigeon-House, Kifkgun-
BOOH, (us < whecacweepak peChgeee 179
Sweetheart Abbey. See Newabhen
Sword, Broad, Torbeckhill, ...... 169
— Bronze. See Bronze Articles.
— Jacobite Rapier, .......... «ne 169
Swine Thrissel (Sow Thistle), .... 228
Symons, Dr, town councillor, Dum-
FPIeSs, aenerne aha - 103
Symsone, Thomas, iininties a! aoe 57
Tailtratnaw, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 255
Tait, James, Cycle Agent, Max-

WELIGOWH,. sicccanoneme nen meee 91
— James, land surveyor, Lockerbie,
147

— John, land surveyor, Lockerbie, 147
Tan Hill, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .. 255
Tarbreoch, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 253

Tatty (Potato), .........-seessees 228
Telegraph ‘Service, .........- 89, 107-9
= SRAtOS, “eis tlsaiee ss cui o'seeinnie ene 108
— Working Capacity, ......... 108-9
Telephone Service, ........ 109-10, 112

Annan and Dumfries, .....- 110

Carlisle and Dumfries, .... ee
Glencaple and Dumfries, ... 110

Telephone Union, ........ Je Deeastee 109
Tennant, George (Rev. Dr Thomas
Blacklock), .......-++-+ 156, 157
Terregles, Bedstead, Carved Oak, 179
Terri, David, son of, ............ 270
Thoms, Mrs, sub-postmistress,
Dumfries, wiaaitelsete Seeman woes
Thomson, —., town nanneiee
DuUMETICS, «seis sine wecee- on eerie 78
Thomson, John, Hole i’ th’ Wa’
Inn, Dumfries, .......... 39, 95
Thorburn, James, Kirkbank, John-
StONEs) ciseecmnismes aaah tence 147-8

— John, solicitor and postmaster,
Dumfries,.. 77, 80, 82, 87, 89, 115
Thornhill, Dr Grierson’s Museum,

Cataloque,..... ee
Thousand-leaved Gihake! "(Achillea

Millefolium), ........---++-++ 225
Threshie, Robert, postmaster,

Dumfries, .. 38, 74, 75, 77, 114-5
— Major Robert Alexander, of

Barnbarroch,. ......0se+eeess . 38
Thunder Flower (Poppy), -----+--+ 228
Tinwald, Charles Erskine, Lord, .. 306

Minwald, © fice cciec cles sien oreiatele 233
— Isle (Tinwall-Isles), .........-- 233
Todd, William, schoolmaster,
Kirkmaiden, ..-....00<sccnce 309
Torbeckhill Copper Mine, ...... 168-9
— The German Mine at
(Barbour)} = scaeeoee lance ..- 168-9

INDEX. 343

Torkirra Camps, Kirkgunzeon, .... 178

MPOErery, Daind! Of, s2.<ceecscecescs 100
Torrs Farmhouse, Kelton, ........ 239
PROTUHOCWAIG. «vc ccesccecee tosepcivce 233
eer PONT) (MICE, .cccccscnccncsecucne 93
Tottleham’s Glen, Kirkpatrick-
WAUEVINS ScSeoabagaseenoaooe 257

Townhead, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 255
Toywort (Shepherd’s Purse), .... 227
Trees, Notable: Beech, Ardwall, .. 140
— See also Botany, Forestry.

Trembling Jockey (Briza), ........ 227
Tremlin’ Grass (Briza), .......... 227
Troqueer, Gallowhill, .......<.... 200
Trotter, John 'W., sub-postmaster,

Dumfries,
Turmit (Turnip), ...
Turner, Sir James, ..........000- 198-9
Tweddel, Forbes B. R., provost of

BAUNATS licences cece sees 2a0
Tweedie. Al, ANNAN, ..ccccsccccsas:s 15
Tweedshaws, ........... Min(otaretats 68, 69
Union of Parliaments, 1707, ...... 128
Ur Church, Pyrenees, ........- wee 249
Ure River, Yorkshire, ............ 249
Urns, Kelton Parish, ...... Aodscose PAN
— Glaisters, Kirgunzeon, ........ 178
Urr, Old Bridge-of-, Post Office, .. 93
See EVET ote re wis visi sacs scan vedere 240
— AMICON 5 airs ok aslo Oa Gafessleieietne 249
Veitch (Vetch), David, ........ ~. 248
— Rev. William, minister of

LOM ibe web as oeoanooodd Botisiereiein’ OW

Vernon, J. J., honorary secre-
tary, Hawick Archeological

Society, ......... aeaeriteecaiels 301
Vital Statistics, Dumfriesshire,
IR) ae naan ReS S508 see. 201-9
Vole Plague, Royal Commission on
UGS ane eedae a jahsctvoter sie selatoag 14
Wagwants (Briza), ..........sesee 227
Walker, Patrick, Sia Saints of the
COVOTIUIT, careic\na derciscae Neasisiccte 190

Wallace, Colonel James, ........ 199
— John, Dumfries, ..........
— Robert, of Kelly, ............ 105
— Robert, clerk, Dumfries Post
Oe ee swooped
Walter, Moneyer, .
Wamphray Parish, .............
Water Patience (Water Dock), .. 226
Watt, —. bailie, Dumfries, ...... .. 86
Wauchop, Sir John, of Nidry, .... 195
Waugh, Thomas, provost of

BAM AT yf votaleralaicintnicie siecle 244
Waulkmill Pool, Kirkpatrick-

Durham, ..... Bcimtei aleiaittels cle ele 256
Waxdolls (Fumitory), ............ 226

Weems, William, Dumfries, ...... 58

Weir, Alexander, Sanquhar Monu-

WEI a cinco cals 2 ais «22. 247-8
— William G., postmaster, Dum-
PETICH Wiatge\ciicieasiapimtin'e 89-90, 115

— Rev. R. W., minister of Grey-
friars’ Church, Dumfries, .. 234

Wellington, Sir Arthur Wellesley,
VEGI MRO WO ews mele ctoincrecwtias se 72

Wells: Agricola’s Well, Birrens-
wark Hill (Barbour), .... 165-68

— Kate’s Well, Kirkpatrick-
Dh Evy Weneincod sddpod cadens 257
— Muil Well, Kirkpatrick-
HO ib: br Satrietnemco omen concn 252
— Pump Well, Sanquhar, ...... 245-6
— St. Patrick’s Well, Kirkpat-
LICE WE UANE) © casein) ais ste sina 257

— 'Winning’s Well, Kirkgunzeon, 177
Welsh (Welche), —, of Cornlee, .. 199
== OL KAT. o ia tiesiniees siejeidielsiels 199
— David, Holywood Abbey, .... 304
— Mr John, minister of Ayr, 191, 192
— John, The Irongray Covenan-

TEL ND WOW) fcecismiaele ane 190-200

_ Fifty and Two Directions to
Trongy days. cedeineen cis 196-8
a A Friendly Advice, ........ 192-3

— Rev. Josias, minister of
Templepatrick, Ireland, 191, 192
Western, —, Post Office surveyor, 85
Westfield, Kirkpatrick-Durham, .. 255
Westmoreland, County of, ...... 230
Whale’s Jaws, Kirkgunzeon Manse, 180
Whatman, James, papermaker, .. 156

. Wheat, Electric Treatment of, .. 142

Whellens, W. H., forester, Com-

JON ZOD). ooo occ oc ceo niase eieln sivie= 273
Whigham, Samuel, provost of

SanqQuyary, saci nc <= sie nniciee 247
Whitecairn, Kirkpatrick-Durham, 258
Whitepark Brae, Kelton, ........ 239
Whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtil-

HIE) Figonepeaccnoud-cnbAce wee26

Whurt (Vaccinium myrtillus), .... 226

William Ghe SiO) caanncla cence eels

—_ OOMARE, Vays eats winslelnicielst=inislereii

William: EXD. poi crielsatateiatayctei=

Williamson, James, of
Robert, Kirkeonnel,

— Johne, M.P. for Sanquhar, .. 122-3

Wild Liquorice (Ononis), .........- 227
Wilson, —, Beattock Inn, .......- 64
— George B., Canonbie, ...... 15, 22
— J., postmaster, Leeds, ........ 116
— Walter, of Crogline, ......-... 306

— William, merchant, Dumfries, 233
— William, Folklore and Genealo-
gies of Uppermost Nithsdale, 124-5

344 INDEX.
Wimberry (Vaccinium myrtillus),.. 226 Woodpecker, Black and White
“‘Winning’s Well,’ Kirkgunzeon, 177 (Woodpecker, British Great
, Wishaw Post Office, ............ ee LG Spotted); iisner tie scaceee Sour ae
Witherby; Hi. WS) ote cavincs ccc cesses 22 Woollen Manufacture, Moffat, .. 154-5
Witherings, Thomas, depute post- Wright, William, Dumfries Tele-
master of England for STAD MICE g wae cman see 107
foreign Parts, . 052. .0ceues 41, 99 Wynholme, Corrie, ........... «+. 148
Wolf's Bane (Aconitum), ........ 224 Yarrow, Yarroway (Achillea mille-
Woodbine, Woodbind (Honey- follum)). yess cice eters EMSA GAGE 225
BUCHIG) jcicisecieeidslcsiataderce de 228 Yellow Tree (Berberis), .......... 224
Woodpark, Kirkpatrick-Durham,.. 255 Young, John, of Gullliehill, ...... 306
Zoology. See Birds, Crustacea,

Be)!

Ura

INTRD

19]

eS,

Insects, Fish, Mammals.

hentia

- 1863- 4, out of print; Or 18645, ou
of print ; (e) 1866-7, out of br ;
New Series (1) 1876-8, oud of print
(3) 1880-3, owt of print ; (4) 1883-6, ‘5s; (5) 1886-7, 25.
9) 1887- aes ) 1890- 1, 25 bd; os 1891- 2, out ee

4 2 6d; “(15) 1898-9, 25 6d ; a6) 1899- 1-190; 25 6d; (17,4
ji and 2) 1900-2, 85; (17, pt. 8) 1902-3, 1s 6d; (17, pt.
1903-4, 1s 6d; (17, pt. 5) 1904-5, Is 6d; (18) 1905-6, 4s;

(19). 1906-7, 5s; (20) 1907-8, 5s; (21) 1908-9, 5s; (22)
1909-10, 5s ; (23) 1910-11, 75 6d; (24) 1911-12, 756d.

. A List of the Flowering Plants of Dumfriesshire and Kirke
brightshire, by James M‘Andrew, 1882, out of print.

: Birrens and its Antiquities, with an Account of Recent Exca
tions ‘and their Results, by Dr James Macdoneit. and ;
James: Barbour, 1897, 2s 6d. .

Communion Tokens, with a Catalogue | of those of Dumfriess!
by the Rev. H. A. Whitelaw, 1911, Bs, oes

Addenda and Corrigenda. ‘to « The Birds of Duntrigning?
3 = Siaglieg ma. gas eee ee .

Meares
stb oS

Phd

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. 7 7 ~
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