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TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON
EO PEG eels Ene Y SEs PAGE:
1906.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,
LONDON AND BUNGAY.
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET,
CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.,
AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CoO.,
PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.; AND NEW YORK.
er
1906-1907,
DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS.
Part I. (Trans., p. 1-154, Proc., i-xxxil) was published 29 May, 1906
is 1B) ES tia 155-322, ,, xxxiii-lxiv) 95 22 Sept., ,,
REL Vig a Gs 323-540, ,, Ixv-cvi) |
Vv. (———_-———_
¥ 23 Jan., 1907
» evii-clxxiv) “5 27 Mar.,
)
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
FOUNDED, 1833.
INCORPORATED BY RoyAL CHARTER, 1885.
OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the SESSION 1906-1907.
President.
FREDERIC MERRIFIELD.
Wice=Presioents,
HERBERT GOSS, F.L.S.
EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.RS., F.LS.
CHARLES OWEN WATERHOUSE.
Treasurer.
ALBERT HUGH JONES.
Secretaries.
HENRY ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.
ComMANDER JAMES J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.LS.
Librarian,
GEORGE C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S.
Other Members of Council.
GILBERT JOHN ARROW.
ARTHUR JOHN CHITTY, M.A.
JAMES EDWARD COLLIN.
Dr. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS DIXEY, M.A., M.D
WILLIAM JAMES KAYE, F.LS.
WILLIAM JOHN LUCAS, B.A.
Pror. EDWARD B. POULTON, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S.
LOUIS BEETHOVEN PROUT.
RICHARD STANDEN, F.LS.
Resident Librarian.
GEORGE BETHELL, F.R. Hist. 8.
9 -
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(we)
CONTENTS.
Explanation of the plates
List of Fellows... on
Additions to the Library
Errata — Bes
MEMOIRS.
I. A Contribution towards the knowledge of African eae a.
By Percy I. Latuy, F.Z.S., F.E.S8. : :
II. Descriptions of new genera and species of African Halticine
and Galerucine. By Martin Jacopy, F.E.S
III. On the emergence of Bee eee formicartus cai the Eee By
W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E tee = se
IV. On some new or hitherto ee forms of South African
Butterflies. By Rotanp Trimen, M.A., F.R.S., ete. ...
V. Some observations on the Reproduction of the Hemiptera-
Cryptocerata. By C.Gorpvon Hewitt, B.Sc., The University,
Manchester. Communicated by Professor E. B. Cb aa
D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., etc. a6 Sec 560 a6 38
VI. On some bionomic points in certain South African ZLamellicorns.
By G. B. Lonestarr, M.D., F.E.S. ie
VII. Some ee vars of Butterflies. By G. B. Lonesrarr,
M.D., F.E ‘ : sis Pe 2
VIII. Notes upon some remarkable Pec: insects from North
Queensland. By F. P. Dopp, F.E.S.; with an Appendix
containing descriptions of New Species, by Colonel CHARLES
T. BrincuaM, F.Z.S., and Dr. BENNO WANDOLLECK .
TX. Observations on the Life History of Tr pens pata Zell.
By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.E.S.
X. Progressive melanism on the Riviera (Byers) being further
notes on Hastula hyerana, Mill. By T. A. Cuapman, M.D.
XI. On the Genus Jinma, Walk. ( = Tortr eee Feld. ) By E.
Meyrick, B.A. FR. sly) aoc soe
XII. Some bionomic notes on Butterflies from the Victoria yuna
By S. A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc. F.H.S. ... 55 6
XIII. On the habits of a species of Ptyelus in British East Africa.
By S. L. Hixpe. Communicated, with ae A Professor
E. B. Pourton, F.R.S., etc.
XIV. Studies of the Blattide. By R. Suetrorn, M.A., F.LS.
( viii)
PAGE
XV. Mimetic forms of Papilio dardanus erage) ang agi ag
stont. By Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S 500 . 281
XVI. Predaceous Insects and their Prey. By geese EDWARD
B. Poutron, D.Sc., M.A., LL.D. Princeton, F.R.S., Hope
Professor of Zoology in the pe neraty of Oxford, Fellow
of Jesus College, Oxford ... : ... 323
XVII. Notes on the dominant Miillerian group of Butterflies from the
Potaro District of British Guiana. By WitLtiAm JAMES
Kays, F.E.S. 2 ae ace oe a sal
XVIII. A Contribution to the Classification of the Perec folly
Passalide. By Gitpert J. Arrow, F.E.S. ... . 441
XIX. Notes on the Life History of Trochtlium Ste ee Lasp.
By the Hon. N. Cuartres Roruscuitp, M.A., F.L.S. With
notes on the larva by Eustace R. Banxess, M. N, F.L.S., and
on the pupa by T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S. . . 471
XX. A permanent record of British Moths in their natural attitudes
of rest. By A. H. Hamm, Assistant in the Hope Department
of Zoology, Oxford University Museum. Communicated by
Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., etc. ... as he ... 483
XXI. Studies of the Blattidxe (continued). By R. SHetrorp, M.A.,
TUBS: cod sas tee re is ss f 00 ..- 487
XXII. On the Diaposematic Resemblance between Huphina corva and
Ivias baliensts. By F. A. Dixty, M.A., M.D., F.L.S., Fellow
of Wadham College, Oxford ie . o21
XXII. Nanthorhoé ferrugata, Clerck, and the Mendelian » Hypothesis
By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S. a . 525
XXIV. A note on the Cryptic Resemblance of two South American
Insects, the moth Draconta rustna, Druce, and the Locustid,
Plagroptera bicordata, Serv. By Epwarp B. Povtton, D.8c.,
M.A., F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the > University 0 of
Oxford, Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford : . 533
Proceedings for 1906 ss see ant are ie oss ... 1—Cevi
Annual Meeting... Bee nee ee ae fs aa Se) ICVLL
President’s Address ai et es BS see 5 ee; exiil
General Index ies ac Ate oe sh ate eos Pat exliv
Special Index aa ae ae iss ise sa se Sse clxix
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plates I, II. See page 10 Plates XIV, XV. See page 278-279
Plate IIT. np 52 Plate XVI. n 280
Plate IV. = 84. Plates XVII-XXII.__,, 312-319
Plate V. Bs 85 Plates XXIII-X XVIL.,, 435-488
Plate VI. 5 86 Plate XXVIII. = 482
Plate VII. a 154 Plate XXIX. a 486
Plate VIII. - 168 Plate XXX. »” 519
Plates IX, X. 4; 223 Plate XXXI. 3 524
Plates XI, XII. a 224 Plate XXXII 539
Plate XIII. 1 229
Pist of Fellows
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Marked * have died during the year.
Dataee HONORARY FELLOWS.
Election.
1900 AuRtiviILLtus, Professor Christopher, Stockholm.
1905 Bottvar, Don Ignacio, Paseo de Recoletos Bajo, 20, Madrid.
1901 Fasre, J. H., Sérignan, Vaucluse, France.
1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland.
1906 GANGLBAUER, Professor Ludwig von, Hof Musewm, Vienna.
1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome.
1884 Osten SackeNn, Baron C. R., Bunsenstrasse 8, Heidelberg.
1906 Reurer, Professor Ono Morannat, The University, Helsingfors,
Finland.
1895 ScuppER, Samuel Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
1885 Sneuven, P. C. T., Rotterdam.
1893 Warrenwyt, Hofrath Dr. Carl Brunner Von, Lerchenfeldstrasse 28,
Vienna.
1898 Weismann, Dr. August, Freiburg, Baden.
FELLOWS.
Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.
Date of
Election.
1901 + Aparr, Sir Frederick E. S., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay.
1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.8., 50, Ashley-gardens, Victoria-
street, S.W.
1877 Apams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N.
1902 ApkKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent.
1885 AvxKIN, Robert, Wellfield, Lingards-road, Lewisham, 8.E.
1904 Agar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. W. Indies.
1904 AnpErRson, Miss E. Maude, Park House, Worksop, Notts.
1899 ANnpDrReEws, Henry W., Shirley, Welling, S.O., Kent.
1901 Awnnine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C.
1899 | ARRow, Gilbert J., 87, Union-grove, Clapham, S.W.; and British
Musewm (Natural History), Cromwell-road, 8.W.
ee)
1886 Armor, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn.
1850 AvEBURY, The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
etc., High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.
1901 Bacor, Arthur W., 154 Lower Clapton-road, N.E.
1904 7 BAGNALL, Richard 8., South Hylton, nr. Sunderland.
1903 Baxpock, G. R., Oakburn Villa, Enfield Highway, Middlesex.
1886 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle, Wareham.
1890 Barcuay, Francis H., F.G.S., The Warren, Cromer.
1886 Barcacut, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1,
Florence, Italy.
1895 Barker, Cecil W., Rownham, Malvern, Natal, South Africa.
1887 Barxmur, H. W., 147, Gordon-road, Peckham, S.E.
1902 Barravp, Philip J., Bushey Heath, Watford.
1894 — Bareson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College,
Cambridge, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge.
1904 Bayne, Arthur F., Gerencia, Ferro Carril del Sud, Plaza Constitu-
tion, Buenos Ayres.
1896 ¢ Beare, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., 10 Regent Terrace,
Edinburgh.
1905 Brprorp, The Duke of, K.G., Pres. Z.S., ete., Woburn Abbey, Beds.
1899 Brpwe.., Ernest C., Bonnicot, The Grove, Coulsdon, Surrey.
1903 Brti-Maruey, H. W., c/o Messrs. Chiazzari and Co., P.O. Box 3,
Point-street, Natal.
1904 Brnersson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ;
Curator, Entomological Collection of the University.
1897 Brnnert, W. H., 15, Wellington-place, Hastings.
1906 Brnraut, E. E., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex.
1885 Brraune-Baker, George T., F.L.S., 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.
1895 Bevan, Lieutenant H.G.R.,R.N., Fairfield, Weymouth.
1880 BiGNELL, George Carter, The Ferns, Homepark-road, Saltash.
1895 BrneHam, Lieut.-Col. Charles T., F.Z.S., Bombay Staff Corps,
6 Gwendwr-road, West Kensington, 8.W.
1891 Braser, W. H., F.L.S., 12, Great Castle-street, Regent-street, W.
1904 Brack, James E., Nethercroft, Peebles.
1894 * BuackBuRN-Mazg, W. P., Shaw House, Newbury.
1904 Buair, Kenneth G., 23, West Hill, Highgate, N.
1889 Buanprorp, Walter F. H., M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Arundel Gardens,
Ladbroke-grove, W.
1885 Braruwayr, Lieut.-Col. Linley, F.L.S., Eagle House, Batheaston,
Bath.
1904 Briss, Maurice Frederick, Coningsburgh, Montpelier-road, Ealing,
W.
1886 Brioomrinnp, The Rey. Edwin Newson, M.A., Guestling Rectory,
Hastings.
( x1 )
1903 Bogus, W. A., Wilts and Dorset Bank, Salisbury.
1891 Boor, George A., Fern Hill, G'range-over-Sands, Carnforth.
1875 Borrer, Wm., F.G.S., Pakyns Manor House, Hurstpierpoint,
Hassocks, R.S.O., Sussex.
1902 Bostock, E. D., Holly House, Stone, Staffs.
1904 Bourasors, Jules, Ste. Marie-aux-Mines, Markirch, Germany.
1892 Bouskett, Frank, Market Bosworth, Nuneaton.
1888 Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst.
1894 | Bowxss, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross.
1852 + Boyp, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, 8.E.
1893 Brapant, Hdouard, Chdteaw de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord),
France.
1905 Bracken, Charles W., B.A., 18, Whiteford-road, Mannamead,
Plymouth.
1904 BripGEeMaAN, Lieut. The Hon. Richard O. B., R.N., Weston Park,
Shifnal, Salop, and H.M.S. ‘ Hibernia,” Channel Fleet.
1877 Briaas, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O., N-
Devon.
1870 Brices, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O., N.
Devon.
1894 Bricat, Percy M., Chunar, Lansdowne-road, Bournemouth.
1897 * BrigutweEn, Mrs. E., The Grove, Great Stanmore.
1878 Broun, Capt. Thomas, Drury, Auckland, New Zealand.
1902 Broveuron, Captain T. Delves, R.E., Royal Engineers’ Office,
Gravesend.
1904 Brown, Henry H., Castlefield Tower, Cupar, Fife, N.B.
1886 Brown, John, 123, Mawson-road, Cambridge.
1892 Browne, Lieut.-Colonel Clement Alfred Righy, R.E., Calcutta,
India.
1898 + BucHan-Hepgurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeuton-
Hepburn, Prestonkirk.
1902 Buier, Arthur Percival, Wellington, New Zealand.
1896 +, Burr, Malcolm, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S., A.R.S.M., Royal
Societies Club, St. James’s, 8.W., and Shepherdswell, nr. Dover.
1868 + Butter, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., The Lilies, Penge-road,
Beckenham.
1883. Burier, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Se., 56, Cecile-Purk, Crouch End, N.
1902 Burner, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading.
1905 Burrerrienp, Jas. E., B.Sc., Comrie, Eglinton Hill, Plumstead.
1904 Byart, Horace A., B.A., Berbera (vid Aden), Somaliland Protectorate.
1886 Catvert, Wm. Bartlett, Liceo de Quillota, Quillota, Chili.
1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., R.N. Hospital, Chatham.
1885 CampBeLL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.S8., &¢., Brynllwydwyn,
Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire.
1898 Canpizx, Léon, Mont St. Martin, 75, Liége.
1880
1889
1890
1894
1892
1895
1898
1868
1890
1895
1906
1900
1900
1903
(Pexaar 7)
CanspauE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.E.
Cant, A., 1, Dalkeith Villas, Wealdstone ; and c/o Fredk. DuCane
Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 45, Pont-street, 8. W.
Capper, Samuel James (President of the Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society), Huyton Park, Liverpool.
Caracciono, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British
West Indies.
Carpenter, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, 8. W.
Carpenter, G. H., B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Dublin.
CARPENTER, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead,
CARRINGTON, Charles, Hailey Hall, Hertford.
Carter, George Wm., M.A., F.L.8., Hecleshall Castle, Staffordshire.
Carter, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., 43, Charing Cross, W.C., and
Government House, Nassau, Bahamas.
Carter, H. J., B.A., Ascham, Darling Point, Sydney, N.S. Wales.
Carter, J. W., 28, Mannheim-road, Bradford.
Cassa, R. T., M.R.C.S., Ballaugh, Isle of Man.
CarrLe, John Rowland, Nettleton Manor, Caistor, Lincolushire.
1889 + Cavn, Charles J. P., Ditcham Park, Petersfield.
1900
1871
1891
1902
1890
1897
1898
1902
CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham.
CHAMPION, George C., F.Z.5., Liprartan, Heatherside, Horsell,
Woking.
CHAPMAN, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.S., Betula, Reigate.
CHARNLEY, James Roland, The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston,
Lencashire.
CHATTERTON, Frederick J.8.,5, Camden Studios, Camden-street, N.W.
CHAWNER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.
CHAWNER, Lawrence C., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.
CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o J. Garson, 69, Railway-street, Durban, Natal.
1891 + Currry, Arthur John, M.A., 27, Hereford-square, S.W.; and Hunt-
1905
1889
ingfield, Faversham, Kent.
CHOPARD, Lucien, 98, Bd. St. Germains, Paris.
Curisry, William M., M.A., F.L.8., Watergate, Emsworth.
1886 + Chark, John Adolphus, 57, Weston Park, Crouch End, N.
1867
1891
1904
1873
1899
1906
1901
1900
1892
Cuarke, Alex. Henry, 109, Warwick-road, Earl’s Court, 8.W.
CuarKE, Henry Shortridge, 2, Osborne-terrace, Douglas, Isle
of Man.
CockayNnr, Edward A., 16, Cambridge-square, London, W.
Coir, William, F.L.S., Springfield, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
CoLuin, James E., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.
CoLLINGE, Walter E., M.Sc., Department of Economic Zoology,
University of Birmingham, and 55, Newhall-street, Birmingham.
Connotp, Edward, F.Z.S., 1, St. Peter’s-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea.
Corton, Dr. John, 126, Prescot-road, St. Helens.
Cowan, Thomas William, F.1.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Upcot House,
Taunton.
1886
1867
1895
1906
1888
1890
( xiii )
Cowrtt, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library),
William Brown-street, Liverpool.
Cox, Herbert Ed., c/o Mrs. Eve, 61, Harley-street, W.
CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester.
CrawsuHay, The Rev. George, M.A., “ Lowlands,” Leighton- Buzzard.
Crecor, J. P., Tredinick, Mayow-road, Sydenham, 8.E.
Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.
1880+ Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P., 17, Throgmorton-avenue, E.C.,
1902
1901
and Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames.
Crurrwett, The Rev. Canon Charles Thomas, M.A., Hwelme
Rectory, Wallingford.
Dapp, Edward Martin, Friedrichstrasse, 71, Berlin.
1873 * Dats, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne.
1900
1886
1905
1903
1898
1905
1875
1887
1895
1905
1906
19038
1906
1891
1885
1884
1867
1900
1894
1906
1883
1890
1865
1904
1902
Data@.isH, Andrew Adie, 21, Prince’s-street, Glasgow.
Dannart, Walter, Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, 8.E.
Davinson, James D., 32, Drwmsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh.
Day, F. H., 12, Goodwin-terrace, Carlisle.
Day, G. O., Parr’s Bank-house, Knutsford.
Dewar, W. R., Government Entomologist, Orange River Colony.
Distant, Wm. Lucas, Steine House, Selhurst-road, South Norwood,S.k.
Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Fellow and Bursar of
Wadham College, Wadham College, Oxford.
Dosson, H. T., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden, S.O., Surrey.
Dopp, Frank P., Kuranda, vid Cairns, North Queensland.
Dotuman, Hereward, Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.
DoLiMan, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.
DoncastER, Leonard, M.A., The University, Birmingham.
DonistHorPE, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S., 58, Kensington-mansions
South Kensington, 8.W.
Donovan, Major Charles, M.D., R.A.M.C., Ardmore, Pussage West,
County Cork.
Drucr, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., 48, Circus-road, St. John’s
Wood, N.W.
Drucr, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood,
INAWE
Drury, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking.
Dupaeon, G. C., The Imperial Institute, South Kensington.
DUKINFIELD-JONES, E., Castro, Reigate.
Durrant, John Hartley, The Cottage, Merton Hall, Thetford.
Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalming.
Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., Pentlands, Mill-road, West
Worthing, Sussex.
Eckrorp, George, F.Z.8., c/o Sir Morgan Tuite, Bart., Kilruane,
Nenagh, co. Tipperary, Ireland.
EpDELSTEN, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.
1886
1884
1900
1900
1886
1903
1878
1886
1903
1899
1890
1900
1861
1886
1889
1878
1900
1874
1905
1900
1898
(— txive *)
EpwaArps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham.
Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.8., 15, St. Germans-place, Black-
heath, S.E.
Exxiort, E. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W.
Exuis, H. Willoughby, Knowle, Birmingham.
Eviis, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool.
ELTRINGHAM, Harry, M.A., F.Z.8., Hastgarth, Westoe, South Shields.
Etwes, Henry John, J.P., F.RS., F.LS., F.Z.S., Colesborne,
Cheltenham.
Enock, Frederick, F.L.8., 18, Tufnell Park Road, London, N.
ETHERIDGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S.W.
FaRMBOROUGH, Percy W., F.Z.S., Lower Edmonton, N.
Fary, Albert Brydges, Brinton Lodge, near Hereford ; and Medical
Department, Local Government Board, Whitehall, S.W.
Fevruam, H. L. L., P. 0. Box, 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal.
Fenn, Charles, Hversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, 5.E,
Fenwick, Nicolas Percival, The Gables, New-road, Esher.
FERNALD, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.
Finzi, John A., 53, Hamilton-terrace, N.W.
Frrra, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.
Fitcu, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon.
Fieger, Wilfred James, Imatra, King’s Road, Bowrnemouth.
Firemyne, The Rev. W. Westropp, M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw, Co.
Waterford.
Fiercuer, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., H.M.S. “Sealark,” Special Service.
1883 + FuercHerR, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor.
1905
1885
1900
1898
1880
1883
1896
1888
1903
1891
FLOERSHEIM, Cecil, 16, Kensington Court Mansions, 8.W.
Foxker, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands.
Foutxkes, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultural College,
Newport, Salop.
FountatngE, Miss Margaret, The Studios, 1, Shireff-road, West
Hampstead, N.W.
Fow.uer, The Rey. Canon, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.8., Harley Vicarage,
near Reading.
FREEMAN, Francis Ford, Abbotsfield, Tavistock.
FREKE, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone.
FremMLIN, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Wereworth, Maidstone.
Frencu, Charles, F.L.8., Government Entomologist, Victoria,
Australia.
FrouHawk, F. W., Ashmount, Rayleigh.
1906 + Fry, Harold Armstrong, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal
1900
1884
Colony.
Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs.
Fuuier, The Rev, Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill,
Sydenham, S.E,
(eae)
1898 Fu.LueEr, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.
1904 Furnivat, Thomas F., 63, Coleman-st., E.C.
1887 GanHan, Charles Joseph, M.A., Whyola, Lonsdale-road, Bedford
Park, W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-
road, S.W.
1892 Garpg, Philip de la, R.N., 2, Esplanade, Teignmouth.
1890 GarpDNER, John, 6, Friars-gate, Hartlepool.
1901 + GarDNER, Willoughby, F.L.S., Deqanwy, N. Wales.
1899 GaAYNER, Francis, Beech Holm, Sunderland.
1899 GELDART, William Martin, M.A., Trinity College, Oxford.
1906 + Gress, Arthur Ernest, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Kitchener’s Meads, St.
Albans.
1902 GriuanpERs, A. T., Park Cottage, Alawick.
1904 Grutiat, Francis, B.A., Forest Dene, Worth, Sussex.
1865 | Gopman, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.8., South
Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; 7, Carlos-place, Grosvenor-
square; and 45, Pont-street, S.W.
1890 GoxnpTHwalt, Oliver C., 5, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, S.E.
1886 | GoopricH, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Lennox Lodge, Malvern
Link, Malvern.
1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent.
1898 Gorpon, J.G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtownshire,
1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtown-
shire.
1855 GornaM, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., Highcroft, Great Malvern.
1874 Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., Vick-PResipent, The Avenue, Surbiton-hill,
Surrey.
1891 + GreEN, E. Ernest, Government Entomologist, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon.
1894 Green, J. F., F.Z.S., West Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.
1850 * GREENE, The Rev. Joseph, M.A., Rostrevor, Clifton, Bristol.
1898 GrerEnsHrexps, Alexander, 38, Blenheim-gardens, Willesden, N.W.
1899 GREENWOOD, Edgar, 49, Melrose-avenue, Cricklewood, N.W.
1893 {| GREENWoopD, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Whitsbury House, Salisbury.
1888 Grirrirus, G, C., F.Z.S., 43, Caledonian-place, Clifton, Bristol.
1894 GriusHaw, Percy H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.
1905 Grist, Charles J., Apsley, Banstead, Surrey.
1869 Grose-SuirH, Henley, J.P., B.A., F.Z.S.,5, Bryanston-square, HTyde
Park, W.
1906 Guinness, H. 8. A., Balliol College, Oxford, and Chesterfield,
Blackrock, County Dublin.
1899 Gunnine, Montague, Narborough, Leicester.
1906 GurRNry, Gerard H., Keswick Hall, Norwich.
1897 Haaur, Henry, Woodland Avenue, Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.
(Cava)
1906 Haut, Arthur, 16, Park Hill Rise, Croydon.
1890 t Haut, A. E., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield.
1885 Hatz, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon,
1898 Hamuiyn-Harris, R., D.Se., F.Z.S., F.R.MLS., Toowoomba Grammar
School, Queensland, Australia.
1891 Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., 62, Stanhope-
gardens, 8.W.
1891 Haneury, Frederick J., F.L.S., Stainforth House, Upper Clapton, N.E.
1905 + Hancock, Joseph L., 3757, Indiana Avenue, Chicago, U.S.A.
1903 Harg, E. J., Dunham, Boscombe, Hants.
1904 Harris, Edward, St. Conan’s, Chingford, Essex.
1897 ¢ Harrison, Albert, F.L.S., F.C.S., Delamere, Grove-road, South
Woodford, Essex.
1906 Hear, The Rev. William Henry, Penn Vicarage, Wolverhampton.
1881 Henry, George, Ivy Bank, 112, London-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea.
1903 Herron, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road, Luton, Beds.
1898 Heron, Francis A., B.A., British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell-road, S.W.
1888 Hiaas, Martin Stanger, F.C.S., F.G.S., Mine Office, Venterskroon,
Transvaal.
1876 | Hittman, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.
1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive,
Lytham.
1902 Hon, R.8., The Rectory, North Taunton, Devon.
1887 Honuanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pittsburg,
Penn., U.S.A.
1898 Hotman-Hunt, C. B., Talawakelle, Ceylon.
1901 Hopson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.L.S., 30, Thurlow-road,
Rosslyn Hill, N.W.
1897 Horne, Arthur, 60, Gladstone-place, Aberdeen.
1876 * Hornman, F. J., F.LS., F.Z.S., etc., Forest Hill, S.E.
1903 Hovuauton, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop.
1900 Howns, George H., Box 180, Dunedin, New Zealand.
1865 | Hupp, A. E., 108, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol,
1888 Hupson, George Vernon, The Post Office, Wellington, New Zealand,
1897 Image, Selwyn, M.A., 20, Fitzroy-street, Fitzroy-square, W.
1891 IsaBeLL, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen, R.S.O., Cornwall.
1886 Jacosy, Martin, 1, The Mansions, Hillfield-road, West Hampstead,
N.W.
1869 Janson, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44,
Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.
1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, 209, School Hill, Lewes.
1899 Jenninas, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N.
(aexvaily 7)
1886 JoHN, Evan, Llantrisant, R.S.O., Glamorganshire.
1889 JoHNnson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass,
Co. Armagh.
1888 Jones, Albert H., TREASURER, Shrublands, Eltham, Kent.
1894 | JorpaN, Dr. K., The Museum, Tring.
1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading.
1884 Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.I.A., Drumleaske House,
Monaghan.
1884 Kappst, A. W., F.L.S., Linnean Society, Burlington House, S.W.
1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.
1896 + Kayg, William James, Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton.
1902 Kemp, Stanley W., 21, Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin.
1890 Kenrick, G. H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
1904 KersuHaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent.
1898 KersHaw, J. A., Morton Banks, Lewisham-road, Windsor,
Melbourne, Victoria.
1901 Kersuaw, John C. W., Macao, China.
1906 Keynes, John Neville, M.A., D.Sc., 6, Harvey-road, Cambridge.
1900 Keys, James H., Morwell, Freedom-villas, Lipson-road, Plymouth.
1889 Kine, J. J. F. X., Lecturer on Economic Entomology at the West of
Scotland Agricultural College, 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvin-
side, Glasgow.
1861 Kuirsy, William F., F.L.S., Wilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick,W.
1893 KirKaupDy, George Willis, Honolulu, Hawaii.
1905 KuircHen, Vernon Parry, The Priory, Watford.
1889 KuapALEKk, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia.
1887 + KLEIN, Sydney T., F.L.S.,F.R.A.S., Zatherlow, Raglan-road, Reigate.
1876 Kraartz, Dr. G., 28, Link-strasse, Berlin.
1901 * Lanz, E. W., Parkholme, 40, Fletching-road, Clapton, N.E.
1868 Lane, Colonel A. M., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford.
1900 Lane, The Rev. H. C., M.D., All Saints’ Vicarage, Southend-on-Sea.
1901 Laruy, Percy I., Penton House, Cheshunt.
1895 Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.
1899 Lexa, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Hobart, Tasmania.
1901 LericH, George F., 4, Cuthbert?s Buildings, West-street, Durban,
Natal.
1883 Lemany, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.
1898 Letrasripegr, Ambrose G., Nordrach-on-Dee, Banchory, N.B.;
Guards Club, Pall Mall, 8.W.
1903 + Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks.
1898 Lewis, E.J., F.L.S., Victoria Cottage, Little Common, Bexhill-on-Sea.
1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., 87, Frant-road, Tunbridge Wells.
1902 Lewis, J. H., Ophir, Otago, New Zealand.
1892 Licurroor, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good one
( xvii® )
1903. Lirrter, Frank M., Althorne, High-street, Lawnceston, Tasmania.
1865 + Luewetyy, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart. M.A, F.LS.,
Penllergare, Swansea.
1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor.
1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, 1, 5 and 6, The Albany, Piccadilly, W.
1903 LorrHousr, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.
1904 + Lonesta¥r, George Blundell, M.D., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W.
1899 LounsBury, Charles P., B.Sc., Government Entomologist, Cape
Town, S. Africa.
1894 Lown, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey.
1893 Lower, Oswald B., St. Oswalds, Bartley Crescent, Wayville, South
Australia.
1901 Lower, Rupert 8., Davonport-terrace, Wayville, South Australia.
1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., 28, Knights Park, Kingston-on- Thames.
1904 Lurr, W. A., La Chawmiére, Brock-road, Guernsey.
1880 Lupron, Henry, Lyndhurst, North Grange-road, Headingley, Leeds.
1903 Lyset, G., Junr., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia.
1901 Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.G.S., 74, McTavish-street, Montreal,
Canada.
1906 McCarrtson, D. L., Indian Police Forces, Madras Club, Madras.
1902 Macponatp, George B. Douglas, M.B., Uniondale, Cape Colony.
1887 M‘DouGatt, James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath, 5.E.
1888 Mackinnon, P. W., Lynndale, Mussoorie, N.W.P., India.
1906 Mackwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon.
1898 Mappison, T., South Bailey, Durham.
1899 + Main, Hugh, B.Sc., Almondale, Buckingham-road, South Woodford,
N.E.
1905 Matty, Charles Wm., M.Sc., Nacogdoches, Texas, U.S.A.
1887 Manpers, Lieut.-Colonel Neville, R.A.M.C., Curepipe, Mauritius,
1892. ManspripGk, William, 27, Elmbank-road, Sefton-park, Liverpool.
1894 + MarsHaLt, Alick, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent.
1895 MarsHauL, Guy Anstruther Knox, 6, Chester-place, Hyde Park-
terrace, W.
1896 Marswatt, P., M.A., B.Sc, F.G.S., University School of Mines,
Dunedin, New Zealand.
1856 | MarsHauy, William, V.M.H., F.R.H.S., duchinraith, Bexley, S.O.,
Kent.
1897 Martineau, Alfred H., Solihull, Birmingham.
1895 Massey, Herbert, Zvy-Lea, Burnage, Withington, Manchester,
1865 MarnHew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., Lee House,
Dovercourt, Harwich.
1887 MarrHews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, Plymouth.
1900 Maxwett-Lerroy, H., Entomologist to the Government of India,
Agricultural Institute, Pusa, Bengal.
1899 May, Harry Haden, 12, Windsor Terrace, Plymouth,
(eee y)
1904 Mrapr-Watpo, Geoffrey, Stonewall Park, Hdenbridge, Kent.
1872 | Metpota, Professor Raphael, F.RS., F.CS. 6, Brunswick-
square, W.C.
1885 Meyrin, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.8., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.
1887 MERRIFIELD, Frederic, PRESIDENT, 14, Clifton-terrace, Brighton.
1906 Merrriman, Gordon, 96, Finchley-road, Hampstead, N.W.
1905 Merry, Rev. W. Mansell, M.A., St. Michael's, Oxford.
1888 Meryer-Darcts, G., c/o Sogin and Meyer, Wohlen, Switzerland.
1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.Z.S., F.R.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough.
1894 Mraz, Professor Louis Compton, F.R.S., 1, Richmond Mount,
Headingley, Leeds.
1883. Migs, W. H., The New Club, Calcutta.
1906 Mirconei-Hepass, Frederic Albert, 42, Kensington Park Gardens, W.
1905 Mrrrorp, Robert Sidney, C.B., 35, Redcliffe Square, S.W.
1896 Moperty, J. C., M.A., Woodlands, Bassett, Southampton.
1879 Mownvrerro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar,
Lisbon.
1902 Monrcomery, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shalimar Gardens, Pembridge-
road, North Acton, N.
1853 Moors, Frederic, D.Sc., A.L.S., F.Z.S., 17, Maple-road, Penge, S.E.
1899 Moors, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe.
1886 Morgan, A. C. F., F.L.S., 135, Oakwood-court, Kensington, W.
1889 + Morice, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford,
Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking.
1895 + Mortey, Claude, The Hill House, Monk’s Soham, Suffolk.
1893 Morron, Kenneth J., 13, Blackford-road, Edinburgh.
1900 Mosksr, Julius, 60, Bulow-strasse, Berlin.
1882 Mostey, 8. L., The Musewm and Technical College, Huddersfield.
1901 + Murr, Frederick, H.S.P.A. Hxperiment Station, Honolulu, Oahu, H.T.
1869 | Mtuuer, Albert, F.R.G.S., c/o Herr A. Miiller-Mechel, Giren-
zacherstrasse, 60, Basle, Switzerland.
1904 Momrorp, Frank S., 10, Mountfield Gardens, Tunbridge Wells.
1872 | Murray, Lieut.-Col. H., 43, Cromwell Houses, Cromwell-road, S.W.
1906 Muscuamp, Percy A. H., 20, Chemin des Asters, Geneva.
1903 NeaveE, S. A., B.A., Mill Green Park, Ingatestone.
1896 NesHam, Robert, Utrecht House, Queen’s-road, Clapham Park, S.W.
1889 Nervinson, Basil George, M.A., F.Z.S., 3, Tedworth-square,
Chelsea, S.W.
1901 Nevinson, E. G. B., Morland, Cobham, Surrey.
1890 NewsreaD, R., Johnston Tropical Laboratory, University, Liverpool.
1900 Nico, Mrs. M. Dela B., Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, Glamorganshire.
1904 Nicuoxson, W. A., 36, Promenade, Portobello, N.B.
1886 NuicHouson, William E., School Hill, Lewes.
1906 Nix, John Ashburner, Tilgate, Crawley, Sussea.
1893 Nonrrigp, A. F., Rakonitz, Bohemia.
( xx)
1878 Norrimpar, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.
1895 Nourss, Lt.-Colonel C. G., 33rd Punjabis, Jubbulpore, Central
Provinces, India.
1869 Opertuiir, Charles, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France.
1877 Opertuir, René, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France.
1893 | OaLE, Bertram 8., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire.
1893 Oniver, John Baxter, 22, Ranelagh Villas, Hove, Brighton.
1873 OnivieR, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.
1895 Pacs, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine’s Park, 8.E.
1898 Pauuiser, H. G., Holmiwood, Addlestone, Surrey.
1883 PrincuEy, Louis, South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa.
1903 + PeRKrINS, R. C. L., B.A., Board of Agriculture, Division of Ento-
mology, Honolulu, Hawaii.
1879 PERKINS, Vincent Robert, Wotton-under-Edge.
1900 Puitips, The Rev. W. J. Leigh, The Cottage, Parkwood-road,
Tavistock.
1897 Puxiniirs, Hubert C., M.R.C.S.,M. and L.8.A., 262, Gloucester-terrace,
Hyde-park, W.
1903 + Puitiirs, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., 22, Petherton-road, High-
bury, New Park, N.
1901 Pickerrt, C. P., 99, Dawlish-road, Leyton, Essex.
1891 Pirrce, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.
1901 Prrrarp, Albert, Felden, Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead.
1903 PrtcHER, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133, G'loucester-
road, Kensington, 8.W.
1885 Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort van de, Driebergen, Netherlands.
1870 F Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.S., Mayfield, Edgerton, Huddersfield.
1884 + PouLton, Professor Edward B., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
F.Z.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,
Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford.
1905 Powntt, Harold, 7, Rue Mireille, Hyéres (Var), France.
1906 Prarr, H.C., Government Entomologist, Federated Malay States,
Kwala Lumpur, Malay States.
1878 Prick, David, 48, West-street, Horsham.
1904 Priske, Richard A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing.
1893 Prout, Louis Beethoven, 246, Richmond-road, Dalston, N.E.
1900 Rarnsow, Willam J., The Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S. W.
1874 Reep, E. C., Director del Museo de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
1893 Rerp, Captain Savile G., late R.E., The Elms, Yalding, Maidstone.
1898 Rexron, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland.
1890 RenpitesHam, The Right Honble. Lord, Rendlesham Hall, Wood-
bridge.
1898 Reuter, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland.
1894 Ripine, William Steer, B.A., M.D., Buckerell Lodge, Honiton.
C osx)
1853 Rrreon, The Most Honble. the Marquis of, K.G., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS.,
etc., 9, Chelsea Embankment, 8.W.
1905 Rosinson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpur,
Selangor.
1892 Rosrnson, Sydney C., 10, Inchmory-road, Cutford, S.K.
1869 | Ropinson-Dovenas, William Douglas, M.A., F.LS., F.R.G.S.,
Orchardton, Castle Douglas.
1890 Rosson, John Emmerson, 15, Northgate, Hartlepool.
1886 Rosg, Arthur J., 15, Bowwell-road, Berkhamstead.
1868 RorHNney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper
Norwood, 8.E.
1894 + Roruscainp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
148, Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring.
1888 | RoruscHILp, The Honble. Walter, D.Sc., M.P., F.L.8., F.Z.S., 148,
Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring.
1890 Rovuriepasr, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.
1887 Row.anp-Brown, Henry, M.A., Secretary, Oxhey-grove, Harrow
Weald.
1903 Rownanps, Osbert William, Lickey Grange, wr. Bromsgrove.
1898 Russet, A., The Limes, Southend, Catford, 8.E.
1892 RussEtt, S. G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C.
1899 Ryzxs, William E., B.A., 14, Arthur-street, Nottingham.
1905 Sr. Quintin, W. H., Scampton Hall, Rillington, York.
1906 Sampson, Major F. Winns, Senior Officers’ Mess, Calabar, Southern
Nigeria, and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, 8.W.
1865 + SaunpERS, Edward, Vick-PRESIDENT, F.R.S., F.L.S.,S¢ Ann’s, Mount
Hermon, Woking.
1861 + Saunpmers, G.8., F.LS., 20, Dents-road, Wandsworth Common, S.W.
1886 Saunpers, Prof. Wm., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.
1901 ScHauvs, W., F.Z.S., Trentham House, Twickenham.
1881 SconurcK, A. J., 8, Mayfield-road, Merton Park, Wimbledon.
1864 Semper, George, Klopstock-strasse 23, Altona, Hlbe, Germany.
1862 SHarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.8., Lawnside,
Brockenhurst, Hants. ; and University Museum of Zoology and
Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge.
1902 SHarp, W. E., 9, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, S.E.
1883 SHaw, A. Eland, M.R.C.S., Overdale, Laxey, Isle of Man.
1905 SuHeExpon, W. George, Youlgreave, South Croydon.
1901 SuHeLrorp, Robert, M.A., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., University Musewm
(Hope Department), Oxford.
1883 + SHELLEY, Capt.George Ernest, F.G.S.,F.Z.8.,39, Hyerton-gardens S.W,
1900 + SHEPHEARD-Watwyn, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey.
1887 Sicu, Alfred, Corney House, Chiswick, W.
1904 Simmonps, Hubert W., Sussem View, Cumberland Gardens, Tun-
bridge Wells, Kent.
1901
1902
1904
1902
1906
1901
1901
1895
1898
1906
1885
1889
1898
1890
1897
1898
1889
1896
1900
1895
19038
1882
1884
1894
1876
1893
1892
1903
1901
1892
1897
( pxca!,®)
SKERTCHLY, Ethelbert Forbes, c/o ‘ Penang Gazette, Penang, Straits
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SiLopeR, Gerard Orby, Westrop House, Highworth, Wilts.
SMALLMAN, Raleigh 8., Wressil Lodge, Wimbledon Common, S.W.
Sairn, Arthur, County Museum, Lincoln.
Situ, W. G., Mount Side, Bushey Park, Bristol.
Smita, W. W., Ashburton, Canterbury, New Zealand.
Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 104, Liverpool-road,
Birkdale, Lancashire.
SourHcomBE, Herbert W., J.P., 16, Stanford Avenue, Brighton.
SoutH, Richard, 96, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting, S.W.
STANDEN, Richard §., F.L.S., Townlands, Lindfield, Sussex.
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Srearns, A. E., 99, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-park, W.
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SteBBING, Henry, 6, The Chase, Warley Mount, Brentwood, Essex.
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SrRIcKLAND, T. A. Gerald, Darlingworth House, Cirencester.
Strupp, E. A. C., Kerremens, B.C.
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Swate, Harold, M.B., Arawa House, Rotorua, New Zealand.
Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks.
SwinHog, Colonel Charles, M.A.,'F.L.8., F.Z.S., 19, Cecil-court,
Redcliffe-Gardens, 8.W.
SwinuHog, Ernest, 6, Gunterstone-road, Kensington, W.
Swinton, A. H., c/o Mrs. Callander, Vineyard, Totnes.
Taytor, Charles B., Gap, Lancaster County, Penn., U.S.A.
Taytor, The Rev. George W., F.R.S. (Canada), St. Mutthew’s
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Taybor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds,
THOMPSON, Matthew Lawson, 20, Hmerald-street, Saltburn-by-the-Sea.
THOoRNLEY, The Rev. A., M.A., F.LS., The Gables, Hacknall-road,
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Tomutn, J. R. le B., M.A., Stoneley, Alexandra-road, Reading.
1859 + TRimEN, Roland, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., 26, Onslow-road, Richmond
1906
1906
1895
1897
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TRYHANE, George E., St. Ann’s, Trinidad, British West Indies.
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1898
1893
1906
1894
1886
1904
1893
(Pexxint +)
Turner, A. J.. M.D., Widsham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia.
TuRNER, Henry Jerome, 98, Drakefell-road, St. Catherine’s Park,
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Uricu, Frederick William, C.M.L.S., Port of Spain, Trinidad,
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1904 f VauaHAN, W., Cocogalla, Madulsima, Ceylon.
1866
1897
1895
1901
1899
1897
1878
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1876 | WestERN, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gute, Hyde Park, W.
1886
1906
1884
1906
WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School, Norwich.
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1903
1896
1904
1894
1900
1881
1905
1901
1899
1891
1888
1892
1904
(Vex 7)
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( xxv )
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY
DurRinG THE YEAR 1906.7
Ap eErz (Gottfrid). Lefnadsforhallanden och Instinkter inom Familjerna
Pompilidz och Sphegide.
[Kungl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, Band 37,
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Lefnadsférhallanden och Instinkter inom Familjerna Pompilidz och
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AusTEN (E. E.). [See Batrour (Andrew). |
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t Including certain works not previously catalogued, those marked with an
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Barser (H.G.). Hemiptera from South-Western Texas.
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BrericutT iiber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der En-
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( xxyny )
CarpPENTER (G. H.).—(continued).
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Cuamrion (G. C.). [See Gopman (F. D.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. |
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U.S. Dept. of Agric.
CravarEAu (H.). [See Jacopy (M.). Coleoptera Phytophaga. |
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Some Coccidz from the Philippine Islands.
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A new Scale Insect (Fam. Coccide) on the Rose.
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The Bees of Florissant, Colorado.
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Fossil Saw-flies from Florissant, Colorado.
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The India Office.
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Descriptions of some New Species of Lepidoptera from Tropical
America and one from N,. Australia.
[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. XII, 1903.]
Descriptions of some New Species of Lepidoptera Heterocera from
Tropical South Africa.
[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. XIII, 1904, ]
Descriptions of some New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera collected
by Mr. Harold Cookson in Northern Rhodesia in 1903 and 1904.
[Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1905, Part IT.]
Descriptions of the Two New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera
belonging to the sub-family Nymphalinz.
[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. XVI, 1905.]
Descriptions of some New Species of Heterocera from Peru.
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Ducks (A.). Relacao das Publicacdes Scientificas feitas pelo Museu Goeldi
de Historia Natural e Ethnographia Parad (Brazil) durante o
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The Museum.
Sobre as Vespidas sociaes do Pard (and 1° supplemento).
{ Bol. Ins. Goeldi (Paraense), Vol. IV, 1904, 1906. |
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Dyar (Harrison G.), Descriptions of some New Moths from Arizona.
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Fett (Dr. E. Porter). Diversities among New York Mosquitoes.
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Materiali per lo Studio delle Hispidze.
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Appunti sul genere Omophron.
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Viaggio di Leonardo Feain Birmania e regioni vicine. Enumerazione
delle Cincindele.
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Viaggio di Lamberto Loria nella Papuasia Orientale. Nuove Specie
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Viaggio di Lamberto Loria nella Papuasia Orientale. Nuove con-
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Intorno ad alcune Hispide delle isole Batt.
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Res Ligusticzee. Due nuovi Anoftalmi.
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(xx. y)
Gersrro (R.)—(continued).
Sopra alcune forme di Acanthocerini.
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Osservazicni intorno.al genere Bolbotritus, Bates.
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Un cenno sul genere Stiptopodzis, Harold.
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Le Specie del Sottogenere Micrispa.
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Materiali per lo studio delle Hispide.
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Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regione vicine. Enumera-
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[Ann. Mus. Genova, XL, 1899.]
Alcune osservazioni intorno al genere Chalcosoma.
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XL, 1900.]
Nuove forme del gruppo delle Platypria.
{Ann Mus. Genova, XL, 1899. ]
Gli Anoftalmi trovati finora nel Veneto.
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Materiali per lo studio delle Hispidz.
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A proposito di un recente articolo intorno alla fauna entomologica
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Catalogo sistemataco dei Paussidi.
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GopMAN (F. Ducane). Biologia Centrali-Americana, Parts CXC—CXCIV.
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GREENE (Edward L.). The Genus Ptelea in the Western and South-
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Grote (A. R.). Contributions to a Knowledge of North American Moths.
[ Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1873. ]
A Study of North American Noctuide.
[Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1873. ]}
Descriptions of Noctuids, principally from California.
On the North American Geometride in the Collection of the British
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Grote (A. R.)—(continued).
Kleiner Beitrag zur Kenntniss einiger Nordamerikanischer
Lepidoptera.
Description of the genera Argyrophyes and Condylomia and of a
species of Deuterollyta.
Description of a Butterfly new to the Lower Lake Region.
Description of three new genera of Noctuidz.
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Hanprirscu (A.). Les Insectes Houillers de la Belgique.
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Harotp (E. v.). Coleopterologische Hefte. Heft, I and XIV—XVI (com-
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U.S. Dept. Agric.
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Horxtins (A. D.). Notes on Some Mexican Scolytidz, with descriptions of
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[Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. VII, Nos. 2 and 3.] The Author.
The Black Hills Beetle, with further notes on its distribution, life
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[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Entom., Bull. No. 56, 1905.]
The Locust-Borer.
LU. 8. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Entom., Bull. No. 58, Part I.]
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The Author.
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(Gen. Ins. Wytsman, fasc. 21, 23, 49, 1904-1906.] MW. Jacoby.
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Seed ))
Kayr (W. J.). New Species of Guiana and Jamaican Butterflies,
[Entomologist, March 1906. }
Transparency in wings of Lepidoptera (with plates).
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The Author.
Ketioee (V.L.). An Extraordinary New Maritime Fly.
[ Biol. Bulletin, Boston, Vol. I, 1900. |
Phagocytosis in the Postembryonic development of the Diptera.
[Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XX XV, 1901. ]
Two New Genera of Mallophaga.
({Biol. Bulletin, Vol. V, No. 2, 1903.] The Author.
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Kerremans (C.). Monographie des Buprestides, Vol. I, fase. xiii-xviii, and
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Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der systematischen Entomologie (a record
of his jubilee celebration, published by the Deutschen Entomo-
logischen Gesellschaft, 1906). By Exchange.
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Kisrer (H. C.). Die Kafer Europas. Heft, XXV—XLIII, by J. Schilsky.
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LaMEERE (Aug.). LL’ Fivolution des Ornaments Sexuels. Discours prononcé
a la séance publique de la Classe des Sciences de ]’Académie
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1892-94. 3vols. 4to. Purchased.
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The India Office.
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Luspock (Sir John). On Two Aquatic Hymenoptera, one of which uses its
Wings in Swimming.
[ Trans. Linn. Soc., Vol. °XXIv, 1863. |
Lustz (Adolpho). Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Brasilianischen Tabaniden.
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MacGitiivray (Alex. D.). A Study of the Wings of the Tenthredinoidea,
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Recherches sur la biologie et le développement des Hyménoptéres
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Cp xxacive ))
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Supplement to a Monograph of the New Zealand Geometrina.
Descriptions of New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera.
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Descriptions of Australian Micro-Lepidoptera, LXII.
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Supplement to a Monograph of New Zealand Noctuina.
Notes on New Zealand Geometrina.
Notes on New Zealand Pyvralidina.
Notes on New Zealand Tortricina.
Descriptions of New Zealand Tineina.
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Descriptions of Australian Micro-Lepidoptera, XIV.
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A subterranean root-infesting Fulgorid (I/yndus radicis, u. sp.).
New Species of Ohio Fulgoride.
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OscHANIN (B.). Verzeichnis der Palaearktischen Hemipteren. Homoptera.
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Puruuies (E, F.). The Brood diseases of Bees.
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Studies in American Mantids or Soothsayers.
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Descriptions of Three New Species of Katydids and a New Genus
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Notes on South American Grasshoppers of the sub-family Acridine
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U.S. Dept. Agric.
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( (xxxvi)
Scu#FFER (Chas.). Some additional New Genera and Species of Coleoptera
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European Elms and Alder. 1905.
Sopp (E. J. B.). The Birth and Infancy of Dytiscus punctulatus, Fab.
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Sours (R.). The Butterflies of the British Isles. London, 1906.
Purchased.
(iiecxoxcvall 7)
THEOBALD (F. V.). A New Culicid genus from Uganda,
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New Culicid from the Federated Malay States (two papers).
[Entom., January and February, 1904. |
Flies and Ticks as Agents in the Distribution of Disease.
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U.S. Dept. Agric.
WincateE (W. J.). A Preliminary List of Durham Diptera, with Analytical
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( xxxvii |)
Periodicals and Publications of Societies.
AFRICA.
BLOEMFONTEIN. First Annual Report of the Government Entomologist.
1905.
CarE Town. South African Philosophical Transactions, Vol. XVI, Part 1.
The Society.
PIETERMARITZBURG. First Report of the Natal Government Museum for the
year ending Dee. 31, 1904.
AMERICA (NORTH).
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LONDON, ONTARIO. The Canadian Entomologist. Vol. XX XVIII, 1906.
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MontrEAL. Royal Society of Canada. Proceedings and Transactions.
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Proceedings of the Mount Royal Entomological Society, 1905-6.
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Ontario. Entom. Soc. Ontario. Report for 1904. The Society.
UNITED STATES.
Boston. Boston Natural History Society. Proceedings. Vols. XXXI,
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BrooktyN. Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Science Bulletin.
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Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report, 1904 and 1905.
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Barpabos. West Indian Bulletin. Vols. IZI-VII, 1902-6.
F. D. Godman.
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Agricultural News. Vol. IV, 1905.
Jamaica. Institute of Jamaica. Journal. Vol. II, Nos. 2 and 5, 1894 and
1897.
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Bompay. Natural History Society. Journal. Vol. XVI, No. 3-5,and XVII,
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CaxtcuTta. Indian Museum Notes. Vols. II, III, IV, and V.
The India Office.
The Agricultural Ledger, Entomological Series, Nos. 1-8 and 11.
1893-1904. The India Office.
Pusa. Agricultural Journal of India, 1906. Vol. I, Part 1.
The India Office.
JAPAN.
Toxro. Bulletin of the Imperial Central Agricultural Experiment Station,
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WIresBADEN. Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde. Jahrbiicher. Jahrg.
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Hntomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. Vol. XVIII, 1906.
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Tar Hague. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. Jahr. 1906. Parts 1 and 2.
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( xliii )
ERRATA.
TRANSACTIONS.
Page 106, line 12 from bottom, for Forstrom read Forsstrom.
Page 125, line 6 from bottom, for cwulescens read ceruleus.
Page 134, line 13 from top, for these read three.
Page 137, last line, for five read fine.
Page 141, line 19 from bottom, for July 15th ead June 17th.
Page 141, line 12 from bottom, delete July 25th.
Page 362, line 10 from bottom, for Rynchota read Rhynchota.
a ia = ae \ for Aurikulus read Auritulus.
Page 453, line 9 from top, for Quezaetenango read Quezaltenango.
Page 467, line 3 from bottom, for assymetrical read asymmetrical.
Page 468, line 14 from top, for riiht read riihli.
Page 477, line 3 from top
Page 477, line 10 from bottom
Page 478, line 20 from top
Page 478, line 7 from bottom
Page 533, line 2 from top, and throughout the paper, for Dracenta read
Draconia.
for andreniformis read andreneformis.
PROCEEDINGS.
Page Ixxviii, line 5 from top, for Monyonchus read Mononychus.
Page Ixxviii, line 17 from top, for Dracenta read Draconia.
Page xc, line 2 from top, for andreniformis read andrenxformis.
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THE
PROCEEDINGS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON
For THE YEAR 1906.
Wednesday, February 7th, 1906.
Mr. F. Merririevp, President, in the Chair.
Nomination of Vice-Presidents.
The PresipDENT announced that he had nominated Mr.
Herpert Goss, F.L.S., Mr. Epwarp Saunpers, F.R.S., F.LS.,
and Mr, Cyartes Owen WaArteRHOUSE, as Vice-Presidents for
the Session 1906-1907.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. H. J. Carter, B.A., of “ Ascham,” Darling Point,
Sydney, New South Wales, and the Rev. Wini1am Henry
Heats, of Wolstanton Vicarage, Stoke-on-Trent, were elected
Fellows of the Society.
Obituary.
The decease of the Rev. Joseph Greens, M.A., was
announced,
Exhibitions.
Mr. W. KE. Sarr exhibited a specimen of Lathrobium
levipenne, Heer, a beetle new to the British list, taken by
him in a sandpit near Oxted, Surrey, in August, 1905, and
for comparison therewith the nearest members of the group
to which it belongs, LZ. boreale, Hoch,, L. fulvipenne, Grav.,
and ZL. angustatum, Lac.
PROC. ENT. SOC, LOND., 1. 1906. A
( i)
Dr. F. A. Dixy exhibited specimens of South African
butterflies captured by himself and Dr. Longstaff, and re-
marked upon them as follows :—
“It may be remembered that at a recent meeting of the
Society (Proc. Hint. Soc. Lond., 1905, pp. liv—lix), I gave some
account of the scents observed by us in South African Pierines,
calling attention to the fact that they were practically without
exception of an agreeable character and confined to the male
sex. On the present occasion I wish to speak of the perfumes
detected by us in butterflies belonging to other groups ; some
of these odours having a similar character to those of the
Pierines, while others belong to a different category.
“ Mycalesis safitza, Hew. g. On separating the fore- and
hind-wings, so as to expose the well-known ‘tufts,’ I at once
perceived a strong odour of chocolate, perhaps combined with
a trace of vanilla. This I noted at the time as ‘one of the
strongest butterfly scents known to me.’ I found no odour in
the female. Dr. Longstaff also detected a ‘chocolate scent,
not strong,’ in the tufts of the male.
“Pwo males of Mycalesis perspicua, Trim., examined by Dr.
Longstaff, emitted a ‘very strong treacly odour—quite distinet
from the scent of M. safitza.’ To my perception the scent was
rather of the chrysippus order, with a suggestion of burnt
sugar or treacle. We had no opportunity of testing the
female.
“Two male specimens of Yphthima itonia, Hew., and three
of Pseudonympha cassius were tested by me with a negative
result.
“The males of byblia goetzius, Herbst, yielded a very
distinet and agreeable odour of sweet chocolate, mingled, as in
Mycalesis safitza, with a suggestion of vanilla. Dr. Longstaff
reports a chocolate scent in the only specimen examined by
him—a female.
‘*T found a similar chocolate scent in a specimen of Gegenes
oculaia, Trim. ¢. Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgrn. 9, was
odourless, as also was 2 specimen (not yet determined) of
Pterygospidea flesus, Fabr.
“ Planema aganice, Hew., has been stated by Mr. Marshall
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 413) to have no smell. The
Git, ~)
green juice exuded from a male specimen appeared to me to
have an odour like that of a crushed cabbage leaf, which was
by no means unpleasant.
“ Both sexes of Acrea alboradiata, Auriv., have a distinct
odour which is described. by Dr. Longstaff as ‘musty’ and
‘like old hay.’ The female was independently noted by me as
smelling like musty straw.
“The scent of Acrxa anemosa, Hew., seems to vary greatly
in strength in different individuals. One of the males tested
by me had no apparent odour. Another male and a female
both smelt strongly of damp, fusty straw. Dr. Longstaff’s
specimens, all males, gave a ‘ musty’ odour of varying intensity,
Mr. Marshall (doc. cit.) states that A. anemosa ‘emits a very
strong smell when pinched, being the only Acree in which I
have noticed this, though possibly acaraw does the same.’
* No odour was perceptible in the wings or crushed thorax
of Acrexa cahira, Hopft. $. Mr. Marshall (¢ézd.) reports that
he was unable to detect any trace of bitterness or acridity in
this species,
“ Dr. Longstaff found a slight snuffy scent in the male of
Acrexa encedon, Linn., and an evanescent disagreeable odour,
not very strong, inthe female when crushed. The yellow juice
of this species is said by Mr. Marshall to be slightly bitter,
but not very markedly so.
“ Acrea doubledayi, Guér. 3, emits a yellow juice which
on one occasion seemed to me to be scentless. In another
male I detected a slight fusty odour. Dr. Longstaff reports
an ‘old hay’ scent on crushing, in both male and female.
“ Both sexes of Acrxa atolmis, Westw., were found by Dr.
Longstaff to possess a faint odour, which, however, he does not
describe. I did not examine the female, but a male specimen
appeared to me to be scentless.
“The smell of musty straw was very distinct in a female
specimen of Acrexa caldarena, Hew. It was only slightly
apparent in a male examined by Dr. Longstaff.
“In Acrea atergatis, Westw., I found that the same musty
odour was accompanied by a strong ammoniacal scent, like
that of stable-litter.
“‘ Both sexes of Amauris echeria, Boisd. (form albimaculata,
(Cow 9)
Butl.), yielded a similar smell of musty straw, accompanied in
this case by an evanescent sharp or pungent scent like that of
vinegar. <A considerable amount of yellow juice, which seemed
to be tasteless, was exuded by one male specimen. The
characteristic smell adhered to the fingers after crushing a
female specimen, though in this instance no fluid was seen.
In regard to A. echeria, Mr. Marshall remarks that in the few
specimens that he tried, no juice was emitted ; but they had a
nauseous taste and a strong smell which reminded him some-
what of that emitted by many Coccinellide. Dr. Longstaff
observed the musty smell and the transient pungent odour in
both sexes ; the latter he compares to acetylene. One female
was noted by him as possessing ‘a disagreeable odour like
some animal,’
“The scent in both sexes of Limnas chirysippus, Linn., in-
variably appeared to me to be of a strong and disagreeable
nature, like that of cockroaches, often stronger in the female.
The odour of the male seemed to contain an additional con-
stituent, which I am inclined to compare to the perfume of
burnt almonds. I found no increase of the scent when the
glands of the hind-wing were crushed with the forceps. Dr.
Longstaff noted a disagreeable odour in both sexes—stronger
in the female—which he likens to that of musk-rats or cock-
roaches. The excised glands of the male yielded on pressure
a yellow or brown juice, without perceptible taste or odour.
(For his impressions of LZ. chrysippus in India see Trans. Ent.
Soe. Lond., 1905, pp. 87, 89, 108, 137.) That great individual
differences exist in the appreciation of these scents appears
from Mr. Marshall’s statement that in his experience JL.
chrysippus emits no smell.
“A specimen of Charaxes varanes, Cram. ¢, on being
squeezed, emitted an odourless yellow juice. Another was
noted by Dr. Longstaff as havinga ‘treacly’ odour. A female
was thought by him to havea smell likecowdung. To me the
scent of the same specimen recalled that of L. chrysippus.
“ Sulamis anacardii, Linn., has an animal-like scent which
to Dr. Longstaff suggests the odour of rabbit-hutches. It
appears to be stronger in the female. ‘This may be compared
with Wood-Mason’s statement that the females of Papilio
Gov)
dasarada, Moore, ‘had the strong scent of caged porcupines
with a touch of musk’ (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, Vol.
LV, Part II, No. 4, p. 374).
‘Three specimens of Weptis agatha, Cram., captured by me
in Natal, emitted a strong and very disagreeable scent, much
like that of Z. chrysippus, but more intense. Two specimens
from the Zambesi, however, are reported by Dr. Longstaff
as having a ‘slight sweet scent,’ and ‘? slight scent’ respect-
ively. The Natal and Zambesi forms of this species certainly
differ in aspect, and it may be that a corresponding difference
exists in their scent-producing capacity. All five specimens
seem to be males.
“T found no smell in Veptis marpessa, Hopff. 3.
‘‘A male specimen of /Zypolimnas misippus, Linn., had a
smell like coffee ; not very strong.
“The male of Hamanumida dedalus, Fabr., was found by
me to smell like burnt sugar, or caramel toffee. A similar
scent of burnt treacle, accompanied by a ‘fairly strong animal
scent,’ was noted in another male specimen by Dr. Longstaff.
In two others, when dead, he detected a ‘mousy’ odour.
“‘T could find no scent in Lurytela hiarbas, Drury, d. Dr.
Longstaff records of two specimens (sex undetermined)
‘? snuffy scent.’
“ Precis clelia, Cram. 3, is said by Dr. Longstaff to have
a treacly scent.
‘The smell of fusty packing-straw, so common among the
Acrexas, is also found in Papilio demodocus, Esp. It is some-
times combined with asmell that suggests cabbage-water, or a
kitchen sink, and was found by Dr. Longstaff to be stronger
in the female than in the male.
‘* Papilio cenea, Stoll, ¢, has a similar odour ; less ‘ musty,’
according to Dr. Longstaff, than that of P. demodocus.
“ Papilio lyxus, Doubl. 6, is occasionally scentless. <A
few specimens were found by Dr. Longstaff to have an
olJour, more or less pronounced, which he describes as ‘ sweet,
luscious, flowery.’
“A specimen of Papilio leonidas, Fabr. 3, had a scent
which to my mind seemed like that of ZL. chrysippus. Other
specimens, however, all males, were described by Dr. Longstaff
(av)
as having a ‘strong, sweet, “ white flower” scent, followed by
something more spicy.’
‘“‘ Lastly, it may be mentioned that the Geometrid Cartaletis
libyssa, Hopff., which no doubt belongs to the synaposematic
group headed by ZL. chrysippus, exuded when pinched a
yellowish juice like that of an Acraa. This juice was
scentless.
“Tt will be observed that in some of these cases, e.g. in
Mycalesis safitza, the fragrance resembles that of the Pierines
mentioned on a former occasion in being agreeable in character
and confined to the male sex. The inference seems fair that
odours of this kind are employed as a means of sexual attrac-
tion and perhaps of recognition. Mr. Wood-Mason (Journ.
Asiat, Soc. Bengal, 1886, Vol. LV, Part II, No. 4, pp. 343-
393) found many years ago that the males of several Indian
butterflies belonging to the genera Danisepa, Mycalesis, Lethe
and Thaumantis, exhaled a pleasant fragrance of vanilla, the
corresponding females being scentless; one species of J/ycalesis
indeed received from Wood-Mason and de Nicéville the name
of suaveolens on this account. These instances clearly belong
to the same category.
‘The case is different with the odours of several Acraas
and some Papilios, in which the scent has been found to be
disagreeable or even disgusting. The possessors of such mal-
odorous perfumes are generally such as we should on other
grounds suppose to be distasteful ; and it is significant in this
connection that these unpleasant scents are as a rule shared
by both sexes, and indeed often show a marked tendency
towards greater intensity in the female. This is of course
precisely what we should expect on the hypothesis of their
value as a means of protection.
“In a former communication (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905,
p. lv), I mentioned the possibility that both kinds of scent
may occur in the same species; I have some reason to think
that this is the case with Z. chrysippus. The males of three
common species of Mylothris, viz., M. agathina, M. ruppellir
and J, trimenia, possess a well-marked and very agreeable
odour of which the females show no trace (Proc. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1905, p. lviii). There are, as is well known, strong
(aan) ))
grounds for believing this to be a distasteful genus, ahd it is
noticeable that both sexes emit on pressure a yellow or greenish
juice like that of an Acrea. I was never able to convince
myself that any odour attached to this juice, or, except in one
case (a female) to the crushed body. But it is quite possible
that an observer with a more acute sense of smell than I
possess might arrive at a different result. The disagreeable
odours of the Huplaw group are well known, but Wood-Mason
(loc. cit.) records that in Huplea (Danisepa) rhademanthus,
Fabr., ‘the eversible caudal rosettes of the males are finely
vanilla-scented.’ A still more conclusive instance, also noted
by Wood-Mason, is as follows:—‘The gland covered by a
patch of modified scales and by an erectile wisp of hairs on
each hind-wing in the male (of Stichophthalma camadeva,
Westw.) secretes a fluid that gives out a pleasant odour dis-
tinct from, but so faint as to be barely perceptible in the
presence of, a much stronger odour (resembling that of sable
fresh from the furrier’s shop), which is common to the two
sexes.’
“ A point of much interest in connection with these scents,
their diverse characteristics and presumably diverse signifi-
cance, is the probability thus suggested of a certain corre-
spondence between human esthetic preferences and those of
some at least of the lower animals.”
The general character
odours emitted by the various species shown, as also the
agreeable or the reverse—of the
property belonging to some of them of exuding a yellowish
or greenish fluid on pressure, was indicated in the exhibit by
means of coloured labels.
The Rey, A. E. Eaton inquired whether the coloured juice
was exuded from any particular pore, and suggested that when
crushed it would be worth while to put the specimen into a
solution of formaline, as he had noticed that in some species
under this treatment certain pores of the antennze were
extruded, and that the liquid came, not from the air tubes,
but from some special processes.
Mr. G. C. Cuampron mentioned that he had observed a
fluid exuding from the thorax of many Anthrocerids, and Dr.
G. B. Lonestarr said that he had found the expression of
(Cievatn)
fluid from the antenne so usual in collecting that he shifted
his specimens in papers after a short time to prevent them
adhering to the envelopes.
A discussion followed on the organs and uses of scent for
purposes of attraction and defence in insects generally, Mr.
J. W. Turr drawing attention to the fact that there are two
glandular scents in Lepidoptera: the one emanating from the
androconia ; and the other from the body, and that in determin-
ing the scent peculiar to the various species they must be
distinguished.
Professor Pou.ton, in congratulating Dr. Dixey and Dr.
Longstaff upon the interesting results of their careful observa-
tions in the field, referred to the fact that the scents observed
in the males alone, and presumably epigamic in significance,
were pleasing to the human sense, whereas those common to
both sexes, and presumably aposematic, were unpleasing to
man, x hypothesi, the first set appealed to the sense of the
female insect, the second to that of insect-eating vertebrates.
That the former should be agreeable to man appeared to be
a far more astonishing result than that he should find the
aposematic scents unpleasant. Professor PouLTon also
mentioned having seen in a dissection of the larva of
Cossus, prepared by Mr. O. H. Latter, a long tubular
gland emitting the odour peculiar to that species. The
Presipent, Dr. T. A. Cuapman, Mr. G. Brtuune-BakeEr,
Mr. M. Burr, Mr. G. J. Arrow and other Fellows continued
the discussion, at the close of which Dr. Dixry replied,
reminding Mr. Turr that he had already dealt with ‘“ andro-
conial” scents on two former occasions. It was of course
true, as he had previously stated (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904,
p- lviii) that the sexual scent in many Pierines, Lycienids,
Satyrids and Nymphalids was distributed, though not manu-
factured, by specialised scales either scattered over the wings
or collected into patches. At the same time it was worth
noticing that in some species, e.g. Ganoris brassice, which
were plentifully supplied with ‘‘androconia,” the scent was
barely or not at all perceptible; while in Gonepieryx rhamni
and G. cleopatra, both of which, and especially the latter, had
been found to possess a flower-like odour, he had been unable
( ix )
to detect any scales specialised for scent distribution. He
was not at present prepared to assert, from his observations in
the field, that the repulsive odours were in all cases con-
fined to the tissues and juices of the body ; though in some
instances the intensity of such odours was certainly increased
when the thorax was crushed.
Mr. W. G. SHeLpon exhibited a collection of Rhopalocera
made by him in Spain during July and August, 1905,
including Argynnis adippe, vars. chlorodippe and cleodippe,
together with typical European specimens, and var. cleodoxa,
for comparison ; an aberration of A. aglaia, with the black
blotches on the superior wings enlarged and banded, and
with dark suffused ground colour on all wings; Melanargia
lachesis, with var. canigulensis, and ab. cataleuca, LHrebia
stygne, var. penalarx, with Swiss type for comparison ;
Brenthis hecate ; Chrysophanus virgaurex, var. miegit, with
French typical specimens for comparison ; and Lesopis
roboris, all from La Granja, in the Guadarrama mountains ;
Satyrus priewrti and @ var. whagoni, and intermediates,
Epinephele lycaon, 9, Melitxea didyma, Erebia zapateri, with
French specimens of /. neortdas for comparison ; Lycena
hylas, var. nivescens, with type for comparison; and JL.
corydon and vars. hispana and polonus with intermediates
between all these forms, and also British, French, and Swiss
typical specimens for comparison. The last-named species
were collected in the Albarracin Sierra in Arragon.
Commenting on these exhibits, Mr.SHELpon said :—“ The Z.
zapatert. show considerable variation in the spot markings
of the inferior wings, sometimes without any red and thus
typical ; whereas others have single red spots, and others a
small red band, inclining towards the F rench forms of the
nearly allied species HZ. neoridas.
“The Lpinephele lycaon, female, are striking, the anal
ocellus which in European specimens is usually slightly
smaller than the costal ocellus in the Spanish specimens, is
distinctly larger, and in one or two it shows a strong tendency
to invade the surrounding light area, suffusing it with the
black of the ocellus.
“The Lycena corydon taken and exhibited are very interest-
x
ing. The usual form in Central Spain of this species is
with the almost white male, known as var. hispana, in the
Albarracin Sierra, however, it has been known for some time ;
a second form occurs with males of a deep violet-blue colour,
and which have been called var. corydonius of Herrich-
Schaffer, described from specimens from Asia Minor.
“ Dr. Chapman on his visit to Albarracin in 1901 found both
these forms, but could not ascertain any evidence of inter-
breeding, or any intermediate specimens, and he states in ‘The
Entomologists’ Record,’ Vol. XTV, p. 119, that ‘it was difficult
to say why they are not entitled to specific rank.’ Whilst I
was staying at Albarracin I was fortunate in obtaining
through the kindness of Miss Fountaine, who was also
collecting there, a copy of Zapater and Korbs’ ‘Catalog de
los Lepidopteros de la Provincia de Teruel,’ Albarracin being
of course in this Province.
“These authors have the following observations on the vavi-
ous forms of the species occurring in the district. Corydon
generally distributed; var. albicans, rare; var. corydonius,
not rare, locally; var. hispana, not abundant. My observ-
ations lead me to agree with Dr. Chapman that the form
hispana and the violet-blue form are geological varieties, or
at any rate that they occur on different formations, hispana
being confined to limestone, whilst I only observed the violet-
blue forms on metamorphic strata in the neighbourhood of
the village of Noguera, some fifteen miles from Albarracin,
with the exception of a single somewhat worn specimen,
captured flying wildly in the Guadalavier Gorge, some two
miles below Albarracin.
“The hills immediately in the vicinity of the town are
limestone, and here, except for the before-mentioned violet-
blue example, the corydon netted, probably some two hundred
in number, were var. hispana, with one or two per cent. of the
type form.
“There is a path leading up the hills to the south of the
town, towards a farm known as Losillo; here the rock forma-
tion is a deep red sandstone, but there is here also in places
an outcrop of limestone.
“The corydon were still var. Aispana with type specimens,
( xi)
but the latter here were considerably more abundant than
near Albarracin, and probably equalled eight or ten per cent.
of the total number examined, and of the remainder a con-
siderable number were intermediate between the typical form
and var. hispana; some of these I exhibit ; curiously enough
I did not myself, nor did my companions so far as I know,
meet with a single example of the violet-blue form here,
although Dr. Chapman scems to have found it frequent in
this locality.
“ At Noguera only the violet-blue forms, some of which are
exhibited, and a form in which the blue is equally strong, but
in which the violet is missing, occurred. I also exhibit this
form. These were exceedingly abundant, but unfortunately
I could only spend an hour or so amongst them, and as during
this time I was unwell, my observation here could hardly be
called exhaustive.
“From the above observations and on examination of the
specimens exhibited, I think it therefore is most probable that
the light and dark forms do cross freely when they meet, and
that the various forms of intermediate shade are the results.
“T have abstained from using the name corydonius for any
of the Spanish forms taken by myself, because I doubt whether
it should be so used.
“On referring to the examples of this species in the National
Collection, I find that the blue Asia Minor forms are well
represented ; there are three of these in the series :—
“J, A light violet form, much lighter, and with the violet
more pronounced than in any of my Spanish examples, and
with narrower darkening of the hind margins of the wings.
This is labelled corydonius, H.-S.
“2. A form with ground colour violet-blue, with very narrow
dark margins to the wings. The colour of these specimens is
almost identical with the violet-blue examples exhibited, and
they agree very well with them in all respects, except that
they are somewhat larger, and the darkening of the hind
margins is much narrower. They are named caucasica, Lederer.
««3. A form in which the ground colour is deep blue, without
any violet, and with the hind margins deeply shaded with
black. The colour of these is similar to the deep blue
(ea)
specimens exhibited, but the black margins are deeper. They
are labelled polonus, Zeller.
“The polonus of Zeller has been considered by some to be a
variety of Z. bellargus, and it is included with that species by
Staudinger in the last edition of his Catalogue, but I think
there is no doubt that it isa form of ZL. corydon. I take it
that as Z. bellargus in Arragon is very typical, and Staudinger
does not give any form of ZL. corydon except the type and var.
hispana and albicans as occurring there, he refers to forms
exhibited to-night.
“That they are not a form of L. bellargus is I think evident
from the specimens I exhibit of both species, neither the upper
nor under sides having any resemblance to that species.
“T,, bellargus, very typical in form and worn to rags, was
abundant in the Guadarrama Gorge, near Albarracin, about
July 20th, whereas the blue corydon were in good condition
some fifteen miles away, and at about the same altitude, on
August 7th.”
Dr. G. B. Lonestarr exhibited four species of Acrea taken
in South Africa during the visit of the British Association,
Viz. :-—
1. A. anemosa, Hew., from the Victoria Falls, and Mochudi
in Bechuanaland. Both sexes in good condition.
2. A. alboradiata, Auriy., previously known to Mr. Roland
Trimen by two females only, and considered by him as a
variety of anemosa. This species was abundant near the
hotel at the Victoria Falls, flying about the tops of trees, late
into the afternoon, or even at dusk. The females were in
far better condition than the males. After examining a long
series Mr. Trimen is disposed to think it a distinct species,
which should bear the name given by Aurivillius to Mr.
Trimen’s original specimen when believed to be merely a
variety of anemosa.
3. A. atolmis, Westw. In the Hope Collection are West-
wood’s types of two forms of this, to which he gave the names
of atolmis and acontias. There seems no doubt they are one
species. They were taken by F. Oates near the Victoria
Falls in January, 1875. Mr. Trimen has specimens from
Damaraland. Some of the specimens exhibited retain much
(sali 5)
of the brilliant red colouring which is so striking in fresh
specimens during life. The darker specimens resemble Prof.
Westwood’s acontias. Occasionally seen flying high, atolmis is
more common nearer the ground, being much addicted to
drinking from wet mud on the banks of the Zambesi, or at
patches of irrigation in the hotel garden.
4, A. atergatis, Westw. The two types of this are in the
Hope Collection at Oxford, having been taken by F. Oates
near the Victoria Falls in January, 1875. There are also two
specimens in the National collection. Dr, Dixey took four
specimens near the Falls.
The other three species exhibited were commoner and fell
to the nets of Dr. Dixey, Professor Poulton, and the exhibitor.
Professor E, B. Pourron, F.R.S., exhibited two Diptera,
which had been observed following the bee, Andrena labialis,
Kirb., by Mr. A. H. Hamm, assistant in the Hope Depart-
ment, Oxford University Museum. The specimens have been
compared with Mr. G. H. Verrall’s collection and identified
as Chortophila unilineata, Ztt., by Mr. J. E. Collin. Mr.
Hamm’s notes were as follows :—
“During the afternoon of May 27th, 1900, I was sitting
watching a fairly numerous colony of Andrena labialis,
nidificating on the sloping side of a small clay pit, near
Bagley Wood, Oxford. My attention was arrested by the
surprising behaviour of a fly, which kept following upa @ bee in
the most persistent manner. The bee seemed conscious of the
attention of the fly, and instead of making direct for the
burrow, it zigzagged about and sometimes alighted on the
ground, as if endeavouring to get rid of its pursuer; but
the fly was not to be shaken off; for it followed the bee in
all its movements, settling on the ground and resuming its
flight at the same time as the Aculeate. Throughout this
persistent pursuit the fly kept at a fairly uniform distance
of about six inches behind the bee. I saw about six of these
flies altogether, but no single bee was followed by more than
a single fly. I netted the two flies exhibited by Professor
Poulton, in one case capturing pursuer and pursued at a
single sweep.”
Professor Pounton stated that new and interesting light
(Co xate ©)
had been thrown on the observation by Col. Yerbury, who
pointed out that both flies were males. At first sight it
seemed astonishing that the bees should be pursued by the
males of inquiline flies ; but Professor Poulton suggested the
males in this way find their way to the burrows, where they
meet the females which have also reached them in the same
manner, or where more probably they lie in wait for the
freshly emerging females.
The Rev. A. E. Eaton doubted that the object of the male
flies following the bees was to be guided to where the female
flies were likely to be found. He remarked that these Diptera
frequent the Andrena colonies and have no need to be guided
to them. And might not these males have chased the bees
just as Vanesside and Hesperiide dart at and pursue any
Bombus or Pieris that happens to fly past their resort?
Professor Pouuron considered that the cautious and _per-
sistent tracking described by Mr. Hamm was inconsistent
with Mr. Eaton’s suggestion.*
Papers.
Dr. G. B. Lonastarr, M.D., read a paper ‘‘On some Bionomic
Points in certain South African Lamellicorns.”
Mr. Ronanp Trimen, F.R.S., communicated a paper ‘On
some new or hitherto unfigured species of South African
Butterflies.”
Commander J. J. WALKER communicated a paper entitled
‘‘Some Observations on the Reproduction of Hemiptera-
Cryptocerata” by C. Gordon Hewett, B.Sc.
* Since the meeting of the Society on February 7th, the two flies have
been further examined by Mr. J.E. Collin, who writes, Feb. 19th, 1906 :—
“ After a microscopical examination I consider them undoubtedly females :
all Mr. Verrall’s are females, but there is a male among the specimens in
his European collection from Kowarz.” The two specimens had been
previously studied with the lens, but not the compound microscope, by
Col. Yerbury, Mr. E. E. Austen, and Mr, Collin himself; and all three
Dipterists had then considered them to be males. It is fortunately
possible to correct the mistake on the very page in which it is printed.
The story enforces Darwin’s conclusion that errors of fact are more
dangerous than errors of hypothesis.
The eyes of these female flies are of a size and relative position which
seem to imply the male sex. The eyes of male flies in general are
probably chiefly developed for the pursuit of the female, and it may well
be that they are similarly formed in these females in order to aid in the
pursuit of the Hymenopterous host. [E. B. P.]
Wednesday, March 7th, 1906.
Mr. F. Merririeip, President, in the Chair.
Election of a Fellow.
‘The Rev. Grorce Wuee-er, M.A., of Les Tourelles, Territet,
Switzerland, was elected a Fellow of the Society.
Obituary.
The decease of the following Fellows was announced—Mr.
W. P. Buacksurne-Maze, Mr. C. W. Date, and Mr. F, J.
Horniman, F.LS., F.Z.S., ete.
KHehibitions.
Mr. H. W. Anprews exhibited two specimens of J/icrodon
latifrons, Lw., a rare dipteron taken in the New Forest in
June, 1905.
Mr. H. M. Epetsren showed examples of Vonagria neurica,
Hb., and WW. dissoluta, var. arundineta, Schmidt, from
Germany, with (?) var. arwndineta from Central Asia, for
comparison with NV. dissoluta and N. var. arundineta from
Kent, Cambridge and Norfolk. He said that for many years
N. neurica, Hb., had been confounded with the species occur-
ring in Britain, viz. :—W. dissoluta, Tr., and its variety arun-
dineta, Schmidt ; but V. newrica, Hb., is a distinct species and
does not occur in Britain, the type of our British species being
the WV. dissoluta, Tr., and (= hessiz, Bdr.), and of which arwn-
dineta, Schmidt, is the variety. WV. newrica, Hb., differs from
arundineta by its white collar ; the central streak has three
whitish dots in it, and the under-side is unmarked: while
arundineta has no white collar, the central streak also is dark
and ends in a black central spot, and the markings show
through on the under-side. Further, it is quite different in its
earlier stages.
Mr. L. B. Prout exhibited a variable series of Gynopteryx
gladiaria, Guen., and its varieties, and made the following
remarks upon it :—
“T believe it has long been suspected by the few who work
at South American Geometrids that Guenée’s seriaria and
rhombaria were merely forms of this, but T do not think any
(Cau)
‘synepigonic’ evidence has heretofore been adduced. My friend
Mr. A. F. Bayne and his brother have, however, now furnished
this, as my material will demonstrate. Besides two rows of
captured specimens, I am showing: ‘ brood 1,’ bred November,
1903, from a @-taken at La Paz, Mendoza, July, 1903, and
consisting of gladiaria (6 ¢, 39), seriaria (2 6, Guence’s var.
A), rhombaria (119); ‘brood 4, bred about the same date
from a 9 taken at Palmira, Mendoza, September, 1903, and
consisting of three specimens only, more or less typical ; ‘brood
8, one ¢, bred January, 1904, from a pairing obtained in
brood 4, this specimen being intermediate between gladiaria
and servaria, while Mr. Bayne writes me that others of the
same brood follow each of those forms; and a series of 9 ¢
and 10 ? bred end of July and throughout August, 1903,
from a Mendoza (La Paz?) 2? which seems to have been
yellow, though there is some uncertainty ; the progeny are
nearly all brown and I identify as ‘Apicia’ maldama, Schaus,
yet one ¢ is purely gladiaria (though with brownish costa) and
two others intermediate. Perhaps maldama is a seasonal form
of gladiaria. I know of no other July or August examples of
the species excepting the parent of brood 1, and this Mr. W.
M. Bayne says was ‘ yellow-brown with broad violet margin.’
Three ?’s captured at San Juan, Argentina, April 16th, 1904
(by Mr, A. F. Bayne), were also brownish, with the lines
rather distinct, much like a few of the extremer examples of
the variable ‘maldama’ brood. I may add that a fifth name
(Apicia nazadaria, Walk.) will probably also have to sink to
gladiaria.”
Mr. A. J. Curry exhibited combs of the honey bee formed
on a branch of nut tree, the bees having swarmed late in
the year. After July they deserted the combs, and having
consumed all the honey contained in them, again swarmed on
a neighbouring tree.
Prof. R. Menpora, F.R.S., exhibited on behalf of Major R. B.
Robertson a specimen of Prodenia littoralis, Boisd., which had
emerged in a breeding cage kept, with many others, by the
Major at Boscombe, Hants, for the reception of caterpillars
found in that district. The moth emerged on July 16th, 1905.
The species, which is figured in Hampson’s “ Moths of India,”
( xvu_ )
is said to have a distribution extending from the Mediterranean
subregion throughout the tropical and subtropical zones of the
Old World. Specimens from Madeira (Wollaston collection)
are in the British Museum. ‘The food-plant is stated to
be Lantana, and the larva is the “cotton worm” of Egypt.
Previous records of the appearance of this moth in England
are in existence, one specimen having been exhibited at a
meeting of the City of London Entomological Society in
August, 1891 (Ent. Record, vol. i, p. 167), by Mr. Boden,
who had found the larva feeding on an imported tomato. An-
other specimen was exhibited by Mr. Gregson at a meeting of
the Lancashire and Cheshire Hntomological Society in 1893,
the larva in this case having been found in the market-place
at Barnsley (Entom. Record, vol. iv., p. 20). There is no
information in the case of the specimen now exhibited where
the larva came from, beyond the fact that it must have been
found at large in Boscombe or the neighbourhood, as Major
Robertson has no communication with professional dealers, and
no larve are put into his breeding cages excepting those found
in his own district.
Commander J. J. Waker said he had taken the larva
in the Central Pacific Islands feeding on the tobacco plant.
Tt was remarkable that the imago was so much smaller com-
paratively with the larva.
Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited a J/antis on a portion of the
bark of a tree as found by Mr. F. Birch in Trinidad, who
stated that its close resemblance to a withered leaf was
evidently a protection for aggressive purposes.
Mr. M. Burr exhibited a series of Callimenidx, a small
family of Orthoptera, consisting of two genera, Dinarchus,
with the single species D. dasypus, Illig., and Callimenus, of
which all the known species were included, with the exception
of C. inflatus, Br., from Asia Minor. Callimenus ferdinandz,
Bol. (unpublished name), is a new species recently discovered
in Persia by the Spanish traveller Senor Escalera; C. mon-
tandoni, Burr, was discovered near Bucarest in 1898, and has
since been rediscovered in the same locality, and its position,
which was somewhat doubtful, definitely established; C.
oniscus, Charp., is fairly common in Greece and Southern
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I. 1906. B
(exvinls 4)
Turkey ; Callimenus pancici, Br., is a rarer species only
known from Servia; Callimenus macrogaster, Lefeb., is fairly
widely distributed in South Russia ; it was long regarded as
synonymous with C. oniscus and later with C. montandoni,
but it is now clear that it is a distinct species. All these
insects are confined to the countries bordering on the Black
Sea; they are sluggish and inactive creatures, living among
thorns and shrubs; they are entirely vegetable feeders ;
individuals appear to be nowhere numerous; in Russia they
are popularly known as “ground hogs” (zemlyannaya svinka)
or “fat fellows” (tolstun). The rudimentary elytra can be
just seen in the females, but in the males they are entirely
hidden. Brunner has observed that in July the males chirp
all day long, sitting immovably in the corner of a branch,
with the head downwards.
Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown exhibited specimens of Argynnis
niobe, var. eris, 9, from the Pyrenees, Cevennes, and South
Tyrolese mountains. He drew attention to the remarkable form
of the example taken at Gavarnie, in July 1905, of which the
coloration of the upper-side of all the wings was ruddy-copper
red shot with blue upon the nervures. He also remarked that
whereas specimens of eris and other Argynnids from the
mountainous regions of Central France showed a tendency to
maintain constant pale forms, those from the Pyrenees are
generally more highly coloured, while the high Alpine forms
of Central Europe inclined to melanism.
Mr. H. Rownanp-Brown, at the request of Mr. C. O.
Warernouss, also read the following note on the migration of
Lepidoptera extracted from a report on ‘‘ The Pearl Oyster of the
Gulf of Manaar— Avicula (meleagrina) fucata,’ by Henry Sulli-
van Thomas, F.L.8., F.Z.8., etc., extracted from the ‘‘ Madras
Journal of Literature and Science” for the session 1886-87 :—
‘‘ Butterflies can in an astonishing manner fly against a very
strong wind. ‘hat butterflies can so fly is a fact in natural
history which is doubtless well known, for as my memory
serves me it is mentioned by Darwin; and I have myself
repeatedly seen butterflies crossing the Red Sea with consider-
able rapidity in the very teeth of a decidedly stiff breeze—l
think, from memory without notes, that I may call it a reef
(“pba ))
topsail breeze, a breeze such that one expected every moment
to see a form lke a butterfly’s carried away helplessly before
it. And yet the butterflies had evidently started on their
migration with a consciousness of power to battle with the
opposing breeze, had already accomplished two-thirds or more
of their journey, and were continuing their course with no
uncertain rate of progress from the east to the west shores of
the Red Sea. Taken in this connection the fact kindly shown
me in the British Museum that certain patches on the east
and west shores of the Red Sea are the habitat of the same
butterfly is noteworthy. The structure of the butterfly pre-
pares us to expect that it would be liable to be tossed about
by any wind that blows, rather than that it would be able
confidently to adventure a passage of several miles in the
very face of it, and across a sea where it could never alight
to rest.”
A discussion followed, Colonel C. 'T. BincHam saying that
he had encountered a similar migration in the Red Sea.
Mr. Cuampion having suggested that apparent migrations
against the wind might be due to diverse air currents at higher
and lower levels, Colonel Brycuam said that in this case there
could be no mistake as the butterflies were flying on a level
with the ship in which he was at the time.
Professor E. 6. Poutron exhibited the original African
Journal written by W. J. Burchell, between May 24 and
September 2, 1812, both days inclusive. The account of
this part of his journey occupied the whole of a small note-
book bound in sheep-skin, and still in the most beautiful con-
dition. In a lecture before the British Association at Cape
Town, on August 17 of last year, Professor Poulton had
mentioned the unfortunate loss of the journals in which
Burchell recorded a general account of his doings during the
five years (1810-15) in Southern Africa and the five (1825—
30) in Brazil. His classical work, “Travels in the Interior of
Southern Africa,’ does indeed give a complete record between
November 26, 1810, and August 3, 1812,—the day on which
he brought to a conclusion his first visit to Litakun, the
capital of the Bachapins, in what is now British Bechuanaland.
Mr. Mason, head-master of the Boys’ High School at Ronde-
( xx)
bosch, near Cape Town, who was present at the lecture, told
Professor Poulton that a former pupil of his, named Burchell,
had brought to school a diary written by an ancestor in St.
Helena. Through Mr. Mason’s kind help Professor Poulton was
put into communication with Mr. Francis A. Burchell, a grand-
nephew of the great explorer, who has most kindly lent the
deeply interesting note-book now exhibited to the Society. At
the place where Burchell’s second volume comes to an end, the
words “end of the 2nd volume ” are written in pencil in the
margin. Beyond this point one month of the lost records are
here restored to us, from August 3 to September 2, 1812.
Furthermore even in the period covered by the published work
there are many statements of the deepest interest to us which
Burchell withheld. For the first time we are made acquainted
with the day and month of his birth. It is believed—but there
is no certainty—that he was born in the year 1782. July
23, 1812, was a day of great anxiety and trouble. Among his
attendants was a man named Cornelis, of Hottentot and
Dutch parentage. Cornelis had been unsatisfactory and
useless from the day of his engagement when he presented
himself ‘‘in a state of complete intoxication,” and now in the
midst of the Bachapin capital, Litakun, then visited for the
first time by a European, he broke out into open rebellion, and
Burchell was compelled, buckling on his pistols and cutlass,
personally to enforce obedience. The published account ends
with the words :—“ Thus ended one of the most turbulent days
which I had experienced since the commencement of my
journey.” (“ Travels,” vol. ii, London, 1824, p. 462.) The
manuscript journal, however, concludes the day with the
following personal details omitted fromthe second volume :—
‘**T continued in the waggon all the evening, and to divert my
mind from the past, I spent the remaining time with my flute.”
“Tt thus has unfortunately happened that I have been pre-
vented joining my family in their remembrances of me on this
day : and that my birthday should be marked as one of the
most turbulent days I have passed since landing on Africa.
From the little dependance I can place on my own people my
situation now begins to grow critical, and calls for the most
resolute but prudent measures.”
@xxipe)
Another record of great interest to the Society is found
under the date May 29, 1812, when Burchell was at Klaar-
water (Griquatown) making arrangements for his journey to
Litakun. It is contained in these words :—‘“ The Sphinx
Atropos is called by Colonists the Bye-mot or Duyvel-bye, and
is firmly believed to be poisonous.”
This sentence appears to have been written later than the
brief record of the day, the writing being in a darker ink
and compressed into the narrow space between the entries for
May 29 and 30.
Mr. Roland Trimen’s observation of the superstitious dread
of this species in South Africa is thus both confirmed and
carried back to a much earlier date. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1902, p. 402.)
Professor Poutton exhibited a specimen of the large Melo-
lonthid beetle Lepidiota bimaculata, Saunders, and directed
attention to the two white eye-like spots on the elytra, and to
the tapering posterior abdominal segments which suggested the
appearance of the snout of a small mammal. The relative
position of the eye-like spots and apparent snout was such as
to promote the deceptive resemblance, which was also strongly
assisted by the regular shape of the white spots, the direc-
tion of their long axes, and the fact that they lay in the
shadow of a low but district ridge. Similar appearances were
to be seen in several allied species, and Professor Poulton
suggested that there were conditions during life in which the
anterior part of these beetles was concealed, as it might be by
foliage or by burrowing, and that the appearance of the
exposed posterior part then acted as a defence. Professor
Poulton had been led to draw attention to this example, which
had been long known to him, because of the obvious and
interesting analogy with the interpretation of the powerful
posterior legs of the male //elerochelus, sp., offered by Dr. G.
B. Longstaff at the last meeting of the Society (p. 93).
Dr. F, A. Dixry exhibited specimens of Pierinz belonging
to the following species:—Terias lexta, Boisd., Teracolus
puellaris, Butl., and 7. danaé, Fabr. (India) ; Zerias brigitia,
Cram., Teracolus anne, Wallgrn., 7, speciosus, Wallgrn., 7. auxo,
Lue., 7. omphale, Godt., and 7’. eris, Klug (Africa) ; Tertas
(Sax 9
delia, Cram., Xanthidia nicippe, Cram., and Pyrisitia proterpia,
Fabr. (America), The under surfaces of the “wet” and
“dry” phases were in each case shown side by side, in order
to illustrate the very general tendency in these and other
species to assume a reddish coloration beneath in the dry
season. This tendency was most marked in the American
forms shown, and least marked in the Indian ; but was clearly
seen to be common to all three Continents. The reds varied
in character—sandy-orange, terra-cotta, Indian red and _brick-
purple being all represented; and the contrast with the
usually pale appearance of the under surface in the wet
season was in every case very distinct.
Dr. Dixey remarked that it could hardly be doubted that
this infusion of red in the ‘‘dry-season” forms had a cryptic
significance, and stood in relation with the very general preva-
lence of a reddish coloration, mostly due to the presence of
iron, in the sandy wastes and bare patches of soil which
formed a prominent feature in the tropical and sub-tropical
regions inhabited by these and kindred species. He had himsclf
observed that when the dry-season form of Jeracolus speciosus
settled on the red sandy soil of the “ Bluff” at Durban, and
then closed its wings soas to conceal the whole of the fore-wing
except the tip, the uniform red of the under surface as then
displayed made the insect very difficult of detection. <A
general redness of soil, recalling that of parts of the Devonian
system in England, was characteristic of large areas of the
African Continent ; and Dr. Longstaff had informed him that
similar conditions prevailed in India and China. The species
exhibited were generally ground-haunting ; and in all cases
the reddish tinge of the under surface extended to the tip of
the fore-wing as well as to the entire hind-wing, thus involving
just so much of the wings as was exposed during rest. He
considered that the present series of specimens tended to
illustrate and confirm Professor Poulton’s view of the generally
cryptic character of ‘‘dry-season ” phases.
Papers, ete.
Dr. T. A. Crapman read a paper entitled “ Observations on
the Life History of 7richoptilus paludum, Zell.”
(xxi)
Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., read a paper entitled
“Notes upon some remarkable parasitic insects from North
Queensland” by F. P. Dopp, F.E.S., and exhibited the fine and
carefully labelled material sent by the author. This material
consisted of a series of Braconidex bred from Lepidopterous
hests, Chalcidide from Lepidopterous and Hymenopterous
hosts, and a new Cyrtid fly of the genus Ogceodes, bred from
the Attid spider, Cosmophasis bitaeniata, Keys. The accurate
observations upon these parasitic species render the paper of
much value. Thus the host of the extraordinary and beautiful
Chaleidid genus Schizaspidea of Westwood has never before
been observed ; but Mr. Dodd records that the specimen
obtained by him—an example of a new species—was bred from
the pupa of a large ant of the genus Camponotus. Professor
Poulton desired to express his warm thanks for the kind and
cordial help he had received from distinguished naturalists,
in naming and describing the material, communicated to
him by Mr. Dodd. Im an Appendix to the paper the new
forms of Braconide and Chalcidide were described by Colonel
C. T. Bingham, and the new Cyrtid fly by Dr. Benno Wandol-
leck of Dresden. The ants had been kindly named by
Professor Auguste Forel of Morges, and the Attid spider by
Dr. G. W. Peckham of Milwaukee.
Colonel C. T. Bryeuam read the following note on “ A Plague
of Ants in the Observatory district, Cape Town, South Africa,”
and illustrated his remarks with specimens of the insects referred
to by him.
“The remarkable occurrence to which this note refers was
communicated to me by G. A. James Rothney, a Fellow
of this Society. With his letter telling me of it, Mr.
Rothney forwarded to me some correspondence and a cutting
from a local paper at Cape Town, also specimens of the ants. In
his letter Mr. Rothney says: ‘The head manager of our South
African business has been writing me at different times about
a plague of ants which has attacked a suburb of Cape Town
known as the Observatory district. I asked him to send me a
short report, accompanied with specimens of the ant, and these
have now come to hand.’ He goes on to say: ‘ There has also
been a good deal of correspondence in local papers, with hot
(Seay)
discussions at municipal meetings, and a good deal of money
seems to have been spent on attempted remedies. So far, the
most successful antidote seems to have been a sheep dip.’ The
report and correspondence referred to above do not, I regret to
say, give sufficient details, but I gather that this plague of
ants has been going on for a couple of years at least. It must
have been in full swing, so to speak, during the autumn months
of last year, when the meetings of the British Association were
being held in South Africa. Some of the Fellows of the Entomo-
logical Society present here to-night had the good fortune to
be present also at those meetings, and I should like to ask
them whether the occurrence of a plague of ants in the Observ-
atory district of Cape Town came to their knowledge, for it
seems to have been a serious, I may say a very serious, matter,
To us here in England it would appear almost absurd that a
mere increase in insect life should cause any great trouble,
but any one who has lived in the tropics, or in any country
where insects are numerous, or apt under certain conditions to
become so, will bear me out in the statement, that they are a
very real and grave cause of trouble and annoyance. It would
seem that the nuisance caused by this plague of ants in the
district mentioned has led to the appointment of a special Ant
Committee, whose business it is to consider ways and means of
dealing with it. Mi. Rothney’s correspondent, Mr. Timber-
lake, writes: ‘Mr. Hartley, who is a friend of mine, and the
chairman on the Ant Committee, is in the office, and I am
now dictating this letter, I told him I would like to send
home some specimens, and with great difficulty he has managed
to get hold of the queen, the big one in the phial which we
sens you last mail. The crowds of little ones are, of course, the
scourge. £300 was spent last year in attempts to destroy, but
without success. The house, garden, and the whole place is
overrun with them ; trees, beds, and everything. Numbers of
people have left the locality, and it has been very difficult to
locate the queen. The ants are traced to a saucer-like cavity
just below the surface not deeper than an inch, where there
are hundreds of eggs, but no sign of the queen. I do not
know whether you can suggest anything or give any advice
as to the destruction of this fearful plague, but if so you
( 2a" 3)
would be conferring an invaluable boon on the community.
The ants come into the houses in a thick black stream an
inch wide, marching over everything and into everything,
and in one case, a very sad instance—the case of a corpse—
people had to really sit up with it to prevent the ants
molesting the body.
“The newspaper cutting referred to above has the following
short report: ‘The Public Works Committee reported that
the complaints of the prevalence of ants had been received
from 57 properties in Observatory district, and that a supply
of disinfectants had been sent to Mr. J. H. Hartley, from
whom residents could obtain free supplies of disinfectants.
Mr. Hartley said something must be done on similar lines
as last year. Numbers of people were leaving the district.
They must try to do away with this pest, which penetrated
even into the houses of the most respectable people. Some
people had to spend from 5s. to 7s. 6d. weekly on disin-
fectants. Mr. Carey moved that the matter be referred to
the Sanitary Committee, adding that the Sanitary Superin-
tendent was doing what he could to have the district cleared.
Mr. Searle said they spent last year £300 of the ratepayers’
money for this item of disinfectants. They might as well buy
up the properties affected,’
‘With regard to the specimens of ants sent, some of them,
which I have had mounted on card for examination, including
the only ¢ and? sent, form the subject of the exhibit that I
have here. The little ones are the 00 of an Jridomyrmex,
subfamily Dolichoderine. The species is closely allied to, if
not identical with, Zridomyrmex anceps, Mayr, found almost
throughout the Indo-Malayan region. It had not, so far as I
know, been recorded from any part of Africa. The ¢ ? sent
belong to an entirely different subfamily, the Wyrmicine, and
I identify them as Aphenogaster barbara, Linn., race capensis,
Mayr.
“The inevitable conclusion, therefore, is that there has been
faulty (but, considering the little there is known, except to
professed entomologists, of the different species of ants, quite
excusable) observation in tracing the ants to their nests.
“With J, anceps, Mayr, in life I am well acquainted, and so
( xaxvi- ®)
far as my observations go it is essentially a tree ant. In fact,
I cannot call to mind any instance of finding it on the ground,
and certainly I have never seen nor heard of its intruding
into human habitations. It is not carnivorous, has no fune-
tional sting, and its jaws are so feeble that its bite is not
perceptible on the naked hand. Aphanogaster barbara,
again, is, so far as I know, a strict vegetarian, and I
presume its subspecies or race capensis is so also. Revert-
ing to the correspondence, there is some mention made
of the ants causing the plague being identified by some
entomologist as termites. It is evident that the specimens
sent to Mr. Nothney and those declared to be Termites could not
have been the same. No entomologist could confound a true
ant with a Termite, unless, indeed, on a hasty glance in perhaps
a bad light he mistook the 3 of Dorylus for a Termite, which it
somewhat superficially resembles. Dorylus helvolus, Linn., is,
T am informed, exceedingly common in the vicinity of Cape
Town ; it is a carnivorous species, and the 83 I know have a
habit of ‘marching in a thick black stream,’ as mentioned in
Mr. Timberlake's letter.
“To sum up, Iam of opinion that, owing to causes which
to us are still very obscure, there may have been during the
last two years a phenomenal increase of ant life in the vicinity
of Cape Town, and that the so-called plague is caused by not
one but by several species of ants.
“T have ventured to bring this remarkable occurrence to
the notice of the Society at the special request of Mr. Rothney.
In more than one letter to me Mr. Rothney has expressed the
hope that some of the members of the Society will take the
matter up, and make suggestions as to the best means of
combating what is no doubt a very great infliction to the
inhabitants of Cape Town.”
Dr, G. B. Lonastarr read a paper “On some Rest Attitudes
in Butterflies,” illustrated by numerous specimens arranged
upon backgrounds of specially-prepared sand-paper approxi-
mating to the natural surroundings of the insects in their
various habitats.
Dr. T. A. Cuapman understood that Dr. Longstaff’s remarks
referred chiefly to resting attitudes during quiescence, whem
(xxvii 9)
invisibility was desired, but the heliotropic attitude with tail
to the sun, was familiar to observers of Vanessas and other
Nymphalids—and some other butterflies of the European
fauna. During their active period, when, settling, usually on
the ground, they assumed that orientation, and spread their
wings flat on the ground with the head a little raised, making
the greatest display of their colours, but chiefly appearing to
desire to secure as vertical a sun as circumstances allowed ; this
might be different in the tropics. He wished to ask how and
how far these two phases of a similar orientation were related,
Professor KE. B. Pountron congratulated the author on the
many interesting facts and observations contained in his
memoir. ‘There was neither time nor opportunity to consider
these in detail; but the speaker felt that he must express his
deep interest in the principle suggested by Dr. Longstaff at
the conclusion of his account :—-that in the tropics there were
many hours of daylight during which insects were at rest
and their enemies active. It was clearly a principle of the
utmost importance, which must be seriously taken into
account in observing and recording bionomie data.*
Upon Dr. Chapman’s suggestion that butterflies assume a
* Since the meeting of the Society on March 7, I have remembered the
very interesting observations published in 1900 by Mr. N. Annandale, of
the Indian Museum, Calcutta. The author, observing the habits of cer-
tain Phasmidie and of a beetle larva, is led to conclusions very similar to
those reached by Dr. Longstaff from the habits of Lepidoptera. (‘‘ Notes
on the Habits of Malayan’ Phasmide, and ofa Flower-like Beetle larva,” by
Nelson Annandale, B.A., Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1900, No. xxix,
pp. 439-444.) In this communication Mr, Annandale describes a dull-
red species of Phasmid, Lonchodes, sp., nearly four inches long, which,
in the full blaze of the mid- day sun, is freely exposed on ‘‘ the upper sur.
face of certain broad leaves such as abound in neglected hill clearings.”
Even from below ‘‘its shadow was perfectly visible through the translucent
tissues of the leaf.”
“*T was quite unable to discover what became of them at night, for I
never found them on the leaves either late in the afternoon or early i in the
morning. Most probably they remained concealed among the undergrowth
except during the heat of the day.
“The Phasmid . . . is only conspicuous at certain times of day, when
the sun is at its hottest and brightest. . . . . At mid-day, the mammals,
birds and amphibians of the jungle are at rest. They are not asleep, but
they do not search actively for food, nor come out of the wood into the
clearings. .... Lizards, of course, are generally most active when the
sun is hottest ; but in these hill-clearings reptiles of all sorts are rare.
: I have a certain amount of negative evidence that the majority of
Malayan Phasmide are most active in the middle of the day, being
inclined to remain concealed in the early morning and late afternoon.
(7 xccv i)
position with their heads directly away from the sun in order
to receive as much heat as possible, the speaker wished to point
out, that when the wings are raised over the back, this was
the very position which insured a minimum of heat. The size
of the shadow cast is a criterion of the amount of heat inter-
cepted and in this position with the wings upright the shadow
becomes a mere line. When the wings of a butterfly resting
in this position on the ground are fully opened, there is, it is
true, some very slight compensating gain of heat, wherever
the sun’s rays strike the earth obliquely. The head of the
butterfly being turned from the sun, the raised costal margins
of its fore-wings insure that the heat rays strike the plane of
the wings with slightly less obliquity and therefore with more
thermal effect than they do the ground.
Referring to the “list” of butterflies in the resting position
Professor Poulton said that, on one occasion many years ago,
he had observed this movement in a pronounced degree in the
Green Hairstreak (Thecla vubi). The butterfly was observed
at rest on the flat surface of a leaf at Birdlip, Gloucestershire,
and it let itself down on one side so completely that it seemed
to lie flat on the leaf. The obliteration of shadow was very
marked and had at the time forced itself upon the speaker’s
mind as the significance of the attitude.
Dr. F. A. Dixey said that he was much struck with the fact
pointed out by Dr. Longstaff, that there were several hours of
daylight during which most butterflies were inactive, and were
. . . « Too late or too early in the day, it was impossible to see a single
stick-insect in the clearing ; and during my six months’ stay in Lower
Siam, I never was able to discover any Phasmide of any species late in the
afternoon.” Mr. Annadale however found a single specimen in the early
morning clinging motionless, like an enormous Geometrid larva, toa blade
of grass, and remaining ‘‘ absolutely still while the grass was broken off.”
Towards the end of the paper Mr. Annandale describes the habits of a
flower-like beetle-larva (apparently an Endomychid), which, ‘‘ early in the
morning, as late as two hours after sunrise (which occurs in Patalung
between tive and six o’clock),” rests ‘‘ motionless in the angle formed by
the leaves with the stem” of its favourite plant. These same larve are,
he states, extremely active during the heat of the day. As possibly bearing
upon these habits the author remarks that ‘‘ The hour immediately pre-
ceding and following upon sunrise is the time of the greatest activity of
many Malayan animals, for both nocturnal and diurnal species are often
then at work.” At the same time, Mr. Annandale is careful to point out
that nothing is ‘‘ known as to the enemies and dangers to which this
particular insect is exposed.” [I. B. P.]
(Gy eexixa)
therefore fully exposed in the resting position to the attacks
of insectivorous enemies. This could hardly fail to have an
important influence on their postures and colouring. ‘To the
evidence lately adduced in favour of the selection by butterflies
of appropriate surroundings for their concealment during
repose, he might add the testimony of Mr. R. M. Christy, who
observed a black and yellow Papilio choosing, after much
fluttering, to settle on a twig of Detula glandulosa bearing
withered leaves of a similar yellow colour, (Proc. Ent. Soe.
Lond., 1885, p. ix.) There were some interesting records by
Captain Clements, R.A.M.C., who observed that ‘ Papilio
merope d almost invariably selects a broad-bladed grass,
striped with brown and yellow, and, hanging pendent from
its extremity with the wings folded, the upper ones being
covered over and concealed by the lower, it cannot be seen
until it is again startled into flight. Another butterfly, in this
case the female, which selects a resting-place which effectually
conceals it, is Catopsilia florella ; this yellow insect has small
round silvery spots surrounded by a narrow brown margin on
its wings. When near a mango-tree, of which some few of
the leaves are of a bright yellow colour, dotted with spots
identical in colour, shape, and disposition with those above
described, it invariably selects these leaves for settling on, and
is then very difficult to detect.” (“Ona Collection of Sierra
Leone Lepidoptera,” by W. Schaus and W. G. Clements, Lon-
don, 1893.) The last observation, he thought, afforded a very
complete parallel with the case of Lvonia cleodora; and the
evidence collected from so many quarters appeared to be con-
clusive as to the prevalence, throughout a wide range of
species, of this habit or faculty of selection.
The Presipent, Mr. H. Rownanp-Brown, Mr. G. C. Caam-
pion and other Fellows joined in the discussion.
(8 exe o)
Wednesday, March 21st, 1906.
Mr. F. Merrirretp, President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
THe Rev. Grorar A. Crawsnay, M.A., of ‘ Lowlands,”
Leighton-Buzzard ; Mr. Herewarp Doriman, of Hove House,
Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.; Mr. Epwarp DukINFIELD
Jones, of “Castro,” Reigate; Dr. Joun Nevinte Keynes,
M.A., D.Sc., of 6, Harvey Road, Cambridge; Mr. D. L.
McCarrison, Indian Police Forces, Madras Club, Madras ;
and Mr. Grorce E. TryHaAns, of St. Ann’s, Trinidad, B.W.L.,
were elected Fellows of this Society.
Lehibits.
Dr, Drxery exhibited male and female examples of Pierines
belonging to the genus Hronia with the closely-allied genera
(or subgenera) Vepheronia and Leuceronia. He drew attention .
to the great diversity of aspect that obtained between different
members of this group, especially the females, and showed that
in many instances this was due to the fact that one or both
sexes of the Hronia had been assimilated in aspect to a form
or group of forms either known or suspected to be distasteful.
He believed the association to be in most cases synaposematic
(Miillerian) rather than pseudaposematic (Batesian); but it
was perhaps possible that in Hronia leda, which possessed a
cryptic under-side, we had a case of true mimicry. Lvronia
cleodora, Hiibn., which was more closely related to EH. leda
than were any of the forms shown, was not a mimic ; its sexes
were similar to each other, and both male and female appeared
to trust for protection to their cryptic under surface. The
same was probably the case with the female of 4. leda, which
also seemed not to be a mimic; but the male in this instance,
though to some extent cryptic beneath, was an excellent copy
of another Pierine, viz. Teracolus auwxo, Luce., or of its northern
form 7. ineretus, Butl. On these grounds the presumption was
that both #. cleodora and its congener EH. leda were less
distasteful than other members of the Hvonia group, and it
Gi acxib 1)
seemed therefore possible that the mimicry by £. leda ¢ was
Batesian, the female finding perhaps a more effective defence
in the cryptic colouring of its under surface. In the remaining
cases there was less reason to presume edibility, and the females
had become powerfully affected by other protected forms of
various affinities.
With respect to some of the “‘ models,” the evidence of the
distasteful quality of the groups represented by Zirumala
limniace and the two species of MMylothris was generally
admitted to be strong. ‘There appeared to be no direct
evidence as to Vychitona medusa, but it had the habits of a
protected form; while Huphina phryne (nerissa) was found
by Mr. Finn, as a result of many experiments, to be disliked
by several insectivorous birds.
The species shown were as follows, a specimen of the
“model”? being in each case placed beside the form which
resembled it :—
Nepheronia hippia, Fabr., associated with Tirumala limniace, Cram.
N. avatar, Moore, - Huphina, nerissa, Faby.
Leuceronia thalassina, Boisd., _ ,, Mylothris spica, Mosch. 9.
(2 with brown upper wings.)
L. argia, Fabr., i M., viippellii, Koch @.
L. pharis, Boisd., 5 Nychitona medusa, Cram,
Lronia leda, Boisd., os Teracolus ineretus, Butl.
Mr. R. Apkin showed two specimens of Hmmelesia wni-
fasciata which had emerged in August last from pupe which
had lain over since the autumn of 1900, thus having passed
five seasons in the pupal stage. Some fifty larve went to
earth in the autumn of 1900, from which ten moths emerged
in 1901, eleven in 1902, two in 1903, five in 1904, and the
two examples exhibited in 1905.
Commenting on Mr, Adkin’s remarks, Mr, A. H. Jones
mentioned that he had observed in this species a three years’
retardation.
Paper.
Dr. T. A. Coapman, M.D., exhibited a number of specimens
from the Riviera, Sicily, etc., and read a paper on the “ Progres-
sive Melanism in the Riviera of Hastula hyerana.”
(xxx y
A discussion followed on melanism and its causes, Mr. G.
T. Porrirt pointing out that in this case the tendency could
hardly be attributed to carbon deposited from a smoky atmo-
sphere, while it was a well-known fact that in some of the
most marked cases of melanism observed in Yorkshire, that the
dark forms of species such as Acronycta menyanthidis were
found in localities unaffected by smoke. Dr. F. A. Drxry
suggested that melanism undoubtedly occurs as a “sport” in
some creatures, and may under certain circumstances be
selected. The PrestpEnt took the view that there are probably
several entirely different and at present undetermined causes
at work to produce the effect in questien.
Wednesday, April 4th, 1906,
Mr. C. O. Waternouseé, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Lronarp Doncaster, M.A., King’s College, Cambridge ;
Major F. Winns Sampson, H.M. Travelling Commissioner,
Senior Officers’ Mess, Old Calabar, Southern Nigeria ; and Mr.
RareicH 8. SmatuMan, Wressil Lodge, Wimbledon Common,
S.W., were elected Fellows of the Society.
Exhibits.
Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorpe exhibited a specimen of the very
rare ant Formicorenus nitidulus, a @, found in a nest of
Formica rufa at Weybridge during the present month. Mr.
A. J. Curry said he had taken a single 2 of the species in
the Blean Woods, Kent, and the Rev. F. D. Morice reported
it common in Switzerland, where he had taken examples of all
three sexes abundantly.
Mr. G. C. Cuampion showed a specimen of Platypsyllus
castoris, Ritsema, a Coleopterous parasite of the beaver, from
France, and suggested that perhaps it might be found on the
beavers in the London gardens of the Zoological Society.
© xxxiii 5)
Mr. W. G. SHeitpon exhibited several specimens of a
Noctuid moth, described by Dr. H. Guard Knaggs, as Agrotis
helvetina (Entomologist’s Annual, 1872, p. 115). He had
purchased them at the sale of the late Dr. Mason’s collection,
in which they were labelled as light varieties of Voctua augur,
to which species he thought in fact that they should be
referred.
Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited examples of butterflies taken by
him last year in Majorca showing injury to the wings, caused
in his opinion by the attacks of lizards. He remarked that a
large proportion of the few butterflies met with in the island
were mutilated, especially at the posterior part of the hind-
wings. A Gonepteryx cleopatra and a Pararge megera had
semicircular pieces removed, while another specimen of the
latter showed that quite half the hind-wings had been removed
as though cut by a pair of scissors.
Dr. G. B. Lonestarr observed that these butterflies appeared
to be much more irregularly treated than the species he had
noticed to be similarly attacked in India, and Mr.W.G.SHELDON
agreed with the exhibitor as to the cause of the damage,
observing that it was unusual where he had collected to find
insects attacked in this peculiar way where lizards did not
exist.
The Rey. F. D. Morice mentioned that remarkable and
apparently constant characters, both generic and specific, were
to be found in the calcaria of Hymenoptera ; and asked if any
use was made of the corresponding structures for classifying
and diagnosing insects of other Orders. He also referred
to the theories of various writers on the functions of
calcaria
e.g. Kirby and Spence regarded them as assisting
insects to walk and climb, but he did not think that this was
mainly, if at all, their function in the Hymenoptera, and had
only actually seen them used for toilet purposes, 7. e. to remove
dust, pollen, etc. from other parts of the insects’ bodies. It
was well known that bees and wasps cleaned their antennze
with the caicaria attached to their front tibie. Females of
many species belonging to almost every group of Hymenoptera
possessed remarkably pectinated (interior) calcaria on the hind-
legs. The development of this structure differed greatly in
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 11. 1906. G
(" xcaxiv) )
different groups, but it did not seem to stand in any obvious
relation to the habits of the insects (whether predaceous,
pollen-gathering, parasitic, etc.). It was found alike in Bees,
Wasps, Fossors, Chrysids, Saw-flies, and other groups ; the
common Hive-bee, which has no “ calcaria” on the hind-legs,
but in their place the well-known “ pollen-basket,” being a
curious exception to the rule. He invited any information
from the students of other Orders, as to the development of
“ calcaria,” or analogous structures, among insects generally ;
and especially asked if any one present had noticed anything
which could throw light on the question as to their functions.
Mr. C. O. WarterHovusE said that similar spurs existed in
the Trichoptera, though they did not assume such beautiful
forms as in the Hymenoptera ; but as to their uses, he was not
aware that any observations had been published or made on
the subject. Mr. G. C. Cuampion remarked that they were
also well developed on the hind-legs of some Coleoptera,
such as the Melandryadx of the genera Orchesia and
Anisoxya. Commander J. J. WALKER suggested that they
are probably connected with the well-known jumping power of
these beetles.
Wednesday, May 2nd, 1906.
My. F. Merririetp, President, in the Chair.
Obituary.
The decease was announced of M. Lron Fatrmaire, the
distinguished French entomologist, who died on Aprit Ist,
1906, aged eighty-six years.
Exhibits.
Commander J. J. WaukER showed fourteen examples of
both sexes of Hystrichopsylla talpx, Curtis, the largest of the
British fleas, taken in the nest of a field-mouse in a tuft of
grass at Grange, near Gosport, Hants., on March 28th, last.
Mr. G. C. CHampton exhibited living specimens of Apate
capucina, Deilus fugax, a Cryptocephalus (rugicollis), two species
Gp mxxv' =)
of Anthaxia, etc., forwarded by Dr. T. A. Chapman from
Ste. Maxime, South France.
Mr. F. B. Jennines brought for exhibition an example of
the weevil Procas armillatus, F., taken near Dartford, Kent,
on April 13th, last. This species appears to be extremely
scarce in Britain, and with the exception of a single specimen
taken near Chatham by Commander Walker, and exhibited by
him at the meeting of the Society held March 18th, 1896, has
not been recorded from this country for a considerable period.
Mr. M. Jacosy exhibited a box of beetles from New Guinea,
including Aesernia meeki, Jac., A. costata, Jac., A. gestrot, Jac.,
and Cetoniadx and Lucanide from South Africa and Borneo.
Mr, H. Sr. J. DonistHoree exhibited specimens of Hydyo-
chus nitidicollis, Muls., a beetle not hitherto recorded in
Britain, taken in the River Meavy at Yelverton, Devon, in
April.
The Rev. F. D. Morice exhibited lantern-slide photographs
(from nature) of the ? calcaria postica in Hymenoptera belong-
ing to divers groups, mostly Aculeates, but including also
representatives of the Chrysids, Ichneumonids, and Sawflies.
He submitted that, in all the examples shown, the structure
of the calcaria themselves (and also of the parts adjacent to
them) clearly indicated that their main function was that of
an elaborately-constructed instrument for toilet purposes. It
was well known that the anterior calcar was used as a sort of
strigil to clean the antenn ; but little attention seemed to
have been paid to the question how the other calcaria were
used, though various suggestions had been offered, e. g. that
they assisted the insects in progression, or in “climbing”
(Burmeister), or in “digging their burrows” (Kirby and
Spence). He did not think that the structure and position
of the calcaria made any of these suggestions probable ; and
added that climbing was seldom if ever practised by
Hymenoptera, and that parasitic Aculeates, Ichneumonids,
Sawflies, ete., did not dig. Practically all the Hymenoptera,
however, visited flowers ; and might thus become dusted with
the pollen, which would require to be removed from time to
time ; and the theory that this was the real function of the
calearia in all cases, seemed to explain satisfactorily all the
(Fexxxvi@ )
structural phenomena presented by them (e. g. serrated inner
margins, pectiniform rows of spines and bristles, brush-like
pilose fascicules, etc.). He should be glad to hear of any
observations that might have been made as to the structure
and functions of calcaria in insects of other orders, having
examined them himself only in the Hymenoptera.
Dr, F. A. Dixty exhibited male and female specimens of
the African Pierines Lelenois thysa, Hopff, and Mylothris
agathina, Cram. He drew special attention to the fact that
the resemblance between these two species, which Mr. Trimen
speaks of as ‘deceptively close in both sexes,” applies mainly
to the dry-season phase of the elenois and not to the wet.
This, he observed, was well illustrated by the exhibit, which
included wet and dry-season examples of both sexes of
B. thysa; M. agathina showing no seasonal change. The
resemblance borne by the male elenois to the male MMylothris
was much more striking in the dry-season specimen of the
former than in the wet; and while the dry-season female
B. hysa was an excellent copy of the female J/. agathina, it
was seen that the usual wet-season form of the same sex did
not mimic the Mylothris at all. These facts appeared to be
significant in relation to the comparative scarcity of insect
food during the dry or winter months, and the consequent
greater liability of dry-season forms to the attacks of enemies.
The higher need for protection thus experienced by the dry-
season forms had been clearly shown by Professor Poulton,
who had found in the principle referred to an explanation of
the cryptic garb assumed in the dry season by several species
of Precis (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 432-443). Other
examples of the same phenomenon had been subsequently
adduced by the speaker, who had also brought evidence to
show that it was especially characteristic of the female sex
(Ibid., 1903, pp. 155-158, Pl. vu.). But the present instance
differed from all these in the fact that the protection enjoyed
by the dry-season phase took the form not of cryptic colora-
tion but of mimicry. The species of M/ylothris were held on
good grounds to be distasteful, and Mr. G. A. K. Marshall
had expressed the opinion that 2. thysa was a Batesian mimic.
This might be so, but the speaker rather inclined to the view
( e-2-6.47201))
that the resemblance was synaposematic. In either case the
difference between the seasonal phases with respect to their
approach to the distasteful model was undoubtedly significant,
and he thought it would not be easy to find an explanation
better fitting the facts than that just offered.
Papers.
Mr. Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., contributed a paper
‘On the Genus Jmma, Walk. (= Tortricomorpha, Feld.).”
My. H. Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.S., contributed the following
paper on “The Late Professor Packard’s Paper on the Mark-
ings of Organisms.” In the absence of the author, Professor
E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., explained the drift of the paper, and
expressed his agreement with the main lines of argument :—
The late Professor A. 'T. Packard read a paper before the
American Philosophical Society on December 2nd, 1904, in
which he criticised at some length the Bates-Miiller hypothesis
of mimicry. The paper is the more welcome owing to the
comparative scarcity of literature dealing with the subject
from an antagonistic point of view. Since the promulgation
of the presently accepted theories of mimicry and protective
resemblance the subject has made very considerable progress-
Whilst, however, the strongest supporters of the Bates-
Miiller theories have lost no opportunity of publishing facts
corroborative of the general principles which they uphold,
the opponents of these views have for the most part contented
themselves with a kind of passive disagreement, usually
treating the whole subject with a species of airy contempt,
sometimes putting forward somewhat vaguely formulated ob-
jections, but in no case, so far as I have been able to ascertain,
bringing forward any really satisfactory hypothesis on which
to base an explanation of those phenomena for which the
Bates-Miiller theories seek to account. Nor does the paper in
question remove this latter defect. The main conclusion is
that the instances of resemblance which have been noted
amongst organisms are due, not to any tendency of an un-
protected species to resemble for its own benefit, a protected
form, but to the biological environment of the species con-
cerned. ‘Sunlight or excessive contrasts of light and shade
(| xxxvili_ )
combined, moisture and dryness, differences in environment or
other climatic causes as affecting the amount and distribution
of pigment.” It is as a student of the so-called mimicry in
butterflies endeavouring to be as impartial as a deep interest
in the subject will allow, that I wish to deal with Professor
Packard’s paper, and the object of the following remarks is to
show that the difficulties in the way of accepting that author’s
arguments against the Bates-Miiller theories are at least as
great as those which beset their would-be upholders, and
that whilst the paper is deserving of the greatest attention
as being one of the few lengthy and carefully compiled
criticisms of what Dr. Sharp describes as the ‘ fashionable
theories,” it at the same time falls short of the one essential
of providing a really satisfactory alternative.
In his introductory remarks Professor Packard compares
the observed cases of mimicry between butterflies with the
resemblance of a zebra to an antelope or that of the ‘spotted
leopard of the Old World” to the ‘‘ jaguar and ocelot of the
New World, their habits and environment being the same.”
But surely the cases are not analogous. No one has ever
attributed the resemblance between a leopard and a jaguar to
the pattern of either animal being protective by reason of its
resemblance to the other. The spotted appearance of a
leopard and an ocelot is no doubt a case of what Professor
Poulton has described as ‘“syneryptic” coloration, each
animal being concealed by resembling the same thing, and
such a case is of the same nature as the remarkable resem-
blanee of the under-side of many butterflies to dead leaves.
The only difference being that in the case of the butterflies the
syneryptic coloration is protective, whereas in the leopard and
similar animals it is probably aggressive. Neither form of
coloration comes under the head of Batesian or Miillerian
resemblance. Following on these remarks, we are told that
“‘what has been understood as protective mimicry, in the
sense of Bates and of Miiller and their followers, has a
precarious basis.” But the resemblance of an animal to its
inanimate surroundings is not at all ‘“‘ what has been under-
stood as protective mimicry, in the sense of Bates and of
Miiller and their followers.” Professor Packard further
(texan: )
maintains that the Bates-Miiller hypotheses are seriously
undermined by the fact that the wings of insects were, as
early as the Carboniferous period, striped or barred and
spotted long before birds ever appeared.” I cannot however
see that this affects the Bates-Miiller hypotheses at all. Such
stripes, bars and spots may for all we know, have been
cryptic or epigamic, but this would not preclude the ultimate
development either of sematic or pseudosematic coloration.
It will be as well here to recall the fact that Professor
Packard entirely misunderstood what is generally known as
‘¢ Miiller’s hypothesis.” Put very shortly, Miiller’s suggestion
was that butterflies belonging to different genera, both dis-
tasteful, might come to resemble one another so that the
general sacrifice to the inexperience of insectivorous enemies
would be divided between them.
This theory was published in 1879. Nine years previously
Miiller had made a tentative suggestion that the resemblance
between protected genera had been brought about by sexual
selection. It is this theory which Darwin described as
“rather too speculative to be introduced into my book,” and it
is also the theory which Professor Packard regarded as the
accepted Mullerian hypothesis. ‘The error has been very fully
pointed out by Professor Meldola in a letter to “ Nature”
published in November 1905, and materially affects the value
of Professor Packard’s criticisms.
Mr. Abbot H. Thayer’s view that the colours of animals are
such as to cause the creature to cease to appear at all, appears
to be merely a universal application of the theory of cryptic
coloration. Instances of cryptic coloration are too common to
admit of any doubt whatever, but to maintain that every
animal is coloured for concealment appears to me to be too
much of a generalization. Probably few would deny that
warning colours are exhibited by many stinging insects, dis-
tasteful caterpillars and other offensive creatures, to take only
the insects alone. Mammals and reptiles, however, are also
known to exhibit warning colours, as for instance the skunk with
its white tail, the coral snake, and certain brightly coloured
frogs described in Mr. Belt’s “ Naturalist in Nicaragua.”
The warning colours exhibited by certain caterpillars have
( xl)
formed the subject of much experiment by well-known inves-
tigators, and all are agreed that insect-eating animals refuse
those larva which possess conspicuous coloration.
Professor Packard next proceeds to emphasize the paucity
of evidence on which rests the theory that insectivorous birds
are the principal agents of natural selection in Lepidoptera,
Here | feel myself bound to agree that the recorded instances
of butterflies forming the staple food of birds are few and far
between. It would at first sight appear that if birds are really
the principal cause of modification in the markings of butter-
flies’ wings there ought to be no necessity for the supporters
of the Bates-Miiller theories to be obliged to seek out instances
of birds eating butterflies. It should be generally recognized
that birds do actually destroy butterflies in large numbers, but
on the other hand most experienced collectors seem agreed
that the sight of a bird even chasing a butterfly is of rare
occurrence. One point, however, is frequently overlooked
alike by the supporters and opponents of the Bates-Miiller
theories, viz :—that it is not to be expected that any of the
full-grown and experienced birds will be frequently observed
catching butterflies, since they have already learned to avoid
the distasteful species and incidentally their imitators. Only
the young birds will attack and experiment with distasteful
and edible kinds alike, and since on the one hand, young birds
are notably retiring and inconspicuous and furthermore will
speedily learn that butterflies are unprofitable prey, it is not
to be wondered at that birds are not universally observed to
be butterfly eaters.
Many common occurrences in nature are exceedingly diffi-
cult to observe, and it would seem at least possible that the
destruction of butterflies by young birds is carried on to a far
greater extent than would appear from casual observation.
The evidence adduced by Professor Packard is to some extent
contradictory, and whilst some of the observers assert that
they have never seen butterflies attacked by birds, others
again mention numerous cases of this form of destruction.
Instances are given by butterflies being eaten by birds in
North America, India, Ceylon, Burmah, Natal, etc., but it
must be acknowledged that the evidence on this head, and
(Blut)
upon which undoubtedly rest, to a great extent, the Bates-
Miiller theories, is by no means so complete as is desirable for
their thorough establishment.
Professor Packard then proceeds to discuss the case of
Anosia plexippus, which is usually considered to be a dis-
tasteful species mimicked by Limenitis disippus. Evidence of
the edibility or otherwise of Limenitis is wanting, but judging
by the abundance of individuals and slow flight, it may be
regarded as a protected genus. As regards Anosia plexippus,
the evidence adduced certainly goes to show that the insect is
distasteful, since in one case the insect was caught but not
eaten, and in the second was refused with apparent signs of
disgust after close inspection. The statement further adduced
that Limenitis disippus has never been seen to be attacked,
goes to confirm the conclusion that it is also inedible.
Professor Packard then proceeds to give the observations of
Mr. Finn given in his ‘‘Contributions to the Theory of
Warning Colours and Mimicry.” Little need be said here
on the subject of these experiments, except to quote Mr. Finn’s
final conclusions: ‘That many, probably most, species (of
birds) dislike, if not intensely, at any rate in comparison with
other butterflies the ‘warningly coloured’ Danainex, Acrea
viole, Delias eucharis and Papilio aristolochix ; of these the
last being the most distasteful, and the Danainx the least so.”
In the paper under discussion considerable space is devoted
to enumerating instances of birds eating butterflies both
under natural conditions and in captivity, and the general
impression to be gained from the expressed opinions of the
various authorities quoted may be summed up in the state-
ment that whilst some birds in the wild state, and many in
captivity, show a marked appetite for butterflies, observations
of instances of the destruction of the latter by the former are
of rare occurrence.
It should not be however forgotten that where evidence
of such destruction has been systematically sought it has been
found to be plentiful, and I would refer those interested to
the very extensive work in this direction which has been
carried out by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall in South Africa, a full
description of which has been given in the joint communica-
(xii)
tion of that author and Professor Poulton, and published in
the Transactions of this Society for 1902.
There is, however, one aspect of the matter which the
writer does not remember to have been previously put forward,
and that is the possible value of the force of example amongst
birds. It is well known that young birds are to some extent
trained by the example of their parents in many matters
which make for their ultimate success in the battle for
existence. They may and probably do indulge in much
experimental tasting, but the extent of such action may to a
great extent be curtailed by the example of the parents in
selecting more satisfactory food than butterflies in their
present condition afford. Such a state of affairs would
minimize the present, or in some cases the local destruction
of butterflies by birds, and consequently also the number of
observed cases of such destruction, but it would not preclude
the possibility that a much more extensive process of selection
took place amongst butterflies in earlier times. In other
words the balance of nature is now maintained by other and
various agencies acting in concert with the now much-reduced
influence of insectivorous birds, and we are present now only
to see a state of affairs brought about by agencies which have
become considerably modified in their re/ative influences.
Jt will probably be immediately pointed out that if the
selective influence of birds is not as great as ever it was the
well-known tendency of reversion to ancestral forms would
tend to do away with mimicry, and that only by constant
pressure of selective forces can mimetie resemblance be main-
tained. But is there any evidence that mimicry amongst
butterflies is at present more extensive and complete than it
has ever been before? Have we any right to say that all
cases of imperfect mimicry are in process of being perfected
and not undergoing reversion? I have never been satisfied
that the white-winged form of Hypolimnas misippus is really
a mimic of the alcippus variety of Danais chrysippus, ex-
tremely attractive as the suggestion undoubtedly is. One
cannot forget that the male misippus has large white patches,
and the lack of geographical coincidence between alcippus and
misippus is much against the mimetic theory. The alcippus
( xliii_ )
form may be also a reversion, or it may be, as suggested
by Professor Poulton, an effort towards more conspicuous
coloration. If such be the case, we have here an instance of
accidental resemblance, a phenomenon which I cannot but
believe does occasionally occur. Such a suggestion will
probably be looked upon with disfavour by keen supporters
of Bates’s hypothesis, but I do not see that that hypothesis
loses anything by the admission that every case of resemblance
is not necessarily true mimicry. Many other cases of im-
perfect resemblance might be cited which can just as easily
be regarded as instances of partial reversion as of incomplete
development. I do not necessarily insist on the theory that
birds have partially ceased to be a selective force acting on
butterflies, but I do suggest that even if it be proved that
they are not so now, it by no means follows that they never
were.
It may be further objected that if the selective force of
birds is no longer as strong as it was, what influence main-
tains those accurate cases of mimicry with which we are all
familiar? To this one may reply that we are ignorant of the
relative power of the forces which guide development. So
long as existence depended upon favourable variation, sexual
selection may have been too weak to prevent such variation.
Sexual selection may, however, be sufficient in some species
to maintain facies which have been perfected through long
periods of evolution. Such suggestions are merely specu-
lative, but they may serve to remind those who would lay
down laws for mimetic development, how complicated both in
their nature and in their effect, are the influences which guide
the course of evolution.
In discussing the Batesian and Miillerian theories, Prof.
Packard’s paper lays much stress on the explanation that
resemblance between butterflies is due to convergence brought
about by similarity in their surroundings. Thus we read—
“From the facts regarding these local varieties thus stated
by Bates, we seem warranted in ascribing the mimetic re-
semblance to convergence, or exposure to the same conditions
of light, heat, moisture, etc., affecting all the individuals of a
variety simultaneously rather than to what is vaguely called
(Gly 99)
natural selection.” And again—‘ The colour and markings
of animals in general are primarily due to the action of light
and the colour of the environment or background. To sup-
pose that in the case of butterflies alone the colours of the
mimics are due to the attacks of birds, whereas remarkably
few butterflies, as we have seen, are ever eaten by them, is a
cause so inacequate, so limited in its scope and so one-sided,
that it is no wonder the hypothesis has so many opponents.”
In these observations, we seem again to have the idea of
climatic influence, and it appears to me to be desirable here
to quote the words of Professor Poulton in his paper read
before the Linnean Society in March 1898—‘ There is
something attractive and plausible in the suggestion that the
strong mutual resemblance within a group of butterflies of
different genera and sub-families, inhabiting a single locality,
are due to the direct action of peculiar local physical or
chemical influences ; but the suggestion loses all its attract-
iveness when it is applied to the resemblance between a spider
and an ant or a moth and a wasp, and yet few could bring
themselves to believe that the resemblances which are here
contrasted have been built up by two entirely different sets
of forces.” In another part of the same paper, Professor
Poulton points out the very different conditions under which
the larval stages of mimetic insects undergo their develop-
ment. Thus the larva of the drone fly lives on putrefying
animal matter, “a food as different as possible from that pro-
vided for the larval bee,” and we are reminded that ‘“ when
the imago emerges from the pupa and its expanded wings
have dried, nothing that it will eat or endure henceforward
produces any further effect upon its colours or patterns.
Hence identity of food and condition during the final stage
cannot be of any assistance to the interpretation of mimicry.”
Professor Packard further proceeds to point out that bright
colours are not invariably associated with a nauseous taste or
smell, but surely a negative fact of this kind does not in any
way invalidate the theory of warning colours. The fact that
certain nauseous insects have not developed warning colours
does not appear to show that the bright colours of other
nauseous Insects are not of a warning nature, neither does the
( dxlv’ >)
fact that certain inedible moths have no mimics materially
affect the question.
There is fairly conclusive evidence that inedible species of
butterflies adopt for the most part a slow, negligent form of
flight. This habit, which has probably arisen through im-
munity from pursuit, also serves to display those colours
which are supposed to be of a warning nature. It is a re-
markable fact that mimetic species, though belonging to
genera which ordinarily fly quickly, also exhibit the same
carelessness of pursuit. This latter fact is referred to in
Professor Packard’s paper, and it is even suggested that
climatic or local causes may be sufficient to account for a
change in the mode of flight. I cannot but think that sucha
suggestion is carrying the climatic theory to a somewhat un-
warrantable length. We are next reminded of Hisig’s sug-
gestion that “ those bright colours of animals which have
hitherto been regarded as of warning significance, are merely
the substance or secretions which confer the unpleasant taste,
and that therefore Wallace’s older interpretation is unneces-
sary and, in fact, erroneous.” Now we have already been
told that the existence of very inconspicuous animals of a
highly distasteful nature is an argument against the theory of
warning colours, and yet in the next breath a theory is quoted
which to be adequately supported would require that these
highly distasteful insects should also be highly coloured.
At the end of the next section the author discusses the case
of the brightly coloured Nicaraguan frog which I mentioned in
the earlier portion of my remarks. Whilst allowing that the
frog is inedible and that its gay colours have taught the birds
to avoid it, it is maintained that the cause of the bright colours
has been exposure to the bright sunlight and consequent
excessive pigmentation. On this supposition the bright colours
would have been developed just the same had the creature been
of an edible species, except that such colours would have soon
resulted in the animal’s entire extinction. It is therefore
merely accident that the bright colours and inedible qualities
co-exist. Iam prepared to submit that in one or two isolated
cases sch an accident might be possible ; for the sake of argu-
ment I would even go so far as to allow that in the case of
( “xlvi »)
the frog, the co-existence of bright colours and inedibility is
accidental, or the result of climatic conditions, or even that the
inedible qualities are the sowrces of the bright colouring. Then
for the sake of further argument let us suppose that all such
cases have arisen from one of these causes, and we are faced
with the difficulty that Papilio merope, for instance, can produce
from one batch of eggs the typical male, and the trophonius,
cenea, and the black and white forms of female, all entirely
different in appearance, the females not resembling the males
in the least, and each closely resembling a common inedible
Danaid, all of which surprising and varied results are achieved
by either accident, similar climatic conditions, or distasteful
pigments of the existence of which there is no evidence. I
must confess that I find it harder to believe all this than that
birds either do or once did exercise «a powerful selective
influence over butterflies. The question of snakes is next con-
sidered. In Brazil, we are told that eight species of harmless
snakes mimic the same number of species of laps. Then, as
if to counterbalance this unfortunate evidence, it is pointed
out that three harmless genera mimic the poisonous genera and
the latter prey on the former, so that they are not protected
except from birds. But surely whilst being protected from
birds and mammals, they are protected from their poisonous:
enemies by their resemblance to them, unless the poisonous
ones prey on each other. ‘The case is a complicated one, and
appears to exhibit protective and aggressive resemblance
respectively in the two genera, but brought about by the same
means. The balance of nature has been reduced to a fine
point.
In the next section the author cites a case in which a brown
Euplea, a Danais, and a Hypolimnas, all much alike, are
observed to fly together. Mr. G. F. Mathew maintains that
all these three genera are avoided by birds, and the case is
given as one to which the Miillerian theory is therefore inap-
plicable. I cannot help thinking, however, that the case is one
to which the Miillerian theory precisely applies, and the para-
graph only goes to confirm Professor Meldola’s contention
that Professor Packard did not understand the Miillerian
hypothesis at all.
( xlvii_ )
The remainder of the paper is devoted to an able and inter-
esting discussion on the origin of the markings of mammals,
the effect of the blending of colours when the animals are in
motion, and other matters. Deeply interesting as this portion
is, it hardly bears on the case of butterfly mimicry. Animals
which develop their external attributes of colour and markings
under the life-long influence of light and shade, colours which
are for the most part cryptic, though presumably developed by
natural selection, cannot be compared to creatures which reach
full colour and pattern development in an hour or so after
emerging from the pupa, and which moreover can produce
such diverse forms, as for instance the male and female
Hypolimnas misippus, from the same batch of larvee fed and
pupated under the same physical conditions.
In conclusion, | trust it will not appear to be an act of pre-
sumption on my part to attempt to criticise the work of the
eminent naturalist whose loss we must all deplore. I am well
aware that an amateur naturalist ike myself has not the
opportunity of making the extensive and careful researches
which have made the writings of our prominent scientists such
magnificent records of devotion to their work.
The remarks I have here ventured to make are merely the
expression of the thoughts which have occurred to me in a
humble endeavour to arrive at sound conclusions on a most
complicated, difficult, and deeply interesting subject.
For some years I have been making a special study of the
most interesting forms of mimetic resemblance, more particu-
larly amongst the African Rhopalocera, and I have invariably
been much touched by the ready assistance which has been
afforded me even by those prominent workers with whom I
am acquainted only by correspondence, and it will always
be my desire to reciprocate in every way which lies in my
power. It is therefore with these thoughts in my mind that
I should wish my remarks on Professor Packard’s paper to be
regarded in the light of a friendly discussion on a subject of
mutual interest, and not in any way a criticism of the personal
views of a naturalist whose work must ever command the
respect, both of those whose attainments entitle them to
rank with him in eminence, and also of those who, like
< xiviu )
myself, are of the humbler, though I trust not less faithful
workers.
Finally, I would gratefully acknowledge the help I have
received from Professor Poulton, who has very kindly fur-
nished me with references and data which have been of great
assistance in the preparation of the foregoing remarks.
Wednesday, June 6th, 1906.
Mr. F. Merririeip, President, in the chair.
Obituary.
The decease of Mrs. EnizABETH BRIGHTWEN was announced.
Exhibitions.
Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHores exhibited specimens of Lomechusa
strumosa, F., taken with Formica sanguinea at Woking on
May 26 and 29 last. Only two other British examples
are known, one taken by Sir Hans Sloane on Hampstead
Heath in 1710, the other found by Dr. Leach while travelling
in the mail-coach between Gloucester and Cheltenham, and
these are included in the Natural History Museum collection.
Since 1866 it has been omitted from our lists, where it was
last included by Crotch among the doubtful species.
Dr. K. Jordan said that the species was not uncommon in
Central Germany, and that he had met with it in some numbers
at Hildesheim.
Mr. H. J. Turner showed a case containing a large number
of the life-histories of Coleophorids, notes on which had
appeared in the Society’s “ Proceedings,” or in the ‘ Entomo-
logical Record.” He also showed :—(a) Coleophora fuscedinella.
Birch leaf showing (1) larval mines, (2) a wintering curved
larval case (dark) with early spring addition (light), (8) the
newly-cut case not yet completed and still attached to the
mine, (4) a completed new case on a fresh mine. (6) C.
alticolella. Cases, partly of white secreted substance and partly
of the seed-husks of Juncus lamprocarpus. (c) C. cespititiella.
Cases on Juncus conglomeratus, the smaller white cases autumn,
the larger stained cases the winter cases.
(lis)
Mr. A. H. Jones showed on behalf of Mr. Henry Lupton a
few butterflies from Majorca, captured between April 8 and
April 20 last. Comparing the specimens with those of the
same species from Corsica, also exhibited, they appeared to be
smaller ; the Pararge megzra approached the form tigelius, the
Caenonympha pamphilus differed somewhat in the under-side
being darker. Only one moth was seen, J/acroglossa stellatarum.
So far under twenty species of butterflies have been recorded
from the Balearic Islands.
Mr. Setwyn Imace showed :— (a) A specimen of Crambus
ericellus, Hb., taken at Loughton, Essex, August 8, 1899. Not
previously recorded from further south than Cumberland ;
(6) two specimens of Vola confusalis, H.8. ab. colmbina, Image,
taken in Epping Forest, May 22, 1906. ‘The first examples
of this aberration were taken by him at the same locality
May 22,1905, and recorded in the Ent. Rec. July 1905, p. 188 ;
and (c) a specimen of Peronea cristana, F., the ground colour
of upper-wings abnormally black, even more intensely black
than in the ab. nigrana, Clark. Taken in Epping Forest
August 19, 1905.
Mr, J. H. Keys sent for exhibition the type of Spathor-
rhamphus corsicus, Marshall (described and figured in the
“ Bull. Soc. Ent. Franc., 1902,” pp. 210-212), from Vizzavona,
Corsica. This fine Anthribid was supposed by some Coleopter-
ists to have been an accidental importation into the mountain-
ous regions of the island, but was no doubt endemic.
Mr. G. C. Cuampton remarked that he had taken Platyr-
rhinus latirostris in numbers at the same locality, in the beech
and pine forests (Pinus laricio) along the line of railway, above
the tunnel, Dr. Karl Jordan, of Tring, the principal authority
on the Anthribidx at the present time, reports on the genus as
follows :—
SPATHORRHAMPHUS, Marshall (1902).
Q. Close to Hurymycter, Leconte (1876), from North
America, Antenna as thick as in that genus, but shorter, the
club longer and more compressed, segment 8 less than half the
length of 9, 10 one-third shorter than 11, being longer than in
Eurymycter. Rostrum broader at apex, less distinctly grooved
longitudinally on upper-side, the mesial carina more elevate.
PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., 11. 1906. D
Cit}
There are several Old World species (Africa and Japan)
standing under 7’ropideres which come also close to Spathor-
rhamphus, but have thinner antenne.
Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited specimens of eight species of
Pierine butterflies, and remarked on them as follows :—
“Tt is well known that many kinds of butterflies, especially
Pierines, are in the habit of congregating in large numbers on
damp patches of soil for the sake of absorbing the moisture.
This phenomenon occurs to some extent in temperate regions,
but it is in tropical and sub-tropical districts of both the old
and the new world that the size and frequency of such
assemblages have attracted most attention. Mr. Distant
(‘Rhopalocera Malayana,’ 1882-1886, pp. 284, 285) has brought
together several instances from the experience of various
travellers, and many others are on record. By the kindness
of Professor Poulton I am able to show representative
examples of 153 specimens captured under these conditions
by Mr. C. A. Wiggins, a well-known official of the British
Kast African Protectorate, to whom Science is indebted for
the fine collection of Rhopalocera from Uganda lately described
by Mr. Neave (‘Novitat. Zoolog.,’ vol. X1,1904). Mr. Wiggins’s
note to the series represented by the exhibit is as follows :—
‘** All these (over 150) were caught in one sweep of the net
over a pool within a few yards of the Ripon Falls, Jinja, Lake
Victoria Nyanza, by C. A. Wiggins, on Feb. 2, 1906.’
“The catch consists entirely of Pierines of the two genera
Pinacopteryx and Belenois. Eight species are represented, the
numbers being as follows :—
Pinacopteryx vidua, Butl. : 5 ; - 104
+ pigea, Boisd. (northern (oem) : age LAST
- liliana, Grose Smith . ‘ : ; 5
Belenois solilucis, Butl. . 5 ; 1
55 subeida, Feld, (form Sisto Butl.) . : 8
» formosa, Butl. . : : : : : 12
» . gudica, “Godt: ; < il
5 severina, Cram. (form Doaliensis, Feld.) 5
Total ; 5 ; 53
‘“‘ Every one of the 153 specimens isa male. The b. gidica
is of the ‘ wet-season’ form, the others are all more or less ‘dry.’
(ih)
The great preponderance of P. vidua is noticeable, as is also
the generally good condition of most of the specimens making
up the somewhat significant figure of the total.”
In answer to questions, Dr. Dixry said that he had no
further information from Mr. Wiggins than that which he
had already given. He should be disposed to infer from the
words, ‘‘caught in one sweep of the net over a pool,” that
the butterflies were disturbed while drinking, and the net
dashed among them just as they were taking wing.*
Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.8., communicated some notes
on Natal butterflies which he had received from Mr. Geo. H.
Burn, of Weenen. This naturalist, writing January 19, 1905,
stated that he had that week returned from a trip down the
Tugela Valley, during which he had spent about ten days in
the valley of its tributary, the Umhlangane River, about
thirty-five miles from Weenen. ‘“ While there,’ he wrote, “I
obtained many good specimens, amongst others, Jolaus pallene,
aphnxoides, bowkert and sidus ; Aphnxus | Spindasis| masilikazi,
ella, phanes and [Choroselas| pseudozeritis ; Canyra hebe and
Axiocerces amanga. Iwas particularly pleased to get aphnzoides,
which is very rare. About ten years ago I captured a few
about thirty miles higher up the Tugela. This is the first time
I have seen (’. hebe in life. 1 fancy it must be very local. All
the species I have mentioned, and many other butterflies, were
taken off the flowers of the Umchechau tree or shrub, grow-
ing along the banks of the spruit. These flowers seem to
attract insects of all descriptions, as well as butterflies and
moths. Among Coleoptera, the Lycidx were very numerous
on it. The flowers of the Umandane tree similarly attract all
sorts of insects in this neighbourhood during September and
October. Aphnxoides would seem to differ from others of its
group, inasmuch as it appears always to settle on a flower
* The following passages show the possibility of such an explanation :—
‘‘Large numbers of white butterflies may be seen quenching their thirst
on the damp ground, and flying up when disturbed, in quite a startling
cloud ” (MS. note by Dr. Thwaites in Moore’s “‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,” vol.
I, 1880-81, p. 117). Mr. E. L. Arnold (quoted in Distant, Joc. cit.) de-
seribes a “‘ countless host of thirsty butterflies, collected from the forest
all round to drink . . . . crowded so close by the water that the sand
could scarcely be seen,” and when disturbed, ‘‘ springing into the air in
a huge cloud.” [F. A. D.)
( ln -4
in the middle and most inaccessible part of the bush, whereas
pallene and other species apparently prefer the outer branches.
“YT am inclined to think, from a good many years of obsery-
ation, that the anal appendages (at any rate in the case of the
Lolaus and Aphnxus groups) of many butterflies are intended
to deceive their enemies by resembling antenne. I have
repeatedly come across fresh specimens with that part of the
hind-wings injured, in many cases apparently bitten com-
pletely out, and I incline to the belief that M/antide are the
chief enemies of butterflies in the imago stage. A few days
ago I noticed a very large green Mantis ‘stalking’ an J. pallene.
The Mantis apparently was trying to edge round to the part
where the tails were. I watched it for some time, when
unfortunately a wasp settled on the flower and frightened
the pallene away.”
Professor Poutton observed that it was extremely interest-
ing thus to gain further independent evidence in favour of
the interpretation of the “tails” of Lycanide as antenna-
like directive structures adapted to divert the attacks of an
enemy from a vital to a non-vital part of their prey. It is
difficult to resist the conclusion that this interpretation is
correct when it has been independently reached by so many
naturalists :—Dr. Arnold and Dr. Forsstrém (quoted by Kirby
and Spence in 1817 as Dr. G. B. Longstaff has recently pointed
out *), Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, Dr. Richard Evans, Mr. Champion
B. Russell, My. E. A. Floyer, Dr. Longstaff, and lastly by the
excellent observer who is quoted on the present occasion. (See
Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1902, pp. 373,374; 1906, pp. 106, 107.)
Professor E. B. Poutton also exhibited the four individuals
of Luralia mima, Trim., and the four of #. wahlbergi, Wallgr.,
captured by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on the Umbilo River, near
Malvern, Natal, on June 28, 1897, as described in Trans. Ent.
Soe. Lond., 1902, pp. 491, 492. He showed their respective
* Dr. Longstaffs recent note (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, pp. 106,
107) referring to my discussion of the tails of Lycwnids (1. c., 1902, p. 374),
supplies a good example of the liability to error in quoting an unusual
name. In my account the name Forsstrém is rendered Forsstrona, in
Dr. Longstaff’s Forstrom. The generic name Hesperia, which at first
puzzled Dr. Longstaff in the first edition of Kirby and Spence (1817) is
replaced by Thecla in the fifth (1828, vol. ii, p. 251). Hesperia persists in
the third edition (1823, vol. ii, p. 254), I have not seen the fourth. [£.B.P.]
(Wit)
Danaine models Amauris echeria, Boisd., and A. niavius, L.,
form dominicanus, Trim., and explained the reasons why Mr.
Marshall considered the mimics to be two forms of a single
species (/.c. p. 491). Professor Poulton had written to Mr.
G. F. Leigh, advising him to make the attempt to breed from
one form or the other, and thus settle the question. Mr. Leigh
had done his best but failed in this attempt. He had how-
ever made special observations on the two forms which are an
interesting addition to our knowledge of them. The differ-
ences revealed in the course of this inquiry had convinced Mr.
Leigh that the two forms are entirely distinct species. Pro-
fessor Poulton was by no means convinced of the soundness of
this conclusion. ‘The extraordinary facts now recognized in the
genus Precis show us that differences of instinctive behaviour are
not necessarily evidence of specific distinction. Indeed every
difference relied upon by Mr. Leigh breaks down when tried
by the test of this searching comparison. Professor Poulton
much hoped that the food-plant would be discovered, eggs
obtained, and the only convincing evidence made available.
The following paper shows that Mr. Leigh is intimately ac-
quainted with these forms in Natal, and the Society may
anticipate that his energy and powers of observation will
ultimately lead to success in the decision of this difficult and
interesting question.
Notes on Luralia wahlbergi, Watuar., and EH. mina, TRIM.,
BY G. F. Leien, F.E.S.
Having read (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 491, 492)
that these two butterflies are thought to form but a single
species, | have during this season (1904-5) been closely observ-
ing their habits. I now offer full particulars of what I have
seen,—particulars which in my opinion support the conclusion
that the two forms are entirely distinct species.
It has been inferred that they are probably the same species
because “they have been taken in codéw several times ” (/.c.,
p- 491). This I do not regard as very strong evidence ; for I
have taken Kronia cleodora and E. leda, in coitu, also Neptis
agatha and Kurytela hiarbas. The only intermediate specimen
I know of here may well be a hybrid result of such pairing ;
live)
for the characters of both mima and wahlbergi are represented
upon it. The other reason given is ‘‘ that the two forms are
always found together wherever they are met with in any
number ” (/.c., p. 491). This may be a fact, but it is also true
that they fly just as often with Planema esebria, Planema
aganice, Amauris echeria, and Papilio brasidas, EF. mima very
much resembling the latter when on the wing. I give below a
summary of the habits of these two forms so far as I have
observed them in Natal. It will be seen at a glance that they
are widely different.
E. wahlbergi. EF. mima.
To be tound from middle of | To be found about first
December and during January week in January and during
and part of February. * February.
Imago emerges from pupa Emerges between 2 and 4
between 9.30 and 11.30 a.m. | p.m., never in the morning.
Always rests upon upper Always restsupon the under-
surface of leaves or the ground | side of the leaf with wings
with wings folded except when | shut and hanging down, except
drying after emergence, when | when drying which usually
they are continually opened | occurs upon the sand or very
and shut like those of a Sat- | low herbage.
urnid moth.
Flight slow and hovering, Flight very much quicker
and when disturbed the insect | than /. wahlbergi, and if dis-
usually returns after a time | turbed or missed the butterfly
to the same spot, often to the | flies high and does not return
same leaf. to the same place.
Very much commoner than One of the rare species here.
E. mima : at least ten of wahl- | I should consider ten to twelve
bergi may be seen to one of | aprobableestimate of the num-
mim. ber which might be seen in an
average season.
I think there is sufficient difference in the habits set forth
above to indicate that we are dealing with distinct species, but
a few additional remarks may not be out of place. I have
* Mr. Leigh writes on May 26, 1906:—‘‘I have seen two or three
Euralia wahlbergi this month: last year I saw none after February and
early March. The specimens now seen are very much larger than the
earlier brood, but not so common.” [E. B. P.]
(lv® )
often seen and captured specimens of wahlbergi no larger than
EF. mima, but I have never seen, or heard of any of the latter
that in any way approach the size of a very large proportion
of the former. Wahlbergi may also be seen in gardens and
sometimes even in the public roads, while mima is very rarely
found except in shady glades in the bush.
The following is a precise record of the examples of both
species I have seen, captured, or heard of during December
1904 and January 1905, in Stella Bush, Durban.
1904.
December 16 Morning: captured 1 EF. wahlbergi.
+ I * os 1 and saw 2 ditto.
5 18 BS 55 pair wahlbergi in cop.*
o 19 . A 2. Afternoon saw one.
Bt 20 , + 1. Heard of 3 specimens being
captured in garden in Musgrave Road, Durban.
December 21 Saw 3 specimens in morning.
22 Captured 2 specimens in morning just emerged.
23 “ 1 specimen in afternoon, damaged.
FA 24, 25, 26,27. Not in Durban.
28 Saw 3 specimens in morning.
29 Morning : captured 2 specimens, 1 perfect and 1 Q
with three wings.
30 Saw 2 specimens in morning, | in afternoon.
es 31 January 1 and 2. Not in Durban,
1905
January 3 Captured 1 in morning and 1 in afternoon, saw 2 others.
5 4 - 2 si (vaining in afternoon).
ms 5 AS 3 a and 2 in afternoon.
* 6 i 1 - saw 4 others, 2 damaged.
; 7 and 8. Not in Durban,
5 9 Captured 3 in morning, saw 1 mima in afternoon.
a lO ¥ 5 wahlbergi in morning, saw 2 in afternoon.
see ll 5 2 “i Rs », 2 others, captured
2 freshly emerged mimu in afternoon.
» 12 Captured 6 wahlbergi in morning and 2 in afternoon :
also captured 1 mima and saw 2 others, all 3 freshly
emerged, and going to rest early, as a bad storm
commenced about 4 p.m.
5, 13 Captured 2 wahlbergi in morning, saw 2 others, heard of
1 mima being captured on the Bluff, Durban.
* The ? was kept alive for over a week, but no ova were laid,
+ Kept alive for three days, but no ova laid.
Cpl vada)
1905.
January 14 and 15. Not in Durban.
» 16 Captured 1 wahlbergi and 1 mima, and saw another of
the latter, all in the afternoon.
» 17 Captured 3 wahlbergi in morning and 2 in the afternoon,
and 1 mima going to rest as late as 5.30.
5, 18 Not out in morning, captured 1 mima in afternoon.
»y 19 Morning: captured 10 wahlbergi and saw 3 others, 1
badly crippled. Afternoon: saw 2 more wahlbergi,
no mima, but had 2 perfect specimens of latter given
me, captured about 3 p.m. in another part of Stella
Bush. They had only just emerged, and the wings
were hardly dry.
,, 20 Captured 3 wahlbergi and saw 1 mima in morning.
» 2land 22. Not in Durban.
» 28 Captured 2 wahlbergi in morning and 2 in afternoon ;
saw 4 others, including a pair in coitw; captured 1
mima just out and saw another in afternoon.
» 24 Captured 5 wahlbergi and saw 4 others in morning,
raining all afternoon.
5 25 Captured 2 wahlbergi and saw 1 other in morning ; saw
1 mima in afternoon. A dull damp day.
» 26 Captured 1 wahlbergi* and saw another in morning ;
captured 1 freshly emerged mima in afternoon.
Raining nearly all day.
» 27 Afternoon : captured 3 wahlbergi and saw 1 other ; saw
2 mima in coitu. Wet, dull morning.
At this point the observations ceased, as I was unable to
continue my regular visits to the locality in which the above
recorded notes were made.
To sum up:—Between December 16, 1904, and January
27, 1905, I captured, saw, or heard of being captured just 121
E. wahlbergi, and between January 9 and 27, 1905, I captured,
saw, or heard of being captured just 20 mima.
These numbers, especially of mima, are greatly in excess of
anything that I have before observed in this locality. The
mima captured in the season 1904—5 indeed exceed the total
that I have been able to obtain in the five previous seasons
together, that is during the whole of my experience of this
locality. This remarkable abundance I attribute to the fact
* A crippled 9? kept alive for ova without success.
( lvii )
that the glade had only been made about three and a half
months, and was therefore practically virgin ground.
Although I saw wahlbergi in coituw on several occasions
and mima once, I never saw the two forms pairing together,
and not very frequently flying together, except on the after-
noon of January 12, when there was a very bad storm with
hail, and all species of butterflies were going to rest unusually
early. It is very unfortunate I have not been successful in
getting any ova from the 9s kept for this purpose, but even
had I done so, I am not at all sure that I know the food
plant. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., in his work suggests a tree,
but I think that the Buck Weed is far more probable, as nearly
all the recorded specimens were settling on or flying over this
plant. I several times searched unsuccessfully for the pupa-
cases, although a great many of the wahlbergi had scarcely
dried their wings when captured, and in several cases I
observed on the leaves beneath the spot where a butterfly had
been resting the excretory fluid which is ejected shortly after
emergence.
Professor Poutton also exhibited Mr, Guy A. K. Marshall’s
latest demonstration of seasonal phases in South African
species of the genus Precis—the proof, by actual breeding,
that P. tukuoa, Wallgr., is the dry season phase of P. ceryne,
Boisd.,
The female parent of the wet phase was captured April 2,
1905, at Salisbury, Mashonaland (5000 ft.). The eggs were
laid on the following day, and all hatched April 13. The
eight offspring were treated, and went through their trans-
formations as follows :—
1905. 1905.
1. Pupated May 9. Emerged May 27, asa dry phase 9
2. ” ” 12. 9 ” dl, ” ” J
Be a eo fe ES) anaes mime
4 a = ee ‘ June. /., ee
D. ” ” 13. ” ” 1, ” ” 3
6. ” ” 15. ” ” 2, ” ” 3
7. Pupated and subjected to damp heat, May 15, 1905.
Emerged May 23, 1905, as a dry phase ¢
8. Pupated and subjected to damp heat, May 15, 1905.
Emerged May 23, 1905, as a dry phase ¢
( lviii_ )
The whole of the offspring are marked examples of the
tukuoa or dry phase. The damp heat to which Nos. 7 and 8
were subjected hurried the transformation in a remarkable
manner, the pupal period only enduring for eight days, instead
of from eighteen to twenty days, as in Nos. 1-6. But with
all this hardly any effect, if any, has been wrought upon the
pigments. The upper-side colouring of Nos. 7 and 8 is very
slightly lighter than that of two out of the three other males
(Nos. 2, 5, and 6), but is about the same as the third. Upon
the under-side, where the essential distinction between the
phases is manifest, no difference can be detected.
Professor E. B. Poutton exhibited ten specimens of Precis
sesamus, captured at a height of about 5000 ft. on the S.E.
slopes of Kilimanjaro by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers. The
dates, seasonal phases and condition of the specimens are
shown below :
Mamba state,
1905.
Sept. 19, 1 Precis sesamus, © (dry season phase), not much worn.
ee 3 ees oF © A 3 nearly perfect.
eee cal ee, i © ty 1 rather worn.
Alin y-aal Make as - © slight tendency towards inter-
mediate ; worn.
5 © very much worn and very ragged.
The symmetrical injuries suggest
the attack of a bird or lizard.
A" ad Precis sesamus, @ (wet season phase), quite
lig
109 Ub
DOES fresh.
/
‘ » @©slight tendency towards
intermediate. Shghtly
worn and very badly
notched and torn, pro-
bably by enemies.
55 25, 1 Precis sesamus, © worn and much notched.
ma eeO ls 5, © (intermediate.) On dry side of
intermediate. Much worn and a
great part of both hind-wings
shorn away.
Vl
Marang state,
1905,
Sept. 25,1 ,, 5 © very slight tendency towards inter-
mediate. Worn and notched.
( lix )
Concerning these specimens Mr. St. Aubyn Rogers wrote
on September 29, 1905 :—
“ T was very interested to meet with Precis sesamus for the
first time. All the specimens except one were of the winter
form, and were more or less worn. The one exception was
a beautiful fresh natalensis which was taken in coitwu with
sesamus. One sesamus has the red spots considerably
elongated, thus showing some approach to natalensis.
“‘ During the whole time I was on the mountain the weather
was for the most part cloudy and showery, so that I was un-
able to go up to the higher levels as I had hoped. I did go
as far as the forest which extends upwards for about 6000 ft.,
but everything was dripping, though it was one of the finest
days we had, and no butterflies came within reach, in fact
only two or three were seen. In the forest there are ferns
and mosses everywhere carpeting the ground and hanging in
festoons from every branch, and the begonias form great
bushes 20 ft. high.”
Still more recently the following interesting notes on the
subject have been received from the same keen and observant
naturalist :—
“T saw one other natalensis which was also quite fresh, so
it is fairly certain that I was on Kilimanjaro just at the time
when the wet-season phase was appearing.
“‘T fear i have no first-hand knowledge of the seasons on
Kilimanjaro except what I can assume from living well with-
in sight of it, and being able to tell from the amount of cloud
what the weather is like. (We are not more than ten or
twelve miles from the mountain, which rises from the plain
on which we live, and probably not more than five or six from
the nearest foot-hills.) I have, however, inquired diligently,
and I am informed that the wet season lasts with short breaks
from the middle of March till the end of November, so that
I was there towards the end of the wet season, when one
would expect the dry phase to be beginning to show up, and
the wet phase to be still predominant though somewhat worn,
whereas the facts were exactly opposite to this. Possibly the
explanation is that during the wet season, or at any rate a
good part of it, the clouds hang so heavily over the mountain,
Ase!)
even at 5000 ft., that butterfly life is reduced to a minimum
from want of sunshine, not from want of moisture, and I am
told that during this season for weeks at a time the sun is
scarcely seen at all. The period of the year when butterflies
are most abundant is during the dry season, if it may be
so called where the country never dries up at all. During the
wet season it is so wet and cold that very few insects are on
the wing, but during the months of December—February
there is plenty of sunshine and quite sufficient moisture
for all needs of insects. It is curious that the seasons at
which the wet and dry phases are found do not vary much
from those further south, where the seasons are so very
different.”
Professor PoutTon observed that the facts were extremely
remarkable, and must be taken into account in the attempt to
interpret the nature of the change from the one form into the
other. By themselves they seemed to suggest temperature
and not degree of moisture as the controlling factor. The
facts were, however, equally in accordance with the hypothesis
that the changes are due to internal causes and merely more or
less parallel with the seasons without being caused by them,
so that local reversal of the wet or dry periods is unaccom-
panied by a corresponding reversal in the phases of the insect.
But the problem is too difficult and complex to be solved by
these observations alone, interesting and suggestive as they
are.
Professor Poutton exhibited 325 butterflies captured on one
day by Mr. C. B. Roberts, between the eighth and tenth mile
from the Potaro River on the road to the gold-mines. The
road starts from the Potaro 30 miles above its confluence with
the Hssequibo. The capture was effected February 23, 1904,
and may be compared with that of August 28, 1903, exhibited
to the Society on November 4 of the same year. The follow-
ing statement sets forth the constitution of the two sets of
butterflies :—
( Ixi )
Aug. 28, 1903. Feb. 23, 1904. |
Mid short dry season, |Mid long dry season. |
a Melinxa mneme . : 250 ¢ *3? 220 J
&
= » cramerr : : 8d 76 |
8 |
= » egina . : } 9g 21¢ |
= Mechanitis pannifera ; 10¢ | 4g
o
3 |
2 a polymnia . : 93 3d
2
i= Lycorea ceres : : gs 0
g
3s ; :
ve » £pasinuntia . 3d (ees
n
rd,
Heliconius vetustus . : it (6)
Hueides nigrofulva . , 1 0
3.
Es
a Ceratinia vallonia . ae alas che he, 58 J
oD |
E>
as Napeogenes pheraunthes — . i¢ 0
os
33 oie 36
mS Cerutinia barii . 5 ; 4 ¢ 0
aS
i] |
is
Felkshion oO
Boas :
2825 Ithomia zarepha ; : es 0
Bg ks
oS
on
ob a
eS
‘a3 SS
a 1 ; 0 ix
ges Scada theaphia . : : 5g 5¢
= S SiC |
|
a
lS
Sts |
aie
moe Hesperia syrichthus . : 1 | 0
Bos |
=>)
ORS |
— == — = oe — = ehh — 3. ~
Totals 323 325
* Three specimens have been mislaid. It is almost certain that they
are males.
(ii)
The extraordinary predominance of the Ithomiine-centred
groups, especially the first, is well shown in Mr. Roberts’
captures on these two days. Of course, an essential consider-
ation is the nature of the locality in which he collected, viz., the
clearing in the forest made and kept open for establishing
and maintaining the road to the gold-mines. The butterflies
were all captured upon the white flowers of Hupatorium
macrophyllum which springs up wherever the forest is cleared.
On these flowers in this situation the almost exclusive pre-
dominance of the Ithomiine-centred groups is proved by the
whole results of collecting on two typical days, one (August
28) in the middle of the short, the other (February 23) in
the middle of the long dry season. The extraordinary pre-
ponderance of males is also remarkable, and may be compared
with the exhibit made by Dr. F. A. Dixey, in which the 153
Pierine—all males—were captured on wet mud. It is probable
that these and other observations showing that the male is
compelled to seek moisture, are to be explained by the fact
that this sex flies in the sun far more freely than the
comparatively retiring female.
Professor E. B. Pouuron exhibited specimens referred to in
the following notes by his assistant, Mr. W. Houtanp, of the
Hope Department :—
‘“ Whilst sweeping in Stowe Wood, near Oxford, August 28,
1904, I brushed up a good many specimens of the little
Halticid beetle, Apteropeda orbiculata, Mar., from the patches
of Ajuga reptans, and with them at the same time the little
Hemipteron, Halticus apterus, L., the last-named being most
plentiful, and closely resembling the beetles with which they
were mixed in the sweeping-net.
“On August 18, 1904, in searching at the roots of plants
near Ascot-under-Wychwood, I found the same two insects in
company, and experienced the same difficulty in picking out
the beetles from the bugs.
“On April 18, 1905, when shaking some heaps of cut
herbage lying beside the path from 8. Hincksey to Chilswell
Farm, near Oxford, a number of the little Staphylinid,
Myrmedonia canaliculata, F., tumbled out on to the paper,
together with many J/yrmica rubra, race ruginodis, Nyl., the
(tsa)
beetle looking extremely like the ant. The same occurred in
each heap which I searched. I then remembered having often
seen the beetle and ant together under the large stones which
lie by the path side in the walk to Henwood, on another part
of the same hill, This latter observation is of course well
known, but the former, seeming to show that the Staphylinids
accompany the ants outside the nest, was new to me.”
Professor Pouttron observed that it was of great interest to
obtain all possible evidence of association between mimic and
model in the living state.
Mr. R. SHELFORD communicated the following “ Note ona
feeding experiment on the spider Mephila maculata.”
Conclusions as to the relative tastefulness or distastefulness
of insects derived from feeding experiments that are carried
out with captive spiders or predatory insects must always be
unsatisfactory ; for the captives rendered ultra-ferocious by
a new-found imprisonment will seize and devour almost every-
thing in the nature of food that is offered to them, or else,
wearied with a long imprisonment, become too languid to eat
anything. I welcomed therefore an opportunity, that offered
some little time ago, to test the predilections of a large spider
living under perfectly natural conditions. In July 1902 I
encountered the web of Nephila maculata stretched across a
jungle path on Mt. Matang, in Sarawak, Borneo; occupying
the centre of the web was a fine female specimen of this
spider, and | employed two hours in catching examples of the
insects flying about near the web, in placing my captures in
the web and in noting down the behaviour of the spider. A
heavy thunderstorm then drove me to shelter and in a short
time totally wrecked the spider’s web, so that the experiments
are by no means as complete as I could wish. However, so
far as they go, they are of some interest and appear worthy of
a permanent record ; they are set forth in tabular form here-
with, the numbers in brackets referring to the numbers of
specimens offered as food.
( Haay 9)
Insect offered as food. Treatment by spider.
_ Hymeno- | Trigona apicalis (5) Thrown out of the web. |
| ptera Trigona lacteifascia (2) | One tasted, but then re- |
| jected ; one thrown out |
of the web. |
| Coleoptera | Antipha sp. (1) Tasted, and reserved for |
| future consumption. |
z — ee = So |
| Riptortus pedestris (2) Instantly devoured.
Hemiptera | Cosmolestes picticeps (4) | Thrown out of the web. |
Velinus nigrigenu (1) | Thrown out of the web ; |
great caution exercised.
Diptera Musca sp. (1) Instantly devoured.
| Ypthima pandocus (7) Instantly devoured. |
| Lepidoptera | Cynitia diardi (1) a 3 |
| _ Terias hecabe (4) One devoured, rest re- |
| served for future con-
sumption.
| Deilemera coleta (1) Thrown out of the web. |
In these experiments one feature was plain, viz. that the
spider exhibited its likes and dislikes in the most unmistakable
manner, and I am positive that its appetite was by no means
sated by the time that the experiments had come to an
untimely end. When the butterflies, Ypthima pandocus were
thrown into the web the spider made a rapid rush at them,
and in a moment the victims were engulfed. The Phyto.
phagous beetle, a reddish-yellow species of <Antipha, was
instantly seized when it fell into the web, but the spider, after
driving her falces into the body of her prey, then paused and
appeared to find the copious yellow fluid which exuded from
the body of the beetle highly distasteful ; at any rate the
beetle was not bitten again, but was spun up in a silken
shroud and was suspended by a single strand of silk from the
web. ‘The method by which this beetle was enshrouded was
interesting to watch. The spider held it by her front pair of
legs and caused it to revolve by the help of her mouth parts,
Gilxv >)
whilst her hind pair of legs were applied one at a time to her
Spinnerets, bringing away at each movement a strand of silk
which was then applied to the revolving beetle ; the operation
was carried out with great rapidity, and I could almost
persuade myself that I was watching the movements of some
ingenious silk-winding machine. When the beetle had become
an amorphous bundle, one long strand was attached to it, the
other end of the strand being held by one of the hind-legs ;
the spider then rapidly scaled its huge web, the silken bundle
dangling from one leg, and attached the strand to one of the
strands of the web. When my experiments came to an end
four of the bundles were hanging from the web, one containing
the beetle, the others specimens of the Pierine butterfly Zerias
hecabe. The first specimen of Terias put into the web was
quickly eaten, but the other three were bitten and then wound
up into bundles, If an insect was distasteful to the spider the
strands in which it was entangled were cut, one of these
strands was then caught up by one of the hind-legs of the
spider, and after a few vigorous jerks of this leg the offensive
insect was thrown clear of the web. The Reduviid bug
Cosmolestes picticeps, a conspicuous black and yellow species,
was thus treated ; Velinus nigrigenu, another, but larger, yellow
and black Reduviid, was approached with great caution, the
spider just touched it with her palpi and started back as if
alarmed, the strands of the web were cut in a wide circle
round the prisoner so that a large hole was made, and the bug
was jerked for some little distance away from the web; both
these bugs were quite uninjured by their temporary imprison-
ment and soon managed to free themselves of the sticky silk
in which they had been enmeshed. The small black bee with
white-tipped wings, Trigona apicalis, was always thrown out of
the web instantly, whereas the reddish species 7’. lacteifascia
was in one case seized by the spider, but after it had been
mouthed considerably was dropped in favour of a Muscid fly
which then flew of its own accord into the web; a second
specimen was rejected. It should be mentioned in this
connection that the black and white species of bee is much
more common than the reddish species and is mimicked very
widely by Diptera, Coleoptera, other Hymenoptera and a
PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., 111, 1906. E
( -ylxvi W)
moth; the type of coloration is as typical a warning
coloration as the red and black of the Lycidz and the yellow
bands of wasps; it was of interest then to note that the
spider rejected the black and white bee without the slightest
hesitation, whereas it tasted the less conspicuous red species.
The common black and white moth Deilemera coleta was also
thrown out of the web almost as soon as it was put in; this
species is the only lepidopterous insect that I have ever found
to be refused invariably by Mantide; it is an extremely
common and conspicuous day-flying moth, and it was always a
matter of surprise to me that it was not mimicked by species
of other families of Lepidoptera.
The only other records of feeding experiments carried out
with spiders that I am acquainted with, are those made by
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on WNephilengys malabarensis, Walck.,
in 8. Africa ; these are described in the Transactions for 1902
in Mr. Marshall’s great paper on the bionomics of South
African insects, and it is not necessary for me to quote them
at length. The experimenter offered to five spiders various
butterflies, some of which were denuded of their wing-scales,
whilst others had their wings amputated. My. Marshall from
his series of experiments concludes that spiders do not
appreciate warning colours, and believes “that the toughness
of inedible insects has been primarily developed to counteract
the injuries from invertebrate foes (which are incapable of
reasoning as to whether an insect is edible or not), and that
therein lies its chief utility, though it may prove useful
incidentally in other cases.” My one experiment, if it does
not show that Nephila maculata is capable of appreciating
warning colours, does at least show that this species can
recognize without preliminary tasting some of the insects
distasteful to it ; absolutely no hesitation was shown in reject-
ing five examples of Zrigona apicalis, one of Deilemera coleta
and four of Cosmolestes picticeps, but whether the colouring of
these insects or their form was the feature determining their
rejection by the spider is quite uncertain.
It is much to be desired that further feeding experiments
on spiders be carried out, for they are almost the only insect
enemies that can be experimented on under natural conditions
( lxvii )
Papers.
The following papers were read :—‘‘Some Bionomic notes on
Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza Region,” with exhibits
from the Oxford University Museum, by 8. A. NuAve, B.A.
“On the habits of a Species of Ptyelus in British East
Africa,” by 8. L. Hinps, illustrated by drawings by Mrs.
Hinde, communicated by Professor E. B. Pouton.
“ Mimetic forms of Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea
johnstoni,” by Professor E. B. Poutton, D.Sc., F.R.8., Fellow
of Jesus College, Oxford.
‘“‘Predaceous Insects and their Prey,” by Professor E. B.
Poutton, F.R.S.
“Studies on the Orthoptera in the Hope Department,
Oxford University Museum. I. Blattide,’ by R. SHenrorp,
M.A., F.LS.
Wednesday, October 3rd, 1906.
Mr. F. Mzrririzxp, President, in the Chair.
Hlection of Fellows.
Mr. Artuur Hatt, of 16, Park Hill Rise, Croydon, and
Mr. E. E. Bentawt, of The Towers, Heybridge, Essex, were
elected Fellows of the Society.
Exhibitions.
Commander J. J. Waker exhibited (1) a specimen of
Calosoma sycophanta taken in Denny Wood, New Forest,
June 16th; (2) Lygeus equestris, L., found in the Isle of
Sheppey by Lieut. Jacobs, R.E., on September 22nd ; (3) Sitaris
muralis, taken near Oxford in August by Mr, A. H. Hamm ;
(4) two varieties of Vanessa wrtice, with a strong black liga-
ment connecting the second costal and dorsal spot on the fore-
wings, from the Isle of Sheppey, August; (5) a variety of
Argynnis adippe dg, caught at Tubney, Berks., on July 7th;
(6) a slate-coloured variety of Lycxena icarus 3, taken near
Chatham, August 24th; and (7) examples of an almost
entirely black form of Strenia clathrata occurring at Streatley,
Berks., in August—all taken this year.
( Ixviii_ )
Mr. G. T. Porrirt showed a series of Abraxas grossulariata,
var. varleyata, bred this year from a pairing of the variety
obtained from wild larve the previous season at Huddersfield.
All the brood were of the variety, none showing the least
tendency to revert to the ordinary form.
Mr. C. P. Pickerr brought for exhibition a remarkable
gynandromorphic specimen of Angerona prunaria bred by
him, of which the right-hand fore-wing was ?, and the
hind-wing ¢, while the left fore-wing was d, the hind-wing
showing a mixed tendency to ¢ and 9. He also showed a
$ specimen of Fidonia atomaria, caught at Folkestone, with
six wings. The two extra wings, which were placed with the
left hind-wing, though rudimentary, displayed perfect fringes.
Professor CHARLES STEWART, F.R.S., exhibited a remarkable
unnamed exotic larva found in a collection of specimens
received at the College of Surgeons. It displayed a series of
iridescent spots about the spiracles, this iridescence being in
his experience unique in the larval stage of Lepidoptera.
Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited, on behalf of Mr. F. W. Campion
and Mr. H. Campion, specimens of Sympetrum flaveolum, and
read the following note by those gentlemen :—
“A male specimen of this species was taken and another
seen among some rush-beds a little to the north of Epping on
8th August. On 12th August, when the sky was so overcast
that not a single S. sériolatum, or hardly anything else, was
on the wing, we met with a good number of S. flaveolum rest-
ing upon the rushes in an old gravel-pit, then nearly dry,
near Chingford. Not a solitary example, however, was seen
in a neighbouring pit, still fairly well filled with water but
almost bare of rushes, until 2nd September, when a male was
taken. On 12th August we noticed that at our approach the
insects started up with a sudden and peculiarly disconcerting
bound, and, although their flight was neither very rapid nor
prolonged, we found it difficult to follow them, not only by
reason of the general agreement of their coloration with that
of the rush-flowers, but also on account of their habit, when-
ever the pursuit became at all hot, of taking refuge in the tops
of tall trees. However, we succeeded in taking four males
and, what was still more important, a female. The female
@ ixix )}
measured, in the fresh state, 33 mm. in length and 57 mm.
across the fore-wings, the dimensions thus practically agreeing
with those taken from two continental specimens as given
in Mr. Lucas’ “ British Dragonflies,” p. 82. The face was
greenish-white, and in both fore- and hind-wings the saffron
patch near the cubital point was connected with the basal
saffron patch. Eight more specimens, all males, were secured
at the same place on 19th August, when the weather was
very bright, and it was observed that the behaviour of the
insects was the same then as it was during the dull weather
of 12th August, with the exception that they showed no dis-
position to resort to the trees. We usually found the saffron
colour sufficiently conspicuous to render the species determin-
able at sight ; it was most noticeable when the insect rose to a
level with our eyes, when it was seen that the light in passing
through the wings had acquired a remarkable ruddy glare.
The colour of the thorax in the male has been stated to be
deep red, but we saw it as a brownish colour, in strong con-
trast with the red of the abdomen. It is doubtful whether
these insects were native to the localities where they were
found, for nothing was seen of them at the most prolific site,
which had been visited regularly, prior to 12th August, when
all the specimens examined presented the mature coloration
and several of them were damaged in respect of wings and
legs.”
Dr. F, A, Dixsy exhibited specimens of Vychitona medusa,
Cram., Pseudopontia paradoxa, Feld., Terias senegalensis, Boisd.,
Leuceronia pharis, Boisd., and L. argia, Fabr., remarking upon
them as follows :—
‘‘Though there does not exist, so far as I am aware, any
direct evidence that the members of the genus Vychitona*
are distasteful, their habits are such as to suggest this mode
of protection; and there is, I think, little doubt that they
have served as models for other insects. We find, for instance,
a striking resemblance between the West African form of
NV. medusa called by Aurivillius immaculata, and the remark-
able insect Psewdopontia paradowxa, Feld., as to whose affinities
* T employ Dr. A. G. Butler’s name for a genus which has been
variously known as Pontia and Leptosia by different authors.
( izx™®)
I will not venture to offer an opinion. Both forms are
inhabitants of the same tropical coast region, and it may well
be anticipated that future observation will show their likeness
in appearance to have a mimetic significance. I would suggest
also that the white form of the female Zerias senegalensis,
Boisd., which occurs not uncommonly in some parts of Africa,
may owe its peculiar aspect toa similar cause. Specimens of this
form of the female from the Victoria Nyanza, together with an
ordinary yellow male from the same district, are here exhibited.
* But probably the most remarkable and unmistakable case
of mimetic approach to the NVychitona as a model is that
afforded by Lewceronia pharis, Boisd., to which I incidentally
drew attention in reference to an exhibit recorded in our
Proceedings” for 1906, p. xxxi. AsT remarked on that occasion,
the genus Hronia (including Nepheronia and Leuceronia) has
been so strongly affected by mimetic transformation that it can
searcely be said to have an aspect of its own. The male, how-
ever, of L. argia, Fabr., is probably as characteristic of the
genus as any other form, and a specimen has accordingly been
placed by the side of Z. pharis, to which it is closely related.
Few observers will, it is believed, remain unconvinced that L.
pharis represents a departure, of mimetic significance, in the
direction of Vychitona. That the latter genus rather than the
former has served as the model might be expected from its
very wide range and generally uniform characteristics. This
is no doubt really the case, but with a qualification.
‘‘Several years ago I tried to explain certain curious
phenomena of mimicry in South American butterflies, by
supposing that a mutual interchange of features was liable
to take place between distasteful forms—a give-and-take
arrangement which I then called ‘reciprocal mimicry,’ and
for which Prof. Poulton has since proposed the more accurate
term ‘diaposematism’ (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1894, pp.
296-298 ; ibid. 1896, pp. 72-75; ibid. 1897, pp. 324-331.
See also Presidential Address by Mr. Trimen, Proc. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1897, pp. xxx, Ixxxi), The principle thus suggested
has since been found by Mr, G. A. K. Marshall, Prof. Poulton,
Mr. Neaveand others to be applicable in many other cases than
those which first led me to its formulation, and I venture to
( lesa? -)
think that it may now be taken as a well-established law
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 296, 489, 490; ibid. 1906,
pp. 216-218, 292-3). It will be seen from what follows
that the present exhibit probably furnishes a fresh instance
of its operation.
“The resemblance of LZ. pharis to the ordinary African
forms of WVychitona, though striking, is not exact. The
Leuceronia has no dark discal spot, the outline of the dark
apical border of the fore-wing is more regular, and the texture
of the wings is more solid-looking and opaque than in the
prevailing forms of the model. But among the specimens of
Nychitona collected by Mr. Wiggins in the neighbourhood of
the Victoria Nyanza and worked out by Mr. Neave in ‘ Novit.
Zool.,’ Vol. XI, 1904, p. 324, there occur some forms which in
all these respects correspond with the mimic rather than with
the usual type of the model. The inference seems clear that
although the part played by the Leuceronia has been chiefly
that of a borrower, it has in return bestowed certain features
of its own upon this particular race of its model. The form
of Vychitona in question, a specimen of which is included in the
exhibit, may possibly deserve to rank as a distinct sub-species.
“Whether the aspect of the purely white specimens of
Nychitona from West Africa here shown in connection with
Pseudopontia affords another instance of reciprocal change, I
am not prepared to say, especially as similar forms occur in
districts where Pseudopontia is not met with. But on looking
at the genus as a whole, it would appear to be significant that
whereas in India, where, so far as we know, Vychitona is not
mimicked, its forms present a very uniform appearance with
the characteristic discal spot and irregular apical border con-
spicuously present, in Africa we find variations of Vychitona
each of which tends to bring it into more or less close corre-
spondence with a probable mimic. On these grounds it seems
not unreasonable to seek for an explanation of the facts in the
direction of diaposematic change.”
Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorps exhibited examples of Dinarda
pygmea, Wasm., with our other three species, D. hagensi,
Wasm., D. dentata, Gr., and D. méirkeli, Kies., with their
respective hosts, and read the following note :—
( Ixxii )
“ Dinarda pygmea, Wasm., was first taken in this country
by Mr. J. H. Keys of Plymouth in Cornwall several years
ago. It was wrongly named for him D. dentata, and its host
Formica fusca, I this year sent it to Father Wasmann who
returned it as D. pygmxa. It is the smallest of the genus,
and the thorax is much less broad in proportion to the elytra
than in the others. Father Wasmann stated after he had seen
the beetle that the ants it was found with must be Mormica
rufibarbis, v. fuscorujfibarbis. This turns out to be the case.
I have just been down to Cornwall, and Mr. Keys and I took
over a dozen of the beetle. We examined a great number of
nests and all the ants were this form. They make their
nests under stones, and we found them from the Rame Head
to Tregantle.
“ Dinardi hagensi, Wasm., was first taken in this country
by me last year at Bournemouth with the rare ant Formica
exsecta. It is a little larger than D. pygmxa, but not so large
as dentata, it is narrower and always of a lighter yellow
colour. I have taken over fifty specimens now and they are
all the same. Its hosts make nests about the size of a football,
and smaller, of grass and ling in open spaces among fir-trees.
“ Dinarda dentata, Gr.,is only found with Formica sanguinea.
It is a broader, darker and more robust species than hagensi.
Its hosts make nests either in the turf above which it raises
a very low cover of cut grass as at Woking, or in fir-stumps
as at Wellington College. It will also build under any object,
like an old boot or kettle.
“ Dinarda mirkelt, Kies., is only found with Formica rufa,
which builds large hillocks of pine needles in fir-woods. It
is the largest species of the genus and the most well-known.”
Mr. DonistHorPE also exhibited a larva of D. dentata sent
to him by Father Wasmann, and a larva of D. pygnexa taken
by him in Cornwall.
Mr. Norman Joy showed the following species of Coleoptera
first recognized as British in 1906 :—(a) Laccobius sinuatus,
Mots., from Lundy Island (Tomlin and Joy) and Cambridge-
shire (Gorham), distinguished by its smaller size and more
parallel form from ZL. nigriceps, Thoms. ; (0) Homalota para-
doxa, Rey, taken in moles’ nests in Berkshire and Devon ;
C ikem)
(c) Quedius vexans, Epp., and its larva, from moles’ nests in
Berkshire; (d) Huplectus tomlini, Joy, from a starling’s nest
at Bradfield, Berkshire ; (e) Corticaria ecrenicollis, Mannh.,
from under bark at Basildon, Berkshire, and at Epping
(Pool) ; (f) Cardiophorus erichsoni, Buyss., taken on Lundy
Island by Mr. Tomlin and himself. He also exhibited :—
(a) a variety of Lathrobium elongatum, L., from South Devon,
with entirely black elytra, and which he proposed to call var.
nigrum ; (b) a curious dull aberration of Apteropeda globosa,
Ill.; (c) Heterothops nigra, Ky., taken in moles’ nests from
various parts of the country; (@) a species of Gnathoncus
differing in certain characters from G'. rotundatus, Kugel, and
which occurs almost exclusively in birds’ nests. With regard
to the last two he made the following remarks :—
“« Heterothops nigra is regarded on the continent as a variety
of H. previa, Er.; with which it seems to correspond in
structure, but differs from it in colour. However, there is
a marked difference in habitat, and therefore habits, of the
two forms. H. previa is taken in rotting straw, etc., whereas
H. nigra is confined to the nests of moles, and a few other
mammals. This difference in habits is considered of no im-
portance by many collectors, yet surely is it not of as great
importance as a difference in punctuation, and has it not as
much right to be regarded as a specific character as a difference
in structure? Indeed, there must be a constant minute
difference in the structure of the central nervous system.
Among the birds there is a beautiful example of two very
closely allied species being far more easily differentiated by
their habits and life history than by their structure or colour.
These are the March Warbler (Acrocephalus palustris) and
Reed Warbler (A. streperus), skins of which I exhibit. You
will notice that there is only a slight difference in the shade
of the colour of the back and breast, and in the colour of the
legs, and the wing formule differ in a small degree. These
differences would certainly only be regarded as varietal by
most coleopterists, yet the two birds differ markedly in dis-
tribution, habits, habitat, eggs, nest and song. I maintain
that H. nigra is, as far as possible, a parallel case. I see in
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1906, part I, p. liii, that Mr. G. F. Leigh
( Izy)
separates two closely allied forms of butterflies on account of
- differences in the habits of the two forms; and I have myself
brought forward the same arguments (‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,’ Jan.
1905) when describing Rhizotrogus ochraceus, Knoch., as a good
species.
“ The Gnathoncus is another casein point. Mr. G. Lewis has
pronounced that we only possess one species of this genus as
British. I found however that in a long series in my and
other collections there were two quite constant and distinct
forms: (a) with shining and diffusely punctured apex of
elytra, and large teeth to the front tibiz ; (6) with dull and
closely punctured (the punctures often running into lines)
apex of elytra, and much smaller teeth to the front tibie. I
could not find, and have not seen since, any intermediate forms.
T then discovered that all my specimens of form a were taken
in carrion, and those of form 6 in birds’ nests. This, to my
mind, conclusively separates them as distinct species. I sent
my two series to Mr. Lewis pointing out these differences, and
he still maintains that they both belong to the same species
because the form of the sternum is the same in both, and
completely ignores the biological distinction. This, I am
afraid, is the attitude of a great many coleopterists, who seem
to forget that their cabinet specimens were ever alive and had
distinctive life histories and habits.”
The PresipENtT said he thought they could appreciate the
force of the argument of Mr. Norman Joy and Mr. Donis-
thorpe that, where morphological differences between two
kinds of insects were not great, but a difference of such a
remarkable character as they had described existed in habit,
this difference of habit might properly be taken into account
in forming a judgment whether the two should be considered
specifically distinct. But whether they accepted this or not,
he thought they could agree that it was highly useful that the
special habits of an insect, as an important part of its life,
should be observed and recorded.
Mr. L. B. Prout showed on behalf of Mr. G. B. Oliver,
of Tettenhall, Wolverhampton, a melanic 2? of Acidalia
marginepunctata, Goeze, and a melanie 3 of A. subsericeata,
Haw., both taken in North Cornwall this summer, together
( Ixxv )
with the typical forms for comparison ; also a dark aberration
of Cenonympha pamphilus, Linn., taken in the same district
in 1903. The district is on the whole noted for light and
brightly-marked forms, and the exhibitor said that he did not
pretend to offer any explanation of these casual aberrations,
one at least of which—the A. subsericeata—seemed to be
absolutely unique, so far as is at present known. A very
few eggs, only eight, he believed, were obtained from the A.
marginepunctata, and three of the larve fed up rapidly, and
produced moths on September 5th and 6th, the remaining five
hibernating. The three were exhibited with the parent, and
though slightly darker than normal, are by no means extreme
forms.
Mr. H. W. SoutHcomBe communicated a note on the forma-
tion of a new nest by Lasius niger, the common black garden
ant, as follows :—
“A number of fertile queens were captured on the 28th
July, 1905. They were running about in a large open space
in front of a railway-station, and both there and in other
places were hurriedly searching for some crevice in which to
hide, and as hurriedly scurrying out again.
“ T afterwards enclosed some of these queens in a perforated
box having holes of a size which permitted the small ants to
pass through and offered them to some wild nests, and also to
a captive colony which possessed no queen. In each case they
were torn to pieces, the members of the captive nest showing
remarkable fury in attacking the offered queen.
“Tt would thus appear that the queens which fall a prey to
the birds, sometimes in vast numbers, stand in danger if they
escape the birds of meeting a worse fate at the hands of their
own kind.
“The remaining captive queens were kept in a box with
glass top, perforated sides for ventilation, and a porcelain
bottom, being at first supplied with a wet sponge under which
they congregated during the hot weather. Food was supplied,
but I never at any time saw them feeding, although they may
have done so. Afterwards they were supplied with damp
earth, in which they burrowed and spent the winter.
“In the middle of May 1906 the little colony began to die
(2 xxvii)
without apparent cause, until only two survivors remained,
but as these were in excellent condition and extremely active,
it may have been that they attacked one another. The two
survivors were transferred to a flower-pot, 3lst May, 1906,
where they made a new hole and lived in it until the 12th
June, during which time they were taken a long railway
journey. During this time they certainly did not come out
to feed as the shaking caused the hole to become stopped up.
On the 12th June, 1906, the pot was turned out and the ants
found at some depth and in good condition. It is to be noted
that the black queens if supplied with damp earth and a flat
potsherd or two, will always burrow out hiding-places, turning
out the earth in little pellets as the working ants do, and some-
times carrying some of it a little distance away.
“On 12th June, 1906, I arranged a thin layer of earth
covered by two bits of broken flower-pot a few inches square
in the box they formerly occupied, and under this they at once
made a new nest. ‘The little mound of earth was kept damp
from time to time.
““The nest was left alone and seldom looked into, until 11th
September, 1906, when on taking off the cover I saw at least
two workers had been born.
“On the following day two ants were out thoroughly
examining every part of the box. They did not appear
very anxious for food, but attacked a newly killed fly and
dragged it towards the nest, and have since (14th Sept.) spent
a good deal of time round it.
“ From the foregoing it is clear that a fertile black queen is
able to start a new nest of her own without the assistance of
other ants, and that she will do so under favourable circum-
stances about the end of the first.year after flight.
“The difficulty a wild queen would find in discovering a
hiding-place not too wet or too dry, and not already tenanted
by hostile ants, is much greater than might be supposed,
because the runs of each existing nest are very extensive.
‘In one country house at least three-quarters of the whole
area of about an acre I found to be occupied by three nests,
and in a town house with not much garden three separate
nests occupied the sides of the house, and still another hostile
( Beevii' _))
nest had its boundary at a corner a few yards away. In
neither of these gardens would a new queen find a corner that
was not well patrolled by ants in quest of food.
‘<The new queen’s chance of life is still further limited by
the fact that she cannot stand too much wet, while dust and
dryness is almost immediately fatal to her.
‘Tt may be worth observing that if a lot of black ants are
feeding together some will be found quite large and others
very much smaller. The difference in size is obvious to the
naked eye, and is confirmed by a measurement of the width
of heads, etc., under the microscope, and that these two newly
hatched ants are both of the very smallest size.”
The PresidENT, exhibiting a series of Selenia bilunaria, said
that he had seen no notice of a form that is met with of this
species, and not observed by him in any other insect, viz. that
with the fore-wings very much broadened, so that a line drawn
from the apex to the anal angle nearly equals the length, and
if the insect is set with the inner edges of the fore-wings at
right angles with the body, the costal edges would be at an
angle of about 90° to each other. The exhibit included
specimens many years old from the President’s cabinet, of the
particulars of which he had no record: also ten examples
out of many hundreds bred this year from several dozen
different broods, only one of which broods, comprising about
sixty individuals, included the abnormal ones. There was
nothing very special in theirtreatment. Mr. Barrett describes
one aberration of the kind in Wenia typica as ‘most
extraordinary.”
Papers.
Mr. W. J. Kaye read “Some Notes on the Dominant
Miillerian Group of Butterflies from the Potaro River
District of British Guiana.”
Mr. G. J. Arrow read “A Contribution to the Classification
of the Coleopterous Family Passalidx.”
( Ixxviii )
Wednesday, October 17th, 1906.
Mr. F,. Murririevp, President, in the Chair.
Exhibitions.
Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorrse showed living examples of the
beetle Monyonchus pseudacori, and seed capsules of Iris feti-
dissima which contained more specimens, found at Niton, Isle
of Wight, where the species occurs in numbers.
Mr. A. H. Jonus exhibited a species of Pieris napt, var.
bryonix, Argynnis thore, Erebia glacialis, ab. pluto, a small
form of Lycena arion from Arosa, Switzerland, at 6000 ft. ; a
variety of Melanargia galatea in which the dark patch on the
under-side of the hind-wings was much enlarged, and two
varieties of Argynnis niobe 9, one very pale, the other of a
bluish copper colour taken on the Spliigen Pass in July last :
also specimens from other localities for comparison.
Mr. W. J. Kays exhibited a fine example of the remarkable
moth Dracenta rusina, Druce, from Trinidad. The species
bears a wonderful resemblance to a decayed dead leaf, the
patches on the wings also suggesting the work of some leaf-
mining insect. The margins of the wings were so deeply
indented as to make it appear that the specimen was greatly
damaged. The species was originally described by Druce from
Guatemala in the “ Biol. Cent. Am. Heterocera,” p. 188, and
was figured on Plate IX, fig. 9. There it was placed in the
Siculodide, a small family created to include a few allied
species, but was put into the Thyridide by Hampson, the family
embracing the Siculodide. On imaginal characters the insect
was undoubtedly a Thyridid, although in general appearance
wholly different from the two European Thyridids. The
specimen exhibited, and also figured for the Society (Plate
XXXII), had been found at rest on the ground. But it was
probably a night flyer as the exhibitor had taken one or two
other related species in British Guiana at night.
Mr, E. M. Dapp showed a number of Noctuids common to
the British Isles and Germany, and read the following
observations on the insular racial characters of some British
Lepidoptera as compared with the predominant form occurring
on the continent of Europe.
( Isaax 4)
‘<Tn his ‘Island Life,’ when dealing with the British Isles,
Dr. A. R. Wallace designates, amongst others, 179 forms of
Lepidoptera as being peculiar to the British Isles. This list of
species was compiled for Dr. Wallace by Mr. Tutt, and the
latter gentleman has supplemented it by a much extended
list in his articles on this subject in Vol. XIV of the ‘ Ento-
mologist’s Record.’
“As Mr. Tutt himself remarks, many of the forms
enumerated will have to be erased from [the list, as soon as
continental entomologists commence to study variation more
than is the case at present. The object of the present paper
however is not to determine what is and what is not a
peculiar British form, but to call attention to constant
differences between the prevalent form occurring in England
and the prevailing form of the same species from the
continent.
‘“‘ Having collected formerly for years in England the writer
has been a resident in Germany for the last five years, and
during this time has had many hundreds of the species
mentioned through his hands. Very shortly after his removal
over here he was struck by the differences between Mamestra
dissimilis (suasa), Pachnobia rubricosa, Orthosia litura, Xylina
ornithopus and the forms of these insects as he had known
them in England.
“England is the home of many dark races, Polia chi, var.
olivacea, Amphidasys betularia, var. doubledayaria, the dark
forms of H. abruptaria, L. multistrigaria, P. pedaria, O. biden-
tata, etc., and it is therefore all the more curious that in the
22 species of Noctuz enumerated the tendency is always for
the English form to be lighter and the continental darker.
“It does not appear to me that the colour of the soil is
here a determining factor, as were this the case one would
expect Berlin insects to be the lighter, the soil round Berlin
being for the greater part a fine yellow sand. Compare this
with the London clay on which most of my English captures
were made.
“Tt is more probable that climatic conditions are the
determining factor, possibly the proximity of the sea. I
have unfortunately not had an opportunity of collecting on
( bese”)
the European coast so cannot say whether lighter forms are
there prevalent.
“At present I have distinguished 22 species which show
more or less constant differences, and no doubt this number
could very largely be added to. I should like at this point to
again observe that I am not questioning the occurrence of
these darker forms in England, but only pointing out that
they constitute the type found on the continent as against the
paler type from England.
“ Agrotis exclamationis.—The English form is more yellow-
brown than the continental. I have this species from various
London localities, Mucking (Essex), Deal, Sandown, New
Forest, Sussex Coast, Devonshire and Cambridge, and German
specimens from many Berlin localities, East Prussia, Saxon
Erzgebirge and Switzerland. The distinction though not
very great seems to be fairly general.
“* Agrotis tritici.—English specimens paler yellow-brown with
distincter paler markings. I have only Deal tritici from
England; German from Berlin, Plauen and East Prussia.
Some of the English specimens are almost as dark as the
continental, but no continental are as pale as the English.
* Agrotis nigricans.—English specimens are reddish-brown,
varying in depth of colour; continental almost black.
* Agrotis vestigialis.—English specimens paler and yellower.
“ Mamestra dissimilis (suasa)—English specimens always
yellow-brown with darker markings; continental generally
almost unicolorous dark brown with a more or less reddish tinge.
I have long series of English specimens from Essex and
Sussex coast localities; continental from Berlin and other
German localities, Denmark and Sweden, ‘The English form
occurs at Berlin as a rare aberration.
“ Mamestra geniste.—The English form has the pale
markings nearly white; these are always darker in continental
specimens, frequently being hardly distinguishable from the
ground colour.
“ Mamestra albicolon.—The English form is yellowish-brown ;
the continental much darker, being in fact as dark as M.
brassicx, the hind-wings are also much more suffused.
“Hadena sordida.—The English form of this species is
( dexxis )
yellowish, the continental much darker. This is a species of
which I have had large numbers, both in England and
Germany. In Berlin it is one of our commonest Hadenas,
and I have seen many hundreds on a single night. Although
this was one of the first insects in which I observed the
difference between the English and continental form, and I
have been constantly on the look out for light forms, the
fifth specimen in the continental row is the lightest observed.
As will be seen it is a good deal darker than the darkest
English form. During the last five years I have certainly
seen many hundreds of this species on sugar here. /
“ Hadena lithovylea.—The English form is very pale with
very indistinct markings, the continental have a greyer tinge,
owing to a general diffusion of the wings with whitish-grey
scales; the markings are also large and more distinct, the
hind-wings much more suffused. This is also a common
insect both in England and Germany.
“ Hadena basilinea.—The English form is almost unicolorous
pale fawn; the continental much more richly marked and
altogether a handsomer insect. I have never taken this
species commonly although it seems to occur everywhere.
“ Miselia oxyacanthe —Here we are confronted with a
double problem. Of the typical form, the continental tends to
be somewhat darker than the English, the paler markings
being more distinct, but curiously enough the dark English
variety capucina does not occur on the continent as far as
my experience goes. Further testimony to this effect is
afforded by the fact that all German entomologists when
looking over my collection have always called attention to it
as something new to them.
“* Dryobota protea.—Continental specimens are much darker
and dingier than English. The pretty English forms with
white and rosy patches are quite unknown.
“ Pachnobia rubricosa.—The English form of this insect is
so distinct that it is known as var. 7wfa on the continent.
I have taken large numbers of this insect both in England
and Germany, and have bred both forms on two occasions.
Although I have had occasional dark specimens in England,
I have never seen a red form on the continent. The result
PROC. ENT, SOC, LOND., IV. 1906. F
( @eiiscxocini is)
of breeding in Berlin from dark females was always the
typical continental form.
“Teniocampa gracilis.—The continental form is always
much darker than English specimens.
“ Orthosia pistacina.—This common English insect does not
occur at Berlin, its place being taken by the smaller and
darker nitida. I however took it in large numbers at
Leudelange, Luxemburg, last September, and have seen series
from other parts of Germany. It varies just as much as it does
in England with one notable exception: the bright red forms,
which in England form the majority, are entirely wanting.
“ Orthosia litura.—This insect is a reddish insect in England,
on the continent it is always a dark blueish-grey, some insects
having a tinge of red; even these forms are however much
darker than any I have ever seen in England.
“ Orrhodia vaccinii.—This insect is very variable both in
England and on the continent. Whereas however the English
specimens only seem to vary in the intensity of the red and
have a more or less suffusion of yellow markings, the
continental vary from red to almost black. The pale English
forms with a large amount of yellow markings are absent
on the continent.
“ Scopelosoma satellitia.—The English forms are generally
speaking lighter red than the continental. Dark brown and
almost black forms are by no means rare on the continent,
though I do not remember seeing such forms in England and
if they occur are only aberrations.
“ Xylina semibrunnea.—Continental specimens are much
darker than English.
“Xylina ornithopus.— The ground colour of the English form
is almost pure white; that of the continental grey. I have
taken this species at Berlin, Plauen (Saxony), and Leudelange,
Luxemburg, always in plenty, but have never taken a specimen
in any way approaching the English form (New Forest) for
whiteness.
“ Asphalia flavicornis.—The continental form is much darker
than the English ; it more nearly resembles C’. ov, and is by no
means such a handsome insect as the English. The frosted
yellowish-green scaling is almost entirely absent.
, (Cy bexxiti ~)
“ Asphalia ridens.—The continental form is generally almost
unicolorous ; the conspicuous frosted markings of the English
form are nearly always absent.”
Dr. F. A. Drxry exhibited specimens of Jzxias baliensis,
Fruhst., and Zuphina corva, Wallace, remarking upon them as
follows :—
«*«Some short while since, a few Pierine butterflies from the
Island of Bali, which formed part of a collection kindly
presented to the Hope Department by their captor, Mr. R.
Shelford, were put into my hands for incorporation with the
general series. The butterflies when they reached me had
been set up, and, as was supposed, had been sorted into
species. Among a somewhat worn series of the Malayan
form (ZH. corva, Wallace), of Huphina nerissa, Fabr., one female
caught my eye as being in rather better condition than the
rest. On being examined more closely, it was seen to be not
a Huphina at all, but an Jxias; a genus, as I need hardly say,
of very different affinities. The specimen is, in fact, a female
of the Bali form of Jxias reinwardtii, Voll. ; the form which
has been called baliensis by Fruhstorfer. It is quite near
enough in appearance to the Huphinas with which it was
caught to pass muster easily on a casual view ; and, as has
been seen, it did actually delude one human observer.
“There can, I think, be little doubt that this resemblance
is significant. The usual aspect of /aias is rather widely
departed from by both sexes of J. reinwardtii and its immediate
allies, but, as so often is the case, the mimetic approach to
another genus is confined’ to the female. Through the kind-
ness of Professor Poulton I am able to exhibit a male example
of Ixias baliensis which is especially interesting as being one
of the actual specimens caught by Mr. Wallace during his
memorable visit to the Malay Archipelago. It will be seen
that the male has no share in the mimetic garb of his mate.
“Tt is noticeable that the appearance of these specimens of
H. corva from Bali differs from that of ordinary examples of
H. nevissa in the fact that the hind-wing of both sexes shows
a rather pronounced dark border ; this in the female being
brought about by an almost complete fusion of the submarginal
row of dark spots, commonly found in that sex of the species,
( Wxscciv. @)
with the dark margin itself. This brings the hind-wing of
the model into close correspondence with that of the mimic,
a correspondence which does not exist in the case of the
usual form of the model. It is of course conceivable that
this special feature in the Huphina is merely accidental ;
but in view of the fact that a similar condition is usual in
Ivias, whereas in H. nerissa it is practically confined to
the particular form that is mimicked by vias, it seems more
explicable as a case of diaposematism—a principle which ex-
perience is continually showing to be very widely prevalent.
“Tn this instance the Huphina has on the whole acted as
the model, under whose influence the /zias has drifted some
distance away from the usual aspect of its genus. But in the
particular case of the hind-wing the process is reversed ; the
Ixias has been the model, and has in its turn been mimicked
by the Huphina.
“We have some direct evidence that H. nerissa is disliked
by insectivorous birds. I am not aware of any such evidence
in the case of /xias. But if the foregoing conclusions are
well founded, the association between the two must necessarily
be Miillerian and not Batesian.”’
Mr. S. A. NeAve exhibited a number of Lepidoptera selected
from the collection made by him in N.-H. Rhodesia, in 1904
and 1905, comprising the following rare and remarkable
species :—
Melanitis libya, Distant ; Liptena homeyert, Dewitz ; Pentila
peucetia, Hew. ; Catochrysops gigantea, Trim. ; Crenis pechueli,
Dewitz, and Crenis rosa, Hew., which are evidently two distinct
species; and Crenidomimas concordia, Hopft., the mimic of
the last two species. Also two remarkable species of the
genus Aphnxus—including a female, so rarely taken in this
genus—Acrexa natalica, Boisd., and Acrea anemosa, Hew., with
two remarkable moths showing a close mimetic resemblance
to them.
The exhibitor further stated that his collection would, he
thought, prove exceedingly interesting as regards seasonal
forms especially in the Acreine and Pierinz, of which he
showed examples.
(a) Acrexa acrita, Hew.—Dry, intermediate and wet phases
(Giiscacy) >)
of both sexes ; the wet-season specimens were highly remark-
able, being, especially in the females, nearly black.
(6) Acrxa chxribula, Oberth., taken in the height of the dry
season ; remarking that :—
“Dr. Butler * has suggested that chxribula with its heavy
black apex may be the wet-season form of acrita. The speci-
mens shown seemed to demonstrate fairly certainly that this
is not the case. At the same time, an examination of the
series in the British Museum left it doubtful whether the
specimens there recorded by him under that name are the
true cheribula of Oberthiir. They appear to be only varia-
tions of acrita which, apart from its seasonal phases, is
undoubtedly a highly variable species.”
(c) Acrxa natalica, Boisd.—Dry and wet phases of both sexes ;
the dry specimens being characterized by their smaller size
and slightly brighter colour.
Dry and wet phases of both
sexes, all exhibiting a tendency,
especially the females, to a
darker colour in the wet season.
Commenting on these species Mr. Neave said that he had
found the above change of colour in the seasonal phases,
which is common to all the above species, but is most marked
in acrita, exceedingly difficult to account for. The very
strongly aposematic coloration of this species in the dry
season when the struggle for existence is keenest is most
notable. It was, he thought, at this time of year, the most
brilliant insect on the wing that he knew. The change of ©
colour is also accompanied to some extent by change of habit,
dry-season specimens being much more restless and hard to
capture than wet ones. It seemed therefore difficult to
account for these facts without supposing that the brilliant
dry-season phases have been evolved, by stress of circumstance
at that time of year, from a duller coloured phase such as, in
this region, we still find in the wet season when the struggle
is not so keen.
Seasonal forms in the Pierine were represented by :—
(e) A long series of Zeracolus regina, Trim., of both sexes and
* P. Z. S. 1894, p. 566.
(d) Acrxa induna, Trim.
A. doubledayi oncxa, Hopft.
A. caldarena, Hew.
(Geilxxxvas™)
of Teracolus phlegyas, Butler. ‘‘Thedry season ? ? of regina
remarkable for having the brilliant purple apical tip of the
3 much more strongly represented in dry-season specimens
than in wet.”
The distribution of these two species in this particular
region was of interest, inasmuch as the exhibitor had never
taken both in the same locality. 7. phlegyas appeared to be
entirely confined to the hot dry river valleys and low country
up to 2000 feet, whilst he took regina commonly in the more
hilly uplands from 2000 feet upwards.
(f) Teriomima hildegarda, Kirby, dry, intermediate and wet
phases. A rare phenomenon in African Lyczenide.
Mr. G. A. K. Marswatt, with reference to the seasonal
changes in Acrxa, expressed the opinion that the increase of
the blackish markings, which is so usual a feature in the
summer ? ?, tended to make the insects less conspicuous on
the wing and probably had a procryptic significance. This
might be due to the fact that that was the season of ovi-
position when the ? 9 might require special protection, even
in the case of distasteful species. With regard to Mr. Neave’s
remarks on the brilliant colouring of A. acrita in the dry
season he pointed out that in Rhodesia the species of Acrea
fall roughly into two groups in this respect, namely: (1) the
larger or more high-flying species, such as acrita, anemosa,
atolmis, etc., which presented a more brilliant appearance in
winter ; this being probably due to their greater unpalatability,
which had been to some extent shown by experiments, and
which would render a bright aposematic coloration of consider-
able utility at this season of greater stress; and (2) the
smaller, low-flying, and less unpalatable species, such as
axina, asema, etc., which could not afford to make themselves
too conspicuous at such a time and whose colouring therefore
tended more to harmonise with the dull reds and yellows of
the withered grasses among which they flew.
The question however of the significance of the black mark-
ings in Acrea was complicated by the fact that in several
widely-distributed species there was a progressive local in-
crease in the black from south to north, irrespective of season.
Professor E. B. Poutron, F.R.S., congratulated Mr. Neave
Co bexxvit )
upon his interesting exhibition. He made a few remarks
upon the melanic forms of the wet season, but expressed him-
self unable at present to understand the full significance of
the changes. In conclusion, Professor Poutton asked Dr. F.
A. Dixey whether it was likely that the females of TZeracolus
regina exhibited in one season a synaposematic approach to
the females of other and very distinct species of the same
genus ; in the other season a similar approach to Pierine of a
remote genus.
Dr. F. A. Drxey said that he was not at present prepared
to give a complete answer to the question put to him by
Professor Poulton. The seasonal changes of Veracolus regina,
in relation to the sexual dimorphism of that species, were very
remarkable and required further investigation. He had, how-
ever, no doubt that both in this species and in 7’. phlegyas the
dry-season form of both sexes had a cryptic character, at any
rate in the resting position of the insect. He was quite con-
vinced of this in the case of the last-named butterfly and of
its congener, 7’. speciosus, from having watched both species
under natural conditions.
Wednesday, November 7th, 1906.
Mr. F. Merrirrevp, President, in the chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Grrarp H. Gurney, Keswick Hall, Norwich; Mr.
Harotp Armstronc Fry, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg,
Transvaal Colony; Mr. Freprerick Apert MITcHELL-
Hepers, 42, Kensington Park Gardens, London, W.; Mr.
Gorpon Merrman, Trinity Hall, Cambridge; Mr. Percy A.
H. Muscuamp, 20, Chemin des Asters, Geneva; and Mr.
Oswin 8. Wickar, Crescent Cottage, Cambridge Place,
Colombo, Ceylon, were elected Fellows of the Society.
Exhibitions.
Mr. H. J. Lucas exhibited a photograph of Panorpa
germanica, practically immaculate, taken by Mr. HE. A
(| Ixxxvuii )
Cockayne, a Fellow of the Society, at Tongue, Sutherland-
shire, now in the Hope Museum, and a typical form for
comparison, corresponding apparently to the borealis of
Stephens. He also showed a series of P. germanica to
illustrate the range of spotting on the wings of both sexes,
with two ¢ ds and two 2 9s of P. communis; and a pair
of a third species, P. cognata. ‘The first two species are
common ; the third scarce.
Mr. G. C. Cuampion showed a long series of a Henicopus
(probably H. spiniger, Duval), taken by himself at El Barco,
Galicia, Spain, last July, to demonstrate the dimorphism of the
females: one form having wholly black hairs, and the other
wholly white (sometimes with a few black ones intermixed),
the males showing no variation in this respect. Bourgeois,
in his Monograph, noted the variability of the colour of the
hairs in various species of this genus, but makes no mention
of dimorphism in the females.
Mr. H. Sr. J. DonisrHorre exhibited seven specimens of
Prionocyphon serricornis, Miull., bred from larvee taken in the
New Forest in July, living larve, anda larva and pupa figured,
of the same, and made the following remarks on the species :—
“The life history of Prionocyphon was unknown to science.
Last year | took some larve in water in a hole in a felled oak
in the New Forest, which I thought might be the larve of
Prionocyphon. They all unfortunately escaped or died, but
my friend, Mr, Hereward Dollman, figured one of the larva
for me, and this I exhibited at one of the meetings of our
Society.
“This year, on July 17, I took some more of these larvee out
of the same tree in the Forest, and have succeeded in rearing
seven perfect insects so far. I placed the larve in a bowl,
with dead leaves, wood mould, and water out of the tree itself,
and a piece of the fresh bark on the top. Perfect insects
appeared on July 28, 29, 30, 31, and August 1. Some of the
larvee crawled on to the bark, and hid under the moss on it, to
pupate. <A larva was observed to pupate on July 29; I took
it to the Museum and got it figured, and returned it to the
bowl, and it hatched on August 1, only three days being
passed in the pupal state. Eggs must have been deposited
(Wd b-2 o-ab-< )
in the bowl, as besides many nearly full-grown larvee, a number
of very young ones are now present. I hope to carry them all
safely through the winter.”
Dr. T. A. CuApmMan brought for exhibition a collection of
butterflies, made by himself in Galicia (lat. 42° 16’ N., long.
6° 44’ W.) last July, including (a) specimens of Lycxna idas,
hitherto reported only from the Sierra Nevada and district in
the extreme south-east of Spain. It came rather as a surprise
therefore in the extreme north-west, where it occurred at an
elevation of 4500 to 5000 feet, and only where there grew a
species of Hrodium, with extremely large handsome flowers.
On this it was seen to lay its eggs, and on one little patch of
about 50 square yards, practically carpeted with the plant, a
good many butterflies were observed, and eggs were found,
where they were seen being laid on the leaves ; and, as is so
common in the Zycxnas, as near the ground as the butterfly
could get.
(6) Specimens of ZL. astrarche, one from practically the same
ground as the Z. idas, for comparison.
(c) Specimens of LZ. argus (xgon) from the same district.
These, while very close to the vars. hypochiona and bejarensis,
differ in a certain proportion of the specimens presenting the
red of the marginal “peacock eyes” on the upper surface of
the hind-wings of the males. Dr. Chapman said that such a
coloration occurs in Asiatic specimens, that differ otherwise
from these, but he had not heard of any European forms
possessing it. These specimens, also, differed amongst them-
selves in the tint of the blue; some being greenish, others
full lilac—an amount of variation unusual amongst specimens
all from one locality.
(d) Examples of all the other Lycenids met with ; other.
wise not remarkable. JL. beticus and L. telicanus were
almost everywhere abundant in all stages, except the pupa,
which seemed to be hidden tolerably effectually.
The species met with and shown included also, Thecla «icis,
T. spini, Zephyrus quercus, Chrysophanus virgauree, C. hip-
pothoé, C. phleas, Lycena argiolus, L. melanops, L. amanda,
L. wcarus, L. baton, and L. arion.
The Hon. N. Cuartes Rorascwixp exhibited branches of
( Sxcwrd)
Viburnum lantana showing the mines of Sesia (Ageria)
andreniformis, now discovered by him as‘ the food-plant of
the species in Britain for the first time. He said that, in the
Ent. Verein Zeit. Wien, the mine, which is unlike that of any
other species of the genus, had been reported in Viburnum
opulus (the Garden Snowball Tree).
Mr. EK. Duxiyrietp Jones exhibited two species of Molippa
from Parana, South East Brazil, which had been considered to
be both J. sabina, Walk. The two species were so closely
allied that the only way to distinguish them was by comparing
the genitalia, dissections of which were shown. Photographs
of the larvee of both accompanied the exhibit.
The Prestpent mentioned a bug which Mr. Cecil Floersheim
had found very destructive to the eggs of Papilio machaon
and P. asterias in his open-air butterfly house. It pierces the
ovum and feeds on the contents, leaving only the iridescent
shell, from May to August, being most abundant in June and
July. Its attacks are made in the penultimate stage, but
mostly in the winged stage, in which it is very agile. The
eggs of P. philenor do not seem attacked by it. Mr. E.
Saunders, F.R.S., who kindly allowed the insect to be sent to
him for identification, says it is one of the Capsidx, Heterotoma
mertoptera, Scop., found on nettles and other plants, and
apparently common all over Europe; but he had not heard of
its being predaceous on eggs. Though Reuter speaks of the
Capside as sucking the juices of Podurids and Aphides as well
as of plants, Mr. Saunders thinks there is no doubt that most
of them are vegetable feeders, probably not averse to a little
change of diet as opportunity offers, but he would certainly
never have thought of /Heterotoma as a carnivorous species.
Dr. F. A. Dixny exhibited several specimens of Pierine
butterflies in illustration of melanism, and made the following
remarks:— |
‘‘ At the recent meeting of the British Association in York,
much interest was aroused by Mr. Porritt’s paper and exhibit
on the subject of melanism. It has occurred to me that an
illustration of some of the general conditions under which
white and other kinds of pigment may be replaced by black
might possibly aid in the consideration of the more special
@rxch )
question as it affects the insect-fauna of these islands. With
this view I have brought some selected specimens here to-night,
and propose, while enlarging the scope of inquiry in one way,
to narrow it in another by confining my illustrations to the
group of Pierine.
‘“‘ A substitution of dark pigment for light may take place—
“‘(1) Between allied species, as Belenois mesentina, Cram.,
and B. raffrayt, Oberth.
(2) Between nearly-related forms of the same species, as
Eronia cleodora, Hiibn., from East London, and Z£. cleodora,
f. dilatata, Butl., from Mombasa.
*“(3) Between the sexes of the same species, as Delias
inferna, Butl., ¢ and 9.
“(4) Between individuals of the same sex of the same
species, as the ordinary and ‘white’ form of Colas electra,
tammy, O%.
‘“‘It is often possible to trace a connection between dark
pigmentation and certain external or internal conditions, such
as horizontal or vertical distribution, season and sex. Can any
of these conditions be regarded as a direct cause of melanism ?
“(1) As instances of the influence of horizontal distribution,
or locality, we have Lronia cleodora as above; Belenois mesen-
tina of Africa and India with its Australian representative
B. teutonia, Fabr.; and B. severina, Cram., 2? from Natal
compared with B. severina 9 from the Victoria Nyanza.
“««(2) As examples of the influence of vertical distribution we
may take Tutochila autodice, Hiibn., 9 from Buenos Ayres,
and 7". stigmadice, Stdgr., 9 from the Andes of Ecuador. A
familiar case of the same kind is the ordinary Ganoris nap,
Linn., ? of Switzerland compared with G. bryonix, Ochs., of
the high Alps.
‘“©(3) To illustrate seasonal influence we may compare the
dry- and wet-season forms of Teracolus annx, Wallgrn.,
T. antigone, Boisd., 7’. omphale, Godt., Glutophrissa saba, Fabr.,
Appias libythea, Fabr., Tachyris hippo, Cram., Huphina nadina,
Luce., H. nerissa, Fabr., and [xias evippe, Drury. In all these
the tendency towards melanism in the rains shown by the
females is well marked. The corresponding males are also
affected, though in less degree.
(Ge xciiy 5)
“(4) As exemplifying the influence of sex, we have Delias’
inferna 3 and ? as above, D. descombest, Boisd., D. eucharis,
Drury, Zerias tominia, Voll., and 7. zita, Feld.
“It seems obvious that in all these cases there must be
some relation or other between the increase of dark pigment
and the conditions that have been named. But is the bond
between them one of direct causation? It will be found that
the attempt to rank any one of these conditions as an actual
and immediate cause of melanism is attended with great
difficulty.
“(1) Melanism cannot be purely a matter of different
climatic conditions dependent on horizontal distribution,
because in any given region it often happens that only one
sex shows a tendency towards melanism, the other sex remain-
ing unaffected. Moreover, as in the case of Belenois mesentina
and Bb. raffrayi, we may have two closely allied butterflies
from the same locality, one nearly white and the other almost
black.
‘*(2) Nor is it easy to consider melanism as a direct
consequence of high altitude, for here again it is often only
the one sex that is affected, as in G. bryonix. Besides this,
female G’. napi of the ordinary kind may be found in the same
localities as G’. bryonix ; and ‘ white’ butterflies which are met
with at enormously high altitudes, such as Baltia shawti, Bates,
3 in Central Asia and Phulia nymphula, Blanch., in the
Andes, are by no means melanic. Again, the female of
Tatochila demodice, Blanch., shows dark pigmentation whether
taken at high altitudes or at the sea-level.
(3) There is obviously a strong connection between
seasonal conditions and melanism. This is clearly shown by
the series of seasonal forms in the present exhibit. Asa rule,
the deeply-pigmented form belongs to the wet season, and the
paler form to the dry. But here again, if we attempt to make
wet-season conditions a direct cause of melanism, we are met
by the fact that sometimes the same conditions are associated
with an exactly opposite result. The instance of Precis octavia-
natalensis and sesamus will occur to every one as a case in
point; but without travelling beyond the Pierine we have
only to compare the under-sides of, say, Zvias pyrene, Linn., 3,
( xc )
wet and dry, or of Zerias senegalensis, Boisd., 6 wet and dry,
to see that an increase of dark pigmentation, whether in a
diffused or concentrated form, may characterize a dry-season
phase as opposed to a wet one. A further difficulty is that
dark pigmentation appears in some instances (as in Polyom-
matus phixas, var. eleus) to be an accompaniment of heat, in
others (as in Vanessa urticx, var. polaris) of cold.
““(4) Lastly, with regard to sex. It is no doubt true that in
the majority of instances the female shows a darker coloration
than the male. This comes out well in many of the specimens
exhibited. But it is not difficult to find examples of the
reverse condition, where the female possesses less dark
pigment than her mate. This is the case, for instance, with
some forms of Colias eurytheme, Boisd., and with Dismorphia
thermesia, Godt.
“Tt seems therefore difficult to attribute melanism, or the
tendency towards that condition, to the immediate action of
either geographical or seasonal conditions or to the direct
influence of sex. What explanation remains? I am strongly
disposed to think that in the vast majority of cases the
prevalence of dark pigmentation is adaptive, and that although
melanism in its various degrees may certainly originate as a
variation or a sport, its increase and establishment are to be
attributed to some form of selection. Any one of the
conditions mentioned may by itself, or in combination with
others, favour melanism ; not however by direct causation, but
by indirectly leading to the selection of melanic individuals.
Thus, there is little doubt that the dark pigmentation is in
many cases of advantage as aiding concealment. ‘This is
probably the explanation of many instances of dull or dark
coloration in the female sex not only of insects but of other
animals, it being well known that the female sex stands in
special need of protection (Wallace). The writer has observed
that the darkly-pigmented female of Selenois severina, a
common African form, is far less conspicuous on the wing than
the lighter-coloured male. The dark border indeed of the
former sex is often hardly visible, and the general impression
given is that of a much dwarfed specimen, though the average
female is not really smaller than her mate. An enemy attack-
(eixciva)
ing such forms on the wing might, it is believed, avoid the
apparently dwarfed specimens, either because they afforded
less prospect of a sufficient meal, or (in accordance with a
suggestion of Mr. F. A. Heron) because, apparent size being a
correlative of distance, the attacker might be deluded into
supposing the black-bordered forms to be further away and so
less easily reached than the rest.
“Tt is noticeable that in some cases of heavily-pigmented
wet-season forms, the under-side shows no corresponding
melanism, being often in fact far lighter in colour than the
under-side of the same species in the dry season. ‘This exact
reversal of effect on the two surfaces is of itself a strong
argument against the supposed direct operation of meteor-
ological conditions in producing melanism. Such conditions,
as I have elsewhere urged, and as has been amply proved by
experiment, may act as a liberating stimulus ; but only rarely,
if at all, can they be looked upon as a direct cause of darkened
pigmentation. I would not entirely deny their direct effect
upon the individual, nor even that such direct effect may under
some circumstances reappear in the offspring. Weismann’s
results with P. phixas, Fischer’s with Arctia caja, and others
on record (see Schneider, “ Einfiithrung in die Deszendenz-
theorie,” 1906, p. 113, etc.) seem to demonstrate the possibility
of such apparent transmission. But this phenomenon of the
diverse effect upon the two surfaces, together with the other
considerations already brought forward, appears to make
strongly against the hypothesis of a direct effect; and to
favour, as far as it goes, the view that such changes as these
are adaptive.
“A further point of interest arises in connection with the
common absence of dark pigmentation on the under-side of wet-
season forms, even when the upper surface is strongly melanic.
It is this: that on comparing the seasonal phases of such forms
we are often led to the conclusion that so far as the upper-side
is concerned the wet-season form is better protected, but with
regard to the lower-side the corresponding dry-season phase,
being cryptically coloured, has the advantage. This may mean
that the wet-season form requires more protection during flight,
and the dry-season form during repose ; and this again may
Ge xcye’),)
point to the fact that it is such enemies as attack butterflies at
rest (for example, lizards) that are especially dangerous during
the drier part of the year.
“ Whether the duskiness so often met with in arctic and
mountain forms can at present be explained as an adaptation,
is perhaps doubtful; though there seems to be no reason why
Lord Walsingham’s suggestion of its relation to the power of
heat-absorption should not be correct. In such cases of the
development of dark pigment as we see in females of M/ylothris
lorena, Hew., M. pyrrha, Fabr., Pieris demophile, Clerck.,
P. viardi, Boisd., P. locusta, Feld., P. tithoreides, Butl., ete.,
to which may probably be added the wet-season Glutophrissa
saba 2 (see Trimen, Proc. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1881, p. viii), the
influence at work is that of mimicry, and the result clearly
takes rank as an adaptation.
“The occasional predominance of dark pigment in the males
as compared with their mates is apt to show itself in the form
of distinct and definite areas—not in that of suffusion. A
common effect therefore on the male is to make that sex not
less, but more conspicuous. Hence the pigmental areas may
possibly in these cases serve as recognition-marks.
“This last, however, is but a suggestion. I am far from
saying that the advantage of a melanic tendency to its possessor
is in every instance demonstrable. I only submit that our
present knowledge, so far as it goes, points to selective adapta-
tion as the principle which seems likely to cover most if not
all of the diverse conditions now grouped together under the
comprehensive head of melanism.”
The Presrpent said he thought there was no doubt that
temperature had, what appeared to be, a direct effect in the
ease of many Lepidoptera. For example, on many of the
common Geometrid moths, if the pupze were exposed, some to
a temperature of 40° to 50°, others to one of 70° to 80°, those
at the lower temperature were darker.
Professor E. B. Poutton, Dr. T. A. Coapman, Mr. W. E.
SHarp, Mr. W. J. Lucas, and other Fellows joined in a
discussion of the spread of melanism in various districts of
Britain and elsewhere.
(PeXcyig))
Wednesday, November 21st, 1906.
Mr. F. Merririeitp, President, in the Chair.
Nomination of Council and Officers.
The following Fellows were nominated to serve as Officers
and other members of the Council for the session of 1907-8 :—
President, Mr. CHARLES OwEN WatTeErRHousE; ‘Treasurer,
Mr. Atsert Hucu Jonss ; Secretaries, Mr. Henry Rowianp-
Brown and Commander James J. Watker; Librarian, Mr.
GerorcE C. CHAmpIon. Other members of the Council :—Mr.
GILBERT JOHN Arrow, Mr. Artuur JoHNn Cutty, Dr. THomMas
ALGERNON CHAPMAN, Mr. Witi1am James Kaye, Dr. GrorcE
BiunpELL Lonastarr, Professor RapHaEL Metpoua, F.R.S.,
Mr. Freperic Merririetp, Mr. Guy A. K. Marsnatu, Mr,
Louis BEETHOVEN Prout, Mr. Epwarp Saunpers, F.R.S., Mr.
RosBert SHELFORD, Mr. GEoraGE HENRY VERRALL.
Hlection of Fellows.
Mr. Watrer E. Cotiincr, M.Sc., of the Department of
Economic Geology in the University of Birmingham, 55 New-
hall Street, Birmingham, and Mr. H. 8. A. Guinnsss, of Balliol
College, Oxford, and Chesterfield, Blackrock, co. Dublin, were
elected Fellows of the Society.
Exhibitions.
Mr. H. W. Anprews exhibited specimens of Odontomyta
angulata, Pz., from the Norfolk Broads, of which species few
captures have been recorded of recent years, and Jcterica
westermanni, Mg., a rare Trypetid, taken by him in the New
Forest district in August of this year.
Dr. F. A, Dixry exhibited dry- and wet-season forms of
both sexes of Zeracolus regina, Trim., together with speci-
mens of Belenois calypso, Drury, B. thysa, Hopft., Mylothris
agathina, Cram., and two unnamed forms of Belenois from
Rhodesia.
The exhibit was designed to show the strong resemblance
(Sxcvit)
between the under-side of the wet-season phase of T'eracolus
regina and that of certain forms of elenois from the same
region of Africa—a resemblance believed by the exhibitor to
be of mimetic significance. He pointed out that between B.
calypso and B. thysa, which latter was an acknowledged mimic
of the distasteful IMZylothris agathina, there existed a fairly
complete series of transitional forms, one of which at least
showed on the under-side a striking resemblance to the under-
side of the wet-season 7’ reyina. It seemed as if M. agathina
had exercised a strong influence on this group of Belenois, and
that in the progress of these Belenois-forms towards the
final mimetic pattern shown by JB. thysa, one of them had, as
it were, taken up 7’. regina in its course. The association
between the Lelenors and the Teracolus was probably Miillerian,
the Lelenois being in most respects the model; but it was
perhaps not improbable that the 7eracolus had to some extent
influenced the Lelenois. These specimens seemed to favour the
view that B.thysa was a Miullerian rather than a Batesian mimic.
It was an interesting fact that the cryptic character of the dry-
season form, as well as the mimetic appearance of the wet-season
phase of the Zeracolus, was confined to the under surface ;
being presumably in both instances intended for use during
rest rather than in flight. As in other cases, the dry-season
form was probably the more efficiently protected. It might be
taken as a general rule that in cases of seasonal dimorphism,
if one phase only were protected, that phase would be the
dry-season one ; if both adopted means of defence differing in
degree or in kind, the dry-season phase would be the better
protected of the two.
Mr. W. J. Lucas showed on behalf of Messrs. H. and F,
Campion a male specimen of Sympetrum vulgatwm taken in
Epping Forest on the 4th September last. The only other
authentic British specimens are: (1) a male in the collection
of Mr. C. A. Briggs, taken at Bookham Common in 1891;
(2) a male in his own collection taken 11th September, 1898,
in Richmond Park ; and (3) a male taken by Mr. A. H. Hamm
at Torquay, 15th August, 1899, which he cannot now trace ;
but it was carefully examined at the time by the late Mr.
McLachlan, Dr, Hagen mentions in the “Entomologist’s
PROC, ENT, SOC. LOND., IV. 1906. G
( xevili )
Annual,” for 1857, a @ taken near Hull, on the authority of
Mr. J.C. Dale.
GENITALIA ON VENTRAL SURFACE OF SEGMENT 2 OF THE ABDOMEN OF
THE 60h :—
1. Sympetrum vulgatun. 2. S. striolatum.
a, external branch of hamule. bd. internal do: c. genital lobe.
Mr. Lucas said that in his book on British Dragonflies
he had noted several points of distinction, but he would add
the shape of the abdomen (more constricted near the base in
S. vulgatum), and the form of the genitalia (as shown in an
accompanying drawing), absence of yellow dots on abdomen in
S. vulgatum, judging by Mr. Campion’s specimen, did not
hold good and must be erased from his list of differences and
that of De Selys’.
Mr. R. ApKIN exhibited a short series of Vortrix pronubana,
Hb., including both sexes, which he had reared from larve
and pupee collected from Huonymus at Eastbourne in September
last. The only previous records for the species in Britain
were single male examples captured at Kastbourne (“ Proc. Ent.
Soc. Lond.’ 1905, Lxiii), and at Bognor (“ Ent. Mo. Mag.” xh,
276) respectively in the autumn of 1905. The series exhibited
therefore represented the first specimens reared in this coun-
try, and it was interesting to know that a species so recently
taken for the first time in Britain was not a mere casual
visitor, but that it had gained a footing on our shores and
that there appeared good prospect of it becoming permanently
established.
Gi xe 7)
Dr. T. A. Cuapman exhibited a long series of Cenonympha
mathewi, Tutt (‘‘ Ent. Rec.” xvi, p. 308), from different places
in the north-west corner of Spain (Galicia), and read the
following note :—
‘‘Showing much variation within certain limits, these
specimens raise the question whether they belong to a species
distinct from C. dorus. They come from an area whose
limits are 30 miles from north to south and 140 from east
to west, and throughout this area are fairly uniform, 7. e.
the variation in the direction of dorus is not greater in
the most eastern specimens than in the others. They are
smaller than dorus, and all show the difference that most
characteristically separates them from dorus, viz. in dorus
the white band on the under-side, common to so many
Cenonymphas, extends to the margin and includes the
eye-spots: in mathewi it does not pass the eye-spots, the re-
mainder of the wing to the margin being of the same ground
colour as the rest of the wing, in this respect it is nearer the
generic type than dorus, in many specimens however this area
contains a pale patch. The generally darker upper-side and
the want of the silver line beneath, are also marked differ-
ences. At Bejar, 180 miles south, I found fairly typical
dorus. In the Cantabrian region neither form was seen.
“ Mathew is a coast and mountain species. Dorus is not a
low level insect so far as I have met with it.
“It would follow therefore that the area of distribution of
mathew? is continuous with that of dorus if at all, only through
central Portugal.
“Portugal has a special form of dorus mentioned by
Staudinger under the name of bieli. I have not seen this
form, but Staudinger’s note shows that it differs from dorus
in the direction of mathew?.
“ An examination of the ancillary appendages shows them
to be practically identical in form, but that those of mathewi
are nearly 207 smaller than those of dorus,
“Tn conclusion, though I doubt the possibility of dorus
and mathewi being directly syngamic did occasion offer, I
think it very probable, that they are so by the mediation of
transition forms in the regions connecting their proper areas
(75)
of distribution, and if this is so, it is necessary to regard
mathewt as a geographical or subspecific variety of dorus and
not as a fully established species.”
Mr. Husert W.Simmonps contributed some ‘“ Notes on
an Unusual Emergence of Chrysophanus salustius in New
Zealand,” as follows :—
‘A few notes on the very unusual appearance of our New
Zealand Chrysophanus salustius this winter may be of interest
to Fellows of the Entomological Society. This butterfly
generally appears about the beginning of November, the
males first and the females becoming common a few weeks
later. There seem to be a series of emergences throughout
the summer, for fresh specimens are frequently taken up to the
end of March, and it lingers on well into April on the sea-coast
and other favoured spots. I was therefore very much surprised
to find a perfect newly emerged ? at rest on a blade of grass
under the cliff at Titahi Bay early in July, and still more so
when on the 29th of that month (which was after a bright
sunny week but with cold nights) I again visited that locality
and found C. salustius almost common flying in bright sunshine.
Nearly all the specimens were in perfect condition, and of the
four I caught (I had no net with me) all were 9s and two
more of the variety having the blue hind-marginal spots well
developed. Several others that I got close to were ?s and I
did not observe a single ¢. The locality was at the base of
some sloping cliffs sheltered from the south winds and getting
the sun all day. I have not since visited this spot, and
although I have been in several similar localities in the
neighbourhood, I have not seen a single specimen.
“The variety of the ? having the blue spots in the black
hind-marginal spots seems peculiar to the sea-coast, for all
that I have taken of this variety have been on the sandy
cliffs that form the coast-line in this district.”
Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., communicated some
‘further notes on the choice of a resting site by Preris
rape,’ by Mr, A. H. Hamm, as follows :—
“On July 10th this year I observed a male of this species
at rest on the under-side of a dahlia leaf in my garden, 22
Southfield Road, Oxford. In no case had the dahlias bloomed
(So)
by this date. The Preis, although it had not chosen the best
possible site in the garden, was fairly well hidden amid the
thick foliage. The only other occasion on which this species
was seen at rest in 1906 was on August 4th, when my friends,
Mr. Holdaway and Mr. Constance, and I were sugaring in the
“ Decoy,’ Newton Abbot, 8. Devon. During the rounds
many trees, bushes, &c. were searched with the aid of our
lanterns for any strange insects at rest upon the foliage. My
attention was first directed by Mr. Constance to a specimen of
P. rapx at rest upon the whitish under-side of a leaf of the
broad-leaved sallow (probably Salia caprea). After this we
all three began a more systematic search, and succeeded in
finding four additional individuals of the species. The five
butterflies were distributed as follows:—Two were on the
under-sides of leaves of the broad-leaved sallow ; two on
bramble leaves (one hanging from the under-side, and the
other sitting on an under-side which happened to be turned
uppermost) ; the fifth was found hanging from the under-side
of a leaf on a birch bush. The under surface of all these
leaves is very pale as compared with the upper surface.
These facts seem to me to strengthen the opinion expressed
in my former notes (vide ‘‘ Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.” 1904, p. Ixxv
and 1905, pp. Ixxiii, Ixxiv.) that Pieris rapex does select for
prolonged rest a site adapted to promote concealment.”
Papers.
‘A Permanent Record of British Moths in their Natural
Attitudes of Rest,” by Mr. A. H. Hamm, Assistant in the
Hope Department of Zoology in the Oxford University
Museum, communicated by Professor EK. B. Poutton, F.R.S.
“‘ Studies of the Blattide,” by R. SHetrorp, M.A., F.LS.
‘“¢ Notes on the Life History of Sesia andrenxformis, Lasp.,’
by the Hon. N. Cuarues Roruscuixp, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
)
Wednesday, December 5th, 1906.
Mr. F. Merririetp, President, in the Chair,
Donations, ete.
The Hon. Sroretary, reading out the list of Donations to
the Library since the last meeting, made special reference to
(fecore 1)
the Haliday correspondence, now presented to the Society by
Dr. E. Percivat Wricut, of Trinity College, Dublin, to whom
a unanimous vote of thanks was given.
Nomination of Auditors, Officers, and Council for 1907.
Commander J. J. WALKER, one of the Secretaries, again
read the list of Fellows nominated to act as Officers, and as
other Members of the Council for 1907.
The PresipENT announced that the following Fellows had
been nominated as Auditors:—Mr. W. J. Kaye, Mr. A. J.
Carry, Mr (BS ‘Prour, Mr Jk: -Aprin, Dr a AG
CHapMAN and Mr. R. Wyure Lioyp.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. H. C. Prarr, Government Entomologist, Federated
Malay States, Kuala Lumpur; Capt. H. J. Watton, M.B.,
F.R.C.S., Indian Medical Service ; Mr. AntHUR Ernest GIBBs,
F.L.S., Kitchener’s Meads, St. Albans; Capt. James Bruce
GrecoriE-TutLocw, King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry,
Strensall Camp, York; Mr. Jonn AsnuspurneR Nix, Tilgate,
Sussex; Mr. Hersert W. Soutucomen, J.P., 16 Stanford
Avenue, Brighton, and Mr. Rotanp E. Turner, 21 Emperor’s-
Gate, 8.W., were elected Fellows of the Society.
Hahibitions.
Mr. A. W. Bacor exhibited a specimen of Catocala nupta,
taken at rest at Hackney, November 9th, 1906, remarkable
for having two well-developed tarsi on the left fore-leg. Also
three 2 specimens of Lasiocampa quercus, L., bred from
larve from Cornwall in 1906. One of these larve had been
submitted to a pressure of from 27 to 30 atmospheres (405
to 450 lbs. per square inch) on two occasions.
Dr. M. GrREENwoop commenting on the effects of rapid
decompression on larve, said that the lesions produced in
Vertebrata by sudden decompression were known to be due to
the liberation of nitrogen bubbles from the blood and tissue
fluids. Accordingly decompression should be innocuous in
animals, such as lepidopterous larve, in which the respired
gases are conveyed directly to the cells without the interven-
tion of a circulating medium.
( ‘cit |)
Larve of the following species, Cossus cossus, Lasiocampa
rubt, L. quercus and Smerinthus popult, had been sub-
mitted to air pressures of from 10 to 30 atmospheres for
periods up to 2 hours and 40 minutes. In all the experi-
ments decompression was effected in a few seconds. No ill
effects resulted and two specimens, which were kept under
observation, pupated and emerged normally. The fatal effect
of such exposure upon Vertebrata was demonstrated on frogs
used as controls.
Although, therefore, larve were immune from decom-
pression lesions they appeared to be nearly as susceptible to
oxygen poisoning as frogs. Two larve of Smerinthus popula
were affected by exposure to 16 atmospheres of pure oxygen
in the same time as a control frog.
If larvee were allowed to feed while under pressure, the air
swallowed with the food plant would produce fatal lesions on
decompression. <A larva of LZ. quercus, placed in the pressure
chamber at 11.25 a.m., together with some food plant, much
of which was consumed, appeared to be killed instantly by
decompression at 11.40; the gut being enormously distended
with semi-digested leaves and air-bubbles.
A discussion followed in which Dr. F. A. Dixry and
other Fellows joined.
Dr. T, A. CHapman exhibited a long series of Hastula
hyerana, Mill., bred this year from larve collected at Hyéres ;
and a diagrammatic map of the neighbourhood to explain
the distribution of the moth in that area. The moths
consisted of about two hundred and fifty specimens from
“ Les Maures,” the low hills behind Hyéres, nearly 50 per
cent. of which were melanic; and about a hundred and
seventy from “La Plage,” the coast nearest to Hyéres; but
these contained only about 14 per cent. of melanic forms.
‘The former area (Les Maures),” said the Exhibitor, ‘‘ would
appear to have been searched in vain fifty years ago by
Milliére, who found the insect, however, at the Hermitage
(= Costebelle), an area cut off from Les Maures by perhaps a
mile and a half of country not habitable by HW. hyerana, but
probably continuous with the La Plage habitat. Hence it is
not improbable that the insect had at that date recently
(cw @)
reached La Plage and Hermitage, but that it had not yet
succeeded in advancing to Les Maures. At Les Maures the
forces producing (7.e. selecting) melanism came into action,
and now there is sufficient interchange of individuals between
La Plage and Les Maures to prevent the dark from exceed-
ing 50 per cent. at the latter locality and to supply the dark
strain in sufficient numbers to La Plage to keep a small
proportion of melanic specimens at that station.
“At any rate it is certain that we have at present at
Hyeres two colonies of H. hyerana, in one of which the
melanic specimens are three times as numerous as in the
other. These two colonies are separated by only a mile and
a half of impassable country, which may however present
some stepping-stones, in a direct line, and may be in closer
connection by some more lengthy route.
“Tt is obvious, therefore, that the melanic tendency is much
stronger in the one area than in the other, and it is difficult
to believe, that, though sufficiently segregated to show this
difference, they are not nevertheless capable of crossing with
each other to an extent that makes the difference observed
much less than it would be if segregation were complete.
Possibly even to the extent of making the Les Maures race
entirely dark and the La Plage colony entirely of the type
form.
“T use the word melanism as indicating the presence of dark
as contracted with lighter normal forms. Literally, however,
these dark forms (marginata) are not black, but deep purple,
almost leaden, when intense enough ; it is, perhaps, desirable
to note this, since the typical form presents specimens with
an excess of black (not purple) pigment. The most marked
of these are, however, far from being black, and even so are
rare. They are, no doubt, indications of a melanic tendency
acting on a different pigmentary variability to that which
yields the purple specimens, and would literally be more
entitled to be called melanic than the leaden-coloured ones.
(See Ent. Trans. 1906, p. 155. E. M. M. 1906-1907).”
Dr, F. A. Dixy exhibited specimens of Teracolus omphale,
Godt., bred and captured at Salisbury, Mashonaland, by Mr.
G. A. K. Marshall, F.Z.8. The exhibit was intended to show
(oe)
the effect of subjecting the insects during their immature
stages to abnormal conditions of temperature and humidity.
He pointed out that the members of a brood which had been
reared under ordinary conditions as larve, but had been ex-
posed as pups to damp heat, showed on emergence little or no
difference from those examples that had been reared under
normal conditions throughout. The emergences took place in
June 1905, and the resulting butterflies were of the usual
dry-season phase, though less markedly dry-season than a pair
captured in the field at the same date.
On the other hand, several examples, belonging to one
brood, had been brought up as larvee in an atmosphere of damp
heat, from which they were removed on pupation into natural
conditions. The resulting butterflies, emerging in July during
the height of the dry-season, were on the upper-side almost of
the wet-season phase, while others of the same brood which
had been kept in damp heat throughout both the larval and
pupal stages went still further in the same direction. Some of
these latter indeed, especially the females, showed on the upper
surface the wet-season pattern fully developed. On the under
surface the approximation to the wet-season phase was some-
what less complete ; the most advanced examples of the effect
of exposure to damp heat during both preliminary stages
still exhibiting beneath some slight trace of the dry-season
mottling. On the whole, however, very little difference was
apparent between these artificially-produced wet-season forms
and specimens which were shown of the normal wet-season
phase captured in the open before the cessation of the rains.
Dr. Dixey further remarked that Mr. Marshall was to be
congratulated on having been the first to produce, in tropical
species of Pierinx, results as definite and unequivocal as any
of those obtained by the President, Staudfuss, Fischer and
others in European lepidoptera. Mr. Marshall had conclusively
shown in the case of the present species that the natural
stimulus for the assumption of the wet-season phase could be
successfully imitated under artificial conditions; he had also
proved experimentally that while both preliminary stages were
to some extent capable of reacting to external conditions, by
for the most susceptible period must be contained within the
( eva)
larval stage of growth. The conclusions foreshadowed by Mr.
Marshall’s earlier experiments with 7. omphale (Trans, Ent.
Soe. Lond., 1902, pp. 211-213) were thus fully confirmed and
amplified. These facts appeared to be of so much interest as
to justify their immediate communication to the Society ; he
hoped before long to be in a position to present the results of
a further examination of Mr. Marshall’s valuable material.
Mr. G. A. K. MarsHatt said that his experiments showed that
the larval period, especially in its later stages, was in Zeracolus
the period in which the insect was most sensitive to the
above influence ; the pupa stage, which was the most sensitive
stage in Precis, being almost insensitive.
The Presipent drew attention to the extreme interest of
these experiments, and congratulated Mr. Marshall on the
success which had attended his researches, conducted as they
were under great difficulties in Central South Africa.
Papers.
Mr. Louis Brernoven Prout read a paper entitled
“ Xanthorhoé ferrugata, Clerck, and the Mendelian
Hypothesis.”
Dr. Freperick Augustus Drxey, M.A., M.D., communicated
a paper “On the Diaposematic Resemblance between Huphina
corva, Wallace, and Ixias baliensis, Fruhst.”
@ Fev:
ANNUAL MEETING.
January 23rd, 1907.
Mr. F. Merririe.p, President, in the Chair.
Mr. R. Write Luoyp, one of the Auditors, read the
Treasurer’s Balance Sheet, showing a balance £53 18s. 2d.
in the Society’s favour.
Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown, one of the Secretaries, then read
the following
Report of the Council.
During the Session 1906-1907 one Honorary Fellow,
Baron C. R. Osten-Sacken, and six Ordinary Fellows, Mr.
W. P. Blackburne-Maze, Mrs. Elizabeth Brightwen, Mr.
C. W. Dale, the Rev. Joseph Greene, Mr. F, J. Horniman and
Mr. E. W. Lane have died; four Fellows have resigned, or
have been taken off the list, and twenty-nine new Fellows
have been elected, with one Honorary Fellow.
The number of Fellows deceased is below the average, nor
is the number of those who have resigned, or for other causes
been removed from the list, excessive. While we are glad to
report that the number of Fellows elected is a considerable
improvement on the previous year, and with those nominated
during the past three months, and still awaiting election,
represents one of the largest accessions to the Society for
many years: the returns showing especially, a notable in-
crease of interest on the part of Fellows who are permanent
residents outside the United Kingdom. The improved attend-
ance at the Ordinary Meetings also indicates a much more
active participation of other Fellows, the average being
unusually high this year.
At present the Society consists of twelve Honorary Fellows,
and four hundred and ninety-seven Life and Subscribing
Fellows, making a total of five hundred and nine. Notwith-
standing the rigid application of the new Bye-law relating
to the removal of Fellows from the list for non-payment
of subscriptions—a regulation which has saved the Hon.
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1906. I
( cvih »)
Treasurer much time and trouble in the collection of arrears
—the total, if slightly less than that of last year, still shows
that the Society has by no means reached a stationary limit,
and that we may rely confidently and still further on the
assistance and support of many entomologists who have not
yet joined our ranks. Indeed it is very satisfactory to note
that in the last ten years the Society has increased to the
extent of no less than one hundred and twenty-five.
The Transactions for the year 1906 form a volume of
five hundred and thirty-nine pages, containing twenty-four
Memoirs by the following authors: Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow,
EE:S., Dr. T. A. Chapman, M:D:, F.E:S. (two), Dr. BF. Ac
Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Mr. Frank P. Dodd, F.ES. (with
an appendix by Col. C. T. Bingham, F.Z.S., F.E.8., and Dr.
Benno Wandolleck), Mr. A. H. Hamm, Mr. C. Gordon
Hewitt, B.Sc., Mr. S. L. Hinde, Mr. Martin Jacoby, F.ES.,
Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., Mr. Percy I. Lathy, F.Z.8., F.ES.,
Dr. G. B. Longstaff, M.D., F.E.S. (two), Mr. W. J. Lucas,
B.A., F.E.S., Mr. E, Meyrick, B:A., E:B.S., F.E.S., Mr. 8. A.
Neave, M.A., B.S8c., F.E.S., Professor E. B. Poulton, D.Sc.,
F.R.S., F.E.S. (three), Mr. L. B. Prout, F.E.8., the Hon.
N. Charles Rothschild, M.A., F.L.8., F.E.S. (with appendices
by Mr. E. R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S., and Dr. T. A. Chapman,
M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.), Mr. R. Shelford, M.A., F.E.S. (two),
and Mr. Roland Trimen, M.A., F.R.S., F.E.S.
Of these twenty-four papers, fourteen relate to Lepidoptera,
three to Coleoptera, two to Rhynchota, two to Orthoptera,
one to Hymenoptera, one to Neuroptera, and one, Professor
Poulton’s “ Predaceous Insects and their Prey,” refers to
insects of all these orders except Lepidoptera, and includes
observations also on Diptera.
The Memoirs referred to are illustrated by thirty-two plates,
of which thirteen are coloured. Professor Poulton has defrayed
the cost of Plate X XIX, and half the cost of Plates IX, X,
XVI-XXII, XXIII, and XXXI, sharing also with Mr. W.
J. Kaye the cost of Plates XXIV-XXVII, and with Mr. 8. A.
Neave half the cost of Plates XI, XII; the Hon. N. Charles
Rothschild has given the entire cost of Plate XXVIII; Dr.
T, A. Chapman has paid half the cost of Plate VIII, and the
© ers)
whole cost of Plate VIL; Mr. W. J. Kaye the cost of Plate
XXXII; while to the production of Plates Land II, Mr. H. J.
Adams, through Mr. P. I. Lathy, has contributed £16 ; and
to the expenses of Plates IV, V, VI, Mr. H. H. Feltham,
through Mr. Roland Trimen, has contributed £20.
The Proceedings, a limited number of which it is proposed
for the first time to publish for exchange purposes in separate
form, amount to one hundred and six pages: a sure testimony
that the exhibitions and the discussions at the Meetings
maintain a high level of interest.
By the suggestion, and at the expense of the President, the
Society has been able to make a travel grant for the purpose
of entomological study abroad in the summer months. Avail-
ing themselves of this opportunity Mr. A. W. Bacot, and Mr.
J. H. Butterfield, B.Sc., worked for some weeks in the Rhone
Valley of Switzerland. It is much to be desired that this
grant should be continued by the Society and made permanent,
as an encouragement to Fellows and others who would not
otherwise extend their entomological investigations beyond
the limits of the United Kingdom to localities on the
Continent more favourable to their special branch of science.
As it is, Mr. Merrifield has offered to repeat his donation for
next year; and the Society owes him a deep debt of gratitude
for his kindness and liberality.
Largely also on account of the generosity of so many
Fellows in contributing to the expenses of the plates for the
Transactions, the Treasurer is able to report that, after paying
off all accounts rendered to the Society to the close of the
year, there is a balance on the credit side of £53 18s. 2d.
as against £50 3s. Od. last year. A considerable saving of
office expenses has assisted this satisfactory state of things,
which is a certain assurance that the financial affairs of the
Society are now in a thoroughly healthy condition.
The Assistant Librarian reports that Fellows have appreci-
ated the extension of hours in the Library; and that there
has been a large increase of readers. The number of volumes
issued for outside reference is also encouraging, amounting to
a total of 287 as against 208 for the previous twelve months:
during which period the additions to the Library consist of
( cx )
forty-four volumes, and one hundred pamphlets, in addition to
the usual periodicals.
ENToMOLOGICAL SocreTy or Lonpon,
11, Cuanpos SrreeT, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.
23rd January, 1907.
The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing to
substitute other names for those contained in the list prepared
by the Council, the following Fellows constitute the Council
for 1907-8 :—Gilbert J. Arrow; George C. Champion, F.Z.8.;
Dr. Thomas Algernon Chapman, M.D.; Arthur John Chitty,
M.A.; Albert Hugh Jones; William James Kaye; Dr.
George Blundell Longstafl, M.D.; Guy A. K. Marshall;
Professor Raphael Meldola, F.R.S., F.C.S.; Frederick Merri-
field ; Louis Beethoven Prout ; Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A.;
Edward Saunders, F.R.S., F.L.S.; Robert Shelford, M.A.,
F.L.8.; George Henry Verrall; Commander James J. Walker,
M.A., R.N., F.L.S.; Charles Owen Waterhouse.
The following are also elected as_ officers :—President,
Charles Owen Waterhouse; Treasurer, Albert Hugh Jones ;
Secretaries, Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A., and Commander
James J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.LS. ; Librarian, George C.
Champion, F.Z.8.
The Balance Sheet and Report having been adopted, Mr.
Frederic Merrifield, the President, delivered an Address. A
vote of thanks to the President for his Address, and for his
services as President during the past year, was proposed by
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., seconded by Mr. G. H.Verrall,
and carried unanimously. The President then proposed a vote
of thanks to the other officers of the Society, which was seconded
by Dr. T. A. Chapman, and carried unanimously. Mr. A. H.
Jones, Mr. H, Rowland-Brown, and Commander J. J. Walker
replied.
ext 9)
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Balance Sheet for the Year 1906,
RECEIPTS.
25 oh Oh
Balance in hand, Ist Jan.,
1906, and at Bankers’... 50 3 5
Subscriptions for 1906 ... 395 17 0
Arrears . 1919 O
Admission Fees 29 8 0
Donations ... 66 60 7 8
Sales of Transactions oH) alir@ aL
Interest on Investments :—
Consols ... ... £2013 7
Westwood Bequest 6 16 6
——— 27 10
Subscriptions in Advance 8 8
Life Compositions ... 31 10
£723 0
“TRAVEL GRANT.”
EB Sb GK,
Received of the President 21 0 0O
ASSETS,
Go Gh
Subscriptions in arrear
considered good ...
Cost of £893 2s.
Consols ...
Cost of £239 12s.
9d.
4d.
50/7070
ee SOLS
Birmingham 8 per cent. 250 0 0
Balance in hand
5318 2
No ASCERTAINED LIABILITIES.
ADDITIONAL ASSETS.
PAYMENTS.
25 hh Gh
Printing Transactions, ete. 212 4 11
Plates, etc. ate I ey
Rent and Office Ex-
penses eM eed icon LUO Ae
Books and Binding ... 38 0 3
Investment in Consols ... 3110 0
Subscriptions in Advance,
per contra carried to
1907 ree) Raee sees | ese Oe (OO
Balance in hand and at
Bankers’ 53 18| 2
(2B) 8)
he
Paid to Mr. Arthur W.
Bacot 10 10 0
Paid to Mr. James E.
Butterfield ... LO 10550
$21 0 O
Contents of Library and unsold
Publications.
Audited, compared with vouchers and found correct.
A. HueH Jones,
Treasurer.
11th January, 1907.
T. A. CHAPMAN.
R. W. Lioyp.
Ropert ADKIN.
eg
gh aie Hee
y
( exii )
THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
Lapies AND GENTLEMEN,
I have the pleasing duty of congratulating the Society
on its present aspect as disclosed by the Report just presented,
not omitting the satisfactory balance sheet. The papers em-
braced in its Transactions maintain their high character, and
the discussions recorded in its Proceedings are full of interest.
The losses among the Fellows of the Society during the
closing months of 1905 and the year just past include several
names around which many interesting recollections gather.
The Rev. JosepH GREENE will long be remembered with
gratitude by those whom he taught nearly half a century
since how they might profitably spend the winter months in
digging insects out of their pupal retreats. His paper on
pupa-digging, afterwards expanded into ‘‘The Insect-hunter’s
Companion,” is a valuable aid to field naturalists, and in
many ways he contributed usefully to entomological literature.
Mr. Greene died at his residence in Bristol at the age of
eighty-two.
Caprain Freperick Wo.uaston Huron, F.R.S., died on the
27th October, 1905, in his sixty-ninth year. After retiring
from the army in 1866 he emigrated to New Zealand, where
he was occupied for some years in the Geological Survey. For
some years he occupied the Chair of Zoology in Christ Church
University. He made many contributions on the geology
and natural history of New Zealand to various scientific
publications, including those devoted to entomology. Captain
Hutton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1892,
and joined our Society in 1902.
( cxive )
Mr. Cuartes WititiAM Date died in February last at the
age of fifty-four, at Glanville’s Wootton Manor House, Sher-
borne, where most of his life was passed. Among other works
he wrote “The History of Glanville’s Wootton, including its
Zoology and Botany” (1878), “The Lepidoptera of Dorset-
shire” (1886), with a second edition (1891). The fine collection
of British insects made by his father, James C. Dale, passed
to him, and, with many additions made by himself, was
bequeathed to the Hope Museum at Oxford, where it arrived
last summer.
A very eminent foreign entomologist, one of our Honorary
Fellows, Baron C. R. v. p. OsTEN-SAcKEN, died at Heidelberg
in May last, aged seventy-eight. The first of his writings, on
the Tipulidee, published in 1854, showed the attraction which
the Diptera had for him, and this was the Order of insects
to which the principal part of his entomological work was
devoted. But he was distinguished in many other ways.
Twenty-one years of his life were spent as Secretary to the
Russian Legation at Washington, and he presented his great
American collection to the Museum of Comparative Zoology
at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Knowledge of the Diptera
was greatly advanced by his numerous contributions. His
wide accomplishments and engaging personality added deep
regret to the sense of the loss sustained by science in his death.
I proceed to the subject of my address.
I propose this evening to inquire into some of the causes of
the persistent abundance or scarcity, generally and locally, of
species and varieties of insects, and the relative importance, in
this connexion, of their consumption of food and the attacks
of their enemies. I shall have to refer to the large number of
striking characters that appear to be of no biological import-
ance ; to the desirability also of observing and recording habits
and activities—including those not directly concerned with
nutrition or reproduction—not disregarding the psychical
element which controls and guides action in these highly-
organised animals. I propose also to call attention to the
manner in which their activities and the motive-springs of
them are affected by external conditions, and to the structure
( ‘exy )
and fixed habits indicating their ancestral history and affecting
their present capabilities.
Darwin, in some of the earliest pages of his famous work on
‘*The Origin of Species,” * remarks on our profound ignorance
in regard to the mutual relation of the many beings which
live around us, and asks who can explain why one species
ranges widely and is very numerous, and why another allied
species has a narrow range and is rare.
Notwithstanding the great advances made since those words
were written we must admit that in the vast majority of cases,
if our explanation is to be founded on actual knowledge of facts
as distinguished from more or less well-founded conjecture,
these questions are rather to be echoed than answered.
We may accept Darwin’s position that, in the form a
living creature presents, with certain important exceptions T
“its structure either now is or was formerly of some direct or
indirect use to its possessor,” or, as the position is stated by
Wallace, that every “truly specific character is or has been
useful or is strictly correlated with such a character ;” | but
what we know of the actual processes by which these general
causes have produced that which we see around us is recog-
nised as exceedingly small in comparison with what we do not
know.
The capacity for adding materially to the splendid general-
isations of Darwin and Wallace, and of their distinguished
successors in several departments of natural history, is not
given to many, but the field of unexplored observation is
almost infinite in extent and variety, so that many of us can
gather facts that may help to solve some of the problems that
exist.
Except in certain very limited investigations, there is
probably nothing I can place before you that is not already
known. But it has seemed to me that, without hoping to add
* Sixth Edition, p. 6.
+ Such as are caused by the definite action of external conditions,
so-called spontaneous variations, and the complex laws of growth—‘‘ Origin
of Species,” p. 254.
+ ‘* Darwinism,” and Journ. Linn. Soec., Dec. 1896, vol. xxv, p. 496,
as cited by Professor Meldola in his Presidential Address to this Society in
1896, Proceedings, p. lxix, the correlation, as explained, p. xx not being
limited to such characters as are structural.
( oxvi )
anything material to existing knowledge, still less to offer,
except tentatively, any explanatory hypothesis, I could usefully
avail myself of the opportunity you have given me—and
which I feel as implying an obligation—by endeavouring to
indicate some points to which the extensive opportunities for
observation and research presented to this Society of more
than 500 Fellows may with advantage be directed. I do so
with unfeigned dittidence, for I know that I am addressing
some who have devoted to the subject a capacity and an
amount of thought far in excess of anything I can bring to
bear upon it.
The questions which have been mentioned stand out as of
interest and importance and such as we must often be asking
ourselves. They may perhaps be followed out in this more
detailed form: Why are the individuals of a well-established
species fairly constant in number? Why is this number so
much less in some species than in others? and especially, Why
are some species so rare, and yet so persistent in the numbers
of their individuals ?
In inviting researches on these and cognate questions my
data must mostly be supplied by observations made in the
British Islands. This is so, partly because among countries
of considerable and varied area and possessing a large number
of organisms, belonging to widely different types and placed
amidst diversified surroundings, there is none which has been
more thoroughly searched, I may almost say ransacked, by
entomologists, and none whose insects have been more studied
by highly-qualified investigators, and therefore in reference to
many particulars of which so much information of a fairly
complete character is available ; and partly because this in-
formation is that which has been most accessible to me. For
somewhat similar reasons my illustrations must be drawn
mainly from the Lepidoptera, with the additional reason that
this is the only Order to which I have given any study. These
are serious deficiencies, but I would plead that they are not
an entire disqualification for the task set before me.
Productive and destructive forces—Productive.
It is by the conflict between the forces of production and
( exvit’ )
destruction that the organic world as we see it is maintained.
Production of new beings is, of course, the necessary material
for destruction to work on, but it need not here detain us
long. Only let me offer the practical remark that the life
history of a species cannot be considered complete unless it
records such an important factor as the limits of the number
of young that proceed from a single female parent, a number
among some Lepidoptera far surpassing a thousand, among
others much less than a hundred. Moreover, as effective
production requires that there should be surrounding condi-
tions which afford opportunities for the previous union of the
parents, and admit of the disposition to use those opportuni-
ties, such as appropriate temperature and the right degree of
light or obscurity, particulars of these conditions should be
recorded.*
Destructive forces.
The forces of destruction will occupy us much longer.
Individuals are always being produced in abundance, their
numbers being kept down by wholesale slaughter, a term in
which I include starvation by the consumption of their food.
Fully 99 per cent. of the offspring of an ordinarily prolific
year-lived species are annually slain before their lives have
become sufficiently complete to leave posterity, so that an
investigation into the reason why their numbers persist
involves an inquiry into the fatalities which they suffer, and it
is to these fatalities consequently that it is of cardinal import-
ance that attention should be directed. To complete their
life history there must thus be added a detailed death history.
Want of food,
The first of the causes of fatality that will be noticed is
* A few famous words, used in a very different sense, happen so
concisely to sum up these requirements that I venture to re-quote them
from a little paper published more than forty years since, humbly pray-
ing the forgiveness of all Dante scholars :
SUS Ue err iicr eae ““lor parenti
. . il luogo, il tempo e il seme
Di Jor semenza e di lor nascimenti.”
( exvili —)
want of food. By analogy to the Malthusian doctrine that
human population tends to increase faster than the means of
subsistence, one is apt to think of the using up of the food
of a species as the cause that usually prevents an inordinate
increase of its numbers. But this cannot be so. It seems
clear that the land does not in general bear the full comple-
ment of insects that the food it supplies is able to maintain,
or anything approaching to that complement,* and there may
be advantages in working this out from our own personal
experience as entomologists, in order that we may realise its
significance. I therefore offer some observations on the
subject.
Consumption of food by herbivorous insects.
Considering these, in the first instance, in the mass,t we
meet with much food destruction of a wholesale kind.
Aphides, by attacking young shoots and leaves, and birds
and molluscs by destroying seeds and seedlings, cut off an
immense quantity of vegetable growth in its prime; but with
all this and other wholesale destruction the amount of vegeta-
tion that attains full maturity and then falls to the ground,
without having been consumed in supporting the life of
herbivorous insects, appears to be very great in proportion to
that which they consume, thus leaving a very large surplus
fit for their consumption, but not, in fact, consumed by them.
Let me proceed to some familiar instances, where it is
plainly impossible to say that the number of individuals of
any species has been kept down by the exhaustion of their
food supply. Look at a common rough untrimmed country
hedge or ordinary wood. As we hunt along its borders for
the imago, or it may be for the larva of common leaf-eating
* See accordingly Weismann’s ‘‘ Evolution Theory,” English translation
by Mr. and Mrs. Thomson, vol. i, p. 45 et seq.
+ I have no personal acquaintance with those equatorial or tropical
regions where there are no marked seasons, and where growth, multiplica-
tion, and destruction are rapid, simultaneous, and uninterrupted. But I
have seen no reason to suppose that the general state of things is, in this
respect, other than in seasonal regions, which, with their larger area, do
not seem second in importance, and in which it does not appear likely
that the relation between the growing vegetation and the insects that prey
on it, though it may be less intense in degree, can be essentially different
in kind.
CG Texix ~ }
species not limited to some particular kind of tree, how few
are the insects that we can beat out, in comparison with the
abundant leaves that fulfil their functions, reach maturity,
and then fall off in such numbers as to form a dense carpet in
the autumn !
Consumption by particular species.
Take a specific case, for example that of the common
Gonepteryx rhamni, feeding exclusively in this country on the
Rhamnus catharticus, scattered through our upland shaws, or
the Rhamnus frangula, frequent in our lowland woods. How
slight are its ravages, aided as they are by several other
species! How rarely, indeed, do we find any tree or any
hedge or wood so eaten down that either the plant itself has
been killed or its summer outburst of leaves so consumed as
to cause the starvation of nearly all the larve, or even of a
very large proportion of them !
Let me, before passing on, refer to some species famous for
their destructive ravages. We have all seen oak trees with
their spring crop of leaves cleared off by the larve of the
little green Tortrix viridana, or a field of cabbages reduced to
skeletons by hordes of the gregarious larvee of Pieris brassicx ;
but enormous numbers of each species still reach the pupal
stage. We have often seen a hawthorn hedge or several
neighbouring hedges nearly cleared of leaves by the gregari-
ous web-spinning larve of Yponomeuta padella, to such an
extent that probably many were starved, but a vast number
must have eaten their fill. Nor is the productive capacity of
the hedge, limited as hedges always are in extent of area,
materially affected in the future, for next year the hedge
presents an abundant repast.
There are countries in which doubtless the destruction is
greater than in our own. We in England have no experience
of the ravages of Ocneria dispar, of Psilura monacha, or of the
dreaded “army worm,” such as they have in Germany or the
United States, but, however great the destruction may be in
particular years, the food supply left is so great on the whole
as to leave enough to perpetuate these as veritable plagues. *
* Such outbreaks where they occur seem to be sometimes ‘‘ countered ”
as regards further destruction in the same area by the habit of emigration,
(sexx), )
The ravages of locusts are proverbial, yet in spite of their
enormous consumption of green food there is still enough of
it left in the countries they frequent to maintain them in
countless millions.*
On the whole I think it would be difficult to show that any
species of vegetable-feeding insect was ever wiped out or
turned from a common kind to a rare one as a consequence
merely of its food plant having been all—or nearly all—eaten
down by itself or its congeners; so that, whatever may be
the cause of the remarkable numerical constancy we find in
the individuals of different species, this persistence cannot be
sufficiently accounted for by the relation between the food
supply and its insect consumers.
Climate and disease.
Extreme climatic variations are often very destructive, but
these climatic causes can hardly be accountable for destruction
of such a continuous or frequently recurrent nature as to pro-
duce a permanent reduction in numbers, an established species
having become fairly adapted to its climate.
There is another source of destruction—that which is classed
under the general name of ‘ diseases ’?—and this, though
especially rife when insects are bred under artificial conditions,
certainly also operates in a state of nature, but not, I think,
frequently to any very great extent. Observations by
naturalists on this subject, however, are certainly desirable,
though probably it is only with the assistance of those trained
in the study of some of the lower forms of life that the nature
of these diseases can be investigated with precision.
I conclude, therefore, that we must look to something more
than failure or consumption of food-supply, climate or disease,
the instinct of which despatches the teeming hosts that are bred to ‘‘ fresh
woods and pastures new.” Pyrameis cardui and the Ceylon Catopsila
pyranthe are notorious for their wandering, ‘‘not single spies but in
battalions.”” See Major Neville Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904,
p. 701-6.
PP. In Cyprus more than five thousand millions of egg cases gathered after
several years of British occupation.—Sharp, ‘‘ Cambridge Nat. Hist.,”
Pt. i, p. 292.
+ I suggest that this conclusion may be important, as tending to
exclude from a large field of operation what would otherwise be the
owerful influence of direct mutual competition for food between
erbivorous insects.
(OSE)
for the reason why herbivorous insects are not much more
numerous than they are. We must turn to some other de-
structive influence of a kind constantly operating, in other
words, to their active enemies, and with reference to this
influence, I plead for all practicable additions to the informa-
tion that we possess.
Destruction by active enenvies.
I have enumerated in a note some of their chief enemies,
which are of a most varied description, attacking them in all
stages.* The elaborate contrivances for protection of Lepido-
ptera in all stages are in themselves more than suggestive of
the extent to which they suffer, or have in the past suffered,
from enemies ; but much observation is wanted if weare really
to know instead of to conjecture the means by which the
destruction is effected. Hxamination of the crops, castings
and stomachs of birds and other insectivorous animals} afford
valuable help in this direction. A scrutiny of the rejected
wings, often found in plenty beneath the habitual resting-
places of birds, often leads to useful results. Evidences of the
amount of protection afforded by nauseousness or irritating
hairs is accumulating, but there is room for much inquiry as
to the actual operation of the horns, erectile tentacles, and
apparatus for ejecting offensive or corrosive fluids with which
so many larve are provided, especially whether and to what
extent these drive off or frighten away those terribly destructive
foes, the ichneumon flies and the parasitic diptera.{
* Enenvies. In imago stage: Birds, especially in tropical and semi-
tropical countries, lizards, night-jars, owls, bats, spiders, dragon-flies,
mantids, ants, wasps, carnivorous beetles (see Mr. Floersheim’s careful
description of the great extent to which beetles attack and kill sleeping
butterflies, Tutt, Ent. Record, vol. xviii (1906), pp. 36-9). In pupal
stage: Besides many of the enemies of the imago, mice and shrews, some
ichneumon flies, especially while the pupe are soft; pupa diggers are
recorded as finding many more pupe in October or November than in
late autumn or winter. In larval stage, in addition to many of those
above specified, the vast tribe of parasites, hymenopterous and dipterous,
and bugs. In the egg stage, birds, ants, spiders, predaceous insects (Mr.
Floersheim finds many eggs of P. machaon and other Papilios sucked
dry by a small bug. Ent. Proc. 1906).
+ Such as those made by Mr. Guy Marshall, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
for 1902, p. 848 ef seq.
+ Scudder, as cited by Wallace (‘‘ Darwinism,” p. 238), thinks nine-tenths
of the North American butterflies are killed by parasites before they reach
maturity.
(Rexxin \)
Mainly it would appear, from the operation of the destructive
forces above referred to, the number of individuals of most
species—though but for these forces the possible increase in
numbers is so immense—remains, taking one year with
another, substantially the same.
Maintenance of existing “ balance.”
The theoretical explanation is that the world is fully stocked,
that all places are filled up, so that the competition of species
prevents any permanent increase in the numbers of any one of
them, except at the expense of some other or others, all the
forces being thus balanced. This is a conclusion which seems
almost to follow logically from the known and admitted facts,
but the “how,” the process in detail, by which the normal
number *—i. e. on the average of years—whether of a common
or a rare species, is maintained, the various agencies by which
it is brought about, are admittedly difficult to realise. Darwin
tells us that the checks on increase and the relations between
organic beings which have to struggle together are recognised
to be extraordinarily complex. ‘ Battle within battle must be
continually recurring with varying success; and yet in the
long run these forces are so nicely balanced that the face of
nature remains for long periods of time uniform, though
assuredly the merest trifle would give victory to one organic
being over another.” 7
The forces whose interaction results in this delicate balance
and the methods of the interaction are so complex that proof
from observation must always be defective, except in some
* Weismann, vol. i, pp. 46-95.
+ **Origin of Species,” pp. 87, 89,133. Though a balance is maintained
it is not the balance, as the organisms between which it subsists are in a
state of change, generally a slow one, but at times rapid, sometimes from
causes which can be explained, such as human agency, as in the case of
the introduction of rabbits into Australia or sparrows into New York.
The causes are recognised to be generally obscure, and are considered
by some to be chiefly internal. An endeavour, attended with some
success, has been made to ascertain the causes of the rapid spread of
melanism in parts of England and North-Western Germany ; the results
are summarised by Mr. L. Doncaster in the ‘‘ Entomologist’s Record” for
1906, pp. 165-8, 206-8, 222-6, 248-54. The very diverse surrounding
conditions under which melanism spreads (or fails to spread) show that
there is much to learn before its causes can be treated as ascertained. See
further on this subject Mr. Porritt’s paper, read before the British Associ-
ation for the Advancement of Science in 1906.
(; exxi )
relatively simple cases, like Darwin’s famous example of the
way in which the fertility of red clover may depend, through
the agency of humble-bees and field-mice, on cats. To supply
such proof in general would seem as difficult as it would be to
trace the paths of the particles in a storm-tossed sea, which,
while in perpetual movement under the influence of the flowing
and ebbing tides, and of the waves raised by the gusts of wind
that sweep over its surface, aided by the fluctuating contribu-
tions from the river-mouths and rare upheavals from the
‘abysmal depths,” yet maintains an equable general level; even
more difficult, because the influences that vary the face of
organic nature are infinitely more complex than those which
perturb the surface of the stormiest sea.
Great, however, as are the difficulties of proof, that is no
reason why as much evidenceas may be should not be obtained,
thus conforming, so far as possible, to the demand—always a
reasonable one—for evidence to support inference.* And the
endeavour to obtain it, however imperfect the result, cannot
fail to supply a fund of interesting and useful knowledge.
Persistent variability.
Let us now give some attention to the persistence of vari-
ability in the forms of established species. Looking to the exces-
sive keenness of the competition that exists for vacant places,
it does not seem easy to realise how some one of the ‘‘ merest
trifles” before adverted to can fail to give an advantage over
the others, and therefore to see why the variety which possesses
that character does not wholly supplant the others. Without
disputing the proposition that there are cases in which what
seems to us the “merest trifle,’ or really is so, may be of
selection value, the position that it is always so selected,
z.e. is always practically of selection value, appears untenable.
Such a position would be hardly consistent with the almost
universally persistent prevalence of variability as an attribute of
species which yet preserve general stability as such. And it
* Observations showing, in any case, how the different places in nature
are filled up, notwithstanding that in many cases there appears to be room
for a larger number of individuals of a species than permanently exists
would be valuable.
PROC. ENT. S80C. LOND., Vv. 1906, 5
(“exxiv ~ )
would be opposed to the views generally accepted that there
are variations that “do not count,”’* or, to use Weismann’s
term, are “biologically indifferent.” | But there are many
species which exhibit variations that, so far from being trifles,
are of a very striking character, such as would challenge
selection if it took that direction.
Striking differences in facies.
Among these striking characters, the facies presented to
vision, including colour and design or pattern in conspicuous
markings, at once suggests itself as probably the most effective,
it being so extensively made use of for concealment and other
vital purposes. Its usefulness for any such purposes is of
course limited by the necessity for a sufficiency of light to
show it, and of suitable seeing capacity on the part of the in-
terested observer. Absolute darkness generally reduces insects
to quiescence, but absolute darkness is rare during the active life
of insects ; it is practically limited to the few hours out of the
twenty-four in which there is neither daylight, twilight, moon-
light nor starlight, and, in the higher latitudes, during the
summer months, when insects are most active, there is either
no night at all ora very brief one. Moreover, a large minority
of species of Lepidoptera are active in broad daylight only,
and of the remainder that are only active in obscurity, a very
large number are, while ina state of rest, fully exposed by day
to observation and consequent destruction, so that even to
human eyes, ill adapted as they are to pierce obscurity, the
colours and patterns of these insects are more or less conspicuous,
and may therefore be important characters. {
* Thus Darwin speaks of ‘‘ variations which are of no service or dis-
service to the species, and which consequently have not been seized on and
rendered definite by natural selection.”—‘‘ Origin of Species,” p. 55. We
are much too ignorant of the whole economy of any one organic being to
say what slight modifications would be of importance or not.—Jb. p. 245.
(Organs in process of extinction disappear so slowly that they must long be
cumbrous.) See also Mr. Bateson’s observations on the excessive variation
of Coccinella decempunctata side by side with the invariability of C. septem-
punctata, ‘‘ Materials for the Study of Variation,” pp. 572-3.
+ ‘* Evolution Theory,” vol. i (English translation), p. 54.
+ Many species of predaceous beetles, bugs and other carnivorous insects
hunt Ly night, and insects which, like butterflies, rest by night must be
much at their mercy ; moths that move about actively by night must have
better chances of escape from them, As to the seeing powers of inseets,
( cxxve )
Among the Heterocera that fly in more or less of obscurity
I think it may be said that the majority of species exhibit
variation in colour and pattern of a kind and degree sufficient
to arrest the attention of any observer duly endowed with
sight. The range of variation in the numerous polymorphic
species which, for a reason subsequently given, I call indis-
criminately polymorphic, is enormous, and fully justifies the
remark frequently met with in the books that, “take them
where you may, there are scarcely two alike.” I give some
examples in a note.*
I think it will be found that the indiscriminately polymorphic
Noctuze usually conceal themselves by day in grass and low
herbage or in thatch, faggot stacks, ivy, &c., and do not rest
by day, on palings, &c., where, indeed, many of them would be
quite conspicuous. Still, they fly long before it is very dark,
and the whitish underwings with which many are furnished,
and which are displayed in flying, greatly add to their
conspicuousness. And there must be some eyes capable of
stealing upon them in their daytime retreats.
Discriminate polymorphism.
There are two classes of cases in which polymorphism would
appear to be distinctly advantageous. The first consists of what,
see Packard’s ‘‘Text Book of Entomology,” pp. 249-64 ; also Dr. Sharp’s
Presidential Address, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, pp. I-lxvi, and his
paper, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, pp. 393-408. Many perceive light
beyond the violet rays which bound our vision. As to the capacity of
moths for seeing in obscurity, every moth-collector must have observed the
glowing eyes of
By . the filmy shapes
That haunt the dusk, “with ermine capes
And woolly breasts and beaded eyes.
As regards vertebrate enemies there is no doubt of the keen seeing power of
these, many of them, such as owls and some other birds and other nocturnal
animals, possessing special adaptations for use in obscurity.
* Apamea didyma (oculea) exhibits any shade of ground colour from
pale whitish grey to black; of the pale ones some have a dark costa,
others a conspicuous dark central band ; none are described as restricted to
any particular locality. Thirty forms are enumerated and described in
Tutt’s ‘‘ British Noctue,” vol. i, pp. 91-94. Miana strigilis, Agrotis
tritici, Agrotis exclamationis, Noctua festiva (‘‘ 1 have at times possessed
hundreds of specimens, of which I can truly say that no two were alike.” —
Humphrey and Westwood’s ‘‘ British Moths,” p. 124). Z'riphxna pronuba,
and among Geometrid moths Hypsipetes elutata, of which Barrett writes :
ae Excessively variable, the colour ranging from green to brown and endless
variety in the marking.”
(| -exzyiy)
by way of distinction, may be designated as discriminate poly-
morphism, when, for example, a species exists in widely different
surroundings, and its different varieties are allocated, and, if
one may say so, attuned, to fitting localities or, it may be,
seasons, as in the case of some local or seasonal variety, or the
many species which rest by day on objects of varied aspect,
the colours or markings of which resemble their own, and
often in attitudes adapted to increase the illusion,*
Indiscriminate polymorphism.
There is another class of cases to which I do not know that
a better name can be applied than that of indiscriminate poly-
morphism, consisting of such as do not fit their variations to
appropriate localities, seasons, resting places or resting attitudes.
To these polymorphism may be advantageous on the principle
that as every different colour or marking has its own special
chance of escape from enemies, the more colours or markings its
different individuals present the more chances of escape they
would have ; just as if one could conceive a billiard table to be
fitted up with many holes of different shapes and a number of
balls of different shapes to be scattered over it, more balls
would find places than if all the balls were of one size.
Characters “‘ biologically indifferent.”
But I do not think these explanations can be considered
to cover the whole ground. The only explanation that seems
to me possible in the vast majority of cases is that many
characters, even striking ones, are, as previously stated, “ biologi-
cally indifferent.” + Nature, it may be said, is more tolerant
than is sometimes supposed, when, for example, it is said
that the slightest difference in conspicuousness must tend
* Such as Hibernia leucophearia resting on oak trunks.—Proc. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1903, p. ix. ‘This resting situation and position is one of the
points on which more observation is wanted. Some moths strongly variable
in appearance are notorious for not resting on surfaces suitable for con-
cealment,as Polia chi.—Barrett’s ‘‘ British Lepidoptera,” vol. iv, p. 307. Can
these be shown to be nauseous or in some other way exempt from attack ?
As bearing on this, see Mr. Porritt’s paper before referred to.
+ Weismann is of opinion that where species are variable in a high
degree their variations possess no biological importance, or the less valuable
among them would be gradually removed by selection.—‘‘ Evolution
Theory,” vol. 1, p. 135.
( exxvii )
towards and ultimately lead to exclusive selection for sutvival
or extinction. When Nature intervenes it is indeed often,
perhaps generally, with a sentence of death—sometimes, as
applied to the extinction of a species, a lingering one—but
with a very large number of conspicuous characters she does
not appear to intervene at all, thus leaving very considerable
parts of the organic life we see around us as spheres in which
natural selection does not for the time being practically
operate. May I put it in this way /—that there is selection
between competing classes of variation, those which are of the
greatest biological importance, often not conspicuous ones, or,
it may be, altogether hidden from our observation, coming to
the front. Just as, if I may be pardoned for an illustration
drawn from familiar human history—we all belong to the
Animal Kingdom—it was rivalry between courtly and social
qualities which led to and maintained eminence in France
under the Monarchy, but all this ceased to operate during the
grim struggles of the great revolution there.
Habits.
But without discussing this question any further I proceed
now to call attention to a set of characters which have no
place in merely diagnostic works, and often receive scant
mention in descriptive works of larger scope—as characters
which may possibly explain, in some cases in which this
suggested tolerance cannot be invoked, why some of the
conspicuous differences I have dwelt on may be of practical
unimportance. The set of characters to which I would thus
draw attention is that which may be summed up for the
present in the word “habits.” In the habits of a species,
taking the word in a wide and comprehensive sense, we may
sometimes find a uniformity missing in its facies, and possibly
important enough to enable a species possessing these habits
to find and hold a place for itself, with all its diversely-
coloured forms; the habits, or the internal qualities they
connote, being perhaps the important attribute possessed by
them all, and binding all together in a common situation.
Before proceeding further let me acknowledge my deep
indebtedness to Professor Meldola’s Presidential Address to
this Society in 1896. A part of what follows is nothing more
( ‘exxvini’ #)
than an endeavour, an imperfect one, to follow out thoughts
suggested in that address, and to test or illustrate their
application to some of the questions which arise.
Professor Meldola asks these questions—“ Are the external,
visible, appreciable, measurable characters alone to be regarded
as of selection value? May not some at least of the minor more
or less constant specific characters be the outward expression
of some constitutional or physiological differences at present
beyond the power of our methods of discrimination ?” Among
the qualities or characters which may thus be of selection
value Professor Meldola proceeds to mention habits, of which
he says that “they are not and cannot be taken into considera-
tion in ordinary diagnostic work. Nevertheless, such habits
are as truly specific as the form, colour, and pattern with which
they are associated.” *
Examples of marked differences of habit.
We may conveniently enumerate here some habits and
actions of insects that are special to certain groups of them,
large or small, including such as are characteristic of the
individuals of a species or even variety, and, in connexion
with this subject, we may perhaps usefully consider whether
they or some of them may not be of biological importance.
First let me give a few examples of differences of habit
which fall under the observation of every field naturalist,
some of them being of a very marked character.T
Modes of flight.
There is the slow heavy flight of the burnets (Anthrocerids)
and of some nocturnal moths, especially their females; these
become easy victims to their pursuers, but are often protected
by nauseousness from pursuit. Few Lepidoptera havea straight
flight, most have a more or less jerky one, some in long curves,
some in shorter ones, and many have the zigzag flight of the
common white butterflies, including females of some species,
the males of which fly with more rapidity and directness, this
* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1896, pp. 69, 74.
| There is a great fund of information on this subject in the ‘‘ British
Lepidoptera” of that excellent field observer, the late Charles Barrett,
also in Mr, Tutt’s ‘‘ Practical Hints for Field Lepidopterists.” In these
works a great variety of habits will be found recorded. Many pages are
also devoted to them in Scudder’s ‘‘ Butterflies of North America.”
Ctexxix }))
zigzag flight being admirably elusive, for no collector, whether
human or avian, can tell whether the next flit will be right or
left, above or below.*
Habits of display.
On a very hot day last August I watched for an hour the
evolutions of butterflies in a flowery field at Glengarriff in
Kerry. Vanessa io was plentiful—I counted at one time seven
within a space of ten feet square, chiefly settling on thistles, and
making short flights from one flower to another, with frequent
visits to scabious and rare visits to ragwort. There were
also a few Pyrameis atalanta and P. cardui, with an occasional
Argynnis paphia, and a fair number of Lyccenids and Satyrids.
There was not one of the species observed whose attitude or
position when settled on a flower or mode of flight was not
quite distinctive. JV. 2o especially always had its wings at an
angle towards each other of a few degrees on either side of 90°.
These insects were extraordinarily conspicuous, much more
so than they would have been with their wings closed, as they
would have been when at rest, or with wings outspread, as they
were when on a cloudier day they settled on roads or stones.
They were very bold, not moving when my shadow fell across
them or when my fingers approached to touching distance. I
will not pretend to say that they were in high animal spirits
and were proud of the figure they cut, but they certainly
looked as if they were so.
: Times of flight.
Time of flight is a habit that varies greatly.t Much the
larger number of our Lepidoptera, as we all know, do not take
to flight in full daylight, and in their hours of flight there is
great variation. Let me mention a few of these. variations.
* Differences in modes of flight are of course often associated with
peculiar forms of wing.
t+ We are apt to speak of day fliers and night fliers, but this is a very
rough classification. As a rule, brightly-coloured Lepidoptera no doubt fly
only in strong daylight, many only when the sun is shining. ‘There are
exceptions on both sides; Arctia caja and Euchelia jacobex sometimes tly
by night, the former indeed scarcely ever by day ; it lies about conspicu-
ously by day, and is probably protected by the powerful odour it can emit.
Its near relatives, Callimorpha dominula and Nemeophila plantaginis,
appear to fly only, or almost only, by day ; many moths of no brilliancy
of colour fly by day, and preferably in sunshine, often only during certain
hours. ‘These include the large full-bodied moths, the Lasiocampids,
Endromis versicolor and Aglia tau.
( exxk 4}
The ordinary Noctuz mostly fly by night or in the dusk,
but they include species such as the Z’wniocampas and the
Triphznas, which fly also in broad daylight and in strong
sunshine. Some Eupithecias have the same habit, and a large
number of Geometreand Pyrales fly by day ; of Chareas graminis
the males are stated to fly from 8 to 11 in the morning, the
females after 11, and again later at night. Other moths fly
in full daylight, but only begin a little before sunset, like
Angerona prunaria and Cidaria fulvata. Kpione advenaria is
said to fly only from 7 to 9in the morning. Most Geometrids fly
in the evening, at or soon after dusk, but many begin long before
dusk, and some fly at different periods in the afternoon, others
in the dead of night. Many of the smaller moths, especially
the Tortricids, have their special hours of the day for flight.*
Attractiveness of light, sugar, etc.
Some night-flying species are strongly attracted by light,
others, closely resembling them in many respects, are abso-
lutely indifferent to it ; of the species attracted, in some both
sexes are so, in others the females rarely or never. Some
species come freely to flowers only, some to sugar only, some to
both ; some are little endowed with scent, others so largely
that male moths have been attracted from vast distances.
These are all differences of habit of a kind we “higher
vertebrates” can appreciate, but there must be many more
that are doubtless beyond our ken.
Postures and rest attitudes.
Many rest on objects they resemble, as some Cucullias do on
sticks, or roll themselves up so as to look like bits of stick as
Phalera bucephala does ; some select rocks of their own colour,
others expose themselves conspicuously on objects of any colour.
* It would seem probable that moisture may have much to do with some
of the times of flight, promoting their activity, when the air is saturated or
nearly saturated as it commonly is towards evening, when the warmth of
the day is declining, or during the night, or morning when the grass is
still reeking with dew. Many Lepidoptera certainly require moisture.
Buttertlies get it by drinking at puddles or sucking moist objects, and the
lives of captured moths are prolonged by keeping them out of a dry
atmosphere. Moisture also intensifies scent and softens honey dew.
But no one has fully explained why sugar or flowers are so much more
attractive on some nights than on others.—Tutt’s ‘‘ Practical Hints,”
part 1, p. 10.
Cees 7)
Then there are great differences in the mode of holding them-
selves when at rest, some few Geometrids closing their wings
as a butterfly does, e. g. Selenia bilunaria, Hupisteria heparata,
Cidaria dotata, and C’. pyraliata, others adopting an inter-
mediate position like those of the genus Hnnemos, and Selenia
lunaria and S. tetralunaria, which assume the form of a
concave scalloped shell.* The abdomen of many when at rest
is peculiarly curved upwards, 7
Habits as to local haunts.
Local haunts may be classed among the varied habits of
some species, including some that in the larval condition feed
promiscuously on grass. Thus “pinephele tithonus loves to
flit in numbers about hedges, HL. hyperanthus is practically
limited to woods; of the two Pararges, megexra flies rather
rapidly along the dusty roadsides, egerza flitting about in
woodland glades. Botys prunalis, an abundant species, its
larva found ‘‘on anything but blackthorn,” is rarely beaten
out of anything but blackthorn.{ <Asthena luteata feeds on
maple in the south, on alder in the north.§
Habits as to modes and places of concealment.
Modes of concealment are also often characteristic; as
already mentioned, a large number hide in grass and herbage,
some in ivy or in woodstacks or faggots, others in houses and
cellars. Many of the habits are highly distinctive of large
groups as a whole, but others, as we have seen, are distinctive
of smaller groups, even so small a group as that comprised in
a single genus or species, and striking differences of habit
between local and seasonal varieties of the same species are
recorded.
Recent attention yiven to habits.
The habits of insects are in an increasing degree occupying
the attention of biologists. Professor Poulton’s papers on the
courtship of grasshoppers and of V. wrticx, those of Dr.
Longstaff on the orientation of butterflies, of Mr. Guy
* See especially the rest attitude of H. lewcophearia referred to in a
former note.
t+ Some of these rest attitudes are so fixed as apparently to be connected
with structure.
t Barrett, vol. ix, p. 226. § Barrett, vol. vili, p. 198.
(exact ay)
Marshall on the marked difference in habit of the seasonal
forms of Precis sesamus and octavia-natalensis, and those of Dr.
Chapman, Commander J. J. Walker, and Mr. Tutt, in their
numerous writings, add much to our conceptions of insect life,
and similar observations of the same nature can hardly fail to
throw light on some of the problems which that life presents,
including those of structure, with which habits and functions
are so closely allied.
Relations between habits and structure.
Special habits may derive much importance from this close
connection with structure. It is of no protective use for a
moth to be whitish grey if its habit is to rest on a dark brown
tree trunk or indiscriminately on objects of any colour, but its
colour may be of the greatest use if its habit is to rest on light
grey stones. It may be urged that it is the structure which
dictates the habit. So it does in the main; an Anthrocerid
cannot hover like a hawk moth, or soar and glide like an
Apaturid. But when structure was in the making, the habits,
taken in connection with natural selection, must have had much
to do with that making, and, so far as structure is being now
made, present habits must have much to do with future shaping.
At the same time, the importance of habits (or even of
facies) must not be exaggerated. The former are necessarily
less rigid and more easily adaptable to temporary surroundings
than structure can be. Colour, as shown by experiments
(including my own), can in individuals be altered by moderate
differences in temperature, well within the compass of what they
would encounter under natural conditions, directly applied in
the pupal stage, and seasonal forms often show immense
differences not only in colour, but in pattern, shape, and size.
In some local or seasonal forms the difference in facies, in
others the difference in habits, seems to be the greater.*
* Some larve of Cucullia lucifuga, of which I took a few near Dissentis
early one September, afforded a remarkable example of community of
habits in two different stages presenting a vast divergence in appearance.
They lay about motionless, but, if touched, ran away at racing speed. They
were of a light chocolate colour with several conspicuous bright yellow
longitudinal stripes. When I opened the box a day or two afterwards |
found three sooty black larvee with rows of small deep orange spots. They
were so dissimilar to what I had found that I thought I must have made
some mistake. But their habits showed at once what they were. When
one was touched it rushed about at amazing speed (‘‘ vera incessu patuit’”’).
( \exxxi )
Activities in “ spare time.”
I suggest that general activity itself, or the internal
conditions which lead to it and influence its varied manifest-
ations, may be of great significance and import, that there is
in many insects a large part of the life not directed to the
functions of nutrition or reproduction, but affording scope for
what may be called their general activities. We find this
activity to be exercised for many purposes, and so that there is
in the case of many species much more time allowed for it
than would be necessary for the primary functions I have
named, or is, in fact, devoted to those functions. With
many there is a long period of activity, of movement,
before they settle down to the business of continuing their
species, or to its preparatory courtship, and we can hardly
suppose that so widely diffused a habit is of no biological
importance. Some species, it is recorded,* refuse to pair until
some daysafter emergence. Many live and disport themselves
for days before they settle down, the males often flying about
several days before the females appear,t and M. Fabre has told
us how a fossorial wasp spends a month among the flowers
before she obeys the marvellous parental instincts which his
brilliant pages have made famous.
Sportiveness.
How do insects occupy their spare time? Part of it in
what may be brought under the comprehensive name of
“play” or “sportiveness.” Lord Avebury } in speaking of
ants quotes Huber, Gould, and Bates as to their “ exercises,”
Gould describing them as ‘‘amusements” and “ sportive,” and
Forel as saying he is convinced that in the actions he is
describing ‘‘l’attrait des sexes” could not have been the cause.
Pugnacity.
Part of the time is occupied by butterflies in fighting. One
of their leading characteristics is pugnacity. Not that of the
bull in asserting his lordship over a herd of cows, or that of
the essentially solitary insect—it may be one of the Diptera§
* Tutt’s ‘“‘Practical Hints for Field Lepidopterists,” vol. ii, pp. 18, 32.
+ Jb. pp. 82, 113-4.
+ International Science Series, vol. 40.
§ Scott-Elliott, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1896, p. 119.
( c&kxiv 1)
or a dragon-fly—treating itself as entitled to a certain beat
and driving off all intruders, but what appears to be the sheer
love of a tussle. How often a collector, after carefully stalk-
ing down a butterfly, finds all his plans defeated because some
other butterfly passes near the object of pursuit, which cannot
resist the temptation of dashing at the passing stranger—it
may be one of a quite different species—and then ensues a
mutual buffeting, the two insects rising out of sight. Sexual
attraction does not come in here; nor can the end be physical
training, such as results from the “ play ” of higher animals,
for a new-born butterfly inherits instincts which enable it to
fly perfectly as soon as its wings are dry. There are doubtless
many moths, especially females, to which these remarks about
activity do not apply, but they are applicable to a very large
number of Lepidoptera, perhaps to most.
General activities influenced by conditions.
A consideration of the general activities of insects may
possibly bring us nearer to answering the question why
Lepidoptera are more abundant in some countries, especially the
warmer ones, than in England. All will agree that a full
measure of health and vigour is a necessary condition for
enabling a species in the competition that exists to hold its
own with complete success, the measure of this success greatly
depending on the extent to which those conditions are adapted
to promote its health and vigour.
Influences of temperature on activities.
We must all have observed the immense difference which
temperature makes in the activity of most of our Lepidoptera,
how cold paralyses their energies so that they can hardly be
provoked into movement ; in hot weather, on the contrary, the
lightest tap on a tree, or the gentlest touch on a hedge, will
cause them to fly out in numbers. Many butterflies are
absolutely inactive whenever the sun is behind a cloud, and
I suggest that the necessity to these of sunshine for flight is
caused by their readiness to respond rather to a high temper-
ature than to intensity of light.* We warm-blooded creatures
* Though I think it deserves observation whether brightness alone as
compared with gloominess may not influence the movement of some
( cxxexy) )
possess an automatic apparatus for equalising bodily temper-
ature, so that it only varies by a few degrees, whatever the
external conditions, but an insect must rapidly acquire the
temperature of its surroundings. The ordinary returns of
temperature as published give us only that of the shade, and
therefore fall short of indicating the heat which objects attain,
For example, the average amount of sunshine in France has
recently been stated to be about 30 per cent. more than in
England, and therefore its crops and its insects must get much
more heat than the difference of the mean temperatures in the
two countries indicates. But sunshine may mean much more
than this to the many insects whose activity is confined to the
periods of sunshine, the difference between the temperature of
objects ‘in the sun” and those ‘‘in the shade” being enormous,
often 20°-30° F. (say 11°-16° C.), equal, while ct lasts, to the
difference between the mean shade temperatures of England in
January and in July. Moreover it is quite conceivable that heat,
intermittent and at the same time intense, especially when
associated, as it often is, with dryness, may suit many insects
much better than equable heat, though the average degree of
the two may be nearly the same. The direct heat from the
sun is especially great in mountain regions * and others where
the air is very dry, and its effect on insects is increased by their
habit of basking, especially if on a heat-reflecting surface.
This habit is frequent with larve, so that some species cannot
be reared without exposure to sunshine ; and many butterflies
will not pair or lay eggs in the shade.
In some countries the excessive abundance of insect life is
doubtless to be accounted for by the shortness of the summer
season. ‘This is the case in many of the higher elevations in
mountain regions, where only a very few hot months separate
the spring snows from those of autumn.
Temperature has obviously much to do with geographical
insects ; the perception of a bright light, as we know, has an effect of
marvellous power on inany. Celwna haworthii is an example of a species
that flies by day in warm overcast weather, not ona clear sunny afternoon.—
Tutt’s ‘* Hints,” vol. i, p. 89.
* See Hann’s ‘‘ Handbook of Climatology,” translated by Ward, chap. xii.
Dr. Hunter Workman, addressing the Royal Geographical Society,
21st November, 1904, referring to altitudes of from 21,500 to 23,394 feet
in the Himalayas, speaks of the intense heat at noon.
( Gexxxya'ey)
distribution. The preponderant opinion appears to be that most
of our species or their near ancestors came from tropical or sub-
tropical regions or descended to us from periods when similar
high temperatures prevailed, rendering production more rapid
and activity greater, and the opinion is supported by the
abundant evidence we have in England of repeated invasions
by overflow from the continent of Europe, successful for a
brief time, during which climatic conditions approach more
nearly to those of a warmer country.
We find that, as a rule, a species has its metropolitan
centres—it may be covering, continuously or discontinuously,
a large geographical region,—from which centres it thins off
in various directions. To take a familiar example, we see a
very large number of species abundant in many of the various
parts of Europe become scarcer as we proceed northwards, for
example within our islands, in the northern parts of which
they die out. A smaller number have their metropolis in the
north, and become rarer as we proceed southwards till they
disappear. When plants thin off in this way we attribute the
reduction to the direct effect of climate, and this doubtless has
its effect on insects. But in their case it is much more limited
in its operation. Insects can move and in various ways
protect themselves, and therefore the element of their personal
habits comes in, and the efficiency of these depends on health
and vigour. I suggest that, apart from the fact, referred to
later, that a cold climate will not admit of sucha wealth of
organisms as a warm climate will, the thinning off I have
referred to may indicate, not so much the direct effect of the
climate and other surroundings in killing off, as their operation
in diminishing health and vigour, and in this manner affecting
the activities of insects. Many of these activities are of
course connected with the pairing instincts, such as the
courtship of butterflies and grasshoppers, or with the pro-
curing of food. But, as stated, many cannot be brought under
either of these heads.
Motive springs of activity—Emotions.
As to the varied activities of insects, I think we cannot
properly appreciate what they may mean without referring to
(\ exxxvii )
the motive springs of many of them, that is, to the emotions
which undoubtedly prompt or accompany them. The differ-
ences in their habits and actions may or may not belong to the
class on which the issues of life and death depend, but must be
materially influenced by the conditions which affect vigour
and energy, and the emotions which may prompt and regulate
action cannot, I think, be passed over in a paper referring to
habits.
Lord Avebury * and Dr. Sharp,+ who have given thought to
the subject, are among those who have shown that insects are
not to be treated as insentient machines, but that they have
what we know by the general name of emotions.
Many of these emotions, doubtless, are of the simple ele-
mentary kind which seem common to all animals that have to
strive for their living or for their race preservation—such as
anger in combat, ardour in pursuit, fear in flight, resentment
at disturbance—emotions which we human beings can hardly
do without when we engage in action, for they supply such
an almost necessary stimulus that apathy is nearly synonymous
with inaction. There are many insects indeed to which we
should begrudge such a word as emotion, unless we are to
include in it impulses of the lowest order. It is difficult to
suppose that the worm-like female Psychid—blind, legless,
wingless, can be anything more than a machine for continuing
her species, incapable herself of any but the most rudimentary
impulses, however capable of inspiring emotion in her ardent
and restless pursuers of the opposite sex. But many, nay
most, insects seem to perform actions and display habits
* «Even we, far removed as we are in organisation, habits, and sentiments
from a fly or bee, can yet feel the difference between a contented hum and
an angry buzz.”—‘‘ Senses of Animals,” International Scientific Series, vol.
Ixy, pp. 71-2. Elsewhere he mentions that flies and gnats produce
sounds through the spiracles, Eristalis and Syrphus doing so while sitting
quietly, and refers to the hum of an angry bee as proverbial ; in the
Diptera and Libellule the thoracic spiracles produce sounds, the voice
appears to some extent to be under the control of the will.—Z2. p. 68.
+ ‘‘A company of gnats dancing in the rays glinting through the
bushes on a summer evening or in the afternoon of an autumnal day may
by means of acute perceptions of lights and shades be enjoying an ocular
treat as varied and as exhilarating to them as the prospect we enjoy from
the summit of Righi or Pilatus, while at the same moment by means of
an extreme sensitiveness to movement and its direction they may be taking
part in a rhythinical concert of no mean order of excellence.” —Dr. Sharp,
Presidential Address to this Society, 1888, p. Ixi.
( ‘exmxvill. )
which manifest that they partake of some of the more com-
plex emotions whose presence in animals framed on a different
model, the vertebrates, we recognise. Insects have this in
common with the vertebrates that their actions are certainly
controlled by something in the nature of mind. In all of them
resides some particle of that specialised substance known as
‘‘ nervous matter’ or ‘“ neuroplasm” which has dominion over
all else and is endowed with such great and varied potentialities.
Many of themare largely provided with this matter, having an
elaborate nervous system, and a complex brain to control their
actions,* and it seems unreasonable to refuse to recognise in
them emotions of a complex kind, such as those we recognise
in other animals whose differences of habit have much that
correspond with theirs,—to deny any such emotions to A paturid
butterflies towering above the tall oak trees, to Vanessids
displaying their gorgeous colouring on flowers or sailing like
sea-gulls on the wing, to Diptera chasing each other beneath
the ceiling of a room, to shining beetles gyrating on a pond,
or to gnats dancing in the evening light.
Biological value of activities.
It would seem that the activities, whether general or of the
special kinds which I have mentioned, looking to the length
of time given to them, to their variety and the emotions
which prompt or accompany them, should be of biological
value. As bearing on this subject, let me place before you
what Mr. Lloyd Morgan says t—“‘It is probable that all the
situations with which pleasure and satisfaction are in a high
degree associated are in primary origin closely connected with
behaviour directed through natural or sexual selection to some
definite biological end, or in brief with behaviour of biological
value”; and again }|—‘“ In general we may say that emotional
states are, under natural conditions, closely associated with
behaviour of biological value,—with tendencies which are
beneficial in self-preservation or in race preservation—with
actions that promote survival.”
* «¢Bffective consciousness is associated with a nervous system. Its
fundamental characteristic 1s control over the actions.” Lloyd Morgan on
*¢ Animal Behaviour,” p. 438. See also pp. 48 and 52.
+ ‘* Animal Behavieur,” p. 273. ¢ Jb. p. 293%
(Gexxxix)))
To what extent the emotions I have referred to as springs
of action may be within the compass of our apprehension,
whether and how far they may affect the distribution of insects,
their presence here, their absence there, their abundance or
their rarity, are further questions. Only it may be suggested
generally that where actions controlled by mind, whatever its
quality, are concerned, conditions such as are adapted to exalt
or depress emotions, to stimulate or deaden them, have their
influence ; and that those conditions which conduce to the free,
healthy, and vigorous exercise of this controlling power, and to
the habits and actions which are its manifestation, may have
some influence in promoting the success of the organism,
its vitality and its abundance.
Psychical element important.
I would point out also that, granted the existence of the
psychical element, it should be more important and more
likely to be persistent than the habit, the director being of
greater consequence than the directed, and this not only in the
species but in the individual. As I believe others have re-
marked, though I cannot lay my hand on the reference, an
organism is something more than an individual, it is a person.
Those who have observed insects in large numbers must have
noted differential qualities which may be called personal.*
And there must be many more of these qualities than we can
perceive.
Numerical persistence of abundant and rare species.
Let me now advert again to my earlier questions, relating
to the abundance and the rarity of species, and to their
numerical persistence,
I would suggest that where warmth is combined with
moisture and other suitable conditions a given piece of land
* At one time I was keeping some 50 or 60 S. tetralunaria, offspring of
a single pair, in darkness, that they might not move and spoil themselves.
Whenever I lifted the cover so that they were exposed to the light there
were some few that immediately moved, one or two actively. In Tutt’s
‘* British Butterflies,” now in course of publication, p. 458, mention is
made of three bred Chrysophanus dispar, allof which showed very different
dispositions. The various fights one sees between insects show ‘‘ personal ”
differences in courage and endurance. Thereis possibly an analogy between
the operation of this variability of disposition and the operation of
physical variability (polymorphism, etce.).
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1906. K
(ivexian)
will support a very dense population of animal as well as
vegetable organisms. The whole organic output is larger
than that of other places, and the floating population for the
time being of which the locality can bear the burden of
maintenance is greater. ‘ Tropical luxuriance ” and ‘arctic
sterility” are proverbial, and the day-flying Lepidoptera will
certainly be more abundant, if only because warm climates are
plainly more suitable than cold ones to the great majority of
them.
Doubtless there is ground for the prevailing opinion that a
rare species is often one that is on the road to extinction, but
this does not account for the cases in which a species is per-
sistently rare though not on the whole increasing or diminishing
innumbers. Prof. Weismann * says it is a mistake to suppose
that every rare species is already in process of disappearing,
and expresses the opinion that a change in surrounding circum-
stances may cause an improvement exemplified by an increase
in numbers, quite independently of whether this improvement
is absolutely necessary to its preservation or not.
I doubt if we have the materials yet for successfully answer-
ing the questions. As a possible contribution towards their
solution, may we entertain the thought that, like the morpho-
logical features before referred to, there are many actions and
habits of organisms that are not subjected to the Draconic
code summed up in the theory of the “survival of the fittest ” ?
—that there are extensive departments of life in which a
milder code prevails and where many habits and many activi-
ties may be indulged, ministering in various degrees to the
enjoyments that accompany the free and healthy exercise of
the natural impulses—to what we know as the “ joy of life.”
Scarcity may be advantageous.
I venture, however, to call attention to a case in which,
paradoxical as it may appear, scarcity may itself be an ad-
vantage. The object of the enemies that prey upon insects
is to obtain food, and it must suit their enemies better to
devote themselves to the pursuit of such as are plentiful.
Consequently when a species is rare, and the places it haunts,
* < Evolution Theory,” vol. i, p. 107.
@ sexi)
its time or mode of flight, or its other characteristics, are in
any way different from those of an abundant species equally
suitable for food, it is not likely to be so much harassed as
these are. Creatures which are hunting for necessary food do
not spend their time, as “ collectors” do, in quest of rarities.
Fitness of the Imago stage for observation.
IT am well aware that most of my illustrations are taken
from the imago state, and that a far greater destruction of
life takes place in the earlier stages, and especially in that of
the larva. But in the last and most perfect stage of the life
of a lepidopterous insect a heavy toll is taken, sufficient in the
competition that exists to affect materially its power to hold
its own. Moreover it is the stage which admits of and is
usually associated with infinitely greater variations in facies
and habits than do any,—I think I may say all—of the others,
and it is that stage alone in which the senses and the nervous
matter which controls and directs habits have the widest scope
for effective action. It is therefore the stage in which the
materials exist in the greatest quantity for testing by actual
observation and experiment many of the questions that have
been discussed.
Summary of propositions.
Let me sum up briefly some of the propositions—I do not put
any of them forward as if they originated with me—which I
have submitted for your consideration.
1. That in the life history of a species the number of its
offspring should be observed and recorded.
2. That the consumption by herbivorous insects of their
food supply is not, except under special circumstances,
a cause of the extinction or permanent reduction in
numbers of a species.
3. That mutual competition is not usually of primary
importance in keeping down the numbers of a herbivorous
species of insect.
4, That the chief factors in keeping down the numbers of
herbivorous insects are their active enemies,
OO
10.
WN
( exli ,)
. That insects, being endowed with nervous matter con-
trolling or guiding their movements, the psychic element
should be taken into account in considering their habits
and activities.
. That insect activities not directly concerned with nutri-
tion or reproduction are an important part of the lives
of many of them.
. That external circumstances promoting or checking the
energetic exercise of these activities may affect numbers,
and account in many cases for abundance or sparseness.
. That observation and record of the abundance or scarcity
of a species or variety, either generally or in any locality,
and of any permanent change in these respects, and
inquiry into its causes, 1s very desirable.
. That evidence of the processes by which the balance of
organisms as it applies to herbivorous insects is maintained
is desirable.
That polymorphism, discriminate or indiscriminate (7. e.
the forms not appropriated to special situations in refer-
ence to time, space, or other circumstances), may be of
selection value.
That under certain circumstances scarcity may be of
selection value.
. That a large number of conspicuous features sufficient in
themselves for selection are not in fact selected, but
persist irrespectively of it.
. That habits may be of selection value.
Importance of field observations.
This brings me to the practical end and object of my
add
ress, which is to invite attention to the great aid which
may be given towards the solution of problems presented to
naturalists, by extensive and systematic observation in the
field and the laboratory on living creatures. Apart from all
the
specific questions which have been considered, we can
hardly do wrong in devoting attention to the observation and
record of the special habits of living things. It is life that
gives its surpassing interest to this insect world that we study,
( exliii )
the present life as manifested in the habits they display,
the past life as shown in the structure moulded by their
ancestral vicissitudes; and it is the view of their life in this
twofold aspect that enables us best to appreciate the marvel-
lous variety in form, and splendour in colour, of the objects
that adorn our cabinets—decorative corpses, alas, as we see
them there,
Void of the little living will
That made [them] stir. .
—in their hour.
I hope the time may arrive when our books, if the scale
and plan on which they are designed allow sufficient space,
will give us, besides the structural details which show the
systematic place that the insects under description occupy,
particulars of all their actions of a distinctive kind as living
things, not confined to such as are known to lead to self-
preservation or race preservation; a statement also of the
enemies that assail them and lessen their numbers, and of all
factors of a noteworthy character that enter into the great
gift which invests them with an interest far transcending all
that belongs to the choicest products of inanimate nature, the
gift which, however differing in its manifestations, they share
in full measure with our lordly selves—their life.
A remarkably interesting and detailed account of predaceous
insects and their prey, by Prof. Poulton in Parts III and IV
of the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, unfortunately appeared
too late to be noticed in this address. Particulars are there
given of several hundred cases, the chief destroyers being
Diptera, especially Asilide and Empide. Insects specially
protected by stings, nauseousness, etc., from many enemies
seem to find little protection from attacks by other insects.
( exliv @)
GENERAL INDEX.
The Arabic figures vefer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman
numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’
The President’s Address is not separately indexed,
GENERAL SUBJECTS.
Abraxas grossulariata, var. varleyata, series exhibited, Ixviii.
Acidalia marginepunctata and A. subsertceata, melanic varieties exhibited,
Ixxiv.
Acrea, exhibition of specimens of four species taken in South Africa, xii.
» johnstont, mimetic forms of, Ixvii, 281.
Acreing, on seasonal forms of various, ]xxxiv.
Africa, on scents in various butterflies from South, ii; exhibition of specimens
of four species of Acrwa from South, xii; bionomic points in certain
Lamellicorns from South, xiv, 91; on new or unfigured butterflies from
South, xiv, 59; plague of ants in Cape Town, South, xxiii ; on seasonal
phases of various species of the genus Precis, of South, lvii; on the
habits of species of Ptyedus in British East, Ixvii, 225; contributions
towards the knowledge of Rhopalocera of, 1.
Agrotis helvetina, exhibited, xxxiii.
Angerona prunaria, exhibition of gynandromorphic specimen of, Ixviii.
Ants, a plague of, in Cape Town, South Africa, xxiil,
Apteropeda globosa, ab,, exhibited, lxxiil.
ss orbiculata and Halticus apterus, exhibition of specimens taken
together, Ixii.
Argynnts adippe, variety from Berkshire, exhibited, Ixvii.
+5 ntobe, vars., exhibited, Ixxviii.
53 » var. erts, from Pyrenees, exhibited, xviii.
73 thore, exhibited, Ixxviii.
Auditors for 1907, nomination of, cii.
Bee, exhibition of comb of, from branch of nut-tree, xvi.
Bionomic notes on certain South African Lamellicorns, xiv, 91 ; on butterflies
from the Victoria Nyanza, lxvii, 207.
Blackburne-Maze, W. P., notice of death of, xv.
Blattidx, studies of the, Ixvii, ci, 231, 487.
Brightwen, Elizabeth, notice of death of, xlviii.
British Guiana, on a collection of butterflies from the Potaro River, lx; on
the dominant Millerian group of butterflies from the Potaro River,
xxvii, 411,
Giexiv =)
British Isles, on Noctuids common to Germany and the, and on insular racial
characters of some British Lepidoptera, lxxviii.
Burchell, W. J., original Journal exhibited, xix.
Butterflies, new or unfigured South African, xiv, 59; rest attitudes in, xxvi,
97; with wings mutilated by lizards, exhibited, xxxiii; from Majorca,
exhibited, xlix; from Natal, notes on, li; from the Potaro River,
exhibited, Ix; from Victoria Nyauza, bionomic notes on, lxvii, 207; on
the dominant Miillerian group of, from the Potaro River, British Guiana,
Ixxvii, 411.
Calcaria, of Hymenoptera, the generic and specific characters of the, xxxili ;
exhibition of lantern-slide photos of, xxxv ; of Trichoptera and Coleoptera,
XXXiv.
Callinenide, a series of, exhibited, xvii.
Calosoma sycophanta, from New Forest, exhibited, xvii.
Cardiophorus erichsoni, from Lundy Island, exhibited, xxiii.
Catocala nupta, from Hackney, exhibited, cii.
Chortophila unilineata, exhibition of specimens which had been observed
following a Bee, xiii.
Chrysophanus salustius, unusual emergence of, in New Zealand, c.
Cenonympha mathewt, from Galicia, Spain, exhibited, xcix.
* pamphilus, dark aberration, exhibited, Ixxv.
Coleophora, exhibition of ‘life histories,’ etc., of various species of, xlviii.
Coleoptera, the generic and specific characters of the calearia of, xxxiv;
from Ste. Maxime, France, exhibited, xxxiv ; from New Guinea, exhibited,
KOCK
Corticaria crenicollis, from Berkshire and Epping, exhibited, Ixxiii.
Council for 1907, nomination of, xevi, cii.
Crambus ericellus, from Loughton, exhibited, xlix.
Dale, C. W., notice of death of, xv.
Decompression on larvie, the effects of rapid, cii.
Dinarda, exhibition of species of, 1xxi.
Draconia rusina, from Trinidad, exhibited, Ixxviii; resemblance of, to
Plagioptera bicordata, 533.
Emmelesta unifasciata, exhibition of specimens of, which had lain five seasons
in the pupal stage, xxxi.
Erebia glactalis, ab. pluto, exhibited, Ixxviii.
Euplectus tomlini, from starling’s nest in Berkshire, exhibited, lxxiii.
Euralia mimi and E. wahlbergi, and their models, exhibited and remarked
upon, lii.
Fairmaire, Leon, notice of death of, xxxiv.
Fellows, election of, i, xv, xxx, xxxii, lxvii, lxxxvii, xevi, cil.
Fidonia atomaria, with six wings, exhibited, Ixviii.
Formicoxenus nitidulus, from nest of Formica rufa, exhibited, xxxii.
‘France, exhibition of Coleoptera from Ste. Maxime, xxxiv.
Galerucinex, descriptions of new genera and species of, 11
Galicia, exhibition of insects from, 1xxxviii, lxxxix, xcix.
Germany, on Noctuids common to the British Isles and, Ixxviii.
Gnathoncus, sp., exhibited, Lxxiii.
Greene, Rev. Joseph, notice of death of, i.
Gynopteryx gladiaria and its varieties, exhibited, xv,
CRexd vin 3
Hailticing, descriptions of new genera and species of, 11.
Halticus apterus and Apteropeda orbiculata taken together, 1xii.
Hastula hyerana, progressive melanism in, xxxi, 155; exhibition of a long
series of, ciii.
Hemiptera-Cryptocerata, reproduction of, xiv, 87.
Henicopus spintger, from Galicia, Spain, exhibited, ]xxxviii,
Heterothops niyra, from moles’ nests, exhibited, lxxiii.
Heterotoma mertoptera, destructive to eggs of Butterflies, xc.
Homalota paradoxa, from moles’ nests in Berkshire and Devon, exhibited,
1xxii.
Horniman, F. J., notice of death of, xv.
Huphina corva, exhibited and remarked upon, Ixxxiii; the diaposematic
resemblance between /atas baliensts and, evi, 521.
Hymenoptera, the generic and specific characters of the calcaria, of xxxiii;
exhibition of lantern-slide photos of calcaria of, xxxv.
Hystrichopsylla talpe, from nest of field-mouse, exhibited, xxxiv.
Icterica westermannt, from the New Forest, exhibited, xevi.
Imma, on the genus, xxxvii, 169.
Tridescent lepidopterous larva, exhibited, Ixviii.
LIxias baliensts, exhibited and remarked upon, Ixxxiii; the diaposematic
resemblance between Huphina covva and, evi, 521.
Laccobius stnuatus, from Lundy Island and Cambridgeshire, exhibited, ]xxii.
Lamellicorns, bionomic points in certain South African, xiv, 91.
Larve, on the effects of rapid decompression on, cii.
Lasiocampa quercus, trom Cornwall, exhibited, cii.
Lastus niger, on formation of nest of, Ixxv.
Lathrobium elongatum, variety from South Devon, exhibited, ]xxiii.
5 Zevipenne, exhibition of British specimens of, i.
Lepidiota bimaculata, exhibited, xxi.
Leuceronia pharis and L. argta, exhibited, ]xix.
Lizards, exhibition of Butterflies with wings mutilated by, xxxiii.
Lomechusa strumosa, from Woking, exhibited, xlviii.
Lycena arion, from Arosa, Switzerland, exhibited, Ixxviii.
» tcarus, variety from Chatham, exhibited, ]xvii.
Lygeus equestris, from Sheppey, exhibited, Ixvii.
Majorca, exhibition of Butterflies from, xlix.
Mantts, exhibition of Trinidad specimens of, xvii.
Markings of Organisms, Prof. Packard’s paper on the, xxxvii.
Melanargia galatea, var., exhibited, lxxviii.
Melanism, in Hastula hyerana, xxxi, 155; and its causes, xxxii.
Mendelian Hypothesis, Xanthorhoé ferrugata and the, evi, 521.
Microdon latifrons, from New Forest, exhibited, xv.
Migration of Lepidoptera, xviii.
Mimetic forms of Papilio dardanus and Acrea johnsont, \xvii, 281.
Molippa sabina, from Parana, exhibited, xc.
Mononychus pseudacori and seed capsule of Jris fetidissima, exhibited,
xxviii.
Moths, a permanent record of British, in their natural attitudes of rest, ci,
483.
Miillerian group of Butterflies from the Potaro River, lx, xxvii, 411,
( exlvii )
Myrmedonia canaliculata and Myrmica rubra ruginodis, taken together, Ixii.
Myrmeleon formicarius, on the emergence of, from a pupa, 53.
Myrmica rubra, ruginodis, and Myrmedonia canaliculata, taken together,
Ixii.
Natal, notes on Butterflies from, li.
Nephila maculata, feeding experiment on, Ixiii.
Nephilengys malabarensis, feeding experiment on, Ixvi.
New Guinea, exhibition of Coleoptera from, xxxv.
New Zealand, unusual emergence of Chrysophanus salustius in, ¢.
Nola confusalis, ab. columbina, from Epping Forest, exhibited, xlix.
Nonogria neurica and WN, dissoluta, and varieties, exhibited, xv.
Nychitona medusa, exhibited, Ixix.
Obituary. Rev. Joseph Greene,i; W. P. Blackburne-Maze, C. W. Dale,
F. J. Horniman, xv; M. Leon Fairmaire, xxxiv; Mrs. Elizabeth
Brightwen, xlviii.
Odontomyia angulata, from the Norfolk Broads, exhibited, xcvi.
Officers for 1907, nomination of, xcvi, cii.
Packard, A. 8., on his paper on the Markings of Organisms, xxxvii.
Panorpa germanica, exhibition of photo of, Ixxxvii.
Papilio dardanus, mimetic forms of, lxvii, 281.
Parasitic Insects from North Queensland, xxiii, 119.
Passalide, classification of the family, Ixxvii, 441.
Peronea cristana, from Epping Forest, exhibited, xlix.
Pieringw, exhibition of various species of, xxi, xxx, xxxvi,1l; seasonal forms
of various, lxxxiv, xcvi; melanism in, xc.
Pieris rapx, on choice of resting site by, c.
» napt, var, bryonie, exhibited, Ixxvili.
Plagioptera bicordata, resemblance of, to Draconia rusina, 533.
Platypsyllus castoris, from a beaver, exhibited, xxxii.
Potaro River, on a collection of Butterflies from the, lx; on the dominant
Miillerian group of Butterflies from the, lxxvii, 411.
Precis, on seasonal phases of various South African species of the genus,
lvii.
Predaceous Insects and their Prey, Ixvii, 323.
Prionocyphon serricornis, from New Forest, exhibited and remarked upon,
Ixxxviii.
Procas armillatus, from Dartford, exhibited, xxxv.
Prodenta littoralis, home-bred specimen, exhibited, xvi.
Pseudopontia paradoza, exhibited, lxix.
Ptyelus, on the habits of species of, in British East Africa, lxvii, 225.
Quedius verans, from moles’ nests in Berkshire, exhibited, xxiii.
Queensland, Parasitic Insects from, xxiii, 119.
Reproduction of Hemiptera-Cryptocerata, xiv, 87.
Rest-attitudes, in Butterflies, xxvi, 97 ; a permanent record of British: Moths
in their, ci, 483.
Rhodesia, exhibition of Lepidoptera from N.E., Ixxxiv.
Rhopalocera, exhibition of a collection of Spanish, ix ; contributions towards
the knowledge of African, 1.
Riviera, Sicily, exhibitions of specimens from the, xxxi.
Ste. Maxime, exhibition of Coleoptera from, xxxiv.
(cxlviiig )
Scents in various South African Butterflies, ii.
Selenia bilunarta, series of, exhibited, and note on peculiar form of, Ixxvii.
Sesia andreneformis, life history of, ci, 471; exhibition of Viburnum, showing
mines of, xc.
Sttaris muralis, from Oxford, exhibited, Ixvili.
Spain, exhibition of a collection of Rhopalocera from,ix; exhibition of
insects from Galicia, lxxxviii, 1xxxix, xcix.
Spathorrhamphus corsicus, exhibited, xlix.
Spiders, feeding experiments on, Ixili.
Strenia clathrata, varieties from Berkshire, exhibited, Ixvii.
Sympetrum flaveolum, from Epping, exhibited, Ixvili.
* vulgatum, from Epping Forest, exhibited, xevii.
Teracolus omphale, on the effects of subjecting the immature stages of, to
abnormal temperature, cv.
Terias senegalensis, exhibited, lxix.
Tortricomorpha, on the genus, xxxvii, 169.
Tortrix pronubana, from Eastbourne, exhibited, xeviii.
Trichoptera, the generic and specific characters of the calcaria of, xxxiv.
Trichoptilus paludum, life history of, xxii, 133.
Trochilium andrenxforme, life history of, ci, 471.
Vanessa urtice, varieties from Sheppey, exhibited, xvii.
Vice-Presidents, nomination of, i.
Victoria Nyanza, bionomic notes on Butterflies from, lxvii, 207.
Xanthorhoé ferrugata, and the Mendelian Hypothesis, evi, 521,
( "exits 7)
SPECIAL INDEX.
The Avabie figures refer to the pages of the * Transactions’; the Roman numerals
to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings,
abbreviata (Eupithecia), 484, 486
abdominalis (Hyperacantha), 28
35 (Ospriocerus), 337
a (Thoracites), 347
Abisara, 104
Abraxas, Ixviii, 530
Abroma, 336
abrupta (Tmetonota), 346
Acanthoplus, 407
accuralis (Imma), 172
», (Pingrasa), 170, 172
Achea, 122
Acidalia, Ixxiv, xxv
acontias (Acreea), xii
acosma (Imma), 175
», (Pseudotortrix), 170, 175
Acreea, ili, xii, xli, Ixvii, lxxxiv, lxxxv,
Ixxxvi, 2, 3, 10, 59, 64, 84, 214, 215,
218, 219, 220, 223, 298-321, 358, 407,
408
acrita (Acreea), Ixxxiv, lxxxv, lxxxvi
Acroclita, 163, 166, 397
Acronycta, xxxii
acroptila (Imma), 182
Acrotylus, 346
acuminata (Crepidodera), 14
5 (Derocrepis), 14
acutipennis (Acrzea), 2, 10
Adela, 330, 361
adippe (Argynnis), Lxvii
», chlorodippe (Argynnis), ix
», ¢Cleodippe (Argynnis), ix
», Cleodoxa (Argynnis), ix
adusta (Epilampra), 497, 508
», (Homalopteryx), 497, 508, 519
5, (Hyperacantha), 28
Aigeria, xe, 477
egeria (Pararge), 98, 99, 101, 110
egon (Lycena), ]xxxix
elandica (Dioctria), 330, 365
aeluropis (Imma), 198
eenea (Corydia), 503, 504, 508
eneus (Dolichopus), 355
equalis (Promachus), 341, 367,
372, 378
/Mschna, 400
Aesernia, XXxv
ethiopica (Theganopteryx), 237, 238,
279
affinis (Eumelosomus), 465
», (Paranaupheeta), 275
(Pertinacides), 451
(Pseudomops), 252,
261, 264
» (Rhipipallus), 123, 129
», (Thyrsocera), 248, 256
africana (Macrima), 51
»» (Rhaphidopalpa), 29
africanus (Eumelosomus), 445
Agabus, 408, 409
aganice (Planema), ii, liv
agatha (Neptis), v, lili, 213
agathina (Mylothris), vi, xxxvi, xcvi,
x¢evil, 221
Agathis, 166
aglaia (Argynnis), ix
aglaonice (Acriea), 59, 64, 65, 84
Aglossa, 204
agnatus (Meniscus), 473, 482
agrestis (Trapezonotus), 405
Agrion, 400
agrorum pascuorum (Bombus), 335
Agrotis, xxxill, xxx
Agyrta, 412
alamanus (Alcimus), 345, 346
albiceps (Philonicus), 347
albicincta (Laxenecera), 339
albicolon (Mamestra), Ixxx
albifasciella (Imma), 174
(Tortricomorpha), 174
albimaculata (Amauris), 208, 209, 210,
292, 300, 308, 310
2)
a] Lond
256, 257,
(
cl
)
albimaculata albimaculata (Amauris), | andrenzformis (Algeria), xc
223
es hanningtoni
209, 213, 223
albofascia (Imma), 198
i (Tortricomorpha), 198
alboradiata (Acreea), iii, xii
albostriata (Pseudacreea), 4, 10
55 (Pseudomops), 259, 264
albotaeniana (Imma), 190:
“a (Tortricomorpha), 190
albulata (Emmelesia), 107
alearazzas (Blatta), 271
alcimeda (Harma), 67
Alcimus, 328, 338, 345, 346, 372, 373,
378
alexis (Hasora), 406
», (Onitis), 409
alicia (Acreea), 219
alienella (Imma), 185
», (Topaza), 170, 185
aliphera (Eueides), 425
Allacta, 268, 495, 509
Alloxysta, 385
alterego (Eriopterus), 460
alticolella (Coleophora), x]viii
amabilis (D’Urbania), 82
», (Longitarsus). 12
amakosa (D’Urbania), 82
amanda (Lycena), Ixxxix
amanga (Axiocerces), li
Amauris, iii, liii, liv, 207, 208,
210, 211, 212, 218, 214, 223,
292, 299, 300, 301, 308, 310,
318, 319
ambigua (Caradrina), 407
americana (Pseudomops), 255, 263
», (Thyrsocera), 255
Ammophila, 335 339, 369, 378
ameena (Blatta), 237
», (Thyrsocera), 253, 488
Amphidasis, Ixxix
Amphimela, 25
amphione (Dismorphia), 414, 431
amphixantha (Imma), 193
amplectens (Blatta), 490, 509
re (Phylodromia), 490, 509
anacardii (Salamis), iv, 114, 115
anacreontica (Acreea), 215
Anaplecta, 231, 232, 233, 240-247, 279,
280
Anaplectoidea, 247, 248, 280
Anax, 399
anceps (Iridomyrmex), xxv
Ancylis, 397
Ancylocheira, 339, 365
Andrena, xiii, 353,
andreneforme (Trochilium), 471-482
(Amauris),
209,
289
317,
aa
55 (Sesia), xc, ci
anemosa (Acrea), ili, xii, Ixxxiv, ]xxxvi
Angerona, 1xvill
Angitia, 350
angolanus (Acreea), 3, 10
angulata (Odontomyia), xevi
angusta (Pseudomops), 257, 258, 264
angustalis (Cledeobia), 357
angustatum (Lathrobinm), i
angustibarbus (Lophonotus), 349
angustifrons (Leptaulax), 445
anicius (Promachus), 344
anilis (Dryomyza), 381
», (Neuroctena), 381
Anisoxya, XXxiv
anne (Teracolus), xxi, xci
annulator (Cratichneumon), 33
annulatus (Cordulegaster), 399, 401
annulicornis (Blatta), 254, 494, 508
53 (Candezea), 44, 52
(PhyHodromia), 494, 508
(Pseudomops), 252, 254,
255, 268
90 (Thyrsocera), 248, 254
Anomala, 344
Anosia, xli, 217
antalus (Virachola), 108
Anthaxia, xxxv
anthedon (Euralia), 212, 289
Anthocoris, 356
Anthomyia, 383
antigone (Teracolus), xci
antillarum (Neleides), 451, 452
antimachus (Papilio), 220
antinorii (Papilio), 282, 284
antiopa (Vanessa), 97
Antipha, lxiv
antiqua (Orgyia), 404
antodice (Tatochila), xci
Apanteles, 120, 125, 127, 128
Apate, Xxxiv
Apheenogaster, xxv
Aphlebia, 232
aphneeoides (Iolaus), li
Aphneeus, li, lii, Ixxxiv, 106
Aphodius, 338, 353, 855, 358
Aphrophora, 228
Aphthona, 11, 12
apicale (Microstylum), 336
apicalis (Luperus), 33
(Melipona), 338
(Monolepta), 43
(Spilocephalus), 48
», (Trigona), lxiv, lxv, lxvi
apicatus (Eutolmus), 351, 367, 375
Apicia, xvi
apicigera (Blatta), 235, 488 509
2)
>
-
>
”
(
apicigera (Theganopteryx), 235,
509
apicipenne (Hxosoma), 31, 52
Ae (Malacosoma), 31
apicitarsis (Duviviera), 51
Apis, 331, 332, 333, 335, 339, 342, 353,
354, 362, 378
Aplecta, 529
Apoclea, 347, 372, 378
Aporomyia, 381
Appias, xci
Aptera, 506, 508
Apteropeda, lxii, ]xxiii
apterus (Halticus), lxii
», (Nabis), 405
arbustorum (Plagiognathus), 405
archesia (Precis), 222
Archiblatta, 272
archidone (Petrejus), 456
Arctia, xciv
Ardiosteres, 123
arenarius (Emblethis), 352
Areolaria, 273
argenthona (Delias), 120
argia (Leuceronia), xxxi, lxix, lxx
Argiolaus, 108
argiolus (Lycena), 1xxxix
argon (Lycena), Ixxxix
», bejarensis (Lyciena), ]xxxix
s, hypochiona (Lycena), lxxxix
Argynnis, 1x, xviii, lxvii, ]xxviii
Argyresthia, 171
arion (Lycena), lxxviii, 1xxxix
aristolochi (Papilio), xli
armatus (Henicopus), 337
armillatus (Procas), xxxv
Aroa, 72, 84, 345
Arrugia, 80, 86
arteriosa (Trithemis), 349
asema (Acrea), lxxxvi
asiliforme (Trochilium), 477
Asilus, 323, 348, 349, 370, 372, 373,
374, 378
Aslauga, 68, 81
aslauga (Liptena), 72
asopus (Catochrysops), 109, 346
Asphalia, lxxxii, ]xxxiii
Aspilates, 351
assimilis (Blennocampa), 330
ae (Veturius), 454
asterias (Papilio), xe
asteris (Lycena), 74
astrarche (Lycena), 1xxxix
astydamia (Heliconius), 412
atalanta (Vanessa), 102
Atella, 220
atergatis (Acrza), iil, xili
a (Lycorea), 429
eli)
488, | aterrima (Pelmatosilpha), 501, 509
Pe (Periplaneta), 501, 509
Athysanus, 355
atolmis (Acrea), iii, xii, Ixxxvi
atomaria (Fidonia), lxviii
atra (Paranaupheeta), 275
atricapilla (Dioctria), 330
atricapillus (Machimus), 348, 355, 367,
376
atricornis (Monolepta), 42
atripes (Dysmachus), 351
atrosignata (Imma), 172
a (Tortricomorpha), 170, 172
Atta, 515
Attaphila, 515, 516, 517
Atychia, 169, 171
augur (Noctua,) xxxili
Aulacocyclus, 446
Aulamorphus, 49
Aulocera, 110
aulonias (Imma),'179
aurantiaca (Hyperperissa), 170
3 (Imma), 190
a (Pseudomops), 254, 263
Fy (Sidyma), 190
* (Thyrsocera), 254
Aurikulus, 446
aurinia (Melita), 100, 101
auripennis (Xylocopa), 339
aurivillii (Acrzea), 218, 223
autodoxa (Imma), 172
45 (Thylacopleura), 170, 172
auxo (Teracolus), xxi, xxx
auxobathra (Imma), 188
avatar (Nepheronia), xxxi
Avicula, xviii
axina (Acra), Ixxxvi
Axiocerces, li, 108
Azanus, 346
bacchus (Teracolus), 8, 10
badia (Molytria), 269, 469, 497, 508
Baétis, 380
baliensis (Ixias), Ixxxiii, evi, 521-524
balteata (Gametis), 92, 93
Baltia, xcii
bambuse (Telicota), 400
baminakoo (Elymnias), 212, 223
Baoris, 112
barbara (Apheenogaster), xxvi
», capensis (Aphenogaster), xxv,
XXvi
barca (Deloneura), 69
», (Durbania), 69
barii (Ceratinia), Ixi, 413, 422
barkeri (Chaetocnema), 18
», (Phygasia), 24
», (Weiseana), 23
Barombia, 50
GRelin
basalis (Alloxysta), 385
s, (Machimus), 354
», (Microgaster), 120, 122, 125
», (Paranaupheeta), 275
basifera (Kpilampra), 497, 508
», (Homalopteryx), 497
basiflava (Imma), 190
», (Sidyma), 190
Basilianus, 445
basilinea (Hadena), Ixxxi
baton (Lyceena), Ixxxix
baumhbaueri (Dioctria), 331
beccarii (Melipona), 339
beiraensis (Monoleptra), 43
*S (Physonychis), 25, 52
Beiratia, 50, 52
belemia (Euchloé), 118
Belenogaster, 340, 378
Belenois, xxxvi, 1, xci, xcii, xciil, xcvi,
xevil, 105, 221, 406
bellargus (Lyceena), xii
bellicosus (Termes), 341
Bembecia, 477
bembeciforme (Algeria), 477
bendis (Ceratinia), 417, 422
bennigseni (Ootheca), 51
bera (Pseudonympha), 61, 62, 64
», (Yphthima), 62
bergi (Attaphila), 515
betularia doubledayaria (Amphidasis),
Ixxix
Bibio, 380, 381, 382, 383, 402
bicolor (Ergana), 48
», (Haplotes), 35
>, (Pegomyia), 384
», (Platyxantha), 35
», (Pseudomops), 260, 264, 278,
280
bicolorata (Phygasia), 24
bicordata (Plagioptera), 533-539
bicornis (Spurius), 446
Bicyclus, 207
bidens (Picromerus), 404
bieti (Ceenonympha), xcix
bifasciata (Haplotes), 36, 52
a (Hemixantha), 39
a (Monolepta), 41
es (Pinaconota), 496
biguttatus (Cantharis), 337
bilineata (Empis), 383, 386
bilineella (Imma), 179
a6 (Tortricomorpha), 179
bilunaria (Selenia), xxvii
bimaculata (Lepidiota), xxi
bipunctata (Blatta), 495, 509
a (Pseudectobia), 495, 509, 519
“i (Thereva), 384
bisignata (Phyllodromia), 490
biteniata (Blatta), 495
», (Cosmophasis), xxiii, 124
», (Sobara), 124
Bittacus, 402
bituberculata (Hyperacantha), 28
biundularia (Tephrosia), 484, 486
Blabera, 510, 514
Blanaida, 111
Blannocampa, 330
Blatta, 235, 237, 238, 239, 248, 250,
252, 2538, 258, 265, 270; 2745. 276,
277, 278, 488-495, 505, 508, 509,
514
Blepharipoda, 344
Blepharodera, 507, 509
boeta (Imma), 204
,, (Thalpochares), 204
boetica (Lampides), 345
5, (Polyommatus), 345
beeticus (Lyceena), lxxxix
bohemani (Magalognatha), 47
boisduvali (Pseudacreea), 220
bomba (Acrzea), 215
Bombus, 335, 369, 370, 378
Bombyx, 227, 404
30orborus, 382, 383
boreale (Lathrobium), i
borealis (Chilomazus), 467
», (Panorpa), lxxxviii
», (Sericomyia), 348
borneensis (Anaplecta), 242, 243, 279
bouvieri (Theganopteryx), 236
bowkeri (Iolaus), li
Ae (Lycena), 79, 86
5 (Stugela), 108
Brachodes, 169, 171, 205
Brachycola, 507, 508
Brachythemis, 343
Bracon, 166
brasidas (Papilio), liv
brasiliensis (Blatta), 276, 277, 278
AA (Epilampra), 276
brassice (Ganoris), viii, 116, 117
», (Mamestra), lxxx
», (Pieris), 353
braunsi (Longitarsus), 13
Brenthis, ix
brevicornis (Scatopse), 380
brevidentatus (Pharochilus), 445
brevirostris (Isopogon), 337
brigitta (Terias), xxi, 221, 345
brunnea (Phygasia), 24
brunneri (Anaplecta), 245, 280
», (Pseudomops), 261, 264
5 (Thyrsocera), 261
brunnipennis (Hzematopota), 343
bryoniz (Ganoris), xci, xcii
Bryophila, 485, 486
( cliii_ )
bryorum (Xylocopa), 341
buccata (Myopa), 356
bucerus (Cylindrocaulus), 446
Buprestis, 339
burmeisteri (Hpilampra), 276, 511, 514
35 (Phyllodromia), 276
burri (Pseudomops), 257, 264, 278
Bursadella, 170, 192
buxtoni (Acriea), 65
Byblia, ii, 4, 10
cecutiens (Chrysops), 355
ceelestis (Imma), 182
ceerulea (Corydia), 504
cesar (Lucilia), 348
cespititiella (Coleophora), xlviii
caffer (Hister), 409
caffra (Promachus), 341
cahira (Acrea), iii
caja (Arctia), xciv
c. album (Grapta), 533
», (Polygonia), 533
calcitrans (Stromoxys), 382, 392
caldarena (Acrea), iii, Ixxxv, 358
caliginosus ( Demopheles), 473
Callartona, 170, 193
Callimenus, xvii
ealliope (Stalachtis), 414, 416, 430, 436
Callipsaltria, 409
Caloblatta, 231
calogramma (Blatta), 505, 508
3 (Chorisoneura), 505, 508
Calolampra, 500
Calosoma, Ixvii
calypso (Belenois), xevi, xevii
camadeva (Stichophthalma), vii
Camenta, 337
camerunensis (Monolepta), 40
Camponotus, xxiii, 122, 123, 334, 344,
353, 396
Campoplex, 330
Camptopus, 333
canaliculata (Myrmedonia), Ixii
cancanopis (Imma), 204
cancrus (Pharochilus), 445, 446
Candezea, 43, 44, 45, 52
canicularis (Homalomyia), 392
canonitis (Palamernis), 205
Cantharis, 337
cantori (Basilianus), 445
capreolus (Promachus), 337, 342, 343
Caprona, 112
capucina (Apate), xxxiv
», (Dyscologamia), 504
Caradrina, 407
carbonaria (Sciara), 392
carchedonius (Papilio), 9
Cardiophorus, xxiii
cardui (Pyrameis), 104, 354
Caricea, 329, 383, 391
carinata (Zetobora), 506
carnaria (Sarcophaga), 348
carnifex (Didymus), 462
carnuta (Telipna), 219
Cartaletis, vi
cassius (Pseudonympha), ii, 62, 111
castalis (Teracolus), 8, 10
Castnia, 534
castoris (Platypsyllus), xxxii
catharine (Heliconius), 412
eatilla (Catopsilia), 113
Catocala, cil
Catochrysops, lxxxiv, 109, 346, 351
Catopsilia, xxix, 113, 345, 346, 361
caucasica (Lyczena), xi
cavicollis (Verres), 455
Cecidomyia, 385
Celcenorrhinus, 112
cenea (Papilio), v, xlvi, 212, 288, 284,
291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 313,
316
», dardanus (Papilio), 218
», trophonius (Papilio), 217, 290,
312, 313
centralis (Tetraracus), 458
Cephonodes, 121
Ceratinia, lxi, 413, 415, 416, 417, 420,
421, 422, 430, 432, 433, 435, 436
Ceratocupes, 444, 446
Cercyonia, 16
ceres (Lycorea), 1xi, 414, 416, 427, 428,
429, 430, 431, 432, 483, 434, 435,
437, 438, 439
Cerura, 120
cervina (Hostilia), 506, 508
», (Zetobora), 506, 508
cervinus (Dascillus), 399
,, (Polydrusus), 357
ceryne (Precis), lvii
cheeribula (Acrea), Ixxxv
Chetocnema, 17, 18, 19
Chalciope, 345
chalconotus (Agabus), 409
championi (Proculejoides), 450
Be (Proculejus), 450
Charaxes, iv, 207
chasmatica (Imma), 199
Chasmatopterus, 332, 335, 352, 358
chi (Polia), 113
,, Olivacea (Polia), Ixxix
Chilomazus, 467
Chirista, 345
Chironomus, 384
chlorolepis (Imma), 199
es (Tortricomorpha), 19$
chloromelalis (Aglossa), 204
np (Imma), 204
( teliv” *)
chlorosoma (Imma), 197
chlorosphena (Imma), 186
Cheerocampa, 120, 126
Chorisoneura, 234, 505, 508
Choroselas, li
Chortophila, xiii, 398
Chrastoblatta, 231
chrysantas (Zeritis), 80
chaysaor (Phasis), 108
chrysidiforme (Trochilium), 477
chrysippus ( Limnas), ii, iv, v, vi, 214,
215, 290, 327, 345, 361,
400, 401, 407, 408
albinus (Limnas), 215
alcippoides (Limnas), 215
alcippus (Danais), xlii
(Limnas), 215,
291
chrysippus (Limnas), 215
2? 29
dorippus (Limnas), 215,
305, "311, 319
chrysitis (Machimus), Sols suv Ghey
354, 376
Chrysopa, 55, 56, 57
Chrysophanus, ix, lxxxix, ¢c, 118, 400
Chrysopimpla, 344
chrysoplaca (Imma), 195
Chrysops, 355
chrysoptera (Anaplecta), 247, 280
Chrysoritis, 80
Cicada, 336, 343
Cicadetta, 343
Cicindela, 353
Cihastatus, 444
cincta (Anaplecta), 244
», (Degeeria), 391
,, (Kustrotia), 203
(Imma), 203
(Pseudomops), 255, 256, 263
(Thrysocera), 248, 255
affinis (Vespa), 336, 344
cinctiventris (Nariscus), 343
cinctus (Lasiopogon), 338, 369, 378
cinerea (Nepa), 87, 88
cingulata (Aptera), 506, 508
cingulatus (Epitriptus), 357
ciniata (Imma), 204
», (Thalpochares), 204
circeis (Acreea), 214
circumducta (Blatta), 239, 488, 509
Fa (Escala), 239, 279, 488,
509
cirrhatus ( Veturius), 454
cladophragma (Imma), 173
clarensis (Pentila), 220
clathrata (Chrysopa), 56
», (Strenia), lxvii
Cledeobia, 357
99
2?
9?
clelia (Precis), v, 101, 102, 108, 106
cleodora (Eronia), xxix, xxx, liii, xci,
Ibi 1A
», dilatata (Eronia), xci
cleopatra (Gonepteryx), Vill, Xxxili
cloantha (Precis), 103
clunipes (Sphegina), 330
ccelestina (Precis), 222
Ceenonympha, xlix, lxxv, xeviii, xcix
Ceenyra, li, 59, 60, 62, 84
coerulea (Corydia), 272
ceerulescens (Microterys), 125
eceruleus (Microterys), 120, 127
cognata (Macroma), 92
», (Panorpa), Ixxxviii
Coleophora, xlviii
Coleothrips, 409
coleta (Deilemera), Ixiv, Ixvi
Colias, xci, xcili, 110, 115
colligata (Blatta), 490, 509
», (Phyllodromia), 490, 509
Comacupes, 444, 447
communis (Athysanus), 355
5 (Panorpa), Ixxxvili, 402
comtus (Xanthandrus), 165, 396, 397
Comythovalgus, 92
concinna (Pseudomops), 253
concinnula (Epilampra), 498, 508
»». (Hedaia), 498, 508
concordia (Crenidomimas), I1xxxiv
conferta (Ischnoptera), 501, 509
», (Leucophea), 501, 509
conformis (Epilampra), 498, 508
Pe (Pseudophoraspis), 498
confusalis, ab. columbina (Nola), xlix
congener (Candezea), 43
congoensis (Didymus), 463
congrua (Pseudophoraspis), 498
», (Zetobora) 506
congrualis (Imma) 175
Coniger, 448
connexa (Tachista), 391
conradti (Oides), 26
consequana (Acroclita), 163, 166,
conspersa (Theganopteryx), 232
contaminata (Brachythemis), 343
contigua (Blatta), 492, 509
contingens (Blatta), 490, 509
a (Phyllodromia), 490,
519
contusa (Blepharodera), 507, 508
copia (Huphina), 522
Coranus, 405
coranus (Cymothoé), 66
», (Harma), 66, 67, 84
Cordulegaster, 399, 401
Coremia, 525
Corixa, 89, 90
397
509,
@ velar)
cornicina (Euphoria), 347
corsicus (Spathorrhamphus), xlix
Corticaria, }xxiii, 409
corva (Huphina), Ixxxili, evi, 521-524
corvina (Musca), 357
Corydia, 272, 503, 508
corydon (Lycena), ix, x, Xil
albicans (Lyczena), x, Xii
ap corydonus (Lyczna), x, Xi
5 hispana (Lycéena), 1x, x, XI,
xii
33 polonus (Lyczena), 1x, xii
Corymbites, 409
Cosmolestes, lxiv, Ixv, xvi
Cosmophasis, xxili, 124
Cossus, Vili, ciii
cossus (Cossus), cil
costata (Aesernia), Xxxv
costipuncta (Imma), 178
(Tortricomorpha), 178
costulatus (Halictus), 334
crabroniformis (Ageria), 477
Fe (Asilus), 348, 349, 370,
372, 373, 874, 378
Crambus, xlix, 350, 351, 375, 388,
400
crameri (Melina), ]xi, 413, 414, 415,
416, 417, 418, 420, 422, 424, 430,
432, 4383, 484, 435, 436
Craspedia, 840, 370, 378
crassicornis (Gymnopareia), 166
crassus (Didymus), 465
5, (Publius), 450
Cratichneumon, 330
crebrene (Precis), 10
Cremastogaster, 123
crenicollis (Corticaria), lxxiii
Crenidomimas, Ixxxiv
Crenis, lxxxiv
Creobotra, 406
Crepidodera, 14, 15, 16, 52
Cricotopus, 405
crinicornis (Pseudomops), 260, 261, 264
55 (Thyrsocera), 248, 260, 261
_ fulva (Thrysocera), 261
cristana (Peronea), xlix
», ab. nigrana (Peronea), xlix
Crocothemis, 400
erocozela (Imma), 194
crossleyi (Euxanthe), 207
>, ansorgei (Kuxanthe), 215
eruentatus (Camponotus), 334, 353
Cryptocephalus, xxxiv
Cryptophasa, 174
Cucullia, 405
culiciforme (Trochilium), 478
cuneata (Imma), 202
cursitans (Tachydromia), 385, 386
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1906.
22
2, 103
curtus (Rhodocanthopus), 449
curvicornis (Platyxantha), 36
curvilineatus (Didymus), 462
cyanea (Aischna), 400
ceyanurus (Neoitamus), 355, 356, 357,
367
eyclostoma (Imma), 176
cycnoptera (Cerura), 120
oe (Notodonta), 120
cylindrica (Nemopoda), 383
Cylindrocaulus, 446
cymbalodes (Imma), 193
Cymothoé, 66
cynipiforme (Trochilium), 477
cynipsea (Sepsis), 383
Cynitia, lxiv
cynorta (Papilio), 213, 219
Cyrtoma, 380, 386
deedalus (Hamanumida), v, 103
dahomensis (Anaplecta), 244, 280
Damalina, 338, 369, 370, 371, 378
damocles (Amauris), 211
danaé (Teracolus), xxi
Danais, xlii, xlvi
danica (Ephemera), 400
Danisepa, vi, vii
dardanus (Papilio), Ixvii, 212, 281-298,
303, 312-316
aD cenea (Papilio), 214, 281,
282, 285, 286, 288,
289, 291, 292, 298,
294,297, 312, 314
hippocoon (Papilio),
294
is dandianne (Papilio), 288, 298
A hippocoon (Papilio), 212
5 merope (Papilio), 288, 290,
292, 298, 315, 316
9? 99
a 5, dionysos (Papilio),
287
5 5, hippocoon (Papilio),
315
i », planemoides (Pa-
pilio), 314. 316
* planemoides (Papilio), 218,
223
is polytrophus (Papilio), 284,
285, 288, 289, 291,
296, 313, 314
Ar 55 cenea (Papilio),
314
Me 96 hippocoon (Pa-
pilio), 314
rf 33 trimeni (Papilio),
313
dardanus tibullus (Papilio), 283, 286,
288, 289, 291, 298,
315
L
views)
dardanus tibullus, trimeni (Papilio), 315
os trimeni (Papilio), 283, 284,
285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292,
294, 296, 313, 314, 316
darwini (Ogcodes), 131
dasarada (Papilio), v
Dascillus, 399
Dasypogon, 3285 8205 s3l. 332,
334, 335, 352, 365, 366, 367,
369, 370, 374, 378, 389
dasypus (Dinarchus), xvii
Dasythrix, 347
dasytoides (Corydia),
508
a (Euthyrrapha), 503, 508
Davendra, 170, 192, 196
debilis (Holocompsa), 504, 508
deceptura (Pseudomops), 254
decorata (Blatta), 265, 270
», (Hamalosilpha), 270, 278
deflexicornis (Verres), 455
Degeeria, 391
Deilemera, lxiv, Ixvi
Deilus, xxxiv
delia (Terias), xxil
deliadis (Apanteles), 120, 125, 127, 128
Delias, xli, xci, xcii, 120, 406, 408
Deloneura, 59, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 84
Delopleurus, 341
demodice (Tatochila), xcii
demodocus (Papilio), v
Demopheles, 473
demophile (Pieris), xcv
dentata (Dinarda), Ixxi, Ixxii
dentipes (Rhamphomyia), 380, 386,
389
depressus (Aphodius), 353
derasana (Ancylis), 397
dermaptera (Myrina), 345
Derocrepis, 14, 15
descombesi (Delias), xcii, 406
desjardinsi regularis (Terias), 221
Deudorix, 107
deyrollei (Tzeniocerus), 447
diadema (Dasypogon), 323, 325, 331,
332, 333, 334, 335, 352,
365, 366, 367, 368, 369,
370, 374, 378, 389
», (Selidopogon), 323, 331, 335,
365, 366, 368, 374
diardi (Cynitia), ]xiv
Dichelus, 94, 95
dichroalis (Bursadella), 170, 192
An (Imma), 192
‘s (Scaptesylix), 170, 192
Dicranomyia, 382, 391
didyma (Melitza), ix
Didymus, 445, 462, 463, 464, 465
333,
368,
273, 508, 504,
difficilis (Theganopteryx), 234
dilatatus (Pharochilus), 445, 446
dilaticornis (Hemixantha), 38, 52
Dilophus, 382, 391, 402
diluticiliata (Imma), 187
(Tortricomorpha), 187
dilutipes (Aphthona), 12
Be (Hemixantha), 39, 52
dinarcha (Hypolimnas), 214
Dinarchus, xvii
Dinarda, ]xxi, Ixxii
Dioctria, 323, 330, 331, 364, 365, 378
dionysos (Papilio), 283, 287, 290
dioptrias (Imma), 181
diphtherina (Tortricomorpha), 196
dipselia (Imma), 179
disa (Amauris), 211
discalis (Aroa), 72, 345
discicollis (Blatta), 252, 258
55 (Pseudomops), 258, 264
55 (Thyrsocera), 258
discoidalis (Blatta), 252
_ (Chorisoneura), 505, 508:
discolor (Liposcia), 385
disippus (Limenitis), xli
Dismorphia, xciii, 414, 431
dissimilis (Mamestra), lxxix, lxxx
i (Papilio), 111
dissoluta (Nonagria), xv
*5 arundineta (Nonagria), xv
distanti (Spilocephalus), 49
dixeyi (Pinacopteryx), 221
doddi (Ogcodes), 119, 124, 131
», (Schizaspidea), 119, 123, 130
dohrni (Hystaspes), 51
5, (Physonychis), 25
dohrniana (Anaplecta), 241
Dolichopus, 855
dolomena (Pseudacrea), 4
dolorosa (Lycena), 76, 85
dominicanus (Amauris), 207
Donacia, 405
dorsalis (Trithemis), 342
dorus (Ccenonympha), xcix, ¢c
Dorylus, xxvi
dotata (Epilampra), 496, 508
5, (Molytria), 496
doubledayi (Acrzea), ili
BS oncea (Acrea), Ixxxv
Draconia, Ixxviii, 533-539
Dryobota, Ixxxi
Dryomyza, 381
dubia (Aporomyia), 381
», (Thyrsocera), 253
dubius (Hypolimnas), 213
dumetorum (Dicranomyia), 382
dunbrodensis (Chetocnema), 17
Dunbrodya, 19, 20, 52
(elvai,)
duplex (Neoccenyra), 61
(Pseudonympha), 61, 62, 64
», Major (Pseudonympha), 61, 84
duplicata (Spilogaster), 384
Durbania, 69, 82, 86
Duryodana, 495, 509
Duviviera, 51
dux (Microstylum), 336, 344, 369, 378
Dyscologamia, 504, 508
Dysmachus, 323, 335, 350, 351, 357,
374, 375
echeria (Amauris), iii, iv, liii, liv, 208,
209, 213, 214, 292, 300, 301,
308, 310
albimaculata (Amauris), iii
echeria (Amauris), 223
», jacksoni (Amauris), 208, 209,
213, 223
Ectobia, 231, 232, 236, 237, 247, 514
egeria (Heliconius), 412
egina (Acrza), 220
(Melina), Ixi, 413, 414, 415,
416, 419, 430, 432, 433, 435
Elater, 364
electra (Colias), xci
elegans (Blatta), 492, 509
(Ischnura), 400
(Phyllodromia), 492, 498, 509
», (Tribonium), 502
elgiva (Precis), 103, 358
ella (Aphneus), li
,, (Spindasis), li, 6
Ellipsidium, 236, 249, 501, 508
elongatum nigrum (Lathrobium), xxiii
Elymnias, 207, 212, 218, 223
Emblethis, 352
Emmelesia, xxxi, 107
Empis, 330, 357, 380, 381, 382, 383,
384, 386, 388, 389, 402, 409
encedon (Acrea), ili, 214, 215
alcippina (Acraea), 215
daira (Acreea), 215, 305
», lycia (Acreea), 215
entebbize (Euryphene), 5, 10
Ephemera, 400
epichlaena (Imma), 192
epicomia (Imma), 195
Epilampra, 268, 269, 270, 276, 496,
497, 498, 499, 500, 508, 511, 514,
519
Epinephele, ix, 110
Epiphoroneus 445, 459, 460
Epitola, 301
Epitriptus, 323, 355, 357, 377
Epora, 274
equestris (Lygzus), Lxvii
equinus (Borborus), 383
Erebia, ix, lxxviii, 63, 110
”
39
39
29
99
2?
”)
29
Eresia, 413
| Hretis, 112
| Ergana, 48
ergasia (Imma), 196
», (Tortricomorpha), 196
ericellus (Crambus), xlix
_erichsoni (Cardiophorus), Lxxiii
Eriogaster, 227
Erionomus, 460, 461
Eriopterus, 460, 461
Eriosternus, 461
eris (Teracolus), xxi
Eristalis, 335
erithonius (Papilio), 111
Hronia, xxix, xxx, xxxi, liii, liv, lv,
livia Ixxt xci ot iia:
erythrea (Crocothemis), 400
erythrina (Blatta), 489, 508
4 (Ischnoptera), 489
erythropus (Harpactor), 405
Escala, 238, 239, 240, 279, 488, 509
esebria (Planema), liv
Esthemopsis, 412
Eucharis, 349
eucharis (Delias), xli, xcii, 406
Euchloé, 112, 118
euclea (Ceratinia), 413, 416, 417, 420,
422, 480, 432, 438, 436
eucoma (Heliconius), 413, 416, 423,
425, 430, 432, 437
Eueides, Ixi, 413, 415, 416, 425, 126,
427, 4380, 482, 433, 436, 437
Eumelosomus, 445, 462, 465
Eumelus, 459
Eumerus, 340
eunice (Kresia), 413
Euonymus, xeviii
Eupheedra, 5, 10
Euphoria, 347
Eupithecia, 484, 486
Eupleenema, 22, 52
Euplectus, lxxiii
Eupleea, vii, xlvi
eupompe (Teracolus), 9, 10
Euproctis, 72
Euralia, lii, liii, liv, 212, 214, 289
Eurymus, 115
Kurymycter, xlix
Euryphene, 5, 10
Eurytela, v, li, 101
eurytheme (Colias), xciii
Eustegasta, 510, 514
Eustrotia, 203
Eutermes, 400
Euthyrrapha, 503, 504, 508
Euthyrrhynchus, 404
Eutolmus, 323, 351, 367, 375
Euxanthe, 207, 215
( elviii )
evarne (Teracolus), 347
evippe (Ixias), xci
examinator (Pimpla), 333
excavata (Ischnoptera), 265, 280
exclamationis (Agrotis), 1xxx
eximiata (Xanthorhoe), 526
Exosoma, 30, 31, 52, 400
exsecta (Formica), ]xxil
extensa (Pseudonympha), 64
extenuata (Blatta), 494, 508
7 (Phyllodromia), 494
fabriciana (Simaéthis), 357
fallax (Acrzea), 305, 306, 307, 308, 309,
310, 311
famularis (Monolepta), 43
fasciata (Coleothrips), 409
s, (Stictocema), 34, 52
», (Torodera), 25
fasciatipennis (Stomatoceras), 123, 128
fasciatus (Promachus), 341
fasciculatus (Comythovalgus), 92
febrilis (Dilophus), 382, 391, 402
felderi (Comacupes), 447
felicitanus (Rhizotrogus), 353
femoralis (Apoclea), 347, 372, 378
of (Pseudomops), 260, 261, 264
femorata (Pachymeria), 384, 386, 388
*5 (Tiphia), 332
femoratus (Hybos), 379, 380, 386
Ay (Monochelus), 336
fenestrata (Hyperacantha), 28
(Xylocopa), 339
ferdinandi (Callimenus), xvii
ferrugaria (Xanthorhoé), 525
ferrugata (Coremia), 525-531
(Xanthorhoé), evi, 525-531
i stupida (Xanthorhoe), 526
ferruginea (Hemithyrsocera), 238
a (Oides), 26
ferrugineipes (Ammophila), 339
fervens (Atta), 515
fervida (Epilampra), 499, 508
fessalis (Noorda), 345
ficedula (Myrina), 406
Fidonia, lxviii
fimetarius (Aphodius), 355, 358
fissa (Hemithyrsocera), 488
,, (Pseudomops), 2388, 488, 508
flabellata (Anaplecta), 247
flammigera (Typhlocyba), 380
flava (Laphria), 340, 870, 378
flaveolum (Sympetrum), lxvili
flavescens (Acrea), 305, 311
ig (Ptyelus), 225-229
flavibarbus (Laxenecera), 339, 378
(Promachus), 343
flavibasa (Davendra), 192
(Imma), 192
29
ae]
flaviceps (Imma), 194
4 (Tortricomorpha), 194
flavicornis (Asphalia), 1xxxii
flavipennis (Stringophorus), 92
flavipes (Oniticellus), 334
(Pseudomops), 252, 256, 257,
264
5, (Thyrsocera), 248, 256
flavodorsata (Hyperacantha), 28
flavomaculata (Ancylocheira), 339, 365
an (Buprestis), 339
flavomarginata (Epilampra), 270, 499
flavonigra (Hyperacantha), 28
fleryas (Abisara), 104
;, (Zemeros), 104
flesus (Pterygospidea), ii, 112
flexicollis (Perispheria), 506, 508
,, (Zetobora), 506, 508
florea (Apis), 339, 378
florella (Catopsilia), xxix, 345, 346, 361
floridanus (Euthyrrhynchus), 404
Formica, xxxii, xlvili, xxii, 54, 338,
334, 335, 340
formiceforme (Trochilium), 477
formicarius (Myrmeleon), 53-57
Formicoxenus, Xxxii
formosa (Belenois), 1
(Melinda), 215, 216, 217, 224
», neumanni (Melinda), 217
fornicata (Perispheria), 506
forticornis (Alloxysta), 385
fortis (Machimus), 354
fracticornis (Onthophagus), 352
fragilis (Blatta), 505, 508
i (Chorisoneura), 505
frigida (Podisma), 354, 355
frontalis (Saropogon), 336
fronticornis (Ceratocupes), 444
an (Cihastatus), 444
fucata (Avicula), xvili
Fucellia, 347
fugax (Deilus), xxxiv
fulgida (Anaplecta), 245
fulva (Anaplecta), 243
fulvescens (Acrvea), 305
fulvipenne (Lathrobium), i
fulvipes (Blatta), 287
;, (Promachus), 342
funebris (Blatta), 490, 509
5, (Phyllodromia), 490, 509
fungicola (Attaphila), 515, 516
furcilabris (Verres), 451
5 (Verroides), 451
fusca (Anaplecta), 246, 280
», (Formica), Ixxii, 334, 335
fuscedinella (Coleophora), xlviii
fuscipennis (Ochromyia), 396
fuscipes (Andrena), 353
9
99
(. -elix.”)
fuscula (Corticaria), 409
» (Melanophthalma), 409
gabonis (Veturius), 450
gaika (Zizera), 344
galactinus (Microcryptus), 331
galatea (Melanargia), lxxviii
gallica (Polistes), 331
gallienus (Papilio), 213
peculiaris (Papilio), 219
Me whitnalli (Papilio), 213
gambiensis (Theganopteryx), 236, 237
Gametis, 92
gamma (Plusia), 358
Ganoris, viii, xci, xcii, 116, 117
gastrica (Sphodromantis), 406
Gauris, 204
Gegenes, ii, 112
geniste (Mamestra), Ixxx
genoveva (Ogyris), 122
germanica (Panorpa), Ixxxvii, lxxxviii,
402
(Phyllodromia),
514
rr borealis (Panorpa), 402
germanicus (Pamponerus), 348, 373
germinationis (Opomyza), 405
gestroi (Aesernia), xxxv
gibbosa (Laphria), 339, 367, 370, 378
gibbus (Sphecodes), 334, 369
gidica (Belenois), 1
gigantea (Catochrysops), Ixxxiv
gilva (Laphria), 340, 370, 378
glaber (Leptaulacides), 466, 467
,, (Leptaulax), 466, 467
glabratus (Taxonus), 391
glabricula (Blatta), 505, 508
3 (Chorisoneura), 505
i (Ocydromia), 385, 386
glacialis, ab. pluto (Erebia), xxviii
gladiaria (Gynopteryx), xv, xvi
glandifera (Bryophila), 485, 486
glauca (Lycena), 73
», (Notonecta), 405
glauconome (Synchloé), 347
globosa (Apteropeda), Ixxiii
Glossina, 396
Glutophrissa, xci, xciv
Glyphipteryx, 171
Gnathoncus, Ixxiii, lxxiv
godmani (Planema), 212, 213
goetzius (Byblia), ii, 4, 10
goliath (Epilampra), 269
Gomphocerus, 349, 354, 375, 407
Gonatas, 445
gonatistes (Machimus), 354, 855, 376
Gonepteryx, viii, xv, xxxiii
gongyloides (Gongylus), 406
Gongylus, 406
”?
234, 513,
99
goschkevitschii (Blanaida), 111
goudoti (Ptyelus), 226
gracilipes (Neolaparus), 342
gracilis (Philodicus), 344, 372, 378.
», (Teniocampa), Ixxxii
grecus (Tabanus), 354, 399
grammarcha (Imma), 177
s (Tortricomorpha), 177
grammatistis (Imma), 191
granicollis (Oniscosoma), 503
granulipeunis (Proculejus), 450
Grapta, 97, 533
grata (Pseudomops), 254, 263
grisea (Blatta), 276, 278
», (Empis), 384, 386
grossipes (Hybos), 379, 386, 388
grossulariata (Abraxas), 530
ab. flavofasciata(A braxas),
530
; varleyata (Abraxas), ]xviii
grossus (Mecostethus), 349
guatemalensis (Neleides), 452
gueriniana (Pseudomops), 259, 264
> (Thyrsocera), 259
guineensis (Promachus), 342
gulo (Lamyra), 340, 378
gulosum (Microstylum), 336, 337
gutticollis (Prosoplecta), 505, 508
guttifera (Blatta), 498, 509
», (Phyllodromia), 493, 509
guttigera (Macherota), 226
guttulosa (Naupheta), 502, 508
guttulosum (Tribonium), 502, 508
gyrinoides (Anaplecta), 243
ee (Phyllodromia), 240
Gyrinus, 409
Gyrtona, 200
Hadena, Ixxx, Ixxxi
Hematopota, 343
heematura (Candezea), 44
s (Monolepta), 44
hemorrhoidalis (Oxythyrea), 91
hageni (Verres), 455
hagensi (Dinarda), lxxi, Ixxii
halensis (Sermyla), 348
Halictus, 332, 334, 335, 340, 378, 404,
405
Halticella, 123
Halticus, ]xii
Hamanumida, v, 103
hamifera (Blatta), 490, 509
», (Phyllodromia), 490, 509
hanningtoni (Amauris), 208, 209
Haplolycus, 92
Haplotes, 35, 36, 51, 52
Harma, 66, 67, 84
harmonia (Tithorea), 414, 431
haroldi (Didymus), 463
+)
C cle)
Harpactor, 404, 405
harpax (Axiocerces), 108
Harpobittacus, 402
Hasora, 406
Hastula, xxxi, ciii, civ, 155-168, 397
hebe (Ceenyra), li, 60, 61
hecabe (Terias), lxiv, Ixv, 113
hecate (Amauris), 211, 223
,, (Brenthis), 1x
hectza (Imma), 189
hector (Papilio), 111
hectus (Hepialus), 356
Hedaia, 498, 500, 508
hegemone (Pseudargynnis), 220
Heliconius, Ixi, 412, 4138, 415, 416,
422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 430,
432, 433, 4384, 485, 436, 437, 438
Heliscus, 444
belvetina (Agrotis), xxxili
helvolus (Dorylus), xxvi
Hemaris, 121, 126
Hemerobius, 57
hemichryseis (Scaptesylix), 192
Hemilatindia, 274
Hemisaga, 407
Hemithyrsocera, 238, 234, 237, 238,
248, 249, 250, 251, 279, 488, 508
Hemixantha, 37, 38, 39, 52
hemixanthella (Imma), 192
FA (Tortricomorpha), 192
Henicopus, Ixxxvill, 337
Henotesia, 1, 10
henrici (Petrejus), 456
Hepialus, 356
heros (Oileus), 448
Hesperia, lii, lxi, 106, 107, 112
hessii (Nonagria), xv
Heterochelus, xxi, 94, 95, 349
Heterolampra, 500
Heterothops, [xxii
Heterotoma, xe
hiarbas (Eurytela), v, iii, 101
hieroglyphica (Phyllodromia), 493
Hilara, 350, 384, 386
hilaris (Corydia), 504
Hilarographa, 171
hildegarda (Teriomima), Ixxxvi
Hipparchia, 110, 115, 116, 117
hippia (Nepheronia), xxxi
hippo (Tachyris), xci
hippocoon (Papilio), 285, 286, 287,
288, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296,
298, 313, 314, 315, 316
hippocoonoides (Papilio), 212, 289
hippona (Protogonius), 414, 431
hippothoé (Chrysophanus), ]xxxix
hirsuta (Ammophila), 335, 369
hirticorn s (Thyrsocera), 248, 256
Hister, 364, 409
histrio (Hemithyrsocera), 2383, 234,
237, 238, 251, 279, 488, 508
(Pachyrrhina), 338
», (Thyrsocera), 234, 238, 248
hobleyi (Pseudacreea), 218, 223
Hodotermes, 94
Holocompsa, 504, 508
Hololampra, 932
Homalomyia, 392
Homalopteryx, 497, 508, 519
Homalosilpha, 270, 271, 278
Homalota, Ixxii
homalotis (Imma), 187
homeyeri (Liptena), 1xxxiv
99
3 (Papilio), 213, 214
Homopteroidea, 274, 280
honestus (Rimor), 448, 449
honorius (Epitola), 301
hopei (Spasalus), 444
Hoplia, 348
Hoplistomerus, 338, 370, 378
Hoplocnemis, 94
Hormetica, 507, 508, 519
horta (Acreea), 407
hortuellus (Crambus), 383
hospes (Alcimus), 338
Hostilia, 506, 508
hottentota (Gegenes),.112
humbertiana (Phyllodromia), 234
humeralis (Blatta), 490, 509
Huphina, xxxi, |xxxiil, Ixxxiv, xci,
evi, 521, 522, 523, 524
hyalinatum (Melanostoma), 396
Hybernia, 484, 486
Hybos, 379, 380, 386, 388
Hydrochus, xxxv
Hydrotéea, 384
hyerana (Hastula), xxxi, ciil, civ, 155-
168, 397
ab. alpha (Hastula), 160, 167,
168
marginata(Hastula), 157, 159,
160, 164, 166, 167, 168
ab. marginula (Hastula), 159,
160, 164, 167, 168
ab. nigro-punctata (Hastula),
160, 167, 168
ab. obsolescens (Hastula), 160
», pallens (Hastula), 158, 160,
166, 168
Hyetodesia, 347
hylaciformis (Bembecia), 477
hylas nivescens (Lycena), ix
Hylemyia, 355, 381
Hymenoplia, 357
99
Hyperacantha, 26, 27, 28, 52
'hyperanthus (Epinephele), 110
( clxi )
hyperanthus (Hipparchia), 116
Hyperechia, 339, 370, 371, 378
Hyperperissa, 170
hyphantis (Imma), 183
Hypolimnas, v, xlii, xlvi, xlvii, 212,
213, 214, 346
Hypolyezna, 109
Hypospheeria, 506, 508
hyppasia (Chalciope), 345
Hypsa, 182
Hystaspes, 51
Hystrichopsylla, xxxiv
iarbas (Deudorix), 107
5, (Hesperia), 106, 107
», (Rapala), 107
icarus (Lycena), Ixvii, lxxxix, 107,117
iccius (Bicyclus), 207
Icterica, xcvi
idas (Lyceena), Ixxxix
idiocnema (Anomala), 344
ignobilis (Blatta), 494, 509
5 (Hemithyrsocera), 238
ee (Phyllodromia), 494, 509
ignota (Lycena), 75, 85
ilicis (Thecla), Ixxxix, 404
imitans (Epilampra), 500
Imma, xxxvii, 169-206
immaculata (Deloneura), 68, 69,
FA Ye
imperator (Anax), 399
inaptalis (Imma), 179
$5 (Vinzela), 170, 179
inca (Procululus), 448
incertus (Luperus), 33, 52
inclarata (Epilampra), 268, 498, 508
inclusa (Pseudomops), 253, 263, 488,
508
inconspicua (Megalognatha), 46
inconstans (Epitriptus), 357
incretus (Teracolus), xxx, xxxi
indica (Theganopteryx), 233
indicus (Harpobittacus), 402
indistans (Mycalesis), 111
induna (Acrea), Ixxxv
inferna (Delias), xci, xcii
inflata (Volucella), 381
inflatus (Callimenus), xvii
inops (Rhodocanthopus), 449
inornata (Beiratia), 50, 52
inquinatus (Stenopogon), 337
insignis (Escala), 240, 279
insularis (Pseudectobia), 233
intercepta (Blatta), 252
as (Pseudomops), 252, 263
interna (Brachycola), 507, 508
,, (Hormetica), 507, 508
interruptus (Neleus), 451
aA (Passalus), 451
70,
interstitialis (Ninus), 451
(Scalmus), 451
inversa (Phyllodromia), 238
o (Vanessa), 99, 100, 103
Telsde li, lii
ione (Teracolus), 104, 105, 117
ipsoides (Euthyrrhapha), 504, 508
iracundus (Harpactor), 404, 405
Iridomyrmex, xxv
isabella (Kueides), 413, 416, 425, 426,
427, 430, 437
Ischnoptera, 265, 266, 280, 489, 496,
501, 503, 508, 509
Ischnura, 400
ismene (Melanitis), 97
Isopogon, 337, 369
isthmicus (Veturius), 444, 453
Ithomia, ]xi
Itioplectis, 334, 367
itonia (Yphthima), ii
Ixias, Ixxxili, Ixxxiv, xci, xcii, cvi,
O21), 522, 523; 524
jacksoni (Amauris), 208
a (Mylothris), 220
Jamesonia, 20
janira (Hipparchia), 115, 116
javanica (Anaplecta), 243
‘5 (Panesthia), 512, 513, 514
jejuna (Ochromyia), 394, 395, 396
jesons (Lyczena), 79
jobina (Teracolus), 104
Jobula, 170, 183, 184
johnstoni (Acrzea), Ixvii, 293, 298-311,
318, 319, 320
a ab. confusa (Acrzea), 305
.s flavescens (Acreea), 214, 300,
301
3 fulvescens (Acreea), 301, 304,
305, 319
ab. octobalia (Acraea), 305
proteina (Acreea), 300, 301,
319, 320
semialbescens (Acrva), 301
semifulvescens (Acrea), 301,
802, 303, 305, 309, 318,
320
5 toruna (Acrea), 301, 303,
304, 310, 320
jucunda (Hemithyrsocera), 251
5 (Theganopteryx), 233, 238
junctistriatus (Trienurgus), 453
jurtina (Epinephele), 110
Kallima, 533, 535
Kaupiolus, 447
keithloa (Rhopalocampta), 112
kilimandjara (Acrea), 305, 306, 307, 308
kingi (Cephonodes), 121
(Hemaris), 121
99
( cla)
klugi (Didymus), 462
;, (Eumelosomus), 462
,, (Limnas), 305, 319
kuenowi neumanni (Pseudacrea), 218,
223
kuwerti (Tiberius), 446
labialis (Andrena), xiii
labiata (Leptaulaca), 29
Laceobius, |xxii
lachesis (Melanargia), ix
» canigulensis (Melanargia), ix
», ab. cataleuca (Melanargia), ix
Lachnocnema, 81
lacteator (Stenichneumon), 333
lacteipennis (Bibio), 383
Lactura, 171
Leesopis, 1x
leta (Terias), xxi
letitia (Euryphene), 6
leviceps (Cremastogaster), 125
levicollis (Epilampra), 270, 499
levior (Ogyges), 450
levipectus (Eumelosomus), 445
levipenne (Lathrobium), i
levis (Didymus), 464
levissimus (Ogyges), 450
levisternus (Didymus), 463
Lagria, 341, 363
Lampides, 109, 345
Lamyra, 340, 370, 378
lanestris (Eriogaster), 227
Laparus, 342
Laphria, 339, 340, 365, 367, 370, 378
lapponica (Ectobia), 231, 232, 236, 237
Lasiocampa, Cli, cill
Lasiopogon, 338, 369, 378
Lasius, Ixxv
lasti (Phrissura), 221
lateifascia (Trigona), lxiv, lxv
lateralis (Blatta), 238
», (Camptopus), 333
,, (Hemithrysocera), 238, 279
35 _ (Lipula), 358
latericrinitus (Krionomus), 460, 461
laterifera (Blatta}, 492, 509
we (Phyllodromia), 492, 509
Lathrobium, 1, lxxiii
laticaput (Phyllodromia), 267, 495
laticeps (Blatta), 495, 509
», (Phyllodromia), 267
», (Pseudophyllodromia), 495, 509
laticornis (Blatta), 253
oA (Pseudomops), 253, 254, 263
55 (Thyrsocera), 248, 253, 258
latifasciata (Planema), 3803, 304, 311,
320
Latindia, 274
latipennis (Bittacus), 402
latirostris (Platyrrhinus), xlix
latirupta (Allacta), 495
as (Blatta), 495, 509
lativentris (Nabis), 405
latro (Didymus), 463
Laxenecera, 339, 370, 378
leachi (Paxillus), 443
leda (Eronia), xxx, xxxi, lili
leiochroa (Imma), 175
,, (Tortricomorpha), 175
leonidas (Papilio), v, 215, 217
Lepidiota, xxi
Lepitrix, 95
Leptaulaca, 29, 52
Leptaulacides, 445, 466
Leptaulax, 445, 460, 466
Leptis, 380, 381
Leptobatopsis, 342
Leptogaster, 340
leptogaster (Campoplex), 330
Leptosia, lxix
Leptura, 405
Lethe, vi
letsea (Lycena), 75
Leuceronia, xxx, xxxi, lxix, lxx, xxi
Leucopheea, 501, 509
leucophearia (Hybernia), 484, 486
leucophthalma (Hypospheria), 506
5 (Zetobora), 506, 508
Leusaba, 274
Libellula, 399,
libya (Melanitis), lxxxiv
libyssa (Cartaletis), vi
libythea (Appias), xci
lichenopa (Imma), 199
sy (Tortricomorpha), 199
lichenosa (Huphina), 522
liliana (Pieris), 7, 10
», (Pinacopteryx), |
limbata (D’Urbania), 82, 86
limbatus (Nabis), 405
Limenitis, xli
Limnas, iv, vi, 214, 215, 217, 290, 291,
305, 311, 319, 327, 345, 361, 400,
401, 407, 408
Limneria, 330
limniace (Tirumala), xxxi,
337
petiverana (Tirumala), 215
linea (Pamphila), 112
lineata (Lepitrix), 95
lineaticollis (Thyrsocera), 238
Liposcia, 385
Liptena, lxxxiv, 68, 72
lithosioides (Imma), 196
(Moca), 196
lithoxylea (Hadena), Ixxxi
littoralis (Prodenia), xvi
216, 217,
( clxiii_ )
litura (Orthosia), Ixxix, ]xxxii
liturifera (Pseudectobia), 233
livida (Empis), 382, 383, 386, 388, 389
lobengula (Amauris), 292, 300, 319
Lobopelta, 396
Loboptera, 515
Locusta, 407
locusta (Pieris), xev
Lomechusa, xlviii
Lonchodes, xxvii
Longitarsus, 12, 13
longiuscula (Blatta), 239, 488, 509
es (Escala), 239, 279, 488, 509
longula (Callipsaltria), 409
longurio (Alcimus), 345
Lophonotus, 323, 349, 374
lorena (Mylothris), xcv
losinga (Euphedra), 5
lucida (Lyczna), 77, 78, 85
Lucilia, 347, 348
lucretia (Pseudacreea), 214
luctuosa (Pseudomops), 260, 261, 264
90 (Thyrsocera), 261
lunata (Tipula), 381
lundi (Atta), 515
Luperus, 32, 33, 52
luridus (Podisus), 404
lutaria (Scatophaga), 391, 393
lutea (Dicranomyia), 391
lyeus (Papilio), v
lybia (Eueides), 425
Lyceena, ix, xii, Ixvil, Ixxviii, Ixxxix,
HON 73s) (45D, 16s dhs 485 (95 80;
Si, Sa, Oi, aly
lycaon (Epinephele), ix
lychnitis (Cucullia), 405
lycoa (Acreea), 305, 306, 307, 308, 309,
310
», ab. butleri (Acrea), 305
lycoides (Phyllodromia), 490
Lycorea, lxi, 412, 414, 415, 416, 422,
427, 428, 429, 480, 431, 4382, 433,
434, 485, 437, 488, 439
Lycus, 92
Lygeus, Ixvii
Lype, 382
lysidesma (Imma), 177
lysimon (Lyczena), 76
macassariensis (Homalopteryx), 497,
508
Macherota, 226
machaon (Papilio), xe
Machimus, 323, 348, 351, 352, 353, 354,
355, 357, 367, 375, 376
macilentus (Belenogaster), 340
mackwoodii (Davendra), 170, 196
mackwoodii (Imma), 196
Macrima, 51
Macroglossa, xlix
Macroma, 92
Macronychia, 392
maculata (Anaplecta), 240, 248, 279
‘3 (Molytria), 497, 508, 512,
513, 514
a (Nephila), Ixili, Ixvi
maculatus (Gomphocerus), 349
* (Promachus), 343
maculicollis (Blatta), 276
S (Leptaulaca), 29, 52
7 (Stictocema), 34
madecassa (Phyllodromia), 234
madidus (Pterostichus), 409
magna (Pseudomops), 259, 264
maillei (Rhodocanthopus), 449
Maira, 340
major (Anaplecta), 241
», (Hemithyrsocera), 238
majuscula (Blatta), 492, 509
M3 (Phyllodromia), 492, 509
malabarensis (Nephilengys), lxvi
malachurus (Halictus), 332
Malacosoma, 30, 31
malathana (Catochrysops), 109, 346
malayensis (Anaplecta), 242, 243,
279
maldama (Apicia), xvi
Mallotoblatta, 233, 234
malvernensis (Crepidodera), 15, 52
Mamestra, Ixxix, Ixxx
mandarinea (Mogannia), 336
‘fs (Protetia), 336
mandinga (Euryphene), 6
manicatus (Platychirus), 400
Mantichora, 409
Mantis, xvii, lil, 408
marci (Bibio), 381, 382
marginalis (Aslauga), 68
3 (Oxythyrea), 91
marginata (Deloneura), 68
5 (Hastula), civ
marginepunctata (Acidalia), 1xxiv
lxxv
marginicollis (Aphodius), 338
marileutis (Imma), 175
maritima (Fucellia), 347
mirkeli (Dinarda), Ixxi, xxii
marmorata (Blatta), 494, 509
35 (Phylodromia), 494, 509
marpessa (Neptis), v
marshalli (Aphthona), 11
aA (Aslauga), 81
mashuana (Candezea), 44
masilikazi (Aphneus), li
is (Spindasis), li
massue (Theganopteryx), 234
mathewi (Coenonympha), xcix, ¢
( vckxziv: @)
Mechanitis, ]xi, 413, 415, 416, 417,
420, 421, 426, 430, 432, 433, 434,
435, 436
Mecostethus, 349
Medeterus, 391
meditabunda (Myiospila), 384
medon (Eupheedra), 5
medusa (Nychitona), xxxi, lxix
», immaculata (Nychitona), lxix
meeki (Aesernia), xxxv
megera (Pararge), xxxili, xlix, 99, 106,
110, 116
,, tigelius (Pararge), xlix
Megalognatha, 46, 47
megalyntis (Imma), 188
megara (Tithorea), 414, 431
megaspila (Prosoplecta), 505, 508
melachlora (Imma), 203
Melampsalta, 343
melampus (Deudorix), 107
melana (Pseudomops), 262, 265
Melanargia, ix, Ixxviii
melandryoides (Pseudomops), 262
Melanitis, lxxxiv, 97, 109
Melanophthalma, 409
melanops (Lycena), Ixxxix
melanopterus (Dasypogon), 331
Melanostoma, 323, 355, 396, 398
melanura (Leptura), 405
35 (Sarcophaga), 355
meleagrina (Avicula), xviii
Melinea, Ixi, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416,
417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423,
494, 425, 430, 482, 438, 484, 435,
436, 437, 438
Melinda, 215, 216, 217, 224
Melipona, 338, 339, 369, 378
Melitea, ix, 100
mellifica (Apis), 331, 832, 338, 335,
342, 353, 354, 362
Meloboris, 330
melotoma (Imma), 194
Meniscus, 473, 482
menyanthidis (Acronycta), xxxii
meone (Pararge), 98, 99, 104
mercedonia (Melinda), 215, 216, 217, 224
merdaria (Scatophaga), 391, 393, 394,
409
meridionalis (Panorpa), 402
meriones (Papilio), 282, 312
merioptera (Heterotoma), xc
merope (Papilio), xxix, xlvi, lxvii, 281—
298, 312-316
», hippocoon (Papilio), 285, 286,
289, 315
», trophonius (Papilio), 287, 289,
290
mesentina (Belenois), xci, xcii
mesentina (Delias), 406
mesochorda (Imma), 189
metallica (Spilocephalus), 49
Meteorus, 337
Methana, 501, 509
Methypsa, 170
metophis (Lyczna), 78, 86
metriodoxa (Imma), 177
mexicana (Thyrsocera), 255
micans (Eustegasta), 510, 514
», (Pangonia), 352
micilia (Agyrta), 412
Microcryptus, 331
Microdon, xv
Microgaster, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126,
166
Microplitis, 379
microsticta (Callartona), 193
Pp (Imma), 193
Microstylum, 336, 337, 344, 369, 378
Microterys, 120, 125, 127
Mieza, 171
millari (Deloneura), 68, 69, 71, 72, 84
mima (Euralia), lii, liii, liv, lv, 1vi, lvii,
214
Mimacreea, 219
mimeticus (Papilio), 216, 224
mimica (Pseudomops), 255, 263
minatrix (Imma), 191
minuta (Tachydromia), 885, 386
miranda (Epilampra), 269
mirifica (Acrea), 2, 10
Miroblatta, 271, 272, 278
Miselia, Ixxxi
misippus (Hypolimnas), v, xlii, xlvii,
314, 346
alcippoides (Hypolimuas),
215
e dorippoides (Hypolimnas),
215
inarja (Hypolimnas), 215
o misippus (Hypolimnas), 215
Mitrorrhinus, 460
mixta (Aischna), 400
mnasias (Melinéa),
420, 430, 432, 436
mneme (Melinea), lxi, 413, 414, 415,
416, 417, 420, 421, 423, 425, 430,
432, 433, 485, 436, 437, 4388
mniszechi (Proculus), 450
Moca, 170, 196, 201
Mogannia, 336, 344
molestus (Rhodocanthopus), 449
Molippa, xe
moloch (Epilampra), 269
Molytria, 269, 496, 497, 508, 512, 513,
514
Monochelus, 336
2?
413, 414, 416,
( felzay™))
monodesma (Tortricomorpha), 174
Monolepta, 40, 41, 42, 43
montana (Pseudothyrsocera), 251
montandoni (Callimenus), xvii
monteironis (Hypolimnas), 212
montis (Ischnoptera), 266, 280
Mononychus, Ixxvili
Monura, 220
moretonella (Ardiosteres), 123
morio (Candezea), 44
moriqua (Azanus), 346
», (Lycena), 79
Morosophus, 445
Morpho, 412
mucoreus (Halictus), 405
mundicola (Allacta), 495, 509
sy (Blatta), 495
munitus (Rimor), 447, 448
muralis (Bryophila), 485, 486
3, (Sitaris), lxvii
Musca, lxiv, 354, 357, 398
mutabilis (Ootheca), 51
Mycalesis, ii, vi, 111
Mydea, 336, 350, 351, 382, 391
mygaloides (Mantichora), 409
Myiospila, 384
mylias (Imma), 173
Mylothris, vi, xxxi, Xxxvi, Xciv, xcvi,
xevii, 6, 10, 220, 221, 364
Myopa, 340, 356
myops (Damalina), 338
Myrina, 345, 406
Myrmecocystus, 351
Myrmedonia, Ixii
Myrmeleon, 53-57
Myrmiea, lxii, 379
Nabis, 405
nadina (Huphina), xci
Nenia, lxxvii
Napeogenes, lxi, 416, 421
napi(Ganoris), xci, xcii, 116
», bryoniee (Pieris), Ixxvili
Nariscus, 343
narycia (Pseudonympha), 60
nasalis (Mogannia), 344
Nasoproculus, 448
nasutus (EKumelus), 459
», (Petrejus), 456
natalensis (Hemixantha), 40
5 (Lyeczna), 79, 86
A (Ochrosis), 17
Be (Precis), lix
natalica (Acrea), Ixxxiv, lxxxv
35 (Precis); 1103
natalii (Erebia), 63 4
», (Pseudonympha), 61, 42, 63,
64, 84
natalii (Satyrus), 63
natator (Gyrinus), 409
Naucoris, 90
Naupheeta, 502, 506, 508
naviculator (Gonatas), 445
nazadaria (Apicia), xvi
nebulosa (Aplecta), 529
»» (Pseudophoraspis),
Bylal, fla!
neglecta (Pseudomops), 256, 263
neita (Pseudonympha), 62
Neleides, 449, 451, 452
Neleus, 460
Nemopoda, 383
nemorum (Erigone), 356
5 (Varicheta), 356
Neoccenyra, 61, 62
Neoitamus, 323, 351, 355, 356, 357,
867, 875, 377
Neolaparus, 342
neoridas (Erebia), ix
Nepa, 87, 88
nephelastra (Imma), 200
Nepheronia, xxx, xxxi, ]xx
Nephila, lxiii, xvi
Nephilengys, xvi
Neptis, v, liii, 213, 214
nerissa (Huphina), xxxi, Ixxxiii, lxxxiv,
521, 522
neurica (Nonagria), xv
Neuroctena, 381
neurota (Imma), 184
neustria (Bombyx), 227
niavius (Amauris), 207, 211, 212, 289
,, dominicanus (Amauris), _ liii,
211, 212, 289, 314
,, liavius (Amauris), 211
498, 508,
nicippe (Xanthidia), xxii
niger (Lasius), lxxv
nigra (Hemithyrsocera), 233
», (Heterothops), Ixxiii
,, (Homopteroidea), 274, 280
nigricans (Agrotis), lxxx
as discoideus (Telephorus), 402
nigriceps (Laccobius), 1xxii
nigricollis (Cercyonia), 16
nigricornis (Hyperacantha), 27
3 (Monolepta), 42
nigrifemoratus (Borborus), 382
nigrifrons (Chorisoneura), 505, 508
nigrigenu (Velinus), lxiv, lxv
nigripes (Crepidodera), 16
nigrita (Kuplecnema), 22, 52
», (Pseudomops), 262, 264
», (Thyrsocera), 262
nigriventris (Bibio), 380, 402
nigrofulva (Kueides), Ixi, 413, 416,
425, 426, 427, 4380, 432, 433, 436, 437
nigrotibialis (Candezea), 44
( Selocvi' ga)
ninonia (Ceratinia), 422, 436
Ninus, 451
niobe (Argynnis), 1xxvili
», (Lycerna), 75
», eris (Argymnis), XVlii
Nisoniades, 112
Nisotra, 21, 52
nitida (Anaplectoidea), 248, 280
,, (Dunbrodya), 20, 52
», (Orthosia), Ixxxii
,, (Theganopteryx), 237
nitidicollis (Hydrochus), xxxv
ee (Syrphus), 356
nitidulus (Formicoxenus), xxxli
nivea (Panchlora), 509, 514
niveiciliella (Imma), 174
(Tortricomorpha), 174
Noctua, xxxlii
Nola, xlix
Nonagria, xv
Noorda, 345
Notodonta, 120, 121
Notogonia, 349
Notonecta, 405
nubifureca (Abroma), 336
(Tibicen), 336
nubila (Tachypeza), 385, 386
nudicostis (Proculejus), 450
numata (Heliconius),
423, 424, 425,
433, 436, 437, 438
nupta (Catocala), cii
Nychitona, xxxi, lxix, lxx, ]xxi
Nyctibora, 501
nymphula (Phulia), xcii
5 (Pyrrhosoma), 399, 400
nyseus (Talicada), 107
obesa (Hyperacantha), 27, 52
obfuscatus (Metsorus), 337
obliqua (Ischnoptera), 496, 509
>, (Pinaconota), 496, 509, 519
oblongata (Blatta), 252
(Pseudomops), 252, 263
i (Thyrsocera), 248, 252
obscura (Anaplecta), 242, 243, 279
», (Mallotoblatta), 234
», (Pseudacrea), 219
», (Pseudomops), 259, 264
», (Thyrsocera), 259
obtusicornis (Onthophagus), 341
obtusifrons (Blatta), 493, 509
Bi (Phyllodromia), 493, 509
occipitalis (Epiphoroneus), 445, 460
ee (Haplotes), 36, 52
= (Passalus), 451, 459
a (Platyxantha), 36
ocellatz (Microplitis), 379
ochracea (Henotesia), 1, 10
413, 415, 416,
426, 427, 430, 432,
| ochracea (Rihana), 336, 344
| ochraceus (Rhizotrogus), Ixxiv
| ochrascens (Deloneura), 69, 71
i (Poultonia), 69
ochripes (Stenopoyon), 337
Ochromyia, 3238, 394, 395, 396
Ochrosis, 17
octavia (Precis), 103
5, natalensis (Precis), xcii
8-maculata (Torodera), 25
oculata (Gegenes), ii
>, (Methana), 501, 509
», (Periplaneta), 501, 509
Ocydromia, 385, 386
Ocypus, 409
Odontomachus, 123
Odontomyia, xcvi
(Ecophylla, 124
Ogcodes, xxiii, 119, 124, 131
Ogyges, 450
Ogyris, 122
Oides, 26
Oileus, 447, 448, 449
| oldenlandiz (Choerocampa), 120
as firmata (Theretra), 120
olens (Ocypus), 409
omar (Cicadetta), 343
», (Melampsalta), 343
omphale (Teracolus), xxi,
cv
o’neili (Nisotra), 21
Onesia, 380, 381
Oniscosoma, 503, 509
oniscus (Callimenus), Xvii
Oniticellus, 334
Onitis, 409
Onthophagus, 341, 350, 352
Ootheea, 51
opaca (Empis), 383, 386, 388
Opomyza, 405
orbiculata (Apteropeda), 1xii
Orchesia, XXXiv
oreas (Acrzea), 3, 214
,, (Chrysoritis), 80
,, (Zeritis), 80, 86
,, albimaculata (Acrea), 214
Orgyia, 404
orina orinata (Acreea), 220
ornata (Amphimela), 25
ornatipes (Chrysopimpla), 344
ornithopus (Xylina), lxxix, lxxxii
Orrhodia, Ixxxii
Orthetrum, 400
Orthosia, xxix, Ixxxii
ortygia (Lyena), 74, 85
| Ospriocerus, 337
otoptera cotet 186
| ovatipennis (Aphthona), 12
XCI,) (Clivi,
© elavar)
oxyacanthe (Miselia), Ixxxi
$5 capucina (Miselia), Ixxxi
Oxyhaloa, 510, 514
Oxythyrea, 91, 331
Pachnepteryx, 234
Pachnobia, lxxix, Ixxxi
Pachnoda, 92
Pachymeria, 384, 386, 388
Pachyrrhina, 338
pacifica (Euthyrrhapha), 504, 508
Pagyda, 402
Palamernis, 171, 205, 206
palinii (Pentalobus), 445
pallene (Iolaus), li, lit
pallens (Phlebonotus), 511, 514
palliata (Oides), 26
pallicornis (Riatia), 247
pallida (Anaplecta), 245
pallidus (Acanthoplus), 407
pallipes (Tachydromia), 385, 386
palpalis (Blatta), 495, 509
,, (Duryodana), 495, 509
palpata (Phyllodromia), 495
paludosa (Tipula), 381
paludum (Trichoptilus), xxii, 183-154
palumbula (Notogonia), 349
Pamphila, 112, 116
pamphilus (Ceenonympha), lxxv
Pamponerus, 3238, 348, 373
Panchlora, 506, 507, 509,
512, 513, 54
pancici (Callimenus), xvili
pandocus (Ypthima), xiv
Panesthia, 512, 513, 514
Pangonia, 352
pannifera (Mechanitis), ixi,
416, 420, 421, 430, 432,
435, 436
panopta (Imma), 190
Panorpa, ]xxxvii, 1xxxviii,
402, 403
Papilio, iv, v, xxix, xli, xlvi, liv, xvii,
XC OOM SOS Mien 2 Zee DS emia
215, 216, 27, 282195 220) 223;
224, 281-298, 303, 312-316
papua (Epilampra), 270
paradoxa (Homalota), Ixxii
5, (Pseudopontia), lxix
paragea (Planema), 213, 219
Paralatindia, 274
parallela (Phyllotetra), 14
ie (Stenoblatta), 502, 508, 519
Paranaupheeta, 275
Pararge, xxxili, xlix, 97, 98, 99, 104,
106, 110, 116
parastictus (Didymus), 445, 465
pardalina (Gyrtona), 200
Ae (Imma), 200
510, 511,
418, 415,
433, 434,
330, 365,
Pardopsis, 219
parenthesis (Phyllodromia), 234
parisatis (Hipparchia), 110
parsimon (Lycena), 73
parva (Allacta), 268
parvicollis (Candezea), 43
a (Epilampra), 498, 508
Re (Hedaia), 498, 508
parvipennis (Anaplecta), 246
parvus (Paxillus), 443
pascuellus (Crambus), 400
pasinuntia (Lycorea), lxi, 414, 416,
427, 428, 429, 430, 4381, 432, 433,
435, 437, 438, 439
Passalus, 447, 448, 451, 459, 460
patalis (Aulacocyelus), 446
patricia (Lyceena), 73, 85
patula (Blatta), 495, 509
pavida (Anaplecta), 245, 280
Paxillus, 443, 458
pechueli (Crenis), Ixxxiv
peculiaris (Kuphedra), 5, 10
- (Papilio), 213
pedestris (Pezotettix), 89
3 (Riptortus), lxiv
pedunculosa (Niebuhrria), 114
Pegomyia, 384
Pelmatosilpha, 501, 509
pennipes (Kmpis), 330
Pentalobus, 445
Pentatoma, 404
Pentila, Ixxxiv, 220
pephredo (Lyceena), 75, 85
perditor (Thyanta), 337
perelegans (Microgaster), 121, 126
perenna (Acrzea), 220
peringueyi (Crepidodera), 15
periphanes (Acreea), 3
Periplaneta, 501, 509, 510, 513, 514
Perispheeria, 506, 508
perla (Bryophila), 485, 486
perlongus (Alcimus), 345, 346
Peronea, xlix
perspicua (Mycalesis), ii
Pertinacides, 451
peruvianus (Petrejus), 456
9 (Veturius), 454
petiverana (Tirumala), 216, 217
petreia (Pentila), 220
Petrejus, 448, 456, 457
petrophila (Miroblatta), 272, 278
peucetia (Pentila), Ixxxiv
Pezotettix, 89
phalantha (Atella), 220
phalerata (Imma), 195
phanes (Aphneeus), li
», (Spindasis), li
| pharis (Leuceronia), xxxi, ]xix, ]xx, ]xxi
(> clxvati> ))
Pharochilus, 445
pharsa (Pseudacrzea), 4
pharsalus (Acreea), 220
Phasis, 108
phegea (Elymnias), 207, 218
pheranthes (Napeogenes), Lxi
philanthus (Hoplia), 348
philenor (Papilio), xe
philidas (Ceratinia), 413, 416, 417, 422,
430, 432, 435
philippus (Hypolycena), 109
philodice (Colias), 110, 115
a (Eurymus), 115
Philodicus, 344, 372
Philonicus, 323, 347, 348, 373, 378
phleas (Chrysophanus), lxxxix, 118,
400
phleus (Polyommatus), xciv
- eleus (Polyommatus), xciii
Phlebonotus, 511, 514
phlegyas (Teracolus), Ixxxvi, Ixxxvii
pheebe (Phrissura), 221
Phoroneosomus, 460
Phoroneus, 449
Phrissura, 221
phryne (Huphina), xxxi, 522, 523, 524
Phulia, xcii
Phycodes, 171
Phygasia, 24
phyllis (Rhyothemis), 343
Phyllodecta, 404
Phyllodromia, 232, 233, 234, 238, 240,
967, 276, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494,
495, 508, 509, 513, 514, 519
Phyllotetra, 13, 52
Physonychis, 25, 52
pica (Pseudomops), 250, 488, 508
», (Pseudothyrsocera), 250, 488, 508
piceus (Scleropogon), 337, 338
Picromerus, 404
picticeps (Cosmolestes), Ixiv, Ixv, Ixvi
picticollis (Blatta), 492, 509
ss (Phyllodromia), 492, 493, 509
pictus (Aulamorphus), 49
Pieris, Ixxviii, xciv, c, ci, 7, 10, 115,
353
pigea (Pieris), 7, 10
», (Pinacopteryx), 1, 345
5, Trubrobasalis (Pieris), 7
pilifera (Blepharodera), 507
pilipes (Blepharodera), 507
», (Panchlora), 507, 508
pilosa (Dyscologamia), 504, 508
,, (Zetobora), 504, 508
pilosulus (Chasmatopterus), 332, 335,
352, 358
pilosus (Erionomus), 461
», (Hriopterus), 460
Pimpla, 332, 334, 367
Pinaconota, 496, 509, 519
Pinacopteryx, 1, 221, 345
Pingrasa, 170, 172
pistacina (Orthosia), ]xxxii
Plagiognathus, 405
Plagioptera, 533-539
Planema, ii, liv, 207, 208, 212, 213,
218, 223, 298, 302, 303, 304, 311,
318, 320
planemoides (Papilio), 218, 288, 290,
293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 308, 316
planiceps (Erionomus), 460, 461
planus (Leptaulax), 445
Platychirus, 400
platypleura (Erionomus), 461
Platypsyllus, xxxii
Platyrrhinus, xlix
platyrrhinus (Veturius), 444, 445, 455
Platyxantha, 35, 36, 49
plebeia (Thereva), 384
plena (Epilampra), 270, 499, 508
Pleurostylus, 449
plexippus (Anosia), xli
Plusia, 112, 358
Plutella, 170
Podisma, 354, 355
Podisus, 404
poggei(Planema), 218, 223, 298, 302,
303, 311, 316, 320
Polia, Ixxix, 113
Polistes, 331
politus (Pharochilus), 445, 446
Polyacanthopus, 449
Polybia, 515, 516, 517, 518
polybiarum (Sphecophila), 518, 519
Polydrusus, 357
Polygonia, 533
polygrapha (Blatta), 493, 509
55+ (Phyllodromia), 493, 509
polymnia (Mechanitis), lxi, 413, 415,
416, 417, 421, 426, 430, 432, 433,
435, 436
polyodon (Xylophasia), 407
Polyommatus, xciii, 345
Polyphaga, 504, 508
polyspila (Epilampra), 496, 508
ss (Molytria), 496
polytrophus (Papilio), 282, 287
ei cenea (Papilio), 291, 297
59 hippocoon (Papilio), 287
35 trimeni (Papilio), 284, 285
A trophonius (Papilio), 290
pomorum (Itioplectis), 334, 367
5 (Pimpla), 334, 367
Pompilus, 331, 335, 369, 378
Pontia, lxix
poppea (Mylothris), 221
(relax)
populi (Smerinthus), cili
porpanthes (Imma), 180
poultoni (Mimacrea), 219
Poultonia, 68, 69
preceps (Proagonistes), 340, 878
predatoria (Hemisaga), 407
prestans (Pelmatosilpha), 501
preevia (Heterothops), lxxili
Pratapa, 106
pratellus (Crambus), 383
Prays, 171
Precis, v4 xXxxvi, vii, lini, lix) xcut,
101, 102, 103, 218, 222, 223, 358
prieuri (Satyrus), ix
», Uuhagonii (Satyrus), ix
Prionocyphon, Ixxxvili
priozona (Imma), 178
Proagonistes, 340, 370, 378
Procas, XXxxv
procera (Hedaia), 498
procrossa (Imma), 184
Proculejoides, 450
Proculejus, 447, 450
Procululus, 448
Proculus, 450
Prodenia, xvi
Promachus, 323, 33 6; Sole) O41,
343, 344, 367, 371, 372, 378
pronubana (Tortrix), xeviii
propinqua (Blatta), 492, 509
a (Phyllodromia), 492, 509
Prosoplecta, 505, 508
Protetia, 336
Protapanteles, 122, 127
protea (Dryobota), Ixxxi
proteina (Acrza), 305, 309, 310, 311,
319, 320
proterpia (Pyrisitia), xxii
Protogonius, 414, 427, 431
protumnus (Arrugia), ss 86
a (Papilio), 8
prunaria (Angerona), Iwill
pseudacori (Mononychus), xxviii
Pseudacrea, 4, 10, 208, 212, 214, 218,
219, 223, 301
Pseudagenia, 349
Pseudargynnis, 220
Pseudectobia, 231,
519
Pseudoarcyptera, 346
Pseudomops, 232, 238, 248, 249, 250-
265, 278, 280, 488, 489, 508
Pseudonympha, ii, 60, 61, 62, 63, 84,
110
Pseudopanchlora, 503
Pseudophoraspis, 498, 508, 511, 514
Pseudophyllodromia, 266, 267, 278,
495, 509
342,
233, 248, 495, 509,
Pseudopontia, lxix, Ixxi
Pseudothyrsocera, 250, 251, 278, 488,
489, 508, 509, 519
Pseudotortrix, 170, 175
pseudozeritis (Aphneeus), li
(Choroselas), li
psithyristis (Imma), 176
psoricopa (Imma), 176
Psylla, 379
psyttalea (Amauris), 208, 210, 213
“fs damoclides (Amauris),
210, 211, 223, 292
re psyttalea (Amauris), 223
Pteromalus, 166
Pterostichus, 409
Pterygospidea, i, 112
Ptyelus, Ixvii, 225-228
Publius, 450
puella (Agrion), 400
puellaris (Teracolus), xxi
puiggarii (Pseudomops), 262, 264
(Thyrsocera), 262
pulchellus (Leptaulacides), 466, 467
pulcherrima (Pseudophyllodromia), 266,
278
pulchra (Anaplecta), 244
pullus (Delopleurus), 341
pumilus (Baéetis), 380
punctata (Empis), 357
punctatissima (Pardopsis), 220
punctatostriatus (Noleides), 449
(Veturius), 454
puncticollis (Epilampra), 270, 499
ss (Spasalus), 451
punctifera (Aroa), 72, 84
punctifrons (Comacupes), 444
punctosa (Ischnoptera), 503, 509
a (Oniscosoma), 503, 509
55 (Pseudopanchlora), 503
punctulatus (Syrphus), 392
punctuosa (Ischnoptera), 503
punicea (Pentatoma), 404
purpuralis (Corydia), 504
purpurascens (Aslauga), 81
5 (Callartona), 170, 193
(Imma), 193
purpurea (Chetocnema), 19
pusilla (Exosoma), 400
pygidialis (Candezea), we
sa (Monolepta), 4
pygmeea (Dinarda), 1xxi, ne
», (Polybia), 515, 516, 518
Pyrameis, 104, 354
pyrene (Ixias), xeii
Pyrisitia, xxl
Pyrozela, 171
pyrrha (Mylothris), xev
Pyrrhosoma, 399, 400
208,
Cr clsoa a)
quadricolor (Planema), 302, 303, 304,
311
quadrifrons (Epiphoroneus), 445, 460
quadrimaculata (Libellula), 399
quadrinotata (Epilampra), 499
quadriplagiata (Prosoplecta), 505, 508
quadrivittana (Gauris), 204
oA (Imma), 204
Quedius, Ixxili
quercus (Lasiocampa), cil, cill
(Typhlocyba), 379
», (Zephyrus), lxxxix
radiata (Imma), 183
», (Jobula), 183
raffrayi (Belenois), xci, xcii
ramifera (Epilampra), 497, 508
s, (Molytria), 497, 508
rape (Ganoris), 116, 117
ee (Rieris)siciela slo
Rapala, 106, 107
rauana (Precis), 218, 223
recticlypeatus (Petrejus), 457
regina (Teracolus), Ixxxv,
Ixxxvii, xevi, xcvil
reinwardtii (Ixias), Ixxxili, 521, 523
reversa (Ischnoptera), 489, 509
rex (Papilio), 215, 216, 217, 218, 224
Rhabdotis, 92
rhadamanthus (Danisepa), vii
6 (Euploea), vii
rhamni (Gonepteryx), vill
Rhamphomyia, 380, 386, 388
Rhipipallus, 119, 123, 129
Rhizotrogus, Ixxiv, 350, 351, 353
Rhodocanthopus, 449
rhombaria (Gynopteryx), xv, xvi
Rhopalocampta, 112
Rhyothemis, 343
Riatia, 247
ribesii (Syrphus), 347
ridens (Asphalia), Ixxxili
ridiculus (Coniger), 448
= (Rimor), 448
ridleyanus (Papilio), 217, 220
Rihana, 336, 344
rimator (Oileus), 448
s, (Passalus), 447, 448
Rimor, 447, 448, 449
Rimoricus, 447, 448, 449
riparius (Chironomus), 384
Riptortus, lxiv
roboris (Lesopis), 1x
rosa (Crenis), 1xxxiv
rotundatus (Gnathoncus), Ixxiii
rubi (Bombyx), 404
5, (Thecla), xxviii
rubra (Seleaphora), 124
ruginodis (Myrmica), lxii, 379
9
1xxxvi,
99
rubricosa (Aptera), 506
a (Naupheeta), 506, 508
(Pachnobia), Ixxix, lxxxi
i rufa (Pachnobia), 1xxxi
rubrocostalis (Pinacopteryx), 221
rufa (Formica), xxxii, Ixxii, 54, 340
(Ischnoptera), 489, 508
», (Vespa), 399
», pratensis (Formica), 333
rufibarbis fuscorufibarbis (Formica),
]xxil
ruficeps coriarius (Odontomachus), 123
ruficollis (Pseudothyrsocera), 251, 278
ruficornis (Hypospheria), 506
rufilineata (Neoceenyra), 61
rufipes (Dioctria), 330
rufiplaga (Ceenyra), 59, 61, 84
rufiventris (Limneria), 330
(Meloboris), 330
6 (Protapanteles), 122, 127
rufoglaucus (Camponotus), 344
rugiceps (Pharochilus), 445
rugicollis (Cryptocephalus), xxxiv
rugosa (Tmetonota), 346
rugosalis (Imma), 170, 172
ruhli (Morosophus), 445
| riippellii (Mylothris), vi, xxxi, 7
| rusina (Draconia), Ixxvili, 5383-539
| rusticus (Machimus), 354
| ruwenzoricus (Didymus), 464
saba (Glutophrissa), xci, xcv
sabina (Molippa), xe
», (Orthetrum), 400
| safitza (Mycalesis), ii, vi, 111
| saga (D’Urbania), 82, 86
sagittarius (Passalus), 447, 448
| 38 (Procululus), 448
(Rimor), 447
(Rimoricus), 447, 448
29
be)
99
39
+)
| Sais, 421
| Salainis, iv, 114
| Salatura, 217 7h ie
| Salius, 378
| sallei (Pseudomops), 255
,, (Thyrsocera), 255
| salualis (Pagyda), 402
_salustius (Chrysophanus), c
sanguinea (Formica), xlviii, lxxii
| sansibaricus (Eumelosomus), 465, 466
saravacensis (Epilampra), 268, 499
Sarcophaga, 331, 348, 348, 355
| sargi (Oileus), 448, 449
», (Rimor), 447, 448
Saropogon, 335, 336, 369
satellitia (Secopolosoma), 1xxxii
| saturata (Hypsa), 182
| 5, (Imma), 182
(Methypsa), 170
9
(els:
Satyrus, ix, 63, 110, 115, 116
saussurei (Oxyhaloa), 510, 514
scabiosze (Halictus), 404
Seada, lxi
scalare (Melanostoma), 355
scalaris (Promachus), 342
Scalmus, 451
Scaptesylix, 170, 192
scarabeoides (Spheeridium), 334
Scatophaga, 323, 391, 392, 393, 394,
409
Scatopse, 380
Schematizella, 51
Schizaspidea, xxiii, 119, 123, 130
Sciapteron, 477
Sciara, 379, 385, 392
scita (Epilampra), 498, 508
Scleropogon, 337, 338, 369
scolieforme (Trochilium), 477, 478
scolopacea (Leptis), 380, 381
Scopolosoma, Ixxxil
scoticum (Sympetrum), 399
Scotosia, 397
seripta (Tipula), 356
scutigera (Pseudomops), 250, 489, 508
iy (Pseudothyrsocera), 250, 489,
508
scybalaria (Scatophaga), 394
Seleaphora, 124
selecta (Monolepta), 42
Selenia, Ixxvii
Selidopogon, 328, 331, 335, 365, 366,
368, 374
Sematocera, 348
semele (Satyrus), 110, 115, 116
semialbescens (Acréea), 305
semibrunnea (Xylina), Ixxxii
semifoveolatus (Luperus), 32
semifulvescens (Acrzea), 305, 309
semilinea (Imma), 184
fe (Jobula), 170, 184
senegalensis (Terias), lxix, lxx, xciii,
221
a (Theganopteryx), 237
senex (Henicopus), 337
sepias (Loxotrochis), 205
Sepsis, 383
septempunctata (Chrysopa), 56
sepulchralis (Onesia), 380, 381
sequens (Blatta), 491, 509
», (Phyllodromia), 491, 509
serena (Acreea), 219
seriaria (Gynopteryx), XV, Xvi
Serica, 341
sericina (Esthemopsis), 412
Sericomyia, 348
Sermyla, 348
serricornis (Prionocyphon), Ixxxviii
PROC. ENT, SOC. LOND., v. 1906.
serripes (Hoplistomerus), 338, 370, 378
servona (Acrea), 214
sesamus (Precis), lviii, lix, xcii, 103
Sesia, xe, ci
setibarbus (Machimus), 354, 376
setiger (Dysmachus), 350, 351
severina (Belenois), xci, xciii, 105
oe boguensis (Belenois), |
shakra (Pararge), 97, 99
shawii (Baltia,) xcii
shelfordi (Molytria), 497
sheppardi (Exosoma), 30
(Jamesonia), 20
(Malacosoma), 30
a (Megalognatha), 46
<5 (Oides), 26
sibiricus (Gomphocerus), 354, 375, 407
sidus (Iolaus), li
Sidyma, 190
sigillatus (Lyczena), 79
signata (Areolaria), 273
», (Hyetodesia), 347
silas (Argiolaus), 108
silphoides (Dyscologamia), 504, 508
3 (Polyphaga). 504, 508
silvana (Heliconius), 413, 415, 416, 424,
425, 430, 432, 435
(Hyperacantha, 26, 52
;, ab. divisus (Heliconius), 437
Simaéthis, 169, 171, 357, 361
similis (Mylothris), 6, 10
simonsi (Henotesia), 2
simulans (Pseudomops),
; (Thyrsocera), 2
sinensis (Bittacus), 402
sinuatocollis (Veturius), 444
sinuatus (Laccobius), 1xxii
Sitaris, xvii
Smerinthus, cili
Sobara, 124
sobrina (Pachnoda), 92
», (Rhabdotis), 92
sokotre (Promachus), 343
solidus (Trienurgus), 452
solilucis (Belenois), |
sordida (Hadena), Ixxx
sordidellus (Cricotopus), 405
soror (Methana), 501
sotikensis (Acrea), 219
spadicea (Nisotra), 21
spadicearia (Xanthorhoé), 525
Spasalus, 444, 451
Spathorrhamphus, xlix
speciosa (Thyrsocera), 250, 278, 501,
508
speciosum (Ellipsidium), 249, 501, 508
speciosus (Teracolus), xxi, xxi, 1xxxvii,
104, 105
9
99
9
262
62
M
( clxxu )
spectabilis (Thyrsocera), 248, 249, 250 | subecompletus (Microgaster), 166
Spheridium, 334 subconnectens (Hemixantha), 38, 52
spheciforme (Trochilium), 478 subcornutus (Heliscus), 444
Sphecodes, 334, 369 subeida instabilis (Belenois), 1
Sphecophila, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519 sublevipennis (Duviviera), 51
Sphegina, 330 subopacus (Triznurgus), 453
Sphinx, 111, 112 subrugosa (Hemixantha), 37, 52
Sphodromantis, 406 subsericeata (Acidalia), 1xxiv, lxxv
spica (Mylothris), xxxi suffusa (Blatta), 491, 509
Spilocephalus, 48 a (Phyllodromia), 491, 509
Spilogaster, 384 suilla (Scatophaga), 391, 393
Spindasis, 6, 10 suillus (Lophonotus), 349
spini (Thecla), lxxxix sumatrana (Huphina), 521, 523
spiniger (Henicopus), lxxxvili supellectilium (Phyllodromia), 494, 508
spinipes (Publius), 451 swaha (Aulocera), 110
spinosus (Petrejus), 457 sycophanta (Calosoma), lxvii
splendens (Eumerus), 340 sylvanus (Pamphila), 112, 116
spuria (Cyrtoma), 380, 386 sylvatica (Cicindela), 353
Spurius, 446 sylvestris (Anthocoris), 356
spurius (Dysmachus), 351 sylvia (Phrissura), 221
squalidus (Laparus), 342 Sympetrum, xviii, xevii, xevili, 399
Stacota, 274 Synchloé, 112, 347
Stalachtis, 414, 415, 416, 430, 432, 436 | Syrichthus, 112
Stauroderus, 351, 352 syrichthus (Hesperia), lxi
stellata (Lycrna), 77, 78, 86 Syrphus, 347, 356, 392
stellatarum (Macroglossa), xlix tabaniforme (Sciapteron), 477
Stenichneumon, 333 Tabanus, 354, 399
Stenoblatta, 502, 508, 519 Tachista, 391
Stenobothrus, 348, 351, 352 Tachydromia, 385, 386
Stenopogon, 337, 369 Tachypeza, 385, 386
stenurus (Alcimus), 845 Tachyris, xci
stercoraria (Scatophaga), 391, 392, 393, | Tachytes, 342
394 Treniocampa, Ixxxii
stercorea (Empis), 383 Teeniocerus, 447
Stichophthalma, vii tages (Nisoniades), 112,
stictica (Oxythyrea), 331 Tagiades, 112
Stictocema, 33, 34, 52 Talicada, 107
stigmadoce (Tatochila), xci talpee (Hystrichopsylla), xxxiv
stilbiota (Imma), 198 tantalus (Lyceena), 74, 85
a (Tortricomorpha), 198 taprobanes (Termes), 394
Stomatoceras, 123, 128, 129 Tarucus, 109
Stomoxys, 382, 892 Tatochila, xci, xcii
Strenia, Ixvii tavetensis (Spindasis), 6, 10
strepsizona (Imma), 197 Taxonus, 391
strigosa (Hymenoplia), 357 telekiana (Acraea), 305
Stringophorus, 92 Telephorus, 402
striolatum (Sympetrum), Ixviii, 399 telicanus (Lyczena), 1xxxix
strumosa (Lomechusa), xlvili », (Tarucus), 109
Stugela, 108 Telicota, 400
sturmi (Exosoma), 30 Telipna, 219
5, (Malacosoma), 30 tellus (Planema), 218
stygne petialare (Hrebia), ix Temnopteryx, 514, 515
stylifera (Hypospheria), 506 tenax (Eritalis), 335
suasa (Mamestra), xxix, Ixxx tenebrosa (Hypospheeria), 506, 508
suaveolens (Mycalesis), vi ” (Nyctibora), 501
subapterus (Coranus), 405 tentyris (Euryphene), 6
subeincta (Brachycola), 507, 508 Tephrina, 349
‘5 (Hormetica), 507, 508, 519 Tephrosia, 484, 486
( clxxii )
Teracolus, xxi, xxii, xxx, xxxi, lxxxv,
Ixxxvi, ]xxxvii, xci, xcvi, xcvil, civ,
cy, 8, 9, 10, 104, 347
Merias, xxi xiv, xv, [xix xe xcit;
Xcili, 118, 221, 345
Teriomima, Ixxxvi, 221
Termes, 341, 394
terra (Pseudacriea), 218
tessellata (Empis), 380, 381, 382, 386,
388, 389, 402, 409
tesseraria (Imma), 187
testaceipes (Promachus), 344, 372, 378
tetragonus (Epiphoroneus), 445, 460
Tetraracus, 458
teutonia (Belenois), xci
thalassina (Leuceronia), xxXi
Thalpochares, 204
Thaumantis, vi
theaphia (Scada), Lxi
Thecla, xxviii, lii, Ixxxix, 404
Theganopteryx, 231, 232, 2338, 234, 235,
236, 237, 288, 240, 247, 248, 279,
488, 509
Theretra, 120
Thereva, 384
thermesia (Dismorphia), xciii
thespis (Lyciena), 79
thomsoni (Luperus), 32
Thoracites, 347
thore (Argynnis), Ixxvili
thwaitesi (Anaplecta), 241, 243, 279
Thyanta, 337, 369
Thylacopleura, 170, 172
thymora (Imma), 203
thyriditis (Imma), 180
Thyrsocera, 234, 238, 248, 249,
252-262, 278, 488, 501, 508
thysa (Belenois), xxxvi, xcvi,
221
thysanomera (Notogonia), 349
Tiberius, 445, 446, 467
Tibicen, 336
tibullus trimeni (Papilio), 285, 290
tigrina (Caricea), 329, 383, 391
Tiphia, 332
Tipula, 356, 358, 378, 381
tirikensis (Pseudacreea), 212, 213
Tirumala, xxxi, 215, 216, 217, 337
tithonus (Hipparchia), 116, 117
Tithorea, 414, 431
tithoreides (Pieris), xev
tlascala (Passalus), 451
Tmetonota, 346
tolteca (Thyrsocera), 253
tomlini (Euplectus), ]xxiii
tominia (Terias), xcii
tongaatensis (Exosoma), 31
5p (Malacosoma), 31
250,
X¢cVil,
tonkinensis (Corydia), 508
Topaza, 170, 185
Torodera, 25
torridus (Halictus), 340
Tortricomorpha, xxxvii, 170, 172, 174,
LD Lid lcs lO Leia LOO 192:
194, 196, 198, 199
Tortrix, xeviii, 166, 356, 382, 38
toruna (Acrea), 310, 320
transversella (Cryptophasa), 174
5 (Imma), 174
(Tortricomorpha), 174
trapezoides (Pleurostylus), 449
3 (Veturius), 450
Trapezonotus, 405
Triznurgus, 452
triardis (Imma), 174
Tribonium, 502, 508
trichinota (Imma), 185
Trichoptilus, xxii, 133-154
trifaria (Prosopleecta), 505, 508
Trigona, lxiv, lxv, lxvi
trigonus (Dysmachus), 335, 350
trimenia (Mylothris), vi
trinervis (Kutermes), 400
tristicula (Pseudomops), 261, 265
on (Thyrsocera), 261
Trithemis, 342, 349
tritici (Agrotis), xxx
Trochilium, 471-482
trophonius (Merope), 290
¥ (Papilio), xlvi, 281, 282,
283, 285, 286, 290, 293, 294, 295, 296
tropicus (Heliscus), 444
Tropideres, 1
truncorum (Medeterus), 391
tuberculifrons (Veturius), 453, 454
tukuoa (Precis), lvii, lviii
Typhlocyba, 379, 380
typica (Neenia), Lxxvil
tyrocnista (Imma), 199
uganda (Papilio), 9, 10
undulata (Scotosia), 397
ungulatus (Dolichopus), 355
unicolor (Pompilus), 335
unicolorana (Hastula), 160
i (Tortrix), 161, 166
unicornis (Neleus), 460
a (Passalus), 451, 460
unidentaria (Coremia), 525
unifasciata (Hmmelesia), xxxi
unifasciatus (Eueides), 425
uniforma (Nisotra), 21
unilineata (Chortophila), xiii
urbana (Creobotra), 406
», (Mydea), 391
urticee (Vanessa), Ixvii, 100, 116, 409
», polaris (Vanessa), Xciii
( clxxiv »)
usambarica (Aphthona), 12
3 (Crepidodera), 15
5 (Megalognatha), 47
uvui (Acrea), 219
vaccinil (Orrhodia), Ixxxii
vagans (Stauroderus), 352
», (Stenobothrus), 352
vagator (Promachus), 342
vallonia (Ceratinia), lxi, 413
Vanessa, xvii, xcili, 97, 99, 100, 102,
116, 409
varanes (Charaxes), iv
varia (Epilampra), 500, 508, 519
Varicheta, 356
variegata (Phyllodromia), 490
variegatus (Bracon), 166
varipennis (Anaplecta), 246, 280
Velinus, lxiv, lxv
Vellejus, 447
velutina (Imma), 201
3 (Moca), 170, 201
venilia (Ixias), 521
Verres, 451, 455
Verroides, 451
verrucosa (Hormetica), 507
Vespa, 386, 344, 373, 378, 399, 401
vespiforme (Sciapteron), 477
vestigialis (Agrotis), xxx
Veturius, 444, 445, 449, 450, 453, 454,
456
vetustus (Heliconius), Ixi, 413, 416,
422, 424, 480, 432, 433, 434, 435
vexans (Quedius), ]xxili
viardi (Pieris), xev
viatica (Macronychia), 392
viaticus (Pompilus), 331, 369
viator (Hodotermes), 94
vibilia (Eueides), 413, 416, 425, 427, 430
vicinus (Leptaulax), 445
vidua (Melipona), 338
,, (Pinacopteryx), 1, li
vinidia (Acrea), 219
Vinzela, 170, 179
viola (Imma), 187
,, (Tortricomorpha), 187
violaceipennis (Monolepta), 40
viole (Acreea), xli
Virachola, 108
virens (Corymbites), 409
virescens (Blatta), 491, 509
3 (Gicophylla), 124
55 (Panchlora), 513, 514
“ (Phyllodromia), 491, 509
virgaureee (Chrysophanus), Ixxxix
~ miegii (Chrysophanus), ix
viridana (Tortrix), 356, 582, 389
viridis (Panchlora), 509, 510, 511, 512,
5138, 514
viridis (Schematizella), 51
viridissima (Locusta}, 407
viridulus (Stenobothrus), 348
vitellinee (Phyllodecta), 404
vitripennis (Musca), 354
Volucella, 381
volusus (Rhipipallus), 129
vulgaris (Donacia), 405
», (Vespa), 399
vulgatum (Sympetrum), xevli, xeviii
wahlbergi (Kuralia), lii, liii, liv, lv,
lvi, lvii, 289
3 (Hypolimnas), 212
walkeri (Pseudomops), 257
Weiseana, 23
weisei (Megalognatha), 47
(Nisotra), 21, 52
», (Phyllotetra), 13, 52
westermanni (Icterica), xevi
wigginsii (Acreea), 215
wismanni (Physonychis), 25
woodwardi (Neptis), 214
Xantha (Teriomima), 221
Xanthandrus, 165, 323, 396, 397
xantharcha (Imma), 185
Xanthidia, xxii
xanthophlia (Blatta), 250, 489, 509
Af (Pseudothyrsocera), 250,
489, 509, 519
Xanthorhoé, evi, 525-531
Xylina, lxxix, lxxxii
Xylocopa, 339, 341, 370
xylocopiformis (Hyperechia), 339, 378
Xylophasia, 407
Yphthima, ii, lxiv, 62, 64
yulii (Mylothris), 7, 221
zambesiana (Monolepta), 41
zapateri (Erebia), ix
zarepha (Ithomia), Lxi
zebrina (Blepharipoda), 344
Zemeros, 104
zenobia (Papilio), 213, 217
Zephyrus, lxxxix
Zeritis, 80, 86
zetes (Acriva), 220
Zetobora, 504, 506, 508
zetterstedti (Gegenes), ii, 112
zeyheri (Capparis), 114
zeylanica (Anaplecta), 241, 243, 279
zingha (Charaxes), 207
5, (Monura), 220
zita (Terlas), xcil
Zizera, 344
zochalia formosa (Belenois), 221
Zombrus, 93
zonata (Laxenecera), 339
zosine (Ogyris), 122
Zygiena, 55
9)
Marcu 27th, 1907.
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
For THE YEAR 1906.
I. A Contribution towards the knowledge of African
Rhopalocera. By Percy I. Laray, F.Z.S., FES.
[Read November Ist, 1905.]
Puates I, II.
For some time past I have been receiving collections of
Lepidoptera from various parts of Africa, and though none
of them have been sufficiently interesting to be treated
separately, yet taken together they contain several new
species and some extremely interesting aberrations which
I propose to describe and in some cases figure in this
paper.
All the types of the new species here described are in
the collection of Mr. Herbert J. Adams.
HENOTESIA OCHRACEA, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 1.)
g. Upper-side. Fore wing ochreous-yellow, basal area fuscous,
apical area and outer margin blackish-brown ; two small black-
white centred spots in apical area, the upper of these being the
larger ; a large black-white centred spot between second and lower
median nervules. Hind wing dull ochreous-yellow basal area, inner
and outer margins fuscous,
Under-side. Fore wing as above but with the dark area replaced
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 1
2 Mr. P. T. Lathy’s Contribution
by fuscous irrorated with dark grey and the ocelli not so dis-
tinct. Hind wing fuscous irrorated with dark grey, traces of an
irregular waved median line, beyond which the ground colour is
slightly ochreous, and a submarginal row of obscure ocelli.
Exp. 50 millim.
Hab, BrnE District, Angola.
I received a single specimen of this striking species.
It is allied to H. simonsi, Butl., but may at once be dis-
tinguished by the much darker and wider apical area of
fore wing, both above and below, and by absence of post-
median line of fore wing below.
ACRHA MIRIFICA, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 2.)
¢. Upper-side. Fore wing blackish-brown with quadrate black
spot at upper end of cell; a wide semihyaline whitish band from
costa beyond cell to anal angle. Hind wing blackish-brown, with
three minute submarginal white spots.
Under-side. Fore wing ; inner marginal area widely blackish,
upper part of cell and apical area olivaceous-white, a black spot at
end of cell as above and a smaller black spot within cell. Hind
wing olivaceaus-white, base black, and containing two red spots of
which the upper is much the larger, a black patch at end of, one
crossing centre of cell and another below cell extending to inner
margin, an irregular greatly curved series of black spots around
cell, a submarginal row of seven red spots outwardly edged with
black and between each of these spots on the nervule a black dash.
Exp. 46 millim.
flab. Brat District, Angola.
A single specimen of this wonderfully striking Acrea
was obtained. I cannot compare it with any other species
in the genus.
ACR#A ACUTIPENNIS, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 3.)
¢. Upper-side. Fore wing red, apex blackish-brown, a black spot
within, one at end of, and two below cell; an irregular black bar
beyond cell extending from costa to second median nervule. Hind
wing red, outer margin black containing small red lunules which
become obsolete towards anal angle, base of and area below cell
black, a black spot in centre of and another at upper end of
cell, a greatly curved and irregular series of eight black spots
around cell.
Under-side. Fore wing as above, but apical area paler. Hind
towards the knowledge of African Rhopalocera. 3
wing as above but basal black area broken up into distinct black
spots, two additional spots to outer series on inner margin ; the red
lunules of outer marginal border replaced by distinct olivaceous
lunules ; the neuration olivaceous, widely so on basal half of median
nervure.
Exp. 62 millim.
Hab, NORTH-EASTERN RHODESIA.
This species appears to be near A. periphanes, Oberth.,
and its allies; it can however be distinguished by its more
pointed wings, and the peculiar olivaceous colouring of the
neuration of hind wings below.
ACREA ANGOLANUS, sp. nov. (Plate I, figs. 4, 5.)
d. Upper-side. Fore wing black, a quadrate hyaline-white
patch beyond middle of cell; two round patches below, of which
the upper is the larger, three similar subapical patches, of which
the upper two are quadrate, the lower round and nearer outer
margin. Hind wing black, cell and area round, except below third
median nervule yellow.
Under-side. Fore wing paler than above, apical area olivaceous
with nervures and dashes between blackish ; median nervure and
nervules olivaceous, an elongated reddish-brown mark on costa at
base; hyaline markings as above. Hind wing, yellow area as
above, the black replaced by olivaceous with nervules and dashes
between black, basal black area replaced by reddish-brown; the
following black spots in basal area: two at base, one in costal lobe,
one in cell, and three within and three at lower edge of basal
red area ; anal angle reddish-brown.
2. Similar to male but slightly larger and paler and with outer
margin of hind wing not so concave.
Exp. ¢ 56-64 millim.; 2 62-66 millim.
Hab. Brak District, Angola.
A long series of both sexes of this new form was
obtained. It is closely allied to A. oreas, Sharpe, but may
be separated by its greater size, the markings of fore
wing being large and hyaline instead of small and yellow,
the greater extent of yellow area of hind wing and the
much paler ground colour below. I also figure a very
beautiful aberration of the female in which markings of
fore wing are hyaline-yellow and the yellow area of hind
wing is extended in rays to outer margin.
+ Mr. P. I. Lathy’s Contribution
BYBLIA GOETZIUS, Herbst. (Plate I, fig. 6.)
Ab. 2. Upper-side. Fore wing normal. Hind wing with inner
half of submarginal orange markings irrorated with blackish.
Under-side. Fore wing with subapical whitish spots entirely
absent. Hind wing with ground colour asin form acheloia, Wallengr.,
faint traces of the dark marking of that form, all the whitish
markings totally absent.
Exp. 5 millim.
Hab. Brut Districr, Angola.
A single female of this remarkable aberration was sent
from Angola together with a great number of the normal
form.
PSEUDACRAA ALBOSTRIATA, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 7.)
¢. Upper-side. Fore wing blackish-brown with large dull red
patch on inner margin occupying about one-third of wing area;
beyond cell a series of long white striz between nervules, the lower
ones being shorter and broader ; three black spots within, one at end,
and one below cell. Hind wing blackish-brown, diseal area dull
red paler towards inner margin; nervules towards outer margin
heavily bordered with black and wide black strize between them ;
three black spots within, one at end, three above and one below cell.
Under-side. Fore wing paler than above, white striz much more
distinet, a basal black spot within cell, and the cellular spots, except-
ing lower middle one edged with white. Hind wing whitish, basal
half olivaceous, outer margin narrowly blackish-brown, nervules and
strie towards outer margin as above but paler, a Z-shaped black
mark on precostal nervure ; other black markings as above.
Q. Upper-side. Fore wing similar to male but red patch reduced
and darker, white strize less distinct and black spots outlined with
olivaceous. Hind wing as in male but discal area paler. Under-side
similar to male but less red in fore wing, and ground colour of
hind-wing totally olivaceous,
Exp. ¢ 66 millim. ; ¢ 68 millim.
Hab. ENTEBBE, Uganda.
Allied to P. dolomena, Hew., and P. pharsa, Fruhs., but
may at once be distinguished from the former by white
strie of fore wing and the latter by darker outer margin to
hind wing and different ground colour of hind wing below ;
also in pharsa, Fruhs., the striz: coalesce and form an
indistinct band,
towards the knowledge of African Rhopalocera. 5
EKUPHEDRA PECULIARIS, sp. nov. (Plate I, figs. 8, 9.)
g. Upper-side. Fore wing dull green with narrow golden-yellow
subapical band inwardly bordered, two obscure dark spots within
and one at end of cell, widely with dark green, apex tipped with
white. Hind wing dull green. Under-side. Fore wing yellowish-
green, inner margin dark grey, three distinct black spots within cell
and a small obscure one at upper end; apical band represented by
three small whitish spots, apex tipped with white. Hind wing
yellowish-green, two black spots within cell and four obscure whitish
spots beyond on upper half of wing.
2. Upper-side. Fore wing dull olive-brown, apical half black, a
golden-yellow subapical band and white spot at apex. Hind wing
dull olive-brown. Under-side. Fore wing green, inner margin grey,
two minute black spots within cell, subapical band represented by
four whitish spots, apex as above, an obscure submarginal dark band.
Hind wing green, a black spot within cell, a narrow broken white
band beyond extending from costal nervure to below upper median
nervule, an obscure submarginal band as in fore wing.
Exp. ¢ 66-74 millim.; 2 88 millim.
fab. ENTEBBE, Uganda.
The male of this interesting species resembles /. medon,
Linn., from which it may be separated by the extremely
narrow subapical band, while the female has the appearance
of L. losinga, Hew.; here again the narrow subapical band
serves as a distinguishing character, also the ground colour
of the under-side of #. losinga, Hew., is a greyish-green
and the cellular spots are more distinct.
KURYPHENE ENTEBBIA, sp.nov. (Plate II, fig. 1.)
3. Upper-side. Fore wing dark olivaceous-brown, costa dull
greenish ; two yellowish-brown bars edged with blackish within and
a yellowish-brown bar below cell, an irregular median and two
irregular postmedian bands of same colour, Hind wing dark oliva-
ceous brown, yellowish-brown at base and four irregular yellowish-
brown bands beyond cell. Under-side. Fore wing pale brown ; a
black spot within cell near base and a black figure of 8 in centre
of, a dark line closing and another beyond cell, an irregular dark
median line outwardly bordered with dull yellowish-white, a very
faint highly indented submarginal dark line and a row of faint post-
median black spots. Hind wing pale brown, two black rings and a
black spot within cell, a highly irregular dark median line ; post-
median marking as in fore wing.
6 Mr. P. [. Lathy’s Contribution
?. Upper-side. Fore wing asin male but larger, the pale markings
ochre and more conspicuous, especially on nervures. Hind wing
paler than in male and with a broad discal ochreous fascia. Under-
side with markings of both wings similar to male but ground colour
much paler.
Exp. ¢ 60-63 millim, ; ? 78 millim.
Hab. ENTEBBE, Uganda.
Allied to #. tentyris, Hew., and mandinga, Feld.; the male
may be separated from both by its different colour which is
the same as in JZ. lextitia, Plotz. The female has a muh
wider yellow fascia on hind wing than tentyris, Hew., and
this fascia does not approach so near the hind margin as
in mandinga, Feld.
SPINDASIS TAVETENSIS, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 10.)
d. Upper-side. Fore wing blackish-brown, inner marginal area
shining violet-blue ; an obscure orange spot at end of and band of
similar colour beyond cell, and a subapical spot. Hind wing shining
violet-blue, costa and apex blackish.
Under-side. Fore wing pale yellow with the following brown,
silver centred, black-edged markings : two spots near base, a band
crossing centre of cell and one beyond, a spot on costa and irregular
postmedian and submarginal bands, Hind wings pale yellow, mark-
ings of similar colour to fore wing as follows: large diffused spot
about base, and beyond three irregular bands merging together at
anal angle where they are sharply angled.
2. Upper-side. Fore wing similar to male but blue without
lustre and orange markings larger and paler, the subapical spot being
replaced by a band. Hind wing as in male but blue without lustre,
and traces of a pale postmedian band.
Under-side. Both wings as in male but paler.
Exp. ¢ 30-34 millim.; 35 2 millim.
Hab. TAvETA, British EK. Africa.
Very closely allied to S. ella, Hew., but the orange
markings of fore wings above are much more obscure, and
5
markings of both wings below darker.
MYLOTHRIS SIMILIS, sp. nov. (Plate I, figs. 2, 3.)
g. Upper-side. Fore wing white slightly tinged with orange at
base, apex black; black spots on outer margin at termination of
nervules, excepting submedian. Hind wing white, base of costa
orange, a faint tinge of yellowish at base above cell ; black spots on
outer margin at termination of nervules excepting costal. Under-side.
towards the knowledge of African Rhopalocera. i
Fore wing white, basal third orange, black spots on outer margin and
apex at termination of nervules, Hind wing as above.
2. Upper-side of both wings as in male, but basal orange and
yellow area more diffused, especially in hind wing. Under-side as in
male.
Exp. ¢ 60 millim.; 9 63-66 millim.
Hab, MALANJE, British Central Africa.
Very closely allied to JZ. ruppelliz, Koch, and A. yulez,
Butl. The male may easily be distinguished from the
former by the much smaller basal orange patch ; this patch
is also smaller than in yw/ei, Butl.; other respects in
which it’ differs from Butler’s species are the pure white of
the wings below and more distinct submarginal spots.
The female differs in much the same way but in a less
degree. The upper discocellular of the fore wing is more
oblique in the new species than in ruppelli, Koch,
PIERIS PIGEA, Boisd. (Plate II, fig. 4.)
Ab. 2. Upper-side. Fore wing orange with dark scaling along
costa and an outer margin at termination of nervules, a round dark
spot between upper and middle median nervules. Hind wing orange
with minute black spots as above, but less distinct.
Under-side. Fore wing orange-yellow, basal third orange discal
dark spot as above, but less distinct. Hind wing orange-yellow.
Exp. 46 millim.
Hab. Mt. KIiLtIMANJARO, British East Africa.
A single female of this fine aberration was obtained
together with seven femaies belonging to the form
rubrobasalis, Lanz.
PIERIS LILIANA, Gr. Sm. (Plate II, fig. 5.)
Ab. 2. Upper-side. Fore wing smoky grey with traces of a
discal spot between upper and middle median nervules. Hind
wing smoky grey with trace of submarginal pale patches.
Under-side. Fore wing dull cream, discal spot more distinct than
above and another spot below lower median nervule. Hind wing
greyish white costa narrowly orange at base, a postmedian series of
dark spots.
Exp. 52 millim.
Hab. Tavera, British East Africa.
A single example cf this peculiar form among a large
number of typical females.
8 Mr. P. I. Lathy’s Contribution
TERACOLUS CASTALIS, Stgr. (Plate II, fig. 6.)
Ab. 9. Upper-side. Fore wing pale orange-yellow, base costa
and outer margin dark brown, the latter widely so ; a dark brown
spot at end of cell, a series of pale orange-yellow spots within
marginal border and minute spots of same colour on outer margin
between nervules. Hind wing pale orange-yellow, base dark, marginal
border as in fore wing but with yellow markings larger.
Under-side. Fore wing paler than above, dark brown markings
mostly replaced by dull orange-yellow irrorated with reddish towards
apex, a blackish spot at end of cell, and two blackish spots between
upper and lower median nervules. Hind wing dull orange-yellow
irrorated with dark scales, a minute dark spot at end of cell, and
a submarginal broken ferruginous band.
Exp. 50 millim.
Hab. TAVETA, British East Africa.
I received a large number of this Zeracolus, but only
one specimen of this striking form of the female; two
other females have the wings suffused with primrose-yellow,
especially in the hind wing.
TERACOLUS BACCHUS, Butl. (Plate II, figs. 7, 8.)
Ab. Upper-side. Left fore wing, normal female. Right fore
wing normal male with exception of base being somewhat darker,
a whitish spot on upper inner edge of violet patch, and a black
patch between upper and middle median nervules, Left hind
wing normal female. Right hind wing normal female excepting
apical third, which is normal male.
Under-side. Left fore wing normal male with exception of larger
cellular spot and traces of female markings on discoidal nervules.
Right hind wing normal male with exception of brown patch on
costa not far from apex and female markings below lower discoidal
and an obscure dark spot below lower median nervule. Left hind
wing normal female. Right hind wing normal male with exception
of orange cellular spot, ground colour mostly tinged with yellowish
and dark brown bar from costa half way across wing.
Exp. 62 millim.
Hab. TAVETA, British East Africa.
This is the most remarkable gynandromorphous specimen
I have ever seen, each wing with the exception of the left
hind wing being a curious jumble of the characteristic
markings of both sexes.
towards the knowledge of African Rhopalocera. 9
TERACOLUS EUPOMPE, Klug. (Plate IT, figs. 9, 10.)
Ab. a. ¢. Upper-side. Fore wing as in typical specimens but
with the apex bright primrose-yellow instead of red. Hind wing
typical.
Under-side. Fore wing normal, but with apex pale primrose-
yellow. Hind wing normal but with cellular spot centred with
yellow.
Exp. 54 millim.
Hab. Taveta, British East Africa.
Only one specimen of this lovely aberration among
many hundred typical specimens.
Ab. b. $ Upper-side. Fore wing with black band on inner edge
of apical red patch twice the usual width. Hind wing with
marginal black spot larger.
Under-side. Fore wing with apical portion of nervules more
heavily bordered with black. Hind wing with all the nervules
heavily bordered with black especially towards outer margin, area
below cell irrorated with blackish.
Exp. 54 millim.
Hab, Tavera, British East Africa.
One specimen of this rather peculiar aberration.
PAPILIO UGANDA, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 11.)
¢. Upper-side. Fore wing blackish-brown with the following
whitish markings: three small patches within, and three beyond cell
and two beyond these, a patch above second median nervule and
two large patches on inner margin, one above and one below sub-
median, three sub-marginal spots towards anal angle. Hind wing
blackish-brown with wide antemedian whitish band a row of sub-
marginal whitish twin spots fringe on inner margin yellowish.
Under-side. Fore wing paler than above and reddish at base,
pale markings rather more obscure. Hind wing pale brown, paler
markings much more obscure than above, base reddish, a white spot
on base, outwardly edged with black, a black spot on outer edge of
precostal.
Exp. ¢ 74—83 millim.
Hab. ENTEBBE, Uganda.
Closely allied to P. carchedonius, Karsch, but may be
distinguished by the greatly reduced pale markings of
both wings. In one specimen the pale markings of hind
wing and patches on inner margin of fore wing are inclined
to be ochreous.
10
Fia.
1a!
Cores oP
to)
10.
oF wp
Explanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PATE ale
Henotesia ochracea, sp. nov., p.
Acrexa mirifica, sp. Nov., p. 2.
5 acutipennis, sp. NOV., p.
ike
2.
; ene sp. nov. @, p. 3.
» » ab. 9, p.3.
Bipliac ‘outs ak Herbst., ab. 9,
p. 4.
Pseudacrea albostriata, sp. nov., p. 4.
Huphedra peculiaris, sp. nov. g, p. 5.
:
” ” ” ” 9, Pp. v-
Spindasis tavetensis, sp. nov. g, p. 6.
Prarn Te
Euryphene entebbix, sp. nov., p. 5.
Pe tat similis, sp. nov., ¢, p. 6.
” ” 2; p- G
Pigs is piged, ‘Bed. abiOG pele
5 vdtana, Gr. Sm., ab. 95 p. 7.
Teracolus castalis, Stgr., ab. @,
7" bacchus, Butl., wpper
” ” ” under
Dad:
gynandromorphous
specimen, p. 8.
5 eupompe, Klug., ab., p. 9.
” ” ” ”
Papilio uganda, sp. nov., p. 9.
p. 9.
oe)
II. Descriptions of new genera and species of African
Halticinee and Galerucine. By Martin JAcosy,
[Read December 6th, 1905.]
PLATE III.
THE present paper deals with those species of Halticine
and Galerucine which I have received from time to time
from various parts of Africa and are contained in my
collection. Although we are only at the commencement
of our knowledge of the African fauna, every contribution
helps to extend it, and a considerable amount of material
has already accumulated and been worked out. It has
been found that the African species are by no means so
universally distributed in that great continent as was at
first supposed ; on the contrary, they seem to be confined
to certain areas, each having its special fauna, although of
course there are exceptions; the West African fauna is
quite distinct from that of the other portions as is also the
South from the Central portion. German East Africa has
furnished a large number of new species, well worked out
by Herr Weise as far as the Phytophaga are concerned.
HALTICIN A.
Aphthona marshalli, sp. n.
Testaceous, the terminal joints of the antenne and the scutellum
black, the under-side and the posterior femora piceous, head im-
punctate, thorax transverse, extremely minutely punctured, elytra
very finely and closely punctate. Length 2 millim.
Head impunctate, of a more fulvous tint than the thorax, with
narrow, oblique grooves from the eyes to the clypeus, the latter broad
and flat, the labrum black, antennz rather short, the four or five
lower joints flavous, the others black, the second joint thicker and
slightly longer than the third and following joint, terminal ones
slightly thickened; thorax about one-half broader than long, the
lateral margins nearly straight, forming an oblique angle towards the
apex, the disc impunctate, flavous, very shining, scutellum black,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY)
12. Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
elytra rather elongate, scarcely widened at the middle, testaceous,
very closely and finely punctured, legs testaceous, the breast, abdo-
men and the posterior femora blackish ; metatarsus of the hind-legs
as long as the following two joints together.
flab. Esvcourt, Natal (G. Marshall).
A small species, allied to A. ovatipennis, Jac., likewise
from Africa but of more elongate and parallel shape, the
thorax impunctate, with less distinct oblique anterior
angles, the elytral punctuation irregular and very close.
Aphthona dilutipes, sp. n.
Winged, above flavous, below and the legs nearly black, the basal
four joints of the antenne flavous, the others black, thorax subquad-
rate, impunctate, elytra scarcely perceptibly punctured, the knees
and the base of the tibia dark fulvous. Length 3 millim.
Of rather broad and convex shape, the head impunctate, the frontal
tubercles small but strongly raised, the labrum black, antenne rather
long, the second and third joint equal, the fourth slightly longer, the
terminal joints slightly thickened ; thorax subquadrate, scarcely one-
half broader than long, the sides feebly and evenly rounded, the
surface flavous, impunctate, rather convex ; scutellum broader than
long ; elytra convex and subcylindrical, widest at the middle, the
shoulders not much produced, the apex broadly rounded, the surface
with some minute punctures, only visible under a very strong lens ;
under-side and legs nearly black, the extreme apex of the femora and
the base of the tibiz more or less fulvous, posterior tibiee deeply
sulcate, their metatarsus as long as the following two joints together,
the terminal spur of the tibize short and stout.
Hab. Estcourt, Natal.
A. usambarica, Weise, seems somewhat closely allied but
in the present species, in which the frontal tubercles are
very distinct also, the legs are black and the scutellum is
flavous.
Longitarsus amabilis, sp. n.
Winged, the head and thorax fulvous, antennx flavous, the
terminal joints black, thorax very minutely punctured, elytra
regularly punctate-striate, black, shining, the interstices sparingly
punctured, legs flavous, the posterior femora and the breast and
abdomen black. Length 2 millim.
Head impunctate, fulvous, the frontal tubercles very distinct,
transverse, clypeus triangular, antenne slender, extending to about
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 18
the middle of the elytra, flavous, the last three or four joints more or
less blackish, second joint thicker but not longer than the third, the
following joints more elongate ; thorax subquadrate, convex, about
one-half broader than long, the sides nearly straight, anterior angles
oblique to a slight extent, the surface extremely minutely punctured,
pale fulvous, scutellum black, elytra slightly wider at the shoulders
than the thorax, convex, nearly subcylindrical, regularly and strongly
punctate-striate, the interstices with a few very fine punctures, black,
legs flavous, the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the
following joints together ; breast and abdomen black.
Hab. Dunsropy, Cape Colony (fev. O'Neil), on
Euphorbie.
This small species is well distinguished by its system of
coloration, the distinct frontal tubercles and the nearly
regularly punctate-striate elytra.
Longitarsus brawnsi, sp. 0.
Winged, black, the basal joints of the antenne, the head and
thorax reddish-fulvous, elytra metallic dark blue, very closely
punctured, thorax impunctate, subquadrate. Length 25-3 millim.
Head smooth, impunctate, the frontal elevations just indicated, flat
and broad, no oblique grooves, clypeus broad, impunctate, labrum
and palpi black, antennw extending to the middle of the elytra,
black, the lower four and the base of the fifth joint, flavous, third
and fourth joint equal, longer than the second one, the fifth the
longest, terminal joints thickened ; thorax subquadrate, one-half
broader than long, the lateral margins nearly straight, the anterior
angles oblique, forming another angle before the middle, the surface
impunctate, fulvous, scutellum broadly triangular, black; elytra
scarcely widened at the middle, broadly rounded at the apex, very
convex, dark blue, the punctuation very fine and arranged in indis-
tinet very closely approached rows ; under-side and legs black, very
shining, metatarsus of posterior legs longer than the following two
joints together.
Hab. WILLOWMORE, Cape Colony (Dr. Brawns).
The black under-side and similarly coloured legs in
connection with the general system of coloration distin-
guishes this species (I received three specimens from Dr.
Brauns) from its African allies.
Phyllotetra weisei, sp.n. (Plate ITI, fig. 3.)
Black, the basal two or three joints of the antenne, the base of the
tibize and the tarsi, more or less flavous, head finely, thorax strongly
14 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
and closely punctured, elytra flavous, very closely and irregularly
punctured, a narrow sutural and a still more narrow lateral and
apical margin, greenish-black. Length 2 millim,
Head closely and finely punctured, with small and smooth frontal
elevations, clypeus rather convex, widened in front, impunctate,
antenni robust, black, the lower three (sometimes two) joints flavous,
the second, third and fourth joint equal, the fifth slightly longer in
the male, terminal joints thickened ; thorax one-half broader than
long, greenish-black, strongly and closely punctured ; elytra slightly
wider at the base than the thorax and of similar punctuation, the
dark sutural band narrowed at the base and apex, the lateral bands
of about half the width, the shoulders sometimes likewise with a
small spot ; the male organ is of slender, parallel and slightly curved
shape, broadly rounded at the apex, the latter ending in a small
point at the middle.
Hab. DuNBRODY, Cape Colony (fev. O'Neil).
This species is perhaps more nearly allied to P. parallela,
Boisd., than to any others, it is of the same size and
coloration but the sutural band is not so broad and much
narrower at the base and apex; the shoulders have only a
very small spot occasionally and the male organ is pointed
at the middle instead of broadly rounded.
Crepidodera (Derocrepis) acuminata, sp. n.
Narrowly elongate, pointed posteriorly, apterous ; lower joints of
the antennx, the head and thorax fulvous, elytra bark blue, strongly
punctate-striate, the interstices minutely punctured, anterior and
intermediate legs fulvous, posterior ones and the breast and abdomen
black. Length 2 millim.
Of posteriorly pointed shape, the head impunctate, rufous or
fulvous, obliquely grooved between the eyes, frontal elevations rather
small, trigonate, labrum piceous, antenne about half the length of
the body (taken as a whole), the lower seven joints flavous, the others
blackish, the second to the fourth joint of equal length, fifth joint
slightly longer, penultimate three joints short and thicker, apical
joint more elongate ; thorax about one-half broader than long, the
sides rather strongly deflexed anteriorly, the lateral margins feebly
rounded, the angles not very marked, basal sulcus straight and deep,
bounded at the sides by an equally deep perpendicular groove with
high lateral ridges, the disc only perceptibly punctured when seen
under a strong lens, scutellum black, broader than long; elytra
scarcely widened at the middle, pointed at the apex, metallic-blue,
closely and strongly punctate-striate, the interstices very finely and
Species of African Halticinew and Galerucine, 15
indistinctly punctured ; thorax below and the anterior and inter-
mediate legs fulvous, rest of the under-side and the posterior femora
black, breast and abdomen nearly smooth.
Hab. GRAHAMSTOWN, South Africa (Rev. O'Neil).
Much smaller than C. peringueyi, apterous, the elytra
pointed, the antennz with the terminal four joints dark
only.
Crepidodera malvernensis, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 1.)
Below black, above dark metallic-blue, the basal joints of the
antenne and the legs fulvous, thorax strongly punctured, with oblique
projecting anterior angles, deeply sulcate ; elytra closely and strongly
geminate punctate-striate. Length 3 millim.
Head impunctate, the vertex black, frontal elevations strongly
raised, rounded, fulvous like the clypeus and the labrum, antenne
long and slender, black, the lower three joints fulvous, basal joint
robust, second, one-half shorter than the third joint, fourth and
following joints elongate; thorax transversely subquadrate, the
lateral margins rounded at the middle, the anterior angles strongly
produced outwards and pointed, the base with a deep sinuate sulcus
bounded at the sides by an equally deep perpendicular groove, the
surface very strongly but irregularly punctured, the space below the
suleus nearly impunctate, scutellum impunctate ; elytra with a
rather deep depression below the base, closely and strongly punctured
in double rows, the interstices at the sides longitudinally costate ;
breast and abdomen purplish-black, legs fulvous.
Hab. MALVERN, Natal (C. Barker); also UPPER Ton-
GAAT (C. Barker).
A well-distinguished species on account of the metallic-
blue upper surface, the produced anterior angles of the
thorax, and the geminate punctuation of the elytra. The
species differs from Derocrepis, Weise, in its non-narrowed
anterior and posterior shape of the elytra, and in having
the thoracic sulcus placed at some distance from the base,
which is not narrowly raised as in the last-named genus.
Crepidodera usambarica, Weise (Deutsche Ent. Zeite.
1902).
A comparison of this species of which Weise kindly has
sent me some specimens proves its identity with my C.
peringueyt (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1905), the imsect seems to
vary enormously in size, some specimens being twice as
16 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
large as others, but I am quite unable to find other
differences.
Crepidodera nigripes, sp. n.
Black, the basal joints of the antenne, the head and the thorax
flavous, the latter finely and sparingly punctured, elytra deeply
and closely punctate-striate, the interstices acutely longitudinally
costate. Length 23 millim.
Head impunctate at the vertex, flavous or pale fulvous, near the
eyes with a few punctures, frontal elevations narrowly oblique,
labrum black, antenne slender, black, the lower two or three joints
flavous, second joint slightly shorter than the third, this and the
following joints nearly equal ; thorax about one-half broader than
long, the margins nearly straight, the angles not very acute, the disc
with some fine and sparingly distributed punctures, flavous, the
basal suleus deep and straight, bounded laterally by a short perpen-
dicular groove ; scutellum broadly triangular, black ; elytra slightly
wider at the base than the thorax, elongate and parallel, sub-
cylindrical, the punctures deep, closely placed and somewhat trans-
verse, the interstices forming numerous acute longitudinal costee ;
below and the legs black.
Hab. Umuuart (C. Barker).
Cercyonia nigricollis, sp. n.
Subelongate and subcylindrical, black, the basal joints of the
antenne flavous, thorax very closely and finely punctured, elytra
fulvous, finely punctate-striate, the interstices very closely and finely
punctured. Length 4 millim.
Head minutely granulate and finely punctured, black, with a
slight bluish tint, with a shallow transverse groove between the eyes,
clypeus transverse, finely punctured, antennae widely separated,
black, the lower four joints flavous, third joint slender and longer
than the others, terminal joints triangularly widened from the fifth;
thorax twice as broad as long, the sides obliquely narrowed towards
the apex, the anterior angles acute, posterior margin slightly bisin-
uate, broadly produced at the middle, the surface extremely closely
and finely punctured, with still more minute punctures at the
interstices, black, scutellum triangular, piceous ; elytra sub-cylin-
drical, slightly narrowed posteriorly, pale fulvous, finely punctured
in rows, ten in number, the interstices very closely and finely
punctured ; under-side and legs black, posterior femora incrassate,
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 17
their tibie widened at the apex, carinate but not sulcate ; proster-
num narrow, anterior cotyloid cavities closed.
Hab. MALvERN, Natal (C. Barker).
On account of the structure of the antennze which have
their outer joints triangularly widened, the acute anterior
thoracic angles, non-sulcate tibize and generally elongate
shape of the insect, this species agrees with Weise’s genus
better than with Amphimela to which it is allied by the
well-separated bases of the antenni.
Ochrosis natalensis, sp. n.
Ovate, black, head, the antenne, thorax, and the legs fulvous,
thorax impunctate, elytra black, punctate-striate, the interstices
finely punctured. Length 25 millim.
Head impunctate, fulvous, the frontal elevations both broad and
indistinct, labrum piceous, antennee with short and rather robust
joints, the third more slender and slightly longer than the others,
terminal joints slightly stained with fuseus; thorax transversely
convex, not much more than one-half broader than long, the sides
strongly rounded at the middle, the disc convex, entirely impunctate,
fulvous, at the base a very shallow transverse sulcus is placed (only
seen in certain positions) which gradually curves downwards at the
sides to the basal margin, scutellum black ; elytra subcylindrical,
black, rather shining, strongly and regularly punctate-striate, the
interstices flat, sparingly and very finely punctured, legs robust,
fulvous, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following
joints together, tibize with a very small spine; breast and abdomen
black, the posternum narrow, the anterior cavities closed.
Hab. Ivara Mts. Malvern, Natal (C. Barker’).
Ochrosis, Foud., appears to be the only possible genus for
the reception of this species, agreeing as it does with
the European representatives of the genus in the structure
of the thorax and its shallow sulcus which gradually joins
the base. It is the first recorded species from Africa.
Chetocnema dunbrodensis, sp. n.
Dark neous, very shining, the antennex (the apical joints excepted)
and the legs flavous, posterior femora «neous, head and thorax
strongly punctured, elytra pointed posteriorly, strongly punctate-
striate, the interstices impunctate. Length 2% millim.
Head broad, without oblique grooves, deeply but not very closely
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 2
18 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
punctured, the clypeus separated from the face by an obsolete trans-
verse strongly punctured groove, antennz with the lower six joints
flavous, the rest black, the second joint scarcely shorter than the
third, the terminal joints distinctly shorter and thicker, thorax
about twice as broad as long, the sides nearly straight, the base
without an impressed line, the disc with deep but not very closely
placed punctures, of even size, the intervals much wider than the
punctures themselves ; elytra subcylindrical, but slightly narrowed
at the apex, not more strongly punctured than the thorax, the inter-
stices flat and impunctate ; under-side and the posterior femora
zneous, the rest of the legs flavous, sometimes stained with «neous,
metasternum strongly transversely rugose, the first tarsal joint
strongly dilated in the male.
Hab. DuNBRODY, Cape Colony (Rev. O’Nei/).
Of this species I received two specimens from the Rev.
O’Neil, which may be known from other African forms
by the metallic zeneous, not dull, coloration and the strongly
punctured head and thorax, the absence of lateral grooves
from the face, and the want of a basal impressed thoracic
line, also by the flat and impunctate elytral interstices.
The specimens were obtained under dead reeds.
Chetocnema barkeri, sp. n.
Dark neous, the antenne and the tibiew and tarsi fulvous, head
nearly impunctate, with a deep curved groove in front of the eyes,
thorax extremely minutely and closely punctured, elytra pointed,
very deeply and strongly punctate-striate, the interstices strongly
costate. Length 2 millim.
Of robust and broad shape, the elytra strongly pointed at the apex,
the head very broad, impunctate, with two very deep grooves ata
little distance from the eyes which commence above the latter in
shape of foveze and extend down to the sides of the clypeus, eyes very
large and slightly sinuate, antenne entirely fulvous, the third joint
distinctly longer and thinner than the others, terminal joints
eradually thickened but longer than broad ; thorax about twice as
broad as long, convex, the sides straight, strongly deflexed, the
lateral margins nearly straight, the anterior angles broadly oblique
and thickened, furnished with a fovea, the surface extremely
minutely punctured, when seen under a strong lens, the basal margin
with a short row of deeper punctures at the sides only, scutellum
very small; elytra convex, deeply punctate-striate, the interstices
strongly longitudinally costate except at the base, under-side nearly
black, the posterior femora «neous, very strongly thickened, the
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 19
tibia fulvous, the posterior ones with a strong tooth at the middle,
tarsi fulvous, the first joint strongly dilated ; prosternum very
narrow.
Hab. MALVERN, Natal (C. Barker).
This is a very characteristic species on account of the
deep frontal sulci of the head, unique amongst the other
members of the genus with which I am acquainted ; this
character, the colour of the antennze and legs and the
costate elytra will at once distinguish the species, of
which I received a single specimen from Mr. C. Barker.
Chextocnema purpurea, sp. Nn.
Elongate, parallel, below sneous, above, reddish-cupreous, the
basal joints of the antennz and the legs reddish-fulvous, thorax
closely and strongly punctured, elytra strongly and closely rugose-
punctate, the interstices longitudinally costate. Length 24 millim.
Head impunctate, reddish-cupreous, deeply obliquely grooved at
the sides, clypeus convex between the antennz, dark neous,
antennee fulvous, the terminal joints more or less blackish, basal
joint elongate, the third, fourth and fifth joint slightly shorter,
much longer than the second one, terminal joints shorter and thicker ;
thorax transversely subquadrate, quite twice as broad as long, the
lateral margins feebly rounded, the surface crowded with round, deep
punctures, scutellum transverse; elytra subcylindrical, parallel,
very closely impressed with transverse punctures, the interstices
closely and acutely longitudinally costate throughout ; legs dark
red, the posterior tibize with a strong tooth at the middle.
Hab. GRAHAMSTOWN (Liev. O'Neil).
A robust species of purplish-cupreous coloration with
dark reddish legs, well distinguished on that account and
by the closely punctured and costate elytra, the impunctate
head, etc. Two specimens have been kindly sent by the
Rey. O’Neil.
DUNBRODYA, gen. n.
Body oblong, smooth, antennz filiform, the third and following
joints nearly equal, eyes moderately large, thorax subquadrate,
slightly broader than long, the anterior angles oblique, posterior
femora strongly incrassate, their tibiz widened at the apex, deeply
longitudinally sulcate, armed at the apex with a long narrow spur,
emarginate at the posterior margin, metatarsus of the hind-legs longer
than the following joints together, claws appendiculate, prosternum
narrow and convex, the anterior cotyloid cavities open.
20 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
This genus has much the general appearance of Jamesonia, Jac.
(Thrymnes, Weise), but has filiform antennz and an elongate third
joint, the eyes are much smaller and the frontal elevations nearly
obsolete ; still greater difference is to be found in the emarginate
spur at the apex of the posterior tibize which resembles somewhat
that of Dibolia but is narrower and less deeply bifid, the metatarsus
is likewise much more elongate than in Jamesonia.
Dunbrodya nitida, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 5.)
Black, very shining, the basal joints of the antenne (the first
excepted) flavous, thorax broader than long, impunctate, elytra
microscopically punctured. Length 34-4 millim.
Of oblong-ovate shape, entirely black and very shining, the head
impunctate, the frontal elevations obsolete and transverse, the carina
very elongate and acutely raised, antennew slender and elongate,
black, the second and the following three joints as well as the base of
the sixth one, flavous, all the joints cylindrical, the fifth slightly
longer than the preceding two joints, the second about one-third
shorter than the third one ; thorax about one-half broader than long,
the sides very feebly rounded at the middle, the anterior angles
oblique and forming a slight tooth before the middle, the surface but
little convex, entirely impunctate, scutellum broad, scarcely longer
than broad ; elytra wider at the base than the thorax, convex and
narrowed at the apex, the punctuation extremely minute, deep black,
posterior femora strongly thickened their tibiee deeply sulcate, the
margins finely serrate, the apex with a long spur, the metatarsus very
elongate, longer than the following joints together, the cox flavous,
the rest of the legs and the under-side black.
Hab. DuNBROoDYy, Cape Colony, on wild Asparagus
(Rev. O'Neil).
There seems to be but little differences in the sexes
except that the thorax in the male is less transversely
shaped, the penis is slender, strongly curved, its apex
truncate and slightly emarginate.
Jamesonia sheppardi, sp. 0.
Fulvous, the antennze (the basal joints excepted) the extreme apex
of the tibize and the tarsi black, thorax minutely punctured, elytral
punctuation semi-regularly arranged. Length 4 millim,
Head impunctate, frontal elevations broad and transverse, carina
acute, short, antenne black, the lower three joints fulvous, second
and third joint small, terminal joints widened and short ; thorax sub-
quadrate, slightly broader than long, the sides feebly rounded, anterior
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 21
angles slightly oblique, posterior ones obliquely rounded, the dise
rather convex, extremely minutely punctured, elytra widened towards
the middle, finely punctured in closely approached, semi-regular rows,
under-side and legs fulvous like the upper surface, the extreme apex
of the tibiz and the tarsi black ; prosternum extremely narrow.
Hab. Berra, East Africa (P. A. Sheppard).
Of this species, which differs from all its allies in the
colour of the antenne and legs, and in the semi-regular
elytral punctuation, I received two specimens from Mr,
Sheppard; they seem to represent the female sex, in the
other the eyes are probably more developed; the tibial
spur agrees in length with that of the other species of the
genus, but the prosternum is scarcely visible.
Nisotra weisei, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 2.)
Oblong, subcylindrical, obscure fulvous, the terminal seven joints
of the antenne black, thorax minutely punctured, the anterior and
posterior depressions punctiform, elytra punctured in obsolete double
rows, the interstices with finer punctures. Length 3 millim.
Head impunctate, without frontal tubercles, clypeus with a few
punctures, eyes prominent, antenne about half the length of
the body, black, the lower four joints fulvous, the basal joint
curved, the second one nearly as long as the third but thicker,
terminal joints distinctly thickened; thorax transverse, nearly
twice as broad as long, the sides strongly rounded, the anterior
and posterior margin with a punctiform depression at each side, very
feebly rounded or produced, very finely and closely punctured, elytra
subcylindrical, finely punctured in double rows, very obsoletely so
near the apex, the interstices still more finely punctured ; below
coloured like the upper surface, terminal spine at the posterior tibize
distinct ; prosternum narrow and elongate,
Hab. BEIRA (P. A. Sheppard).
Smaller than the species I refer to N. spadicea, Dalm.,
and at once distinguished from this and other species with
nearly similar coloration by the obsolete and punctiform
depressions of the thorax in place of grooves; in NV. wni-
forma, Jac., the latter are very distinct and elongate.
Nisotra o’'neili, sp. n,
Pale testaceous, the basal joints of the antennz, the head, thorax
and legs pale fulvous, terminal joints of the antennie black, thorax
nearly impunctate, the posterior perpendicular grooves distinct,
22. Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
elytra with regular rows of fine punctures, the interstices extremely
minutely punctured. Length 3 millim.
Head impunctate, reddish fulvous, the clypeus very broad, antennze
extending a little beyond the base of the elytra, robust, the second,
third and fourth joint small, equal, the following ones strongly
thickened, blackish (sometimes fulvous) thorax twice as broad as
long, the sides rather strongly rounded before the middle, rather
constricted at the base, the disc not perceptibly punctured, the base
with a short but distinct perpendicular groove at each side ; elytra
paler than the thorax, with very fine but regular rows of punctures,
about 10 on each elytron, under-side and legs fulvous,
Hab. DUNBRODY, Cape Colony (Rev. O'Neil), also
GRAHAMSTOWN.
In all the specimens before me, the head and thorax is
of darker colour than the elytra; this character and their
fine and regular punctuation in connection with the nearly
impunctate thorax will help in the recognition of the
species.
EUPLECNEMA, gen. n.
Subelongate apterous, antennze filiform, head with oblique grooves,
frontal elevations absent, thorax transversely subquadrate, the lateral
margins feebly but regularly rounded, the anterior angles slightly
oblique, seutellum broader than long ; elytra rather depressed, punc-
tate-striate and finely pubescent ; posterior femora strongly incrassate,
the tibie non emarginate at apex but sulcate, with a small spine,
anterior tibice likewise armed with a very small tooth, the metatarsus
of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together, claws
appendiculate, metasternum very elongate, prosternum narrow and
elongate, the anterior coxal cavities closed.
The small species for which this genus is proposed is
closely allied to Chetocnema in which it cannot be included
on account of the absence of wings and the simple non-
emarginate tibiz ; the sculpture and the very fine elytral
pubescence resemble that of the genus Hpitria, the first
abdominal segment is not longer than the others and not
united to the second as in Chextocnema.
Huplecnema nigrita, sp.n. (Plate ITI, fig. 4.)
Black, the antennze (the last joints excepted) and the legs flavous,
posterior femora black, thorax very closely and strongly punctured,
elytra closely punctate-striate, the interstices finely pubescent.
Length 1-14 millim.
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine, 28
Head minutely granulate, opaque, without frontal elevations and
with an oblique ridge from the eyes to the clypeus, the latter broad,
separating the antenne rather widely, antennz with scarcely
thickened terminal joints, flavous, the last two or three joints
blackish, the second and third joint equal, slightly smaller than the
following joints; thorax rather more than one-half broader than
long, the angles distinct, the sides very narrowly margined, posterior
margin not accompanied by an impressed line,the surface dull, opaque,
black, very closely and strongly punctured, the punctures round and
deep ; elytra not transversely depressed below the base, somewhat
flattened, the punctuation a little stronger than that of the thorax
and arranged in very close rows, the interstices furnished with very
short grey hairs, only visible under a powerful lens ; metasternum
very long, finely punctured.
Hab. DunBRopy, Cape Colony (Rev. O'Neil).
In the male insect the posterior femora are much more
strongly incrassate than in the other sex.
WEISEANA, gen. n.
Elongate, finely pubescent, antennz with short joints; thorax
transverse and short, the sides and the posterior angles rounded, the
disc with several depressions, scutellum broad, elytra finely pu-
bescent, the epipleure indistinct below the middle, legs robust, the
tibize unarmed, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the
following two joints together, claws appendiculate, the inner tooth
acute ; prosternum nearly invisible between the highly raised coxe,
the anterior cavities closed.
Type. Weiseana barkeri, Jac. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1903, p. 16). .
By an unfortunate oversight, the description of the
genus in which I have placed this species was omitted at
the time; the insect has entirely the appearance and
coloration of a species of Galerucella with which it has also
most of the structural characters in common, but the
distinctly thickened posterior femora compels the inclusion
of the species in the Halticinw. The colour of the upper
surface is a dull and opaque testaceous, the elytra have the
margins narrowly black and the thorax shows three more
or less fuscous spots placed within an equal number of
depressions. I would have referred this species without
much doubt to Weise’s genus Homichloda, Wiegm. Arch.
1902, p. 165), but I cannot see the structure of the elytral
24 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
epipleurze in the way the author demands it for his genus,
as these parts are concave anteriorly and do not gradually
recede within, nor are the claws divided at the point only.
Phygasia barkeri, sp. n.
Oblong-ovate, flavous, the head fulvous, antenne (the basal joints
excepted) and legs black, extreme base of the femora flavous, thorax
impunctate, with deep basal suleus; elytra finely and irregularly
punctured. Length 3 millim.
Head impunctate, pale fulvous, frontal tubercles broad and well
developed, clypeus convex, labrum piceous, antennee rather short
and robust, the lower three or four joints flavous, basal joint generally
black above, the fourth and following joints entirely of that colour,
somewhat triangularly widened and of equal length, not longer than
the basal joint ; thorax nearly twice as broad as long, the lateral
margins strongly rounded at the middle, the dise convex, with a
deep basal sulcus bounded at the sides by a perpendicular groove,
impunctate, flavous ; elytra oblong, very finely and closely punctured,
flavous ; the apical two-thirds of the femora and the legs black.
Hab. Upper Tonaaat (C. Barker).
Alhed to P. brunnea, Jac., from Africa, but smaller and
less convex, pale flavous and the legs of different coloration.
Phygasia bicolorata, sp. n.
Black, the basal joints of the antenne flavous, thorax minutely
punctured, elytra flavous, very finely and closely punctate, the
suture and the apex black. Length 3} millim.
Head impunctate, black, frontal tubercles broad, strongly raised,
antennx long and rather slender, black, the lower five joints and the
base of the sixth, flavous, basal joint black above, third and following
joints equal, widened at the apex; thorax about one-half broader
than long, the sides strongly rounded, the surface convex, very
minutely punctured, black, shining, basal sulcus deep, scutellum
broadly rounded at the apex, black ; elytra elongate, pointed, very
closely, rather strongly and irregularly punctured, dark flavous, the
sutural margins, in shape of a gradually narrowed band and the
extreme apex of each elytron, black ; below and the legs of the latter
colour.
fTab. IeaAFa Mrts., Natal (C. Barker).
Of this very distinct little species I received three
specimens from Mr, Barker.
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine, 25
Physonychis beiraensis, sp. n. (Plate IL, fig. 6.)
Testaceous, the head strongly, the thorax finely punctured, elytra
purplish or bluish on a testaceous ground, very closely punctured,
the punctures of the same size as those of the thorax, tibia and tarsi
more or less fuscous. Length 55 millim.
Elongate and parallel, the head very strongly and closely punc-
tured, antennze rather long, the terminal joints gradually thickened,
basal joint rather thicker in the male than in the female, second
joint short, third and fourth equal, terminal joints rather strongly
thickened, thorax of usual shape, the sides broadly flattened, nearly
straight, the surface transversely suleate near the base, rather closely
and finely punctured, testaceous, scutellum subquadrate, testaceous,
impunetate ; elytra longitudinally depressed within the shoulders
and near the lateral margins at the middle, purplish, with the
testaceous ground colour showing through, very closely and finely
but very distinctly punctured, under-side and legs rather darker
than the thorax, finely pubescent, the posterior femora strongly
incrassate, their tibia entire, clawjoint strongly swollen.
Hab. Berra (P. A. Sheppard).
Of this species, which seems closely allied to P. wismannt,
Weise, I have received three specimens from Mr. Sheppard ;
the differences are to be found in the distinctly punctured
thorax and the colour of the elytra in the present species,
the sculpturing of the head is also much stronger than in
Weise’s insect. P. dohrni, Jac., is much larger and has
green and rugosely punctured elytra.
Torodera fasciata, Weise (Wiegm. Arch, f. Naturg.
1902, 164).
There is not much doubt that my Amphimela ornata
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1895) is identical with Weise’s
species. The author describes the anterior coxal cavities
as open, but errs in this respect, they are certainly closed
in my specimen, and there is I think no reason to separate
the genus from Amphimela on the strength of this species,
the description of which as given by Weise agrees in every
detail with my type.
Torodera 8-maculata, Weise.
I possess this species from Tsipango and Malvern in
Natal, and formerly looked upon it as a variety of
Amphimela ornata; I find however that in this species, at
26 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
all events (Torodera), the anterior coxal cavities are open
as Weise states of his genus, which can therefore be re-
tained; it proves again how easily one insect may be
confounded with another if all structural characters are not
carefully examined. In regard to my specimens, they
vary in not having a black mark at the vertex, in the
absence, in some cases, of the small black spot near the
scutellum and in the colour of the legs, the posterior
femora of which varies from flavous to black.
GALERUCIN &.
Oides sheppardi, sp. n.
Black, above dark fulvous, thorax very finely punctured, elytra
strongly widened at the middle, semi-rugosely punctured, with
several obsolete, raised, longitudinal lines, sides and apex of the
abdomen fulvous. Length 13 millim.
Head fulvous, impunctate, with the exception of a few punctures
near the eyes, labrum and palpi black, antennw rather short and
stout, the third joint shorter than the fourth, this and the following
joints nearly equal, terminal joint elongate ; thorax about twice and
a half broader than long, the sides rounded, the angles rather blunt,
the surface with an obsolete groove near the lateral margins, finely
punctured with some still finer punctures at the interstices, scutellum
triangular, with some punctures ; elytra much more strongly pune-
tured than the thorax with the interstices finely rugose with obsoletely
raised longitudinal lines, distantly placed ; breast, abdomen and legs
black, the sides and the apex of the last abdominal segment fulvous.
Hab. AMATONGAS, Portuguese East Africa (P. A.
Sheppard).
This is another species allied to O. ferruginea, Fab., O.
assimilis, Gah., and O. conradti, Weise, in coloration but
differing in the much more strongly punctured and semi-
rugose elytra, in which character it resembles 0. palliata,
Gerst., but that insect is of different colour and has a black
head, the coloration of the under-side also in the present
species differs from any of its allies. I have received two
exactly similar specimens from Mr. Sheppard.
Hyperacantha silvana, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 11.)
Flavous, the vertex, antennee (the basal joints excepted) the apex
of the tibize and the tarsi black, elytra metallic blue or cupreous,
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 27
each with two deep depressions, and finely punctured within the
latter.
Mas. Elytra near the apex with an elongate, highly raised
tubercle, its apex obliquely truncate. Length 65 millim.
Head impunctate, the vertex black, the lower portion flavous,
labrum black, antenne very slender, black, the lower two joints
flavous, third and fourth joint equal ; thorax nearly twice as broad
as long, impunctate, flavous, with a deep transverse sulcus at the
middle, scutellum flavous ; elytra deeply depressed below the base at
the suture and with another fovea near the lateral margins below the
middle, finely punctured at the basal portion, the rest nearly im-
punctate, legs flavous, the lower portion of the tibiz and the tarsi
black, claws appendiculate.
Hab, CuiRINDA Forest, Gazaland, Africa (G. Marshall).
Almost identically coloured as D. nigricornis, Weise, but
of much broader shape, the basal jomts of the antenne
flavous, the elytra with two depressions and the tubercles
of the male not pointed but elongate, hollowed within, and
abruptly truncate at the apex; the last abdominal segment
of the female slightly semicircularly concave, its apex
entire.
Hyperacantha obesa, sp.n. (Plate ITI, fig. 8.)
Broadly ovate, short and very convex, testaceous, antenne (the
basal joints excepted), the apex of the tibia and the tarsi black,
thorax deeply suleate, impunctate, elytra very finely punctured, a
narrow band at the base, connected at the shoulders with another
curved transverse band before the middle and the suture anteriorly,
black.
var. a. The elytral basal margin narrowly black as well as a small
spot before the middle.
var. b. Elytra entirely testaceous. Length 53 millim.
Female. More than usually convex and short, the head impunc-
‘tate, frontal elevations broad and transverse, clypeus with a highly
raised, broad, central ridge, labrum black, antenne with very slender,
elongate joints, extending to about two-thirds the length of the elytra,
black, the lower two joints and sometimes the third one flavous,
second joint very short ; thorax more than twice as broad as long,
the sides straight at the base, rounded before the middle, the disc
impunctate, with a deep transverse sulcus, the anterior portion near
the angles, with a few fine punctures, elytra extremely closely and
finely punctured, testaceous, the base with a narrow, transverse black
band, extending downwards at the shoulders to about one-third the
28 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Deseriptions of New Genera and
length of the elytra, where it curves inwards and forms another
band which does not extend to the suture, this band is of irregular
shape and suddenly strongly narrowed below the shoulders ; the
last abdominal segment trilobate, the median lobe broader than long,
flat ; tibiz all armed with a small spine, their lower half and the
tarsi black, claws appendiculate.
Hab. UmMutatt Beach (C. Barker). UMKOMAAS
Mounts, Natal (G. Marshall).
Of this species there are four female specimens before
me, which cannot be mistaken for any other of the genus,
on account of their short and convex shape in connection
with the pattern of the elytra; this comes more near
H. abdominalis, Jac. (nec Duvivier) (a species not mentioned
in Weise’s list Deut. EK. Zeit. 1903, and described in the
Entomologist for 1891) than any other; but that species
is of larger size, broader and less convex, the elytra are
fulvous and entirely margined with black, the transverse
band is of regular shape and extends to the suture, and
the last abdominal segment of the female is entire (the
male is likewise unknown). Of the present insect, pro-
bably more varieties will become known in time; in a single
specimen, the breast and the abdomen are more or less
black ; in the var. a. the extreme basal margin of the elytra
is black only, the lower band is absent and replaced by a
small spot, while in vaz. b. the elytra are entirely without
markings.
Hyperacantha flavodorsata, Fairm.
Weise looks upon this species as a variety of H. flavo-
nigra, Thoms. (Deut. E. Zeit. 1903, 37), which does not
seem to me to be correct, since Thomson’s species has deep
black elytral markings and has been described from the
interior of Africa, while Fairmaire says that his species has
the elytra, “atro-ceruleis” with the markings different,
and that it is found in Madagascar; this island has very
few species indeed in common with Africa.
Hyper. fenestrata, Chap. The male of this species has
near the suture below the middle of each elytron a whitish
tubercle, as Weise has rightly presumed, this tubercle is of
conical shape and its base is deeply hollowed out.
H, adusta, Weise. The author now looks upon his species
as a variety of H/. bituberculata, Fab. (Deut. E. Zeit. 1903),
but all the specimens I have seen of Fabricius’ insect have
Species of African Halticine and Calerucine. 29
testaceous elytra with the base and lateral margins more
or less rufous and no traces of any transverse black bands.
I therefore think that Weise’s species must be distinct
from that of Fabricius.
Leptaulaca maculicollis, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 7.)
Oblong-ovate, convex, black, abdomen more or less testaceous, head
and thorax flavous, each with a small black spot at middle, elytra
fulvous, minutely punctured, antenne pale. Length 7 millim.
Head impunctate, flavous, the vertex with a small black spot,
labrum black, antenne long and slender, flavous, the apex of each
joint slightly darker, third joint scarcely shorter than the following
joints ; thorax scarcely twice as broad as long, constricted at the
base, the anterior angles slightly pointed outwards, the dise with a
transverse, medially interrupted suleus at the middle, impunctate,
flavous, with a small black spot near the base at the middle, seutellum
black ; elytra much wider at the base than the thorax, convex,
gradually widened posteriorly, very minutely and closely punctured,
fulvous, their epipleurx broad at the base, but entirely obsolete below
the middle, breast and part of the abdomen as well as the legs black,
the last two or three abdominal segments and sometimes the under
portion of the femora flavous ; metatarsus of the posterior legs as
long as the following joints together, claws bifid.
Mas. Last abdominal segment incised at each side, the median
lobe longitudinally suleate.
Fem, The corresponding segment truncate at the apex, with a
fringe of short hairs.
Hab. UMHLALI Riv. and MALVERN, Natal (C. Barker).
This species agrees in almost every structural character
with Weise’s genus Leptaulaca except that the thoracic
sulcus is not continuous but interrupted, which is however
not of much importance; Lthaphidopalpa africana, Weise,
seems a closely allied species but differs much in the
structure of the antenne; the female before me_ has
entirely black legs.
Leptaulaca laliata, sp. un.
Elongate, nearly parallel, entirely pale testaceous, labrum black,
thoracic sulcus straight, dise finely and sparingly punctured, elytra
closely and very finely punctured, tibize all mucronate, claws bifid.
Length 7 millim.
9. Head impunctate, deeply foveolate between the eyes, clypeus
triangular, raised at the middle, labrum black, antennz long and
30 =Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
slender, testaceous, the terminal joints slightly stained at the apex
with piceous, third joint slender, slightly curved and widened at the
apex ; thorax about twice as broad as long, slightly constricted at the
base, the transverse sulcus deep and nearly straight, the surface with
a few fine punctures, elytra wider at the base than the thorax, nearly
parallel, extremely closely and finely punctured, their epipleurze
broad at the base but nearly disappearing below the middle, legs
slender, the metatarsus of the posterior ones as long as the following
three joints together, claws bifid.
Hab, GERMAN East AFRICA.
I only know the female sex of this species, in which the
last abdominal segment has a small triangular emargination
at the middle; the shape of the third joint of the antenne,
identical in the two specimens I possess, is another
characteristic mark of the insect as well as the black
labrum.
Exosoma (Malacosoma) sheppard, sp. n.
Black, head and thorax fulvous, the latter subquadrate, finely
punctured, elytra subcylindrical, black or dark fuscous, punctured in
very closely approximate, semi-regular rows. Length 6 millim.
Head broad, impunctate, the frontal tubercles broadly, transversely
trigonate, clypeus triangular, antenne with somewhat short, sub-
triangular joints, black, the second and third joint short, subequal ;
thorax subquadrate, scarcely one-half broader than long, all the
margins feebly rounded, the angles distinct but not produced, the
dise convex, fulvous, very minutely and closely punctured, scutellum
small, black ; elytra of a dull fuscous black colour, sometimes with
a pale ground colour shining through, more strongly punctured
than the thorax, the punctures at the base somewhat regularly
arranged in closely approached rows ; under-side and legs black,
clothed with fine yellowish pubescence, all the tibiae distinctly
mucronate,
Hab. MATOPAS, Rhodesia (P. A. Sheppard).
A rather large-sized species and quite typical of the
genus, the prosternum extremely narrow and convex, all
the tibiz: mucronate and the anterior cotyloid cavities
open.
Lxosoma (Malacosoma) sturmt, sp. n.
Narrowly elongate, black, the clypeus, femora and tibiz fulvous,
thorax impunctate, fulvous, elytra finely punctured and wrinkled,
flavous, a sutural band at the base and another broader band at the
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 31
sides, constricted below the shoulders as well as the tarsi black.
Length 4 millim.
Head black at the vertex, impunctate, minutely granulate, the
frontal tubercles very prominent, elongate and pyriform, fulvous as
well as the clypeus, antenne rather long, black, the second and
third joint small, equal, the following joints slightly widened ;
thorax but slightly broader than long, all the margins nearly straight,
the surface rather convex, flavous, minutely granulate and finely and
sparingly punctured, scutellum black ; elytra distinctly and moder-
ately closely punctured, with the interstices finely wrinkled here and
there, flavous, the greater part of the disc occupied by a black
longitudinal band which embraces the shoulders and extends to the
base but not to the apex; in front of the shoulders, it is greatly
constricted, another short sutural stripe extends from the scutellum
to the middle ; legs fulvous, the breast, abdomen and the tarsi black ;
metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following two joints
together, tibiae with a small spine,
Hab. LESAPIT River, Mashonaland.
A well-marked species of which I received a single
specimen.
Kxosoma (Malacosoma) tongaatensis, sp. n.
Flavous, thorax subquadrate, impunetate, elytra black, the base
with a few punctures, the lower portion impunctate, breast black,
abdomen fulvous. Length 35 millim.
Elongate and subcylindrical, the head impunctate, flavous, frontal
elevations broadly transverse, well developed and separated, carina
lanceolate, clypeus narrowly transverse, antenne slender, flavous,
third joint double the length of the second and as long as the fourth
joint, terminal joints slightly thickened, extending to about the
middle of the elytra ; thorax about one-half broader than long, sub-
quadrate, convex, the sides rounded at the middle, the dise impune-
tate, flavous and very shining, scutellum flavous ; elytra wider at the
base than the thorax, snbecylindrical, slightly depressed below the
base, the latter with a few fine punctures, the rest of the surface
nearly impunctate, biack, legs flavous, tibiae mucronate, the meta-
tarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together,
breast black, abdomen fulvous ; prosternum very narrow, convex.
Hab. Upper Toncaat (C. Barker).
Exosoma (Malacosoma) aprcipenne, Jac. (Plate III, fig. 10.)
This species has already been described and figured in
the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, which I have unfortunately
overlooked.
32. Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
Luperus thomsoni, sp. n.
Fulvous, the intermediate joints of the antennz black, thorax
obsoletely sulcate, impunctate, elytra very finely punctured, elongate.
Length 55 millim.
Of elongate, parallel shape, entirely fulvous, the head impunctate,
eyes very large, frontal elevations transverse, strongly marked, eyes
large, antenne extending beyond the middle of the elytra fulvous,
the fourth to the eighth joint black, basal joint elongate and rather
slender, second one about one-third shorter than the third joint,
fourth and following joints elongate, nearly equal; thorax trans-
versely subquadrate, the lateral margins feebly rounded and slightly
constricted at the base, the surface with a broad transverse depression,
more deeply marked at the sides than at the middle, entirely
impunctate, scutellum smooth, triangular; elytra wider at the base
than the thorax, the surface very finely and closely punctured, their
epipleuree rather broad at the base, gradually greatly narrowed
towards the apex, legs slender, the metatarsus of the posterior ones
very elongate ; all the tibize mucronate, the anterior coxal cavities
open.
Hab, STERRA LEONE.
The colour of the antennze and the entirely impunctate
and sulcate thorax characterise this species, which has also
the metatarsus more than usually elongate, resembling the
genus MJonolepta, from which the open anterior coxal
cavities and prolonged elytra epipleurs separate it.
Luperus semifoveolatus, sp. n.
Below black, above testaceous, head dark fulvous, antennz long,
fulvous, thorax subquadrate, narrowed at base, obsoletely bifoveolate,
impunctate, elytra not perceptibly punctured. Length 3% millim.
Elongate, the head impunctate, dark fulvous, frontal elevations
broadly trigonate, clypeus rather wide and broad between the
antenne, eyes large, labrum at the apex and the palpi piceous,
antennee slender, the second joint one-half shorter than the third, the
fourth and following joints elongate and cylindrical, the apical joint
extending to about half the length of the elytra ; thorax subquadrate,
distinctly constricted at the base, the lateral margins rounded before
the middle, the dise with an obsolete transverse depression, sub-
foveolate at the sides, impunctate, testaceous; elytra wider at the
base than the thorax, extremely finely wrinkled, nearly impunctate,
some extremely fine punctures visible only near the base when seen
under a powerful lens, legs slender, testaceous, the tibie finely
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 33
pubescent, with a small spine, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as
long as the following three joints together ; breast and abdomen
black.
Hab. DunBRopy, Cape Colony (Rev. 0’ Net?).
There seem to be a good many small and similarly
coloured species of Luperus and AMalacosoma .inhabiting
Africa, all more or less closely allied ; in the present insect,
the head is of darker colour than the rest of the upper
surface, the thorax is proportionately long and is obsoletely
transversely depressed (more distinctly foveolate at the
sides in one specimen), this character and the black under-
side will assist in distinguishing the species, of which I
received two specimens from the Rey. O'Neil which were
obtained on Senecio yunipertnus.
Luperus incertus, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 20.)
Black, the antennz fulvous, head impuncetate, fulvous, thorax
minutely punctured, flavous, the basal margin more or less black,
elytra finely punctured and wrinkled, black, the base and the apex
sometimes obscure flavous. Length 3 millim.
Head fulvous, impunctate, frontal elevations strongly raised,
transverse, the clypeus broad, with an acutely raised central ridge,
flavous, antennze slender, extending to about the middle of the
elytra, fulvous, the third joint slightly longer than the second, the
following more elongate ; thorax about one-half broader than long,
the sides slightly constricted at the base, the surface very minutely
punctured, flavous, the basal margin more or less black, elytra very
minutely punctured and finely wrinkled, black, the apex very
indistinctly flavous ; legs pale fulvous, the metatarsus as long as the
following joints together, tibial spine very short.
Hab. Dunsropy, Cape Colony, on willows (Rev. 0’ Nei/).
LL. apicalis, Weise (Wiegm. Arch. 1902), is evidently a
closely allied species but is described with black antennze
and legs, and of larger size; in one specimen of the
present insect, the elytra are marked with obscure flavous
near the shoulders and at the apex, while the latter portion
in the other specimen are scarcely so marked and the
elytra are entirely black at the base.
STICTOCEMA, gen. n.
Elongate, parallel and finely pubescent, antenne filiform, the
terminal joints shorter and wider, thorax transverse, the sides straight
and narrowed anteriorly, the surface finely rugose and pubescent,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 3
34 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
scutellum broad, elytra finely pubescent, their epipleure very narrow
and disappearing below the middle, legs slender, all the tibie
mucronate, the metatarsus of the posterior legs longer than the
following joints together, claws bifid, prosternum invisible between
the coxee, the anterior coxal cavities open. The very narrow elytral
epipleurze, the mucronate tibiw, elongate metatarsus as well as the
bifid claws and the finely pubescent upper surface of this genus
present a number of characters not found in any of the numerous
genera of Galerwcine in the same proportion ; the true place of the
species is therefore somewhat problematical, but in Schematizella, Jac.,
it has perhaps its nearest ally ; both genera inhabit the same locality,
have the antennz, shape of the thorax, the narrow elytral epipleurve
and the bifid claws of similar structure, but the tibize in the present
genus have a long spur, in Schematizella even with the strongest lens
I cannot find any mucro.
Stictocema maculrcollis, sp. n.
Testaceous, the antenne, the upper edge of the femora and the
tibie and tarsi black, vertex with one, thorax with three black spots,
elytra finely rugose, and closely pubescent, metallic green, the lateral
margins testaceous, Length 7 millim.
Head closely rugose, the vertex and the labrum black, the clypeus
testaceous, antennz with the lower eight joints black (the rest
wanting), third joint shorter than the fourth, both joints elongate,
the others shorter ; thorax transverse, but scarcely one-half broader
than long, the sides straight, obliquely narrowed towards the apex,
the entire surface finely rugose and pubescent, testaceous, the sides
with a small spot or a narrow stripe, the middle with a larger black
spot, scutellum broad, testaceous or fuscous ; elytra elongate, slightly
widened posteriorly, finely rugose or wrinkled throughout and
clothed with rather long grey pubescence, the extreme lateral
margins and the epipleurze testaceous, legs long and slender, the
femora testaceous, the upper edge black, the tibize and tarsi entirely
of that colour, posterior first tarsal joint as long as half the tibie.
Hab, LoLopoRF, Cameroons.
In this species, the metatarsus of the posterior legs is
extremely elongate, much longer than in the following
insect which prevents its being considered an unicolorous
variety of that species, with which it otherwise agrees in
structure.
Stictocema fasciata, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 9.)
Testaceous, the apical joints of the antenne black, head and
thorax finely rugose, the first-named with one, the latter with three
Species of African Halticiny and Galeruciny. 35
blackish spots ; elytra finely pubescent, a broad longitudinal band
near the suture and another one near the lateral margins, violaceous
blue. Length 7 millim.
Head scarcely longer than broad, finely rugose and pubescent,
testaceous, with an elongate central spot at the vertex, eyes prominent,
labrum black, antennz with the lower six joints testaceous, the rest
black, first joint slender and elongate, second short, third and fourth
joint as long as the first, the following joints gradually shorter and
thicker ; thorax obliquely narrowed from base to apex, the sides
perfectly straight, the angles acute, the posterior ones obliquely
shaped, the surface finely rugose and pubescent, testaceous, the sides
with a narrow blackish stripe, the middle of the base with a rounded
spot, scutellum broad at the base, truncate at the apex ; elytra clothed
with short yellowish pubescence, finely rugose throughout, with two
metallic violaceous bands, the first close to the suture not quite
reaching to the apex, the second parallel with the lateral margins but
extending to the suture and apex, both bands are of equal width and
are interrupted by a narrower testaceous stripe of the ground colour,
the extreme lateral margins and epipleure as well as the under-side
and legs are likewise testaceous.
Hab. CAMEROONS.
There is only a single specimen (apparently a female)
before me, in which the last abdominal segment is entire.
Platyxantha (Haplotes) bicolor, sp. n.
Fulvous, the antennze and legs flavous, head and thorax with slight
purplish gloss, the latter bifoveolate, elytra metallic-green, finely
punctured and granulate, very obsoletely sulcate.
¢. Antenne with all the joints strongly curved and with a fringe
of hairs, Length 55 millim.
Head impunctate, fulvous, with a pronounced purplish gloss,
frontal elevations narrow and transverse, strongly pointed anteriorly,
eyes large, labrum and palpi flavous, antennee flavous (the last joint
wanting), basal joint strongly thickened at the apex, second one small,
third and following joints elongate, nearly equal, strongly curved,
with a fringe of hairs at the lower edge; thorax about one-half
broader than long, the sides straight at the base, widened before the
middle, the lateral margins with some long black pubescence, the
disc with two deep depressions, impunctate, with the exception of a
few fine punctures near the anterior angles, coloured like the head,
scutellum fulvous ; elytra parallel, without trace of a basal depression,
metallic-green, minutely granulate and very finely and sparingly
36 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
punctured in obsolete rows, with traces of sulci, very feebly indicated,
legs flavous.
Hab. W. AFRICA.
The single male specimen contained in my collection
has the joints of the attennz much more strongly curved
than in P. curvicornis, Jac., and metallic elytra; there is
also a fringe of hairs at the lower edge of each of the
antennee as well as on the lateral thoracic margins.
Platyxantha (Haplotes) occipitalis, sp.n. (Plate IIL, fig. 14.)
Testaceous, the vertex of the head and the antenne black, thorax
flavous, deeply bifoveolate, impunctate, elytra finely punctured, all
the margins narrowly, the lateral ones more broadly black, legs
flavous, the tibie (excepting the base) and the tarsi black. Length
5 millim.
Head impunctate, the lower portion flavous, the vertex black,
frontal elevations transverse, narrow, strongly raised, clypeus with
an acute central ridge, antenne with slightly curved and somewhat
triangularly widened joints, black, the basal joint moderately long,
thickened at the apex, second joint very short, moniliform, the
following joints about as long as the first, all of nearly equal length ;
thorax about one-half broader than long, subquadrate, deeply trans-
versely stuleate, the sulcus interrupted at the middle, the surface
impunctate, flavous, scutellum flavous, elytra testaceous, finely punc-
tured, the lateral margins, epipleuree more broadly, the other margins
very narrowly black, metatarsus of the hind legs elongate, tibie
simple.
Hab. LOWER TuGELA, Natal (C. Barker).
I only know a single specimen of this species, apparently
a female, which differs from its allies in its system of color-
ation ; in the male, the antennze have probably some joint
or other distorted as in most members of the genus.
Haplotes bifasciata, sp. n. (Plate ILI, fig. 13.)
Fulvous; thorax transversely sulcate, impunctate ; elytra ex-
tremely minutely granulate, not perceptibly punctured, the basal
half and a narrow transverse band below the middle, blackish.
Length 6 millim.
Head impunctate, deeply transversely grooved between the eyes,
frontal elevations narrowly transverse, eyes large and round, labrum
fuscous, antennee slender, filiform, fulvous, the intermediate joints
more or less fuscous above, basal joint long and curved, second,
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine, 37
very short, moniliform, third and following joints very elongate,
rather longer than the basal joint ; thorax broader than long, the
lateral margins rounded at the middle, narrowed at the base, the
surface with a broad transverse sulcus at the middle, entirely
impunctate ; scutellum fulvous; elytra much broader at the base
than the thorax, entirely impunctate, fulvous, the entire anterior
half black, the posterior portion with a transverse narrow black
band below the middle extending to both margins ; under-side and
legs fulvous.
Hab, OGowk. (Collect. H. Clavarcau and my own.)
In the apparently female specimens before me, the last
abdominal segment is nearly entire or slightly sinuate ;
the species is well distinguished by the impunctate elytra
and their coloration.
Hemixantha subrugosa, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 18.)
Testaceous, the antenna, the femora above and the tibiz and tarsi
black; thorax finely and irregularly punctured, the lateral margins
black, scutellum black, elytra deeply and strongly punctured, semi-
rugose, a sutural band of varying width and the margins narrowly
black,
var. Elytra with the margins black only, the sutural band absent.
Length 53-6 millim.
Head impunctate, broadly impressed between the eyes, the vertex
pale fulvous, lower portion testaceous, the palpi black, frontal
elevations broadly trigonate, antenne filiform, black, the apical joint
fulvous, the third joint twice as long as the second one in the male,
shorter in the female, the fourth and following joints more elongate
and equal ; thorax less than twice as broad as long, the sides feebly
rounded anteriorly, with narrow margins, anterior angles slightly
thickened but not produced, the surface rather convex, with some
shallow irregular depressions at the sides, closely impressed with
larger and smaller punctures, the extreme lateral margins more or
less black, scutellum broadly rounded at the apex, finely granulate,
black ; elytra wider than the thorax at the base, subcylindrical, closely
and very strongly punctured, the interstices partly rugose, all the
margins and the epipleuree black, the suture sometimes with another
more or less strongly-marked broad black band, generally ill-defined
at the sides, sometimes entirely absent; under-side and legs
testaceous, the upper edge of the femora and the tibie and tarsi
black.
Hab. MALVERN, Natal (C. Barker).
The sculpturing and coloration of the elytra in this
38 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
species differs from any of the others placed in this genus;
the male has the last abdominal segment deeply longitu-
dinally suleate ; im the female, this segment is simple. and
pointed.
Hemixantha subconnectens, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 16.)
Testaceous, antennze (the basal joints excepted) black, thorax finely
punctured, with five black spots, elytra punctured like the thorax,
the margins testaceous, the disc piceous in shape of two longitudinal,
posteriorly more or less connected bands, legs testaceous, tarsi black.
Length 43 millim.
Head testaceous, the vertex impunctate, frontal elevations very
highly raised, subquadrate, bounded by a deep transverse groove
behind, piceous, lower portion of the face testaceous, eyes very large
and coarsely granulate or faceted, antenne robust, black, the basal
two joints more or less testaceous, second joint very small, third, tri-
gonate, the following joints scarcely larger, somewhat subquadrately
widened ; thorax paca broader than long, or slightly broader, the
sides rounded at the middle, the anterior angles thickened and
slightly produced outwards, the surface rather closely and finely
punctured, the punctures somewhat deeply impressed, testaceous,
with three or five piceous spots, placed transversely, the middle ones
often united into a triangular larger spot, the middle of the base with
a shallow, more or less distinct fovea, scutellum black ; elytra ex-
tremely finely and closely punctured, the apex nearly impunctate,
the entire disc occupied by a broad piceous band, which is divided
anteriorly by a more or less elongate stripe of the testaceous ground
colour, the sutural and lateral margins as well as the apex more
broadly, likewise testaceous ; below and the legs testaceous, the knees
sometimes stained with piceous, the tarsi entirely of that colour or
black.
flab. Bera (P. A. Sheppard).
In the male of this species, the eyes are particularly
large and prominent, and the antennz are more robust
and longer than in the female; the elytral dark band is
very variable in the amount of the anterior division which
in some specimens extends much further downwards than
in others, in which it assumes the shape of a flavous spot
only.
Hemiaantha dilaticornis, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 15.)
Fulvous, the apical joints of the antenne black, strongly thickened,
thorax transverse, minutely punctured, elytra punctured like the
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine, 39
thorax, testaceous, a transverse band at the base and a subtri-
angular spot near the apex of elytron, greenish-black. Lengih 5
millim.
3. Head fulvous, impunctate, the vertex with a small central spot,
eyes very large and prominent, each wider than the dividing space,
frontal elevations strongly raised, subquadrate, antennee robust, the
basal joint short, curved, as long as the third one, fourth and follow-
ing joints slightly triangularly widened, scarcely longer than the
third, terminal three joints dilated, black, the others fulvous ; thorax
about one-half broader than long, subquadrate, the sides rounded, the
anterior angles slightly produced and oblique, the anterior ones more
rounded, the disc rather convex, fulvous, closely and finely punctured,
with asmall depression near the basal margin at the middle, scutellum
fulvous ; elytra scarcely perceptibly punctured, testaceous, the base
with a narrow transverse, greenish band which is rather deeply
indented below the shoulders, this band does not quite extend to the
lateral margins, near the apex is another spot of somewhat triangular
shape which does not extend to either margin, legs fulvous, all the
tibize unarmed, the anterior coxal cavities closed.
fab. Berra (P. A. Sheppard).
Both sexes of this species agree in the structure of the
antenne, but the latter are shorter in the female; the eyes
in this sex are also much smaller and more widely separated.
H. bifasciata, Jac., is a closely allied species, but has simple
antenne and broader elytral bands.
Hemixantha dilutipes,sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 17.)
Metallic-green, the antenne (the basal joints excepted) and the
tarsi blackish, legs fulvous, thorax very finely punctured and granu-
late, with some irregular depressions, elytra finely transversely
wrinkled, with a longitudinal sulcus at the sides. Length 4-44
millim.
Head bright metallic-creen, very finely granulate, impunctate, with
a central fovea, labrum fulvous, antennz very long and slender, black,
the lower three or four joints testaceous, all the joints, with the
exception of the second one, very elongate and nearly equal; thorax
transverse, quite twice as broad as long, slightly constricted at the
base, the sides feebly rounded before the middle, the dise with a
shallow fovea at each side and another at the base, finely granulate
and punctured, metallic-green, scutellum dark blue ; elytra elongate
and parallel, with a narrow sutural depression below the base, where
the suture is somewhat thickened, the entire surface finely trans-
40 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
versely rugose, the interstices minutely granulate and finely
punctured, legs fulvous, the tarsi black,
Hab. IrAFA MountTainS and Matvern, Natal
(C. Barker).
Closely allied to HZ. natalensis, Jac., but the thorax
shorter and much more transverse, the antennz longer,
and the legs fulvous, not black. The antennze in the
female are much shorter, and both the second and third
joint are short and equal.
Monolepta camerunensis, sp. n.
Elongate, subcylindrical, fulvous, thorax subquadrate, strongly
punctured, elytra punctured like the thorax, in closely approached
irregular lines, the interstices slightly longitudinally raised, Length
6 millim.
Head sparingly but strongly punctured, with a short central
groove, frontal elevations strongly raised, trigonate, lower portion
of face flavous, antennxe extending nearly to the apex of the elytra,
fulvous, the second and third joint very small, equal, the others very
elongate with the exception of the fifth joint which is shorter ; thorax
about one-half broader than long, all the margins rounded, the disc,
rather convex, closely and strongly punctured at the sides, much more
sparingly so at the middle where there are two smooth and impunce-
tate small spaces, scutellum smooth, elytra very elongate and sub-
cylindrical, as strongly punctured as the thorax, with traces of longi-
tudinal, raised lines; under-side paler than the upper-side, the
terminal tibial spur very long, metatarsus longer than the following
joints together.
Hab, CAMEROONS.
I only know of a single specimen of this rather large-
sized species, contained in my collection; the entirely
fulvous colour and the strongly punctured upper surface
well distinguish it.
Monolepta violaceipennis, sp. 0.
Flavous, the antennee, breast, tibize, and tarsi black, thorax strongly
transverse, sparingly punctured, elytra dark violaceous, closely and
finely punctured. Length 3} millim,
Of posteriorly widened shape, the head impunctate, flavous, frontal
elevations narrow, transverse, clypeus with an acute central ridge,
apex of the labrum and the palpi black, antennz nearly extending
to the apex of the elytra, the basal joint flavous, the others black,
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine, 41
third joint twice as long as the second, the others very slender and
elongate ; thorax short, more than twice as broad as long, slightly
narrowed anteriorly, the sides nearly straight, the lateral margins
with a single long black hair before and below the middle, the
surface with a few fine punctures, scutellum black ; elytra closely
punctured, violaceous-blue, below and the femora flavous, tibia, tarsi
and the breast black ; metatarsus of hind-legs very long.
Hab, OLD CALABAR (Dr. Brawns).
Monolepta pygidialis, sp. n.
Head and under side ferrugineous, thorax and legs flavous, elytra
extremely minutely punctured, flavous, a narrow, transverse, angulate
band at the base and another near the apex, black, pygidium black.
Length 4 millim.
Head impuncetate, ferrugineous or rufous, the frontal elevations
rather broad and flat, eyes large, antenne flavous, slender, the second
and third joint small, the fourth as long as the preceding two together,
terminal joints slightly shorter and thicker ; thorax one-half broader
than long, the sides nearly straight, not narrowed in front, anterior
angles thickened, the surface extremely minutely punctured, flavous,
scutellum fulvous; elytra punctured like the thorax, yellowish-white,
the black bands narrow, the basal one angulate at the shoulders and
extending downwards at the lateral margins to about one-third the
length of the elytra, the second band slightly oblique, near the apex
and generally not quite touching the lateral margins, the pygidium
black.
Hab. MALVERN, Estcourt, Natal (C. Barker).
This species must not be confounded with JL bifasciata,
Fab., or any of the other banded forms of Monolepta, from
which it is at once distinguished by the black pygidium,
entirely flavous antennz, which have the last joint some-
times piceous, and the narrow elytral bands; all the
specimens before me belong to the female sex; JZ. bifa-
sciata is a rather larger species in which the second elytral
band is not placed quite so low as in the present insect ;
the pygidium also is flavous.
Monolepta zambesiana, sp. n.
Fulvous, the legs flavous, femora marked with black, thorax and
elytra finely punctured ; the latter with an oblique flavous patch
from the base to the middle and another angulate band near the apex,
both margined with black. Length 5 millim.
42 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
Of broadly ovate shape, the head rather elongate, impunctate,
frontal elevations trigonate, well defined, antennz with the lower
three joints flavous, the following four joints piceous, the rest broken
off, third joint one-half longer than the second ; thorax transversely
subquadrate, of usual shape, the disc very finely and closely punc-
tured, dark fulvous; elytra widened towards the middle, broad,
punctured like the thorax, fulvous, an oblique, elongate flavous
patch extends from the base towards the suture as far as the middle,
this patch is narrowed in front of the shoulders and at the apex,
another strongly angulate transverse band is placed near the apex of
the elytra, the outer and narrower portion running parallel with the
lateral margin without quite extending to it nor to the suture, both
bands are margined with black ; under-side fulvous, the legs flavous,
the greater portion of the femora black ; metatarsus very elongate.
Hab, ZAMBESI,
Of this very distinct species, a single specimen is
contained in my collection.
Monolepta selecta, sp. n.
Narrow and elongate, black, above testaceous, thorax transversely
depressed, elytra opaque, nearly impunctate, testaceous, narrowly
margined with black. Length 33 millim.
Head impunctate, rather darker than the thorax, frontal tubercles
strongly raised, trigonate, antenne long and slender, flavous, the
terminal joints stained with fuscous at the apex, second and third
joint small, equal ; thorax twice as broad as long, of equal width,
the sides nearly straight, very slightly constricted at the base, the
surface with a well-marked transverse depression, not extending to
the lateral margins, not perceptibly punctured, pale testaceous,
seutellum black ; elytra parallel, with a few very fine punctures at
the base, testaceous, opaque, the suture narrowly and the lateral
margins rather more broadly black, this colour does however not
extend to the apical margins of the elytra; below black, legs
testaceous, metatarsus very elongate.
Hab. Beira (P. A. Sheppard).
Much narrower and more elongate than I. nigrocincta,
Jac. the thorax with a sulcus, and the elytral margins
more broadly black.
Monolepta nigricornis, Weise (Wiegm. Arch, 19038).
This name having already been used by the Rev. Black-
burn for an Australian species (Tr. Lin. Soc. N.S.W.,
1890), I alter the name to I. atricornis.
Species of African Halticine and Calerucing. 48
Monolepta beirensis, sp. n.
Narrowly elongate, rufous, thorax strongly transverse, finely
punctured, elytra dark metallic-blue, extremely closely and more
strongly punctured than the thorax. Length 5 millim.
Head finely strigose at the vertex, rufous, frontal elevations broadly
transverse, nearly contiguous, eyes very large, the lower six joints of
the antennze flavous, the others wanting, the second and third joint
short; thorax more than twice as broad as long, the sides rather
strongly rounded, with a narrow margin, the anterior angles slightly
thickened, the surface very minutely and superficially punctured,
rufous, seutellum triangular, rufous ; elytra more distinctly punc-
tured than the thorax ; the punctures very closely placed, metallic-
blue, under-side and legs rufous; metatarsus of the posterior legs
very long.
Hab. Berra, Kast Africa (P. A. Sheppard).
An elongate and narrow species with dark blue elytra,
of which I received two specimens.
Candezea congener, sp. 0.
Rufous, antenna (the last two joints excepted) and the tibie
flavous, tarsi infuscate, thorax minutely punctured, elytra black
with a bluish gloss, extremely finely punctured. Length 5 millim.
Smaller than Monolepta apicalis, Sahlb., and without red apex of
the elytra, the latter with a bluish, fatty gloss and microscopically
finely punctured, their epipleurze narrowly continued below the
middle ; head finely granulate and minutely punctured, frontal
elevations rather feeble, trigonate, eyes very large, antenne long,
flavous, the second and third joint short, the terminal two joints black ;
thorax twice as broad as long, the sides slightly rounded, with a
single seta near the anterior angles, the disc very finely and closely
punetured, rufous, scutellum fulvous, tibice flavous, the posterior
ones with a long terminal spine, metatarsus very elongate, tarsi
obscure fuscous.
Hab, DuNBRopDy, Grahamstown, 8. Africa (Lev O’Nei!).
I have received two exactly similar specimens from
the Rev. O’Neil. Monolepta famularis, Weise, resembles
also this species, but is described as having an elongate
third joint of the antenne, and a more strongly punctured
thorax ; the first-named organs are also unicolorous.
Candezea parvicollis, sp. n.
Ovate, convex, antenne (the basal joints excepted), the tibia and
tarsi black, thorax short, with an obsolete transverse lateral sulcus,
44 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
finely punctured and wrinkled, elytra sculptured in the same way.
Length 4} millim.
Closely allied to C. nigrotibialis, Jac., and C. mashwana, Jac., but
much smaller than either, the thorax shorter, not subquadrate
and like the elytra finely rugosely punctured, the antennz, with the
exception of the basal three joints which are flavous, black ; the
frontal elevations are strongly developed, the second and third joint
of the antennz is short and equal, but not so short as in some species
of the genus, the elytra are finely but distinctly punctured and finely
wrinkled and distinctly wider at the base than the thorax.
Hab, MALVERN, Natal (C. Barker).
Candezea annulicornis, sp. n. (Plate IIT, fig. 12.)
Elongate, convex, flavous, the apex of the joints of the antennez
and the tibize and tarsi black, thorax scarcely perceptibly, elytra
extremely minutely and closely punctured. Length 53 millim.
Head impunctate, with very feebly raised frontal elevations, obso-
letely grooved behind, the front with a narrow, impressed central
line, clypeus convex, antenne extending to about the middle of the
elytra, flavous, the fourth to the ninth joint tipped with black at the
apex (the last two joints wanting), third joint double the length of
the second one; thorax rather long, scarcely one-half broader, sub-
quadrate, the sides nearly straight, very slightly narrowed anteriorly,
the anterior angles thickened, the surface only perceptibly punc-
tured, when seen under a powerful lens, with a short transverse
depression of each side ; elytra extremely closely and scarcely more
distinctly punctured than the thorax, their epipleure very broad
and continued nearly to the apex ; below flavous, the tibiae and tarsi
black, metatarsus of the posterior legs half the length of the tibiz.
Hab. ZAMBESI.
Allied to C. (Monolepta) hematura, Fairm., but flavous
below instead of black, and with the scutellum likewise
flavous, the tibize and tarsi black. I know of only a
single female specimen, contained in my collection.
Candezea morio, sp. n.
Convex and dilated posteriorly, deep black, the vertex of the
head, the antennez and legs fulvous, thorax narrowed in front, finely
punctured, elytra very convex, strongly and closely punctured.
Length 3} millim.
Head finely punctured and minutely granulate, the vertex and
the labrum fulvous, frontal elevations transverse, but extending
Species of African Halticine and Galeruciny. 45
downwards in a narrow ridge at the sides of the clypeus, the latter
likewise narrowly elongate, eyes large, antennze rather short, pale
fulvous, the first joint very slender, elongate and curved, the second
one-half shorter than the third, the latter and the following joints
gradually elongated, more or less stained with piceous at the base ;
thorax transverse, the sides straight and obliquely narrowed anteriorly,
the anterior angles slightly obliquely thickened, posterior margin
rounded and rather strongly produced at the middle, the disc finely
and rather closely punctured, scutellum transverse, piceous, the apex
rounded ; elytra gradually widened towards the apex, more strongly
punctured than the thorax, their epipleuree continued below the
middle ; under-side black like the upper surface, legs slender, fulvous,
metatarsus of the posterior legs more than half the length of the
tibie, the latter with a long spine ; anterior cotyloid cavities closed.
Hab. Mt. GAMo, SouTH OGOWE.
This species, of which I received two specimens from
M. Clavareau at Brussels, is a rather aberrent one, on
account of its short and convex shape, and the structure
of its head and clypeus; it is further distinguished by
the black upper- and under-side.
Candezea pygidialis, sp. n.
Oblong-ovate, testaceous, thorax strongly transverse, minutely
granulate, elytra with deep black lateral margins and epipleure,
very finely punctured and granulate, pygidium black. Length 6
millim.
Head minutely punctured and granulate, eyes large and_pro-
minent, clypeus convex, triangular, antenne with the lower four
joints and the base of the fifth flavous, the following two joints
darker, the rest broken off, third joint twice as long as the second
one, the others elongate; thorax twice as broad as long, narrowed
from base to apex, the sides straight, posterior margin broadly rounded,
sinuate near the angles, the disc sculptured like the head, scutellum
triangular; elytra gradually widened posteriorly, very minutely
transversely wrinkled and punctured, testaceous, the lateral and
apical margins as well as the epipleure and extreme base, deep
black, this colour is in shape of a narrow band, which gradually and
slightly widens towards the apex, elytral epipleuree narrowly con-
tinued below the middle, under-side and legs testaceous, the meta-
tarsus very long, pygidium black.
Hab. W. A¥RIcA.
A well-marked species which cannot be mistaken for
46 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
any other, also distinguished by the elytral sculpture. I
possess a single specimen without detailed locality.
Megalognatha sheppardi, sp. n.
Fulvous, antenne flavous, the last two joints black, thorax with
three depressions, elytra minutely and not very closely punctured,
black, a subquadrate patch at the middle flavous.
Var. Elytra entirely black or fulvous. Length 4 millim.
Head impunctate, fulvous, frontal elevations very highly raised,
trigonate, bounded behind by a deep transverse groove, anterior
margin of the clypeus straight, labrum and palpi flavous, eyes
prominent, antenne slender, the third and following joints elongately
subquadrately widened, the last two joints black, terminal one elongate
and slender, thorax about one half broader than long, slightly con-
stricted at the base, the disc with a small triangular depression at
the middle near the anterior margin and a large deep fovea at each
side, fulvous, impunctate, with the exception of a few punctures
which surround the anterior fovea, scutellum fulvous; elytra with
very fine but rather remotely-placed punctures, the basal portion
raised, depressed at the suture, black, this colour interrupted by an
elongate subquadrate, flavous patch at the middle, extending across
the suture, under-side and the femora fulvous, the tibiz and tarsi
flavous, last joint of the latter, fuscous, tibia unarmed, the meta-
tarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together,
claws appendiculate, anterior cotyloid cavities open.
Hab, Burra (P. A. Sheppard).
Although this species is less typical of the genus than
most of its congeners, since the thorax is of rather more
transverse shape, and the sutural margins are not thickened,
yet the thoracic depressions and the open coxal cavities
and unarmed tibiz agree better with Megalognatha than
with any other genus of Galerucing. The specimen,
which seems to be of the male sex on account of the long
antenn and their widened joints, which are very similar
to those of several species of the genus Platyxantha, has
a deep cavity in the first abdominal segments, but whether
this is accidental or normal I am unable to say. The
elytral coloration seems very variable.
Megalognatha inconspicua, sp. n.
Testaceous, the antennee, tibize and tarsi black, head, thorax and
femora fulvous, the thorax finely and sparingly punctured with an
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 47
obscure piceous patch, elytra very finely rugosely punctured,
testaceous. Length 5-7 millim.
Head flattened and rather long, impunctate, obscure fulvous,
clypeus with an acute central ridge, antenne extending below the
middle of the elytra (4), the intermediate joints moderately widened,
terminal ones tapering, third joint slightly shorter than the fourth ;
thorax subquadrate, the sides strongly rounded at the middle and
widened, the disc very finely punctured, with a short obsolete,
triangular depression near the anterior margin and stained with an
obsolete, piceous patch at the middle, scutellum broad, pale piceous,
elytra of paler colour than the thorax, finely rugosely punctured, legs
rather robust, the femora fulvous, the tibie and tarsi black, the
breast and abdomen testaceous, the edge of the abdominal segments
black.
Hab. BREDERSDORP, E. Africa.
Principally distinguished by the widened and rounded
sides of the thorax, which resembles that of JZ bohemant,
Baly, from which the colour of the antenne and legs
further separate the species; the female has much shorter
antennze and the depression of the thorax is deeper.
Megalognatha weiser, sp. n.
Very elongate and robust, obscure dark testaceous, the antenna,
legs and the cox black, thorax subquadrate, strongly and closely
punctured, elytra finely rugose and punctured, Length 11 millim.
Head rugose at the vertex, frontal elevations highly raised, tri-
gonate, clypeus triangular, smooth, deflexed, antennze extending to
the end of the elytra in the male, black, all the joints elongate, the
third more than twice as long as the second ; thorax subquadrate,
one-half broader than long,:the sides very feebly rounded at the
middle, the angles acute, the disc strongly and almost rugosely
punctured, slightly depressed anteriorly at each side, with a narrow,
less closely punctured short space, scutellum broad, with some fine
punctures ; elytra wider at the base than the thorax, parallel, very
closely and finely rugose and punctured, the sutural margins
narrowly raised, legs black, very elongate, the first joint of the tarsi
broadly widened, the anterior ones much more elongate than the
others.
Hab, UsaMBara, Nguelo.
I only know of a single specimen of this species, one of
the largest of the genus, and resembling in that respect
M. usambarica, W eise, but with testaceous (not black) under-
48 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
side; the head likewise testaceous, and the antenne
with cylindrical, not widened joints, the thorax strongly
punctured.
Ergana bicolor, sp. n.
Black, the basal joints of the antenne flavous, thorax subquadrate,
impunctate, elytra flavous, scarcely perceptibly punctured. Length
5 millim.
Head impunctate, black, deeply transversely grooved between the
eyes, the frontal tubercles very strongly developed, trigonate, elypeus
triangular, rather broad between the antenne, the latter robust,
black, the lower five joints flavous, third joint more than twice the
length of the second, all the joints thickened at the apex ; thorax
subquadrate, scarcely broader than long, the margins rounded,
posterior angles obsolete, the surface rather convex, impunctate,
black, scutellum black ; elytra elongate, flavous, the punctures only
visible under a strong lens, their epipleurz indistinct below the
middle, legs black as well as the under-side, the knees and tibice
slightly stained with flavous, the latter mucronate, anterior coxal
cavities closed.
Hab. TanGa, E. Africa (Dr. Brawns).
The nearly impunctate upper surface and the coloration
distinguish this species from its allies.
Spilocephalus aprealis, sp. n.
Fulvous, the last joint of the antennee black, thorax impunctate,
with adeep curved depression, bounded by a ridge above (4), elytra
violaceous-blue, the apex fulvous, finely punctured near the suture,
with a deep basal depression. Length 4 millim.
Head impunctate, fulvous, deeply transversely grooved between
the eyes, frontal elevations strongly raised, transverse, palpi dilated
at the penultimate joint, antenne robust, extending beyond the
middle of the elytra, fulvous, the second joint extremely small, the
following four joints widened and subtriangularly compressed,
terminal joints smaller, of similar shape, the last one elongate and
black; thorax about one-half broader than long, subquadrate, the
middle of the dise with an angular depression at each side which is
bounded by a strong ridge above, rest of the surface impunctate,
fulvous, very shining, scutellum very broad ; elytra with a deep
depression below the base, the shoulders and the basal portion
prominent, dark violaceous-blue, with some fine punctures anteriorly
near the suture, rest of the disc impunctate, the apex in shape of a
Species of African Halticiny and Galerucine. 49
large triangular patch extending narrowly upwards at the suture,
fulvous; under-side and legs fulvous, clothed with fine yellow
pubescence, tibia unarmed, anterior coxal cavities closed; last
abdominal segment of the male deeply incised at the sides.
Hab, ZAMBESI.
Spilocephalus, Jac. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888), is well
distinguished by the structure of the antenne and the shape
of the thoracic depression, in connection with the unarmed
tibize and closed coxal cavities. SS. distanti, Gah., and S.
metallica, Jac., have filiform antenne and a different thoracic
sulcus and are better placed in Platyzantha. In the female
of S, apiealis the antennee have the joints less widened and
nearly equal, and the last abdominal segment is simple.
Aulamorphus pictus, sp. 0.
Oblong, black, sides of the head flavous, thorax closely punctured,
deeply transversely sulcate at the sides, elytra strongly and closely
punctured, black, the shoulders and a strongly dentate and semi-
crescent shaped band at the middle, flavous, Length 6 millim.
Head impunctate, with a deep longitudinal central groove, the
sides of the vertex and the frontal elevations flavous, clypeus and
labrum black, antenne slender, extending to the middle of the elytra,
black, the third and the following two joints elongate, equal, the
terminal joints slightly thickened and shorter, thorax about twice
and a half broader than long, the sides straight, the anterior and
posterior margins curved, the anterior angles oblique, the surface
irregularly punctured with a very deep transverse sulcus at the sides,
less deep at the middle, another small depression is placed at the base
near the middle, seutellum smooth ; elytra slightly wider at the base
than the thorax, with a depression below the base, very strongly and
closely punctured, black, the shoulders with a subquadrate flavous
spot, another transverse and medially constricted mark is placed at
the middle, not extending to the suture but connected near the lateral
margin by a narrow stripe with another transverse dentate band near
the apex, forming a semicrescent, under-side and legs black,
the abdominal segments narrowly margined with flavous, tibie
unarmed, metatarsus of hind-legs as long as the following joint,
together, anterior coxal cavities closed.
Hab. GERMAN EAST AFRICA.
Of this, the second species of the genus, I only possess
a single female specimen, it is however sufficiently dis-
tinguished by its coloration, although the latter is probably
subject to variation.
TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 4
50 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and
Beiratia, gen. n.
Elongate, subeylindrical, antennz filiform, the fourth joint longer
than the third, thorax transversely subquadrate, with rounded sides
and posterior angles, the disc convex, without depressions, elytral
epipleuree broad at the base, disappearing below the middle, legs
rather short, all the tibia mucronate, the metatarsus of the posterior
legs about as long as the following joints together, claws appen-
diculate, prosternum extremely narrow, the anterior cotyloid cavities
closed.
This genus will enter the Monoleptine on account of the
closed coxal cavities and the mucronate tibie, it differs
from Monolepta in the general robust and subcylindrical
shape and the much shorter metatarsus of the hind- legs
which are altogether more robust. Hrgana, Chayp., has the
elytral epipleuree continued and the metatarsus short. In
Barombia, Jac., the second and third joint of the antennz
are short and the metatarsus is very elongate ; the thorax
also is strongly transverse.
Bewratia inornata, sp.n. (Plate ITI, fig. 19.)
Of a uniform testaceous colour, the antenne (the basal joints
excepted) and the tibize and tarsi black, thorax impunctate, elytra
extremely finely and closely punctured, the interstices still more
finely punctate. Length 7 millim.
Head broad, impuncetate, the frontal elevations subtuberculiform,
bounded by a deep transverse groove behind, clypeus with an acute
central ridge, mandibles strongly curved and pointed, the apex black,
antennée extending beyond the middle of the elytra, very slender,
black, the lower two or three joints testaceous, fourth joint one-half
longer than the third, the following of nearly similar length, apical
joints not thickened ; thorax transversely subquadrate, slightly
narrowed in front, the lateral and the posterior margin rounded, the
anterior angles blunt and oblique, the disc rather convex, extremely
minutely granulate when seen undera strong lens, without any
larger punctures, elytra not wider at the base than the thorax, very
finely and closely punctured, with very minute other punctures at
the interstices, tibiz and tarsi blackish; the male organ short and
stout, terminating into an acute point, the cavity closed by an
elongate lid having a central furrow, female with the last abdominal
segment broadly produced at the middle.
Hab, Berra (P. A. Sheppard).
Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 51
Hystaspes, Jac. (Stettin, Zeit., 1903).
I now find, to my dismay, that this genus and the species
Hf, dohrni is identical with my genus Schematizella and
with the type S. viridis (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1888), the first-
named genus and species must therefore be entirely
omitted.
Ootheca bennigseni, Weise (Deut. Ent. Zeit., 1900).
Of this species I have received several specimens from
Beira obtained by Mr. P. A. Sheppard, amongst which are
some with entirely fulvous upper-side; the insect is prob-
ably subject to the same amount of colour variation as
the type 0. mutabilis, Sahlb. The structure of the male
organ agrees entirely with the description given by the
author; another specimen is also contained in my collection
from Natal.
Macrima africana, Jac. (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899).
This species, with metallic-green and rugose elytra,
ought, I think, to find its place in Haplotes, Weise, as at
present understood; the apex of the tibiz, if looked at
sideways, seems produced into a point as in Duviviera,
Weise, but this is caused by long stiff hairs only, which
project in a close set beyond the apex.
Duviviera apicitarsis, Weise (Deut. Ent. Zeit., 1903) =
sublevipennis, Jac. (Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1903).
Explanation of Plate.
EXPLANATION OF PuateE ITI.
Fia. 1. Crepidodera malvernensis.
2. Nisotra weisei.
3. Phyllotetra weisei.
4. Euplecnema nigrita.
5. Dunbrodya nitida.
6. Physonychis beiraensis.
7. Leptauaca maculicollis.
8. Hyperacantha obesa.
9. Stictocema tusciata.
10, Hxosoma apicipenne.
11. Hyperacantha silvana.
12. Candezea annulicornis.
13. Haplotes bifasciata.
14. », occipitalis.
15. Hemixantha dilaticorinis.
16. ng subconnectens.
lee Ps dilutipes.
18. * subrigosa,
19. Beiratia inornata.
20, Litperus incertus.
( 53)
ILI. On the emergence of Myrmeleon formicarius from the
pupa. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., FES.
[Read December 6th, 1905. ]
In this species, striking changes take place in the structure
of the mandibles as the insect passes from the larval to
the imaginal stage. The object of this paper is to call
attention to these changes, and especially to the modifica-
tions of the pupal mandible to fit it for cutting open the
cocoon—an operation not, however, performed by the pupa
(strictly speaking) but by the imago, immediately before
it sheds the pupal skin. A few notes are added on the
larval habits as observed by Dr. Chapman and myself.
Though these probably contain nothing new, they may
interest English entomologists who have few opportunities
of seeing these curious larve.
[Notes on the larvae made by T. A. Chapman, M.D.,
betore they passed into my possession.—“I brought home
several of these Ant-lion larve on Aug. 10th, 1904, having
found them a week or so earlier at La Granja (Spain).
They were there very abundant amongst what was rather
dry dusty earth—scarcely sand—in the pine forest, where
the trees were even somewhat densely placed. They
were quite under the trees, most abundant in fact close to
their roots, so that it may well be, that they preferred such
places as being less exposed torain. They were sometimes
so abundant that a square foot was occupied by eight or
ten of them of various sizes. During the six weeks I
had them at home before passing them on to Mr. Lucas
they ate a good many larve, chiefly of small Lepidoptera.
If the larva was too large, they avoided it and were with
difficulty got to seize it. In this they were well-advised,
since the result was either that the larva jerked itself
loose, or jerked the ant-lion out of the sand, into what
would naturally be a position of much danger. A small
larva, when once seized had no chance of escape, and after
a few spasmodic twists, became passive and was soon
dead. When hungry, the ant-lion sucked the larva very
dry, so that a minute shred only remained, if the larva
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART T. (MAY)
54 Mr. W. J. Lucas on the Emergence of
given was a small one. When too well supplied, however,
larvee were left only half emptied. They grew consider-
ably whilst I had them, not however moulting, but
chiefly filling out after the starvation incurred through
being brought here. ‘They made typical pits several
times. I saw them not infrequently throwing out sand
by the backward jerk of the head. This was done either
in making a pit or in repairing it. Roesel, I think, says
they also did this by way of artillery, to bring an insect
at the edge of the pit, down within their reach. In a
broad sense I think this is true; an insect at the edge of
the pit may cause some sand to fall on the ant-lion at
the bottom, in cases where it does not itself first reach that
position, and the ant-lion at once ejects the sand in order
to make his trap perfect as soon as possible. The move-
ment in the walls of the pit so caused would probably
often precipitate to the bottom an insect that would other-
wise have escaped. I several times saw sand so ejected
on disturbance of the pit, but in no case was there any-
thing like aiming the shower of sand at the insect. The
eyes are so placed that the insect has probably a fair view
of the field of operations ; on the other hand, its artillery
only commands a section of the circle, and it cannot turn
itself round very quickly should the insect be on the
opposite side. The larva appears always to travel back-
wards, and always under the sand, often, when replete, going
to some depth torest. On the surface it is not very helpful,
except that it can bury itself with great rapidity; it moves
to some distance under the sand very quickly.” ]
Two living larvae were passed on to me at the end ot
September. Judging of the food from the common and
scientific names that the insect bears, I supplied them
with living specimens of the red ant of the fir-woods
(Formica rufa). They would, however, have none of these,
and indeed appeared unwilling to accept anything I gave
them. Possibly they do not feed during the winter; at
any rate they ate little or nothing till well on into the
spring of the next year. One of the two could have been
none the worse for its long fast, since it produced an
imago of good size about midsummer (1905). Before
pupating it ate one or two caterpillars. These, when
seized, struggled violently at first. The ant-lion then
rapidly buried itself as mentioned in Dr. Chapman’s note
when, suddenly as it seemed, the caterpillar became still,
Myrmeleon formicarws from the Pupa. 55
giving one the impression that it had been stung and
paralysed at this juncture. Only once did I notice sand
being thrown about by the larva, and even on that
occasion I could not see for what purpose this was done.
It should be stated that a trap was never well formed—
possibly because the sand supplied was too mobile for the
purpose. Often the larve would wander about during the
night and make circular furrows in the sand, which were,
there is little doubt, intended for traps. While in my
possession the larve seemed to be usually buried well
beneath the surface of the sand.
At length one day threads of a gummy nature were
noticed along the sand and across the box containing the
larve—this waste of material seeming to be ill able to be
spared by so small an insect which had to produce so large
an imago. Gradually there arose from the surface of the
sand a spherical cocoon consisting of grains of sand
cemented together by this gummy material (liquid silk).
This cocoon was formed from below, a small section of
a sphere first appearing, the sphere itself taking shape
as the work progressed, and being when completed about
nine-sixteenths of an inch in diameter. Having but the
one cocoon, it was not possible for me to examine the
pupa within. When a little later the emergence took
place I was pleased to find that the imago was of good
size, not having suffered apparently from the long fast in
the larval stage.
In the case of the Chrysopas (Green Lace-wing Flies),
which are near relatives of the ant-lions, we have a tiny
spherical cocoon, quite ethereal in appearance and evidently
made of silk alone. Before disclosing the imago the pupa
of Chrysopa neatly cuts for itself a circular door. It then
leaves the cocoon entirely and afterwards the disclosure of
the imago takes place outside. The pupa of Myrmeleon
formicarius does not do this, but after making an aperture
at the top of the cocoon, protrudes the fore part of its
body only, somewhat in the same way as the pupa of
the Burnet-moth (Zygena trifolii) does. Emergence of
the imago then takes place from a dorsal slit, the delicate
pupal skin remaining half-projecting from the orifice in
the cocoon.
As previously mentioned interesting changes take place
in the mandibles as the ant-lion proceeds from stage to
stage of its life-cycle. These I have illustrated by means
56 Mr. W. J. Lucas on the Emergence of
of the accompanying figures, which are magnified about
23 times. It will be at once seen how admirably the
formidable larval mandibles are formed to serve as a
trap to catch the prey in that stage. The pupal jaws are
used in the insect’s life for a single operation—the cutting
of an opening in the cocoon. They are much reduced in
size, and the slender hairs are perhaps vestigial only.
Myrineleon formicartus.
1. Mandibles of Larva 1
2. Mandibles of Pupa x abt. 23.
3. Mandibles of Imago J
The sharp points are well adapted for piercing the cocoon
and the saw-like edges are equally well suited for enlarging
the opening. In the imago the mandibles have become
quite simple in form and the hairs have disappeared. Of
two species of Chrysopa (C. septempunctata and C. clathrata)
whose pupal skins I possess, the jaws in that stage are
similar to those of the pupa of J. formicarivs, and
Myrineleon formicarius from the Pupa. 57
judging by the clean manner in which C. clathrata had
opened its cocoon by a circular lid, these jaws must be
very efficient instruments for effecting this operation.
[Note on the pupal mandibles by Dr. Chapman.—“ In
the three stages of MZ. formicarius the mandibles are of
interest to me in connection with the ancestry of the Lepi-
doptera, in view of the considerations I advanced in Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1896, p.568. No doubt any common Chrysopa
or Hemerobius would afford a similar series, but I am not
aware of such a series being figured, certainly not in any
English medium I have come across. The pupal jaws are
modified so as to be specially suited for opening the
cocoon. The pupa throughout its whole existence is
absolutely quiescent, and these jaws rest unused. It is
when the insect is no longer a pupa, but an imago within
the pupal skin, that it becomes active and uses these jaws
to open the cocoon. It is not the pupa, but the imago
that does this, these pupal jaws being merely a sort of
glove to the marginal jaws, now fully developed, but no
doubt like the wings requiring a few minutes’ adjust-
ment to the new conditions, when the pupal skin has been
cast off. Mr. Lucas’ specimen shows the pupal skin left
in the grip of the opening made in the cocoon, the imago
leaving it as soon as the anterior portion is outside the
cocoon. It is easy to understand how these pupal jaws
are moved by the imago, since it has its own jaws inside
them; but how the similar jaws that are used for the
same purpose by the Z'richoptera and the Lvriccraniadz,
which have no imaginal jaws at all, are energised by the
imago, remains as difficult to understand as I found it ten
years ago.”
( 59)
IV. On some new or hitherto unfigured forms of South-
African Butterflies. By RoLanD TrimeEn, M.A,
E.R.S., ete.
[Read February 7th, 1906. ]
Praresshy, V, Viz
I HAVE to thank once more the constant kindness of my
friends and correspondents, Mr. H. L. Langley Feltham,
F.E.S., of Johannesburg, and Mr. A. D. Millar of Durban,
for bringing to my notice several of the interesting forms
here dealt with. I would especialy call attention to the
new Transvaalian Canyra, brought home on behalf of the
captor, Mr. H. Livingstone, by Mr. Feltham, and to the
highly remarkable new Delonewra discovered at Port Natal
by Mr. Millar.
In view of the considerable number of species among
the smaller South-African butterflies—especially among
the Lycznide—remaining unfigured altogether or very
imperfectly delineated, I have gladly adopted Mr. Feltham’s
suggestion to devote two plates to the group mentioned,
and especially to the genus Lycwna, many of the nearly-
allied forms of which are most difficult of determination
from descriptions alone.
The types of Cenyra rufiplaga, and the singular melanic
aberration of Acrwa aglaonice, have been respectively
presented to the British Museum by Mr. H. Livingstone
and Mr. G. T. Weeks. ©
Family NYMPHALID.
Subfamily SATY RINE.
Genus Ca&nyra, Hewits.
C@NYRA RUFIPLAGA, n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 1.)
Closely allied to C. hebe (Trim.).
Exp. al., 1 in. 4 lin.
g. Rather dark-brown, the hind-margins slightly paler ; fore-wing
with two sub-apical black, silvery-centred dull-ochreous-yellow-ringed
ocelli, and a large discal pale-rufous patch which partly encloses the
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY)
60 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New
upper ocellus and wholly encloses the lower one ; hind-wing with two
similar but smaller ocelli near hind-margin. Fore-wing: rufous
patch large, wider superiorly, encircling lower half of upper ocellus,
its inner edge irregular, its outer edge bounded by the inner of two
indistinct parallel scarcely sinuated dark-brown sub-marginal streaks ;
this patch extends inwardly up to lower disco-cellular nervule, and
inferiorly (much narrowed) to sub-median nervure ; two ocelli placed
a little obliquely, the lower one being rather nearer to hind-margin,
—the third median nervure passes between them touching the lower
one. Hind-wing: two ocelli divided by second median nervule,
their ochreous-yellow rings with a slight rufous tinge ; two darker
brown sub-marginal streaks as in fore-wing, but closer together.
UNDER-SIDE.—Pale-yellowish, finely but closely irrorated with
Fuscous ; ocelli better defined than on wpper-side (and in hind-wing six
in number), their rings of a bright pale-yellow in an outermost fine
circle of fuscous ; in both wings, a premedian and a median irregular
transverse rufous streak, and also a short terminal disco-cellular rufous
streak which unites with median streak on 3rd median nervule. Fore-
wings rufous patch paler, and wider inferiorly, where it more or less
merges with median darker rufous streak ; swollen basal portion of
costal nervure rufous superiorly ; two parallel sub-marginal fuscous
streaks thin but sharply defined. Hind-wing: 4 additional ocelli, of
which the first, on sub-costal nervules, is the largest, and the second
third and sixth (in the whole series of six) are smaller than the
fourth and fifth ; two rufous streaks completely cross wing from
costa to inner-margin, the outer or median one more angulated than
the other ; two small traces of a basal rufous streak ; sub-marginal
fuscous streaks as in fore-wing, but rather more sinuated,
This remarkable form of Canyra is distinguisbed from
both the typical C. hebe and its “Variety A” on the upper-
side by a much darker brown, but especially by the
presence in the fore-wing of a large and conspicuous discal
rufous patch. These features give the upper-side quite
the aspect of a Pseudonympha,—and especially of P.
narycia, Wallengr. The dark-brown ground-colour quite
obliterates any trace of the transverse striae of the fore-
wing, which in typical hebe are indistinct and ferruginous
and in Variety A conspicuous and red, The rufous patch
looks like a development and expansion of the ferruginous-
red rings (usually thin and ill-defined, but in the 2 some-
times diffusedly widened) which characterize typical hebe.
It is notable that in the Variety A, in which the enlarge-
ment and redness of the transverse striz are so conspicuous,
Forms of South-African Butter flies, 61
there is no trace on either upper or under-side of the fore-
wing of any rufous immediately encircling the ocelli, the
outermost rings being dusky-brown ; and thus, as regards
this particular red marking, C. ru/iplaga is nearer than the
Variety A to typical hebe. In both examples of the new
form only the two lower of the hind-wing ocelli are
represented on the upper-side; I have noted the same
feature in a King William’s Town f and a Bashee River
gf of the Variety A. As regards the under-side, the
rufous striz in C. rufiplaga are thinner and redder than
in typical hebe, and there are only fragmentary and
obsolescent traces of the two sub-basal ones present in the
latter ; in the fore-wing the outermost stria is inferiorly
merged with inner edge of the rufous patch. In respect
of these under-side striz, the new form is at the opposite
extreme from the Variety A, which presents them in a
very highly-developed condition.
The two examples here described are closely alike, and
give the impression of representing a distinct local race ;
but this view cannot be definitely affirmed until specimens
of the 2 are forthcoming from the same district. Mr.
Feltham received these $ ¢ from Mr. H. Livingstone, who
notes that they were “caught on the top of Buiskop, near
Warm Baths, Transvaal, on 2nd January, 1905.” This, I
learn from Mr. Feltham, is an elevation of some extent
situated about 50 miles N. of Pretoria and half-way
between that town and Nylstroom.
Genus PsEUDONYMPHA, Wallengr.
PSEUDONYMPHA DUPLEX (Butl.)—Var. major. (Plate IV,
fig. 2.
ae duplex, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885,
p. 758 (1886) $;* and 1894, p. 560, pl. 36, f. 1.
Pseudonympha ? Bera (Hewits.), aut duplex (Butl.), Trim.,
S.-Afr. Butt., 11, p. 395 (1889), and Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1891, p. 62.— Var. major.
This species was founded by Mr. Butler on a single
@ from Somali-land,* and was made the type of his new
* The @ associated with this ¢ was subsequently recognized by
Mr. Butler as distinct, and described by him (Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond.,
1894, p. 559) as N. rufilineata. It differs in having on under-side of
hind-wing three red transverse streaks—of which two, ante-median
and post-median, are not present in the NV. duplex, ¢. This ? does
not appear to me to be separable from P, natalii, Boisd.,
62 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New
genus Neocwnyra. I published (/.c. 1891) my view that
the characters specified, while separating the proposed
new genus from Canyra, Hewits., seemed identical with
those presented by Psewdonympha, and this view was con-
firmed on my examination of the type specimen of duplex
in 1892. At the same time [ found, on inspecting the
type of YVpthima bera, Hewits.—which I only knew
previously from Hewitson’s description—that duplex was
quite a distinct species; bera, though very nearly allied,
being at once recognized by its total lack of rufous
marking on both the upper and under surfaces.
Several other species have since been described and
placed in Neocwnyra by Mr. Butler; but Prof. Aurivillius
(Rhop. Aithiop., 1899, p. 72)—though he adds to these
Pseudonympha natalii (Boisd.)\—remarks that it is doubt-
ful, looking to species so intermediate as regards the form
of the antennal club as P. cassiws (Godt.), whether
Pseudonympha and Neocenyra can be distinctly separated.
Of late years, numerous examples of typical P. duplex
have been received from British East Africa; there are
eight (5 ff and 3 2?) in the National Collection from
various localities, and seven (6 $f and 1 ?) in Mr, F. J.
Jackson’s collection from Gulu-Gulu and Kibwezi. All
these are of the same limited size, not exceeding about
1} in. across the expanded wings.
The large VARIETY here figured had been long known
to me as occurring in tropical South Africa, Mr. F. C.,
Selous having sent examples from Matabeleland in 1882,
and Mr. A. W. Eriksson a good series from the same country
in 1885, but it was not included in my “South African
Butterflies” (1887-89) because I had no evidence of its
having been met with in any extra-tropical habitat. I
referred to its existence, however (in vol. i, p. 82 note, and
vol. ili, p. 395), mentioning its relationship to P. natalit,
Boisd., its distinguishing features, and its probable identity
with duplex, Butler; and in 1891 (/.¢. swpra) I recorded its
capture—in a somewhat modified form—by Mr. Eriksson
on the Okavango River in 1887-88, and described the
characters in which it differs from P. neita, Wallengr.
Not until July last had I the pleasure of seeing specimens
from an extra-tropical station, which were kindly presented
to me by the captor, Mr. Alfred T. Cooke, of Johannesburg.
These examples were taken in November and December
1903, at White River, 15 miles from Nelspruit (a station
Forms of South-African Butterflies. 63
on the Pretoria and Delagoa Bay Railway, about 30 miles
from Barberton), Transvaal, where Mr. Cooke found the
butterfly extremely abundant on a wide treeless grassy
plateau roughly about 10 miles in diameter, but only a
few stragglers of it in the bushy and rocky surrounding
country.
The size of this form presents some variation, the f
ranging from 1 in. 7-9 lin., and the from 1 in. 9 lin. to
2 in., but it seems always to very considerably exceed that
of the typical form. Some approach to a corresponding
discrepancy is found in the allied P. neita, Wallengr.,
seven f§ specimens of which, taken by Mr. C. N. Barker
at Kwamakwaza in Zululand expand 2 in. 1-8 lin, in
contrast with all I have seen from other parts of South
Africa, which range in size from (f) 1 in, 7 lin, to (2)
2 in,
PSEUDONYMPHA NATALII (Boisd.), (Plate IV, fig. 3.)
9. Satyrus natalii, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg., p. 594,
n. 84 (1847).
2. Hrebia natalit, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 11, p. 203, n. 116
(1866).
2. Pseudonympha natalii, Trim., 8.-Afr. Butt. i, p. 81
(1887).
As only the 2 of this species appears to have been
described, I give here particulars of the slight differences
which the # exhibits.
¢. Smaller ; exp. al., 1 in. 5-6 lin. <A little darker ; rufous-
ochreous discal patch in both wings smaller and narrower. Hind-
wing : obsolescent sub-apical ocellus very faint (in one example absent);
other ocelli usually less distinct,—but in one example more developed
than in 9, especially the third inferior small one near anal angle.
UnperstDE,— Hind-wing: in one example each loop of submarginal
ferruginous stria encloses a very small ocellus, the lower one very
faint, but in five other examples there is no trace of these additional
ocelli, and in three of them the looping of the stria is itself inter-
rupted or incomplete.
I cannot find any published figure of this long-known
but somewhat rare species, and the accompanying illus-
tration will prove serviceable in determining the closely-
related forms of this group. It is worth noting that,
although P, natalii in its colouring and marking comes so
64 Mr. Roland Trimen oz some New
very near to P. duplex, yet in the remarkable feature of the
double looping of the stria just beyond the ocelli on the
under-side of the hind-wing* it finds its ally in P. bera,
Hewits.,—a butterfly without any rufous-ochreous colouring
whatever, and so strongly resembling an Vpthima.t
Originally recorded by Boisduval from Zululand, the
range of P. natalii has since been shown to extend to the
northern Transvaal, Bechuanaland, Matabeleland, and
Damaraland. Its distribution thus coincides largely with
that of P. duplex, var. major; and the two forms came
together in the collections made in Matabeleland by Mr.
F. C. Selous, Mr, A, W, Eriksson, and the late Mr, F,
Oates.
Subfamily ACRAIN A,
Genus AcR&A, Fab,
ACRHEA AGLAONICE (Westw.). (Plate IV, fig. 4.)
ft. Acrva aglaonice, Westw., App. to Oates’ “ Matabele
Land,” 1881, p. 346, n. 35, pl. F, ff 9, 10.
2. Acrva aglaonice, Trim.,8.-Afr. Butt. 1, p. 151, n. 43,
pl. III, f. 3 (¢), (1887.)
ABERRATION (MELANIC).—@. Smoky-black: fore-wing with a
moderately-wide rufous-fulvous costal border from base to a little
beyond middle, a wider rufous-fulvous inner-marginal border
from rather before middle to posterior angle, and an apical-hind-
marginal series of six inter-nervular rays, diminishing in length but
increasing in breadth downward ; hind-wing with neuration across
middle and a diffuse inner-marginal border pale rufous-fulvous with
* Tt must, however, be observed that in several examples of both
sexes of P. duplex the lower of the loops is more or less developed, as
shown in my figure of that form from a Transvaal ¢ specimen.
7 P. extensa (Butl.), from Salisbury, Mashonaland (Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 188, pl. xx, f. 1), seems to stand in the same
relation to P. duplex, var. major, as P. bera does to P. natalia ; that
is to say, the pattern and markings closely correspond in the two
forms, but there is exhibited a most conspicuous difference in colour-
ing, P. extensa being entirely devoid of the rufous-ochreous patches
so prominent in P. duplex. It occurs to me as possible that these
singular relations may prove to be seasonal in these butterflies ; but
I have at present no material or data affording support to this con-
jecture. The type of extensa (¢) from Salisbury, Mashonaland, taken
by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, is in the National Collection, accompanied
by a Q duplex, var, major, from the same locality and donor,
Forms of South-African Butterflies. 65
a slight pinkish tinge. UNbDER-SIDE.—Fore-wing: fuscous not so
dark ; rufous-fulvous costal and inner-marginal borders paler,
irregularly widened in parts and confluent at base ; apical-hind-
marginal border widely creamy, traversed by inter-nervular rays
like those on upper-side but narrower. Hind-wing : fuscous broken
and macular in basal and inner-marginal areas, and blacker,—the
ground-colour there being pinkish-red ; outer half of discoidal cell
creamy ; mesial neuration conspicuously and diffusedly creamy,
penetrating fuscous area to beyond middle ; hind-marginal series of
seven large well-defined broad creamy-whitish lunules.
Exp. at. 1 in. 11 lin.
The example here described belongs to the darker variety
of A. aglaonice described by me in Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1894, p. 27, and pronounced by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 555) to be the summer
form of the species ; but so completely altered is its appear-
ance by the intrusion and singular distribution of the
smoky-black suffusion, and the almost entire suppression
of the ordinary black spots, as well as by its unusually
small size, that, had it not been for the exact agreement
with the 2 aglaonice in the colouring and marking of
head, thorax, and abdomen, I doubt whether I could with
confidence have referred it to that species. It was taken
at Melville, a suburb of Johannesburg, Transvaal, by Mr.
G. T. Weeks, on the 7th May, 1904.
The range of this <Acrwa extends from Southern
Matabeleland to Eastern Mashonaland and Delagoa Bay,
and also through the Transvaal as far south as Johannes-
burg and eastward to the Lydenburg district, and it further
includes Delagoa Bay, Zululand, and (apparently very
exceptionally) Natal.
Mr. Feltham, writing to me in June 1904, made the
following interesting remarks on the winter appearance of
A, aglaonice and certain other Acrwx at Johannesburg.
“We are just now, in the depth of the cold weather, having
an irruption of newly-emerged butterflies of this species.
They have been with us for the last month, and are
scattered generally, but singly (not in quantities) about the
hills and even in the streets. The same thing happened
about nine years ago, also in mid-winter, when frost is on
the ground in the mornings and most butterfly life has
disappeared. In 1894, also in winter, we had a great
incursion of Acrva buxtoni, in weather so cold that the
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 5
66 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New
butterflies could hardly move. Some other Acrwe occa-
sionally make their appearance here, whether as stragglers
or bred locally one cannot say, but almost invariably when
the cold weather begins. It is difficult to conjecture why
these butterflies should select the winter to visit or emerge
upon the highest and coldest area for many miles round,
considering what much more favourable conditions appear
to be offered by the rapid downward trend of the country
to the Northward as far as the ‘Low Veldt’ just beyond
the Magaliesberg.”
Subfamily VY MPHALIN A.
Genus HARMA, Westw.
HARMA CORANUS (H. Grose Smith). (Plate IV,
figs. 5, 5a.)
ft, 2. Cymothoé coranus, H. Grose Smith, Ann, and Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 111, p. 133 (1889).
, 9. Harma coranus, Trim., S-Afr. Butt. ii, App. I,
p. 382 (1889).
T am glad to have the opportunity of figuring this
species, which seems to be still decidedly rare in collections.
The types described by Mr. Grose Smith were noted as
captured by Mr. Last in the neighbourhood of Mombasa ;
but a broken specimen of the # had reached me some years
previously from Pinetown, Natal, where it was taken by
Col. Bowker in June 1883. In acollection formed in Zulu-
land by Captain A. M. Goodrich a f and a occurred, which
were labelled as taken in April 1887, and October 1886,
respectively ; anda f sent from the same locality by Mr. W.
H. Heale is—I am informed by Mr. Heron—in the British
Museum. To these examples may now be added. two
brought home by Mr. Feltham, a f taken by Mr. Roberts
in June 1904, at Port St. John’s, Pondoland, and a 2
captured by Mr. Feltham himself, on 14th February, 1904,
at Port Shepstone, Umzimkulu, Natal.
This @ is here figured; and on comparing it with a
coloured drawing of the type example—made and kindly
lent to me by Mr. Heron—I find that on the upper-side it
differs in presenting a narrower discal common white band,
and a much narrower and more macular sub-costal oblique
white bar in the fore-wing, and also in the latter wing in
having the sub-costal commencement of the discal band
Forms of South-African Butterflres, 67
indicated by a whitish spot, and that of the discal series
immediately beyond the band by two smali but distinct
white sub-apical spots. These differences from the drawing
of the type are also shown by the 2 taken in Zululand by
Captain Goodrich.
I figure the Zululand f received from Capt. Goodrich
in preference to Mr. Roberts’ Pondoland fg, because the
under-side in the former agrees in ground-colour with Mr.
Smith’s description of “stramineous,” while in the latter
it is of a much duller tint, pale ochreous-yellow before the
common dark-brown median streak and creamy-ferruginous
beyond it, with all the markings before middle attenuated
and all those beyond middle grey and very indistinct.
Variation in the colouring of the under-side is extremely
prevalent in both sexes of the nearly allied H. alcimeda
(Godt.), the only other Harma yet discovered in South
Africa,*
Mr. Feltham makes the following notes on H. coranus :—
“Tn a wooded dell on the Umzimkulu at Port Shepstone,
on the 14th February, 1904, I saw several specimens, both
df and 2, but could only succeed in capturing a single 9,
being unfortunately provided with too short-handled a net.
Both sexes flew at least 6 or 8 feet above the ground, and
settled at about the same height on leaves of trees in large
bushes. Their flight resembled that of 1. alcimeda, which
was plentiful close by; but I noticed this peculiarity in it,
that, between the strokes of the wings, the motion conveys
the impression that the butterfly is progressing with its
wings set slanting somewhat downward on either side
instead of horizontally..
“During my stay at Port St. John’s, from 1st to 7th
March, 1904, I looked carefully for H. coranus, but did not
see it; although /. alcimeda was quite common there,
frequenting the ripe fruit of the wild vine. Before leaving
I asked my friend Mr. Roberts to keep a sharp look-out for
coranus, and he succeeded in detecting and securing the f
example in June 1904.”
* This genus is emphatically West-African; out of about 50 species,
besides the two South-African natives under notice—of which
coranus inhabits also the East-African Coast at Mombasa-—only 5 or
6 species appear to have been met with in British East Africa, even
as far inland as the Victoria Nyanza, It is thus remarkable that a
small representative should have penetrated to the extreme South of
the continent, and flourish there wherever the native woods still
extend.
68 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New
Family LycaiNIDz,
Genus DELONEURA, Trim.
Deloneura, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 81;
S.-Afr. Butt., u, p. 224 (1887).
Pouitonia, Neave, Novit. Zool., xi, p. 336 (1904).
When defining this remarkable genus in 1868, I little
thought for how longa time the three Kaffrarian examples
captured by my lamented collaborator, the late Col. J. H.
Bowker, would remain its only known representatives. To
this day, no further specimens of the type, D. immaculata,
Trim., are forthcoming, Staudinger’s insect figured (Exot.
Schmett., 1, pl. 94.—1887) under that name being rightly
referred by Aurivillius (Rhop. Aithiop., p. 278.—1899) to
the genus Liptena. Plotz’s Delonewra marginata (Stett.
“Ent. Zeit., xli, p. 204.—1880) has been identified by
Aurivillius (.¢. p. 284) with the type of Mr. F. Kirby’s
genus Aslauga, vid. A. marginalis, K. (Ann. and M. Nat.
Hist., (6), 6, p. 261.—1890). No doubt the absence of
specimens of Delonewra led to the misplacing of these
West-African butterflies; yet my diagnosis and figure
(/. c. 1868) gave very clearly the singular disco-cellular
and radial neuration of the fore-wings and other charac-
teristic features, and should have suttced to prevent the
addition to the genus of species not possessing those
features. |
The discovery of a new species of Deloncura (described
below as D. millart), in Natal, enables me to dismiss a
suggestion I made in 1868 (/.¢., p. 82, footnote) that the
fore-tarsi might be (as in a very few other genera of
Lyceenide) perfect in both sexes, and that of the three
extant examples of D. immaculata—all of which possessed
completely articulated and clawed fore-tarsi—the two
smaller might be ¢ f and the third alone a 2. The
three examples of the new Natalian species comprise two
unquestionable ¢ f, exhibiting not only unarticulate fore-
tarsi, blunt and Jess than half the length of the tibiw, but
also a conspicuous sexual badge on the submedian nervure
of the fore-wings, consisting of an apparent slight mem-
branous expansion or inflation, covered both on upper and
under surfaces of the wings—but much more densely on
the upper surface—with elongated pointed scales, and
Forms of South-African Butterflies, 69
extending from the base to considerably beyond the middle.
The ¢ further differs from the 2 in having the fore-wing
more pointed at the apex and more prominent at the
middle of the hind-margin, and the terminal joint of the
palpi longer, more slender, and more acuminate.
Deloneura can no longer be held as an endemic South-
African genus, two Tropical-Afiican congeners being now
known, one from Kinsembo, on the coast of North Angola,
and the other from Kisumu on the N.E. shore of Victoria
Nyanza. These two species have been constituted as a
new genus, Poultonia, by Mr,8. A. Neave (Novit. Zool., xi,
1904, pp. 336-37) ; but now that both sexes of Delonewra
are forthcoming, it is unquestionable that Pouwlfonia is in
all respects structurally inseparable from the older genus.
It is noteworthy that these two tropical species, coming
from such widely-separated localities, are not only closely
related, but that in pattern and marking they are both
much nearer to the Natalian D. millavi here described
and figured than to the unicolorous D. immaculata from
Kaffraria. They differ from D. millart in possessing a
fuscous-brown apical-hind-marginal border on the upper-
side of the hind-wings, broader in the Angolan D. barca
(H. G. Smith)* than in the Victoria-Nyanza D. ochrascens
(Neave).T
DELONEURA MILLARI, n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 6, Ga, 60.)
Exp. al. (g)-1 in. 5$ lin. ; (9) Lin. 6 lin.
$. Warm ochreous-yellow (rather brighter than the colour of
Pentila tropicalis (Boisd.) ; fore-wing with a fuscous costal and
apical border, hind-wing without marking. Fore-wing: fuscous
border of moderate width, commencing abruptly and obliquely at
some little distance from base, and narrowing to almost a point
about origin of third subcostal nervule, whence it suddenly broadens
apieally but rapidly diminishes again hind-marginally and terminates
in a point between second and third median nervules ; throughout,
this dark border has a narrow external edging of duller ochreous-
yellow than the ground-colour, widest before and at apex; sexual
inflated badge occupying about two-thirds of submedian nervure from
base. UNDER-SIDE.—Fore-wing : ground-colour rather paler than on
upper-side ; costal border fuscous-brownish with some indistinct
greyish-creamy mottlings, broader than on upper-side, commencing at
* Durbania barca, Rhop. Exot., iii, p. 128, pl. 27, ff. 3, 4 (1901).
+ Powltonia ochrascens, Novit, Zool., l. c. (1904); ¢, pl. i, p. 13.
70 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New
base itself, extending up to costal edge, and emitting two small down-
ward projections, one just before and the other a little beyond middle ;
apical border greyish-creamy but with some fuscous-brownish
clouding along its internal edge to below second radial. Hind-wing :
from base to beyond middle of the same fuscous-brownish as costal
border of fore-wing, except for a narrow inner-marginal greyish-
creamy border ; outer edge of this fuscous-brownish area irregularly
excavated ; all sub-marginal and hind-marginal area greyish-creamy ;
at base, three indistinct spots, a sub-basal transverse series of four
spots (one in discoidal cell), and a terminal disco-cellular spot,—all
ereyish-creamy ; indistinct traces of one hind-marginal and two sub-
marginal series of small fuscous-brownish spots. Two examples,
@. Like 3, except that the fuscous-brownish costal-apical border
of fore-wing is broader apically and hind-marginally and eatends
rather further along hind-margin, very nearly reaching 1st median
nervule. UNDER-SIDE.—Border of fore-wing and whole of hind-
wing of a@ more uniform pale ashy-grey tint, almost without the
fuscous-brownish clouding shown in g, but with all the spots, both
pale and dark, much less indistinct. Fore-wing : fuscous cloud and
two projections on inner edge of costal-apical border smaller, but
darker and more sharply defined ; two additional similar sinall
fuscous projections, in a line with but before the others, in discoidal
cell. Hind-wing: a discal curved series of seven sub-sagittiform
ereyish-creamy inwardly dusky-edged spots, immediately before the
inner of the two sub-marginal series of fuscous-brownish spots. One
example.
In both sexes the head, with palpi and antennz are dull-black,
but the second joint of palpi is internally ochreous-yellow, and the
antennee are tipped with the same colour ; there are also two spots
on the front, two on the vertex, and two behind the eyes, all ochreous-
yellow. Thorax fuscous-brownish clothed superiorly with rather
sparse pale ochreous-yellow scales and short hairs, and marked
laterally and inferiorly with several indistinct pale ochreous-yellow
spots. Legs fuscous-brown, in ¢ indistinctly, in @ distinctly,
ringed with ochreous-yellow at extremities of femur and tibia and
of each tarsal joint. Abdomen pale ochreous-yellow, slightly tinged
with greyish superiorly.
This Deloneura is at once distinguished from D. immacu-
lata, Trim., the type of the genus, by its possession on the
upper-side of a fuscous costal and apical border in the fore-
wings, and on the under-side of a greyish-creamy and
fuscous-brownish mottled costal-apical border in the fore-
wings, and similar colouring, with various paler and darker
Forms of South-African Butterflies. {|
markings (more distinct in @ ), throughout the hind-wings,
D. immaculata is of a paler ochreous-yellow than D. millari
and is quite devoid of markings on both surfaces of the
wings.
The nearest ally of D. millari is D. ochrascens (Neave),
a native of Usemi and Kisumu, Kavirondo Bay, N.E. shore
of Victoria Nyanza, but it differs on the upper-side in
having the dark border of the fore-wing, though rather
narrower apically, prolonged to posterior angle, and in
presenting also in the hind-wing a similar but more even
dark border from before apex throughout hind-margin to
anal angle. On the under-side, too, D. ochrascens presents
a more uniform ground-colour, but with the discal series of
spots paler and better defined in the hind-wing.
The existence of this notable addition to the Lycenidx
of the South-African Sub-Region was made known to me
in November 1902, by Mr. A. D. Millar, who sent me a
coloured sketch by Mr. G. W. Jeffery of Durban, Natal, of
a single specimen taken by the latter, on 14th September,
1902, on the Bluff ridge overlooking the town of Durban.
Though the sketch evidently represented some apparently
undescribed form, it did not give the structural details
necessary to determine the genus of a butterfly ; but I was
supported by both Mr. W. F. Kirby and Prof. Chr.
Aurivillius in the view that the species depicted was new,
and might prove to constitute a new genus. Mr. Jeffery
noted that the example in question was “flitting about
from leaf to leaf on a shrub about twelve feet in height;
the day was exceedingly windy, so perhaps the insect
might have been brought for some distance by the wind ;’
and he adds that he soon after revisited the locality, and
spent a whole day there, but did not meet with another
example.
Not until August last had I the pleasure of receiving
from Mr. A. P. Millar both Mr. Jeffery’s original specimen,
and a second captured by himself, with some other
examples, in May 1905. It was at once clear that the
butterfly was a Deloneura, but both examples being male,
it seemed possible that they might be that sex of the
exceedingly rare D. immaculata. Mr. Millar, on my
representing how things stood, most kindly found and
sent me a female, which is described above, and which
satisfactorily establishes the form as a distinct species of
the genus.
72 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New
Considering that it is over forty years since the discovery
of Delonewra in South Africa, and over thirty-five since I
published in our “Transactions” the discoverer’s account
of the habits of D. immaculata, in the only locality and on
the only occasion recorded for its appearance, great interest
attaches to the following details relating to the new
Natalian species, communicated to me by Mr. Millar. He
writes under date of the 9th June, 1905:—“ On hearing
that three more specimens had been taken on 30th April,
1905, about the same place where Jeffery took his example,
several of us went in search of the butterfly ; and on the
7th May we managed to secure no less than eight
specimens, some of which were fresh from the pupa, and
three of which were captured by myself. The weather
being windy, the butterfly was not active; but on passing
the tree where previous captures had been made, one of
our party disturbed the branches, and out flew about a
dozen. They took short flights, but at an elevation of
about fifteen feet, and like Liptena aslauga settled on twigs
and dead branches, where the assimilation of the under-
side colouring rendered them difficult of detection. Their
flight was slow and wavering, resembling that of a day-
flying moth of the same colouring which flew in the same
locality ; and so strong was the likeness of the butterfly to
the moth on the wing that on several occasions great
efforts were made in capturing what was thought to be
the former but turned out to be the latter. I send you a
specimen of the moth in question. All the specimens of
the butterfly were found about one tree, which I think it
probable is the food-plant.”
This account agrees very remarkably with the observa-
tions on D. immaculata made by Col. Bowker, who
particularly noticed the resemblance, both in colouring and
flight, of the butterfly to the “yellow tree-moth,” common
in wooded spots.
Several species of the Liparide genus Avoa, Walk., are
numerous and widely distributed in South Africa. The
species forwarded by Mr. Millar as that with which D.
millari associates at Durban, is A. punctifera, Walk.,*
which occurs also in the eastern part of Cape Colony and
* Sir G. Hampson (Ann. S.-Afr. Mus., iii, pp. 406-7, 1905) places
this species, with some others formerly included in Aroa, in the old
genus Huproctis, Hiibn., and limits Arow to A. discalis, Walk., and
one other species.
Forms of South-African Butterflies. 73
at Delagoa Bay. I give here (Pl. IV, fig. 7) a figure of
the example of this moth received from Mr. Millar, in
order to show how completely the butterfly accords with
the moth in prevalent ochreous-yellow colouring, though
differing considerably as regards the upper-side of the
fore-wing and the under-side of part of the fore-wing and
the entire hind-wing. The case is instructive as mdicating
how effective in flight for mimetic purposes can prove
even an inexact likeness, provided that the general colour-
ing and the action on the wing are the same. As far as
human observation is concerned, it certainly would appear
that Deloneura has successfully evaded notice—even in so
long known and well “ worked” a locality as Durban—
mainly by simulating the colour and motion of certain
common more or less gregarious day-flying moths with
which it associates, and which are most probably protected
species rejected or avoided by insectivorous animals.
Genus Lycana, Fab.
LYCENA PATRICIA, Trim. (Plate V, figs. 8, 82.)
Lycena patricia, Trim., S.-Afr. Butt., ii, p. 20 (1887).
I indicated (/..c.) the close affinity of this species with
L. parsimon, Fab., notwithstanding the great disparity in
the colouring of the males on the upper-side of the wings,
and mentioned how the exceedingly similar females could
be distinguished by the longer tail and one fewer sub-basal
under-side spot in the hind-wing characteristic of Z.
patricia. .
Since my description was published the extended South-
African range of this form has been considerably enlarged,
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall having taken it at Gadzima in
Mashonaland, in 1895.* The Transvaal variation which
I noted (/.¢., p. 21)—and which presents in both sexes a
darker under-side with all the sub-marginal markings very
much fainter—has been taken (“1st to 3rd January, 1904”)
by Mr. Feltham at Venter’s Kroon, on the Vaal River.
In view of the unmistakably close alliance existing
between L. parsimon, L. patricia, and L. glauca, Trim.,
much interest attaches to Mr. Feltham’s note that he took
all three forms, as well as the dark variation of patricia, at
the same time and at the same spot, “on flat low-lying
grass-land dotted with mimosa trees.”
* Mr, A. G. Butler, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond , 1898, p. 192.
TA Mr, Roland Trimen on some New
LYCHENA ORTYGIA, Trim. (Plate V, figs. 9, 9a.)
Lycena ortygia, Trim., 8.-Afr. Butt., 11, p. 26 (1887).
Since I noted (J. c.) the occurrence of an example of this
near ally of Z. asteris, Godt., near Cape Town, several
specimens of both sexes have been taken in the Cape
Peninsula, vid., by Mr. E. R. Howes at Hout Bay, Mr. H.
Bevan at Simon’s Town, and Mr. Feltham at Muizenberg.
These individuals are all of smaller size than the typical
form, and appear to represent a slight local variation ; in
which the upper-side in the ¢ is of a purer less violaceous-
blue than in the typical form (from Eastern Cape Colony,
Basutoland, and the Orange River Colony), and in the
? seems constantly, instead of rarely, to present a discal
series of fuscous spots in the fore-wing. The examples
figured were taken on Muizenberg Mountain on the Ist (¢)
and 4th (2) January, 1900, by Mr. Feltham, who writes :—
“This is not an uncommon species in its proper habitat.
I have only found it on or just below the summits of the
Table and Muizenberg mountains, especially the latter ;
its favourite spots being little gullies or sheltered corners
of the rocky ridges on the top of the range. The ridge in
which the Kalk Bay caves are situated is a good example
of this butterfly’s haunts.”
Another local variation of ortygia was discovered in
December 1898, at Knoflok’s Kraal, in the Caledon
district, Western Cape Colony, by Mr. T. D. Butler, then
taxidermist of the South-African Museum. These
examples are like the Cape-Peninsula form as regards the
purer less violaceous-blue of the upper-side, but the ¢ g
(10) have the hind-marginal fuscous border of the fore-
wing quite three times as broad, and the ? ? (8) have the
blue more restricted in area and unmarked by any fuscous
discal spots. This variation also differs in being fully as
large as the typical form.
LYCENA TANTALUS, Trim. (Plate V, figs. 10, 10a.)
Lycena tantalus, Trim., §.-Afr. Butt., 11, p. 88 (1887).
This rare Lycena seems to be little known to Lepi-
dopterists, and since the publication of my description
above quoted I have seen only six additional specimens,
taken at Malvern, Natal, by my friend, Mr, C. N. Barker,
Forms of South-African Butterflies, 75
and presented to me by him with the rest of his fine
collection of South-African Lepidoptera in 1898.
Although on the upper-side not unlike the variety of
L. niobe, Trim., found in Kaffraria and Natal (/.¢., p. 37),
on the under-side this species is remarkably different,
especially in wanting the transverse whitish band beyond
middle of hind-wing, and in presenting a discal series of
elongated (not rounded) fuscous spots, with scarcely any
indication of whitish edging, and a narrower and much
more sharply-defined submarginal fuscous lunulated streak,
together with a paler ground-colour, quite hoary-grey in
hind-wing.
Mr. Barker notes this butterfly as frequenting grassy
spots on hill-sides on the coast of Natal.
LYC&NA IGNOTA, Trim, (Plate V, fig. 11.)
Lycena ignota, Trim., 8.-Afr. Butt., 11, p. 89 (1887).
Both sexes of this obscurely-tinted form were sent from
the Potchefstroom and Lydenburg districts of Transvaal in
1879 by Mr. T. Ayres; and besides these (6) examples,
I have received 6 3 f and 2 2 ? taken at Estcourt, Natal,
in 1898 and 1898, by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson and Mr. C. N.
Barker. The dull greyish-brown upper-side is similar to
that of Z. letsea, Trim. (Trans, Ent. Soc. London, 1870,
p- 362, pl. vi, ff 3, 4), but darker, and wanting the
yellowish anal-angular lunules in the hind-wing; while the
under-side is characterized by the very imperfect develop-
ment of all the ordinary whitish markings.
Mr. C. N. Barker records that Z. agnota occurs among
grass in the “Thorn” country near Estcourt.
LYCHNA PEPHREDO, Trim. (Plate V, fig. 12.)
Lycena pephredo, Trim., S.-Afr. Butt., 11, App. p. 389
(1889).
This is another of the duller-coloured Lycenx in which
both sexes are of an unvaried dark greyish-brown on the
upper-side, much like that of Z. ignota, Trim., but darker,
and without any trace of the ordinary anal-angular spot in
the hind-wing. The pure-white cilia constitute a further
distinction; and the under-side differs very widely from
that of ignota, alike in the ashy-grey ground-tint, in the
76 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New
conspicuous development of its discal white band, and the
irregular obsolescence or failure of many of the ordinary
markings.
Estcourt, in Natal, remains the only known locality to
me of this species, which was discovered by Mr. C. W.
Morrison, and sent (5 # f anda) by him for my deter-
mination in 1888. Mr. Morrison wrote that he took about
a dozen examples; and two more captured in the same
locality were presented to me more recently by Mr. C.N.
Barker, with a note that they were found about grassy
spots.
LYcENA DOLOROSA, Trim. (Plate V, figs. 13, 132.)
Lycxna dolorosa, Trim., 8.-Afr. Butt., ii, p. 41 (1887).
In the $ the violaceous of the upper-side is of a rather
sombre tone, and in the ¢ it is much reduced in area being
very broadly bordered with fuscous—especially in the fore-
wing ; and the under-side is also of a duller brownish-grey
than usual, with the ordinary markings scarcely darker
than its ground-colour and inconspicuously whitish-edged.
These features characterize the typical specimens described
by me (/. ¢.) from Kaffraria and Natal; but as regards the
under-side, examples recently taken by Mr. Feltham at
Delagoa Bay and (one out of three) at Johannesburg, differ
markedly, having not only a much paler ground-colour, but
all the white markings very distinct and sharply defined,
especially in the hind-wing. The figures here given
delineate a typical ¢ from Estcourt, Natal, taken by Mr. J.
M. Hutchinson, and a ¢ of the variation just noted from
Delagoa Bay.
Mr, Feltham writes :— “TI first found this butterfly on
the Umvelcosi River, about 20 miles up from the mouth
at Lourengo Marques, on a patch of hard gravelly land
forming a low elevation at some distance from the river-
bank. In flight it resembles Z. lysimon, being weak but
rather persistent on the wing, and keeping always just
above the ground. It was quite local,—the entire area on
which I found it was about 100 yards square.
“Its extremely local habit is further shown by the fact
that, although I had been collecting at Johannesburg since
1893, I never found this species there until after my return
from Delagoa Bay in 1903, when I fell in with it on a
very circumscribed area on the grassy ledges of the hills
Forms of South-African Butter flies. 10
just north of the town. This was on 15th and 16th No-
vember, and I met with it subsequently in the same locality
on December 6th and 13th, and on August 28th and No-
vember 16th, 1904.” It is the 2 taken on the date last-
mamed that agrees on the under-side with the Delagoa
Bay examples above mentioned.
LYcHNA LUCIDA, Trim, (Plate V, figs. 14, 14a.)
Lycena lucida, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 348 ;
and §.-Afr. Butt., ii, p. 47 (1887).
This member of the Jlysimon-group of the genus is
readily recognized by the longitudinal white ray from the
extremity of the discoidal cell to near the hind-margin of
the hind-wing on the under-side. It is rather remarkably
variable in size, the f ranging from 8} to 11 lines, and the
2 from 85 to 123 lines. The % varies very little in the
violaceous of the upper-side which has a slight pink tinge ;
but the 2 varies very considerably, from a wholly dark-
brown upper-side to one with smaller or larger violaceous
patches.
The range of the species in South Africa is very wide,
but it has not to my knowledge been met with in the Cape
Colony west of Knysna. In the tropical area it has
occurred not only in Ovampoland and South Angola, but
on the eastern side in Nyassaland, German East Africa,
from which latter locality Mr. P. de la
Garde, R.N., showed me a? captured by him in August
1893.
Mr. Feltham remarks that Z. lucida is not very common
at Johannesburg, frequenting grassy places along the
northern slopes of the Witwatersrand line of hills. I
agree with him in thinking it probable that so small and
inconspicuous a species is in reality much commoner than
it appears to be.
The examples figured are a 2 taken at Malvern, Natal,
by Mr. C. N. Barker, and a rather small g captured at
Johannesburg by Mr. Feltham.
LYCHNA STELLATA, Trim. (Plate VI, figs. 15, 15a.)
Lycena stellata, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p.
349; S.-Afr. Butt., 11, p. 49 (1887).
As pointed out by me in 1887 (/. ¢.) this very small and
78 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New
distinct Lycwna best agrees with L. Jucida, Trim., in its
under-side markings, though with a rather more yellowish
tint and fainter spots in the hind-wing; but the upper-
side is totally different, not only from /ucida but also from
all its congeners, being blackish with many sub-annular
and other white spots arranged in correspondence with
those of the under-side.
The original discovery of this interesting form near
Burghersdorp, N.E. Cape Colony, by Dr. D. R. Kanne-
meyer in 1882-83, was followed in February 1892, by Mr.
F. Graham’s capture of thirty-six specimens at Holspruit
about 21 miles from Dordrecht in the Wodehouse district.
Mr. Graham’s observations fully confirm Dr. Kannemeyer’s
regarding the extremely local habit of Z. sfel/ata, and its
abundance where it does occur. The places named are
both in the Stormberg range of mountains, and remained
the only recorded habitats until 1900, when at the Tring
Museum I found a long series of the species from so
distant a region as British Central Africa, in an extensive
collection formed by Dr. Ansorge at various localities
between the coast and Lake Nyassa.
Both surfaces of the wings seem to be remarkably con-
stant in tint and markings. The paired sexes were taken
by Mr. Graham near Dordrecht in February 1892; the 2
was 84 lines in expanse, but the ¢—the smallest I have
measured—scarcely over 6 lines. Both Dr. Kannemeyer
and Mr. Graham observed that the insect was only in
abundance about damp ground near water, active on the
wing, and constantly settling on flowers; on one occasion
Mr. Graham found at least a dozen upon fresh cow-
dung.
The ¢ and 2 figured are from Mr. Graham’s Dordrecht
series.
LYc&®NA METOPHIS, Wallengr. (Plate VI, figs. 16, 16a.)
Lycxna metophis, Wallengr., Wien. Ent. Monatschr. 1860,
p- 37, n. 17; and K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 1872, p.
48, n. 21.
Since I described (S.-Afr. Butt., 11, pp. 55-6) the dis-
tribution of this Lycena, its known range has been
extended to Natal, where it has been taken at Estcourt,
Weenen county, by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson and Mr. C. N.
Barker, as well as by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, who has
Forms of South-African Butterflies, 79
contributed a series to the National Collection. The @
here figured is one of the Estcourt examples taken by Mr.
Barker, and the 2 an example captured by Mr R. M.
Lightfoot at Port Nolleth, Namaqualand, Cape Colony, in
August 1890.
Lyc&NA BOWKERI, Trim. (Plate VI, figs. 17, 17a.)
Lycena bowkert, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p.
. $851; S.-Afr, Butt. 11, p. 88 (1887).
This very distinct ally of Z. thespis (Linn.) seems to be
only known from a limited area in Natal. It was dis-
covered by the late Col. J. H. Bowker in 1881, near the
“halfway house’ between Durban and Maritzburg over-
looking the Inchanga valley. In the Barker collection
presented to me in 1898 there were three # ¢ and two
2 2, taken at Karkloof, some 20 miles to the N.W. of
Maritzburg, and the species was noted by the donor as
occurring about grass on the outskirts of woods. The f
and 2 figured are from Mr. Barker’s series,
LYCHNA NATALENSIS, Trim. (Plate VI, figs. 18, 18a.)
Lycena natalensis, Trim., S.-Afr, Butt., 11, p. 77 (1887).*
To the various characters which I have particularized
(/. c.) as distinguishing this species from both LZ. moriqua,
Wallengr., and LZ. jesons, Guer., may be added the presence
in both sexes of a conspicuous oblique superior white
streak near the extremity of the club of the antennee—the
actual tip itself being dull-reddish.
Except for a 2 ticketed Delagoa Bay in the British
Museum (Hewitson collection), and another from Etshowe,
Zululand, collected by the late Mr. T. Vachell, I have seen
no examples but those from Natal, Estcourt and Bushman’s
River furnishing the majority of the known specimens.
* Mr. G. A. Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 119) identified
this species with his L. sigillatus (Ann. and Mag. N. H., 4th Ser.,
XVIII, p. 483. 1876) from Abyssinia; but on examining his types
(a g anda @) of the latter in the British Museum, I found them to
be identical with the allied but quite distinct L. moriqua, Wallengr.
Independent support of this determination of mine is afforded by the
fact that, in the National Collection, the types of sigillatus, Dutl.,
are associated with moriqua as synonymous.
80 Mr. Roland Trimen oz some New
Genus ZERITIS, Westw.
ZERITIS OREAS, Trim. (Plate VI, figs. 19, 19q.)
Zeritis oreas, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1891,
Palio.
Chrysoritis orcas, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897,
p. 849.
This extremely distinct species of Zeritis—as I have
pointed out (/.c.)—comes closer to Z. chrysantas, Trim.,
than to any other congener, but its under-side marking is
quite unique.
I have given (/. c.) Mr. J. M. Hutchinson’s interesting
account of his discovery of Z. oreas in the year 1890, at an
estimated elevation of about 7,000 ft. in the Drakensberg
Mountains, Natal, and Mr. Butler has published (/. ¢.) Mr.
G. A. K. Marshall’s notes of his subsequent visit with Mr.
Hutchinson to the same locality, in September 1896,
identifying it as the “summit of Niginya, 6,500 ft., some
10 miles from Ulundi.” On this visit over fifty specimens
were taken, but only in a limited area of two or three
acres. No other locality for this butterfly is known. The
g here figured is one of those captured by Mr. Marshall
on the occasion mentioned, and the 2 was taken by Mr.
Hutchinson, and presented to me by Mr. C. N. Barker in
1898.
Genus ARRUGIA, Wallengren.
ARRUGIA PROTUMNUS (Linn.). (Plate VI, figs. 20,
20a, 200.)
Papilio protumnus, Linn., Mus, Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 340, n.
158 (1764), and Syst. Nat. (Ed. 12), p. 794, n. 258
(1767).
I give figures of the typical (Cape Town) form of this
remarkable South-African butterfly, because those hitherto
published—Cramer’s, Herbst’s, Donovan’s, and Staudinger’s
—are extremely poor, and fail to render its characteristic
features with any approach to accuracy.
As described by me in S.-Afr, Butt., ii, p. 228 (1887),
the typical form of protumnus is the dullest in colouring,
and appears to belong only to the extreme 8.W. of Cape
Forms of South-African Butter flies. sl
Colony ; while two or three variations—all in the direction
of a brighter yellow ground-colour and diminution of the
black markings as well as of the blackish borders,—
prevail in the other parts of the Colony, and (to judge
from a single Transvaal @) probably also further to the
north.
An outline figure of the fore-leg of the ¢ is shown, to
illustrate the full development of the tarsi,—a condition
so rare in the Lyczenide of that sex that I only know of
two other genera, Lachnocnema and Aslauga*—also African
—ain which it occurs.
* Thave only quite lately discovered that the genus Aslauga (Kirby,
1890) agrees with the two other Lycenide genera named in this
respect. Mr. A. D. Millar sent me, in 1891, from Durban, a single
example of what I held to be a slight variation of the exceedingly
rare Aslauga purpurascens (Holland), described [‘ Psyche,’ 1890, V,
p 424] from a single specimen taken on the Ogowe River, Gaboon.
r. Halland’s insect was recorded as a 9, and the Durban specimen
appeared to be of that sex from an examination of the fore-tarsi. I
returned the latter to Mr, Millar, and not until early in January
1906 did I see it again ; when it came accompanied by a second
example, taken at Durban recently by Mr. H. A. Green, in whose
collection it had been detected by Mr. Millar. This second South-
African specimen is undoubtedly a ¢, possessing a rather conspicuous
white-scaled elongate sexual badge seated on the upper-side of the
sub-costal nervure of the hind-wing, but the fore-tarsi are fully
articulated and clawed terminally just as in the 9. In the first
Durban specimen there is no sign of this badge, and the rather
fainter and duller colouring supports the belief that it is a ?.
On comparing these examples with the closely-allied A. marshalli,
Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 908), of which I possess four
specimens taken at Salisbury, Mashunaland, by Mr. G. A. K.
Marshall, I find that three of the latter exhibit a similar ¢ badge,
but thinner and of a duller white than that borne by the Durban
individual, while having the fore-tarsi completely articulated and
bearing terminal claws.
It is noticeable that the two Natalian specimens are considerably
closer to the Gaboon type of A. purpurascens than to the Mashunaland
A. marshalli. From the former they differ chiefly in the very much
fainter almost obsolete common dark streak running from immedi-
ately before apex of fore-wing to a little before anal angle of hind-
wing on the under-side ; while the Mashunaland form is on the
upper-side duller and browner, with a fainter purplish (not blue)
gloss, and not darker marginally or paler centrally in fore-wing as
in purpurascens, and differs besides on the under-side in its warmer
more ochrey-yellowish tint not inclining to whitish towards the hind-
margins, so that the fuscous irroration is less conspicuous, the common
dark streak being extremely faint or altogether absent. It is possible
that A. marshalli, which has the angulation of the wings more
pronounced, may be a seasonal form of A. purpurascens.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PARTI. (MAY) 6
82 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New
Genus D’Urpanta, Trim.
D Urbania, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., I,
p. 400 (1862).
D’URBANIA LIMBATA, Trim, (Plate VI, fig. 21.)
D Urbania limbata, Trim., 8.-Afr. Butt., 11, p. 217 (1887).
D Urbania amabilis, Staud., Exot. Schmett., p. 268 (1888).
This near ally of the type of the genus, D. amakosa,
Trim., is easily distinguished by the different form and
position of the hind-marginal orange-red band on the
upper-side of both wings and also on the under-side of the
fore-wings. It was first taken (1882-84) at Estcourt, in
Natal, by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson, and afterwards met with
in the same locality by Mr. C. W. Morrison. The late Mr.
A. EK. Hunt took a series of both sexes at Newcastle, in
the northernmost part of Natal, in April of 1898 and 1894;
and also found the pup of a D’Urbania attached to the
under-surface of over-hanging stones on the same hill
where D. limbata was numerous. He sent me two dead
pup and four pupa-skins, which presented no :marked
difference from those of D. amakosa, except that on the
back and sides the tufts of hair on the thorax and basal
half of the abdomen are a// sandy, and those on the
terminal half of the abdomen are composed partly of sandy
(instead of whitish) and partly of dark brown bristles.
I have not seen examples of this species from any other
locality than those above mentioned, but Staudinger notes
“ Transvaal” as a habitat.
D’URBANIA SAGA, Trim, (Plate VI, fig. 22.)
D Urbania saga, Trim,, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 354;
and S.-Afr. Butt. u, p. 219 (1887), iti, App. II,
p. 417 (1889).
This butterfly is altogether unlike its congeners, and
may at once be recognized by the conspicuous sharply-
angulated inwardly brown-bordered white discal stripe on
the under-side of the hind-wing. It may be noted, too,
that the club of the antennz is more abruptly formed,
rounder, and broader than in D. amakosa and D. limbata.
First discovered at Hex River, Worcester District,
Forms of South-African Butterflies, 83
Cape Colony, in 1882, by Mr. L. Peringuey, Assistant
Curator of the South African Museum, and afterwards
found by me at Ceres in the adjacent district of Tulbagh,
D. saga is not known to me from any other locality ; but,
looking to the nature of its haunts in rocky mountainous
spots, its reluctance to take flight, its dull tints, and the
close resemblance of the under-side colouring to that of
the rocks or stones on which it rests,—it is probable that
the restriction of its range is more apparent than real, and
that it will be met with in many other mountain nooks in
the Cape Colony.
84 Explanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE LY.
Kid): Cenyra rufiplaga, n. sp. ¢. (Buiskop, Transvaal.)
Page 59,
2. Pseudonympha duplex, Butl.—Var. major. ¢. (White
River, Transvaal.) Page 61.
3. Pseudonympha natalii, Boisd. 9. (Matabeleland.)
Page 63.
4, Acrexa aglavnice, Westw.—Melanic aberration, ?.
(Johannesburg, Transvaal.) Page 64.
5, 5a. Harma coranus, H.G. Smith, ¢ and 9. ( ¢ from
Etshowe, Zululand, @ from Port Shepstone, Natal.)
Page 66.
6, 6a. Deloneura millari, n. sp. ¢ and 9. (Durban, Natal.)
Page 69. <
6b. Fore-leg of ¢.
Me Aroa punctifera, Walk. ¢. (Durban, Natal.) Page 72.
Fias. 8, 8.
9, 9a.
10, 10a.
ML
12.
13, 13a.
14, 14a.
Hxplanation of Plates. 85
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE, Vi.
Lycena patricia, Trim. ¢ and 9. (Malvern, Natal.)
Page 73.
Lycxna ortygia, Trim, ¢ and 9. (Muizenberg, Cape
Peninsula.) Page 74,
Lycena tantalus, Trim. ¢ and 9. (Malvern, Natal),
Page 74.
Lycena ignota, Trim. 9. (Estcourt, Natal.)
Page 75.
Lycena pephredo, Trim. ¢. (Estcourt, Natal.)
Page 75.
Lycena dolorosa, Trim. ¢ and ?.(¢ from Estcourt,
Natal, 9 var. from Delagoa Bay.) Page 76.
Lycena lucida, Trim. ¢ and 9. (¢ from Johannes-
burg, Transvaal, 9 from Malvern, Natal.)
Page 77.
86
Frias. 15, 15a.
16, 16a.
elias
18, 18a.
19, 19a.
20, 20a.
20b.
21.
22.
Explanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE, VI,
Lycena stellata, Trim. ¢ and 9. (Dordrecht, Cape
Colony.) Page 77.
Lycena metophis, Wallengr., ¢ and 2. (¢ Estcourt,
Natal, 2 Port Nolloth, Cape Colony.) Page 78.
Lycena bowkeri, Trim. g and 9. (Karkloof, Natal.)
Page 79.
Iycena natalensis, Trim. ¢ and @. (Malvern,
Natal.) Page 79.
Zeritis oreas, Trim. ¢@ and 2. (Ulundi, Drakens-
berg, Natal.) Page 80.
Arrugia protumnus, Linn. ¢ and 9. (Cape Town.)
Fore-leg of 2. Page 80.
DUrbania limbata, Trim. ¢. (Estcourt, Natal.)
Page 82.
D Urbania saga, Trim. ¢. (Ceres, Cape Colony.)
Page 82.
V. Some observations on the Reproduction of the Hemiptera-
Cryptocerata. By C. Gorpon Hewirt, B. Sc. The
University, Manchester. Communicated by Prof.
KE. B. Poutton, D.Sc., M.A., F.B.S.
[Read February 7th, 1906. ]}
DURING a short visit to the Sutton Broad Fresh-water
Laboratory in the Easter Vacation of 1905, I was able to
make a few observations on some points in the reproduc-
tion of three families of this subdivision of the Hemiptera.
The Hemiptera-Cryptocerata form the second series of the
HTemiptera-Heteroptera, and are interesting on account of
their aquatic habits. The species studied belong to the
families Nepide, Coriaide, Naucoride,
As I am unaware of any account of the copulation of
Nepa cinerea, and as this process is interesting in this
form, I shall describe it in detail.
NEPA CINEREA.
This insect, the common water-scorpion, was fairly com-
mon in the dykes near the laboratory, and wishing to
obtain eggs at different stages of development, I placed a
number of males and females in an aquarium.
Whether it was on account of the sexes being brought
into close proximity: I don’t know, but it was not long
before the males discovered the presence of the females.
There are no preliminary amorous passages in the
courtship of Nepa. This may possibly be accounted for
by several facts. The antennz, which play such an im-
portant part in the courtship of those insects whose habits
at this stage have been studied are too short to be of use
in these operations, so that we do not find any “ caressing
of antenne.” Nor do they appear to be of use for
perceiving the presence of the female, as far as can be
observed.
The movements of the male Nepa are in accordance
with its usual habits. On perceiving a female, whether it
is by sight or by some sense of smell I cannot say, he
advances till he is within a short distance and then with
TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY)
88 Mr. C. G. Hewitt’s Observations on the
a slight dart he seizes her, and crawls in an awkward
manner on to her back. The female generally struggles
to rid herself of the male at first, but if the male has
made sure of his hold, she gives in. The male usually
Copulation of Wepa cinerea.
approaches the female from behind or from the side,
but he often advances vis-a-vis, and then, having made
firm his hold on the back of the female, he very carefully
turns round till both face the same direction; it is during
this manceuvre that the female often manages to get rid
of the male.
Reproduction of the Hemiptera-Cryptocerata. 89
One of the chief peculiarities of the Nepidwx is that
they are provided with a siphon at the posterior end
of the body. This is composed of two sete arising from
the dorsal side of the apex of the abdomen and having
their inner grooved surfaces, which are provided with a
double row of sete forming a trough-like channel, closely
adpressed, so that a perfect tube is formed, the distal end
of which communicates with the air, and the proximal end
with the single pair of large stigmata.
The chief interest in the copulatory process of Nepa lies
in the method of disposition of these seta, so that the male
and female genital organs may be in coitu, and at the
same time both individuals may receive a supply of air for
respiratory purposes,
The male bends down the end of its abdomen under-
neath that of the female so that the coitus can take place.
This awkward position causes the proximal ends of the
setae forming the respiratory siphon to separate some viny
but they are brought in as close juxtaposition as possible
the distal end communicates with the air as in the fetal:
the siphons of both male and female are in close proximity.
In the individuals observed, copulation took place in the
evening and lasted till the following day.
It was interesting to note that the female during copu-
lation did not seem to mind the presence of the male in
the least, and continued feeding. Prof. Poulton observed
the same phenomenon in Pezotettix pedestris.*
CoRIXA.
Several species were placed in an aquarium in order to
obtain their eggs. Copulation takes place by the male
clinging to the back of the female by means of the first
two pairs of legs; the female swims about with the male
in this position, and copulation lasts several hours.
The female begins to deposit her eges the following day.
The species under observation were provided with growing
plants of Hottonia, and they deposited their eggs on these
singly, in all positions, a short time elapsing the deposition
of each egg, sometimes as much as an hour, but of course
they were not under entirely natural conditions. In de-
positing an egg, the female grasps the leaflet or portion of
the plant selected with the first two pairs of legs and then
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 237.
90 On the Reproduction of the Hemiptera-Cryptocerata.
a longitudinal motion of the abdomen is observed, the tip
resting on the spot where the egg will be deposited.
During this movement the minute drop of fluid which
affixes the egg to the plant is emitted, and placed in the
desired position, the egg is then laid with the micropyle
farthest away from the point of attachment and the female
swims away.
Several days may be occupied by a single female in
depositing her batch of eggs, the number of eggs deposited
daily decreasing.
The habits of Nawcoris are similar to those of Corixa,
and need not be described.
The general conclusion arrived at as a result of these
observations is that there does not appear to be any sexual
selection in the Hemiptera-Cryptocerata,
( 91 )
VI. On some bionomic points in certain South African
Lamellicorns. By G. B. Lonastarr, M.D., F.ES.
[Read February 7th, 1906.]
Mr. TRIMEN, in the introductory chapter of his “South
African Butterflies,” after remarking on the poverty of the
Rhopalocera of the Cape Peninsula as compared with the
richness of its Flora, and stating that in that part of
the world butterflies cannot perform a very prominent part
in the fertilization of flowers, goes on to say: “The great
number of densely hairy flower-frequenting Coleoptera in
South Africa must also play a large part in plant
fertilization.” *
The beetles referred to are chiefly Zamellicornia of the
sub-families Cetoniine and Hopliine.
CETONIINA.
As regards the former group, Dr. Dixey and I met with
but eight species, being doubtless too early in the season.
Of the beautiful gem-like Oxythyrea hemorrhoidalis, Fab.,
which was not uncommon on flowers by the banks of the
Nahoon and Buffalo Rivers, near East London, I have
nothing to remark save that Fabricius might well have
given such a beautiful creature a more appropriate name.
The more dingy Oxythyrea marginalis, Schonh., was first
met near Pretoria on the lavender-coloured flowers of a
Loganiaceous plant of the genus buddleia, but at Kast
London it was abundant, occurring sometimes on composite
flowers, but mostly on the “Pride of Madeira” (Hchium
fastuosum), a Boragineous plant with a long dense terminal
spike of small flowers with prominent stamens. The
spikes are from four to six feet high with blue or creamy-
white flowers, those in the Queen’s Park being all of the
latter variety; they proved very attractive to insects of
several orders and especially to the small Oxythyrea mar-
ginalis, Schonh. I noticed at the time that this beetle was
rendered strangely inconspicuous by the white specks on
* Op. cit. vol. i, p. 42, note,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY)
92 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on some bionomie points
thorax and elytra breaking up the dark ground-colour and
simulating the general look of the anthers of the flower.
Another small Cetoniid, Stringophorus flavipennis, G. and
P., occurred on the same flowers and its elytra bear similar
spots. ‘Together with these were two specimens of a third
and still smaller Cetoniid, Comythovalqus fasciculatus,
Schonh., which were quite difficult to distinguish, but in
this case the means of concealment was different, for the
thorax and elytra bear numerous conical, horny projections,
while there are two conical tufts of scales near the apex
of the abdomen.
Two larger species, Rhabdotis (Pachnoda) sobrina, G.
and P., dark olive-brown and white, and Macroma cognata,
Schonh., dark chocolate-brown and canary-yellow, both
seemed conspicuous enough, the one at the sweet white
flowers of Dombeia, the other on the wing, but I strongly
suspect that m their case too, when on an appropriate
background the breaking up of the dark colour by light
markings aids concealment.
With Gametis baltcata, De G., the case is different. This
beetle is black and red, or perhaps orange-brown more
correctly describes its decoration. At East London, on one
of the tributaries of the Buffalo River, there grows a profu-
sion of a climbing composite with greenish-white flowers, a
plant in general habit and appearance very suggestive of
Clematis vitalba, L. On one of these plants I took a
number of specimens of two species of Haplolycus, which
are represented in the National Collection but as yet
unnamed. These Malacoderms have the usual Lycus
coloration, viz. orange-brown with the apical two-fifths
of the elytra black, and a black stripe down the middle of
the thorax. On the same day, on another bush of the
same climbing composite growing a hundred yards higher
up the stream, I took an example of Gametis balteata, De
G., and was at once struck by the striking resemblance of
the two insects. I may remind any Fellows who are not
familiar with living specimens of beetles of the Lycus group,
that during life the orange-brown colour is much redder
than might be supposed from cabinet specimens, whereas
the Cetoniid preserves its colour well.
The very next day Dr. Dixey saw both these beetles in
some numbers (8 Haplolycus and 8 Gametis) in the Queen’s
Park on and about a flowering tree and noted their simi-
larity. With them were two specimens of a Lycoid-coloured
in certain South African Lamellicorns. 93
Braconid (Zombrus, sp.). The Gametis resembles the
Haplolycus the other way on, the head of the one being
coloured like the tail of the other, but probably that fact
does not detract from any benefit that it may derive from
the likeness. Mr.G. A. K. Marshall has proved experi-
mentally that lLycoid beetles are very distasteful to
Kestrels and Baboons.* Gametis balteata may now be
added to the wonderful synaposematic Lycoid group
figured in Plate XIII of Mr. Marshall’s paper.
HopuLiin&.
We met with thirteen species of Hopliinx in Cape Colony.
The most obvious characteristic of the group is the great
length of their posterior legs. The development of these
varies greatly in different species, but in the majority of
cases is much greater in the males than in the females.
Indeed in some species the male femora and tibiz are gro-
tesquely disproportioned to the animals; moreover both
femora and tibiz are provided on their inner sides with
strong spurs or spines (perhaps better described as teeth).
These strange limbs evidently attracted the attention of
the older writers, since Fabricius named one species dent-
qpes, and Burmeister another forcipatus. The explanation
of these hypertrophied legs that is usually received is that
they are used by the males to grasp the females. My.
Trimen, accepting this explanation, tells me that he thinks
that copulation is attended with especial difficulty in these
beetles.
The latest writer on the subject, Mr. Péringuey, rejects
the ordinary explanation in the following words :—
“The great development of the hind-legs is not intended
for securing a better hold of the female. There is nothing
more ridiculous than to see half-a-dozen males with their
long hind-legs emerging from the pistils of a composite
flower where they are mobbing a female which is almost
entirely buried head foremost in the pistils, the sub-hori-
zontal pygidium alone being exposed to view. But it is
when disentangling themselves that the use of the long
hind-legs becomes apparent ; by means of his long, hinged
claw the male hooks himself out of the corolla. It is not
only amongst the flower-frequenting kinds that this extra-
ordinary development of the hind-legs with their curiously
* Transactions Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, Part II, pp. 340, 344, 380.
94 Dr CyB: Lonestaff on some bronomic points
serrate, dentate and mucronate tibize is met with, because
the species of Hoplocnemis, in which the development has
become almost a monstrosity, do not feed on flowers, or at
least have not been observed doing so. Their habits seem
to be more those of certain Dynastine, and I suspect them
to live, while in the larval state, in the excrement deposits
of the subterranean white ant, Hodotermes viator, Latr.” *
Mr. Péringuey, I am bound to say, fails to convince me,
and I venture upon yet another explanation.
Many of the species of Dichelus and Heterochelus burrow
Diagram of posterior legs of Heterochelus, ¢.
The body of the beetle is buried in the florets of a
composite flower (x 5 diam.).
into the disks of composite flowers, eating out the ovaries.
When so engaged the whole of the body of the insect may
disappear from view, or the extremity of the abdomen
may alone protrude, but in either case the hind-legs extend
beyond the florets, widely separated and closely resembling
the open jaws of an ant-lion. While picking one out of a
flower I was startled by receiving a very respectable pinch,
or bite, inflicted by the formidable teeth above referred to.
Now the suggestion that I have to offer is this: while
probably in the first instance adapted to assist the male
insect in grasping its mate, these huge hind-legs are now
of great advantage to the otherwise helpless beetle when
* Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, vol.
xii, pp. 625, 626. Descriptive Catalogue of the Coleoptera of South
Africa, Hopliine, by L. Péringuey, F.E.S.
in certain South African Lamellicorns. 95
burrowing into flowers in search of food. The widely
gaping jaws may probably terrify some enemies, but
they certainly afford by no means despicable weapons of
defence against such foes as may presume to come to close
quarters.
This suggestion meets with support from the fact that
Lepitri« lineata, Fab., a pretty species that I found
abundantly on the flowers of Mesembryanthemum at Simon’s
Town, has long thin hind-legs not provided with teeth, but,
unlike Heterochelus and Dichelus, this insect is very active,
taking to its wings almost as readily as a bee.
Dr. Dixey did not notice this beetle on Mesembry-
anthemum, but not far off found five specimens in spathes
of the “Cape Lily,” 2.¢. common white arum (Richardia
africana = Calla xthiopica), three in one spathe and two in
another. He says that they did not attempt to fly.
Possibly the fact that they were to some extent enclosed
in the arum, whereas those on Mesembryanthemum were
exposed, may explain this notable difference of habit.
In conclusion | have to thank Messrs. C. J. Gahan and
G. J. Arrow, of the British Museum Staff, for their great
kindness in naming ny South African Coleoptera.
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VII. Some Rest-Attitudes of Butterflies, By G. B. LonGstTarr,
M.D., F.E.S.
[Read March 7th, 1906.]
ABOUT a year ago I called the attention of Fellows to the
attitudes assumed by certain Indian butterflies when at
rest, noting especially the following points: (1) Heliotrop-
ism, or the turning of the body-axis so that the head
is away from the sun; (2) the habit of certain Lyczenids
of resting head downwards; and (8) a sideways attitude,
a tilting or “list” of certain Satyrids to the right or left,*
Flelvotropism,
Professor G. H. Parker appears to have been the first to
describe what he terms the “negative heliotropism” of
Vanessa antiopa, L., in the United States. He records his
numerous observations in great detail, and states that some
species of Grapta have the same habit. The object of the
creature thus turning its tail to the sun is, he believes, to
display its colouring to the greatest advantage.+
Mr. K. EK. Green, describing the cryptic habits of Melanitis
ismene, Cr., in Ceylon, says: “I have watched the fly, im-
mediately after pitching, alter its position so that its axis
is directed towards the sun, thus casting no shadow.” ¢
Quite independently and perhaps at about the same
time as Mr. Green (October 1903) I saw near Simla,
Pararge shakra, Koll., settle three times with its back to
the sun, and noted that its shadow was thereby reduced to
a mere line. When a butterfly with cryptically coloured
under-side rests upon a flat surface in bright sunshine its
shadow is often more conspicuous than the insect itself,
so that economy of shadow may be a valuable means of
protection.
[The author showed specimens of South African Nym-
phalids set in the usual manner, but close to the paper,
and also with the wings closed as at rest, placed upon
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, pp. 85, 126, 135, 136.
+ Mark Anniversary volume, Cambridge University, Mass. ,
U.S.A., 1903, pp. 453-469.
t Spolia Zeylanica, vol. li, pt. vi, Aug. 1904, p. 76.
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1906,—PART I. (MAY) 7
98 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on
backgrounds of sand-paper of various colours to imitate
natural backgrounds of sand or rock. ]
Admitting the fact of Heliotropism a third possible
explanation suggests itself. This special attitude exposes
not only wings, but the insect’s body, most completely to
the sun’s rays, and we may fairly suppose that such an
essentially sun-loving creature as a butterfly finds them
agreeable. To this explanation Dr. Dixey advances an at
least partial objection, viz.: that when the wings are closed
up both wings and body are least exposed to the sun’s rays.
As the result of numerous observations made in Algeria
in February and March 1905, I satisfied myself that :
Except early in the day, or when the sun is dull,
or when feeding on flowers, Pararge meone, Cr.,
settles with the axis of the body turned so that the
tail pots more or less accurately to the sun, there-
fore when the wings are raised, in the attitude of
repose ... the shadow is reduced to insignificant
dimensions.*
After somewhat intimate acquaintance with P. meone,
Cr.,in Algeria, it was pleasant, in May 1905, to study its
northern form P. egeria, L., which is common in and about
my garden at Mortehoe, North Devon, and this was the
more pleasant because our butterfly is undeniably much
more beautiful than its southern sister.
I have notes on ten specimens observed, and it may be
instructive to give them in detail.
May 3. Observed two P. xgeria; one settled several
times with tail to the sun, the other was less
particular.
May 9. Saw ageria settled with wings open and tail
directed towards the sun.
May 15. Saw one specimen of wgeria settle twice
with fairly accurate orientation ; another specimen
settled first accurately oriented; then it settled
again with the body nearly at mght angles to, but
with the head somewhat towards, the sun; thirdly
it settled again at right angles, but with its head
turned to the opposite side.
May 19. Watched three specimens of xgeria and saw
each of them orient itself accurately twice. ‘The
same day I saw another specimen orient itself four
times.
* Proceedings Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. xxix.
some Lest-attitudes of Butterflies. 99
My last observation was made on an #geria within a few
yards of my study window; this I disturbed many times
with a view to noting its behaviour; out of seventeen
occasions it oriented itself correctly but five times, it faced
the sun once, but placed itself at right angles to its rays
no less than eleven times!
The unusual behaviour of this butterfly gives strong
proof that individual flies may differ much in behaviour,
and as I should be disposed to describe it, in moral
character. What entomologist who has sugared regularly
in the same place has not observed among common Noctux
some individuals bolder and greedier than others ?
I often saw meone settle on sandy roads, rocks, or walls,
but the xgeria here referred to were for the most part
settled on leaves, and the question of protection by economy
of shadow could scarcely arise in their case,
The next subject of observation was Pararge megera, L.,
which was especially interesting to me as nearly allied to
P. shakra, Koll, the common Himalayan butterfly in
which I first noted heliotropism in October 1903.* The
spring brood was not so numerous as the summer brood
usually is, and only ten specimens were noted settled. Of
these the first, a female, was watched on a Devonshire
“dry ditch,” settling for the most part on the rough slates
of which it was built, that is to say, on surfaces not always
well adapted for precise orientation. It was however
observed to settle several times with its tail to the sun,
and on one of these occasions it raised its wings over its
back so that its shadow was scarcely visible, but two or
three times it settled at right angles to the sun. Six other
specimens were observed with their wings open, settled for
the most part on flat ground, and all correctly oriented
(one observed twice). Another specimen was first seen
settled on the flowers of Potentilla tormentilla, Sibth., at
right angles to the sun, but afterwards on Scilla nutans,
Sm., correctly oriented. Yet two other megwra were seen
settled, one on the road, the other on a flat stone, both
with their wings closed up, correctly oriented, so as_ to
throw practically no shadow.
During May 1905 hybernated specimens of Vanessa 10, L.,
were unusually common at Mortehoe, and the attitudes of
at least fifteen different individuals were noted on seven
different days. Of these, eleven, or three-fourths, oriented
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 67.
100 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on
themselves correctly so as to turn their tails to the sun.
Of the minority, the one-fourth that settled otherwise than
with tail to the sun, two were settled on the flowers of the
wild hyacinth or “blue-bell” (Scilla nutans, Sm.), and of
these one was facing the sun. <A third specimen, settled
on flowers of lilac (Syringa persica), appeared to be quite
indifferent to the sun’s direction. ‘The fourth was at first
settled facing the sun, but it very soon moved, settled
again, and at once adjusted its position so as to be perfectly
oriented with tail to the sun. I subsequently watched the
same butterfly settle three times, the first time with tail
turned to the sun correctly, but the second and third times
it alighted on “ blue-bells” and did not orient itself.
Vanessa wrlice, L., was far less common and only two
specimens offered themselves for observation, of which the
first was twice seen to adjust itself to correct orientation,
but the second, on the same lilac bush with the V. zo
mentioned above, appeared like it to be indifferent to the
sun’s direction.
From the preceding observations it may fairly be in-
ferred that Vanessa io (and probably also V. wrtiew) when
settled in full sunshine, except sometimes when feeding on
flowers, habitually places itself so that its tail is directed
towards the sun. As however the butterflies were not
seen to close their wings over their backs nothing can be
said as to the shadow question.
The next .species that came under my notice was
Melitea aurinia, Rott., which was very abundant in a
restricted North Devon locality. All the specimens
observed were settled on flowers or low plants. In the
great majority of cases the wings were fully expanded,
though a few had the fore-wings drawn back so as to form
an approximation to the “Deltoid” shape. In order to
secure perfect fairness my method was to record the
position of every specimen seen so long as the sun was
shining brightly. Three series of observations were thus
made, with the following results :—
First Second Third
; Se . Total
series. series. series.
Tail to sun. 13 29 69 ial
Side to sun. 2 6 9 17
Head to sun. il 2 0) 3
Adjustments after settling were often noticed, occa-
sionally repeated adjustments. When there was a wind
some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. 101
they settled at first with their heads to it, one butterfly
succeeding in orienting itself only after much struggle.
When the sun was not shining they were often noted
settled at right angles to its direction.
In the case of JZ. aurinia, under the circumstances in
which the butterfly occurred, it is difficult to see that the
amount of shadow thrown could have been of any moment,
though doubtless its colours would show up more if the
under-sides of the hind-wings when at rest had the sun
shining directly on them rather than tangentially.
The recent visit of the British Association to South
Africa gave me more extended opportunities ; it gave me
moreover the advantage of Dr. F. A. Dixey’s co-operation,
which was the more valuable by reason of his great
patience in observing and careful accuracy in recording
results.
Eurytela hiarbas, Dru., is a Nymphalid butterfly, with
a very Satyrine aspect and habits not unlike those of
P.xgeria. It is common in woods round East London and
Durban, affecting partial shade. At East London I saw it
in a small wood within 100 yards of high-water mark. It
does not seem to be attracted by flowers, but moves about
bushes with a slow gliding flight; it may settle on leaves,
or on the ground, the wings being commonly three-fourths
expanded, though sometimes more fully. When thus
settled the wings are often slowly shut in part and again
opened, though I never saw them quite shut. On at least
three several days they were noted to have their tails
turned to the sun, but the orientation was imperfect, often
15°-30° out, and occasionally they settled with the body
axis at right angles to the sun.
Precis clelia, Cr.,is a Nymphalid butterfly that is common
and widely distributed in South Africa. The dark upper
surface of the wing is rendered very conspicuous by white
spots near the tip of the fore-wing anda large blue spot on
the hind-wing, but the under-side is marbled with shades
of light grey and is very quiet and unobtrusive. As
regards its habits I cannot do better than quote Dr.
Dixey’s very graphic account of its behaviour as observed
in “the Old Cemetery,” at Sydenham, near Durban, in the
middle of August :—
Common at one spot in the cemetery. It has a habit
of flying a little way, sometimes in pursuit of
another butterfly, making a round and returning to
102 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on
the same, or nearly the same place. It settles on
the ground, or on a low plant, nearly always turning
its back to the sun, and often closing its wings over
its back. I saw one settle at right angles to the
sun, casting a broad shadow; but as there happened
to be several objects close by casting similar shadows,
it was not very conspicuous. Presently the same
individual flew up and settled down again, this time
on a bare piece of earth and with its back to the
sun in the usual way.
Another note, also relating to Sydenham, is :—
P. clelia seen to settle, and then rapidly turn its back
to the sun; it did not close its wings. LP. clelia
seen here seems always to turn its back to the
sun.
To Dr. Dixey’s description I would add that the wings
are usually about three-fourths expanded, nearly as with
Vanessa atalanta, L., at home. One specimen was observed
to settle with tail to the sun five consecutive times. It
was only occasionally that I saw them close their wings
over their backs, when the shadow was reduced to a
minimum, but I did observe this several times, both in
the neighbourhood of Durban and at the Victoria Falls.
As a rule P. clelia seemed to pitch correctly, but now and
then it was seen to adjust itself.
Precis crebrene, Trim., is another common and widely-
distributed South African butterfly. Though very dif-
ferently coloured from /. clelia, it is nearly, though not
quite, as conspicuous when the upper-side is displayed, but
the almost uniformly clay-coloured under-side is scarcely
distinguishable against certain back-grounds, such as sand,
clay, or rock of a grey or yellow tint. It is fond of
frequenting dry “spruits,” or watercourses, settling on the
rocks or boulders, but in the Zambesi country Dr. Dixey
often saw it settle in trees. It was repeatedly observed to
orient itself fairly accurately, but did not appear to close
its wings as often as P. clelia. A note made by me at
Ladysmith, August 26th, says :—
Oriented within about 10°-15°; settled often upon
cliffs of yellow sand or mud on which it was
moderately conspicuous. One specimen was re-
peatedly observed to close its wings, its shadow
was then near the minimum and the insect
inconspicuous.
some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. 108
Precis natalica, Feld., a somewhat dingy species, though
generally distributed, was much less common than the two
preceding. It is somewhat of a shade-lover and usually
settled on the ground or on a leaf, its wings more spread
than clelia or crebrene. Except when settled in the shade
its tail was directed towards the sun. One was seen to
close and open its wings, another was watched for some
time and observed over and over again to orient itself
correctly, and twice to close its wings so as to leave
practically no shadow.
Precis elgiva, Hew., is not uncommon in woods near
Durban, it was noted as sitting with wings fully expanded
and tail to the sun.
Precis sesamus, Trim., is a large, dark, handsome butter-
fly which reminds one of Vanessa io, L. It is fond of
hiding itself in ditches and under dark banks, often
several together ; this is not always done with a view to
seek shelter from the wind, though on some occasions that
seemed to be the object. It pitches with the wings fully
expanded and close to the ground, just as P. natalica ; in
this position it 1s less conspicuous than might be supposed,
especially when it settles on dark clay, or peaty soil, as it
appeared to be fond of doing. Both Dr. Dixey and I saw
it orient itself like its congeners, sometimes with adjust-
ment. On one occasion only did I see it close its wings
over its back, casting, as a result, a minimum shadow.
Another Precis, nearly the colour of the red soil, but
more orange in tint, was observed to orient with tail to the
sun. This I saw several times but missed; it was on
August 18th, on somewhat open ground at the edge of a
large banana garden above the Congella woods, Durban.
I thought at the time that this was P. octavia, Cram., the
wet-season form of P. sesamus, but it is just possible that
it may have been P. cloantha, Cram., which I took on the
other side of Durban. With the possible exception of this
doubtful Precis all my remarks about South African
butterflies apply to dry-season forms.
Hamanumida dedalus, Fab., is a common African
Nymphalid that we only met with on the banks of the
Zambesi. We both noted that it usually flies near the
ground, on which it settles with the wings closely adpressed
to the surface. It occasionally flaps its wings, but as long
as they are still it is very inconspicuous, its grey colour
approximating closely to that of the sand, the whitish spots
104 Dr. G. B. Longstatf ox
aiding its concealment by breaking up the surface. One
was observed to walk about on mud regardless of the sun’s
direction, but it finally settled down with tail to the sun
and wings spread out in the usual way.
[Abisara (Zemeros) flegyas, Cr., a common oriental
Erycinid, has a strikingly similar pattern to the last-
named Nymphalid, but I do not know what its favourite
resting-places are. |
Pyrameis cardui, L. I summed up my observations on
this butterfly in Algeria in the following words :—
I can confidently say that it generally settles with its
tail to the sun, though it does not do this with the
regularity of Pararge meone. I saw two specimens
turn their faces to the sun, and saw a third settle
twice with its body at right angles, though the
third time it settled normally.*
At Durban, on August 21st, I watched this cosmopolitan
butterfly orient, but full weight must be given to the
following very definite observation of Dr. Dixey’s when
watching lizards :—
Ladysmith (North East Defences), Aug. 27th, watched
several. P. cardui, which settled frequently. They
would settle at any angle with regard to the sun,
but perhaps rather more often with back to it. They
fanned their wings, and often shut them up tight
(keeping them so for some time) in any position
with regard to the sun.
This was late in the afternoon, but I do not gather from
Dr. Dixey (nor from personal recollection) that the sun-
light was feeble, or that there was a strong wind, or that
the butterflies were feeding or drinking—all disturbing
causes. There can I think be no doubt that the habit
of heliotropism is not as fixed in “The Painted Lady”
as in many Nymphalids.
Among our notes on heliotropism there are but three
references to Pierines. The first is intcresting as tending
to negative the suggestion that the purpose of heliotropism
is to minimize the butterfly’s shadow and so aid in its
concealment. Dr. Dixey writes :—
Durban (The Bluff), August 16th. TZeracolus done,
Godt. (speciosus, Wallengr. = jobina, Butl.) ¢.
When first seen it was settled in the sunshine
with wings expanded; then it flew a short distance
* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. xxix.
some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. 105
and settled on a reddish sandy path. Cloud came
over the sun, and the butterfly closed up its wings,
so that only the hind-wing and tip of the fore-
wing were visible.
In explanation of this note Dr. Dixey emphasizes the
fact that in the dry-season form of done (= speciosus,
Wallenegr.) the under-side of the hind-wing and the tip
of the fore-wing are reddish, hence the tightly-closed
attitude is cryptic on red soil. He adds that doubtless
when the butterfly contemplates a long stay (as at night,
or when the sun goes behind cloud) the closed-up attitude
is adopted to take advantage of its cryptic colouring, and
not to minimize its shadow.
The other observations were made on Belenois severina,
Cram., a white butterfly that we found very abundant at
Durban.
Dr. Dixey says :—
B. severina, f and 2; when clouds come over the sun,
this species generally settles on a grass stem, and,
closing its wings tightly, becomes part of the picture.
It certainly generally turns its back to the sun
when it settles in sunshine, and then does not
often close up its wings.
My note is as follows :—
B. severina, 2 2 seen to settle across the sun, early in
the day. Late in the afternoon many severina
seen settled with wings three-quarters open, and
tail more or less to the sun; but where much ex-
posed to wind the wings were closed and the head
turned to the wind, so as to be almost across the
sun.
It is worthy of remark that throughout all these
observations of heliotropism, I cannot recall a single
case in which an adjustment, or subsequent movement
of the butterfly after pitching, tended to throw it out
of orientation. Hence it is fair to assume that if the
insects had been watched longer after pitching positive
results would have been observed in a larger proportion
of cases.
But, be that as it may, beyond doubt it is a habit with
a number of butterflies, especially Nymphalids, to settle
with their backs to the sun. Whether they do this, as
Professor Parker supposes, to display their charms to the
greatest advantage, or whether the first impulse was
106 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on
given by the light or warmth of the sun’s rays, I am
unable to determine, but that in the case of such species
as Pararge megera and Precis clelia the diminution of
the shadow when the wings are closed helps to conceal
the butterflies from their enemies I have no longer any
doubt.*
Further observations will show how far the habit is
general within the families in which it has been observed,
and whether it prevails in other families.
The inverted attitude of Lycenids.
In the paper first referred to J drew the attention of the
Society to the fact that the curious lobes at the anal angle
of the hind-wings of certain Indian Lycznids, to wit species
of the genera Aphnevus, Pratapa and Rapala, are everted
so as to be nearly at right angles to the plane of the wing.
I showed by a diagram that this eversion of the lobe
helped in the suggestion of a head where the tail should
be. The original sketch for the diagram was made before
I had heard of the “false head theory.” + The resemblance
would of course be more striking if the Lycznids in
question, like so many of the family, habitually rest with
the head downwards.
Prof. Poulton discussed the “false head” at some length
in his notes to Mr. G. A. K. Marshall’s paper on “'The
Bionomies of South African Insects.” Prof. Poulton showed
by a reference to Kirby and Spence that the resemblance
of the tails of some Lycenids to antenne was observed
early in the 19th century. I venture to give the passage
in full :—
Dr. Arnold has made a curious observation (confirmed
by Dr. Forstrém with respect to others of the
genus) on the use of the long processes or tails that
distinguish the secondary wings of Hesperia iarbas.
These processes, he remarks, resemble antenne,
and when the butterfly is sitting it keeps them in
constant motion ; so that at first sight 1t appears to
* In the discussion which followed the reading of the paper the
President (Mr. F. Merrifield) threw out the suggestion that possibly
the object of negative heliotropism might be to enable the butterfly
to see to the greatest advantage.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond,, 1905, pp. 85, 86.
{ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 373-375.
some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. 107
have a head at each extremity : which deception is
much increased by a spot resembling an eye at the
base of the processes. These insects, perhaps, thus
perplex or alarm their assailants.*
Lesperia iarbas at first puzzled me, but it would appear
to be the insect now known as Deudorix (Rapala) iarbas,
Fab., and the very close ally of D. melampus, Cram., one
of the insects in which I first noticed the peculiar struc-
ture of the anal lobe, about 86 years after Dr. Arnold’s
observation !
I remember well seeing a Lyczenid at rest on a leaf at
Solon, on the road to Simla, in October 1903, and was
struck by its tails waving about, as I thought at the time
blown by the wind.
On March 12th, 1904, the pretty white, black and
orange Talicada nyseus, Guér., was positively swarming
near Kandy. I repeatedly watched it settle with its head
upwards and immediately turn about so that its head
looked downwards.
At Mortehoe, June 5th, 1905, Mr. A. L. Onslow and I
searched from sundown to dusk for Hmmelesia albulata,
Schiff, in a field adjoining my house; we failed in our
search, but incidentally came across a number of Lycwna
icarus, Rott. asleep on the stems of grasses, etc. Out of
fifteen specimens, twelve had the head down, three had
the bead up.t
The lobed and tailed Lyczenids are not too easy to
observe; they are active and commonly fly about the tops
of shrubs or small trees; when at rest they are not
conspicuous and when disturbed dart swiftly off.
Dr. Dixey noted :—
Aug. 20. Durban (Botanical Garden). Saw an
“amphisbaenoid” Lycena settled twice; the first
time horizontally, the second time head downwards.
On both occasions the “ false head * looked much
more like a head than the real one did. There was
a constant slight movement of the hind-wings; and
a waving of the false antennz.
* An Introduction to Entomology, vol. ii, p. 255. First Edition,
1817.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 126.
{ When this butterfly first settles on flowers in full sunshine it
expands its wings very fully, the primaries being drawn somewhat
away from the secondaries.
108 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on
Unfortunately this specimen eluded capture. Again Dr.
Dixey noted :—
August 16. Durban (The Bluff), Saw a Lyczenid
settled on the top of a leaf horizontally. The “false
head” was much more conspicuous than the real
head, which was almost concealed; the real
antennz were quite concealed.
This proved to be Virachola antalus, Hopff.; I have a
note referring to the same species :—
A Lycenid boxed off a plant close to the ground; it
was sitting with the head downwards, but the “false
head” was missing, having been bitten off, probably
by a lizard.
Dr. Dixey was more fortunate than I with <Aiocerces
harpax, Fab., since he notes :
Sept. 9. Bulawayo, Rhodesia (near the Waterworks).
This species was abundant at the catkin-like flowers
of a shrub said by Mr. Davey to be a species of
Combretum. When settled, it closely resembled (at
a little distance) the seed vessels, of which many
remained on the plant, though the latter was just
coming into flower. On a near view, the false head
of the Lyczenid looks extremely life-like, and ismoved
about by the butterfly in a most deceptive manner.
The species settles either horizontally or head
downwards. Attention seems to be drawn to the
false head by alternate partial folding and unfolding
of the everted margin of the hind-wing, while the
butterfly is settled. [Butterfly and seed-vessel
exhibited. ]
Coming now to my own observations, the “false head”
was noted during life in five specimens (all females) of
Argiolaus silas, Westw., but in none of them was the
attitude at rest determined, indeed the insects usually
settled high up on the trees beyond my limit of clear
vision.
Sept. 10. Matopo, Rhodesia. A male of the beautiful
Stugela bowkert, Trim., was twice seen to settle with its
head downwards on the catkin-like racemes of the shrub
Sclerocaria caffra. The “false head” was very obvious. It
opened and shut its hind-wings while settled.
Sept. 28. Hast London (Buffalo River), A specimen of
Phasis chrysaor, 'Trim., was seen settled head downwards.
Aug. 14. Durban (near Sydenham “Old Cemetery ”).
some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. 109
A female Hypolycena philippus, Fab., exhibited a “ false
head,” but was not seen at rest.
Sept. 15. Victoria Falls. A specimen of Catochrysops
malathana, Bois. (=asopus, Hopff.), was seen in the Rain
Forest settled with its head downwards.
Sept. 26. East London. Two specimens of Zarweus
telicanus, Lang., were seen in the Queen’s Park sitting
horizontally. They were moving their hind-wing alter-
nately in the plane of the wings, exactly as I had in the
Nilgiris seen a Lampides do.*
Tilt to one side, or “ list.”
This, which I first described as “a sideways attitude,” a
term not without ambiguity, may be exactly defined as an
attitude resulting from a rotation of the insect about its
longitudinal axis, as heliotropism results from a rotation
about an imaginary vertical axis at right angles to this.
Heliotropism corresponds to the movement of a vessel in
answer to the helm. Most vessels, independently of wind,
waves, or tide, have a tendency to lean somewhat to one
side or the other ; this inclination is termed by sailors “a
list,” and, although I am aware that the analogy is not
quite close, since the insect may lean at one moment to
one side, at another to the other, I shall for brevity term
such an inclined or tilted position a list.
So far as I know this list was first observed by Col. C.
T. Bingham in the case of a Melanitis in 1878, but the
observation was not published till long afterwards. The
extracts from his diary of that year, brought to light by
Prof. Poulton, give a most vivid description of some phases
of the struggle for existence as it may be seen in a tropical
forest. Col. Bingham says :—
The Melanitis was there among dead leaves, its wings
folded and looking, for all the world, a dead dry
leaf itself. With regard to IMelanitis, I have not
seen it recorded anywhere that the species of this
genus when disturbed fly a little way, drop suddenly
into the undergrowth with closed wings and in-
variably lie a little askew and slanting, which still
more increases their likeness to a dead leaf casually
fallen to the ground.+
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 118.
t+ Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 363.
110 Dr. G. B, Longstaff on
Mr. W. H. Edwards, in his Butterflies of North America,
1897, quotes Mr. William Couper’s observation as to a
habit of Colias philodice, Godt., in Anticosti :—
When it alights on a flower, instead of being erect on
its feet, it lies sideways, as if to receive the warmth
of the sun.
The original passage occurs in the Canadian Entomologist,
vol. vi, p. 92, 1874; if therefore this be truly such a list as
is under discussion, Mr. Couper deserves the credit of
having first observed it, but at present I am doubtful on
the point.
In the summer of 1908, at Mortehoe, Dr. Dixey and I
observed a like habit in Satyrus semele, L.; and later in
that year (and in the following) I found that other British
Satyrids, such as Pararge wgeria, L., and Megera, L.;
Epinephele jurtina, L., and hyperanthus, L., had a similar
habit, though less marked. The butterflies when confined
in a box were seen to assume the list more often in sun-
shine than in shade. *
In India, in the late autumn of 1893 I noted the same
habit in the Satyrines Lipparchia parisatis, Koll, and
Aulocera swaha, Koll.+
On the voyage out to South Africa the usual call at
Madeira gave us little more than a glimpse at its butter-
flies. The local race of Satyrus semele, L., was common on
the Caminho do Meio at an altitude of about 800 ft., and
Dr. Dixey has this note :
Settled on the ground, low herbage, walls and tree-
trunks. The fore-wings are depressed with a snap
as in the English semele. ‘Two were specially noted
settling in sunshine (not strong) both turned head
to sun and listed—one to port and one to starboard.
My note is :—
A specimen seen settled face to sun, list 30° to
starboard,
It was of course only to be expected that on the fifth
day from leaving Southampton we should both use nautical
phraseology.
South Africa contributed little to increasing our know-
ledge of the “list.” The genus Pseudonympha, somewhat
suggestive of Hrebia, is characteristic of Cape Colony; at
* Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 1905, p. 44.
{ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, pp. 64, 135,
some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. PUL
East London I observed several P. cassius, Godt., at rest,
but did not see any list.
Mycalesis safitza, Hew. Though I took many odd spect-
mens of this dingy butterfly, I never found it really
common, and have but two notes of its resting attitude :—
Berea, near the hotel, Aug. 14th, seen to settle in the
shade, wings upright.
And,
Congella, Aug. 18th. This species does not appear to
orient : a slight list away from the sun, but sun
not very bright at the time of observation.
Dr. Dixey, however, in the case of this butterfly obtained
more positive results :—
Durban (Botanic Garden), J/ycalesis safitza has a very
strong list when settled in the open; it may be to
right or left in the same individual.
Durban (Botanic Garden), saw Mycalesis safitza
settled on bare ground ; it had a strong list to the
left. Saw it fly and settle in strong sunshine ;
once with its back to the sun, with list to Icft;
once with head to sun, right list; once at right
angles to sun, throwing a broad shadow.
It would therefore seem that Mycalesis safitza may be ,
included among the Satyrs with a list, but this does not
appear to help concealment by diminishing the shadow, as
I suggested would be the case if the list were towards the
sun.*
Near Darjiling, in 1903, I observed a slight list in
Mycalesis indistans, Moore. And in Japan, in 1904, the
fine Satyrid, Blanaida goschhevitschii, Mén., had a striking
list.+
General.
That the term “Rest Attitude” is used in this paper
very loosely I am well aware. A butterfly may be con-
ceived as resting in several stages. First, it may settle to
feed. Sphinx feeds on the wing; many a Papilio settles on
a flower to feed, but flutters while sucking the honey, this,
e.g. 18 the habit of P. erithonius, Cr., P. hector, L., and
P. dissimilis, L. Thus in Ceylon I found that the best
way of distinguishing the last-named from the Danaids
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 136.
t Loe. cit. pp. 94, 135.
112 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on
which it mimics so closely was by this fluttering. Many
moths, notably Plusia, are intermediate between Sphinx
and Papilio in this respect. The vast majority of butter-
flies feed with their wings still, in some cases more or less
widely spread out, in others closed over the back. The
Skippers of such genera as Syricthus, Pamphila and
Gegenes settle with the hind-wings horizontal, the fore-
wings nearly vertical, but other Skippers, such as Baoris
and Hretis, settle with the wings fully spread out.
Again, butterflies often rest from flight on the ground,
on the upper-side of leaves, or on tree-trunks. A few
Skippers, such as Celwnorrhinus, Caprona and Pterygo-
spidea (Tagiades), settle on the wnder side of leaves, with
their wings spread like Geometers.
Such a state of rest is more reposeful than that first
described, but in many species it is varied by occasional
closing and re-opening of the wings; or in some Lycznids
by curious horizontal movements of the hind-wings only.
A third stage is when they rest for a long time in one
position, then the wings are usually raised over the back
(even in the case of Hesperia, etc.) and often the fore-wings
are withdrawn within the hind-wings. In some species,
notably Huchloé and Synchloé, when the creature is at rest
the hind-wings do not approach the stem on which it sits,
but the abdomen is elevated some 30°—40° and quite con-
ecaled between the hind-wings. ‘This attitude greatly
increases the similarity of the insect to a leaf. [Exhibited.]
The actual habits of butterflies when asleep are but
little known, the great majority almost certainly close
their wings over their backs, but some of the larger
Skippers, such as Caprona, ete., probably sleep with them
spread out like Geometers. Certainly our common
Skippers, Pamphila sylvanus, Esp., and P. linea, adopt the
usual butterfly attitude, but many years ago Mr. Roland
Trimen called attention to the fact that Nisoniades tages, L.,
sleeps with the wings inclined so as to form a roof, like
many NVoctux.* I noted in South Africa that in some
Skippers the posterior third of the hind-wing is curiously
plaited when at rest, thus again resembling Noctwx and other
moths. This may be well seen in the big Rhopalocampta
keithloa, Waliengr., and Pterygospidea flesus, Fab., as well
as in the little Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallengr. (= hottentota,
Latr.).
* Barrett’s Lepidoptera of the British Islands, vol. i, p. 309,
some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies, iTS)
Intimately bound up with the attitude at rest is the
question whether or no insects select resting-places of a
character likely to make the most, so to say, of their
cryptic colouring.
Many years ago the late Mr. Geo. Norman and myself
took a lot of Polia chi, L., at rest close to the hydropathic
establishment at Forres,and we were much puzzled by the
fact that while many were taken on whitewashed walls,
where they were difficult to detect, quite as many were
found resting on dark tree-trunks and could be easily seen
at many yards’ distance.
Mr. Hamm has made some striking observations tending
to an affirmative answer to this question.* In the Baghi
Forest, near Simla, I was struck by the way in which the
conspicuous yellow Zerias hecabe, L., disappeared when it
settled on a low shrub with oval leaves fading to a yellow
tint, the rounded form of the wings aiding its concealment. {
But the most convincing case that has come under my own
observation was a large yellow butterfly (I had no net
but think it was probably Catopsilia catila, Cr.) which I
saw in the garden of the University of Bombay. I saw
this settle again and again, invariably in a small shrub
with yellow leaves, ‘The very conspicuous fly would
vanish suddenly, and it was only after several attempts
that I succeeded in getting a glimpse of it when settled, so
strong was the protective resemblance.
Tn an analogous 8. African case I am able to supply
fuller details -—
Eronia cleodora, Hiib.,is a common Natal Pierine. Few
insects are more conspicuous in the net than this beautiful
fly with its combination of creamy-white, jet black and
deep yellow, and one might well wonder how it could
possibly manage to hide itself. 1 watched it settle once
upon the ground, and strangely enough it was not con-
spicuous when its wings were closed and the brilliant
yellow of the under- side was fully exposed to view. Then
I twice saw it settle on grass; when the wings were half
open it was very conspicuous, but when they were closed
it was far otherwise. Four times I saw specimens go to
* Proc. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1904, p. Ixxv, and Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1905, p. Ixxiii, and the interesting discussion following the latter
paper.
t+ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 69.
{ Trans. Ent. Soe, Lond., 1905, p. 107.
TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND. 1906.—PART I, (MAY) 8
114 Dr. G. B. Longstatt ox
rest on the leaves of the Acanthaceous under-shrub,
Lsoglossa woodi, Clarke [= Heteinanthus origanoides, 'T.,
and of J. Medley Wood’s Natal Plants, vol. 1, plate 22],
called by the natives w-Bomaan, which forms the bulk of
the undergrowth of the scrub on The Bluff, at Durban.
It hung more or less downwards with its wings closely shut
up, in which position its general shape was not unlike that
of a leaf, while its colour, yellow blotched with purplish-
brown, had a striking resemblance to the many yellow,
eaten and blotched leaves upon the shrubs. The brilliant
insect lost itself in its surroundings, although this was not
a case of definite leaf mimicry as in Kallima or even
in Precis. A rough-coloured sketch made at the time
gives (apart from “artistic shortcomings) a faithful repre-
sentation of some of the leaves, though the yellow colour
hardly shows by artificial light. [Sketch and butterflies
exhibited. |
Dr. Dixey has a note which confirms the above :—
The Bluff, Durban, Aug. 16. Hronia cleodora, f,
observed to settle near leaves which, turned yellow
and showing slits and circular holes, closely
resembled its under surface.
Mr. J. Medley Wood, the Director of the Natal Botanic
Gardens, kindly writing to give me the name of the plant,
says that the food plants of H. cleodora are Capparis zeyhert,
Turez, and Niebuhrria pedunculosa, Hochst.
Perhaps the most tropical-looking butterfly that we met
with in §. Africa was the large Nymphalid, Salamis
anacardi, L.; nearly 4 inches across the wings, greenish-
white, with a strong pearly lustre, it is a very beautiful
creature. Its flight is very we eak. Mr, A. D. Millar of
Durban said that it was fond of resting in a particular tree
or shrub with glaucous leaves.
Dr. Dixey has a note :—
Sydenham, Durban, Aug. 15. Watched Salamis
anacardu, L. It flew in a slow, flappy, undecided
way from side to side of the road, settling each
time for a second or two on a tree. Presently it
reached a tree whose leaves were about the same
size as the anacardii when resting with wings over
its back. Here it settled, beneath a cluster of
leaves, being fully exposed to view and yet well
concealed. It remained quiescent until forcibly
disturbed.
some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. 115
{ have no manuscript note, but remember well that
before Mr. Millar mentioned the fact of anacardw having a
proclivity for such trees, I saw one take refuge in a shrub,
or small tree, having large glaucous leaves; and I am
almost sure that I beat another specimen out of the same
kind of tree, but I failed to see the insect at rest.
Writing of Colias philodice, Godt., Mr. W. H. Edwards
says: “On marigolds and brilliant single zinnias they
delight to pasture, for they have a keen sense of colour.
I have known one of them alight on an amethyst in a
lady’s ring, after hovering about its owner so persistently
as to attract attention, and it rested some seconds.” *
Mr. 8. H. Scudder quotes the following interesting
observations on the same butterfly, Hurymus philodice,
Godt. (called in America “the sulphur”).
“Dr. Minot once observed that when searching for its
honied food the butterfly most frequently alighted on
yellow flowers; and Dr. Packard has recorded that in a
field where white asters and yellow golden rods were
abundant the yellow sulphur butterfly visited the flowers
of the golden rod much oftener than those of the aster, while
the opposite was the case with Pieris rape.’ t Again, in
another place, he says, “and Jenner Weir has noticed how
the white butterflies settled on the variegated leaves in
his garden.”
The preference shown by the two butterflies for golden
rod and asters respectively is interesting. These genera,
highly characteristic of North America, are closely allied
Compositz. On the other hand, P. rape was introduced into
the country in 1860 or thereabouts.
Dr. Dixey has kindly placed at my disposal the notes of
a number of his observations on common English butter-
flies which have a bearing upon the point under discussion.
1897, July 12, Mortehoe. SS. semele; flight more
rapid than that of H. janira; it is also more apt
to settle. When settling, chooses if possible a bit
of grey rock or bare pathway. Sits with antennz
expanded and projecting forwards, body raised
somewhat on legs. At first settling, eye-spot of
fore-wing generally just appears ; then by a definite
* Butterflies of North America, vol. ii, 1897, sub philodice (not
paged).
{ Butterflies of New England, 1889, vol. ii, p. 1124.
~ Lbid., vol. u,.p. 1102.
116
DreGs ib: Longstatt on
sharp movement the wings are further closed, and
the eye-spot is visible no longer. H. janira as a
rule shows eye-spot while resting [7.c. during tem-
porary rest in daytime].
July 12. Mortehoe. Watched G. brassice, ¢, resting
on a bramble flower; wings closed so that the tip
was the only part of fore-wing visible.
July 18. Mortehoe. Watched V. wrticx at rest, quite
5 m. without stirring. It raised its wings but did
not completely close upper-wing behind lower, so
leaving a (roughly) equivalent triangle of upper-
wing showing, including the whole of the dark
costal mark.
July 14. Mortehoe. ZZ. hyperanthus at rest shows
eye-spot of fore-wing, like H. ganira [i.e at tem-
porary rest].
At 8.25 p.m. saw HZ. janira settle down to rest. Eye-
spot of fore-wing quite concealed.
At 8.35 p.m. saw P. sylvanus resting. Wings turned
up flat over back, not in characteristic “ skipper ”
attitude.
July 15. Mortehoe. Saw A. janira settled Gin sun-
shine) with eye-spot of fore-wing quite covered.
Saw G. napi settled with about half of discoidal cell
of fore-wing showing. Afterwards saw one with
nly tip of fore-wing showing.
August 11. Mortehce. P. megera at rest dces not shut
up like S. semele (at least not during temporary
rest in hours of flight). It usually sits with wings
almost completely expanded.
Aug. 12. Mortehoe. Saw G. rapex, 2, settled, towards
dusk (nearly 8.0 p.m.), on a bramble leaf in a hedge.
Wings vertical. On left side none of fore-wing
showing but bare apex. On right side a large part
of fore-wing showing. On careful examination
this was found to be due to the fact that the right
hind-wing was split, and the fore-wing had got
caught in the cleft, this preventing complete
closure on that side.
Aug. 13. Mortehoe. Saw //. tithonus at rest; wings
entirely closed up. A cloudy evening.
Aug. 23. Watched whites in Sandy Lane. When
settled for rest they look very much like turned-
back leaves of bramble, near or on which they are
wy
some Lest-attitudes of Butterflies. 117
fond of settling when meaning to remain settled
for some time. In bright sunshine they often settle
on flowers with wings partly or entirely spread, but
in dull windy weather like this morning’s, they are
apt not to fly unless disturbed, and then to settle
again very soon. I disturbed one G. rape, f, eight
times and watched it settle again seven times.
Five times it settled on bramble, although there
was plenty of other vegetation, Of the other two
times, the first was on the head of a yarrow, and
the second on another low plant close to a spray
of bramble with recurved leaves, which it closely
resembled at a little distance.
Aug. 27. Saw G. brassice, ¢, settle twice on bramble
and close up its wings.
1898. Sept. 7. Have several times lately, when
coming up Sandy Lane at dusk, seen G. rape
settled, apparently for the night. Generally on
bramble, wings quite closed. They will allow
themselves to be seized with fingers or forceps,
but then generally wake, and fly off if let go.
Aug. 8. Observed that Z. tcarus is fairly well pro-
tected (z.e. concealed) on heads of bramble-blossom
when wings are closed.
1898. Aug. 9. Mortehoe. Saw H. tithonus, 9, settled
on a bramble-leaf in sunshine, eye-spot showing.
Cloud came over the sun, and ¢ithonus shut up,
eye-spot becoming invisible. Opened again when
cloud passed.
This observation was referred to by Professor Poulton.
[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 372.] Compare the
observation on Teracolus tone, p. 104, 105, supra.
1904, Highcliff, Hants. Aug.8. Watched G. brassice,
d, settle down for the night about 7.15 p.m. After
much fluttering about the stems of tall grasses, it
came to rest on a head of hawkweed in the pappus
condition, and remained there with wings hanging
downwards and closed over its back.
Recently M. J. Th. Oudemans has published an in-
teresting memoir entitled “Ktude sur la Position de
Repos chez les Lepidopteéres.” *
* Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademe van Wetenschappen.
Vol. x, No. 1, Amsterdam, 1904, (Read at Berlin, International
Congress of Zoology, August 1901.)
118 On some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies,
M. Oudemans only treats of one aspect of the subject
which he deals with exhaustively by numerous observations
on living specimens of all the chief groups of Macrolepi-
doptera, His conclusions may be shortly expressed, almost
in his own words, thus:—Lepidoptera have a sleeping-
dress ; this dress forms a harmonious whole. The differ-
ent parts which contribute to form the whole dress
harmonize in their colours and usually in their patterns.
The parts of the insect which are concealed during rest
are quite frequently strongly contrasted in colour or
pattern to the exposed parts. M. Oudemans explains the
facts by the influence of exposure to light.*
M. Oudemans does not allude to the points chiefly
dealt with in this paper, but one of his beautiful pho-
tographs shows Chrysophanus phleas, L., sitting with
abdomen tilted up at an angle of about 45° to the thorax,
as I have shown in the specimen of Huchloé belemia, Esp.,
exhibited. He does not however call attention to its
peculiar attitude. That it must greatly increase the
resemblance to a dead leaf is obvious enough.
Tn bringing this somewhat disconnected paper to a close
I venture to make a remark which has a wide bearing on
the whole question of cryptic and mimetic resemblances.
Butterflies are most numerous and varied within the
tropics. In the tropics the length of daylight varies much
less than in temperate zones, and is many hours shorter
than in the temperate summer. At the equator the sun is
above the horizon for twelve hours every day; at the
tropics the sun is above the horizon from a minimum of
10} hours to a maximum of 134 hours.
But although the sun is visible for these long periods,
not so the butterflies. V ery few comparativ ely” are to be
seen on the move before 9 a.m., and few after 3 p.m.t
Now my point is that tropical birds, lizards, and other
insectivorous animals have some six hours of full day-
light in which to hunt butterflies, when the latter are
more or less at rest. This is a fact not usually allowed for
in the discussion of questions of protective resemblances or
mimicry, but it emphasises the need for concealment.
* Compare Dr. M. Standfuss, Die Beziehungen zwischen Fuérbung
und Lebensgewohnheit bei den Palaertischen Grossschmetterlingen
Vierteljahrsschrift der naturforsch. Gesellschaft in Ziirich, XX XIX
Jahrgang, 1894. (Read November 6, 1893.)
a
t Mr. A. D. Millar says that in the afternoon female butterflies
are relatively more commonly seen,
(1195)
VIII. Notes upon some remarkable parasitic insects from
North Queensland. By F. P. Doon, F.ES.; with
an Appendix containing descriptions of New
Species, by CoLONEL CHARLES T. BINGHAM,
F.Z.S., and Dr. BENNO WANDOLLECK,
[Read March 7th, 1996. }
HYMENOPTERA PARASITICA,
(THE material upon which the following interesting observ-
ations have been made has been kindly placed in my
hands by the author, with the desire that I should make
it available for the use of naturalists. Inasmuch as it
mainly bears upon those bionomic questions which are so
much studied at Oxford, the great majority of the
specimens have been placed in the Hope Department ; but
wherever possible, co-types of the new species have been
deposited in the British Museum of Natural History. The
type of the interesting Cyrtid fly, Ogecdes doddi, has been
added to Dr. Wandolleck’s famous collection of this group
at Dresden.
Mr. Dodd is to be congratulated upon these carefully-
recorded observations throwing so much new light upon
many of the North Australian Hymenoptera Parasitica.
The hosts of the extraordinary Chalcid genus Schizaspidea
have been hitherto unknown; we here find that S. doddi is
parasitic upon ants. In other cases, such as the Chalcidid
genus Rhipipallus and the Cyrtid fly, the general group to
which the host belongs is already known, but Mr. Dodd
furnishes us with exact data of the ntmost value and interest.
Many observations here recorded show a remarkable and
long-persistent vitality in larve attacked by Braconid
parasites. It is probable that in hot latitudes, where a
dead insect would quickly dry up and in other ways
deteriorate as food, the attacks of parasites have been
specially adapted to prolong the victim’s life to its very
utmost. The adaptation of course always exists, but here
we probably see it at its highest level.
It is unnecessary to specify any localities, inasmuch as
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY)
120 Mr. F. P. Dodd’s Notes upon some remarkable
the whole of the material was collected by Mr. Dodd at
Townsville, North Queensland.—E. B. Pouron.]
Nos. 1 and 2 are from the caterpillars of Delias argen-
thona, F. The larvee of the larger species (No. 1) push
their way through the sides of their host, and at once
commence to construct their cocoons in a mass, the cater-
pillar dying and shrivelling up very quickly. The flies
emerge through the end of the cocoon by forcing open the
lid. The eggs of the smaller species are, il suppose,
deposited upon the larvee of the larger ere they are secure
in the cocoons: they do not push open the lid, but gnaw
holes to escape.
[Colonel C. T. Bingham has kindly described the
Braconid parasite (No. 1) as Apanteles deliadis (Appendix,
p-. 125); the Chalcidid hyperparasite (No. 2) as Meroterys
ceeruleus (Appendix, p. 127). Four Bracons and three
Chaleids bear the date Jan. 2, 1903; seven Chalcids, Jan.
6, 19038; and nine Chalcids Jan. 9, 1903.]
No. 3—From Charocampa oldenlandix, F. | Theretra
oldenlandix. firmata (Walk. ), Rothsehild and Jordan, Rev.
Sphing., Nov. Zool., ix, suppl., p. 783.] In this (and two
following species) only a single parasite attacks the cater-
pillar. The larva emerges through the side of its victim,
and spins a cocoon, hke a full grain of wheat, crosswise
upon the back, just in front of the horn. The caterpillar
never moves from one spot, and lingers until some time
after the parasite has flown. The caterpillar, which is
exhibited im formalin, did not die until forty-eight hours
after the emergence of the fly, and I found it, with the
cocoon seemingly finished, seven days before the appearance
of the Hymenopterous insect.
(Col. Bingham has described this Braconid parasite as
Microgaster basalis (Appendix, p. 125). The single speci-
men with its oval cocoon, from which a terminal lid has
been pushed off, bears the date Feb. 11, 1903.]
No. 4.—Host Notodonta [Cerura] cycnoptera, Lower.
The larva of this insect comes through the side or back of
the caterpillar: it rears itself nearly upright and is almost
entirely outside the aperture when it constructs the cocoon,
which leans backwards at an angle of about forty-five
degrees. Some twenty or twenty-four hours after, when
the cocoon appears to be complete, the larva contrives to
move its case from the host’s back to the leaf. Wondering
how this transference could be effected, I examined the
Parasitic insects from North Queensland. 121
case before removal, and observed that there was a tiny
hole, through which the larva could push its head. The
imago emerges through a lid in the upper end. The
caterpillar never shifts from the position it has taken up,
along the midrib on the under-side of the leaf. Like the
preceding and following species it is very irritable. Death
takes place about the sixth day, generally a day or so
before the fly emerges ; but I have found a caterpillar still
alive after the fly had gone. One cocoon produced a
number of minute Hymenoptera which are shown together
with the case from which they had bored their way. Jn
Jormalin several of the stung caterpillars are exhibited,
each showing the wound caused by the full-grown
Hymenopterous larva in its exit.
[Colonel Bingham has described the Braconid parasite
(No. 4) as Microgaster perelegans (Appendix, p. 126). The
minute hyperparasites are shrivelled and indeterminable.
Two cocoons (one attached to piece of leaf), 1 Braconid
and 5 hyperparasites bear the date Feb. 26, 1902.
One cocoon,-1 Braconid and 5 hyperparasites bear the
date Feb. 27, 1902.
One cocoon, | Braconid, 5 hyperparasites, and 1 cater-
pular of Wotodonta, bear the date March 2, 1902.
Three cocoons and 1 Braconid bear March 11, 1902.
Four of the cocoons have been opened by pushing off a
terminal lid. The lids have been preserved with their
respective cocoons in three examples. The cocoon on the
leat has not been opened by a lid, but bears two minute
apertures, one in the side and one near the end, It is
probable that the fifteen hyperparasites emerged through
these holes. Two cocoons, dated March 11, 1902, had not
been opened from within. These two, unlike the others,
are strongly marked by longitudinal furrows, and bear the
appearance of a distinct cap at one end, clearly marked off
from the rest of the cocoon by a circular ridge. They also
differ from the other five cocoons in wanting the oblique
flattened area towards one end which doubtless marks the
base of attachment to the surface of a leaf. ]
No. 5.—Host the bee-hawk Hemaris kingi | Cephonodes
kingt, McLeay, of Rothschild and Jordan, Revision, p. 463.]
This larva also places the cocoon across the back of the
caterpillar immediately in front of the horn, One day I
noticed three small caterpillars upon twigs: the next day
in passing I found that each carried a case. I then took
122) Mr. F. P. Dodd’s Notes upon some remarkable
them and observed that after several days the cocoons had
dropped off. The parasites appeared in the perfect state
on the eighth day, the first caterpillar dying two days, the
second five days and the third eight days after the appear-
ance of their respective parasites. The third caterpillar
seemed dead on the seventh day, but movements were
noticeable in the claspers during this and well into the
eighth day.
It will be noticed that this and the two preceding
species of caterpillars must be stung when they are exceed.
ingly small, for they are all only about the size of healthy
eight- or nine-days-old larvee.
I had another species of these flies from a common
noctuid (Achea sp.). The larva came out under the twelfth
or thirteenth segment and affixed its cocoon to the twig, the
caterpillar’s tail being raised to accommodate it and pressing
on and partly around it. In this position the caterpillar
remained, though not fastened to the case in any way, it
died on the third or fourth day after the appearance of the
Hymenopterous imago.
[This Braconid parasite (No. 5) has been described by
Col. Bingham as Microgaster basalis, viz. the same species
as No. 3, also prrasitic upon the caterpillar of a hawk-moth
(Appendix, p. 125). The single specimen of No. 5 together
with its cocoon bears the date Feb, 19, 1902. The cocoon
has lost its terminal lid. }
No. 6.—From the landsome Lycxenid Ogyris genoveva,
Hew. [a synonym of 0. zosine, Hew.] The larvee of this
butterfly are befriended by several species of ants, chiefly by
a large Camponotus, in whose nests they pass the day.
When young however they hide under loose bark or in
crevices, and can easily be stung by small parasites. The
numerous larvee crawl out from under the host and form
their heap of cocoons, the victim dying very slowly. The
flies emerge in about seven days, the caterpillars having
a little life left in them up to five days later.
[This Braconid parasite (No. 6) has been described by
Col. Bingham as Protapanteles rufiventris (Appendix, p.
127). Five Braconids, 1 shrivelled Lycenid larva, and 7
cocoons bear the date March 21, 1902; 5 Braconids and
a heap of many cocoons bear Dec. 22, 1902 ; five Braconids
and another large heap bear Dee. 23, 1902. The white
oval cocoons have been opened by pushing off a terminal
lid which in many cases remains attached as it were by a
Parasitic insects from North Queensland. 123
slight hinge. When the cocoons are affixed end to end in
the heap, the lids appear to be always formed and pushed
off at the free ends. |
Nos. 7 and 8.—From the pupze of the case moth Ardio-
stercs moretonella, Walk., the larvee of which live in the
nests of small black tree ants. The Lepidopterous larvee
never leave these nests; but in order to pupate they
approach closely to the entrances, when they are, no doubt,
victimised.
[No. 7 is borne by the following undated set of speci-
mens: a Lepidopterous case from which the empty pupal
skin of a moth projects, so that this particular specimen
was not parasitised; 2 2 Chalcididx described by Col.
Binghain as Stomatoceras fusciatipennis (Appendix, p. 128) ;
4 ants identified by Prof. Auguste Forel as Crem«stogaster
leviceps, Sinith.
No. 8 is borne by a set of specimens dated June 5, 1902:
2 flattened dumb-bell-shaped Lepidopterous cocoons the
larger of which has been pierced by an emerging parasite,
the other very small; 1 Chalcidid considered by Col.
Bingham to be probably a species of Halticella, but too
fragile to bear removal from the card for examination; 2
Cremastogaster leviceps, Smith, &.]
No. 9.—These bright little Chalcididz I have bred fre-
quently from the pup of the fine long-jawed ant
Odontomachus sp., several sometimes coming from the one
cocoon.
[No. 9 is borne by 2 2 and 1 f Chalcididz described by
Col. Bingham as Lhipipallus affinis (Appendix, p. 129).
They are dated July 36, 1902. Another set of specimens,
without number, but dated March 16, 1902, contains 1 ¢
and 1 @ of the same species of Chalcidid, 1 worker ant
identified by Prof. Forel as Odontomachus ruficeps, Sm.,
subsp. coriarius, Mayr., $, and 1 ant cocoon, A third un-
numbered set, dated Oct. 1902, contains 1 f and 2 § of the
Chaleidids, and 1 worker of the above-named species of
ant. |
No. 10 is a great rarity and the only specimen I have
bred from several lots of pupz of a large ant, Camponotus sp.
From one lot I obtained some large bright pink mites, but
I lost these in a great cyclone on March 9, 1903.
[No. 10 is borne by the f of a beautiful and remarkable
Chalcidid described by Col. Bingham as Schizaspidia doddi
(Appendix, p. 130). It is dated Jan, 1903. ]
124 Mr. F. P. Dodd’s Notes wpon some remarkable
DIPTERA.
No. 11.—In the crevices of the leaf nests of our interest-
ing green ant, Weophylla virescens, Fabr., a pretty Jumping
spider takes shelter and breeds. Generally it selects the
nests which are partly abandoned. JI was carding some of
these spiders, but one ? being rather bulky, seemingly with
egos, I kept her in a glass-bottomed box to deposit them.
One morning I found the spider dead, with abdomen
strangely small and shrunken, and, instead of a mass of
egos, I noticed a peculiar dark object in a thin web the
spider had spun. Later in the day the object became
much lighter and I made it out to be a short thick pupa of
some kind, not unlike that of a butterfly. Finally in about
twelve days’ time the pupa produced the dipteron now
shown, ‘The exact dates, and box carefully preserved with
pupal shell in the web, were lost in the storm already
alluded to, owing to the destruction of the house I lived in,
when various entomological specimens of interest were
destroyed.
[No. 11 is borne by an Attid spider kindly identified by
my friend Dr. G. W. Peckham, of Milwaukee, as Cosmophasis
biteniata, Keys. Dr. Peckham informs me that the ¢ =
Sobara biteniata, and the 9 = Seleaphora rubra, in Koch and
Keyserling’s “ Arachn. Austral.” p. 1365, and p. 1374.
The specimen, which is dated Nov. 15, 1902, has a
shrivelled abdomen, and bears the word “ Dipteron,” so
it is certainly the host of the Cyrtid fly, Ogeodes doddi,
Wandolleck, sent with it. The Ogcodes bears the locality
and date, Nov. 20, 1902. (See Appendix, p. 131.)
No. 11 is also borne by two more spiders: of the same
species, dated Nov. 11, 1902.]
Parasitic insects from North Queensland. 125
APPENDIX.
1, New species of Braconide and Chaleididee from N. Queens-
land, bred by KF. P. Dopp. By Colonel CHARLEs T,
Bincuam, F.ZS.
BRACONIDA.
No. 1. APANTELES DELIADIS, form. nov.
2. Head broader than long, face below the antenna slightly
raised, front and vertex smooth, occiput not margined. Thorax
short, broad anteriorly, pro- and mesonotum and scutellum minutely
but very closely punctured ; wings hyaline and iridescent, legs long,
posterior tibiz slightly incrassate. Abdomen short irregularly
obliquely truncate at apex, compressed, ovipositor slightly exserted.
Black ; antenne reddish-brown ; the trochanters, femora, tibise and
tarsi of the legs, and the basal three segments of the abdomen on the
sides, dark brownish-yellow.
dg. Similar in sculpture and colouring to the 2 but the abdomen
is vertically not obliquely truncate.
Length 9 35 mm., of ovipositor } mm.: ¢ 3 mm.
Exp. ¢ 2? 5mm.
gf and ¢ types in Hope Department, Oxford University
Museum: f and @ co-types in British Museum of
Natural History.
Hab, N. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (F. P. Dodd).
A true Apanteles, with the antennz 18-jointed, eyes
minutely pilose, and the radial and cubital abscissi faintly
marked. No form of the genus has, so faras I know, been
previously recorded from Australia.
The hyperparasites (No. 2) of the above species belong
to a new species of Chalcididx described on page 127 as
Mieroterys cerulescens.
Nos. 3 and 5. MICROGASTER BASALIS, form. nov.
$- Head smooth and shining, vertex broad, ocelli prominent.
Antenne elongate 18-jointed densely pilose. Thorax broad, gibbous
anteriorly, smooth ; mesonotum with two longitudinal short deep
impressed lines, mesopleuree not furrowed smooth; scutellum
126 Mr. F. P. Dodd’s Notes wpon some remarkable
triangular, its apex blunt; median segment posteriorly rounded
vertically tricarinate and coarsely cribrate between the carine.
Wings: apical two-thirds fuscous, basal third hyaline ; legs normal
except for the posterior femora and tibiee which are somewhat
thickened, pilose. Abdomen: broad, depressed, basal segment
superficially lightly and finely punctured, the rest smooth and
shining. Head black, antenne brown, basal joint red ; thorax red ;
anterior and intermediate legs and coxe and trochanters of posterior
pair pale brownish-yellow, femora tibice and tarsi of posterior legs
dark brown. Abdomen basal segment and sides of 2nd and 3rd
segments yellow, remainder of the abdomen jet black.
Length ¢ 5mm. Exp. 12 mm.
@ type (No.3) and co-type (No. 5) in Hope Department,
the former from a Cherccampa, the latter from a Hemaris
larva.
Hab. N. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (7. P. Dodd).
Belongs to Marshall’s Section 2 of the genus.
No. 4. MICROGASTER PERELEGANS, form. nov.
Q. Head: face in front, vertex and behind the eyes closely but
very minutely punctured ; antenne 18-jointed densely pilose ;
thorax smooth or with only a few scattered punctures anteriorly, the
mesonotum and secutellum separated by a conspicuous short broad
transverse furrow the two sides of which are medially connected by
cross carine; scutellum triangular smooth; median segment
obliquely truncate, coarsely cribrate, and with a medial and a lateral
(one on each side) prominent vertical carina; wings hyaline lightly
infuscate ; legs long, posterior pair slightly pilose. Abdomen
depressed, polished and shining above. Head median segment
and abdomen jet black ; thorax anteriorly and up to the scutellum
red ; legs: anterior and intermediate pair reddish-yellow, posterior
pair black with a broad sub-basal ring on the tibia white ; sides of
Ist and 2nd segments of the abdomen yellowish-white ; ovipositor
black scarcely exserted.
¢. Similar except that the abdomen is slightly more depressed
and there is of course no ovipositor.
Length 9 ¢ 4mm. Exp. 9 mm.
d and 2 types in Hope Department, f co-type in British
Museum of Natural History.
Hab, N, QUEENSLAND, Townsville (/. P. Dodd).
Parasitic insects from North Queensland. 127,
Belongs to Marshall’s Section 1 of the genus with the
basal segment longer than its breadth at apex and the 2nd
cubital cell subtriangular and open.
The minute hyperparasites sent with this are shrivelled
and indeterminable.
No. 6. PROTAPANTELES RUFIVENTRIS, form. nov.
Q. Head lightly punctured; face medially carinate below the
eyes ; antenne long, pilose, 18-jointed. Thorax shining broad and
gibbous, anteriorly finely punctured ; scutellum triangular convex
divided from the mesonotum by a short broad transverse furrow
and with a punctured very narrow groove bordering both sides
and meeting at the apex; median segment not carinate oblique,
slightly convex, somewhat more closely and coarsely punctured than
the pro- and mesonotum ; wings hyaline iridescent ; legs robust, pos-
terior femora somewhat compressed. Abdomen broad, basal two
segments punctured like the median segment, remainder smooth and
shining, apex rounded, ovipositor only slightly exserted.
Head, thorax and median segment black ; antennz reddish-brown ;
legs and abdomen brownish-yellow, basal segment reddish-brown
above, apical segment shaded with fuscous.
¢. Similar, slightly smaller ; abdomen shorter and more truncate
posteriorly,
Length 9? 4,¢ 3mm. Exp. ? ¢ 9mm.
Types in Hope Department, co-types in British Museum
of Natural History.
Hab. N, QUEENSLAND, Townsville (& P. Dodd).
This agrees in generic characters with Pyotapanteles,
Ashmead. In the classificatory tables given by this
author in the Proceedings of the United States National
Museum, vol. xxiii, pp. 1-220 (1900), the presence or
absence of a longitudinal carina on the median segment is
given as the chief point of ditference between the genera
Apanteles and Protapanteles. The present form differs from
Apanteles deliadis (supra), besides other characters, in the
much more lengthened median segment.
CHALCIDID.
No. 2. MICROTERYS CG@RULEUS, form. nov.
?. Head, thorax and abdomen smooth and shining, the face in
front and the prothorax anteriorly with a few scattered punctures.
128) Mr. F. P. Dodd’s Notes upon some remarkable
Antenne 7-jointed, seape smooth flagellum pilose opaque, the joints
distinct ; eyes large, bulging out on either side of the head. Thorax,
sutures between pro- and mesonotum, scutellum, postscutellum and
median segment distinct ; wings hyaline iridescent ; legs slender.
Abdomen lanceolate apically acute, above depressed, concave, oviposi-
tor not exserted. Head, thorax and abdomen metallic-blue, flagellum
of the antenne and the femora of the legs except at apex dark
brown, scape of the antennz and apex of femora, tibize and tarsi
pale yellow.
¢. Only differs from the @ in being smaller, the antennz are
10-jointed with the flagellum more densely pilose ; head and thorax
minutely but densely punctured, and the abdomen short, rounded
posteriorly, not acute.
Length 2 24, ¢ li mm. Exp. ¢ 2? 4mm.
Types in Hope Department; co-types in British Museum
of Natural History.
Hab. N. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (Z P. Dodd).
Hyperparasitic upon Apanteles deliadis (page 125).
No. 7. STOMATOCERAS FASCIATIPENNIS, form. nov.
2. Head and thorax closely and evenly punctured. Clypeus and
face below the base of the antennze cribrate; face and front above
the base of the antenne deeply and widely vertically sulcate, the
furrow bordered on each side and above, just below the vertex, by a
well-marked carina ; scape of antennee long about one-third of the
whole length of the latter, smooth but minutely pilose, flagellum
s'mple, granulose, 10-jointed. Thorax : robust, pronotum margined
anteriorly ; scutellum large oval convex overhanging the median
segment, bidentate at apex, posteriorly with a very narrow sub-
marginal furrow or channel ; median segment short, truncate, bearing
on its posterior vertical face a median looped carina and two lateral
oblique carine ; wings hyaline with sub-basal and post-median broad
transverse fuscous fascie ; legs minutely pilose, posterior femora edged
posteriorly with numerous extremely minute teeth. Abdomen
subsessile smooth and shining, the basal abdominal segment as long
as the rest united. Head, thorax and dorsal surface of abdomen
black ; apex of scape of antenna, tegulie of wings, the legs, and
sides and ventral surface of abdomen blood-red.
Length 9? 5mm, Exp. 8 mm,
2 type in Hope Department.
Hab. N, QUEENSLAND, Townsville (7. P. Dodd).
Parasitic insects from North Queensland. 129
Stomatoceras, Kirby, is another widespread genus
occurring in Africa, Japan, and America, and now recorded
from Australia.
No. 8. The single specimen of this Chalcidid is too
fragile to remove from the card for examination. It
probably belongs to the genus Halticella.
No. 9. RHIPIPALLUS AFFINIS, form. nov.
3S. Head lenticular ; clypeus triangular deeply incised anteriorly,
front below the antenne slightly raised, smooth and shining, cheeks
face and vertex finely but somewhat obsoletely longitudinally striate ;
scape of antenne short smooth and shining, flagellum finely
granulose, pilose, the hairs very short, the basal two joints simple,
the rest except the apical joint with long slightly clavate rami on
each side, two to each joint, apex distinctly incrassate. Thorax
densely and somewhat coarsely punctured ; scutellum conical pro-
duced, the apex terminating in two short teeth ; at base a tranverse
series of foveze or large shallow punctures; postscutellum and
median segment very coarsely cribrate, the latter with two or three
irregular more or less vertical caringe ; wings hyaline and iridescent ;
legs slender. Abdomen smooth and shining, its petiole opaque
granulose. Mandibles tibiz and tarsi pale yellowish-brown ; coxee
and femora dark blue or black ; antennee dark reddish-brown ; head,
thorax anteriorly, scutellum and median segment, metallic-green
with in certain lights a bronze tint ; middle of thorax above entirely
coppery-bronze ; petiole and abdomen dark metallic-blue.
?. differs from the ¢ as follows; Clypeus not incised ; antennie
moniliform, the joints simple not provided with lateral rami ;
scutellum not bidentate at apex, at base a deep, broad transverse
suleation within which is situated the transverse series of fovea so
conspicuous in the ¢; petiole of abdomen much shorter, abdomen
as in the ¢. Antenne paler, head and thorax more bronze than
green ; abdomen a darker blue.
Length ¢ 5; 9 4mm. Exp. ¢ 2? 9mm.
& 2 types in the Hope Department, ¢ 2 co-types in
British Museum of Natural History.
Hab. N. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (2. P. Dodd).
Superficially this form closely resembles the type of
the genus (f. volusus, Walker), but besides other points
of difference it is easily separable by the sculpture of the
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906,—PART I, (MAY) 9
130 Mr. F. P. Dodd’s Notes wpon some remarkable
thorax, which in volusus has the humeral angles of the
thorax conspicuously smooth and shining, not coarsely
punctured and no carinz on the median segment.
No. 10. ScHIZASPIDIA DODDI, form. nov.
¢. Mandibles sickle-shaped with three teeth, apical tooth long
acute, two small teeth on the inner margin ; clypeus short quadrate
with the cheeks and face below the base of the antenne transversely
striate, the striae curving round upwards and becoming vertical
behind and between the eyes, vertex longtitudinally striate ;
scape of antennze smooth, flagellum finely granulose, Ist joint
simple rounded, remaining joints throwing outwards comparatively
short, slightly clavate rami. Thorax: short and stout, densely and
somewhat deeply punctured ; scutellum : produced elongate conical
overhanging the median segment and bearing a stout bifureate pro-
cess at apex, the points of the fork blunt with a tooth on the inner
side of each ; postscutellum and median segment vertical and verti-
cally striate the division between them well marked, Abdomen
petiolate, petiole shorter than the rest of the abdomen which is sub-
obeonical depressed above and broad and bluntly rounded posteriorly.
Mandibles, scape of antenne, and coxee, femora, tibice and tarsi of the
legs pale yellowish-brown, flagellum darker brown ; head and thorax
rich golden bronze with in certain lights scattered green and purple
points ; wings hyaline iridescent ; abdomen shining bronze-brown,
Length ¢ 5mm. Exp. 12 mm.
f type in Hope Department.
Hab, N. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (/. P. Dodd).
Schizaspidia, Westw., 1s a genus, so far as is recorded, of
small extent but wide distribution: forms of it occur in
Australia, the Philippines, India and South America.
Parasitic insects from North Queensland. 131
2. A new species of Cyrtidee (Diptera) from N. Queensland,
bred by F. P. Dopp. By Dr. BENNo WANDOLLECK,
of Dresden.
OGCODES DODDI, n. sp.
f (2) N.E. AUSTRALIA.
Ogcodes doddt, n. sp.
A small species, allied to Og. darwini, Westw.
Body brown, grey-haired, Head black, ocellar tubercle prominent
and polished. The facets are of equal size. The horizontal groove
of the eyes longer than in Og. darwini. Neighbourhood of the
mouth grey tomentose, thickened, with a deep vertical notch.
Antenne small, the onion-shaped part of the third joint dark
brown, the remaining part light brown and transparent. Thorax
brown, smooth, grey-haired. Prothoracic plates small, light
brown. Wings brownish; veins stout, brown; squame of the same
132 Notes upon some remarkable Parasitic insects.
colour as the wings, with a stout brownish margin ; grey-haired.
Legs light brown ; tarsi darker ; claws and pulvilli blackish-brown ;
abdomen light brown ; tergites yellowish with a narrow white band in
Wing of Ogcodes doddt.
front ; middle of the first and second sternite yellow, the other
sternites mottled with dark yellow patches; margins yellowish-
white.
Length 4mm.
a ean
1X. Observations on the Life History of Trichoptilus
paludum, Zell. By T. A. Cuapman, M.D.
[Read March 7th, 1906. ]
PuatTe VII.
THIS species is the smallest and most delicate of our
British Plume moths, and also perhaps one of the least
common. It has up to the present been remarkable as
the only British species of the group, whose early stages
were quite unknown.
For the discovery of its early stages we are altogether
indebted to Mr. E. R. Bankes, who by reasoning not only
scientific, but almost mathematical, arrived at the con-
clusion that its food-plant must be Drosera, although he
seemed to fear that this determination would be scouted
as absurd.
He supplied me with eggs of the species, and with a
first installation of plants of Drosera ; and from this basis
I have succeeded in observing a good deal of its life
history, and fully confirming Mr. Bankes’ determination
of what its food plant must be.
The food plant, Drosera rotundifolia (and probably the
other forms; I found many larvee on rotundifolia, but the
Dorset plants varied somewhat towards intermedia), is one
that was probably never suspected to support a Lepido-
pterous larva, and was therefore never searched for that of
this species. The prevailing idea is that the plant devours
insects, and though this is undoubted, it now appears that
to assume that insects would not and could not also eat it,
is to fall into a plausible but false method of reasoning.
Nevertheless, it comes as somewhat of a surprise to find
that a Lepidopterous larva, without any special means of
protection, but simply acting in the ordinary larval manner,
attacks it with entire impunity. No doubt it avoids
walking over, and especially resting upon the gluey glands,
but it does this apparently merely because it has no call
to do so, and the glands with their secretion are certainly
favourite items of its food, especially when it is small.
My observations began in August 1904, when I received
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY)
134 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on
several eggs from Mr. Bankes, laid by females captured at
Wareham, Dorset. I find from my notes that a @ taken
August 20th laid eggs from which two larve hatched on
August 80th; and from a female captured August 23rd
two larvee hatched on September 6th. <A further supply
of eggs were received on August 31st. The first larvee
that hatched were placed on all sorts of bog plants ob-
tainable near Reigate, but without result, and when these
were finally placed on the Drosera plants sent by Mr.
Bankes, they were already rather exhausted.
It was on August 31st that the plants of Drosera arrived,
along with 16 eggs on the same date.
These eggs were loose, two on leno and the rest on a
flower-stalk, or rather fruit-head of Drosera. Three of the
original larvee survived, and though obviously exhausted,
seemed more at home on the Drosera than on anything
yet tried. One placed on a leaf was, however, in process
of digestion next morning. The others had disappeared
somewhere, apparently in the heart of the little plants.
When the new set of eggs began to hatch after a few days,
September 6th, much time was spent in watching the
young larvee on the plants; none were placed amongst the
glands on the leaves, but the largest of the unexpanded
leaves was selected. They eventually got down towards
the centre of the plant and became much more quiet and
sluggish there, but still on the move. The next day none
of them could be found,
Sept. 14th. Looked at occasionally, nothing could be
made of the Drosera plants, but to-day a careful examin-
ation shows a small pile of frass near the centre in two
of the plants. Another shows nothing, and in the fourth
is a living larva of paludum, a little grown, but out, ex-
posed, and looking sluggish. A curious point is that of
the August 30 eggs; those separate, and one on the muslin,
hatched, the others on the muslin proved infertile and did
not change colour, These hatched September 6th, the
eggs on the seed-stem are still (14th) unhatched, they
changed colour a day or two later than the others, and
their hatching was expected about the 8th, but they make
no sign. The young larve inside have, since that date,
been obviously mature. These ultimately proved to be
dead. The eggs remain free from shrinking, mould, or
other sign of death or decay, and give the impression of
intending hibernation.
the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 135
Sept. 16th. On one plant a small larva, by the con-
spicuousness of his darkish tubercles, in its second skin, is
seen down amongst the leaf-stems just outside the central
heart, covered by a slight web of silk, and this a little
obscured by some frass. On another plant a small larva
is exposed in about the same situation; this one is well-
fed up in first skin.
Remaining eggs are still unhatched.
Sept. 17th. The larva under the web has thickened it
both with silk and other material (frass?), so that he is
now invisible. On another plant the exposed larva is now
quite fat in first skin but is still exposed.
Sept. 22nd. The cocoon is still firm and opaque, its
strong structure leads one to suppose it is for hibernation.
It is placed between an outer dying leaf-stalk (of a not
thriving plant) and the central bud-bulb and the aidjacent
leaf on its inner side looks as if dying at the tip from being
eaten or excavated; this is the only point to suggest that
larva is feeding.
The “exposed” larva, though looked for every day, has
been invisible since 17th, and it was feared something
might have happened to it; to-day, however, it is out
crawling over the minute leaves of leaf-bud in centre of
plant; no trace is seen (of course without pulling plant to
pieces) of where it spent the interval. It is now in 2nd
instar. It is about 1:5 mm. long, head dark of about same
width as body. I and II are on one large chitinous base,
III, [V, and V, smaller. These bases have a slight dark
tint, the hairs are long, II nearly as long as width of body,
I perhaps } of II, If1 long, LV and V each rather shorter.
The larva might be described as pale whitish-fuscous with
a reddish dorsal line and another between II and IIT, but
it seems more accurate to say the ground-colour is pale
reddish-brown, and that there is a narrow white line round
each large tubercular plate. The larva being young, in
this instance I and II reach practically from front to back
of segment, leaving only room for the narrow pale line.
The hairs are very distinctly thickened at the tips.
Sept. 24th. A plant on which a larva was_ placed,
September 6th, and of which no trace could since be found
although the plant has been examined most carefully
nearly every day, when examined to-day was found to
have on it a larva in second skin which was constructing
a silken web over itself, at the side of the central bud and
136 Dr, T, A. Chapman’s Observations on
close to the base of a larger leaf. No trace of any of the
work of the larva in the interval can be found.
The larva found on 17th has thickened its web and
pellets of frass are conspicuous on its upper surface. The
larva can still be faintly outlined beneath. The first larva
is quite invisible.
Oct. 22nd. The three inhabited plants are not looking
flourishing; two which have the largest green centres
have the cocoons as last described, the third, however, has
only a small central bit of green, and there is a new and
larger cocoon on the other side of this from the origmal
one, that does not look much different ; the new cocoon is
still imperfect, and one glimpse was got through it of the
black head of the larva moving about and apparently
spinning, and again of the body of the larva, of which no
details appeared, but it was decidedly larger and of a flesh
tint. It is unfortunate that the larva was not seen when
on the move and transferred to a better plant and a
description of it taken. The presumption is that it is
now in its third skin,
Oct. 24th. This larva is found crawling about outside
to-day, it is a question whether it is not merely in second
stage; it is just fully 2 mm. long, head black, general
colour flesh-colour, made up of white and reddish markings.
The tubercles I and II are united on one base, II the
longest hair, and has one secondary hair behind it, one or
two tubercles seem to have another secondary hair. No
other secondary hairs to be found. Base of hairs and
spiracles dark, first thoracic plate has a white central line
with black line on each side and a black spot further out.
Each tubercle is surrounded by a white area, between
is dull red; the red area has fine skin points which are
absent or very indistinct in the white areas. Hairs slightly
clubbed, III bent forwards, front upper of IV + V directed
rather forwards, shorter than the posterior, which is directed
outwards,
The white and red is perhaps better described as in
longitudinal lines, a red dorsal one, then a broad white,
including I and II, then a red one which has various
processes, so that the description of white circles round
tubercles results from these taking circular arcs, with
tubercles, spiracles, etc., for centres. But there are other
centres with white that are not at present occupied by
tubercles. On first segment is a little longitudinal stripe
the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. — 137
of red from I forwards, and on the thorax the dorsal and
next red line are more or less conjoined.
Under low magnification the thoracic plate looks nearly
black and somewhat homogeneous in colour.
Inside I and II is a dark depressed spot. Anal plate
not dark.
The larva is not tormented to get a fuller description,
but is carefully placed on a better plant in hopes of
rearing it.
Oct. 27th. The larva was found (25th) to have made
some slight spinning. Yesterday (26th) the spinning was
a fairly complete cocoon with some black dots of frass, and
to-day it is more dense and the larva is completely hidden.
Nov. 20th. Larva (No, 2) noted 27th remains i statu
quo. Another (No. 1) is found to-day to have begun a
new tent; it is still somewhat visible through the silk,
and can be seen to be fat and larger if anything than
No. 2 at its spinning, but no details are discernible.
No. 3 has its cocoon wet from water soaking up the plant ;
on this plant the centre bud is wet as it is not in plants of
land 2. The cocoon does not look very satisfactory, and
possibly the larva inside is not doing well.
Dec. 10th. No. 2 (of Nov. 20th) is found to-day outside
its tent on the move, and opportunity taken to describe
it. It does not seem to have grown or to be in feeding
humour—moves very sluggishly—is thick and short, is
yellow with very large porcellanous-white plates or per-
haps is rather porcellanous-white with certain yellow or
orange-ochreous lines. The plates being apparently sur-
roundings of tubercles, the tubercles and hairs are black, so
that the little larva is a rather striking object when closely
examined.
Length when stretched 2°7 mm. Taking the white as
the ground-colour, there is a narrow dorsal orange line,
a little widened in front of each segment and sending
branches, pale and less conspicuous, along the front and
back margins of segment, so that they are lost in the
incisions when the larva is not stretched. I and II are
close together, and on a common eminence, and almost con-
joined. These and other tubercles single-haired. Between
I and II and III is another longitudinal ochreous line.
Round I and II the surface is smooth and _ porcellanous,
but in front of segment on each side of dorsum is an area
with five skin points. Head and spiracles black. The
138 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on
subdorsal yellow line (between I, II, and III) sends down
branches marking off a somewhat square white area round
III; II placed shghtly backward, IV + V, first one
highest with shorter hair. Hairs about half the diameter
of larva in length. Props of prolegs rather short.
When at rest the incisions are deep and the segments
stand out high and cushiony with the elevation of the
tubercles—especially I and I, and IV and V—making
ancular points.
Below IV and V is a single hair and at base of prolegs
the usual three hairs, which are however very conspicuous,
being black in a white ground. On Ist thoracic the plate
is rather dark, divided centrally by a pale, hardly yellow
line, with, on either half, a nearly central large hair, a
small one at outer angle and three along front edge, a
fo) 5
three-haired tubercle in front of spiracle and one at base
of leg.
Second and 3rd thoracic has on either side four double
tubercles along middle of segment, the third with an
extra hair above and behind it and the prolegs carry 7
crotchets in a circle, incomplete at its outer margin. The
black crotchets on the pale white base have a very
pronounced aspect different from the more usual pale
brownish crotchets on a yellowish base.
1905. Jany. 14th. Not liking the look of my plants I
examined them. The first was dead, remains of a larval
head detected. No. 2 was alive, but no trace of larva
could be found. The third contained a larva, which was
preserved, lest worse befall him. He seemed much as
described at last entry. The cavity containing his cocoon
was excavated towards the heart of the button, or bud
of the plant, several of the small undeveloped leaves (?)
being well eaten into. This bud preserved in formalin.
When the cocoon was removed, the eaten portion, or rather
what was not eaten, formed a small hollow into which, or
on to which the cocoon would just fit.
This closed the campaign with the 1904 eggs. It
appeared from this that the young larva feeds somewhere
in the centre of the plant as an internal feeder, and finally
makes a cocoon in the heart of the plant for hibernation.
The one cocoon of which I made the most satisfactory
examination, consisted of a cavity the greater part of which
was excavated out of the material of the outer leaves of
the centre bud (winter bulb) and completed by a silken
the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 139
cover. This renders it certain that some of the central
material of the plant is eaten; but for this, my experience
in 1905 would have led me to suspect that the young
larvee fed on the leaves as those of the summer brood do.
The larvee in their first instar on the leaves are often very
difficult to see and find, even when one is sure they are
there, so that in my ignorance in 1904 I might easily have
overlooked them. I am still inclined to suspect that it is
possible that in the first instar they feed on the leaves in
the same way as the summer brood do, and only descend
to the centre of the plant in the second instar. Against
this is the fact that the young larvee directed their wander-
ings to the centre of the plant, and that the centre was
found to have afforded a good deal of food material. The
note in describing one larvee, as to the presence of second-
ary hairs (October 22nd), and the surmise that it was in
third instar, agrees with later observations; it is probable
that this larva was endeavouring to complete its cycle
without hibernating, and really was in third instar, as
second instar larva do not show any secondary hairs. This
larva probably perished earlier than the others.
So the matter remained for further investigation in
1905. The larva, like so many of the Platyptiliid division
of the Plumes clearly hibernated full-grown in its second
instar, and ought to be discoverable in the spring in its
further stages. I owe it to Mr. R. South that I was
able to visit a locality for the species, and to continue the
observations in 1905. Of course I did not quite know
what to look for, but, as good luck would have it, the
discovery of the larva in the spring proved fairly easy.
1905. May 31st. Accompanied Mr. South to a locality
in the Hsher district of Surrey, where Drosera is found,
and where 7’. paludum had been taken, and searched for
larva of 7’. paludwim and found about a score,
The first specimen was found seated on the under-side of
the petiole of a leaf of Drosera. It was nearly full-grown,
and was of about the length of the petiole. This will give
some idea of the size and state of the plants, which were
growing on peaty ground amongst heath and apart from
Sphagnum ; most of them were very small with the leaves
lying flat to the ground, the one above noted being a fine
specimen about twice the size of the majority. There had
been a drought for a considerable period before this, and
the ground was by no means boggy. ‘The small size was
140 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on
more probably due to drought than to the period of the
season. A fine plant would be 35 mm. across only, a
majority 25-30, and some only 20, and even less.
The remaining larvee were found in various positions,
some on the petiole, some under and some on top of the
leaves, and some sitting across the centre of the little
plant. In no case, either in the field or in various observa-
tions afterwards at home, did a larva place himself on the
top of a sound healthy leaf. They seemed on the whole,
however, to be rather reckless in the way they moved
about amongst them. Their hairs probably protect them
against contact with the leaf-glands unless they actually
walk over them. They would eat any part of the plant,
least frequently, however, attacking the central bud. The
most usual point of attack was the margin of a leaf,
approached by the larva seated on the petiole or beneath
the leaf, and in several cases the attack was continued till
the whole leaf was eaten and a portion of the petiole also,
In one or two cases the larva attacked and ate the glandular
processes, until it had cleared the middle of a leaf which
then formed its resting-place. Twice a larva, looking for
a place to pupate, escaped from a flower-pot by crossing
the water in the saucer, so that they are probably able to
deal with the habitat being flooded without much injury.
The larva is a brownish-red above, varying from rather
dark to a bright rosy colour, and sometimes with some
greenish shades; beneath, it is green. The dorsal tubercles
are darker and more rosy, and retain a bright rose colour
when the rest of the larva when fixed for pupation becomes
quite green; the colour involves not only the tubercles
but a little of the base around them, especially behind.
The hairs are long and slightly clubbed or rather flattened
at the end, and so the ends reflect light so as to look larger
than they actually are. The resulting appearance of the
larva is that it looks very much like some aspects of the
Drosera leaf; sometimes the hairs, sometimes the red
tubercles suggesting the glands and their supports on the
Drosera leaves, and the general tone of colour is much that
of the green leaf seen through the forest of rosy hairs. In
looking for a larva a slightly edgeway view of a leaf often
suggests a larva, and a larva is probably easily overlooked
by its close assimilation to the plant.
The larva taken were for the most part in their last
skins, and their measure was 7 mm., and a large or well-
the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 141
stretched one 8 mm. long. Several were, however, in the
previous skin, and one so small that I took it to be in the
antepenultimate. This was clearly erroneous.
The following day, June Ist, several fixed themselves
for pupation, one on the under-side of a Droscra leaf,
another on a thread of heath-stem.
June 2nd. Several more fixed themselves up.
3 » 1 pupated this afternoon.
, ord. 7 a.m., two are now in pupa.
The rapidity of their finishing feeding is apparently great.
The temperature of the last day or two has been about 70°.
June 15th. The last larva has pupated.
» 18th. 1 moth emerged this morning and one in
the afternoon.
» 19th. 3 emerged about 10 to 11 a.m.
» 21st. Two more moths emerged yesterday.
These seven moths have all been confined over a pot of
food plant as they emerged. Yesterday one was found
entangled in a fold of the muslin cover, this is probably
the same one that is found dead this morning with one
hind-leg missing. Another is found attached by the
Drosera gum to a leaf by the tip of one leg. Two eggs
are also detected, one beneath a petiole, and the other
attached to a gland-stalk at the margin of a leaf.
June 29th. The last moth emerged to-day.
Mr. South notes on July 15th that all four of his
paludum paps emerged, Two paired, and the female was
kept alive and laid eggs by the 19th on and around the
food plant ; it was from some of these ova, as well as from
some laid by my own moths, that I was able to rear
examples of the summer brood.
He also gives me a note on the emergence of the moth
from the pupa, as follows: “July 25th. Watched an
imago of paludum emerge about 12 o’clock (noon). When
first seen, about half the insect was free from the pupa,
which was attached to the side of a tumbler; it then
remained perfectly still, except for a slight gliding forward
motion which continued for about three minutes, by which
time only three segments remained in the pupal case, then
all movement ceased for a few seconds, when, with a
sudden jerk, the insect shot forward and downward
alighting on the glass about two inches from the pupa.
All the time it was under observation, the antennz and
first pair of legs were free but perfectly still.”
142 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on
This describes very well the habit of this and some other
Plumes I have observed, of resting during emergence, and
for a good deal of wing expansion to take place during the
process, so that it almost looks as if the wing was extended
by the process of drawing it out of the pupa-case.
June 26-28. Eight larvee hatched from eggs received
from Mr. South, and were placed each ona plant of
Drosera, on petioles low down, in the belief they wanted
to go to the central bud.
June 29th. Four of these larvae are now easily seen in
the centre of a leaf leisurely eating the very short stemmed
hairs and glands that occupy that position ; one has already
cleared a little circle of more than his whole length in
diameter. The intestinal contents look dark. One
concludes that those eggs are most naturally placed that
are on the stem of the glands at the margin of a leaf.
One observes also that the Drosera is infested by an
Aphis. This is of interest as bearing on the supposed
immunity of the plant from insect attack due to its
insectivorous habit. Such immunity would appear to be
a fiction.
July 2nd. These larve clear the centre of the leaf of
the short stems and glands that occur in that position,
leaving the longer marginal ones alone; the little larva
itself, even when grown a little, is very inconspicuous and
difficult to find. With a lens, the cleared central portion
of the leaf, with red frass scattered over it, is easily seen ;
but without a lens, the red frass gives very nearly the
same tone to the leaf as the glands do, so that except by
very close scrutiny nothing unusual presents itself.
July 2nd. This morning one larva is found to have
changed its skin, and appears to be eating the cast skin.
The moult occurred near the centre of the leaf, where the
feeding was done; the only protection by way of web,
tent, or any other shelter, is a few threads spun across the
tops of the adjacent glands, making a flimsy and almost
invisible cover. The larva has a relatively rather large
head, and the hairs are about as long as the larva is thick
and look dense and crowded together. The larva is still
pale and transparent looking, but the eye-patch is densely
black, the dorsal tubercles (not the hairs) are dark, and the
dorsum has a pale ruddy tint ; the longer hairs are slightly
clubbed at their tips.
In the first skin the larva grows a good deal but remains
the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 143
very colourless or rather transparent, the dark intestinal
contents being conspicuous, and the only coloration being
a denser white round the bases of the dorsal tubercles.
July 8rd. Two larve (of the eight that hatched from
Mr. Sets egos) that had gone a-missing are now seen to
have hidden themselves, and still are, in unopened leaves,
amongst the undeveloped glandular hairs, with which their
interiors are full. The leaves are now slightly opened and
frass is very evident. These larvee, therefore, went into
incompletely expanded leaves in order to eat the glands ;
these were not, however, probably functionally active at
this stage. The smallest larva found was just about to
moult for the last time but one; its general aspect was
precisely that of the larger larvee and the disposition of the
primary hairs is identical though they are not so long;
there are no secondary hairs, however, to be discovered.
The length is 4°5 mm., the longest hairs are about 0°5 mm.
The next smallest larva was about to moult for the last
time, its length was about 6°0 mm. The longest hairs
about 0°S mm., and there are a good many secondary hairs,
two or three round I and II, one behind HI and one above
and behind IV and V. These are secondary tubercular
hairs not skin hairs, as are also those of the larva in its
last. skin.
The full-grown larva is 7 to 8 mm. long, of a form much
like rhododactylus or zophodactylus, thickest about third
or fourth abdominal segment, and tapering to either end,
but when at rest or feeding has the forward segments
rather contracted, so that it looks thickest about. the
metathorax, and the mesothorax seems nearly as large;
in colour the dorsum is red or reddish-brown or pink, with
an underlying green tone, the difference of tint being due
rather to the attitude of the larva, and the degree to which
it is fed up, rather than to individual variation. The hairs
are very long and many of them are clubbed, being
somewhat flattened at the tips especially; some are dark
with white tips which look club-like. The hairs transmit
and reflect the red of the larva and of the hair-glands of
the plant, so that the resemblance of the larva, in some
aspects, to a leaf is very close; in others a leaf seen edge-
wise may be easily mistaken for the larva one is in search
of. This is assisted by the lower surface of the larva being
green, separated from the upper red surface by a yellow
line, sometimes not very conspicuous in tint, but in some
144 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on
very bright; it occupies the lateral prominence (upper
portion of lateral flange) which carries tubercles V and IV.
Below this is a second flange-like projection carrying VI
(a single hair directed forwards), which is marked off above
and below by a rather deep sulcus, and which bends down-
wards in front, upwards behind. There are two paler
dorsal lines just within the dorsal tubercles, rather curved
outwards at the middle of each segment ; the space between
them is a rather greener pink than the rest of the dorsum,
due to the dorsal vessel showing somewhat. There are
other pale marblings, especially a tendency to a line
through I and II. This, however, is much interfered with
by the large size of the combined base of these tubercles,
almost entitled to be called a hump, which is of a dark
dense red that extends a little beyond, especially behind,
the hump. This red, which at that stage becomes a brighter
pink, persists when the larva is laid up for pupation, when
all the rest of the larva has become green. The lateral
yellow line is abdominal only, the same region of the thorax
is pink. There isa pale (yellow) spot in front of IIT, and
below there is a pink shade in the green (yellow ?) under-
surface, above, behind, and below VI, which stands out on
a yellow eminence, as does also the eminence of the three
hairs at base of prolegs. The larva at rest is about 1-1 mm.
thick, whilst the dorsal hairs (II) are about 1°6 mm. long,
legs nearly colourless, prolegs pale (colourless), tall, slender,
with a bulbous end, hooks wanting on outer aspect 7 to 8
in number, 9 on claspers.
With regard to four larve taken by Mr. South on May 31st
he remarks that one was suspended when he found it “ head
downwards from its anal attachment to a slender twig of
heather. Another was on the middle of the crown of its
food-plant; neither of them changed its position, but are
now pupz in the exact places they occupied as larvee when
I came across them. <A third larva had pupated on a
heather twig, and the fourth had pupated on the flat rim
of a fern pan in which I set the food plants. A curious
fact in connection with this last larva is that although
I had twice removed it from the rim of the pan, it
succeeded in getting its own way, and became a pupa on
the spot it had fixed upon, and there it now remains.”
July Sth. A small larya (very young in second skin)
had wandered off in the test tube in which I had put it
for observation and was probably hungry. I put him on
the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 145
the petiole near the base of a vigorous leaf on which the
red glands had each a large globule of gum. He walked
very deliberately to the base of the leaf (upper side),
apparently spinning a web, and also searching carefully
from side to side. At length he arrived at the gland hairs
which next the petiole are deflexed down it; these he
carefully examined on each side of his way even moving
quite to the side of his proper track, his method looked
as if he contemplated climbing up them. The largest are
about three times his length (2 mm.), but actually when
he reached as far as he could without removing more
than one pair of prolegs from the leaf, he withdrew and
continued his march. At length he got nearer the middle
of the leaf, and found that his reaching-up process brought
him to the glandular top of the hair. This (the red knob
and transparent gum) is thicker than, and in bulk nearly
one-third that of the larva. I watched him demolish
one of these, which he did rather quickly, and make
considerable inroads on another. The gum, which is
thick and glairy and draws out into threads, was eaten; he
got his legs into it, and ate the stuff off his legs and also
ate up the portion drawn out between them; he did not,
however, appear to completely clean his legs, yet shortly
after they were certainly quite clean and the gum was
removed; though he worked at one side only, it dis-
appeared also from the other. Possibly the elasticity of
the gluey stuff pulled it off, but I was certainly puzzled
to know how several legs got quite clean in some
mysterious way. He ate up the red knob of a size about
equal to his own head. He left the green gland stem.
In attacking the second gland, he appeared to get the front —
of his head into the gum, and drew it out showing the
front of his head and his legs to be involved in it. He
ate away, however, quite unconcernedly, and though again
I saw no definite cleaning process, he was apparently quite
clean immediately afterwards. The gum stuck to his
head and legs in such a way as to make it difficult to
suppose they got clean because it did not stick to them,
nor did it appear to be wiped off against the plant. Up
to full growth in the second skin the food of the larva
seems to be entirely the red glands and their secretion.
July 14th. Visited 7. paludwm im its habitat, and
observed three larvee, two laid up for second moult and
one for a third.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 10
146 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on
Moths that were confined over growing Drosera with
a view to eggs never got caught by the plants, except
on one occasion when a moth escaped only by losing a leg
caught in the glue; another moth fell on a leaf, where it
died, and, being left there, was largely enveloped by the
leaf after a few days.
July 16th. The larve fed up in confinement have been
paler than the captured ones of the first brood, and also
than those taken two days ago. These pale larve are
green, with no red except on the dorsal tubercle as in the
ordinary newly changed pupa, and a pupa is without any
trace of red whatever. ‘These green larvee show very well
the greenish-yellow subdorsal lines (just dorsal to the
tubercles I and II) and also the slightly oblique one
below them.
The larvae when small were given to wandering, if the
plant was not strong and healthy enough to surround the
red glands with plenty of fluid gum, these glands and
the gum being their favourite (and only) food, unlike the
winter brood which eats the central portion of the plant.
Later the larvee would eat anything, being fond of the
flower-bud and flower-stems, and eating nearly the whole
of the leaf. When nearly full-fed,if the plant was a small
one and the leaves well demolished, the larvee would eat
portions of the petioles and finish by clearing off the
spring leaves and central bud of the plant. One or two
young larvee appear to jerk the frass away, but as a rule
the frass remains where excreted. The young larve thus
leave minute red dots more or less in rows or groups, in
some degree replacing the devoured glands in the colour
scheme of the leaf. In its later stage a larva would
sometimes eat a large quantity without moving; this
especially happens when it takes to the middle of the
plant and can reach much food without moving, a pile
of green-black frass about twice as bulky as the larva
accumulating in some instances. All being well with the
food plant, the larva has no tendency to move until the
time for pupation arrives.
EGG.
The egg is laid (in confinement) on the petioles of the glands
foto) ]
near the margin of the leaves; this was sufficiently frequent to
suggest it as the situation preferred. They were also laid on the
the Life History of Trichoptilus paludwm. 147
under sides of the leaves, on the petioles and on the dead flower-
stalks of the previous year, and even on the peat beside the plant.
It is bright yellow at first, becoming afterwards duller in tint. It is
oval in any longitudinal section, circular in any transverse one. Its
length is 0°38 mm. and its diameter 0°24 mm.
It has very large bold sculpturing consisting of a net-work of
ribs enclosing irregular polygons. The ribs are broad, about one-
third of the width of the enclosed hexagons (or as may be). The
diameter of the cells is about 0°02 mm., of a cell and one wall about
0°026 mm.
NEWLY-HATCHED LARVA.
The newly-hatched larva is fully 1 mm, in length when stretched
out. Head, prothorax, and anal plate dark, but not black, hairs and
bases dark, the rest white or colourless. Tubercles I and II are
distinct from each other but very close together, I very small, hair
about one-sixth the length of that of II which is about 0°06 mm. long,
both incline backwards. The corresponding hairs on 2nd and 3rd
thoracic and 9th and 10th abdominal segments are no less than 0°20,
0:23, 0-40, and 0:20 mm. long respectively, that on 9th abdominal
segment being in fact as long as half the length of the larva, when it
is not extended. III is about 0:17 mm. long and is directed forwards.
IV and V are on distinct bases but very close together, rather more
on a level than usual (the contrary, for example, of Amb. acantho-
dactyla), front hair 0°06 mm., posterior 0°18 mm. long. A long way
below, about middle of segment, are two hairs, one about 0°17 mm.
long and the other below and in front of it about 01 mm. VI
appears to be absent and these are two of the three hairs of VII.
On the prothoracic plate one of the three usual front hairs seems to be
absent, and only the long central one of back row is clearly seen.
Of the usual four pairs of hairs on meso- and ineta-thorax, the third
appears to be represented by one hair only.
The props of prolegs are about 0:04 mm. long, with three crotchets,
four on claspers.
The larva appears to have 4 instars. In the first it is
without tubercle VI, and without skin points. In the
second instar it acquires these, and I and II acquire a
common chitinous base. There are no secondary hairs.
At this stage it hibernates in the autumnal brood.
In the third instar it acquires a small number of
secondary tubercular hairs, making the tubercles into
warts.
In the fourth instar it differs from the third in the
148 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on
secondary hairs being more numerous, but there do not
appear to be any secondary hairs on the general skin
surface, VI remains a solitary hair, and there is no indica-
tion of secondary tubercles either on the thorax, or behind
the spiracles on the abdomen, I and If form one compound
wart, though the two primary hairs are quite distinct.
The prolegs have 6 and 7 crotchets.
DESCRIPTION OF LARVA OF 7. paludwm FROM SUMMER
BROOD.—July 7th.
First Instar.—Rather over 1 mm. long, whitey-green, almost
transparent. Head black, thoracic plate dark, as well as scutes of
tubercles and anal plate. Each tubercle has a distinct plate, larger
than the mere hair base. I and II are on a common base, as are
also IV and V, the hairs are black. The thoracic plate has three
hairs of same length in front, central of back series very long, other
two short. Single hair in front of spiracle. On second and third
thoracic segment are the usual four pairs of tubercles on each side,
each pair on a single plate and third pair apparently possesses a
third hair on the same plate. The head has a very long hair on the
centre of each side of the front of the cranium. ‘The long hairs on
head and Ist and 2nd thoracic segments about 0°13 ; hairs IT, III,
and IV onabdominal segments about 0'1. Points of hairs white and
apparently clubbed, towards moult shows some reddish tinting
between the tubercles.
Second Instavr—2 mm. long ; hairs white, arising from black points,
more clubbed and proportionately shorter than in first skin. No
secondary hairs. The tubercles are on distinct largish plates of a
faint cinereous tint, and round them is a whitish shade as of a
porcellanous-white thickening of the skin. The rest is a pale
brownish-red, forming a dorsal band, a line along the posterior
border of each segment giving a branch forwards (and obliquely
upwards) between II and IIT and between III and spiracle. There
is however some variation in tint and extent of red marking, either
in different specimens or according to different degrees of maturity.
The central hair on head is still long. The first and third posterior
hairs of thoracic plate are very short compared with the long second
one, the outer one of front row is also long. The prothoracic plate is
paler, with dark marbling on each side of central suture, and the
dark spot between 2nd and 8rd hairs is distinct, rather nearer
posterior margin of plate. The perspiracular tubercle has three
the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 149
hairs. Anal plate carries six hairs on either side, the spiracles are
black but not very large or prominent.
Third Instar.—8°5 mm. long before feeding much; it has now
quite the adult ‘‘ plumage,” though the secondary hairs are fewer
and much smaller than in last instar. The tubercles are on or rather
form almost raised humps. The secondary hairs are four on I and IT,
two or three of them very small and inconspicuous, one on III, none
on IV and V or on VI. These secondary hairs are white and
clubbed. The primaries arise from black points, are ochreous, with
white clubbed tips. The skin points, wanting in Ist instar, trans-
parent and sparse in 2nd, are now abundant. The tubercular areas
are free from them; these areas, which probably correspond to the
earlier tinted scutes which are not present now, have a little
differentiation of colour and texture to mark them off from the
surrounding skin. The larva is still very transparent and flimsy
looking. The white under the tubercles seems subcutaneous, as does
also the red-brown of the dorsal stripe and of a great part of the rest
of the larva. The red is however in marks or marblings, but not in
continuous streaks. Two hairs on head and on meso-thorax are long
but only little longer than the longer ones on the abdomen. The
longer hairs are from 0°35 to 0'-4 mm. long, not, some three times as
long as others, as in previous instar. The prolegs are long props,
slightly bulbed at end and with seven dark crotchets round the inner
margin. The six eyespots are very prominent, more than hemi-
spheres. The head is translucent with ochreous marblings, A large
black mark under eyespots, but three of them escape it, or seem to
do at certain angles and look quite white.
There is a short hair ventrally close to middle line in abdominal
segment without prolegs, probably present in other instars though
not noted. The last joint of the true legs is markedly long and
slender.
These detailed notes on the progress of individual larva
were much broken up and rendered of little use by the
way in which the larva succeeded in hiding themselves,
as well as cases of wandering away to another plant, really
getting lost, etc. This occurred with larvae each on a
separate plant. In several cases, I gave up the larva for
lost, but it duly reappeared again. These facts apply
most to the youngest larve, and are the ground for my
suspicion that in the autumnal larve I may have been
wrong in thinking they all fed only in the centre of the
co)
plant, though the extrusion of frass there, in one instance
observed, could only be compatible with the larva being
150 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on
ensconced amongst the leaf-buds of the central rosette.
These notes refer frequently to the young larvee (Ist and
2nd instars) eating especially the glands, the leaves them-
selves being attacked only by the older ones (8rd and 4th
instars). It is also noted that the larve eat their cast
skins. As to one larva it is noted as very green and
yellow, with no red except the dorsal tubercles, and that it
was on a rather pale plant of Drosera surrounded by plenty
of Sphagnum. And the identity of their schemes of colour
with that of the plants or leaves they were on, is several
times referred to.
Pupa oF 7. paludum.
The larva seeks for pupation a bit of slender upright stem, the
ideal position possibly being the dead stem of last year flowers ; a
slender bit of heath will serve, one of mine pupated on the under-side
of a leaf of Drosera, and Mr. South met with one that pupated across
the centre of the food-plant. But a bit of dead grass-like stem is
what the larva prefers ; no fewer than three selected the only piece
of this material in one of my tins, and a fourth fixed itselfat its base,
being crowded off by the previous tenants. Of six in this tin, the
two others selected slender stems of heath. The larva will take a
horizontal position and does not much mind which side it is up, but
appears to prefer one with dorsum upwards. When it obtains its
pupal position on a vertical stem, it always fixes itself head
downwards.
The change before pupation in the larval colour is very marked,
the whole larva becoming green except the hump of I and II, which
assumes a conspicuous dark rosy-pink. For some time after pupa-
tion the pupa has the same coloration, the pink eminence being very
conspicuous and ornamental in the green pupa; gradually however
the colours change, the pink fades and the rest of the pupa, remaining
green, acquires an overshading of faint ruddy brown, disposed,
roughly speaking, in longitudinal bands; in one of these the
tubercles I and IT still present a slightly darker shade but in only
one or two cases at all decidedly so.
The length of the pupa is 6°77 mm, width, thorax 1:3, abdomen
1:2, 1 mm. about 5th abdominal, the @ apparently a little shorter
and thicker. The thickness is much the same to nearly the end of
5th abdominal segment (and wing cases), whence it (in 2 mm.) tapers
regulaily to a rather fine point, at least it does as seen sideways, and,
seen dorsally the thorax is wider than the following segments and th
the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 151
tapering of 6th abdominal onwards is by a curved outline with
sharper finish in 9th and 10th segments. The head in front is
rounded but has two lateral and a double (or two minute) frontal
eminences between them. Seen dorsally when the form has been
fully acquired, but the pink colour of the dorsal tubercles persists,
it is a most beautiful object from the elegance of its outline and
delicate but bright colouring. The hairs are of some assistance to
the pleasing effect. Before describing the hairs, it may be best to
note that there is the usual double dorsal -flange or ridge beginning
behind middle of mesothorax with a rounded eminence succeeded by
a lower one, then running across metathorax and abdominal segments
in line of tubercles and ending with tubercles on 3rd abdominal
segment. It is not high and marked as it is in some plume pupa,
but is quite definite and distinct, the tubercles on the following
abdominal segments (4th, etc.) are in line with it but represented
only in the middle of each segment, there being no continuous ridge
between them.
The hairs on the mesothorax are, on either side, two in line of the
dorsal ridge but in front of it, and about the distance apart that the
last one is from the initial hump on the ridge, outside each of these,
is again another hair, all equally spaced, so that there are two rows of
four hairs across mesothorax in front of anterior end of ridge. The
prothorax has a row of six hairs across it, three on either side. One
or two of the head (antenna-basal ?) hairs come into this same dorsal
view. These hairs are all colourless and about 0'7 or 0°8 mm. long
(two-thirds thickness of pupa). On the head are, in front above, two
hairs on each side and one on each side below, above the labrum.
These are 0°3-0'4 mm. long, colourless. On the metathorax are two
hairs, one on either side, white, about 0°6 mm. long, porrected and
arising at front margin of segment from the ridge. They appear to
correspond with the first of the two hairs in the following abdominal
segments which have the same appearance, nearly the same length
and direction (porrected) but arise further back on the segment. The
metathorax has no posterior hair as the other segments have. _ Ist,
2nd, 8rd, and 4th abdominal segments have each two hairs on either
side, apparently I and II, not arising very close together but still on a
common eminence which on Ist, 2nd, and 3rd is part of the dorsal
ridge, the hairs are at an angle to each other of about 90°, the first
directed forward, the latter backwards and increasing the angle by a
little curvature, the posterior one is black, quite 0°6 mm. long, whilst
the front one is shorter on each segment, up to the 4th abdominal. On
the 5th and beyond there is only the posterior one, on to the 9th
segment, when it is at posterior margin of segment. It has about
the same length (0°6 mm.) on each segment. On these segments is
152 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on
a little eminence and scar suggesting where the missing I would have
been. On the front outer angle of metathorax are two minute black
dots. On the first abdominal segment at same place, is a similar dot
with a large spiracle-like oval scar behind it and of a dark colour.
Otherwise there are no hairs or other structures, except the small
ochreous spiracles down to the subspiracular flange, on this are two
minute black dots ([V and V) on 38rd to 7th segments, on 8th are at
the same places two short (0°3 mm.) hairs. These are repeated on 9,
except that the Ist has another just below it. On 10th one
similar hair seems distinct from cremaster hairs to which it is very
close and equally short but straight. The double dots that occur on
3rd abdominal to 7th are forwards rather close together and behind
the spiracle. More ventral on 5th, 6th and 7th abdominal segments, in
fact ventral, are on either side two short deflexed hairs (VII) about
0:1 and 0°2 mm. long; on a pale line between these and the subspira-
cular flange is a small black dot, hardly a hair (VI). A similar trace
of IIT is also to be detected. On the several lines of these, viz. ITT,
IV+V, VI and+VII, there are longitudinal pale lines, that look
sometimes like ridges, largely owing however to coloration, but this is
just so much raised on the subspiracular (LV and V) one that I
have ventured to call it “subsp. flange.”
The appendages reach to the middle and even to the posterior
margin (in ¢s?) of 5th abdominal and look attached to them but
are free beyond 3rd.
The cremaster consists of two portions, a small one in centre of
9th and a larger one on 10th. The hairs, together with the
dorsum of the last two segments, are pinkish about 0:1 mm. long,
straight or nearly so with a small knob at one side of the end, as
though a hook had soldered itself to the shaft where it had turned
round to.
The appendages are transparent green, with rather darker olive
shading, beside the wing veins, on antenne, and first leg.
The variation in the colour of the pupa is first in the
amount of pink. This tends to fade as the pupa matures,
and some pupz lose it altogether, becoming entirely green.
One pupa, on the other hand, has a dorsal, a broad sub-
dorsal (through hump and hair bases), and a lower (along
III 2) rose-pink line nearly continuous from end to end of
the pupa, and is consequently a handsome, brilliant pupa.
The depth of green also varies a little, especially on the
the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 153
wings and appendages which may be pale and transparent,
or a deep solid-looking green. A certain olive-brown tint
appears as the pupa matures for emergence, the eyes,
wings, etc., becoming black.
One other point in the variability of the pupa has regard
to the forward hairs (1) of the abdominal dorsum. The
most usual form is perhaps that described with this hair
on the first five segments, and wanting in the others; it
does not often show any length on 5th segment, and is
more frequently wanting on 4th, 3rd, or even 2nd, and
presumably may be entirely absent. When absent it is,
however, usually represented by more or less of a stump or
abbreviated hair, and its site when absent is marked by a
basal circle or point. It is unusual, however, as happened
in the specimen described for the hairs present to be well
developed and the rest to be absent, 7.¢. merely a basal
trace present. It is more usual for there to be one or two
intermediate abbreviated hairs, as, for example, Ist and 2nd
good hairs, 3rd shortened hair, 4th very short, 5th stump,
6th wanting or some such formula.
154 Explanation of Plate.
EXPLANATION OF Puate VII.
Fie. 1. Egg magnified x 56.
2. Larva Ist Instar x 30.
Sh gy PANEL ae OHO)
AS Pao) ror? Paeon ie xe 4s
5. ,, 4th and last Instar side view, x 83.
ie
Gh », semidorsal view, x 8
7and 8. Pupa. Lateral and dorsal views, x 83.
9. Larva in 2nd Instar in centre of leaf. In the figure the
conspicuousness of the larva is much exaggerated.
Correctly represented it would hardly be visible. x 4.
10. Last stage larva feeding.
11. Portion of leaf as eaten by larva.
In Fig. 2, except a dorsal hair or two, the setze shown are only
those of the one side. I and II together, III spiracle
not shown, IV and V together, VI wanting, two hairs
of Vail.
In Fig. 3, the tubercles I and II of both sides are shown,
VI present, VII hardly visible being beneath, spiracles
hardly indicated.
In Figs. 4 and 5, dorsal tubercles ot other side, only indicated
by a hair or two.
Fig. 9, almost impossible to show satisfactorily.
May 29, 1906.
(BS) }
X. Progressive melanism on the Riviera (Hyeres), being
further notes on Hastula hyerana, Mill. By T. A.
CHAPMAN, M.D.
[Read March 21st, 1906.]
PLATE ViITT:
MERELY as further notes on the life history of Hastula
hyerana, Mill., the following facts would hardly have been
worth presenting, as an addition to the account of the species
I presented in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for
1905. Their value appears to le in the further light they
throw on melanism in the species at Hyeéres, and raise to
something like certainty, what was last year little more
than a suggestion, that melanism is a decided feature of the
species at Hyeres at present, though fifty years ago there
was no trace of it. That melanism really exists in the
Hyeres race of H. hyerana is shown by Mr. Powell having
reared 10 specimens at Hyeres, of which 4 were dark,
whilst from 10 larve collected at the same time which he
sent to me in cocoon, and which were kept till emergence
in England, only 2 dark specimens appeared, the other
8 being of the pale (typical) form. This seems to show
clearly that the dark specimens I reared are naturally
melanic, and are in no way artificial results of removal to
the English climate. That such removal has no such effect
is also proved by the breeding at Reigate of specimens of
HI. hyerana, from larvee collected in Sicily, every oue of
which was of the typical pale form, with a good deal of
variation in dark marking, but with no trace whatever of
the melanic form. These Sicilian specimens resembled
very much the typical (pale) Hyeres form,so much so that,
omitting a few of the more marked varieties, they are
probably a fair representation of the Hyeres examples bred
fifty years ago by Milliere. I obtained also some larvee from
the Island of Capri; these produced moths of a very pale
straw tint, with pale straw-coloured hind wings, possessing
only a trace in one or two, of the fuscous tint that is the
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PARTII. (SEPT.) 11
156 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
(not quite invariable) rule in the Sicilian examples and the
pale ones from Hyeres.
T suppose I ought to make some effort to explain why
H. hyerana should in fifty years have acquired and developed
a melanic tendency. The probability seems to be, in
reality, that the change has occurred in a considerably
shorter time, but this is mere surmise, founded on the
belief that H. hyerana has during that interval been col-
lected at Hyeres, and that no record, so far as I can find,
exists of the melanic form having been observed. As a
matter of fact, however, I am aware of no records of such
captures at Hyéres, but this is not perhaps surprising, as
no melanic form occurring, the collector had little to add
to Milliere’s account and so published nothing, My friend
M. I. Bourgeois on one occasion bred one or two pale ones,
without making any record of the fact anywhere. We
must, nevertheless, stick to the fifty years as the period
during which the change has taken place. It is, no doubt,
highly probable that a long period might elapse before the
effective cause, whatever it was, accumulated sufficient
effect to produce one or a few dark specimens; but thereafter
the change by which about two-fifths of the race became dark
was probably fairly rapid. It will be interesting to know
whether a few more years produce any further effect, or
merely confirm the present position.
What has produced the melanism ? Hyeres is doubtless
a larger place than it was fifty years ago, and therefore
more urban; but that that change has been accompanied by
the very slightest appreciable change towards making it a
smoky district with natural objects blackened, has only
to be mentioned to raise a smile at the absurdity of the
idea. I think we may therefore reject any trace of identity
in causation, with those cases where, in England, urban
increase and manufacturing activity are the basal causes of
melanic change. I am not aware that there is the slightest
evidence that Hyeres is a wetter locality of late years than
it used to be. Nevertheless there may be something in the
circumstance that the rainy season at Hyeres is in the
autumn when the moth is on the wing, although this has
always been the case no doubt, and is also a climatic
feature, more or less, of the whole area of distribution
of the moth.
- The special fact that seems to me to throw most light
on the matter is that H. hyerana has its head-quarters in
Progressive melanism on the Riviera. 157
South Spain, North Africa, Southern Italy, Sicily, ete.,
and that Hyéres is the extreme northern limit of its range.
I pointed out in my previous notes how restricted the
habitat of H. hyerana is on the Riviera, and that it is quite
absent from many places, apparently suitable to it, as
regards food-plant, etc. These places, however, are all of
fractionally more northern climate than Hyeres, which has
the mildest climate of any French station west of Marseilles.
This slight difference in climate between Hyeres and the
Riviera further east is probably the efficient cause of its
localization to that one spot. How does this affect the
matter? I do not desire to suggest that the northern
position is the cause of the melanism, I do not think
I should agree with the arguments likely to be adduced in
support of such a contention. My suggestion amounts to
this, that fifty years ago H. hyerana was a recent 1mmi-
grant at Hyeres, possibly for the first time, more likely it
had previously established itself there on several occasions,
but the locality being at the northern limit of its distribu-
tion, a few adverse, or even one very bad season might suffice
to destroy it, and its place would be vacant until the arrival
of individuals from some other locality. The new arrival
would multiply in the form it had maintained in the locality
it came from, until, after a sufficient lapse of time, it was
modified to suit Hyeres conditions. I suppose then that
Milliere found it unmodified, but that now it has a form
adapted to Hyeres conditions. If the hypothesis of
occasional extinction at Hyeres be accepted, it might no
doubt equally be suggested, that the species has disap-
peared during the last fifty years and the present form is
the result of new arrivals (marginata occurs at Gibraltar),
or such arrivals may have produced the change without the
original race having disappeared. The objection to this is
that it seems to postulate immigration, say, probably about
every twenty-five years, whereas, change during the past fifty
years postulates it, say, only once in about a hundred years,
or more. The mixed melanic race would thus be the one
suitable to Hyeres, probably owing to the nature of the
objects on which the moth would rest. The Capri form
being so much paler than the Sicilian, would appear to prove
that the dominating influence was not climate but locality.
I advance this hypothesis simply because it seems incum-
bent on me to produce some sort of a rushlight to illuminate
the way of further inquiry. The real interest of the case
158 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
rests on the possibility that it may assist in elucidating
those instances of British melanism that seem outside the
main stream, due to darkening of objects by deposited
carbon.
In the imaginal state the three races I have (the fourth
from Paestum is very close to that from Capri, but being
represented by only one specimen does not admit of further
discussion) differ materially from each other. The Capri
race, of which I have 12 specimens, are very pale, var. pal-
lens, of a very light straw colour, and the hind wings with
no dark suffusion, are almost to be called white, the black
spot very small, about normal in one specimen, and curi-
ously even a little extended in another, which is otherwise
one of the whitest. The Sicilian race, of which I have
about 170 specimens, is decidedly darker than those from
Capri. About 16 or 17 (10 /) are practically indistinguish-
able, but the majority have the hind wings fuscous and the
fore wings a darker straw colour, 7.¢. with just a trace of
orange. The greater part of these are paler than the
similar form from Hyeres, there is, however, one Hyeres
specimen (at least) that would mix indistinguishably with
them. A further but very small number make a, fair
approach to what may be called the ordinary or typical
Hyeres form, which is at once rather redder and greyer
than the mass of the Sicilian.
Then there are a certain number that present variation
in the black markings, the tendency is rather (as compared
with Hyeéres specimens) to smallness of the black spot, and
a few have it absent or represented by an odd scale or so
only. These are not necessarily the palest specimens, one
with perhaps the least trace of spot (if any) is one of the
darker orange specimens. The lighter and least spotted
specimens are more numerous amongst the females.
There are only about 6 specimens (4 //) showing exten-
sion of the black spot; whilst about 20 / (of the pale
form) from Hyeres show this variation.
Hardly any show the row of dark points along the inner
margin, and a smaller proportion show the dark scaling
over the wing that usually takes the form of dots on the
outer part of the wing, but several exceed in this respect
any I have from Hyeres (figs. 7 and 8), with black mark-
ings distributed over the whole wing; probably the larger
number of specimens present the greater range of
variation.
Progressive melanism on the Riviera. 159
These dark spotted forms bring us to consider a point
that did not clearly arise on the Hyeres specimens. It
may perhaps be best formulated by saying that the species
has two directions in which it becomes darker, and these
spotted specimens are the extremes I have in the direction
of an increase of black scales. The other tendency does
not exist apparently in the Italian forms; this is a tendency,
not to black scales appearing, but to the yellow scales
changing their tint to orange and then to deep purple, not
in spots and patches like the black scales appear in, but by
gradual change of all the scales, or more usually by the
appearance of the purple scales singly scattered amongst
the others. In describing my Hyéres specimens I stated
there were no intermediates between the pale and the
dark, at least to this extent, that each specimen was at
once referred either to light or dark, without hesitation.
This, however, true as it may be, misrepresents the facts.
Setting aside the pale Hyeres forms, which, though darker
on the average, might be matched from amongst the Sici-
lian forms, there are a considerable proportion of the pale
forms that cannot be matched amongst Taormina forms,
and, though pale, and though I so regarded them, really
belong to the dark purple variety (marginata, W\|sm.).
These number 8 out of 26 of my original specimens, 1 out
of 8 of 1905 specimens, and 4 out of 14 of the Reigate
bred specimens of 1905. These differ from the other pale
ones by the presence of some purple scales over the wings
(a somewhat indefinite character, that I have rather, there-
fore, neglected, and which may exist to some extent on
those I have classified as pale) but especially (because
easily noted) by a narrow line of red or purple scales down
the middle of the costal fringe, more marked apically.
This line is very distinct in every specimen of var. margin-
ata, except one or two in which the dark disc of the wing
almost reaches and absorbs it. I presume the yellow fringe,
with this fine line, round the dark wing, suggested the
name marginata. I would suggest that the typical point
is really this fine line, and would regard it rather than the
yellow fringe as the margin, so as to bring into the name
marginata those pale forms possessing this line and that
belong more truly to the dark than the pale series. It
might perhaps be convenient to give these a separate
name, say marginula.
The present proportion of marginata + marginula at
160 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
Hyeres is 65 /. No trace of either of these occurs in
the Italian races. Nor does Milliere record the slightest
trace of them (and he was rather keen on variations)
amongst over 50 specimens bred from Hyeres fifty years
ago. Without subdividing and naming aberrations on the
cristana and hastiana system, it may be useful to give
names to the principal forms.
The typical form Hyerana, Mill., would be characterized
as having lighter or darker straw-coloured upper wings
with black discal spot and little or no black scaling, and
the dise of the hind wings more or less fuscous. This
would include the whole of the species as known to
Milhere and the species as a whole as it exists in Sicily.
As aberrations of this we should have Milliere’s var. a,
hyerana, ab. alpha, Mill., with greater or less spreading of
the discal spot; hyerana, ab. nigro-punctata, n. ab., with
more or less conspicuous black scaling in dots and spots ;
hyerana, ab. obsolescens, n. ab., with the discal spot reduced
to a scale or two or absent.
The very pale race at Capri would be hyerana, var. pallens,
n. var., characterized by general lightness of the tint of the
upper wings, and especially by the pale hind wings, with
no fuscous tinting.
This form may occur as an aberration of the type form,
and may present as aberrations ab. a/pha and ab. obsolescens,
Then we have var. marginata, Wlsm. This is clearly not
a mere aberration of the type form, but is trying to establish
itself as a distinct race at Hyeres by swamping and
ousting the type, which it is very possible it has done at
some other locality or period. This has the aberration
marginula, n. ab., with the general aspect of a richly or
darkly coloured type specimen but possessing the fine red
lme in the fringe. It may be regarded as an aberration
either of Hyerana or marginata or as across between them.
To be an aberration of hyerana, however, its absence from
Sicily makes its claims very doubtful.
The habits of the larva of AH. hyerana at Taormina
differed remarkably from those of the same species at
Hyeres ; so much so, that at first, when the larvee I found
were small, I confess I had some doubts as to their being
some other species, wnicolorana perchance (I may here
mention that [ found no trace of wnicolorana at Taormina).
The great point of difference in habit was that instead of
being numerous on a plant, almost gregarious as at Hyeres,
Progressive melanism on the Riviera. 161
they were almost absolutely solitary, one to a plant.
Their position in the plant was amongst the central
leaves rather low down, different from that of 7. wni-
colorana, which occupies and remains in the tips of the
older leaves and is fairly conspicuous in consequence.
Very occasionally two larvee were found in a plant, and on
one occasion only did I find four larvee in a plant. A
marked result of this variation in the habits of the larva is
. that, whilst at Hyéres an affected plant was conspicuous
at some distance, and “wrecked” and “ destroyed” were
words one naturally employed to describe the effect on the
foliage and inflorescence of the plant, at Taormina a
plant containing a larva differs at first view in no way
from one without one, and it is only on closer scrutiny and
usually after moving the leaves a little, that one finds some
of the central ones to be suspiciously close together as an
indication that a larva is present. I am not inclined to
think these differences have much to do with accidental
differences of season, but that they are the’normal habits
of the species at the two localities; probably due to the
different effect of the local climates on the food-plant.
The Taormina asphodel seems to be the A. microcarpus,
the same as that at Hyeres, but the aspect of the plants
regarded as vegetables is considerably different. At
Hyéres most plants were large, vigorous and succulent,
two feet or more high (three or four sometimes), with great
bundles of thick leaves, affording abundant food for a
dozen or more larve. At Taormina I only saw two or
three such plants, growing in favoured damp situations,
and on these and others nearly as vigorous I saw no larve
of the Tortrix, The mass of the plants are about fifteen
to eighteen inches high with few leaves, and a very small
proportion attempt to flower. On one slope on April 8th,
when only about a third of the larve had done feeding,
these stunted plants were already dying down from
maturity or drought. On the other hand, these stunted
plants are often very abundant and tolerably close
together.
It was puzzling to understand how a moth could
survive who laid her eggs in large batches, and yet only
supplied each plant with one larva,
It is still rather a puzzle to see how one larva only
exists in each plant, but there can be little doubt that as
soon as the young larve are hatched, they exercise an
162 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
instinct that gave me trouble enough when I reared
them from the egg, viz. a determination to wander away,
in spite of all obstacles, getting through the finest crannies,
and going too far to be recaptured. I found the most
practicable method of preventing their dispersion was to
put the vessel containing the eggs in the middle of a
vessel of water, on which all the young larve would be
found floating (in a mass usually) and could be put on
their food. No doubt at Taormina by this wandering a
batch of eggs provided larvee that spread over a whole
patch of asphodel, though how one, and one only, stuck to
each plant is difficult to guess.
In this way one easily accounts for finding a larva in
nearly each plant at one place and none at all at another.
This method of dispersion no doubt implies the loss and
destruction of a large number of young larvee, but makes
no extravagant call on one’s faith in the travelling
capacities of the young larvee.
Another feature of the larve at Taormina was the
number of alternative food-plants they affected—always,
I think, where plenty of asphodel was near, but this may
merely have appeared so from my not looking for them
much elsewhere. The commonest of these was Phlomis
JSruticosus, on which the larvee were so frequent and thriv-
ing, that I came to regard it as being but little less
acceptable to them than the asphodel, and the moths bred
therefrom are as fine as those from asphodel, notwith-
standing that it was a less satisfactory food with which to
supply the larva. There were frequently several on a
shrub of Phlomis, but always solitarily, rolling up the
leaves and fastening together the opening shoots in very
ordinary tortrix manner, and eating down the central stem
much as many tortrices do on shrubs and trees. Several
larvee were found doing well on Zeucriwm fruticans, on a
very spinous Cytisus (much like the Riviera Calycotome),
on an annual spinous woolly Gnaphalivm-like composite
that did not flower before we left Taormina, and on one
species of thistle, and on one only, of several handsome
species. This also I did not see in tlower, but the leaves
were, in texture, so like those of our common Cnicus
arvensis, that I tried my homebred larvze with the leaves
of that pest of the farmer, and found that they seemed to
prefer it almost to lupin. Lupin, by the way, the only
alternative food-plant discovered at Hyeres, was not found
Progressive melanism on the Riviera. 163
attacked at Taormina, but then it was not observed
except when cultivated.* Two larvee were found on the
unopened flower buds of a Scilla? (Scilla sicula?). As the
plant was rarely seen (being inconspicuous till the flowers
appear), it probably finds this plant of similar attractiveness
to the asphodel.
Most curious of food-plants, I found two larve amongst
those of <Acroclita consequana collected from Huphorbia.
At Capri the plants were a little more vigorous and succu-
lent than at Taormina, but equally on open exposed slopes
(top of cliffs near the sea), and, though their depredations
were a little more visible than at Taormina, they might be
described as having substantially the same habits as at
Taormina. On April 20th some had already gone off
full-fed to make their ewstivating cocoons.
On April 15th at Paestum one larva only was found,
with traces of perhaps a score of others that had already
left full-fed. These larvee also fed singly and cryptically,
although the plants here (in the enclosures round the
temples) were very large and vigorous, with leaves four
feet or so long, and the flowers making a brave show.
They were (counting empty domiciles as larve), however,
exceedingly rare, having regard to the luxuriance and
abundance of the plant, and in most places no traces of
the larva could be found amongst great thickets of the
lant.
About Albano, acres of the plant were looked over
without seeing a trace of H. hyerana; looking to its rarity
at Paestum and the difficulty of finding it there, I should
hesitate to say that the moth is absent in the Roman
district, and even if absent: near Albano, it would probably
be found to oceur nearer the coast. IJ have, in fact, never
met with it as far from the sea as Albano is.
I noted (K.M.M., /.c.) having reared certain larve to
spinning up, from eggs laid by moths that emerged from
my Hyeres stock. These were two or three months in
advance of their cousins of the same generation at large
at Hyeres, and spun up in January and February.
These emerged as moths during July and August 1905,
their parents having emerged in the beginning of October.
These presented hardly any typical pale forms, and might
* In captivity I tried the larvee with the leaves of two cultivated
species ; they readily ate the broad fleshy leaflets of a white-flowered
one, but refused the narrow curled ones of a kind with blue flowers.
164 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
be classified as 19 marginata, 4 marginula, 10 dark (black,
not purple) hyerana. Their parents were a pale ? and a
dark $ specimen. One or two of the marginata are of a
very beautiful form, hardly represented amongst the parent
brood, with a brilliant wash of gold round the margins of
the wings. A number of these specimens were rather
small, probably from some sort of starvation.
From a pair of these, both dark, and both very small, I
obtained eggs on August 22nd.
It may be noted as regards dates that at the end of
August the Sicilian moths were emerging, and on
s toy
September Ist a pair of these laid some eggs. The
55
Sicilian one I will, however, return to. The Hyéres (3rd
generation) larvee spun up chiefly in November. On the
Ist March, 1906, on looking at the box they were in I
found 7 moths had emerged, all dark, and also all
quite spoilt (two dead). I failed to obtain eggs from
these. A g (dark) emerged on the 4th, a pale ? on the
5th, and 2 dark specimens on the 15th. Unlike their
parents, these were all of good size. The dark parentage
did not therefore prevent a specimen of the type appearing.
On March 15th the remaining cocoons contained 9 pupze
and 11 larvee. I suppose this hastening forward, by which
a brood occupies under ten months instead of twelve, is due
to the warmer climate of my room, especially during the
larval period. At Hyeres I imagine the larval period is
from October to April, about six months, in my boxes it
takes about three. ;
I may note that the eggs laid by a Sicilian moth (all
fertile) were counted as 1086.
I made several efforts to observe the duration of the
pupa state, and have the following notes on the Sicilian
race,
Pupated October 12 ; emerged November 14 ¢
” ” 13 ” a) 173
(temperature 55°-70° ; average perhaps 63°)
Pupated December 23; emerged February 2, 1906
% January 4 Rd 5 12
” bb) 12 ” ” 19
9 45 12 a - 22,
” 9 13 %) 3) 22
7 February 1 ey March 10
14 pupated between Oct. 11 and 22 ; emerged Nov. 15, 15, 17, 18,
19, 19, 20, 20, 22, 22, 22, 92, 28 (one missing).
Progressive melanism on the Riviera. 165
14 pupated between Oct. 22 and Nov. 5; emerged Nov. 30, 30,
Dec. 2, 5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 11, 12, 12, 16, 17, 23.
6 pupated Nov. 16-30 ; emerged Dec. 28, Jan. 1, 2, 2, 2, 5.
Bho? Speclentes Mw st Many) O) hOy15s-17,'a1.
It would appear that four to six weeks is therefore the
duration of the pupal period.
The prolonged period during which the moths emerged
is remarkable, and may be shown by the actual dates of
emergence, or by a census of specimens still in larval state
at different dates. All spun up within a week or two of
the end of April 1905.
The first moths emerged August 26, 2; 27, 1.
September 1-16 14 ; ie. during
” 17-30 41 August 3
October 1-14 30 September 55
<5 14-31 22 October 52
November 1-30 24 November 24
December 19 December 19
January 11 January 11
February 3 February 3
March 10 1 March 1
April 13-29 2 April 2
When there still remained one pupa and one active larva.
A census of the asphodel feeders only from Taormina
showed:
October 11 Emerged 69 Pupe 40. Larve 56
” 22 when 40
November 15 sate eel
” 30 lo
December 23 » 9
January 4 ee
”? 13 ) 3
” 22 ” 1
March 20 2
The parasites from which 7. hyerana suffered at Taor-
mina differed entirely from its liability in this respect at
Hyeres, At Hyeres it seemed quite immune, except from
the attack of the larva of Xanthandrus comtus, a parasite
in a broad sense, but not in the sense we usually mean in
regard to insects, the larva of the fly hunting that of the
166 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
moth and demolishing it when caught, yet except this 1
found no larva suffered any attack whatever at Hyeres.
At Taormina, however, XY. comtus was not met with as
attacking H. hyerana, though it was not absent from the
locality, being found living on the larve of Acroclita conse-
quana in precisely the same way as it does at Hyéres on
that of H. hyerana.
This immunity from one attack, however, was well
compensated by the attack of two Tachinid flies and of
four Hymenopterous parasites. Mr. Wainwright tells me
the commonest Dipteron is Gymnopareia crassicornis, ap-
parently a widely-spread and common species. Why does
this fly not attack it at Hyéres, since no doubt it occurs
there as over the rest of Europe, attacking as it does
a great variety of the smaller Lepidoptera? <A solitary
specimen was also bred of a comparatively large Tachinid
named asa var. of (7, crassicornis, so large that one can only
just suppose its host to afford it food enough, if it be one
of the largest and fattest specimens.
The commonest Hymenopteron was a Microgaster near
subcompletus, Nees., which spun a small white cocoon, each
larva affording one parasite. This is very similar to (identical
with ?) one Zortrix wnicolorana at Cannes and Hyeres,
where, however, it never touches hyerana. A number of
Bracon variegatus were also bred, a species of Agathis and
a Pteromalus (names kindly supplied by Claude Morley,
Ksq.).
We must, I think, explain this remarkable difference in
the parasites by the differences in the habits of the larva of
H. hyevana at the two localities, and not by the presence
or absence of the parasites or by any differences in their
habits.
The moths selected for figuring (figs. 1 and 2) are a pair
of the very pale form from Capri (var. pallens), to which the
specimen from Paestum is very close, and to which a few
odd specimens from Hyéres make some approach. Figs.
3 and 4 are a pair selected from the Taormina specimens as
fairly representing the mass of that race. It may also be
taken as practically indistinguishable from the typical pale
race at Hyeres. Figs. 5 and 6 are a pair of the dark
(melanic) form from Hyeres (maryinata,W1|sm.) (bred 1904).
Figs. 7 and 8 are two forms of a variety occurring
amongst the Taormina specimens. Whilst they are the
nearest approach to a dark form that that race atforded, it
Progressive melanism on the Riviera. 167
may be noted that nothing closely approaching them
occurred amongst the Hyéres race (ab. nigro-punctata).
Figs. 9 and 10are two varieties from Taormina, similar speci-
mens were present in the Hyeres specimens; 9 is probably
Milliere’s, ab. alpha ; 10, a less extreme form of ab. nigro-
punctata than.7 and 8. In both the Taormina and Hyeres
races a good many varieties in the extension of the spot
occurred, several having more or less of an additional dark
line above the one present in fig. 9. In other specimens,
not otherwise especially pale, the spot tends to obsolescence,
but almost invariably there remains at least one dark
scale at this spot. I believe I have one specimen in
which it is absolutely wanting on one side, but this is so
rare that one does not like to be certain that the last single
scale was not removed by some accident. Fig. 11 is an
exceedingly rosy specimen from Hyeres.
It is a very marked form of ab. marginula, to which also
belong figs. 12 and 13, bred at Reigate (1905) from the
egg. Fig 14, another of the same brood, is rather var.
marginata, but is remarkable for its richness of colouring,
and especially the golden suffusion round the margins of
the wings. Figs. 12, 13 and 14 show the alliance of ab.
marginula with var. marginata rather than with type
hyerana,
Thirty specimens bred from eggs laid at Reigate by
Taormina moths, varied less than those bred from larve
collected at Taormina.
As regards the long period of emergence, may be noted
a Hyeres specimen that emerged June 4 from a larva
collected only two months before, viz. in April 1906. I
have met with no other example so precocious.
The whole of the specimens of Hastula hycrana referred
to in this paper, have been added to the Walsingham
collection of Micro-Lepidoptera in the Natural History
Museum.
168 Explanation of Plate.
EXPLANATION OF PuaATtE VIII.
All the figures are enlarged 14 times.
Figs. 1,2. Hastula hyerana, var. pallens (Capri).
3, 4. % <2 (Taormina).
5, 6. a3 7 var. marginata (Hyéres).
7, 8. - is ab. nigro-punctata (Taormina),
9. a i ab. alpha (Taormina).
10. 95 8 approaching nigro-punctata (Taor-
mina).
Li. ‘5 <5, ab. marginula (Hyéres).
12, 13, 14. a i; 7" a (Hyeres race, bred from
ova at Reigate).
( 169 )
XI. On the Genus Imma, Walk. (= Tortricomorpha, Feld.)
By E. Meyrick, B.A, F.R.S.
[Read May 2nd, 1906.]
THE interesting genus, which is the subject of the present
paper, has been the object of so much misapprehension and
redescription, that it seemed worth while to clear up the
generic synonymy, give a classified list of the described
species, and describe the additional material which I
possess, so as to bring the whole up to date. This I have
done to the best of my knowledge, but authors have found
the species so puzzling, and have referred them to such
unexpected quarters, that I can hardly hope not to have
overlooked some. I should be glad to be informed of any
omitted. The authorities of the British Museum have also
submitted to me their unworked material, containing many
interesting forms.
The true location of the genus is unquestionably amongst
the Plutellide. There is a group of this family in which
the cilia of the hind-wings are commonly (though not
invariably) relatively shorter in proportion to the breadth
of the hind-wings than in any other Z%neina, and the
antennz are also short; and it is to this group that Jmma
belongs. The group is more especially characteristic of
the Indo-Malayan region, but Brachodes (Atychia) and
Simaethis are familiar European exponents. Recent writers
have usually admitted the genus to belong to the Jineina,
but have referred it to the Gelechiadx or Xyloryctide, from
both of which it is immediately separated by the posterior
tibiz being smooth above, whilst in those families they are
clothed with long hairs; moreover, as explained below, the
forms with veins 7 and 8 of the fore-wings separate are
generically inseparable from those with 7 and 8 stalked,
and the former would be wholly inadmissible into either of
these families as now understood. Further the labial
palpi are quite different from the slender acute sickle-
shaped type which is characteristic of those families and
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Il. (SEPT.)
170 Mr. E. Meyrick on
the (Keophoride. I am not acquainted with any larva of
the genus, but have received the cocoon of J, mackwoodii
from Ceylon, and it is surrounded by an open network, as
in Plutella itself and some other genera of the family.
Together with Zmma I have described two curious new
genera, which, whilst possessing peculiar types of neuration,
are more allied to /mma than to anything else known at
present.
The mutual affinities of the individual species are ex-
tremely puzzling; when closely compared no two are alike
in structure, and species which resemble one another in
one apparently important structural point usually differ in
several others, so that it is hard to know on which to rely.
Hence I can only offer a tentative arrangement of the
species, which may be modified by subsequent further
knowledge.
Imma, Walk.
Imma, Walk., xvi, 195 (1858). 5 . type rugosalis.
Pingrasa, Walk., xvi, 226 (1858) . ‘ 5 accuralis.
Tortricomor pha, Feld., Sitzb, Ak. Wien. 1861,
43 (1861) . é : : ‘ 5 atrosignata.
Moca, Walk., xxvii, 102 (1863) : ; : », velutina.
Topaza, Walk., xxix, 808 (1864) . 5 ‘ », dlienella.
Vinzela, Walk., xxxiv, 1260 (1865). : 5» tnaptalis.
Jobula, Walk., xxxv, 1888 (1866) ; » semilinea.
Methypsa, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1875,
324 (1875) é : p 5 saturata.
Bursadella, Snell., Mid. Sint 83 (1880) : 5, dichroalis.
Thylacopleura, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1886, 284 (1886) : : 5, autodoxa.
Davendra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. ii, 520 (1886) 9» mackwoodi.
Callartona, Hamps., Moths Ind. i, 233 (1892) ,, purpwrascens.
Scaptesylix, Hamps., Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond.
1895, 283, (1895) . i : : : 5, dichroalis.
Hyperperissa, Wals., Swinh., Cat. 11, 546 (1900) ,, awrantiaca.
Pseudotortriz, Turn., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr.
1900, 16 (1900) : a : : : »9 acosma.
Head with loosely appressed hairs, sometimes brushed upwards
between antenne or erect on crown in ¢ ; ocelli small or absent ;
tongue developed. Antenne 4-2,in 3 moderately ciliated, seldom
fasciculate-ciliated or bipectinated, basal joint thickened or tufted
with scales, sometimes very elongate in ¢. Labial palpi moderately
long, curved, ascending, basal joint sometimes elongate, second joint
the Genus Imma. Al
thickened with dense scales, in ¢ often laterally excurved, sometimes
long-haired above, terminal joint seldom more than half second,
pointed or obtuse, in ¢ sometimes shorter or minute or aborted,
Maxillary palpi obsolete. Thorax in g sometimes with lateral
hairpencils from beneath fore-wings. Abdomen in ¢ sometimes
with lateral tufts or hairpencils. Middle and posterior tibize with
appressed scales above, sometimes in ¢ with dense brushes of hairs
beneath. Fore-wings elongate, more or less dilated ; 1b furcate, 2
from near angle, 7 and 8 separate or stalked, 7 to termen, 8 usually
to termen, sometimes to apex or costa, rarely absent (coincident with
7), 9-11 tolerably equidistant, no secondary cell. Hind-wings 1-1},
trapezoidal-ovate, cilia 1-4; 2-5 remote and tolerably parallel, 6 and
7 stalked or seldom 6 absent (coincident), 8 connected with cell in
middle ; in ¢ sometimes with subdorsal groove or prominent tornal
lobe.
Notwithstanding the variability of accessory characters,
the constant structure of the palpi and neuration is so
marked and distinct that no genus 1s easier of recognition.
The nearest allied genera (apart from Palamernis, described
hereafter) are Simaethis on the one hand, and Phycodes and
Brachodes (Atychia) on the other. In distribution Jinma
is essentially tropical, probably Indo-Malayan in origin,
since the large majority of species are natives of that
region, but with indigenous representatives in Africa,
Australia, and Central America.
In classing together as congeneric those forms which
have veins 7 and 8 of the fore-wings separate, and those
which have them stalked, I have relied upon the analogy
of other genera of the Plutellide ; in many of the principal
genera of this family (Glyphipteryx, Hilarographa, Prays,
Argyresthia, Pyrozla, Mieza, Lactura, etc.) these veins are
found both separate and stalked, whilst the species show
no other important structural or superficial distinction ;
the maintenance of pairs of allied genera in all these cases
would in my opinion be artificial and unscientific. I should
lay it down as a principle that in the Plutellide the stalking
or separation of these particular veins is insutficient for
the discrimination of genera unless supported by other
characters. It is interesting to compare this state of
things in the more primitive Plutellide with that found
in the more specialized families of (elechiade and
(Hcophoridz, where these two veins are invariably stalked
or coincident, without exception.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 12
172 Mr. E. Meyrick on
1. J. autodoxa, Meyr.
Thylacopleura autodova, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond.
1886, 285.
FIJI.
2. [. rugosalis, Walk.
Imma rugosalis, Walk., xvi, 195.
¢@. Abdomen with long lateral hairpencils from base (apparently).
Tibiae with dense brushes of rough scales beneath. Fore-wings
elongate-triangular, termen oblique, prominent above middle; 7
and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; fuscous, with darker discal dot at 4%.
Hind-wings darker fuscous.
CryLon. The above notes were made from the type,
which is the only specimen I know of; the form of fore-
wings is peculiar, quite different from any other species.
3. L. aceuralis, Walk.
Pingrasa accuralis, Walk., xvi, 227,
?. 20 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen light ochreous-fuscous,
abdomen beneath and face ochreous-whitish. Palpi ochreous-whitish,
fuscous-tinged, terminal joint short, light fuscous, Fore-wings
elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex rounded,
termen rounded, hardly oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ;
ochreous-fuscous ; a suffused darker discal dot or mark at 2; a small
ochreous-whitish oblique costal mark before apex ; a dark fuscous
terminal line; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings dark fuscous, lighter
towards base; cilia fuscous.
CrYLON. It is possible that this may be the other sex
of rugosalis, but the differences are considerable. Walker’s
type, described as a male, is really a female, and I possess
another specimen; his “ perforations” are simply pin-holes.
4. I. atrosignata, Feld.
Tortricomorpha atrosignata, Feld., Sitzb. Ak. Wien. 1861,
43, Reis. Nov. pl. eviu, 3.
AMBOINA. I have not seen this species.
the Genus Imma. VS
5. I. mylias, n. sp.
gd 2. 20-22 mm. Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous or pale
whitish-fuscous, patagia sometimes finely edged with yellowish. Palpi
whitish-yellowish, second joint externally light grey except towards
base, terminal joint short, grey. Antenne fuscous, beneath pale
ochreous.. Abdomen light fuscous, beneath whitish. Posterior
tibiae in ¢ beneath with broad brush of long whitish hairs. Fore-
wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, somewhat
bent beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, some-
what oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; light fuscous
with a faint purplish tinge, densely strewn with pale ochreous-
yellowish hair-scales; obscure ochreous-yellowish short oblique
streaks from costa at middle and #, first seldom continued as a faint
zig-zag line to 3 of dorsum; a round dark fuscous discal dot at 3,
above which is sometimes a second indistinct dot, and a line of dark
scales edging costal streak ; a fine ochreous-yellowish line round apex
and termen, edged on apex and upper part of termen by a fine blackish
marginal line, and on lower part of termen by dark fuscous dots ; cilia
light fuscous, extreme tips whitish, Hind-wings fuscous, becoming
dark fuscous posteriorly ; cilia fuscous-whitish, with fuscous basal
line.
CryLton (Puttalam, Haputala, Peradeniya, Matale);
seven specimens (Pole, Green).
6. I. cladophragma, n. sp.
?. 19-20 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-yellow, thorax with two
oblique fuscous bars approximated posteriorly. Palpi whitish-
yellowish, terminal joint short. Antenne whitish-ockreous, Abdo-
men grey, beneath whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated,
costa gently arched, somewhat bent beyond middle, apex rounded-
obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to
termen; deep ochreous-yellow ; longitudinal suffused fuscous streaks
above and below middle from near base to near middle; a narrow
slightly curved fuscous fascia, anteriorly edged with dark leaden-
metallic, from beyond middle of costa to ? of dorsum, posteriorly with
median and supratornal projecting branches not reaching termen; a
waved fuscous terminal line, somewhat dilated towards apex (cilia
imperfect). Hind-wings rather dark grey ; cilia grey.
SINGAPORE; two specimens in British Museum (#idley).
174 Mr. E. Meyrick on
7. J. transversella, Snell.
Cryptophasa transversella, Snell, Tid. v. Ent., xxii, 136,
pl. vii, 12-16; Zortricomorpha obliquifasciata, Wals.,
Swinh, Cat. Het. 11, 547.
New GUINEA, CELEBES, JAVA, SINGAPORE; and I
have a specimen reputed to be African, but perhaps by
error.
8. J. albifasciella, Pag.
Tortricomorpha albifasciclla, Pag., Zoologica, xxix, 234;
T. monodesma, Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8, Austr.
1903, 70.
BISMARCK Is., QUEENSLAND. Lower’s description is in-
complete, but I possess specimens from his locality which
agree fully with Pagenstecher’s description. The middle
and posterior tibiz of ¢ have very large brushes of hairs
beneath, as in the preceding species.
Oo) Liriardis; a: sp.
¢. 24 mm. Head fuscous, face ochreous-white, hairs brushed
upwards between antenne. Palpi fuscous, second joint whitish
internally and on a lateral streak, terminal joint short, acute.
Antenne fuscous. Thorax rather dark fuscous, posterior extremity
whitish. Abdomen dark grey, beneath ochreous-white. Fore-wings
elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex very flatly
rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8
to termen ; rather dark fuscous, faintly purplish-tinged, costa some-
what darker; three short slender oblique wedge-shaped ochreous-
whitish marks on costa before middle, before #, and before apex ; cilia
fuscous. Hind-wings dark grey ; cilia grey.
S. Iypra (Wainad). One specimen in British Museum,
10. LZ. niveiciliella, Snell.
Tortricomorpha niveiciliella, Snell, Tijd. v. Ent. xxviii,
28, pl. Il, ts;
CELEBES. Not known to me.
Or
the Genus Imma. 1
11. Z. acosma, Turn.
Pseudotortriz acosma, Turn., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Austr.
1900, 16.
SOUTH-EAST AUSTRALIA.
12. J. congrualis, Wals., Swinh. Cat. Het. 11, 546.
¢ 9. 25-28 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, face whitish-ochreous.
Palpi fuscous, second joint whitish-ochreous above and internally,
terminal joint short. Antenne dark fuscous, basal joint with tuft
of scales anteriorly. Abdomen fuscous, in ¢ ochreous-whitish on
two apical segments and beneath, in 9 whitish-ochreous beneath, in
¢ with very large exsertible whitish genital tuft, grey on basal
half. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched,
apex rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; 7 and 8
stalked, 8 to termen; fuscous, faintly purplish-tinged ; an indis-
tinct dark fuscous discal dot at 2; in 9 a narrow terminal fascia of
dark fuscous suffusion, in ¢ linear and nearly obsolete ; cilia fuscous.
Hind-wings in ¢ with shallow submedian groove, furnished with
some long hairs; rather dark fuscous, in 9 becoming more blackish-
fuscous posteriorly ; cilia fuscous.
New GUINEA, HALMAHERA; nine specimens, and nine
others in British Museum.
13. LZ. marileutis, n. sp.
¢ 2. 24-25 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
fuscous, abdomen beneath whitish-ochreous, in ¢ rough-haired
above on basal half; terminal joint of palpi very short; basal joint
of antenne tufted. Fore-wings elongate, dilated, costa gently
arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly rounded, little oblique ;
7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; rather dark fuscous, slightly purplish-
tinged ; a small cloudy dark fuscous discal spot at #5 cilia fuscous,
Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous.
QUEENSLAND(Duaringa); two specimens (Swinhoe). Also
two specimens in British Museum, said to be from South
Australia.
14. I. letochroa, Low.
Tortricomorpha leiochroa, Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8.
Austr. 1903, 69.
QUEENSLAND. Not known to me,
176 Mr. E. Meyrick on
15. J. psithyristis, nv. sp.
Q. 23-24 mm. Head, antenne, and thorax ochreous-fuscous
basal joint of antennze tufted anteriorly. Palpi greyish-ochreous,
sccond joint much expanded with scales, terminal joint very short.
Abdomen fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, rather broad, posteriorly
dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen slightly rounded,
little oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex; rather dark purplish-
fuscous, strewn throughout with fine pale ochreous-fuscous
strigulz ; a dark fuscous discal dot at 2; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings
rather dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous.
SoLomon IsLanps (Choiseul) ; two specimens (Meek).
16. J. psoricopa, n. sp.
é. 17-20 mm. Head, palpi, antennz, thorax, and abdomen
rather dark fuscous; palpi with second joint long, excurved,
ochreous-whitish internally, terminal joint aborted or concealed.
Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa posteriorly slightly
arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, slightly oblique; 7 and
8 stalked, 8 to termen; light ochreous-fuscous, suffusedly strigu-
lated throughout with dark fuscous ; small obscure whitish-
ochreous spots on costa beyond middle and before apex ; an ochreous-
whitish discal dot at 2, followed by a dark fuscous dot; cilia fuscous,
with dark subbasal shade, and basal series of minute ochreous-
whitish dots. Hind-wings rather dark grey ; cilia grey, with darker
subbasal shade and fine pale basal line.
CEYLON (Peradeniya, Madulsima); two specimens (('reen,
Vaughan).
17. L. cyclostoma, n. sp.
¢ 9. 21-22 mm. Head pale fuscous, face in ¢ whitish-ochreous,
with a circular central space surrounded by a shining pale grey ring.
Palpi pale ochreous-yellowish, anteriorly fuscous externally, and in
¢ fringed with somewhat rough scales internally, terminal joint in
d imperceptible, in 9 very short. Antenne dark fuscous, yellowish
beneath. Thorax fuscous, with a few yellowish scales. Abdomen
fuscous, in ¢ with rough lateral hairs brushed upwards to dorsum,
beneath ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated,
costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique ;
7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; rather dark fuscous, more or less
sprinkled finely with pale ochreous, which sometimes forms a broad
the Genus Imma. a7
posterior discal suffusion ; a line of pale ochreous scales along sub-
median fold towards base; a faintly indicated irregular line of
similar scales from middle of costa to % of dorsum; an obscure
dark fusecous discal dot at 2; a more or less defined pale whitish-
ochreous apical mark, and terminal row of minute sometimes con-
nected crescentic dots; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous basal line.
Hind-wings dark fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base; cilia
whitish-fuscous, with dark fuscous basal line.
Assam (Khasi Hills), TENASSERIM (Tandong); four
specimens,
18. J. metriodoxa, n. sp.
?. 22 mm. Head fuscous mixed with whitish-ochreous, lower part
of face whitish-ochreous, Palpi fuscous, second joint above and
internally whitish-ochreous, terminal joint short. Antennie fuscous.
Thorax fuscous sprinkled with whitish-ochreous. Abdomen light
fuscous, beneath whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly
dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, some-
what oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; fuscous, finely sprinkled
with ochreous-whitish ; a small indistinct ochreous-whitish spot on
costa before middle ; a moderate dark fuscous discal dot at 2; a
slender ochreous-whitish oblique streak from costa at 3, angulated
above middle and thence proceeding asa faint sinuate line to tornus ,
an ochreous-whitish almost apical dot ; an irregular terminal line of
dark fuscous suffusion ; cilia fuscous, extreme base ochreous-
whitish. Hind-wings fuscous ; a suffused submedian streak paler
and ochreous-tinged ; cilia fuscous, toward tornus with tips whitish.
SUMBAWA ; one specimen.
19. L. grammarcha, Meyr.
Tortricomorpha grammarcha, Meyr., Journ. Bomb. Nat.
Hist. Soc. 1905, 611.
CryLon. Also in British Museum, from Borneo.
20. I. lysidesma, n. sp.
“<$ Q, 25-28 mm. Head pale ochreous, hairsin ¢ brushed up-
wards between antennae. Palpi whitish-ochreous, in ¢ externally
brownish-tinged, terminal joint short. Antenne fuscous, in ¢
bidentate with acute triangular processes. Thorax fuscous, posterior
extremity ochreous-whitish, Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath
178 Mr, E. Meyrick on
whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa
gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique ; 7 and
8 stalked, 8 to termen ; in ¢ dark fuscous, in 2 somewhat lighter
ochreous-fuscous ; a slender irregular whitish-ochreous line running
from a narrow spot on middle of costa to near dorsum at 3, inter-
rupted above middle, variable in development and sometimes nearly
altogether obsolete ; cilia fuscous, darker towards base, tips in 9
whitish, Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia as in fore-wings,
Assam (Khasi Hills); five specimens. Also one from
Perak in British Museum,
21. F. costipuncta, Feld.
Tortricomorpha costipuncta, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. evi, 1, 5.
¢ 2. 20-21 mm. Head pale ochreous, tinged with fuscous on
crown. Palpi pale yellow-ochreous, anteriorly infuscated, terminal
joint short. Antenne, thorax, and abdomen fuscous ; thorax in g
with very long whitish-ochreous lateral hairpencil beneath wings.
Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex
rounded-obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, hardly oblique ; 7 and 8
stalked, 8 to termen ; rather dark fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged ;
a hardly darker cloudy discal dot at 3 ; a whitish-ochreous triangular
dot on costa beyond middle ; a whitish-ochreous streak from costa
before apex to termen above tornus, triangularly dilated towards
costa, confluent at extremities with a toothed whitish-ochreous line
along termen ; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings and cilia fuscous.
AMBOINA; two specimens. I describe this species, as no
description has ever been published.
22. I. priozona, n. sp.
¢. 19mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown and a frontal tuft of
scales mixed with fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint
anteriorly fuscous-tinged and with a dark fuscous streak above ex-
ternally, terminal joint short, fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous, basal
joint somewhat tufted anteriorly. Thorax fuscous, with ochreous-
whitish posterior spot. Abdomen rather dark fuscous, beneath
whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa
slightly arched, bent about 2, apex rounded-obtuse, termen nearly
straight, little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; rather dark
fuscous, faintly purplish-tinged ; a whitish-ochreous basal dot; a
slender irregular whitish-ochreous fascia from before middle of costa
the Genus Imma. 179
to 2 of dorsum, with sharp posterior projection in middle and obtuse
one on submedian fold ; a small triangular whitish-ochreous spot
on costa before apex ; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings with slight sub-
dorsal groove ; rather dark fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base ;
cilia fuscous, tips obscurely whitish. |
BORNEO ; one specimen.
23. I. aulonias, n. sp.
Q. 18mm. Head pale fuscous. Palpi fuscous-whitish, second
joint short, much expanded with scales, fuscous anteriorly towards
apex, terminal joint very short, anteriorly fuscous. Antenne fuscous.
Thorax and abdomen fuscous, beneath whitish. Fore-wings elongate,
posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen some-
what rounded, little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ; ochreous-
fuscous, finely sprinkled with dark fuscous; basal third of dorsum
suffused with dark fuscous; a straight slender irregular-edged
whitish streak from middle of costa to 3 of dorsum ; a dark fuscous
dot in disc at 2; an ochreous whitish dot on costa at }; a slender
twice sinuate ochreous whitish line from costa near apex to tornus ;
cilia pale whitish-ochreous with two fuscous shades. Hind-wings
dark fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base ; cilia fuscous, with
darker basal line.
SoLomon IsLANps (Rendova); one specimen (Jeek).
24. I. inaptalis, Walk.
Vinzela inaptalis, Walk., xxxiv, 1261,
BorNEO, PERAK.
PDE WE bilineella, Snell.
Tortricomorpha bilineella, Snell, Tijd, v. Ent. xxviu, 27,
PL ie hOs
CELEBES, SANGIR, BuRu, BISMARCK ISLANDS.
26. L. dipselia, n. sp.
¢. 26mm. Headand thorax light fuscous, face whitish-ochreous,
thorax with lateral pencil of long ochreous-whitish hairs from
beneath fore-wings. Palpi yellow-ochreous, second joint anteriorly
fuscous, terminal joint short, pale fuscous. Antenne fuscous. Ab-
domen fusccus, beneath whitish-ochreous, beyond middle with two
180 Mr. E. Meyrick on
tufts of hairs on each side brushed upwards to dorsum. Fore-
wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa hardly arched, sinuate
before middle, apex rounded-obtuse, termen somewhat rounded,
little oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; fuscous, slightly
ochreous-tinged ; a whitish-ochreous somewhat irregular line from
middle of costa to % of dorsum, faintly bent in disc; a whitish-
ochreous waved line from costa before apex to termen above tornus,
dilated on costa; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings with median and
submedian grooves; dark fuscous, lighter towards base; cilia
fuscous.
SULU; one specimen in British Museum. This species
is closely allied and very similar to Dilineella, but struc-
turally distinct by the possession of the lateral tufts of
abdomen, and differs shghtly in other details.
I. porpanthes, n. sp.
¢. 24 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown suffused with dark
fuscous. Palpi ochreous-yellowish, second joint externally with a
fuscous streak on upper half, terminal joint half second, dark fuscous.
Antenne dark fuscous, basal joint long, thickened with scales an-
teriorly. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous, beneath ochreous-
whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently
arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, slightly
oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; rather dark fuscous, tinged
anteriorly with aneiit oh posteriorly with ochreous ; markings pale
ochreous-yellowish ; a small irregular basal spot, and three others
in a subbasal transverse series ; a narrow irregular fascia from 3 of
costa to near dorsum beyond middle, interrupted in middle; a
triangular spot on costa at +; a small round spot near termen be-
neath apex, and a transverse spot near termen below middle; cilia
fuscous. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous.
PERAK ; one specimen in British Museum (Doherty).
28. L. thyriditis, n. sp.
¢ ¢@. 20-24mm. Head in ¢ ochreous-yellowish, in 9 whitish-
ochreous. Palpi yellow-whitish, basal joint in ¢ rather long, second
joint in ¢ externally yellowish with a fuscous streak except towards
base, terminal joint } of second, in ¢ thickened with rough scales
anteriorly, obtuse, externally fuscous, in 2 acute. Antenne grey,
in ¢ pale yellowish above towards base. Thorax in ¢ ochreous-
yellowish, shoulders fuscous, in 2 fuscous. Abdomen in ¢ elon-
the Genus Imma. 181
gate, grey, whitish-yellowish on sides and beneath, in ? dark grey,
ochreous-whitish beneath. Posterior tibie hairy beneath on basal
half, Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched,
apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly rounded, nearly vertical ; 7
and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; in ¢ ochreous-fuscous, more or less
wholly suffused with ochreous-yellow, especially on veins and in
cell, in 9 darker fuscous; a dark fuscous streak along basal fourth of
dorsum ; a slender irregular pale yellowish fascia from before middle
of costa to % of dorsum, edged anteriorly with a few dark fuscous
scales, in 9 less marked and becoming obsolete towards dorsum ; an
indistinct darker discal dot at #; a small pale yellowish spot on costa
at #, whence proceeds an undefined pale line or series of marks to
tornus, in @ nearly obsolete ; costal edge in ¢ blackish between
this spot and the next ; a small pale yellow triangular spot on costa
towards apex, whence proceeds a pale yellow submarginal line to
termen above tornus, edged posteriorly with blackish-fuscous ; cilia
pale fuscous, beneath apex with a pale yellowish patch. Hind-wings
in ¢ with slight submedian and subdorsal grooves; dark fuscous,
basal 3 almost naked, transparent, with dark fuscous veins ; cilia
fuscous, towards base dark fuscous, tips whitish.
SoLomon IsLANDs (Choiseul, Gizo, Rendova) ; six speci-
mens (Jee/:).
29. I. droptrias, n. sp.
Q. 18mm. Head fuscous, sides of crown yellowish, face yellow-
whitish. Palpi yellowish, second joint externally with a dark
fuscous streak on upper half, terminal joint short, fuscous. Antenne
dark fuscous, basal joint with apical anterior scale-tooth. Thorax
purplish-fuscous, with a few yellowish hairscales. Abdomen dark
purplish-fuscous, beneath yellow-whitish. | Fore-wings elongate,
narrowed towards base, posteriorly dilated, costa posteriorly gently
arched, apex rounded, termen somewhat rounded, little oblique ; 7
and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ; dark fuscous, basal 4 suffused with violet-
blue ; short yellowish subcostal and median streaks from base, con-
nected at base, merged posteriorly in a broad transverse band of
tawny-ochreous suffusion, limited by a narrow yellow fascia from
before middle of costa to near middle of dorsum, not quite reaching
it ; a triangular pale yellow spot on costa just before apex, and a
series of faint yellowish dots before termen ; cilia fuscous. Hind-
wings transparent, with dark fuscous veins; a broad costal and
narrower irregular terminal band dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous.
New GulInEa (Aroa River); one specimen (Meek).
182 Mr. E. Meyrick on
30. J. cxlestis, n. sp.
gd ¢. 36-38mm. Head orange, crown mixed with blackish. Palpi
orange, second joint with a short black apical streak in front, terminal
joint very short, black. Antenne blackish. Thorax orange, with
three broad undefined stripes of purple-blackish suffusion. Abdomen
orange, with dorsal, lateral and sublateral series of purple-blackish
spots. Fore-wings elongate, hardly dilated, costa gently arched, apex
rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to
costa; purple-blackish; costal edge ochreous-whitish except towards
extremities ; an irregular orange basal spot not reaching margins,
connected by an irregular mark with dorsum near base ; veins more
or less marked by whitish-yellowish lines edged with a pale bluish
tinge, not reaching margins, broadest on 16 and lower and posterior
margins of cell, partially or quite obsolete on veins 2, 5, 6, and 9 ;
a similar dorsal streak from } to beyond middle ; cilia white, basal
third blackish, apical third light grey. Hind-wings blackish-fuscous,
lighter towards base ; a pale orange median dash from base; an
orange subdorsal streak, not quite reaching termen ; cilia white,
basal third dark fuscous.
W. CHINA (Kia-ting-fu); two specimens in British
Museum, from Mr. Leech’s collection.
31. I. saturata, Walk.
Hypsa saturata, Walk., pl. xxxi, 217.
JAVA. Not known to me, but I am indebted to Sir
George Hampson for the following comparative notes, in
relation to the preceding species, to which it is closely
allied: “quite distinct from cv/estis, larger, cilia of both
wings black ; hind-wings without the pale streaks, with a
bluish-white discoidal striga and triangular spots in inter-
spaces of terminal area,”
32. L. acroptila, n. sp.
¢ §.16-17 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, in ¢ on crown with
very long erect spreading ochreous-whitish hairs mixed with fuscous.
Palpi ochreous-yellowish, anteriorly fuscous, second joint in ¢
thickened, terminal joint in 2 half second, in ¢ represented by a
long curved expansible pencil of grey and yellowish hairs, concealing
actual joint. Antenne yellowish, basal joint elongate, in ¢ above
the Genus Imma. 183
with apical scaletuft. Thorax dark fuscous, a dorsal line and
posterior extremity orange. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath
ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa
moderately arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique ; 7
and 8 stalked, 8 to costa ; dark fuscous, mixed with glossy purplish-
slaty on veins, in 2 mixed with ochreous between veins ; a short
orange dash from base, and a slender streak beneath costa towards
base ; several small scattered orange spots and streaks in disc ; in ?
an obscure submarginal orange-ochreous line from #2 of costa to
tornus (cilia imperfect). Hind-wings dark fuscous.
SrERRA LEONE (Mabang, Moyamba); two specimens in
British Museum (Dudgeon). These are in poor condition,
but the character of the ¢ palpi is very distinctive.
33. I. radiata, Wals.
Jobula radiata, Wals., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, 46,
pl. iii, 16.
West ArFrica. Not known to me.
34, 1. hyphantis, n. sp.
Q. 21mm. Head, palpi, andj antenna light ochreous-yellowish,
sides of crown pale whitish-fuscous; palpi anteriorly whitish-
fuscous, terminal joint short. Thorax light fuscous, with dorsal,
subdorsal and lateral yellow lines. Abdomen pale fuscous, beneath
whitish-fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa
gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, hardly oblique ; 7 and
8 stalked, 8 to termen ; fuscous ; fine ochreous-yellow lines beneath
costa from base to near middle and on submedian fold from near
base to beyond middle ; a small ochreous-yellow spot in disc at } ;
an irregular ill-defined ochreous-yellow line from a small spot on
middle of costa to % of dorsum, obsoletely interrupted above and
below middle; between this and termen all veins marked with
extremely fine pale yellowish lines, between which are some shorter
pale ochreous-yellowish fine interneural streaks ; an ochreous-yellow
line round apex and termen, thickened round apex, edged by a dark
fuscous marginal line ; cilia whitish-ochreous, obscurely barred with
fuscous (imperfect), Hind-wings dark fuscous, lighter towards base ;
cilia whitish, with fuscous basal line.
CEYLON (Matale) ; one specimen (Pole).
184 Mr. E. Meyrick on
35. I. semilinea, Walk.
Jobula semilinea, Walk,, xxxv, 1889.
SuLvu. Not known to me.
36. J. procrossa, Ni. Sp.
¢.24mm. Head pale greyish-ochreous, sides of face yellowish.
Palpi yellow-ochreous, internally fuscous-whitish, terminal joint
short. Antenne ochreous. Thorax fuscous (defaced). (Abdomen
broken.) Fore-wings elongate-oblong, costa moderately arched,
apex rounded, termen rounded, vertical ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ;
rather dark ochreous-fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged, streaked with
ochreous between veins and in cell, and towards costa anteriorly with
orange ; all veins marked by fine ochreous lines, terminating in a
submarginal yellow-ochreous streak from middle of costa to tornus,
edged posteriorly with dark fuscous, and leaving a narrow fuscous
border all round costa and termen; cilia light ochreous, basal third
dark fuscous. Hind-wings dark grey, lighter towards base ; cilia
grey, with darker basal line.
Borneo (Pulo Laut); one specimen in British Museum
(Doherty).
37. Ll. newrota, n. sp.
3 9. 16-20 mm. Head in ¢ whitish-ochreous, in ? fuscous,
lower part of face whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second
joint externally yellowish, in front fuscous, in ¢ somewhat
excurved, terminal joint in ¢ minute, in ? very short. Antenne
dark fuscous, beneath pale ochreous, basal joint somewhat tufted
anteriorly. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous, beneath whitish-
ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly
arched, in ¢ straighter, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly
rounded, little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ; dark fuscous,
markings ochreous-yellow ; in ¢ a short streak beneath costa from
base, in 2 reduced to a basal dot; in 9 a slender zigzag transverse
streak from costa beyond middle, reaching ? across wing, dilated on
costa, in ¢ represented by a transverse series of three small spots or
marks, costal somewhat triangular ; a subdorsal dot beneath this ;
veins posteriorly marked with fine lines ; a slender almost marginal
streak round apex and termen to tornus, broadest at apex ; cilia
fuscous, darker in 9. MHind-wings in ¢ with slight subdorsal
the Genus Imma. 185
groove ; dark fuscous, lighter towards base, especially in ¢ ; in 9 a
fine pale yellowish almost marginal line round apex and upper half
of termen ; cilia fuscous, tips whitish,
BoRNEO; two specimens. Also two in British Museum.
38. I. alienella, Walk.
Topaza alienella, Walk., xxix, 808,
BORNEO.
39. L. cantharcha, n. sp.
9.19 mm. Head ochreous-yellow, face paler, crown pale grey.
(Palpi broken.) Antenne yellowish, dark fuscous above, basal joint
rather large, with scales angularly projecting anteriorly. Thorax
dark purplish-fuscous, with two anterior and two posterior orange-
yellow spots. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath whitish-ochreous.
Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex
rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked ; 8 to
apex ; dark purple-fuscous, irregularly strewn with yellow-ochreous
scales between veins; a short orange line beneath costa from base ;
cilia ochreous-white, with dark fuscous basal line. Hind-wings
fuscous, thinly scaled towards base, terminal third suffused with
dark fuscous ; cilia as in fore-wings.
Borneo (Pulo Laut); one specimen in British Museum
(Doherty).
40. L. trichinota, n. sp.
&d @. 17-18 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen rather dark
fuscous, sides of face whitish-ochreous. Palpi dark leaden-grey,
second joint relatively short, yellowish above, terminal joint 3 of
second. Antenne dark fuscous, ochreous beneath. Fore-wings rather
elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded,
termen rounded, little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked; 8 to costa; dark
purplish-fuscous; in ¢ a longitudinal impression beneath costa
from } to middle, containing a tuft of long ochreous-whitish scales
from posterior extremity, covered by a flap of very long fuscous hairs
from anterior extremity ; costal edge ochreous-white from before
middle to ?; cilia ochreous-white, basal third blackish-fuscous.
Hind-wings with 6 and 7 stalked in ¢, coincident in 9 ; dark
fuscous, towards base thinly scaled, with undefined semitransparent
median and subdorsal streaks ; cilia as in fore-wings.
186 Mr. E. Meyrick on
CELEBES ; two specimens. A female from Bali in British
Museum, without palpi, appears otherwise quite identical.
The terminal] joint of palpi is not really longer than usual,
but the unusual shortness of the second joint causes it to
appear relatively longer. This and the two next species
are nearly allied together, but structurally distinct.
41, I. otoptera, n. sp.
& ¢@. 16-19mm. Head and thorax fuscous, face whitish-ochreous,
Palpi shining leaden-grey, second joint above with a subapical spot
of yellowish suffusion, base light yellow, terminal joint half second.
Antenne dark fuscous, in ¢ ochreous beneath, Abdomen dark
fuscous, beneath whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated,
somewhat broader in 9, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen
rounded, little oblique ; in ¢ 7 and 8 stalked, in 9 8 absent (coin-
cident), 8 when present to costa; dark fuscous; in ¢ a roundish
impression beneath costa at 2, containing a tuft of whitish-ochreous
scales from upper margin, covered normally by a flap of long fuscous
scales from anterior margin ; extreme costal edge ochreous-whitish
on posterior #; cilia ochreous-whitish, with dark fuscous basal line,
towards tornus infuscated. Hind-wings with 7 absent (coincident
with 6); dark fuscous, somewhat thinly scaled towards base, with
indications of two or three semi-transparent streaks; in ¢ a more
distinct pale suffused streak from base through dise to beyond
middle ; cilia as in fore-wings.
Borneo; five specimens. Also two in British Museum,
42, I. chlorosphena, n. sp.
g @. 15mm. Head fuscous, face paler, sides ochreous-yellowish.
Palpi ochreous-yellow, base whitish, second and terminal joints
anteriorly dark leaden-grey from a submedian ring of second joint
to apex, terminal joint half second. Antenne dark fuscous.
Thorax and abdomen rather dark fuscous, abdomen ochreous-whitish
beneath except apical joint. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly
dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, some-
what oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to costa; rather dark fuscous,
slightly ochreous-tinged, darker posteriorly, costa and termen
suffusedly blackish-fuscous; in ¢ an oval impression beneath
costa at 2, containing a tuft of whitish-ochreous scales from upper
margin, covered by a flap of long fuscous scales from anterior
the Genus Imma. 187
margin ; cilia ochreous-white, basal third blackish. Hind-wings
with 6 and 7 stalked ; blackish-fuscous ; an elongate wedge-shaped
ochreous-whitish spot in middle of dise ; cilia as in fore-wings,
CEYLON (Maskeliya); three specimens (Alston),
43. J. tesseraria, n. sp.
¢. 23mm. Head and thorax fuscous, face paler, sides yellowish.
Palpi ochreous-yellow, anteriorly with a dark shining leaden-metallic
streak on terminal joint and upper half of second, terminal joint
half second. Antenne ochreous, above with dark fuscous streak
towards base. Abdomen dark fuscous with a few yellowish scales,
beneath pale yellowish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated,
costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique ;
7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; dark fuscous, with purplish and
bronzy reflections, posteriorly with a few fine yellowish scales; a
very indistinct spot of whitish-ochreous suffusion in dise at 3 (on
under-surface represented by an oblique yellowish fascia not reach-
ing margins); cilia ochreous-whitish, with blackish basal line,
towards tornus fuscous-tinged, Hind-wings with submedian groove
towards base; blackish-fuscous; a moderate elongate ochreous-
yellow spot in middle of disc ; cilia whitish, with dark fuscous basal
line.
‘BORNEO; one specimen.
44, I, diluticiliata, Wals.
Tortricomorpha diluticiliata, Wals., Swin. Cat. Het. ii, 547.
Assam, Suu. Not known to me.
45. I. viola, Pag.
Tortricomorpha viola, Pag., J. B, Nass. Ver, xxxix, 182.
Aru. Not known to me,
46. L. homalotis, n. sp.
3 ¢. 21-22 mm. Head fuscous, face ochreous-yellowish. Palpi
in ¢ ochreous-yellowish, second joint much thickened with scales
somewhat expanded towards apex above, terminal joint very short
(in ? broken). Antenne dark fuscous, basal joint in ¢ much
thickened with scales projecting anteriorly towards apex. Thorax
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PaART I. (SEPT.) 18
188 Mr. E. Meyrick on
ochreous-fuscous. Abdomen rather dark fuscous, beneath whitish-
yellowish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa
gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, hardly oblique; 7
and 8 stalked, 8 to apex; rather dark ochreous-fuscous, anteriorly
slightly purplish-tinged ; cilia fuscous, tips paler. Hind-wings dark
fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base ; cilia as in fore-wings.
Borneo (Pulo Laut); two specimens in British Museum
(Doherty).
47. I. auxobathra, n. sp.
¢ 9. 15-16 mm. Head in ¢ fuscous, collar and sides of face
yellow-ochreous, in 9 wholly yellow-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-
yellow, second joint anteriorly in ¢ whitish-fuscous, in fuscous,
terminal joint short. Antennz ochreous-fuscous, above dark fuscous,
basal joint in ¢ very long, in @ long, stalk in ¢ thickened with
rough scales above towards base. Thorax dark fuscous, anteriorly
with lateral and in @ also subdorsal streaks and posterior extremity
orange. Abdomen dark fuscous, segmental margins in @ pale
yellowish, beneath pale yellowish. Fore-wings elongate-triangular,
eosta gently arched, apex rounded, termen rather obliquely rounded ;
8 absent (coincident with 7); in @ dark purplish-fuscous, in 9
blackish ; markings ochreous-orange ; a subcostal streak from near
base to $; an oblique streak from beneath middle of this to 4 of
dorsum ; an oblique series of three small spots beyond these, middle
one dash-like ; a larger subtriangular spot on middle of costa; in ?
a pear-shaped blotch extending almost from apex of this to near
dorsum at 3, bilobed beneath, in ¢ reduced to two dots representing
extremities ; in 2 a moderate spot in disc beyond this, in ¢ dot-
like ; a curved series of about ten longitudinal marks from beneath
costa at # to above tornus, in ¢ reduced and ill-defined (cilia
imperfect). Hind-wings with 7 absent (coincident with 6); in @
blackish-fuscous, with a pale yellowish triangular spot in middle of
disc, and a slender pale yellowish subdorsal streak not reaching base
or tornus;in ¢ dark fuscous, lighter on discal and subdorsal streaks
from base, tornus produced into a rounded prominence, above with a
deep dorsal groove containing a pencil of long hairs.
BORNEO; two specimens.
48. L. megalyntis, n. sp.
@.19mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown mixed with blackish.
(Palpi broken.) Antenne whitish-ochreous, above dark fuscous.
Thorax dark fuscous, with yellowish sublateral stripes and posterior
the Genus Imma. 189
spot (partly defaced), Abdomen dark fuscous, somewhat sprinkled
with yellowish, beneath pale yellowish. Fore-wings elongate-
triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little
oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; blackish-fuscous, markings
ochreous-yellow ; a submedian streak from base to 2, posteriorly
dilated ; a small oblique wedge-shaped spot on costa at } ; two large
rounded-triangular spots on costa at } and %, and two larger spots in
dorsal half of wing rather obliquely beyond these respectively ; cilia
whitish, with blackish basal line. Hind-wings blackish-fuscous,
towards base more thinly scaled and with several slender semi-
transparent streaks; a longitudinal ochreous-yellow spot in disc
beneath middle ; cilia as in fore-wings.
BoRNEO ; one specimen.
49. I. hectwa, n. sp.
@. 17mm. Head ochreous-yellowish, crown fuscous. Palpi pale
ochreous-yellow, second joint anteriorly fuscous-tinged, terminal
joint short, light fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax fuscous,
with a whitish-ochreous posterior spot. Abdomen dark fuscous,
somewhat mixed with pale yellowish, beneath pale yellowish. Fore-
wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded,
termen rounded, little oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to costa; blackish ;
a moderate ochreous-yellow streak from base below middle of disc to
2; a slightly curved ochreous-yellow fascia from middle of costa,
broadest on costa and at ?, constricted above middle, not quite reach-
ing dorsun at 3; cilia ochreous-white, base dark fuscous, Hind-wingg
dark fuscous, with thinly scaled lighter elongate patches along dorsum
and in anterior portion of disc ; cilia as in fore-wings.
BorNEO ; one specimen.
50. I. mesochorda, n. sp.
¢. 15-16 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown infuscated. Palpi
pale ochreous-yellowish, second joint fuscous externally on upper
half, terminal joint short, fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous, beneath
pale yellowish, fasciculate-ciliated. Thorax and abdomen dark
fuscous, beneath ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly
dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, some-
what oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ; dark fuscous ; a slender
rather irregular light ochreous-yellow slightly curved fascia from
middle of costa to % of dorsum, but not quite reaching dorsal edge,
constricted beneath costa ; cilia dark fuscous, tips paler, round apex
190 Mr. E. Meyrick on
ochreous-whitish except on basal third. Hind-wings dark fuscous,
lighter towards base ; cilia fuscous, round apex whitish, basal third
dark fuscous.
Assam (Khasi Hills) ; two specimens.
51. J. albotaeniana, Saub.
Tortricomorpha albotaeniana, Saub., Semp. Schmett. Phil.
ii, 697,
PHILIPPINES, JAVA. Not known to me.
52. I. awrantiaca, Semp.
Sidyma aurantiaca, Semp., Schmett. Phil. u, 501, pl.
lix, 9.
PHILIPPINES. The antenne of ¢ in this and the next
species are bipectinated.
53. I. basiflava, Semp.
Sidyma basiflava, Semp., Schmett. Phil. ii, 500, pl. lix, 8.
PuHItipPines. Not known to me, but it is very near
the preceding species.
54. I. panopta, n. sp.
g¢ 9. 34-40 mm. Head dark fuscous, orbits ochreous-yellowish,
Palpi ochreous-yellow, terminal joint very short. Antenne, thorax
and abdomen dark fuscous, abdomen ochreous-yellow beneath. Fore-
wings rather broad, especially in 9, costa rather strongly arched,
apex obtuse, termen rounded, hardly oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to
termen ; blackish-fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged ; an orange median
band, greatly dilated downwards, anterior edge running from } of
costa to } of dorsum, straight, somewhat irregular, posterior edge
running from before middle of costa to ? of dorsum, twice curved
outwards above and below middle ; cilia dark fuscous. Hind-wings
blackish-fuscous ; a rather irregular orange blotch resting on median
third of costa, narrowed downwards, reaching more than half across
wing ; cilia dark fuscous,
FLORES ; three specimens (Swenhoe). -
the Genus Imma. 191
55. LI. grammatistis, n. sp.
¢. 33 mim. Head ochreous-white, crown dark fuscous towards
centre. Palpi ochreous-whitish, terminal joint nearly half second.
Antenne dark grey. Thorax ochreous-white, with dark fuscous sub-
dorsal stripes. Abdomen grey, beneath ochreous-whitish, Fore-
wings broad, costa rather strongly arched, apex rounded, termen
rounded, vertical ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ; dark fuscous ; mark-
ings ochreous-white ; a streak beneath costa from base to 2; a fine
dorsal streak from near base to near tornus ; all veins marked by
strong streaks, not quite reaching margin, posteriorly terminating in
a curved submarginal streak which is broadest opposite apex ; a
violet-metallic line along termen ; cilia fuscous, becoming whitish
towards tornus, basal half dark fuscous. Hind-wings dark fuscous,
lighter towards base ; a suffused whitish streak along upper half of
termen ; cilia ochreous-white, round tornus and dorsum fuscous,
NEw GUINEA (Kapaur); one specimen in British
Museum (Doherty).
56. L. minatrix, n. sp.
®. 33-36 mm. Head orange-yellow, crown with two blackish
lines. Palpi ochreous-yellowish, terminal joint short, with a few
blackish scales anteriorly. Antenne blackish. Thorax orange-
yellow, with four broad blackish stripes. Abdomen dark fuscous,
beneath ochreous-yellowish. Fore-wings elongate, much dilated
posteriorly, costa strongly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded,
somewhat oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ; yellow-orange,
markings purple-blackish ; a costal streak from base, terminating in
a patch which occupies apical 2 of wing beyond a curved line from
middle of costa to dorsum before tornus, except a curved anteapical
fascia of ground colour from near costa at { to near termen above
tornus ; a subcostal streak from base, sometimes reaching posterior
patch ; median and submedian streaks from base to near middle,
median basally confluent with subcostal ; a dorsal streak from base
to } attenuated at base; cilia blackish, Hind-wings blackish-
fuscous, centre of disc purple-blackish ; an anteapical yellow-orange
fascia, attenuated downwards to termen below middle; cilia
blackish-fuscous, on termen pale orange from } to 3.
_ New GuInEA (Fergusson Island); two specimens in
British Museum (Meek). There is also in British Museum
an example from Kapaur, New Guinea, which has the
192 Mr. E. Meyrick on
orange fascia of hind-wings anteriorly dilated so as to
extend over centre of disc (thus destroying the central
purple-black patch), and the cilia wholly blackish, not
orange ; without further material I am unable to deter-
‘mine whether this is a variety of minatriz or a closely
allied species ; and further it is conceivable that one or both
forms may be the other sex of grammuatistis, notwithstand-
ing the extraordinary difference in appearance.
57. LI. dichroalis, Snell.
Bursadella dichroalis, Snell., Mid Sum., 83; Scaptesyli«
hemichryseis, Hamps., 'Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1895, 283.
BURMA, SUMATRA.
58. I. epichlaena, n. sp.
?. 16mm. Head, palpi, antennze and thorax ochreous-yellow ;
palpi with a fuscous spot at apex of second joint externally, terminal
joint short, fuscous except at base ; basal joint of antenne dark
fuscous at apex, with scales projecting anteriorly. Abdomen dark
grey, beneath ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly
dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little
oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 toapex ; dark fuscous ; basal 3 deep yellow,
edge paler, irregular, followed by a thick line of leaden-metallic suf-
fusion ; small yellow spots on costa at $ and ?; cilia ochreous-white,
at tornus dark grey, basal third dark fuscous except on an apical
patch. Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia whitish, towards tornus
greyish, basal third dark fuscous.
BorneEo (Pulo Laut); one specimen in British Museum
(Doherty).
59, I. flavibasa, Moore.
Davendra flavibasa, Moore, Lep. Atk. 281.
EASTERN HIMALAYAS, ASSAM.
60. I. hemixanthella, Holl.
Tortricomorpha hemixanthella, Holl., Nov. Zool. vii, 590.
Burvu. Not known to me.
the Genus Imma. 193
61. L. amphixantha, n. sp.
?. 20mm. Head, antenne, and thorax yellow. (Palpi broken.)
Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath yellowish. Fore-wings elongate,
posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen
nearly straight, hardly oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to costa; ferru-
ginous-brown ; a deep yellow basal blotch occupying 3 of wing, outer
edge straight, slightly irregular, followed by some dark purple-
fuscous suffusion ; within this blotch is an elongate fuscous spot on
base of dorsum ; a deep yellow streak running round apical fourth of
costa and termen to near tornus, broadest at apex of wing, attenuated
to extremities ; cilia yellow, at tornus grey. Hind-wings dark
fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with
fuscous basal line.
BoRNEO ; one specimen.
62. L. cymbalodes, n. sp.
?. 18-21 mm. Head and palpi light yellow-ochreous, palpi
anteriorly infuscated, terminal joint half second. Antenne fuscous,
yellowish beneath. Thorax fuscous, edges of collar and patagia, and
posterior extremity more or less yellowish. Abdomen fuscous mixed
with green, sides posteriorly with fringe of hairs, beneath pale
ochreous-yellowish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa
gently arched, apex rounded, termen somewhat rounded, little
oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; rather dark ochreous-fuscous ;
an ochreous-yellow basal patch occupying 3 of wing, base partially
suffused with fuscous, outer edge straight ; an ochreous-yellowish
dot on costa‘at # ; an indistinct streak of ochreous-yellowish suffusion
round apex ; cilia fuscous, becoming whitish-ochreous round apex.
Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia as in fore-wings.
Assam (Khasi Hills); two specimens.
63. LZ. purpurascens, Hamps.
Callartona purpurascens, Hamps., Moths Ind. 1, 233.
NILGIRIS.
64. L. microsticta, Hamps.
Callartona microsticta, Hamps., Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.
Soe. xi, 284.
ASSAM.
194 Mr. E. Meyrick on
65. L. flaviceps, Feld.
Tortricomorpha flaviceps, Feld., Reis. Nov. pl. eviii, 4,
HimMauaya. Not known to me.
66. L. melotoma, n. sp,
¢. 20mm. Head and palpi ochteous-yellow, terminal joint of
palpi short. Antenne dark fuscous, Thorax fuscous, collar, margins
of patagia, and a posterior spot deep ochreous-yellow. Abdomen
ochreous-yellowish, suffused with orange towards hase, posteriorly in-
fuscated except anal tuft. Fore-wings elongate-oblong, costa bent
towards middle, nearly straight posteriorly, apex rounded-obtuse
termen slightly rounded, little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 totermen ;
fuscous, markings deep ochreous-yellow ; an almost basal mark from
costa, reaching half across wing ; a moderate, subquadrate spot on
dorsum at +3; a short indistinct suffused mark from costa at 2; an
almost apical oblique spot from costa, not quite reaching termen, placed
in a darker fuscous terminal fascia; cilia fuscous or light fuscous, round
apex pale yellowish. Hind-wings with shallow submedian furrow
towards base, placed between ridges of rough orange hairs, scales
of dise modified, hairlike, somewhat raised ; fuscous, tinged with
orange, especially towards base, with suffused dark fuscous terminal
band ; cilia ochreous-whitish, basal half fuscous.
SIKKIM; two specimens.
67. I. crocozela, n. sp.
g. 21mm. Head, palpi, antenn, and thorax ochreous-yellow ;
terminal joint of palpi short ; thorax with posterior third purple-
grey. ‘Abdomen dark grey, at apex and beneath pale yellowish.
Posterior tibiae rough-haired beneath. Fore-wings elongate, pos-
teriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded,
little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; dark fuscous-purple ;
markings ochreous-yellow ; a fine costal streak, dilated towards base ;
a streak in disc from near base to middle ; a large oblique triangular
blotch on middle of costa, apex directed towards tornus and reaching %
across wing ; an elongate mark along dorsum from 4 to ?; a narrow
fascia round apical fourth of costa and termen to tornus, broadest at
apex ; cilia ochreous-yellow, on termen fuscous. Hind-wings with
subdorsal groove ; dark fuscous, lighter towards base and dorsum ;
cilia whitish-fuscous with darker fuscous basal shade, at apex whitish.
New GuINEA (Sariba IL); one specimen (Meek).
the Genus Imma. 195
68. J. chrysoplaca, n. sp.
9. 19mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax ochreous-yellow ;
terminal joint of palpi short ; posterior half of thorax purplish-
fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, beneath yellowish. Fore-wings elon-
gate, costa slightly arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly
rounded, hardly oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; purplish-
fuscous, markings ochreous-yellow ; a small spot on base of costa,
and a moderately large subtriangular spot on costa about middle,
extreme costal edge between these yellow ; a moderate streak round
apical fourth of costa and termen to near tornus, broadest at apex of
wing, narrowed to extremities, extreme apical margin black ; cilia
ochreous-yellow, at tornus fuscous. Hind-wings fuscous ; cilia pale
fuscous, on upper half of termen whitish-ochreous. ;
New GUINEA; one specimen. I think it not unlikely
that this may be the other sex of the preceding species,
but the differences are considerable, and at present I prefer
to keep them separate.
69. L. phalerata, n. sp.
¢. 22 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous,
basal joint rather long, second joint excurved, terminal joint very
short. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax fuscous. Abdomen dark
fuscous, beneath ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated,
costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, little
oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; rather dark ochreous-
fuscous, with slight purple gloss, markings ochreous-yellow ; a
narrow somewhat curved fascia from } of costa to 4 of dorsum,
attenuated on lower half ; a moderate triangular spot on costa at 2,
and an elongate spot on costa towards apex ; cilia fuscous, at apex
paler and becoming pale yellow at base, Hind-wings dark fuscous ;
a moderate longitudinal ochreous-whitish streak in disc from } to ?;
cilia fuscous, with suffused ochreous-whitish apical patch.
Assam (Khasi Hills); one specimen.
70. L. epicomia, n. sp.
g 9%. 23-25 mm. Head and thorax yellow, slightly sprinkled
with fuscous. Palpi yellow, anterior edge and in 2 most of terminal
joint fuscous, terminal joint rather more than half second. Antenne
ochreous-yellow, Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath light ochreous-
196 Mr. E. Meyrick on
yellowish, in ¢ hairy towards base above, apparently with large
genital tuft. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly rather dilated, costa
gently arched, apex ronnded, termen somewhat rounded, little
oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; yellow, sprinkled with
brownish, costa narrowly and termen more broadly ochreous, terminal
half in ? tinged with ochreous-orange ; a fuscous mark along basal
fourth of dorsum ; a trisinuate dark grey line from middle of costa
to % of dorsum, edged posteriorly with lilac suffusion except towards
costa ; a curved series of undefined dark grey dots midway between
this and termen, indented in middle, not reaching margins ; an irre-
gular curved series of similar dots from a mark on costa before ? to
tornus ; some very indistinct grey terminal dots ; cilia ochreous, with
grey or dark grey subbasal line, and adark grey spot at apex. Hind-
wings dark grey ; a whitish-ochreous streak above middle from base
to end of cell, where it extends to lower angle ; cilia ochreous-
whitish, with grey subbasal line and apical spot.
SoLomoN ISLANDS (Choiseul, Florida); two specimens
(Meel).
71. LZ. mackwoodii, Moore.
Davendra mackwoodvi, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. ui, 520, pl.
ecex1, 13.
CEYLON.
72. I. lithosioides, Moore.
Moca lithosioides, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. ii, 372; Tortrico-
morpha diphtherina, Meyr., Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.
1905, 611.
CryLon. This species varies very considerably in the
development of the pale yellowish markings, and I am
now satisfied that diphtherina is only a form of it.
73. I. ergasia, Meyr.
Tortricomorpha ergasia, Meyr., Journ. Bomb, Nat. Hist.
Soc. 1905, 611.
CEYLON. Described from §; the f (since received) has
second joint of palpi laterally excurved, light ochreous-
yellowish, anteriorly fuscous, terminal joint 4 of second ;
abdomen without the median tufts of /ithosioides.
the Genus Imma. 197
74. 1. chlorosoma, n. sp.
g.27 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-ochreous mixed
with pale ochreous, facial scales brushed upwards between antenne ;
palpi with second joint excurved, terminal joint very short ; thorax
beneath fore-wings with broad patch of long hairs directed backwards.
Antenne dark fuscous, beneath pale ochreous, ciliations very short.
Abdomen fuscous, becoming ochreous-whitish towards base, beneath
whitish-ochreous, posteriorly with lateral fringe of dense rough
scales. Fore-wings elongate, narrowed anteriorly, dilated posteriorly,
costa posteriorly slightly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded,
little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; dark purple-fuscous ;
an ochreous-whitish basal patch, outer edge running from base of
costa to } of dorsum, more ochreous towards costa ; very indistinct
dots of ochreous suffusion on costa at 2 and 4 and before apex ; some
slight ochreous suffusion towards tornus ; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings
with dorsal area clothed with dense long hairs; fuscous, becoming
dark fuscous posteriorly ; a basal patch of white suffusion ; an
irregular elongate-triangular patch of white suffusion in disc, on
which lower margin of cell appears as a dark fuscous intersecting
line ; cilia fuscous, becoming fuscous-whitish on dorsum.
AssaM (Khasi Hills); one specimen.
75. I. strepsizona, n. sp.
@.26mm. Head whitish-ochreous, face more yellowish, hairs
brushed upwards between antennz. Palpi light ochreous-yellowish,
terminal joint very short. Antenne fuscous, basal joint whitish-
ochreous. Thorax light ochreous-yellowish, sides sprinkled with
fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, beneath yellow-ochreous, on posterior
half with dense lateral ridge of rough hairs. Fore-wings elongate,
posteriorly much dilated, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex
rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to
termen ; fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous and towards base with
pale ochreous ; a small ochreous-yellowish basal spot beneath costa :
two suffused pale ochreous-yellowish tranverse streaks enclosing a
moderate fascia of ground colour partially mixed with pale yellowish,
running from middle of costa to # of dorsum, above middle constricted
and with streaks twice confluent ; wing beyond this fascia wholly
blackish-fuscous ; cilia dark fuscous, base ochreous-whitish at apex.
Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia ochreous-whitish with a fuscous
patch on middle of termen, basal half dark fuscous.
CELEBES; one specimen,
198 Mr. E. Meyrick on
76. Z. aeluropis, n. sp.
¢.25mm. Head, palpi, and antenne light brownish, terminal
joint of palpi short. Thorax brown. Abdomen fuscous, beneath
whitish-ochreous, hairy above towards base. Fore-wings elongate,
posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen
rounded, somewhat oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; rather
dark ochreous-fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged ; small indistinct
spots of pale ochreous suffusion on costa before middle, before #,
and at apex ; an oblong pale ochreous patch extending on dorsum
from middle to tornus and reaching nearly half across wing, suffused
above ; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous.
Borneo (Sandakan); one specimen in British Museum
(Pryer).
77. I. albofascia, Feld.
Tortricomorpha albofascia, Feld., Sitzb. Ak. Wien. 1861,
43 ; Reis. Nov. pl. eviii, 2.
3d 9. 22-23 mm. Head fuscous mixed with whitish, face suffused
with whitish. Palpi fuscous-whitish, with dark fuscous anterior
and lateral stripes, basal joint somewhat elongate, second joint
rather short, terminal somewhat more than half second. Antenne
fuscous. Thorax fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous, patagia edged
with ochreous-whitish. Abdomen fuscous, beneath ochreous-whitish.
Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently
arched, apex rounded, termen almost straight, rather oblique ; 7 and
8 stalked, 8 to apex ; fuscous, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; a patch
of dark fuscous suffusion extending along costa from base to § and
reaching % across wing, terminated posteriorly by a tornal blotch of
whitish suffusion obscurely extended towards apex (but this blotch
is sometimes almost obsolete) ; an almost marginal series of ochreous-
whitish marks round apex and tornus; cilia fuscons mixed with
dark fuscous, with a pale basal line. Hind-wings dark fuscous ;
cilia grey, with darker basal line.
CEYLON (Uva), 8S. Inp1A (Belgaum) ; according to Felder
from Amboina.
78. J. stlbiota, Low.
Tortricomorpha stilbiota, Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr.
1903, 69.
QUEENSLAND. Not known to me.
the Genus Imma. 199
79. I, lichenopa, Low.
Tortricomorpha lichenopa, Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S.
Austr. 1903, 69 (misprinted lichneopa),
QUEENSLAND. Not known to me,
80. L. chlorolepis, Wals.
Tortricomorpha chlorolepis, Wals., Mon. Christm. Isl. 78.
CHRISTMAS IsLAND. Not known to me; it is however
clearly allied to the preceding species, these two being
very different from anything else.
81. L. tyrocnista, n. sp.
3-2. 33-35 mm. Head and thorax dark purplish-fuscous
sprinkled with whitish-ochreous, thorax posteriorly in ¢ with one
large spot, in 9 with two smaller spots of raised darker modified
scales, surrounded with paler scales. Palpi dark slaty-fuscous,
second joint internally and on upper longitudinal half pale
yellowish, terminal joint extremely short. Antenne dark fuscous.
Abdomen fuscous,in ¢ with basal half clothed with long hairs,
and with large white exsertible genital tuft, beneath pale ochreous-
yellowish. Fore-wings elongate, dilated, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to
termen ; dark purplish-fuscous, irregularly strewn with whitish-
ochreous scales ; small indistinct cloudy dark fuscous spots in disc
at +, and before and beyond middle ; a cloudy spot of pale irroration
on costa at 2 ; a terminal series of pale ochreous connected lunulate
marks alternating with cloudy dark fuscous dots; cilia fuscous,
with darker basal shade. Hind-wings dark fuscous, rather lighter
anteriorly ; cilia fuscous, tips whitish.
ANDAMAN ISLANDS; two specimens (Swinhoe); also
three in British Museum.
82. I. chasmatica, n. sp.
2. 31-33 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi fuscous, apex of
second and terminal joints pale yellowish, terminal joint half
second. Antennie and abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate-
oblong, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly arched,
apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, hardly oblique; 7 and 8
stalked, 8 to costa; fuscous finely sprinkled with blackish, with
200 Mr. E. Meyrick on
some obscure pale strigulie, especially on costa anteriorly ; a blackish
streak beneath costa from near base to near middle, interrupted by
pale strigule ; an undefined blackish line along submedian fold
almost throughout ; an undefined irregular blackish streak in disc
from + to termen, posteriorly split into three more or less marked
branches on veins, interrupted by a suffused whitish-ochreous dot
at 3; veins towards costa before apex and towards tornus more or
less marked with blackish ; a small apical spot of pale ochreous suf-
fusion ; cilia fuscous, sometimes blackish-mixed, tips suffused with
light ochreous. Hind-wings dark grey ; cilia grey. Under surface
of fore-wings with a well-defined pale yellowish apical spot.
SIKKIM, AssAM; four specimens,
83. L. nephelastra, n. sp.
¢. 18mm. Head dark fuscous, orbits and face ochreous-whitish.
Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint externally fuscous, terminal joint
imperceptible (concealed or aborted). Antenne dark fuscous, basal
joint long, thick, tufted in front. Thorax dark fuscous, shoulders
obscurely edged with pale ochreous (partly defaced). Abdomen
dark fuscous. Middle tibie thickened with long dense hairs above.
Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa posteriorly gently
arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique; 7 and 8
separate, 8 to costa ; blackish-fuscous, markings pale ochreous, cloudy
and ill-defined ; a short longitudinal streak from base in middle ; a
small spot beneath costa at }, and one on dorsum at $; an incurved
transverse spot in disc at 41, nearly reaching costa but not nearly
dorsum ; a moderate roundish spot on costa beyond middle, another
towards dorsum at 3, and a third in dise at 3; a narrower transverse
spot on costa at 4, very indistinct marks above tornus and towards
middle of termen ; cilia ochreous-whitish, basal third dark fuscous.
Hind-wings dark fuscous, more thinly scaled towards base, with two
or three undefined semitransparent streaks towards dorsum ; cilia
as in fore-wings, at apex and!tornus becoming fuscous.
BoRNEO; one specimen, This species presents a com-
bination of characters, which makes it difficult to determine
its true position in the genus.
84. I. pardalina, Walk.
Gyrtona pardalina, Walk. xxvii, 91.
d. 20-21 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown mixed with fuscous.
Palpi whitish-ochreous, anteriorly fuscous-tinged, terminal joint
the Genus Imma. 201
imperceptible. Antenne dark fuscous, basal joint elongated and
enlarged, with dense projecting tuft of scales anteriorly. Thorax and
abdomen fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa
slightly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique ;
7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa, 11 curved and approximated to 12;
fuscous ; submedian fold forming a whitish-ochreous groove towards
base, terminating in a small basal spot of raised whitish-ochreous
scales ; median area forming a very indefinite ochreous-whitish band,
anterior edge running from about 2 of costa to before middle of dor-
sum, acutely triangular-prominent above middle and indented above
and below this, on lower half preceded by dark reddish-fuscous
suffusion, posterior edge from about } of costa to 3 of dorsum, unde-
fined ; within this band are a semioval cloudy dark fuscous spot on
middle of costa and a longitudinal blackish-fuscous sometimes inter-
rupted mark in disc, strongly hooked upwards at posterior extremity ;
posterior area reddish-tinged and finely irrorated with blackish-
fuscous, with a submarginal series of irregular brownish-ochreous
triangular marks ; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous basal line, towards
tornus whitish. Hind-wings with subdorsal groove; dark fuscous,
somewhat lighter towards base ; cilia fuscous, with darker basal line.
BorNEO, SINGAPORE, SELANGOR. I have redescribed
this species, as Walker’s description is unrecognizable. It
is closely allied to velutina, but differs structurally by the
elongate basal joint of antenne, and relatively shorter and
broader fore-wings ; in velutina also the palpi are largely
marked with dark fuscous.
85. J. velutina, Walk.
Moca velutina, Walk. xxvii, 102.
CEYLON.
86. LI. nephallactis, n. sp.
g 9. 17-20 mm. Head and thorax fuscous sometimes suffusedly
mixed with whitish, shoulders and sometimes patagia streaked with
black and whitish-ochreous, more sharply in ¢. Palpi white,
second joint with broad dark fuscous median band, terminal joint
short, dark fuscous except apex. Antenne grey. Abdomen fuscous,
apex sometimes white, beneath white. Fore-wings elongate, pos-
teriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded,
somewhat oblique ; 7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa; grey or fuscous
sometimes variably sprinkled or suffused with white, in one speci-
men strongly violet-tinged; a black variably interrupted line
202 Mr, E. Meyrick on
beneath costa from base to middle, edged beneath anteriorly by a
fine pale yellowish line ; a dark fuscous or blackish costal spot at 4,
and sometimes one near base, sometimes confluent ; a thick irregular
dentate dark fuscous line from this spot, not reaching dorsum,
usually cut by a fine white line on submedian fold ; a dark fuscous
or blackish transverse mark in disc at 4, terminating beneath in a
round suffused spot, and two spots on costa before middle and at 3
separated by a white space, the whole sometimes merged into a large
semioval dark fuscous costal blotch reaching # across wing ; two or
three dark fuscous subdorsal marks; a series of dark fuscous or
blackish marks from + of costa to tornus, angulated above middle,
where there is a larger spot, and sometimes a dark fuscous streak
running from discal mark through angle to termen ; a waved-dentate
pale terminal line, preceded by a dark fuscous shade ; cilia fuscous,
with a darker basal line, sometimes barred with whitish. Hind-
wings rather darker posteriorly, especially in ¢; cilia asin fore-wings.
VENEZUELA (Ciudad Bolivar); eighteen specimens, A
variable species.
87. I. cuneata, n. sp.
d 2. 22-23 mm. Head pale brownish, lower part of face white.
Palpi fuscous, basal joint white, second joint relatively short, white
at base and apex, terminal joint somewhat more than half second,
obtuse. Antenne dark fuscous, with a streak of whitish scales.
Thorax brownish irrorated with whitish, in ¢ beneath laterally tufted
with hairs. Abdomen fuscous, beneath whitish-brown. Fore-wings
elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate before
middle, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 7 and 8 separate,
8 to costa ; whitish, more or less suffusedly irrorated with purplish-
brown ; markings very deep brown; a very oblique acute wedge-
shaped mark from costa near base, limited anteriorly by a vertical
white line from costa to fold ; a small spot on costa at 4, almost
connected with a transverse elongate-triangular spot in dise beyond
1; a semioval spot on costa before middle; some irregular spots
towards dorsum ; a transverse I-shaped mark in disc at 3, beneath
which is an irregular patch of dark suffusion ; an elongate blotch ex-
tending from near discal mark to near termen, crossed by a streak of
undefined suffusion from ? of costa to tornus ; a pale waved terminal
line, preceded by a series of suffused dark dots ; cilia fuscous, with
indications of whitish bars beneath apex and towards tornus. Hind-
wings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous, with darker basal line.
BRAZIL, COLUMBIA; two specimens in British Museum.
the Genus Imma. 203
88. I. metachlora, n. sp.
Q. 27 mm. Head brownish, lower margin of face white. Palpi
fuscous, basal joint white, second joint relatively short, base and
apex whitish, terminal joint rather more than half seeond, obtuse.
Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax dark brown, sprinkled with whitish.
Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath whitish-brown, Fore-wings elon-
gate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded,
somewhat oblique; 7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa ; brown irregularly
irrorated with pale grey, markings very dark brown ; an irregular
transverse spot on middle of costa, costal edge beyond this ochreous-
white for a short distance ; two small spots transversely placed in
disc at #, between which is an X-shaped pale suffusion ; a short
contorted linear mark beneath middle of dise ; an irregular subter-
minal fascia from beneath apex to tornus ; a terminal series of small
subconfluent spots ; cilia brown, above tornus with an ochreous-
white patch. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia fuscous, with dark
fuscous basal line.
One specimen in British Museum without locality, but
certainly South American, probably from Brazil.
89. I. thymora, n. sp.
4 9. 21-22 mm. Head brown, face mostly ochreous-whitish,
Palpi dark fuscous, basal and second joints anteriorly ochreous-
whitish, terminal joint very short, obtuse. Antenne dark fuscous.
Thorax dark brown, streaked with ochreous-whitish. Abdomen
dark fuscous, beneath whitish-brown. Fore-wings elongate, posteri-
orly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded,
rather oblique ; 7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa; dark brown, slightly
reddish-tinged, strewn with small irregular ill-defined whitish-
ochreous spots, nearly obsolete on apical area beyond an irregular
angulated series from costa beyond middle to dorsum before tornus ;
a terminal series of pale dots; cilia fuscous, darker towards base.
Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia grey, with dark fuscous basal line.
Brazit (Ega); two specimens in British Museum.
90. I, cincta, Druce.
Eustrotia cincta, Druce, Biol, Centr. Amer. ii, 495, pl.
xev, 20,
GUATEMALA.
TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND, 1906,—-PART II. (SEPYr.) 14
204 Mr. E. Meyrick on
91. ZI. ciniata, Druce.
Thalpochares ciniata, Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. 11. 497,
pl. xev, 23.
PANAMA.
92. I. cancanopis, n. sp.
¢ ?. 25-26 mm. Head grey, face white. Palpi white, second
joint with a broad dark grey median band narrowed anteriorly,
terminal joint half second, obtuse, grey. Antenne grey. Thorax
dark grey, somewhat mixed with ochreous-whitish. Abdomen dark
fuscous, beneath pale brownish. Posterior tibiz and basal joint of
tarsi in ¢ with brushes of dense hairs beneath. Fore-wings elongate,
posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rather
obliquely rounded ; 7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa ; purplish-fuscous,
more purplish in ¢, irregularly sprinkled with blue-grey-whitish,
with dark fuscous streaks on veins broken up into short dashes
arranged in irregular transverse series ; the whitish irroration tends
to form series of undefined marks between these; a black dash
beneath costa from base, edged beneath with ochreous-white; a pale
waved terminal line, preceded by indistinct dark dots ; cilia fuscous.
Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous.
CoLUMBIA, CAYENNE; three specimens in British Museum.
93. L. chloromelalis, Walk.
Aglossa chloromelalis, Walk. xxxiv, 1249.
Brazit. Not known to me; Sir George Hampson writes
“palpi with second joint shorter than usual, terminal as
long as second ; hind-wings with veins 3 and 4 approxi-
mated; characters otherwise as in Jmma.”
94. 7. boeta, Druce.
Thalpochares boeta, Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. 11, 497,
pl. xev, 24.
PANAMA.
95. L. quadrivittana, Walk.
Gauris quadrivittana, Walk. xxviii, 417.
Brazit. Not known to me; Sir George Hampson informs
me that the head of the type is missing, and veins 6 and 7
of hind-wings are coincident ; other characters apparently
as in /mma.
the Genus Imma. 205
LOXOTROCHIS, n. g.
Head with appressed scales; ocelli absent ; tongue developed.
Antenne (partly broken) in ¢ rather strongly ciliated, basal joint
short, stout. Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending, second joint
thickened with dense scales, laterally compressed, somewhat excurved,
terminal joint very short, thick, pointed. Maxillary palpi absent.
Posterior tibiae smooth-scaled. Fore-wings with 1b furcate, 2 from
towards angle, 3 and 4 approximated, 7 and 8 out of 9, 7 to apex, 10
out of 9 below 7, 11 from beyond middle. Hind-wings 1, oblong-
ovate, cilia}; 3 and 4 stalked, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 stalked.
This seems to be allied to /mma, yet it is very distinct ;
the characteristic palpi are quite similar, but the neuration
is altogether different, yet such that it might be a
derivative of Jmma.
I. sepias, n. sp.
" @. 28mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax fuscous. (Abdo-
men broken.) Fore-wings elongate, gradually dilated, costa
moderately arched, apex rounded, termen rather obliquely rounded ;
rather dark fuscous, veins obscurely paler ; cilia fuscous, Hind-
wings dark grey, with a faint purplish tinge; cilia grey.
New Hesripes (Espiritu Santo); one specimen in
British Museum. .
PALAMERNIS, . g.
Head with appressed scales; ocelli very large; tongue short.
Antenne %, in ¢ stout, simple, basal joint short, without pecten.
Labial palpi moderate, obliquely ascending, second joint thickened
with appressed scales, terminal joint short (4), thick, hardly pointed.
Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibize with appressed scales, in
¢ with a pencil of long hairs from before middle above. Fore-wings
with vein 1b long-furcate, 2-10 near and equidistant, 7 to apex, 11
from 3, no secondary cell. Hind-wings over 1, ovate, cilia +; 2 and
3 stalked from lower angle of cell, 4-7 tolerably parallel.
This curious form is apparently allied to Zmma and
Brachodes, but very distinct from either; the neuration of
hind-wings is quite unique.
206 Mr. E. Meyrick on the Genus Iimina.
P. canonitis, n. sp.
gd. 22-24 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, somewhat whitish-
mixed, thorax beneath with a fringe of projecting flat white scales
between middle and posterior legs. Palpi fuscous, whitish beneath
and towards base. Antennze dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous,
segmental margins whitish. Fore-wings elongate, costa gently arched,
apex rounded-obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded ; brownish or
pale fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous; submedian fold sometimes
obscurely whitish from base to middle ; cilia light fuscous. Hind-
wings rather dark fuscous, lighter anteriorly, sometimes with obscure
streak of whitish suffusion from base to middle of disc; cilia whitish-
fuscous with darker basal line, towards tips whitish.
HIMALAYA (Simla); two specimens in May (Major C. G.
Nurse).
(207.9
XII. Some bionomic notes on Butterflies from the Victoria
Nyanza. By 8S. A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc, F.E.S.,
Magdalen College, Oxford.
[Read June 6th, 1906. ]
Prates IX—XIL.
THE following notes on the bionomics of African butterflies
mainly refer to the large collection recently sent to the
Hope Department, Oxford University Museum, by Mr. C.
A. Wiggins, M.R.C.S., F.E.S., etc., etc. This magnificent
collection, with excellent data, has already been described
in Nov. Zool. vol. xi, pp. 323-363, 1904.
A further large and important collection from the same
region, made by Mr. A. H. Harrison, has also been made
use of to some extent. Where numbers are given, they
generally refer to Mr. Wiggins’ collection only.
The district whence these specimens come proves itself
to be of peculiar interest to students of geographical dis-
tribution. It is here that we have a great commingling
of Eastern and Western forms. In the list of specimens
in the paper above referred to will be found records of
such species as Elymnias phegea, Fabr., Bicyclus iccius, Hew.,
many species of Planema, Huxanthe crossleyi, Charaxes
zingha, Cram., to mention only a few, all of which until a
few years ago were thought to be species confined to the
tropical West Coast of Africa. These are mingled among
many truly East African forms.
As willbe seen later, A.niavius and dominicanus, originally
described as distinct species and subsequently considered
distinct forms, are now shown to form a syngamic group.
This extension of the Western fauna to E. Central
Africa is most probably due to the extension eastward of
dense forest land, similar to that on or near the western
tropical coast. The climate on or near the equator has
apparently much less defined wet and dry seasons, resulting
in a humid atmosphere and equable temperature more
suitable to the growth of dense vegetation.
This absence of well-defined wet and dry seasons has a
marked effect on the seasonal forms in the Lepidoptera of
the country, well-marked seasonal characters being relatively
scarce. In studying the mimetic groups in such a large
TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND, 1906,—PART Il. (SEPT.)
208 Mr. S. A. Neave: some bionomic
number of specimens there are to be found many points
of interest. We can hardly fail to notice that nearly every
species which exists in large numbers (and has therefore
been successful in the struggle for existence) almost in-
variably forms the model for other species, or itself exhibits
Miillerian mimicry with other abundant and distasteful
species. In some cases it is true a few models, viz.
certain species of Planema, were only taken in very small
numbers, but when we see that their mimics (spp. of
Pseudacrewa) were also equally scarce, it is allowable to
suppose that either owing to their retirmg habits or some
other such cause these species were overlooked, or that the
collection was made near the edge only of their area of
distribution.
Association of Amauris echeria jacksoni, Sharpe, and A.
albimaculata, Butler, with A. psyttalea f. damoclides, Staud.
On examining a large series of both Amauris echeria
and A. albimaculata, which, as Messrs. Rothschild and
Jordan * have recently pointed out, are clearly distinct
species, I was much struck with the difference between the
Victoria Nyanza specimens and those from Southern Africa.
The echeria specimens have long since been described by
Miss Sharpe as A. jacksoni,t a distinct species, but are
doubtless not more than a geographical race of A. echeria.
The albimaculata specimens are extremely like, if not
identical with A. hanningtona of Butler,t which is also
only a form of albimaculata. I shall endeavour to show
that both these forms differ from typical South African
ones in a common direction, and that these differences are
due to the presence of A. psyttalea, bringing all three
species into a clearly marked synaposematic group.
The Uganda specimens of both species, more especi-
ally the 29, bear a marked general resemblance to
A. psyttalea damoclides, Staud. The chief character by
which this resemblance is obtained seems to be the
markedly greater average size and roundness of the spot
within the discoidal cell of the fore wing. I have there-
fore measured both the length and breadth of this spot
in a number of specimens from South Africa, East Africa,
and Uganda.
The results are appended in the following table :—
* Nov. Zool, x, p. 504. t P. ZS. 1891, p. 633,
t P ZS. 1888, p. 91.
209
| hong Yee 942 fo) vnuly “AT
WM ZOT ° “mM ET's * Z¢ °, ‘Joyng ‘vp NopWIQW' Pp * “WU ETT ° “WU 9Z°g
‘(ododuay ayn fog) vif ‘gy
| "yy pLarg ‘yque'T "ygprelg ‘ypu
"ASBIOAR *painsva “oSBldAB
qods re[nt[eooosiq suguueds Jo ‘ON yods en] [eoos I(T
notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza.
‘opyng ‘“wuophuvuuny ‘adaeyg
“WU ZES'Z MUI eGge * Be °° + * DMNODWIQW Pp * “WU FOL * ‘WU LPGe* Bs “wosyow! mrsayoa “7
‘peunliry wri.0oprg 949 fo N pun Af
| ‘ropyng ‘vwopbuiwuny ‘adaeyg
| ‘OUI gey'T ‘mu Oge’e * 0 ° °° * DIMNODUNGQW'F ‘Wor eZGT * ‘mU ETOP’ Gg “uosyovl mrisayoo “Fr
‘nzUviNT muojry 9y) fo-a'N pun 7
| ‘repng ‘wuophurwupy
04 ayerpommszoyut “f ‘adreqg
| ‘WU gel * ‘wMmgee * Gg * * * * DwmonUmgn-p * “WU OFT * ‘MU eye * ¢ * “uosyonl visayoa “W
" BI * * “Tog “ortayoa “vy
*pornseaul
susti1oads JO ‘ON
210 Mr. S. A. Neave: some bionomic
It is therefore fairly safe to say, even considering the
comparatively small number of specimens measured, that
there has been a marked increase in the size of this spot
as we advance northward along the East Coast, and thence
turn westward to the apparent limit of the area of dis-
tribution of the species. In addition to this increase in
area of the spot, which is common to both species, it is
fairly evident from the above table that there is an increase
of a peculiar kind, the spot becoming distinctly more
circular in shape as we proceed westward. As will be
seen from the table, the ratio of breadth to length is
appreciably greater in both species west of the Lake than
east of it. In A. albimaculata this progressive increase
occurs aS we come up from the south, as well as from
east to west.
Other poimts of superficial resemblance which both
species share, are greater expanse of wings and much
better development of submarginal spotting on the hind
wing. As might be expected, the resemblance in the ? ?
is markedly closer than in the ~ ¢. The 2 specimen of
albimaculata from Toro, figured, shows this resemblance in
an astonishing manner, and has the additional character-
istic of the pale buff area at the base of the hind wing
being somewhat diffused. This resemblance becomes all
the more significant when we remember that 4. psyttalea
does not occur in South Africa, while it is a very dominant
species in Uganda, and also occurs, but not so commonly,
in British East Africa. I have not had an opportunity of
comparing numbers of specimens of 4. psyttalea from the
east and west shores of the Lake, but it is undoubtedly
very common, and occurs in the Wiggins collection from
every locality except the more open plains.
This clear influence that the presence of one species has
had upon two other closely allied ones (all being highly
distasteful), seems to be one of the most striking examples
of Miillerian mimicry that it is possible to imagine.
The specimens of A. psyttalea are themselves remarkably
interesting, the species being apparently in rather an
upstable condition. The majority of the specimens,
especially from the more eastern localities, are of the form
damoclides, Staud., but a number from the north-west of
the Lake are typical A. psyttalea, Plotz, from the tropical
Atlantic Coast. These specimens, which are accompanied
by many intermediates, are distinguished from .A. psyttalea
notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 211
damoclides by a reduced pale area at the base of, and the
absence of submarginal spots on the hind wing, giving
them a marked general resemblance to western forms
such as A. damocles, Beauv. (non Fabr.), and hecate, Butler.
A. hecate does itself occur sparingly on the shores of the
Lake ; as also another species allied to it, viz., the recently-
described A. dasa, mihi (2).* In this species all the white
markings and (especially the pale area at the base of the
hind wings) are even more reduced than in hecate.
The above is a striking case of a species acting as a
model, at one and the same time as certain individuals of
it are being attracted into another group. This compli-
cated condition of mimetic association in which a species
is both model and mimic at the same time is well known
to be paralleled in the Neotropical region, where we find
similar but still more complicated instances among the
Danainx, Heliconine and [thomiine.
The specimens of Amauris niavius, Linn., are also deeply
interesting. Whilst the specimens taken west and north-
west of the Lake (with one exception from Entebbe which
is intermediate in character) are all A. niavius niavius,
the typical western forms, those from the north-eastern
shores numbering about thirty specimens are nearly fifty
per cent. of them intermediate to A. niavius dominicanus,
which occurs at Mombasa.
The two chief points of distinction in the latter form
are the greater extent of all the white areas and spots on
both wings. The spot within the cell and subapical bar
of the fore wing, together with the white basal area of the
hind wing, are especially larger. In A. siavius niavius
the discocellular spot is evanescent, and the white basal
area of the hind wing seldom even reaches the extremity
of the cell.
The specimens above mentioned occurring from the
east of the Lake are remarkably intermediate in respect
of these characters. The discocellular spot is well marked
but not so large as in dominicanus. The subapical white
bar is broader than in niavius, but not so broad as in
dominicanus. The basal white area of the hind wing
extends well beyond the extremity of the cell, but not
nearly so far as it does in dominicanus.
The two instances above of two geographical forms of a
species meeting and appearing in an intermediate form on
* Loc. cit. p. 324.
212 Mr. S. A. Neave: some bionomie
the confluent edges of their distribution is of remarkable
interest.* It should help to impress upon systematists
the importance of carefully considering the question of
geographical races of species before making new species
on slight differences.
Mimetic Groups witH DANAINE MODELS.
The black and white Amauris niavius, Linn., forms the
model for an important group of butterflies of many families.
It is evidently very abundant on the shores of the Lake.
There are 118 specimens in the Wiggins Collection.
The group comprises :—
Huralia anthedon, Doub. et Hew. (14).
Hypolimnas monteironis, Druce (4 f 2, 3 2 2), of which
the ¢ only is mimetic.
Papilio dardanus 9, f. hippocoon, Fabr. (8), mostly from
the eastern side of the Lake. The # f of dardanus (46)
were common nearly everywhere.
Hlymnias bammakoo, Westw. (7), all from the Western
districts.
In all these forms the resemblance to the model is
remarkably good, the distribution of white markings on a
black or dusty ground faithfully follows those of the model
and differs in much the same way from the South and Kast
African mimics (HZ. wahlbergi, P. cenea, hippocoonoides, etc.)
of A. niavius dominicanus as the two models do from
each other,
The ¢ 2 of Planema godmani, Butler (2), with the recently
described Pseudacrea tirikensis, mihi (3), resembling it in
an astonishing manner, form a subsidiary black and white
group within the larger assembly having niavius as its
model, This is, perhaps, especially the case when the
insects are on the wing. At rest the Planema, and the
Pseudacrea closely following its model, present the
character so common in the larger Ethiopian Acreine
of a black-spotted chocolate-brown triangle at the base of
the hind wing on the under surface. The influence of this
character on other forms and of other forms on it has
* Professor Poulton has already called attention to the case of
A. niavius in his Presidential Address to the Entomological Society
1904. Trans, Ent, Soc. 1908, p. xciv,
notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 213
already been considered by Professor Poulton.* He points
out the great influence which the Papilios of the zenobia
group have had in respect of this character.
It is interesting to note that this group of Papilios is
well represented in the collection, comprising the following
species :—
P. homeyeri, Plotz. ; . 39 specimens.
P. cynorta, Fabr. ‘ , 8 -
P. peculiaris, Neave . : 1 é:
P. zenobia, Fabr. 4 ; 49 4
P. gallienus, f. whitnalli, Neave 6
As Professor Poulton has pointed out, Joc. cit. p. 489, in
P. gallienus and its allies, the basal patch is very large and
is traversed by black lines instead of spots, a character not
occurring in Planema. In the other species the area is
smaller and the lines replaced by spots. This condition
reaches its extreme in P. peculiaris, mihi 2, which, as will
shortly be shown, is an extraordinarily close mimic of
Planema paragea, Grose-Smith. P. homeyert is also remark-
able for the fact that the colour of this patch is more
chocolate-brown in colour instead of golden-brown as in
other species. In this respect it approaches P. godmani
and P. tirikensis mentioned above.
Neptis agatha, Stoll (47), and its allies may also be not
improbably members of this group. This species exhibits
in common with other species of the Ethiopian region a
concentration of the white markings on both wings, as
Professor Poulton has already pointed out,t in contrast to
the broken character of these markings in Oriental species.
The flight of these species is also singularly slow and
floating when undisturbed and much like that species of
Planema and black and white Amauris.
The variable A. psyttalea, Plotz (81), from many localities
was accompanied by its equally variable mimic Hypolimnas
dubius, Pal. (9), in the more western localities.
AMAURIS ECHERIA GROUP.
Owing to their extremely close resemblance, A. echeria
Jjacksont, Sharpe, and A. albimaculata hanningtoni, Butler,
* Trans. Ent. Soc, 1902, p. 488,
+ Loc. cit. p. 467,
214 Mr. S. A. Neave: some lionomic
may be conveniently taken as the same model. They
both seem common in nearly every locality except the
more exposed and open plains. There were 176 specimens
from various localities in the two collections, but Mr.
Wiggins speaks of them as his “ pet aversion,” explaining
that “they were enormously abundant. The best mimics
of these species in the collection are :—
Euralia mima, Trim. (16), mostly from the west shore of
the Lake.
Papilio homeyeri, Plotz, 36 ff and 3 2, of which the
latter only are mimetic.
Papilio dardanus 9, f. cenea, Stoll.
This form of the @ did not occur in the Wiggins
collection, but there are three specimens in the Harrison
coll. from Nyangori, near the north-east shore of the
Lake.
As Professor Poulton has pointed out, loc. cit. p. 485,
there isa very remarkable secondary resemblance between
these mimics. The @ of P. homeyeri, which does not occur
in the group mentioned by him, further bears this out,
having an actually closer resemblance to Huralia mima
than to Amauwris echeria itself. There are also in the collec-
tion some other less good mimics of A. echeria lying on
the outskirts of the group, comprising :—Hypolimnas
dinarcha, Hew., the forms of Pseudacrea lueretia, and a
number of the smaller Acrwas such as A. ser vona, Godm.,
A. circeis, Dewitz, A.oreas, Sharpe, and its form albimaculata,
and especially A. johnstoni, f. flavescens. Neptis woodwarda,
Sharpe, also comes into the same group.
For a full account of the convergence between many
species of Acrea, including most of the above-mentioned,
and species of Amauris, see Professor Poulton’s paper, read
before Section D of the British Association at Toronto,
1897.* :
LIMNAS CHRYSIPPUS GROUP
Fy chrysippus, L, (342) and Hypolimnas misippus,
L. (160), were abundant in every locality. They were
somewhat less numerous in forest districts.
Acrexa encedon, L. (442), was also very common every-
where.
* Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1897, pp. 688-91.
L. chrysippus chrysippus 136. H.misippus @ mistppus .55. A. encedon, f. encedon 164
notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 215
Table of forms of above species.
- ee, a ayows Q alcippotdes 7. 5 4, alcippina
is * lycia .
3 dortppus 163. ,, 5 CORE 5 6 BO, Ay Fr datra.
es albinus LS ee of dortppordes 6.
It is evident from the above numbers that Mr. Wiggins
did not think it worth while to send many f ¢ of misippus.
Consequently the true proportion of the occurrence of this
species is not obtainable. Two specimens of a new dAcrea,
both 2 (A. wigginsii, mihi), exhibit a remarkable syna-
posematic resemblance to A. encedon and indirectly to ZL.
chrysippus. The species is allied to and intermediate in
many respects between A. bomba, Grose-Smith, and A.
anacreontica, Grose-Smith. It differs from both these
species in possessing a subapical white bar. This being
probably a mimetic and not an ancestral character it is
possible that the ¢ 2, not yet known, may not have it.
TIRUMALA PETIVERANA GROUP.
The black and green Tirwmala limniace petiverana, Dbl.
and Hew. (67), an abundant species, was taken in five
different localities.
Of its mimic Papilio leonidas, Fabr., eight specimens
were collected. Also two specimens of Huaxanthe crossleyr
ansorgei, R. and J., which is probably an outlying member
of the group.
Melinda formosa, Godm., and AM. mercedonia, Karsch,
with the mimetic Papilio rex, Oberth. (hitherto considered
the mimic of the Danaine), occur in both collections and
are of considerable interest. Their distribution is as
follows—
N.E. SHORE. N.W. SHORE.
M. formosa . 90 specimens. —
M. mercedoma . 5 2 . 36 specimens.
Nyangori, a few miles north-east of the Lake shore, is
apparently the eastern boundary of JZ. mercedonia, and
from this locality come all the five specimens recorded
above, West and north-west of the Lake mercedonia is
516 Mr. 8. A. Neave: some bronomic
common, and formosa does not seem to occur. There is,
strange to say, not a single 2 amongst all the specimens
of mercedonia and only four of formosa.
The specimens of Papilio rex, eight 2 and two 2? 2,
in the Wiggins and Harrison collections all come from
Nyangori, and are very remarkable. Only two ¢f are
fairly typical rex; the other specimens especially the ? 2
are markedly intermediate between P. rex and P.
mimeticus, Rothsch. The latter species, it will be remem-
bered, bears a strong resemblance to JZ. mercedonia. The
intermediate characters are shown in the reduction in size
of the spots, and in the extension of red-brown colour over
the hind wings.
This fact becomes of great importance when we recollect
that normal specimens of P. rex occur on the Kikuyu
escarpment to the east, while the only specimen of
mimeticus at present known comes from Msaromsaro north-
west of the Lake. It is therefore of very great interest
that, at the place where both species of Danaines do occur
the Papilio should be intermediate in appearance between
them; further, that where mercedonia exists apparently
alone to the west of the Lake the mimeticus form should
only be found; to the east, where formosa only occurs,
rex should be the only form. All three species were
captured at the same time of the year.
Millerian Association of Danaines and Papilios.
In studying the last two groups one cannot fail to be
struck with the fact that the mimicry has not all been on
the side of the Papilios.
In the first place the widely distributed Zirumala
petiverana, Dbl. and Hew., may safely be regarded as the
ancestral form of the three Danaine members of the
group. It extends nearly all over tropical Africa in the
more wooded districts, and can only be considered a
geographical race of 7. limniace, so common in _ the
Oriental region. Ethiopian specimens are of interest in
exhibiting amongst other differences a distinct shade of
reddish-brown on the under-side toward the base of the
fore wing, Melinda mercedonia, Karsch., and JM. formosa,
Godm., on the other hand, are specialized forms with a
comparatively small and local distribution. In addition to
their striking red and reddish-brown colour, they differ
notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 217
from 7. petiverana in the greater length of the fore wings
and in the possession of pale sulphur-yellow areas at the base
of the hind wings only interrupted by dark crossing nervures.
M. formosa neumannt, Rothsch., from Abyssinia is of great
interest, and differs in several significant particulars from
typical formosa.
These differential characters are—
(a) Shghtly shorter fore wings.
(8) The presence of a V-shaped mark of pale yellow
between the median nervure and first median
nervule near their junction.
(y) The brown colour of the fore wing is darker and
less extensive.
This latter characteristic has already been pointed out
by Mr. Walter Rothschild, Nov. Zool. 1902, p. 596.
The above characters are also of great interest in that
they all of them show affinities to 7. limniace. B 1s
especially characteristic of that species.
Having therefore inquired somewhat into the ancestry
of MW. mercedonia and formosa it will be seen that their
elongated fore wings and pale areas at the base of their
hind wings are new developments and _ non-ancestral
characters. ‘These two points however are characteristic
features not only of Papilio rex (in which they are
specially marked) but of several other African “Swallow-
tails,” including P. leonidas itself, the mimic of 7.
petiwerand.
There can be little doubt therefore that the above-
mentioned characters of these Danaines have been obtained
from the Papilio. As regards the brown colour of both
Papilio and Danaine, on the other hand, the Danaine has
almost certainly been the model. In this matter we must
remember that red or reddish-brown is very rare in
African Papilios. It occurs in the trophonius 2 form of
P. cenea and P. ridleyanus, White, both mimetic; also toa
less extent in the golden-brown triangle at the base of the
hind wing in the zenobia group of Papilios mentioned
above. In Danaines, on the other hand, this colour is by
no means uncommon, e.g. Limnas, Salatwra and the allied
genus Anosia. Further, as we have already seen, 7.
petiverana (the probable ancestor of the two Danaines in
question) exhibits a tendency to brownness as compared
with its Oriental allies. It is also a significant fact that
8 Mr. S. A. Neave: some lononic
this brown colour is more marked in the § of P. vex than
in the @ The Danaines again have most prolably formed
the model for the spotting of the Papilios, which is not
quite like that of any of its allies. Considering these facts
we may cite the above group as a complete example of
diaposematic resemblance.
GROUPS WITH ACRAINE MODELS.
The fine Planema poggei, Dewitz, occurred in fair num-
bers in both collections, about 20 specimens from several
localities. This very striking species with its brilliant
orange band on the fore wing has several interesting
mimics.
First and perhaps most important of these is the plane-
moides 2 form of Papilio dardanus, Brown, recently
described by Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S.,* from a single
specimen collected by Mr. Hobley of Kisumu. There are
six of these 2 ? in the collections of Messrs. Wiggins and
Harrison. Amongst these is a considerable variation in
the extent and completeness of the orange band on the fore
wing. One specimen is remarkable for showing an inter-
mediate character to the 9 form of cenea dardanus, and the
orange colour, though present, is much broken up into spots,
and the basal area of the bind wing is buff coloured as in
the cenea form instead of white as in typical planemordes.
Other interesting mimics of P. poggei in the collection
are :—Pseudacrva hobleyi Neave, (2), in which the resem-
blance is best in the @ but remarkably close in both
sexes. Pseudacrwa khuenowi neumanni, Thur. 2. Acrva
aurivillii, Staud. (14), synaposematic with poggei. Elym-
nias phegea, Fabr. (2) (also referred to by Mr. Trimen
loc. cit.).
An outlying member of this group was recognized in
the 3 22 of Precis rauana, Grose-Smith, which bear an
orange bar across the fore wing as in the ¢ 7 (14); but
have a white discal bar instead of an orange one to the
hind wing. This gives them the same general appearance
as the above forms.
Planema tellus, Auriv. (9), from the western districts, is
resembled by the recently described Pseudacrea terra,
mihi (1), also from the western side of the Lake, the
resemblance being astonishingly close.
* Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond, 1903, pt. I, p. x1.
notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 219
All the members of a small group of peculiar interest
were captured by Mr. Wiggins at Entebbe on the north-
west shore of the Lake within a few days of each other.
The dull-coloured Planema paragea, Grose-Smith, 1 ¢
(April 5, 1903) and 1 (April 9, 1903) is the model of
the group. It is mimicked by two species both recently
described,* viz. :—
Pscudacrxa obscura, 1 f,1 9 (April 5, 1903), of which the
is the better mimic.
Papilio gallienus peculiaris,t 1 2 (April 6, 1908).
This species is remarkable for its small size and sombre
colour relieved by pale cream-coloured markings, thus
closely resembling the model.
Remarkable evidence of the coincidence of mimetic
forms in time and space is here afforded by the fact that
three such widely-separated species, all very closely
resembling one another, should all have been captured on
the same spot and on nearly the same date.
The plentiful Acrwa sotikensis, Sharpe (87), has only
one mimic in the collection but that a remarkable one,
viz. Mimacrea poultoni, mili (3). The resemblance on
both surfaces is extremely close. The group of spots on
the underside at the base of the hind wing and the
characteristically marked hind margin of the Acrva is
faithfully represented on the Lyczenid.
A very large number of small orange-red and black
Acreas, forming a synaposematic group occur in the
collection comprising :—
Acrea vinidia, Hew. (1287).
, alicia, Sharpe (14'7).
» wut, Grose-Smith (5).
And the more outlying A. serena, Fabr. (1451).
They are mimicked by the Lycenid Telipna carnuta,
Hew. (2).
A similar group is that in which the common Pardopsis
* loc. cit. pp. 333 and 342.
+ N.B.—Dr. Karl Jordan, of the Tring Museum, informs me that
this species may not improbably prove to be a mimetic form of
the 2 of cynorta, Fabr., the g ¢ (not represented in the Wiggins
coll.) being hardly distinguishable from that species,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 15
220 Mr. S. A. Neave: some biononic
punctatissima, Boisd. (150), is the model. Two species of
Lyceenidee are associated with it, viz. :—
Pentila petreia, Hew. (24).
, elarensis, Neave (10).
Norr.—Prof. Poulton informs me that he discovered two specimens
of P. amenaida, Hew., placed among the Acrewas in the Hope
Collection by Professor Westwood.
Another synaposematic group among the sESESUIe con-
sists of the larger red and black species, viz.
A, egina, Cram. (21).
A, perenna, Dbl. and Hew. (42).
A, zetes, Linn. (7).
A, pharsalus, Ward (8).
A. orina f. orinata, Oberth. (6).
These species belong to no less than three different sub-
divisions of the Acreine.
These species—especially A. egina—are resembled closely
by Papilio vidleyanus, White (4).
Pseudacrea boisduvali, Dbl., though not in the Wiggins
or Harrison collection, was obtained by Mr. A. W. Hobley in
the same district, and also closely mimics A, egina.
Monura zxingha, Cram. (1), is probably an outlying
member of this red and black group.
It is by no means improbable that the outlying gigantic
mimic, Papilio antimachus, Drury, will also ultimately be
found here.
MIMICRY IN OTHER GROUPS.
Atella phalantha (144), so common all over Africa,
occurs plentifully in the collection, together with its mimic,
Pseudargynnis hegemone, Godt. (35), from many of the
same localities. As is so often the case, the resemblance
is closer in the 9 than in the ¢.
Mimicry among the Prerine.
Three very differently coloured species of Mylothris form
the models of three well-marked groups.
I. Mylothris yacksont, HK. M. Sharpe, with white fore wings
and sulphur-yellow hind wings, is only represented by a
notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 221
single specimen in the Wiggins collection, but it appears
to be common in other collections from the same area,
It is mimicked by :—
A yellow hind-winged 2 form of Belenois zochalia, f.
Jormosa, Butler, of which there are three specimens. Of
the ordinary form of the 2 there are 2, and 44 2 2.
Phrissura lasti, Grose-Smith (1).
Phrissura phoebe, Butler, (2), 1n which the resemblance
is on the upper surface alone.
Il. Mylothris agathina (139), a very common species, is
white with blackish marginal spots on the upperside,
while beneath, the apex of fore wings and whole of hind
wings are ochreous; furthermore the base of underside
fore wing is largely, and that of hind wing slightly, diffused
with orange-red.
These characters on both surfaces are faithfully imitated
by :—
Belenois thysa, Hopft. (14).
Pinacopteryx rubrocostalis, Lanz. (14).
Phrissura phoebe (2), mimics I, agathina on the under
surface only, thus entering Group II. as well as I.
TIT. Mylothris yulit, Butler (25), and Iylothris poppea,
Cram. (40), form a synaposematic pair, both being silvery-
white with black marginal markings and both having the
base of the fore-wing underside flushed with ochreous.
They are closely mimicked by :—
Phrissura sylvia, Fabr. (17).
Pinacopteryx dixeyi, Neave (12).
The latter species is only represented in the collections
from the Toro country on the eastern slopes of the
Ruwenzori Mts., some distance west of the Lake. The other
species occur both east and west of the Lake.
The extremely abundant yellow and black erias—
T. brigitta, Cram. (89)
T. desjardinsi, f. regularis, Boisd. (45)
T. senegalensis (70)
are closely mimicked by the Lyczenid, Zeriomima xantha,
Grose-Smith (4).
222 Lronomac notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza
Seasonal Forms.
Pressure of time, owing to my sudden departure to N.E.
Rhodesia in January 1904, prevented me from studying
the seasonal forms in this collection as much as I should
have wished. They seem to be mainly of interest in the
following particular. Just as on the equator the seasons
are not nearly so well marked as in South Africa, so the
seasonal forms are not so well marked, while intermediates
are more common.
The most interesting specimens are several fine dry
season Precis calestina, Dewitz, and some remarkable
intermediate and dry specimens of P. archesia, Godt.
In conclusion, I should like to express my unbounded
gratitude to Professor Poulton, D.Sc., F.R.S., of the Hope
Department, Oxford University Museum, at whose sugges-
tion the work was undertaken, and who has given me the
inestimable benefit of his unique knowledge of these
subjects.
Fia.
Fia.
2b.
eno
Explanation of Plates. 223
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Prarn 1X
Amauris hecate, Butler, ¢. From Toro, Western Uganda.
Amauris psyttalea psyttalea, Plotz, @. From Toro. Ex-
hibiting a great general resemblance to Fig. 1 by reason
of the reduction of pale basal area and submarginal spots
on the hind wing as compared with Fig. 3.
Amauris psyttalea damoclides, Staud., 2.
” Lb) ” ”
From the N.E. shove of the Lake.
Amauris albimaculata hanningtoni, Butler, ¢.
” ” ” ” 0
From Toro, Exhibiting a great resemblance to the fore-
going by reason of the large spot in the discoidal cell
of the fore wing, and in the marked submarginal spotting
of the hind wing.
Amauris albimaculata albimaculata, Butler, ¢.
” ” 9) 99 :
From Malvern, near Durban, S.A. Exhibiting a strong
contrast to the preceding Uganda specimens.
Amauris echeria jacksoni, Sharpe, 3.
” 9 ” ” 2
From Entebbe on the W. shore of the Lake. Remarkable
for large size and well-marked spot in the discoidal cell
as compared with the next species.
Amauris echeria echeria, Stoll, ¢.
” ” ” ”
d from Malvern near Durban, S.A. 2 from Durban.
PEATE Xe
Planema poggei, Dewitz, ¢. From N.E. of the Lake.
Remarkable for its brilliant orange discal bar on the
fore wing, and white bar on the hind wing.
Acrxa aurivillii, Staud., ¢. Synaposematic with the
above. From N.W. shore of the Lake.
Pseudacrea kuenowi neumanni, Thur, ¢. From N.W.
shore of the Lake. Bears a marvellous resemblance on
both surfaces to Fig. 1.
Pseudacrea hobleyi, Neave, ¢. From Entebbe, N.W.
shore of the Lake.
Precis rawana, Grose-Smith, 3.
” ” ” P:
¢ from N.E., ¢ from N.W. shore of the Lake. The 9
only is mimetic.
Elymnias bammakoo, Westw., ¢. From N.W. shore of
the Lake.
Papilio dardanus 9 f. planemoides, Trim, This magnificent
form, with its orange discal bar to the fore wing and
white basal area to the hind wing, bears a very close
resemblance to the model.
bo
eS)
nS
Fia.
FIé.
Ie
la.
aS)
3.
3a,
or
Explanation of Plates.
PLATE
Melinda formosa, Godm., ¢.
” ” ” Q
¢ from Kikuyu escarpment. @ from N.E. shore of the
Lake.
Papilio vex, Oberth., ¢.
” ” bh] 2 Ms
From the Kikuyu escarpment.
Prare XT
Papilio vex, f. intermediate to ¢ mimeticus, Rothsch.
” ” ” ” ” 2 ” ”
From N.E. shore of the Lake. From this locality both the
Danaines, M. formosa and M. mercedonia, occur.
Melinda mercedonia, Karsch., 4.
From the N.W. shore of the Lake.
Papilio mimeticus, Rothsch., ?.
From the N.W. shore of the Lake.
XIII. On the habits of a species of Ptyelus in British Kast
Africa. By S.L. HINDE. Communicated, with Notes,
by Professor E. B, Poutron, F.RS.
[Read June 6th, 1906.]
Prank xt
[Mr. S. L. Hrnpg, in a letter written from Fort Hall,
British East Africa, Jan. 12, 1903, gives the following
account of the locality and mode of occurrence of an insect
which is closely allied to Ptyelus flavescens, ¥., if indeed it
is not actually the same species.—K. B. P.|
“T have started a new station, which ought to be a nice
collecting ground. It is perhaps 6000 ft. altitude, on the
east of Kinangop * and Sattima, 7. e. Aberdare Range: the
bamboo is only about six or seven miles away. The Bam-
boo Forest is about 9000 to 11,000 ft. altitude. Kenya
(17,200 ft.) is about fifty miles away, across the Tana
Valley.
“T send you a most interesting insect, which grouped
resembles flowers in the imagines and fruit or buds in the
larva; it is a cuckoo-spit we found on the banks of the
Chania River (where I have placed the new station); the
Chania River is a large one, not marked onany map. The
insects were on a large tree, perhaps 40 ft. high, and almost
every branch was covered with insects, and there was a
continuous drip under the tree like rain from their secre-
tions. When within 6 to 10 ft. or more of the insects
they looked like flowers and fruit or buds. On the ground
there were larvee and imagines, singly and in groups, that,
had fallen off the tree. I broke off a branch covered with
insects and brought it to the tent. Mrs. Hinde made
sketches at once, which we send by this mail. I send you
also a box of the insects which have already faded.”
Notes by Professor EH. B. Poulton.
The specimens sent by Mr. Hinde in illustration of his
remarks are to be seen in the British Natural History
* In a letter, dated July 2, 1906, from Fort Hall, Mr. Hinde
writes :—“ Kinangop on many maps, real name Nandarua (altitude
13,000 ft.), is the southern end of the Aberdare or Sattima Range.
The insects were found on the Chania River (altitude 5,800 ft.) on
the ground that is now Nyeri Government Station, sixteen miles
north-east of Nandarua.”
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (SEPT.)
226 Mr. 8. L. Hinde on the habits of a
Museum and the Hope Department, Oxford University
Museum. They were compared by Mr. C. O. Waterhouse
and myself with specimens of Péyelus flavescens, F., in the
British Museum, and probably belong to this species, allow-
ing for the change of colour described by Mr. Hinde and
shown by comparison with Mrs. Hinde’s paintings, repre-
senting an insect for which flavescens would be a most
appropriate name.
The locality given on Mrs. Hinde’s drawings is Nyeri.
The native name of the tree appears on the drawings as
“Muroha.” I have sent Mrs. Hinde’s careful drawing of
it to Kew, and the Director kindly informs me that it is
probably a species of Heptapleurum (Araliacer).
Livingstone observed in Angola an insect evidently
allied to the Piyelus painted by Mrs. Hinde.* He speaks
of it as congregating in small companies of seven or eight
on the smaller branches of trees of the Fig family. Such
a group would produce three or four pints of fluid in the
course of a night. He does not enable us to infer whether
many companies inhabit a single tree, but the impression
is produced that the numbers are very much less than those
described by Mr. Hinde and shown in Mrs. Hinde’s draw-
ings. Livingstone believed that the fluid was derived from
the atmosphere and not from the tree and made some
experiments which appeared to support his opinion. They
are however unconvincing, while so improbable a conten-
tion demands for its establishment the most incontro-
vertible of evidence.
Dr. David Sharp, F.R.S., gives the following account of
two species with habits somewhat similar to those described
by Mr. Hinde :—“In Madagascar it is said that Ptyelus
goudoti exudes so much fluid that five or six dozen larvae
would about fill a quart vessel in an hour and a half t
.. In Ceylon the larva of Machexrota quitigera constructs
tubes fixed to the twigs of the tulip-tree, and from the
tube water is exuded drop by drop.” (Cambridge Natural
History, Insects, Pt. IT. London, 1899, pp. 577, 578.) This
latter fact is opposed to Livingstone’ S hypothesis, Inasmuch
as the tube would tend to hinder contact with the air.
The interpretation of the copious exudation is almost
certainly to be found in the relatively small amount of
* “ Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa,” pp. 415-
417. London, 1857.
+ See also Westwood, Introd. Mod. Class. Ins., Lond. 1840, vol. 11.,
p. 438.
Species of Ptyclus in British East Africa, 227
nutriment contained in the sap, so that a great quantity
must pass through the body of the insect in order to yield
a sufficient supply of food. Analysis of sap drawn direct
from the tree as compared with that of the fluid which
has passed through the body of the insect might well
yield interesting results bearing upon the physiology of
insect nutrition.
The frothy covering is a good example of the utilization
of an excretory substance for the purposes of defence, entirely
analogous to the covering of fseces constructed by many
larvee, the calcium carbonate in the form of minute arra-
gonite crystals rubbed into its cocoon by Bombyx neustria,
or the hardened paste of calcium oxalate excreted and
made use of by the larva of Hriogaster lanestris.
Dr. David Sharp (1. c. p. 578) makes the following state-
ment concerning the protective value of the froth :—“ The
frog-spit is considered by some naturalists to be a pro-
tective device; the larvee are, however, a favourite food
with certain Hymenoptera, which pick out the larvae from
the spits and carry them off to be used as stores of pro-
visions for their larve.” It is strange that Dr. Sharp
should quote this observation as if in refutation of the
opinion that the secretion is protective. I do not know
of a single naturalist, except the late Dr. Haase, who holds
or has held that any defence of this kind is effective
against all enemies and that universal immunity is thereby
conferred. Such a conclusion is unthinkable, and yet it
is the only conclusion controverted by Dr. Sharp’s state-
ment. The category of special defences to which belongs
the covering of froth involves conspicuousness and easy
capture by special classes of enemies. But can it be
doubted that the adaptation confers nevertheless a balance
of advantage in the struggle for existence? The justifica-
tion of any such doubt requires evidence on a very different
scale from that brought forward by Dr. Sharp.
The method by which the froth is produced has been
misunderstood and erroneously described probably by every
author who has written upon the subject, until it was
studied by my friend, Professor E. 8. Morse of Salem,
Massachusetts. Even his account is but little known by
entomologists, because published in a somewhat unusual
channel.* The general statement has always been that
* At first in an elementary book on zoology: later in Appleton’s
“* Popular Science Monthly ” for May 1900, p, 23.
228 The habits of a Species of Ptyelus.,
the Aphrophora secretes or emits the froth from its body.
Thus Dr. Sharp summarizes the older opinion in the
following words:—“‘. . When in the immature stages,
certain of them [Cercopidx] have the art of emitting the
liquid in the form of bubbles which accumulate round the
insect and conceal it” (Lc. p. 577). Professor Morse shows
that when the insect is cleared from the bubbles and
placed on its food-plant, “it will crawl quite rapidly along
the stem ... , stopping at times to pierce the stem for
the purpose of sucking the juices within, and finally
settling down in earnest, evidently exerting some force in
thrusting its piercing apparatus through the outer layers,
as shown by the firm way in which it clutches the stem
with its legs. After sucking for some time, a clear fluid
is seen to slowly exude from the posterior end of the
abdomen, flowing over the body first and gradually filling
up the spaces between the legs and the lower part of the
body and the stem upon which it rests... . During all
this time not a trace of an air-bubble appears; simply a
clear, slightly viscid fluid is exuded, and this is the only
matter that escapes from the insect. ... This state of
partial immersion continues for half-an-hour or more. .
Suddenly the insect begins to make bubbles by turning
its tail out of the fluid, opening the posterior segment,
which appears like claspers, and grasping a moiety of air,
then turning the tail down into the fluid and instantly
allowing the enclosed air to escape. . . . These movements
go on at the rate of seventy or eighty times a minute.
At the outset the tail is moved alternately to the right
and left in perfect rhythm, so that the bubbles are dis-
tributed on both sides of the body, and these are crowded
towards the head till the entire fluid is filled with bubbles,
and the froth thus made runs over the back and around
the stem.” Many other interesting facts and observations
are recorded in this paper which should, I think, be repro-
duced in a more accessible form, together with the simple
but entirely adequate illustrations. The probability of
some accessory aid to respiration by means of thin-walled
leaf-like appendages is also discussed. The whole problem
of the respiration of the insect enclosed in its mass of
froth would be a fascinating subject of inquiry. The mere
contemplation of it is enough to bring home the utter
improbability of the older view as to the origin of the
included gas,—K, B. PouLron.
Explanation of Plate. 229
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
The main drawing of the larvee, ete., on the tree was made from
life by Mrs. §. L. Hinde on Dec. 5, 1902. It is reduced to about
} of the natural size.
The two drawings of the perfect insect with wings expanded and
closed respectively and the two drawings of the immature stages
were made from life by Mrs. Hinde on Dec, 2, 1902. These are
unreduced.
ee
(N23) )
XIV. Studies of the Blattide. By R. SHELForRD, M.A.,
E.L.S.
{Read June 6th, 1906. ]
Praras* XDV—=X Vi
I
REMARKS ON THE SUB-FAMILIES ECTOBIINE[ and PHYLLO-
DROMIIN A.
A CAREFUL study of the genera composing the sub-families
Ectobiinee and Phyllodromiinz has convinced me that the
characters usually employed to discriminate the members
of the respective sub-families are so diverse in structure
even within generic limits that but little reliance can be
placed on them as criteria of distinction. The short trans-
verse supra-anal lamina, the presence of a triangular apical
field in the wings or of a large reflected apical area, and
the sparse armature of the femora are the so-called
diagnostic features of the Ectobiine. Yet nearly all the
species of the genus Anaplecta, and many species of the
genus Theyanopteryx have the supra-anal lamina produced
and triangular; again, the triangular apical field appears
in numerous species of Phyllodromiinz, sometimes much
reduced in size but often as large as in Hetobia lapponica, L. ;
now as the presence of this apical field is more or less a
mechanical result of a peculiar method of wing-folding, it
is a character that may be expected to re-appear in other
sub-families of Llattidx, and such indeed is found to be the
case, too much importance therefore should not be attached
to it alone as a diagnostic feature. The armature of the
femora is also unsatisfactory; for though the posterior
femora of Hctobia and of Anaplecta are armed with only
two spines on the anterior margin beneath, in Pseadectobia
and Theganopteryx they are frequently strongly spined,
whilst in Chrastoblatta and Caloblatta, two Phyllodromiine
genera, the femora are most sparsely armed. It will be
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.)
232 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
seen by the foregoing that the Kctobiinze and Phyllodrominee
possess features common to both sub-families, and the
question arises as to whether there does exist a character
that can be relied on as adiagnostic criterion of sub-family
rank. I own to having been nearly completely baffled in my
search for such a character, and I have seriously considered
the advisability of transferring the genera Hetobia and
Hololampra (= Aphlebia) to the Phyllodromiine, leaving
in the depauperated Kctobiunze—henceforth to be called,
following de Saussure, the Anaplectinz—only the genus
Anaplecta and a new genus described below.
However, it is not necessary to make such a revolutionary
change, for I believe that I have hit on a feature of great
use in distinguishing the members of the two sub-families
in question, namely, the form of the vena ulnaris of the
wing. This vein is either simple or bifurcated or else
ramose, and it is to be noted that when this vein is ramose
a reduction in size of the triangular apical field generally
ensues, the reduction leading on in many cases to entire
obliteration. Moreover it is possible to trace a shifting
backwards of the apical triangle ; in Hetobia lapponica, L.,
this field is close to the anterior margin of the wing so that
the median vein and ulnar vein impinge on its upper
border, and do not attain the outer margin of the wing;
in such a species as Zheganopteryx conspersa, Sss., the apical
triangle is shifted back so that the median vein and the
upper branch of the bifureated ulnar vein reach the outer
margin of the wing, anterior to the apical triangle ie
only, the lower branch of the ulnar vein impinges on it ;
many species of Phyllodromia the median vein and the
numerous branches of a ramose ulnar vein all reach the
outer margin of the wing, the apical triangle having
undergone a further backward shifting ; finally we have
those forms, such as the species of Pscudomops i in which
the apical triangle has disappeared entirely, and in these
the anterior part of the wing projects beyond the posterior
part, producing a marked sinuosity of the outer margin.
Taking into consideration the great range of variation of
these characters, I find it not possible to use them as criteria
of sub-family rank, except to this extent, that all forms
with a single or bifurcate ulnar vem and a conspicuous
fo)
triangular apical field may be regarded as Ectobiine, and
5
those forms with ramose ulnar vein as Phyllodromiine,
whether the apical triangle is present reduced or absent.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the blattide. 233
Brief diagnoses of these two sub-families may be given
as follows :—
EcToBin&.—Femora spined beneath ; sub-genital lamina
of female not provided with valves ; supra-anal lamina not
qguadrate or lobate; wings when present with a conspicwous
triangular apical field or reflected apreal area, the ulnar
vein simple or bifurcate; tarsi without pulvilli.
PHYLLODROMIINA.—Femora spined beneath ; sub-genital
lamina of female not provided with valves; supra-anal
lamina not quadrate or lobate; wings when present with
or without a triangular apical field, never with a reflected
apual area, the ulnar vein ramose ; tarsi without pulvillr.
In spite of this new importance attached to the form of
the vena ulnaris of the wings only three changes of genera
are necessitated, viz. Psewdectobia is transferred from the
Kcetobiinee to the Phyllodromiine ; Hemithyrsocera, Sss.,
and Mallotoblatta, Sss. and Zhutn., from the Phyllodro-
miing to the Ectobiinw. Pscwdectobia was considered by
de Saussure as a division only of the genus Theganopteryz,
Br., but such species as P. insuwlaris, Sss., and P. liturifera,
Stal., in their general facies are quite Phyllodromiine in
appearance and moreover have the femora strongly spined,
whilst the supra-anal lamina in some species is produced.
Hemithyrsocera nigra, Br., and fH. histrio, Burm., have been
actually re-described by de Saussure (Mél. Orthopt. 1,
pp. 50 and 52, 1869) as Theganopteryx indica and Th.
jucunda respectively, surely sufficient testimony to the
difficulty of discriminating between Ectobiinee and Phyllo-
dromiinz, if no account is taken of the form of the vena
ulnaris alarum. J/allotoblatta is placed by de Saussure
and Zehntner with some doubt in the Phyllodromiine,
and the sub-family Kctobiinze is suggested by these
authors as the correct resting-place for this interesting
genus. If the form of the vena ulnaris alarum in con-
junction with the extent of the triangular apical field is
consulted by systematists, I believe that little or no
difficulty will be experienced in deciding into which of the
two sub-familes a given species is to be placed. Some
exceptions, it is true, must be noted; firstly, the new
genus described below on page 247, which, though quite
evidently closely allied to Anaplecta, nevertheless has the
vena ulnaris alarum ramose; secondly, Phyllodronia
234 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
germania, L., and allied species such as P. parenthesis,
Gerst., P. madecassa, Sss., and P. humbertiana, Sss., which
have the vena ulnaris alarum simple or bifurcate; in
these species however the triangular apical field is much
reduced, and for the present they must be regarded as
forms transitional between the Phyllodromiinz and Kcto-
biine. The species dificilis, Sss., and massuex, Sss., l remove
from the genus Phyllodromia to Theganopterys ; in these
the supra- ‘anal lamina is shortly produced or transverse,
which character in conjunction with the prominent tri-
angular field and simple or bifurcate vena ulnaris, renders
their transfer only logical.
The genus Pachnepteryx, Br., | am unable to place with
certainty since I have seen no examples and the wing-
venation of the known species has never been described.
It is quite evident that Zhyrsocera histrio, Burm., cannot
be referred to the genus Pachnepteryx as suggested by
Brunner (Nouv. Syst. des Blatt., p. 116, 1865), it belongs
to the genus /Hemithyrsocera. I agree with de Saussure
in relegating Chorisonewra to the sub-family Oxyhaloinze
(= Plectopterine).
Genus MALLOTOBLATTA, Sss. and Zhntn.
Mallotoblatta obscura, n. sp.
¢. Head, pronotum and tegmina with sparse erect hairs. Rufo-
castaneous. Vertex, antennee at the base, abdomen, legs and cerci
testaceous. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides deflexed with the lateral
and anterior margins hyaline, disc rufo-castaneous with sometimes
an irregular central macula testaceous in colour. Mediastinal and
marginal fields of tegmina hyaline ; wings hyaline with the veins
rufo-fuscous. Tegmina with thirteen to fifteen costal veins, the
most distal ones branched, radial vein bifurcated, discoidal field
traversed by six longitudinal veins, anal vein reaching the sutural
margin at one-third of its length. Wings with nine to ten costal
veins, their extremities swollen, radial vein bifurcated, median vein
simple, ulnar vein simple, first axillary vein bifurcated, triangular
apical field prominent, projecting beyond the anterior part of the
wing. Anterior femora armed on the anterior margin beneath in
the proximal half with three long spines, in the distal half with
numerous short spines (type A of de Saussure); the posterior femora
are armed with five spines on each border beneath ; the formula of
the apical spines is }, t, 6; a genicular spine is absent from the
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 235
anterior femora. Supra-anal lamina slightly produced, trigonal ;
sub-genital lamina produced, irregular in shape, without styles ; cerci
mutilated. On each side of the middle line of the sixth abdominal
tergum appears a mamilliform tubercle with a small orifice at the
summit of each.
Total length 10 mm. ; length of tegmina 7 mm.
Mapras. Five examples. (Oxford Museum.)
The specimens are in bad condition, and the erect hairs
in some examples have been rubbed off. I have no doubt
however of the correct generic position of the species.
Genus THEGANOPTERYX, Br.
Theganopteryx apriigera, Wik.
Blatta apicigera, Walker, Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 227 (1868).
g and @. Rufo-testaceous or flavo-testaceous. Head, antenne,
legs and cerci fusco-castaneous ; abdomen testaceous above, darker
below. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides not deflexed, with hyaline lateral
margins. Tegmina with the apices fuscous, the part of the right
tegmen overlapped by the left, hyaline, twelve costal veins, anterior
ulnar vein quadri-ramose, posterior ulnarvein simple. Wings hyaline,
apex infuscated, marginal field flavo-testaceous, ten to eleven costal
veins, their extremities swollen, median vein simple, ulnar vein
bifurcate, first axillary vein tri-ramose, triangular apical field
conspicuous but not projecting beyond the anterior part of the
wing. Anterior femora not spined beneath, mid- and posterior
femora with two or three spines only on each margin beneath ;
formula of apical spines }, +, t3 no genicular spine on anterior
femora. Supra-anal lamina of male short, rounded, of female
slightly produced ; sub-genital lamina of male ample, with two
styles. Ootheca with a longitudinal crest and carried with the
crest uppermost, so that the eggs are vertically disposed. Cerei
elongate.
Type (@.) Total length 11 mm.; length of tegmina 9°5 mm.
Bo a “ Smms i 8 mm.
Or; 3 » llto12mm.; length of tegmina 9 to 10 mm.
JAVA (Wallace—Type), SumMaTRA (Weyers), SARAWAK,
Borneo (Shelford). Nine examples. (Oxford Museum.)
The position of the ootheca when carried by the female
before deposition is not a character of sub-family import-
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 16
236 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidzx.
ance; in all the Ectobime the ootheca is carried in the
way described above, but it is so carried also by Eillipsidiwm
and some species even of Phyllodromia.
Theganopteryx bouviert, n. sp.
¢. Testaceous. Head rufous, antenne testaceous; pronotum
rufous, with hyaline borders, a central line and a broad crescentic
macula in the hinder part of the disc, testaceous; tegmina pale
testaceous, hyaline; wings hyaline with the veins testaceous ;
abdomen above rufous, beneath castaneous ; legs and cerci rufous.
Pronotum transversely hexagonal, the postero-lateral borders one-
third the length of the posterior margin; the posterior margin
obtusely angled. Tegmina with twenty-one costal veins; ulnar
vein with eleven oblique branches, posterior ulnar not visible.
Wings with seventeen costal veins, the last two or three bifurcate,
their extremities slightly swollen, ulnar vein bifurcate before the
middle, first axillary vein tri-ramose, triangular apical field large,
but not projecting beyond the anterior part of wing. Anterior
femora with no spines beneath, posterior femora with two spines
on each margin beneath ; formula of apical spines 4, t, +; genicular
spines on all the legs. Supra-anal lamina produced, triangular,
sub-genital lamina without styles.
Total length 12°5 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm.
DreGo SuAREZ, MApAGaAscaR (Allwaud, April 1896).
Seven examples. (Paris Museum.)
Named in honour of Professor Bouvier, to whom I am
indebted for the opportunity of examining an interesting
collection of Blattide in the Paris Museum.
Theganopteryx gambiensis, n. sp.
¢. Coloration almost the same as in Eetobia lapponica, L.; head
piceous, antenne fuscous ; pronotum castaneous, anterior and lateral
margins hyaline ; tegmina flavo-testaceous, marginal field hyaline ;
wings infuscated ; abdomen fuscous with testaceous lateral margins
above and below, the last two segments and the supra anal lamina
testaceous above ; first pair of coxe testaceous, second and third
pairs tipped with testaceous, first pair of femora castaneous, second
pair castaneous at apex and along lower margin the remainder
testaceous. (third pair missing), tibiee testaceous tipped with cast-
aneous, spines testaceous ; cerci fuscous. Tegmina with ten costal
veins, radial vein ramose at extremity, anterior ulnar vein bi-
furcated, posterior ulnar multi-ramose. Wings as in Lectobia
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 237
lapponica, L. Supra-anal lamina shortly triangular ; ante-penulti-
mate segment with posterior border notched ; sub-genital lamina
produced, rounded, without styles, the sternum of the preceding
segment represented by two lateral lappets, the central part concealed
beneath the preceding sternum.
Total length 13 mm.; length of tegmina 11 mm.
GAMBIA. One example (Oxford Museum).
This species is remarkably like Hetobia lapponiea, L., the
resemblance extending to the wing structure; the venation
of the tegmina is however sufficient to separate the species.
The following table shows the differences between the
four known species of Zheganopteryx from W. Africa :—
1, Pronotum bordered with hyaline.
2. Tegmina not black.
3. Tegmina with 20 to 22 costal
veins, wing venation different
from that of H.lapponica . . T. senegalensis, Sss.
3. Tegmina with 10 costal veins,
wing venation exactly as in
E. lapponica. . . . . . . FT. gambiensis, mihi.
2’. Tegmina black . .... . «. 2. xthiopica, Sss.
1’. Pronotum not bordered with hyaline . 7’. nitida, Borg.
Blatia amena, W1k., $, appears to be the same as 7’, sene-
galensis, Sss., but the female is a species of Temnopteryx ;
a specimen from Natal under the same name in the British
Museum is a distinct species of Zheganopteryx. I doubt
if Blaita fulvipes, Wik., can be separated from Blatta
amena, W|k., f.
Theganopteryx xethiopica, Sauss.
The form of the “ titillator” isshown in Plate XV, fig. 3,
it is almost identical in 7h. senegalensis, Sauss.
Genus HEMITHYRSOCERA, Sss.
This is not a satisfactory genus, unless it is restricted to
one species, histrio, Burm., which has plumose antenne in
both sexes, and exhibits a remarkable form of sub-genital
lamina in the male; in the other species the antennz are
inconspicuously pilose in the male sex and not pilose in the
female, and there is really little to prevent the inclusion of
238 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
the species in the genus 7heganopteryx ; in some of the
species the posterior ulnar vein of the tegmina is markedly
angled, in others it is not. The form of the “titillator ”
in H. lateralis, Wik. (= H. major, Br.) is shown in Plate
XV, fig. 2, and is seen to be very different from that in
Th. wethiopica, Sss.; unfortunately we know so little of the
structure of this organ in the Blattidie, that at present
we can make no use of it in generic distinctions. The
titillator of H. histrio, Burm., is almost the same as in
HT, lateralis, Wlk.
The synonymy of Hemithyrsocera histrio, Burm., is here
given :—
Thyrsocera histrio, Burm., Handb. Ent. 1, p. 499, n. 7
(1838).
Blattia lateralis, Serv., Ins. Orth. p. 107 (1839).
Phyllodromia inversa, Br., Nouv. Syst. d. Blatt. p. 96,
n. 8 (1865).
Pseudomops fissa, W1k., Cat. Blatt. B. M., p. 213 (1868).
Theganopteryx jucunda, Sauss., Mel. Orth. Me Oe 52
(1869).
Thyrsocera lineaticollis, Bol., An. Soc. Espan. xix, p. 302
(1890).
The sub-genital lamina and adjacent parts in the male
are figured on Plate XV, fig. 1.
Hemithyrsocera wnobilis, n. sp,
2. Differs from H. ferruginea, Br., in its smaller size ; the golden
lateral margins of the pronotum reach the anterior margin, but are not
curved inwards here to the extent that they are in ferruginea ; the
posterior legs and the tips of the cerci are ferrugineous.
Total length 12°5 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm.
No locality. (An identical specimen in the British
Museum comes from the Khasia Hills.)
One example (Oxford Museum).
Genus EScALA, nov.
Allied to Theganopteryx, Br., but the sub-genital lamina of the
male bearing an asymmetrical lobe which may be unarmed, or
armed with a series of hooks or replaced by a stout hook ; the right
style sometimes absent, the left style accuminate. Supra-anal
lamina produced, triangular, not projecting beyond the sub-genital
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 239
lamina; cercielongate. Wings with median and ulnar veins simple,
reaching the outer margin of the wing, anterior to the somewhat
inconspicuous apical triangle.
Escala circumducta, Wk. (Plate XV, fig. 4.)
Blatta circumducta, Walker, Cat. Blatt. B. M. Suppl.
p. 142 (1869).
d. Testaceous. Head rufo-castaneous ; antenne, palpi clypeus
testaceous. Pronotum with the disc rufous, lateral and anterior
margins hyaline and a central testaceous macula. Tegmina with
twelve costal veins, mediastinal vein bifurcate, radial vein with
extremity ramose. Wings clear hyaline, with ten costal veins,
radial vein bifurcate near the apex, apical triangle elongate but
narrow, first axillary vein tri-ramose. Posterior femora with three
spines on anterior margin beneath, four on posterior margin ;
formula of apical spines, +, +, 1, no genicular spine on anterior femora.
Supra-anal lamina produced, triangular, but doubled on itself so
that in dorsal view the apex cannot be seen and the lamina appears
then to be short and transverse. Sub-genital lamina ample, semi-
circular in outline. The left style acuminate, the right absent, the
lobe bearing five curved hooks bent over the edge of the sub-genital
plate. Cerci elongate.
Total length 14 mm. ; length of tegmina 11°5 mm.
ADELAIDE, 8S. AUSTRALIA. Five specimens, including
the type (Oxford Museum).
Escala longiuscula, Wik. (Plate XV, fig. 5.)
Blatta longiuscula, Walker, Cat. Blatt. B. M. Suppl.
p. 143 (1869).
¢. Testaceous; head rufo-testaceous; lateral and anterior mar-
gins of pronotum hyaline. Tegmina with nineteen costal veins,
radial vein not bifurcate, not ramose at extremity, anterior ulnar
vein bifurcate, posterior ulnar multi-ramose. Wings as in preceding
species. Posterior femora with five spines on each margin beneath,
formula of apical spines }, }, +, genicular spines on all the femora.
Supra-anal lamina produced, trigonal ; sub-genital lamina as in the
preceding species, the right style absent, the lobe modified to form
a stout double-pointed hook ; cerci elongate, their apices curved
downwards.
Total length 13 mm.; length of tegmina 11 mm.
ADELAIDE. Four examples, including the type (Oxford
Museum).
240 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
Hscala insignis, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 6.)
d. Rufo-testaceous ; head castaneous, anterior and lateral mar-
gins of pronotum hyaline ; wings clear hyaline with rufous shading
on either side of the apical triangle ; abdomen and legs testaceous.
Tegmina with thirteen costal veins, anterior ulnar vein bifurcate,
posterior ulnar vein ramose. Wings with eleven costal veins, first
axillary vein bifurcate, apical triangle larger than in the two preced-
ing species. Supra-anal lamina not much produced, trigonal ; sub-
genital lamina ample with two acuminate styles and an asymmetrical
lobe, covered with short setee but not armed with hooks.
Total length 115 mm.; length of tegmina 9°5 mm.
AUSTRALIA. Two examples (Oxford Museum).
This species is structurally very close to Theganopteryx
and may be regarded as the least highly modified species
of the genus scala. In general facies the species resemble
each other closely, but the nature of the sub-genital
lamina affords admirable specific characteristics, and if this
is examined there can be no possible difficulty in distin-
guishing the species. I have seen no female examples of
the genus.
Genus ANAPLECTA, Burm.
Anaplecta maculata, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 7.)
@. Castaneous; head rufous, antennee fuscous; lateral margins
of the pronotum and tegmina pellucid ; a testaceous macula in the
centre of the pronotum but nearer the posterior than the anterior
margin ; wings infuscated ; the ventral surface of the abdomen, the
legs and cerci testaceous. 'Tegmina with seven parallel costal veins,
the discoidal field traversed by four longitudinal veins, the anal vein
impressed. Wings with five costal veins joimed by oblique venule,’
the marginal field not dilated, the medio-discal field crossed by six
transverse venule, the first of which is oblique, no longitudinal vein
dividing the apical part of the medio-discal field, two transverse
venulze anteriorly connecting the median with the ulnar vein, the
first axillary vein tri-ramose, apical area two-fifths of total wing-
length.
Total length 6°5 mm.; length of tegmina 5 mm.
PunpDaLoya, CrYLon (#. FH. Green coll, Feb. 1897).
Two examples (Oxford Museum).
This and at least two other species are in the British
Museum under the label Phyllodromia (?) gyrinoides,
Wik. I have compared 4. maculata, mibi, and the two
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 241
following species with Walker's type and find that they
are quite different from it; gyrinoides, Wlk., also from
Ceylon is undoubtedly a species of Anaplecta. The genus
has not hitherto been recorded from Ceylon. A. maculata
falls into the section of the genus that includes A. major,
Sss. and Zhnt., A. dohrniana, Sss. and Zhnt.
Anaplecta zeylanica, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 8.)
@. Small ; rufo-castaneous ; pronotum and tegmina with the lateral
margins hyaline ; legs and cerci testaceous. egmina with six costal
veins, discoidal field with three longitudinal veins. Wings with the
apical area, marginal field and veins pale fuscous, six costal veins,
marginal field slightly dilated, medio-discal field crossed by four
transverse venulw and the median vein connected with the ulnar vein
by two transverse venule near the apex, first axillary vein tri-ramose,
apical area parabolic, its basal margin not angled, nearly one-half of
total wing-length. Supra-anal lamina produced, trigonal,
Total length, 4 mm. ; length of tegmina, 3°7 mm.
CrYLon (Thwaites, 1872). One example (Oxford
Museum).
It is possible that the species is conspecific with A. fulva,
Br., from Burma, but the description of that species does
not include an account of the wing venation.
Anaplecta thwaitesi, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 9.)
Q. Head castaneous ; pronotum castaneous with broad hyaline
lateral margins ; tegmina flavo-hyaline, wings with the apical area,
marginal field and veins fuscous ; abdomen fuscous; legs and cerci
testaceous, Tegmina with eleven costal veins, the ulnar vein multi-
ramose, the bases of the mediastinal and median veins and the anal
vein strongly marked with castaneous. Wings with six costal veins,
their extremities swollen, the marginal field dilated, the first bifur-
cated and connected with the humeral branch of the radial vein by
an oblique venula, a transverse venula joins the humeral and discoidal
branches of the radial vein near their point of origin, medio-discal
field crossed by five transverse venulew, ulnar vein bifurcate, first
axillary vein quadri-ramose, apical area parabolic, its base slightly
obtusely angled, two-fifths of total wing-length. Supra-anal lamina
produced, trigonal, slightly emarginate.
Total length 6 mm. ; length of tegmina 5 mm.
CreyYLon (Thwaites). One example (Oxford Museum).
242 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
Anaplecta malayensis, sp. n. (Plate XV, fig. 10.)
gf and ?. Fusco-castaneous, lateral margins of pronotum and teg-
mina hyaline. Tegmina with seven costal veins, discoidal field
traversed by four longitudinal veins, anal vein impressed. Wings
with marginal field and apical area fuscous, with five costal veins,
marginal field not dilated, radial vein bifurcate, medio-discal field
crossed by three to four transverse venule, ulnar field half as broad,
firstaxillary vein tri-ramose, apical area two-fifths of total wing-length,
its basal margin obtusely angled.
&. Total length 5 mm.; length of tegmina4mm. ¢. Total length
5 mm.; length of tegmina 4°8 mm.
MALay PENINSULA (Errington de la Crovx and P. Chapé.
1899). Three examples (Paris Museum).
Anaplecta obscura, sp. n. (Plate XV, fig. 12.)
@. Fusco-castaneous, smooth, shining. Head piceous, maxillary palpi
testaceous, antenne fuscous ; lateral margins of pronotum and medi-
astinal fields of tegmina hyaline ; centre of abdomen beneath, legs
and cerci testaceous ; wings with the marginal field and most of the
apical area infuscated, an oblique pale fascia crosses the upper half of
theapical area. Wings with the marginal field dilated, seven costal veins,
median vein obsolescent, curving from the apex of the radial vein to
join it again near its middle, thus forming a trapezoidal areolet, 1st
axillary vein bi-ramose, a short branch being given off from the
transverse bar joining the two rami, apical area equals half the total
wing-length, its basal margin straight.
Total length 4 mm. ; length of tegmina 3°5 mm.
MALAY PENINSULA (Errington de la Croix and P. Chapé,
1899). One example (Paris Museum).
The great reduction in the extent of the wing-venation
is alone sufficiently diagnostic of this interesting little
species.
Anaplecta borneensis, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 11.)
@. Fusco-castaneous ; lateral margins of pronotum and tegmina
hyaline. Tegmina with eight costal veins, discoidal area traversed by
three longitudinal veins, reticulated. Wings hyaline, apical area
slightly infuscated ; four costal veins, the last obsolescent, radial vein
bifurcated, medio-diseal area crossed by two transverse venule near
the middle and by two short oblique venulz at the apex, first axillary
vein tri-ramose, apical area divided unequally by one longitudinal
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 243
vein, apex incised, basal margin very obtusely angled, about two-fifths
of total wing-length. Supra-anal lamina slightly produced, Legs
testaceous.
Total length 4°8 mm. ; length of tegmina, 4 mm.
KUCHING, SARAWAK. Three examples. [No. E.] (Oxford
Museum. )
The following table will help to show the differences
between the various Oriental species :—
1. Rufo-castaneous or fulvous.
2. Medio-discal field of wing with five
transverse venules, ulnar vein bi-
furcated, ulnar field without trans-
verse venules . . . . . . « A. thwaitesi,mihi(Ceylon)
2’. Medio-discal field of wing with four
transverse venules, ulnar vein
simple, ulnar field with two trans-
verse venules . . . . . . « A.zeylaniea, mihi (Ceylon)
1’. Fusco-castaneous.
2. Disc of pronotum with pale central
macula... ... . . - A.maculata,mihi (Ceylon)
2’. Dise of pronotum without pale
central macula.
3. Median vein of wing obsolescent
atitsdistalend ... . . . . A. obscura, mihi (Malay
Peninsula)
3’. Median vein of wing not obsoles-
cent at its distal end.
4, Medio-diseal field of wing with
four venules.
5. These venules transverse,
apex of apical area not
incised . . . . . . . A.malayensis, mihi (Malay
Peninsula)
5’. Two proximal venules, very
oblique, apex of apical area
incised . . . . . . . A.borneensis, mihi(Borneo)
4’, Medio-discal field of wing with
two transverse venules. . . A. javanica, Sss. (Java)
I have not been able to examine critically A. gyrin-
oides, W\k., from Ceylon, the type of which is in the British
Museum, however it enters into Sect. 1’ in the above table
but can be readily distinguished by the fulvo-testaceous
pronotum. A. /ulva, Br., from Burma belongs to Sect. 1 in
244 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
the table, but as the wing venation of the species has not
been described, it is not possible to show how it differs from
the two Ceylon species.
Anaplecta pulchra, sp. n.
2. Flavo-testaceous. Antenne fuscous, except the two basal joints,
and five joints close to the apex which are flavo-testaceous ; pronotum
with hyaline lateral margins ; tegmina transparent ; wings deeply
infuscated, the anterior border of the marginal field, the proximal
halves of the radial, ulnar and first axillary veins yellow; apex of
abdomen beneath castaneous, the remainder bright flavous. Tegmina
with eight costal veins, discoidal field with six longitudinal veins,
anal vein impressed, axillary veins obsolete. Wings with six costal
veins, the radial vein bifurcated, the median vein curved distally up
towards the radial vein, the medio-discal field crossed by one proximal
transverse venule, first axillary vein tri-ramose, apical area nearly
half the total wing-length. Supra-anal lamina produced, trigonal.
Total length 6 mm. ; length of tegmina 4°5 mm.
FERNANDO Po (ZL. Conradt, 1901). One example (Paris
Museum).
Anaplecta dahomensis, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 2.)
dg and 9. Fusco-castaneous. Labrum and clypeus rufous ;
apical seven joints of antenne testaceous, the last tipped with
fuscous. Prothorax piceous, its lateral margins broadly bordered
with semi-opaque white. Tegmina entirely fusco-castaneous, with
eight to nine costal veins, the discoidal field traversed by four
longitudinal veins which are strongly marked. Wings hyaline, the
marginal field and apical area infuscated, the axillary area iridescent
fuscous ; six to seven costal veins, the radial vein bifurcated but
the branches soon reunite forming an areolet which is crossed by a
transverse venule, the median vein obsolescent proximally where it
is joined by a transverse venule to the radial vein, the ulnar vein
simple, the first axillary vein tri-ramose, apical area nearly one-half
of total wing-length, its basal margin straight. Second and third
pairs of legs and cerci testaceous, first pair of legs fuscous, except the
distal extremity of the tibia and tarsi.
Total length 5 mm. ; length of tegmina 4:2 mm.
ATHIEME, DaHoMEy. A long series (Oxford Museum).
The species differs from A. cincta, Gerst., by the absence
of a white border to the tegmina, by the strongly-marked
veins of discoidal field of the tegmina, by the different colour
of the legs.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 245
Anaplecta brunneri, un. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 1.)
g and 9. Rufo-testaceous, vertex of head darker; antenne
fuscous except at the base. Lateral margins of pronotum and of
tegmina as far as termination of mediastinal vein hyaline; legs and
cerci testaceous. Tegmina with ten to eleven costal veins, the last
two or three irregular, discoidal field with three longitudinal veins,
anal vein well marked. Wings infuscated, with seven costal veins,
their ends slightly swollen, the medio-discal field crossed by three
venule, the proximal one bifurcated, the median vein obsolescent
proximally, distally bent up to join the radial vein before its apex,
anterior ulnar vein simple, posterior ulnar obsolescent distally, first
axillary vein quadri-ramose, apical area as long as broad, two-fifths
of total wing-length, its basal margin straight. Supra-anal lamina
produced, its posterior border rounded, sub-genital lamina of male
with one style, the left.
Total length 6 mm. ; length of tegmina 5 mm.
Rio GRANDE DO SUL, BRazin. Three examples (Oxford
Museum).
The only two species with which this can possibly be
confused are A. pallida, Bol., from Ecuador, and A. fulgida,
Sss., from Mexico; from the former it differs by the narrow
costal margin of the tegmina, by the smaller apical area
of the wings, and by the smaller number of transverse
venules in the medio-discal field of the wings; from
A. fulgida, Sss., by the longitudinal discoidal veins of the
tegmina, and by the different wing-venation.
Anaplecta pavida, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 3.)
Q. Flavo-testaceous; pronotum almost orbicular with broad
hyaline margins; abdomen fusco-testaceous; legs and cerci
testaceous. Tegmina hyaline with an irregular fuscous macula at
base of the median vein ; ten costal veins, discoidal field with four
longitudinal veins. Wings slightly infuscated, ten costal veins,
medio-diseal field crossed by two transverse venul, the distal one
giving off an oblique longitudinal branch, one-fourth the length of
the medio-discal field, first axillary vein quadri-ramose, apical area a
little broader than long, one-fifth of total wing-length, basal margin
obtusely angled. Supra-anal Jamina produced, rounded.
Total length 6 mm. ; length of tegmina 5 mm.
CacHABI, Ecuapor (WW. F. H. Rosenberg coll., Dec. 1896).
One example (Oxford Museum).
246 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
The species is allied to A. nahua, Sss., from Mexico, but
differs in coloration.
Anaplecta fusca, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 4.)
9. Minute; fusco-castaneous. Head piceous; pronotum ellip-
tical, entirely dark castaneous-brown. Tegmina castaneous, with
ten highly irregular costal veins connected with each other by
transverse venule, discoidal field with two longitudinal veins,
reticulated. Wings dark fuscous, five costal veins, radial vein with
a humeral and a discoidal branch, median vein approximated to the
radial vein and the very narrow medio-discal field crossed by two
transverse venule, an oblique transverse venula runs from the apex
of the ulnar vein to the median vein and from this two short
obliquely longitudinal venule are given off, first axillary vein
quadri-ramose. Apical area more than two-fifths of total wing-
length, basal margin straight. Cerci golden-yellow, supra-anal
lamina rounded.
Total length 4 mm. ; length of tegmina 3°5 mm.
CacHABI, Ecuapor (IW. F. H. Rosenberg coll., Dec. 1896).
One example (Oxford Museum),
The venation of the tegmina and wings in this species is
highly characteristic, and unlike that of any other known
species.
Anaplecta varipennis, n. sp. (Plate XVI, figs. 5, 6.)
Q. Closely allied to A. parvipennis, Sss. and Zhnt., but differs in
the following particulars :—the lateral borders of the pronotum and
the mediastinal field of the tegmina are opaque white not hyaline,
the clypeus is testaceous, the discoidal field of the tegmina is
reticulated, the medio-discal field of the wings is crossed by two
transverse venulz, the sub-genital lamina is deeply cleft and has
almost a valvular appearance. The tegmina vary in length from
4:8 mm. to 4 mm., the wings from 6 mm. to 3 mm., in the latter
ease the most notable reduction is that of the apical area which
ranges in size from two-fifths of the total wing-length to one-sixth.
Total length 6-2 mm.
PAaRAMBA, EcuAaDOR, 3500 feet (W. # H. Rosenberg
coll, May 1897). Five examples (Oxford Museum).
In spite of the variation in size of the wings, their
venation remains practically unaltered ; as already noted,
the most marked range of size is shown by the apical area
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 24:7
and the variation is almost an epitome of the changes
whereby the small triangular apical field of such genera as
Ectobia and Theganopteryx has become modified into the
large parabolic apical area of the genus Anaplecta.
Anuaplecta chrysoptera, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 7.)
2. Very convex. Rufous. Antenne testaceous; third joint of
maxillary palpi black ; pronotum with lateral margins rufo-testace-
ous ; abdomen and cerci castaneous, the apical joint of the latter
yellow. Marginal field of tegmina nearly half the total breadth,
thirteen parallel costal veins ; the tegmina strongly overlap, veins of
discoidal field of left tegmen obsolete, strongly marked in that part
of the right tegmen which is covered by the left, the ulnar vein
sends six branches to the sutural margin, anal vein strongly marked,
axillary veins obsolete. Wings with the apical area and marginal
field golden-yellow, fourteen costal veins, their ends slightly swollen,
radial vein straight, medio-discal field crossed by eight transverse
venule, ulnar vein simple, first axillary vein quadri-ramose, apical
area two-fifths of total wing-length, its basal margin obtusely angled.
Supra-anal lamina transverse, sub-genital lamina large, its posterior
border shortly cleft and compressed laterally in the centre
simulating a valvular appearance.
Total length 7°5 mm.; length of tegmina 6 mm.
Amazons (H. W. Bates). One example (Oxford
Museum),
This somewhat remarkable species is most nearly allied
to A. flabellata, Sss. and Zhnt. The unique example was
labelled in Walker’s handwriting “ fiatia sp.” ; the genus
Riatia (type R. pallicornis, W1k.) is too close to Anaplecta
to be entitled to separate rank.
Genus ANAPLECTOIDEA, nov.
Differs from Anaplecta, Burm., in the branching of the ulnar vein
of the wing. Elliptical, smooth, shining ; vertex of head reaching
anterior border of pronotum ; eyes less remote than the insertions
of the antenne ; pronotum transversely elliptical. Tegmina with
marginal field very broad occupying almost half the total breadth.
Ulnar vein multi-ramose, anal vein deeply impressed, axillary veins
obsolete. Wings with numerous costal veins, medio-discal field
crossed by numerous transverse venule, ulnar vein multi-ramose,
the veins being given off towards the dividing vein, apical area small.
248 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
Supra-anal lamina slightly produced ; sub-genital lamina large,
spoon-shaped ; cerci moderate,
The genus bears the same relation to Anaplecta, that
Pseudectobia does to Theganopteryx.
Anaplectoidea nitida, n. sp. (Plate XVI, figs. 8, 9.)
?. Rufo-castaneous; antennae, tarsi and cerci rufo-testaceous.
Lateral borders of the pronotum and mediastinal field of tegmina
hyaline. Tegmina transparent, thirteen costal veins, ulnar vein
with six branches. Wings infuscated, with twelve costal veins, their
extremities swollen, medio-discal field crossed by eight transverse
venule, ulnar vein with six branches, apical area broader than long,
one-fifth total wing-length, its basal margin obtusely angled.
Total length 11 mm. ; length of tegmina 9 mm.
Batcuian (W. Doherty), MAcASSAR (W. Doherty). Two
examples (Oxford Museum).
II. The genera PskuDoMops, Serv., and THYRSOCERA,
Burm., of the sub-fam. PHYLLODROMIIN A.
There has been considerable confusion regarding those
species of Phyllodromiinz with incrassated antennz and
angulate ulnar veins in the tegmina. The steps whereby
this confusion has grown may be summarized shortly as
follows :—
The genus Psewdomops was founded in 1831 by Serville
for the reception of the Blatta oblongata of Linnzeus, though
whether Serville’s determination of the Linnzean species is
correct is not certain. Burmeister in 1838 included in
his genus Zhyrsocera the species spectabilis, erinicornis,
cincta, affinis, flavipes, laticornis (Perty), histrio, oblongata
(Linn.), annulicornis and hirticornis; of these ten species
eight are Neotropical, two (spectabilis and hastrio) are
Oriental; spectabilis must be selected as the type of the
genus. Brunner, de Saussure, and other authors have
ignored Serville’s name Psewdomops and have employed
Thyrsocera instead ; however de Saussure in 1893 created the
genus Hemithyrsocera for those Oriental species with a
triangular apical triangle to the wings and with a simple or
bifurcated vena ulnaris alarum; of this genus jucunda is
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 249
the type. Kirby (1904) employs the name Psewdomops for
all the South American species placed by various authors
in the genus 7hyrsocera, six Oriental species are placed in
the genus Thyrsocera and fourteen in the genus Hemithyr-
socera. Rehn (1904) also applies Psewdomops to the Neo-
tropical species, but sinks Hemithyrsocera as a synonym of
Thyrsocera, spectabilis being selected as the type of that
genus. An examination of most of the species on which
these conclusions are based brings to light the following
facts :—i. Thyrsocera spectabilis, Burm.,is a Periplanetine,
as shown by the valvular character of the last ventral
segment of the female and by the wing-structure ; H//ip-
sidium speciosum, W\k., the type of which is in the Oxford
Museum, is closely allied. Dr. A. Brauer, director of the
Berlin Zoological Museum, has kindly favoured me with a
drawing of Burmeister’s type and a sketch of the sub-
genital lamina of that example, and there can be no
doubt but that Zhyrsocera, Burm., is a ditypic genus of
the sub-fam. Periplanetine.
Thyrsocera may be re-described as follows -—
THYRSOCERA, Burm.
Antenne incrassated in the basal half and hirsute, the hairs being
longer and more dense on eight to ten joints just beyond the middle
of the antenne forming here a conspicuous tuft; third joint not
longer than second. Head projecting slightly beyond the vertex ;
eyes and antennal sockets equally widely separated. Pronotum,
smooth, trapezoidal, sides deflexed. Tegmina extending considerably
beyond the abdomen with the marginal field broad, the veins in the
basal part indistinct, marked by series of punctures, Wings with the
basal half of the marginal field coriaceous, both radial and ulnar
veins multi-ramose. Front femora with a serried series of short spines
on the anterior margin beneath, with one or two spines only on the
posterior margin, the other femora sparsely armed, all with apical
spines on both margins and genicular spines. Tibize with spines in
three rows above. Metatarsus equal in length to the remaining
joints. Supra-anal lamina quadrate, cucullate with a median carina,
its posterior border emarginate ; sub-genital lamina of usual Peri-
planetine type. Cerci of moderate length, flattened and spatulate.
Males unknown.
The two species may be distinguished as follows :—
Three joints beyond the antennal tuft white. Pronotum broadly
250 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
margined with yellow all round its border leaving a trefoil-shaped
black centre.
Th. spectabilis, Burm. (NEPAL, CEYLON, MALACCA.)
(Type in Berlin Museum.)
Two joints beyond the antennal tuft white. Pronotum with pos-
terior margin and with two antero-lateral spots yellow, the black of
the disc forming a cruciform figure. Ante-penultimate segment of
abdomen beneath yellow.
Th. speciosa, Wik. (EK. INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO.) (Type in
Oxford Museum.) (Plate XIV, fig. 5.)
ul. The Oriental species exclusive of spectabilis, hitherto
included in the genus Zhyrsocera, belong to two different
genera, viz. one In which the vena ulnaris alarum is simple
or ramoseand an apical triangle present, Hemithyrsocera,Sss.,
another in which the vena ulnaris alarum is ramose and
an apical triangle absent : for the latter species a new genus
is created and may be diagnosed as follows :—
PSEUDOTHYRSOCERA, gen. nov.
Similar to Psewdomops, Serv., but with the anterior ulnar vein of
the tegmina bifurcated instead of simple, and the pronotum truncate
behind instead of produced. Antenne more or less incrassated and
plumose in both sexes, whereas in Psewdomops the antenne are not
always plumose in the male. Rami of the posterior ulnar vein of the
tegmina angulate ; ulnar vein of the wings ramose, but sending no
branches towards the dividing vein.
The species to be included in this genus are :—
1. P. scutigera, W1k.
Psewdomops scutigera, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 212
(1868). (SARAWAK, BORNEO.)
2. P. pica, Walker.
Pseudomops pica, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 213
(1868). (SUMATRA and SINGAPORE.)
3. P. wanthophila, Walker.
Blatta xcanthophila, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 230
(1868). (MENADO, CELEBES.)
The types of these are in the Oxford Museum.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex. 251
4, P, montana, n. sp.
¢. Piceous. Head piceous, a triangular ochreous spot below the
eyes, basal joints of maxillary palpi rufous, antennie slightly in-
erassated, black. Pronotum trapezoidal, not covering the vertex,
sides deflexed, posterior margin rounded, slightly produced.
Tegmina piceous, apex of mediastinal field testaceous, sixteen to
seventeen costal veins, discoidal field with six longitudinal sectors.
Wings infuscated, ulnar vein tri-ramose. Abdomen, coxe and femora
rufous ; cerci, apices of femora, tibize and tarsi black, tibial spines
rufous. Supra-anal lamina produced, trigonal, sub-genital lamina
trapezoidal, with one style.
Total length 16 mm. ; length of tegmina 12°5 mm.
Mr. Marana, 3000 feet, SARAWAK, BorRNEO.
Two examples (Oxford Museum).
The species in general facies approaches the genus
Pseudomops.
5. P. ruficollts, n. sp. (Plate XIV, fig. 6.)
¢. Head and pronotum bright rufous ; eyes, antennze (mutilated)
and maxillary palpi black. Tegmina black, a white spot on each
mediastinal area and at the base of each anal field. Wings fuscous.
Abdomen black. Coxe with their distal ends and outer borders
testaceous-white ; the remaining joints of the legs are missing.
Total length 16 mm. ; length of tegmina 13:2 mm.
PENANG (Cantor). One example.
The arrangement of the veins of the tegmina is the same
as in P. pica, Wlik., and to that species this one is most
nearly allied, and I expect that the antennze when perfect
specimens are taken will be found to be plumose in the
basal half as in P. pica, The insect is remarkably fusiform
and both in colour and in shape is very like an Elaterid
beetle.
ii. The genus Hemithyrsocera, Sss., for reasons already
given, has been transferred to the sub-fam. Ectobiine; the
type species is H. histrio, Burm., since with this H. jucwnda,
Sss., is synonymous (vide antea).
The determination of the species of the genus Pseudo-
mops is attended with some dittculty owing to the brevity
of the diagnoses of the older authors and to the great
variability of some of the species. I have been at some
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPY.) 17
252 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
trouble to determine with accuracy those species that are
contained in the Oxford Museum, and [I think that the
subjoined list and notes made in the course of my labours
may be of assistance to other workers in this order of
Insects. I should like to record here my grateful thanks
to Dr. O. Taschenberg of the Halle Museum who kindly
lent me the type of P. afinis, Burm., and one or two other
interesting examples of the genus; also to Dr. A. Brauer
of Berlin for admirable drawings of the types of P. flavipes,
Burm., P. annulicornis, Burm., Bblatta discoidalis, Burm.,
and B. discicollis, Burm.
List OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS PSEUDOMOPS, Serv.
I. CERCI not spatulate.
1. P. oblongata, L. (SURINAM.)
Blatta oblongata, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1, p. 425,
n. 9 (1758); De Geer, Mém. Ins. ui, p. 541, pl. 44,
1H LL OA CINE TIS)
Thyrsocera oblongata, Burmeister, Handb. Ent. u, p. 449,
n. 8 (1888).
In spite of de Geer’s admirable description and readily
recognizable figure, subsequent authors have confused
another species, P. intercepta, Burm., with this, explaining
discrepancies in appearance as due to variability; the
pattern of the pronotum is so different in the two species
that I see no valid reason for confounding them. The
general colour of the insect is fulvous and the disc of the
pronotum is marked by two dark points which may be
joined and by a crescentic dark band near the posterior
margin.
2. P. intercepta, Burm. (MExiIco, GUATEMALA, Hon-
DURAS.)
Rlatta intercepta, Burmeister, |. c. p. 497, n. 10 (1888) ;
de Saussure, Mém. Mex. Blatt, p. 113 (1864).
Pseudomops oblongata, Serville, Ins. Orth. p. 115 (1839).
Thyrsocera oblongata, Brunner, Nouv. Syst. d. Blatt. p.
121, n. 8, pl. i, f. 11 (1865); de Saussure, Miss. Mex.
Orth. p. 50, pl. 1, f. 29 (1870); de Saussure and
Zehntner, Biol, Centr,-Amer, Orth. 1, p.32,n, 3 (1898),
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 253
Thyrsocera tolteca, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xiv, p. 168
(1862); Mém. Mex. Blatt. p. 124, pl. i, f. 21 (1864) ;
Brunner, |. c. p. 125, n. 18 (1865).
I agree with Kirby in regarding this as quite distinct
from P. oblongata, L.; de Saussure and Zehntner on the
other hand sink it as a synonym of P. oblongata, L. Good
figures of the Species have been published, so that it can
be readily recognized.
3. P. inclusa, Wik. (BRAzIL, PERNAMBUCO.)
Pseudomops inelusa, Walker, Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 212
(1868).
Thyrsocera anena, de Saussure, Mél. Orthop. fase. iv, p.
97 (1872).
The species can easily be distinguished by the horseshoe-
shaped dark mark on the pronotum. In some specimens
this may be considerably reduced, but it is never entirely
absent ; the dark shadings on the tegmina are subject to
considerable variation, The type of inclusa is in the
Oxford Museum.
4, P. laticornis, Perty. (BRAZIL)
Blatia laticornis, Perty, Del. Anim. Art. p. 117, pl. 23,
f. 4 (1834) ; Serville, Lc. p. 116 (1839).
Thyrsocera laticornis, Burmeister, l. c. p. 499, n. 6 (1838) ;
Brunner, |. c. p. 123, n. 11 (1865); de Saussure, Miss.
Mex. Orth. p. 51 (1870).
Thyrsocera dubia, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2), xiv, p. 168
(1862); Mém. Mex. Blatt. p. 123 (1864); Brunner,
Ic. p. 124, n. 12 (1865).
Pseudomops concinna, Walker, 1. c. p. 82, n. 20 (1868).
Perty’s excellent figure is a valuable aid to the identifi-
cation of this species; from the Halle Museum I received
two examples which I was able to identify without much
doubt. The following is a short description of them:
¢. Head red, shading to darker on the labrum, antenne black
with a testaceous annulus occupying eight joints, base scarcely
incrassated ; pronotum rufous shading to fuscous posteriorly, borders
testaceous ; tegmina fuscous, distal half of mediastinal field and
centre of marginal field testaceous; abdomen rufo-fuscous, cerci
254 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
fuscous broadly tipped with testaceous; legs rufo-fuscous, coxe
tipped with testaceous. Length of pronotum 2°8 mm. ; of tegmina
105mm. ¢. Vertex only of head red, antenne incrassated at base,
the testaceous annulus occupying fourteen joints ; pronotum rufous
with a fuscous curved line posteriorly ; tegmina fuscous with a broad
testaceous vitta extending from distal half of mediastinal field and
occupying the whole of the marginal field to near the apex of the
tegmina, posteriorly the tegmina are fusco-hyaline ; abdomen fuscous,
cerci and legs as in the male. Length of pronotum 3 mm.; of
tegmina 10 mm. Perty describes the head of this species as black,
but his figure shows it to be red.
5. P. annulicornis, Burm. (BRAZIL, Bahia.)
Thyrsocera annulicornis, Burmeister, 1. c. p. 500, n. 9
(1838) ; Brunner, |. c. p. 125, n. 16 (1865).
Pseudomops deceptura, Walker, |. c. p. 82, n. 21 (1868).
The type is at Berlin, and from a sketch of it made for
me by Dr. Brauer I am of opinion that P. deceptura, W1k.,
is synonymous; the insect is testaceous-rufous with an
infuscated patch on the posterior part of the pronotum,
the white band on the antennz occupies ten joints. The
species is undoubtedly very closely allied to P. laticornis,
Perty, but as Burmeister was acquainted with that species
and yet described annulicornis as new, it seems advisable
to keep them separate. Blatta annulicornis, Wik., the
type of which is in the Oxford Museum, is a species of
Phyllodromia.
6. P. aurantiaca, Sss. and Zhntn. (PANAMA.)
Thyrsocera aurantiaca, de Saussure and Zehntner, |. ec.
p. 32, 0.6; pls, 4, 6,7 (1893):
I have compared the type of this with the type of P.
deceptura, W\k., and find that the two are distinct.
7. P. grata, Rehn. (Costa Rica.)
Pseudomops grata, Rehn. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxix,
p- 260 (1908).
The species is unknown to me,
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidz. 255
8. P. americana, Sss. (ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.)
Thyrsocera americana, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2), xxi,
p. 111 (1869) ; Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 51 (1870).
The type is in Paris. This is another rufous species,
perhaps not distinct from P. annulicornis, Burm.
9. P. mimica, Wik. (BRAZIL, Para.)
Pseudomops mimica, Walker, 1. c. p. 80, n. 17 (1868).
?. Head black, antenne mutilated, pronotum rufous, with a
fuscous crescentic band on the hind margin. Tegmina dark fuscous,
mediastinal area and a small spot at the base of the marginal field
hyaline-testaceous. Abdomen black, the fifth tergum with two
lateral testaceous spots ; cerci mutilated ; supra-anal lamina pro-
duced, quadrate. Legs dark castaneous, apices of coxe and
trochanters testaceous. Length of body 8 mm. ; length of tegmina
10 mm.
Type in the British Museum.
The dark tegmina and the rufous pronotum render this
a sufficiently conspicuous insect.
10. P. cincta, Burmeister. (Mexico, GUATEMALA,
NICARAGUA.)
Thyrsocera cincta, Burmeister, l.c. p. 499, n. 3 (1838);
Brunner, l.c. p. 122, n. 9 (1865); de Saussure, Mém.
Mex. Blatt. p. 50, pl. 1, f 28 (1870) ; de Saussure and
Zehntner, |. c. p. 32, n. 1 (1893).
Thyrsocera mexicana, de Saussure, |. c. p. 122 (1864).
Thyrsocera salle, de Saussure, l.c. p. 123 (1864).
Pseudomops salle, var., Walker, l.c. p. 77, n. 4 (1868).
Thyrsocera cincta, var., de Saussure, Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 51
(1870).
The species exhibits a great range of variation, the
extreme forms are very different in coloration, but as
de Saussure has examined a considerable series of speci-
mens which help to bridge over the differences, I accept
his conclusion that P. sal/ei is merely a rufous variety of
cunct a)
256 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidz.
11. P. neglecta, n. sp. (BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul.)
?. Head and mouth parts piceous ; antennz black with a tes-
taceous band beyond the middle occupying six joints, incrassated at
base and pilose. Pronotum as long as broad, anteriorly truncate, not
covering the vertex of the head, posteriorly produced, obtusely
angled, dark fuscous, all the margins bordered with yellow, broadest
laterally. Tegmina fuscous or rufo-fuscous, mediastinal field hyaline
or testaceo-hyaline, marginal field partially hyaline; seventeen to
eighteen costal veins, discoidal field with six longitudinal sectors.
Wings infuscated. Abdomen fuscous, segments laterally bordered
with testaceous, apex rufo-fuscous ; supra-anal lamina triangular,
produced, sub-genital lamina ample, semi-orbicular, rufous, posteriorly
margined narrowly with fuscous ; cerci fuscous. Legs black, the
tibial spines rufous, the coxee margined with testaceous.
Total length 10°5 mm.; length of tegmina 8 mm. ; pronotum
3mm. X 3 mm.
Three examples labelled in Brunner’s handwriting
“ Thyrsocera sp. n.” (Oxford Museum).
The species is allied to P. cincta, Burm., and may be
distinguished from it chiefly by its smaller size, shorter
tegmina, broader pronotum and by the colour of the legs.
A similar example from Monte Video in the Paris Museum
stands under the name LP. cincta.
12. Pseudomops afinis, Burm. (SURINAM, BRAZIL,
Para.)
Thyrsocera afinis, Burmeister, l.c. p. 499, n. 4 (18838);
Brunner, l.c. p. 124, n. 14 (1865).
Thyrsocera hirticornis, Burmeister, |.c. p. 500, n. 10
(1838); Brunner, lc. p. 124, n. 14 (1865).
Dr. Taschenberg of Halle having kindly lent me the
type of P. afinis I have been able to compare it with
Brunner’s description and find that it agrees admirably
with that account. The type of P. hirticornis is ap-
parently in Brunner’s collection and is considered by
Brunner to be the male of P. affnes.
13. Pseudomops flavipes, Burm. (BRaAziL, Rio de
Janeiro.)
Thyrsocera flavipes Burmeister, lc. p. 499, n. 5 (1838);
Brunner, |. c. p. 125, n. 16 (1865).
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 257
Pseudomops flavipes, var., Walker, |. c. p. 79, n. 10 (1868).
Pseudomops walkeri, Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xii,
p. 273 (1903).
As shown by a drawing of the type now at Berlin this
species is very closely allied to P. affinis, and the arrange-
ment of colours on the pronotum is identical, however
flavipes has flavid legs and the abdomen and tegmina
appear to be paler.
14. P. angusta, Wik. (SANTAREM, COLOMBIA.)
Pseudomops angusta, Walker, |.c. p. 81, n. 19 (1868).
2. Head shining black with a round yellowish spot on the
frons ; clypeus yellow, labrum black; maxillary palpi luteous,
apical joint black. Antennze with the basal half incrassated, black,
a white band at the base of the apical half oceupying eight joints.
Pronotum with the posterior border strongly produced, black, bor-
dered all round with bright yellow, the lateral borders at one point
on each side produced inwards to form two broad projections which
do not meet. Tegmina ferruginous at the base, at the apex flavo-
hyaline, the costal margin testaceous between the veins, the medi-
astinal field hyaline; a slender fuscous humeral stripe. Wings
flavo-hyaline. Abdomen, cerci and legs luteous-yellow ; bases of
the cox black. Cerci long, not spatulate. Supra-anal lamina,
produced, quadrate.
Total length 13 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm.
This description is taken from a specimen in the Hope
Museum, Oxford; it differs a little from the type which is
in the British Museum, but is too close to be separated.
The species is allied to P. flavipes, Burm., but differs by
the broader testaceous band on the antennze, by the greater
extent of the yellow margins of the pronotum, the black
disc of the pronotum being almost divided into two by
the inward projections of the yellow lateral borders; the
intervenular stripes of opaque testaceous on the tegmina
are variable characters.
15. P. burri, n. sp. (ECUADOR, Cachabi.) (Plate XIV,
fig. 1.)
?. Allied to P. angusta, W1k., but smaller, prothorax not so
markedly produced behind. Head orange-yellow with the vertex and
frons black or entirely black with orange lines above the antennal
sockets and at base of clypeus ; two orange lines behind the eyes ; the
258 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
antenne with basal half incrassated, black, a luteous band occupying
five joints beyond the middle. Prothorax luteous with a pyriform
black central marking, the point directed backwards. Tegmina
ferruginous at the base ; the mediastinal field hyaline, the marginal
field flavo-hyaline with intervenular streaks of opaque testaceous ;
apex of tegmina flavo-hyaline, the veins ferruginous. Wings flavo-
hyaline. Legs, abdomen, and cerci bright luteous, the coxz at their
extreme bases outwardly tipped with black and with pale borders.
Cerci elongate. Supra-anal lamina triangular, produced.
Total length 12 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm.
Three examples (W. F. H. Rosenberg coll., Dec. 1896).
(Oxford Museum.)
Named after Mr. Malcolm Burr to whose generosity the
Oxford Museum owes a magnificent collection of exotic
Orthoptera.
The species differs from P. angusta, Wlk., in the follow-
ing points:—The less extent of the white band on the
antenn, the different shape of the black disc of the
pronotum, the testaceous stripes on the tegmina.
16. P. discicollis, Burm. (MExiIco.) (Plate, XIV, fig. 2.)
Blatta discicollis, Burmeister, l.c. p. 1012 (1838); de
Saussure, Mém. Mex. Blatt. p. 114 (1864).
Thyrsocera discicollis, Brunner, |. c. p. 128, n. 10 (1865).
Thyrsocera laticornis, var., de Saussure and Zehntner.
Biol. Centr.-Amer. Orth. 1, p. 32, n. 2 (1893).
This is a very well-marked species, and the most robust
of the genus. The type, of which I have a drawing, is at
Berlin; another example is in the collection of Central
American Orthoptera in the British Museum, and stands
under the name of P. /aticornis, Perty ; a third, from which
the following description is drawn up, is in the Oxford
Museum.
Q. Head and mouth parts black, antennz mutilated (in the
type, very long, black at base with a testaceous annulus occupying
nineteen joints about the middle of total length, beyond the middle
fuscous). Pronotum almost orbicular, but truncate in front, not
covering the vertex and produced behind, disc piceous with broad
lateral borders of orange-yellow, the posterior border margined
with a fine yellow line; the black of the disc which just fails to
meet the yellow anterior margin is narrowed anteriorly. 'Tegmina
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 259
dark fuscous, mediastinal field at apex testaceous, fifteen costal
veins, discoidal field with nine longitudinal sectors, wings fuscous.
Abdomen, cerci and legs dark fuscous, coxze outwardly margined
with whitish. Supra-anal lamina quadrately produced.
Total length 19°5 mm.; length of tegmina 15 mm.’; pronotum
5 mm. x 6 mm.
17. P. queriniana, Sss. (MEXIco.)
Thyrsocera guerimiana, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xiv,
p- 168 (1862); Mém. Mex. Blatt. p. 124 (1864);
Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 50 (1870); Brunner, lc. p. 126,
n. 19 (1865).
The type is in the Paris Museum,
18. P. obscura, Sss. (BOLIVIA, SANTA CRUZ.)
Thyrsocera obscura, de Saussure, Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 52
(1870).
The type is in the Paris Museum.
19. P. magna, n. sp. (Ecuapor, Paramba.)
¢. Entirely black, except a testaceous band on the antenne
beyond the basal incrassated portion and the testaceous terminal
three joints of the cerci which are not spatulate ; an orange patch in
the middle of the ventral surface of the abdomen. The borders of
the cox are not white, and the mediastinal area of the tegmina
is not hyaline. Body depressed. Posterior border of prothorax
obtusely rounded. @. Like the male but without the orange patch
on the abdomen; the supra-anal lamina is triangular, its apex
slightly incised.
Total length. Length of body. Length of tegmina.
oho 18 mm. 15°6 mim. 14
OF 18 mm. 14 mm. 13°5
One male and two females (W. &. H. Rosenberg coll.
February and May 1897). (Oxford Museum.)
20. P. albostriata, n. sp. (EcuaADor, Cachabi.)
?. Black ; antennee beyond the penicillation, with a testaceous
band occupying nine joints. Pronotum quite black except for a very
narrow border of testaceous, not occurring on the front margin ; the
260 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
pronotum is strongly produced backwards. Tegmina with the
mediastinal area, except at the base, and eight oblique costal streaks,
testaceous. The sub-genital lamina and the discs of the sterna of
the three preceding segments bright rufous. Coxe white-edged.
Cerci black, not spatulate.
Total length 12 mm, ; length of tegmina 10 mm.
One example (W. F. H. Rosenberg coll. Nov. 1896).
(Oxford Museum.)
The species appears to be quite distinct from all the
other black species of this genus; it approaches LP.
luctwosa, Sss.. more closely than any other.
21. P. bicolor, n. sp. (ECUADOR, Paramba.) (Plate XVI,
figs. 12, 12a; and Plate XIV, fig. 7.)
¢. Head and antenne (mutilated) black. Pronotum orange-red
with some very obscure darker markings. Tegmina fuscous with
the costal margin narrowly fulvous for two-thirds of its length.
Wings fusco-hyaline. Abdomen bright luteous except the last five
terga and the sub-genital lamina which are black; on the 6th
tergum is a prominent mamillary tubercle covered with an orange
pubescence and with a small opening on each side. Cerci black with
the two terminal joints white. Coxe and trochanters bright luteous ;
the 2nd and 3rd pairs of femora bright luteous with the apices
fuscous; the Ist pair of femora, the tibiz and tarsi fuscous ; the
tibial spines rufous.
Length of body 13°5 mm. ; length of tegmina 14 mm.
One example (W. F. H. Rosenberg coll. Mar. 1897),
This species is quite distinct from all the known forms.
The opening of the so-called repugnatorial glands on the
6th abdominal segment is remarkable and unlike any other
known to me. The 7th abdominal tergum is almost
entirely covered by the 6th tergum, the posterior border
of which is incised.
Il. Cerct spatulate.
22. P. femoralis, Wik. (BRAzIL, Rio de Janeiro.)
Pseudomops femoralis, Walker, |. c. p. 81, n. 18 sree)
Thyrsocera crinicornis, Brunner, l. c. p. 126, n. 21 (1865).
Brunner’s description of P. crinicornis applies with
great exactitude to this species, four examples of which
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blatiidx. 261
are in the Hope Museum, Oxford ; one example was sent
to Berlin for comparison with Burmeister’s type of cri-
cormis and was found to be quite distinct ; nor was it found
to agree with the other species described by Burmeister in
that collection.
23. P. brunneri, Sss. (SURINAM.)
Thyrsocera brunneri, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xxi, p.
111 (1869); Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 49 (1870).
Thyrsocera crinicornis, var. fulva, Brunner, |. c. p. 127
(1865).
I have examined the type at Paris, and in my opinion
the species is distinct from P. femoralis, WIk.
24. P. crinicornis, Burm. (BRAZIL, Para.)
Thyrsocera crinicornis, Burmeister, l.c. p. 499, n. 2
(1838); de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xxi, p. 111
(1869); Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 48 (1870); de Saussure
and Zehntner, |. c. p. 33, n. 7 (1898).
Pseudomops afinis, Walker, |. c. p. 79, n. 9 (1868).
De Saussure has identified this species correctly, and
his description of it should render its determination easy ;
a drawing of an example in the Hope Museum, Oxford,
was sent to Berlin, and found to correspond closely with
Burmeister’s type.
25. P. luctuosa, Sss. (SURINAM.)
Thyrsocera luctuosa, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xx, p. 99
(1868) ; Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 48, pl. 1. ff. 27, 27a (1870).
The species is quite distinct from P. crinicornis, Burm.
26. P. tristicula, Stal. (BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro.)
Pseudomops tristicula, Stil. Freg. Eugenie’s Resa, Zool. v.
p- 310 (1858).
Thyrsocera tristicula, Brunner, |. c. p. 125, n. 17 (1865).
An entirely black species with a testaceous vitta on each
side of the abdomen beneath.
262 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
27. P. puiggarit, Bol. (BRaAztL, San Pablo.)
Thyrsocera puiggartt, Bolivar, An. Soc. Espah. x, p. 354
(1881).
This is possibly conspecific with P. tristicula, Stal., but
the description of the latter is so madequate that certainty
on this point is not possible without comparison of types.
28. P. nigrita, Sss. (BRAZIL.)
Thyrsocera nigrita, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xxi, p.
111 (1869); Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 52 (1870).
This species was described from a specimen lacking the
abdomen and antennee, and on the strength of the different
colour of the legs was held to be different from P. ¢risticula,
Stal. A perfect example of what appears to be un-
doubtedly this species was sent to me by Dr. Taschenberg
of Halle and shows that the species is quite distinct from
tristicula, the abdomen being orange-red above and below.
In the male the supra-anal lamina is triangularly produced
and deeply notched, the sub-genital lamina is ample and
orbicular, bearing two short acuminate styles; the cerci
are orange and broadly spatulate; the ante-penultimate
tergum has the posterior margin notched in the middle,
whilst the preceding tergum is very broadly and deeply
emarginate, exposing nearly the whole of the following
tergum.
29. P. melana, Wik. (BRAZIL.)
Pseudomops melana, Walker, |. c. p. 80, n. 16 (1868).
Distinguished by a luteous band on the abdomen above.
30. P. simulans, Stal. (BRAZIL)
Pseudomops simulans, Stal. lc. p. 810 (1858).
Thyrsocera simulans, Brunner, |. c. p. 124, n. 13-(1865).
This species, owing to the inadequacy of the description,
cannot be recognized with certainty; it may not even
enter into the section of the genus with spatulate cerci.
Pseudomops melandryoides, Wik. (l.c. p. 84, 1868) is a
species of Phyllodromia,
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 263
TABLE OF SPECIES INCLUDED IN THE GENUS
PSEUDOMOPS, Serv.
A. CERCI NOT SPATULATE.
1. Pronotum not unicolorous, margins
paler than disc.
2. Ground colour of pronotum some
shade of rufous.
3. Lateral pale margins of pronotum
inwardly produced . . . . intercepta, Burm,
3’. Lateral pale margins of pronotum
not inwardly produced.
4, Dise of pronotum with definite
darker markings.
5. Two dark spots on the disc of
the pronotum . . . oblongata, L.
. A horseshoe-shaped ene on
the dise of the pronotum. inclusa, Wk.
4’, Dise of pronotum without de-
finite darker markings.
5. General colour of tegmina
rufous.
6. Fusco-rufous . . . . . laticornis, Burm.
6’. Testaceo-rufous . . . . annulicornis, Burm.,
americana, Sss.
5’. General colour of tegmina
orange.
6. Tegmina with apex only
infuscated . . . . aurantiaca,Sss. and Zhnt.
6’. Tegmina with apical ines
fifths infuscated . . . grata, Rehn.
5”. General colour of tegmina
fUSCOUS Een mimica, W1k.
. Ground colour of “sean winnin Faneane)
ae Lateral yellow borders of prono-
tum not broad.
4, Lateral yellow borders not in-
wardly produced.
5, Pronotum longer than broad cincta, Burm.
5’ Pronotum not longer than
broad’. 5°55: & . = . neglecta, mihi.
264
4’, Lateral yellow borders inwardly
produced.
5, Legs not entirely yellow .
5’, Legs entirely yellow.
6. Lateral yellow borders of
pronotum strongly pro-
duced inwards - 9.) =
6’. Lateral yellow borders of
pronotum less strongly
produced inwards .
3’. Lateral yellow borders of prono-
tum broad.
4, Yellow border of pronotum
nearly equally broad through-
out St Raabe cl sc
4’. Yellow borden of pronotum
narrowed anteriorly and
posteriorly.
5. Of large size .
5’. Smaller
1’. Pronotum unicolorous.
2, Pronotum red .
2’. Pronotum black or fuscous.
3. Abdomen not orange in the male.
4, Tegmina without white streaks
4’, Tegmina with white streaks .
3’. Abdomen orange in the male
B. CERCI SPATULATE.
1. Pronotum with broad yellow borders.
- Tegmina fuscous .
. Tegmina fulvous
pote with narrow ello: Ia denn
or none,
2. Abdomen orange .
2’. Abdomen black.
3. Abdomen entirely black.
4, No white lines on the tegmina.
4. Tegmina with white lines
3’. Abdomen not entirely black.
4. Abdomen rufous at base
4’, Abdomen not rufous at base,
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
afinis, Burm.
angusta, Wk.
flavipes, Burm.
gueriniand, Sss.
discicollis, Burm.
burri, mihi.
bicolor, mihi.
obscura, Sss.
albostriata, mihi,
magna, mihi.
femoralis, Wk.
brunneri, Sss.
nigrita, Sss.
crinicornis, Burm.
luctuosa, Sss.
puiggart, Bol,
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 265
5. Abdomen with transverse
testaceous band above . . melana, W1k.
5’. Abdomen with longitudinal
vittze below. . . . . .. tristicwa, Stal.
IIT. Some NEw BLATTIDZ FROM SARAWAK, BORNEO,
IN THE Hope DEPARTMENT, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
MUSEUM.
Mr. J. Hewitt, Curator of the Sarawak Museum,
recently forwarded to me for determination a small col-
lection of cockroaches ; thirteen of the species appear to
be new to science and are described below. The re-
discovery of the species described by Serville as Dlatta
decorata is of some interest. The numbers attached by
Mr. Hewitt to his specimens are quoted in square
brackets.
Genus ISCHNOPTERA, Burm.
Ischnoptera excavata, nu. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 11.)
¢@. Fulvo-ferruginous. Eyes closer together than the antennal
sockets, Pronotum trapezoidal, sides deflexed, posterior margin
obtusely angled. Tegmina with the radial vein bifurcated near
base, seventeen costal veins, seven discoidal sectors. Wings hyaline,
marginal field and veins ferruginous, mediastinal vein with
five branches, radial vein bifurcated, eleven costal veins, ulnar
vein sending four rami to apex, two to dividing vein, first axillary
vein tri-ramose. Anterior femora with anterior margin beneath
strongly spined, the proximal spines longer than the distal ; all the
femora with apical spines on both margins and with genicular
spines. Supra-anal lamina profoundly modified, proximally it
is deeply depressed with a median elevated carina, so that two
wide pits are formed which are directed forwards beneath
the preceding tergum, posterior margin of the lamina rounded,
slightly emarginate. Sub-genital lamina of normal shape, but
without styles. Cerci moderate,
Total length 21 mm. ; length of tegmina 17 mm.
KucuineG (March 1899). One example [No. 32].
I know of no other species of Blattid in which so
extensive a modification of the supra-anal lamina occurs ;
266 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
the opening of the so-called ‘‘repugnatorial”” glands in
many species leads to modifications of the penultimate or
antepenultimate terga, but not to that of the supra-anal
lamina.
Ischnoptera montis, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 10.)
¢. Head castaneous, antennee rufo-fuscous. Pronotum trapezoidal,
castaneous, sides deflexed. Tegmina testaceous-hyaline, thirteen to
fourteen costal veins, anterior ulnar vein quadri-ramose, posterior
ulnar tri-ramose. Wings hyaline, mediastinal vein long with two
branches, radial vein unbranched, eight costal veins, the four
proximal ones incrassated, median vein simple, ulnar vein giving off
five veins to apex and three to the dividing vein. Abdomen cas-
taneous, the first few segments paler; the first segment above with
a median deep depression, the anterior wail of which is fimbriated
with rufous hairs that appear to conceal a minute orifice, from the
posterior wall projects a blunt tooth ‘covered with a rufous pube-
scence. The middle of the seventh segment is depressed and the
middle of the posterior margin of the sixth segment is slightly
elevated, forming a wide-mouthed tube in which can be seen
numerous hairs. Supra-anal lamina trapezoidal ; subgenital lamina
asymmetrical with two acuminate styles asymmetrically placed,
the right being almost median, the left lateral. Cerci castaneous,
mutilated. Legs rufo-castaneous, front femora with several spines
along the anterior margin beneath, the distal members of the series
shorter than the proximal.
Length of body 13 mm. ; length of tegmina 14 mm.
Mr. MatanG, 3000 feet. One example [No. 21].
The secondary sexual characters of the Oriental species
of /schnoptera appear to be most diverse in character, and
a careful anatomical study of the structures whose pre-
sence is revealed by openings to the exterior and modifi-
cations of the overlying terga is much to be desired.
The modification of the first abdominal tereum described
above appears to be unusual amongst the Blattide.
Genus PSEUDOPHYLLODROMIA, Br.
Pseudophyllodromia pulchervrima, n.sp. (Plate XIV, fig. 3.)
d.and 2. Piceous. Head large and broad projecting beyond
the pronotum, with a narrow golden line between the eyes; antennce
fine, setaceous, longer than the body. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 267
not deflexed, bordered all round with a narrow golden line, the
line is marginal on the anterior and posterior margins of the pro-
thorax but submarginal on the lateral margins. Tegmina with
the mediastinal area, a horseshoe-shaped vitta astride the radial vein
near its base, and an elongate vitta in the apical part of the marginal
field, golden (faded to white in dried specimens). The surface of
the tegmina is somewhat rugulose; marginal field broad, nine costal
veins, ulnar vein with nine oblique branches, no division of the
vein into an anterior and posterior trunk, anal vein strongly impressed.
Wings infuscated, especially strongly in marginal field and at apex,
a clear hyaline spot in marginal field; nine somewhat irregular
costal veins, ulnar vein with four rami, no apical triangle, first
axillary tri-ramose. Abdomen piceous ; supra-anal lamina of male
transverse, of female slightly produced, emarginate ; abdomen beneath
piceous, the centre of the last few segments rufous, sub-genital
lamina of the male short, transverse, of the female large, ample ;
cerci moderate, piceous, apical three joints golden above. Legs
piceous, apices of cox and trochanters golden, tarsi and tibial
spines rufous. Front femora unarmed beneath, mid-femora with
two spines on anterior margin, three on posterior margin, hind
femora with two on anterior margin and four on posterior margin,
all the femora with apical spines on both margins and with genicular
spines. The genital apparatus of the male appears to be very com-
plicated. The ootheca is almost cylindrical, longitudinally finely
striated, with a longitudinal serrulate crest, it is carried by the
female with the crest uppermost and the contained eggs vertically
disposed. The larve have the anterior and lateral margins of the
pronotum, the lateral margins of the meso- and metanotum, two
spots on the metanotum and on the fourth and fifth abdominal
terga, golden.
Total length 10 min.; length of tegmina 6 mm.
KucHING. Several examples [No. 12].
This little cockroach is abundant in decayed wood ; in
general appearance it is unlike the South American species
of the genus, but I can find no character of sufficient
importance to entitle it to separate generic rank, unless
the undivided trunk of the ulnar vein of the tegmina can
be so regarded. An allied species occurs in Penang, but
the unique example before me is in such bad condition
that I prefer to await additional material before describing
it. Phyllodromia laticeps, Wik., and P. laticaput, Br.,
should also be referred to the genus Pseudophyllodromia.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 18
268 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
Genus ALLACTA, Sss. and Zhntn.
Allacta parva, n. sp.
d. Head and antenne testaceous, two pyriform vitte on the
frons castaneous. Pronotum transversely elliptical, castaneous, with
a triangular testaceous mark on the centre of the anterior margin.
Tegmina castaneous, mediastinal area and a transverse spot just
before the middle of the tegmen continuous with it, hyaline; ten
costal veins, anterior ulnar vein with three Jongitudinal rami,
posterior trunk simple. Wings hyaline, six costal veins, the third,
fifth and sixth bifurcate, their extremities swollen; radial vein
bifurcate, ulnar vein with four branches. Femora moderately
armed. Supra-anal lamina transverse, sub-genital lamina orbicular,
with two styles. Cerci elongate.
Total length 8 mm. ; length of tegmina 6 mm.
KucHinG. Two examples [No. 23].
Genus EPILAMPRA, Burm.
Hpilampra saravacensis, n, sp.
2. Allied to H. inelarata, Wik., but larger, the ocelliform spots
on the tegmina smaller and less numerous, the part of the right
tesmen overlapped by the left not marbled or ocellated, marginal
field of wings not so strongly marked with rufescent.
Pale fulvous; head with darker points densely arranged ; pro-
notum not covering the vertex of the head, its posterior margin
obtusely angled, covered with densely arranged fuscous and rufous
points, but not punctate. Tegmina with a few small white ocelliform
spots, except on that part of the right tegmen overlapped by the left,
which is uniform fulvous. Wings with apex slightly fulvous.
Abdomen flavo-testaceous above, rufous below. Front femora with
six stout spines on the middle of anterior margin beneath, three on
posterior margin in distal half, mid- and hind-femora with three
spines on anterior, four on posterior margin ; formula of apical
spines 2, 1, 4; genicular spines on mid- and hind-femora, none on
the front pair; pulvilli margined with spines, the second joint with
spines beneath in addition.
Total length 56 mm. ; length of body 43 mm. ; length of tegmina
48 mm.
Linaca, Barane Lupar River. One example [| No. 15].
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 269
Epilampra goliath, a. sp.
¢. Allied to EH. moloch, Rehn., from Siam, of the same dark
vinaceous brown above and of the same elongate ovate shape. It
differs as follows: Head not projecting beyond the pronotum,
vertex and a broad stripe extending to the clypeus fuscous, the front
of the head and antennée testaceous ; pronotum with two crescentic
impressions on the disc. Marginal field of tegmina very broad,
almost equalling half the total breadth, mediastinal vein with five
branches. Wings with anterior part suffused with rufous, strongest
at apex. Subgenital lamina broad, asymmetrical with two flattened
styles. Abdomen flavo-testaceous above, rufo-fuscous below with
paler margins, a dark stigma on each side of each segment. Front
femora with five spines on median part of anterior margin, three on
posterior margin, mid- and hind-femora with three to five spines
on each margin, all the femora with genicular spines, formula of
apical spines 4, +, +; pulvilli of posterior tarsi not margined with
spines.
Total length 58 mm. ; length of body 50 mm. ; length of tegmina
50 mm.
Mr. Matanc, 3000 feet. One example [No. 14];
N. BorNEO opposite LABUAN. One example.
If the admirably detailed description of /. moloch, Rehn
(Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, p. 550, 1904), be compared
with the foregoing description it will readily be seen in
what features the two insects differ; I have omitted
descriptions of those features wherein the two species
resemble each other. Both species bear a marked
resemblance to Molyiria badia, Br.
Epilampra miranda, v. sp.
d. Allied to the preceding species. Fulvo-testaceous. Head with
very convex front, eyes more remote than ocellar spots, vertex with
three longitudinal stripes. Pronotum shaped as in H. moloch, Rehn,
and H. goliath, mihi, but somewhat more cucullate, only just cover-
ing the vertex of the head, with scattered punctures and with two
erescentic impressions on the disc. Tegmina with marginal field
equal to half the total breadth, mediastinal vein with seven branches ;
speckled with paler spots, radial vein at base fuscous. Wings hyaline,
veins flavo-testaceous. Supra-anal lamina bilobate, not extending
beyond the sub-genital lamina which is quadrate and _ slightly
asymmetrical (styles mutilated) ; cerci moderate, acuminate ; ventral
segments with a black stigma on each side. Front femora with
270 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
seven spines on anterior margin beneath, mid- and hind-femora with
three to four spines on anterior margin, two on posterior margin ;
formula of apical spines 7, +, }, no genicular spine on front femora.
Posterior metatarsus barely equal in length to remaining joints,
which are not spined beneath, pulvilli not margined with spines.
Total length, 55 mm. ; length of body, 44 mm. ; length of tegmina,
42 mm. ; pronotum, 18 mm. x 11 mm.
Mr. PENRISSEN, 3500 feet (R. Shelford coll.), One
example [No. 16].
Epilampra flavomarginata, n. sp.
¢ and @. Rufous. Head testaceous with minute rufous points,
antenne fuscous except at base. Pronotum not covering the vertex,
sides deflexed, posterior margin obtusely angled, covered with small
confluent dots darker than the ground-colour, except on the anterior
and posterior margins which are flavo-testaceous. Tegmina with
mediastinal area flavo-testaceous, the rest rufous with fine yellow
streaks on the veins, the right tegmen where covered by the left is
infuscated; branching of mediastinal vein very obscure. Wings
with the marginal field luteous, the apex and veins infuscated.
Abdomen flavo-testaceous. Supra-anal lamina bilobate, strongly
produced in the female ; sub-genital lamina in the male sub-quadrate,
asymmetrical, in the female ample, semi-orbicular. Front femora
with three to four spines on the proximal half of the anterior margin
beneath, with close set minute spines in the distal half, mid- and
hind-femora with four to five spines on anterior margin, three on
posterior margin, apical spines on both margins on all the femora,
all the genicular spines present. Posterior metatarsus much longer
than succeeding joints, second joint spinose beneath, pulvilli mar
gined with spines.
Total length, 21 mm.; length of body, 17 mm. ; length of tegmina,
17 mm.
KUCHING; several examples [No. 17].
This species falls into the same group that includes
E. napua, Sss., E. levicollis, Sss., EB. puncticollis, Wik., 4.
plena, W\k., ete. Its coloration alone ought to render it
easy of recognition.
Genus HoMALOSILPHA, Stil.
Homalosilpha decorata, Serv. (Plate XIV, fig. 8.)
Blatta decorata, Serville, Ins. Orth. p. 99 (1839).
This species of unknown habitat has been ignored in
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 271
the lists of Blattidee described by earlier authors; neither
Brunner nor Kirby mention it. The type specimen from
the Marchal collection is in the Hope Museum, Oxford,
and from an examination of it I am able to place it with-
out a doubt in the genus Homalosilpha. An identical
example from Mt. Penrissen, Sarawak [No. 28] gives the
habitat of this species that has for so long been unrecog-
nized. It may be mentioned that another of Serville’s
types of Blattide, viz. Blatta alcarazzas, is also in the
Oxford Museum.
Genus MIROBLATTA, nov.
Head covered by the pronotum, eyes closer together than the
antennal sockets ; antenne very long, third joint twice as long as
second. Pronotum longer than broad, anterior border arcuate,
posterior border truncate, exposing the scutellum ; markedly cucul-
late and narrowed anteriorly, anterior and lateral margins reflected,
dise with symmetrically disposed elevated ridges. 'Tegmina broad,
oval, barely reaching extremity of abdomen, overlapping consider-
ably, apex obtusely rounded; corneous, densely reticulated, vena-
tion obscured, no anal vein or anal field, radial vein strongly
elevated at base, mediastinal field on under surface elevated, keeled,
space between mediastinal and radial veins broad, inflexed, forming
with mediastinal field an epipleuron, the outer margin of which is
the anterior margin of the tegmen, the inner margin formed by the
mediastinal vein. Wings broadly ovate, of same length as tegmina,
coriaceous, anterior part nearly twice as broad as posterior part, the
outer margin deeply indented at the point of division between the
two parts, the wing appearing bilobate ; mediastinal and radial
veins fused, their base elevated forming a prominent ridge, six
ramose branches given off to apex and outer margin, ulnar vein
reduced with three ramose branches only, numerous transverse
venules between all the veins; posterior part of wing not folding
in fan-like manner but merely doubling under anterior part. Supra-
anal lamina of male broadly transverse, slightly emarginate. Sub-
genital lamina of male subquadrate, styles minute. Cerci long, very
sharply pointed. Legs long, slender; femora unarmed beneath ;
spines on posterior tibiz in two rows. Posterior tarsi with meta-
tarsus longer than remaining joints, no spines beneath, pulvilli large,
the second occupying whole length of joint. Female not known,
probably apterous.
The affinities of this highly remarkable genus appear to
272 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
be with Archiblatta, Vollenh., as shown by the unarmed
femora and the structure of the tarsi; the form of the
‘“epipleuron ” is very different, in Archiblatta this 1s formed
by a simple deflexion of the anterior part of the tegmen,
whereas in Miroblatta the area between the mediastinal
and radial veins is deflexed, but the mediastinal field itself
is in the same plane as the disc of the tegmen, forming in
repose a sort of flange; I know of no parallel modification
of the tegmina in other Blattidee. The method of wing-
folding in Miroblatia is met with again only amongst the
Corydiine.
Miroblatia petrophila, sp. n. (Plate XIV, figs. 4, 4a.)
¢. Elongate ovate; dark castaneous. Head fuscous, front concave,
lower face rugose, clypeus flavo-testaceous, mouth parts castaneous ;
antennz longer than total length of body, a broad white annulus
before the middle, occupying twenty-one joints. Pronotum cas-
taneous, disc with strong elevated ridges in the form of a horseshoe,
giving off anteriorly two short diverging branches and laterally two
backwardly directed branches which are less strongly marked, a
median carina on the anterior cucullate part of the pronotum ; area
between the limbs of the horseshoe rugose, ridges and adjacent parts
black, a pair of orange spots on each side of the anterior carina and
another pair on each side of the limbs of the horseshoe-shaped ridge ;
scattered about the surface of the pronotum are numerous small
tubercles bearing erect setze. Tegmina castaneous, the radial vein
black. Wings flavo-hyaline, marginal field and apex suffused
with flavo-castaneous. Abdomen dark castaneous, paler at the base
above. Legs dark castaneous, apices of femora flavo-castaneous ;
formula of apical spines 7, }, 1, no genicular spines on anterior
femora.
Total length 40 mm.; length of tegmina 26 mm. ; pronotum
13mm. x 16 mm.
Mr. SANTUBONG, 2500 feet, amongst rocks. One example.
About half-a-dozen specimens of this cockroach were
captured by a native collector in August 1900; he stated
that they ran with great activity and that they were
incapable of flight.
Genus CorRyDIA, Serv.
Corydia cwrulea, n. sp.
¢. Brilliant blue with metallic reflections. Head, pronotum and
anterior margins of tegmina and wings pubescent, antenne fuscous,
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 273
moniliform. Pronotum transversely elliptic, punctate with two deep
impressions on the dise, humeral angles well marked. Tegmina blue,
with purplish reflections and some obscure orange macule on the
disc, an orange streak on the margin of the tegmen just beyond the
mediastinal field ; the right tegmen where covered by the left
reddish-purple. Wings hyaline, marginal field infuscated, with
purplish reflections, four bifurcated costal veins, ulnar vein with
seven rami. Meso- ani metanotum purple. Abdomen orange, the
last two segments blue. Supra-anal lamina transverse, widely
emarginate ; sub-genital lamina quadrate with acuminate and
pubescent styles. Cerci stout, fuseous. Legs dark blue, tarsi fuscous.
Total length, 13°5 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm.
Mr. Marana, 3000 feet (Shelford coll.). One example
[No. 9].
The species appears to be most closely allied to @
dasytoides, Wk.
Genus AREOLARIA, Br.
Arcolaria signata, n. sp.
d and 9. Head black, vertex with a testaceous patch on which
occur two short black lines, maxillary palps testaceous, antenne
black, incrassated in the basal half and plumose, the apical half
with sixteen joints testaceous and the terminal three joints fuscous.
Pronotum almost quadrangular, broader than long, sides deflexed
slightly, disc closely punctate, black with a central testaceous vitta
incompletely divided longitudinally, posterior margin narrowly
testaceous, lateral margins testaceous-hyaline. Tegmina corneous,
mediastinal field hyaline, the remainder griseo-testaceous with a
broad fuscous stripe running along the radial vein then turning at
right angles to cross the apex of the anal field and to meet its fellow
of the opposite tegmen, left tegmen with a fuscous stripe on the
sutural margin, the portion of the right tegmen that is overlapped
by the left is black and shining ; all the veins marked by lines of
punctures. Scutellum prominent, black, punctate. Wings hyaline,
marginal field infuscated, thirteen costal veins, strongly inerassated
and connected by transverse venule, median vein simple, medio-
discal area crossed by nine transverse venulie, ulnar vein tri-ramose,
first axillary vein quadri-ramose, triangular apical field very large,
unequally divided by a longitudinal vein. Abdomen of male flavid
above, fuscous below, supra-anal lamina, shortly produced, triangular,
sub-genital lamina narrower, apex deeply and triangularly cleft with
two short styles, cerci flavid. Abdomen of female broader fuscous
274 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
above and below, supra-anal lamina more produced with a median
carina, sub-genital lamina very large, its surface with shallow
confluent punctures. Front legs and all the cox fuscous, all the
tarsi, the mid and posterior tibize testaceous with the bases fuscous,
the mid and posterior femora testaceous at base, fuscous at apex.
Total length, 9 mm. ; length of tegmina 6°5 mm.
KucuHine. Four examples [No. 7].
The incrassated and plumose antenne in both sexes will
serve to distinguish this species from those already
described.
Genus HOMOPTEROIDEA, nov.
Head as in Latindia, Stal, antenne elongate. Pronotum elliptic,
sides not deflexed, with arcuate sulci, with a sparse erect pubescence.
Tegmina membranous, slightly exceeding the abdomen in length, or
much longer, venation irregular, apical part of discoidal area
reticulate, no oblique vein. Wings as long as tegmina in both sexes.
Supra-anal lamina produced, triangular, sub-genital lamina in the
female deeply cleft. Cerci elongate. Femora unarmed beneath ;
tibiee sparsely spined, spines in two rows ; tarsi without arolia.
The genus differs from Latindia, Stil, by the absence of
an oblique vein in the tegmina, from Paralatindia, Sss., by
the presence of alar organs in both sexes, from /pisoma,
30l., by the equally long tegmina and wings, from
Hemilatindia, Sss., by the pronotum without deflexed sides
and by the entirely membranous character of the tegmina.
There are four species in the Oxford Museum, all from
the Oriental region, but the specimens are in bad
condition. The insects which in life appear very like
small Homoptera of the family Fulgoride (e.g. Leusaba,
Stacota, Hpora) are extremely fragile and it is a matter of
difficulty to capture perfect specimens.
Homopteroidea nigra, n. sp. (Plate XVI, figs. 13, 14.)
2. Head black, antennze fuscous, clypeus with an erect pube-
scence. Pronotum almost orbicular, margined all round, a few erect
hairs on the anterior and lateral margins, disc irregular with two con-
verging sulci posteriorly, black, lateral margins dark castaneous.
Tegmina castaneous, radial vein giving off four costal veins, three
longitudinal sectors in discoidal field, apex of tegmina reticulate, anal
vein angled, axillary veins reduced, reticulated. Wings infuscated,
four costal veins, ulnar vein tri-ramose, apex of wing reticulated.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 275
Abdomen fusco-castaneous; supra-anal lamina large, produced, margin
slightly reflected, emarginate in the middle and with a stiff erect
pubescence, sub-genital smaller than the supra-anal lamina, com-
pressed laterally and deeply cleft; cerci mutilated. Legs fusco-cas-
taneous, tarsi paler, front femora with apical spine on anterior border
beneath, no genicular spine, mid-femora with two apical spines and
a genicular spine, hind femora missing ; tarsi without arolia.
Length of body 7 mm, ; length of tegmina 3 mm.
KucHING. One example [No. 26]. An example of this
species from Sumatra is in the Paris Museum.
Genus PARANAUPHETA, Br.
Paranauphata atra, n. sp.
g¢ and 9. Entirely black, shining, except the apical third of the
antennz which is testaceous, and the labrum which is flavo-testaceous.
Pronotum marked with irregular depressions, Tegmina with radial
vein ramose, fourteeen to fifteen costal veins, their basal halves
obsolescent, anterior ulnar vein bifurcate, posterior ulnar multi-
ramose, anal vein not reaching the middle of the sutural margin.
Wings infuscated, radial vein irregular, costal veins obsolete, ulnar
vein sending many branches to the dividing vein, an inconspicuous
apical triangle. Supra-anal lamina in both sexes large, the cerei
barely exceeding it, its posterior margin in the female slightly
emarginate ; sub-genital lamina in male large, asymmetrical with
prominent acuminate styles, in the female ample.
Total length, 27 mm. ; length of tegmina, 21 mm.
Kucuinc. A long series [No. 6].
[Paranaupheta affinis, n. sp.
¢. Allied to P. basalis, Serv., but with no yellow band on the
head between the eyes ; abdomen beneath with no yellow spots, the
last three segments of the abdomen above with very small yellow
spots ; the supra-anal lamina entirely black. Tegmina and wings
variable in length, in one example not extending beyond the middle
of the sixth abdominal segment, in no case attaining the extremity
of the abdomen.
Total length 22 mm. ; length of tegmina 13 mm. to 15 mm.
Buutan. Four examples (Paris Museum). |
‘
276 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
IV. Tue Tyee or Lpilampra brasiliensis, Fab.
Fabricius’ description in his “Systema Entomologiz,”
1775, p. 272, of this species is as follows :—
“B. pallida, abdomine atro.
“Habitat in Brasilia. Jus. Dom. Banks.
“Paulo major Lb. lapponica. Tota pallida, abdomine
subtus atro. Antenne fuscz.”
So brief a description of a member of a genus including
numbers of cryptically-coloured species, renders its deter-
mination by subsequent authors almost impossible. The
synonymy of the species according to Brunner (Nouv.
Syst. d. Blatt. 1865, p. 159) is :—
Kpilampra brasiliensis, Burm. Handb. i, p. 505 (1888).
Blatta maculicollis, Serv., Ins. Orth. p. 92 (1839).
? Blatta grisea, De Geer, Mém. Ins. iu, p. 570, n. 7, pl.
44, f. 9 (1773).
? Blatia grisea, Oliv. Enc. Méth. T. iv, p. 319, n. 35.
2? Phyllodromia burmeistert, Guér. Ile de Cuba, Anim.
Art. p. 845 (1857).
None of these species can be recognized with certainty,
since the descriptions of them are inadequate and the
types of some are missing. The Hope Museum at Oxford
contains some drawings made by the late Professor West-
wood of several of Serville’s types, amongst others the type
of Llatla maculicollis, and on comparing this with the Fa-
brician type of Llatta brasiliensis in the Banksian cabinet
at the British Museum I have come to the conclusion that
the two species are distinct. Brunner’s own description
does not apply to the Fabrician type, nor to the drawing
of maculicollis, and I would therefore suggest the name of
Lpilampra burmeistert, Guér., for this species. Hpilampra
burmeister’ has been well described also by de Saussure
(Mém. Mex. Blatt., p. 131), though Iam by no means cer-
tain if this author had the opportunity of seeing Guérin’s
type which came from Cuba. Examples in the Oxford
Museum from Jamaica, Guiana and Brazil appear to be
identical with each other and they correspond well with
Brunner’s and de Saussure’s descriptions. It remains then
only to give a detailed description of the Fabrician type.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex. 277
On referring to the Banksian cabinet I found two specimens
belonging to distinct species under the name Slatia brasi-
liensis; one measured in total length 18 mm., and had the
abdomen fuscous beneath, the other measured 25°1 mm.,
and had the abdomen beneath rufous with pale disc. The
former specimen corresponds the more closely to the diag-
nosis of Fabricius and may be selected as the type of the
species; the following is a description of it :—
¢. Dulltestaceous. Head with afew small brown macule on the
front and face, palpi pallid ; (antennz broken). Pronotum broadly
transverse not covering the vertex, lateral margins broadly hyaline,
dise testaceous, unspotted. Tegmina testaceous hyaline, un-
spotted ; mediastinal vein unbranched, radial vein with eight
costal branches, the two last bifurcate, apex of radial vein ramose
and not reaching end of tegmina, anterior ulnar vein bifurcate,
the branches becoming ramose, posterior ulnar vein simple, anal
sulcus strongly marked, four axillary veins. Wings hyaline, veins
testaceous. Abdomen fuscous above and beneath becoming rather
paler towards the extremity ; supra-anal lamina produced subquad-
rately, testaceous, posterior border slightly emarginate ; sub-genital
lamina semi-orbicular, ample, with large acuminate styles (cerci
mutilated, fuscous). Legs testaceous, cox with fuscous line on
outer border ; front femora with ten spines on the anterior margin
beneath, extending from the middle to the apex, the middle ones
longest, four spines on posterior margin, mid-femora with six spines
on anterior margin, three on posterior margin, hind femora with six
spines on anterior margin, four on posterior margin, formula of
apical spines 7, 4, +, of genicular spines 0, 1, 1.
Total length, 18 mm.; length of body, 12-2 mm.; length of
tegmina, 15 mm.; breadth of pronotum, 6°5 mm.
The other specimen is slightly darker in colour. ¢. Eyes whitish-
grey, face testaceous, a rufo-fuscous stripe on the frons extending
down to the base of the clypeus, thinning out to a line on the vertex.
Pronotum more trapezoidal, lateral margins hyaline. Tegmina with
two-branched mediastinal vein, radial vein giving off eleven costals,
itsend ramose, seven axillary veins. Abdomen rufous beneath with
the disc paler; supra-anal lamina triangularly produced; sub-
genital lamina narrow, produced, asymmetrical with one acuminate
style. Front femora with two spines on anterior margin beneath in
the middle, four on the posterior margin (hind femora lost), formula
of apical spines, 7, +?
Total length, 25-1 mm.; length of body, 17 mm. ; length of
tegmina 21 mm. ; (pronotum crushed).
278
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
Which of these two specimens, if either, is identical with
the Blatta grisea of De Geer it is not possible to say ; it
would scarcely be wise to sink brasiliensis as a synonym of
grisea and I hesitate also to give a name to the second of
Fabricius’ specimens.
bo
4,
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PrATE XTLy.
Pseudomops burri,n. sp. (Type ¢.)
5 discicollis, Burm., ?.
Pseudophyllodromia pulcherrima, n. sp. (Type ¢.)
Miroblatta petrophila, n. sp. (Type g.) Nat. size.
da. Ventral aspect of same, showing the “ epipleura.”
i)
6,
Thyrsocera speciosa, Wik. (Type 9.)
Pseudothyrsocera ruficollis, n. sp. (Type g.)
Pseudomops bicolor, n. sp. (Type ¢.)
Homalosilpha decorata, Serv., ¢. Nat. size.
resale
bo
~I
we)
Explanation of Plate.
Jee un OVE
Sub-genital lamina of Hemithyrsocera histrio, Burm., ¢
s. = spiracle, ¢. = “titillator.”
“Titillator” of Hemithyrsocera lateralis, Wk.
55 » Lheganopteryx xthiopica, Sss.
End of abdomen of Escala circumducta, Wlk., 4, dorsal
view.
End of abdomen of Escala longiuscula, Wlk., 4, dorsal
view.
Sub-genital lamina of Escala insignis, n. sp. 2.
Wing of Anaplecta maculata, n. sp.
zeylanica, Nn. sp.
” ”
e ; thwaitesi, n. sp.
x: x malayensis, n. sp.
r 53 borneensis, n. sp.
obscwra, Nn. sp.
280 Kxplanation of Plate.
PLATE XVI,
Fic. 1. Wing of Anaplecta brunneri, n. sp.
2s BN es dahomensis, 0. sp.
Si. - _ pavida, Nn. sp.
4, ry) ” fusca, Nn. sp.
5 varipennis, n. sp. (long-winged form)
=o ” ” 5) : S$ io ;
6. 3 % ° » (short-winged form),
ae i. chrysoptera, 1. sp.
8. 5 Anaplectoidea nitida, n. sp.
9. Teomen of Anaplectoidea nitida, n. sp.
10. Dorsal view of abdomen of Ischnoptera montis, n. sp. ¢.
11. End of abdomen of Ischnoptera excavata, n. sp. 4, dorsal
view.
12. Opening of scent-glands in Pseudomops bicolor, n. sp. ¢,
dorsal view ; a, side view.
13. Pronotum of Homopteroidea nigra, n. sp.
14. Tegmen of Homopteroidea nigra, 1. sp.
280)
XV. Mimetic Forms of Papilio dardanus (merope) and
Acrxa johnstom. By Epwarp B. Poutton, D. Se.,
M.A., Oxon., Hon. LL.D., Princeton, F.R.S., Hope
Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,
Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford.
[Read June 6, 1906.]
PLates XVII-XXII.
A, MIMETIC FORMS OF Papilio Dardanus, BROWN.
I. Synepigonic Group bred in 1904 by G. F. Leigh,
FES. from a trophonius 2? form of P. dardanus sub-
species cenea, near Durban.
This piece of work is an interesting and important
addition to the breeding experiments upon P. dardanus
undertaken by Mr. Leigh in 1902 and 1903. (Trans. Ent.
Soc., Lond. 1904, p. 677.) As a result of this latest
inquiry the trophonius 2 form has for the first time been
bred from a parent of the same form.
On May 4, 1904, Mr. G. F. Leigh observed a ¢ro-
phonius female laying eggs on the food-plant, at Bellair,
five miles from Durban, Natal. He collected the eggs
but the parent butterfly escaped. From these eggs Mr.
Leigh succeeded in breeding six males and seven females.
Of these all the males and five of the females are repre-
sented about two-fifths of the natural size on Plate X VII,
Figs. 1-11. The dates of emergence are given in the
explanation of Plate XVII (pp. 312, 313), so it is not
necessary to repeat them here. The two unfigured females
were in both cases cenca forms:—one greatly deformed
and shrivelled (pupated June 30, 1904, emerged July 30:
the ninth to emerge); one not included in Mr. Leigh’s
consignment (it was the twelfth to emerge).
(a) The males.
The six males of this interesting synepigonic series are
represented on Plate XVII, Fies. 1-6. If compared with
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Il. (SEPT.)
282 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of
the account (in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 684) of the
equal number of males in the family bred in 1902 by Mr.
G. F. Leigh, it will be seen that the latter possess as a
whole far darker submarginal bands on the hind-wing. A
single male (Plate XVII, Fig. 6) and that by far the
darkest of the 1904 family is about as dark as one of the
medium specimens of 1902. The other five are far less
dark than any except the dwarfed “ specimen 6.” It is not
necessary to describe and compare the condition of the
submarginal bands, inasmuch as the whole series is figured,
and this is a character which can be reproduced with great
fidelity, and can be as well compared in somewhat reduced
figures as in those which represent the natural size.
The hind-wings of these males, less heavily marked as
compared with the 1902 and 1903 groups, probably
exhibit seasonal differences, and the same explanation
is even more certain for the under-side coloration, which is
darker and more uniform in the specimens here described.
It will be noticed that the imner border of the black
margin of the fore-wing is strongly serrated in Fig. 5, less
so in Figs. 4 and 6. This serration is characteristic of
both male and female in the ancestral Papilio meriones of
Madagascar, but strangely enough it does not reappear in
the most ancestral of the continental males which I have
had the opportunity of examining. I do not find it in
P. antinorw (3 males), P. polytrophus (5 males), or in
P. merope from the west coast. It appears however ina
small proportion of the males from the northern end of the
Victoria Nyanza and in the southern and eastern cenea. In
the latter case it is to be found not uncommonly among
the captured specimens as well as among those that have
been bred. It is certainly remarkable that this ancestral
feature should on the continental area be chiefly found in
the most highly specialized of all the sub-species,—cenea
of the south and south-east.
(8) The females.
The ¢vophonius offspring (Plate XVII, Fig. 7) is seen to
be a perfectly normal example of the southern type. As
regards the cenea forms, the relative development of buff
and white in the spots of the fore-wings may be shown by
comparison with the earlier family classified on p. 681 of
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904.
Papilio dardanus (mervope) and Acrxa johnston. 283
Plate XVII, Fig. 8, about the same as No. II] on p. 681.
” ” ” oy) | .
10f ” ” ” ” Nos. IV-V » ”
»” ” »”
” ” ” athe Hut
The unfigured cripp lef ” 23 2 2s rag!
The two cenew represented in Figs. 8 and 11, on Plate
XVII, show the influence of trophonius parentage (see
description of Figures, p. 313).
In the latter pages of this memoir these 11 specimens,
both male and female, will be often referred to and
compared with other forms.
Il. Papilio dardanus & f. triment, new form.
In his Presidential Address to the Entomological Society
of London in 1898 (Proce. 1897, pp. Ixxxviu, Ixxxix) Mr.
Roland Trimen, F-.R.S8., described a remarkable form of the
female dardanus, sub-species tibullus, from Zanzibar, 10
the Hope Department. After expressing the opinion
that the West African dzonysos was the least modified as
compared with the male of all the various tail-less conti-
nental female forms known until that time,* he went on to
describe the specimen from Zanzibar as “a much closer
approximation to the masculine coloration. In this female
the tranverse trace of black in the fore-wings is even
fainter than in the dionysos form, and the colour of the
wide pale spaces and the hind-marginal spots in all the
wings is almost exactly of the pale creamy-yellowish tint
of the male P. cenea; ; and on the under-side, while the
pale yellowish of the fore-wings is better divided by
blackish than on the upper-side, the colouring of the
hind-wings corresponds much more nearly to that of
the male than in any other female I have seen—the
characteristic break in the submarginal brownish band
being moreover very complete and ‘wide. There can be
no doubt that in this specimen we have a marked case of
reversion to the original colouring of the female, but it is
unaccompanied by any inclination towards the recovery of
the lost tail of the hind-wings.” In the same address
(p. Ixxxviil) the distinguished African naturalist expresses
the opinion that “we may not unreasonably hope to dis-
* Speaking of dionysos, Mr. Trimen quotes his earlier paper in
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874. The reference is erroneously given
as p. 178: it should be p. 148.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IIL. (SEPT.) 19
284 Professor EK. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of
cover, at some point in the wide territories between
Abyssinia and Zanzibar, females of the J/erope-group
exhibiting stages intermediate between the long-tailed
mimetic females of P. antinorti and the entirely tail-less
ones of P. cenea.”
It was reasonable not to attempt to name this primitive
variety while it remained as a single example; but now
that it has been discovered in large numbers as one of the
female forms of the sub-species polytrophus, Jordan, on the
Kikuyu Escarpment, the case is different. It is one of the
most instructive if not actually the most instructive of all
the female forms of dardanus; and I propose to call it
triment, in honour of the great naturalist who solved the
mystery, and laid a firm foundation for all future work
upon the most interesting and complex example of
mimicry as yet known throughout the world*
The specimen referred to by Mr. Trimen is here repre-
sented ona slightly reduced scale on Plate XIX, Fig. 1. In
Plate XVIII, Fig. 1, one of the smaller trimenit forms from
the Kikuyu Escarpment is represented of about the
natural size. Of these there are four in the Hope Depart-
ment. Judging from these four specimens the ground
colour is sometimes yellow, exactly like that of the male
(1), sometimes of a rather paler shade (2), and sometimes a
little darker (1).
(a) Occasional occurrence of rudimentary “tails” to the
hind-wing of trimeni and hippocoon,
The ¢rimeni form frequently possesses ancestral
characters additional to those described in the Presiden-
tial Address. The most interesting of these supplies the
confirmation of Mr. 'Trimen’s prediction that stages would
be found “intermediate between the long-tailed mimetic
females of P. antinori and the entirely tail-less ones of P.
cenea.” ‘The specimen represented on Plate XVIII, Fig. 1,
is seen to have a small but distinct rudimentary “ tail, %
containing an extension of the third median nervule,
This nervule also enters the tail in the male, showing that
the rudimentary tail of the female is entirely homologous
with that of the other sex. The other three specimens of
polytrophus 2 f. trament do not exhibit this feature, but it is
* It is perhaps unnecessary to say that I allude to the great mono-
graph in Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxvi, 1870, Pt. III, 1869, p. 497.
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrwa johnstoni, 285
possessed by an interesting example, to be described below
(see p. 290), showing the origin of ¢rophonius from triment.
It is also possessed by two examples of the sub-species
merope & f. hippocoon in the National Collection. These
specimens, both from the west coast, are represented in
Plate XIX, Figs. 2 and 3.
(3) Prominence of submarginal pale spots in hind-wing
of trimeni, céc.
Another primitive feature usually characteristic of
triment is the large size and prominence of the sub-
marginal pale spots in the black border of the hind-wing.
These spots are of course persistent traces of the yellow
ground colour of the male and unmodified female enclosed
between the two black bands parallel with the hind-margin
of the hind-wing. The band of ground colour is widest and
most prominent between the root of the “tail” and the
“inner gap,’ as will be seen by a glance at Figs. 1-6 on
Plate XVII. Furthermore this especially prominent patch
is widest immediately on the inner side of the root of the
“tail,” because it is here continuous with the ground
colour in the “inner gap” (Plate XVII, Figs. 1-5) or enters
the bay by which the closed gap 1s indicated (Fig. 6). It
is precisely in this region, between the second and third
median nervules, that “the pair of submarginal spots even
in the most specialized female forms often tend to be
largest and most conspicuous. This is well seen in the
cenca forms represented on Plate XVII, Figs. 8 and 11;
and in the hippocoon shown on Plate XIX, Figs. 2 and 3.
In the more primitive ¢77meni we expect to find and we
do find these tendencies more marked and accompanied
by a far higher degree of development of the whole series
of paired submarginal spots on the hind-wing. The special
size of the pair marking the position of the inner gap is well
seen in the tibullus triment represented on Plate XIX. Fig. 1,
and even better in the polytrophus triment of Plate X VIII,
Fig. 1. In this latter the two enlarged spots have fused into
a single and prominent patch. ‘The development of the
series of submarginal spots in ¢77meni 1s however far better
seen in three specimens of this form of the sub-species
polytrophus in the Hope Department,—specimens which in
other respects were less instructive than that represented
on Plate XVIII, Fig 1.
We can at once understand by the study of the examples
286 Professor H. B. Poulton on Aimetic Forms of
of ¢triment figured on Plate XVIII, Fig. 1, and XIX, Fig. 1,
and by comparison with the hippocoon forms on the same
plates (XVIIT 2, XTX 2-3), why it is that the submarginal
yellow ground colour should be represented in the mimetic
females by a pair of pale spots between each pair of nervules.
It is evidently because the marginal development of black
was brought about not only by a growth in width of the
two marginal black bands of the male (Plate XVII,
Figs. 1-6), but was also aided to an important extent
by the appearance of black inter-nervular streaks. These
naturally cut the ground colour still persisting between
each pair of nervules into two halves.
(y) Traces of costal and inner gaps in black margin of
hind-wing of trimeni, ete.
Apart from the indication of the “inner gap” afforded
by the special development of the corresponding pair of
pale submarginal spots, other distinct traces of both gaps
are among the primitive features of triment. They are
especially strongly developed in the specimen shown in
Plate XVIII, Fig. 1. The “costal gap” is remarkably
clear in the figure, while the site of the “inner gap” is
rendered visible by two faint yellow streaks passing
outwards into the broad black margin. They are better
seen in the right hind-wing of Fig. 1. The ¢rzmeni re-
presented on Plate XIX, Fig. 1, is a 2 form of the east
coast sub-species ¢ibul/us in which the black band of the
male is more developed than elsewhere, while the gaps are
reduced to a minimum (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 688).
Nevertheless the “costal gap” can be clearly recognized.
It is seen in Fig. 1 that the inner border of the black
margin is not curved parallel with its outer border forming
the edge of the wing but is made up of two straight lines
meeting in an obtuse angle. This angle is the point where
the central yellow invades the black margin most deeply
and represents the costal gap of the male. This identi-
fication will be at once admitted when Fig. 1 on Plate
XVIII is compared with Fig. 1 on XIX. The squarish
shape thus originating persists in many examples of the
more specialized female forms. It may be distinctly seen
on the two hippocoon (Figs. 7,8) and three of the cenea
(Figs. 5, 6, 10) forms represented on Plate XXXI of
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1904; and in the present memoir in
trophonvus represented on Fig. 7 of Plate XVII, and the
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 287
cenea on Fig. 11 of the same Plate. It is remarkably
distinct in the polytrophus 2 f. hippocoon shown on Plate
XVIII, Fig. 2, although barel ly recognizable in the same
forms from ¢ the west coast seen in Figs. 2and 3 of Plate XIX.
III. Papilio dardanus, sub-species merope & f. dionysos,
Doubl.
Before proceediug to consider the origin of the mimetic
female forms of dardanus it is necessary to say a few words
of this remarkable and primitive variety which is not
uncommon on the west coast. It is very probable that. it
also occurs among the wonderful series of polytrophus
females from the Kikuyu Escarpment, but I have not
yet met with an example.
In dionysos the hind-wings are those of the merope ¢ f.
trophonius except that they are of a distinctly paler tint
and thus nearer to triment. The costal gap is also very
strongly marked. The fore-wings possess the black and
white coloration of dippocoon, but with a primitive diminu-
tion of the black markings which is very like ¢vimeni. In
fact in one specimen (Cameroons: Cutter: 1869) in the
Hope Department the oblique bar dividing the two chief
white markings of the fore-wing is even “less developed
than in any of the five specimens of ¢iment in the
same collection. It is probable that dvonysos was an
early variant from trimeni, presenting a mixture of the
characters which in other proportions were to be selected
into ¢vophonius on the one hand and hippocoon on the other.
IV. Zhe sub-species of Papilio dardanus (= merope).
Before discussing the origin of the mimetic female forms
it 1s necessary to consider the division of dardanus into
sub-species. Dr. Karl Jordan* has examined 509 males
and 270 females in the Tring Zoological Museum. Ex-
cluding the forms from N.E. Africa and Madagascar and
only considering the males Dr, Jordan finds south of
Sierra Leone five stib-species distinguished chiefly by the
extent of black on the hind-wings. Differences in sex-
organs are confined to the valve-edges. Dr. Jordan’s five
sub-species are as follows :—
* Der Gegensatz zwischen geographischer und nichtgeographischer
Variation. Zeitsch. f. wissenschaft, Zool., Bd. lxxxiii. Dr. F. A.
Dixey has very kindly lent me for the purpose of this memoir an
abstract which he has prepared of this interesting paper.
288 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of
(1) P. cenea. 8S. Africa. Transition to next form in
geographical position and morphological character is
complete.
(2) P. tibullus. Delagoa Bay northwards to Mombasa ;
west limit unknown, but occurs in Uganda.
(3) P. polytrophus. B. KH. Africa.
(4) Transitional forms from Victoria Nyanza.
(5) P. dardanus dardanus. Unyoro to west coast.
Congo speciniens are larger, as in some other cases.
Dr. Jordan furthermore states that P. dardanus is not
sharply marked off into geographical forms. East and
west coast examples can be distinguished, but neither
assemblage is a complete unit. It is significant that
the valve- -process is generally present in eastern and
absent from western forms.
In the following pages I have followed Dr. Jordan’s
conclusions and terminology with the single exception
that I have called the fifth sub-species dardanus merope
instead of dardanus dardanus.
V. The origin of the mimetic female forms of Papilio
dardanus from the 2 f. trimeni.
There can be little doubt that all the well-known mimetic
females of dardanus as well as the latest discovery
planemoides originated by modification of this primitive
fermale form, either directly or by the combination and
development of characters on their way to produce other
forms. I propose to consider the evolution of these forms
in the order of specialization, begimning with the most
primitive :—
(1) Hippocoon. The coe of hippocoon to triment
is at once seen by comparing Fig. 2 with Fig. 1 on Plate
XVIII. The transformation is remarkably dir ect and sim ple,
consisting merely in the greater intensity and sharpness of
black markings already distinctly indicated in ¢rimeni, and
in the alteration of the pale yellow tint of the latter into
white. There are four examples of this form from the
Escarpment in the Hope Department. The other three
are fairly represented by the figure of the fourth on
Plate XVIII, Fig. 2, and it is rather surprising that
none of them possess an indication of rudimentary “ tails.”
It cannot be doubted however that hippocoon is by far
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrexa johnston. 289
the most primitive of the mimetic female forms of
dardanus, and I have been deeply interested to find well-
marked rudimentary “tails” on two specimens from the
west coast. These examples of the sub-species merope & f.
hippocoon exist in the National Collection, the “ tails” being
pronounced in one (Plate XIX, Fig. 2), distinct in the
other (Fig. 3). By kind permission of the authorities I am
able to submit the reproductions, referred to above, of Mr.
Alfred Robinson’s beautiful photograph, made in the
Oxford University Museum.
The sporadic occurrence of this ancestral feature in
association with precisely that form which still retains the
most primitive pattern is a difficulty to be surmounted by
those who have been inclined to minimize or evento deny the
occasional cropping-up by reversion of long-lost characters.
The name hippocoonoides has been given by Haase to
this form in the eastern and southern sub-species
tibullus and cenea, This seems to me a most unnecessarily
complex and inconvenient procedure. The trophonius of
the western sub-species mev'ope is at least as different from
that of the southern cenew as are the two forms of hippocoon
from the same areas, It is pretty certain indeed that each
female form of every sub-species has certain peculiarities
and is not exactly like the same form of any other sub-
species. But this is quite sufficiently indicated by
prefixing to the female form name the sub-specific name.
Papilio dardanus sub-species merope §. f. hippocoon of the
west coast is naturally different from P. dardanus sub-
species cenca § f. hippocoon from Natal, and it is~ quite
unnecessary to express this by turning the last name into
hippocoonoides. ‘To do so without making corresponding
changes in the other forms is inconsistent ; to be con-
sistent in this respect is immensely to increase and to
increase uselessly an already tremendous terminology.
The /ippocoon forms are everywhere mimics of the
abundant and conspicuous Danaines, Amauris niavius of
the west and its sub-species dominicanus of the east coast
and the south. They also exhibit a strong secondary
mimetic approach to their Nymphaline co-mimies Huralia
anthedon of the west and #, wahlbergi of the east and south
(Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1902, p. 486). The hippocoon
form is probably dominant in all the sub-species of
dardanus except cenca and perhaps polytrophus; and it is
present in fair proportion in both these.
290 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of
(2) Trophoniuvs. This form possesses the pattern of
hippocoon, but white has been replaced by fulvous over the
great continuous patch occupying most of the hind- and a
Tar ge part of the fore-wing. The remaining pale markings
are , white, so that the yellow of triment in part originated
white and ‘in part fulvous,—a more complex change than
that which produced hippecoon. Considering the identity
of pattern I first supposed that tvophonius arose from
hippocoon instead of having an independent origin in the
trimeni. Although the former view may be correct, the
latter is I think more probable, being strongly supported
by an interesting specimen from the Kikuyu Escarpment,
in the Hope Department. In this butterfly the great
patch is fulvous except upon the distal border of the part
upon the fore-wing, This border, together with all the
other pale markings on both wings, “is not white like
hippocoon, but retains the yellow of trimeni. The specimen
furthermore possesses a rudimentary “tail” nearly as
much developed as that of the ¢rimeni represented on
Plate XVII, Fig. 1, while the sub-marginal yellow spots
of the hind-wing are very large and prominent, far more
so than in the particular specimen of ¢vimeni just referred
to. This specimen, with its primitive features, strongly
supports the direct independent origin of trophonius from
trimeni, the most convincing evidence being supplied by
the pale markings which had not been converted into
white, but remained of the ancestral yellow.
The tvophonius form at any rate of the merope sub-
species appears to be more unstable and is probably a more
recent development than either of the other mimetic
female forms hippocoon and planemoides. A specimen in
the Hope Department (Angola: Rogers : 1873) presents a
very primitive form of the oblique black bar dividing the
two chief pale spaces of the fore-wing. It is even less
developed than in a specimen of dionysos i in the same col-
lection and much like that of the tébullus trimeni represented
on Plate XIX, Fig. 1. Merope trophonius is very apt to
appear as a variety in which the fulvous tint overspreads
the whole of the pale markings of both wings. One of
the two polytrophus trophonius forms at Oxford is of this
variety. It is moreover a very poor mimic of Limnas
chrysippus as compared with the smaller more deeply-
coloured trophonius of the cenea sub-species (Plate XVII,
Fig. 7). Itis also noteworthy that the merope trophonius
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 291
does not, so far as I am aware, present a variety with
white hind- -wings like the forms of Limnas chrysippus, var.
alcippus, universal on the west coast.
Trophonius forms, although probably always relatively
rare, occur in all five sub-species distinguished by Dr.
Jordan.
(3) Cenea. Here too it is almost certain that the
female form developed direct from ¢rimeni, the ancestral
yellow ground colour being transformed into buff without
first becomimg white. The evidence is similar to that
advanced in the case of the last female form, but is
stronger, inasmuch as there is not in cenea that close
resemblance to the pattern of Aippocoon which is borne by
trophonius. Comparing the triment on Plate XVITI,
Fig. 1, with the Aippocoon in Fig. 2, and the cenea in
Fig. 3,—all polytrophus forms from the Escarpment,—it is
at once seen that the change from the apical half of the
fore-wing of the ancestral form to that of cenea is nearly
as simple as the change to hippocoon. For the rest of the
pattern, cenea requires only a more widespread invasion
of black than hippocoon. There are six examples of
polytrophus 2 f. cenea in the Hope Department, and all
exhibit primitive characteristics in the pale tint of the
chief patch of the hind-wing. In none is this buff like the
Danaine models, but it is pale yellowish like ¢viment im
three, and pale yellowish with a faintly brownish tinge in the
other three, including the specimen represented on Plate
XVIII, Fig. 3. In five cases the chief spot of the fore-wing
follows the tint of the hind-wing patch, in the sixth the
chief spot is white. The other spots on fore- and hind-
wings are generally pale yellowish, sometimes white. It
1s quite clear that we have in three specimens a stage in
the transformation of the ancestral yellow tint into butt.
It is of interest to observe that the pattern of the cenea
form is completely attained in three specimens whose pale
colour remains entirely ancestral. Not one of the six
specimens exhibits rudimentary “ tails,” although the sub-
marginal hind-wing spots are strongly developed. (Plate
XVIII, Fig. 3.)
The cenea 9 form is dominant in the sub-species cenea
of the south and south-east, and common in polytrophus of
the Kikuyu Escarpment. It occurs, but more rarely than
hippocoon, in other parts of British East Africa, as a
female form of ¢ibullus and of the intermediate forms round
292 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetie Forms of
the Victoria Nyanza, It is unknown and _ probably
entirely wanting from the sub-species merope on the west
coast, but it may perhaps occur at the extreme eastern
development of the sub-species in Uganda. Its dis-
tribution is thus co-extensive with that of its Danaine
models the forms of Amauwris echeria and albimaculata,
(a) Hvidence cf diaposematic mimicry between the cenea @ /f.
of P. dardanus and two species of the Danaine genus
Amauris.
It has been shown on p. 286 that the squarish shape of
the large pale patch on the hind-wing of the female forms
of dardanus is extremely ancestral, and the question arises
as to whether Amauris echeria and albimaculata have not
mimicked and indeed exaggerated this feature in the
Papilio which in other respects has mimicked them. There
are many reasons in favour of diaposematic relationship
between Danaine and Papilio, The squarish patch in the
two species of Amauris, although far more marked than in
the cenea form, is in all probability a recent development.
It shows remarkable synaposematic sensitiveness, losing
much of its characteristic sharpness and angularity in the
presence of other species of the same genus. This change
may be seen by a glance at Mr. 8S. A. Neave’s Plate IX
in the present volume. <Amauris albimaculata (f Fig. 2a,
? Fig. 3a) shows this change in the presence of Amauris
psyttalea, form damoclides, rt Fig, 2,2 Fig. 3. Compare the
shape of the patch in the two sexes of “albimaculata, with
that of the same species from Natal far beyond the influence
of damoclides,—f Fig. 4, 9 Fig. 5. Amauris echeria is also
changed in the same direction by the presence of the
same model, as may be seen by comparing ¢ Fig. 2b and
? Fig. 3b under the influence of damoclides (2 Fig. 2, 2
Fig. 3), with the same species from Natal—f Fig. 6, ?
Fig, 7. Amauris lobengula (Plate XXII, Fig. ly closely
allied to A. echeria and probably ancestral to it, because
less peculiar in the genus, possesses a larger hind- -wing
patch in which the square shape is not nearly so marked.
It is in fact almost precisely similar in shape to that of
the trimeni form shown on Plate XIX, Fig. 1, and the
hippocoon on Plate XVIII, Fig. 2. The exaggeration
of the feature in Amauris albimaculata and echeria
is no reason against the hypothesis that it has been derived
by mimicry. In the great majority of the forms of Acrwa
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 293
johnstont, undoubtedly mimetic in this respect, we meet
with a still further exaggeration of the same character, the
outer corner of the square being pulled out so as to form
the most distinctive feature of the wing (see Plate XXI,
Figs. 1b, 3a, and 4a, Plate XXII, Figs. la and 2a). That
diaposematic resemblance is apt to arise between the Papi-
lionid# and the most distasteful groups in the same region
has been shown by Dr. F. A. Dixey (Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond. 1896, p. 75; also 1894, p. 298) as regards S, America,
and recently in a very striking manner by Mr. S. A. Neave
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 216-218) as regards
certain other African species.
(4) Planemoides. Until Mr. C. A. Wiggins presented
his splendid series of captures made in 1903 near the N.E.
and N.W. shores of Lake Victoria Nyanza, there only
existed in the Hope Department a single specimen labelled
“Angola; Rogers, 1873.” This specimen was, as far as I
am aware, up to 1903, the unique representative of
planemoides in European collections. There are at the
present moment no less than ten examples of the form,
or of intermediates between it and other forms, at
Oxford,* so that it is now possible to compare planemotdes
with the other mimetic females of dardanus and _ to
attempt to assign its place and suggest its past history.
It is convenient first to describe the intermediate
specimens.
(a) 2 form intermediate between cenea and planemoides.
The specimen here described is represented on Plate
XX, Fig. 1. The discal patch of the hind-wing is not white
as in planemoides but nearer to the butf of cenea, although
with a faintly reddish-brown tinge which may perhaps
indicate some influence of trophonius. The submarginal
light spots are more developed than is usual in planemoides,
although the example represented in Fig, 4 does not
differ widely in this respect. While the hind-wings more
nearly resemble the 9 f. cenea, the fore-wings are on the
g
whole much nearer to planemoides, as may be inferred by
* Some of these do not belong to the Hope Collection, but are the
property of Mr. A. H. Harrison. They are however available for
study and eomparison, and two of them are represented on Plate
XX, Figs. 1, 4. No less than five out of the ten examples are
figured on the plates accompanying the present memoir, and a sixth
by Mr. S. A. Neave on Plate X, Fig. 8.
294 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of
comparing the intermediate form (Plate XX, Fig. 1) with
planemoides represented below it (Fig. 2), and with the 2
f. cenea, represented on Plate XVIII, Fig. 3. The colour
of the markings is the deep rich tint of planemozides, not
the far paler shade of cenca. The fusion of the three spots
grouped round the outer end of the cell, and the shape of
the marking thus produced, is almost precisely as in the
specimen shown on Plate XX, Fig. 2; while the spreading
outwards and downwards of the chief spot (below the
cell) reproduces the inner marginal end of the band of
planenoides. The central part of the band is wanting, but
a tendency towards fusion can be detected in the figure
and is far more evident on the specimen. The planemozdes
selected for comparison with this intermediate specimen,
and shown in Fig. 2, is unusual owing to the overspreading
of the white patch of the hind-wing by greyish scales. It
is also a little abnormal and suggests transition towards
the specimen above described (Fig. 1) in the separation of
the spot within the fore-wing cell from the fulvous band
(compare Figs. 3 and 4) and also in the comparative
narrowness of the band itself, which is especially marked
in the central portion where the discontinuity appears in
Fig. 1. Figures 1 and 2 considered alone would suggest
the origin of planemoides from the cenea form.
(8) 2 form intermediate between hippocoon and planemoides.
The insect represented in Fig. 3 shows a tendency
towards the hippocoon form in the extension of the fulvous
band (representing of course the white of /ippocoon)
towards the base of the fore-wing, along the inner margin,
as well as in the trace of an invasion of dark ground colour
dividing the band at its centre. The effect is to produce
a considerable approximation to the fore-wing pattern of
hippocoon (Plate XVIII, Fig 2) or even more of ériment
(Plate XVIII, Fig. 1). Fig 3, on Plate XX, compared with
the fine example of typical planemoides represented in Vig.
4 suggests the origin of the latter from hippocoon or
triment.
(y) 2 form intermediate between trophonius and planemoides.
Only quite recently Mr. Harry Eltringham, F.E.S., has
kindly shown me a beautiful coloured representation of a
specimen from Entebbe which is intermediate between
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstonii. 295
planemoides and a trophonius of the western or merope
type.* The latter strongly preponderates: the hind-wings
are entirely those of trophonius. The fore-wings exhibit
the fulvous area of planemoides spreading inwards along the
inner margin and there becoming continuous with the
fulvous area of trophonius. The pattern of the fore-wing
is very like that represented on Plate XX, Fig. 3, but the
fulvous area is somewhat larger and much less invaded by
dark ground colour. The apical half of the fore-wing is
typical planemovdes, closely resembling that of the figure
just quoted. This specimen taken alone would suggest
the origin of planemoides from trophonius.
(6) Intermediates between planemoides and other mimetic
female forms of dardanus, not ancestral but due to first
crosses between female of one form and male representing
another forn.
The three intermediate examples described above
(a, 8,and y) suggest the origin of planemoides from the fully
developed cenea, hippocoon and trophonius respectively; and
yet it is unreasonable to suppose that planemoides arose from
more than one of the other female forms. We are thus
driven to believe that such intermediates are not necessarily
ancestral and to inquire what other significance they may
possess. Here we derive the greatest assistance from Mr.
G. F. Leigh’s breeding experiment in which it has been seen
(see pp. 283, 313) that the cenea offspring of a trophonius
parent exhibited distinct traces of the latter form. It will
be remembered that this influence was evident in the
deeper tint of the hind-wing patch in one specimen (Plate
XVII, Fig. 8) and the inner marginal markings on the fore-
wing of another (Fig. 11).f The intermediates described
in this section of the paper are probably always the result
of first crosses between females of one form and males bear-
ing the tendencies of other female forms. We are compelled
f=)
to believe that in later generations their female offspring
* Kasily distinguished from the trophonius of the south and east
by its greater size, by the marked invasion of the margin of the
fulvous area on the hind-wing by internervular radii, and by the
much paler shade of the fulvous areas.
+ A faint trace of the same marking is to be seen in the cenea
offspring of a trophonius bred by Mr. “Leigh in 1903. It can be
just detected in the reduced representation on Fig. 11, Plate XX XI,
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1904.
296 Professor EK. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of
would not remain intermediate, but would split up, in
accordance with the Mendelian conception, into the parent
forms; and we can thus understand the comparative
rarity of intermediates. But while this is almost certainly
true of the sub-species of dardanus in the W.,S., and on the
EK. coast of Africa, where the specialization of the female
ferms has been carried to a high pitch, it is probably not
equally true of the sub-species polytrophus of the Kikuyu
Escarpment.
(e) Probable origin of planemoides from: carly variants
of trimeni.
The abundance of intermediates of all kinds among the
females of polytrophus and the relative numbers of the
ancestral form ¢rimeni indicate a near approach to the
origin of the diverse female forms. It is probable mdeed
that first-cross intermediates between the specialized forms
themselves would split up into the parent forms on the
Escarpment as in other parts of Africa; but it is by no
means equally certain that the intermediates between each
of them and their primitive ancestor tviment would behave
in this manner. Only thus does it seem possible to ex-
plain the relative abundance on the Escarpment of inter-
mediates almost always exhibiting primitive characteristics,
viz, Some approach to ¢riment.
It would be of the highest interest to breed any of the
sub-species of dardanus through several generations :
especially is this desirable in the case of “polytrophus,
which is certain to yield results of the utmost importance
from many points of view.
It is probable that planemoides arose from triment by a
combination of the varieties which were to produce cenea,
hippocoon, and trophonius. The size and shape of the white
hind-wing patch probably arose from varieties on the way
to cenea, its whiteness from those which were forming
hippocoon, while the fulvous tint of the fore-wing was
a utilization in another direction of the characteristic
colouring of ¢rophonius.
The argument made use of with regard to planemoides
apples to all the other mimetic female forms ; for inter-
mediates between them occasionally occur probably in
every sub-species and in all parts of the area of distribution.
But while such varieties are not to be looked upon as
ancestral, the case is very different with the Escarpment
~~ in
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstoni. 297
forms. Every one of the six polytrophus cenca which
have come under my observation are primitive in the tint
of the pale markings and we must assume that in this
case we are in presence of a truly ancestral feature.
(¢) An interesting gynandromorphic specimen of the ° f.
planemoides.
Although the male and the diverse female forms of the
southern P. dardanus—the sub-species cenea—have been
shown by direct evidence to be a single species by the
important breeding experiments of Mr. G. F. Leigh, F.E.S.,*
the same proof is unfortunately still wanting in other
parts of Africa. It is therefore very satisfactory that other
evidence has become available in the case of the most
recently discovered form planemoides. This is in part
supplied by the existence of intermediates between it and
the other female forms of dardanus, two of which are
shown on Figs. 1 and 3 on Plate XX. But still more
striking evidence is supplied by a remarkable gynandro-
morphic specimen collected by Mr. T. T. Behrens, R.E.,
and represented on Plate XVIII, Fig. 4. The butterfly
was obtained in 1902-3 on the west shore of the Victoria
Nyanza between Entebbe and the mouth of the Kageru
River. The admixture of male colouring, which is con-
fined to the left wings, is very well represented in the
figure, except upon the white patch of the hind-wing, where
the pale yellow streaks could not be differentiated from
the white background by photographic means. If the
black ground colour of the left hind-wing be compared
with that of the right, it is seen that three submarginal
irregular areas of a “deeper shade are present on the former
wing but absent from the latter. These represent the sub-
marginal band of the male while the spaces between them
are the costal and inner gaps. The yellow male scales
pass through the costal gap as an almost continuous
streak, while they are developed in small scattered masses
in the neighbourhood of the inner gap. The yellow
scales reach the extreme margin of the hind-wing in the
concavities of the scalloped border, as in the male, while
the yellow of the two concavities nearest the anal angle
* Published in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1904, p. 677, and in the present
memoir,
298 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of
(omitting from consideration the one that has been acci-
dentally injured) possesses a pale brownish edging also
characteristic of the male.
In the fore-wing the yellow male streaks and patches
are strongly developed on the disc below the cell. It is
deeply interesting to observe how sharply cut off they are
when, crossing the lower part of the fulvous band, they
reach the black border. We are driven to infer that this
portion of the border almost precisely corresponds in the
two sexes and that the black border of this and other
female forms is inherited unchanged from an ancestor like
the male. In fact this character carries us further back
than the ancestral triment form (Plate XVIII, Fig. 1) in
which the male border has already been greatly modified.
It is to be observed furthermore that the abrupt termination
of the yellow streaks confers upon the black border a
sharpness of outline entirely wanting in the female form,
as is at once seen when the right and left sides are com-
pared. Opposite to the middle of the hind margin the black
border is invaded by an outward extension of the fulvous
band—due to that part of it which represents the sub-
apical bar of the hippocoon 2 form (compare Figs. 2 and 4
on Plate XVIII). Here the ancestral male border has
been much reduced, and in the gynandromorphic specimen
the site of the invading fulvous concavity is in part covered
by grey scales quite distinct from the yellow ones on those
parts of the wing surface which are yellow in the male. The
photographic method however only imperfectly renders
the difference.
(n) Mimetic relationships and distribution of planemoides.
This beautiful form, only recently recognized as a mimic
of Planema pogget by Trimen and Neave (Proc. Ent.
Soc. Lond., Oct. 7, 1903,) is not known to occur as a
female form of any sub-species of dardanus except merope
(= dardanus dardanus). The occurrence at Taveta of a
fine variety of Acrwa johnstont (Plate XXI, Fig. 2a)
strongly convergent towards planemoides renders it probable
that this latter exists in the neighbourhood, perhaps as
one of the female forms of the sub-species ¢ibullus. The
immense increase 1n our knowledge of planemoides during
the last two or three years encourages the hope that we
shall at no distant date be fully acquainted with its range.
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acreva johnstoni. 299
&, MIMETIC FORMS OF Acrea johnstoni, Godman.
Introductory.—In the following section the attempt will
be made to show that the whole series of diverse forms
which have given to this species its long synonymic list
has arisen through the development of mimetic likeness to
several distinct models, both Danaine and Acrzine. ‘The
form-names suggested by Oberthiir * have been followed
throughout, Area toruna, Grose-Smith, being regarded
as a form of semifulvescens, Oberth. In a later ‘part “of the
section facts will be brought forward which appear to
prove that this protean butterfly is not only conspecific
with fallax, Rogenh. (= kilimandjara, Oberth.), as
Aurivillius suggests, but also with Godart’s species, lycoa.
I owe the opportunity of writing this part of the present
memoir to my kind friend, the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers,
M.A., of Wadham College, Oxford, who has presented to
the University Collection the deeply interesting series of
models and mimics represented on Plate XX. The
whole of the butterflies there represented together with
other examples of the same mimetic forms were captured
on the slopes of Kilimanjaro in 1905. In addition to this
extensive material Mr. St. Aubyn Rogers has presented
many examples of A. johnstont from Taita and Taveta in
British East Africa, including the fine and remarkable
variety from the last-named locality, represented on Plate
XXII, Fig. 2a. The series of models and mimics would
however have lacked completeness if other kind friends
had not also afforded valuable help:—Mr. Guy A. K.
Marshall sending me an extreme south-eastern form
(Plate XXII, Figs. la, 10) with its model (Fig. 1); and
Mr. C. A. Wiggins the extreme western mimetic form
(Plate XXII, Fic. 3a) with the model (Fig. 3) from the
same district.
The mimetic resemblance of the commonest forms of
A. johnstoni (protcina and flavescens) to Danaine butterflies
of the genus Amauris was suggested by the present writer
in 1897.t Although greatly impressed by the likeness of
Acrzeine to Danaine, I was then quite unaware of the
existence of this wonderful range of forms and of the
* Etudes d’Entomologie: Dix-septitme Livr.: Avril 1893.
+ “Theories of Mimicry, as illustrated by African Butterflies,”
read before Section D of the British Association at Toronto, Aug. 20,
1897. Abstract in Report of the Toronto Meeting, pp. 688-691.
TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1906.—PART I. (SEPT.) 20
300 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of
striking example of Miillerian mimicry which it was to
supply.
I. Mimetic forms of Acrzea johnstoni, Godman.
It is now proposed to consider the various often widely-
separated forms of johnstoni in the probable order of their
evolution in time, and to point out the models in each
case.
(1) Acrvxa johnstoni, Godm., form proteina, Oberth,
Oberthiir (Etudes D’Entomologie: Dix-septieme Livr. :
Avril 1893: Pl. II, Fig. 14) considers the variety with
white spots in the fore-wing and a squarish pale buff
discal patch in the hind-wing as the typical form of the
species; and it is probably more ancestral than any other.
It appears to be much more abundant than the buff-spotted
form jlavescens, and also to have a wider range. The most
southern examples in the Hope Collection, viz. three
specimens sent to me by my kind friend Mr. Guy A.
K. Marshall from Chirinda Forest, Gazaland, in S.E.
Rhodesia (4000 feet), are all of this form, and it is also far
more numerous than any other in the Rev. K. St. Aubyn
Rogers’ series from the Kilimanjaro district, as also in the
series from the Tiriki Hills on the N.KE. shores of the
Victoria Nyanza (5100 feet) kindly given me by Mr. C. A.
Wigeins.
The proteina form is an obvious and beautiful mimic of
Amauris albimaculata and the white-spotted forms of
Amauris echeria. Its synaposematic sensitiveness is well
seen in Mr. Marshall’s specimens from Chirinda in which
the squarish discal patch of the hind-wing is unusually
large, clearly as an approach to Amauris lobengula
(Plate XXII, Fig. 1), one of the dominant Danaines of
this locality. The discal expansion is more pronounced in
the female Acrva (Fig. 1b) than in the two males, one of
which is represented in Fig. la. The more perfect mimetic
likeness of the female 1s an example of the well-known and
widely applicable principle explained by A. R. Wallace.*
The resemblance of proteina to the Danaine model is far
less perfect on the under-side, although the spots of the
fore-wing and the patch of the hind-wing are still the
prominent features. The ground colour in the marginal
* Trans, Linn. Soc., vol. xxv, 1866, Pt. I, 1865, p. 22. See also
Poulton in Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. xxvi, pp. 580-582,
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 301
part of the hind-wing and the apical part of the fore-wing
is marked by alternating dark and light stripes,—dark
veins, paler ground colour and again darker internervular
radu. This is certainly the conspicuous feature of the
insect during prolonged rest with closed wings hanging
downwards, ‘and it is an appearance characteristic of
many Acrwinw.* Hence in complete rest the prominent
characters are synaposematic with other Acrvinx; during
flight and in brief rests with wings open the characters
are synaposematic with the genus Amauris.
Oberthiir’s form semdalbescens (l.c., Plate III, Fig. 29)
with white spots on the fore-wings and reddish-brown
hind-wings bearing a paler discal patch of the same colour,
may be looked upon as an exceptional variety of proteina.
It is of much interest as an example of the variational
material out of which natural selection has probably
produced such mimetic forms as /ulvescens (Plate XXI1
Fig. 4a), and torwna (Plate XXII, Fig. 32.)
2) Acreva johnstoni, form flavescens, Oberthiir (1. ¢., Pl. I,
f. 4). This form differs in the spots of the fore-wing being
buff instead of white. It is an obvious mimic of the buff-
spotted forms of Amauris echeria. Hvery gradational
shade between pronounced buff and the pure white of
proteina is to be found. A good intermediate example 1s
figured on Plate XXI, Fig. 1b, but the methods of photo-
eraphy do not at present enable us to distinguish between
these pale tints. The remarks upon the under-side
colouring of proteina apply equally to flavescens.
(3) Acrva johnstoni, form semifulvescens, Oberthiir (I. c.,
Pl. I, f. 19). This is the form of the species described
by Godman from Kilimanjaro, and therefore from the
systematist’s point of view the type of the species. From
every other point of view it is evidently highly specialized
—a comparatively modern offshoot from the ancestral
Amauris-mimicking forms proteina or flavescens. The
change has been brought about by selection in the direc-
tion of other models, Acrzeine in place of Danaine. There
are at least three different sub-forms included under sem-
* It is also reproduced in the mimicry of Acrxine, e.g. in the
males of certain species of Pseudacrea. In the magnificent W.
African Lyczenid, Hpitola honorius, F., the portions of the under-side
exposed in prolonged rest are beautifully mimetic of this Acrzine
appearance, not only as regards the radiate markings but also in the
characteristic group of black spots at the base of the hind. wing.
302 Professor K. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of
Sulvescens, each of the three mimicking a different Acreeine
species or form.
(2) The most primitive sub-form is typical semifulvescens
as it occurs on Kilimanjaro,—represented in Plate XXT,
Fig. 3a. The whole of the fore-wings, within the zigzag line
of the four spots, is bright fulvous, while the discal: patch of
the hind-wings is pale “yellowish. Thus is produced a con-
siderable superficial resemblance to Planema quadricolor,*
Rogenh., from the same mountain (Fig. 3). The zigzag
line of pale spots bordering the fulvous area of the fore-
wings represents the black margined fulvous band which
borders the deep rich brown of the Planema. The relative
position of darker and lighter shades is the same, although
the inner half of the surface is much brighter in the mimic
than in the model. In the hind-wing the semifulvescens
form has a far larger pale area than the P/anema,in which
the rich brown black-spotted triangular basal patch of the
under-side is reproduced upon the upper. The discal
band of the Planema, if smaller than the squarish patch
of the mimic, is brighter in tint, being white instead of
pale yellow. In one specimen of semifulvescens from Kili-
manjaro the black ground colour has greatly encroached
upon the basal margin of the discal patch, leaving a pale
band which closely approximates to the form of the
marking in the Planema.
(8) The second sub-form of semifulvescens (Plate XXII,
Fig. 2a) is a splendid member of the group of mimics
clustered round Planema pogger (Fig. 2) as the central
model,—the combination of which so many members
have been described and figured by Mr. 8. A. Neave
(Trans. Ent. Soc. 1906, p. 218: Plate X). It differs from
Oberthiir’s form (a) in the restriction of the fulvous area
of the fore-wing to the neighbourhood of the zigzag line
of pale spots (compare Plate XXII, Fig. 2a, with XOan
Fig. 3a). On the distal side of each ‘spot as in senvi-
Julvescens the ground colour of the wing is black; but it
is also very dark brown, almost black, on the proximal side
of the innermost spot, except along the costa, where the
fulvous tint extends nearly to the base of the wing. The
discal patch of the hind-wing is moreover white instead of
* This Planema, of which a male and a female were presented by
Rey. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, was new to the Hope Collection, and is
unrepresented in the National Collection. It was kindly named
for me from a photograph by Prof, Chr. Aurivillius.
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 303
pale buff. The resemblance of this striking and beautiful
form is also promoted by its size; for it is one of the
largest specimens of johnstuni which I have ever seen.
As in so many other cases this mimic is an even closer
approach to a co-mimic than it is to the primary model.
And of all the species which are grouped round Planema
pogget there can be no doubt that its resemblance 1s
strongest to the planemoides female of Papilio dardanus
(Plate XX, Figs. 2, 4). I do not know of this latter from
Taveta where the (8) form of semifulvescens was collected
by Mr. St. Aubyn Rogers; but p/anemoides exists in the
A. H. Harrison collection from Nairobi, so that its exist-
ence in the neighbourhood of Kilimanjaro and Taveta is
at any rate probable; and the same may be said of
Planema poggei, the primary model, also labelled Nairobi
in the same collection.
In both (a) and (8) sub-forms of semi/ulvescens the fulvous
part of the fore-wing under-side would be hidden by the
hind in the attitude of prolonged rest, so that the appear-
ence becomes synaposematic with many of the smaller
Acrving rather than with the particular Planema models.
On the other hand, in flight and probably during brief
rest between successive flights the basal part of the fore-
wing under-side would contribute to the visible appearance
and serve to reinforce the resemblance to the Planemas.
(vy) The third sub-form of semifulvescens is the toruna
form (Plate XXII, Fig. 3a), described under that name
from Toro, W. Uganda, by Mr. H. Grose-Smith. There
can be no doubt I think that this is a further develop-
ment of the form described by Oberthiir from Kilimanjaro
—a modification brought about by mimetic resemblance
to another Planema model,—P. latifasciata, K. M. Sharpe
(Plate XXII, Fig. 3). It is altogether a much more perfect
mimic of this Planema than semifulvescens (a) is of the
allied P. quadricolor, The rich brown colour of the basal
half of the fore-wing is here alike in model and mimic,
while the zigzag row of four spots tend in ¢orwna to fuse
and generally completely fuse into a zigzag fulvous band
somewhat resembling but more irregular than that of the
Planema model. In P. latifasciata the black inner border
of the fulvous band is far more feebly developed than in
P. quadricolor, so that the absence of this border in torwna
does not greatly detract from the likeness. On the other
hand, the fulvous band itself is far wider and more con-
304 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of
spicuous in latifasciata, and this is well matched except
in form by the mimic. In fresh specimens moreover the
eround colour of both wings in the Toro model and mimic
is of a distinctly brownish shade of black, wanting in the
dark ground of the more eastern pair. ‘The discal band
of the hind-wing in P. latifasciata (Plate XXII, Fig. 3)
is fulvous and broader than the white band of quadri-
color (Plate XXI, Fig. 3): the triangular basal brown
patch of the hind- -wing under-side 1s reproduced above
in both species of Planema, but the black spots are indis-
tinctly seen on the upper-side of latifasciata, while the
chief members of the group are conspicuous, being in fact
reproduced on the upper-side of quadricolor. In toruna
the discal patch on the hind-wing is fulvous, and the effect
at a little distance is singularly hke that of the model.
It is however produced in a different way; for the uniform
bright fulvous tint of datifasciata is imitated by a fusion
of two distinct colour elements in torwna,—viz. the paler
fulvous ground colour of the patch and the deep fulvous
internervular and intracellular rays which traverse it.
The shape of the discal patch has also been modified into
close resemblance to the band of /atifasciata, although a
trace of the angle, so well known and conspicuous in the
forms of johnstoni, remains as a guide, indicating the path
of evolution. The basal invasion by deep rich brown of
the pale patch on the hind-wing suggests the basal
triangular area of the Planema model. On the under-side
the patterns of both model and mimic are reproduced in
paler shades, still maintaining their close resemblance.
The discal band of the hind- wing of Planema and the
corresponding patch of the Acru are white 2, and in the
latter the characteristic squarish shape is far more
prominent than on the upper-side. The basal spots of
the hind-wing under-side which are so concentrated
towards the base in other forms of johnstoni are here
moved outwards and are placed upon and along the
borders of a rich brown triangular area resembling but
much smaller than that of the model. The toruna form
of johnston is one of the most interesting of the mimetic
appearances developed by this remarkable and protean
species.
(4) Acrewa johnstoni, form fulvescens, Oberthiir (1. ¢., PI. I,
f. 21). This, the last of a wonderful series, is one of the
most remarkable, the black ground colour persisting only as
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstoni. 305
a narrow margin widened at the apex of the fore-wing
(Plate XXI, Fig. 4a). The whole of the rest of the surface
of both wings is bright fulvous, with the four spots of the
fore-wing and the squarish patch of the hind-wing visible
(especially the former) as a paler shade of the same
colour. At a little distance and during flight these mark-
ings would become inconspicuous, and the butterfly would
closely resemble a small specimen of the form of Limnas
chrysippus dominant in British Kast Africa, viz. the dorippus
form (= klugiw), without the black and white apex to the
fore-wing (Plate XXI, Fig. 4). On the under-side the
resemblance of /fulvescens to the primary model is less
close because of the absence of the distinct black margin
so conspicuous on the upper-side. But this very appear-
ance, together with a radially striped pattern caused by
the alternation of dark veins and brighter ground colour,
and the increased paleness of the marginal part of the
hind-wing and the apical area of the fore-wing, promote
a deuterosynaposematic resemblance to another Acrzeine
mimetic of dorippus,—the daira form of Acrea encedon.
These two Acreeas are moreover of nearly the same size,
while the Danaine primary model is of course a far larger
butterfly. The chief basal spots of the hind-wing under-side
are not black and prominent but dark fulvous and there-
fore inconspicuous, in this case producing an appearance
Suggestive of dorippus, and unlike any of the forms of
encedon in which the black spots are so conspicuous a
feature.
Il. Acrva johnstoni, Godm., and A. fallax, Rogenh., the
eastern forms of A. lycoa, Godt.
The three forms which it is here proposed to unite under
a single species are thus grouped by Aurivillius : *—
“109. Acreea johnstoni, Godm. ; telekiana, Rogenh. ; ful-
vescens, Oberth.; semafulvescens, Oberth.: ab. Octobalia,
Karsch.; ab. (et var.) confusa, Rogenh.; johnstoni, Butt. ;
proteina, Oberth.; flavescens, Oberth.; semialbescens, Oberth.
“110. A. fallax, Rogenh., forma przecedentis?; A7li-
mandjara, Oberth.
“J11. A. lycoa, God.; ab. @ Butleri, n. ab. lycoa, var.
2 Buth”
* Rhop. Aithiop. 1898, pp. 114, 115. References are omitted
from the quotation. The italics indicate synonyms.
306 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mumetic Forms of
We see therefore that Aurivillius keeps A. lycoa distinct,
while he suggests that A. fallax (hilimandjara) may be a
form of johnston. I believe that he is right in this last
opinion, although positive proof can only be gained by
breeding; but the facts set forth below render “it certain
that falta is the eastern form of lycoa. If Aurivillius is
right in his association of fallax xt will inevitably follow
that the whole series of varied forms must fall under
Godart’s species,—/ycoa.
Acreva lycoa of the tropical west coast is distinguished
from A. johnstoni by the following characteristics :-—
(1) The large size of the four spots on the fore-wing
and the tendency of the subapical pair to fuse and form
a subapical bar: the tendency of the more interior pair
similarly to form a patch extending from below the end of
the cell towards but not quite reaching the posterior angle
of the wing. The spots are, however, “sometimes separate,
although much lar ger and more nearly approximated than
in johnstont.
(2) The pronounced sexual dimorphism of which no trace
can be found in johnstom. The males of lycoa have a
much browner ground colour than the females, especially in
the hind-wing, while the spots of the fore-wing are pale
buff instead of white and are sometimes evanescent.
Furthermore the white discal patch of the hind-wing is
unrepresented in those males I have had the opportunity
of examining, while the development of the internervular
radu is correspondingly increased.
(3) The apex of the fore-wing of /ycoa is more broadly
rounded and the costal margin more curved than in
johnston. The outhne of the wing between the apex
and the posterior angle is straight or even convex in the
females, straight or very slightly concave in the males.
In A. johnstoni it is probably always concave, although
sometimes very slightly so.
(4) The basal black spots on hind-wing under-side are
smaller in lycoa and less concentrated towards the extreme
base of the wing. The spot in the base of the cell with
the two spots on the costal side of it forms in lycoa a
characteristic approximately equilateral triangle. Owing
to the greater concentration of spots the corresponding
triangle ‘in fohnstoni is nearly always isosceles with its base
towards the root of the wing. It is moreover less con-
spicuous as a feature in the wing of this latter form.
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstont. 307
(5) The discal white patch on the hind-wing of the
female /ycoa is somewhat larger than in johnstona: more-
over it is rounded and not subquadrangular as is the buf
patch of the eastern form, although rare exceptions both as
regards contour and tint are not wanting in the latter.
The rounded margin of this patch in the female /ycoa is
more invaded by internervular radii than in johnston,
and consequently less sharply defined. Outside the discal
patch the strong development of these dark radii contrasted
with the paler (greyish or rarely brown) ground colour pro-
duces a very different effect from the almost uniformly
dark appearance of the corresponding area in johnstona.
When we reach the western part of Uganda, in the
uplands of Toro, at a height of 7-9000 feet, /ycow is still a
dominant Acrva. The only male I have seen resembles
the western form except that there is a slight tendency
towards the development of a buff discal patch in the hind-
wing. Some of the females resemble those of the west
coast except that the white discal patch is very slightly
smaller: in others the four white spots of the fore-wing
are widely separated and smaller, approaching the con-
dition of johnstoni, while in these very individuals the
discal patch of the hind-wing is smaller and more sharply
defined. In all other respects the western characters
described above are still maintained.
Passing still further east to the N.W. shore of the
Victoria Nyanza at Entebbe, we find that the males
have now gained the four widely separated buff spots in
the fore-wing, not nearly so distinct and sharply defined
as those of johnstoni, but otherwise very similar. Many
individuals have a small trace of the buff discal patch.
All the females I have seen resemble the most jolnstont-
like of those from Toro, except for the tint of the discal
patch of the hind-wing, which has become a very pale
buff. These females are nearly indistinguishable from the
kilimandjara figured by Oberthiir * (=/allaz, Rogenh.).
Owing to the kindness of my friend, Mr. T. 'T. Behrens,
R.E., [ have had the opportunity of examining a pair of
this form from the Anglo-German boundary west of the
Lake, but not more than sixty miles from it. While the
female resembles those from Entebbe, the male has a far
* Etudes D’Entomologie: Dix-septiime Livr.: Avr. 1893, Pl. I,
ite lghe
308 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of
more marked but very imperfectly defined buff discal
patch.
We now pass to the N.E. shore of the lake. The Hope
Department possesses an interesting series of specimens
kindly presented by Mr. C. A. Wiggins. They come from
the Tinki Hills, 5100 feet, twenty miles N. of Kisumu. In
the more defined buff discal patch of the hind-wing the
three males are a further advance in the direction of the
Jallax form than that reached by any male I have seen
from further west. In the four females the discal patch
is slightly less pale than that of any as yet mentioned,
while the rest of the hind-wing is more uniformly dark.
They are in fact almost precisely similar to females of the
hilimandjara form (see Plate XXI, Fig. 2a) from the moun-
tain after which it was named by Oberthiir; only differing
in the smaller size of the discal patch and its slightly paler
tint. A single female obtained by Mr. Wiggins at Kaka-
mega’s (5500 ft.) near Mumias on the Uganda Railway,
about fifteen miles N.E. of Kisumu, is of the same type,
but the patch is even smaller and very slightly deeper in
tint. Mr. C. A. Wiggins’ Nyanza and ‘Toro specimens
were identified as forms of A. lycoa by Mr. 8S. A. Neave
(Nov. Zool., vol. xi, March 1904, pp. 348, 349), and I find
that the same forms from Toro and Nyangori are labelled
“lycoa?” by Miss E. M. Sharpe in the A. H. Harrison
Collection.
We now pass to the most eastern specimens I have
examined, viz. those kindly sent me by Rev. K. St. Aubyn
Rogers from Taita, Taveta, and Kilimanjaro. In these
forms the buff-spotted males with an enlarged discal
patch of pronounced buff (Plate XXI, Fig. la) mimic the
buff-spotted and buff-patched Amauris echeria, while the
white-spotted females (Plate XXI, Fig. 2a) with slightly
paler buff patches, also enlarged as compared with the
Nyanza forms, mimic Amauris albimaculata and the white-
spotted forms of A. echeria. They are certainly Rogen-
hofer’s fallax and Oberthiir’s kilimandjara. They are
equally undoubtedly the eastern forms of Acrexa lycoa,
modified by the mimicry of Danaines not known on the
west coast, The sexual dimorphism of /ycoa persists in
fallax, and remains of the same kind though very different
in degree ; for, as pointed out above, the males bear buff
spots on the fore-wing and the females white, while the
discal patch is paler in the latter sex. The johnstoni of
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstonii. 309
Godman (proteina of Oberthiir) differs from fallax and
lycoa in that it is not sexually dimorphic. I have found
males and females both present in the semifulvescens form
and the white-spotted Amauris-like forms. Both sexes
would probably be found in a sufficient series of any
variety. It also differs in possessing squarish as compared
with a rounded discal hind-wing patch, which is also more
sharply defined because less invaded by internervular radii.
In fallax the contour of the fore-wing has greatly approxi-
mated from lycoa towards johnstoni, but the apex is still
slightly more broadly rounded, and the costa of the fore-
wing rather more bent. On the other hand, a concavity
between the apex and the posterior angle, although faint or
absent in the females, has now become distinct in the males
of fallav,—as distinct as in johnston. In this respect and
the more uniformly dark ground colour of the hind-wing
outside the discal patch these extreme eastern forms of
lycow show an approach to johnstont. The basal spots of
the hind-wing under-side remain however precisely those of
the western lycoa.
A most curious change in /ycoa as we advance from
west to east is the shrinkage of the discal patch to a
minimum at the N.E. of the Victoria Nyanza and its
subsequent slight expansion further east.
In the collections I have already mentioned supplied
by the generosity of many friends Acrva johnstont was
first found Gn about equal numbers) accompanying the
forms of lycoa (fallav) mm the Tinki Hills; and in far
greater numbers at Kilimanjaro, Taveta, and Taita. The
great majority are easily separated from the lycoa ( fallax)
forms by the characters already mentioned but interme-
diate individuals certainly occur. The most striking of
these appeared ‘among four males sent to me from the
Kenya District by my friends Mr. and Mrs. 8. L. Hinde.
Of three specimens captured on February 8, 19038, at Fort
Hall (about 4000 feet) two are obvious johnstont while the
third possesses a well-defined buff patch intermediate in
outline between fallax and johnstoni. The basal spots of
the hind-wing under-side resemble those of /allar. On
the other hand, the spots of the fore-wing are white and
not buff as in the males of fallax. The fourth specimen,
captured above the Goura River (5—7000 feet) February 21,
1903, is somewhat nearer to fallax and the fore-wing spots
are buff. A very fine intermediate example also exists in
310 Professor EK. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of
the National Collection. In view of these intermediate
specimens, and the variation in all the distinguishing char-
acters observed when a sufficiently long series of johnstoni
are examined I do not doubt that Aurivillius is correct
in suggesting that fallax is conspecific with johnstoni.
Strong support is also afforded to Aurivillius’ suggestion
by the observations of Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, who
knows both johustont and fallax in life in their natural
habitat and looks upon them as a single species. It has
been shown here that fa/laz is undoubtedly the eastern
form of lycoa. It therefore becomes extremely probable
that the whole wonderful series of forms—many of them
totally unlke—associated under the name johnstoni, or
as it was still more appropriately named by Oberthiir,
protcina, are all of them specifically identical with Godart’s
species dycoa. Furthermore, this remarkable series must
be still further extended to include the torwna of Grose-
Smith.
In conclusion, it is possible to attempt to reconstruct
the history of the changes through which /ycoa and its
descendants have passed. It is probable that the male
of the western /ycoa represents the ancestral form of the
whole group,—a semi-transparent fuscous and brownish
Acreaw with ill-defined markings. As regards the semi-
transparency it is noteworthy that the character tends to
crop up not uncommonly in the most modified form
Johnstoni, where it 1s often seen in the discal patch of
the hind-wing. The female of the western lycoa became
modified by synaposematic approach to the black and
white species of the Danaine genus Amauris on the
west coast. The same is substantially true of the species
in Western Uganda where the black and white Amauwris
are still predominant and have even drawn the echeria and
allimaculata types of their own genus after them. (See
8. A. Neave in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1906, pp. 208-210.) As we
go further east however these latter types become them-
selves predominant, and the fallax forms of lycoa follow
them, the males becoming strongly mimetic and approach-
ing the buff-spotted Danaine models, while the females
still retain the ancestral colour and resemble those that
are white-spotted. As regards the hind-wing both sexes
gain a buff discal patch similar in colour but not in shape
to the models. Finally, from the most strongly-marked
of these eastern forms with the deepest shade of ground
Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 511
colour there probably arose still more perfect mimics of
the same models in proteina and jflavescens, the two forms
of johnstont which are nearest to fallav. It is to be
observed that the change in the shape of the fore-wing
which occurred as fallax gave rise to johnstont is in the
direction of the form of the Danaine and Planema models.
Johnstoni once formed, variation in other directions, guided
by natural selection, led to the mimicry of various
additional Danaine and Acreeine models: — of Limnas
chrysippus, var. dorippus, of Planema quadricolor, Planema
latifasciata, and Planema pogget.
[My friend Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall has kindly read
through the proof-sheets of this paper, and has made
many valuable suggestions. |
312 Explanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.
The offspring of a trophonius form of Papilio dardanus, sub-sp.
cenea, observed laying eggs on May 4, 1904, at Bellair, five miles
from Durban, Natal. The observation was made and the eggs
collected by Mr. G. F. Leigh, but the female parent escaped. The
figures represent eleven out of the thirteen offspring bred by Mr.
Leigh from these eggs at Durban. The specimens are in the Hope
Department, Oxford University Museum.
All the figures are about 2 of the natural size.
Fic. 1. Male offspring: pupated July 4, 1904; emerged August 5.
The 10th to emerge. In this specimen the submarginal
black band of the hind-wing is the least developed.
There is however a slight trace of a narrow ‘‘sickle”
partially closing the costal gap.
2. Male offspring: pupated June 26, 1904; emerged July 31.
The 8th to emerge. The costal gap closed by a narrow
“ sickle.”
3. Male offspring: pupated June 14, 1904; emerged July 25.
The 5th to emerge. Although the costal gap is open
there are traces of a black mark partially closing the
inner gap.
4. Male offspring: pupated June 12, 1904 ; emerged July 18.
The 4th to emerge. Very similar to Fig. 3, but the
costal gap is here completely closed.
In this figure and the two succeeding it is seen that
the inner border of the black margin of the fore-wing
is distinctly serrated, recalling the appearance of meriones.
5. Male offspring: pupated June 10, 1904; emerged July 5.
The 2nd to emerge. Submarginal band of hind-wing
slightly more developed, and the gaps slightly less than
in Fig. 4.
The meriones-like serration described under Fig. 4 here
reaches its maximum development.
6. Male offspring: pupated June 16, 1904; emerged July 27.
The 6th to emerge. Hind-wing far more heavily marked
than in any other of the male offspring, both gaps being
completely closed. These males, emerging in July and
Aucust 1904, are as a whole far less heavily marked than
those bred in November 1902 and November 1903, by
Mr. G. F. Leigh.
ee
So
Explanation of Plates. 313
Fie, 7. Female offspring, trophonius form: pupated July 6, 1904 ;
emerged August 26. The 13th to emerge. A typical
example of the southern form of trophonius, here for the
first time bred from a trophonius female parent.
8. Female offspring, cenea form: pupated June 12, 1904;
emerged July 17. The 3rd to emerge. The discal patch
on the hind-wing is distinctly browner than usual,—a
result of trophonius parentage appearing in an otherwise
typical cenea 2 form.
9. Female offspring, cenea form: pupated June 22, 1904;
emerged July 29. The 7th to emerge.
10, Female offspring, cenea form: pupated July 8, 1904;
emerged August 24. The 11th to emerge. The right-
hand wings, being somewhat crippled, are only partially
shown in the figure.
11. Female offspring, cenea form: pupated June 11, 1904;
emerged July 4. The 1st to emerge. The shape of the
principal spot of the fore-wing, and the development of
a light patch on its inner margin, as well as the evident
tendency of the two markings to fuse, show a distinct
influence of the trophonius parentage.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.
Female forms of Papilio dardanus.
All the figures are about the natural size. The butterflies were
intended to be precisely of the natural size, but as a matter of fact
they are all slightly enlarged. Furthermore, probably in consequence
of the concurrence of minute errors, the figures on the right side,
3 and 4, are rather more magnified than those on the left, 1 and 2.
The error is well within the limits of individual variation,
Fie, 1, Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. polytrophus, Q f. trimeni, n. f.
Kikuyu Escarpment, British East Africa, 6500-9000 feet.
W. Doherty, October—November 1900: in the Hope
Department, Oxford University Museum. The specimen
shows distinct rudimentary “tails” to the hind-wing.
The pale tints are yellow and not white, while the
pattern is also very ancestral as compared with the
hippocoon form from the same locality (Fig. 2).
314 Huplanation of Plates.
Fia. 2. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. polytrophus, 2 {. hippocoon: data
as in Fig. 1, except that the specimen was captured
September—October 1900. Although far more specialized
by mimicry of the black and white Amauris niaviuss
form dominicanus, the origin of the pattern from that of
the trimeni form (Fig. 1) is clear and simple. It is
accompanied by a change of the pale markings from
yellow to white.
3. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. polytrophus, 2 f. cenea: data as
in Fig. 2. This form is far more specialized, viz. further
from the ancestral pattern still borne by the male insect
(Plate XVII, Figs. 1-6), than the hippocoon (Fig. 2). At
the same time it is by no means difficult to trace the
independent origin of the cenea from the trimeni form
by the spreading of the black ground colour,
4. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, Q f. planemoides, partially
gynandromorphic on the left side. The male influence
is not only seen in the conspicuous patches and streaks
of pale yellow scales on both fore- and hind-wing, but
also in the traces of the three submarginal black patches
on the hind-wing (compare Plate XVII, Fig. 1). These
are inconspicuous because placed on a dark ground ; but
they can be at once recognized by comparing the left
with the right hind-wing which exhibits no trace of
gynandromorphism, The pale markings on the right fore-
wing were caused by accidental injury and are in no way
comparable with the appearance on the left side due
to the existence of yellow scales like those of the male.
This interesting specimen was collected by Mr. T. T.
Behrens, R.E., in Buddu, on the west shore of Lake
Victoria, Nyanza, between Entebbe and the mouth of the
Kageru River: December 3, 1902—March 1, 1903,
Hxplanation of Plates. 315
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
Ancestral females of Papilio dardanus.
All the figures are about 3% of the natural size.
Fie. 1. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. tibullus, 2 f. trimeni, n. f.
Zanzibar, Lieut. Turner, 1884: in the Hope Department,
Oxford University Museum.
In this highly ancestral form of female the colour of
the central part of the wings is not so white as in the
hippocoon form, but very pale buff and thus far nearer
to the colour of the male. The subapical patch is also
imperfectly divided from the main pale patch of the
fore-wing.
2. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, Q f. hippocoon.
Gaboon, Hewitson Coll., in Brit. Mus.
The exceptional variety of the hippocoon form here
figured exhibits distinct rudiments of “tails” to the
hind-wings. It is of much interest that this ancestral
character should be associated with the ancestral pattern
of the hippocoon form.
3. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, 2 f. hippocoon.
W. Africa, Crowley Coll., in Brit. Mus.
This specimen of hippocoon also exhibits traces of the
lost ‘tails’ although to a much less extent than in the
last figured specimen.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 21
316 Explanation of Plates.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.
Planemoides females of Papilio dardanus together with inter-
mediates between this and the other female forms,
All figures are about | of the natural size.
Fie. 1. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, Q form intermediate
between cenea and planemoides. In coll. A. H. Harrison,
from Unyori, N.E. of Kisumu, about 1903. The specimen
figured is beautifully intermediate between these two
? forms, of which the planemoides is seen in Figs. 2
and 4 and the cenea in Plate XVIII, Fig. 3. The discal
patch of the hind-wing of this intermediate variety is
not white as in planemoides. It is much nearer to the
buff of cenea, but exhibits a faint reddish tinge which
may indicate some influence of trophonius. Taken alone
the specimen here represented would strongly suggest the
origin of planemoides from cenea.
2. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, 2 f. planemoides.
Nyangori (Forest land), N.E. of Lake Victoria Nyanza,
near Kisumu, 5000 feet. Captured November 1-8, 1902,
by C. A. Wiggins. In Hope Department, Oxford
University Museum. In everything except a curious
overspreading of the discal patch of the hind-wings by
dark scales this is a typical planemoides form.
3. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, 2 f. planemoides, tending
somewhat in the direction of hippocoon. From the same
locality as Fig. 2. Collected about 1903 by A. H.
Harrison. In Hope Department, Oxford University
Museum. The hippocoon influence is seen in the great
extension of the fulvous area along the inner margin of
the fore-wing. This specimen taken alone suggests the
origin of planemoides from hippocoon or trimeni. Compare
Figs. 2 and 4 with 3.
4. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, 2 f. planemoides. Nairobi,
British East Africa, May 17, 1903. In coll. A. H.
Harrison. The specimen figured is a fine typical example
of this beautiful form. The extended basal black area
of the hind-wing is an approach towards the much
greater development of this marking in the model,
Planema pogget.
Explanation of Plates, 317
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.
Forms of Acrea johnstoni, together with their Danaine and
Acrxine models, from the slopes of Kilimanjaro, 1905.
The whole of the specimens figured, models as well as mimics,
were presented to the Hope Department by Rev. K. St. Aubyn
Rogers.
All the figures are about 3%; of the natural size.
Fic. 1. Amawris echeria, Boisd., ¢. The three largest spots of fore-
wing and submarginal spots of hind-wing are buff-
coloured ; the submarginal and costal spots of fore-wing
much paler buff, almost white. December 15-31, 1905:
native collector.
la. Acrexa johnstoni, form fallax, Rogenh. (= kilimandjara
Oberth.), ¢. Fallax differs from the flavescens (Fig. 1b)
and proteina (Plate XXII, la, 1b) forms mainly in the
broader, rounder apex of the fore-wing, the rounded
instead of the squarish discal patch of hind-wing, and in
the sexual dimorphism,-—the males of fallaw (Plate X XI,
1a) having buff spots in the fore-wing, the females (Fig. 2a)
white. Furthermore the rounded discal patch of the hind-
wing is here well seen to be indistinctly defined owing to
the invasion of dark internervular rays, while the
squarish patch of flavescens and proteina is sharply out-
lined. Intermediate forms occur, and there can be little
doubt that Aurivillius is right in suggesting that fallax
is a form of johnstoni.
The male of fallax with buff-spots in the fore-wing is
seen to be an excellent mimic of the buff-spotted forms
of Amawris such as that represented in Fig. 1.
The specimen shown in Fig. la was captured December
15-31, 1905, by a native collector.
1b. Acrea johnstoni, form flavescens, Oberth. The individual
represented possesses very pale buff spots in the fore-
wing, much paler than those of the male fallax (Fig. 1a).
Specimens of flavescens however often possess spots of a
pronounced shade. The individual shown in Fig. 16 is
a mimic of Amauris echeria (Fig. 1), but as regards
the pale spots is transitional towards the mimics of
318 Explanation of Plates.
Amauris albimaculata (Fig. 2), viz. the white-spotted
proteina forms (Plate XXII, Figs. la, 1b), and towards
the female of fallax represented in the next figure.
The hind-wing of flavescens (Fig. 1b) is seen to present
a far more perfect resemblance to the Danaine models
(Fig. 1, 2) than that of fallax (Figs. la, 2a). The
superiority is brought -about by a characteristically
squarish buff discal patch which is sharply outlined and
exhibits hardly any invasion of marginal rays. December
15-31, 1905 : native collector.
Fia.2. Amauris albimaculata, Butl., 9. In this specimen all the
spots of both wings are pure white, the only buff marking
being the discal patch of the hind-wing. December
15-31, 1905: native collector.
2a. Acrea johnstoni, form fallax, Rogenh., 9. The white-
spotted female of this form is beautifully mimetic of the
Danaine shown in Fig, 2. The discal patch of the hind-
wing is however very similar to that of the buff-spotted
male represented in Fig. la and like it less markedly
mimetic than either the flavescens (Fig. 1b) or proteina
(Plate XXII, Figs. la, 1b) forms. December 15-31, 1905 :
native collector.
3. Planema quadricolor, Rogenh., ¢, the model of the
semifulvescens, Oberth., form of Acrea johnstoni shown
in Fig. 38a. The basal area of the hind-wing and the
inner half of the fore-wing,—-viz., the whole of its area on
the basal side of the black-margined curved fulvous
subapical band,—are of a deep rich brown hardly to be
distinguished from black by photographic methods and
therefore barely recognizable in the figure. N.E. slopes of
Kilimanjaro, about 5000 feet ; State of Mamba: September
25, 1905: Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers,
8a. Acrea johnstoni, form semifulvescens, Oberth., ¢. The four
characteristic spots, pale yellow in tint, lie on the borders
of the fulvous inner area of the fore-wing; thus suggest-
ing a likeness to the model (Fig. 3), where the inner
area is also separated by a subapical bar of lighter tint
from the black apical region. The pale yellowish discal
patch of the hind-wing of course forms an area much
broader than that of the model. In another specimen of
this form however (Kilimanjaro, December 15-31, 1905,
native collector) the basal half of this patch is almost
obliterated by suffusion with ground colour, producing a
much closer approximation to the hind-wing pattern of
Explanation of Plates. 319
the model. The specimen is unfortunately in too poor
a condition for figuring.
Locality of specimen represented in Fig. 3a., N.E.
slopes, Mamba State, about 5000 fect, September 26, 1905:
Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers. It will be observed that the
mimic was captured the day after that on which its model
was taken.
Fia. 4. Limnas chrysippus, L., form dorippus, Klug. (= klugia,
Butl.), 9. This is the dominant form of chrysippus in
British East Africa. Kilimanjaro, May 1905.
4a. Acrea johnstoni, form fulvescens, Oberth., ¢. An obvious
and beautiful mimic of dorippus (Fig. 4). The ancestral
markings persist, faint but distinct ; and characteristic
in shape and position on both wings. On the under-
side they are more conspicuous. The basal spots on
the hind-wing under-side are distinct, but the most
prominent are in this form brown instead of black, and
therefore comparatively inconspicuous. December 15-31,
1905 : native collector.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.
Forms of Acrea johnstoni together with their Danaine and
Acreine models.
All the figures are of the natural size.
Fig. 1. Amauris lobengula, E. M. Sharpe, 3, from the forest, Mt.
Chirinda (about 3600 feet). Melsetter, Gazaland, S.E.
Rhodesia. Captured October 7, 1905, by Guy A. K.
Marshall. The model of Figs. la and 1b.
la. Acrea johnstoni, Godm., form proteina, Oberth., g. From
the same locality as the last, and captured by Mr,
Marshall on the same day. The relatively large size of
the squarish discal patch of the hind-wing (compare Fig.
1b on Plate XXI) is an evident synaposematic approach
towards the Amauris represented in Fig. 1, also charac-
terized by an especially large discal patch.
320 Explanation of Plates.
Fic. 1b. Acrexajohnstoni, form proteina, 9, from the same locality
as 1 and la. Captured by Mr. Marshall, October 11,
1905, The female exhibits a patch even larger than that
of the male, and of a shape which approximates more
closely to the model shown in Fig. 1.
2, Planema poggei, Dew., ¢, from Buddu, between Entebbe
and the mouth of the Kageru River, west shore of Lake
Victoria Nyanza ; collected December 3, 1902—March 1,
1903, by T. T. Behrens, R.E. This Acreine butterfly
with its broad fulvous band crossing the fore-wing, and
white band crossing the hind-wing is evidently the primary
model of the particular variety of the semifulvescens,
Oberth., form of A. johnstoni, shown in Fig. 2a.
At the same time the latter exhibits a nearer approach
to the planemoides, Trim., 2 form of Papilio dardanus,
Brown., one of its co-mimics (compare Plate XX,
Fig. 4), than it bears to the central model of the group,
Planema pogger.
2a. Acrea johnstoni, form semifulvescens, Oberth., 2. From
Taveta (about 2500 feet), British East Africa; May 15,
1905, Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers. This form possesses a
pure white patch on the hind-wings, while the inner
area of the fore-wings is black instead of fulvous as in
typical semifulvescens (Plate XXI, Fig. 3a). This form
appears to mimic the planemoides female of Papilio
dardanus more closely than any other member of the
large group clustered round Planema poggei (compare
Plate X of the present volume, accompanying Mr.8, A.
Neave’s memoir).
3. Planema latifasciata, E. M. Sharpe, ¢ ; from Toro, W.
Uganda (7-9000 ft.). November— December 1900:
Major Rattray. This Planema is the model for the
toruna form of johnstoni represented in the next figure.
3a. Acrea johnstoni, form toruna, H. Grose-Smith, ¢; from
the same locality and date as the preceding. The
mimetic likeness is strong in the deep rich brown of the
inner area of the fore-wings and basal region of hind-
wings in model and mimic, in the fulvous subapical
band crossing the fore-wing and discal band crossing the
hind-wing, and finally in the dark ground colour external
to these striking markings.
In all forms of Acrexa johnstoni here represented (Figs.
la, 1b, 2a, and 8a), the under-side exposed during
prolonged rest, when most of the fore-wing is hidden by
Explanation of Plates. 321
the hind, is not mimetic of the respective Danaine
(Fig. 1) and Acreine (Figs. 2 and 3) models, but presents
an appearance synaposematic with many Acreas of
about the same size. During flight, on the other hand,
and probably during brief rest, nearly the whole of the
fore-wing under-side is revealed, and the effect is then
such as to reinforce the mimetic resemblance of the
upper-side.
SEPTEMBER 22nd, 1906.
@is23! 5
XVI. Predaceous Insects and their Prey. By Epwarp B.
Poutton, D.Sc., M.A., LL.D. Princeton, F.R.S.,
Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of
Oxford, Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford.
PART I.
Predaceous Diptera, Newroptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and
Coleoptera.
[Read June 6th, 1906.]
CONTENTS OF Part I.
PAGE
IntRopucTION TO Parr I . : ; : : : 5 ORE
I. DIPTERA . : ; ; : : A . 329
A. ASILIDA AND THEIR PREY F : ‘i ' 5 Bee
PROPORTIONS OF THE SEXES ' : , : 5 a09
ANALYSIS OF PREY . 359
CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE Hasrrs | OF THE SPECIES AND
GENERA OF ASILIDA RECORDED IN THIS Memoir . 364
I. DASYPOGONINA . . 0 6 0 . 364
Dioctria . ‘ é . 364
The Prey of Dasypogon diadema : 365
The Courtship of Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema 366
Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema, a mimic of its
most conspicuous victims . : : . 3868
Remaining Genera of the Dasypogoninze 5 . +369
I, LAPHRINA : c ; c c : 5 Oo)
JIf, ASILINA . a : : L : . 370
The Prey of Proniachus : ‘ Soe
The Prey of Alcimus and allied genera : eee
Philonicus, Pamponerus and Asilus . 3 373
An observation on the cryptic attitude of Asilus
crabroniformis during prolonged rest : 374
Lophonotus, Dysmachus, and Eutolmus — . 374, 375
The Prey of Machimus . ‘ ; . 9375, 376
Neoitamus and Epitriptus . : : ~ old; 31d
Mimicry 1N ASILIDA! RECORDED WITH PREY . ena 717)
B. EMPIDA AND THEIR PREY . 2 379
ANALYSIS OF THE PREY OF RECORDED SPECIES OF
EMPID® AND OF THE SEXES OF THE CAPTORS . 386
Proportion of the Sexes. . 388
Female Empide with Prey captured i incoitu . 388
The choice of Prey by Empide (Hy aa Empine
and Tachydromine) : . 388, 389
C. PREDACEOUS DIPTERA OTHER TH AN ASILIDA
AND EMPIDA, WITH :THEIR PREY . ¢ ool
Dolichopodide, Anthomyide, and Contains . 393
The Prey of Scatophaga . . 393
Ochromyia jejuna. 394
The Prey of the larval Syr phid fly, Xanthandrus
comtus (Melanostoma hyalinatwm) . : 396
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (JAN.) 22
324 Professor E. B. Poulton on
PAGE
II. NEUROPTERA . ¢ : : ‘ : é . 398
A, THE PREY OF ODONATA (DRAGONFLIES) . . 3899
B. THE PREY OF PANORPIDAD (SCORPION-FLIES) . 402
III. HEMIPTERA : ; : : ; : : - 403
THE PREY OF HEMIPTERA . A : : . 404
V. ORTHOPTERA . ‘ : : ; : : . 406
THE PREY OF MANTIDA AND LOCUSTIDZ . $406
V. COLEOPTERA . . 408
PREDACEOUS COLEOPTERA AND THEIR PREY _ 409
INTRODUCTION TO Part I.
THE following memoir, including numerous and varied
groups of insects, has made large demands on the time and
work of many naturalists. It is a pleasant duty to speak
of the extremely kind and sympathetic help by which
alone the publication has been rendered possible: help in
bringing together a large mass of original records; help in
working out the material and in searching through the
literature of the subject. I must admit that in the desire
for the utmost fulness and precision in the data and
the determinations, my friends have been somewhat bur-
dened with correspondence : the one to whom I owe the
most even likened me to a “pom-pom”! I fear indeed
that among the chief reasons for welcoming the final
appearance of the paper will be a feeling of relief and
security, of a haven of rest where the inexorable letter-
writer will cease from troubling.
In addition to the solid contributions of material upon
which this paper has been built, the unceasing contact
with sympathetic friends has been in itself a source of
encouragement and inspiration. Where is there a subject
the equal of natural history in bringing about friendly
co-operation in the labour of accumulating evidence or of
solving some difficult problem ?
The material of this memoir is far more due to the
efforts of Colonel J. W. Yerbury than to any other
naturalist. It was chiefly but by no means exclusively
collected in the British Islands, and has contributed to
nearly all the groups of predaceous insects. In the section
devoted to Himpidx, the specimens collected by Colonel
Yerbury more than equal those obtained by all other
naturalists put together.
Next in importance is the splendid series of examples
collected by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall in South Africa, the
great majority from the neighbourhood of Salisbury,
Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 325
Mashonaland. During the past five years Dr. T. A.
Chapman has presented to the Hope Department a fine
series of predaceous insects and their prey from a number
of European localities, chiefly Spain. Mr. H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe has for many years presented valuable material
in many groups of predaceous insects from numerous
British localities. In the course of a visit to La Granja
in the Sierra Guadarrama, Spain, I was able, in July 1902,
to make a considerable collection of Asilid flies and their
prey, and in particular to study the habits of Dasypogon
diadema, which is very abundant in that locality.
Small collections of material making up altogether an
important part of the foundation on which this paper rests
have been contributed by the following naturalists :—Mr.
C. N. Barker and Mr. F. Muir from the neighbourhood of
Durban, Natal; Mr. S. A. Neave, from N.E. Rhodesia;
Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, from British East Africa; Lieut.
T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, from Port Sudan; Mr. E. E. Green,
from Ceylon; Col. C. T. Bingham, from Burma; Dr. Richard
Evans, from near Penang; Mr. J. C. Kershaw, from Macao ;
Rey. F. D. Morice, Monsieur Chretien, Mr. G. C. Champion,
Mr. W. Holland, and Mr. A. H. Hamm, from Spain.
Small collections from British localities have been
presented by Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S. Dr. G. B.
Longstaff, Mr. W. J. Lucas, Mr. A. H. Hamm, and Mr. J.
Collins ; and single examples by Commander J. J. Walker,
Mr. R. Shelford, Mr. W. Holland, Mr. A. J. Chitty, Mr. L.
D. Saunders, Mr. H. A. Saunders, Mr. J. E. Collin, and
Mr. KE. A. Cockayne.
Many naturalists have rendered kind assistance by
drawing attention to published or manuscript records.
Many interesting British records, several of them now
published for the first time, were kindly communicated by
Colonel J. W. Yerbury and Mr. Claude Morley; and
valuable help of the same kind was afforded by Mr. G. H.
Verrall, Mr. J. E. Collin, Mr. G. C. Bignell, and Mr. G. T.
Porritt. Mr. W. L. Distant kindly drew my attention to
many published records of the attacks of predaceous insects,
especially in South Africa.
It is equally pleasant to acknowledge all the kind help
received in working out the material, half of which, viz.
the prey, was generally in bad condition and very difficult
to determine. Here also I am chiefly indebted to Colonel
J. W. Yerbury, who has devoted an immense amount of
time and labour to the largest part of the collection, the
326 Professor E. B. Poulton on
Diptera. In this group very kind help has also been
received in special cases from Mr. G. H. Verrall, Mr. J. E.
Collin and Mr. E. E. Austen. In working out the
Neuroptera kind assistance was received from Mr. W. J.
Lucas, Mr. W. F. Kirby, Mr. Kenneth J. Morton and Mr.
C. A. Briggs; the Orthoptera, by Sefior Don Ignacio
Bolivar, Mr. W. F. Kirby and Mr. R. Shelford; the
Lepidoptera, by Sir George F. Hampson, Dr. F. A. Dixey,
Mr. J. Hartley Durrant and Mr. R. South ; the European
and British Rhynchota, by Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S. ;
the Rhynchota from other parts of the world, by Mr. W. L.
Distant ; the Coleoptera, by Commander J.J. Walker, Mr.
Guy A. K. Marshall, Mr. G. J. Arrow, Mr. C. J. Gahan, Mr.
G. C. Champion, and Mr. W. Holland.
The Hymenoptera have been especially difficult. Mr.
Edward Saunders, F.R.S., has determined the European and
British Aculeates; Colonel C. T. Bingham, the Oriental
and African Aculeates and Parasitica; Mr. Claude Morley,
the European and British Parasitica; Rev. F. D. Morice,
the European and British Tenthredinide; Mr. A. J. Chitty
devoted much time to the difficult problem presented by a
minute Cynipid.
A minute species of Collembola, which had puzzled
many naturalists, was finally traced to its true position by
Mr. Claude Morley.
The British Spiders have been kindly studied by Mr. F.
P. Smith, but the results of his labours are almost confined
to the material for Part IL.
Special inquiries have been courteously answered by
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, Mr. G. T. Lyle, Mr. H. O. Forbes
and Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, as well as by the naturalists
whose names have been already mentioned.
Numerous errors are so difficult to avoid in a memoir of
this kind, dealing with such varied material and bristling
with data, that exceptional time and trouble have been
devoted to the correction of proofs. Not only have they
been read several times by the writer, but the following
friends have also most kindly been through them and
made many corrections and valuable suggestions :—Mr.
Edward Saunders, F.R.S., Colonel J. W. Yerbury, Mr. G.
H. Verrall, Mr. J. E. Collin, Mr. Claude Morley, Mr. G. A.
K. Marshall, and Commander J. J. Walker. Mr. W. J.
Lucas read through the proofs of the Neuroptera. Mr.
Marshall also rendered the kindest assistance in bringing
together upon a single copy the corrections on six sets of
Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 327
proofs. Mr. R. Shelford, M.A., and Mr. A. H. Hamm have
not only read proofs, but they have also greatly helped me
in comparing them with the data on the specimens. It is
impossible to hope that mistakes have been entirely
avoided, but at any rate exceptional labour has been ex-
pended upon their reduction to the lowest possible number.
The present memoir was undertaken in order to deter-
mine, as far as possible, the enemies of those groups of
insects which are believed on good grounds (see especially
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall’s experiments recorded in Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 292—405) to be specially de-
fended against entomophagous Vertebrates. So far from
following Haase in the belief that such groups enjoy abso-
lute immunity from all attacks, including those of parasites,
it seemed probable that the lessened exposure to Vertebrate
enemies would be largely compensated by a relatively in-
creased exposure to predaceous Invertebrata, and especially
insects. And this conviction has been confirmed even
more fully than would have been anticipated from the
limited extent of the recorded material. Thus it will be
found from African records alone that the widely mimicked
Limnas chrysippus has been seen to be devoured by an
Asilid fly, a large Dragonfly, and a Locustid; while
another species of Locustid and a large wasp have been
found eating the larva. Attacks by predaceous insects upon
the specially defended groups of Coleoptera, and upon the
stinging Hymenoptera are also proportionately numerous.
It was originally intended to conclude the present paper
with a large number of records of predaceous Hymenoptera
and their prey, chiefly due to the energy and power of
observation of Mr. A. H. Hamm, who is especially devoted
to the study of the Fossorial group. It was not at first
contemplated that any attempt would be made to search
through the vast literature of this subject, extending through
two centuries and a half. This widening of the field of
work was brought about through a misunderstanding. I
wrote to my kind friend Mr. Edward Saunders for records
of attacks by Fossors, meaning such records as are con-
tained in his note-books or on the specimens in his
collection. In reply he sent me a most valuable abstract
of recent literature on the subject, and expressed the
opinion that a list of the published records was greatly
needed. Under these circumstances Mr. A. H. Hamm
began to search systematically and was soon aided by
Mr. R. Shelford and Commander Walker. A little later
328 Professor E. B. Poulton on
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall joined in the work, and after a time
convinced me that it would be better to defer the records
of predaceous Hymenoptera to a second part. So much
has been done that the paper would appear to be a com-
plete abstract of literature bearing on the subject ; and if it
tailed to be truly complete great harm would be done; for
the way toanadequate statement would certainly be barred
for many years to come. It was therefore determined to
put off the appearance of Part II, devoted to the predaceous
Hymenoptera, until the abstract of published records is as
full and complete as itcan be made. It is believed that the
work will be finished early in 1907, and that no long interval
need elapse between the two sections of the memoir.
The same argument does not apply to the First Part,
which is in the main a presentation of new records, and
does not profess to contain anything like a complete
abstract of the published records scattered chiefly in the
form of brief notes, though a voluminous literature. At
the same time any published statements which have come
to light are included; and many more will certainly be
found in the systematic search for records of predaceous
Hymenoptera. Any such additions to Part I will appear
in the form of an Appendix at the end of Part II.
I desire to thank the Council for their courtesy in
permitting, as an exceptional privilege, the inclusion of
predaceous insects and their prey captured after the date at
which the paper was read,—June 6th, 1906. All such addi-
tions will be immediately recognized by their dates. Owing
to this concession many of the conclusions rest upon a far
broader foundation than would otherwise have been possible.
It is hoped that this paper will be of some use to those
who are interested in the problems of Economic Entomology
rather than in the study of Insect natural history or bio-
nomics for their own sake. With this object the popular
names have been used whenever possible, and the classifica-
tory position of the prey indicated. I have been much im-
pressed with the imperative necessity for the accumulation
on a very large scale of this kind of evidence, if trustworthy
conclusions are to be reached—conclusions safe enough to
become the justification for practical measures. It is not
sufficient to know that an insect is predaceous, and that it
is believed in a general way to attack particular species or
groups of species. We need precise records and the care-
ful preservation of material for critical examination in the
future. Thus it will be found in numbers of cases that
Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 329
the predaceous species frequently or even normally attack
insects which are themselves predaceous or parasitic, in
such instances tending towards the preservation rather
than the destruction of insect life. It is unnecessary to
quote instances when they will be found in numbers
scattered through the following tabulated records; but I
may allude to the amusing reciprocity exhibited by
examples 268 and 293. In the former an Empid fly was
devouring the Anthomyid fly, Caricea tigrina: in the latter
Caricea tigrina was devouring an Empid!
In order to facilitate reference, all records in Part I of
this memoir have been conspicuously numbered, In Part
II, dealing with the predaceous Hymenoptera, the reference
numbers will be confined to original records, published
for the first time. The difference in method is due to
the small proportion in Part I of examples previously
published, as contrasted with their immense preponderance
in Part IT.
The study of the original records here brought forward and
their comparison with the results obtained in the future,
will be aided by a statement, made whenever possible, of
the collection in which each example is to be found. The
words, “In Hope Dep.,” “In Brit. Mus.,” etc., appearing
beneath the name of the predaceous species implies that
the prey as well as the captor exists in the collection indi-
cated. A modified statement will make it clear when the
captor alone or the prey alone is known to be in existence.
References to previous publication wiil in Part I be found
under the name of the observer. For the sake of brevity
the publications of the Entomological Society of London
are indicated by no more than the abbreviation “ Trans.” or
“ Proc.,” together with the year of publication and page.
In Part I the Orders to which the predaceous insects
belong are treated merely in the order of the number of
records. It will at once be recognized that evidence of
importance has only been obtained in the Diptera of Part
I and the Hymenoptera Aculeata of Part IL.
I. DIPTERA.
The records in the first part of this memoir are set forth
in a tabular form, beginning with the family which stands
foremost among predaceous Diptera,—the Asilide.
A. ASILIDZ AND THEIR PREY.
Professor E. B. Poulton on
330
“AInqiax “AM “C
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331
Predaceous Insects and their Prey.
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333
Predaceous Insects and their Prey.
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334
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335
Predaceous Insects and their Prey.
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Professor KE. B. Poulton on
336
TICNRIOW STV =D
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337
Predaceous Insects and ther Prey.
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TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART III.
|
(JAN.)
Professor E. B. Poulton on
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Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 359
Certain general conclusions of much interest may be
reached from the study of the preceding list.
PROPORTIONS OF THE SEXES.
Females are far more commonly found with prey than
males—being in fact between three and four times as
numerous. These results will be found to be curiously
reversed in the case of the Hmpide (p. 388), The following
table shows the exact proportion of the two sexes in the
recorded examples :—
| SEX
| FEMALES. MALES. DOUBTFUL.
Daeypogonin oe 51 ie 10
Lophrine | 12 | &@ | 1
“Asilinze | 97 28 8
eto com en ee
Nos. 225 and 226 are omitted from the above table,
but the total reaches 226 because three individuals are
included under the single No. 117.
ANALYSIS OF THE PREY.
Although conclusions of interest at once suggest them-
selves when the sexes of Asilid victims are studied, the
consideration of this part of the subject is postponed until
after the accumulation of a far larger number of data.
Before proceeding to consider the list of Asilide in
detail it 1s of importance to analyse the prey as a whole.
We shall thus gain a standard with which to compare the
habits of particular species and genera of these predaceous
flies.
ANALYSIS OF PREY.
I. ORTHOPTERA.
Acridiidx (Grasshoppers) . ; id
fomuy. - 18
360 Professor E. B. Poulton on
II. NEUROPTERA.
Termitidxe (White ants)
Odonata (Dragonflies)
Panorpidx (Scorpion-tflies)
TOTAL
~ | me HE bo
III. HEMIPTERA.
Coreidx
Lygede .
Pentatomidx
Cimicidze
TOTAL
Hee | feet eel eet ND
IV. HoMoprTeRA.
Cicadide .
Cercopide
TOTAL
|
ees
V. COLEOPTERA.
Undetermined .
Cicindelidx
Hydrophilide .
Copride .
Aphodiide
Glaphyridx
Melolonthidexe
Rutelide .
Jetonuideae ; ; (1 abandoned)
Buprestidx
Galerucidx
Melyridzx
Lagrudx
Cantharidz
Curculionide
TOTAL
1
ee Ne NO on RO) a NO)
nw
fo)
Predaceous Insects and their Prey.
VI. LEPIDOPTERA.
A, HETEROCERA.
361
Hepialidx (Swifts) 1
Lymantridxz 1
Geometride 2
Noctuwidz 9
Pyralide . , 2
Crambide (Grass- moths) . 2
Tineidx (Including 1 Adela? and 1 Simaéthis) 3
B. RHOPALOCERA.
Danaine 2*
ACTRANL . il
Nymphaline 3
Lycenidex (Blues) 6
Pierine (Whites) Gi
Re
VII. HYMENOPTERA.
A. PHYTOPHAGA.
Tenthredinide. . if
B, PARASITICA.
Chalcidide i
Ichneumonide ; ; : : Sn)
Braconide. alae . (1doubtful) 2
C. ACULEATA.
| Hive-bee . : . 14
Anthophila (Bees) + African form of hive-bee 1
lother mt 14
Diploptera (Wasps) . 6
Fossores (Sand- wasps) 9
Heterogyna (Ants) 9
ToTaL 67
* Including the LZ. chrysippus mentioned in the footnote on p. 345.
{ Including the C. florella mentioned in the footnote on p. 346.
362 Professor E. B. Poulton on
VIII. Drietera.
Undetermined . , ; 1
Tipulide (Daddy-longlegs) 5
Stratiomyide : : : i
Tabanide (Horse-flies) . : : er:
Females devouring males of same sp. 3
Asilide x females i i!
Were a species different from captor 10
Lmpide ; : : : 3
Dolichopodide . 1
Syrphide . 8
Conopidx 2
Tachinide 2
Sarcophagine 5
Dexine it
Muscine . 4
Anthomyidex 6
TOTAL 57
The whole of the 226 records in the tabular statement
are included in this analysis, except No. 29, in which the
nature of the prey is uncertain. To these 225 are added
the 2 butterflies im the footnotes on pages 345, 346,
together with one extra example, because three victims
accompany the two Nos. 59 and 117 in the Table. Thus
the total number included in the analysis of prey is 228.
A glance at the above list shows that the Hymenoptera,
Diptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera, placed in the order
of importance, make up between them ,%, of the recorded
prey. The other Orders are of small importance, but it is
a striking fact that Acridiidx are the only recorded prey
among the Orthoptera, Cicadide (except for a single
Cercopid) among the Rynchota Homoptera.
HyMENoPTERA.—About 307 of the entire records
belong to this order. The Aculeata are strongly repre-
sented, other groups except the Jchnewmonide (restricted),
very weakly. Among the Aculeates the Anthophila include
more than half the victims ; but this immense preponder-
ance is brought about by the numbers of Apis mellifica.
Reasons will be given below (p. 366) for the conclusion
that the hive-bee, weakened by domestication, is an easy
prey,—a conclusion supported by the fact that there is only
Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 363
a single record* of the capture of the African wild form of
the species as compared with 14 of the European domes-
ticated race. It is interesting to observe that the Fossors
contribute more victims than the Diploptera. The latter
are doubtless more formidable and chiefly attacked by
specially adapted Asilids. The ants were probably all
winged when captured, and the numbers must here be
considered in relation to the limited period when the prey
possesses the power of flight.
DipererA.—The most striking facts are the wide range
of selection in the Order, and the marked predominance in
the number of victims from the Asi/idx themselves (14 out
of a total of 57). This predominance goes some little way
to reduce the economic significance of Asilide# as destroyers
of insects.
CoLEOPTERA.—The range of selection is here also very
wide, but there is this in common between the victims:
all are conspicuous flower-haunting forms or species which
are freely upon the wing by day.
LEPIDOPTERA.—The range of selection is wide, the only
predominance being among the Lycenide and Pierine—
probably the two groups of butterflies most abundant in
individuals. The moths—with the possible exception of
the single Hepialid—are probably all such as are on the
wing by day or fly readily when disturbed.
Looking at the list as a whole there is, as we should
expect, a marked absence of purely cursorial forms and of
forms that hide by day.
ASILIDA AS THE ENEMIES OF SPECIALLY PROTECTED
InsEcts.—This investigation into the habits of predaceous
insects was largely undertaken in order to ascertain the
enemies of the specially protected groups. The conclusion
had already been provisionally reached that the Asilidx
take an important place among these foes (Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 336-337). “The stings of the
Aculeates, the distasteful qualities of Danaine and Acreine
and of the odoriferous Lagria, the hard chitinous covering
of Coleoptera, the aggressive powers of Odonata, are alike
insufficient protection against these active and voracious
flies.” The sentence just quoted (1. c. p. 83386) conveyed the
* Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall however writes as follows (Nov., 1906) :—
“Mr. E. S. Buttemer, of Estcourt, Natal, who kept wild bees on
a considerable scale, told me that they were much preyed upon by
Asilidx.”
364 Professor E. B. Poulton on
impression made by a study of 36 examples (pp. 8332-335).
The conclusions expressed are confirmed and extended
by the consideration of 190 additional examples recorded
in the present Memoir.
The analysis on pp. 359-862 makes evident the following
facts :—
1. The great predominance among the prey of that
specially defended Order, the Hymenoptera, and
within its limits of the section including the
stinging insects.
2. The fact that half the families of Coleoptera which
contributed victims are looked upon as _ specially
protected :—The Galerucide, Melyridx, Cantharide,
Aphodiide, Cetoniide, Lagriide, and Cicindelide
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 392-397).*
3. Among Rhopalocera the inclusion of Danaine,
Acreine and Pierine (including Mylothris) victims :
among Heterocera of a Lymantrid victim.
4, The existence, although in small numbers, of
Hemipterous prey.
CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE HABITS OF THE SPECIES AND
GENERA OF ASILIDZ RECORDED IN THIS MEMOIR.
I. DASYPOGONINA.
Dioctria (Nos. 1 to 10).—It is not necessary to present
any further analysis of the tabulated record in the case of
this genus. It is obvious that Ichnewmonide form the
chief prey of these slender Ichneumon-like Asilids (‘T'rans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 336). In 4 out of 10 examples
the prey belonged to this group; while in the whole of
the Asilide other than Dioctria, only 6 instances of
Ichneumonid prey are tabulated. Hence we are led to
believe that the species of Dioctria are the chief Asilid
* This list of specially protected Coleopterous victims will
undoubtedly be extended. Indeed some evidence is already in
existence as recorded in the following statement by Kirby and
Spence (Fifth edn. 1828, vol. i, p. 396), which I owe, together with
the quotations on pp. 365 and 388, to Mr. A. H. Hamm, Assistant
in the Hope Department :—‘‘ De Geer has seen an Asilus pierce . . «
the elytra of a lady-bird ; and I have myself caught them with not
only an Elater and weevil, but even a Hister in their mouths.”
Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 365
foes of the Ichnewmonidx.* The other insect prey is very
varied : a Bracon ?, a Tenthredinid, two flies, (a Syrphid
and an Empid), a Panorpa and a small moth. Further
material is greatly needed in order to test the provisional
conclusions here arrived at, and to afford grounds for
estimating the relative influence of the various species
of the genus.
Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema, Nos. 11—55.—The
record in the case of this species is remarkably complete,
no less than 45 examples being tabulated. Of these all
except one, in which the nature of the prey is uncertain,
are available for an analysis which demonstrates at a
glance the relative preferences of this predaceous species.
The Prey of Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema.
HEMIPTERA.
Coreidee : Ff : : : ; F iy oll
TOA aL
COLEOPTERA.
Hydrophiide ‘ : 5 : 1
Copride : : : : 1
Glaphyride 3
Cetonude . (abandoned) if
TOTAL). : Pea
* That the Hymenoptera are the special victims of Dioctria was
well known to Kirby and Spence. Thus we read (Fifth edn, 1828,
vol. i, p. 274) :—‘* The Asili also, which are always upon the chase,
seize insects with their anterior legs and suck them with their haus-
tellum. The cognate genus Dioctria, particularly Diclandica, prey
upon Hymenoptera, by some unknown means instantaneously killing
the insect they seize.”
This last observation is also of great interest. The collapse of the
Asilid’s victim—often an active powerful insect—is so instantaneous
that there can be little doubt that a poison is injected. In the case
of Laphria gibbosa (No. 86) which was devouring the Buprestid
beetle Ancylocheira flavomaculata (see p. 339) the proboscis was thrust
through the cephalo-thoracic articulation. Dr,Chapman has pointed
out to me that if the beetle had not been already killed or killed
the instant of insertion it could have crushed the Asilid’s proboscis
with ease. When an Asilid is captured and held by the wings it
often extrudes asif in defence a trothy liquid from the end of its
proboscis ; and it is probable that this is the poison. It would be
interesting to experiment upon insects with it, introducing a minute
quantity by means of a finely drawn out glass tube.
366 Professor E. B. Poulton on
HYMENOPTERA.
Ichneumonidx 4 ee
.. { Hive-bee : ia lky
a lone Anthophila iss
Diploptera : Le
ossores nH
Heterogyna . TS)
VAL rei Toran. 0.0328
DIPTERA.
aes Patino fiol Own) sp.) ; 1
Asitidae| a sp. different from captor 1
Syrphidex 4 ; 2
Sarcophagine 1
TorTaL 5
Comparing this analysis with that of all the recorded
prey of Asilidx, we find no examples of D. diadema attack-
ing Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Homoptera, or Lepidoptera,
and only a single instance in which Hemipterous prey was
selected. Rather less than $ of D. diadema’s captures
were selected from among the Coleoptera, and an equal
proportion from the Diptera. The great majority of the
victims, }~ of the whole, were Hymenopterous, and of
these about half belonged to the Anthophila. The
numbers of these latter are inflated by the abundance of
the hive-bee and probably by the fact that this artificially
protected species is extremely abundant in certain locali-
ties, and especially easy to capture. Probable evidence of
the comparative helplessness of the hive-bee is afforded
by the following considerations. The sexes are recorded
in 42 out of the 45 tabulated examples of this Asilid: 30
were females, 12 were males. The smaller weaker males
selected upon the whole smaller weaker victims than the
females. But in 3 cases out of the 12 the comparatively
large and heavy hive-bee worker was found in the
clutches of a male diadema. As regards the female also,
the 9 hive-bees were considerably larger than the average
of the other victims selected by this sex. (See also p. 362.)
The Courtship of Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema,
Only a single pair were observed im coitu, both male
Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 367
and female being without prey at the time. On the
other hand three females with prey (Nos. 22, 25 and 40)
were seen to be persistently courted by males. In one
case (No. 40) both sexes were resting on a leaf, the female
absorbing the juices of a small 9 Ichneumonid, Pimpla
([tioplectis) pomorum, which was soon sucked dry. She
then deliberately withdrew her proboscis from the victim
and dropping it upon the leaf faced round upon her suitor
in a menacing manner. The male, as if realizing the
danger, at once became far more cautious and wary in
courtship. When we remember that once in this species
(No. 41), and once each in the case of two other species of
Asilidx, Promachus xqualis (No. 96), and Promachus, sp. A.
(No. 103), the female has been captured devouring the male
of her own kind, we can well understand the increased wari-
ness observed on this occasion, as well as the persistent
courtship of females already provided with prey and the
well-known examples of females with prey captured im
coitu.* Four instances of this latter kind are recorded in
the present paper,—Laphria gibbosa, No. 86; Hutolmus
apicatus, No. 175; Machimus atricapillus, No, 205, and
Neoitamus cyanurus, No. 208. That the male is
extremely wary in the courtship of females without prey,
the following observations upon PD. diadema sufficiently
prove.
July 24th, 1902, 11.45 am. La Granja, Sierra Guadar-
rama, Spain.—I watched a male Dasypogon diadema
pursuing the female. Every time the female flew the
male followed and almost invariably settled behind, about
three or four inches away, with his head towards her.
Sometimes the female on alighting turned round so as to
face the direction from which she had flown, and the
pursuing male; but the latter flew round her and took
up the characteristic position behind. Not only on
these occasions but usually the male flew once or twice
round her before alighting, but until the final act this par-
ticular male never touched the female. About a quarter
of a minute after settling the male flew nearer to the
female. Although only three or four inches away he did
not walk but flew towards her, taking up a nearer position,
in which he sometimes faced her from the side, sometimes
* Also frequently observed in the Hmpide, as stated by Kirby and
Spence. For their amusing conjectures as to the significance of the
fact see footnote f on p. 388.
368 Professor E. B. Poulton on
from behind. On one occasion he alighted only an inch
behind the female.
The only movements observed in the female after
alighting were of the head, but the male often fluttered
his wings.
Pairing took place after the courtship had been watched
for six minutes, during which the insects flew and alighted
several times. The male seized the female in the air
after she had flown a short distance, and both fell to the
ground together from a height of about eight inches.
Copulation probably occurred the instant the insects
reached the ground, but the movements were too rapid to
be followed. In flight the female supported the male,
but the horizontal position of the latter was apparently
maintained by the use of his wings. When the female
alighted the male always hung in a vertical position.
Coitus was not terminated by capture, or even by
boxing.
The courtship of another pair was watched on the same
morning and in the same fees Coitus was not seen,
the insects being lost after 12} minutes of observation.
In this case the female when settled moved her abdomen
up and down. Movements of the third pair of legs were
also seen, while those of the head were frequent and pro-
nounced. The male also sometimes faced the female, and
once or twice darted down upon her, certainly touching
some part of her dorsal surface.* After one of the flights,
when they had come to rest upon a couple of flower-heads
about two inches apart, the male more than once took a
turn in the air round the female, and then returned to his
flower-head. In spite of the differences here stated, the
relative positions of male and female were generally
similar to those of the last pair. In fact, the positions first
taken up after each flight of the female are probably
characteristic.
Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema, a mimic of its most
conspicuous victims,
The dark-winged, dark-bodied Dasypogon diadema is
undoubtedly mimetic of the Hymenoptera Aculeata.
* A male, watched on the previous day, July 23, also appeared to
dart at and touch the female. The observation was made in the same
locality, and the female was in this instance carrying a bee.
Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 369
Especially is this true of the female, which with a red
band across the abdomen, strongly suggests the appear-
ance of a large group (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp.
647, 648) of similarly banded Aculeates. Out of 29
Aculeate victims three belonged to the group in question,
—Pompilus viatieus, Sphecodes gibbus, and Ammophila
hirsuta. All three were captured by female Asilids.
With the exception of a single Bombus these three victims
are the most conspicuously marked of all the prey of
D. diadema, and the most suitable models for mimetic re-
semblance. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 661-662.)
Remaining genera of the Dasypogonine.
Of these there is not much to be said, inasmuch as the
number of records is insufficient to justify conclusions as
to preferences. specially is this the case with Saropogon,
Nos. 56, 57, and Jsopogon, No. 66; while the three exam-
ples of a single species of Tipulid prey seized by the bee-
like Lasiopogon cinctus, Nos. 76-78, were all observed in
the same locality and at nearly the same time. How-
ever, so far as it goes the evidence certainly suggests a
mainly Dipterous diet for this latter species. The seven or
eight victims recorded for the genus Microstylwm, Nos.
58-65, indicate comprehensive tastes; including 3 beetles,
2 or 8 Cicadas (or possibly a Vespid), 1 grasshopper and 1
Asilid fly. The huge Microstylum dux appears to be an
Aculeate mimic. Stenopogon, Nos. 67-69, twice captured
the specially protected Melyride among the Coleoptera,
and once a well-defended bug, Thyanta. In Seleropogon,
Nos. 71-78, alone among the Das) ypogonine, we meet with
the record of a butterfly victim, a species of the distasteful
sub-family Danainx. The two remaining captures recorded
for this genus are Asilid flies. One “of these offers an
example—so far unique—of a female Asilid preying upon
another female of the same species. The two species of
Damalina, Nos. 74, '75, are probably specialized foes of the
Dammar-bees (Melipona), and both are beautiful mimics
of their victims. The two tabulated examples support
this conclusion, but further observation is greatly wanted.
Colonel C. T. Bingham, to whom we owe both the records,
has however recorded that flies of this genus “ persist-
ently hover round the nest-mouth of the dammar bees,
and catch the latter on the wing as they issue from the
nest.” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 336.)
370 Professor E. B. Poulton on
IJ. LAPHRINA.
The number of records in this sub-family is small, so
small indeed that we can only reach provisional conclu-
sions as to the preferences of the species. Mimicry of
the Hymenoptera Aculeata is here more conspicuous than
elsewhere among these predaceous flies. Zamyra (Nos. 91,
92) and Proagonistes (No. 98) are beautiful mimics of dark-
winged Aculeates, and two out of the three recorded indi-
viduals were preying upon Aculeates, although not upon
their models. It is probable that these species present us
with a case similar to Dasypogon diadema, where there is a
general attack upon the Aculeata accompanied by mimicry
of a type of colouring common and specially conspicuous,
but by no means universal among the victims. The bee-
like Laphria, sp. ? gilva (No. 89), was captured with a fly,
Laphria gibbosa (Nos. 86, 87), a mimic of the heavy
Bombus type of Aculeates, was twice, and the bee-like
Hoplistomerus serripes (No. 79) once, recorded with a
beetle. These species may probably be grouped with the
common Aszilus crabroniformis, mimetic of a specially
abundant and conspicuous Aculeate type, but showing no
preference for an Aculeate diet. Laphria flava (No. 88),
—also Lombus-like—recorded with an ant, may perhaps
belong to the same category as Lamyra and Proagonistes.
The species of Laxenecera (Nos. 80-83)—all mimetic of
Aculeates (bees) and all preying upon Aculeates although
usually not upon their models—appear undoubtedly to be-
long to this latter category. MHyperechia (Nos. 84, 85),
long suggested as a specialized foe of the Aculeate genus
Xylocopa (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 662, and Proce.
1904, p. Ixxxvi), has now for the first time been proved to
prey upon its model. It offers a case precisely parallel to
that of Damalina.
Not only are the Laphrinx here recorded more generally
mimetic than the species of either of the other sub-families
but their resemblances are curiously restricted to the group
of bees (Anthophila), although Zamyra and Proagonistes
offer magnificent exceptions.
III. AsILinz.
Craspedia (No. 94), now shown for the first time to attack
the Yylocopidx, is probably a specialized foe of these bees,
Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 371
and is a mimic of its victim. Save for the less perfect
mimetic resemblance, it falls into the same category as
Damalina and Hyperechia.
Promachus (Nos. 95-121)—We find in this large genus
examples sufficiently numerous and interesting to justify
separate tabulation.
The Prey of Promachus,
TEQUALIS. | OTHER SPECIES.
| NEUROPTERA = Termitidz 2 |
ODONATA 3
“HEMIPTERA Ooreide ers
[HOMOPTERA Ciadide 3 or 4*
(GORHOPTERA) | /Courdel) | | a1) Guu
Melolonthide 1
TEE Rutelidx ce 1
| Lagriide. 1
[HYMENOPTERA Ichneumonide | | 2
| ANTHOPHILA :
(Apide) :
b DIPLOPTERA 1 or 2*
FossoRES ‘ih
Hrrrroayna | |
(Formicidx) !
DIPTERA Tabanide enn en 1
4 ae Fan 3 of same 1 1
| Asilidee | prey dir
ferent sp. 3
Sarcophagine th 1
| Totals | 7 —_ 21 or 22
_ * One of these alternatives—Cicadide or Diploptera—must be
included, and both may be : see No. 117, p. 344.
TRANS. ENT, SOC, LOND. 1906.—PART III. (JAN.) 25
By Professor E. B. Poulton on
Promachus xqualis (Nos. 95-101) is probably an im-
perfect mimic of the white-banded Yylocopide ; but with
the exception of the winged Termites and the male of its
own species, its victims (4) were all Coleopterous. Hence
if a mimic at all it must be classed with Asilus crabroni-
Jormis (Nos. 149-156). The second column of the table
includes a fine species, testaceipes? (No. 117), from Macao,
probably mimetic of a wasp. Its prey is insufficiently
known, but must include one, perhaps two wasps, although
apparently not the model, and may include a Cicada.
The tolerably indiscriminate list of victims in this column
seems however to indicate an undoubted preference for
Dragonflies and Cicadas, inasmuch as the majority of
the records of these insects are here to be found.
Philodicus, Alcimus and Apoclea (Nos. 122-140).—We
here encounter the most obvious preference for a particular
diet to be met with anywhere among the Asilidx, except
in those specialized forms which prey upon their models.
Omitting the doubtfully determined Philodicus sp., which
had attacked a Tachinid fly, the prey of the remaining
species of these three genera is tabulated below :—
The Prey of Alcimus and allred genera.
ORTHOPTERA, Acridiide aan eae
LEPIDOPTERA Lymantridx 1 72 cea
HETEROCERA Noctuids | 1 | |
Pyralide ai Rae
LEPIDOPTERA Nymphaline ia ens,
RHOPALOCERA Lyceenidee taal } 1
Pierinez )/ TW lara |
Totals 15 |lor2| 1
When this table is compared with the general analysis
of prey (pp. 359, 361), the preference for Lepidoptera and
Orthoptera will be seen to be remarkably clear, As re-
Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 373
gards Rhopalocera the preference is even more marked
than this comparison suggests ; for some and perhaps all the
butterflies seized by uncaptured Asilids were probably the
prey of Alcimus. The species of this genus stand out as
by far the most important of the Asilid foes of butterflies,
and the study of the habits of the group is especially
commended to those who believe that all Aszlide are indis-
criminate in their attacks on insects. The preference for
Lepidoptera manifested in common by these genera is an
interesting example of the support which a purely struc-
tural foundation for affinity may receive from the study of
instincts, themselves the outcome of structure in the central
nervous system.
As regards mimicry the remarkably long-bodied species
of these three genera are perhaps protected by a vague
resemblance to the more slender Hymenoptera—Parasitic
or Aculeate—but, as the above analysis shows, they have
not been hitherto observed with victims belonging to this
Order.
Philonicus (two species), Nos. 141-147.—So far as the
insufficient evidence justifies any conclusion this genus
appears chiefly to attack Diptera (6 examples), although a
single Tineid victim is also recorded.
Pamponerus germanicus (No. 148).—The single example
—a Melolonthid beetle—does not justify conclusions as to
the preferences of this species.
Asilus crabroniformis (Nos. 149-156).—Considering the
abundance and conspicuous appearance of this fine insect
the records of prey are somewhat scanty. I am myself
familiar with the species in several localities but have
only once seen it with prey—a beetle (No. 150). The
other tabulated instances, including 3 different grass-
hoppers, indicate a preference for Orthoptera and Diptera.
The four recorded examples of the latter Order belong to
four different families or sub-families—Asilidx, Syrphide,
Sarcophagine and Muscine. Asilus crabroniformis “ recalls
in a general way the type of Aculeate colouring and
pattern which is commonest and most conspicuous in its
region’ *—especially the black and yellow banded appear-
ance of the most abundant Palzarctic species of Vespa.
At the same, time I have been unable to find a single
example of an attack by this species upon Hymenoptera.
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1904, p. 662.
374 Professor E. B. Poulton on
An observation on the cryptic attitude of Asilus crabroni-
Jorms during prolonged rest.
As this Memoir contains certain miscellaneous observa-
tions upon the Asilidx, such as the notes upon the court-
ship of Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema on pp. 366-368, I
have thought it worth while to include the following. On
the evening of July 28, 1906, I observed a female of this
species at rest on a head of Centaurea scabiosa beside
the footpath leading to Stone’s Copse, above North
Hinksey, near Oxford. The insect had evidently gone to
rest for the night and was quite torpid. The appearance
strongly suggested a rolled-up crumpled brown leaf or leaf-
fragment which had accidentally fallen upon the flower.
This cryptic resemblance was brought about by a remark-
able attitude, the insect being precisely in the position
formed by a half somersault,—arrested when the ventral
surface was uppermost. Hence the closely-folded wings
and the conspicuous gold and black bands were entirely
invisible from above; the only appearance being that of the
brown shades on the legs and ventral surface. The colour-
ing of these was so beautifully adapted to produce the
cryptic effect suggested above that I think it is probable
that I witnessed a single example of an attitude commonly
assumed by the species during prolonged rest.
Lophonotus (two species), Nos. 157-162.—Hymenoptera
contribute half of the six victims recorded for this genus.
The list is as follows: a Dragonfly, a beetle, a Geometrid
moth, two Fossorial wasps, and a Chalcid. Some preference
for Hymenoptera may be regarded as probable.
Dysmachus (Nos. 163-174).—Five species have been
discriminated by Col. Yerbury and Mr. Verrall in the
material upon which this paper has been prepared. (See,
however, note on p. 350.) They differ but slightly in size
and superficially resemble each other in appearance.
Twelve examples are tabulated, the prey belonging to the
Coleoptera (8 Melolonthids, 1 Coprid), Lepidoptera (1 Geo-
metrid, 2 Crambids), Diptera (1 Stratiomyid, 1 Empid, 1
Anthomyid), and Hymenoptera (1 Ichneumon, | winged
ant). At first sight the selection seems entirely indis-
criminate and haphazard, but when regard is paid to the
circumstances of the case it is found that choice was
exercised at least in one case. When I captured the
three specimens (Nos, 169, 170, 172) with Melolonthid
Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 375
victims on Pefialara, these beetles were by no means
conspicuously common, while on the same ground the
grasshopper, Gomphocerus sibiricus, was positively swarming.
This species is certainly attacked by other kinds of Asilids:
an example is in fact put on record in the table (No.
192). The attacks upon Lepidoptera also probably
indicate some preference, especially when we consider that
only one other Geometrid victim is recorded,* and that,
except Dysmachus, no Asilid is known as the captor of a
Crambus.
Eutolmus (Nos. 175, 176).—Of the two species one is
not with certainty to be included in this genus. The
records are insufficient to justify conclusions ; but there is
one interesting point about Lutolmus apicatus which deserves
notice. The species was very common on Montserrat, and
14 specimens (6 ¢ and 8) captured July 14-15, 1901,
exist in the Hope Collection: yet only a single pair of
the insects were observed 7m coitu, and the female of this
pair was the only individual of the species observed with
prey (an Anthomyid fly). The coincidence supports the
conclusion already arrived at, that females with prey are
especially sought by the males (p. 367).
Machimus (Nos. 177—205).—At least 7 species are dis-
criminated by my kind friends Col. Yerbury and Mr.
Verrall; and no less than 29 examples of prey are recorded.
These are so numerous and striking that the results are
shown below in a tabular form on page 376.
Certain preferences are very obvious in this table. The
choice of Acridians is clearly seen in the fact that nearly
half the number recorded for the whole of the Asz/ida are
found in the first two columns. Apart from this, the best
known form is seen to attack beetles freely, Hymenoptera
and Diptera slightly, while there is a single record of a
butterfly and a Lygzid bug among the victims. Jf. sete-
barbus is only known to attack Diptera. The British
species also exhibits a strong preference for Diptera ; for
these contribute 5 out of the 6 records of prey. The sixth
record is interesting, as it affords the only example of an
attack on the Cercopidx as yet observed among Asilids.
Neoitamus (Nos. 206-216).—Of the two species with
prey there is, in the case of the British form, WV. cyanwrus,
evidence suggesting that Diptera are the chief element in
* See, however, footnote on p. 356.
376 Professor E. B. Poulton on
The Prey of Machimus.
z
g . 5 n g | a
|aea D Bi ra
Va See dee le
| = = a Gr)
=|
ORTHOPTERA = Acridiide | 3
HEMIPTERA Lygexide 1
HOMOPTERA Cercopide. ig)
COLEOPTERA Cicindelidx 1 |
Copridex | 1 |
Aphodiidzx lea
Glaphyridex 1
Melolonthidz | 2
LEPIDOPTERA |
RHOPALOCERA Nymphaline 1
Pierine 1
HYMENOPTERA ANTHOPHILA 5 1
ACULEATA (Apide) || ~
HnreRoGyNa 1 |
(Formicidex) |
DIPTERA Tabanidee 1 rata
Asilidx 1 1
Dolichopodidx 1
Syrphide. 1
Sarcophagine 1
Muscine wae 1 age
Anthomyide = 1
Totals 163) 2) 25) Gis
* Including three uncaptured specimens probably belonging to this species.
Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 377
a mixed diet. Six examples out of ten belong to this
Order (1 Tipulid, 1 Empid, 1 Conopid, 1 Syrphid, 1
Tachinid, 1 uncertain), the other victims being an Aphodiid
and a Curculionid beetle, a Cimicid bug, and a Hepialid
moth.* A single example of another species of the genus
Neoitamus was carrying a beetle.
Epitriptus (Nos. 217-219).—The three victims (2 small
moths, and 1 Muscid) recorded for two species are quite
insufficient as evidence for the existence of any prefer-
ence; but comparing the number of the moths with that
shown in the complete analysis (p. 361), it becomes not
improbable that future observation will demonstrate
some preference for this diet.
The remaining records (Nos. 220-226), dealing with
undetermined Asilidx, cannot of course be considered in
this section.
Mimicry IN ASILIDA RECORDED WITH PREY.
The statements on mimicry and its varying relationship
to the prey attacked by the mimetic species, scattered
through the preceding pages, and already published (Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, pp. 661-665) may now be gathered
together into a tabular statement. It is important to
remember that most of the species are only provisionally
included in their respective groups on account of the
insufficiency of the records. It is hoped however that the
publication of a tabulated scheme, given on page 378, will
stimulate observation and the preservation of material,
so that at no distant date the means for a more com-
prehensive and more trustworthy classification may be
gained,
* Mr. G. H. Verrall’s observation recorded in footnote * on p. 356,
proves that moths are sometimes attacked on a large scale by
this species.
378
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Professor E. B. Poulton on
MIMETIC SPECIES OF
ASILID
a@uruob
-odlisog
Lastopoyon ctnctus
Laphria gibbosa
Laphvria, sp. ? gilva
A bee of the genus
MoDEL
PREY
A small bee
Bombus
Tipula,—s records
Beetles,—2 records
A hairy bee such as
avery small Bom-
bus
Flies,—1 record
| BUMYUvT |
Hoplistomerus
serripes
Promachus xqualis
BUSH
Philodicus gracilis
Alcimus,
3 African sp.
A poclea femoralis
A white-banded Xylo-
A rather large bee
copid bee
A beetle,—1 record
Beetles—4, Termites—2,
3 of its own species—1
Long-bodied slender
Aculeate or Ich-
neumonid
ATOLUITAAL “TT
auruohodhksng
Astlus crabront-
formis
Dioctria, 3 British
A large yellow dark- |
banded Aculeate
Ichneumonidx
Lepidoptera,—18 or 19
records : grasshoppers,
4 records
‘Flies, —4 records : beetle,
—l record: grass-
hoppers,—3 records
Insects of various orders,
species but chiefly Zchnewmon-
| wae
Dasypogon Dark _ red-banded | Insects of various orders,
diadema ? Aculeates, -Pom- but Aculeates far
pilus, Ammophila, more frequently than
&e. others. Models of 2 9?
Dasypogon Uniformly dark | are among the most
diademna Aculeates conspicuously coloured
*poxovgzye ATOAISNJOXO sasvo ouos ut sdey
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BUMYIVT
| BUMS |
SI} WO Yor}}e OUT,
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of the prey
Large Aculeate
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Bombus
genus
Laxenecera,
2 African species
Bees of medium size
Lanyra, sp. ? gulo
“A slender blue-black |
yellow -
Aculeate
barred |
Proagonistes, sp.
? praeceps
Promachus,
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Damatlina,
2 Burmese species
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flavibarbus
“Hyperechia
aylocopiformtis
Craspedia, sp.
“BY
wun)
from Queensland
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such as Sa/vus
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The black and white |
Dammar bees
(Melipona)
A bee of medium
size
Cicada and beetle: may
also include wasp
The single record is an
Aculeate—an ant
~The three examples were
all Aculeates, but quite
unlike the Asilids
Of the two records one is
an Asilid fly while the
other is a wasp (Bele-
nogaster) unlike its
captor in appearance _
A large dark Fossor | The single record is a
small bee (Halictus)
totally unlike its captor
A large J espa,—appat-
ently not a model—was
certainly attacked, 1
or 2 records: also per-
haps one Cicada
|
The models
The single record is abee
(Apis florea) which the
captor superficially re-
sembles
‘Dark Xylocopid bees
Dark Xylocopid bees
The models,—one record
and another probable
one
_
The models,—one record
379
Predaceous Insects and their Prey.
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387
Predaceous Insects and their Prey.
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(JAN. 1907) 26
PART III.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.
388 Professor E. B. Poulton on
Proportion of the Sexes—In the recorded Asilide it was
found (p. 359) that females with prey were between three
and four times as numerous as males with prey. In the
Empide tabulated above, such females are almost exactly
halfas numerous as males carrying prey. In spite of this
great preponderance of the latter sex, females alone were
found in 7 species, males alone in only 5, while 4 included
both sexes. The large proportion of males is entirely due
to their numbers in only 4 species out of the 15, viz.
fybos grossipes, Hmpis tessellata, Himpis livida, and
Pachymeria femorata.
Female Einpide with prey captured in coitu.—This fact is
recorded frequently in Pachymeria femorata,* twice in
Eimpis tessellata, Nos. 243, 244, once in EF. livida, No. 273,
and once in /. opaca, No. 274. These instances out of 65
recorded cases form a much higher proportion than in the
Asilide ; but there are as yet no examples of the female
attacking the male of its own species or of a remarkably
cautious pursuit by the male during courtship, to support
the interpretation which seems inevitable in the former
group (see p. 367).+
The choice of Prey by Empide.—Only provisional con-
clusions can be reached in all the tabulated species except
E. tessellata, with 20 records, and £. livide with 16. Ail
others, except Hybos grossipes (7) and Pachymeria semorata
(6), are hopelessly insufficient.
Hybotine.—The 10 records divided between three
pairs, show an attack upon minute Homoptera, ants and
Braconide ; and the Mycetophilide and Bibionidze among
the Diptera.
Emping.—It is evident that Diptera form by far the
most important insect food of this sub-family. In fact,
we find no other prey, except in the case of Khamphomyia
* Vide footnote on p. 384.
+ Kirby and Spence were well acquainted with the facts recorded
in the above paragraph, and make amusing suggestions as to their
significance. Thus we read (5th edition, 1828, vol. i, pp, 274,
275) :—“ Many species also of Hmpis, whose haustellum resembles
the beak of a bird, carry off in it Tipularix and other small Diptera ;
and what is remarkable, you can seldom take these insects in coitu,
but the female has a gnat, some fly, or sometimes beetle in her mouth.
Can this be to deposit her eggs in, as soon as they are impregnated
by the male? or is it designed for the nuptial feast?” No Coleo-
pterous victim of an Empid is recorded in the present Memoir. On
the other hand, the predominance of Dipterous prey is abundantly
confirmed.
gQ
Predaccous Insects and their Prey. 589
dentipes attacking an Ephemerid, and Lmpis livida, the foe
of Tortrix viridana and other small moths, also captured
with a Phryganid. The 20 records of Hmpis tessellata
—all Diptera—render it improbable that other insects
are attacked.* The variety of prey within the limits of
this Order is remarkable, no less than 8 families or sub-
families being divided between the 20 victims. Of these
the Bibionide (7) and to a far less extent the Zipulidx
(4) are responsible for more than half.
The 16 records of Hmpis livida include 6 moths
(4 examples of Toririz viridana, 2 of Crambide,) 1 Phry-
ganid, and 9 Diptera, belonging to 5 different groups
of which the Anthomyide furnish the largest number of
victims (3). Of special interest in this species is the series
of 9 examples (264-272) with prey captured by Mr.
H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe at Huntingfield, Kent, on the
evening of July 21,1906. In circumstances such as these,
when an abundant predaceous species is feeding in a
locality where insects are common and varied, we obtain
the most valuable information possible as to the range of
its preferences. It is to be hoped that much time and
labour will be directed to the collection of all possible
material whenever such exceptionally favourable oppor-
tunities arise. The deeply interesting results of Mr.
Donisthorpe’s captures of H. livida, and of the two series of
Dasypogon diadema (15-41 and 43-54) observed at nearly
the same times at La Granja, indicate the importance and
interest of the conclusions which may be thus reached.
The records of the other species of Hmpinxy, though
quite insufficient in numbers, render it likely that their
diet also is normally confined to Diptera of various groups.
Ocydromine.—The single’example was found devouring
a Mycetophilid.
Tachydromine.— Only 5 captures are recorded for 3
species. Of these 3 are Diptera (a Cecidomyid, a Myce-
tophilid, and an Empid), the 4th a minute Braconid,
the 5th a minute Cynipid. The evidence is entirely
* It is pretty clear that the Rev. J. G. Wood was mistaken in
speaking of Hmpis tessellata as the captor of Tortrix viridana. Thus
he says :—“ There are several species of this useful fly, one attaining
some size; but the one that claims our notice ... is the little
empis, scientifically called Empis tessellata.” Now this latter is
a large species, and Wood doubtless witnessed the attacks of the
smaller H. livida. For the otherwise excellent popular account see
“Common Objects of the Country,” London, N. D., pp. 101, 102.
390 Professor E. B. Poulton on
insufficient, but such as it is suggests that Diptera and
minute Hymenoptera form the chief prey of this sub-
family.
Summing up, we may conclude that with comparatively
few exceptions the Hmpidze are the foes of their own
group,—the Diptera. In the vast preponderance of cap-
tures within the limits of a single Order, they are sharply
contrasted with the Asiidz.
391
Predaceous Insects and their Prey.
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392
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Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 3
Dolichopodidy and Anthomyide.*—The single record of
a victim captured by a species of each of these families
will I trust be of value in calling the attention of natur-
alists to the fact that these flies are predaceous, and that
specially directed observation will surely yield the material
upon which to base a sound conclusion.
Cordyluride.—The fact that*flies of the genus Scato-
phaga are predaceous is fairly well known, although the
extent of their attacks is probably insufficiently recognized.
We here find 10 records as the result of the observations
of five observers in several very different British localities.
The prey is remarkably scattered through varied Dipterous
groups, as will be seen at a glance in the following table :—
The Prey of Scatophaga.
; g | &
2° |) onee iee
= s a aS
% © SLE
> S a :
bes = 3 | iS
Ss S21) Shi] ake
S 3 iS Sy
S 3 3
R B 5 =
Hymenoprersa . | Tenthredinidx | 1
Diptera . . .|Mycetophilide .. || 1
Bibionide . | 1
Limnobidee. Peale ra 1
Syrphide. orcas 1
IDOE? 5 6 ol 1
Muscine .. .|i il
Anthomyide . .) 1 1
Total Someone etter eee 1 1 7
Malests "23% 4 it 4
vee i in ae ok || d
Females): ..i: s.j/; 1 1 3
* Mr. G. H. Verrall informs me that all the Dolichopodidex are
predaceous. Only one sub-family of the Anthomyide is predaceous,
namely, the Cenosine which are closely allied to the Cordyluride.
394 Professor E. B. Poulton on
The predaceous habits of the Cordyluride were well
known to Messrs. Kirby and Spence :—
“Even Scatophaga stercoraria and scybalaria, and pro-
bably many others of the same tribe, feed upon small flies,
though their proboscis does not seem so well adapted for
animal as for vegetable food.” *
The sexes of the captors are seen to be nearly evenly
divided in the only record that is fairly complete; that
of S. stercoraria. It is certainly remarkable that each of
the 7 victims of this species should belong to a different
family or sub-family of Diptera. The surprising example
of a Tenthredinid victim (of merdarvia) is of much interest,
and prepares us for a wide variety of insect diet when
naturalists have seriously turned their attention to the
habits of the genus Scatophaga.
Ochromuia jejuna, F., Nos. 304-808.
The JMuscine are not admitted among predaceous
Diptera, the structure of the mouth-part being different
from that in flies which attack and kill other insects. It
is therefore of the utmost importance that any evidence
which is held to prove the contrary opinion should be
tested and sifted with far more than ordinary care.
During the past summer (of 1906) I received through
the kindness of Mr. E. Ernest Green, a female example
(304) of the abundant fly Ochromyia jeyuna, together with
a winged termite identified by Mr. W. F. Kirby as Zermes
taprobanes, Hg. The insects had been taken at Wellawaya,
Ceylon, in November 1905, and Mr. Green described the
termite as the prey of the Muscid. The observation is
recorded in “Spolia Zeylanica” (see the number following
date of capture). Colonel Yerbury, who determined the
fly, was decidedly of the opinion that the observation was
erroneous, I therefore wrote again to Mr. Green, and
received the following reply :—“ Peradenyia, Ceylon, July
17, 1906. The circumstances were as follows. I was
personally working my moth-trap, which consists of a
powerful acetylene lamp throwing its light on to a white
cotton screen. Immediately after lighting up, the screen
was covered with a crawling mass of winged termites.
While watching these, I noticed the flies actually pouncing
* Fifth ed. 1828, vol. i, p. 275.
Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 395
upon the termites. They did not attempt to carry
them away, but fastened themselves on to the dorsum
of the abdomen of each termite. There must have been
some fifteen or twenty termites, each with its attendant
fly. I very much regret that I did not bottle any of the
couples alive and watch the subsequent proceedings,
Instead of that I put them all into my poison bottle.
Should the opportunity again occur, I shall pay closer
attention to the actions of the fly. I think that the
note in ‘Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.’ (vol. xvi, No. 4, p.
747), to which I have already referred you, is a strong
corroboration of the supposed fact, though we do not
know for certain that the Indian fly was the same species
as my Ceylon insect. I am writing to ask if specimens
can be obtained for comparison.”
In a few days Mr. Green obtained four of the specimens
(305-808) referred to, and forwarded them to me, with
the following letter :—“ Peradenyia, Ceylon, Aug. 2, 1906.
I am now able to send you some of the actual specimens
that were the subject of the note in ‘Journ. Bomb. Nat.
Hist. Soc.’ (vol. xvi, No. 4, p. 747). They have been
received from the Secretary of the Society. They appear
to be identical with or very closely allied to the flies taken
by myself under similar circumstances, in Ceylon. These
Indian flies are said to have been seen actually hawking
the termites—on the wing. I think thisis another sound
link in the chain of evidence! [remember noticing par-
ticularly that the flies invariably attacked the abdominal
part of the termite,—where the chitinous derm is thinner
and softer than on the thorax.” »
The four specimens are.all females of Ochromyia geyuna.
They were captured by Capt. K. E. Nangle, 96th Berar
Infantry, at Tarbund, Secunderabad, on July 17, 1905.
Captain Nangle’s note in the “Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.
Soe.” (vol. xvi, 1905, p. 747) is as follows :—* Last night
after heavy rain there was a large flight of flying ants at
about 9.30 p.m. After the swarm appeared we heard a
loud humming noise and went out into the verandah to
see what it was and found these flies in swarms. We at
first thought from the noise, until we caught some, that
it was bees swarming, although it was so late at night.
We found these flies were hunting the flying ants, regularly
hawking at them in the air. When a fly seized an ant
it proceeded to devour the soft hind quarters.”
396 Professor E. B. Poulton on
“This swarm was noted all over our quarters: every
house our Officers were present in at that time reported
them.”
“We none of us have ever come across a case like this
during our service in the country. . . .”
Colonel Yerbury believes, from his knowledge of the
fly, that it is erroneous to suppose that it actually hunts
and kills living termites. He has written to me as follows
upon the subject :—‘ Oct. 11, 1906. With reference to
the Ochromyia jeyuna question I can only reiterate my
opinion that it is absolutely impossible for this fly to
kill anything. All Muscide will go to moisture, and as
winged termites, come to grief in many ways, doubtless
many a crushed termite attracts a muscid. The tongue
of O. gejuna and O. Juscipennis is an extraordinary organ,
but it is not that of a predaceous fly but more closely
resembles that of Glossina without the piercing tip which
the Tsetse flies possess. Possibly this is the explanation
of my observation * in Ceylon of these flies taking away
grains of sugar from large ants (Lobopelta and Camponotus),
z.e. that the tongue acts as a suction pump—so when it is
a case of ‘pull devil, pull baker’ between the fly and the
ant the former gets the best of it.”
If the opportunity should occur again, it is to be hoped
that the flies may be subjected to a most minute and
critical observation, in which special attention is directed
to the tongue. If such examination should prove that
Ochromyia is undoubtedly predaceous, we should be driven
to suppose that the tongue contains some piercing instru-
ment, undiscovered and concealed, or that the thin body-
walls of the termite are penetrated by suction alone. The
statement of these alternatives may serve as some slight
guide to future observations.
The Prey of the Larval Syrphid Fly, Xanthandrus comtus,
Harr.,= Melanostoma hyalinatum, Fln., No. 309.
The preceding examples of predaceous Diptera have
been confined to the perfect insect; but as the material for
the present Memoir accumulated, I received an instance of
* Colonel Yerbury tells me that he observed this on the verandah
of the Rest House, Kanthalai, Oct. 19, 1890.
Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 397
a predaceous Dipterous larva of such special interest that
I determined to include it.
Dr. T. A. Chapman (“ Ent. Mo. Mag.” 1905, pp. 150, 151 ;
1906, pp. 14-16) has observed the larva of Xanthandrus
comtus feeding upon Tortricid iarve, but only upon such
as are gregarious or at any rate numerous upon their food
plant. Hastula hycrana fulfilled this condition at Hyeres,
Acroclita consequana in Sicily, and a larva, probably of
Ancylis derasana in the Alps: in all these cases Dr. Chap-
man found the larva of the Syrphid feeding upon that of the
Tortricid. In Sicily H. hyerana occurred singly, and the
Syrphid was not found attacking it. Dr. Chapman con-
cludes from these instances that “ X. comtus feeds especially
on the larve of Tortrices when there are many on a plant,”
while “the isolation of the individual larvee” renders them
“an unsuitable prey for this parasite.’ The Syrphid larva
would in fact “perish when it had destroyed its solitary
prey and could find no others.”
It is of the highest interest therefore to establish the
fact, as Mr. G. T. Lyle of Brockenhurst has now done, that
the larva of this species is found attacking single Lepi-
dopterous larvee when they are large enough to provide
sufficient food.
In August 1903 Mr. Lyle found the full-fed Syrphid
larva inside the shelter (constructed of sallow leaves
loosely spun together) of the larva of the Geometrid moth,
Scotosia undulata. Nothing remained of the latter except
the dry and empty skin. The Syrphid larva was of a
bright apple-green colour with darker markings. In
September 1903 the perfect insect emerged. The speci-
men, together with the empty globular puparium,* was
presented to the Hope Department by Mr. W. J. Lucas to
whom Mr, Lyle had given it. The fly, a male (3809), was
kindly identified for me by Col. J. W. Yerbury.
Putting together Dr. Chapman’s and Mr. Lyle’s
observations, there is reason for the opinion that the
female Syrphid is instinctively led to deposit her eggs
where there are either many minute larve or single
larvee of sufficient size. The adaptation to two different
conditions under either of which sufficient food may be
provided is of much interest, and it is to be hoped that
further observations will be directed to the subject, so that
* See Dr, T. A. Chapman’s description in ‘‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.” 1905,
p. 151.
398 Professor E. B. Poulton on
conclusions which at present seem to be justified may be
confirmed or modified.*
The instincts of certain moths with phytophagous larve
do not seem to be equally perfect. I have often observed,
and every student of Lepidoptera must have noticed, that
the large solitary larve of Sphingide are far more
frequently found upon small bushes of their food-plant
than upon large ones. It appeared to me that the
explanation was to be found in the instincts of the parent
moth leading her to deposit two or three eggs on each
bush or tree, irrespective of size. If this were the case,
the larvee would of course be much easier to find and
their effect upon the food-plant far more conspicuous upon
the smallest bushes. However this may be, the parental
instinct is certainly liable to error, for such large larve
may occasionally be found still immature upon a bush so
small that it has been completely denuded of its leaves.
II. NEUROPTERA.
Records of the attacks of predaceous insects are very
scanty in all Orders except the Diptera and Fossorial
Hymenoptera. It is hoped, however, that the following
brief tabular statements will draw attention to the great
need for a large body of accurate observations.
Leaving the Hymenoptera to form Part II of this Memoir,
because of the voluminous literature and the fact that
Fossors are predaceous in a somewhat peculiar and special
sense, the remaining Orders are arranged in a succession
determined by the number of records. The Neuroptera
follow the Diptera, because the list of examples, although
short, is longer than that of any except the two chief
Orders.
* Compare Professor A. Giard’s observation that the larve of
Melanostoma mellinum, L., generally supposed to feed upon Aphides,
can be reared upon Musca domestica and Chortophila pusilla (Bull.
Soc. Ent. Fr. 1896, p. 234). Quoted in Verrall’s British Flies, p.
303 (bottom line) and p. 311 (lines 12-17).
399
Predaceous Insects and their Prey.
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Predaceous Insects and their Prey 401
In addition to the above records W. L. Distant quotes
the observation, made at Candahar, that Cicadas formed
the prey of Dragonflies.*
Looking at the above list the most striking fact is the
great variety of the prey and the marked inclusion of
specially protected forms. The latter are as follows :—
Limnas chrysippus, two common wasps (2 species) and three
beetles belonging to distasteful groups, a Malacoderm, a
Coccinellid, and a Galerucid. Thus specially protected
species make up more than one-third of the 16 recorded
captures, and include the whole of the Coleopterous
victims. It is also of much interest to observe that a
single species of Dragonfly, Cordulegaster annulatus, was
responsible for both the wasps (Nos. 312, 315), and the
Malacoderm (No. 314). The remaining victim of this
species was a Tabanid fly (No. 313.)
As regards the ten species of prey which do not appear
to belong to specially protected groups, we find 3 Diptera
(1 Syrphid, 1 Tabanid, and 1 Muscid), 3 Lepidoptera
(1 ? Lyceenid, 1 Hesperid, and 1 Crambid), 4 Neuroptera
(1 Ephemerid, 2 Odonata, and a Termite). Of the latter
three specimens are only counted as one, inasmuch as
the actual attack on these three victims was not witnessed
and the number of individual foes is therefore unknown.
Many Dragonflies, flying high, were seen attacking large
numbers of Termites. It was of course impossible to
determine whether these particular Termites had been
seized by one, two, or three of their enemies,
The inclusion of 2 Dragonflies (Nos. 311, 316) among
the prey shows that the attacks of Odonates, as in the
case of somany other predaceous insects, do not altogether
tend to the destruction of insect life; for here the preda-
ceous forms themselves are the victims. The same con-
siderations are suggested by the two species of Vespa |
devoured by Cordulegaster annulatus.
Short as it is, the list is extremely interesting, and
raises the expectation that Dragonflies will be found to
prey rather largely upon specially defended groups of
insects.
* “Tnsecta Transvaaliensia,” vii, 1906, pp. 169, 170.
Professor E. B. Poulton on
402
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Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 403
In addition to the above records Kirby and Spence
quote Lyonnet’s observation of a Panorpa attacking a
Dragonfly many times its size.*
This brief list of the attacks made by Panorpid# contains
facts of much interest. The crowd surrounding a dead
worm (No. 325) seems to prove beyond doubt that the
Panorpas had been attracted by smell. The insects had
congregated round the worm in a sheltered position on a
roadside bank. The Telephorid victim (No. 329) is a
striking example of specially protected prey; while the
Empid (No. 328) and the Dragonfly recorded by Lyonnet
show that predaceous insects are attacked as well as others.
It must be borne in mind however that the first record
(No. 325) strongly suggests, although it does not prove,
that these insects devour dead prey. The record of actual
capture and the condition of the victim become therefore
of special interest and importance in the Panorpide.
III. HEMIPTERA.
Considering the immense number of predaceous species
included in the Hemiptera the following table is insig-
nificant. I trust however that it may lead to abundant
future observations on which trustworthy conclusions may
be based.
So far as it is possible to judge from the following table it
appears that Hemiptera will prove to be extremely danger-
ous foes to the specially protected groups. Thus out of 15
victims, we find 3 Lepidopterous larvee (Nos. 331, 333, 337)
all probably defended by special qualities; 2 stinging
Hymenoptera (Nos. 335, 338); 2 Phytophagous beetles
(Nos. 832, 345) and a Cetoniid (No. 334); 2 Hemiptera
(Nos. 341, 342) ;—altogether no less than two-thirds of the
total records. The remaining five examples include a
Lycenid butterfly, 2 Longicorn beetles of one species, and
2 Diptera. Even among these the conspicuous colouring
of the beetle suggests the probability of special defence.
* Kirby and Spence, 5th Ed. 1828, vol. ii, p. 253.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Til. (JAN. 1907) 27
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408 Professor E. B. Poulton on
In addition to the above, Mr. W. L. Distant draws
attention to the records of Cicadas attacked by species of
Mantis at Delagoa Bay and in the Transvaal.*
Although the evidence is so inadequate, it presents
indications that conclusions of much value will be reached
by extended observations. In the first place, the whole of
the victims except one were Lepidopterous. In the second
place, the proportion of specially protected forms was very
high. Thus a Delias was attacked twice, an Acnewa once,
Limnas chrysippus once in the imaginal and once in the
larval state. In respect of the attacks on such forms no
distinction can be drawn between the Mantide and the
Locustide. We are led to believe that the predaceous
Orthoptera are important foes of those Lepidoptera that are
specially defended from vertebrate insect-eaters.
V. COLEOPTERA.
The following brief list is chiefly useful in drawing
marked attention to the urgent need for observations with
full and accurate data. The experiments of Professor F.
Plateau (Mém. Soc. Zool. Fr. t. vii, p. 375, §9: see also
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 330) suggest that preda-
ceous beetles are probably important foes of specially pro-
tected insects. These experiments are not quoted on the
present occasion inasmuch as the Coleoptera were fed in
confinement. The present Memoir deals only with the
prey selected by predaceous forms in the wild state.
It must be remembered that beetles are frequently
scavengers rather than truly predaceous. Thus the
observation of an actual capture becomes of especial value.
In the following list the two flies had certainly fallen into
the water, and No. 857 may have been drowned before it
was seized. The Agabus, No. 356, and Elaterid, No. 362,
were certainly attacking living prey.
* «“Tnsecta Transvaaliensia,” Pt. vii, 1906, pp. 169, 170.
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XVII. Notes on the dominant Miillerian group of Butterflies
Jrom the Potaro District of British Guiana. By
WILLIAM J. KAyYE, F.ES.
[Read October 3rd, 1906.]
Puates X XITI—XXVII
AT the request of Prof. E. B. Poulton I have undertaken
to give some account of the Bionomics of British Guiana
insects, especially of the Lepidoptera. The long and
interesting paper by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall in the Trans-
actions for 1902 has also impressed one that perhaps similar
notes from another continent, though in no sense so full and
complete, might not only prove of interest but perhaps of
value in clearing up some debatable points. For the most
part deductions have been made in the present case from
the accumulation of specimens and no such experiments
as recorded by Mr. Marshall can be given. Dates and condi-
tions of capture have been recorded, and in many instances
Iam able to give my own observations on the specimens
in Nature. Furthermore my collector, Mr. C. B. Roberts,
who has been the whole time on the same ground, is able
to supply many facts which are of value. It is a little
unfortunate that he is not a trained naturalist or his notes
might have been much fuller and more complete. The
specimens that he has captured are however taken all
together so remarkable that the bare list of what has
occurred in one particular forest-path, would probably be
thought sufficiently interesting. Besides this particular
district—a forest road stretching for 16 miles back from the
Potaro river about 30 miles above its confluence with the
Essequibo—I personally in March, April, May, and early
June in 1901, collected in many other districts, but I
propose to deal chiefly if not exclusively with the joint
captures by Mr. C. B. Roberts and myself made on the
Potaro road. The road is more or less a winding track
varying from 12 to 15 or even 20 feet wide and is in
places on sandy soil, in others gravel, and is crossed with
“corduroy” * for a great part of its length, while a small
part is built up with the natural gravel. On either side it
* “Corduroy” is the term employed for a road made similarly to
a railway track, 7. e. with the small trunks of trees split in half and
laid close together with the flat side downwards.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Il. (JAN. 1907)
412 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian
is flanked throughout its entire length with heavy forest
containing greenheart, wallaba, and mora, besides a vast
number of other less known trees.
The forest itself is dark and gloomy and throughout
the greater part of the year excessively damp owing to a
superabundant rainfall. The sheer of the vegetation
is always the same as even in the dry season the trees are
never otherwise than a fresh green. It is not surprising
therefore that practically the whole of the Lepidoptera,
excepting of course the several species of Jorpho, present
a very uniform sombre tone of coloration. Even the very
fine and brightly-coloured Heliconius catharine, Heliconius
astydamia and Heliconius egeria do not strike one in their
surroundings as particularly gaudy, and one is bound
largely to admit the assertion of A. H. Thayer in his
memoir in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1903, p. 553, that many species
we call conspicuous are not really so in their surroundings.
It must however have been quite impossible for Nature
to have evolved such minutely close resemblance in
unrelated groups without the aid of Miillerian mimicry.
It is impossible to imagine that say an Erycinid butterfly
LEsthemopsis sericina, should have arrived at the identical
colour and markings of a Syntomid moth Agyrta micilia
purely and simply by the process of syncriptic selection.
It is the minutest details in the coloration that dispel
such a probability: moreover in certain cases, as Prof.
EK. B. Poulton has cited, I could definitely state that
butterflies settled on most “unsuitable” flowers for their
protection. A good example is found in the Lycorexa,-
Melinea,-Heliconius group that frequents the white
flowers of the plant Hupatorium macrophyllum. This
becomes a most valuable piece of evidence, as the species
frequenting these flowers form one of the most extensive
of all the groups that we are in the habit of calling
Miillerian. Although this Lycorwa,-Melinxa,-Heliconius,
etc., group is by far the largest and most dominant, there are
many other groups in the region : in fact the vast majority
of the individuals belong to one or other of a “ coterie” of
similarly coloured species. In the Hesperide there are one
or two conspicuous examples of synaposematic coloration,
and the Hrycinide offer some examples, and it is only
in the Lycenide that there appears to be an absence of it ;
this bears out exactly what Prof. Poulton said in the
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1902, p. 500. It should however be
group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 413
noted that the Lycenids here are all very uniformly of a
blue shade of colour, and doubtless amongst themselves
they offer protection in some sort of way.
By far the most numerous, conspicuous and characteristic
group of butterflies is the large Ithomiine, Lycoreane, and
Heliconine group. The number of individuals contained
within this series, certainly more than equals all the other
butterflies to be found in most of the months of the year
and probably in every month. This group is composed
of the following species in their respective Families and
Subfamilies :—
Family NYMPHALIDA.
Subfamily J7HOMIIN A.
Genus MELINA.
. Melinva mneme, Linn.
. Melinza crameri, God. and Salv.
. Melinxa egina, Cram.
. Melinea mnasias, Hew.
Genus MECHANITIS.
Mechanitis pannifera, Buti.
. Mechanitis polymnia, Linn.
Genus CERATINIA.
1. Ceratinia philidas, God. and Salv.
2. Ceratinia euclea,* Godt.
Subfamily HELICONIN 4.
Genus HELICONIUS.
. Heliconius numata, Cram.
. Heliconius vetustus, Butl.
. Heliconius silvana, Cram.
. Heliconius eucoma,+ Hiib.
Genus KUEIDEs.
. Lueides nigrofulva, Kaye.
. Eueides isabella, Cram.
. Eueides vibilia, Godt.
Subfamily NYMPHALIN 4,
Genus ERESIA.
He ©2 bo et
noe
em Go bo et
oo be
1. Eresia eunrce.t
* The more transparent Ceratinia species, C. barii and C. vallonia,
do not strictly belong to this association.
+ 2 ab. of H. nwmata. t Accidentally omitted from text.
414 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian
Family DANAIDA.
Subfamily LYCOREAN A,
Genus LYCOREA.
1. Lycorea ceres, Cram.
2. Lycorea pasinuntia, Cram.
Family ERYCINID.
Subfamily ZLEMONIIN AL.
Genus STALACHTIS.
1. Stalachtis calliope, Linn.
Supplementary species belonging to the group but
occurring in other localities and not yet detected from
the Potaro :—
Family NYMPHALIDZ.
Subfamily 77HOMIIN 4.
Tithorea harmonia, Cram. = T. megara, Doub. Hew. nec.
Godt.
Subfamily MY MPHALIN A.
Protogonius hippona, Fab. (true).
Family PIERID.
Dismorphia amphione,
Of all these there is no doubt whatever that the several
species of Melinxva are the models to which all the other
species are converging. Melinwa mneme at the present
time occurs in prodigious numbers. From March to
May and from September to December inclusive (these
approximating to the two dry seasons), it 1s almost
invariably to be found sitting upon the white flowers of
Eupatorium macrophyllum wherever that plant is found
growing. In much lesser numbers JJelinxwa crameri is to
be found. Melinwa egina is rather more plentiful than
M. crameri, yet a very long way from being as common as
M. mneme. Of the fourth Melinza there is little to be
recorded ; it is a single straggler that was taken on March
17th, 1905, and is either Melinza mnasius or a closely
group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 415
allied undescribed species. There must be much specula-
tion as to whether JZ. mneme or M. cramert commenced to
draw the many other species to them in coloration and
pattern. Melinwa mneme is a strong variant in both fore-
and hind-wings while MW. crameri is very constant above
and only as a very rare aberration is a form found with
the black of the hind-wing divided by the ground colour
so as to form a band. On the under-side, however, there
is considerably more variation. The latter species, owing
to its comparative constancy, must be looked upon as
older than J. mneme, a very variable and apparently
unstable species. It is however certain that if MZ. cramert
was first in the field, J mneme must have entered soon
after, for many of the associated species of other genera
follow M. mneme to a greater extent than JZ. cramerv.
In fact JZ. mneme must have been far more potent than
M. crameri, and the strong variability must have been a
great factor in drawing so many different species to the
association. Of M. eyina there is every reason to suppose
that it became a fixed and well-defined species early in
the history of the group, for we find only one other species
closely following it, and that also is a usually very constant
species, Heliconius silvana. It should here be mentioned
however that two specimens of Heliconius have been
caught, one in March 1905, the other without date, which
appear to be aberrations of H. silvana with a distinct
transverse black band to the hind-wing. These un-
doubtedly point to a not very distant genetic relationship
with Heliconius numata.
Unquestionably the closest “pairs” are the JMelinza
with Heliconius species. Mechanitis follows them very
closely with Zycorea also.. While Hueides, Ceratinia and
Stalachtis, in the order named, diverge more and more
from the protected pattern. ‘The identical pattern and
colour in some of the forms of Heliconius numata to M.
mneme is remarkable, as in the Potaro district the Heliconvus
is apparently never abundant, rarely even really common.
I have only 32 specimens, and this represents the whole
take. The series is most remarkable for the very ex-
tensive variation, some having a narrowly barred hind-
wing, others having almost the whole of the hind-wing
black except for the costal portion. The Lycoreas are
certainly more abundant, while the Mechanitis species,
both pannifera and polymnia, occur in large numbers. Of
416 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian
the Hueides species the new £. nigrofulva has turned up
twenty-four times to the twice only of the usually com-
mon JL. isabella. Ceratinia philidas is probably only just
beginning to be influenced by the group generally, and
comparatively few specimens have been taken, in fact one
only from the district proper.
The following table will show at a glance the adherents
to each Melinza, though doubtless the stress is a very
complicated one, and inclined to form a general uniform
pattern in the long run, rather than four.
The numbers under each species show the numerical
quantity, actual or estimated.
LYCOREA, MELINA, HELICONIUS, MECHANITIS.| EUEIDES. | CERATINIA.,| STALACHTIS,
ceres mneme * numata pannifera | nigrofulva | philidas t calliope
30 33 80 24 1 1
pasinuntia cramert vetustus
40 40 8 ae Lam ae <aae
egina silvana eb Ys
ara 70 4 a Sar ae
mnasius euclea ¢ Le,
ae eel ay ae 50
extreme extreme
eee “meme banded | 4) banded polymnia | isabella CAG
400 4 700
eucona vibilia
Some of the above large numbers are estimated only.
A trained collector might have detected many more
specimens of some of the apparently rare species.
The result of a single day’s catch recorded by Professor
E. B. Poulton, p. liv—-ivi, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1903, fairly well
upholds the proportion of the various species. Mr. Roberts
has been collecting for me for over four years, and my
own three months brings the period up to four and a half
years, soit must now be tolerably certain that we know
all the species of the group and approximately the propor-
tion of each one to one another.
This is a matter of very great interest, and it shows how
the Ceratinia may obtain protection doubly—(1) when fresh
by conforming to the main group, and (2) when it is worn
and of a different appearance by being then mistaken for one
of another group of species, a group composed of species of
Napeogenes, Ceratina and Sais, ete.
Although Melinxa mneme is nearly always present when
* Collector stopped catching this species. He could doubtless
have taken several thousand.
ft See under Ceratinia, p. 421.
group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 417
a collection of these brown and black insects is found on
the Hupatoriwm flowers, it is not so invariably. On May
14th, 1901, I remember being disappointed (from the
collector’s point of view), in coming upon a bush where
there were only Mechanitis polymnia and Ceratinia euclea
(C. philidas and C. bendis) present. Such a case as this
clearly shows the value it 1s to these members to have
been brought into harmony with the colours of the
dominant Melinwa mneme. As although these species are
only commencing to conform to the main colouring of the
model they are able even among themselves to alight on
these flowers and be comparatively immune from danger.
It would have been interesting had every specimen of
Melinxa mneme been retained to see the accurate propor-
tions of the different forms. I have actually kept 70 set
specimens, and these are divided up as follows :—
Melinxa mneme.
Hind-wing distinctly banded 40 = 57 Upper-side and
Hind-wing obscurely banded 22 = 313% Wnderude
Hind-wing with band obliterated 8 = 11$%
Thus only 1 in 9 is heavily black, and this I have more
than once verified to be the approximate percentage.
A further interesting phase of variation is the presence
or absence of the red marks just before the yellow apical
band on fore-wing. The specimens give these figures :—
UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE.
Fore-wing with large red spots or band
before yellow apical band . 6 12, = LAG |, 50. S787
Fore-wing with faint or greatly suffused
spots . 40 = 577% | 20 = 297%
Fore-wing with red spots, band obliterated,
or nearly SO Gero eed =o oon 6 {| Jk See —-
These comparative figures are of great interest, as
although this species is so dominant in point of numbers,
the influence it exerts with its dark forms is very small
indeed compared with that of its banded forms. It there-
fore becomes tolerably clear that the allied Melinwa,—
cramerti—which, although not nearly such a common
species, but has a very constant black pattern, must
have acted very strongly to create the powerful darkening
tendency in the hind-wing.
418 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Millerian
Melinxa cramert.
Of the 28 specimens retained of this species there are
the following proportions with regard to the dark area in
the hind-wing :—
UPPER-SIDE, UNDER-SIDE,
Hind-wing withoutaband . .| 27=96 % 21 = 75 7,
Hind-wing with a band I=, 4 F 7 =25 7
28 28
The single specimen that shows a band above only
shows it very indistinctly, but the seven that show banding
beneath have it well defined, three of them show it par-
ticularly well, yet on the upper-side it is hardly discernible.
A specimen in the Hope Collection at Oxford shows a very
distinct band on the upper-side and this came from the
same locality and was caught on August 28th, 1903.
Seven other specimens were captured on the same day,
but all of these were unbanded. It should be noted that
this presence of a band on the under-side only, while the
upper-side shows no sign of it is particularly instructive
and interesting as it shows that selection on the wing and
selection at rest are two different factors; moreover, as
it will be shown later, the under-side shows more general
agreement in the various members of the group taken as
a whole.
The proportions of the spotted to non-spotted, with
reddish, before the yellow apical band is most striking,
especially when compared with the same on the under-
side.
UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE,
Fore-wing with distinct red
marks before yellow apical
batid .f |. 1 soe 1g" = 5457
Fore-wing with faint red marks b= 5.% 13 = 46 7
Fore-wing withoutany red marks| 26 = 90 ¥ 0 = —
28 28
* These show the spots coalesced into a band.
group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 419
It appears evident from the specimens that the banding
of the hind-wing and the presence of the red marks before
the apex of fore-wing go together. It is also significant
that these specimens have been secured in one or other
of the two dry seasons. My own specimen, with an indi-
cation of a band in the hind-wing, has also the red marks
before apex and was taken on March 27th, 1905, the end
of the short dry season. Professor E. B. Poulton’s banded
specimen has also red marks before apex and was taken
on August 28th, 1903, the early part of the long dry season.
In view of the great interest attached to this species as
to whether it is the centre of the association of the dark-
ened hind-winged insects, it may be useful here to look at
the range of the insect. From the limited material avail-
able it seems certainly to be most plentiful in British
Guiana. It occurs in the Berbice district adjoining
Surinam, and from the only two specimens seen from
there one shows a tendency to banding above and strongly
below, the other is normal, both have indications of red
apical marks on upper-side and strongly developed
beneath. Six specimens originally in the Godman and
Salvin collection now at South Kensington are labelled
Roraima. This must mean somewhere in the Royaima
district and not the mountain itself, which is bare rock
and out of the Forest region. None of these six are at
all banded, either above or below, and only one shows any
apical marks, and that is only weakly and on the under-
side. These six specimens are therefore interesting as
suggesting a more extreme dark form away back in the
interior of the country. A single specimen has the label
“ Bartica,” a place 40 miles in from the mouth of the Esse-
quibo, and I myself took it there, though only singly.
The only locality outside of British Guiana that I have
been able to discover is a specimen with a label “ Colombia,”
which like the Roraima specimen is now in South Kensing-
ton, but originally in the Godman and Salvin collection.
Were it not that all insects in the latter collection have
been set up and labelled with the greatest care one would
be inclined to discredit the locality. The specimen is a
very interesting one. It is strongly banded below, and
both above and below has exceptionally strong red apica
marks.
Of the other two Melinxa species there is little variation
to record. JMelinxwa egina is extremely constant on the
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906, PART IIL (JAN. 1907) 28
420 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian
upper-side, but again on the under-side there is a most
interesting minor piece of variation. It is that there are
indications of the formation of a black patch in the centre
of the wing by the presence of a long black streak between
veins 6 and 7 extending inwards towards base of wing.
From 32 specimens examined the following are the tabulated »
results :—
Under-side with black streak well developed 6=19%
Under-side with black streak slightly developed 14 = 44 %
Under-side without black streak 1I2=37 7
32
Thus no less than 63 °/ show some slight development
towards the pattern of Melinxwa crameri on the under-side.
The other Melinva, M. mnasias, is only represented by
a single specimen and is probably only a wanderer to the
Potaro district, its home being further south on the
Amazons. As a link with the Ceratinias it is extra-
ordinarily close, and indeed when sitting with closed wings
would be even passed over by a skilled collector, so alike
is it toa large Ceratinia euclea.
Mechanitis pannifera.
This is a most variable species and is very common.
The @ is apparently quite rare compared to the male
as I find I have only three in a series of 56 examples.
The lkeness however of these females, and one in
particular, to the darkest forms of Melinza mneme is
extraordinary, for not only is the pattern and marking
so clos; but the greatly enlarged size give the insect a
look much more in general like the Melinvas than the
smaller and narrower Mechanitis species.
The 56 specimens divide up as follows :—
UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE.
Hind-wing with a well-defined
band ... (9) = WO LSi— 3207,
Hind-wing with the band partly
obscured. . 26 = 46 % 30 = 63 7%
Hind-wing with the band w wholly
obscured . at he Renee, le aye) = lal Be 1%
kK
56 56
group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 421
It will be noticed there are only three examples
exhibiting a wholly obscured band on the under-side.
Two of these are of males and one a female. All three
have the extreme dark upper-side as well. Those put in
the “partly obscured” category are examples showing a
great contraction of the fulvous band by an extension
of the black inwards from the outer margin. It, again,
in this species is evident that on the under-side a wholly
black area is the exception and not the rule while on
the upper-side nearly half (44°) the individuals are of
the extreme black form. Again, looked at from another
point of view there are no less than 95 °/ showing some
sort of banding on the under-side, while on the upper-side
there are only 56°/, and of these only 10°7/ that are
well banded.
Mechanitis polymnia.
This species, which in point of numbers comes next
to Melinwa mneme, is here as elsewhere a very constant
one. I have estimated that at least 700 specimens have
passed through my hands and I have detected only one
example that showed any tendency towards a darkening
of the hind-wing. This individual, a female, was taken on
March 14th, 1905. On the upper-side the whole of the
ground colour is darker and in the hind-wing the central
black band and the black marginal band are considerably
extended so that at the anal angle and near vein 5 these
just meet. On the under-side of the hind-wing there is
an even greater amount of black scaling. The costal
band is increased in width in addition to the central and
marginal bands, while the latter join at several points and
between veins 4 and 5 completely coalesce.
There is a specimen that shows a very distinct yellow
apical streak just as in the previous species IZ. pannifera
but which is quite normal in the size of the band of the
hind-wing. It also exhibits an almost complete suppression
of the black mark between veins 2 and 3 of the fore-wing,
and this also is a much more common phase of variation
in the previous species.
Ceratinia spectes.
There yet remain the Ceratinia species, which although
not very conspicuously within the group nevertheless link
up certain other species of Napeogenes, Sats and Ceratinia,
422 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian
These all group themselves together in a remarkable way,
but it is not proposed here to deal with all of them. The
Ceratinia which above all others conforms to the main
group 1s Ceratinia philidas,G. and 8. Whether this is a
good species or a form of another is open to question.
It becomes a matter of importance when one wishes to
make a statement of its abundance or otherwise and its
distribution through the different months of the year.
C. philidas, G. and 8., is in all probability only an
aberrational form of C. ninonia, Hiib., and this again links
up with intermediates to C. bendis, G.and 8., and C. euclea,
Godt. The species should therefore be called ewelea, and
all the ditferent forms are merely aberrations on the Potaro.
But the forms doubtless become fixed and definite in dif-
ferent localities. Thus at Roraima the philidas form seems
predominant, but in Trinidad typical ewclea occurs alone.
C’. ab. philidas is much more frequent in the f sex. The
genitalia of C. philidas look hardly different to C. ninonza,
the former only having a longer clasper, but the genitalia
of C. ewclea and C. ninonia are the same. The very trans-
parent look of some C. ninonia males is unquestionably
due to wear, the scales brushing off in the way that the
Hemarine Hawk Moths do. C. bari, Bates, is, however,
a good species, and is always to be distinguished. Of un-
doubted C. philidas only seven specimens have been secured,
but only one on the Potaro.* None of these show anything
very different from the type which has the black central
band not joined at any point with the black marginal
band. It is of interest to note that the type specimen
came from the Sierra de Sta Martha in Colombia. Although
hitherto the Potaro district has not produced any very
extreme forms there is no reason to suppose that they
don’t exist, as at Omai lower down the Essequibo some
much darker forms have occurred, and I have a specimen
from there with a black streak in the cell of the hind-wing
and which has a much heavier and wider black central
band. But in the National Museum at 8. Kensington
are two remarkable specimens labelled “ Roraima,” which
have the whole of the lower half of the hind-wing black
as in the dark Lycorea species and in Heliconius vetustus.
Further evidence from Roraima supports that adduced
from the Melinza crameri that probably there there is
to be found a much darker association generally.
* The specimen mentioned on page 416.
group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 423
Heliconide.
Haying reviewed the whole of the Jthominzx of the
group one turns to the Heliconidy, The members of
this family form much the closest mimics, and the varied
series of Heliconius nwmata makes a remarkable “ pair”
in all its forms to the equally variable Melinza mneme.
The association of all the Heliconius species within the
group must be very ancient as there is never any great
divergence from some one or other of the Melinzas. It
is a remarkable fact that while there are many other
differently coloured Heliconius species in the neighbour-
hood they are never (? absolute) found on the white
blossoms of the Eupatorium.
Four species of Heliconius have occurred that belong
to the group. It is possible that one of these, H. ewcoma,
is not distinct from H. nwmaia. But it is just probable,
if unlikely, that several of the supposed aberrations are
really distinct. Thirty-three of what have been all
called H. numata have occurred. These are tabulated
as follows :—
HELIconInNz—Genus Heliconius.
Heliconius numata.—Thirty-three specimens received
in all.
UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE.
Hind-wing narrowly banded
black . Sh icayie i (a ae, nde a = OF —
Hind-wing widely banded black | 19 = 58 ¥ —
Hind-wing with band almost
submerged with outer margin SS i Gh —
Hind-wing with band totally
submemed 2.3.5 6 6 at Q G7 —
33 _—
It will be seen that by far the largest percentage have
the hind-wing very broadly (but very variably) black
banded and that the extreme darkening is quite of rare
occurrence, only 6'/ having been seen from the Potaro
District. It is interesting to note that not a single
¥ One of these may prove to be a distinct species, having a much
narrower wing and a much broader yellow post-median band.
424 Mr, W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian
one of the forms shows signs of forming the rounded
shape of the black patch conforming to that of Melinxa
cramert, yet I have six H.numata from the Demerara River,
and two or three from much lower down the Essequibo,
viz. Rockstone and Bartica, which show this in a remark-
able way. ‘Two in particular show a great extension of
the black inwards about the cell, a phase of variation
unknown to me from the Potaro.
The other two species of Heliconius, viz. H. vetustus
and H. silvana, have occurred quite sparingly, the latter
especially so. HH. vetustus is here a comparatively constant
species, and in the eight specimens secured the black area
in the hind-wing is never divided by the ground colour.
The only variation of the black area is that in some
individuals the black extends nearer the costa, basally
giving the appearance of a rounded area, while in others
the black area stops short by quite a horizontal line.
Heliconius vetustus.
The eight specimens divide up thus :—
. Black area sharply cut off 2i— 25 7,
Upper-side Black area extended upwards 6 = 75 %
BA gike Black area divided . 2= 25 7
Under-side Black area undivided . 6 = 75 %
The latter with the rounded black area agree very
closely with some of the H. nuwmata, especially those
(6 “% only) in which the black is undivided by the
ground colour. But in the case of those that are almost
undivided the shape is the same giving an agreement of
another 27 //, or 33 / in all of the H. nwmata with this
more usual form of /. vetustus.
A study of the red sub-apical patches in the fore-wing
gives the following interesting result :—
Upper-side of fore-wing without red markings before apex 8 = 100 %
Upper-side e with a rs =
8
Under-side of fore-wing without red markings before apex 7 = 88 %
Under-side “ with $5 - L=12)%
8
group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 425
The solitary specimen with three red markings has them
well developed. The specimen is a 2, and has the more
usual rounded black area to the hind-wing, and it was
captured on July 19th, 1904—the height. of the rainy
season.
Heliconius silvana—the four specimens of this species
are of remarkable interest. Two of them bear the usual
pattern of black marking on the hind-wing while two
show the black area divided by the ground colour, one
being a good intermediate. Not one of the four have the
white marginal spots developed. ‘The species undoubtedly
shows the strong local influence of its relatives, and
especially is this ‘to be noted in the two specimens with
a banded hind-wing, these conforming with the predomi-
nant forms of Melinwa mneme and Heliconius numata.
These banded H. silvana, although rare, have been re-
corded elsewhere. ‘There are two such specimens in the
Hewitson collection at South Kensington. One labelled
Upper Amazon, and another a much smaller specimen,
but more completely banded, from Para. The species is
evidently on one of the limits of its distribution or would
surely be commoner, especially as elsewhere, such as at
Para, it is a very common and plentiful insect.
Heliconius ewcoma—aA single specimen was secured by
Mr. C. B. Roberts in 1902. It ditfers in no way from the
type, and is'a mere accidental visitor, apparently to the
Potaro region. The home of the species is on the Lower
Amazon. The species readily fits in with the group
through the more extremely banded forms of Heliconius
numata.
HELICONINE, Genus Hueides.
Three species of Hucides have occurred, Hueides isabella,
Eueides vibilia, and Euecides nigrofulva.* The two former
only singly and the last not uncommonly. It is curious
that one of the single specimens (that of #. <sabella) is a
“common species, while the only species that has occurred
at all frequently was found to be an undescribed species.
It is this new species that conforms to a considerable
extent to the main group, while #. zsabella (as far as can
be ascertained from a single individual) is of the ordinary
* Vide Ent. 1906, p. 52. Three other species of Hueides have
occurred belonging to another small family group, EH. lybia, H.
aliphera, and EH. unifasciatus (?).
426 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian
form and shows no special influence of the main group.
Eueides isabella, it should be mentioned here as elsewhere,
strongly retains the pattern of the abundant Jechanitis
polymnia, and this association is probably so ancient that
the two species have had time to become fixed and definite.
Both these two latter insects occur over a very wide area,
and small variations of climate and environment have
apparently little or no effect.
Hueides nigrofulva.
Of this newly discovered species twenty-five individuals
in all have been secured. No less than twenty-two have
been females while but three males have been taken.
This may indicate that the males and females have
different habits, but it may be simply that the males and
females emerging at different times and that when the
males were out they were either overlooked for something
else or perhaps not looked for at all. This latter explana-
tion seems to be more plausible when one examines the
under-sides of the specimens as remarked on later. The
series of females shows considerable transition from a
moderately heavy-banded hind-wing, tending to fuse with
the dark outer margin, to a fairly narrowly-banded form
with no trace of fusion.
Of the extreme dark form there are four examples, but
in no case is the area between the central band and the
dark outer margin uniformly black.. The males, as will
be seen by a reference to the specimen of the insect, have
a very much less dark hind-wing, with the black band far
more broken up into spots than is ever found in the female.
This difference together with the absence of yellow bands
to the fore-wing gives the male sex a very different general
appearance above. On the under-side, however, except for
size, these differences vanish and there is practically no
variation in the whole series of either males or females.
This is remarkable testimony to the efficacy of selection
when the species is at rest. Not only do male and female
closely resemble one another on the under-side, but they
with closed wings have a remarkable similarity to the
under-side of Heliconius numata, and particularly to the
less dark individuals of that species. The series of
white marginal spots to the hind-wing, the most in-
teresting appearance of a yellow patch of scales beyond
group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 427
the cell between veins 5 and 7, and three white apical
spots on the fore-wing are alike found in both H. numata
and £, nigrofulva, not to mention the general arrangement
of bands and colours.
Hueides isabella and Hueides vibilia.
As already mentioned both of these species have
occurred but only singly. #. isabella is a_ perfectly
normal example. It is remarkable that on the under-side
with the wings closed it is hardly to be distinguished from
LE. nigrofulva except for the smaller sub-apical yellow spots
forming a band. The straw-coloured patch of scales be-
tween veins 5 and 7 is wanting, and points to a more
recent association with the group or at least with
Heliconius numata.
The example of Luweides vibilia is much more removed
from the normal and illustrates how this species is assum-
ing a darkened hind-wing above. The black scaling of
the marginal band shows an extension inwards towards
the cell, and this is quite a special development in this
species. The sub-apical straw-coloured spots are smaller
than in typical examples and follow the pattern £. isabella.
It must be confessed that on the under-side this insect has
little of the general appearance of the majority of the
group. The strong rayed aspect of the hind-wind without
any band gives the insect a much more distinct and dif-
ferent-looking appearance. But it cannot be overlooked
that the dark suffusion of the hind-wing above is signifi-
cant of the influence of the more pronounced black hind-
winged species, and this like the Protogonius is probably a
resultant of selection for this end made only on the wing.
FAMILY—DANAIDA.
Sub-family—L YCOREAN 4.
The two members of the family Danaidx both offer
remarkable instances of the influences of colour and
pattern. The two species are Lycorea pasinuntia and
Lycorea ceres. The former shows the influence of the
darkening tendency in the hind-wing much less than the
latter, and this is the more remarkable because in other
428 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian
localities even as close as Venezuela and Trinidad Z. ceres
occurs, and never shows the deep black colour on the
hind-wing, while Z. pasinuwntia has its home almost
confined to Guiana and yet does not conform to the local
influence to so great an extent nor in such a large pro-
portion of the specimens. Both species occur chiefly in
the long dry season which usually sets in at the end of
August and lasts up to nearly the close of December, but
odd specimens may be turned up at most times of the
year, and I personally took several of each in May 1901,
when the rainy season had begun in earnest a month
previously.
As has already been seen with the Ithomiines the
darkening of the hind-wing is far more pronounced on the
upper-side, in fact on the under-side there is always a well
defined area where the dark scales fail to obliterate the
band. Tabulated, Lycorea ceres works out thus :—
Lycorea ceres. UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE.
Hind-wing distinctly banded G— 2007 18 "9077,
Hind-wing obscurely banded 12 ='60 7 | 2 On,
Hind-wing band obliterated Zi Oi =
20 20
We thus find that on the upper-side the specimens with
a wholly and partially obscured band number 70 /, while
on the under-side they only number 10 °/, while the banded
forms claim no less than 90'/, an almost complete reversal
of the one to the other.
That this species should vary so in regard to the
colouring of the hind-wing is not to be surprised at, but it
is very remarkable that the pattern of the fore-wing
should remain so constant, as there is never any tendency
to the form atergatis, such as is so frequently met with in
Trinidad, nor is there any tendency to darkening of the
fore-wing, such as is frequent in Peru, proving by the
latter case that the species is in no need of adopting a
more uniformly dark aspect, even though it is able under
certain conditions to do so. The interest centring round
Lycorea ceres must always be considerable. It is a species
that occurs in one or other of its forms throughout nearly
group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 429
the whole of Central and South America with Cuba and
Haiti, It is true most of the forms are known as distinct
species, but if we only could ascertain where the forms
overlapped such as we know atergatis and ceres overlap in
Trinidad, there could be no possible doubt that the species
was continuous from Mexico to Southern Brazil and from
Peru to Para, and that we should find the forms merging
one into another. With such a species as this it should
be possible to decide by experiment whether all different
climates and different climatic conditions tend to produce
different geographical races as we know them, or whether
the action of mimicry by selection is sufficient to account
for these changes. That such a species should adopt
so many tones of colour cannot be, because the forest has
such a varying aspect, and that the insect when on the
wing is variously concealed. The species in several of its
phases (? all) is extremely conspicuous in flight, and in
Guiana at least it is very conspicuous at rest on the
flowers of Hupatoriwm macrophyllum. This Hupatorium
is a widely distributed and common plant, and it is quite
likely that in other parts of the continent it is frequented
by this same Zycorea under various guises,
Lycorea pasinuntia.
This species is certainly commoner than the previous
but its variation is not so considerable. And with regard
to the complete darkening of the area of the band in the
hind-wing it is a comparatively rare feature.
The variation works out thus with 27 examples :—
Lycorea pasinuntia. UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE.
Hind-wing distinctly banded 18 = 66 7% 25 = 93 %
Hind-wing obscurely banded * 692.7% wih
Hind-wing band obliterated + = ee I =
27 27
* This is the extreme form, but it is not nearly so complete as in
L. ceres,
+ Under this class are placed all those that are not completely
banded, but the average is not so great as with L. ceres.
430 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian
Table showing comparative percentages of species
exhibiting a large undivided black area on UNDER-SIDE
and UPPER-SIDE of hind wing.
UPPER-SIDE,
UNDER-SIDE.
ee
puoona snisnwUL
7% OG =
DUALS purba
ze OL 9 =m SI
$9.99 pyaqnsr DynUNU pajona oruulijod awa
= % UU 4% 8 7 OOL anes h, v¥ * 96
adovyyno pyunuisnd paynfoubru sngqsngaa sppupyad dlafuod VLaUDLo
OLY
puLoona SNISDUUW
Dunas amunrba
ae ae 5 hb & aa zh BI
$9.199 mpjaqnsy DIU wajona pruulijgod auLawur
ae x fo I = fo Gh aie xh G he Gh
adovjn9 piyunursnd naynfoubrve sngsnganr sppypryd nvafrwund WLIW
“STPTPORTRIG “"BaLOOATT “‘soprongy “SHIMOOTTOFT | ‘VIUTyVAIAD | ‘SIJIUBTOSTT | “VeUIpEPT
‘WOLVNVG
*H# CINIOAY “WW NIN zc VHdQ?
a ANVANOOKT W NINOOITS HY WAIIVHAWAN ONIIWOHLT
* The extreme black form still shows slight indication of banding
} Still showing a trace of banding.
beneath.
group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 431
Tithorea harmonia, Protogonius hippona, and Dismorphia
amphione. Of these three species that fit into the group
but have not yet occurred on the Potaro it is highly
probable that the Zithorea harmonia remains to be dis-
covered. It has been taken at Aunai,a locality higher up
the Essequibo. Two specimens at South Kensington bear
Aunai labels, and it is remarkable that both of these show
no trace of the darkening of the hind-wing but are of the
extreme banded form. One of the specimens exhibits the
characteristic red apical markings on the under-side while
the other is wholly without them. It seems clear from
the material available that Surinam and Cayenne produce
the darkest forms of 7. harmonia, while British Guiana
gives the megara form which is banded. Cramer's figure
of harmonia shows the insect on the under-side and gives
the heavy black form with only the veins showing of the
ground colour. It is however significant that in five
specimens from Paramaribo at South Kensington only one
shows an unbanded form on the under-side. In this latter
form the Zithorea fits in much better with the group
generally, as it has already been shown how frequently
the black area is divided on the under-side even when
complete on the upper-side.
Protogonius hippona fits in admirably with the group;
many of the special characteristics being exceedingly well
brought out. The only specimens that I know of and
have seen of this species are one from Berbice and two
from Cayenne. It is therefore possible that the insect
belongs more strictly to the territory known as Dutch and
French Guiana, Berbice being conterminous with Surinam
although within the British area. The insect is chiefly
remarkable in having besides the heavy blackening of the
hind-wing a row of very conspicuous large white spots to
the margin of the hind-wing, at once recalling the Lycoreas,
ceres and pasinuntia. As with all the Protogonius species
this one is doubly protected in having a cryptic under-
side, while on the upper-side it gains protection by simili-
tude to a protected group.
It cannot however here be insisted too strongly that
the Protogonius proves most conclusively that when it is
on the wing it must be the wpper-side that is seen by its
enemies, or else how could such a pattern be evolved
independently of the very different pattern of the under-
side ?
432 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian
Table showing members of the group that
ITHOMIINE NYMPHALID&.
HELICONINA.
LYCOREANE DANAIDA.,
ERYCINIDA,
JANUARY.
FEBRUARY,
MARCH.
APRIL.
MAY.
JUNE.
J
M. mneme.
M. crameri.
M. egina.
Mech. pannifera.
M, polymnia.
C. euclea.
Hel. vetustus.
Hl. numata.
—
E. nigrofulva.
M. mneme.
M, crameri.
M. egina,
M. pannifera.
M, polymnia,
C. euclea.
H, vetustus.
H. numata.
H, silvana.
M. mneme.
M. crameri.
M. egina.
M. mnasius.
M. pannifera.
M. polymnia.
C. euclea.
H, vetustus.
H. numata.
H. silvana.
E. nigrofulva.
S. calliope.
M. mnene.
M. crameri.
M. egina.
M. pannifera.
M. polymnia.
C. euclea.
H. numata,.
H, eucoma.
E. nigrofulva.
M. mneme.
M. crameri.
M. egina.
M. pannifera.
M. polymnia,
C. euclea.
C. philidas.
H. vetustus.
A. numata.
E. nigrofulva.
L. pasinuntia.
L. ceres.
M. mneme.
M. crameri.
M. pannifer
M. polymnic
C. euclea.
E. nigrofulw
group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 433
have occurred in each month of the year.
JULY. AUGUST, SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER.
M. mneme. M. mneme. M. mneme. M. mneme. M, mneme. M. mneme.
M, crameri. M. crameri. M. crameri. M, crameri. M. crameri. M. crameri.
— M. egina. == = M. egina. M. egina.
M. pannifera.
M. polymnia.
C. euclea.
—
H. numata.
M. pannifera.
M. polymnia.
C. euclea.
H. vetustus.
E. nigrofulva.
L. pasinuntia.
L. ceres.
M. pannifera.
M. polyinnia.
M. pannifera.
M. polymnia.
L. pasinuntia.
L. ceres.
M. pannifera.
M. polymnia,
HZ, vetustus.
HA. numata,
E. nigrofulva.
L. pasinuntia.
L. ceres.
M. pannifera,
M. polymnia.
H, vetustua.
A. numata,
EB. nigrofulva.
L. pasinuntia,
LI. ceres.
434 Mr. W. J. Kaye on Miillerian Butter flics.
In viewing the group as a whole what is most striking
is that there is much closer agreement on the under-side
than on the upper-side, and it is quite clear that selection
must take place while the insects are resting with their
wings folded. It should be convincing to the greatest
sceptic that say the red apical marks on the under-side
could never run through such a series if selection were
made on the wing as is affirmed by all those who implicitly
believe in the protective environment theory. What
comes out clearly from these investigations is that only
two species, Melinva crameri and Heliconius vetustus, show
a large proportion of specimens with a heavy black under-
side. The tendency at the present time is all in favour
of a banded under-side. On the upper-side the black
development is far more pronounced as Mechanitis panni-
fera joins in with 50 °/ of its forms dark and Lycorea ceres
with 40 /. Whatever however may be the real cause of
these darkened hind-winged forms so characteristic of the
Guiana region it is certain that the forces at work are now
not so potent for their development as for the more barred
forms. It however may be that the selection for the
upper-side made upon the flying specimen is acting much
more slowly than upon the sedentary individuals, and
this at least seems plausible as it 1s beyond question
that the members of this large group spend the greater
part of their time at rest on flower-heads and become so
engrossed, that they show no inclination to fly, a collector
being able to catch individuals with his fingers as they sit
feeding.
Explanation of Plates. 435
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PPAR xO LD
Miullerian group of lthomiine, Lycoreane, Heliconine, and Lemon-
line butterflies, showing the darkest forms. The upper- and under-
sides of every specimen is shown.
All specimens are from the Potaro River, thirty miles above its
confluence with the Essequibo, British Guiana. (Between the eighth
and tenth mile from the Potaro, on the road to the gold mines.)
All figures are about 3 of the natural size.
Fic. ITHOMIINE.
1. Mechanitis pannifera, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th,
1903 : in Hope Dep.
2. Mechanitis pannifera, 2 : captured by C. B. Roberts, about Aug.
—Oct. 1901 : in Coll. Kaye.
3. Mechanitis polymnia, 2: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 14th,
1905: in Coll. Kaye.
4. Ceratinia philidas: captured by W. J. Kaye, May 17th, 1901 ;
in Coll. Kaye.
5. Melina egina: captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug, 28th, 1903: in
Hope Dep.
6. Melinxa crameri: captured by C. B. Roberts, no date: in Coll.
Kaye.
7. Melinxa mneme: captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903 ;
in Hope Dep.
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 7, Pl. XXVI.
LyYcoREAN#.
8, Lycorea ceres: captured by C. B, Roberts, Nov.—Dec. 1901 : in
Coll. Kaye.
9. Lycorea pasinuntia: captured by C. B. Roberts, no date: in
Coll. Kaye.
HELICONINA.
10. Heliconius silvana : captured by C. B, Roberts, March 5th, 1905:
in Coll. Kaye.
11. Heliconius vetustus: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 18th,
1905: in Coll. Kaye.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART LI. (JAN. 1907) 29
436 Explanation of Plates.
Fig.
12. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, April 2, 1905:
in Coll. Kaye.
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 14, Pl. XXVI.
13. Hueides aigrofulva g : captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.—Dec.
1902 : in Coll. Kaye.
14, Hueides nigrofulva, 9 : captured by C. B. Roberts, March 25th,
1905 : in Coll. Kaye.
LeMONIIN”.
15. Stalachtis calliope : captured by C. B. Roberts, March 26th, 1905 :
in Coll. Kaye.
PLatEes XXIV (UPPER-SIDES) AND XXV (UNDER-SIDES).
Miillerian group of Ithomiine, Lycoreane, and Heliconine butter-
flies, showing the extreme banded forms.
The specimens represented are the: same, and their figures occupy
corresponding positions on both plates.
All specimens are from the Potaro River, and all, except those
represented in 10 and 14, from thirty miles above its confluence with
the Essequibo, British Guiana. (Between the eighth and tenth
mile from the Potaro, on the road to the gold mines.) Specimens
shown in Figs. 10 and 14 are from Tumatumari, fifteen miles lower
down the Potaro river.
All figures are 3 of the natural size.
I?rHOMIINA,
1. Mechaunitis pannifera, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Sept. 1903:
in Coll. Kaye.
2. Mechanitis polymnia, g : captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.—
Dec. 1901: in Coll. Kaye.
3. Mechanitis polymnia, 2 : captured by C. B. Roberts, Sept. 3rd,
1903 : in Coll. Kaye.
4, Cerutinia euclea form ninonia: captured by Percival, April 3rd,
1904: in Coll, Kaye.
. Melinxa crameri, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th,
1903 : in Hope Dep.
6. Melinxa mneme, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, August 28th,
1903: in Hope Dep.
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 2, Pl. XXVI.
7. Melinxa mnasius: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 17th, 1905:
in Coll. Kaye.
on
Explanation of Plates. 437
Fic. LYCOREANS.
8. Lycorea ceres: captured by C. B. Roberts, probably Dec. 1901 or
Jan. 1902: in Hope Dep.
9. Lycorea pasinuntia: captured by C. B. Roberts, Oct. 1901: in
Hope Dep.
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 2, Pl. XXVILI.
HELICONINAE.
10. Heliconius silvana ab. divisus : captured, in 1904, by G. C. Cole
at Tumatumari, Potaro River, fifteen miles above confluence
with the Essequibo : in Coll. Kaye.
11. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, Feb. 10th, 1905:
in Coll. Kaye.
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 8, Pl. XXVI.
12. Helicomus ewcoma: captured by C. B. Roberts, about 1902 : in
Coll. Kaye.
13. Eueides nigrofulva, 2? : captured by C. B. Roberts, June 30th,
1902: in Coll. Kaye.
14. Eueides isabella : captured, in 1904, by G. C. Cole at Tumatu-
mari (see Fig. 10): in Coll. Kaye.
PLATE XXVI.
Series of Melinea mneme and Heliconius numata, showing parallel
transition from barred to black hind-wings. ?
All specimens are from the Potaro River, thirty miles above its
confluence with the Essequibo, British Guiana. (Between the eighth
and tenth mile from the Potaro, on the road to the gold mines.)
All figures are ? of the natural size.
1 Melinea mneme, ¢ : captured by C. B, Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903:
in Hope Dep.
2. Melinxa mneme, g: captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903:
in Hope Dep.
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 6, Pl. XXIV, XXYV.
3. Melinxa mneme, J: captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903:
in Hope Dep.
4. Melinxa mneme, J : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1908 :
in Hope Dep.
5. Melinexa mneme, 3 : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 29th, 1903 :
in Hope Dep.
438 Explanation of Plates.
Fic.
6. Melinza mneme, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903:
in Hope Dep.
7. Melinza mneme, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903 :
in Hope Dep. ;
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 11, Pl. XXIV, XXV.
8. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, Feb. 10th, 1905 :
in Coll. Kaye.
9. Heliconius numata : captured by C. B. Roberts, March 8rd, 1905 :
in Coll. Kaye.
10. Heliconius nwmata: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 4th, 1905:
in Coll. Kaye.
11. Heliconius numata, captured by C. B. Roberts, Feb. 9th, 1905 :
in Coll, Kaye.
12. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 4th, 1905 :
in Coll, Kaye.
13. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, Dec. 9th, 1904 :
in Coll Kaye.
14. Heliconius nwmata: captured by C. B. Roberts, April 2nd, 1905 :
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 12, Pl. XXIII.
Prate XXYII.
Series of Lycorea pasinuntia and Lycorea ceres, transition from
barred to black hind-wing, showing parallel.
All specimens are from the Potaro River, thirty miles above its
confluence with the Essequibo, British Guiana. (Between the eighth
and tenth mile from the Potaro on the road to the gold mines.)
All figures are about ? of the natural size.
1. Lycorea pasinuntia, barred form; captured by C. B. Roberts,
Oct. 1901: in Coll. Kaye.
2. Lycorea pasinuntia, darkest barred form: captured by C. B.
Roberts, Oct. 1901 : in Hope Dep.
The same specimen is also figured in Plates XXIV and XXV,
Fig. 9.
3. Lycorea pasinuntia, intermediate form: captured by C. B, Roberts,
Nov.—Dee. 1901: in Coll. Kaye.
4, Lycorea pasinuntia, dark form with faint traces of inner section
of pale submarginal band ; captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.—
Dec. 1901 : in Coll. Kaye.
Explanation of Plates. 439
Fia.
5. Lycorea pasinuntia, dark form with faint trace of inner end of
pale submarginal band: captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.—
Dec. 1901 : in Coll, Kaye.
6. Lycorea pasinuntia, darkest form: captured by C. B. Roberts
in 1901: in Coll. Kaye.
Lycorea ceres, barred form: captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.—
Dec. 1901: in Coll. Kaye.
8. Lycorea ceres, darker barred form: captured by C. B. Roberts,
Oct. 1901 : in Coll. Kaye.
9. Lycorea ceres, median section of pale submarginal band has
disappeared : captured by C. B. Roberts, 1901, probably Dec.,
or 1902, probably Jan. : in Hope Dep.
10. Lycorea ceres, more complete disappearance of median section of
pale band: captured by C. B. Roberts, 1901, probably Dec.,
or 1902, probably Jan. : in Hope Dep.
11. Lycorea ceres, submarginal bar as in last figure ; the pale discal
bar is however far more reduced in the specimen here repre-
sented: captured by C. B. Roberts, 1901, probably Dec., or
1902, probably Jan. : in Hope Dep.
12. Lycorea ceres, darkest form, only the costal end of the sub-
marginal bar can now be detected, while the inner section of
the discal bar is only represented by traces, and its outer part
has disappeared, In this important respect Lycorea ceres is
much in advance of DL. pasinwntia in the tendency towards
progressive darkening: C. B. Roberts, 1901, probably Dec.,
or 1902, probably Jan, : in Hope Dep.
-~J
k
( 44a)
XVIII. A Contribution to the Classification of the
Coleopterous family Passalide. By GILBERT
J. ARrRow, F.E.S.
[Read October 3rd, 1906,]
THE Passalide form a family which, almost universally
distributed and very abundant in the forest regions of
the Tropics, is probably as compact and homogeneous as
any equally numerous and widely distributed group of
animals. As a corollary we find the differences between
the component forms very slight and with exceedingly
numerous degrees of variation the separation into species
is very imperfect.
Whether the remarkable secondary adaptation of the
wings to serve as organs of sound-production is to be
regarded as cause or effect, it seems to be the case that
their primary function is becoming obsolete, species being
found in different parts of the family in which they are
already useless for flight. The result is that locomotion
has become very restricted and segregation into a multi-
tude of local forms, too recent for marked specific
differentiation has taken place.
From their generally large size, general form and
manner of life, the Passalidx could not fail to be associated
in the mind with the Lucanide, but the generally accepted
view that there is a special relationship between the two
families I believe, as I have previously stated, has little
substantial foundation. A rather striking feature in which
the Passalide differ from the Lucanidx, as from wood-
feeding insects in general, is their constancy of size, a
phenomenon of which we have recently learnt the probable
explanation, Dr. Ohaus has made the very interesting
discovery that these insects are not during their early
stages at the mercy of the rather precarious circumstances
of their environment like others of the same habit of life,
but that by asocial organisation of a kind new to us among
insects they have become to some extent masters of their
fate. The Brazilian species studied by this naturalist
live in small communities consisting of the two parents
TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND, 1906.—PART IV. (JAN, 1907)
1.42 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
and from two to seven larve, the parents tending their
young, preparing their food and if necessary guiding them
into safety.
The lamented death of Herr Richard Zang is only the
latest of a series of misfortunes which have befallen a
family of insects which as regards its systematic treatment
has surely been the most unfortunate of groups. The
remarkable classification of Kaup, based upon geometrical
principles is notorious. The posthumously published
monograph of Kuwert, without bemg founded upon a
radically false conception, has similarly suffered from a
futile attempt to achieve finality with extremely im-
perfect materials. The much less ambitious work of
Stoliczka upon Oriental species, being the work of a
naturalist who would scarcely have claimed to be an
entomologist, has naturally in its degree increased instead
of diminishing the confusion. And now a fresh mis-
fortune has overtaken this study in the untimely death
of a young entomologist who had within the last two or
three years commenced a serious investigation of the
family. The few papers already published by him
reduced at least to a small extent the tangle existing
and gave promise of a valuable accomplishment in a field
where the exceptional difficulties must repel anyone not
both enthusiastic and painstaking in a special degree.
It can hardly be hoped that the loss will be soon repaired
in spite of the great need. No list of the species has
been published since 1868 although the number of names
now almost quadruples that of the Munich Catalogue,
nor can a complete catalogue be usefully undertaken
until a thorough examination and comparison of the more
than 600 types have been made by a specialist.
The Monograph of Kuwert is an admirably consistent
and laborious work which, had its author lived and availed
himself of increased materials and experience, would no
doubt have been considerably corrected and improved.
In its published form its value is largely destroyed by the
aim at an impossible exhaustiveness having led him to
include hasty determinations and descriptions based upon
single, imperfect or abnormal specimens and to ignore
the facts of geographical distribution and the rules of
nomenclature.
Most of the common species of older authors have been
subdivided by Kuwert by a minute examination of
the Coleopterous family Passalide. 44:3
external structure and some of the forms distinguished
by him are no doubt constant and worthy of separation,
but he seems not to have recognised the existence of
variability and based species as confidently upon single
specimens, even if immature or worn, as upon compared
series. The absence of the types of the older systematists
too rendered it impossible to allocate the old names
among the forms tabulated by him, nor did he pay much
attention to the indications afforded by locality, ete. <A
further complication has been introduced by the publica-
tion of anumber of descriptions of Central American forms
by Mr. T. L. Casey during the issue of Kuwert’s Monograph.
Thus the Paxillus leachi of Macleay, hitherto regarded
as ranging from Mexico to Brazil, has been divided into
six species by Kuwert and the original name assigned to
an insect from Guatemala, although Macleay indicates
the habitat of the type as “8S. America.’ Yet another
name, P. parvus, has been bestowed upon specimens from
Honduras by Mr. Casey who assigns P. leachi to Brazil,
and distinguishes it as a larger species, although neither
size nor province was specified by Macleay, whose type is
presumably in Australia. Such work done in the dark
has introduced almost hopeless confusion into many parts
of the family. In the present instance I have been
unable to find any specific distinctions after carefully
examining a long series of specimens representing almost
every province from Southern Mexico to the Amazons,
and the range of size is not greater than that given by
Mr. Casey for his Honduran examples. H. W. Bates was
of the same opinion with regard to the Central American
specimens, of which Kuwert makes five species. The
latter's disregard for both geographical distribution and
the element of wear is curiously shown in one of these five
forms which he records from “Guatemala and Paramaribo,’
and distinguishes only by the absence of the customary
slight hair-tufts upon the shoulders and in the separation
of the five into two divisions according to the existence
of two or three terminal teeth to the mandible. These
features are valueless by themselves, since the shoulder-
tufts frequently and the inner teeth of the mandible almost
invariably, become worn down and indicate nothing but
the age of the individual.
A considerable number of Kuwert’s species have no
greater value than these, but on the other hand his
444, Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
minute research has led him to detect points of difference
overlooked by others which in insular forms or when
from any cause segregation has taken place have a real
value.
In the present paper I have only attempted to correct
a few of his errors which have come under my notice
in the course of an examination of older authors’ types
existing in this country. M. René Oberthiir, now the
possessor of Kuwert’s collection, has kindly sent me such
of his types as were necessary for comparison. I have
examined all the types of Hope, Smith, and Bates, and
those of Percheron, Truqui and Kaup in our collections.
A second purpose of this paper is to enumerate the
species of Passalide brought by Mr. H. H. Smith from
the islands of St. Vincent and Grenada, so completing my
list of the Lamellicorn fauna of those islands so far as it 1s
known. This has entailed the description of one new
species. Descriptions of a few other new species in the
British Museum collection have also been added.
The following list comprises the whole of the species of
which the types are in the Oxford Museum placed in
their modern genera, the names in brackets being those
which become synonyms—
Ceratocupes (Cihastatus, Perch.)=/fronticornis, Westw.
This is recorded by Percheron as of unknown locality, but
his type bears the label “ Hardwickii, Hope. Nepal,” and
on another label “ Bengal,’ and was no doubt brought
from Nepal by Maj. Gen. Hardwicke. The species was
described two years earlier by Westwood, from the Melly
collection in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842, (vi), p. 124.
There has been strange confusion about this reference.
Comacupes punctifrons, Hope.
Heliscus (subcornutus, Hope)=H. tropicus, Perch.
Spasalus hoper, Perch.
Veturius platyrrhinus, Hope. As stated by Hope, the
type is from Venezuela. Kuwert has given the Amazons
as its habitat, while Bates has put together several Central
American forms under this name, Of these all the
specimens from Nicaragua and part of those from Costa
Rica and Panama belong to V. sinwatocollis, Kuw., and two
other specimens I have described later on as V. isthmicus.
The remaining specimens from Costa Rica and Panama
agree with the short diagnosis of V. platyrrhinoides, Kuw.
(Bolivia) which I do not consider sufficiently differentiated
the Coleopterous family Passalidex. 445
from Hope’s example for separate recognition. We have
also a series from Ecuador, but I have seen no examples of
V. platyrrhinus from Brazil.
Epiphoroneus, gen. nov. (tetragonus, Hope) = (quadri-
Jrons, Perch. = occipitalis, Eschs). I have found in the Hope
Collection, in addition to the type of Hope’s description, a
specimen of this species labelled in Percheron’s handwrit-
ing “quadrifrons, P. localité?” In Percheron’s Mono-
graph quadrifrons is said to come from the Cape of Good
Hope, and Kuwert has placed it, on account of its reputed
habitat in the genus Didymus. No Passalidz are known
in §. Africa, although Kuwert includes several others, and
this insect seems to be not uncommon in Brazil. It was
tentatively referred (as tetragonus, Perch.) by Kuwert to
his species Morosophus ruhli, but is quite different and
agrees with no existing genus, and I have been obliged to
form one (characterised later) to receive it.
Leptaulax vicinus, Perch. This occurs in Penang and
Borneo (Sarawak). It is incorrectly put down by Kuwert
as synonymous with ZL. planus, Il., but is more related to
LI. angustifrons. It is rather larger and has no large
punctures upon the metasternum, which is finely and
thickly punctured in front. All these species belong to
the genus Leptaulacides as recently characterised by Zang.
EHumelosomus africanus, Perch, = (#. levipectus, Auriv.).
Burmeister and all subsequent writers have relegated this
to Didymus parastictus, Imh. It is a much more convex
species with a more thickly punctured thorax and by the
median tooth of the clypeus is excluded from the gen.
Didymus in Kuwert’s sense. In the British Museum
there are specimens from Sierra Leone, Cameroon and
even from Uganda (Msozi), so that its range is very wide.
Pentalobus palinii, Perch. Inhabits the Gold Coast
(Akropong) and Gaboon.
Basilianus cantori, Perch.
Gonatas naviculator, Perch.
Pharochilus rugiceps, Hope, is probably P. brevidentatus,
Kuw., and is exceedingly close to P. politus, Burm., but
the side pieces of the mentum are smooth and sooty. It
is placed by Kuwert in another section of the genus.
Pharochilus cancrus, Perch. = P. dilatatus, Dalm.
This has been wrongly identified with a species of Tiberius.
The type is a very immature specimen of unknown habitat
and the error is therefore not surprising. Percheron
446 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
applied the name dilatatus to the allied P. politus, Burm.,
as has long been known. As the species to which the
name cancrus has hitherto been assigned is a well-marked
one for which no other name is available it will be well to
call it Tiberius kuwerte.
Certain of the most remarkable forms of Passalidee have
not yet found their proper places in the system. The
genus Cylindrocaulus of Fairmaire, a curious Chinese
insect, and the Mexican Spurius bicornis, Truqui, were
together made into a sub-family by Kuwert, a strange
proceeding due only to the absence in both of the median
cephalic horn common to most sections of the family.
Cylindrocaulus bucerus, Fairm., is an apterous insect of
very peculiar form, but still more peculiar is Awlacocyclus
patalis, Lewis, an allied Japanese species for which a new
genus Aurikulus has been made by Zang. It was de-
scribed and figured in the Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1883,
p. 341, Pl. xiv, figs. 6 and 7, but was overlooked by
Kuwert. In both species the dise of the thorax is drawn
out in front imto a bifid protuberance, a feature very
strange for this family, although shghtly suggested by the
form of the thorax in Ceratocupes, and it is in the vicinity
of that genus that other essential characters of these forms
place them, although probably the most aberrant species
in the family. In C. bucerus the front coxa are separated
by a strongly elevated lamina, which is an infringement of
a main feature of the Aulacocyclinz, but in A. patalis the
cox are more elevated than the intervening lamina,
which is so much reduced that they are practically con-
tiguous in the middle. The very short connate elytra
(indicating inability to fly) are also quite exceptional,
the only flightless Passalide hitherto recorded being of
American genera. A. patalis, Lewis, has the elytra even
shorter relatively and more bulbous than C. bucerus,
Fairm., which I have been kindly enabled to examine by
M. Oberthiir, who possesses also an undescribed insect
from Wa-shan which, although head and thorax are formed
like those of Cylindrocaulus, is winged and has the hinder
part of the normal shape. The head in these beetles is
quite smooth and concave, and its lateral walls are pro-
duced above the eyes into a pair of horns, which in C.
bucerus are slender and pointed and in A. patalis flattened,
widening from base to extremity, where they are truncated
by an incurved line. In the latter insect there is also a
the Coleopterous family Passalide. 44:7
rather sharp tubercle below each shoulder formed by the
extreme lateral margins of the elytra. The stridulating
apparatus is like that of Proculejus and other flightless
genera, a narrow strip of each wing having been retained
for the purpose.
Another Oriental genus Kaupiolus (Vellejus, Kaup.), is
flightless, a fact not ‘hitherto recorded. Although having
the form of the elytra always attending this condition it
has no special affinity with any of ‘the other genera
exhibiting it.
I am able to supply the true habitat of two species of
Aulacocycline of which it has remained unknown. The
type of Comacupes felderi, Stol., is in M. Oberthiir’s col-
lection, and I have identified it with an insect in our
collection found by Wallace at Amboina. Teniocerus
deyrollet, Kaup, is recorded as coming from St. Denis in
Réunion I. M. Oberthiir has sent me a specimen showing
that this is due to a mis-reading of “Pt. Denis.” an
abbreviation standing for Port Denison in N. Queensland.
The Passalus sagittarius of Smith has been the subject
of extreme confusion. In his “ Prodromus,’ Kaup placed
this first in his new genus Ozlews, uniting P. rimator,
Truqui, with it as conspecific. The types, both of which
are in the British Museum, are quite different. Kaup deter-
mined a specimen in the collection as sagittarvus, but
evidently overlooked the type, for his description applies
to neither that nor his identified specimen which are quite
distinct from one another. In a later work he restricted
Oileus to the so-called sagittarius, and another species
(heros, Truqui), not previously assigned to it, and finally,
in his Monograph he rejected sagittar 1Us also, completing
the transformation of his genus into ‘ ‘something new and
strange.” “Sagittarius” now constitutes, together with a
second form sargi, Kaup, the genus fimor; but further
adventures are in store for it, for Kuwert has contributed
his share to the tangle, dividing Aimor into two, and
placing the perturbed ghost of sagittarius in his Rimoricus
Both authors refer to rimator, Truqui, by this name, and
they have been followed by Batesin the “ Biologia Centr.-
Americana”; and it seems to have been again described
by Casey as Limor munitus. Our specimens, recorded by
Bates, are chiefly from the same part of Mexico as those
to which the later name is given, and although larger
than Truqui’s, vary considerably in their proportions. In
448 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
the latter respect, by which he distinguishes A. munitus,
Casey's dimensions agree almost exactly with those of
Truqur’s type.
This species is therefore the proper type of Ovleus.
Zang has rightly indicated the true species but without
knowing that Kaup had wrongly applied the name sagit-
tarius to it and has so become involved in the confusion.
Passalus sagittarius, Smith, of which no second specimen
is yet known, really belongs to Kuwert’s group Petrejine,
ditfering from the genus Petrejus in being flightless, and
having accordingly very short elytra fused together at the
suture and curvilinear at the sides, <A similar form has
been described as Procululus inca by Zang and, although
the generic characters formulated from that species are
not all exhibited by Smith’s insect, I think the two may
very well be associated together. The type of Procululus
sagittarius is rather larger than that of P. inca, it has the
labrum arcuately excised along its whole width, so that
the angles are acute, as the clypeal ridges extend beyond
the front margin and are distinctly tuberculated both at
their extremities and a little before, and the median horn
is long, free, acutely pointed and without lateral out-
growths behind.
The synonymy of Oilews is accordingly as follows :—
OILEus, Kaup, Col. Hefte, 1869, p. 3.
ftimor, Kaup, Monogr., App. p. 119.
, Bates, Biol. Centr.-Amer. (2) ii, pp. 10 and 383.
, Kuwert, Nov. Zool, 1897, p. 287.
Rimoricus, Kuwert, 1. c.
rumator, Truqui, Rév. de Zool., 1857, p. 266.
sagittarius, Kaup (nec Smith).
, Bates, l.c.
, Kuwert, 1. c.
nunitus, Casey, Ann, New York Acad., 1x, 1897, p. 644.
sargi, Kaup, l.c.
v. honestus, Kuwert, l. ¢.
Kuwert’s Rimor ridiculus has been separated by Zang
as Coniger ridiculus, Kuw., and for the second Ozleus of
Kaup (i.e. heros, Truqui) Zang has coined the new generic
name Nasoproculus,
The differences which served Kuwert for the generic
separation of Oileus rimator, Truqui, and Saryi, Kaup, are.
the Coleopterous family Passalide. 44.9
very insignificant and I do not thmk the desirability of
sinking his name Aimoricus will be disputed. Similarly
fiimor honestus, Kuw., owes its existence only to the
occasional absence in Costa Rican examples of 0. surgi,
Kaup, of a slight furrow upon the scutellum and a few
other variable features of no greater importance.
Fhodocanthopus maillei, Perch. has been quite un-
naturally removed by Kuwert to the neighbourhood of
Phoroneus and renamed Polyacanthopus, which is certainly
a redundant name. Of the specimens attributed by Bates
to the same species I can only recognise those from
Cordova, Orizaba and Jalapa as really belonging to it.
Other Mexican examples belong to Neleides punctatostriatus,
Perch. and cwrtus, Bates, the series from Nicaragua
appears to be another species, and the specimen from
Chiriqui yet another. 2. molestus,iKuw., is very difficult
to distinguish from /. mazllei, Perch. The genera Rhodo-
canthopus and Neleides, although placed in different groups
by Kaup and Kuwert, have been distinguished solely by
the degrees of spininess of the middle tibia, which, as it
shows a gradual crescendo from one extreme to the other,
makes the line of demarcation quite arbitrary. Another
difference which generally accompanies that of the middle
tibia has not been noticed. It consists in the degree of
prominence of the eyes, which in the species with strongly
spined middle tibize are sunk in the head, very small and
in general coarsely facetted. In the other series (Weleides)
they are large and prominent and typically finely-facetted.
This correspondence although not exact, probably indicates
some difference of habit. Lhodocanthopus curtus, Bates,
and tnops, Truqui, must be placed in Neleides. Both have
been wrongly determined by Kuwert. ‘The former is very
closely allied to WV. punctatostriatus, Perch., differing only
in its shorter form. Although Bates recognised only
a single specimen, identical individuals from Mexico,
Guatemala and Panama were placed by him in &. puncta-
tostriatus and &. maillet.
The genus Plewrostylus owes its existence only to the
exigencies of the Kaupian system. The type specimen of
Pleurostylus trapezoides in our collection is a Brazilian
species of the very common genus Veturius. By some
accident the label of an Indian insect became attached to
it, but there is no apparent reason why Kaup assigned
it to his “Solenocyclee” as a probably African species,
450 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
except that in his geometrical scheme a blank chanced to
occur at that point. Vetwriws trapezoides is larger than,
but has otherwise almost the characters of V. gabonis,
Kuw., which is also attributed to Africa with no greater
credibility. It should never have been described and least
of all by a name selected to perpetuate an error. VJ.
trapezoides, Kaup, was found at Bahia by Lacerda. Its
middle tibize are rather thickly hairy and are also armed
on the outer edge with a fairly strong spine.
A curious example of the Kuwertian method is afforded
by his genus Proculejoides. This he formed for Proculejus
championi, Bates, of which the original specimens are in
the British Museum. M. Oberthiir has sent me a speci-
men of it from the Kuwert collection, which reveals the
fact that this species is that figuring in the Monograph,
not as Proculejoides championt, but as Ogyges levior, of
Kaup, which is an obviously different insect. The few
characters tabulated as distinctive of Proculejoides cham-
proni, Bates, do not apply to it, and were apparently only
derived from what he wrongly assumed it to be from
Bates’ description. As it is very distinct from Ogyges it
will be best to retain Kuwert’s name while correcting his
diagnosis. The front of the clypeus forms a broad de-
pressed band, not cut off, as stated, by a transverse groove.
The antennal leaflets are much shorter than those of
Ogyges levissimus. The elytra are not at all flattened, the
intervals very convex and the striz not punctured except
faintly in the lateral ones. The sides of the elytra are
quite without hairs but there are a very few minute ones
scattered over the anterior face.
Herr Zang has added another species, P. granulipennis,
Zang, which appears to have the true characters of the
genus, but he was mistaken in also including Proculejus
nudicostis, Bates, which he knew from description alone.
The flightless Passalidee seem to var y in size to a greater
extent than is usual in the family. There is a considerable
range of variation in this respect in the giant Proculus
seen and the same is the case in the genus Publius,
of which the two species have both been described from
unique specimens. Of P. crassus, Smith, we have, besides
the types, two other specimens from Colombia, one of
which is 50 mm. long and the other 42 mm.
By the kindness of Herr Schenkling, of the Deuts.
Ent. National Museum, I have also been able to examine
the Coleopterous fanily Passalide. 451
the types of P. spinipes, Zang, of which we have
specimens from Chulumani, Bolivia, and R. Marca-
pata, Peru. The Peruvian specimen is 47 mm. long.
The spines upon the four posterior tibize, from which the
species is named, are not always easily distinguishable,
but it is a very well-marked form, easily recognisable by
the feebleness of the elytral strize, which, contrary to the
almost invariable rule among these insects, become fainter
instead of stronger towards the sides.
Kuwert has formed a new genus Vervoides for certain
insects inhabiting Brazil and Guiana, of which he has
recognized three species, differing from Verres only in the
labrum being very deeply cleft. I believe one or all of
them to be Verres furcilabris, Eschs., which Kuwert has
left in the older genus. This is evidently due to some
blunder, as he gives the habitat as Guatemala, although
each of the authors quoted by him without comment has
recognised it as a South American species. There are
specimens in our collection, all of which I regard as belong-
ing to Verroides furcilabris, Eschs., from the Amazons
(Monte Alegre and Para), Pernambuco, British Guiana
(Georgetown) and Trinidad.
In the succeeding pages I describe, in addition to a
new genus which I have already referred to as necessary
for Passalus occipitalis, Eschs., a few well-marked new
forms in our collection, beginning with one from the
island of Grenada. In order to complete the enumeration
of the Lamellicorn Coleoptera of St. Vincent and Grenada
contained in two previous papers in these Transactions I
give here a list of all the Passalidee from the West Indian
Islands contained in our collection :—
Verroides furcilabris, Eschs., Trinidad.
Spasalus puncticollis, Serv. (Kuw.), Dominica, St. Lucia,
Nevis.
Passalus (Neleus, olim) interruptus, L., Trinidad.
P. unicornis, Serv., Dominica, St. Lucia.
P. tlascala, Perch., Trinidad, Grenada, St. Vincent.
Scalmus (Ninus, Kuwert), wmterstitialis, Eschs., Trinidad,
Grenada, Cuba, Jamaica. I can find no adequate
justification for the numerous so-called species into
which Kuwert has divided this.
Pertinacides afinis, Perch., 8. Domingo, Hayti.
Neleides antillarwm, sp. n., Grenada.
TRANS. ENT, SOC, LOND. 1906.—PART Iv. (JAN. 1907) 30
452 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
Neleides antillarum, sp. 0.
Modice convexus, sat brevis, cornu pyramidale postice vix pro-
ducto, carinis anterioribus late et arcuatim divergentibus, brevissi-
mis, tuberculis prominentibus a cornu et clypei dentibus externis
fere equidistantibus terminantibus; prothorace subquadrato, margine
antico fere recto, postice leviter arcuato, lateribus medio paulo con-
strictis, angulis anticis fere acutis, disco lateribusque impunctatis,
linea lata sinuata postoculare ex punctis magnis consistente ;
scutello parcissime punctulato; elytris profunde punctato-striatis,
interstitiis convexis, humeris paulo prominentibus, corpore subtus
fere nudo, metasterno impunctato vel punctis obsoletis nonnullis
lateraliter sparsuto.
Long. 18°5-20 mm.
Hab. GRENADA I., Windsor, Chantilly, Grand Etang.
Among described species this 1s most nearly related to
NV. guatemalensis, Kaup, but is rather larger and con-
siderably more convex. It may easily be distinguished
from that and all the other species tabulated by Kuwert
by the form of the frontal carinz. The median cephalic
process is short and upright, the posterior lateral append-
ages are obsolete and the anterior carine are very short,
enclosing a semicircular area with a slight elevation in
the middle and stopping short at the frontal tubercles,
which are placed only a little beyond the middle of the
interval between the cephalic horn and the outer clypeal
teeth. The shoulders are rather prominent and without
hairs, and the elytra are deeply sulcate, with rather feeble
puncturation in the sulci and highly convex intervals.
Beetles and larve were found together by Mr. H. H.
Smith in rotten logs in the forest between 500 and 2000
feet altitude.
The following is the third species of a peculiar and
apparently rare Central American genus :—
Trixnurgus solidus, sp. 0.
Crassus, latus, subdepressus, clypeo antice toto marginato, minute
quadridentato, dentibus interioribus distantibus, cornu frontale longo,
usque ad clypei marginem porrecto, postice gibboso, profunde
sulcato, carinis posticis brevibus, valde elevatis, anticis nullis ; pro-
thorace fere quadrato ubique minutissime punctulato; medio pro-
funde sulcato, lateraliter obsolete cicatricoso, punctis nonnullis in
cicatrice, linea angusta, marginali vix punctata, antice haux dilatata ;
the Coleopterous fanuly Passalide. 453
scutello impunctato, medio suleato; elytris connatis, pone scu-
tellum paulo productis, nitidis, profunde sulcatis, sulcis subtiliter
punctatis, humeris paulo acuminatis; prosterno postice producto,
rugoso, mesosterno glabro, lateraliter punctato, metasterno polito,
postice transversim impresso, lateraliter grossissime punctato, tibiis
4 posterioribus ‘vix spinosis, antennarum flabellis tribus modice
elongatis.
Long. 41-43 mm.; lat. 17 mm.
Hab. GUATEMALA, Chuipache, Quezaetenango.
Two specimens found by Mr. Richardson have been
presented to the Museum by Mr. F. D. Godman. The
species seems to closely resemble 7. junctistriatus, Kuw.,
which is intermediate in size between it and 7’. subopacus,
Bates. In addition to its considerably larger size, it
differs by the deep channel upon the posterior part of the
cephalic horn, the absence of punctures upon the scutellum
and the different form of the prosternal process. The
median part of this is broad, parallel-sided, and strongly
produced behind. In front it is deeply grooved at the
sides and the median part is coarsely rugose. The meso-
sternum is quite smooth and shining in the middle and
the metasternum, as in 7. junctisir iatus, Kuw., is hairy at
the sides, with very large confluent punctures near the
hind angles.
Veturius isthmicus, sp. 0.
Parvus, modice elongatus, parallelus, cornu frontale parum elevato,
carinis posticis transversis, frontalibus angulo acuto incipientibus,
deinde angulo obtuso, tuberculo medio incluso duobusque termin-
alibusaclypei margine multo distantibus ; prothorace modice trans-
verso, margine antico fere recto, postico leviter arcuato, lateribus
valde ampliatis, late sulcato, sulco obsolete punctato, antice haud
dilatato, scutello dense punctulato, linea media angusta levi, elytris
sat profunde striatis, haud punctatis ; mesosterno antice toto velutino,
metasterno polito impunctato; tibiis 4 posterioribus spina valida
post medium armatis, antennarum flabellis brevissimis.
Long. 32°5 mm.
Hab. Costa Rica, La Virgen, Sarapique; PANAMA,
Bugaba.
This is very near V. tuberculifrons, Kuw., from the
Amazon region, and indeed the short description of that
species applies also to this except for its rather smaller
size and the fact that the sides as well as the middle of
454 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
the mesosternum are silky and opaque. It is one of the
smallest species of the genus, being about the size and
shape of V. assimilis and cirrhatus, from which it differs
by the strong spine on each side of the four posterior
tibie and the deep but unpunctured elytral strie. The
ridges of the head are well developed. The posterior
caring are almost in a straight line and the frontal carinze
form a very acute angle at the base of the median horn
and afterwards rather abruptly diverge obtusely and en-
close a broad tubercle. The terminal tubercles are promi-
nent and separated by an interval rather more than half
the breadth of the clypeus. There is no sharply incised
line on the vertex of the head behind the horn.
Veturius punctatostriatus, sp. 0.
Sat brevis, nitidus, capite levissimo, clypeo paulo excurvato,
utroque angulo late fossulato, cornu simplice ; prothorace parum
transverso, lateribus sat regulariter curvatis, fossa laterale lata,
antice haud dilatata; scutello crebre punctato, linea media levi;
elytris profunde sulcatis, sulcis ubique punctatis, interstitiis valde
convexis, prosterno postice dentato, mesosterno antice et lateraliter
sericeo, postice nitido, metasterno nitido, impunctato, medio postice
transverse impresso ; tibiis 4 posterioribus post medium fortiter
spinosis.
Long. 38 mm.
Hab. British GUIANA, Georgetown.
A number of specimens were collected by the Rev. W.
Harper in 1877. The species is very distinct from all
hitherto described and is easily recognisable by its com-
paratively short form and the very deep punctured strize
of the elytra. Like the last it must also be grouped with
V. tuberculifrons in Kuwert’s arrangement. The head is
very smooth, with a conical median horn, of which the
lateral outgrowths (“nebenhocker”) are obsolete. The
clypeus is slightly rounded in front and minutely notched
in the middle and it is divided into three parts of equal
length by the frontal tubercles, the two lateral divisions
being rather deeply excavated. The carinz from the base
of the horn to the frontal tubercles form almost a semi-
circle. The transverse impression behind the horn is
strongly curved and deeply incised. The prothorax is
about 14 times as broad as it is long. The lateral margin
is regularly curved and the channel is deep and punctured
the Coleopterous family Passalidex. 455
at the side but not punctured or dilated in front. The
scutellum is thickly and finely punctured on each side of
‘the median line. The elytra are rather short and convex,
all the strize visibly and closely punctured and the inter-
stices rounded. The labrum is slightly emarginate and
the mentum has a protuberance at the middle. Each of
the four posterior tibiz has a strong spine beyond the
middle.
Veturius peruvianus, sp. n.
Parum elongatus, convexus, capite polito, cornu acuto, antice
directo, carinis frontalibus triangulum equilaterale includentibus,
carinis posticis fere transversis, paulo sinuatis, suleco postico paulo
profundo, absque linea incisa ; prothorace convexo, toto impunctato,
sulco laterale profundo, margine antico sinuato, angulis omnibus
arcuatis, scutello punctulato, medio leve ; elytris profunde striatis,
striis vix perspicue punctatis, interstitiis convexis, humeris antice
pilis perpaucis ornatis ; meso- et metasterno glabris, impunctatis,
illo antice toto sericeo-opaco ; tibiis 4 posterioribus extus absque
spinis, dense hirsutis.
Long. 42 mm.
Hab. 8.E. Peru, Marcapata R.
This is closely related to V. platyrrhinus, Hope, but is
smaller and has the elytra relatively shorter and more
broadly rounded behind, with more elevated costs. The
clypeal ridges are distinct but rather less divergent than
in that species, and the median horn is similar but the
transverse lmpression behind it is shallow and without any
incised line. The prothorax is rather less broad and more
convex, the front margin sinuated, but less strongly, and
less prominent in the middle. The anterior angles are also
less prominent.
Verres cavicollis, Bates, was evidently unknown to
Kuwert, since the insect described by him under that
name is scarcely distinguishable from V. hagent, Kaup.
We have a specimen, also from Jalapa, agreeing with
Kuwert’s diagnosis. The true V. cavicollis is a quite
unmistakable species with avery long horizontal horn
and large, nearly circular, pits at the front angles of the
pronotum.
The species described by Kuwert as Verres deflexicornis,
of which the habitat was uncertain, is also in our collection.
It inhabits Costa Rica.
456 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
Petrejus archidonx, sp. n.
Modice convexus, paulo brevis, clypei margine recto, capite postice
glabro, cornu angusto, fere recto, haud sulecato, usque ad clypei
marginem producto, carinis posterioribus fere parallelis, validis,
earinis frontalibus postice transversis, deinde valde arcuatis antice
recte productis, spatium triplice latius quam longius, subtiliter
granulatum, includentibus, capite postice plane impresso, linea incisa
valde arcuata, hujus intra utrumque extremitatem fossa profunda
tuberculoque sat parvis ; prothorace transverso, sulco medio integro
punctisque perpaucis posticis lateralibus ; scutello impunctato ;
elytris profunde punctato-striatis, convexis, humeris antice pilis
nonnullis brevissimis ornatis; metasterni angulis posticis vix
punctatis.
Long. 25 mm.
Hab. N. Ecuapor, Archidona.
This appears from Percheron’s sufficiently careful
description to be very near P. nasutus, Perch., but with a
rather different head. In P. archidonxe the clypeus is
finely granulated, and has no trace of the large impres-
sions characteristic of the other species. The cephalic
horn reaches as far forward as the front of the clypeus and
is compressed and not channelled. The posterior acces-
sory ridges are nearly parallel to it, carinated and separated
from the base of the horn by deep grooves. There is a
wide flat depression behind these which is bounded by a
strongly curved and deeply incised line, at each end of
which there is a small tubercle with an impression just
behind it. The prothorax is gently curved outwards in
front and behind and has its sides nearly straight to
beyond the middle. The marginal channel is punctured
and not dilated in front and there are a few large punc-
tures in front of the lateral impressions. The scutellum is
smooth and the elytra strongly punctate-striate. There
are two or three punctures on each side of the metasternum
behind.
Petrejus henrict, Rosmini, appears to be very similar to
this species, but is smaller, and has the clypeus smooth
except for small isolated punctures.
Petrejus peruvianus, sp. D.
Convexus, sat elongatus, capite rugoso, clypei margine recto,
angulis productis, cornu antice producto, acuto, sed sat brevi, postice
the Coleopterous family Passalide. 457
lato, globoso, carinis posterioribus fere parallelis, carinis frontalibus
valde arcuatis, ante marginem evanescentibus, spatium grosse
punctato-rugosum, duplo latius quam longius includentibus, capite
postice plane depresso, linea arcuata incisa ; prothorace lato, later-
aliter crebre et fortiter punctato, sulco marginale profunde punctato,
antice arcuato, paulo dilatato ; scutello postice impunctato ; elytris
modice convexis, profunde punctato-striatis, humeris antice pilis
nonnullis brevissimis ornatis ; metasterni lateribus postice parcissime
punctatis.
Long. 23 mm.
Hab. PERU.
This species is very similar to P. recticlypeatus, Kuw.,
but the cephalic horn, although horizontally produced,
reaches scarcely half way to the clypeal margin, whereas
in Kuwert’s species it attains to the front. The frontal
carinze terminate in slight tubercles before the margin of
the clypeus, enclosing a wide, deeply pitted and rugose
area, There are no wrinkles in front of the posterior
carinee, which are longitudinal. The punctures at the
sides of the prothorax are coarse and numerous and the
marginal grooves are punctured throughout and in front
are very large, deep and strongly curved. The general
form is more elongate than in the preceding species. The
elytra are similarly sculptured, but the striz are rather
finer and the interstices less convex.
Petrejus spinosus, sp. n.
Parallelus, parum depressus, capite fortiter spinoso, impunctato,
clypeo levi, quadridentato, dentibus interioribus indistinctis, cornu
frontali longo, acuto, lateraliter paulo sinuato, supra fere carinato,
postice haud globoso, carinis frontalibus obsoletis, tuberculis nullis,
carinis posterioribus longitudinalibus, carina oculari utroque tri-
spinosa, spina antieca longissima, acuta, horizontali, secunda valida,
obliqua, tertia minuta; prothorace parum transverso, medio anguste
sulcato, lateribus medio irregulariter sat crebre punctatis, angulis
anticis paulo productis, acutis ; scutello antice subtiliter punctato ;
elytris auguste striatis, striis dorsalibus haud perspicue, lateralibus
leviter, punctatis, humeris fere recte angulatis, nudis ; metasterni
medio polito, nitido, lateribus crebre punctatis, nudis, metasterni
lateribus parce punctatis.
Long. 18-30 mm.
Hab. Ecuapor, Cachabé.
458 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
Four specimens were collected by Mr. W. H. Rosenberg
in November 1896, and, like the preceding species, formed
part of the collection of the late Mr. Alexander Fry. It
is a form very easily recognised by the strong spinous
processes with which the ocular ridges are armed. It is
smooth and almost entirely devoid of hair. The prothorax
is long and its front angles sharply pointed. The elytra
are less strongly ‘sculptured than in any other species
known to me, the punctures in the striz being not coarse
at the sides and barely traceable dorsally.
Tetraracus centralis, sp. 0.
Elongatus, parum convexus, antennarum clava articulis tribus
ultimis longibus duobusque pracedentibus multo brevioribus com-
posita, clypeo antice 4-dentato, dentibus interioribus minutis, ap-
proximatis, exterioribus validis, cornu frontale minuto, carinato,
carinis frontalibus integris, arcuatis, spatium magnum rugosum
includentibus, angulo obtuso, tuberculato ; prothorace vix transverso,
antice angustato, angulis anticis fere rectis, lateribus grosse irregu-
lariter punctatis, sulco marginale angusto, antice valde sinuato,
dilatato, grosse punctato; scutello postice impunctato; elytris
profunde striatis, interstitiis convexis, striis fortiter punctatis,
humeris parce flavo-hirsutis ; mesosterno glabro, utrinque profunde
fossulato, metasterno medio parce minute punctato, lateraliter grosse
haud numerose punctato.
Long. 19 mm.
Hab. Costa Rica, Volean de Barba (1600 metres).
Tetraracus is very closely related to Paxillus, from which
it is unnaturally separated by Kuwert on account of the
existence of two minute projections at the middle of the
clypeal margin. The form of the club of the antenna in
the present insect is shared by only two other described
species of Passalide, although others exist. The three
terminal lamellze are long, and the two preceding them
about half their length, so that even when the club is con-
tracted a distinct break occurs. 7. centralis is smaller and
more elongate than the other two species. The prothorax
is rather narrow, distinctly tapering towards the front,
with rather sharp front angles. The elytra are moderately
flattened, with closely punctured strize and there are a
few short hairs at the shoulders.
Two specimens have been sent to the museum by Mr.
P. Biolley.
the Coleopterous family Passalide. 459
HLumelus nasutus, sp. n.
Elongatus, valde depressus, capite toto impunctato, clypeo pro-
ducto, tridentato, dente mediano sat lato, apice subtiliter emarginato,
lateralibus acutis validis, cornu frontale minuto, acuto, multo pro-
jecto, haud producto, carinis frontalibus fere toto rectis, transversis,
ante dentes laterales tuberculis terminantibus, area clypeali omnino
leve, cornu postice subtiliter producto, tuberculis lateralibus rotun-
datis, sat validis ; prothorace fere quadrato, angulis anticis leviter
productis, acutis, lateribus fortiter disperse punctatis, angulis posticis
subtus longe et dense hirsutis ; scutello postice impunctato ; elytris
haud grosse, dorso subtiliter, punctato-striatis, humeris fere recte
angulatis, nudis ; meso- et metasterno omnino glabris, impunctatis,
illo utrinque profunde fossulato ; tibiis 4 posterioribus parce setosis,
vix spinosis.
Long. 23 mm.
Hab. Ecuapor, Cachabé.
One specimen was found at Cachabé by Mr. W. H.
Rosenberg, and I have also received the species from
M. Oberthiir, whose specimens were collected by Semi-
radski. It isa peculiar form for which a new genus would
no doubt have been made by Kuwert, but in the present
state of the classification I prefer to avoid the further
multiplication of genera as much as possible. I cannot
however compare this species with any other known
to me.
The median part of the head is rather produced for-
wards, so that the anterior declivity of the frontal horn,
which is smaller and vertical in front, is nearly on a level
with the outer angles of the head, as well as the frontal
caring, which form almost a straight line. In front of the
latter the clypeus forms a smooth transverse parallelogram
terminating in three strong teeth of equal length, the
outer ones triangular and acute and the middle one
parallel-sided and slightly impressed at its extremity.
The prothorax is rather long, with sharply pointed front
angles, the elytra are strongly depressed, with finely
punctured striz, and the body is very smooth beneath.
I have already mentioned that Passalus occipitalis,
Eschs., has remained unknown to successive monographers
of the group, and can be referred to no existing genus.
I propose for this the name of Lpiphoroneus, as it will
enter the Phoroneinz of Kuwert.
460 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
The clypeus is produced in the middle where it bears
two closely approximate teeth. The frontal carinze are
directed towards the two outer teeth which they do not
quite reach. They are parallel in front, sinuated behind
and meet in an acute angle far back upon the head, push-
ing the median horn back, so that it forms a backwardly-
directed blunt tubercle. The elongate area enclosed by
these carinz is densely covered with large annulated pits.
Epiphoroneus occtpitalis, Eschs., is excellently described
by its author, but the species to which the name was
applied by Percheron is an obviously different insect. It
is placed in Phoroneosomus by Kuwert, who refers only to
the later description. In the Munich Catalogue Esch-
scholtz’s species is strangely identified with the West
Indian Passalus (Neleus) unicornis, Serv.
The references are as follows :—
(Epiphoroneus) occipitalis, Eschs., Nouv. Mém. Soc. Ent.,
Mose, 1829) p21.
tetragonus, Hope, Cat. Lucanoid Coleoptera, 1845,
p. 28.
quadrifrons, Perch., Monogr., 1835, p. 64.
The African Passalidee, which are not very numerous,
and form a fairly homogeneous assemblage, were arranged
by Kuwert in two principal groups, which he placed far
apart. The majority of them form the Mitrorrhine,
named from the American Mitrorrhinus, which he curi-
ously associated with them. The other group, the Eriono-
mine, he boldly placed in the very midst of the main
body of American genera, All really belong to the Lep-
taulax group of Old World Passalidze, Hrionomus forming
a section distinguished by its convexity and the hairy
sides of its elytra. Two species of this latter genus were
separated by Kuwert under the name of Hriopterus, on
account of the existence of two minute projections at the
middle of the clypeus, which are inconstant and of little
importance. A more important feature by means of which
the species may be separated is found in the elytral epi-
pleure. In the two species forming Kuwert’s Eviopterus
(Z. pilosus, Auriv., and alterego, Kuw.), the marginal costa
of the elytron if traced from the apex will be found to shut
off anteriorly a broad external strip. In Hriononwus late-
ricrinitus, Kuw., this strip is very narrow, and in £.
planiceps, Eschs., the costa is not continued to the shoulder
the Coleopterous family Passalide. 461
and the epipleural strip is consequently undefined. In
the following new species a similar condition exists. This
species, according to Kuwert’s definition, would belong to
Eriopterus, and, therefore, that genus must be abandoned.
Zang has already pointed out that Eriosternus of Kuwert
has no generic value.
Krionomus platypleura, sp. a.
Sat convexus, parum nitidus, capite ubique subtiliter punctato,
clypeo fortiter 4-dentato, medio plerumque minute bidentato, carinis
frontalibus antice parallelis, postice angulo recto convergentibus,
spatium lingitudinaliter plicatum includentibus, cornu mediano
breve, postice lato, tuberculis lateralibus fossis sat profundis dis-
tincte diviso; prothorace lato, ubique minute punctulato, punctis
majoribus nullis, fossa laterale minuta, sulco laterale paulo rugoso,
antice haud dilatato, paululo deflecto ; scutello levi; elytris tenuiter
et equaliter striatis, striis ubique impunctatis, interstitiis lateralibus
ab humeris fere ad medium crebre punctatis et pilosis, costa mar-
ginale postica haud ad humerum producta ; prosterno postice con-
vexo, crebre punctato, piloso, mesosterni medio anguste levi, convexo,
lateribus crebre punctatis, pilosis ; antennarum flabellis tribus ultimis
brevissimis.
Long. 35 mm.
Hab. British E. Arrica, Kavirondo.
E. platypleura is similar to £. pilosus, Auriv., in size
and the configuration of the head, but markedly differs in
the peculiarity already referred to in the lateral portion of
the elytra, in which it most nearly resembles #. plancceps,
Eschs. The lateral punctured area extends nearly half
the length of the elytra and is rather flat, the striz
becoming faint. The costa’ forming the outer edge of the
elytron behind is not continued forward to the shoulder,
so that no definite epipleura is traceable. The striz are
everywhere destitute of the punctures faintly traceable in
all the other species. The three lamelle of the antennal
club are extremely short, as in JZ. latericrinitus, Kuw.
The frontal carinz of the head at their posterior part,
which is marked off by distinct tubercles, are slightly
curved outwards, instead of inwards as in JL. pilosus, and
meet in aright angle. The posterior appendages of the
median horn are separated from it by distinct grooves and
form rounded bosses. The whole surface in our series of
specimens is less glossy than that of the other species.
462 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
Didymus carnifex, Kuw. I have identified this species,
of which the habitat is quoted by Kuwert as “ Gaboon ?”
in a form collected at Kavirondo, British E. Africa. I
have seen a series of specimens which are interesting as
uniting Kuwert’s genera Didymus and ELumelosomus. In
some specimens there are two quite distinct teeth at the
middle of the clypeal margin, while in one they are very
closely approximated and in others actually form a single
median tooth, which may or may not be minutely bifid at
the end. I have not noticed similar variation in other
species, but it is evident that Kuwert has attached undue
importance to this feature and that, failing other means
of differentiation, Humelosomus cannot be retained as a
distinct genus. The present species seems to be most
closely related to D. (Humelosomus) klugi, Kaup.
Didymus curvilineatus, sp. na.
Modice elongatus, depressus, capite vix distincte punctato, clypeo
valde 4-dentato, medio vix emarginato, carinis frontalibus antice
parallelis, postice acute convergentibus, cornu obtuso, postice suleato,
tuberculis lateralibus globosis ; prothoracis lateribus fortiter arcuatis
haud crebre, postice parce, punctatis, angulis anticis paulo productis,
acutis ; scutello impunctato ; elytris profunde striatis, striis dorsali-
bus minute, lateralibus scalariforme, punctatis ; mesosterno utrinque
longe et profunde fossulato, metasterni postice medio et lateribus
punctatis: abdominis segmentis omnibus lateraliter subtilissime
rugosis.
Long. 26-27 mm.
flab. Brit. E. Arrica, Kavirondo, Msozi (Uganda).
This is a rather broad and flat species, with the elytra
conspicuously widening behind, so that the discoidal striz
are strongly curved. The lateral interstices and their
connecting rods are narrow, but less so than in the
following species. The head is rather smooth and shining,
without any coarse punctures. The frontal carinz are
angulated behind the middle, where there is a tubercle,
being nearly parallel in front of this and converging
behind to an acute angle. There is a patch of punctures
at the middle of the posterior part of the metasternum
and a patch of larger punctures on each side. The
abdomen is finely punctured at the sides and at the
extreme apex of the terminal segment.
the Coleopterous family Passalide. 463
D. curvilineatus appears to be allied to D. haroldi, Kuw.,
but is smaller, the labrum is distinctly emarginate in front
and the sides of the prothorax are punctured from the
front to the hind angles.
Didymus congoensis, sp. n.
Modice elongatus, depressus, capite ubique parum profunde
varioloso-punctato, clypeo valde 4-dentato, medio minute bi-tuber-
culato, carinis frontalibus antice leviter, deinde acute, convergenti-
bus, cornu frontale obtuso, postice globoso, sulcato, cum tuberculis
lateralibus minute punctulatis; prothoracis lateribus antice et
postice grosse punctatis, ubique arcuatis, angulis anticis acutis ;
scutello impunctato ; elytris profunde striatis, striis dorsalibus vix
perspicue punctatis, lateralibus latis, crebre scalariforme punctatis,
interstitiis lateralibus angustis; metasterni postice medio et lateribus
sat crebre et grosse punctatis, abdominis lateribus segmentoque
ultimo toto subtilissime punctato-rugosis.
Long. 26-28 mm.
Hab. Conao, Mayanda; ANGOLA, San Salvador.
This nearly resembles the preceding species, of which
it has the size and form; but the elytra are more strongly
sculptured laterally, with narrower longitudinal and trans-
verse ridges. The head is punctured all over, the punctures
being fine upon the elevated parts and large and round in
the depressions. The punctures upon the posterior part
of the metasternum, but at the middle and in the angles,
are closer and more numerous. The last abdominal
segment is finely punctured all over, but less closely at
the middle.
In most respects the species agrees with D. latro, Kuw.,
but the lateral sculpture of the elytra is stronger and the
transverse fold upon the last abdominal segment of that
insect is absent.
Didymus levisternus, sp. 0.
Modice depressus, capite punctato-rugoso, postice nitido, clypeo
fortiter 4-dentato, medio minute emarginato, carinis frontalibus
arcuatis, post medium tuberculatis, haud angulatis, angulo apicale
fere recto, cornu obtuso, lato, vix sulcato; prothoracis lateribus
ubique haud crebre punctatis, arcuatis, angulis anticis fere rectis ;
scutello impunctato; elytris profunde striatis, striis dorsalibus
464 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
minutissime, lateralibus grossissime scalariforme, punctatis ; abdo-
minis segmento ultimo medio et lateribus subtiliter rugoso ibique
dense fulvo-villoso.
Long. 28-30 mm.
Hab. British HE. Arrica, Kikuyu, Aberdare Mountains
(Kenya Prov.).
A number of specimens were collected by Dr. S. L.
Hinde in the Aberdare Mountains. In general appearance
the species is closely similar to the last, although rather
larger. It is easily recognised by the absence of punctures
from the disc of the metasternum, a feature found previ-
ously only in D. /evis, Klug. There is generally, though
not invariably, a single large impression near the posterior
margin of the metasternum, the sides of which are also
smooth except for a very few punctures in the hind angles.
The last abdominal segment is finely rugose except at the
front margin and the middle part bears a thick pad of
golden hairs. The other segments have a small triangular
rugose area on each side. ‘The head is strongly rugose in
front, the rugosity being produced by large shallow punc-
tures which tend to coalesce and become obliterated. The
median process is broad behind and scarcely sulcate. The
lateral margins of the thorax are rather uniformly but not
thickly punctured and those of the elytra have a strong
scalariform sculpture.
Didymus ruwenzoricus, sp. n.
Parum depressus, supra ubique minute punctulatus, capite vario-
loso-rugoso, clypeo fortiter quadridentato, medio minute bidentato,
cornu mediano parum prominente, tuberculis posticis distinctis,
conicis, carinis frontalibus integris, regulariter arcuatis, angulo acuto
convergentibus, prothoracis lateribus leviter arcuatis, sat crebre
punctatis, angulis anticis fere rectis; scutello impunctato; elytris
punctato-striatis, punctis dorsalibus subtilibus, lateralibus densis,
scalariformibus; mesosterno glabro, utrinque late foveolato; meta-
sterni medio impunctato, angulis posticis punctis parvis nonnullis;
abdominis segmentis utrinque triangulariter rugose impressis, seg-
menti ultimi dimidio postico crebre punctato et aureo-hirto.
Long, 21-22 mm.
Hab. UGANDA, Mount Ruwenzori.
A series of specimens were collected by the Hon. Gerald
Legge.
a
the Colcopterous family Passalide. 465.
This species is also distinguished by the metasternal
plate being quite free from punctures. It is much smaller
than the previous insect, but greatly resembles the West
African D. parastictus, Imh. In addition to the unpunc-
tured metasternal disc, it differs from that species in the
rather less acute front angles of the prothorax, the sharply-
limited rugose puncturing of the sides of the abdomen,
which is confined to definite depressions, the very slight
emargination of the last segment and the pilosity of its
latter half.
Didymus crassus, sp. 0.
Robustus, sat brevis, modice convexus, capite subtiliter punctato-
rugoso, clypeo quadridentato, medio late emarginato, dentibus zqua-
libus, carinis frontalibus vix arcuatis, post medium angulatis et
tuberculatis, cornu mediano obtuso, postice haud lato aut sulcato,
tuberculis posticis transverse carinatis; prothorace lave, medio
canaliculato, fossis lateralibus minute punctatis, sulco laterale
angusto, paulo punctato, prothorace preterea impunctato; scutello
antice subtiliter punctulato, postice impresso; elytris striatis, striis
lateralibus leviter punctatis, duabus juxta-suturalibus fortiter im-
pressis, tribus intermediis tenuibus; mesosterno lato, glabro,
utrinque fortiter foveolato, lateribus punctatis et hirsutis, metasterni
medio et angulis posticis impunctatis, lateribus punctatis et hirsutis;
abdominis segmento ultimo postice depresso et crebre punctato,
penultimo omnino polito.
Long. 34 mm.
Hab. UGANDA, Mount Ruwenzori.
A single example of this isolated form was found by
Mr. Legge. Although agreeing in essential features with
Didymus it has more the aspect of Hrionomus. It is
large, broad, and little flattened, the head is normal, the
prothorax devoid of punctures except for a few minute
ones in the lateral scars, and the elytral striz are only
slightly punctured, the three exterior dorsal ones being
much feebler than the rest. The sides of the elytra are
naked, but there are a few hairs at the anterior face. The
sides of the meso- and metasternum are hairy, and the
latter is without punctures either at the middle or the
hind angles.
Humelosomus affinis, sp. n.
E. sansibarico, Har., proxime affinis, sed metasterni angulis posticis
parce punctatis abdomineque fere omnino polito: sat convexus,
466 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
clypeo 5-dentato, carina media nulla, carinis frontalibus valde
arcuatis, angulo obtuso convergentibus, cornu mediano antice conico,
postice vix suleato, a tuberculis lateralibus vix diviso ; prothoracis
lateribus grosse sat crebre punctatis, angulis anticis rectis; scutello
polito; elytris punctato-striatis, punctis dorsalibus subtilibus, latera-
libus grossis, scalariformibus; metasterni medio impunctato, angulis
posticis sat sparse punctatis; abdominis lateribus vix punctatis,
segmento ultimo polito, postice transverse bifoveolato.
Long. 26-28 mm.
Hab. UGANDA, Mt. Ruwenzor1.
Several specimens were collected by Mr. Legge.
This is of the same size and shape as FZ. sansibaricus,
Har., from which it is only distinguishable by a close
examination. It differs by the shield-like space between
the frontal carinze being rather less pointed behind and
showing no trace of a median carina, by the thinly, instead
of closely and coarsely, punctured hind angles of the
metasternum, and the almost unpunctured sides of the
abdomen.
Leptaulacides pulchellus, sp. un.
Parvus, subconvexus, niger, metasterno, abdomine elytrorumque
dimidio anteriore rufis; capite parce punctato et piloso, eclypeo quad-
ridentato, dentibus exterioribus brevioribus, carina mediana obsoleta,
antice perpaulo producta, cornu frontal acuto elevato, carinis anticis
late divergentibus, vix arcuatis, ad marginem haud attingentibus,
carinis posticis ad illas parallelis, angustis, productis ; prothoracis
lateribus ubique sat disperse punctatis ; scutello postice impunctato ;
elytris parum depressis, punctato-striatis, punctis lateralibus fere
scalariformibus ; metasterni lateribus punctis confluentibus bene
demarcatis, medio uni-impresso ; abdomine toto polito.
Long. 14 mm.
Hab. NEw Guinea, Ekeikei.
Of the 600 species of Passalidee hitherto described, all
are unicolorous black (or castaneous when not fully
coloured), with one exception which, having been de-
scribed from a single specimen has been regarded as a
possible abnormality. ‘This is Leptaulacides (Leptaulax
olim.) glaber, Kirsch., of which the anterior half of the
elytra is red and the rest of the upper surface black. I
have seen several specimens of this, all collected by
Wallace in Batchian, and all exactly alike, and the insect
described above is a second species ornamented in the
the Coleopterous family Passalide. 467
same way, so that the existence of forms less sombre-hued
than the generality need no longer be doubted.
The genus Leptaulax has been restricted by Zang to the
large species in which there is a well-defined cephalic horn
and lateral appendages behind completely separated from
the supra-orbital elevations. They may generally be dis-
tinguished also by the four clypeal teeth being in a straight
line at their tips and by the absence of hair from the
depressed parts of the head. Zeptaulacides comprises nearly
all the remaining Oriental species of the family having
only three leaflets in the antennal club and contains all
the smallest representatives of the family.
Although similarly coloured to Z. glaber, Kirsch., Leptau-
lacides pulchellus is very distinct. It is smaller and less
flattened, with much shorter leaflets to the antennze
and the inner teeth of the clypeus more advanced.
The shoulders of the elytra are less pointed, and the
hinder border of the red band is a little indented at
the suture, whereas in LZ. glaber it is slightly produced at
that point.
Chilomazus borealis, sp. n.
Robustus, convexus, capite rugoso, antice late et arcuatim excavato,
angulis acute productis, sinistro perpaulo longiore, cornu mediano
parum elevats, lato, carinis posterioribus confuso, carinis anterioribus
angulum acutum includentibus, brevissimis, ante tuberculos evane-
scentibus, his fortibus, approximatis, inter se et cum dentibus clype-
alibus connexis, prothorace sat longo, parum transverso, impunctato,
stria mediana vix perspicua foveaque laterale rugosula ; scutello
postice levi ; elytris fortiter striatis, striis dorsalibus haud, laterali-
bus vix punctatis, elytris postice paulo ampliatis, apice leviter acu-
minatis, humeris nudis ; mesosterno polito, foveis nitidis, metasterni
medio bi-impresso, lateribus rugoso-punctatis, hirsutis ; antennarum
lamellis tribus ultimis longibus, duabus precedentibus brevibus.
Long. 37 mm.
Hab. Assam, Naga Hills (Doherty).
I have seen only a single specimen of this aberrant
species, which has many of the characteristics of Tiberius,
but is excluded from that genus by the existence of a large
well-defined tubercle on the anterior part of the mentum.
The head is only very slightly assymetrical. The median
horn and the two anterior tubercles are placed very close
together and enclose an equilateral triangle. The club of
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PaRT IV. (JAN.1907) 31
468
Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of
the antenna is composed of three long and two short
lamellee.
The prothorax is rather long, without lateral
puncturation, and the median groove is obsolete.
The
elytra are very broad behind, the shoulders rather promin-
ent and not hairy, and the apical angles rather acute.
The striz are very feebly punctured at the sides.
Index to the Passalidee referred to in the foregoing paper.
Aurikulus patalis, Lewis, 446
Basilianus cantori, Perch., 445
Ceratocupes fronticornis, West.
=bihastatws, Perch, 444
Chilomazus borealis, sp. n., 467
Comacupes punctifrons, :Hope,
444
Coniger ridiculus, Kuw., 448
Cylindrocaulus, systematic posi-
tion, 446
C. bucerus, Fairm., 446
CO. felderi, Stol. 447
Didymus and Humelosomus, 462
. carnifex, Kuw., 462
. congoensis, Sp. n., 463
D. crassus, sp. n., 465
D. curvilineatus, sp. n., 462
D. haroldi, Kuw., 463
D. klugi, Kaup, 462
D
D
D
SS
. levis, Klug, 464
. levisternus, sp. n., 463
. ruwenzoricus, sp. n., 464
Epiphoroneus, gen. nov. for Pass.
occipitalis, Eschs. (= tetrago-
mus, Hope, and quadrifrons,
Perch.), 445, 460
Erionomus pilosus, Auriv., 460
HE. platyplewra, sp. n., 461
Eriopterus, syn. of Hrionomus,
460
EE. alterego, Kuw., 460
H. latericrinitus, Kuw., 460
E. planiceps, Eschs., 460
EHumelosomus affinis, sp. n., 465
Eumelosomus levipectus, Auriv.,
syn. of H.africanus, Perch.,445
EE. sansibaricus, Har., 466
Ewmelus nasutus, sp. n., 459
Gonatas naviculator, Perch., 445
Heliscus tropicus, Perch. = sub-
cornutus, Hope, 444
Kaupiolus, flightlessness, 447
Leptaulacides glaber, Kirsch, 466
L. pulchellus, sp. n., 466
Leptaulacides vicinus, Perch.,
distinct from LZ. planus, I11.,
445
Morosophus riihi, Kuaw., distinct
from Epiphoroneus occipitalis,
Eschs. (tetragonus, Hope), 445
Nasoproculus heros, Truq., 447
Neleides punctatostriatus, Perch..,
449
N. antillarwm, sp. n., 452
N. guatemalensis, Kaup., 452
Oileus rimator, 'Truq. = sagit-
tarius, auctt.=nvunitus, Casey,
448
Oileus= Rimor = Rimoricus, 447
Ogyges levior, Kaup, 450
O. levior, Kuw. (nec Kaup) =
Proculejus championi, Bates,
Biol. Centr. Amer. (2), p. 5,
450
O. levissimus, Kaup, 450
O. sargi, Kaup=honestus, Kuw.,
449
Passalus interruptus, L., 451
P. sagittarius, Smith, 447, 448
P. tlascala, Perch., 451
P. unicornis, Serv., 451
Paxillus parvus, Casey, syn. of
P. leachi, Macl., 443
Pentalobus palinii, Perch., 445
Pertinacides affinis, Perch., 451
Petrejus archidonex, sp. n., 456
P. henrict, Rosmini, 456
P. peruvianus, sp. n., 456
P. spinosus, sp. n., 457
Pharochilus cancrus, Perch.,
syn. of P. dilatatus, Dalm.
445
the Coleopterous family Passalide.
Plewrostylus, syn. of Veturius,
449
Polyacanthopus, syn. of Rhodo-
canthopus, 449
Proculejoides, 450
Proculejus nudicostis, Bates, 450
Procululus inca, Zang, 448
Proculus mniszechi, 450
Publius crassus, Smith, 450
P. spinipes, Zang, 451
P. granulipennis, Zang, 450
Rhodocanthopus and Neleides,
distinctions, 449
R. curtus, Bates, transferred to
Neleides, 449
R. inops, Truqui, 449
R. maillei, Perch., 449
R. molestus, Kuw., 449
Scalmus interstitialis, Esch., 451
Spasalus hopei, Perch., 444
Spasalus puncticollis, Serv., 451
Spurius bicornis, Truq., 446
Teniocerus deyrollei, Kaup,
locality, 447
469
Tetraracus centralis, sp. n., 458
Tiberius kwwerti, nom. nov. for
T. cancrus, auctt. nec Pharo-
chilus cancrus, Perch., 467
Trixnurgus solidus, sp. n., 452
T. junctistriatus, Kuw., 453
T. subopacus, Bates, 453
Verres cavicollis, Bates, nec Ku-
wert, 455
V. deflexicornis, Kuw., 455
V. hageni, Kaup, 455
Verroides, 451
V. furcilabris, Esch., 451
Veturius isthmicus, sp. n., 453
V. peruvianus, sp. n., 455
V. platyrrhinus, Hope = platyr-
rhinoides, Kuw., 445, 455
V. punctatostriatus, sp. n.,
454
V. sinuatocollis, Kuw., 444
V. (Pleurostylus) trapezoides,
Kaup., 449
V. tuberculifrons, Kuw., 453
Grail V)
XIX. Notes on the Life History of Trochilium andre-
neforme, Lasp. By the Hon. N. CHARLES
RotuscHiLD, M.A., F.LS. With notes on the
larva by Eustace R. BAnKES, M.A., F.LS., and
on the pupa by 'T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.LS.
[Read November 21st, 1906. ]
PEATE: x XOVEDIE
In this year’s “Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” Ser. II,
vol. xvii, p. 160,* I have already recorded the fact of the
breeding of T'rochilium andreneforme from larvee collected
in Great Britain.
In the late summer of 1898 Mr. Sydney Webb of
Dover suggested to the present writer that a search for
the larva of this rare insect in the stems of Viburnum
lantana might possibly prove successful. Mr. Sydney
Webb had found an empty pupa-case protruding from
the stem of this plant, and as the case in question un-
doubtedly belonged to a Sesiid he came to the conclusion
that it could be none other than the present species.
It appears, however, that the food plant of this moth
was already known at that time, though it was not until
August of this year that the writer, on reading Max
Bartel’s +} book was made aware of this fact, and appar-
ently the record has been generally overlooked. As
stated by Max-Bartel,t Mr. Heinrich Neustetter found in
July 1896 two freshly emerged specimens of this moth at
rest on the stem of a Guelder-rose from which the empty
pupa-cases were protruding, in a garden at Bleiberg, in
Austria.§
* “HM. M., 2nd Series, vol. xvii, p. 160, 1906.
+ Die palaearktischen Gross-schmetterlinge und ihre Naturges-
chichte, vol. ii, p. 334, 1902.
{ Bartel’s reference to Neustetter’s paper is misleading, as the page
quoted is that of the separatum and not of the journal.
§ Beitrag zu Macrolepidopteren—Fauna von Kiarnthen von
Heinrich Neustetter X. Jahrenbericht des Wiener Entomologischep
Vereines, 1899, p. 38. Wien 1900.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IV. (JAN. 1907)
A472 Hon. N. Charles Rothschild’s Notes on
All the larve that I have examined were secured in
stems of the Wayfaring tree, Viburnum lantana, but the
above-mentioned record would lead one to suppose that
the species mines both in Viburnum lantana and in
V. opulus. The first larva that I found was mining in
a bush of V. lantana at the edge of the author’s garden
at Ashton Wold, Oundle, Northamptonshire, in November
1905. This specimen duly emerged as a fine female on
the 12th June this year. During a walk in Surrey in the
winter of 1905 I was surprised to see in a_ hedge
several old mines of this species, but owing to a lack of
time was unfortunately prevented from re-visiting the
spot. At the authors request Mr. H. McArthur went
there in the following spring and secured two larve in the
same hedge, which never emerged. The author found a
mined stem, this time containing a pupa or full-fed larva,
in another part of Surrey in 1906, which, as previously
recorded, emerged on the 10th June, this specimen being a
male. Mr. H. McArthur then visited another locality in
Kent, and there was successful in securing several larvee
and pupze, two of which, a male and a female, emerged on
the 2nd and 6th July respectively. Some of these larvee
are still feeding at the time this article goes to press, and
others produced ichneumons. The author found two more
larve, both of which unfortunately died, in Huntingdon-
shire, and numerous old mines in Kent. The description
of the larva, presumably about two-thirds grown, and of
the empty pupa-case (for which I am indebted to Mr.
Eustace Bankes and Dr. T. A. Chapman), are appended to
this article. The peculiarity of the present species is that
the mine is unlike that of any other Sesiid with which
I am acquainted, and to exhibit these peculiarities,
photographs on Plate XXVIII have been taken. The
empty mine of the insect in question is most characteristic
and cannot, we fancy, be mistaken for anything else, see
Plate XXVIII, fig. 2. It will be noticed from an examina-
tion of the photographs that the insect in question makes
one straight mine in the centre of the twig or bough. One of
the stems we have measures nearly two inches in diameter,
while another is half an inch across or less. An opening
from the mine to the outside of the bough (the opening
from which the larval frass exudes and the insect emerges)
is almost at right angles to the mine.
The larva of Trochilium andreneforme, unlike that of
the Life History of Trochilium andreneforme. 473
most Sesiids, does not prepare a spot in the mine from
which the imago emerges. The perfect insect on the
contrary, as already stated, emerges from the only hole in
the mine, from which the larval frass was also previously
ejected. Some of the specimens cover the opening over
with a cap consisting of a thin piece of bark quite separate
from the rest of the twig, which apparently remains on
until the insect emerges. The mine exhibiting this
peculiarity, Fig. 4, contained a living pupa which was
unfortunately cut through. Other mines lack the cap
and have the characteristic appearance shown in Fig. 2,
and in these cases the cap has obviously been dislodged.
Other mines, again, have an irregular piece of bark
gnawed right out, Jeaving the hole exposed, through
which the frass of the living larva protrudes. In such
' cases as these one would imagine that the larva had failed
to make a cap. The construction of this cap appears to
us to be difficult of explanation, and it is hoped that some
other entomologist will solve the difficulty. One specimen
which we had in the breeding cage crawled out of the
twig, re-entered it, and bored a hole through the bark,
but not into the wood underneath it, and excavated a
circular spot between the bark and the wood in which it
lay concealed.* Figs. 5 and 6 represent mined twigs
from which ichneumons emerged. These have been
identified by Mr. Claude Morley as Meniscus agnatus,
Grav. Demopheles caliginosus, Grav., also identified by Mr.
Claude Morley, emerged from another mine.
While the present article was in the press I found
several mines of this species at Tring, in Hertfordshire,
in Viburnum lantana, and one old mine (undoubtedly
belonging to this species) in Viburnwin opulus.
* The mine of this specimen also contained the pupa of a
Coleopteron.
( 474 )
Notes on the larva of Trochilium andreneforme, Lasp.
By Eustace R. BANKES, M.A., F.E.S.
On July 26th last I received, through the generosity of
the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, a portion of a stem of
Viburnum lantana that he knew, by deduction, must
contain a feeding larva of the extremely rare Z'rochiliwm
andreneforme. As Mr. Rothschild had informed me that,
although it was certain that some of the very few larve
he had obtained had made external journeys along the
stems, he had not succeeded in catching sight of any of
them, and, to the best of my belief, no human eye had
ever rested on the insect in this stage, it was with all the
more intense satisfaction that, at 7 am. on July 28th, 1
found my larva on the outside of the stem, near the top
of it. Thinking that it might prefer a fresh-cut piece of
stem, I started off in search of a suitable one, leaving it
where it was, and it then proceeded to gnaw an excavation
in the bark, and to build a circular, blister-like, chamber
over itself, composed of fragments of bark and gnawed
wood, woven together with white silk. The small size of
the chamber, of which the diameter was only 6.5 mm., did
not nearly admit of its owner lying stretched in a straight
line therein, and, during the whole course of operations,
extending over some hours, the latter had to maintain a
curled or contorted attitude, though its truly marvellous
flexibility enabled it to reverse its position, or to assume
any one that might be necessary. I was not free to
describe the larva until about 3 p.m., by which hour it
had apparently completed its chamber—which was soft to
the touch and projected noticeably above the surface of
the surrounding bark—and was entirely concealed therein.
In order to extract the larva for examination, it was
necessary to break open its chamber, of which the walls
had been finished first, the centre of the somewhat arched
roof being the last portion to be filled in, and the occupant
was then found busily engaged in boring into the solid
wood of the stem. It is clear, therefore, that the chamber
is constructed im order to conceal and protect the larva
St
Notes on the Larva of Trochilium andrenxforme. 415
until it has been able to excavate a burrow, sufficiently
large to receive it, in the wood itself, and it subsequently
serves the further useful purpose of concealing and pro-
tecting from enemies the mouth of its burrow.
The following is the description that I made of the
larvai:—
Length, when moderately stretched, 11 mm. Greatest breadth
(i.e. across prothorax) 1:75 mm. Head broad, rather flattened,
highly polished, brownish-ochreous, clouded on the sides with
tawny-brown, partially retractile into the prothorax ; upper mouth-
parts mostly blackish ; ocelli minute, black, well separated. Pro-
thorax of great breadth (the broadest part of the whole larva), with
a‘large, highly-polished, almost transparent, watery-whitish-ochreous,
undivided plate, through which the posterior portion of the head,
when retracted, is clearly seen. Meso- and meta-thorax rather
narrower than prothorax, and somewhat broader than abdomen.
The thorax and abdomen together form a mass which tapers gradu-
ally from its anterior to its posterior extremity, and shows very
clearly-defined segmental divisions; in colour it is semitransparent
watery-ochreous-whitish, with the pulsating dorsal vessel showing
through as a broad (zigzag, in reality, and of varying width), deep
purplish-brown, mediodorsal line. Skin not glossy, smooth, but
with various transverse wrinkles, each segment being divided into
three distinct subsegments, the larva being thus enabled to contort
itself to an extent almost past belief. There is a well-developed
lateral flange below the spiracles. Anal plate polished, semi-
transparent, watery-ochreous-whitish, the dark contents of the
cloaca being clearly visible through it. T'ubercles of moderate size,
polished, concolorous with ground-colour, each emitting a single
short hair. Spiracles small, watery-whitish, with ochreous centres.
Hairs few, short, single, scattered, pale brown. Legs highly polished,
whitish-ochreous externally, paler internally ; claws dusky-brown.
Prolegs semitranspareut watery-ochreous-whitish, with dark brown
terminations.
I inadvertently omitted to note down details about the ventral
surface, but feel sure that it was concolorous with the dorsum, In
colour, undulating constrictions on being touched, etc., this larva is
decidedly maggot-like, though by no means so in shape when
extended. Its movements are deliberate, and its rate of progression
is remarkably slow.
At 3.45 p.m. the larva was placed on a crack in the
bark of the fresh-cut stem of Viburnum lantana, and,
ensconsing itself therein, it forthwith proceeded to build
476 Notes on the Larva of Trochilium andrenxforme.
over itself another chamber, similar in construction to the
previous one, only longer and much narrower, its breadth
being made to coincide with that of the crack in the bark.
By 11 p.m. the indefatigable subject of these notes had
nearly completed its temporary domicile, and was almost
concealed from view, though it could be seen, through the
diminishing gap in the roof, to be still hard at work thereon.
This chamber, which appeared quite finished by 7 a.m. on
the following day (July 29th), and probably had been so
for several hours, was elliptical in shape, 9 mm. long, by
3 mm. wide across the middle, and became covered ex-
ternally with numerous frass-like pellets (mostly reddish-
brown, though some were quite ochreous) of gnawed inner
bark and wood, mixed with frass, which seems to vary in
colour from reddish-brown to blackish-brown. The larva
continued to feed in this same burrow, at any rate for the
next two or three weeks, as was evidenced by the frass
and pellets, which continued to be extruded through some
invisible opening in the walls of the chamber, the pellets
that could not adhere to these falling on the sand at the
bottom of the cage. But, at some time between the
middle of August and the latter part of October, it clearly
left this burrow, wandered a few inches down the stem,
constructed an elliptical-oval, blister-like, chamber (about
10 mm. long, by 5°5 mm. wide across the middle) over
itself between the two Viburnwim stems just where they
closely approached one another, its base being fixed to one
stem and its roof to the bark of the other, and bored
thence into the solid wood, in which it still (November
7th) remains lost to view.
It seems obvious that the larva of 7. andrenxforme
feeds throughout one year and through portions of two
others, that is, for the greater part of two years, for there
can be but little doubt that the individual under notice,
which must have been deposited as an egg about mid-
summer 1905, hatched out within the next month or two,
and that it will not be full-fed before the spring of next
year (1907).
CATS)
Notes on the pupa of Trochilium andrenzformis, Lasp.*
By T. A. Caapman, M.D., FES.
Pupa of 77. andreniformis from an empty case (2). Of the
usual Aigeriad structure. Belongs to the genus Trochi-
liwm. The genera known to me may be divided as
follows :—
Aigeria (crabroniformis = bembeciforme), has spines along
front row of second abdominal segment, and five spines
on each side of crown on tenth abdominal segment, the
two dorsal ones (four altogether) very small.
Sciapteron (tabaniforme = vespiforme), has no spines on
second segment (abdominal), on each side five nearly equal
to crown on tenth.
Bembecia (hylaciformis), first and second abdominal
segments very smooth, only one or two large spines on
ninth abdominal (all the other genera have more or less of
a row in both sexes, hylaciformis only in f), has six spines
on each side of crown on tenth.
Trochilium has only four spines on each side in the
crown on tenth segment. The first abdominal has no
spines, the second varies in the different species (or
individuals ?).
In asiliforme (=cynipiforme) and chrysidiforme there
are present spines of both the anterior and posterior row.
In scolixforme and formicxforme the spines are present
in the front row, the back row being represented by a line.
The majority of the genus have faint spines on the
front row and no very definite indication of the posterior,
the surface being smooth and no line easily made out.
In andreniformis we have the extreme of this section,
the front line has but faint elevations to mark some only
of the spines, though the bases of those that are absent
are rather more chitinized than the rest of the line, and
there is a line showing the position of the posterior row.
This is no doubt correlated with its being perhaps the
palest (least chitinized) of all the species.
* Laspeyres wrote andrenxformis; it is a pity that this does not
agree with T'’rochiliwm. I have not verified the names of other species
referred to. T. A. C.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Iv. (JAN. 1907)
478 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Notes on
In common with the whole group, Zrochiliwm has
the appendages fixed to first and second abdominal seg-
ments, and also almost as firmly to third; but this connec-
tion dissolves on dehiscence and the suture 1-2 abdominal
also opens. Segments 3, 4, 5 and 6 (abdominal) carry
two (an anterior and posterior) rows of spines directed
backwards, / also does so in the #; in the 2 like 8 and 9
it only has the forward row. These spines are stronger on
each segment than on the preceding one.
Specific characters are probably confined to the relative
strengths and extensions of these rows, to the development
of the nose-horn (beak) and to the exact details of the
spines on anal segments, possibly also to the forms of the
spines. Even so, ‘it seems difficult to be sure in any case
how far the variations observed are specific and how far
individual.
Spheciforme, scolivxforme and culiciforme differ slightly
in build, the others taper regularly (or nearly so); these
taper much more in the last few segments.
Andreniformis differs in the spines in all the rows being
finer, smaller and paler than in the other species examined,
just as the pupa itself is so, though probably the paleness
of the spines affords a good part of the impression that
the pupa as a whole is pale.
The nose-horn (beak) is in accord with the general weak
structure in being very small and short, a mere fine nodule
on the face, that one almost overlooks—it is nevertheless
sharp. (In many species this is large, sharp and
formidable.)
The above memoranda seemed necessary in order to
define its generic and subgeneric position, and if possible
to suggest points by which it might be distinguished from
most nearly allied species. The individual variations
are however so considerable and the distinction so slight,
that I doubt whether any species of Zvochiliwm could be
named with certainty from its pupa. Having only one
example of andreniformis, its range of vari iation cannot
be estimated, and it is therefore so far fortunate that its
general more delicate structure gives some points of
difference with the other species examined. The following
description is largely generic, or even family, rather than
specific. The arrangement of the terminal crown of spines
differs somewhat in most species.
a
the Pupa of Trochilium andreneformis. 479
The pupa-shell is 19 mm. long, the segments are extended and the
shell curved, it might be 20 mm. if straight, 16 mm. with the
segments contracted. The width is about 3 mm. from front of
mesothorax to fourth or fifth abdominal segment, thence it tapers
regularly to about 1:1 mm. at crown in tenth segment.
The maxille extend down to 7°5 mm. from front and include
basally a lozenge of labrum (palpi) of 1 mm. long, divided by a
median line, The wings and second legs reach 0°5 mm. further (to
80 mm. from front), and the third legs extend by themselves 1 mm.
beyond this to 9°0 mm., i.e. as far as fifth abdominal segment, but
the flattening of abdominal ventral aspect shows that in some
attitudes it would reach to quite end of sixth. The first femur is
quite a large piece nearly 20 mm. long between the maxille and
the first leg (tibia) which reaches about 1°5 mm. further, these abut
forwards against the eye-pieces and the maxillary palpus, which
stretches inwards here from the antenne, and almost shut out the
second leg. The maxillary palpus is a transverse slip about 0°4
mum. long, about 0°12 mm. wide against antennze narrowing inwards ;
it has a raised sutural margin and has transverse lines of fine points.
The labrum is pointed below and is very large in so far that it is
not well marked off from the face and so reaches up to the beak ;
the mandibles are comparatively narrow slips, meeting each other in
the middle line by their pointed extremities. The beak is a minute
sharp point in the middle of the projecting and rounded front. The
antenne reach down to the same length as the maxille. In this
dehisced specimen they are of course out of their grooves and in fact
twisted away backwards, as often takes place in these Trochilia.
There is a pair of hairs on the labrum (lower part of face), another
pair above, and a hair at the base of each antennze, about 0:12 mm.
long.
The antennal segments are distinctly marked off. The maxillze
also have many transverse markings like fine dotted wrinkles.
Poulton’s line is well marked, the portion beyond it at the apex
being about 0°3 mm. long. The hind-wing is about 0-4 mm. broad
at its base, and continues slightly narrowing for nearly 2 mm., then
does so more thoroughly, but leaves a fine margin all along round to
the apex of fore-wing or nearly so. The dorsal head-piece is nearly
0-5 mm. wide (on either side, 1:0 mm. right across), about 0°25 mm.
longitudinally in middle line, pointed laterally. It has, like the
prothorax, and the front of the mesothorax, a much raised sutural
border, and has a ridge across it marking off the outer angle. The
prothorax is similar in form, each side 1:0 mm. wide and 0-4 mm.
long medially. The mesothorax is 2°6 mm. long with a central
raised suture and a groove with raised inner margin extending back
480 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Notes on
from its front margin, marking off the wing base (or patagium 2).
It points to, but does not (by 0°7 mm.) reach the notch formed by
the forward lateral extension of the metathorax, each half is about
1‘2 mm. wide, 0°4 mm. long in middle line, 1:0 mm. at lateral forward
extension. These portions of the thorax are smooth, with very
minute tessellations. One minute hair is detected on mesothorax
perhaps 0:05 mm. long—there are probably others.
The first abdominal segment is about 0°6 mm. wide (1:0 mm.,
with intersegmental membrane, after dehiscence). It has no marks,
spines or processes, it probably has a hair or two, but they are not
detected. The second abdominal segment is 1°3 mm. wide (with
intersegmental membrane). Its spiracle lies in a hollow at its front
outer angle, the hind-wing is slightly waved to make room for it,
and there is a walled ridge round it internally and behind. Right
across the front of the segment is a dark line in which it is just
possible to believe one sees small elevations of obsolete spines, the
more as their places are marked by dark lines radiating into the
general surface; posteriorly, is a just discernible line. Each side
carries three hairs (about 0°1 mm. long), one below and behind
spiracle in the hollow with it, one just above inner front margin of
hollow (111 ?), and one nearer the middle line, a little behind spine
ridge (12). The third abdominal segment is larger than the second.
The spiracle is on the smooth surface, both lines have spines well
developed, the upper one reaches almost as far out as spiracle, the
posterior rather less. On the next (fourth) segment the front row
goes ten spines ventral of spiracle, the posterior much as on third.
On the fifth the front line reaches for about twelve spines ventral of
spiracle, the posterior much the same as previous segment. On
these the front row comes to margin of lateral flange, on sixth it goes
well on to it, as also on seventh. On eighth it is only just below
spiracular level and on ninth a little lower. The posterior row on
6 is much ason fifth. No trace of it on 7, 8 or 9 (probably like other
species it exists on seventh in ¢). On third to ninth segments the
dorsal hairs (I and 111 ?) exist, getting on fifth very close to the row
of spines and on the following ones almost on it. On third and
fourth segments is a hair below the spiracle and on fifth, sixth and
seventh are two hairs in this position, one directly above the other
and close to each other and to the spiracle. No other hairs are found
(except on tenth abdominal). The spines get larger on the later
segments, but are much the same on 7, 8 and 9. On9 there are
about eleven spines on either side, with a dorsal vacancy of the
width of three or four spines. On the fifth segment the front row
has eighty-two spines. The larger posterior ones are wider and
stronger than those in front, but not much longer, the longest about
the Pupa of Trochilium andrenxformis. 481
0:1 mm. and about half their length wide at base (those in front
two-fifths). The length of the base is nearly the same as the height
of the spine ; the form of the spines is much that of a rose-thorn
but straighter and thicker, the front sloping backwards in a straight
line, the back hollowed in a curve, but vertical to the surface of
origin. The general surface is smooth, but very minutely tessellated
like the thorax. The last (tenth abdominal) segment is not very
definitely marked off ventrally from eighth and ninth. The curva-
ture of the pupa and especially of this segment makes its termination
rather ventral than posterior. It has a ring of eight strong spines
round its margin, almost equally spaced, except that the space
between the two ventral ones (3 and 4) on each side is rather less
than the others. Each of these is about 0:1 mm. high, but stands
on a little eminence making it twice as tall. All face to the centre
of the segment, round which they form as it were the spikes of a
crown ; each rises outside by a convex slope, on the inner side the
face is a hollow, with a ridged margin; it terminates in a neck
rather bent inwards, the end being the base of a hair, which in each
case points to the centre of the segment. The hair is about 071 mm.
long. Looking from behind or rather from below to the centre of
the ring formed by these spines, the space is occupied by a rounded
swelling, higher above (posteriorly), where it is rather full and
rounded (the obsolete cremastral spike). The front half has the
longitudinal anal scar with some lateral parallel ridges and some
radiating wrinkles into the boss behind. The whole width of the
ninth segment has a longitudinal ventral suture a little widened
against eighth. The eighth has an obscure ventral flattened smooth
space notched at each margin, but with little trace of line or pore.
In dehiscence the fracture is down the median dorsal line through
dorsal head-piece and through the whole thorax. The front head-
piece separates from these and the antennz lift out clear; the head-
piece is held in place by the maxilla, whose extremities remain
in situ, and by mere shreds connecting it with the first femora and
legs; the femora separate except at their extremities being held to
the tibia at one end and to the head (prosternwm really) at the
other. The eye-piece separates and forms a last element of a chain
held together by membrane of mesothorax, pronotum, and dorsal
head-piece. Essentially nothing is ruptured except the dorsal suture,
and the dorsal from the ventral head-covering; though also no doubt
much sternal delicate membrane interiorly suffers.
482
Dicer, vk,
Explanation of Plate.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII.
Mine with empty pupa-case protruding. Imago ? emerged
July 6th, 1906.
The same with pupa-case removed,
. Mine with pupa-case removed. Imago ¢ emerged July
2nd, 1906.
. Mine showing “cap” in situ. The living pupa was accident-
ally cut through.
. Mine from which the ichneumon Meniscus agnatus, Grav.,
emerged.
. Vertical section of entire mine from which the Ichneumon
Meniscus agnatus, Gray., emerged.
@ 4835.)
XX. A permanent record of British Moths in their natural
attitudes of vest. By A. H. Hamm, Assistant in the
Hope Department of Zoology, Oxford University
Museum. Communicated by Proressor EK. B.
Pou.ton, D. Sc., F.R.S.
[Read November 21st, 1906. ]
PEATE XX
NATURALISTS have often described the remarkable har-
mony between many of our common insects and_ their
environment. Indeed no one can have collected or
observed insects without noticing this for himself, par-
ticularly in the species which usually rest upon tree-
trunks, rocks and walls.
Although the art of photography has recently made
such rapid strides and has been utilized so successfully to
demonstrate and record many of the processes and facts
of Nature, very little has been done, so far as I am aware,
to illustrate by its means the attitudes and resting habits
of our common insects. Now, however, by the develop-
ment and perfection of “half-tone”’ illustration, figures
can be multiplied to an indefinite extent easily, inexpen-
sively, and so far as the printing is concerned in a perma-
nent form. The paper it is to be feared is “ another story,”
and one which requires, but has not as yet received serious
consideration on behalf of posterity. The natural histories
of British insects of the immediate future will I believe
be largely illustrated in this way, and the present paper
is an attempt to demonstrate the feasibility and success
of the method.
Any one unacquainted with living insects in their
natural surroundings entirely fails to appreciate and value
the various colours and patterns seen on glancing through
a collection of insects, more especially Lepidoptera. Even
less is he able to understand their meaning in the illustra-
tions of the numerous works on the subject. It is not
too much to claim that the figures on Plate XXIX are
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IV. (JAN. 1907) 32
434 Mr. A. H. Hamm’s Record of British Moths
not open to this criticism, and that the moths represented
tell their own story at once to experienced naturalist or
beginner alike. And this is just because the figures are an
accurate register of the insects in positions assumed by
them on surfaces chosen by them.
Fig. 1 on Plate XXIX shows the male of Hybernia
leucophearia, Schiff, one of the commonest and earliest
moths to appear in our oak woods. The example here
shown is fairly typical of this extremely variable insect.
The figure shows the moth in its characteristic attitude
with the body approximately horizontal. The object of
this position is also well seen, viz. in order to bring the
dark markings or bars of the fore-wings into parallelism
with the dark lines of shadow in the main fissures of the
oak bark. Thus the attitude has an obvious procryptic
meaning, In this and in all the other figures illustrating
this paper the natural orientation of the moths was care-
fully preserved on the negatives and is now recorded on
the Plate.
Another very common species, Tephrosia biundularia,
Bork., occurs in nearly every wood throughout the country.
In the south where the pale typical form occurs unmixed
with others the insect is far more conspicuous than /ewco-
phearia, This is especially the case when it is found on one
of its usual resting places, the dark bark of the larch. On
oak, however, it is far less prominent. Fig. 2 represents
the female at rest upon this tree in its usual attitude,
which is to be interpreted in the same manner as in the
species last described. The asymmetrical position of the
wings is doubtless due to the costal margin of the right
fore-wing being fitted closely against the side of the
vertical fissure in the bark. Had the attitude been sym-
metrical both sides of the fissure would have been entirely
covered by part of one wing and a more conspicuous effect
produced.
Hupithecia abbreviata, St., a8 every one knows who has
had experience of “trunk-searching” for “Pugs,” is very
difficult to find when at rest upon oak ; so much so indeed
that collectors generally prefer to hunt the smooth stems
of the underwood, where it is far more easily detected.
In Fig. 8 is seen a specimen of this common “ Pug”
fitting into a depression in the bark of an oak, and the
beautiful manner in which it harmonizes with its environ-
ment is very evident. The main lines of the moth’s
ats
in their Natural attitudes of Rest. 485
markings are seen to be rendered vertical by the attitude,
as in the moths represented in Figs. 1 and 2.
Among the moths which are usually found at rest upon
rocks or stone walls the species of the genus Bryophila are
probably the best known. The well-known B. perla, Fabr.,
is so common everywhere throughout the country that
very little need be said of it. The range of variation in
this moth is not very great, although in a few districts it
tends to resemble some local peculiarity in the prevailing
tints of the walls upon which it both feeds as a larva and
rests as an imago. A typical example is shown in Fig. 4,
upon an old, lichen-covered, stone wall. The peculiar grey
lichen-like markings of its fore-wings are seen to blend
almost perfectly with the surface upon which the moth is
resting. B. muralis, Forst. = glandifera, Hiibn., is a species
chiefly confined to our southern coasts and presents an
interesting contrast to BL. perla in its great variability,
ranging, as it does, from a grey through a number of inter-
mediate shades to a very dark green. This wide range of
variation may be seen in a single district, as [ have found
in the locality in which I have chiefly observed it, viz.
South Devon, where however the darker forms predomi-
nate. By this great variability the species is much aided
in the struggle for existence in localities where stone walls
and rocks are as varied in hue as they are in South Devon.
Fig. 5 shows one of the darker forms which are extremely
well concealed on many of the walls. In this particular
instance the moth was rather more conspicuous than usual.
Fig. 6 is an example of the yellowish-green form, which
is less common than the other. It is however equally
well protected when at rest on walls or rocks covered with
yellowish-green lichens. It is to be observed that the
moths of this genus adopt no special orientation in their
attitudes of rest, a fact which is in correspondence with
the irregular growth of lichen-masses on stone.
486 Explanation of Plate.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X XIX.
Photographed direct from nature, natural size.
The orientation of the living insects is accurately recorded on the
plate in every case,
Fie. 1. Hybernia leucophearia, Schiff., g, at rest on an oak trunk
with head to the right, about 34 feet from the ground,
Bagley Wood, near Oxford, March 9, 1902.
2. Tephrosia biundularia, Bork. $, at rest on an oak trunk
with head to the right, about 3 feet from the ground,
Henwood, near Oxford, May 10, 1902.
3. Lupithecia abbreviata, St., at rest on an oak trunk in a
crevice of the bark, about 15 feet from the ground,
Henwood, near Oxford, April 27, 1902.
4. Bryophila perla, Fabr., at rest on an old lichen-covered
stone wall, 3} feet from the ground, Cheyney Lane, near
Oxford, August 23, 1902.
5. B. muralis, Forst. = glandifera, Hiibn., at rest on a stone
wall 2 feet from the ground, Newton Abbot, South
Devon, August 15, 1902.
6. B. muralis, at rest on an old lichen-covered stone wali,
3 feet from the ground, near the Coast Guard Station,
Dawlish, South Devon, August 13, 1902.
a
ee
©1487")
XXI. Studies of the Blattide (continued). By R.
SHELFORD, M.A., F.LS.
[Read November 21st, 1906.]
PLATE XXX,
V. THE TYPES OF BLATTIDA DESCRIBED BY FRANCIS
WALKER, AND NOW IN THE Hore MuvSEvUM,
OXFORD.
THESE types are all contained in the collection of Mr.
W. W. Saunders which was presented in 1873 to the
Oxford Museum by Mrs. F. W. Hope; the new species in
this collection were described by Walker in his “‘Catalogue
of Blattariz ” (1868); and in a supplementary volume,
“Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria and Blattariz,”
published in 1869.
Owing to the inadequacy of Walker’s descriptions and
to his elastic views of generic limitations many of his
species can only be recognized by those who have access
to his types. A careful revision of Walker’s work on
Blaitide is urgently needed, and the notes here presented
are a first contribution towards a complete revision ;
thanks to Mr. Kirby’s “Synonymic Catalogue of Ortho-
ptera,” vol. 1 (1904), the task has not proved so difficult as
might have been expected. The species are discussed
here not in the order in which they were arranged by
Walker, but in the order that they take in modern and re-
ceived systems of classification of the Blatiide. Wherever
it hasappeared necessary the species have been re-described,
but in some cases Walker’s descriptions are quite recogniz-
able, once the generic positions of his species have been
fixed.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IV. (JAN. 1907)
488 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
Family BLATTIDA:.
Sub-fam. HOTOBITN AA.
1. Theganopteryx apicigera, Wk.
Blatta apicigera, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 227
(1868).
Theganopteryx apicigera, Shelford, Trans. Ent. Soc.
(1906), p. 235.
2. JAVA (Wallace).
2. Hscala cirewmducta, W1k.
Blatia circumducta, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. Suppl.
p. 142 (1869).
Escala circumducta, Shelford, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 239,
Pl. XV, f. 4 (1906.)
g. S. AUSTRALIA.
3. Escala longiuscula, Wik.
Blatta longiuscula, Walker, |. c. p. 143 (1869).
Escala longiuscula, Shelford, 1. c. p. 239. Pl. XV, f. 5
(1906).
gt. S. AUSTRALIA.
4. Hemithyrsocera jissa, Wik.
Psewdomops fissa, Walker, |. c. p. 213 (1868).
g. Sumatra ( Wallace).
‘This is synonymous with H. histrio, Burm. (cf. Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1906, p. 238.)
Sub-fam. PHYLLODROMIIN 44.
5. Pseudomops inclusa, W1k.
Pseudomops inclusa, Walker, 1. c. p. 212 (1868).
Thyrsocera amend, de Saussure, Mél. Orthop. 1V, p. 97
(1872).
&@. BRAZIL.
6. Pscudothyrsocera pica, Wik.
Pseudomops pica, Walker, |. c. p. 218 (1868).
Pseudothyrsocera pica, Shelford, |. c. p. 250 (1906).
t. Sincarore (Wallace). 9. SUMATRA (Wallace).
Ia
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 489
7. Pseudothyrsocera scutigera, W1k.
Pseudomops seutigera, Walker, |. c. p. 212 (1868).
g. SARAWAK (Wallace).
8. Pseudothyrsocera xanthophila, Wik. (Plate XXX, figs. 1
and 2).
Blatta xanthophila, Walker, |. c. p. 230 (1868).
gd. Mrenapo, CELEBES (Wallace).
Fulvous. Antenne black, slightly incrassated in basal half
and hirsute ; apex of maxillary palpi black. Pronotum trapezoidal,
covering vertex of head. Tegmina with thirteen costal veins,
discoidal field with seven longitudinal sectors, three of which are
given off from the anterior ulnar branch, four from the posterior
ulnar, the latter are strongly angled. Supra-anal lamina triangular,
produced, the posterior angles bear each a short downwardly directed
spine ; sub-genital lamina produced, narrow, covered with a dense
pile of long hairs, asymmetrical, the left posterior angie strongly
produced, no styles.
Total length 13 mm. ; length of tegmina 10°8 mm.
9. Ischnoptera reversa, W1k.
Ischnoptera reversa, Walker, l.c. p. 147 (1869).
g. SINGAPORE ( Wallace).
Rufo-castaneous. Basal half of antenne, terminal joints of
maxillary and labial palpi, fuscous. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides
deflexed, not covering vertex of head. Tegmina with nineteen costal
veins, discoidal field with ten longitudinal sectors. Wings with the
mediastinal vein three-branched, radial vein unbranched, twelve
costal veins, ulnar vein with nine branches, three of which go towards
the dividing vein. Supra-anal lamina triangular, sub-genital lamina
ample, its border notched, two styles. Legs with the genicular
angles of the femora, the tibz and tarsi fuscous, all the femora with
genicular spines, formula of apical spines, 4, 4, +, anterior margin
of front femora with numerous spines, the more distal short and
closely set.
Total length 20 mm.; length of body 13 mm. ; length of tegmina
15 mm.
10. Ischnoptera erythrina, Wk.
Blatta erythrina, Walker, |. c. p. 219 (1868).
9. BRAZIL.
This is synonymous with /schnoptera rufa, Br.
490 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
11. Phyllodromia colligata, Wk.
Blatta colligata, Walker. |. c. p. 221 (1868).
Phyllodromia lisignata, Brunner, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.
RKO los ole atl aloo):
The type, which is in a very fragmentary condition, is
from Amoy.
12. Phyllodromia anplectens, W1k.
Llatta amplectens, Walker, 1. c. p. 223 (1868).
Sex ? (abdomen lost). Morty ( Wallace).
Fulvous. Pronotum with a fuscous horseshoe-shaped marking,
the limbs of the horseshoe directed forward and not attaining the
anterior border of the pronotum, Tegmina with sixteen costal veins,
discoidal field with eight longitudinal sectors.
Total length 16-2 mm.; length of tegmina 13 mm.
13. Phyllodromia funebris, Wik.
Blatta funebris, Walker, 1. c. p. 225 (1868).
g. SARAWAK (Wallace).
Pronotum not covering vertex of head, trapezoidal, sides scarcely
deflexed, margined. Tegmina with twelve costal veins, the last
three bifurcated. Supra-anal lamina triangular, sub-genital lamina
ample, its posterior border slightly emarginate. Anterior border
of front femora with three long spines in the middle, numerous
piliform spines distally.
Near P. lycoides, W1k., from India.
14, Phyllodromia hamifera, Wk.
Blatta hamifera, Walker, |. c. p. 224 (1868).
gf. Sarawak (Wallace).
The species is allied to P. variegata, Br., from Java.
Walker’s description sufficiently illustrates its differences
from that species.
15. Phyllodromia contingens, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 4.)
Blatta contingens, Walker, |. c. p. 229 (1868).
Blatta humeralis, Walker, 1. c. p. 140 (1869).
gd. (humeralis) SINGAPORE (Wallace).
2. (contingens) SARAWAK (Wallace).
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 491
Flavo-testaceous. Antenne longer than total length. Pronotum
transversely elliptical, lateral margins hyaline, posterior border not
produced. Lateral margins of tegmina broadly hyaline, mediastinal
area areolated, eleven costal veins. Supra-anal lamina of male
shortly produced, trigonal, sub-genital lamina with the posterior
angles produced to form two setiform processes, the styles situated
in deep notches ; supra-anal lamina of female short, transverse, sub-
genital lamina ample, semi-orbicular.
¢- Total length 13 mm. ; length of body 10 mm.; length of
tegmina 10 mm.
Q. Total length 15 mm. ; length of body 10 mm.; length of
tegmina 12°8 mm.
16. Phyllodromia sequens, W1k.
Blatta sequens, Walker, |.c. p. 229 (1868).
Sex ? (abdomen lost). MaAcassar, CELEBES ( Wallace).
Fulvo-testaceous ; head not covered by pronotum, which is
elliptical, and slightly produced behind, its lateral margins pellucid.
Tegmina with eleven costals, anterior ulnar with four branches,
posterior ulnar simple. Front femora with 8 long spines on the
anterior margin beneath, all the femora with genicular spines, formula
of apical spines }, t,t. Total length 13:2 mm. ; length of tegmina
11 mm.
17. Phyllodromia virescens, W\k.
Blatia virescens, Walker, |. c. p. 231 (1868).
9. SARAWAK (Wallace).
The species is readily recognizable by its pale green colour.
Small ; pronotum not covering vertex of head, trapezoidal, margins
broadly hyaline. Tegmina hyaline, eleven to twelve costals, dis-
coidal sectors oblique. Supra-anal lamina trigonal, sub-genital
lamina ample, cerci elongate. Front femora with close-set piliform
spines on anterior margin.
18. Phyllodromia suffusa, Wik.
Blatia suffusa, Walker, 1. c. p. 223 (1868).
Sex? (tip of abdomen mutilated). New GurINEA
(Wallace).
Flavo-testaceous. Antenne flavo-testaceous at base, terminal
half fuscescent, basal half fuscous. Pronotum trapezoidal, not
covering vertex of head, lateral margins pellucid, sides not deflexed,
492 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
posterior margin straight. Tegmina with ten costal veins, anterior
ulnar with five oblique branches, posterior ulnar simple. Wings with
eleven costals their apices incrassated, ulnar vein with-three branches.
Front femora armed on the anterior margin beneath with minute
piliform spines, armature of the other femora very sparse ; no
genicular spine on anterior femora.
19. Phyllodromia laterifera, W1k.
Blatia laterifera, Walker, 1. c. p. 231 (1868).
9. SARAWAK (Wallace).
20. Phyllodromia propinqua, Wik.
Blatta propinqua, Walker, |. c. p. 228 (1868).
Blatta contigua, Walker, |. c. p. 228 (1868).
2. (propingua). MACASSAR, CELEBES (JV allace).
2. (contigua). New GUINEA (Wallace).
21. Phyllodromia majuscula, W1k.
Llaita majuscula, Walker, |. c. p. 139 (1869).
2. CHAN-TI-BON, S1AM (Mowhot).
These three species are all large testaceo-hyaline forms
with broadly elliptical pronotum, broad tegmina with the
marginal area equalling half the total breadth. They
may be distinguished by the form of the supra-anal
lamina :—
a. Supra-anal lamina triangular and cleft at the
apex; totallength 17mm. ... . . . P. propinqua.
aa. Supra-anal lamina not cleft at the apex.
b. Supra-anal lamina short, transverse ; total
length 18 mm. 3 bol tos bis
bb. Supra-anal lamina, slightly produced, trigonal ;
total length 21mm... =. 2 . 2. 72 OP. majusculat
P. laterifera.
22. Phyllodromia elegans, W1k.
Blatta elegans, Walker, |. c. p. 226 (1868).
g. SaRawak (Wallace).
23. Phyllodromia picticollis, W\k.
Blatta picticollis, Walker, 1. c. p. 140 (1869).
2. Macassar, CELEBES (Wallace).
a
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 493
24. Phyllodromia guttifera. Wk.
Blaita guttifera, Walker, |. c. p. 230 (1868).
¢. Aru Is. (Wallace).
This and the two preceding species are all very closely
allied. They are fulvo-testaceous insects about 17 mm.
in total length with very long slender antennee and with
the tegmina projecting considerably beyond the end of the
body; the venation of the tegmina is the same in all
species, there being twenty to twenty-one costal veins,
eight discoidal longitudinal sectors and the radial vein is
bifurcated.
The following may be considered the differential
characters of the three species :
Pronotum with dise fusco-castaneous, a W-shaped
mark and central line testaceous, margins testaceous,
Cox not spotted. Supra-anal Jamina narrow,
produced, triangular ; sub-genital lamina irregular,
deeply cleft ; titillator nearly straight. . . . . P. elegans
Pronotum with dise rufo-castaneous, a dumb-bell-
shaped mark and margins testaceous. Coxe not
spotted. Supra-anal lamina incised at apex. . . P. picticollis.
Pronotum fulvous with irregular paler marking
on disc. Coxee spotted with castaneous. Supra-anal
lamina broad, produced, triangular; sub-genital
lamina narrow, not cleft ; titillator strongly curved P. guttifera.
25. Phyllodromia polygrapha, Wk.
Blatta polygrapha, Walker, |. c. p. 222 (1868).
Sex ? (abdomen missing).
CHAN-TI-BON, SIAM (Mowhot).
This is closely allied to P. hiecroglyphica, Br. but the
head and pronotum are much more heavily marked with
castaneous and the femora have their posterior margins
marked with fuscous.
26. Phyllodromia obtusifrons, Wk.
Blatta obtusifrons, Walker, |. c. p. 226 (1868).
9. SARAWAK (Wallace).
Fulvo-testaceous. Head castaneous, antenne twice as long as the
body. Pronotum trapezoidal, barely covering vertex of head,
posterior margin very slightly angled, sides only slightly deflexed,
49 4 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex.
disc marked with castaneous dots and lines symmetrically arranged.
Tegmina with marginal field equalling half the total breadth, radial
vein bifurcated, the lower branch ramose and sending its branches to
the apical part of the anterior margin, eleven costals, anterior ulnar
with five branches, posterior ulnar simple. Ulnar vein of wings
with four branches. Supra-anal lamina shortly produced ;_ sub-
genital lamina ample, semi-orbicular; cerci elongate. Insertions of
tibial and femoral spines marked with fuscous.
27. Phyllodromia ignobilis, W1k.
Blatia ignobilis, Walker, l.c. p. 224 (1868).
2. Suxa Is. (Wallace).
This is a small species, which can be recognized by the
colouring of the tegmina; in these the veins are pale and
the interstices filled with flavo-testaceous, in addition there
are numerous castaneous points situated on the veins.
The costal veins of the wing are somewhat irregular and
their ends are clavate, they are ten in number, the ulnar
vein has three branches and there is a prominent tri-
angular apical area. The anterior margin of the front
femora beneath are armed only with minute and close-set
piliform spines.
28. Phyllodromia marmorata, Wik.
Blatta marmorata, Walker, |. c. p. 140 (1869).
9. Mr. Opuir, Manacca (Wallace).
A pale testaceous species, marbled with castaneous ;
evidently a cryptic coloration.
29. Phyllodromia extenuata, W1k.
Blatia extenuata, Walker, l.c. 221 (1868).
g. Eaypt.
This is synonymous with P. supellectiliwm, Serv.
30. Phyllodromia annulicornis, W1k.
Blatta annulicornis, Walker, |.c. p. 219 (1868).
gf. Para, BRAZIL.
Head black, shining ; eyes pale ; antennz fuscous, with a testa-
ceous annulus occupying eight joints, before the middle. Pronotum
black, shining, with the posterior and lateral margins pale testaceous,
not covering vertex of head, posterior margin slightly produced.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the “Blattidex. 495
Tegmina rufo-testaceous, infuscated at base, fifteen costal veins, dis-
coidal field reticulated. Abdomen and legs black, tibial spines
and apical tarsal joints rufous. Sub-genital lamina small, narrow,
quadrate, with two styles.
31. Pseudectobia bipunctata, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 3.)
Blatta bipunctata, Walker, 1. c. p. 141 (1869).
9. Macassar, CELEBES ( Wallace).
The species is rather convex, the marginal field of the
tegmina 1s broad, the veins of the discoidal field are very
indistinct, a triangular apical area is present in the wings,
the supra-anal lamina is short and transverse and the
femora are sparsely armed, which characters taken in
conjunction may be considered as diagnostic of the genus
Pseudectobia.
32. Pseudophyllodromia laticeps, W1k.
Blatta laticeps, Walker, 1. c. 142 (1869).
Phyllodromia laticaput, Brunner, Abhand|. Senckenb.
Ges, xxiv, p. 205, pl. 16, f. 9 (1898).
2. SINGAPORE (Wallace).
In Singapore examples the disc of the abdomen beneath
is testaceous, whereas in examples from Borneo (= Jati-
caput, Br.) this is rufous, otherwise the two forms are
identical.
33. Allacta latirupta, Walk.
blatta mundicola, Walker, |. c. p. 101 (1868).
Blatta latirwpta, Walker, |. c. p. 143 (1869).
Blatia patula, Walker, 1. c. p. 143 (1869).
Llatta biteniata, de Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. II,
p- 63 (1869).
g. (= latirupta, Wik.) NEw SoutaH WALES.
2. (= patula, Wik.) SYDNEY.
A, mundicola, Wik. is the earliest name for this species.
34, Duryodana palpalis, Wik.
Blatia palpalis, Walker, 1. ¢. p. 225 (1868).
Phyllodromia palpata, Brunner, Abhandl. Senckenb.
Ges. xxiv, p. 207, pl. 16, f. 13 (1898).
g. SARAWAK (Wallace).
496 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
Sub-fam. HPILAMPRINAL
35. Pinaconota obliqua, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 5.)
Ischnoptera (?) obliqua, Walker, |. c. 148 (1869).
g¢. BRAZIL.
Pale testaceous. Head castaneous, a fuscous band between the eyes,
clypeus and mouth-parts testaceous, sparsely but deeply punctate ;
antennx about half the body-length, testaceous. Pronotum trans-
versely elliptical, anterior margin truncate, not nearly covering
vertex of head ; posterior margin nearly straight, sides deflexed, with
large scattered punctures ; two angulate black vittee extend from the
anterior to the posterior margins. Tegmina with basal fourth punc-
tate, a short humeral stripe castaneous, radial vein bifurcated,
extremities ramose, ten costal veins, discoidal field reticulate.
Scutellum exposed, marked with castaneous, punctate. Supra-anal
lamina large, fimbriated ; sub-genital lamina large with two styles
asymmetrically placed ; cerci short ; legs short, the front and mid
tibize shorter than the corresponding femora. Front femora armed on
the anterior margin beneath with a close-set row of short spines, two
spines on the posterior margin ; mid-femora with twelve spines on
anterior, four on posterior margin ; hind-femora with five spines on
anterior, four on posterior margin beneath ; the spines on the anterior
margin about half the length of those on the posterior margin ;
formula of apical spines 2, }, 4; minute genicular spines on mid-
and hind-femora. Tarsi short, both tibiee and tarsi fimbriated, pos-
terior metatarsus shorter than remaining joints ; pulvillilarge. Total
length 21 mm. ; length of body 18mm. ; length of tegmina 17 mm. ;
pronotum 5 mm. x 7 mm.
This somewhat remarkable species appears to be un-
doubtedly referable to the genus Pinaconota, Sauss., it
can be distinguished from the only other species in the
genus, P. bifasciata, Sauss., by its much larger size.
36. Molytria dotata, Wik.
Lpilampra dotata, Walker, |. c. p. 180 (1869).
2. SINGAPORE (Wallace).
The same as Molytria badia, Br.
37. Molytria polyspila, Wik.
Epilampra polyspila, Walker, 1. c. p. 197 (1868); 1. ¢.
p. 183 (1869).
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 497
fd. SmncaPorE (Wallace); 9. SARAWAK (Wallace).
This is synonymous with J. maculata, Br.; M. shelfordr
Kirby, is merely the Bornean race.
38. Molytria ramifera, W1k.
Epilampra ramifera, Walker, |.c. p. 132 (1869).
gd. Sumatra ( Wallace).
The species is very close, perhaps too close to MZ. badia,
Br. ; it differs by the paler colour of the pronotum and teg-
mina, by the more rufous coloration of the abdomen and
legs, by the narrower pronotum (11 mm. x 14°5 mm. as
against 11 mm. x 17 mm. in dadia) and by the more
ample subgenital lamina and more spatulate styles.
39. Homalopteryx basifera, Wk.
Epilampra basifera, Walker, |. c. p. 131 (1869).
g. CERAM (Wallace).
Synonymous with H. macassariensis, Haan.
40. Homalopteryx adusta, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 6.)
Epilampra adusta, Walker, 1. c. p. 181 (1869).'
2. SARAWAK (Wallace).
Head testaceous, a cruciform castaneous marking on the front,
vertex with small castaneous points, apex of maxillary palpi casta-
neous. Pronotum with the disc castaneous, the lateral margins broadly
testaceous, marked with numerous castaneous points, the surface
granular, two impressions on the disc, black, lateral margins slightly
reflected, posterior margin with a row of larger granules. Tegmina
testaceous heavily mottled with castaneous, marginal area paler,
serio-punctate, just failing to reach extremity of abdomen. Abdomen
beneath with the disc heavily mottled with castaneous, margins
testaceous ; supra-anal lamina bilobate, sub-genital lamina ample ;
cerci testaceous. Legs testaceous, dotted with castaneous, four spines
on anterior margin of front femora, formula of apical spines 4, 4, 4,
no genicular spine on front femora ; posterior metatarsus shorter than
remaining joints, spinous beneath, pulvillus not produced back-
wardly. Total length 23mm.; length of tegmina 17 mm. ; pronotum
85mm. xX 12 mm.
498 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
41. *Pseudophoraspis conformis, W\k.
Epilampra conformis, Walker, 1. c. p. 200 (1868).
Epilampra scita, Walker, |. c. p. 200 (1868).
2. SARAWAK (Wallace). “From the stomach of a
cuckoo, Phenicophaus erythrognathus” [conformis].
2. SUMATRA (Wallace) [scita].
Both these species and also P. congrua, Wlk., are the
same and synonymous with P. nebulosa, Burm. The
species is highly variable both in size and coloration,
but the study of a long series from all the greater Sunda
Is. convinces me that there is no character that can be
relied on to discriminate distinct species ; the Bornean race
is generally larger and with the veins of the marginal area
of the tegmina more strongly marked; but even these
characters are not constant.
42. Hedaia concinnula, W1k.
Epilampra concinnula, Walker, |. c. p. 184 (1869).
2. Trmor (Wallace).
The species is very close to H. procera, Br., but differs
in the more heavily armed front femora, the sinuate tip of
the wing and more mottled coloration of the tegmina.
43. Hedaia parvicollis, Wik.
Epilampra parvicollis, Walker, |. c. p. 183 (1869).
gd. SARAWAK (Wallace).
Very like H. procera, Br., but the pronotum is much
smaller, measuring 7 mm. X 85 mm., its anterior angles
are less rounded, its anterior margin less arcuate, so that
in general appearance it is more like a heraldic shield than
is usual in the genus Hedaia. The posterior margin of
the subgenital lamina is sinuate and from the slightly
produced posterior angles spring the slender styles.
44, Epilampra inclarata, Walk.
Epilampra inclarata, Walker, 1. c. p. 198 (1868).
2. SARAWAK (Wallace).
* This genus is very badly defined, but the genus Epilampra is
already so unwieldy that one is induced to welcome any attempt to
split it up.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 499
Allied to E. saravacensis, Shelf. Testaceous ; the ground-colour
however obscured by a dense castaneous maculation and vermicula-
tion. Pronotum not covering vertex of head, not punctate, posterior
margin angulate, 95 mm. x 13mm, _ Large ocelliform spots on
the distal halves of the tegmina ; mediastinal vein stout with three
short branches and one slender ramose branch, costals few but
highly ramose ; surface of tegmina not punctate. Wings with mar-
ginal field semi-coriaceous and suffused with castaneous, apex not
sinuate or angulate. Sub-genital lamina produced, trigonal. Front
femora beneath with eight spines on anterior margin, two on pos-
terior margin, no genicular spine ; formula of apical spines 7, }, 4.
45. Epilampra plena, Wk.
Epilampra plena, Walker, |. c. p. 211 (1868).
Epilampra fervida, Walker, 1. c. p. 211 (1868).
9. Macassar, Celebes (Wallace) [plena].
Q. Macassar, Celebes (Wallace) | fervida].
EL. plena, Wik.; £. puncticollis, Wik.; #£. quadrinotata,
W1k.; £. lxvicollis, Sss., and EL. flavomarginata, Shelf. form
a congeries of species that it is not easy to discriminate ;
the differences in coloration are slight, and it is almost
impossible to express them in writing. The species are
small, averaging 25 mm. in total length; they are amber-
coloured or testaceous, the ground-colour however being
obscured by densely placed and minute castaneous or
fuscous macule, and vermiculatious, so that the insects
appear to be of some shade of castaneous. The pronotum
does not cover the vertex of the head, its posterior margin
is obtusely angled and produced, its surface is quite
smooth. The posterior legs are long and slender, the meta-
tarsus particularly so, and the pulvilli are margined with
spines. The veins of the tegmina are strongly marked,
and between them at the base only of the tegmen appear
series of shallow ill-marked punctures. £. puneticollis,
WI1k., from Borneo can be distinguished by two converging
impressions on the front part ‘of the pronotum; JZ. /evicol-
lis, Sss., from Java is possibly synonymous; L. quadrinotata,
W1k., from Borneo is smaller (20 mm. total length), has
four fuscous maculz on the pronotum, and the supra-anal
lamina. is notched deeply, not merely cleft; 2. plena, W1k.,
from Celebes and New Guinea has no impressions on the
pronotum and is larger than quadrinotata, the form fervida
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IV. (JAN. 1907) 33
500 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
is less heavily marked and is of a rufous hue; #. favomar-
ginata, Shelf., can be distinguished by its coloration. A
revision of the genus Lpilampra is much to be desired,
but without a comparison of all the types it is a matter
of such consummate difficulty that it has been shirked
by every student of the Blattide. The species noted
above might well be considered typical of Kirby’s genus
Heterolampra, but Mr. Kirby in his Synonymic Catalogue
of Orthoptera includes in it all the old world species of
Epilampra that cannot be fitted into the genera Hedaia
and Calolampra ; the result is a heterogeneous assemblage,
whose diagnostic generic characters are in most cases
merely their locality labels.
46. Hpulampra varia, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 9.)
Epilampra varia, Walker, 1. c. p. 180 (1869).
2. SARAWAK ( Wallace).
Head flavo-testaceous, with a large black patch covering nearly the
whole of the front from between the eyes to the labrum, vertex
mottled with castaneous ; antenne broken ; eyes pale. Pronotum
not covering vertex of head, its posterior margin truncate, sides
deflexed, smooth, shining, dark castaneons, all the margins flavo-testa-
ceous, spotted with castaneous. Tegmina short, reaching only to the
middle of the penultimate segment, coriaceous, smooth and shining,
the venation obsolescent, the anal and axillary veins being entirely
absent ; serio-punctate, the punctures indicating the obsolescent vena-
tion ; flavo-testaceous heavily marked with castaneous, the part of the
right tegmen overlapped by the left castaneous, its surface reticulated.
Wings equalling in length the tegmina, marginal area coriaceous,
Supra-anal lamina not markedly bilobate, its posterior margin
merely notched slightly ; sub-genital lamina ample; cerci short,
flavid. Legs mottled with castaneons ; front femora with three stout
spines on anterior margin beneath, one on posterior margin ; formula
of apical spines 2, 4, 4. ;
Total length 28°5 mm.; length of tegmina 20 mm.; pronotum
85 mm. x 11 mm.
This species, together with #. imitans, Br., and an
undescribed species from the Malay Peninsula, might con-
stitute a new sub-genus, distinguished by the reduced
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 501
wings and tegmina and the truncate or shortly produced
posterior margin of the pronotum; they are smooth shin-
ing insects somewhat ovate in form.
Sub-fam. BLATTIN 44.
47. Methana oculata, W1k.
Periplaneta oculata, Walker, |. c. p. 152 (1869).
9. AUSTRALIA.
Synonymous with Methana soror, Sss.
48. Pelmatosilpha aterrima, Wk.
Periplaneta aterrima, Walker, |. c. p. 151 (1869).
Pelmatosilpha prestans, Dohrn. Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlviu,
p- 411 (1887).
g. PERU.
Kirby regards P. aterrima, W\k., as synonymic with
Nyctibora tenebrosa, Wik. (Syn. Cat. Orth. I, p. 108, 1904);
this is certainly erroneous, as tenebrosa is a true Nyctibora.
49. Thyrsocera speciosa, Wk.
Ellipsidium speciosum, Walker, |. c. p. 214 (1868).
Thyrsocera speciosa, Shelford. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1906,
p. 249, Pl. xiv, fig. 5.
?. “ EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO ” ( Wallace).
Sub-fam. PANCHLORINAL.
50. Leucophxa conferta, Wk.
Ischnoptera conferta, Walker, |. c. p. 148 (1869).
dg. CHAN-TI-BON, S1AM (Mowhot).
Testaceous. Head with large castaneous marking on the front,
extending to base of clypeus. Pronotum punctate, disc with a large
castaneous lyrate mark, margins hyaline. Tegmina serio-punctate
at base, testaceo-hyaline, veins castaneous ; both tegmina and wings
extend considerably beyond apex of abdomen. Sub-genital lamina
shortly transverse, an asymmetrical projecting lobe on the right side.
Legs testaceous, femora marked with castaneous towards apex.
502 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
51. Tribonium guttulosum, W1k.
Naupheta guttulosa, Walker, |. c. p. 184 (1868).
. BRAZIL.
Allied to 7. elegans, Br., but- much larger, head entirely
black, apical half of antennz fulvous, pronotum and teg-
mina more heavily marked, abdomen and legs darker.
52. Stenoblatta paralella, Wik. (Plate XXX, figs. 7, 7a.)
Stenoblatta paralella, Walker, |. c. p. 193 (1868).
399. BRAZIL.
This extraordinary linear and flattened cockroach has
apparently not been met with since Walker’s description
of it appeared. Walker placed it in his family Hypnorm-
idx (= Plectopterinx) and Kirby (Syn. Cat. Orth. I, p. 179)
places it at the end of the Plectopterine ; but since the
wings do not possess a triangular intercalated area this
classification is evidently wrong; the large, produced
supra-anal lamina with notched margin and the presence
of large arolia between the tarsal claws fix the position of
the genus amongst the Panchlorinx of which sub-family,
it may be considered an aberrant member.
Walker’s description, so far as it goes, is quite accurate,
except in his determination of the sex of the specimens,
and the following may be regarded as merely supplement-
ary to it :—
Head much flattened, the vertex between the eyes forming a
sharp edge, semicircular in outline, eyes very narrow. Tegmina
punctate at base, radial vein very straight, bifurcate, the lower
branch ramose, costals numerous, obsolete and irregular, five dis-
coidal sectors, discoidal field reticulated, nine axillary veins. Wings
with anterior half flavid, posterior field infuscated, costal veins highly
irregular and reticulated, median vein quite straight, ulnar vein
with five branches, two of which go to the dividing vein. Supra-
anal lamina projecting considerably beyond the sub-genital lamina ;
cerci equal in length to supra-anal lamina. Legs very short, femora
without spines, tibiz very sparsely spined, the front pair with four
apical spines only, hind pair with a few in a double row on the
upper border, two only on the lower border and four apical spines.
Arolia relatively enormous, tarsi only half-length of tibia, which are
two-thirds length of femora, metatarsus not longer than the following
three joints, shorter than the last joint.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 503
53. Oniscosoma punctosa, Wk.
Ischnoptera (?) punctosa, Walker, l.c. p. 149 (1869).
Ischnoptera punctuosa, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Austral.
xvul, p. 55 (1893).
Pseudopanchlora punctosa, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth. 1,
p. 189 (1904).
gf. AUSTRALIA.
Head castaneous, darkest on the frons which is very concave ;
ocelli testaceous ; eyes wide apart; on the vertex a longitudinal
carina testaceous in colour ; antenne mutilated, fuscous. Pronotum
cucullate, an anterior carina, two converging impressions posteriorly ;
its surface covered with granules, anterior margin slightly reflexed,
posterior margin angulate ; testaceous with castaneous mottlings and
a quadrate castaneous patch on posterior part of disc. Tegmina
testaceous, mottled with castaneous, six to seven costal veins. Wings
hyaline, venation as in O. granicollis, Sss. Abdomen above testace-
ous, below testaceous with a castaneous patch on the disc ; supra-
anal lamina short not projecting so far as the sub-genital lamina ;
cerci short.
Length of body 11 mm. ; length of tegmina 10°4 mm.
There is really nothing to prevent the inclusion of this genus in
the sub-family Perispheriine ; the sexual dimorphism debars it from
occupying a natural position in the Panchlorine.
Sub-fam. CORY DIINA.
54. Corydia dasytoides, Wk.
Luthyrrapha dasytoides, Walker, |. c. p. 191 (1868).
Corydia tonkinensis, Kirby, AM.N.H. (7) xi, p. 405
(1903).
9. AMOY.
Walker regarded as a variety of this species, another
species from Siam which is evidently quite distinct, being
the same as C. enea, Br.; it is a § collected by Mouhot.
The genus Corydia includes five closely allied species,
some of which may possibly be regarded later as mere
geographical races of one species; unfortunately the insects
are rare in collections and additional examples are required
before the exact relationships that they bear one to
another can be elucidated. ‘The following key will help
in the identification of the species.
504 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
1. Tegmina crossed by an orange band.
2. The band interrupted . . . . . . purpuralis, Kirby
(S. W. Fokien)
2’. The band not interrupted . . . . dasytoides, W1k.
(Amoy, Tonkin)
1’. Tegmina not crossed by an orange band but
with an orange costal patch.
2. Apex of tegmina yellow. . . . . . hilaris, Kirby
(Hab. ?)
2’. Apex of tegmina not yellow.
3. Abdomen orange with blue tip . . cerulea, Shelf.
(Borneo)
3’, Abdomen blue-black withmarginal
orange Vitte . . .. . =. . «ned, Br. (Burma)
55. Huthyrrhapha ipscides, Wik.
Luthyrrhapha ipsoides, Walker, |. c. 191 (1868).
g. PARA, BRAZIL.
A synonym of the widely-distributed 2. pacifica, Coq.
56. Holocompsa debilis, W1k.
HHolocompsa debilis, Walker, |. c. p. 192 (1868).
9. SARAWAK (Wallace),
The only Oriental representative of the genus.
57. Dyscologamia pilosa, Wk.
Zetobora pilosa, Walker, |. c. p. 187 (1868).
gf. JAVA.
Allied to D. capucina, Br. but larger, more rufous, pro-
notum anteriorly more cucullate, tegmina with only one
hyaline spot in the basal third.
58. Dyscologamia silphoides, W\k.
Polyphaga silphoides, Walker, |. c. p. 182 (1868).
9. CAMBODIA (Mouhot).
Much larger than D. capucina, Br. 3, otherwise very
similar, so far as can be gathered from the description of
that species.
or
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 50
Sub-fam. OX YHALOIN 4f.
59. Chorisoneura fragilis, W1k.
Blatta fragilis, Walker, |. c. p. 218 (1868).
g. BRAZIL.
Synonymous with C. nigrifrons, Serv.
60. Chorisoneura glabricula, W1\k.
Blatta glabricula, Walker, 1. c. p. 218 (1868).
gf. Brazit.
Synonymous with C, discoidalis, Burm.
61. Chorisoneura calogramma, W1k.
Blatta calogramma, Walker, |. c. p. 217 (1868).
Oy BRAZIL,
Occiput, vertex, and centre of frons dark castaneous, a testaceous
band between the eyes, traversed by a narrow black line, rest of
head testaceous ; antenne testaceous, the basal joints fuscous above.
Pronotum transversely elliptical, all the margins hyaline, the disc
castaneous with two large semilunar markings, testaceous. Tegmina
clear hyaline, the veins testaceous, veins of discoidal area oblique,
reticulated. Abdomen beneath testaceous, margined with fuscous ;
cerci testaceous. Legs testaceous.
62. Prosoplecta quadriplagiata, W1\k.
Prosoplecta quadriplagiata, Walker, |. c. p. 189 (1868).
g. Barcutan (Wallace).
63. Prosoplecta gutticollis, Wik.
Prosoplecta gutticollis, Walker, |. c. p. 189 (1868).
2. CERAM (Wallace).
In this species the sub-genital lamina is relatively
enormous occupying nearly half the total length of the
abdomen.
64. Prosoplecta trifaria, Wik.
Prosoplecta trifaria, Walker, |. c. p. 190 (1868).
Prosoplecta megaspila, Walker, |. ¢. p. 190 (1868).
a. (trifaria). Batcutan (Wallace).
2. (megaspila). Barcutan (Wallace).
506 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
Sub-fam. PERISPHM#RIIN A.
65. Aptera rubricosa, Wk.
Naupheta rubricosa, Walker, |. c. p. 185 (1868).
g. S. AFRICA.
Synonymous with A. cingulata, Burm.
66. Perispheria flexicollis, Wk.
Zetobora flexicollis, Walker, 1. c. p. 187 (1868).
dg. SINGAPORE (Wallace).
This may well be the male of one of the Indo-Malayan
species that have been described from female examples
only. It is apparently most closely allied to P. fornicata,
Br. from Burma, but is larger.
Total length 25 mm. ; length of body 22 mm.; length of tegmina
19 mm. ; pronotum 7 mm. x 10 mm.
67. Hostilia cervina, Wik.
Zetobora cervina, Walker, |. c. p. 186 (1868).
? Zetobora congrua, Walker, |. c. p. 49 (1868).
Zetobora carinata, de Saussure, Mél. Orth. iv, p. 139,
Pix yt. 50 ((lsi3):
Fe NAGE Ath
68. Hypospheria leucopthalma, W1k.
Zetobora leucopthalma, Walker, |. c. p. 186 (1868).
ae NAT AT.
According to Kirby, who has compared the types, this
is synonymous with /. tenebrosa, Wlk., a species placed by
Walker in the genus Panchlora ! It is somewhat doubtful
if tenebrosa, W1k. is not the same as 7. stylifera, Br., but the
wings are different in colour, and I hesitate to merge the
species without comparing the types. H. ruficornis, Sss.
and Zhunt. is also closely allied but can be distinguished by
the colour of the antenne.
My. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 507
69. Blepharodera pilipes, W1k.
Panchlora pilipes, Walker, 1. c. p. 184 (1868).
a. Cape or Goop Hope.
According to Kirby, who has compared the types, this
is the equivalent of B. contusa, WIk. (1. ¢. p. 80, 1868), and
it is probable that it is synonymous with B. pilifera, Stal,
the description of which is rather brief.
70. Hormetica subcincta, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 8.)
Brachycola subcincta, Walker, |. c. p. 188 (1868).
gt. COLOMBIA.
Allied to H. verrucosa, Br. Head testaceous with a large black
marking on the front, extending to base of clypeus ; labrum, palpi
and antenne fusco-castaneous. Pronotum as in H. verrucosa but _
not bordered with black. Tegmina short, transversely truncate,
not extending beyond the second abdominal segment, colour and
markings as in H. verrucosa. Abdomen black, bordered above with
testaceous, supra-anal lamina testaceous, sub-genital lamina rufo-
castaneous, cerci black tipped with testaceous.
Total length 31 mm.; length of tegmina 9 mm. ; pronotum 12
mm. xX 18 mm.
The female has the abdomen above coloured as in the male, where-
as in H. verrucosa, Br. 9, the abdomen has transverse testaceous
bands above and marginal testaceous spots below. The species
varies considerably in size.
71. Hormetica interna, Wk.
Brachycola interna, Walker, |. c. p. 188 (1868).
gd. Nauta (Bartlett).
Allied to the preceding species but the head not so heavily marked
with black, the pronotum more punctate, the tegmina with a large
semicircular band castaneous in colour, abdomen beneath margined
with testaceous.
Total length 27 mm.; length of tegmina 11 mm. ; pronotum
10 mm. x 15 mm.
Of the seventy-seven species in Mr. Saunders’ collection
described by Walker, fifty-seven can stand as distinct species
b
a
508 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
the remainder must be sunk as synonyms of previously
described species; one of Walker’s species it has been
found necessary to separate into two. The following table
gives the revised nomenclature of these species, which are
now arranged in the order adopted by Walker in his
“Catalogue of Blattide ” :—
WALKER’S NOMENCLATURE.
Polyphaga silphoides
Panchlora pilipes
Naupheta guttulosa
Naupheta rubricosa
Zetobora leucopthalma
Zetobora cervina
Zetobora flexicollis
Zetobora pilosa
Brachycola interna
Brachycola subcincta
Prosoplecta quadriplagiata
Prosoplecta gutticollis
Prosoplecta trifaria
Prosoplecta megaspila
Euthyrrapha dusytoides
Euthyrrapha dasytoides, var.
Euthyrrapha ipsoides
Holocompsa debilis
Stenoblatta parallela
Epilampra polyspila
Epilampra inclarata
Epilampra conformis
Epilampra scita
Epilampra plena
Epilampra fervida
Epilampra dotata
Epilampra varia
Epilampra adusta
Epilampra basifera
Epilampra ramifera
Epilampra parvicollis
Epilampra concinnula
Pseudomops inclusa
Pseudomops scutigera
Pseudomops fissa
Pseudomops pica
Ellipsidium speciosum
Blatta calogramma
Blatta fragilis
Blatta glabricula
Blatta annulicornis
blatta erythrina
Blatta extenuata
REVISED NOMENCLATURE.
Dyscologamia silphoides, W1k.
Blepharodera contusa, W1k.
Tribonium guttulosum, W1k.
Aptera cingulata, Burm.
Hypospheria tenebrosa, W1k.
Hostilia cervina, W1k.
Perisphxria flexicollis, W1k.
Dyscologamia pilosa, W1k.
Hormetica interna, W1k.
Hormetica subcincta, W1k.
Prosoplecta quadriplagiata, W1k.
Prosoplecta gutticollis, W1k.
Prosoplecta trifaria, Wik. g
Prosoplecta trifaria, Wik. @.
Corydia dasytoides, Wik.
Corydia enea, Br.
Euthyrrapha pacifica, Coq.
Holocompsa debilis, W1k.
Stenoblatta parallela, W1k.
Molytria maculata, Br.
Epilampra inclarata, Wik.
Pseudophoraspis nebulosa, Burm.
Pseudophoraspis nebulosa, Br.
Epilampra plena, Wik.
Epilampra plena, Wik.
Molytria badia, Br.
Epilampra varia, W1k.
Homalopteryx adusta, W1k.
Homalopteryx — macassariensis,
Haan.
Molytria ramifera, W1k.
Hedaia parvicollis, W1k.
Fedwia concinnula, W1k.
Pseudomops inclusa, W1k.
Pseudothyrsocera scutigera, W1k.
Hemithyrsocera histrio, Burm.
Pseudothyrsocera pica, W1k.
Thyrsocera speciosa, W1k.
Chorisoneura calogramma, W1k.
Chorisoneura nigrifrons, Serv.
Chorisonewra discoidalis, Burm,
Phyllodromia annulicornis, Wk.
Ischnoptera rufa, Br.
Phyllodromiasupellectilium, Serv.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 509
WALKER’s NOMENCLATURE.
Blatta colligata
Blatta polygrapha
Blatta suffusa
Blatta amplectens
Blatta hamifera
Blatta ignobilis
Blatta funebris
Blatta palpalis
Blatta obtusifrons
Blatta elegans
Blatta apicigera
Blatta propinqua
Blatta contigua
Blatta contingens
Blatta sequens
Blatta guttifera
Blatta xanthopila
Blatta laterifera
Blatta virescens
Blatta majuscwla
Blatta marmorata
Blatta humeralis
Blatta picticollis
Blatta bipunctata
Blatta laticeps
Blatta cireumducta
Blatta longiuscula
Blatta patula
Blatta latirupta
Ischnoptera reversa
REVISED NOMENCLATURE.
Phyllodromia colligata, W1k.
Phyllodromia polygrapha, W1k.
Phyllodromia suffusa, W1k.
Phyllodromia amplectens, W1k.
Phyllodromia hamifera, W1k.
Phyllodromia ignobilis, W1k.
Phyllodromia fimebris, W1k.
Duryodana palpalis, W1k.
Phyllodromia obtusifrons, W1k.
Phyllodromia elegans, W1k.
Theganopteryx apicigera, W1k.
Phyllodromia propinqua, W1k.
Phyllodromia propinqua, W1k.
Phyllodromiacontingens, Wik. 2 «
Phyllodromia sequens, W1k.
Phyllodromia guttifera, W1k.
Pseudothyrsocera xanthophila,
Wik.
Phyllodromia laterifera, W1k.
Phyllodromia virescens, W1k.
Phyllodromia majuscula, W1k.
Phyllodromia marmorata, W1k.
Phyllodromia contingens, Wik. g.
Phylodromia picticollis, Wk.
Pseudectobia bipunctata, Wk.
Pseudophyllodromialaticeps, W1k.
Escala cireumducta, Wk.
Escala longiuscula, WIk.
Allacta mundicola, Wik. @.
Allacta mundicola, W1k. 3.
Ischnoptera reversa, W1k.
Ischnoptera conferta
Ischnoptera % obliqua
Ischnoptera ? punctosa
Periplaneta aterrima
Periplaneta oculata
Leucophxa conferta, Wik.
Pinaconota obliqua, Wik.
Oniscosoma punctosa, W1k.
Pelmatosilpha aterrima, W1k.
Methane oculata, W1k.
VI. VIVIPARITY AMONGST THE BLATTIDA.
ATTENTION was first called to this phenomenon amongst
the Blattide by Riley (“Insect Life,” vol. 111, p. 443, 1890—
1891 and vol. iv, p. 119, 1892), who observed it in
Panchlora viridis, Burm. Scudder had already noted
(Psyche, vol. v, p. 405, 1890) the occurrence of a female
specimen of Panchlora nivea, L., found alive in a bath-
room at Salem, Mass., surrounded by numerous newly-
hatched young, but he had not been able to demonstrate
the actual birth of these young. Riley dissected one of
510 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
his specimens and found that it contained a perfect ege-
cluster of crescentic form, the eggs to the number of forty-
four and in different stages of development being arranged
in a double row. The egg-mass was contained in a thin-
walled prolongation of the genital pouch, which may be
termed the brood sac. Whilst in most cockroaches the
egg-capsule is a horny structure, in Panchlora viridis it 1s
a fine membranous sheath enclosing only the basal half
of the egg-mass. The colleterial glands have always been
regarded as secreting the substance of the horny ootheca
of Llattide, and Riley assumed that they are absent or
much reduced in Panchlora viridis but did not test the
‘truth of his assumption by dissection. From another
specimen examined by Riley young larve and nearly
mature embryoes had been extruded.
Holmgren in a paper on viviparity amongst insects
in general (Zool. Jahrb. Syst. xix, p. 484,) records vivi-
parity for three more genera of Dlattidx, viz. Hustegasta
micans, Sss. and Zhnt., Oxyhaloa saussuret, Borg, and an
undetermined species of Llabera. In the latter species
the developing eggs are contained in a horny and sculp-
tured capsule which lies in a thin-walled brood-sac and is
apparently retained there till the eggs are mature or
nearly so. In Hustegasta micans the ootheca splits open
whilst still in the brood-sac, and the young larvee emerge
two by two from the mother. Holmgren divides Blaitide
into three sections according to their method of repro-
duction, as follows :—
1. Oviparous species, which carry the ootheca for some
days protruding from the tip of the abdomen.
Ex. Periplaneta.
2. Viviparous species, the ootheca retained within a
brood-sac.
Ex. Hustegasta, Oxyhaloa, Blabera.
3. Viviparous species, the ootheca practically absent.
Ex. Panchlora.
To this last section and possibly to the second I am
able to add more examples.
My own attention was specially drawn to this
phenomenon of viviparity amongst Blattide in rather
an interesting manner. Whilst arranging the South
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 511
American species of Hpilampra in the Hope Museum,
Oxford, I had occasion to examine closely a series of
specimens of Hpilampra burmeistert, Guér., collected in
Brazil by the distinguished traveller, W. J. Burchell, and
I observed that one female example had been preserved
with two young larvee actually emerging from the tip of
the abdomen, and that they were still partially shrouded
in some shreds of the embryonic membranes. The specimen
is numbered “1400” and is the only one of the series that
does bear a number. Those who have had occasion to
study Burchell’s collections know that he attached num-
bers to the specimens that were of special interest to him
and his observations on such specimens were recorded in
his note-books under corresponding numbers. Unfortu-
nately Burchell’s note-books with records of specimens
numbered from 1345 onwards are lost, but we can be
tolerably sure that the young larvee emerging from the
abdomen of his specimen No. 1400 did not escape the
notice of this keen observer and that the specimen was
consequently numbered and the fact actually recorded.
To Burchell then may well be accorded the credit of first
discovering the phenomenon of viviparity in blattide.
In Sarawak, Borneo, I captured a female of Pseudo-
phoraspis nebulosa, Burm., with numerous young larve
clinging to the under surface of the abdomen, and in the
Hope Museum is a female of Phlebonotus pallens, Serv.,
with the following label attached :—“ Ceylon. J. Staniforth
Green. Carries its live young beneath its wing-covers.
1878.” In the females of this species the tegmina are
large and convex, the wings somewhat reduced and the
abdomen above is concavely depressed, so that a brood-
chamber is formed under the tegmina in which there is
ample room to accommodate several young larve. It is
hardly reasonable to suppose that these two species of
Epilamprine deposit an ootheca containing newly-fertilized
eggs and stay beside the ootheca until the young larve
hatch out and return to the mother from whom they
originated. It is, on the contrary, in the highest degree
probable that the eggs are retained in the body of the
mother until they attain maturity, but whether they are
enclosed in a horny ootheca lying in a brood-sac or
whether the ootheca is absent or much reduced as in
Panchlora viridis is not known. I have dissected the
female Pseudophoraspis nebulosa that I e:ptured with her
512 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
young and find that below the genital pouch lies a forward
prolongation of it with rather thick walls; this is the
brood-sac and as it is not much larger than the genital
pouch itself and much smaller than the brood-sac in
Panchlora viridis and in Molytria maculata and Panesthia
javanica, as described below, it is rather difficult to explain
its function, unless one supposes that it becomes very much
dilated as the fertilized eggs pass into it from the uterus,
its walls then becoming membranous and the whole organ
pushing forward to lie amongst the abdominal viscera as
is the case in other viviparous species. The brood-sac
was empty in the specimen examined; the genital pouch
Dissection of Panesthia javanica, 2 , showing brood-sac, etc.
3-7 = Nos. of segments. U.= Uterus.
R. = Rectum. Ov. = Ovary.
G.P. = Genital pouch. Br. = Brood-sac.
C.G. = Colleterial gland. N.= Branches of ventral nerve-cord.
Sp. = Spermatheca.
had thick muscular walls, and when opened the four finger-
like gonapophyses were seen attached to the dorsal wall
and directed backwards; in the ventral wall was seen
the orifice leading to the brood-sac and lying at the
bottom of a depression in the wall of the pouch. The
right colleterial gland was well developed, but the left one
was aborted.
In Panesthia javanica, Serv., the egg-mass, which is
about 18 mm. long, is contained in a thin-walled brood-
sac lying asymmetrically on the left side of the abdomen
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 513
and extending as far forward as the third abdominal
sternite ; this brood-sac is, as in the other viviparous
species, connected with the genital pouch. The eggs
number from 36 to 40 and are retained in the brood-sac
until mature; they do not form a crescentic mass as in
Panchlora viridis. The left colleterial glands are absent,
but those on the right are well developed. It is by no
means clear that these glands secrete the chitinous ootheca
of Periplaneta, ete.; it is remarkable to find that on one
side at least they are well developed in a species whose
eggs are enclosed in a thin membrane. I have not been
able to dissect Molytria maculata, Br., as I have nothing
but dried specimens, but I have frequently removed egg-
masses in all stages of development from the brood-sacs
of freshly-killed females during my sojourn in the Eastern
tropics and I have several of these egg-masses in my
possession now; they are larger than those of Panesthia
javanica, but otherwise show no differences worth con-
sidering at present. I hope ere long to study the
embryonic development of these two viviparous genera
Panesthia and Molytria; it is possible that it differs
considerably from that of oviparous species. Viviparity
is now known to occur in six of the eleven sub-families
of Blattide, viz. Epilamprine (4 genera), Panchlorine,
Blaberine, Oxyhaloine, Perisphervine, Panesthiine (one
genus each), and is consequently of more usual occurrence
than was suspected; I think it likely that it will be
shown eventually that it occurs almost, if not quite,
universally amongst the Hpilamprine. Eustegasta is a
genus placed by all authors in the Perisphervine, but in
the majority of its characters it is much more closely
allied to the Hpilamprine than to the other members of
the Perispheriine and it is of interest that viviparity
occurs in this genus.
Notre—Just before going to press I received alive a
female specimen of Panchlora virescens, Thunb., and some
females of Phyllodromia germanica, L. Mr. H. Main, to
whom I am indebted for the latter specimens, informs me
that P. germanica carries the egg-capsule protruding
from the tip of the abdomen for some weeks and deposits
it only one or two days before the contained young hatch
out. I was surprised to observe in the living female of
Panchlora virescens an egg-mass partially protruding from
the end of the abdomen; so far as can be determined
514 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
by a superficial examination the eggs are not in a very
advanced state of development ; in this specimen the egg-
mass is so large that it cannot be retained entirely in the
brood-sac ; the ootheca is represented by a thin transparent
membrane, which however is complete, not incomplete as
in the species observed by Riley. In an undescribed
species of TZemnopteryx from East Africa, the female
carries the eggs contained in a transparent membrane
protruding from the end of the abdomen; in the only
example examined the eggs are very advanced in develop-
ment. These new facts enable me to modify Holmgren’s
“series” of Blattide as follows :—
1. Oviparous species. Eggs enclosed in a chitinous
ootheca and carried by the female for a short time
only.
Ex. Eetobia, Blatia, Periplaneta.
2. Ovo-viviparous species. (a@) Eggs enclosed in a
semi-chitinous capsule and carried by the female, pro-
truding from the abdomen during the greater part of the
embryonic period.
Ex. Phyllodromia germanica.
(b) As above, but eggs enclosed in a_ transparent
membrane.
Ex. Temnopterye sp.
3. Viviparous species. (7) Eggs enclosed in a chiti-
nous ootheca which is retained in the brood-sac of the
mother. Ex. Oxyhaloa saussuret, Hustegasta micans, Blabera
sp. [?Pseudophoraspis nebulosa and Phlebonotus pallens}.
(0) Eggs enclosed in a transparent membrane, which is
retained in the brood-sac of the mother. i. Membrane
complete. Ex. Molytria maculata, Epilampra burmeisteri,
Panchlora virescens, Panesthia javanica |? Pseudophoraspis
nebulosa and Phlebonotus pallens]. 1. Membrane incom-
plete. Panchlora viridis, P. nivea.
15
Or
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
VII. A New Genus oF SymBioTic BLATTIDA.
Genus Sphecophila, nov.
Superficially resembling Attaphila, Wheel., but tegmina absent in
the male ; subgenital lamina of male provided with two styles ;
femora unarmed beneath ; no arolia between tarsal claws ; frons
swollen ; eyes reduced ; ocelli present; antennie short, but conform-
ing to normal Blattid type.
The only known species was taken from the nest of
the wasp, Polybia pygmea, Fab., in French Guiana.
We have in this little cockroach an example of the
difficulties which beset the systematist when he has to
deal with aberrant species modified by peculiar habits and
environment to a similar general facies,
The genus Attaphila contains two species of myrme-
cophilous cockroaches, A. fungicola, Wheel., and <A. bergi,
Bol., found respectively in the nests of Atta fervens, Say,
in Texas, and Atta lundi, Guer., in Uruguay. Wheeler,
who first made known the genus (Amer. Nat. vol. xxxiv,
p. 851, 1900), suggests that among the Blattidze it occupies
“a peculiar if not unique taxonomic position ;” and Bolivar
(Comm. del. Mus. Nac. d. Buenos Aires, p. 333, 1901)
creates for its reception the sub-family Attaphilinze, regard-
ing the peculiar antennal characters of high importance.
This sub-family takes its place in the first of the two great
divisions in which the Blattidze have been brigaded, viz.
that in which the femora are spined beneath. Sphecophila
cannot be placed in this division, for the femora are un-
armed beneath; much less then can it be placed in the
sub-family Attaphilinze, though its general resemblance to
Attaphila is most striking. Must then a new sub-family
be created for the reception of Sphecophila ? I think not;
the multiplication of sub-divisions for the reception of
anomalous genera is a practice to be deprecated for many
reasons, chief among which is the consideration that it
tends to obscure the relationships which must exist
between these anomalous genera and genera of more
normal type. In my opinion Attaphila may be regarded
as an aberrant Phyllodromiine, akin to Loboptera, Br., or
Temnopteryx, Br., and Sphecophila as an aberrant member
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IV. (JAN. 1907) 34
516 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
of the sub-family Corydiinze (= Heterogamiine). Bolivar
(l.c.) is much impressed by the structure of the antennz
in Attaphila, the increasing lengths of the joints in pro-
portion to their breadth particularly attracting his atten-
tion, and he states that in all other Blattidz the joints of
the antenne, with the exception of the first, are short and
transverse. This as a matter of fact is scarcely accurate ;
in cockroaches of normal type the first joint of the antennze
is longer than broad, the second usually broader than long,
and the third much longer than broad; the succeeding
joints are short and transverse but gradually increasing
in length until they are longer than broad, and the apical
joints are usually sub-monilform. Attaphila is peculiar in
that the third joint of the antennze is short and transverse
and the increase in length of the succeeding joints is not
gradual but sudden. Unfortunately in all the specimens
of Attaphila that have been examined, the antennz are
mutilated, so we know nothing of the terminal ends of
these organs. Wheeler examined forty-five examples of
A. fungicola, and found that in seventeen specimens the
mutilation of the antennz was symmetrical, in twenty-one
specimens almost symmetrical, the difference being not
more than one joint; in only seven specimens were the
antenne very asymetrically mutilated. He concludes that
the ants, with which this cockroach lives, crop the antennee
of their guests and suggests that the peculiar structure of
the antenne is a result of continual clipping. Without
subscribing to this opinion, it may be pointed out that
a modification of the antennze of an insect living in the
dark and under very peculiar circumstances is rather to be
expected; indeed, it might be expected that profound
modifications of the antennz would invariably accompany
a marked reduction of the other sense-organs, the eyes, if
Sphecophila was not a standing proof to the contrary.
Attaphila, as shown by an examination of the contents of
the alimentary canal, feeds on the fungus cultivated by the
leaf-cutting ants; Sphecophila is nourished otherwise. The
wasps of the genus Polybia construct small paper nests
pendant from the under surface of leaves or twigs; in
some species the nest is made up of a number of cells
without any outer common covering ; every cell containing
a larva is open at the lower end, and it is only the cells
containing nymphs that are closed, each with a paper cap.
Polybia pygmexa however constructs a nest composed of a
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 517
aumber of cells enclosed in a common covering of paper,
and the entrance to the nest is by one orifice in the floor
of the nest. The mother wasp feeds the larvee with insects
or spiders that she brings to them, and it is probable that
the symbiotic cockroaches living on the floor of the nest
feed on any small fragments of food that may drop down
from the wasp-larve in the cells above. I owe this sug-
gestion to my friend Vicomte R. du Buysson, who discovered
the cockroaches in the nest of the Polybia, which was sent
home by the collector, M. F. Geay. In conclusion, we may
regard these two genera, Attaphila and Sphecophila, as
affording an admirable demonstration of convergence in
development, a result which we may fairly assume to have
been brought about by very similar modes of life, viz.
symbiosis with social Hymenoptera. The following tables
show more graphically the similarities between the two
genera and their dissimilarities, and it will be seen that
whilst the former are in the main superficial and obvious,
the latter are deep-seated and of great taxonomic import-
ance, showing that the genera have arisen from totally
different stocks.
Features common to the two genera :—
Colour.
Pubescence.
Size.
Shape.
Reduction of eyes.
Vertex not covered by pronotum.
Shortness of legs,
One-jointed cerci.
Differences between the two genera :—
ATTAPHILA. ¢. SPHECOPHILA. ¢.
Third antennal joint short. Third antennal joint long.
Ocelli absent. Ocelli present.
Tegmina and wings present. Tegmina and wings absent (? in
nymphs only).
Supra-anal lamina trigonal. Supra-anal lamina semi-orbicular.
Styles absent. Styles present.
Femora armed beneath. Femora unarmed beneath.
Tarsal arolia present. Tarsal arolia absent.
518 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
Sphecophila polybiarum. (Plate XXX, figs. 10-12.)
¢. Fulvo-testaceous, with a fine fulvous pubescence. Vertex not
covered by the pronotum; front of head swollen and projecting as is
common amongst the Corydiine; eyes very much reduced, scarcely
visible from the front and almost entirely hidden under the deflexed
sides of the pronotum ; one pair of true ocelli situated low down on
the frons and closer together than the antennal sockets ; maxillary
and labial palpi small. Antenne short, of twenty joints, the first
joint longer than broad, the second as broad as long, the third longer
than broad, the remaining joints at first broader than long, but
gradually becoming longer, the last four or five joints almost monili-
form. Pronotum with anterior and posterior margins truncate,
narrower in front than behind, longer than broad, sides deflexed ;
meso- and metanotum broader than long, their posterior angles only
slightly produced backwards. Nine abdominal tergites, including
the supra-anal lamina, are visible, posterior margins of the first three
and of the eighth straight, of the fourth to the seventh concave;
the supra-anal lamina is semi-orbicular. Cerci one-jointed, acute,
equal to the supra-anal lamina in length. Eight abdominal sternites,
including the sub-genital lamina, are visible; sub-genital lamina
slightly produced, not extending as far as the supra-anal lamina,
with one pair of styles equalling in length the cerci and clothed
with a few erect hairs. Femora without spines, on the anterior
margin beneath of the front femur is a row of stiff seta, a genicular
spine on each femur, no apical spines. Spines on tibize above in
three rows, five apical spines on the posterior tibiz. Metatarsus
longer than the remaining joints, no arolium between claws,
2 unknown.
Total length 3 mm, —3°2 mm.
Sr. Marig, Oyapock, FRENCH Guiana (F. Geay, 1900).
Ten examples (Paris Museum); from the nest of Polybia
pygmea, Kab.
The absence of female examples is striking, but it is
possible that the entire colony was not secured by the
collector, some individuals may have escaped from the
nest. I cannot be certain that the specimens here de-
scribed are fully adult, but I am inclined to think that
they are, or if not, that the adults are apterous, for
nymphs of winged cockroaches have the posterior angles
of the mesonotum and metanotum much more strongly
produced backwards than is the case in the specimens
before me.
Explanation of Plate. 519
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.
Fig. 1. Supra-anal lamina of Pseudothyrsocera xanthophila, W1k.,
Bx
. Sub-genital lamina of Pseudothyrsocera xanthophila, W1k.,
. Pseudectobia bipunctata, W1k.,9 x 3.
. Sub-genital lamina of Phyllodromia contingens, Wlk., 3.
. Pinaconotw obliqua, Wlk., ¢. Slightly enlarged.
. Homalopteryx adusta, W1k., 2. Slightly enlarged.
. Stenoblatta paralella, Wlk., 9. Slightly enlarged.
a. side view.
. Hormetica subcincta, Wlk., 9. Slightly enlarged.
. Epilampra varia, Wik., 9. Slightly enlarged.
. Head of Sphecophila polybiarum, mihi, ¢ x 35.
. Supra-anal lamina of Sphecophila polybiarum, mihi, ¢ x 25.
. Sub-genital lamina of Sphecophila polybiarwm, mihi, ¢
>< Why,
( 521 )
XXII. On the Diaposematic Resemblance between Huphina
corva and Ixias baliensis. By F. A. Drxey, M.A.,
M.D., F.L.S., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford.
[Read December 5th, 1906. ]
PLATE XXXI.
AMoNG the geographical forms of Huphina nerissa, Fabr.,
there occurs in Java, Bali and Lombok a fairly well-
marked island race to which Wallace in 1867 gave the
name of corva. A similar form, called by Butler from
its habitat H. swmatrana, seems almost indistinguishable
from Wallace’s type.
The object of the present paper is to call attention to
the remarkable similarity that exists between both sexes,
but especially the female, of Huphina corva, and certain
females of a form of Jzias found in the same locality.
The Jxias in question belongs to the group containing
I. venilia, Godt., and J. reinwardtw, Voll., being indeed
scarcely separable from the latter. It is the local race
inhabiting the island of Bali, and has accordingly received
the name balzensis from Fruhstorfer.
The resemblance here spoken of is well seen on Plate
XXXI, but is still more striking when the actual specimens
are examined. It can, J think, scarcely be doubted that
the likeness between these forms of such diverse affinities
has a mimetic significance. The specimens represented in
Fig. 3-7 were all captured on the same occasion by Mr.
R. Shelford, M.A., F.E.S., and were kindly given by him
to the Hope Department at Oxford. It does not appear
to have been noticed that the series contained an Lxias
until the insects were on the point of being incorporated
with the general collection.
It will be observed that the resemblance to [xias balien-
sis, though shared by both sexes, is stronger in the female
than in the male Huphina. This isin accordance with the
well-known rule as to the superior means of protection
employed by the female sex in correspondence with its
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PARTIV. (JAN. 1907)
522 Dr. F. A. Dixey On the Diaposematic
greater needs—a rule which holds good not only in
mimicry but also in other kinds of defence. Another
point worthy of notice is, that as shown by Figs. 6 and 7,
compared with 64 and 7A, the resemblance borne to each
other by the upper surfaces of the two insects does not
extend to the lower. This seems to favour the view that
the enemies in this instance guarded against are such as
attack butterflies on the wing rather than at rest.
But the most interesting feature in the case is the
evidence it affords of diaposematism, or the interchange of
warning characters between mimic and model. In his
original description of H. corva, Wallace drew attention to
the fact that this form possesses a black border to the
hind-wing, “much wider and more defined than in the
allied forms” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Series, IV,
1867, p. 339). This dark border, as can be seen in Plate
XXXI, figs. 3-6, is present in both sexes; it is formed
in the female by the fusion of the submarginal row
of V-shaped spots seen in Fig. 1 with the actual dark
edging of the wing. A somewhat similar feature, though
less pronounced, occurs in H. lichenosa, Moore, from the
Andaman Islands; but in the ordinary allied forms known
as Huphina nerissa, H. phryne, H. oe etc., it does not
exist. A comparison of Figs. 1 and 2, which represent
the female and male respectively of the typical H. phryne
of continental India, with the figures of H. corva in the
same Plate, will show the difference referred to by Wallace.
This difference is even better marked in the dry-season
form of H. phryne than in the wet, the latter being the
phase here figured.
Now it is in large measure to the presence of this dark
border on the hind-wing that . corva owes its correspond-
ence in aspect with J. baliensis. It is of course open to
anyone to assert that the dark border is merely an acci-
dental feature in H. corva without any special significance.
But when we consider that this feature is practically
restricted to that form of the H. nerissa group whose
range overlaps that of the Jzias which it so closely re-
sembles, the conclusion seems at once to suggest itself
that the presence of the dark border in H. corva is the
result of a mimetic approach to the other insect. In this
respect, then, the Huphina has acted as the mimic and
the Jzias as the model. If, however, we turn to the fore-
wing, we find the process reversed; here it is the Jzias
Resemblance between Huphina corva and Ixias baliensis. 523
that has departed from the usual aspect of its nearest
relatives, becoming in this case the mimic, while the
Huphina stands as the model. The resemblance has
therefore been attained by a process of give-and-take on
‘both sides; nor would it be easy to find a better illustra-
tion of the principle of reciprocal change or diaposematism.
It is fair to note that specimens of 7. corva from Java
and the representative form H. swmatrana from Sumatra
also possess the dark border to the hind-wing, and are not
known to be in mimetic association with any Jxias found
in those islands. It is perhaps unlikely, though not impos-
sible, that a corresponding Jzias may yet be observed to
inhabit these localities; but in view of well-ascertained
facts as regards the shifting of areas of distribution among
butterflies it would not be extravagant to suppose that the
Huphina has somewhat extended, or the /zias has con-
tracted its range since the resemblance was first set up.
In any case, we have the fact that the specimens shown in
Figs. 3-7 were all caught by the same person in the
same place and on the same day. #. corva occurs also in
Lombok, where its relation with Jxias reinwardtw, Voll. 2
is no doubt the same as with J. baliensis in the neighbour-
ing island.
It is to be observed that not all female specimens of
HT. corva show the mimetic approach to Jxias in the same
degree. The hind-wings are sometimes rather conspicuously
veined, as often in the wet-season phase of H. phryne ;
moreover the dark Ixias-like border is less distinct in
some specimens than in others. So too, L. baliensis 9
may possess a pale orange suffusion in the central area of
the fore-wing. These features, which may possibly be
dependent on season, certainly tend when present to
impair or abolish the excellence of the mimetic picture.
Mr. Finn, in the “Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal,” 1895, pp. 621, 624, 626, 635, etc., has produced
some direct evidence that Huphina phryne is disliked by
insectivorous birds (Liothrix and Chloropsis). There is
not, so far as I am aware, any such evidence in the case
of Jxias. But if the foregoing conclusions are well-
founded, it will follow that the association between the
two forms here discussed must be synaposematic and not
pseudosematic, Miillerian and not Batesian.
524 Explanation of Plate.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI.
Fie. 1. Huphina phryne, Fabr. 2.
2. Huphina phryne, Fabr. ¢.
These figures (1 and 2) represent the ordinary form from continental
India.
Huphina corva, Wallace ¢.
Huphina corva, Wallace ¢.
Hwphina corva, Wallace ¢.
Huphina corva, Wallace ¢.
6A. Huphina corva, Wallace 9 underside.
7. Ixias baliensis, Fruhst. ?.
7A. Inias baliensis, Fruhst. ¢ underside.
The above butterflies (3-7) were all taken by Mr. R. Shelford at
Buliling, Bali, on May 19, 1905. The resemblance between H.
corva @ and JI. baliensis 2 does not extend to the lower surface,
as will be seen on comparing 6, 7 with 6A, 7A. In the dark border
of the hind-wing, H. corva (3-6) is seen to depart from the aspect
of the closely allied H. phryne (1, 2) and approach that of JI.
baliensis (7).
Sew) Se
( 525 )
XXIII. Xanthorhoé ferrugata (Clerck) and the Mendelian
Hypothesis. By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S.
[Read December 5th, 1906. ]
AxBout ten to twelve years ago, consequently some time
before I first made acquaintance with Mendel’s theory, I
undertook some rather extensive heredity experiments
upon Xanthorhoé (Coremia) ferrugata, Clerck, generally
known to British entomologists as Coremia unidentaria,
Haw., a common little Geometrid species which exhibits
very definite colour dimorphism. A tolerably full account
of the results I obtained has already been published in
the “Transactions of the City of London Entomological
Society” for 1897-98, pp. 26-34, but as that periodical
has had but a limited circulation, and as, for obvious
reasons, I made no reference to the relation of the experi-
ments to the views of Mendel, I make no apology for
republishing the main outlines.
The synonymy of this species and its closest relative,
X. spadicearia (Schiff.), Bkh. = ferrugaria, Haw., has
been much confused, and is almost unintelligible in most
of our catalogues, but will be found clearly set forth in
Meyrick’s “Handbook of British Lepidoptera,” p. 229.
The only fault there is that Meyrick omits to mention
that the purple-banded form is the “type” of both Clerck
and Linnzeus, and occurs (though sparingly) in Britain as
well as “ abroad,” while the black-banded form is the ab.
(et var.) wnidentaria of Haworth. For the purpose of
the present paper it will be sufficient to speak of the type
as “purple” and the aberration as “black,” thus avoiding
any tax on the memory of those who may not be familiar
with the complexities of the synonymy.
There is no doubt that, in Britain, the tilack is the
“dominant” form, in the ordinary acceptation of the word,
and without postulating any Mendelian application. I
have repeatedly bred from wild black females and have
invariably obtained therefrom black specimens only, some-
times carrying on the strain for two or three generations.
Many friends have had the same result, and so has the
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—ParRT Iv. (JAN. 1907)
526 Mr. Louis B. Prout on Xanthorhoé ferrugata
German entomologist Fuchs, who—on account of this
“epigonic ” evidence—recently proposed to erect the form
as a distinct species under the name of eximiata (fide
R. Piingeler), The var. stwpida of Alphéraky, from
Central Asia (No. 3370a, in Staudinger’s “Catalog”) is
also invariably black-banded, so far as I have been able to
learn; and a series which I have, through the kindness of
Mr. F. H. Wolley Dod, received from Calgary, Alberta,
shows the same stability of colour. The very few recorded
cases of breeding purple examples among broods raised
from wild black females may therefore pretty safely be
taken as indicating mongrel origin—“ hybrids” in the
Mendelian sense—the male parent being assumed to have
been purple-banded.
I know of no locality where the purple form entirely
ousts the black, but I understand from Dr. R. T. Cassal
that the first-named is the more frequent in the Isle of
Man. Further, wild purple specimens have nearly always
yielded a percentage of black in the progeny. The most
important exception known to me was a considerable
brood reared by my friend Herr Rudolf Piingeler, at
Aachen.
Coming now to the heredity experiments, I may say
that the whole of the material which is of any significance
for present purposes was obtained from a single locality,
Sandown, Isle of Wight, where both forms (purple and
black) occur together, with a considerable preponderance
of the black. I have reared isolated broods from other
British localities, which have merely tended to confirm
the general results.
From various causes, set forth in my earlier paper, I
was unable to work as systematically as I could have
wished. The resistance of this species to any continuous
inbreeding is more pronounced than in any other case
which has come under my notice, and many attempted
crossings failed utterly, while many others yielded so few
specimens as to be practically valueless for statistical
purposes. I shall, in consequence, almost confine con-
sideration to the larger broods, referring those who desire
more detailed information of the rest to the afore-
mentioned ‘Transactions of the City of London Entomo-
logical Society.”
Biack x Briack.—Taking these first, as I have called
them “dominant,” I find there are four batches to be
and the Mendelian hypothesvs. 527
considered ; these produced respectively 16, 22, 17 and 27
imagines, and all were black with the exception of a
single intermediate * in the brood of 22. In this brood,
and also in that of 27, the paternal grandmother was
black, the maternal purple; in the other two, the reverse
was the case; In no instance was a male grandparent
known, as all were second generations from wild females.
It is interesting, too, that in one of the broods which
almost failed, the only four imagines that developed were
black, notwithstanding that both the parents (black) were
the offspring of a purple female. Practically therefore,
black x black could be depended upon to breed true,
whatever the ancestry.
BLackK xX PURPLE-—Five broods give the following
results: (1) 42 black, 27 purple; (2) 37 black, 32 purple,
4 intermediate ; (3) 36 black, 31 purple; (4) 49 black,
47 purple; (5) 7 black, 10 purple. This gives a total of
171 black, 147 purple, 4 intermediate; or respectively
(omitting fractions) 53 per cent., 45 per cent., 1 per cent.
The brood which shows the greatest disparity in the
representation of the two forms—numbered (1) above—
had the ¢ parent black and the @ purple, while in the
other four cases the sexes were reversed; but I am not
inclined to attach much weight to this slight discrepancy.
The pedigree, so far as known, was as follows: (1) paternal
grandmother black, maternal purple; (2) and (3) vice
versd ; (4) g parent a wild purple specimen, ? parent
(black) the offspring of black and 2, which, in their turn,
sprang of captured purple and black females respectively ;
(5) both parents (brother and sister) the offspring of a
captured purple female.
PuRPLE X PuRPLE—I reared nine of these broods,
mostly with somewhat complicated pedigree, as I was
especially interested in attempting to eliminate the black
element by selection; that I failed in this attempt, the
following figures will show. Six of the broods were large
enough, “numerically, to be taken into account: + (1) 52
purple, 21 black (f parent purple, wild; 2 parent purple,
* Real intermediates are, in my experience, of exceedingly rare
occurrence; I have only reared 10 which can be so regarded,
amongst considerably over 1000 specimens—i. e. less than one per
cent.
{ Even the few specimens reared in the remaining three cases
showed, in each instance, at least one black specimen.
528 Mr. Louis B. Prout on Xanthorhoé ferrugata
bred from purple x purple, these being brother and sister
reared from wild purple female). (2) 37 purple, 9 black,
1 intermediate (f parent purple, from a wild purple
female; ? parent purple, a member of the brood just
described as (1) ). (8) 6 purple, 11 black (¢ parent purple,
from a wild purple ¢; ¢ parent purple, likewise from a
wild purple $). (4) 13 purple, 2 black, 1 intermediate
(f parent purple, from wild purple 2; 2 parent purple,
from wild purple ¢ x black , the latter the offspring of
black t and §, which, in their turn, sprang from wild
purple and wild black @ respectively). (5) 13 purple,
8 black (f parent purple, from a wild purple 2 ; ? parent
purple, likewise from a wild purple 2). (6) 16 purple,
7 black (f parent purple, from wild purple 2; ¢ parent
purple, from the brood just noticed as No. (3)). These
figures give a total for the six broods, of 137 purple,
58 black, 2 intermediate; or respectively (omitting
fractions) 69 per cent., 29 per cent., 1 percent. It will
be observed that in one case, No. (3), the black form
actually preponderated, notwithstanding a known purple
ancestry for two generations; in the other five, the per-
centage of black varied from 38:1 per cent. to 12°5 per
cent. approximately.
It will be at once manifest, that the weakness of the
above statistics for the purposes of elucidation of Mendelism
consists in the almost constant necessity of introducing
wild stock of unknown pedigree. Nevertheless, the
“discontinuity” of the two forms and the apparent ‘‘purity”
of most members of the black race give sufficient im-
pression of a “Mendelian species” to justify my offering
a few comments.
I cannot refrain from remarking, in the first place, that
if only certain species are “ Mendelian” in their behaviour
—as seems to be hinted by some writers, e.g. Doncaster
in “Ent. Record,” xviti, p. 249—it would, to me, be a grave
argument against our attributing the Mendelian pheno-
mena, when observed, to any deep-seated biological cause ;
it is inconceivable that, among organisms so homogeneous
as the various species of Lepidoptera—or even Insecta—
there could be cytological ditterences vast enough to allow
of gametic purity in certain cases only. Probably, how-
ever, it may be a sufficient reply that all species are really
alike “ Mendelian ” in vital organization, but that it by no
means thence follows that a particular manifestation of
and the Mendelian hypothests. 529
dimorphism which appeals to the human eye—e.g. of
coloration, as in our Aanthorhoé, is necessarily correlated
to the true gametic differentiation. This is, at least, a
possible interpretation of Doncaster’s words (oc. cit.) that
in some cases, such as that of the melanism of Aplecta
nebulosa, “the inheritance is not Mendelian.”
The only in-bred broods of which I reared any imagines
deserve mention here, in spite of their small numbers.
(1) From a wild purple 9, which produced 21 black,
15 purple, and one intermediate in her progeny, a pairing
of two of the purple examples was obtained. From this
pairing, 10 purple and 2 black were reared, none of which
were successfully paired together. (2) From another wild
purple 2, which produced 9 black and 4 purple, a pairing
of two of the black was obtained. From this there resulted
only 4 imagines, all of which were black. Again the
strain failed at this point. (3) From a third wild purple 9,
which produced 5 black and 8 purple, a pairing of purple
@ with black 2 was obtained. This pairing resulted in
the brood of 7 black and 10 purple, which has already
been alluded to as “black x purple, No. 5.” Yet again
the strain failed at this point.
Neither of these results seems to suggest with any
clearness that either form was a “recessive’’; one looks in
vain for any approximate 3:1 ratio, such as might have
been expected, by the ordinary laws of chance, even when
allowance had been made for the large percentage of loss
in rearing. Rather do they suggest some kind of biometric
interpretation, and with the potency of each colour ap-
proximately equal (or black somewhat the stronger) and
equally direct in its effect. In the case numbered (1), a
brood in which ;°; were purple, gave, in ulate next genera-
tion and by the ‘aid of purple selection, {2 purple, or just
double the percentage. In that numbered (2), a brood in
which ,’, (69 per cent.) were black, gave one, by black
selection, in which one hundred per cent. were black. In
that numbered (3), where there was a cross-pairing of the
two colours, the percentages in the two generations were
very little disturbed, working out (roughly) at 38°5 per
cent. and 41:2 per cent. of black specimens respectively.
It remains to consider whether the larger experiments
detailed earlier in this paper throw any further light on
the statistical aspects of the question. It is manifest from
the figures I have given, that there has been no behaviour
530 Mr. Louis B, Prout on Xanthorhoé ferrugata
analogous to that of Mendel’s classic “round” and
“anoular” peas, or Raynor’s Abraxas grossulariata and
ab. flavofasciata (cfr. “ Ent. Record,” xv, pp. 142-144) ; no
case, that is to say, in which a crossing of the two colours
has resulted in the appearance of a first generation mani-
festing one colour only (Mendel’s “ Dominant.”) This, I
apprehend, is not necessarily fatal to the application of
the Mendelian hypothesis, as it is always conceivable that
none of the pairings may have happened to be made with
sutficiently pure stock; assuming the black to be the
dominant colour, it is still not impossible that all those
which were mated with purple specimens chanced to be
really “ hybrids” in their organization, and in this event a
part of the latent purple element in them should, in
fertilization, meet the purple element of the ‘ recessive,”
and result in specimens of that colour. But it seems to
me improbable that this should always have happened,
considering the number of pairings obtained ; it must be
remembered that hybrids only outnumber pure dominants
in the proportion of 2:1.
Further, I do not see how to account for the reappear-
ance of black specimens in all my considerable broods of
purple x purple. If the recessive colour appears only in
pure recessive individuals, two of such, when mated, should
always breed true. And following the same line of thought,
one feels that the black pairings ought not to breed true
with the persistence which experience has revealed; for
two-thirds of them ought to be veritable “hybrids” with
simply an external dominant character.
Taking all the facts into consideration, it thus appears
demonstrable that the colour dimorphism of Yanthorhoé
Jerrugata does not obey Mendelian law. If there is any
correlation at all between the colouring and gametic
purity, it must be of so involved a nature as to bafile our
present powers of discernment. For instance, it is possible,
on certain analogies which might be adduced, that the
dominant form of this species may be a constantly black
or a constantly purple one, and the “recessive” a variable
one in colour, one of its forms being indistinguishable—
so far as the human eye is yet trained—from the
“dominant.” Or conversely, the recessive may be con-
stant to one colour and the dominant variable. To me,
however, the simplest view is still that which I deduced
from my work at the time when it was undertaken, and
and the Mendelian hypothesis. 531
which I have mentioned in this paper as supported by the
very few successful experiments of actual inbreeding ;
namely, that in this species there is in general a “very
direct response to immediate parentage, especially if
black ; black x black producing black only (irrespective
of ancestry), red x red producing over two-thirds red, red
x black roughly half and half, or black slightly in the
ascendant” (“Trans. City Lond.Ent.Soc.for 1897-8, p.30” ;
of course “red” in this quotation corresponds to “ purple ”
of the present paper). If I could learn how to inbreed it
for a few generations with even tolerable success, I should
be strongly tempted to resume my experiments upon it,
with a view to definite biometric work; I am decidedly of
opinion that with a little more practice and experience, it
would be possible to forecast almost exactly the percentages
of the two colours in a given brood of known parentage.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—ParRT Iv. (JAN. 1907) 35
il .4 4
+ io ime
dicks
Buintty les
et ew
XXIV. A note on the Cryptic Resemblance of two South
American Insects, the moth Dracenta rusina, Druce, «
and the Locustid, Plagioptera bicordata, Serv.
By Epwarp B. Poutton, D.Sc, M.A. F.RS.,
Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of
Oxtord and Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford.
[Read October 17th, 1906. ]
PLATE XXXII.
By the kindness of my friend Mr. W. J. Kaye I have had
the opportunity of making a detailed examination of the
deeply interesting moth exhibited by him on Oct. 17,
1906 (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, p. Ixxvii). Mr. Kaye
has also kindly permitted me to add the results of my
study, in the form of the following note, to Plate XXXII
of the Transactions,—the Plate illustrating his exhibit
of Oct. 17 last.
Before I had heard of Mr. W. B. Grove’s suggestion that
leaves attacked by fungi are the models resembled by
Kallima (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, pp. xxxii, xxxiii), I
too should have thought that the transparent networks
of Dracenta represent “the work of some leaf-mining
insect.” Mr. Grove’s suggestion however throws new
light on the problem, and I now think that the moth
bears a cryptic resemblance to a dead leaf partially
destroyed by fungi. Mr. Kaye also considers that this
interpretation is probably correct, and he points out that
the position in which the moth was found is in favour
of it.
With Mr. Kaye’s permission I have added to Plate
XXXII, figures of the upper and under surface of the
Locustid, Plagioptera bicordata, for comparison with the
moth.
It is interesting to observe that the effect of the ragged.
outline of the wings of Drecenta is intensified in precisely »
the same manner as in Grapta (Polygonia) c. albwm (Proce.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, pp. xxvi—xxvil). In both insects
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Iv. (JAN. 1907)
534 Professor E. B. Poulton’s Note on the
the fore- and hind-wings are sufficiently separated to
produce a notch far deeper than anyother in the irregular
contour.
The upper surface of Dreeenta rusina exhibits an almost
uniform pale brown colour with a narrow darker margin.
Both wings are marked with reticulations of a tint faintly
darker than the ground-colour, and barely visible at a
little distance. The ground-colour is also very faintly
deepened in tint at the extreme margin of the transparent
networks. Although this deepening requires the use of a
lens for its due appreciation, its effect upon the unassisted
eye is undoubtedly considerable, the patches gaining a
sharper outline and a greater prominence. Along the
costa of the fore-wing the linear margin is made up of an
irregular alternation of dark and light sections. The
effect is to break up the hard line of the costa and produce
the appearance of an outline eaten at irregular intervals
into little shallow bays, each corresponding to one of the
light sections.
The chief projecting angles bounding the deeply cut
bays along both hind margins curve either upward or
downward out of the plane of the wings. Corresponding
angles on the two sides are bent in the same direction in
Mr. Kaye’s specimen, and thus probably retain the appear-
ance presented in life,an appearance promoting the cryptic
resemblance to a tattered piece of dead leaf with the most
prominent angles of its margin bent or twisted. The
curvature is chiefly marked in the principal or costal angle
of the small bay at the extreme apex of the-fore-wing,
and is here in a downward direction. The three chief
projections near the anal angle of the same wing are on
the other hand bent upward. In the hind-wing the
curvature is much less pronounced, the chief projection
at the apical angle being bent very gently downward,
that at the anal angle rather less gently upward.
Transparency is attained very much as in Castnia,* by
the scales themselves becoming transparent and, at least
in some of the areas, set on edge. The obliquity of the
scales varies in different parts of the wing, but in the most
completely transparent patches the two causes,—trans-
parency and verticality,—always co-operate, and of the two
the latter seems to be the more effective. The evolution
of a transparent area from one in which the same effect
* Linn Soc. Journ.—Zool., vol. xxvi, p. 601, Pl. 44, Fig. 6.
Cryptic resemblance of two South American Insects. 535
was more roughly produced by means of light, strongly
reflecting, opaque body-colour is in some respects clearer
in this moth than in butterflies of the genus Kallima.
The presumably older less realistic method is found in the
small patches placed nearest the base of the fore-wing,
and in the small distinct patches bordering the lenticular
nearly closed bay between fore- and hind-wing. The
large irregular network of areas grouped round the anal
angle of the fore-wing is clear and transparent over the
greater part of its extent, but the meshes nearest to the
anal angle itself are far less transparent, being covered
with pale pigmented scales. On the hind-wing, apart
from the border of the lenticular bay, the same contrasted
stages of evolution are even better seen. Thus the anal
network of areas is pale-coloured over its anal half, trans-
parent over the other half. Of the network at the base
of the wing, the three meshes—two large and one small—
nearest to the inner margin are pale, the others trans-
parent. A small isolated area coming to the very edge of
the inner margin between this network and that last-
named, is unusually opaque, but even this lets through
a little light. The distinction between the two methods
by which transparency is suggested can, in some cases, be
made out in the representation given in Fig. 1, Plate
XXXII. Thus the small basal pale patch of the fore-
wing can be recognized as somewhat different from the
transparent areas of the network which les next to it.
Transition is easy; for the pale reflecting areas are also
transparent, although to a much less extent than the
others. We can apparently recognize four stages in the
evolution of the clearest and most transparent areas of
Dracenta:—(1) Opaque white strongly reflecting pig-
ment, employed as an artist would use “body-colour” to
suggest the bright light coming through a hole. (2) The
pigment becomes less opaque and semi-transparent; so
that some effect is produced when the surface of the wing
is in deep shadow with a bright light on the other side of
it. (8) The scales lose their pigment and become com-
pletely transparent. (4) The scales assume a more up-
right position so that most of the light passes between
them; in the fullest development of this stage they
become vertical. The second and fourth of these stages
are very evident on part of the wing of this interesting
moth and I think the third is also present. Some of the
536 Professor E. B. Poulton’s Note on the
pale patches are more opaque than others, but the first
stage in its typical form is not now to be found: the
species has passed beyond it.
The under surface is in many respects very different
from the upper. The pale brown ground-colour has the
appearance of being overspread with a greyish bloom.
The dark line is wanting from the costal and inner
margins, but is far broader than on the upper surface
along the hind-margin of both wings, especially so on the
posterior. Centrally this broad marginal band passes by
a gradual transition into the ground-colour.
The transparent areas themselves are, of course, the
same on both surfaces, but on the under-side of the hind-
wing there is developed around and between them a black
reticulated pattern with its meshes in some parts filled in
with unaltered ground-colour, in others with a darker
pigment, in others again with a much paler reflecting
pigment. Furthermore many of the pale-coloured areas
of the upper surface are distinctly darker on the under
surface ; especially those near the anal angle of both wings,
as can be well seen by comparing Fig. 1A with Fig.
1. The whole effect on the hind-wing is to produce the
impression of a fungoid growth spreading in reticulate
fashion over the surface, and producing here and there at
points longest exposed to injury, the culminating effect of
transparency. ‘The scattered masses of transparent areas
appear to become the centres of greatest injury in an
almost continuous network of decay. This etfect, which
probably represents in considerable detail the results of a
leaf-attacking fungus, can in large part be made out in the
representation of the left hind-wing under-side (right side
of the figure) shown in Fig. 1A, Plate XXXII. The trans-
parent meshes of the moth may represent actual holes in a
leaf, or its transparent cuticle filling in the meshes of a net-
work whose strands are the resistant fibro-vasular bundles.
The latter appears to be the more probable interpretation.
The most characteristic feature on the under surface of
the fore-wing is the development of large patches of dark
pigment which appear to stand out in low relief. This is
especially the case with the largest and most prominent
patch placed a little below the centre of the wing and
distinctly seen, as indeed are all the others, on Fig. 1A of
the accompanying plate. Except in the case of the small
irregular dark areas near the apical and the anal angles,
Cryptic resemblance of two South American Insects, 587
these patches are traversed by a network of black pigment
enclosing in its meshes scales of a lighter but still dark
tint. This, although not well seen in Fig. 1A, 1s especi-
ally clear and well defined in the chief patch alluded to
above.
It is evident that the network covering the dark patches
represents at another stage the network with transparent
and pale meshes. It is probable that the former corre-
sponds to the fullest activity in the life of a leaf-destroying
fungus, the latter to its ultimate effect. It has been
already suggested that intermediate stages are represented
on the under surface of the hind-wing.
Comparing these two surfaces of the wings we see that
the under possesses a pattern of varied and complex
detail, representing as I believe prominent stages in the
destruction of a dead leaf by a fungus. The upper surface
on the contrary exhibits a pattern strong in contrast but
deficient in detail; representing only the ultimate effect
of such an attack upon the tissues of a dead leaf. The
pale meshes are not only paler than on the under surface,
but the margins of the networks appear to be cleanly and
sharply punched through the substance of the wing.
The difference in this respect between the upper and
under surface is fairly well brought out by the figures,
especially when the right side of Fig. 1 is compared with
the left side of Fig. La.
It seems to me possible that this wide difference
between the surfaces is an adaptation associated with the
normal position assumed by the moth: that in the
usual attitude of prolonged rest the under surface is well
illuminated while the upper is in comparatively deep
shadow. If approached from the well-lighted side all the
detail would be apparent; if from the dark side the light
would be seen shining through the meshes. The upper
surface has developed, on this hypothesis, all that could
be seen on the shaded side of a dead leaf undergoing
destruction by the attack of a fungus, the under surface
all that could be seen on the well-lighted side.
There is however another more probable interpretation
which suggests itself,—that the fungus model is a species
which attacks the leaf on one surface only, presumably the
lower, finally destroying the tissues as far as the upper,
cuticle or even so far as to cause complete perforation. And
the final stage, that of transparency, would then be seen on
by
5388 Cryptic resemblance of two South American Insects,
the upper surface, all the earlier stages on the lower. The
upper surface of the moth would of course represent the
former and its under surface the latter. It is to be hoped
that the fungi attacking dead leaves in tropical America
will be observed from the points of view here suggested, as
well as the precise attitude of rest assumed by the moth.
It is interesting to compare with Dreeexta rusina the
small South American Locustid, Plagioptera bicordata, of
which the upper surface is shown in Fig. 2, the lower
in Fig. 24 of Plate XXXII. Instead of the complex
networks of small areas seen on the wings of the moth,
the Locustid exhibits on each fore-wing a single coarse
network including four large meshes and an isolated area
enclosing a brown curved line. The transparent portions
are surrounded by a brown margin, sharply demarcating
them from the green ground-colour of the tegmina. It is
probable that the Locustid in the attitude of prolonged
rest, with its tegmina enclosing both body and under-
wings, resembles a much bent or even rolled green leaf
which has been attacked by a species of fungus producing
in living leaves effects in some respects similar to those
wrought in the dead leaves to which the moth Dracenta
bears a likeness.
The two insects come from the same Region, and both
are probably widespread. The Locustid is indeed known
to be so, while the capture of the moth in Trinidad and
Guatemala suggests the likelihood of an extended range.
Explanation of Plate. 539
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII.
All the figures are the natural size.
Fie. 1.—The Thyridid moth, Dracenta rusina, Druce, showing
the upper surface. Tunapuna, Trinidad, 1905, L. Guppy. In Coll.
W. J. Kaye.
Fie. 14.—The under surface of the moth shown in Fig. 1. The
cryptic resemblance is seen to be more detailed than that of the
upper surface, including black fungus-like patches which present an
appearance of standing out in relief. It is probable that during rest
the lower surface is exposed as much as the upper, and perhaps even
more completely.
Fie. 2.—The Locustid, Plagioptera bicordata, Serv. ach of the
green tegmina is marked by two transparent patches with brown
outlines and marked by brown lines. These patches probably
resemble the injuries caused by a leaf-attacking fungus. The trans-
parent patches, save for their small number and much larger size, are
singularly like those on the totally different insect represented in
Fig. 1, Colombia, 8. America. In Hope Dep.
Fic. 24.—The under surface of the Locustid shown in Fig. 2.
The appearance resembles that of the upper surface, which in this
case is probably the only one exposed during rest.
JANUARY 23, 1907.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906. Plate 1.
= Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh Ltd.
African Butterflies.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906. Plate II.
orace Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd
African Butterflies.
Trans. Ent.Soc.Lond. 1906, Pl. Tif,
19
W. Purkiss del.
West,Newman chr.
NEW AFRICAN PHYTOPHAGA.
Trans Ent. Soc. Lond. roo6. Plate Iv.
Horace Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd
South-African Butterflies.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906. Plate V.
Horace Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
South-African Butterflies.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906. Plate VI.
16 16a
Horace Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
South-African Butterflies.
Trans. F’nt.SocLond.1906, PU. Vi.
E.C. Knight del.
West, Newman chromo
TRIGHOPTINUS PALTUDUM
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Pt. Vill.
la — _ 13
ea } 1 --—_-—_+4
H.C.Knight del.et lith.
MELANISM IN HASTULA HYERANA.
West,Newman chromo.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, Plate IX.
|
4
|
st psyttalea
f. damocliaes,
model.
3 albimaculata
f. hanningtont, 2
mimic.
albimaculata
from Natal.
2b
echeria
jacksoni
mimic,
é echeria
from Natal.
ilfred Robinson, phot. Andre& Sleigh, Ltd.
Synaposematic resemblance between species of the Danaine genus Amauris,
near the Victoria Nyanza.
wy
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate X.
ve
Elymnias
t
I bamumakoo, a ‘
t
Pe Fapilio dardant
Q f. planemotde
Rae a wee - S my
Alfred Robinson, phot. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
Acreine, Nymphaline, Elymniine and Papilionine mimics of Planema poggei,
from near the Victoria Nyanza.
at
cos
— *
“a
=
og
oe
kes
Pte
wt
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate XI.
Melinda formosa 3
Papilio vex. Sb
Papilio rex. & Melinda formosa @
Horace Knight, del. André & Sleigh Ltd
Synaposematic resemblance between Danainz and Papilioninee from the
East of the Victoria Nyanza.
= 7
ma c oS) Tk
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate XII.
P. vex., f. intermediate to
. . aA
mimeticis & and &
Melinda mercedonia 3
Fapilio mimeticus 2
Horace Knight, del. André & Sleigh, Ltd
Synaposematic resemblance between Danainz and Papilioning from the
Northern shore of the Victoria Nyanza.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Plate XIII
Hinde. . Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
| Separate insects, natural size: chief drawing about 2. *
Ptyelus sp., probably /lavescens F. upon an Araliaceous tree in the Aberdare Range,
British East Africa, Dec. 2—5, 1902.
* Trans. E-nt.SocLond 1906.Pl. XIV.
W 8
H. Knight del.et lith West,Newman chromo.
VE oe Clns OF BEAT TI DAT.
‘
Trans. Lint. Soc.Lond. 1906. Pl. XV.
H. Knight del.et lith. West,Newman imp.
NEW SPE Cin s. OL Bu Ara Za
Trans. Eent.Soc Lond 1906. PL. XVI.
H. Knight delet lith. West,Newman imp.
NEW SPECIES OR BnAr Ti DAa
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate XVII.
MALE OFFSPRING (6). FEMALE OFFSPRING (5).
FEMALE OFFSPRING,
4
i
.
he
eo a
5
Alfred Robinson, phot Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
All figures ave about 3 of the natural size.
Forms of Papilio dardanus, sub. sp. cenea, bred in 1904 from a trophonius
form of female. Durban, Natal.
“OpIs je] uO O1ydiowoipueUks
“eqqeyuy seou woy (7) Woy & saplowauvjd Y “OM JOY}O BY} 0} [eNSeOUe SuIEq ., sylé},, AIeJUSWIpNA pue ‘8uLimojoo
‘ure}ed oatuntad yy (]) wauiuj—eowyy “Ag ‘juswuidieosy nAnyLy] ey} WI snuppavp oyiddy jo (g-]) suo} Q[EWI9} Solu,
‘aZIS ]VANJDU AY] JNOGD aAD SaAnSLf
"PIT ‘YSIO1S * oApuy
‘yoyd ‘uosulgoy poayty
“~*~
«
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate XIX.
Alfred Robinson, phot.
Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
All figures ave about ie of the natural size.
Ancestral females of Papilio dardanus.—the pattern and pale yellowish
colouring characteristic of trimeni (1), and the rudimentary “ tails ’’ of these
exceptional examples of Aippocoon (2,3).
‘(¢) uoosodadiy pue sapiowaunjd
useMjoq pue ‘() vauao pue saploweunjd useH}oq O}eIpswUA9zUT YA ‘(p ‘Z) snubpAvp oidvy jo} & saplowaunjd sul
"aZIS ]DANJDU ay) fo ¥ Jnogv adv Saansif VW
"PIT ‘USISIS erpuy "joyd ‘uosuiqoy party
TOE N
BzuvsSN JO ‘Y'N
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate X XT.
MODELS. MIMICS.
Danaine and Acrzeing. Forms of Acvza johnstoni.
fallax, Sf
Buff spots
Amauris echeria, 3 :
Chief spots pale buff. flavescens, Be
Pale buff spots
2
— fallax, %
ae White spots.
fulvescens, 3
fred Robinson, phot.
Andre & Sleigh. Ltd.
All figures ave about zy of the natural size.
Forms of Acr#a johnstoni, together with their Danaine (Amauris, Limnas) and
Acreine (Planema) models, from the slopes of Kilimanjaro, 1905.
Plate XXIV.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 7 goo.
‘d1V[q SUIMOT[OF dy} Jo omSy Sur
I
yuodsarI09 94} ul Uu MOYS SI pajuasaidar o19Y UIULLDIC
“eUBING) YS “TOAD Olt
SOULM puly poiteqd UIA ‘SoTpaayng SUTIUOOTTS FT pue UBIIOOAT
0D 8
ENOECIELINN
¢) (Y NINOOI'TAES
‘21S [VANJVU BY Jo
“pigunurspg
-ol
DILOMT
on
»J 94} ULody
S
) WNVANOOAT
I
S AI9AD JO d9RFINS JapuN
INL
IT UWsaarjoq souvlquiasay (onevuasodeuds) uvmarnyy
£ a4v SIANSY 77 FE
*yoyd ‘uosut
DILOINT
(1) WNIINOHLI
Plate XXIII.
Lond. 1900.
Soc.
Ent.
Trans.
“AXX pue ‘AlXX Se}e[q uo uMays o1e soloeds pons su} |e
Ajze9u JO SUMO] poweg ‘uMEYS sedejuns Jepun pue reddq ‘eueINy Ysug ‘OAT O1e}Og 9} WO]
[J49}]Ng SsUTIUOUIA7] pUe sUTUODTIaH ‘aueatODA7] ‘OUITUIOY}] UseMjeq SsoUR|qUIOSeY (ONeUIesodeUAS) UeLOT[NW
UyA Sol
"PIT ‘YSI9]
S ¥ eipuy ‘aZIS JDANJDU ayy fo = jnogv aav Saansif ]]V
pyunuispd
HWNVALOOA'I
() WNIINOWAT
‘
DaAookT S8A2D_ fy ~VAAOIKT
‘ SSUIA PULY yAep
*xuld ‘JysIuy, SOCIOL
.
-¢
i
4
,
2 >
ort
an .
*
,
'
7 a ~
*
can ao
2
)
<
o > -
A
Plate AXALTI.
Lond., 1006.
nt. Soc.
Ee
Trans.
YSl91S 7 espuy
‘S[PPOW (VIUZUY[q) SUleeIy pue (sLuNDUY) sULEUeC 4194} YA 19YyIeS0} ‘WopsUYO! D#AIP JO SUIO.4
"aZIS ]DANJDU aYyj atv SaAnsyf YW
"epurs!) “AA
“O10 [,
PISOpOyy
BESS)
,
a : Bee
oer fo SUMO yy
“SOTINTIN Fe ee Re (Oe
“BULBPAIY pue 2ulpuog
‘youd ‘uosulqoy pearly
7
EXT.
Plate X
Trans. Eent. Soc. Lond. TQ00.
"3}e[q Surpaoaid ay} Jo aansy Surpuodsazs09 ayy ut UAMAYS St poyuosardar
:SSUIM pUIy poeiieq YIM ‘sorpyseqng
*OD).28
AqAav
1
i
i
\\
A ~~
Gy cv NINOOITaES
‘BURINX) YSU ‘IAAT o1ejog
PULMOST[O FT pue IULIIOOAT “OUIIWOYIT UIIMj9q JOULTOULISI YT (
‘921s JVAnNIwU ayy fo =
oy}
stay uauttoads AraA9d Jo aovjans soddn ayy
WOT
IAD SIANSY 77
‘waqunursng 207]
(Z) G7 NV
al
(J) WNIINOHLI
*S2-
one
677
‘youd ‘
tuasodeuds) uemeynyy
uoSsUIgOY payly
DILOMT
oe
Be snd at eng ;
s
2
Lo
:
re
r
4 .
,
=pen
f :
i
cf
0
'
te
:
r
=
Ae
ae
ie =
” me =
a
fe
;
= wes
:
: }
,
=
_
T
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate DOWIE
ITHOMIINE. _ HELICONIN &.
7 a
Melinea mareme (7). fleliconius numata (7).
Alfred Robinson, phot. ; Witherby & Co.
All figure S are 5 of the natural size.
Parallel transition from barred to black hind wing in an Ithomiine butterfly and its Heliconine
(Miillerian) Mimic; from the Potaro River, British Guiana.
Trans. F-nt. Soc. Lond. r 906. Plate XX VIZ,
LYCOREANA. LYCOREANZE.
Lycorea = pasinuntia (6).
“Lycorea
Alfred Robinson, phot. Witherby & Co.
All figures are about 2 of the natural size.
Parallel Transition from barred to black hind wing in two Lycoreane butterflies ; from the
Potaro River, British Guiana.
7 7 -
say ee
re a a Pee oe ns Lo
eee a a i
4
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906. Plate XXVIII,
Mine of Larva of Trochilium andrenzeforme.
(Naitral size.)
m Photos by
1. Sparrow,
indel Square, N.
teh,
if
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906. Plate XXIX.
= SEO
Sy ie) SS , : : nar Be: oS ‘
H. leucophzearia, on oak-bark. 2, T. biundularia, on oak-bark
Bryophila perla, on
5. Bryophila muralis, on stone. 6. Bryophila muralis, on stone.
A. H. Hamm, phot. All figures are the natural size, Andre & Sleigh.
British Moths in their natural attitudes of rest on Bark or Stone.
Photographed from Nature in 1902.
Trans. Fint. Soe Lond.1906 PL XXX.
H.Knight delet lith West,Newman imp.
GEES TOR i iS lc Aw hye
Trans. Lent. Soc. Lond. 1900. Plate XXX.
= cate \
Luphis
phryne (
se ; 3-7 captured
a May 19th, 1905,
at Buliling, Bali,
by R. Shelford.
Witherby & Co.
All figures are about 15 of the natural size.
Diaposematism in the upper-side pattern of Huphina and Sxias from Bali. The fore
wing of the 2 Zxzas (7) resembles that of the 2 Huphina (6); the hind wing in
the § and 2? Auphina (3-6) resembles that of the 2 /xzas (7). Compare Huphina
phryne from India (1, 2).
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate XXXII.
bo
Alfred Robinson, phot. Witherby & Co.
All the figures are the natural size.
Upper and underside of the Moth, Dracenta rusina, and of the Locustid, Plagioptera bicordata,
shewing cryptic resemblance to leaves with holes or transparent areas in them.
South America
ie ., Uae
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