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TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
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THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OFr
LONDON
RO}! Vln E oY BAR
BO) i.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,
LONDON AND BUNGAY.
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET,
CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.,
AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CoO.,
PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. ; AND NEW YORK.
1907-1908.
DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS.
Part I. (Trans., p. 1-182, Proc., i-xxxii) was published 20 June, 1907
> (os: 183-382, ,, Xxxii—xlviil) ss 26 Sept., ,,
ae ALLE 4; 383-414, a 20 Nov.; 9%;
2 LV AC, 415-512, ,, xlix-lxxxvilil) , 14 Feb., 1908
93 Vo. (—————_———_ ,,___ I xxxix-clxvi) ~ 14 April, _,,
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
FouNDED, 1833.
INCORPORATED BY RoyaL CHARTER, 1885.
OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the Session 1907-1908.
President.
CHARLES OWEN WATERHOUSE.
Vice-Presidents.
FREDERIC MERRIFIELD.
EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.R.S., F.L.S.
GEORGE HENRY VERRALL.
Treasurer.
ALBERT HUGH JONES.
Secretaries,
HENRY ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.
CommManpDER JAMES J. WALKER, M.A., B.N., F.L.S.
Librarian,
GEORGE C. CHAMPION, F.ZS.
Other Members of Council.
GILBERT JOHN ARROW.
ARTHUR JOHN CHITTY, M.A.
THOMAS ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S8.
WILLIAM JAMES KAYE, F.L:S.
GEORGE BLUNDELL LONGSTAFF, M.D.
GUY ANSTRUTHER KNOX MARSHALL.
Pror. RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S., F.C.S
LOUIS BEETHOVEN PROUT.
ROBERT SHELFORD, M.A., F.L.S., C.M.ZS
Resident Librarian.
GEORGE BETHELL, F.R.Hist.S.
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CONTENTS:
Explanation of the plates
List of Fellows... me
Additions to the Library i
Errata and Corrigendum He ook és ae Ee a ae-<
MEMOIRS.
XIII.
XIV.
. Notes on the Indo-Australian ae abeiaaee ne! Percy I. See
F.Z.8., F.E.S8.
. On the Hymenopterous Patasites of Ghieosts a. Be Eeansr A
Exxiort, F.Z.8S., and CLaupE Mortey, F.E.S....
. Descriptions of some new Butterflies from Tropical es By
Hamitton H. Drouce, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
. The Larva of wee as ay a ae _Sustroxp, M. i
F.LS. .
oak age mse revision of the Forfieulide (sensu str ssid) and
of the Cheltsochidx, families of the Dermatoptera. pa
Matcotm Burr, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., F.LS., F.G.S. 5
. Catalogue of the Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide ; wih
Descriptions of New Species. By Artuur M. Lea, F.E.S.,
Government Entomologist, Tasmania
. Entomology in N.W. Spain (Galicia and ieoay. By Te o
CuapMAN, M.D., F.Z.S. (Lepidoptera), and G. C. CHAMPION,
F.Z.S. (Coleopter a and Hemiptera) :
. On Some ea ae eee ue eal Gaels MD.,
F.Z.S.
. On a ene He PENA oe ae “Moth felon to
the family Tinetde. By Lrieur.-Cotonet CuHarues T.
Bineuam, F.Z.8., F.H.S. Pa ~
. On the remarkable resemblance between two species of Molippe
By E. DuKINFIELD JoNES, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
. The Life History of Tetropium gabrielt, Ws. = T. abe
Sharp = 7. crawshaa ys Shae etc. By the REv. . GA: Craw-
sHAY, M.A., F.E.S.
. Studies of the Tetriginae (Or pines in the Oxford Uinivomiey
9
Museum. By J. L. Hancock, M.D., F.E.S. (Chicago)
The Life History of pee tonite Horsf. By Joun C. W.
KerrsHaw, F.Z.S._ ...
On the egg-cases and ee ast of | some South Paes
Cassididx. By J. C. Kersaaw, F.Z.S., and FREDERICK
9.
Murr, F.E.S. .
PAGE
Viil
ix
XXV
XXix
PAGE
91
. 147
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX,
XXVI.
XXVII.
() Ciwaid |)
PAGE
Life History of Tessaratoma papillosa, Thunberg. By J. C.
Kerrsuaw, F.Z.8. With Notes on the teu AEe, ore
and stink-glands by FrepERIcK Murr, F.E.S. . 253
The Structure and Life History of the Holly-fly. By Pro-
FESSOR L. C. Miaru, F.R.S., and T. H. Taytor nee . 259
The Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). By Ernest Ewart
Unwin, M.Sc. Communicated by Prorressor L. C. Mratt,
FE.R.S. ee 5h see ae ise er Be ..- 285
Odonata collected by Lizut.-CoLtoneL Nurss, chiefly in North-
Western India. By Kennetao J. Morton, F.E.S. ... ... 303
Entomological Observations and Captures during the visit of
the British Association to South Africa in 1905. By F. A.
Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., and G. B. Lonestarr, M.A.,
M.D. WRC Ps FES. ... aE . 809
. A List of the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. coe MALcoLM
Cameron, M.B., R.N., and A. Caruana Gatto, LL.D. ... 383
. Life History of i as ee letlus, L. ae L. es
FU eee . 405
. The Hibernation of Jfarasmarcha. By T. A. Cuarman, M.D.,
EUZS. (05 Bee Sue aes tes : . 411
. The Life History, and Occurrence as eae of Lomechusa
strumosa, F. By H. Sr. J. DonistHorps, F.Z.S8., F.E.S. ... 415
. On a large series of Wycterihiidx, parasitic Diptera, from Cey-
lon. By Huex Scorr, B.A. ate Communicated by
J. EK. Corin, F.E.S. ee AG .. 421
. The Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. _Byl LigvT. -COLONEL
N. Manpers, F.Z.8., F.E.S. sie Joe ... 429
Studies of the Blattidw. By R.Suetrorp, M.A.,F.L.S. ... 455
Notes and Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide.
By HE. Meynics, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8. Bos a0 Bee fll
Proceedings for 1907 oes asi mn one ae wae ... I-)xxxviil
Annual Meeting... baie eee A ote ae ves Ma Ikessabe
President’s Address wee 285 at ams we ses ae xcev
General
Index oa se awe Ee ARs ae bie Rae eviii
Special Index Eas Bs noe ees ao Ses ar tee CXV
Plate I.
Plate II.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
See page 6 Plate XXI. See page 244
7 82 Plate XXII. “4 248
Plate III. a 88 Plate XXIII. . 258
Plate IV. S 134 Plate XXIV. Ae 308
Plates V—-XI. = 171 Plate XXV. “ 381
Plate XII. e 176 Plates XXVI,XXVII._ ,, 410
Plate XIII. 2s 179 Plate XX VIII. on 414
Plate XIV. 4 182 Plate XXIX. 5 454
Plates XV-XX. a 212
Pist of Fellows
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Date of HONORARY FELLOWS.
Election.
1900 Avrtivinitus, Professor Christopher, Stockholm.
1905 Bortvar, Don Ignacio, Paseo de Recoletos Bajo, 20, Madrid.
1901 Fasre, J. H., Sérignan, Vaueliuse, France.
1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland.
1906 GaneLBAUER, Professor Ludwig von, Hof Musewm, Vienna.
1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome.
1906 RuureR, Professor Opo Morannat, The University, Helsingfors,
Finland.
1895 ScuppER, Samuel Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
1885 Swnewuuen, P. C. T., Rotterdam.
1893 WattEenwyt, Hofrath Dr. Carl Brunner Von, Lerchenfeldstrasse 28,
Vienna,
1898 Wetsmann, Dr. August, Freiburg, Baden.
FELLOWS.
Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.
Marked * have died during the year.
Date of
Election.
1901 + ApaiR, Sir Frederick E. 8., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay.
1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.S., 50, Ashley-gardens, Victoria-
street, S.W.
1877 Avpams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N.
1902 ADKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent.
1885 ADKIN, Robert, Wellfield, Lingards-road, Lewisham, S.E.
1904 Agar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. W. Indies.
1904 ALpDERSON, Miss E. Maude, Park House, Worksop, Notts.
1899 AnprRews, Henry W., Shirley, Welling, 8S.0., Kent.
1901 Awnine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C.
1907 ARNOLD, G., University of Liverpool, Liverpool.
1899 + Arrow, Gilbert J., 87, Union-grove, Clapham, S.W.; and British
Museum (Natural History), Cromwwell-road, S.W.
Gr s:2)
1907 Asupy, Sydney R., 119, Greenvale-road, Eltham-park, Kent.
1886 Armorg, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn.
1850 | AvEBuRY, The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.GS.,
etc., High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.
1901 Bacor, Arthur W., 154, Lower Clapton-road, N.E.
1904 | BaGnat., Richard 8., South Hylton, nr. Sunderland.
1903 Baupoog, G. R., Oakburn Villa, Enfield Highway, Middlesex.
1886 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle, Wareham.
1890 Barcuay, Francis H., F.G.S., The Warren, Cromer.
1886 Bareacui, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1,
Florence, Italy.
1895 Barker, Cecil W., The Bungalow, Malvern, Natal, South Africa.
1887 Barker, H. W., 147, Gordon-road, Peckham, 8.E.
1902 Barraup, Philip J., Bushey Heath, Watford.
1907 Barrier, H. Frederick D., 113, Richmond-park-road, Bournemouth.
1894 Bateson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College,
Cambridge, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge.
1904 Bayne, Arthur F., Gerencia, Ferro Carril del Sud, Plaza Constitu-
tion, Buenos Ayres.
1896 f BEARE, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., 10, Regent Terrace,
Edinburgh.
1905 Beprorp, The Duke of, K.G., Pres. Z.S., etc., Woburn Abbey, Beds.
1899 BepweE tt, Ernest C., Bonnicot, The Grove, Coulsdon, Surrey.
1903 Berxu-Maruey, H. W., c/o Messrs. Chiazzari and Co., P.O. Box 3,
Point-street, Natal.
1904 BeEnersson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ;
Curator, Entomological Collection of the University.
1897 Bennett, W. H., 15, Wellington-place, Hastings.
1906 Brnratt, E. E., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex.
1885 Brrnuns-BakeEr, George T., F.L.S., 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.
1895 Bevan, Lieutenant H. G. R., R.N., 38, The Common, Woolwich.
1880 Brianewi, George Carter, The Ferns, Homepark-road, Saltash.
1895 Brnenam, Lieut.-Col. Charles T., F.Z.S., Bombay Staff Corps,
6 Gwendwr-road, West Kensington, W.
1891 Buaser, W. H., F.L.S., 12, Great Castle-street, Regent-street, W.
1904 Brack, James E., Nethercroft, Peebles.
1904 Buarr, Kenneth G., 23, West Hill, Highgate, N.
1889 BuanprorD, Walter F. H., M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Arundel Gardens,
Ladbroke-grove, W.
1885 Buatuwayt, Lieut.-Col. Linley, F.L.S., Hagle House, Batheaston,
Bath.
1904 Buss, Maurice Frederick, Coningsburgh, Montpelier-road, Ealing, W.
1886 Buoomrretp, The Rey. Edwin Newson, M.A., Guestling Rectory,
Hastings.
Cm)
1903 Boaus, W. A., Wilts and Dorset Bank, Salisbury.
1907 Bonnet, Alexandre, 364s, Boulevard Bineaw (Newilly-sur-Seine),
Seine.
1891 Booru, George A., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Carnforth.
1875 Borrer, Wm., F.G.S., Pakyns Manor House, Hurstpierpoint,
Hassocks, R.S.O., Sussex.
1902 Bosrock, E. D., Holly House, Stone, Staffs.
1904 Bovuraeots, Jules, Ste. Marie-awx-Mines, Markirch, Germany.
1892 BousketL, Frank, Market Bosworth, Nuneaton.
1888 Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst.
1894 + Bowxss, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross.
1852 + Born, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, 8.E.
1893 BraBant, Edouard, Chdteaw de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord),
France.
1905 Bracken, Charles W., B.A., 5, Carfre Terrace, Lipson, Plymouth.
1907 Brain, Charles Kimberlin, 29, Rosmead Avenue, Tamboers Kloof,
Cape Colony.
1904 Brinceman, Lieut. The Hon. Richard O. B., R.N., Weston Park,
Shifnal, Salop, and H.M.S. ‘‘ Hibernia,” Channel Fleet.
1877 Briaas, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.0., N. Devon.
1870 Brices, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.0., N.
Devon.
1894 Bricut, Percy M., Chunar, Lansdowne-road, Bournemouth.
1878 Broun, Major Thomas, Drury, Auckland, New Zealand.
1902 Broucuron, Captain T. Delves, R.E., R.A. and R. E. Mess, Malta.
1904 Brown, Henry H., Castlefield Tower, Cupar, Fife, N.B.
1886 Brown, John, 123, Mawson-road, Cambridge.
1898 + Bucuan-Heppurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeuton-
Hepburn, Prestonkirk.
1907 Buxue, Arthur, F.S.A., The Old Vicarage, Midsomer Norton,
Somersetshire.
1902 Buuuer, Arthur Percival, Wellington, New Zealand.
1896 | Burr, Malcolm, B.A., F.LS., F.ZS., F.GS., A.R.S.M., Royal
Societies Club, St. James’s, S.W., and Shepherdswell, nr. Dover.
1868 + Butter, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.8., The Lilies, Penge-road,
Beckenham.
1883 Burner, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc., 56, Cecile-Park, Crouch End, N.
1902 Burier, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading.
1905 BurterFiED, Jas. A., B.Se., Comrie, Eglinton Hill, Plumstead.
1904 Byart, Horace A., B.A., Berbera (vidi Aden), Somaliland Protectorate.
1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., R.N. Hospital, Chatham.
1885 CamPBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &¢., Byrnilwydwyn
Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire.
1898 CanpkEzxE, Léon, Mont St. Martin, 75, Liége.
1880 CanspDALE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, 8.E.
1889
1890
1894
1892
1895
1898
1868
1890
1895
1906
1900
1900
1903
¢ -xuey)
Cant, A., 33, Festing-road, Putney, S.W.; and c/o Fredk. DuCane
Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 45, Pont-street, S.W.
CappreER, Samuel James (President of the Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society), Huyton Park, Liverpool.
CaraccioLo, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British
West Indies.
CarPENTER, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, S.W.
CarPEentER, G. H., B.Se., Royal College of Science, Dublin.
CarRPENTER, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead.
CARRINGTON, Charles, Meadowcroft, Horley, Surrey.
Carter, George Wm., M.A., F.L.S., Hecleshall Castle, Staffordshire.
Carter, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., 43, Charing Cross, W.C., and
Government House, Nassau, Bahamas.
Carter, H. J., B.A., Ascham, Darling Point, Sydney, N.S. Wales.
Carter, J. W., 28, Mannheim-road, Bradford.
Cassa, R. T., M.R.C.S., Ballaugh, Isle of Man.
CaTtLE, John Rowland, Nettleton Manor, Caistor, Lincolnshire.
1889 + Cave, Charles J. P., Ditcham Park, Petersfield.
1900
1871
1891
1902
1897
1902
CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham.
CHAMPION, George C., F.Z.S., Lisrartan, Heatherside, Horsell,
Woking ; and 45, Pont-street, S.W.
CHAPMAN, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F'.Z.8., Betula, Reigate.
CHARNLEY, James Roland, The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston,
Lancashire.
CHAwNER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.
CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o Mrs. G. Lindgrin, 75, North-street, Greyville,
Durban.
1891*}Cuirry, Arthur John, M.A., 27, Hereford-square, S.W.; and Hunt-
1905
1889
ingfield, Faversham, Kent.
CHOPARD, Lucien, 98, Bd. St. Germain, Paris.
Cueisty, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth.
1886 + CLuaRrK, John Adolphus, 57, Weston Park, Crouch End, N.
1867
1904
1873
1899
1906
1901
1900
1892
1886
1867
1895
CiaRKE, Alex. Henry, 109, Warwith-road, Earls Court, S.W.
CockayNnE, Edward A., 16, Cambridge-sqware, London, W.
Coir, William, F.L.S., Springfield, Buckhurst Hill, Esse.
Cotuin, James E., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.
CoLtincr, Walter E., M.Sc., Director of the Cooper Research
Laboratory, Berkhamsted.
Connotp, Edward, F.Z.S., 1, St. Peter’s-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea.
Corton, Dr. John, 126, Prescot-road, St. Helens.
Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.8., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Upcot House,
Taunton.
CowE.L, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library),
William Brown-street, Liverpool.
Cox, Herbert Ed., Claremont, Jamaica.
CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester.
( xiii)
1906 CrawsHay, The Rev. George A., M.A., Melchbowrn Vicarage,
Sharnbrook, S.0., Beds.
1890 Crews, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.
1880 | Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P., 17, Throgmorton-avenue, E.C.,
and Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames.
1907 Crort, Edward Octavius, M.D., 28, Hyde-terruce, Leeds.
1902 CrurrwELt, The Rev. Canon Charles Thomas, M.A., Hwelme
Rectory, Wallingford.
1901 Dapp, Edward Martin, Annastrasse 6, Zehlendorf, bei Berlin.
1900 DauerisH, Andrew Adie, 21, Prince’s-street, Glasgow.
1907 Dames, Felix L., Steglitz, Berlin.
1886 Dannatt, Walter, Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, 8.E.
1905 Davipson, James D., 32, Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh.
1903 Day, F. H., 151, Goodwin-terrace, Carlisle.
1898 Day, G. O., Parr’s Bank-house, Knutsford.
1905 Dewar, W. R., Government Entomologist, Orange River Colony.
1875 Distant, Wim. Lucas, Shannon-lodge, Selhurst-road, South Norwood,
S.E.
1887 Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Fellow and Bursar of
Wadham College, Wadham College, Oxford.
1895 Dosson, H. T., Jvy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden, S.0., Surrey.
1905 Dopp, Frederick P., Kwranda, vid Cairns, North Queensland.
1906 Doxuman, Hereward, Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.
1903 Donumay, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.
1906 Doncaster, Leonard, M.A., The University, Birmingham.
1891 DonistHorpe, Horace St. John K., F.Z.8., 58, Kensington-mansions ,
South Kensington, 8.W.
1885 Donovan, Major Charles, M.D., R.A.M.C., Ardmore, Passage West,
County Cork.
1884 Drucr, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.8., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s
Wood, N.W.
1867 Drucr, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.8., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood,
N.W.
1900 Drury, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking.
1894 Dupexon, G. C., The Imperial Institute, South Kensington.
1907 DusErR, YEEND, Tokyo, Japan.
1906 DUKINFIELD-JoNES, E., Castro, Reigate.
1883 Durrant, John Hartley, The Cottage, Merton Hall, Thetford.
1890 Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalming.
1865 Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., Pentlands, Mill-road, West
Worthing, Sussex.
1904 Eckrorp, George, F.Z.S., c/o Sir Morgan Tuite, Bart., Kilruane,
Nenagh, co. Tipperary, Ireland.
1902 Eprtsten, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.
(( tiv),
1886 Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham.
1884 Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.8., 15, St. Germans-place, Black-
heath, 8.E.
1900 Exuiort, E. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W.
1900 Exuis, H. Willoughby, Knowle, Birmingham.
1886 Exuis, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool.
1903 Enrrinenay, Harry, M.A., F.Z.8., Hastgarth, Westoe, South Shields.
1878 Ewes, Henry John, J.P., F.RS., F.LS., F.Z.S., Colesborne,
Cheltenham.
1886 Ewnock, Frederick, F.L.8., 13, Tufnell Park Road, London, N.
1903 Erseripcr, Robert, Curator, Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W.
1899 FarmBorouGH, Percy W., F.Z.8., Lower Edmonton, N.
1890 Farn, Albert Brydges, Brinton Lodge, near Hereford.
1907 FrarueEr, Walter, c/o British Somaliland Fibre and Development
Co., Berbera, Somaliland, EH. Africa.
1900 Fe.rnam, H. L. L., P. 0. Box, 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal.
1861 Fenn, Charles, Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E,
1886 FeEnwick, Nicolas Percival, The Gables, New-road, Esher.
1889 FERNALD, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.
1878 Finzi, John A., 53, Hamilton-terrace, N.W.
1900 Firtra, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.
1874 Fircu, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon.
1905 Freer, Wilfred James, Imatra, King’s Road, Bowrnemouth.
1900 Fiemyne, The Rev. W. Westropp, M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw, Co.
® Waterford.
1898 F.Lercuer, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., H.M.S. “Sealark,” Special Service.
1883 + FuercHErR, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor.
1905 FLoERsHEIM, Cecil, 16, Kensington Court Mansions, 8.W.
1885 Foxker, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands.
1900 Founkes, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultural College,
Newport, Salop.
1898 Fountaine, Miss Margaret, The Studios, 1, Shireff-road, West
Hampstead, N.W.; and Orrisdale, Florida-road, Durban, Natal.
1880 FowuEer, The Rev. Canon, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., Harley Vicarage,
near Reading.
1883 FREEMAN, Francis Ford, Abbotsfield, Tavistock.
1896 FREKE, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone.
1888 FReEmuin, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Wereworth, Maidstone.
1903 FRreNcuH, Charles, F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Victoria,
Australia.
1891 Frouawk, F. W., Ashmount, Rayleigh.
1906 | Fry, Harold Armstrong, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaa
Colony.
1900 Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs.
1907 Fryer, John Claud Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs,
( xv )
1876 Futter, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill,
Sydenham, 8.E.
1898 Fuuer, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.
1904 Furnivat, Thomas F., 63, Coleman-st., E.C.
1887 GaHAN, Charles Joseph, M.A., Whyola, Lonsdale-road, Bedford
Park, W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-
road, S.W.
1892 Garps, Philip de la, R.N., 44, Northumberland-place, Teignmouth.
1890 GarpngrR, John, Lawrel Lodge, Hart, West Hartlepool.
1901 | GarpnerR, Willoughby, F.L.S., Deganwy, N. Wales.
1899 GrLpDART, William Martin, M.A., Trinity College, Oxford.
1906 + Grsgs, Arthur Ernest, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Kitchener's Meads, St.
Albans.
1907 GitEs, Henry Murray, Perth, W. Australia.
1902 GintanpERs, A. T., Park Cottage, Aliwick.
1904 GriLrat, Francis, B.A., Forest Dene, Worth, Sussex. '
1865 + GopMaN, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.8., South
Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; 7, Carlos-place, Grosvenor-
square; and 45, Pont-street, S.W.
1890 Go.prHwalrt, Oliver C., 5, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, 8.E.
1886 + GooprRicH, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Brislington House, near
Bristol.
1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent.
1898 Gorpon, J.G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtownshire.
1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.0., Wigtown-
shire.
1855 Goruam, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., Highcroft, Great Malvern.
1874 Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., The Avenue, Surbiton Hil, Surrey.
1891+ Green, E. Ernest, Government Entomologist, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon; and Mote Hall, Bearsted, Kent.
1894 GREEN, J. F., F.Z.S., West Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.
1898 GrEENSHIELDS, Alexander, 38, Blenheim-gardens, Willesden, N.W.
1899 GREENWOOD, Edgar, 49, Melrose-avenue, Cricklewood, N.W.
1893 + GREENWooD, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Whitsbury House, Salisbury.
1888 GrirritHs, G. C., F.Z.S., 43, Caledonian-place, Clifton, Bristol.
1894 GrimsHaw, Percy H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.
1905 Grist, Charles J., Apsley, Banstead, Surrey.
1869 Gross-SmitH, Henley, J.P., B.A., F.Z.S.,5, Bryanston-square, Hyde
Park, W.
1906 Guinness, H. 8S. A., Balliol College, Oxford, and Chesterfield,
Blackrock, County Dublin.
1906 Gurney, Gerard H., Keswick Hall, Norwich.
1906 Haut, Arthur, 16, Park Hill Rise, Croydon.
1890 + Haut, A. E., Cranfield House, Southwell, Notts.
(so A
1885 Hatt, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon.
1898 Hamuiyn-Harris, R., D.Sc, F.Z.8., F.R.M.S., Toowoomba Grammar
School, Queensland, Australia,
1891 Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., 62, Stanhope-
gardens, S.W.
1891 Hawneury, Frederick J., F.L.8., Siainforth House, Upper Clapton, N.E.
1905 + Hancock, Joseph L., 3757, Indiana Avenue, Chicago, U.S.A.
1903. Hares, E. J., Dunham, Boscombe, Hants.
1904 Harris, Edward, St. Conan’s, Chingford, Essex.
1897 | Harrison, Albert, F.LS.- F.C.8., Delamere, Grove-road, South
Woodford, Essex.
1907 Harrison, Bernard H. D., Claremont, Ashleigh-road, Barnstaple.
1906 * Heate, The Rev, William Henry, Penn Vicarage, Wolverhampton.
1881 Henry, George, Ivy Bank, 112, London-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea.
1908 Herron, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road, Luton, Beds.
1898 Heron, Francis A., B.A., British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell-road, S.W.
1876 + Hitman, Thomas Stanton, Hustgate-street, Lewes.
1907 Hoar, Thomas Frank Partridge, Quea-lodge, West Hnd Lane,
Hampstead, N.W.
1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive,
Lytham.
1902 Hous, R.8., c/o Messrs. King and Co., Bombay.
1887 Houianp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pitisburg,
Penn., U.S.A.
1898 Honman-Hunt, C. B., Rim Estate, Jasin, Malacca.
1901 Hopson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.L.S., 30, Thurlow-road,
Rosslyn Hill, N.W.
1897 Horne, Arthur, 60, Gladstone-place, Aberdeen.
1903 Hovauron, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop.
1907 Howarp, C. W., Acting Government, Transvaal.
1900 Howes, George H., Box 180, Dunedin, New Zealand.
1907 How.err, Frank M., M.A., The Agricultural Department, Pusa,
Bengal, India.
1865 + Hupp, A. E., 108, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol,
1888 Hupson, George Vernon, Hill View, Karori, Wellington, New
Zealand,
1907 Huauss, C. N., Knightstone, Cobham, Surrey.
1897 ImageE, Selwyn, M.A., 20, Filzroy-street, Fitzroy-square, W.
1891 IsapeLL, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen, R.S.0., Cornwall.
1907 Jack, Rupert Wellstood, Assistant Entomologist, Department of
Agriculture, Cape of Good Hope.
1907 Jackson, P. H., 112, Balham-park-road, S.W.
1907 JAcost, Professor Doctor A., Director of Zoology, and Anthropology
in the Ethnographical Museum, Dresden, Saxony.
( xvii >)
1886 * Jacopy, Martin, 1, The Mansions, Hillfield-road, West Hampstead,
1869
1898
1886
1899
1886
1907
1889
1888
NW
JANSON, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44,
Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
JANSON, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.
JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, 209, School Hill, Lewes.
JENNINGS, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N.
JoHN, Evan, Llantrisant, R.S.O., Glamorganshire.
JOHNSON, Chas. Fielding, Mayfield, Brinington Crescent, Stockport.
Jounson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass,
Co. Armagh.
Jones, Albert H., TREASURER, Shrublands, Eltham, Kent.
1894 + JorpAN, Dr. K., The Museum, Tring.
1902
1884
1884
Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading.
Kang, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.I.A., Drumleaske House,
Monaghan.
Kappet, A. W., F.L.S., Linnean Society, Burlington House, W.
1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds,
1896 + Kayg, William James, Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton.
1907
1902
1890
1904
1898
1901
1906
1900
1889
1861
1893
1905
1889
Katty, Albert Ernest McClure, Assistant Entomologist, Department
of Agriculture, Natal, S.A.
Kemp, Stanley W., 21, Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin.
Kenrick, G. H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
KersHaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent.
KersHaw, J. A., Morton Banks, Lewisham-road, Windsor,
Melbourne, Victoria.
KersHaw, John C., Macao, China.
Keynes, John Neville, M.A., D.Sc., 6, Harvey-road, Cambridge.
Krys, James H., Morwell, Freedom-villas, Lipson-road, Plymouth.
Kine, J. J. F. X., Lecturer on Economic Entomology at the West of
Scotland Agricultural College, 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvin-
side, Glasgow.
Kirey, William F., F.L.S., Wilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick, W.
KirKkapy, George Willis, Honolulu, Hawait.
KircHen, Vernon Parry, The Priory, Watford.
KuapaALEK, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia.
1887 + Kuen, Sydney T., F.L.S.,F.R.A.S., Hatherlow, Raglan-road, Reigate.
1876
1868
1900
1901
1895
1899
1901
Kraatz, Dr. G., 28, Link-strasse, Berlin.
Lana, Colonel A. M., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford.
Lane, The Rev. H. C., M.D., All Saints’ Vicarage, Southend-on-Sea.
Laruy, Percy I., Fox Hall, Enfield.
Larter, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.
Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Hobart, Tasmania.
LetcH, George F., 4, Cuthberts Buildings, West-street, Durban,
Natal.
b
( xviii)
1883 LeMmaNN, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.
1892 Leste, J. Henry, 5, Cecil Mansions, Marius-road, Balham, 8.W.
1898 Lerapripce, Ambrose G., Nordrach-on-Dee, Banchory, N.B.;
Guards Club, Pall Mall, 8.W.
1903 + Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks.
1898 Lewis, E.J., F.L.S., Stainmore, South Hill, Bromley, Kent.
1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., Victoria Cottage, Little Common, Beaxhill-
on-Sea.
1902 Lewis, J. H., Ophir, Otago, New Zealand.
1892 Licurroot, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.
1903 LirrLer, Frank M., Althorne, High-street, Lawnceston, Tasmania.
1865 | Lurwetyy, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart. M.A, F.LS.,
Penllergare, Swansea.
1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor.
1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, 1, 5 and 6, The Albany, Piccadilly, W.
1903. LorrHousE, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.
1904 + Lonestarr, George Blundell, M.D., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W.
1899 Lounspury, Charles P., B.Sc., Government Entomologist, Cape
Town, 8S. Africa.
1894 Lows, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey.
1893 Lower, Oswald B., St. Oswalds, Bartley Crescent, Wayville, South
Australia.
1901 Lowenr, Rupert 8., Davonport-terrace, Wayville, South Australia.
1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-Thames,
1904 Lurr, W. A., La Chawmiére, Brock-road, Guernsey.
1880 Lupron, Henry, Devonia, Torquay.
1903 Lys xt, G., Junr., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia.
1901 Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.GS., 74, McTavish-street, Montreal,
Canada.
1906 McCarrison, D. L., Indian Police Forces, Madras Club, Madras.
1887 M‘Doueatt, James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath, 8.E.
1888 Mackinnon, P. W., Lynndale, Mussoorie, N.W.P., India.
1900 Macxwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon.
1898 Mappison, T., South Bailey, Durham.
1899 + Marty, Hugh, B.Se., Almondale, Buckingham-road, South Woodford,
N.E.
1905 Matty, Charles Wm., M.Se., Graham’s Town, Cape Colony.
1887 Manprers, Lieut.-Colonel Neville, R.A.M.C., F.Z.S., c/o Sir C,
McGrigor, 25, Charles-street, St. James’s-square, 8.W.
1892 MAnsBRIDGE, William, 4, Norwich-road, Wavertree, Liverpool.
1894 f MaRsHALL, Alick, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent.
1895 MarsHaut, Guy Anstruther Knox, 6, Chester-place, Hyde Park-
square, W.
1896 Marsnatt, P., M.A., B.Sc, F.G.S., University School of Mines,
Dunedin, New Zealand.
(, ag)
1856 + MarsHAtt, William, V.M.H., F.R.H.S., Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O.,
Kent.
1897 Martineau, Alfred H., Solihull, Birmingham.
1895 Masszy, Herbert, Zvy-Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Manchester.
1865 MatHew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., Lee House,
Dovercourt, Harwich.
1887 MartrHews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, Plymouth.
1900 Maxwett-Lerroy, H., Entomologist to the Government of India,
Agricultural Institute, Pusa, Bengal.
1899 May, Harry Haden, 12, Windsor Terrace, Plymouth.
1904 MeapE-Watpo, Geoffrey, Stonewall Park, Edenbridge, Kent.
1872+ Metpoua, Professor Raphael, F.RS., F.CS., 6, Brunswick-
square, W.C.
1885 MeELvILL, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.
1887 MERRIFIELD, Frederic, VICE-PRESIDENT, 14, Clifton-terrace, Brighton.
1906 Merriman, Gordon, 96, Finchley-road, Hampstead, N.W.
1905 Merry, Rev. W. Mansell, M.A., St. Wichael’s, Oxford.
1888 Meryvyer-Darctis, G., c/o Sogin and Meyer, Wohlen, Switzerland.
1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.Z.8., F.R.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough.
1894 Maur, Louis Compton, F.R.S., Norton Way, N. Letchworth.
1883 Mines, W. H., The New Club, Calcutta.
1906 MuircHent-Hepers, Frederic Albert, 42, Kensington Park Gardens, W.
1905 Mutrorp, Robert Sidney, C.B., 35, Redcliffe Square, S.W.
1896 MopeErty, J. C., M.A., Woodlands, Bassett, Southampton.
1879 Mownretrro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar,
Lisbon.
1902 Monreomery, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shalimar Gardens, Pembridge-
road, North Acton, N.
1853 * Moore, Frederic, D.Sc., A.L.S., F.Z.S., 17, Waple-road, Penge, S.E.
1899 Moors, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe.
1907 Moors, Mrs. Catharine Maria, Holmefield, Oakholme-rd., Sheffield.
1886 Moraeay, A. C. F., F.L.S., 1385, Oakwood-court, Kensington, W.
1889 + Moricr, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford,
Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking.
1895 ¢ Morey, Claude, The Hill House, Monk’s Soham, Suffolk.
1907 Mortimer, Charles H., Wigmore, Holmwood.
1893 Morton, Kenneth J., 13, Blackford-road, Edinburgh.
1900 Moser, Julius, 60, Bulow-strasse, Berlin.
1882 Mostey, 8. L., The Musewm and Technical College, Huddersfield.
1907 Mouton, John C., The Hall, Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts.
1901 + Morr, Frederick, H.S8.P.A. Hxperiment Station, Honolulu, Oahu, H.T.
1907 Moxa, M. G., Hyderabad (Sind), India.
1869 f MiuuerR, Albert, F.R.G.S., c/o Herr A. Miiller-Mechel, Gren-
zacherstrasse, 60, Basle, Switzerland.
1872 + Murray, Lieut.-Col. H., 43, Cromwell Houses, Cromwell-road, S.W.
1906 Muscuamp, Percy A. H., Institut, Stifa, nr. Zurich, Switzerland,
( xXx )
1903 Neave, 8. A., B.A., Mill Green Park, Ingatestone.
1896 Nersuam, Robert, Utrecht House, Queen’s-road, Clapham Park, S.W.
1889 Nervinson, Basil George, M.A., F.Z.S., 3, Tedworth-square,
Chelsea, S.W.
1901 Nevinson, E. B., Morland, Cobham, Surrey.
1907 Newman, Leonard Woods, Bexley, Kent.
1890 NewstEAD, R., Johnston Tropical Laboratory, University, Liverpool.
1900 NicuHoxt, Mrs. M. Dela B., Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, Glamorganshire.
1904 NicHoxson, W. A., 36, Promenade, Portobello, N.B.
1886 NicHouson, William E., School Hill, Lewes.
1906 Nix, John Ashburner, Tilgate, Crawley, Sussex.
1893 Nonrrisp, A. F., Rakonitz, Bohemia.
1878 NorripGe, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.
1895 Nurse, Lt.-Colonel C. G., 33rd Punjabis, Jubbulpore, Central
Provinces, India.
1869 OserRtHir, Charles, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France.
1877 OpertuHiirn, René, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France.
1893 + OcLE, Bertram 8., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire.
1893 OxiveR, John Baxter, 22, Ranelagh Villas, Hove, Brighton.
1873 Ottvier, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.
1895 Paas, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine’s Park, S.E.
1898 Pauuiser, H. G., Holmwood, Addlestone, Surrey.
1907 Prap, Clement H., Box 83, Hast Rand, Transvaal.
1883 P&RINGUEY, Louis, South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa.
1903 + PERKrNs, R. C. L., B.A., Board of Agriculture, Division of Ento-
mology, Honolulu, Hawaii.
1879 PERKINS, Vincent Robert, Wotton-under-Edge.
1907 + Perrins, J. A. D., Ardross Castle, by Alness, N.B.
1900 Puiuirs, The Rev. W. J. Leigh, The Cottage, Parkwood-road,
Tavistock.
1897 Puiuiips, Hubert C., M.R.C.S., L.S.A., 262, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-
park, W.
1903 ¢ Puiuuirs, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., 22, Petherton-road, High-
bury, New Park, N.
1901 PicKert, C. P., 99, Dawlish-road, Leyton, Essex.
1891 Pierce, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.
1901 PrirrarD, Albert, Felden, Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead.
1903 PritcuER, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133, Gloucester-
road, Kensington, S.W.
1885 Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort van de, Driebergen, Netherlands.
1870 ¢ Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.8., Mayfield, Edgerton, Huddersjield.
1884 + PouLton, Professor Edward B., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
F.Z.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,
Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford.
1905 Powe.L, Harold, 7, Rue Mireille, Hyéres (Var), France.
( pum)
1906 Prarr, H.C., Government Entomologist, Federated Malay States,
Kwala Lumpur, Malay States.
1878 Pric, David, 48, West-street, Horsham.
1904 Prisk#, Richard A. R., 9, Melbowrne Avenue, West Ealing.
1893 Prout, Louis Beethoven, 246, Richmond-road, Dalston, N.E.
1900 Ratnsow, William J., The Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S. W.
1907 Raywarp, Arthur Leslie, 3, Albert Mansions, Lansdowne Road,
Croydon.
1874 Resp, E. C., Director del Museo de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
1893 Rerp, Captain Savile G., late R.E., Zhe Elms, Yalding, Maidstone.
1898 Revron, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland.
1890 RenpLESHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, Rendlesham Hall, Wood-
bridge.
1898 RevuteER, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland.
1894 Ruipine, William Steer, B.A., M.D., Buckerell Lodge, Honiton.
1853 Rreon, The Most Honble. the Marquis of, K.G., D.C.L., F.R.S.,F.LS.,
etc., 9, Chelsea Embankment, 8.W.
1905 Ropinson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpur,
Selangor.
1892 Rostnson, Sydney C., 10, Inchmory-road, Catford, S.E.
1869 + Roprnson-Dovenas, William Douglas, M.A., F.LS., F.R.G.S.,
Orchardton, Castle Douglas.
1886 Rossz, Arthur J., Glanmor, Berkhamstead.
1907 RosenperG, W. F. H., 57, Haverstock-hill, N.W.
1868 RotHney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper
Norwood, S.E.
1894 + Roruscuitp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
148, Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring.
1888 + RotuscHiLD, The Honble. Walter, D.Sc., M.P., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 148,
Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring.
1890 Rovuttepesr, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.
1887 Rownanp-Brown, Henry, M.A., Secretary, Oxhey-grove, Harrow
Weald.
1903 Row.awnps, Osbert William, Lickey Grange, nr. Bromsgrove.
1898 Russe, A., Wilverley, Dale-road, Purley.
1892 RussEwt, 8. G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C.
1899 RyeEs, William E., B.A., 14, Arthwr-street, Nottingham.
1905 Sr. Quintin, W. H., Scampton Hall, Rillington, York.
1906 Sampson, Major F. Winns, Senior Officers’ Mess, Calabar, Southern
Nigeria, and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, 8.W.
1865 ¢ SaunpERS, Edward, Vicze-PRESIDENT, F.R.S.,F.L.8.,S¢ Ann’s, Mount
Hermon, Woking.
1861 + SaunpERs, G.S8., F.L.8., 20, Dents-road, Wandsworth Common, 8.W.
1886 SaunpmErs, Prof. Wm., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.
1901 Scuaus, W., F.Z.S., Trentham House, Twickenham.
1907
1881
1864
1862
1902
1905
1901
(ox)
ScHMASSMAN, W., 2, Kinnoul-villas, Freezywater, Waltham Cross,
Herts.
Scouuick, A. J., 8, Wayfield-road, Merton Park, Wimbledon.
Semper, George, Klopstock-strasse 23, Altona, Elbe, Germany.
SHarp, David, M.A., MB, F.RS., F.LS., F.Z.S., Lawnside,
Brockenhurst, Hants. ; and University Museum of Zoology and
Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge.
SHarp, W. E., 9, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, 8.E.
SHELDON, W. George, Youlgreave, South Croydon.
SHELFORD, Robert, M.A., F.L.8S., C.M.Z.S., University Museum
(Hope Department), Oxford.
1883* SHELLEY, Capt. George Ernest, F.G.S., F.Z.S., 39, Egerton-gardens,
S.W,
1900 | SHEPHEARD-Watwyyn, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey.
1887
1904
1902
1904
1902
1907
1906
1901
1898
1906
1885
1889
1898
1890
1898
1889
1896
1900
1895
1882
1884
1894
1876
1893
1903
1901
1907
Stow, Alfred, Corney House, Chiswick, W.
Srmmonps, Hubert W., The Mansions, Wellington, New Zealand.
SLADEN, Frederick William Lambart, The Firs, Ripple, Dover.
SuiprER, Rev. T. J. R. A., M.A., Tivetshall Rectory, Norwich.
SLopER, Gerard Orby, Westrop House, Highworth, Wilts.
Sty, Harold Baker, Brackley, Knoll-road, Sidewp, Kent.
SmaLiMay, Raleigh 8., Wressil Lodge, Wimbledon Common, 8.W.
Smirn, Arthur, Cownty Museum, Lincoln.
Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 104, Liverpool-road,
Birkdale, Lancashire.
SourncomsE, Herbert W., J.P., 16, Stanford Avenue, Brighton.
SoutH, Richard, 96, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting, S.W.
STanvDEN, Richard §., F.L.S., Townlands, Lindfield, Sussex.
Stares, C. L. B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Limes, Swanley Junction,
Kent.
Stearns, A. E., 99, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-park, W.
Stepping, Henry, Norham House, Sheen-road, Richmond, Surrey.
Srraton, C. R., F.R.C.S., West Lodge, Wilton, Salisbury.
STRICKLAND, T. A. Gerald, Darlingworth House, Cirencester.
Strupp, E. A. C., Kerremens, B.C.
Stupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter.
Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks.
SwinHok, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 19, Cecil-cowrt,
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SWINHOE, Ernest, 6, Gunterstone-road, Kensington, W.
Swinton, A. H., c/o Mrs. Callander, Vineyard, Totnes.
Taytor, Charles B., Gap, Lancaster County, Penn., U.S.A.
Taytor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds,
THompson, Matthew Lawson, 20, Emerald-street, Saltburn-by-the-Sea.
TILLYARD, R. J., B.A., The Grammar School, Sydney, New South
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THoRNLEY, The Rev. A., M.A., F.LS., 17, Mapperley-road,
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Tongs, Alfred Ernest, Aincroft, Reigate, Surrey.
TRAGARDH, Dr. Ivar, The University, Upsala, Sweden.
1859 + TREN, Roland, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., 133, Woodstock-road, Oxford.
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Tuna.ey, Henry, 13, Begmead-avenue, Streatham, S.W.
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TyxeEcoTe, Edward F. 8., M.A., Union Club, Trafalgar-square, 8.W.
Uricu, Frederick William, C.M.L.S., Port of Spain, Trinidad,
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1904 + Vaucuan, W., Cocogalla, Madulsima, Ceylon.
1866
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1900 * Watkins, C. J., “Belle Vue,” Watledge, Nailsworth, Gloucestershire.
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1904 Watson, Rev. W. Beresford, St. Martin’s Vicarage, St. Philip,
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1893 Wess, John Cooper, 218, Upland-road, Dulwich, 8.E.
1876 | WestERN, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gate, Hyde Park, W.
1886 | WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School, Norwich.
1906 WuereLeR, The Rey. George, M.A., Briarfield, Guildford.
1907 Wuire, Harold J., 42, Nevern-sq., Kensington, S.W.
1906 Wickar, Oswin §., Crescent Cottage, Cambridge Place, Colombo,
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1903 Wiaatns, Clare A., M.R.C.S., Entebbe, Uganda.
1896 Witemay, A. E., c/o H.B.M.’s Consul, Anping, Formosa.
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1894. Wo.try-Dop, F. H., Millarville P. O., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada,
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1881 Woop, The Rev. Theodore, The Vicarage, Lyford-road, Wandsworth
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1905 WooppripGE£,Francis Charles, The Briars, Gerrard’s Cross, S.0., Bucks.
1891 Wrovueuron, R. C., Inspector General of Forests, Indian Forest
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1888 YerBury, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S., Army and Navy
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DurRinG THE YEAR 1907.
AnpueErz (Gottfrid). Lefnadsf6rhallanden och Instinkter inom Familjerna
Pompilidz och Sphegide, IT.
[Kungl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handlinger, Band XLII, No. 1.|
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Neue westafrikanische Cerambyciden des Deutschen Entomologischen
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[Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1907. |
Diagnosen neuer Lepidopteren aus Afrika.
[Arkiv for Zoologi, Vol. III, No. 19.]
Neue oder wenig bekannte Coleoptera Longicornia,
{Arkiv for Zoologi, Vol. III. ]
Ueber einige formen des Weibchens yon Papilio dardanus, Brown.
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AusTEN (Ernest E.). British Blood-Sucking Flies, London, 1906.
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Batt (EH. D.). The Genus Eutettix.
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Banks (N.). Catalogue of the Acarina, or Mites, of the United States.
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The Smithsonian Institution.
BarGaati (P.). Contribuzioni allo studio degli insetti che danneggiano i
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BERICHT uber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der En-
tomologie wahrend des Jahres 1900-1905. Published in 1903-
1907. By Drs. G. Seidlitz, R. Lucas, Th. Kuhlgatz and B.
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By Exchange.
Brncuam (Lt.-Col. C. T.). The Fauna of British India: Butterflies, Vols.
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BrotoGiA CENTRALI-AMERICANA. An account of its progress, by P. P.
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Bottvar (I.). Especies Nuevas 6 criticas de Ortdépteros.
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El género Txndopoda, Stal.
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Contributions a l’étude des Phaneropterinz de la Nouvelle-Guinée.
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Brants (A.). Nederlandsche Vlinders. Beschreven en Affebeeld. Derde
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Brown (Henry Hilton). By Meadow, Grove and Stream, 1907.
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Bruner (L.). [See Gopman (F.D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. |
BRUNNER VON WATTENWYL (K.) und REDTENBACHER (Jos.).
Die Insekten familie der Phasmiden.
I Lief. Bogen 1-23 und Tafel I-VI.
[Phasmidz Areolatze, 1906. |
II Lief. Bogen 24-43 und Tafel VII-XV.
[Phasmide Anareolate, 1907.] Purchased.
BurcHELL (Wm. John). [See Pourron (E. B.).]
Busck (August). Revision of the American Moths of the Genus Argyresthia.
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The Smithsontan Institution.
Butter (E. J.) and Lerroy (A. M.). Report on Trials of the South African
Locust Fungus in India.
[Agric. Research Inst., Pusa Bull. No. 5, 1907.] The Authors.
CatverT (P. P.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. |
Casry (Thos. L.). A Revision of the American Components of the Tene-
brionid Sub-Family Tentyriine.
[ Proc. Washington Acad. of Sciences, 1907.] The Author.
CavupELt (A. N.). Orthoptera from South-Western Texas. Collected by
the Museum Expeditions of 1903 and 1904.
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On some Earwigs (Forficulide) collected in Guatemala by
Messrs. Schwarz and Barber.
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1907.] The Smithsonian Institution.
The Decticing (A group of Orthoptera) of North America.
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Cuampion (G. C.). Itinerary of his Travels in Central America (1879-1883).
{Entom. News, 1907. ] The Author.
[See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana, |
G@ fexviiA }
CuitrENvEN (F. H.), The Asparagus Miner. Notes on the Asparagus
Beetles.
[U. S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 66, Pt. I, 1907.]
Water-Cress Sowbug and Water-Cress Leaf-Beetle.
[U. 8S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 66, Pt. IT, 1907.]
Some Insects injurious to Small Crops: The Cranberry Spanworm ;
the Striped Garden Caterpillar.
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 66, Pt. III, 1907.]
Colorado Potato Beetle.
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 87, 1907.] U.S. Dept. Agric.
CockerELt (T. D. A.). An Enumeration of the Localities in the Florissant
Basin from which Fossils were obtained in 1906. Fossil Dragon-
flies from Florissant, Colorado.
[ Bull. Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1907. ]
Some Coleoptera and Arachnida from Florissant, Colorado, 1907.
[ Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII. ]
Some Fossil Arthropods from Florissant, Colorado, 1907.
[Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII.]
The Scale Insects of the Date Palm, 1907].
[University of Arizona, Agric. Exp. Station Bull. No. 56.]
The Author.
Cores (E. C.). Miscellaneous Notes from the Entomological Section.
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The India Office.
Distant (W. L.). Fauna of British India: Rhynchota, 3 Vols., 1902-1906,
8vo. The India Office.
A Synonymic Catalogue of Homoptera-Cicadidze, Vol. I, 1906.
By Exchange.
Insecta Transvaaliensia. Pt. VIII. Purchased.
Druce (Hamilton H.). Descriptions of some New Butterflies from Tropical
Africa.
[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. ]
Neotropical Lyczenidz, with descriptions of New Species.
[Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907. | The Author.
—— (Herbert). Descriptions of some New Species of Heterocera from
Tropical South America.
{Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1906. ] The Author.
Dyar (H. G.), Descriptions of New Species of Moths of the Family
Cochlidiide.
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXII, 1907.]
Report on the Mosquitoes of the Coast Region of California, with
descriptions of New Species.
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The Snuthsonian Institution.
ForBEs (R. H.). The Extermination of Date-Palm Scales. 1907.
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The Author.
Foret (A.). Formiciden aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg.
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Ameisen von Madagaskerden Comoren und Ostafrika. Stuttgart,
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Formicides do Musée National Hongrois.
[Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Tome V, 1907.]
La Faune Malgache des Fourmis.
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Nova Speco kaj nova gentonomo de Formikoj.
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( xxvi )
Froaearr (W. W.). Australian Insects. Sydney, 1907. Purchased.
Garcia (F.). Codling Moth Investigations during 1903-1904.
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The Author.
Grravutt (A. A.). The Lesser Peach Borer.
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U.S. Dept. Agric.
Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana, Pts. CXCV-CXCVIII.
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Notes on the American Hesperiidz described by Plotz.
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Grassi (B.). Ricerche sui Flebotomi. Roma, 1907. The Author.
GREEN (E. E.). Description of a New Coccid.
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Remarks on Indian Scale Insects (Coccide), with descriptions of New
Species.
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and Manw (H. H.). The Coccidz attacking the Tea Plant in India
and Ceylon.
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GUMPPENBERG (C. F. von). Systema Geometrarum zone temperatioris
septentrionalis. Th. IX.
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Hampson (Sir Geo. F.). Catalogue of the Noctuide in the collection of the
British Museum, Vol. VI, and one Vol. of Plates, 1906.
By Exchange.
Herms (W. B.). An Ecological and Experimental Study of Sarcophagidz
with relation to Lake Beach Débris.
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Heyven (L. v.), Rerrrer (E.), und Weisz (J.). Catalogus Coleopterorum
Europe, Caucasi de Armeniz Rossicz. Paskau, 1906.
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Hinps (W. E.). An Ant Enemy of the Cotton Boll Weevil.
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U.S. Dept. Agric.
Hine (J. §.). Habits and Life Histories of some Flies of the Family
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Hopexins (H. E.). [See Parrorr (P. J.).]
Hooker (W. A.). The Tobacco Thrips.
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Horrins (A D.). Additional data on the Locust Borer.
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 58, Pt. III, 1907.]
Pinhole injury to girdled Cypress in the South Atlantic and Gulf
States.
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 82, 1907.]
The Locust Borer and methods for its control.
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 88, 1907. ]
The White Pine Weevil.
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U.S. Dept. Agric.
( Pein) )
Howarp (L. O.). Mites and Lice on Poultry.
[U. 8. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 92, 1907.]
New Genera and Species of Aphelinine.
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Techn. Ser. No, 12, Pt. IV, 1907.]
The Gipsy Moth and how to control it.
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Farmer’s Bull. 257, 1907. ]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Hunter (W. D.). Note on the Occurrence of the N. American Fever Tick
on Sheep.
LU. 8. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 91, 1907.]
The most important step in the Control of the Boll Weevil.
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and Hooker (W. A.). North-American Fever Tick.
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Hurron (F. W.). The Lesson of Evolution. 2nd Ed., 1907.
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JAGERSKIOLD (L. A.). Results of the Swedish Zoological Expedition to
Egypt and the White Nile, 1901: No. 10a, Coleoptera.
[By E. Mjoberg, A. Fauvel, A. Grouvelle, M. Pic, H. d’Orbigny,
E. Brenske, F. Ohaus, C. Kerremans, E. Fleutiaux, E. Olivier,
S. Schenkling, P. Lesne, H. Gebier, Chr. Aurivillius, and
J. Weise. |
L. A. Jigerskiold.
Jonss (C. R.). [See BrsHopr (H.). |
JorDAN (K.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. ]
Ketioce (V. L.). Is there Determinate Variation ?
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Second Collection of Mallophaga from Birds of the Galapagos Islands
and Neighbouring Waters.
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Some Silkworm Moth Reflexes.
[? Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1906. | The Author.
KERREMANS (Cl.). Monographie des Buprestides, Vol. I, Pts. XIII to XVI,
Vol, II, Pts. I to XX. Purchased.
Kerrsuaw (J. C.). Butterflies of Hong Kong and §. E. China, Pts. I to VI
1905-1907. Purchased.
KeErvILLE (Henri G. de). Note sur accouplement coufs et amour Maternel
des Forficulides. Rouen, 1907. The Author.
Kirpy (W.F.). Catalogue of Synonymic Orthoptera. Vol. II, Orthoptera
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LATREILLE (Citoyen). Précis de caractéres génériques des insectes disposés
dans un Ordre Naturel.
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Lerroy (H. M.). A Preliminary Account of the Biting Flies of India.
Calcutta, 1907. The Author.
The Bombay Locust (Acridium succtnctum, Linn.).
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(| pox
Linné& (Linn zus) (Carl von). Classes Plantarum. Uppsala, 1907.
[Reprint of the Original Edition. |
Flora Lapponica. Uppsala, 1905.
[Reprint of the Original Edition.]
Sasom Naturf Och Lakare. Uppsala, 1907.
[Reprint of the Original Edition. ]
Valda Smarra Skriftir. Uppsala, 1906.
[Reprint of the Original Edition. | Univ. of Uppsala.
LonestarF (G. B.). Lepidoptera and other Insecta observed in the parish
of Mortehoe, N. Devon, 3rd Edit. To which is added a list of
Lepidoptera noted in Lundy Island by the same. Together with
a first list of the Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of Mortehoe,
by Mrs. G. B. Longstaff (Jane Donald). The Author.
Mann (H. H.). [See Green (E. E.).]
Marcuat (Paul). La Cécidomyie des Poires (Diplosts (Contarinia) pirivora,
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[Ann. Soc. Entom. France, Vol. LXXVI, 1907.]
Rapport sur la teigne de la Betterave et sur les dégats exercés par
cet insecte en 1906.
[Bull. Mensuel de l’Office de renseignements agricoles, Janvier 1907. ]
La Lutte contre la Mouche des olives (Dacus olex).
[Bull. Mensuel de 1’Office de renseignements agricoles, Aout 1907.]
Sur le Zygellus epilachne, Giard (Parasitisme ; erreur de instinct ;
évolution).
{ Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1907. |
L’Acariose des Avoines ou Maladie des Avoines Vrillées.
[Ann. de L’Institut National Agronomique, Sér. 2, Vol. VI.]
The Author.
—— et Vercier (J.). Un nouvel ennemi du Framboisier (Agrilus
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[Bull. Mensuel de l’Office de renseignements agricoles, Décembre
1906. ] The Authors.
Martarr (C. L.). The Bedbug.
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U. S. Dept. Agric.
Morean (A. C.). The Cotton Stalk-Borer.
LU. S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 63, Pt. VII, 1907. ]
A Predatory Bug reported as an enemy of the Cotton Boll Weevil.
[U. S. Dept. of Agric., No. 63, Pt. IV, 1907.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Morty (Claude). Ichneumonologia Britannica: The Ichneumons of Great
Britain. Vol. II, 8vo. Plymouth, 1907. Purchased.
Morritt (A. W.). The Strawberry Weevil in the 8. Central States in 1905.
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U. S. Dept. Agric.
Movutton (Dudley). Contribution to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera of
California. "Washington, 1907. The Author.
The Pear Thrips.
[U. S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 68, Pt. I, 1907.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Newsteap (R.). Preliminary Report on the Habits, Life-cycle and Breeding
Places of the Common House Fly (Musca domestica, Linn.) as
observed in the city of Liverpool, with suggestions as to the
best means of checking its increase. Liverpool, 1907.
The Author.
(ie ext i }
OxtvieR (Ernest). A List of the Works by Guillaume Antoine Olivier, and
of the Biographical Notices concerning him, 25 in all.
Descriptions de Deux Nouvelles Espéces de Lampyride.
[Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1883. ]
Lampyrides Nouveaux ou peu connus.
[Revue d’Entomologie, 1883.]
Lampyrides Nouveaux ou peu connus (Deuxiéme Mémoire).
[Revue d’Entomologie, 1883. ]
Les Lampyrides d’Olivier dans l’Entomologie et l’Encyclopédie
Méthodique.
[Revue d’Entomologie, 1885. ]
Nouvelle Espéce de Lampyride, Luctola hirtic os:
[Ann. Mus. Civico di Storia Nat. Genova, Ser. 2, Vol. VI, 1888.]°
Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regione vicine: Lampyrides.
[Ann. Mus. Civico di Storia Nat. Genova, Ser. 2, Vol. X, 1891.]
Descriptions de deux nouvelles espéces du genre Zuczola.
[Ann. Mus. Civico di Storia Nat. Genova, Ser. 2, Vol. X, 1892.]
Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Lampyride du Chili.
[Actes Soc. Scient. Chili, Tome IV, 1894]
Description @un Lampyris Nouveau d’ Algérie.
[Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1894, No. 18.]
Descriptions d’espéces nouvelles de Lampyrides.
[Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1894. |
Lampyrides rapportés des Iles Batu par H. Raap.
[Ann. Mus. Civico di Storia Nat. Genova, Ser. 2 Vol. XVIII, 1897. ]
Les Lampyrides des Antilles.
[Report of the International Congress of Zoology. Cambridge,
1898. |
Malacodermide.
[Expédition Antarctique Belge, 1897-1899, Anvers, 1906. ]
Révision des Coléoptéres Lampyrides des Antilles et description des
espéces nouvelles.
[Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1899.]
Contribution 4 l’étude des Lampyrides.
[Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899. ]
Les Lampyrides typiques du Muséum.
[Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 1899, No. 7.]
Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Décembre 1887-A ovit-1888) :
Lampyrides.
[Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1900. ]
Description d’un Lampyride Nouveau de Bornéo.
[Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1900. ]
Contribution a l'étude de la faune entomologique de Sumatra:
Lampyrides déterminés et décrits.
[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Tome XLIV, 1900.]
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. le Dr. Harmand.
[Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 1902, No. 3.]
Lampyrides nouveaux de Musée de Bruxelles.
[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Tome XLVII, 1903. ]
Descriptions de Lampyrides Nouveaux.
[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Vol. XLIX, 1905. | The Author.
(Px, 1h
OxiviER (Ernest)—(continued).
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[Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1905. ]
Coléoptéres Lampyrides capturés a Dardjilling par M. le Dr.
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[Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 1905, No. 7.]
Lampyrides capturés par M. L. Fea dans l’Afrique occidentale.
[Ann. Mus. Civico di Storia Nat. Genova, Ser. 3, Vol. II, 1906.]
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[Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 1907, No. 7.] The Author.
OsHanin (B.). Verzeichnis der Palearktischen Hemipteren. II Band.
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Notes on the Economic importance of Sowbugs.
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 64, Pt. II, 1907.)
U.S. Dept. Agric.
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{[U.8. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 68, Pt. V, 1907.]
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(zea)
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Purchased.
Suear (C. L.). [See QuainTance (A. L.). ]
Srvesrri (F.). Descrizione di un novo genere di Insetti Apterigoti rappre-
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[Bollettino scuola Superiore d’Agricoltura di Portici, Vol. I. |
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Swedish Zoological Expedition to Egypt and the White Nile, 1901.
[See JAGERSKIOLD (L, A.). |
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the genus Leptinotarsa. 8vo, Washington, 1906.
The Author.
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Purchased.
Vercier (J.). [See Marcuat (Paul). |
Watxer (J. J.). Preliminary List of Coleoptera observed in the neighbour-
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C
(tixcxexiive ” 9)
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(xem)
Periodicals and Publications of Societies.
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By Exchange.
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Ausany. New York State Museum. Report for 1904-1906. The Museum.
Boston. Boston Natural History Society. Proceedings. Vol. XXXIII,
Nos. 3-12. By Exchange.
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By Exchange.
Catcurta. Imperial Department of Agriculture. Annual Report 1904-05.
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Lonpon. Linnean Society of London. Zoology, Journal and Proceedings.
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Portici and Frorence. Redia, Giornale de Entomologia. Vol. IV, Fase. 1,
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Lisson. Société Portugaise de Sciences Naturelles. Bulletin. Vol 1,
Fasc. 1-3, 1907. The Socrety.
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1906, 1907. F. D. Godman.
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By Exchange.
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XXXV, Fasc. 3, 1907. By Exchange.
(xxi)
ERRATA.
TRANSACTIONS.
Page 40, line 19 from top, for Metwcus read AMetecus.
Page 63, line 4 from bottom, for /atricllei read latreillet.
Page 90,
The Larva of Collyris emarginatus, Dej. [A correction. ]
Mr. C. J. GAHAN has directed my attention to a mistake that I have
made in my determination of the segments of the leg in the larva of
Collyris emarginatus. On p. 87 I state, ‘Of the legs the following parts
can be distinguished :—femur, tibia and tarsus.” Mor femur read coxa, for
tibia read femur, for tarsus read tibia and tarsus. The tarsus is one-
jointed, not three-jointed. On a re-examination of mounted specimens of
the larve, I find that there are distinct indications of a trochanteral joint
in the mid- and hind-legs. The exact homology of the larval leg-segments
with the adult leg-segments can only be determined accurately by a study
of their development, but Mr. Gahan’s identification of the segments brings
Collyris into line with other Cicindelid larve, and consequently is
preferable to my identification.—R. SHELFORD.
Page 151, lines 7 and 22 from top, for Casayo read Casoya,
Page 163, line 2 from bottom, for Corebus read Corebus.
Page 164, line 11 from top,
Page 166, line 23 from top,
Page 166, line 12 from top, for cinerus read cinereus.
Page 166, line 9 from bottom, for Corwbus read Corebus.
Page 169, line 5 from bottom, for Chysomela read Chrysomela.
Page 239, line 15 from top, for Banguay read Banguey.
Page 332, line 3 from bottom, for Pederus read Pederus.
Page 344, line 26 from top, for Cephanodes read Cephonodes.
Page 377, line 11 from bottom, for Luceola read Luciola.
Page 393, line 5 from top, for fureatus read furcatus.
Page 400, line 10 from top, for albidentalus read albidentatus.
Page 406, line 8 from top, for cilus read /etlus.
Page 412, line 13 from top, |
Page 413, line 4 from top, for tuttidactyla read tuttodactyla.
Page 413, line 13 from bottom,
Page 423, footnote, line 2 from bottom, for 0. read C.
oe ae a : ees, \ for wrticefolia read urticefolia.
Page 452, line 3 from bottom, for Paniscwm read Paniewm.
\ for coruscans read corruscans.
PROCEEDINGS.
Page xv, footnote, lines 9 and 10 from bottom, delete Hab. TUMATUMARI . .
sub. sp. magnifica.
Page xx, line 2 from bottom, znsert is.
Page xli, line 25 from top, for Euplwint read Eupleint.
Page xli, line 11 from bottom, for Euplewas read Eupleas.
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THE
PROCEEDINGS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON
Fon. THE YRAR L907.
Wednesday, February 6th, 1907.
Mr. C. O. Wateruouse, President, in the Chair.
Nomination of Vice-Presidents.
The PresipENT announced that he had nominated Mr.
Freperick Merrirrecp, Mr. Epwarp Saunpers, F.R.S., F.L.S.,
and Mr. Grorcre Henry VERRALL to be Vice-Presidents for
the Session 1907-8.
Bi-centenary of Linnxus.
The SecRETARY announced that the Society had been invited
by the University of Upsala to be represented at the Bi-
centenary celebrations there of the birth of Linneus, on May
23rd and 24th next.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Cartes Kimperiin Brain, of 29, Rosmead Avenue,
Cape Town; Mrs. Caruertne Marta Moors, of Holmefield,
Oakholme Road, Sheffield; and Mr. Aurrep Ernest Tonce,
of Aincroft, Reigate, were elected Fellows of the Society.
Exhibitions.
LEPIDOPTERA FROM SUTHERLAND.—Mr. E. A. Cockayne
brought for exhibition three cases containing a collection of
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I. 1907. A
(ar)
Lepidoptera made by him at Tongue, North Sutherlandshire,
between June 30th and July 13th, 1906, comprising the follow-
ing species not hitherto reported from the county :—7'richiura
crategt (larve), Hydrilla arcuosa, Phytometra xnea, Cabera
pusaria, C. exanthemaria, Macaria liturata, Hybernia progem-
maria, and H, defoliaria (larvee), Ephyra pendularia, Acidalia
Jumata, Coremia ferrugata, Venusia cambrica, Cidaria prunata,
C. suffumata, Cheimatobia boreata and C. brumata (larve),
Lupithecia castigata, E. subfulvata, var. cognata, E. assimilata,
EL. fraxinata, and Tanagra cherophyllata. The Exhibitor
further remarked that the birch trees in the neighbourhood
visited were entirely denuded of their leaves by the ravages
of the larve of the Hybernide, on which again the Black-
headed Gulls preyed in great numbers. It was noticeable
also that the several species showed little tendency to
melanism.
MELANISM IN HastuLA HYERANA.—Dr. T, A. CHAPMAN, ex-
hibiting fifteen specimens of Hastula hyerana, Mill., made the
following remarks :—
“Two months ago (December 5th, 1906) I exhibited to the
Society a long series of Hastula hyerana, Mill. They were
shown to illustrate how the species varied in two, not very
strongly separated, localities. But as it seems possible to find
many interesting details in this species, I now show a few
specimens to demonstrate how it may vary under other cir-
cumstances. The majority of those I had last year emerged
in August, September and October, to the number of over 400
specimens, in the pale (hyerana), and the dark (marginata)
form. Of these I exhibit for comparison an average pair of
each form, and the darkest pair of each form that emerged up
to the end of October. In November four pale and three dark
specimens emerged ; of these I exhibit three of the pale and
two of the dark ones. These are very decidedly darker than
the darkest selected from the earlier emergences.
«Then there are four specimens that came out in December,
all of them hyerana. Three of these are males, and are re-
markably dark forms, like nothing amongst the preceding
specimens. The @ is very dark but not extremely so.
There were still four specimens that came out in January,
(1)
1907, completing the series; no further larve or pup re-
maining. These four include three pale (hyerana) forms and one
dark (marginata). The hyerana are a dark 9, darker than
anything preceding, which happens also to be the only ¢
specimen at all referable to var. alpha, Mill., another very
dark ?, anda male that met with some unaccountable accident
in emerging, and whose precise form is therefore indetermin-
able; it was further remarkable in the pupal stage possessing
mandibles of a larval structure, although the imago appears to
have no peculiarities in thisregion. ‘The fourth January speci-
men is a female, the very darkest of the marginata form I have
seen, Summarising, we have out of a total of fifteen specimens
that emerged in November, December (1906), and January
(1907), thirteen that are darker than any that appeared in the
normal season of August, September and October, although the
latter were over 400 innumber. We should like to know why
these were so late in emerging, and why they are so dark ;
and what is the co-relation between these two facts. Why
they are so late, Ido not know. They were kept along with the
others that emerged at the normal dates. Three months is a
long period for a normal emergence to last over. One must
suppose, therefore, that it has an advantage in securing that
some specimens shall appear when weather or other circum-
stances are favourable to them, either in early, late, or mid-
season, and if early specimens are selected one year and late
another, and so on, the race will acquire a habit of prolonged
emergence and a variability in date of emergence that will
include extreme specimens, beginning, as I have shown, in June
and extending to the following March.
“This does not involve any explanation of the darkness, and,
as a matter of fact, late specimens in preceding years did not
present any special darkening to attract my attention. It
happens that this season we have had various spells of cold
weather, and the room in which I kept the larvee and pup
was only intermittently warmed and often fell in November
to as low as 50° and even 47°. This would of course make
still later those specimens that were late enough to fall under
its influence. But it had the further effect of delaying
emergence after the pupal state was assumed, so that whilst
(awe)
the normal emergences were only some three or four weeks
as pupz, these late ones were seven, eight or even nine weeks.
It is almost certain that the darkness does not depend on the
late date, but that it does, either on the prolonged, pupal
period, or on the low temperature the pups were subjected to
during the maturation of the imago. A temperature of 47°
to 60° must certainly be low for an insect that expects the
temperature of an August on the Riviera, even when all allow-
ance be made for their being possibly deeply hidden under
stones, etc., in their natural habitats. Looking to the results
of Mr. Merrifield’s experiment, I entertain little doubt that
the effective agent for darkening is the low temperature, and
not the prolonged pupal period, though it may be difficult to
disentangle the two causes in these or in any other instances.
“The effect of cold is here to produce darkening as it appears
to be in a majority of temperature experiments.
“It is to be specially observed that the dark effect is to make
the hyerana form darker and the marginata form darker, with-
out any indication that it has the slightest tendency to make
the pale from hyerana into the dark form marginata. These
are special varieties, selected no doubt after they appear on
the same grounds as dark and pale forms might be selected,
but not arising in the same way as ordinary darkening (in-
crease of pigment) does. One or two specimens, especially the
two darkest December males, strongly suggest that whatever
caused the darkening, also produced a less robust specimen.
If this be so then the darkening is due to injury by cold, not
to a more perfect, because prolonged, maturation.”
Mr. F. Merririztp made some further observations on the
effects of temperature on seasonal forms, resulting not only in
difference of colour, but in difference of structure.
PaLtmarctic ANTHOCHARID AND Mexiraip Burrerries.—
Miss M. E. Founrarne exhibited a number of Anthocharid
and Melitzid butterflies from various localities in the pale-
arctic regions, showing a wide range of variation. They
included the following :—
Preris napi, 39 9: 1 from Algeria, and 2 var. flavescens,
summer brood, from Médling, near Vienna. Pontia daplidice,
showing an extreme form of var. bellidice, from Aix-en-
EP ag)
Provence in April; a typical $from Sicily in June; and 1 ¢
var. raphani, Esp., from Algeria in July ; this being a more or
less constant form of the summer brood in that country, though
all the specimens, especially amongst the ? ?. were not quite
so pale as this one. P. chloridice, § and ? summer brood from
Asia Minor. Anthocharis belemia, 2 ¢ 3 from Algeria: to
show the difference between that species and A. fallowi (2 3 3),
a@ species occurring only on the tops of the desert mountains:
A. tagis, var. bellezina, 23 3 from Aix-en-Provence. A. tagis,
var. insularis, 2 $ g and 19 from Corsica. A. pechi,
246d from Algeria, a species which occurs on mountains
clothed with Alfa grass, in close proximity to the desert, but
never actually in it. A. charlonia, 2 ¢ 5 and 1 9; another
desert species from Algeria, also found in the same localities as
A. pechi, being much the commonest Anthocharis in southern
Algeria, during the months of February and March. A. char-
lonia, gen. vern. penia, Frr., 2 ¢ 3 from the Lebanon; the
Syrian form always much paler, and, in the exhibitor’s experi-
ence, very scarce. A. cardamines, 1 ¢ from Draguignan, and
1@from Le Vernet. A. gruneri, 25 Sand 19 from Greece
in May. A. damone, 2 ¢ ¢, one with and one without the
black streak dividing the ground colour from the orange tip:
also 19 and 1 dand 1 9 under-side ; all from the Lebanon in
April. A. ewpheno, 2 3 3 showing extremes in size, the
smaller having the black streak entirely absent on fore-wings,
with the apical orange spot much reduced in size, and crossed
by grey veins (an aberration); the larger having the black
streak unusually broad and distinct; 2? 9, one typical, the
other having the orange tip almost extended to the discoidal
spot. Also one dg and one 9 under-side ; all from Algeria in
March and April. A. ewphenoides, 25 5 and 1 9 from the
South of France for comparison. J/elitxa didyma, 1 typical
dfrom Digne, 3 ¢ ¢ from Spain and the Pyrenees, in which
the black spots were unusually large, and showed an inclination
to be coalescent; 4 9 9 from Spain and the Pyrenees, also
having the black spots unusually large and prominent; 3 ¢ 3
of Melitxa didyma, var. occidentalis, Stgr., 1 from Spain, 1 from
Syria, and | (with the ground-colour creamy-white) from North
Italy, Also 2 diminutive 9 2 from Asia Minor in August, and
( vi )
4g dg and 29 of M. didyma, var. deserticola, Oberth., from
Algeria. J. didyma, var.nexra,3 $ ¢ and4 9 9? from Syria and
Asia Minor, and 1 large dark 9 from Sicily = var. meridionalis.
9 oF GENUS DoryLus.—The PresipENT exhibited a female
example of the genus Dorylus. It was sent to the Museum
from Mengo in Uganda by the Rev. Ernest Millar. There
were with it in the same tube one small and two large workers,
which may probably be the means of identifying the species at
some future time. The workers closely resembled specimens
in the Museum named PD. arcens, which are said to be the
same as nigricans. ‘The specimens just received were, how-
ever, perfectly smooth and shining, whereas those named
arcens were somewhat dull.
» The female measured 1} inchesin length. It was of blackish
mahogany colour, smooth and shining, with the jaws, flagellum
of the antenne, sides of the head, the middle of the thorax, the
legs, and a narrow margin to each abdominal segment, pitchy
red.
The female of one species of this genus from Java was
described by Dr. Gerstaecker in the Stettin ‘‘ Entomologische
Zeitung,” for 1863, p. 91, and figure on plate 1. Three others
have been discovered since.
The present insect agreed in general form with that figured
by Dr. Gerstaecker, but the prolongations of the apical seg-
Co" a)
ment of the abdomen instead of being acuminate, were rather
broad, obliquely truncate at the apex, slightly concave above,
dull.
Mr. Millar in his letter said—‘‘I have only once heard of
such a thing being seen here; the boys who brought it me
told me it was being fed by the others.”
Mr. G. A. K. MarsHat gave an account of his experiences
with this genus in Rhodesia, South Africa, and Colonel C. T.
BincHam said he had dug three days in India, but failed to
find the females.
ABERRANT ForMS OF Swiss Butrerriies.—The Rev. F, E.
Lowe showed various aberrant forms of Swiss butterflies,
including (a) Melanargia galatea, ab. fulvata, Lowe, from
Martigny, in which the ordinary black markings were re-
placed by coffee-brown, the antenne being also of the same
colour, and the ground-colour primrose ; (6) Lycena arion, ab.,
from Pontresina, with the black spots on the under-side of the
wings almost entirely absent, save one very large kidney-shaped
spot, slightly tinged with white at the centre of each wing ;
(c) Apatura iris, ab. trans. ad iole on the upper-side, taken at
Felépens, near Lausanne ;_ the under-side very dark, the broad
chestnut bands, which cross the wings diagonally, without
the least intersection of bluish-white as in the type; no eyed
chestnut spots at the lower angle of the primaries. It is
not usual for iole to display any variation from the type on
the under-side ; (d) two Caenonympha pamphilus, one from
Ecldpens, suffused with a purplish-flush, and the whole ground-
colour more tawny-red than the type; the other, from Orta
Novarese, a 9, rich cream-white with the borders light grey,
and not sharply defined but somewhat cloudy ; over the whole
wing surface an opalescent reflection, suggesting a parallel to
Chrysophanus phleas, ab. schmidtii, Gerhard.
GyNANDROMORPHOUS Sawriy.—The Rev. F. D. Mortcr
exhibited a very remarkable gynandromorphous specimen of
the common fern-visiting Sawfly, Strongylogaster cingulutus,
F. It was taken at Silchester on June 10th, 1906, by Mr.
Philip Harwood, of Newbury, and communicated to the
exhibitor by his brother, Mr. Bernard Harwood, of Colchester.
Its general size and habit were those of a ¢, but the left
( viii)
antenne, the right side of the abdomen, and the left side of
the genitalia were obviously 9 ; and its other sexual characters
(as far as they could be recognized) seemed to be distinguished
in much the same way—the ¢ and 2 elements being every-
where separated by the longitudinal axis of the insect, but
some of each lying to the right, and others to the left of
that axis.
Mr. Morice said that Mr, Harwood had kindly authorised
him to present the specimen to the National Collection at
South Kensington.
A discussion followed on the occurrence and forms of
gynandromorphism in the various orders of insects, in which
Mr. Merririetp, Mr. A. J. Cuitry, Mr. Hues Main and
other Fellows joined, Mr. H. St. J. DonistHorre mentioning
that in his experience the phenomenon never appeared in
Coleoptera, while the Presipent gave it as his opinion that
the form assumed in the exhibit under notice was unique.
Protection 1n TrnemD Pupa.—Colonel Cuarzes T. BrncHam
exhibited the remarkable pupa of a Tineid, in appearance
exactly like the head of a snake. This pupa and the moth
shown with it, and figured in the Society’s Transactions for
the current year, were procured at Maymyo in Upper Burma
by Col. Waller-Barrow, R.A.M.C.
ASSOCIATION OF BUTTERFLIES WITH APpHIDES.—Colonel
Bryeuam also explained an exhibit made by him in illustra-
tion of the curious habits of butterflies belonging to the
genera Gerydus and Allotinus, Col. Waller-Barrow discovered
that these butterflies join with ants in attending Aphidz for
the sake of the sweet liquid exuded by the latter when touched
gently. For this tapping the ants, as is well known, use their
antenne, Gerydus,and Allotinus, it seems, use for the same
purpose their abnormally long fore-legs. In the specimen of
Gerydus boisduvalt, Moore, which was exhibited, it was to be
noted that the tibie of the legs were flattened. Whether
function in this case has modified form or not he could not
presume to say: he only drew attention to the fact of the
flattening. Col. Waller-Barrow had informed him that the
butterflies hover over the aphides for a long time before set-
tling, and that though numerous ants might be attending the
( ix)
same lot of Aphides at the time, the ants did not interfere
with the butterflies. He noticed, however, that an ant
occasionally reared itself up against the long legs of the butter-
fly, as if to investigate what strange monster had sat down
among them, but in no way was there any attempt made to
drive off or molest the intruder.
Papers.
“Notes on the Indo-Australian Papilionide,” by Percy I.
Larny, F.Z.S.
‘On the Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera,” by
Ernest A, Exxiotr, F.Z.8., and Chaupe Mortey.
Wednesday, March 6th, 1907.
Mr. C. O. Wartrrnouss, President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Joun C. Mourron, of the Hall, Bradford-on-Avon,
Wilts.; Mr. W. Scumassman, of 2, Kinnoul Villas, Freezy-
water, Waltham Cross, and Mr. R. J. Tiutyarp, B.A., The
Grammar School, Sydney, New South Wales, were elected
Fellows of the Society.
Resolution.
After a discussion, in which the destructive and fatal results
to our national Fauna, of indiscriminate collecting by inex-
perienced persons, was commented upon, the PresipEntr
proposed the following resolution which was seconded by
Professor E. B. Poutton, D.Sc., F.R.S., ete., and carried
unanimously :—
‘That this Society, being informed that a proposal has been
made that children in our schools be instructed to collect ob-
jects of Natural History for the purpose of exchanging them
for similar objects collected by school-children in our Colonies,
deprecates the adoption of any such system,”
Cae)
Exhibitions.
PROTECTIVE SuBsTANCES IN 6 ScENT-GLANDS.—Professor
KE. B. Pourton, F.R.8., exhibited male specimens of the
Danaine butterflies Amawris egialea, Cram., and Limnas
chrysippus, 1., collected at Ibadan, near Lagos (December 5-12,
1906), by Mr. H. 8. Gladstone. The interest of the specimens
lay in the fact that the scent-producing patch near the anal
angle of the hind-wing had been eaten out on both sides—
very cleanly and neatly in the case of the Amawris—although
only a minute portion of any other part of the wing-surface
had been attacked. The abdomen was almost entirely want-
ing, but the basal portion which remained showed that it had
been almost certainly devoured. ‘The head and thorax also
appeared to be quite empty. Professor Poulton stated that
he had occasionally observed the evidence of such attacks upon
the supposed scent-patches of Danainx, but he believed that
the Amawris was the best and clearest case he had ever seen.
This special attack upon Danaine scent-patches becomes of
even greater interest and significance when we remember that
dead specimens of this and the allied sub-family, the /thomiine,
are less liable than other specimens to be injured by the pests
which destroy insect collections.* On the other hand, the fact
that the whole interior of the body was devoured appears to
indicate indifference on the part of this particular pest to any
specially protective substances existing in a desiccated state ;
and it may well be that special attack was directed upon
the scent-glands merely on account of their substance as
compared with the rest of the wing surface. The facts appear
to tell strongly against the view that specially protective
(aposematic) substances are, as some have supposed, concen-
trated in the male scent-glands; but it would not be safe to
draw any more far-reaching conclusions.
Inasmuch as an alternative view has been mentioned, it may
be advantageous to quote the following passage from a paper
published in 1882 by Professor Menpoxa, F.R.S. (Ann. Mag.
* H. W. Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xxiii, 1862, p. 510 ;
R. Meldola, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. xii. Confirmed also by
J. Jenner Weir.
( xi )
Nat. Hist., Dec. 1882, p. 425). Writing in answer to Mr,
W. L. Distant, Professor Meldola states :—
‘“There is not the least warrant for the supposition that
scent-glands or tufts have anything to do with distastefulness.
The acrid juices of distasteful butterflies are not generally
emitted from any particular organ, but permeate all the
tissues of the body. The fact that such organs exist in one sex
only is strongly suggestive, if not demonstrative, of the view
that they are secondary sexual characters ; and as such they
are regarded by Dr. Fritz Miller, who has systematically
investigated these structures, and has in many cases actually
detected the odour emitted, which is often of a pleasant
character.” (Jen, Zeit., vol, xi, p. 99; Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond,
1878, p. 211.)
REMARKABLE Larva oF SpriRAmiopsis,—Professor E. B.
Povtton also exhibited on behalf of Mr, G. F. Leigh, F.E.S.,
of Durban, a blown specimen of the larva of Spiramiopsis
comma, Hampson, showing the two pairs of remarkable
processes as well as the two eye-like spots, one situated in
front of the base of each posterior process. The anterior
pair are placed on the second thoracic segment, the posterior
on the third. In the dried specimen the ground-colour of
the dorsal and dorso-lateral regions of each of these segments
is of a brilliant orange-brown tint, making a most effective
background for the intensely black, nearly circular eye-like
spots. The effect of these latter is also greatly enhanced
by a dark semi-circular line placed outside a margin of orange
embracing nearly half the circumference of each spot. This
line, which is concentric with the eye-spot, bounds it upon .
the posterior-inferior section of its cireumference. A sketch
sent by Mr. Leigh in further explanation of his exhibit shows
that, when touched, the larva curves the anterior segments
so as to conceal its real head and make the central point
between the eye-spots anterior in position. From this central
point the four relatively immense processes radiate like spokes,
while the bright orange colour and jet-black eye-spots placed
on each side of the centre must contribute with them to
produce an extraordinary and terrifying appearance. By Mr.
Leigh’s desire the specimen will be placed beside the imagines
(exit)
of the same species in the collection of the British Museum
of Natural History. The larva bears the date :—‘‘ Durban,
Nov. 3, 1906.”
New British Letorrirus.—Dr. T. A. Cuapman showed
several: specimens sent for exhibition by Mr. W. Purdey,
including Leioptilus carphodactylus taken by him near Folke-
stone. The species is new to the British list, although there
is a specimen at South Kensington from the Stainton collec-
tion, bred by Gregson and labelled carphodactylus, but placed
amongst microdactylus, It is small for carphodactylus, and
large for microdactylus, and, being a solitary specimen, not
very typically marked, it is a question whether its label or
its position be the more correct. The exhibition also contained
some good varieties of Acalla cristana and a very dark ZL.
tephradactylus, looking at first sight very like Z. scarodactylus.
Errect oF ARTIFICIAL CONDITIONS ON SEASONALLY DrMor-
pHic SpectEes.—Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited specimens of Zera-
colus achine, Cram., and Belenois severina, Cram., bred and
captured at Salisbury, Mashonaland, by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall.
He remarked that the exhibit, which was supplementary to
that shown by him on December 5th (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1906, p. civ), provided a further instalment of the results of
Mr. Marshall’s valuable experiments on the effect of artificial
conditions on seasonally dimorphic species. In the case of
Teracolus achine, the exposure to conditions of moist heat in
both larval and pupal stages had caused both sexes of a brood
that should normally have emerged as the dry-season form, to
assume the appearance of a wet-season generation. The same
conditions operating in the larval stage alone had produced a
close approximation to the same result ; while in specimens
which had been similarly treated in the pupal stage only, little
or no departure could be seen in the direction of the wet-
season form. Specimens of both seasonal phases caught in
the open were exhibited for comparison, and it was pointed
out that these results with Zeracolus achine showed complete
correspondence with those previously announced in the case of
T. omphale, Godt.
The behaviour of Belenois severina contrasted strongly with
that of the two species of Teracolus, for whereas in the case of
( xii >)
the latter the larval was proved to be the susceptible period,
exposure of the former to damp heat in the larval condition
produced no perceptible effect, the resulting emergences being
of the ordinary dry-season phase. Exposure, however, to the
same conditions in both larval and pupal stages resulted in a
transformation to the full wet-season form. In this species
the seasonal changes chiefly affect the under-surface.
A further point of great interest received illustration from
the same series of bred B. severina. This was the difference
in effect between moisture accompanied by heat and moisture
alone. Those individuals exposed as both larvee and pup to
the combined effect of heat and moisture, emerged, as has been
said, in the full wet-season condition. Those, on the other
hand, exposed in both these stages to moisture alone without
heat, emerged with the ground-colour of the hind-wing under-
side characteristic of the wet season, while the dark veining of
the dry season was in the same specimens not only present
but strongly accentuated. It might be said, in fact, that the
employment of moisture only, without heat, had produced a
well-marked form, unknown under normal conditions in this
region, though occurring naturally in some other parts of
Africa, as Uganda and Natal.
To sum up: Mr. Marshall by means of these carefully con-
ducted experiments had shown that in the two species of
Teracolus, T'. omphale and T. achine, a brood which left to itself
would produce the dry-season phase of the imago, might by
the application of heat and moisture be made to assume the
characteristic features of the wet-season form. Further, in
each of these cases it was shown that exposure to the artificial
conditions during tie larval stage only was capable of produc-
ing nearly the whole effect, the result of similarly treating the
pupa only being scarcely perceptible.
On the other hand, while in Belenois severina an equally
complete transformation from the dry- to the wet-season form
had been accomplished, it was clearly shown that in this case
the larval was not the susceptible stage, the result of exposing
the larva only to the artificial conditions being practically nil.
In this species also Mr. Marshall had experimentally disso-
ciated the two conditions of heat and moisture, showing that
( Siv )
while in combination they could effect a transformation to the
full wet-season form, the employment of the latter only with-
out the former produced an entirely different result, the most
distinctive mark of the new form being the accentuation of a
feature usually characteristic of the dry season.
ODEZIA ATRATA ABERRATION.—Mr. Setwyn Imace brought
for exhibition an aberration of Odezia atrata, Lin., taken by
Dr. G. B. Longstaff at Mortehoe, N. Devon, on June 26, 1906.
The specimen differed very obviously from the ordinary form.
The fore-wings were rather sharply angulated at the apex
instead of rounded. Head dull ochreous. Thorax and abdo-
men densely irrorated with ochreous. Fore-wings greyish-
ochreous irrorated with black. Hind-wings black irrorated
with ochreous terminally. Cilia of fore-wings white. Cilia of
hind-wings black, shading off into ochreous at the edge. The
flight, he said, suggested that of a Pyralid rather than of a
Geometrid.
SEPARATION OF HELIconius Specres.—Mr. W. J. Kays, who
exhibited a series of the genus Heliconius, said that they
were arranged to show (1) how Herr Riffarth in a paper
published in 1901, entitled “ Die Gattung Heliconius,” divided
the genus into two main divisions by a secondary sexual
character, viz., Group I, in which the inner margin of fore-
wing of ¢ on under-side is composed of smooth scales reaching
the median nervure, and Group II, in which the smooth scales
do not reach the median nervure by about a millimetre. This
classification very nearly gives equal proportions for both I
and II. In point of fact, 34 species in I and 37 in II, includ-
ing very many sub-species in both. The remarkable result
of the application of these characters revealed the fact that
in several instances what we had hitherto called one species
was in reality two species, one belonging to Group I, the
other to Group II. Thus Heliconius hydara was found to
embrace a sub-species of H. amaryllis in euryades, Riff., /.
xenoclea included H. batesi,* Riff., and H. phyllis included
H. nanna.
* H. batesi, Riff., falls as a synonym of H. xenoclea, Hw., as Riffarth
mistook Hewitson’s figure of H. xenoclea to represent a species in Group II,
and described the species in Group I as batesi. In Hewitson’s collection
(now in the National Collection) no specimen of Group II exists, so that
(pe)
More than thirty years ago (in 1871) H. pachinus was
described by Salvin, and four years later an extremely
similar species was described by Staudinger and named JZ. ©
hewttsoni, but it was left to Riffarth in 1901 to detect that
these two species were not genetically close, but belonged to
two different groups.
A remarkable fact not mentioned by Riffarth, or by
Riffarth and Stichel in a more recent paper in the “‘ Tierreich,”
published in 1905, is that all these pairs of species are found
together in their respective localities. Thus H. hydara flies
with H. amaryllis, sub-sp. ewryades, in Trinidad, and I took
them there myself though quite unawares in July 1901.
H. xenoclea (= batesi) and H. microclea have been sent home
in the same parcel of papered insects from Chanchamayo,
Peru. H. pachinus and H. hewitsoni occur together in
Panama, and ZH. phyllis and H. nanna have been found in
identical localities in Southern Brazil. That Riffarth’s
character is a sound one there can be no doubt, as small dis-
tinctions of shape and colour (not, however, always mentioned
by Riffarth) are always to be detected, and the group character
is never absent without the other. Why this great similarity
should exist we have no direct proof. From analogy it is
probably a Miillerian association, and one would have expected
that either members of Group I or Group II were the more
numerous because more distasteful.
But this is apparently not the case. H. nanna and 1.
amaryllis rosina, both of Group I, are much rarer than their
respective “pairs,” H. phyllis and H. hydara colombina, But
H. wenoclea also belongs to Group I and is much commoner than
Hewitson’s figure could only be of the Group I species = H. xenoclea. 1
therefore propose re-naming the Group II species as mcroclea, n. sp.
Heliconius microclea, nu. sp.
Hab. Tumatumari, B. Guiana; taken with H. phyllis, sub. sp.
magnifica.
Very like H. xenoclea, Hew., except that the smooth shining scalesin 6
on the under-side of the inner margin of fore-wing do not reach the median
nervure. The red apical patch is rounded on its outer edge and sharply
cut below. The central red blotch shows no marked contraction within
the discoidal cell as it does in H. xenoclea. In size rather less than H.
xenoclen.
Hab. CHANCHAMAYO, Peru.
Taken with H. xenoclea, but less plentifully.
(ava,
H. microclea of Group II. Many parallel cases in unrelated
groups are known to exist, and this negative evidence is no
proof that these Heliconians are not mimics one of the other.
It is quite possible that in some, perhaps in the majority
of localities, members of one group are always more dominant
than in the other. It is also possible that perhaps the exact
times of appearance do not quite coincide, and that when the
collector is taking one species abundantly the other is not
fully out and vice versa. In addition to the species already
mentioned the following were also exhibited :—H. vulcanus
cythera with ab. modesta, and H. vuleanus pyrforus * of Group
I, H. amphitrite and H. favorinus of Group II,
The series exhibited is also to show (2) how Herr Riffarth, and
later with the collaboration of Herr Stichel in the “‘ Tierreich ”
for 1905, derives the melpomene-like forms of several species
from an amaryllis-like form with a yellow transverse band on
the hind-wings, the system being based on the shape of the
red blotch on the fore-wings in conjunction with the main group
character. In the series of 1. amaryllis were shown two of
its sub-species, viz. rostna from Colombia and euryades from
Trinidad, and one of the rare intermediates named euwryas by
Riffarth in which the yellow band is almost but not entirely
obliterated.
MicromorPHismM IN CoLEopreRAm— Mr. W. E. Sarre
showed a small collection of Coleoptera to illustrate the
tendency of some species to micromorphism, and gave an
account of the causes of which these small forms were the
result.
The exhibition included specimens of Brachinus crepitans,
Necrophorus mortuorum, Nacerdes melanura, Meloé proscara-
beus, Pissodes notatus, Phyllobius argentatus, Leiopus nebu-
losus, and Aleochara cuniculorum. And remarking upon
* Heliconius vulcanus, sub-sp. pyrforus, n. sub-sp.
Fore-wing with a strong slaty-blue gloss, more so than in H. vulcanus
vulcanus but less than in H. vuleanus cythera. The red blotch across the
centre of the wing very large. Cilia white spotted. _Hind-wing without
markings. Cilia white spotted. Under-side of hind-wing without any
trace of a yellow transverse band.
Hab. TuMATuMARI, b. Guiana.
The sub-species is very like H. erato guarica = magnifica, Riff., except
for the white spotted fringe.
@)- xvi)
them Mr. SHarp said that micromorphism was a not unusual
phenomenon among Coleoptera and other orders; that it
appeared to be due, neither to heredity, nor reversion, but to
defective larval nutrition. Evidence of this was supplied by
the fact that such micromorphic forms are most common in
those groups whose larval food is specialised and liable to
sudden diminution or termination. While the interest of the
ease lies in the apparent capability of these organisms to
respond to such a deficient supply of nutrition as in other
animals would result in starvation or atrophy, by a completion
of the normal outogeny perfected to the last specific character
in miniature, and that this appears to be a special adaptation
to meet the contingency of variable or limited food supply.
Mr. H. St. Jonn Donistuorre also exhibited a number
of similarly stunted specimens in further illustration of this
characteristic.
Mimicry 1n Lycanips.—Mr. Hamitron H. Druce exhibited
a case of butterflies illustrating the interesting Lycenid genus
Mimacrea, including two groups, the one mimicking the
Danaine, the other the Acrzine butterflies.
Papers.
The Rev. G. A. CrawsHay, M.A., read a paper, illus-
trated by lantern slides, on “The Life History of Tetropiwm
gabrieli, Weise.”
Dr. T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.Z.S., read a paper, illustrated
by several exhibits, on ‘‘Some Teratological Specimens.”
The following papers were also communicated :—
“Entomology in North-West Spain,” by T. A. CHapmay,
M.D., F.Z.8S., and G. C. Campion, F.Z.S.
“The Larva of Collyris emarginatus, Dej.,” by Rosrrr
SuetrorpD, M,A., F.L.S.
“A Preliminary Revision of the Forficwlide and Cheliso-
chidz,’ by Matcotm Burr, B.A., F.LS.
‘Descriptions of some new Butterflies from ‘Tropical
Africa,” by Hamitton H. Druce, F.Z.S.
‘‘A Catalogue of the Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide,
with descriptions of new Species,” by Arruur M. Lexa, F.E.S.
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 1. 1907, B
( xviii )
Wednesday, March 20th, 1907.
Mr, C. O. WaterHousE, President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Dr, Exnest Epwarp Octavius Crort, of 28 Hyde Terrace
Leeds ; Mr. Fertx M. Dames, of Berlin; Mr. THomas Frank
Partrripce Hoar, of Quex Lodge, West End Lane, Hamp-
stead, N.W.; Professor Dr. A. Jacopt, Director of Zoology and
Anthropology in the Ethnographical Museum of Dresden ; and
Mr. Haroitp J. Wuirr, of 42 Nevern Square, Kensington,
S.W., were elected Fellows of the Society.
Bi-centenary of Linnexus.
It was announced that the Rev. F. D. Moricr, M.A., and
Professor E. B. Pounron, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., would represent
the Society at the forthcoming celebrations at Upsala and
Stockholm.
Exhibition.
PARALLELISM BETWEEN THE GENERA PHRIssuRA AND MYLo-
THRIs.—Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited several species of Phiissura
and Mylothris side by side, in order to illustrate the remarkable
parallelism that exists between these two Pierine genera.
The forms shown were as follows :—
Phrissura lasti, Grose Smith, ¢ Mylothris narcissus, Butl., ¢
P. sylvia, Fabr., ¢ M. spica, Mosch., 3
P. sylvia, Fabr., @ M. spica, Mosch., 2
P. sylvia, Fabr., 3 (western MM. bernice, Hew., 3
form)
P. perlucens, Butl., 3 M. asphodelus, Butl., ¢
P. phoebe, Butl., 9 M. poppea, Cram., @
P. phebe, Butl., 2 M. poppea, Cram., ¢
P. phebe, Butl., 9 M. rubricosta, Mab., ?
The genus Phrisswra, he remarked, was closely akin to
Appias, Tachyris, Catophaga and Glutophrissa ; Mylothris, on
the other hand, occupied an isolated position and was of
G ie)
doubtful affinity. With the exception of two eastern forms,
the species of Phrissura, like those of Mylothris, belonged to
Africa. It was remarkable that there scarcely existed a
single form of Phrissuwra that did not find a counterpart in
the other genus, though there was nothing but a remote
relationship between them. The forms that so closely
resembled each other were, speaking generally, inhabitants
of the same districts, and it was interesting to observe that
where a species of the one genus underwent a local modifica-
tion, the corresponding local race of the other genus was
similarly transformed in appearance. Thus the Uganda form
of P. sylvia, 3, closely resembled JZ, spica, ¢, from the same
region, both being white butterflies with a dark apex to the
fore-wing, a row of marginal black spots on the hind-wing,
and a basal patch of bright orange. In the representative
forms from the Congo region, P. perlucens, Butl., ¢, and M.
asphodelus, Butl., 3 , the basal orange was in each case replaced
by lemon yellow. Again, in the West African specimen
shown of P. sylvia, 5, the basal orange took on a darker tinge
and was somewhat modified in shape, in both of which respects
it came into close correspondence with J. bernice from the
same locality. The facts might lend some apparent colour to
the view that the correspondence was due in each case to
similarity of surroundings. The speaker, however, thought
that the difficulties in the way of such an explanation were
insuperable, and that the relation was in every case mimetic.
It would not be easy to say whether the mimicry was of the
Batesian or of the Miillerian kind, the data being scarcely
sufficient ; he inclined personally to the belief that it would
prove to be of the latter, 7. e. the Miillerian sort, especially as
there appeared to be indications of a diaposematic exchange
of characters between the two series of forms.
He regretted that the Hope Collection possessed no speci-
mens of P. nyasana, Butl., ¢, for this form together with
M. riippellii, Koch, 6, would have made a striking addition to
the exhibit. He should have preferred also to put a specimen
of the West African P. isokani, Grose Smith, ? , beside the I.
poppea, 2, from Ashanti, had one been available.
Though he had on the present occasion confined himself to
( xx )
the parallelism existing between these two genera, he wished
also to remark that in many cases the actual forms shown
formed part only of a much larger mimetic association.
Papers.
The following papers were communicated :—
“Studies in the TZetrigine (Orthoptera) in the Oxford
Museum,” by JosepH L. Hancock, M.D., F.E.S.
“A List of the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands,” by
Matcotm Cameron, M.B., R.N., and Dr, A. Caruana Gatto.
“The Life History of Spindasis lohita, Horsf.,” by Joun C.
KERSHAW.
“On the Egg Cases and Early Stages of some South-Chinese
Cassidide,” by Joun C. Kersnaw and Freperiok Muir.
‘‘A Life History of Zesseratoma papillosa, Thunb.,” by JouHn
C. Kersnaw, with “ Notes on the Stridulating Organ and
Stink Glands,” by FrepErick Murr.
“The Vinegar Fly (Drosophila funebris),” by Ernest E.
Unwin, communicated by Professor L. C. Mian, F.B.S.
‘On the Structure and Life History of the Holly Fly,” by
Professor Louis Compton Mraz, F.R.S., and T. H. Taytor.
The Secretary then read the following :—
‘Note ON XANTHORHOK FERRUGATA, CLERCK, AND THE
MenpeviAn Hyporuesis,” by Lronarp Doncaster, M.A.,
F.E.S.
“Tn the Trans. Ent. Soc. 1906, Part IV., p. 525, appeared a
paper by Mr. L. B. Prout on the inheritance of colour in
Xanthorhoé ferrugata, in which it is concluded that the in-
heritance of the two colour-varieties is not in accord with
Mendel’s Law. I have no experience of this insect, but on
reading Mr. Prout’s paper it seemed to me that he had over-
looked one possibility, and that the evidence, as he gives it, is
rather in favour of the belief that the inheritance in this case
is Mendelian, than opposed to it. Mr. Prout assumes that the
black variety is dominant in the Mendelian sense, because it
more frequently found in the wild state, but the evidence
shows clearly that the purple form is dominant and the black
( jizxi ))
recessive. According to Mendel’s hypothesis recessives when
paired together must always breed true, and accordingly in
Mr. Prout’s experiments in every case when black was mated
with black, exclusively black offspring were produced, even
when the black parents had purple ancestry. The dominant
purple form, on the other hand, may contain the recessive
character, and if so half the germ-cells which it produces will
bear purple, the other half black. If such an insect is paired
with a black, which by hypothesis must be pure, then half the
offspring will be black (pure) and half will be purple hybrids.
In matings of this kind Mr. Prout obtained 171 black, 147
purple and 4 intermediate, where the Mendelian expectation
is 161 black and 161 purple. The rare intermediates must be
regarded as cases in which the dominance of the purple is not
quite complete, and the numbers (roughly 53 per cent. and 47
per cent.) are not far from the expected equality of the two
forms.
“Tf the purple is dominant, when purple is mated with purple
either all the offspring will be purple (if one or both of the
parents are pure dominants), or there will be three purples to
one black (75 per cent. to 25 per cent.), if both contain the
recessive character. In all Mr. Prout’s matings the latter
case was observed, for black occurred in each family. Alto-
gether, including the family described as (1) on p. 529, there
were obtained 147 purple, 2 intermediate, 60 black where the
Mendelian expectation is 157 purple, 52 black, 7. e. Mr. Prout
obtained about 71 per cent. and 29 per cent. instead of the
expected 75 and 25 per cent.
‘“‘It is perhaps remarkable that among ten pairings of this
nature none should have been pure dominants, but as most of
the insects used were the progeny of wild purples, and black is
admittedly the commoner form in nature, this need cause no
surprise. That the recessive form is the commoner in the
wild state is not rare, e.g. I have shown that the common
form of Angerona prunaria is recessive to the var. sordiata
(P. Z.S. 1906, vol.I, p. 125), and other cases might be added.
I think it must be concluded therefore that instead of showing
that the two colour-forms of X. ferrugata are not inherited
in accordance with Mendel’s Law, Mr. Prout’s experiments
( =i)
indicate that this species affords another clear instance of that
type of inheritance.
“Mr. Prout quotes me (p. 529) as saying that the inherit-
ance of Melanism in Aplecta nebulosa is not Mendelian, and he
assumes that perhaps Mendelian inheritance is confined to
certain species. My words were intended to mean that in that
species the inheritance of Melanism could not be shown by the
evidence at present available to follow Mendel’s Law, because
neither form is a simple dominant over the other, but this is
no evidence that the Mendelian segregation of the germ-cells
does not take place. In a species where one colour-form
is clearly dominant over the other there can be little doubt as
to the Mendelian inheritance, but in more complicated cases
such as A. nebulosa much careful experiment would be
required, before the nature of the inheritance could be worked
out.”
Commenting also on Mr. Prout’s paper, Dr. F. A. Drxey
said that “dominance” in what the author spoke of as the
ordinary acceptation of the word might or might not coincide
with Mendelian dominance. It seemed tolerably clear that
Mr. Doncaster’s suggestion was correct, and that in this
instance the “black” form, which was dominant in the
‘ordinary’? sense, was a Mendelian recessive. It should,
however, be observed that in one instance black and black
produced an intermediate (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906,
p. 527).
The cases recorded on p. 529 of Mr. Prout’s very interesting
paper presented some difficulty. The only possibility seemed
to be that, as Mr. Doncaster had pointed out, the three wild
“purple” females there spoken of were hybrids mated with
recessives. The Mendelian expectation for the offspring on
this supposition would be 50 per cent. purple and 50 per cent.
black—a proportion rather widely departed from, especially in
the case of female (2), whose recessive offspring considerably
exceeded in number the Mendelian prediction. But the
numbers of the individual broods were after all far too small
to give stable conclusions, and if the several results of pre-
sumably DR xR matings mentioned in the same paragraph
were added together, the Mendelian proportion would be more
(Sent 9)
nearly approached. The paired offspring of female (1) were
probably both hybrids; as also must have been the purple
male offspring of female (3), which was paired with a recessive
of the same brood.
Dr. Dixy further remarked that it would be interesting to
inquire into the causes of the alleged preponderance of the
purple form in the Isle of Man. The facts concerning the
relative abundance of the two forms in different localities
seemed to suggest that some kind of selection was at work,
but it was not easy to conjecture what its precise mode of
operation might be.
Wednesday, April 10th, 1907.
Mr. C. O. WaterHousE, President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Sypnry R. Asupy, of 119, Greenvale Road, Eltham
Park, Kent; Mr. Artaur Buuuer, F.S.A., of The Old
Vicarage, Midsomer Norton, Somerset ; Mr. Bernarp H. D.
Harrison, of Claremont, Ashleigh Road, Barnstaple; and
Mr. Cuartes Firtpine Jounson, of Mayfield, Binnington
Crescent, Stockport, were elected Fellows of the Society.
Obituary.
The decease was announced of Mr. Jonn Emmerson Rosson,
Exhibitions.
SIMILARITY BETWEEN Dry-sEASON FoRMS OF ALLIED PIERINE
Sprcies.—Dr. F. A. Drxty exhibited male specimens of the
wet- and dry-season phases of the following African and Indian
Pierine :—
Teracolus achine, Cram. T. antigone, Boisd.
T. omphale, Godt. Huphina nadina, Lue.
7’. evenina, Wallgrn. H. nerissa, Fabr.
He remarked that the exhibit illustrated two points :—
(1) the fact that in Pierine which were subject to seasonal
( ey D
dimorphism the dry-season form was often conspicuously smaller
than its wet-season representative ; and (2) the fact that the
males of species which were easily discriminated in their wet-
season phases might be almost indistinguishable from each
other in the dry-season garb, the same applying, though less
markedly, to the females. In the case of the four species of
Teracolus shown, though there was a family likeness between
all the wet-season forms, they could nevertheless be distin-
guished ata glance. On the other hand, the dry-season forms
of the same four species resembled each other so closely in
aspect, and even in size, that they could not be separated
without minute examination. He knew from personal ex-
perience that these dry-season forms were most difficult to
identify in the field. The two species of Huphina, again, bore
in their dry-season phase a very close resemblance to each
other, but in the wet-season they were quite dissimilar.
He did not advance either of these points as being of uni-
versal application ; though the former of them, at least, was
of very common occurrence.
Forms oF OspHyA AND ConcurRRENT Sprcres.—Mr. G. C.
Cuampion showed on behalf of Mr. J. Epwarps specimens of
the genus Osphya and read the following note communicated
by him :—
‘“This exhibit consists of five forms of Osphya together
with certain other species occurring at the same time and
place, and which, having regard to gait and appearance, re-
semble them more or less closely. It is not suggested that
these resemblances are protective. On the whole, the numbers
of Telephorus pellucidus much exceed those of the normal male
of Osphya (a), but on some occasions the two species occur in
approximately equal numbers ; and the same may be said of the
normal female (6) and Zelephorus lividus. The ‘nigripenne
form of female (c) occurs in a proportion of approximately
two per cent. to the normal form, and its proportion of occur-
rences to those of Zelephorus rusticus is, of course, much
smaller ; still, the resemblance of the two insects in life is
very striking. About five per cent. of all the females are of
the small form (¢), and the resemblance between these and
Lelephorus hemorrhoidalis, though noticeable, is not very
( xxv)
marked. The resemblance between the ‘simplex’ form of
the male (e) in which the hind-legs are practically unmodified,
there being neither angulation near the base of the tibia nor
production inwards at the apex of that member, to the female -
of Grammoptera ruficornis is in life particularly striking, the
proportion of the Osphya to the Longicorn being approxi-
mately two per cent.
“T have kept a number of living specimens of both sexes
of Osphya in confinement, and had ample direct evidence of
one important function of the hind-legs of the male, namely,
to secure him in position at the time of pairing. He mounts
the back of the female, who struggles to escape, and seizes her
with his mandibles by the neck, clasping her in the meantime
round the body with his front pairs of legs whilst the hinder
pair are so adjusted that the hind tibiz of the female are held
between his femora and tibie near the knee-joint (that is,
between the joint and the small tooth on the femora), and the
remainder of the inner edge of his hind tibie is closely applied
to the venter of the female abdomen; the large curved tooth
at the apex of the tibia fits the curve of the under-surface of
the female abdomen and evidently serves to increase the grip.
The effect of these circumstances is to secure the pairing of
individuals of suitable size, for the small males were quite
unable to hold the large females whilst the small females
escaped with ease from the embrace of the normal males. It
appears remarkable that the small form is not more common,
as I observed the males to pair readily enough with females
of suitable size. I found no evidence in support of the theory
that the strongly modified hind-legs of the normal males serve
to give the insects a better grip of their support under ordinary
circumstances ; on the contrary, during ordinary progression
the hind tibia is closely applied to the femur, the tip of the
inward prolongation at the apex of the former locking into
a cavity in the trochanter and leaving only the tarsus free.”
Mr. H. Sr. J. Donistuorre expressed his opinion that the
resemblance between the forms was most certainly protective,
and Mr. A. J. Cuirry said that in Monkswood, Hunts., where
he had taken Osphya in abundance, all the females belonged to
the light form,
( eet. 7)
AntTenn&-Jornts in Tracuysceris——Mr. H. J. Carrer
showed a microscopic slide prepared to demonstrate that the
antenne of the genus 77vachyscelis have eleven joints, and not
ten as hitherto described.
Mr. Carter having made some further observations, also
contributed the following note :—
ON THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF TRACHYSCELIS.
“In a late microscopic observation of the antenne of 7’ nigra,
mihi, I noticed a marked discrepancy from Pascoe’s tabulation
of the species (Ann. and Mag., v, 1870, p. 95). In that table,
Trachyscelis is differentiated from the other genera of the
tribe by the main distinction ‘ ten-jointed antennx.’ More-
over, in a footnote, Pascoe refers to Du Val as the ‘only author
oo
pa.
Antenna of Trachyscelis nigra, Carter.
who has given the correct number of antennal joints’ (Gen.
Col. d’Europe, ili, p. 288.) In reference to his figure (Pl. vii,
fig. 352b) I have failed to detect the moniliform structure of
the club, and the basal joint is much larger and curved almost
ata right angle. It must be recollected however that the
whole antenna is not larger than the point of a fine needle. .
M. Du Val himself says, ‘ Nos auteurs récents, et M. Mulsant
lui-méme, donnent tous onze articles aux antennes des
Trachyscelis, mais ils ne peuvent avoir contrélé ce nombre avec
soin, car les antennes en question n’offrent évidemment que dix
articles distincts et articulés. M. Emile Blanchard (Regne An.
de Cuvier, Edit. Masson, i, pl. 50, p. 4) a fait mieux. Dans le
dessein du reste en tout trés mauvais, quil a donné de
Vantenne du 7’. aphodioides, il a répresenté la massue comme
offrant six articles.’ On referring to Latreille, the founder of
(AuxxwiT ey)
the genus (Gen. Crust. et Insect., IV, p. 379), the antennz
are described as ‘ Capite vix longiores, articulis sex ultimis
clavam perfoliatam abruptam, breviter oratam, efficientibus ;
basilari elongato, tertio duobusque sequentibus minimis,
transversis.’ Neither Lacordaire, nor Leconte and Horn,
say anything as to the number of antennal joints.
“TI present a drawing of the antenna of my species which
shows (1) that there are eleven clearly articulated joints, (2)
that the club consists of five well-defined and widened joints.
“Mr. G, C. Champion, who has examined the antennz of
the following species, sends me the enclosed report on the
subject. From this it appears that of eight species examined
two only have ten-jointed antenna, viz. 7. aphodioides, Latr.,
and 7’. ciliaris, Champ., the remaining six species having eleven-
jointed antenne. The missing joint in the former is one of
the small joints, between the basal two and the apical five.
This very extraordinary difference shows the difficulty of
relying on such important structural character as number of
antennal joints for generic distinction.”
Mr. Champion’s report is as follows :—
‘“T now send a slide of 7. aphodioides and of 7. ciliaris
(hardly dry yet) for your inspection. My report on the
various species known to me is as follows (all have two stout
basal joints and a five-jointed club) :—
T. aphodioides, Latr., Europe and N. Afr., 10-jointed.
T. tenuestriatus, Fairm., Obock and Perim, 11-jointed.
T. chinensis, Ch., Namoa I., 11-jointed.
7’. sabuleti, Lewis, Japan, 11-jointed.
7’. pallens, Ch., Ceylon, 11-jointed.
7’. niger, Cart., Australia, 11-jointed.
T. levis, Ch., Australia, 11-jointed.
T. ciliaris, Ch., Australia, 10-jointed.
It is very extraordinary, and shows that no reliance can be
placed on this character for generic differentiation. The
additional joint is always another very small one (4 instead
of 3). No variation in basal joint, as you supposed.”
(| (omevait Y)
Papers,
Mr. Kennern J. Morron communicated a paper on
“Odonata collected by Lt.-Colonel C. G. Nurss, chiefly in
North-Western India.” .
Mr. W. J. Kaye communicated a paper on ‘“ The Life
History of Cydimon (Urania) leilus,” by L. Gurry, Junior,
which was followed by a discussion on the migratory habit,
and classification of the species. Commander J. J. WALKER
said that he had met with an allied species at Panama where
it was believed that the insect made daily migrations from
one side of the isthmus to the other. Mr. J. W. Turr said
that Mr. Guppy’s description of the egg at once determined
that the species should be classed no longer as a Geometer.
The characteristics described suggested that it belonged to the
butterfly stirps. The Presipent and other Fellows also joined
in the discussion.
Wednesday, May Ist, 1907.
Mr. C. O. Warernouss, President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
M. Atexanpre Bonnet, of 36°* Boulevard Bineau, Neuilly-
sur-Seine, Seine, France; Mr. Henry Murray Gixss, of Perth,
Western Australia; Mr. Arruur Lestrs Raywarp, of Cole-
brooke, Park Lane, Wallington, Surrey; and Mr. Yrrnp
Durr, of Tokyo, Japan, were elected Fellows of the Society.
Obituary.
The decease was announced of the Rev. WittiAmM Henry
Heater, M.A.
Exhibitions.
CoLEoPTERA FROM IcELAND.—Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited a
small collection of Coleoptera made by him in Iceland in July
1906, comprising thirty-nine species, of which some were
previously unrecorded as inhabiting that island. He also
drew attention to the aflinity between the beetle-fauna of
(i xxpe)
Iceland and of Scotland, only one of those taken, Colymbetes
grenlandicus, Aubé, not occurring in both countries.
Larv® or OTIoRRHYNCHUS suLcATUS.—Mr. J. A. CLark
brought for exhibition living larvee of Otiorrhynchus sulcatus
feeding on the roots of ferns.
CoLEOPTERA FROM THE Sout oF FranceE.—Commander J. J.
Waker showed living specimens of Oxythyrea_ stictica, L.,
Lpicometis hirtella, L., and Anthaxia parallela, Lap., taken by
Dr. T. A, Chapman at St. Maxime, Var, 8. France.
Divercent Mrimicky BY THE FEMALES oF LEUCERONIA
ArGIA, Fabr.—Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited specimens of
Leuceronia argia, Fabr., 6 and 9, together with several
forms belonging to four other Pierine genera. He remarked
on them as follows :—
“Mr. Trimen (‘South African Butterflies, vol. IIT, 1889,
p. 181) has drawn attention to the resemblance borne to
Mylothris agathina, Cram., and Selenois ianthe, Doubl., by
certain forms of the female Lewceronia argia, Fabr. The
female of this Pierine is extremely variable, and the object of
the present exhibit is to show that each of its diverse forms is
associated in aspect with one or more species of Mvylothris,
Belenois, Pinacopteryx or Phrissura—all these being genera
whose affinity with Leuceronia is remote.
““The following are the forms now exhibited, together with
the types which they respectively resemble :—
Form or L. argia, Fasr., 2 ASSOCIATED WITH
1. White, black-bordered form (=f. Belenois theuszi, Dewitz
typica, Auriv.). 3.
2. The same, with orange basal flush Mylothris riippellii, Koch,
on forewings (=f. popped, Donov., é-
teste, Butler).
3. White, slight dark border, pinkish Phrisswra phebe, Butl., ?
basal flush just showing through
upper surface of forewings.
4, White, border of conspicuous dark Mylothris riippellii, Koch,
spots, orange-vermilion basal Sas
flush.
5. Yellow, strongly-marked dark Mylothris riippellii, Koch,
border, orange basal flush (= f. é (yellow form).
sulphurea, Auriy.).
(Cae ® )
6. White, slightly-marked spotty bor- Pinacopteryx rubrobasalis,
der, yellowish hindwings, pale Lanz, ¢.
orange basal flush.
7. Ordinary Natal form (=f. varia, Mylothris agathina,Cram.,
Trimen), showing under-side. d (under-side),
“These examples do not exhaust the list of forms of L. argia,
?, which resemble other Pierine species ; for besides the black
and yellow f. idotea, Auriv., which is the form noticed by
Trimen for its resemblance to Belenois ianthe, there is a
modification of f. varia, Trim., with a yellowish hind-wing like
No. 6 supra but without the basal flush, which falls into
association with a form of the female Pinacopteryx pigea,
Boisd. Besides this, f. semiflava, Auriv., at once suggests
membership of a numerous assemblage characterised by brown
upper and pale under-wings, to which group also belong many
females of Mylothris spica, Mosch., Phrissura sylvia, Fabr.,
Belenois theuszi, Dewitz, and B. theora, Doubl.
“The question naturally arises, what is the meaning of
these resemblances? I am not credulous enough to believe
that they represent a mere series of coincidences; it appears
to me that they must have some bionomice significance, and that
in the present as in similar instances the interpretation least
attended with difficulty is that which attributes to them a
mimetic value. It is generally admitted that J/ylothris, forms
of which so often take a central position in these supposed mi-
metic groups, is a well-protected genus. There is therefore good
reason for its imitation by LZ. argia, whether this imitation be of
the Batesian or of the Miillerian kind. Itistrue that LZ. argia
is seldom a very perfect mimic ; its various forms seem to hover
on the outskirts of mimetic groups without entirely casting in
their lot with them. But cases similar to this are known
elsewhere ; and much the same, mutatis mutandis, might be
said of many instances (which few would be found to dispute)
of protective resemblance to inanimate objects. We find,
indeed, as under the theory of adaptation by selection we
should expect to find, every sort of gradation between protec-
tion which is only slight, and protection which is all but
complete ; and this, whatever be the special kind of protection
in question, If a species be maintaining its ground, deficiency
in one particular will be made up for by excellence in another.
(Se)
“Some of the forms of LZ. argia, 2 , are restricted to definite
regions, and it is natural to ask whether these mimics and
their models are always to be found in the same locality. To
a great extent this can be shown to be the case, but a wider
knowledge than we at present possess of the distribution of
both sets of forms would be necessary for a complete answer
to the question. Meanwhile, the facts now at our command
do not suggest an answer unfavourable to the theory.
‘¢T have heard it remarked that whereas the form sulphurea
of L. argia, @, has a well-marked dark margin, the Mylothris
with which it is here associated has no continuous dark mark-
ing, except at the apex of the fore-wing. Experience, however,
leads me to think that although a border of black spots on a
white or pale-coloured wing—the arrangement so commonly
seen in Mylothris but obsolescent in this particular form —is
a conspicuous feature, a uniform dark border (as in Belenois
severina, Cram., 9) is often unnoticeable during flight; the
chief effect of sucha border being to diminish the apparent size
of its possessor, and sometimes (if the internal bounding line
is irregular) to convey in addition the impression of a worn or
ragged edge tothe wings. ‘There is reason therefore to suppose
that the resemblance between these two forms is quite close
enough to be effective,
“ Tt may, in conclusion, be remarked that the present case is
in some respects analogous with that of Papilio dardanus. In
both we have a series of females, differing widely from the
male and from each other, and each bearing a resemblance to
a protected form belonging to another group. The ditferences
in LZ. argia, though similar in kind, are far less striking in
degree than those shown by P. dardanus; this corresponds
with the greater family resemblance between the models of
the Leuceronia as compared with those of the Papilio.”
Mimicry amone ConeorTeRaA.—The PreEsipENT exhibited
some Coleoptera collected in Pahang by Mr. H. C. Robinson
and recently received at the Natural History Museum. The
series contained some interesting cases of mimicry between
weevils of the genus Hpisomus and Longicorns of the genus
Niconia. Also a specimen of a Cicindelid, Collyris apicalis,
which closely resembles the Heteromerous insect Styrax
tricondyloides. And lastly a Longicorn of the genus Zelota,
(exit: )
apparently a new species, which resembled a species of
Amphisternus of the family Hndomychide.
Lrvinc Luminous Cotroptera.—Dr. G. B. Lonestarr
exhibited living specimens of the luminous Elaterid Pyro-
phorus noctilucus, L., brought from Trinidad by Dr. F. L.
J. M. de Verteuil, R.N. Dr. Longstaff had observed that
when chloroformed the green lights became very brilliant,
but were soon eclipsed. As the lights faded in a normal way
they appeared to pulsate.
Rare AND New British Cotzoprera.—Mr. H. Sr. J,
DonisTHoRPE exhibited on behalf of Prof. T. Hupson Brarr
and himself specimens of Quedius riparius, Kell., and
Trypodendron quercus, Kich., taken by them at Porlock,
Somersetshire, on April 16th and 17th. The former insect
was found somewhat sparingly in flood-refuse caught by
fallen logs lying in one of the mountain torrents which came
down from Exmoor; it was to be found only in flood-refuse
actually over the surface of the water—apparently when the
flood-refuse is deposited on the banks the insect very quickly
leaves it. There are only records of the capture of this
insect—by Mr. Kidson Taylor, in Derbyshire, one specimen
—aud by Mr. Chitty in flood-rubbish on the river Beauly,
Inverness-shire, since Mr. Blatch discovered it at Porlock in
1896. With these the exhibitor showed specimens of Quedius
kraatzii, new to Britain, taken by him at Chiddingfold in
1898, but not exhibited before, to compare with Q. ripartus,
both species having the same habits. It was stated that
unlike the latter, kraatz/i had never been taken elsewhere in
Britain, though he had found it on various occasions since in
the old locality. The 7'rypodendron was found in the bark
and in the solid wood of a small oak bough; there are few
records of its capture outside the Sherwood Forest district.
Also Hydrovatus clypealis, Shp., taken by them on April 14th
at Worle near Weston-super-Mare. This very local little
water-beetle is only recorded from Portsmouth by Canon
Fowler, but has since been taken at Sandown, I.of Wight, by
Prof. Beare, and in the New Forest by Dr. Sharp.
Dirreron associateD with ANnTSs.—Mr. DonistHoRPE also
showed the larva and pupa of a Dipteron of the genus
(. xxi ))
Microdon, taken in a nest of Formica fusca at Porlock last
month. A number of larve were taken, and one of the nests
in which they occurred. The ants are stated to nurse the
larve as they do their scale insects (Coccidz).
The PresIpENT warmly congratulated Mr. Donisthorpe upon
the nature and extent of his discoveries of species of insects,
etc., attendant on ants.
HEMIMERUS TALPOIDES, WALK.—Mr. R. SHELFORD exhibited
a specimen of the curious Orthopterous insect Hemimerus
talpoides, Walk., from Portuguese Guinea; the species is
parasitic on a large rat, Cricetomys gambianus, and is
viviparous.
Mr. R. SHetrorp then read the following note on
“ A Case or Homaotic VARIATION IN A CocKROACH.”
Homeeosis has been defined as “‘theassumption by one member
of a Meristic series, of the form or characters proper to other
Left maxilla, Right mazilla, Right mandible.
members of the series” (Bateson, “ Materials for the Study of
Variation,” London, 1894, p. 84). This type of abnormality
is of rare occurrence ; Mr. Bateson is only able to quote four
examples of it amongst the Insecta, and two of these are
doubtfully genuine. The undoubted cases are Cimbex axillaris
and Bombus variabilis, both insects having the left antenna
partially developed as a foot (Zc. pp. 146-148). I daresay
that other cases of homeosis amongst insects have been
recorded during the past twelve years, but if so, I have not
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 11. 1907, Cc
( ‘pxeexay,: 4»)
come across any accounts of them. The abnormality now to
be described seems to be of the nature of a homeeotic variation.
When dissecting a cockroach of the genus Panesthia, apparently
a new species allied to P. sinuata, Sauss., I observed that the
right maxilla was replaced by a hard chitinous structure
superficially resembling a mandible; the left maxilla and
both mandibles were perfectly normal. On removing and
closely examining the right “maxilla” it was seen to bea
densely chitinised and rugose organ, roughly approximating
in shape and size toa normal mandible. This ‘‘maxilla” at.
the base is large, but it tapers distally and the apex bears a
small finger-like process. Traces of segmentation are seen in
two circular grooves and in the different size of the parts
defined by these grooves; the organ may be regarded as made
up of four segments, the terminal small process being one,
but it is perfectly rigid and the segmentation is only visible:
on close examination. The basal segment is hollowed out on
its inner face and it is this feature which increases the general
resemblance of the structure to a mandible. Without going
so far as to say that the abnormal “maxilla” of the cockroach
under notice reproduces the ancestral condition of a mandible,
attention may be drawn to the view that the mandibles are
derived from a four-segmented organ, advocated by Wood-
Mason and other entomologists. Wood-Mason moreover has
observed that the mandibles of the embryo of Panesthia
javanica are segmented, and in the larve and adults of the
same species he distinguished a groove across the back of the
mandible at the base, representing in his opinion the remains.
of a joint. The cockroach exhibiting the variation described
above was captured on Mt. Masarang in N. Celebes by Dr.
Chas. Hose in 1895.
(. Gemey :)
Wednesday, June 5th, 1907.
Mr, C. O. WateruHousE, President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. C. N. Huaues, of Knightstone, Cobham ; Mr. ALBErr
Ernest McCuure Ketty, Assistant Entomologist to the
Department of Agriculture, Natal; and Mr. M. G. Muxum,
of Hyderabad, Sind, India, and Cambridge University, were
elected Fellows of the Society.
Obituary.
The decease was announced of Dr. Freprric Moors, D.Sc.,
A.L.S., F.Z.S., the “father” of Indian entomology, and one
of the oldest Fellows of the Society, and of Mr. C. J. Watkins.
Bicentenary of Linnezus.
The Presipent read the following communication from the
Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., the Society’s delegate to the celebra-
tions in honour of the bicentenary of Linnzus at Upsala, and
Stockholm :—
** Stockholm, May 28th, 1907.
‘*DeaR Mr. WatTERHOUSE,
‘Tf this reaches you before the June meeting of the
Entomological Society, will you kindly announce that I duly
delivered their Address of Congratulation to the Rector of
the Upsala University, and the President of the Stockholm
Academy of Sciences ; and that I have been received at both
places with great kindness and hospitality, as have all the
other delegates bringing similar addresses from other Societies,
etc., in Europe and America . . .
“Yours sincerely,
“FF. D. Morice.”
A vote of thanks was unanimously given to Mr. Morice for
his services in presenting, and as author of the Address, and
it was resolved to publish the same, as follows, in Latin and
English in the Society’s Proceedings :-—
(. exw.)
REGLAD ACADEMIA
SCIENTARUM SUECIC
Spec 10)
SOCIETATIS ENTOMOLOGICAE
LONDINIENSIS
Prases, VicE-PR#&sIpEs, Soctt.
Litteras vestras gaudentes accepimus, et quia indicio sunt
nobis benevolentiz vestre animique fraterni, et quia
Carnot LINNzI
potissimum ad memoriam celebrandam invitamur, quem nos
entomologiz studiis dediti tanquam scientiz nostre auctorem
clarissimum ac pene parentem veneratione. unica et pietate
semper prosequimur.
Vestrum quidem fuisse illum civem confitemur, neque glorie
huic vestre invidemus sed de ea potius vobis gratulamur.
Liceat tamen nobis quoque exteris non alienum vobis putare
splendorem viri, qui—ut “ Pheebi fax” non Delum solam vel
Lyciam, sed terras omnes illuminat—ita hominibus omnibus,
qui in qualibet regione terrarum Nature arcana perscrutantur,
ductorem se lucisque datorem prebuit semperque prebebit.
Etiam atque etiam valete !
Dabamus Londini die X. m. Maii a. 1907.
CHARLES O. WATERHOUSE, Preses.
FREDERIC MERRIFIELD
EDWARD SAUNDERS | Vice Posie
Grorce Henry VERRALL
We were glad to receive your letter, both because it shows
us your goodwill and fraternal feeling towards us, and because
it is the memory of Carolus Linnus that we are asked to
celebrate—the man whom we entomologists regard with special
admiration and affection as a chief authority on our science and
almost as its father.
As you say, he was your fellow-citizen, and we do not
grudge you this boast but rather congratulate you on it.
Still, let us foreigners also be allowed to think ourselves not
unconcerned in the glory of one, who (as the Sun shines on
( teen.)
all lands and not only on Delos and Lycia) so has been, and
will ever be the guide and giver of light to all men, who
in any country probe the mysteries of Nature.
Most heartily we wish you well!
CHarRLEs O. WATERHOUSE, President.
Freperic MErRRIFIELD
Epwarp SAUNDERS | Vice Presidents
GrorcE Henry VERRALL
UNIVERSITATI REGLA UPSALIENSI
subs DE
SOCIETATIS ENTOMOLOGICA
LONDINIENSIS
Praszs, VICE-PrR#sIDES, Soctt.
Pergratz nobis erant litterz vestre, primum quia decorum
nobis esse honorificumque videbatur cum vestra tam illustri
Universitate participes incepti cuiusvis fieri, deinde quia
Carnot LInNzI
potissimum in commemorationem invitabamur, quem, ut
botanici, ita nos quoque entomologiz studiis dediti tanquam
scientiz nostre auctorem clarissimum ac pene parentem
veneratione unica et pietate semper prosequimur.
Quare college nostro, Viro Reverendo, F. D. Morice,
Artium Magistro, Collegii Reginensis apud Oxonienses Socio,
mandatum dedimus, ut vobis przesens declaret, quantopere
gaudeamus licere nobis in nataliciis civis vestri preestantissimi
celebrandis vobiscum sociari.
Qua celebratione speramus fore ut accendantur plures ad
hee studia nostra exercenda atque propaganda, que non
solum nobis ipsis delectationem utilitatemque maximam
afferre solent, sed—quod confidenter dixerimus—humani quo-
que generis communi commodo inservire possunt.
Ktiam atque etiam valete !
Dabamus Londini die X. m, Maii a. 1907.
CHARLES O. WATERHOUSE, Preeses.
FreDERIC MERRIFIELD
EDWARD SAUNDERS | Vice Pasion
GrorcE Henry VERRALL
( . @exviai” ))
Your letter was very welcome to us, first because it seemed
to us an honour and compliment to be associated with your
illustrious University in any undertaking whatever, and next
because it was Carolus Linneus in particular that we were
invited to commemorate, the man whom we students of
entomology regard, even as the botanists, with a special
reverence and filial affection as the most distinguished advancer
of our science, indeed almost as its parent.
Accordingly we have commissioned our colleague, the Rev.
F. D. Morice, M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford, to
express to you on the spot how glad we feel to be allowed
to join with you in celebrating the birthday of your illustrious
fellow-countryman.
We hope that by this celebration others will be incited to
practise and advance these studies of ours, which not only are
wont to afford to us personally the greatest pleasure and
advantage, but also—as we can confidently assert—are capable
of conducing to the general benefit of mankind.
Most heartily we wish you well!
CHARLES O. WATERHOUSE, President.
FREDERIC MERRIFIELD
EpwarpD SAUNDERS | Vice Preston
GroRGE Henry VERRALL
International Congress of Entomology.
The PresipEnt read the following letter received from Dr.
Karu Jorpan, F.E.S., of the Museum, Tring—
** Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England,
** June 1st, 1907.
‘¢ Sir,
“The undersigned Entomologists consider it opportune
to organise an International Congress of Entomology, to meet
for the first time in 1908. In order to render the Congress a
success the moral support by the Entomological Societies is an
absolute necessity for the undertaking, and we therefore write
to solicit the kind co-operation of the Officers and Fellows of
the Entomological Society of London. Should the Council, as
we venture to hope, favour our plan, we beg the Hon. Secre-
(seep ()
tary to read at the next meeting, and to publish in the Pro-
ceedings, the note here appended, a similar note being sent to
the various Entomological Societies abroad.
‘Yours faithfully,
Chr. Aurivillius, E. L. Bouvier, I. Bolivar, L. Bedel, M.
Bezzi, P. Bachmetjew, S. Bengtsson, J. C. Bradley, W.
Beutenmiiller, C. J.S. Bethune, C. H. Carpenter, T. D. A.
Cockerell, Ph. P. Calvert, T. A. Chapman, K. Daniel,
F. A. Dixey, W. L. Distant, E.C. Van Dyke, Ed. Everts,
A. Forel, J. Fletcher, H. C. Fall, L. Ganglbauer, A. Giard,
R. Gestro, F. Du Cane Godman, W. Horn, A. Handlirsch,
K.M. Heller, G. von Horvath, H. J. Kolbe, F. Klapalek,
P. Lesne, Th. Becker, P. Mabille, J. C. U. de Meijere,
A. L. Montandon, P. Magretti, F. Merrifield, L. W.
Mengel, Chas. Oberthiir, R. Oberthir, H. Osborn, P.
Pavesi, E. B. Poulton, H. Rebel, F. Ris, W. Rothschild,
H. Schoutenden, A. v. Schulthess-Rechberg, G. Severin,
F. Silvestri, Y. Sjéstedt, H. Skinner, J. B. Smith, M.
Standfuss, J. W. Tutt, G. H. Verrall, E. Wassmann,
Chas. O. Waterhouse, and others.”
“ As a result of an extensive correspondence with Ento-
mologists of various countries of Europe and America it has
been agreed upon to issue in the course of this summer
invitations for an International Congress of Entomology to
meet in 1908.
“The purpose of the Congress is to promote the interests of
entomological research, and therefore of Biology in general, by
furthering cordial co-operation between the Entomologists of
different countries, and by discussing questions of general
entomological interest, thereby stimulating research and
directing it into channels where it may be most fruitful or
where special research is most needed. Questions of applied
Entomology will likewise be dealt with in the discussions and
lectures, the great experience gained by the devotees to pure
Entomology being applicable with profit in economic and
hygienic Entomology.
“ Entomologists are cordially invited to advise and assist in
the ‘organisation of the Congress. All communications, till
( xl)
further notice, to be addressed to Dr. K. Jordan, Zoological
Museum, Tring (Herts.).
“ To the Hon. Secretary of the
EnromoLogicaL Society or Lonpon.”
On the motion of Professor R. Mretpora, F.R.S., seconded
by Mr. G. C. Cuampion, F.Z.S., a resolution, cordially approv-
ing the Congress, and offering the support and co-operation of
the Society, was carried unanimously.
Exhibitions.
LEIOPTILUS CARPHODACTYLUS IN Britain.—Dr. T. A. Cuar-
MAN exhibited a living example of Leioptilus carphodactylus,
Hb., one of the first bred in Britain, which emerged June 2nd,
1907, from larve found by Mr. J. Ovenden in Kent. The
first British specimen was exhibited to the Society at the
meeting of March 6th (p. xii, antea).
MIcRODON MUTABILIS, AND KLEDITOMA MYRMECOPHILA.—Mr.
H. St. J. DonisrHorre showed a specimen of Micordon muta-
bilis, with the empty pupa-case, bred from a larva taken in
the nest of Formica fusca at Porlock, April 1907; also ¢ 3
and ? 2 of Kleditoma myrmecophila, nu. sp., bred last month
from a nest of Lasius fuliginosus found at Wellington College
in March 1907. He said that this species of parasitic Cynipide,
which was new to science, had been named by Professor Dr.
J. J. Kieffer.
New PuytorHaca From AvsTRALIA.—Mr. M. Jacosy brought
for exhibition examples of small beetles, new to science, of the
family Clythridx (Phytophaga) including Leasia australis, n. sp.
Jac.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SOME SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS
IN Burrerruies.—Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., said that
he wished to bring before the Fellows a hypothesis which
had suggested itself as the outcome of reflections upon the
Heliconine, as dealt with by Mr. W. J. Kaye in a recent
communication.
It had often been noticed that mimetic resemblance is apt
to deceive the species concerned, so that the male of one will
chase the female of the other. When model and mimic
( di
belong to very different groups, e.g. sub-families, it is im-
probable that such errors of judgment could lead to any
important danger. It is very unlikely that a superficial
resemblance would mislead the individuals of species
belonging to different sub-families when they approached
each other at all closely, and the impression made by each
upon the whole of the sense-organs of the other became
at all strong. But this would not apply to anything like the
same extent when there was near relationship between the
mimetic species—as in so many Jthomiine, Danaine, and
Heliconine. When close resemblance obtains within the
limits of such a sub-family as one of these,—and mimetic
likeness of the kind is often extraordinarily exact,—it is not a
far-fetched hypothesis to suggest that some special adaptation
has arisen, enabling the females easily to discriminate between
their own and the males of other closely similar species, and at
once to repel those advances which are something of a danger
and nothing of advantage to either species. Other facts, and
especially the hard, cell-like structure secreted by the male
upon the body of the female in Parnassius and in Acreinz,
also support the conclusion that useless pairing and attempts
to pair are an injury to the species. Colour and pattern being
excluded ex hypothest, some special difference in scent is
the most obvious means of discrimination. May not this be
the meaning of the fact that the males of the Hupleini may
be divided into groups (which have been given generic names)
distinguished, and sometimes solely distinguished, by remark-
able differences in the size, number, form and position of the
areas presumed to be scent-producing? These Huplexas are
remarkable for the number of their synaposematic associations
and for the closeness of the resemblance between the con-
stituent species. So far as my experience goes,—and further
inquiry in the same direction will tend to supply confirmation
or refutation of the hypothesis here put forward—these
associations are made up of species belonging to groups with
different forms of sexual brands and not by species with males
bearing the same type of brand. And now Mr. Kaye has
shown that the close synaposematic pairs within the Heliconine
sub-family are made up of species of which one belongs to the
(ali)
group with a broad the other to the group with a narrow
band of glistening scales, in the male,—bands which are pre-
sumably scent-producing. It is probable that the excessively
close resemblance between these pairs and between the
members of the Eupleine associations has been rendered
possible without injury to the species by the existence of this
means of instant recognition, and I think it is possible to infer
the past history with a fair degree of probability. In the
African Danaine genus Amawris we find two very common
species as closely alike as any of the Euplceine or Heliconine
Miillerian groups or pairs. I refer to Amauris echeria and A.
albimaculata. It was at first thought that white spots in
place of buff in the fore-wing alone distinguished these forms,
and the general opinion followed that one was a variety of the
other. But Rothschild and Jordan have shown that they are
certainly separated by minute but well-defined and constant
differences. Accompanying these, the scent-patches at the
anal angle of the hind-wing of the male of albimaculata are
about twice as long as those of echeria. It is probable that
this wide difference has been a powerful aid in rendering
possible the extraordinarily close resemblance. Already both
species of this pair have undergone subspecific changes in
different parts of their geographical range, the southern forms
being replaced respectively by echeria jacksoni and albimaculata
hanningtont in the equatorial parts of the eastern side of
Africa. In the Oriental Region the even more dominant
Eupleine group originated far more complex communities,
probably in consequence of the development of further
modifications of the male brands of one or both members
of an ancestral pair, until synaposematic associations contain-
ing 3, 4 or more species arose, widened their range and spread
into islands. Thus each of the component species became at
first different sub-species and finally distinct species in various
parts of the total area of distribution. The synaposematic
Heliconine pairs,on the other hand, may in large part have
reached their present condition by continuing the history
begun by the two African species of Amauwris. I say “in
large part” because when Mr. Kaye very kindly arranged
the Oxford Heliconine a few weeks ago we saw evidence for
( xliii )
the vecené abandonment of relatively ancestral patterns by
certain species and the adoption of others which brought them
into synaposematic relation with some more abundant
Heliconine in the same locality. In giving this brief account
of the hypothesis I am quite aware that the subject requires
much fuller study. At the same time, I think it better not to
wait for the more detailed examination which I hope to make,
but to put the suggestion on record, in the hope that others
may be led to further observation and reflection on the subject.
Typgs oF Procrorrupip£.—Mr, A. J. Cuirry exhibited all
the British species of the genus Gonatopus, except marshalli,
Kieff., including the types of the three species described by
Westwood, but entirely overlooked by subsequent authors,
which had been lent him by Professor Poulton. The genus
Gonatopus—lately dealt with by Professor Kieffer—though
parasitic on Homoptera, resembles in appearance various ants.
CoRDYLOBIA ANTHROPOPHAGA, A Parasitic AFRICAN FLy.—
Mr. E. E. Austen, F.Z.S., exhibited specimens of and made
remarks on larve, pup, and imagines of Cordylobia anthro-
pophaga, Grinberg, an African Muscid Fly (known as
the “Tumbu” or “Tumba Fly” in Sierra Leone), the larva
of which is a subcutaneous parasite in man and _ other
animals.
Cases in which the larve of various species of Muscide have
been found parasitic in human beings are numerous in medical
literature, so much so that the term myiasis (Greek, puta, a
fly) is employed to denote the maladies and injuries caused in
this way. In most instances, however, as in that of Sarcopha-
gine, which often deposit living larve on open sores or wounds,
the parasitism is merely fortuitous, since the parent fly is
attracted to the spot by the odours given off. But just as
the (stride (Bot- and Warble-Flies) are in the larval stage
normally parasitic in mammals (chiefly ungulates and rodents),
and develop in no other way, so does Cordylobia anthropophaga,
Griinberg, appear to be a “ pedo-parasite” of man, monkeys,
dogs, and probably other mammals. The species belongs to
the “Calliphorine” of Brauer, z.e. the section of the true
Muscinz, the species of which are allied to the genus Calliphora
(which includes the common Blow-Fly, C. erythrocephala, Mg.),
( mliv )
and are characterised by the presence of a row of bristles
upon the hypopleura.
Cordylobia anthropophaga is very widely distributed in
Africa, its range extending from Senegal to Natal, and
coinciding with that of Awchmeromyia luteola, Fabr., the
“ Floor-Maggot Fly,” to which in the perfect stage it presents
a remarkable resemblance in coloration and general appearance.
This similarity has already been productive of confusion,
although the life-histories of the two species are widely
different, since the maggot of A. luteola, which by day lies
buried in the cracks in the earthen floors of native huts, has
the extraordinary habit of coming out by night to fasten upon
and suck the blood of the sleeping inmates.
The earliest published account of the life-history of Cordy-
lobia anthropophaga is that by two surgeons in the French
navy, MM. Coquerel and Mondiére, who in 1862 described *
cases in which soldiers had been attacked by the larve in
Senegal. In one instance a man had two larve in his fore-
arm, while another individual had eight in the back of his
shoulder. The French authors gave a description of the
maggot, but failed to breed out the fly, which they were
inclined to regard as in all probability belonging to the
(Hstride, and to a new genus allied to Hypoderma, in which
are included the well-known “ Warble-Flies ” of cattle.
In 1872 another French naval surgeon, M. Bérenger-
Féraud, in a note presented to the French Académie des Sciences
by Baron Larrey,t made further reference to the larva of this
fly in Senegal, where, from the name of the district in which
it was most common, it was said to be known as the “* Ver de
Cayor,” or “Cayor Worm.” In this paper it is stated that
seventy-eight of these larve had been removed from all parts
of the body of a spaniel, and the author mentions that he had
himself counted more than three hundred larve in a puppy of
the same breed ; it is scarcely surprising to learn that the
* Coquerel and Mondiére, ‘‘ Note sur des Larves de Diptéres Développées
dans des Tumeurs d’Apparence Furonculeuse au Sénégal.” Ann. Soc.
Ent. France, 4itme série, T. II (1862), pp. 95-103, Pl. 3, figs. la—1h.
+ Bérenger-Féraud, ‘‘ Etude sur les larves de mouches qui se dévelop-
pent dans la peau de l’homme, au Sénégal.” Comptes Rendus Hebdoma-
daires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, T. LXXXV (1872), pp-
1133-1134.
(lve )
puppy died. M. Bérenger-Féraud, who succeeded in breeding
out specimens of the perfect insect, states that they were
‘very active, and much resembled house-flies.” To this com-
munication a note by M. Emile Blanchard, to whom the paper
had previously been submitted, is added. From the details
supplied to him, M. Blanchard thought that the “Cayor
Worm Fly” belonged to the genus Ochromyia, Macq., and to
a new species, for which he suggested the name Ochromyia
anthropophaga. Since, however, no description of the fly what-
ever was given, Ochromyia anthropophaga, Emile Blanchard,
is a mere nomen nudum, and consequently invalid.
Under the name of the “Tumba” or “Tumbu” Fly, the
insect, or rather its larva, is well known in Freetown, Sierra
Leone, where residents often suffer from the painful boil
produced by the maggot. Dogs and pet monkeys are fre-
quently afflicted in the same way, and during a visit paid by
the speaker to Sierra Leone in 1899 he fortunately succeeded
in obtaining eleven larve and pup from a small Mangabey
monkey (Cercopithecus sp.). From the pup that were allowed
to mature there emerged five flies, which proved of much
interest to local medical men, since complete ignorance as to
what the ‘Tumba Fly ” really was had previously prevailed
in Freetown. Some people were even inclined to consider it
to be a ‘‘ Mangrove Fly” (7. e. Horse-Fly,—Family Tabanidz),
a belief that, as was subsequently found, was also entertained
at Calabar, in Southern Nigeria.
On Sept. 30th, 1891, Mr. L. Péringuey, F.E.8., of the
South African Museum, Cape Town, exhibited at a meeting
of the South African Philosophical Society a fly, “ bred from
larve, nine in number, extracted from the arm of a child
in Natal.” Ina note read at the same time, Mr. Péringuey
said with reference to the species,—which, from the extensive
series of specimens from Natal and elsewhere in the British
Museum (Natural History), there can be no doubt was
identical with the “Tumba Fly” of Sierra Leone and the
“Cayor Worm Fly” of Senegal—that it was “ perhaps allied
to Bengalia depressuw (Walk.).” * In some further notes on
* Cf. Péringuey, ‘‘ Note on a Fly Which Preys on Human Beings.”
Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, Vol. VIII, Part
I (1893), p. 23.
(( zie.)
the same species, published in the Minutes of Proceedings of
the South African Philosophical Society at the meeting held
on Sept. 30th, 1896,* Mr. Péringuey refers to his former
hypothesis, which he describes as a suggestion that the fly
*“‘ would, perhaps, prove to belong to the genus Bengalia.”’ He
adds :—“ I was quite right in my surmise, the genus Bengalia
and Ochromyia being partly synonymous.” From this it is
evident that Péringuey was thinking of the undescribed species
for which the name Ochromyia anthropophaga had been
suggested by Emile Blanchard ; and indeed on the following
page (p. xxiv) Mr. Péringuey states that “the species bred in
Natal might prove to be identical” with the ‘‘ Cayor Worm.”
Mr. Péringuey’s remarks, although containing nothing in the
shape of a statement that the parasitic fly of Natal is actually
Bengalia depressa, Walk., appear to have been quite sufficiently
definite for certain writers in South Africa as well as in this
country, with the result that the species with which we are
concerned is now widely known as “The Natal Maggot Fly
(Bengalia depressa, Walker).” + The true Bengalia depressa,
Walk. (the type of which is in the British Museum), is, however,
as shown by the specimens exhibited, albeit an allied, nevertheless
a very different insect. Its life-history is as yet entirely unknown,
and there is not a particle of evidence to prove that its larva is a@
subcutaneous parasite.
As though to make the prevailing confusion still worse
confounded, Auchmeromyia luteola, Fabr., the African “ Floor-
* Cf. Péringuey, Transactions of the South African Philosophical
Society, Vol. IX, Part II (1898), pp. xxii-xxiv (Minutes of Proceedings).
t Cf. Dr. R. M. Townsend, ‘Note on a Parasitic Fly—Bengalia
depressa—which deposits its eggs or larve on the skin or covering of man
and dogs.” Proceedings of the Rhodesia Scientific Association, Vol. IV,
Part I (July 20th, 1903), pp. 7-9 ; and zbid., Vol. IV (July 1905), pp: 10-
13. Cf. also F. V. Theobald, “ First Report on Economic Zoology”
(London: British Museum (Natural History), 1903), p. 56—‘‘ The Maggot
Fly of Natal (Auchmeroyia [sic] (Bengalia) depresstt, Walker);” F. V.
Theobald, ‘‘Second Report on Economic Zoology” (London: British
Museum (Natural History), 1904), p. 112—‘‘The Natal Maggot Fly
(Bengalia depressa) ;”” F. V. Theobald, in ‘‘Second Report of the Well-
come Research Laboratories at the Gordon Memorial College, Khartoum ”
(Department of Education, Sudan Government, Khartoum, 1906), p. 83—
““The Maggot Fly (Benyalia depressa, Walker) ; 3’? Claude Fuller, F.E.S.,
Government Entomologist, Natal,—‘‘ Natal Department of Agriculture.
Fourth Report of the Government Entomologist, 1903-4” (Pietermaritz-
burg: 1905), p. 15—‘‘ The Natal Maggot Fly, Bengalia depressa.”
( pela: 4)
Maggot Fly,” has, as already stated, recently been mistaken
for the species with the subcutaneous larva.* The two species,
however, may be distinguished by the more compact and
thick-set shape of the fly with the subcutaneous larva, and
by the fact that in the male of this insect the front is so
narrow that the eyes almost meet together above, while in
A. luteola the eyes are wide apart in both sexes,
For the species with the subcutaneous larva the genus
Cordylobia (i.e. living in a boil) was founded in 1903 by
Griinberg,} who also recharacterised and figured the species {
under the name suggested thirty-one years previously by
Emile Blanchard. The correct designation of this highly-
important and much-misunderstood African Muscid is therefore
Cordylobia anthropophaga, Grinberg.
Papers, ete.
Dr. F. A. Dixty, M.A., M.D., and Dr. G. B. Lonasrarr,
M.D., contributed a report of their joint entomological
observations made in South Africa during the visit of the
British Association in 1905, and gave a brief account of some
of the points dealt with.
Dr. Drxey said that his own part in the paper was small,
though Dr. Longstaff had kindly wished to associate him in
the authorship. The narrative was the work of Dr. Longstaff,
aided by a few suggestions from himself, and that gentleman
had also undertaken most of the labour connected with the
determination of species, especially in Orders other than
Lepidoptera. Dr. Longstaff’s contribution to the tale of
specimens brought home was also far larger than his own.
He had himself devoted more attention to bionomic points
than to the actual work of collecting, and many of the results
of the observations of himself and his colleague had been
already communicated to the Society.
After shortly sketching the route of the expedition, which
included visits to Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London,
* Cf. Fuller, op. cit., p. 16, and Plate III, fig. 3, which represents a
female of Auchmeromyia luteola, Fabr.
+ Sitzungs-Bericht der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin
vom 10. November 1903 (No. 9, 1903), p. 410.
+ Ibid., p. 412, Tafel II, figs. 8-10.
( xlviii )
Durban, Ladysmith, Johannesburg, Pretoria, Bloemfontein,
Kimberley, Mafeking, Bulawayo, the Matoppos, and the
Victoria Falls, he remarked that among the things that chiefly
impressed him were the abundance of insect life at East
London and Durban, and the extremely interesting, though
in their experience somewhat scanty, fauna of the Zambesi
and the Great Waterfall.
A point that seemed to him worthy of notice was the fact
that although Dr. Longstaff and himself were close travelling
companions, and on many days were never more than half-a-
mile from each other, the captures effected by each showed
remarkable differences, there being several instances of quite
conspicuous forms taken by one which were never seen by the
other. This was no doubt partly due to differences in their
objects and methods of collecting, but it applied also to species
that both collectors were desirous of taking.
Dr. G. B. Lonestarr stated that out of eight weeks in
South Africa, two had been spent in railway trains, never-
theless they had taken some 2,500 specimens,including upwards
of 50 species of various Orders not to be found in the National
Collection ; of these at least 15 had already been recognised as
new to science. In exhibiting specimens of the new species,
together with other South African insects remarkable in one
way or another, Dr. LonestaFr gave some account of interesting
points in their bionomics. For example, at Simon’s Bay, a fly,
Ploas sp., during life by its habits and mode of flight closely
mimicked the bee Halictus albifasciatus, Smith, although the
insect looked very different in the cabinet. The large Acridian,
Phymateus leprosus, Serv., unlike most locusts, was extremely
sluggish in its movements, but was defended in part by its
hard integuments, but probably still better by emitting
copiously when touched an ill-smelling acrid fluid. A new
Flata, taken at Johannesburg, though found sitting in rows
upon the stems of plants, could in no sense be said to resemble
flowers, as was the case with some of its congeners.
({ =xhix} 7)
Wednesday, October 2nd, 1907.
Mr. C. O. Wartrernouss, President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. James ALLAN Dyson Perrins, of Davenham, Malvern,
and Mr. Frank Minsurn Howterr of the Agricultural
Department, Pusa, Bengal, India, were elected Fellows of the
Society.
Exhibitions.
SITARIS MURALIS AT OxrorD.—Commander J. J. WaLKER
showed living specimens of the Heteromerous beetle Sitaris
muralis, rediscovered at Oxford in 1903 by Mr. A. H. Hamm
of the Oxford University Museum, and found rather freely
during September 1906 and 1907, on old stone walls in the
vicinity of Oxford inhabited by the Mason Bee, Podalirius
(Anthophora) pilipes, on which it is parasitic in its early
stages.
MeanismM In Yor«surreE—Mr, G. T. Porrirr exhibited
black specimens of both sexes of Fidonia atomaria from the
Harden Moss Moors, Huddersfield, illustrating the melanic
tendency of Lepidoptera in the district.
Rare CoLeoprerRa, ET¢c., FROM Kent anp ScoTtLanp.—Mr. H.
St. J. DonistHorre exhibited (a) Apion semivittatum taken on
Mercurialis annua in plenty at Deal in August and Septem-
ber 1907; (b) Magdalis duplicata from Nethy Bridge in July
1907 ; (c) Formica sanguinea from Aviemore and Nethy Bridge
in July 1907; the first record for Scotland, and (d) Piezostethus
formicetorum, taken with Formica rufa at Rannoch, in July,
a species which has not been found in Scotland since Dr.
Buchanan White first captured it at Braemar in 1874.
ButtEerFLIES FROM Huneary.—Mr. A. H. Jones brought
for exhibition a case of butterflies taken this year from
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Iv. 1907. D
Cale)
Herculesbad, South Hungary, including specimens of Zrebia
melas from the Domogled, which bore a remarkable resem-
blance to Hrebia alecto var. nicholli, Oberth., from Campiglio,
and LHrebia lefebvrei, Oberth., also shown for comparison by
Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown. Mr. Jones also exhibited examples
of Chrysophanus dispar, var. rutilus, and C. aleiphron from
the neighbourhood of Buda-Pesth; both species of great size
and brilliant colouring.
Forms or Lycamna BELLARGUS.—Mr. M. Jacosy showed
several fine forms of the ab. ceronus of Lycxna bellargus, taken
this autumn at Folkestone, including one example of the
var. cinnides, Stgr.
CRYPTOPHAGUS SUBDEPRESSUS IN ScoTLaAND.—Mr. Norman
Joy exhibited a specimen of the rare beetle Cryptophagus sub-
depressus, Gyll., taken near Garva, Ross, on August 4th last.
INsecTS AND THEIR Prey.—Mr, W. J. Lucas showed on
behalf of Mr. NicHotson and Mr, Summers two specimens of
Deilephila euphorbix bred by them from larve found in Kew
Gardens. He also exhibited several examples of predaceous
insects and their prey im situ.
OviposiTIOoN OF NonaGria cANNZ.—Mr. H. M. Epeusten
exhibited specimens of Sesia andrenxformis, bred from pup
taken in Bedfordshire and Kent, and ova of Nonagria canne,
in situ. The 9 is provided with two pairs of anal hooks, with
which it raises the cuticle of the 7'ypha leaf. The egg is then
thrust under the cuticle, the hooks released and the cuticle
descends over the egg, and all that is visible is a slight
swelling where the egg remains. The egg keeps its rounded
shape, and is not flattened by the pressure of the cuticle.
The egg-laying of V. canne, as actually seen, and as deduced,
from the structures, and the result in the position of the eggs,
takes place by the moth resting across the leaf, taking a
fulcrum on its surface by the ventral (8th abdominal segment)
hooks, but not piercing the surface with them, and with the
sharp knives of the dorsal processes (really ventral apophysis
of 9th segment) cutting through the cuticle, and forcing the
knives in, till their points must be almost close beneath the
ventral hooks. The two knives are then separated and with-
drawn as an egg is placed in the cavity thus formed. The
ey} UO PaAOTar syjny Arey oy YIM ‘uettoads yourqu
0B UOJ ‘HUUnI DALHVUO\T JO IOZISOdI
‘(COL X) ..99S,, ST Joosur
oY} Way ‘UMOYS SB OIQISIA SUTBMAI JNq ‘UMBIPYZIA JOU SI 41 YRIY “Su0I4S pUv dBIVT OS SI OINALULIY oY, “Apis rvou
AO JO MAIA DIdOds0a10}g
(I) WNNVO VIUDVNON JO NOILLISOdIAO
( li )
Stereoscopic view of another specimen, in which the parts happen to be almost in the
position that must obtain just as an egg is being laid, the insect having died with an
egg being extruded from the ovipositor, i.e. from the fleshy tubular opening between
the knives of the 9th abdominal segment ( x 10).
OVIPOSITION OF NONAGRIA CANNA# (II).
( lit)
OVIPOSITION OF NONAGRIA CANN Z (III, IV).
San Re
laid. Two are seen with the egg, undisturbed beneath the cuticle, where it was laid
by the moth ; the third egg is exposed by tearing the cuticle (x 10).
Diagrams (x 6, from Camera sketches) of ovipositors of N. canne and N. sparganii.
a. N. canne, showing the opposed hooks, lateral view. 6. End view, dorsal (9th
abdominal segment) knives apart, as they usually are in dead specimens, and when an
egg is being extruded. c. The dorsal knives in apposition, forming one sharp point, as
used in piercing the cuticle of the leaf.
d. Lateral view of N. sparganii. e. End view. It is proposed to describe these
organs in the Nonagrias generally in a future communication. Sparganii is presented
here on account of its close resemblance in general development to that of NV. canne.
The modifications suit the one (canne) for piercing the cuticle and placing the egg in
the plant tissue, the other (sparganii) for rolling over a leaf margin and placing the
egg beneath it.
( ‘hy 4
incision in the plant cuticle is longitudinal to the leaf and
takes place rather by separating the plant cells than by cutting
any through, with the result that it closes up again, and
makes it impossible on close examination to be certain that
one sees any trace of the opening by which the egg was
inserted.
The photographs are by Mr. A. KE. Toner. The stereoscopic
figures enable the structures to be seen in high relief.
VARIATION IN PIERIS NAPI, var. BRYONIZ.—Mr. A, Har-
rison and Mr. H. Marn exhibited four broods from females of
Pieris napt, var. bryonix, captured on the Kleine Scheidegg
Pass, Switzerland, in July 1906.
20 males.
Brood A, 16 females.
24 females.
9 males.
11 females,
. a4
Brood B. { Ip males.
Brood C. {
48 males.
Brood D. { 59 females,
The larve pupated at the end of July and beginning of
August 1906, and the insects emerged between May 2nd and
June 14th, 1907.
There was a considerable amount of variation in the females
of all the broods, but especially was this noticeable in Brood
B, where some had the ground colour of a decided yellow and
the black markings well defined, whilst others were uniformly
grey with the markings almost absent. This grey form
occurred also in Brood C, but not in Broods A or D. The
males showed only slight variation, and like the females were
larger than the English Spring emergence.
Lycaus EQUEsTRIS, Linn. — Prof. T. Hupson Brare
exhibited a specimen of this rare bug, which Mrs. Hudson
Beare found on a flowering umbel on the cliffs at St. Mar-
garet’s Bay on August 29th last. There are only four previous
records of its capture in this country: Bath, 1837; Devizes,
1864; Dover, September 7th, 1886; Sheppey, September
22nd, 1906. Mr. Saunders is of opinion that it is a doubtful
native, and is most probably only an occasional visitant.
Ps)
Rare Corteorrera at St. Marcaret’s Bay.—Professor T,
Hupson Beare also showed specimens of Hypera tigrina,
Boh., taken in some numbers on the wild carrot at the foot
of the cliffs at St. Margaret’s Bay, between August 25th and
September 5th last ; he was unable to find a single specimen
on the numerous wild carrot plants growing on the top of the
cliff. This is a very local insect, and there are but few
records of its occurrence; it seems to be confined to the
extreme §8.E. corner of England.
He also showed specimens of Apion semivittatum, Gyll.,
taken during the same period at St. Margaret’s Bay off plants
of Mercurialis annua. This species was found in abundance
more than sixty years ago by Mr. Walton near the Tivoli
Gardens, Margate; no further specimens were taken in this
country until 1905, when Messrs. Chitty and Tomlin swept up
one specimen on the Deal sandhills, and this year, in June,
Mr. Bryant also swept a specimen in the same locality.
Mercurialis annua is a garden weed which grows freely in
many localities in the south-east of England ; it seems to be
very fond of old potato patches ; the plants in such a habitat
did not, as a rule, produce the beetle, which was found more
freely on plants growing in uncultivated spots, hedge-sides,
etc. Mr. Donisthorpe, who, during the same period, took
the insect freely off its food plant, at Deal, had the same
experience. He was able to confirm the statement that the
larva is an internal feeder, for, on cutting open a stem of a
vigorous plant showing by knots the presence of the larve, he
discovered a pupa which was imbedded in a kind of cell; this
pupa eventually hatched out.
TRANSITION BETWEEN My.oruris cHLoris, Fasr., anp M.
AGATHINA, Cram.—Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited typical speci-
_mens of the African Pierines Mylothris chloris, Fabr., and JM,
ayathina, Cram. ; together with a long series of forms, transi-
tional between the two, from the neighbourhood of the Victoria
Nyanza.
He remarked that he had previously called attention to the
fact that the West-African J/. chloris and the East- and South-
African M. agathina, which had always been looked upon as
distinct species, intergraded with one another in the region of
( wi)
Uganda (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. xv). The present
exhibit showed an uninterrupted transition, in the case of the
males, from one form to the other. The females passed by
almost imperceptible gradations from the brownish-orange J,
agathina, with its marginal row of well-defined black spots, up
to a form with whitish fore-wings and very pale ochreous
hind-wings broadly margined in black, between which latter
form and the ordinary female of JZ. chloris there was only
a slight interval. It was true that his present material did
not enable him to bridge over the gap; but in view of the
near approach to the typical J/. chloris exhibited by these
intermediate females, and of the complete transition which he
had shown to exist in the case of the males, he thought it
could hardly be doubted that further investigation would
supply the very few steps still lacking. A transitional female
from Wadelai, of the kind he had described, had been named
clarissa by Butler.
The greater number of the 31 specimens now shown were
collected by Mr. Wiggins on the north-east and north-west
shore of the Victoria Nyanza ; two of his males were from
Toro in Western Uganda, and one interesting female specimen,
showing an early stage of departure from IM. agathina in the
direction of MM. chlovis, was captured at Mombasa. The fact
that the forms referred to occurred together was established
by a remarkable series of six specimens all taken on the same
day by Mrs. Leaky near Mengo, on the north-west shore of
Victoria Lake. ‘This series consisted of a typical male and
female M. chloris, and a nearly typical male I. agathina;
together with a transitional male and two transitional females,
the latter closely resembling the type of Butler’s M/. clarissa.
Mr. Neave had shown, from Uganda specimens also
collected by Mr. Wiggins, that a similar transition occurred
in that region between the western Amauris niavius, Linn.,
and the eastern and southern A. dominicanus, Trim. (Proc.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1903, p. xciv ; Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906,
p. 211).
Bi-centenary of Linneus.
After the exhibitions, the PresipEntT said that Mr. Morice,
who had gone as a delegate from the Society to the Bicentenary
( lvii )
Commemorations of Linnus’s birthday at Upsala and Stock-
holm, was now present, and would give an account of the
proceedings there.
The Rev. F. D. Morice replied, that he was very pleased
to have an opportunity of informing the Society of the very
kind reception he had met with as its representative. He
then gave a description of the ceremonies and festivities he
had attended in that capacity. ‘These, at Upsala, occupied
the whole of Thursday and Friday (May 23, 24), visitors being
entertained as guests of the University from the Wednesday
to the Friday night inclusive: at Stockholm, the actual cele-
brations were all comprised within the Saturday (May 25),
but the Prince-Regent honoured the visitors with an invitation
to ‘Tea and Music’ at the Palace on the afternoon of the
26th ; and on that day, also, a party went by special train to
Hammarby, the property on which Linné spent the last
summers of his life, where he died, and where sundry relics
of himself and his family are still preserved in memory
of him.
“ At Upsala the great ceremony of the Thursday was held
in a sort of theatre in the buildings of the University. Here,
after the performance by a chorus and orchestra of cantatas
composed for the occasion, the Rector delivered a speech on
the work of Linné, and congratulatory Addresses were handed
in by the delegates, who came up in groups (nation by nation),
one member of each group speaking a few words on behalf of
the rest. The spokesman of our own countrymen was Sir
Archibald Geikie. On the conclusion of the ceremony, the
guests were conducted to a smaller hall, where they had the
honour of being presented individually to the Prince-Regent
and other members of the Royal Family, whom they had
previously seen at the public ceremony.
“Two great dinners, to one or other of which all the guests
of the University were invited, were given on that evening,
one by the Rector, the other by the Archbishop of Upsala.
“ Next day the company reassembled at the University, and
went in procession to the cathedral, where Doctors (Honorary
and Ordinary) were created in the four Faculties of Theology,
Law, Medicine, and Philosophy. This ceremony, taking place
( lviii_)
as it did in the beautiful cathedral, in the presence of an
assembly which included all the notables of Sweden, as well
as guests from almost every European country, and even from
America, and accompanied throughout by brilliant orchestral
music, was not only very interesting, but extremely grand in
its general effect, though it was lightened by what might
almost be called a touch of the comic in certain details. Thus,
as each Doctor was invested with the special hat denoting his
faculty, or—in the case of a Doctor of Philosophy—with a
laurel-wreath, he was saluted with the distant roar of an
unseen cannon, some hundred or more of these explosions
being heard before the ceremony was over. Again the music
of the Marches, which were being played all the time—a
different one commencing as the Doctors of each separate
faculty came up for their ‘promotion ’—seemed to have been
selected with a somewhat humorous allusion to the recipients
of the honour. Thus the Theologians advanced to the strains
of Mendelssohn’s ‘War March of the Priests,’ the lawyers to
those of ‘See the Conquering Hero comes!’ A Dead March (!)
was considered appropriate to the Doctors of Medicine; while
the Wedding March from ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’
was performed in honour of the Philosophers.
“On the same evening all the guests and the new Doctors
met at a great banquet presided over by the Prince-Regent,
at which several other members of the Royal Family, the
chief officials (past and present) of the University, repre-
sentatives of the Swedish Government, and other eminent
persons were also present.
“ Besides these great functions, a number of minor festivities
occurred on both days; in several of which a main feature,
and a very agreeable one, was the beautiful singing of the-
Upsala students. The hearty yet decorous manner in which
these lads took their part in the celebrations, and helped to
make them a success, was quite a surprise to many of the
visitors from non-Teutonic countries, and must have produced
a most favourable impression as to the Swedish student
character upon every one who witnessed it.
“The ceremony of Saturday at the Stockholm Academy of
Sciences was conducted almost exactly as had been the open-
@) lx }
ing ceremony of the Thursday at Upsala: there was music, a
speech from the President, and a presentation by the delegates
of congratulatory addresses. The English delegates, however,
had an agreeable surprise in the middle of the President’s
speech—when, suddenly changing his language from Swedish
to excellent English, he announced that the special medal
struck by the Academy for presentation to ‘the most worthy
living successor of Linnzeus’ had been awarded to our country-
man Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, to whom the British Minister
at Stockholm had undertaken to forward it. As at Upsala,
the Stockholm Academy celebration was concluded by a
banquet presided over by the Prince-Regent. It was held in
a celebrated restaurant known as ‘ Hasselback,’ near the park
of ‘Skansen’; and from it the company adjourned to the
park itself, where a féte was organized by the students with
national songs, informal speeches, etc., etc., making a cheerful
close to a somewhat fatiguing but most interesting round of
festivities.
“Tn connection with these celebrations, several memorial
editions of works by Linné, a descriptive catalogue (with
reproductions) of portraits and statues representing the great
naturalist, and other similar literature, were published by the
Upsala University and the Stockholm Academy. Copies of
all these works were kindly given to every delegate; and
even, if he so desired, were forwarded free of cost to his
home address. Everything, in short, was done that could be
done to make the ‘ Linné-Fest’ agreeable at the time and a
pleasant memory for the future to all who attended it.”
Papers.
Col. CHartes Swinuor, M.A., F.LS., read a paper on
“The species of Hesperiide from the Indo-Malayan and
African Regions, described by Herr Plotz, with some new
Species.”
Lieut.-Col. NevintE Manpers, R.A.M.C., read a paper on
“The Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon.”
Dr. T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S., read a paper on ‘The
Hibernation of Marasmarcha,” and exhibited specimens to
illustrate his remarks.
Wednesday, October 16th, 1907.
Mr. C. O. WatErHousE, President, in the Chair.
Election of a Fellow
Mr. P. H. Jackson, of 112, Balham Park Road, London,
S.E., was elected a Fellow of the Society.
Exhibitions.
Brep ForMS OF Preris Nari var. Bryoni#.—Mr. A. H.
Jones exhibited a series of Pieris napt var. bryonix, bred from
ova found last year on Biscutella levigata at Arosa in Switzer-
land, showing a wide range of variation, and a remarkable
variety or aberration of P. napi (napxx) bearing a strong re-
semblance on the under-side to P. rape, from Peszer, near
Buda-Pesth.
Rare OrrHorprera IN Kent.—Mr. W. J. Lucas showed
for Mr. M. Burr examples of Apterygida albipennis, dis-
covered by him near Dover this year. About 1840 Mr. J. O.
Westwood took the species at Ashford in Kent. Mr. J.
Edwards captured a pair near Norwich in 1889, but it was
not found again until 1904 when Mr. A. J. Chitty redis-
covered it at Ashford in the same locality. He also exhibited
ad specimen of D. verrucivorus—an inhabitant of Scandinavia
—taken in the same locality by Mr. Burr. It is about as
large as Locusta viridissima, but looks quite different, the
characters of the elytra and head preventing it even being
placed in the same genus.
Rare Nevroprera.—Mr. W. J. Lucas also showed for
Mr. H. Campion.—Platycleis roeselii, Hagenb. 92, taken
September 13th, 1907, near Herne Bay. Mr. E. Saunders
and Mr. H. Guermonpres have taken it at Herne Bay and
Mr. Wallis Kew at Trusthorpe, Lincolnshire. There seem to
be no other well authenticated British specimens. Also for
Mr. E. W. Campion he exhibited an aberrant specimen of S.
( Sat)
sanguineum, 3, from Epping Forest (September 15th, 1907),
the form of the left hind-wing suggesting relationship with
certain Orthoptera, which order is of course closely related to
the Odonata. He further exhibited two Calopteryx virgo of
his own from the New Forest showing failure in wing
pigment.
Lire Cycie or CaLiicorE aureLia.—Mr. W. J. Kaye
exhibited specimens of Callicore auwrelia, Guen., together with
a photograph of its larva, showing the remarkable branch-like
horns rising out of the head. Mr. L. Guppy, who is rearing the
species in Trinidad, and writing a detailed account of its
life history, has found that the eggs hatched in four days :
the larval period was eight days only, and the pupal period
seven days. ‘The whole life cycle was thus but nineteen
days.
TERATOLOGICAL SPECIMEN oF A BrE.—The Rev. F. D.
Morice exhibited, side by side, a normal 3 specimen of the
bee Anthidiwm manicatum, L. (the “ Hoop-shaver bee”’ of
Gilbert White’s “ Natural History of Seiborne”), and a mon-
strosity or malformation of the same insect, which was long
ago given to him as a curiosity by his correspondent, M.
Vachal of Argentat, Corréze, France, but which he had only
lately found opportunity to examine minutely. He also sent
‘round a photograph of the two insects magnified, or rather of
their abdomens, that being the part in which the malformation
appears, and described the nature of it.
Normally in this species the ¢ abdomen viewed from above
shows seven dorsal plates united only by a (concealed) ‘“ con-
necting membrane.” ‘The first five are nearly simple, but the
sixth bears on each side at the base a remarkable hook-like
process, and the seventh is armed at the apex with three large
sub-triangular teeth, one on each side of the apex ando ne at
its centre. In the present specimen, if we count the divisions
between the dorsal plates down either side, we find that there
are, as usual, on each side 5 simple dorsal half-plates, followed
by a sixth with a basal lateral hook, and a seventh whose apex
is armed externally with a tooth and internally with half a
tooth. But when we look at the dorsum of the abdomen as a
whole, we find that something has gone very strangely wrong
( bai =)
with it. Dorsal plate 1 is normal; but the dorsal plate 2 is
split on the right side only into 2 half-plates, narrow where
the division commences, but dilating to their usual width at
the side of the insect, so that left dorsal half-plate 2 and right
dorsal half-plates 2 + 3 form together the second dorsal plate
of the whole abdomen. The third and fourth dorsal plates,
consisting respectively of left dorsal half-plate 3 + right 4,
and left + right 5, show no visible peculiarity. But the fifth
plate, which (counting down the right side) should be the
sixth, is armed on that side with the hook which characterizes
the sixth dorsal plate, while on the left side it is simple. The
next plate is most peculiar, having on the left side the basal
hook of a sixth segment, and on the right the lateral apical
tooth and half the central apical tooth of a seventh: and then
follows (on the left side only) half of the ordinary tridentate
apical plate with nothing at all to match it on the other side,
the right half of the ordinary apex having appeared already
in the preceding segment.
It seems very difficult to form any clear idea of a cause
which could have produced the phenomenon before us. It
can hardly have anything to do with gynandromorphism, for
there is nothing suggestive of ? characters about the insect,
and its genital armature (which is extracted and pinned on a
( Ixiii )
card along with the specimen) appears to be that of a quite
normal ¢. An injury to the creature in its larval state
might have produced a false appearance of segmentation on
the right side of the 2nd dorsal plate, so that what has been
called half-dorsal plate 3 might be really only a part of the
2nd abdominal segment. But in that case the lateral hook
which should characterize the 6th segment must be supposed
to have been transferred to the 5th segment, the apical teeth
of the 7th segment to have been developed on the 6th, and
the 7th segment itself to have disappeared altogether on the
right side, a state of things which seems quite inconceivable.
The aspect of the specimen suggests rather that the whole
right half of its dorsal surface after the 2nd segment has
been somehow forced backwards towards its head, the right
half of dorsal plate 3 having been separated from the left half
and afterwards attached to and incorporated with the left half
of the preceding segment, the right half of segment 4 similarly
quitting its own corresponding left half and joining the left
half of segment 3, and so on.
The exhibitor then invited expressions of opinion on the
question whether this malformation had originated in the
larval stage or in the embryo, and handed over the specimen
to the President for presentation to the Teratological collection
in the National Museum at South Kensington.
Dr. T. A. Cuapman said this malformation had clearly no
causation in any larval injury, but dated from an early period
of embryonic life. It arose when the flanks of the embryo
closed dorsally (venter of vertebrates) over the visceral cavity.
At about the 4th abdominal segment, two segments on the
right side had met one on the left, and thrown out the correct
apposition of the remaining ones, the 7th right uniting dorsally
with the 6th left and soon. Such an accident looked a very
probable one to occur, yet it is certainly extremely rare, and
he did not know whether others were on record. It was
difficult to conceive any external interference occurring to
produce it ; and if this were not possible, it must arise by the
margin of one segment failing at this early period to attain its
full width. This no doubt explained the rarity of the mon-
strosity, as the period during which things have gone correctly
( xiv 4
at this stage was so enormous, that the heredity must have an
almost impregnable position.*
ANT IN A PSEUDOBULB OF AN OrcHIS.—The PRESIDENT
exhibited a living ant, a species of Camponotus, which had
been found by Mr. Watson at Kew, in a pseudobulb of an
orchis (probably a Bulbophyllum) from the Gold Coast. The
bulb was much excavated, but it had no opening by which
the ant could have entered. A second bulb was much less
excavated, but was found to contain the larva of an ant.
WASP AND ITS PREY.—The PrestpEnt also exhibited a large
wasp (a Salius allied to dedjax) with a spider,a Mygale rather
larger than itself, but which it had captured and was carrying
off. These were from German E. Africa.
ABERRANT TROPICAL SPECIES.—Lt.-Col. NevinLE MANDERS
exhibited a melanic variety of Hestina nama, captured near
Darjeeling ; and a monstrosity of Papilio krishna, in which
the wings on the right side were much larger than those on
the left. The specimen was taken by him at Senchal in
Sikhim.
HymENopTeRous PARASITE.—Mr. H. Marn exhibited the
larva of a Hymenopterous parasite of Pygzxra bucephala, of
great size comparatively to its host.
Conversazione.
The PRESIDENT announced that the Council had decided in
favour of holding a Conversazione at some date next year to
be fixed by a Committee of Fellows elected for the purpose of
organization. He also invited Fellows to give in their names
for the Guarantee Fund, and the SECRETARY gave some account
of what it was hoped the Society would be able to do in the
way of exhibits, etc.
* Dr. CHAPMAN sends the following note after more carefully examining
the specimen at leisure: ‘‘If the explanation hazarded be correct, one
would expect that, from the point where two right segments coalesce
dorsally with one of the left side, the following segments would not be
distinct segments, as is universal in insects, but would present a continuous
spiral. It strongly supports, therefore, the explanation I advanced, when
I find that this is so. Such a spiral would be very curious and very
obvious in a Lepidopterous pupa. Ido not know that such an one has
ever been noticed. The enormous number of pup annually handled by
Lepidopterists carelessly as regards such a point notwithstanding, gives
some idea how rare this malformation must be.”
( Ixv )
Wednesday, November 6th, 1907.
Mr. E. Saunpers, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. G. Arnot, University of Liverpool ; Mr. H. Freprrick
D. Bartiert, of 113 Richmond Park Road, Bournemouth ;
Mr. Joun CraupEe Fortescve Fryer, B.A., of The Priory,
Chatteris; Mr. C. W. Howarp, of the Acting Government,
Transvaal; Mr. Coartes H. Mortimer, of Wigmore, Holm-
wood; Mr. R. F. H. Rosrnperc, of 57 Haverstock Hill,
London, N.W.; Mr. Harotp Baker S iy, of Brackley
Knoll Road, Sidcup, Kent ; and Mr. Cremenr H. Prap, of
Johannesburg and St. Leonards Road, Bexhill-on-Sea, were
elected Fellows of the Society.
Obituary.
The decease of Mr. L. C. H. Youne was announced.
Exhibitions.
Scorrisnh Brerie 1x Lonpon.—Mr. A. H. Jones brought for
exhibition a specimen of the Longicorn beetle Acanthocinus
adilis, L., a common Rannoch species, found in Grays Inn
Road, London.
New Species oF Pinacorreryx.—Dr, F. A. Drxey exhibited
d and @ specimens of a Pinacopteryx, at present undescribed,
which had been discovered by Mr. 8. A. Neave in North-East
Rhodesia.
He remarked that the interesting genus Pinacopteryx, which
was purely African in distribution, formed a very natural
group amongst Pierine genera, somewhat isolated in affinity,
but on the whole perhaps coming nearest to Belenois. Many
members of the genus had been affected by mimicry, and one
species, P. rubrobasalis, Lanz., was an excellent copy in both
sexes of the familiar Mylothris agathina, Cram. This was also
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Iv. 1907. E
(Sissy 9)
the case with the females of the new species, which Mr. Neave
said he had often mistaken for M. agathina when on the wing.
On the other hand, the males were quite different, showing no
trace of resemblance to that species of Mylothris. When the
speaker first looked through Mr. Neave’s captures, he was
inclined to conjecture that these females were the local
representatives of P. rubrobasalis, 2, which they closely
resembled, and that their captor had failed to meet with the
corresponding males. But he found that Mr. Neave had
assigned them without hesitation to males of an aspect entirely
different from that of P. rubrobasalis and M. agathina, and
that in one instance at least this opinion had been confirmed
by the capture of paired specimens. On further examination
there appeared to be no doubt that the resemblance between
the females of the two species was due rather to the copying
of a common model than to mere affinity, and that Mr. Neave’s
species and P. rubrobasalis belonged in reality to distinct
sections of the genus. Specimens of Mylothris agathina, the-
common model, were included in the exhibit ; also males and
females of P. rubrobasalis and other members of the genus,
together with individuals of the new species which were
actually paired at the time of capture.
BUTTERFLIES FROM THE AISNE.—Mr. W. G. SHELDON showed’
a series of Limenitis populi and ab. tremule with intermediate
forms taken this year at Laon, and a series of Chrysophanus
hippothoé from the same region, the females of the latter
displaying a wide range of variation for so restricted a locality
as that in which they were captured.
Insects FRomM Drvon.—Mr. G. C. CHampion exhibited a
fully developed example of Mesovelia furcata, M. and R.,
from Slapton, 8. Devon, and Zhamnotrizon cinereus from.
Lynmouth, N. Devon.
Variations IN APLECTA NEBULOSA.—Mr. A. Harrison and
Mr. Hues Marn exhibited a case of Aplecta nebulosa, arranged
to show the great range of variation of this species in
Delamere Forest; with series from Epping Forest, North
Cornwall, and the New Forest for comparison. The Cornish
and New Forest insects were of the light grey colour which is
the prevailing form in the West and South of England, with
Ee
=e
i ce oor
@ (devil, %)
the exception of the neighbourhood of London, where a dark
grey form is found, as shown in the series from Epping
Forest. The Delamere Forest insects ranged from a rather
light colour to a melanic form, with intermediates showing
a complete gradation from one form to the other. The
lighter insects were bred very sparingly from collected larve,
from 10 to 11 per cent. of melanic forms agreeing more or
less closely with the form robsoni, Collins, being obtained,
the remainder, about 90 per cent., disclosing the dark grey
form. In answer to a question by Mr. H. Rownanp-Brown,
the exhibitor said that the undergrowth in Delamere Forest
was chiefly bracken, and the surface of the ground covered
with the decayed remains of this plant. Beneath this is sand,
which occurs over a large area of the Forest, and also gravel,
gravel-pits being somewhat extensively worked. The larve
of A. nebulosa seemed fairly well distributed wherever young
birches, whitethorn, or bramble occurred.
A discussion followed relative to the appearance and increase
of melanic forms in a restricted area like Delamere: Forest
within the last fifteen or twenty years, in which Dr. T. A.
CHapman, Mr. G. A. K. Marswati, Mr. J. W. Tutt, Mr.
A. W. Bacot, Mr. W. G. SHELDON, and other Fellows
joined.
Rare CoLeoPpTeRA FROM THE ISLE or WiGuHtT, ETc.—Mr.
R. 8. Mrirrorp exhibited two ¢ specimens of Cryptocephalus
bipunctatus, taken by him at Niton in the Isle of Wight
in July 1907, while sweeping the grass on the slopes of the
Undercliff. He observed that the specimens were two forms
of varieties which he understood were well known on the
Continent, but that neither had ever been found in Britain
before. No other specimen was met with, although the spot
was well worked. The locality seemed to be a strange one
for this beetle, as there were no hazel or birch trees in the
neighbourhood.
Mr. Mirrorp also showed Paracymus xneus, Germ., which he
had obtained from Mr. Harwood of Colchester, who had believed
these specimens to be P. nigroxneus. The examples shown
were captured on the North Essex coast in June 1898, and
there could be no doubt that P. xneus must be regarded as a
( Lsvaiie))
British beetle, although Canon Fowler states in his “ British
Coleoptera ” that we do not possess the true P. xneus.
He also exhibited a specimen of the very rare Lathrobium
rufipenne, taken by him at Niton, I. W., in July 1906, a
specimen of the rare Ceuthorrhynchus viduatus, taken by him
at Brading, I. W., in July 1907, and a specimen of Cis dentatus,
Mell., taken by him at Sandown, I. W., in July 1906, and
observed that this species, although well known on the
Continent, had never before been recorded in Britain.
Papers.
Mr. J. E. Cottin communicated a paper “ On a large series
of Nycteribiide (parasitic Diptera) from Ceylon.”
Dr. G. B. Lonestarr, M.D., then read a paper ‘‘On some
Butterflies taken in Jamaica,” and a paper ‘‘On some Butter-
flies of Tobago,” exhibiting a number of examples taken by
himself in both localities to illustrate his remarks.
Wednesday, November 20th, 1907.
Mr. G. H. Verratt, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Nomination of Officers and Council for 1908.
THe Secretary announced that the following Fellows were
nominated to serve as Officers for 1908 :—President, Mr.
CHARLES OwEN WatTERHOUSE; Treasurer, Mr. ALBert Hueu
Jones; Secretaries, Mr. Henry Rowianp-Brown, M.A., and
Commander James J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.L.S. ; Librarian,
Mr. Grorer C. CHamPion; and as other members of the
Council, Mr. ArtHur Joun Cuittry, M.A., Dr. THomas
ALGERNON CHapMaAN, M.D., Mr. Apert Harrison, F.LS.,
F.C.8., Mr. Wituiam James Kaysr, Dr. GrorcE BLUNDELL
LonestaFr, M.D., Mr. Hues Marin, B.Sc., Mr. Guy ANSTRUTHER
Knox Marswatu, Professor RapHart Merwpona, F.R.S., F.C.S.,
Professor Louis Compton Mraut, F.R.S., Professor Epwarp
Baenatut Poutton, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., ete., Mr. Ropert SHeEt-
ForD, M.A., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., and Mr. G. H. Verratu.
@ Uber)
Alteration of a Bye-law.
The Secretary read the following notice addressed to the
President and Council of the Society.
“To the President and Council of the Entomological
Society of London.—We, the undersigned, desire that the
Bye-Laws of the Society be altered by substituting in Chapter
XIII, Section 3, for £15 15s. the figures £21, and give notice
under Bye-law XXI. accordingly.”
Signed, Ginpert J. Arrow, R. Merpora, R. SHELFoRD,
T. H. Cuoapman, A. H. Jones, Guy A. K. Marsuatt, G. B.
Lonestarr, Louis B. Prov.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Lronarp Woops Newman of Bexley, Kent, and Dr.
Ivar Tricdrpu of Upsala University, Sweden, were elected
Fellows of the Society.
Exhibitions.
Rare Brertes From Hants anp Kent.—Mr. H. St. J.
DonistHorPE showed for Mr. W. West of Greenwich examples
of Tropideres sepicola, F., taken in the New Forest near Matley
Bog, July 7th, 1904 ; Oxylemus variolosus, Dufs., from Darenth
Wood, March 2nd, 1905; and Apion annulipes, Wenck, from
Darenth Wood, August 27th, 1905.
Lire Hisrorizrs or CoLzorHorips.—Mr. H. J. Turner
exhibited (1) The life history of Coleophora onosmella, in-
cluding imagines from Box Hill, Reigate, Cuxton, etce.,
larval cases mounted on the leaves of the food plant Lchiwm
vulgare, showing the blotches formed by the mining larve,
numerous cases fixed on stems and basal leaves for pupa-
tion, and photomicrographs of the ova in sitw on the stem
and leaf, and of the micropyle of the ovum, the former
(x 20) and the latter (x 250). (2) The life history of C.
bicolorella, including imagines from Chatham, Cuxton, etc.,
larval cases mounted to show the depredations of the larve
on the leaves of nut, the pre-winter curved cases in which the
larvee hybernate, larval cases fixed on stems and twigs of nut
for pupation, leaves showing where pieces had been cut out
by the larve for periodic enlargements of the cases, and
( Iexa)
photomicrographs of the ova im situ on the under-side of the
nut-leaf, and of three varieties of the micropyle of the ovum,
the former (x 40), the latter (x 250). These photomicrographs
were by Mr. F. N. Clark and admirably showed the surface of
the ova and the structure of the micropylar area.
Mimetic PARALLELISM IN Five GENERA OF AFRICAN PIERINES.
—Dr,. F. A. Drxery exhibited series of specimens belonging to
five different genera of African Pierine. He remarked that
the exhibit was arranged so as to show the parallelism exist-
ing between many species of these genera, a parallelism which
it could hardly be doubted was in most,*if not in all cases, of
mimetic significance. The genera included in the exhibit
were Mylothris, Phrissura, Pinacopteryx, Belenois and Leucer-
onia. The members of the same genus were arranged in
vertical rows, while the species of different genera showing a
similar appearance were set out side by side, horizontally.
The various assemblages, each presenting a distinct pattern,
with their constituent species, were as follows :—
I. White with dark marginal spots. Mylothris agathina,
Cram., 6; Pinacopteryx rubrobasalis, Lanz., 6; Belenois thysa,
Hopft. ¢; Leauceronia argia, Fabr., 9.
Ii. Brownish-yellow with dark marginal spots. M. agathina,
2; Pinacopteryx vidua, Butl.,?; B. thysa, 9 (dry season).
Some specimens of Pinacopteryx astarte, Butl., 2; of Belenois
theora, Doubl., 9 ; and alsoa form of LZ. argia, 2, belong to this
group, but were not shown.
Tif. White with dark apical patch and dark marginal
spots. Phrissura phaola, Doubl., 3; Pinacopteryx dixeyi,
Neave, ¢; Belenois theuszi, Dewitz, 6; L. argia, 6.
IV. The same, with a slight brownish-yellow basal suffusion.
M. poppea, Cram., 3; P. dixeyi, 2 ; Belenois ianthe, Doubl., 9 ;
Leuceronia thalassina, Boisd., ? .
V. White; marginal dark spots tending to become streaks ;
an orange or pinkish basal flush. Jf. poppea, 9; Phrissura
isokani, Gr. Smith, 9 (= P. phebe, Butl.); B. zanthe, 2;
Belenois sp. (allied to B. thysa), 9; L. argia,@.
VI. Fore-wings brownish-yellow with dark margins ; hind-
wings white or creamy with dark marginal spots. J/ylothiis
sprea, Mésch., 2; Phrissura sylvia, Fabr., 2 ; L. thalassina, ? .
(nos)
Specimens of B. theuszi,?; of B. theora, Doubl.,?; and of
L. argia, ( form semiflava, Auriv.) also come into this group,
but were not included in the exhibit.
VII. Bright yellow with dark marginal spots or (on fore-
wings) an irregular marginal band ; fore-wings with orange
basal flush. Mylothris riippellii, Koch, 3 (yellow form) ; LZ.
argia, 2 (form sulphurea, Auriv.).
VIII. White with dark marginal spots; fore-wings with
large basal orange-vermilion flush. JL. riippellii, ¢ (apper- and
under-side); LZ. argia, 2 (form varia, Trim.). Phrissura nyasana,
Butl., ¢, is also a member of this group.
IX. White with dark marginal spots; a small patch of
orange at base of fore-wings, and the same colour prolonged on
costa of hind-wings. J. spica,d; P. sylvia, 3; P. dixeyi, 3;
B. theuszi, 3 (all under-sides).
X. White ; fore-wing with dark margin broadened at apex,
hind-wing with dark marginal spots. MV. spica, 3d; P. sylvia,
3; L. argia, 2 (form poppxa, Donov.).
XI. Like IX and X, but orange of TX replaced by lemon-
yellow. Mylothris asphodelus, Butl., ¢; Phrisswra perluceus,
Butl., ¢; B. theuszi, $ (under-side). All these specimens are
from the Congo.
XII. Fore-wings whitish with a pale orange basal flush ;
hind-wings orange-yellow; both wings with a border of
dark spots. J/ylothris clarissa, Butl., 2; Pinacopteryx sp.
(allied to P. orbona, Hiibn.), 9; B. thysa, ? (intermediate
form).
XIII. Like XII, but with the hind-wings a paler yellow,
and the marginal spots tending to become streaks. P. isokant,
2 (=P. phebe) ; Pinacopteryx sp. (allied to P. orbona), 2; L.
argia, P.
XIV. Fore-wings white with brilliant orange-vermilion
basal flush ; hind-wings ochre-yellow ; dark marginal spots.
M. agathina, 6; P. isokant (phebe),?; P. rubrobasalis, 2 ; B.
thysa, 6; L. argia, 2 (all under-sides).
XV. Fore-wings white; hind-wings lemon or primrose-
yellow ; dark marginal spots more or less developed, and on
fore-wing sometimes fused. Jylothris trimenia, Butl., 3; M.
narcissus, Butl., 2; M. jacksoni, E. M. Sharpe, 2; Phrissura
( Ixxii )
lasti, Gr. Smith, 3; Pinacopteryx sp. (allied to P. vidua, Butl.),
9; Belenois sp. (allied to B. zochalia, Boisd.), 2? .
XVI. Like XV, but with hind-wings ochreous or brownish-
yellow. J. trimenia,?; P. lasti,? ; P. pigea, Boisd., 2 ; Bele-
nois sp. (allied to B. zochalia), 9; B. zochalia, 9; L.
thalassina, 2 .
Dr. Drxry further remarked that though attention had
already been drawn to several of these cases of resemblance
by Mr. Trimen, Prof. Poulton, Mr. Neave and others, as well
as by himself, they had not before been shown together in one
view. In some instances the superficial resemblances between
insects of very different genera belonging to this series had
led to much confusion in the nomenclature, for an example of
which he would refer to the facts given in Mr. Trimen’s
“South African Butterflies,’ Vol. ili, 1889, p. 35 and note.
The five genera now shown, though all belonging to the
Pierinx, were not closely related ; Pinacopteryx and Belenois
probably stood nearest to one another in point of affinity, but
were still abundantly distinct. J/ylothris occupied an isolated
position, while Phrisswra was allied to the Eastern genera
Tachyris, Catophaga and Appias. Leuceronia was widely
removed from all the rest. Hence there was little or nothing
to support the suggestion that these likenesses might be
merely the consequence of affinity.
It was worthy of note that some form of the genus Mylothris
was usually to be found at the centre, so to speak, of each of
these different colowr-assemblages. But this was not invari-
ably the case, and it not infrequently happened that the
species of other genera showed a closer resemblance to each
other than either of them did to the Mylothris. This was
perhaps especially the case as between the two genera elenois
and Pinacopteryx, but striking instances also occurred between
Phrissura phaola g and Belenois theuszi d, and between Phris-
sura isokani 2? and the female of a Lelenois allied to B. thysa.
It was a further point of interest that the streaky character of
the dark margin of the wings, well seen in M. poppea,?,
appeared to have originated not in that genus, but in the
genera Phrissura and Belenois. Its adoption by Mylothris,
which was on all hands admitted to be a distasteful genus,
—
( Ixxiii_ )
seemed to favour the supposition of a Miillerian element in
this series of resemblances, which interpretation was also
suggested by the cases of “secondary mimicry ” already
referred to. The striking aposeme, peculiar to African
butterflies, constituted by dark marginal spots on a pale
ground, was a predominant feature of the whole series, and,
though especially characteristic of Mylothris, appeared in some
instances to exist independently of that genus. Another
prevalent aposeme was the orange or scarlet basal flush well
seen in Mylothris riippellii. It was significant that both these
warning marks tended to be better developed on the under-
surface.
Dr. Dixy concluded by drawing attention to the fact that
these colour-assemblages were by no means isolated clusters,
On the contrary, they passed into one another in many direc-
tions, though this was not easily observed in an exhibit
arranged like the present. As a matter of fact, the whole
array of specimens shown might be regarded as forming a net-
work, each individual being connected with all the rest by a
larger or smaller number of gradations. It would be seen on
tracing out these lines of connection that they ran to a very
large extent independently of affinity. The phenomena were
indeed in many respects comparable with the facts regarding
mimicry in the Neotropical region, to which he had drawn
attention in ‘‘ Nature” for October 31, 1907, pp. 677-8.
MicromorpuisM In A Beerte.—Mr. WILLouGHBY GARDNER
exhibited a remarkably small specimen of JJeloé proscarabeus
with an example of the normal size.
Forms or Arascanta LevaNna AND var. Prorsa.—Mr. W. G.
SHELDON showed a case containing many examples of Arasch-
nia levana var. prorsa and intermediates, bred from larve
found in the department of the Aisne, France, in June last.
Out of 176 individuals that emerged from the pupa 109 were
var. prorsa—65 6 dsand 44 2 Qs, 4 approached nearly to
ab. porima, 2 ¢6 ds and 2 9 9s; 29 were intermediate
between prorsa and porima—23 ¢ 46s and 6 @ @s: all
emerging in a room of average temperature at Croydon, July
20-27th. The forms porima and intermediates were attribut-
able to the cold summer. ‘The remainder of the specimens
(eevee 3)
came from pupze which as soon as formed were removed to a
refrigerator and kept there for fifteen days, being afterwards
subjected to the same treatment as the other lot of pup.
These emerged August 8—15th and showed one var. prorsa, 16
between portma and prorsa—6 ¢ gs and 10 9 9s—2 ab.
porima, both 3 3s, 16 intermediates between prorsa and the
type levana—4 4668 and 12 9 9s, of which several
approached very nearly to the typical brood—levana.
Dy, T. A. Cuapman showed specimens of Avraschnia levana,
type, bred 1907, to give a fuller view of this form in assist-
ance to Mr. Sheldon’s report. He said the palest specimens
were probably the result of leaving the pupe at a temperature
at or below 54° till the butterflies were nearly ready for
emergence ; but on the whole they are probably not far from
normal /evana, the darker being chiefly 3 ¢, the paler 2 9°.
Mr. SHeipon also showed strings of the ova in situ on
nettle, these being base to apex, and in position resembling
those of Polygonia c-album.
Exotic CockroacH FRoM Krw.-——Mr. G. J. Arrow exhibited
a specimen of a handsome exotic Cockroach (Dorylxa
rhombifolia) found alive in the Natural History Museum.
He remarked that he had seen this species there several years
ago but had not captured it. The present specimen was
found in a different part of the building by Mr. T. Sherrin,
on Nov. 16th. It is an apterous species inhabiting China,
India, Madagascar, 8. Africa, etc. and has also been recorded
from ‘Tropical America.
TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS ON TROPICAL BurrERFLIEs.—
Lieut.-Col. N. Manpers exhibited a collection of some 200
specimens of tropical butterflies belonging to the genera
Melanitis, Mycalesis, Atella, Papilio and Catopsilia, which
had been subjected to abnormal degrees of temperature in
the pupal stage. The object of the experiments was to
ascertain the effect of climate on the colours of tropical
butterflies. He said that with the exception of Mr. Mar-
shall’s experiments on certain 8. African butterflies literally
nothing had been done as far as he knew in the laboratory
in relation to this question. He himself held the view
tentatively, that certain cases believed to be examples of
a
. os «he
(i: Abezaets 19)
Miillerian mimicry would be proved eventually to be cases
of climatic resemblances, produced in insects of different
genera or even families by climate acting on organisms
similarly constituted, and so responding in a similar manner
to the same stimulus.
While readily admitting that the specimens in the exhibit
were too few for definite conclusions, they showed in JMJelanitis
and Mycalesis there was good evidence for the belief that in
two species—leda and narcissws—of these genera the seasonal
phases are induced by cold and heat, and not by dryness and
moisture.
In Atella phalanta there was reason for believing that the
presence of the violet or purple on the under surface was due
to deprivation of light during the rearing of the insect from
the egg to the imago.
In Catopsilia florella any abnormal temperature produced
an increased number of yellow females (rhadia), no typical
white females, but an abundance of intermediates, which were
absent so far as his experience went under normal conditions
in Mauritius, though common enough in India and Africa.
The males remained unchanged.
In Papilio demodocus there was an increase of red round
the costal ocellus on the upper side of the hind-wing and a
very distinct general ruddiness on the under surface of the
hind-wing produced by cold.
ASSOCIATION OF ALLIED Forms or Sours American Butrer-
FLIES.—Dr. G. B. Lonasrarr exhibited a case containing 35
Ithomiine butterflies of 11 species, belonging to 6 genera,
all taken in a little over an hour, on March 20th, 1907, at
about 4.0 p.m. near Caracas, Venezuela, some 3600 feet above
sea-level. They were disturbed in a shaded gorge and all
taken on a piece of moist ground measuring perhaps 60 yards
by 10 yards. They were all flying together like a cloud of
gnats and many more might have been secured, but the
number of distinct species was not recognized at the time.
This habit of butterflies of this group thus congregating
together was described by Bates.* It affords a striking
exception to Darwin’s principle that closely allied forms are
* Trans, Linn. Soc, 1862, pp. 539, 541.
( Txaaa )
not usually found together. When on the wing out of the
sun the clear-winged species were difficult to see, only the
white or yellow markings catching the eye, but in the
sunshine the clear parts of the wings sometimes gave an
iridescent gleam.
CoNVERGENT GROUP OF HELICONINE Burrerriies.—Mr. W. J,
Kaye exhibited a convergent group of Heliconine butterflies,
from the Potaro Road, Potaro River, British Guiana, composed
of the following species: Heliconius burneyt catharine, Heliconius
xanthocles xanthocles, Heliconius axde astydamia, Heliconius
egeria egeria, all of the second section or Opisorhyparine group.
Heliconius cybele tumatumari of the first section or Opiso-
gymui group, and Hweides tales tales. A short series of each
was shown, and it was stated that except the first and last
none of the species could be called common. ‘The numbers of
each secured in six years were as follows—H. catharine 31,
Hi, xanthocles 6, H. astydamia 14, H. egeria 3, H. tumatuwmari
6, Zu. tales 50. It was significant that this group of butter-
flies also had a black hind-wing, a characteristic so marked in
the Guiana region especially that portion known as British
and Dutch territory. In the more southern area known as
French Guiana the hind-wing in the representatives of these
species was streaked with red. Only H. egeria as found on
the Potaro River now shows any indication of being streaked
in the hind-wing, the other four species of Heliconius and the
Eueides only exhibiting a small red streak at the base, while
some of the specimens present a uniform black surface.
Hitherto there has not been detected any species of Danaine
or Ithomiine butterfly that might serve as a model or mimic
of these species, and if at any time the large Melinxa mneme—
Heliconius numata group exerted any influence on these red
and yellow and black species, it is unlikely that it does so
now, because they have not the same flower-frequenting habit
and are not found in company with them. The red colouring
of the fore-wing also render these species far more distinctive
on the wing than the species coloured like H. nwmata, and it
is unlikely that any enemy would mistake the one for the
other.
¢ Ixxvn )
Papers.
In illustration of his paper “ Mimicry in North American
Butterflies of the genus Limenitis (Basilarchia),” Professor
E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., showed specimens of Adelpha (Heterc-
chroa) bredowi, ranging from Guatemala to Arizona, and
its northern form, named californica by A. G. Butler, from
California and Oregon. With these he exhibited specimens of
Limenitis (Basilarchia) lorquini, Boisd., taken together with the
Adelphas, by Mr. F. D. Godman, F.R.S., in the two last-named
States. A specimen of lorquini from Esquimalt, Vancouver’s
Island, was also exhibited for the purpose of comparison with
the southern individuals. Professor Poulton pointed out that
lorquint resembles the Adelpha and differs from its ancestor
L. (B.) wiedemeyeri, Edwards, in the cream colour of the
band which crosses both wings and the presence of a brown
apical patch on the fore-wing. The specimen from Vancouver’s
Island far north of the range of the Adelpha showed a great
reduction in the size of the apical patch. The californica form
of the Adelpha furthermore differed from the southern bredowi
form and resembled the Z. (B.) lorquint in the reduction of
the brown mark at the anal angle of the hind-wing, in the
more broken and irregular appearance of the cream-coloured
band, and markedly in the broader, shorter shape of the
wings. These mutual resemblances appeared to offer a
striking example of Dr. F. A. Dixey’s principle of Reciprocal
Mimicry (Diaposematic Resemblance). Professor Poulton said
that he was indebted to the kindness of Mr. F. D. Godman for
the opportunity of showing the specimens to the Society.
Mr. H. St. J. DonistHorps, F.Z.S., read a paper “On the
Life History of Lomechusa strwmosa, F.”
Wednesday, December 4th, 1907.
Mr. C. O. Wateruouse, President, in the Chair.
Nomination of Officers and Council and Auditors for 1908.
The Secrerary again read the names of the Officers and
Council nominated to serve for 1908,
( dppevei))
The following Fellows were nominated as Auditors :—Mr.
W. J. Kaye, Mr. A. J. Carrry, Mr. R. Apxtiy, Mr. L. B.
Prout, Dr. T. A. Coapman, Mr. R. Wyuiz-Luoyp.
Alteration of a Bye-Law.
The SECRETARY again read the notice relative to a change of
Chapter XIII, Section 3, announced at the previous meeting.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. Water Featuer, of 10 Station Grove, Cross Hills,
Keighley, Yorkshire, and the British Somaliland Fibre and
Development Company, Berbera, Somaliland, British East
Africa, and Mr. Ruprrr Wetistoop Jack, Assistant Entomo-
logist in the Department of Agriculture of the Cape of Good
Hope, Cape Town, South Africa, were elected Fellows of the
Society.
Obituary.
The decease of Mr. Henry HacGuet was announced.
Exhibitions.
VARIATIONS IN ANTHROCERA TRIFOLII.—Dr, G. C. Hopeson,
introduced by Dr. T. A. CuApman, exhibited a case containing
a number of examples of Anthrocera trifolii, collected on the
same ground in Sussex, and showing a wide range of variation,
including three fine melanie forms, and several showing six
spots on the upper-wings. He remarked that these latter
were bred by him from cocoons found on the ground, and not
as in the case of the others from those taken on ling, ete.
Enemirs or Sours American Burrerriies.—Mr. W. J.
Kayr showed a specimen of Papilio thoas thoas with the
central portions of both tails removed apparently by a narrow-
billed bird. The injury appeared so symmetrical that it was
thought likely that the specimen was an abnormality. Buta
careful microscopical examination showed that the overlapping
scales on the sides of the injury were not shaped lke the cilia
scales but were in the position of broken rows of scales, show-
ing that there had been uniformity. It was mentioned that
by experiment with a butterfly and a pair of forceps a piece
of the wing could be removed and the resulting injury appear
Citixeaic 9)
scaled. If however a wedge of the wing be cut out witha
pair of sharp scissors, the resulting edge of the wing showed
hardly a trace of any overlapping scales, the scales them-
selves being actually sheared.
Several species of butterflies from British Guiana were also
shown with injuries to the wings in the region, of the abdo-
men. These included Heliconius burneyi ee we Stalachtis
phedusa, Bia actorion and Methona confusa, the last-named
being a most conspicuous injury just above where the abdomen
is held when at rest. Such injuries to Danaine butterflies
were quite rare.
Locusts AND THEIR Foop.—The PrestpEen? exhibited photo-
graphs of a large locust (Catacanthacris rubella) from the
Congo Free State, which was captured holding a small mouse
(Leggada %) with its front and middle legs, and was apparently
devouring it. He read the following note from the Rev. M.
H. Reid, who found it. ‘‘I never knew that a grasshopper
would eat flesh, but seeing was to believe. I went to see
several of the chiefs . . . during that time great swarms of
locusts devoured every green thing. While looking at the
locusts crawling over the native huts I observed the one I
gave you. It held a mouse firmly, and had actually fastened
its legs about the mouse so that there was no way of escape.
. . . Some of the locusts had great spiders and others great
roaches (cockroaches), and in fact anything which would make
food.” ‘The specimen is now in the Natural History Museum.
A discussion followed on the carnivorous habit of the
Acridiidx, it being considered a very unusual phenomenon.
The Rev. F. D. Moricz mentioned an occasion on which he
had found wearing apparel devoured by grasshoppers in
Switzerland, and other Fellows followed.
ReEorprocaL CoNVERGENCE IN Limenitis.—Professor Poutron
exhibited 7 males and 4 females of Limenitis (Basilarchia)
lorguint from Vancouver’s Island; 11 males and 1 female
from British Columbia; 4 males from California; also 4
examples of the Californian form of Adelpha bredowt, together
with 5 specimens of the same species from Mexico and | from
Guatemala. He also exhibited 2 males of the species which
probably represents the ancestor of lorquini, viz. Limenitis
C ds}
(Basilarchia) wiedemeyeri, from Colorado. This much larger
series supported the conclusions suggested by the smaller
exhibit shown by Professor Poulton at the previous meeting :—
viz. that the superficial appearance of A. bredowi and of L. (B.)
lorquint undergoes reciprocal convergence in the areas where
these two species fly together, but that where each of them
exists alone, lorguint to the W. and bredowit to the 8., the
resemblance to the other is much reduced.
Hyprips AND VARIETIES oF British Hererocera.— Mr. L,
W. Newman exhibited (a) a long and varied series of Hnnomos
autumnaria (alniaria), including examples in-bred several
years of a very pale washed-out colour, the usual in-bred Kent
form; specimens bred by Mr. Tugwell 1882-3, a very rich dark
speckled form; specimens including two pairs melanic (rich
dark brown with canary-yellow thorax), the parent 9 captured
in East Kent in 1905 and quite typical, but the brood of
1906 produced two melanic specimens, while this year several
melanic specimens were bred and a quantity of the types,
which latter were very rich in colour and heavily speckled,
some almost approaching Mr. Tugwell’s race: (4) a series of
Polia xanthomista (nigrocincta) bred from ova and fed on
carrot, the specimens unusually large (N. Cornwall), and one
Isle of Man specimen also bred from ova, and one specimen
bred from wild collected larvee—a much smaller specimen : (c)
three pairs of hybrid Votodonta ziczac 3 x N. dromedarius 2 , =
newmani, Tutt, and one specimen each of ziczac and drome-
darius : (d) three very fine Yylina conformis bred by Evan John,
S. Wales: (e) three cocoons (i situ) of Dicranura bicuspis
collected wild in Tilgate Forest : and (f) fine melanie ¢ Opor-
abia dilutata, taken wild in Bexley Woods 1907, this being the
first melanic specimen of the species reported from Kent.
New Species or Betenois.—Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited male
and female specimens of a new Belenois allied to B. zochala,
Boisd., but quite distinct from the zochalia group. These
were captured by Mr. Wiggins in the Tiriki Hills, north-east
of the Victoria Nyanza.
Rare CoLEorreRA, THYSANOPTERA, AND ApTERA.—Mr. R. 8.
BaGNALL read the following notes on the several examples
exhibited by him.
(7) oer")
CoLEOPTERA :—
Triplax bicolor, Gyll. Specimens reared from larvee found
hibernating in moss at Gibside, Co. Durham, and showing
change in coloration after emergence from pupz.
Agathidium badium, Er., from beneath bark of beech trunks
and logs, Gibside, Co. Durham.
Cryptamorpha desjardinsi, Latr. A probably cosmopolitan
species from cellars, Winlaton, Co. Durham.
Eniemus fungicola, Th., taken by Mr. Gardner in Teesdale,
Co. Durham.
Henoticus serratus, Gyll., from refuse lying on the banks of
Loch Long at Arnochar.
Epurea angustula, Er., and Acrulia inflata, Gyll., found
(parasitic) in the runs of a wood-boring beetle, Z’rypodendron
domesticum.
Luplectus minutissimus, Aubé., taken at Winlaton Mill, Co.
Durham, with other rare creatures, amongst sand and shingle
actually submerged by the river Derwent.
Scydmexnus exilis, Er., not uncommon in the Derwent Valley
(Durham) beneath bark of various trees.
Piilium myrmecophilum, All., common with /. rufa in
Northumberland, Durham and the Kyles of Bute.
THYSANOPTERA :—
Having paid alittle attention this year to the British species
of Thrips I have pleasure this evening in drawing your notice
to twelve rare species, ten of which (marked “*”) are new to
the fauna of Great Britain.
* Megalothrips lativentris, Heeger. Both sexes found by Dr.
Randell Jackson in Delamere Forest. One of the largest
European species.
Inothrips setinodis, Reuter. Described by Reuter from
Scotland. A fine 9 from Elm Gibside, Co. Durham.
* Trichothrips cxspitis, Uzel. A minute species, apterous,
without ocelli, and having the proboscis abbreviated. De-
scribed from Bohemia. A single example from Gibside in moss.
* Heliothrips femoralis, Reuter. A hothouse species taken
at Acton by Mr. C.O. Waterhouse and in Northumberland by
PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., IV. 1907. F
(( lexxnh 9
myself. It is recorded from Finland and North America, and
I have recently found it in numbers in Belgium.
* Parthenothrips dracenx, Heeger. Another hothouse
species taken by Mr. Waterhouse at Acton. It is widely
distributed, and I have taken it in large numbers in Belgium,
in which country it was previously unknown.
Aptinothrips nitidula, Hal. On the sea aster (Aster
tripolium) and sea milkwort (Glaux maritima), Arran. De-
scribed by Haliday more than seventy years ago and only
rediscovered this year.
* Uzeliella lubbocki, new genus and species. <A single
female found amongst seaweed, Whitley Bay.
* Euthrips robusta, Uzel. From the field scabious (Scabiosa
arvensis), Co. Durham. Rare. Bohemia (Uzel).
* Oxyothrips parviceps, Uzel. From heather (Calluna and
Erica), Scotland, Clyde and Solway districts ; Northumber-
land, Co. Durham. Bohemia (Uzel).
* Oxyothrips ajugx, Uzel. From the flowers of bugle (Ajuga
reptans), Co. Durham. Bohemia (Uzel).
* Thrips major, Uzel, and
* Thrips communis, Uzel, from the flowers and leaves of
the bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) and the potato plant
(S. tuberosum), Co. Durham. Bohemia (Uzel).
APTERA :—
The following species of Collembola, another neglected
group, are additions to the fauna of Great Britain, whilst
many species yet await identification and most probably
description. Prof. Carpenter has helped me greatly in this
group.
* Orchesella rufescens, Lubbock, and * Isotoma hibernica,
Carpenter, the latter a recently described species. Delamere
Forest, where they were taken by Dr, Randell Jackson.
* Isotoma minuta, Tlb. Whitley Bay, Northumberland.
* Isotoma bidenticulata, Tlb. An arctic and alpine species.
Amongst shingle of mountain streams, in numbers, North-
umberland and Scotland,
* Isotoma quadrioculata, Tlb, A solitary example from the
Derwent Valley, Durham,
( Ixxxmi )
* Xenylla brevicauda, Tlb, Several from beneath bark,
Derwent Valley, Durham.
* Anurida tullbergi, Schott. Taken in large numbers
amongst sand and shingle submerged by the river Derwent,
Durham.
* Sminthurus cinctus, Tlb. In numbers, Derwent Valley,
Durham.
THYSANURA :—
Premachilis hibernica, Carp., this year described by Prof.
Carpenter, and another species probably P. brevicornis, Ridley,
the description of which has been overlooked by modern
authorities, both from the Derwent Valley.
Papers, ete.
Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., communicated the follow-
ing observations on the
INSECT AND oTHER Foops oF BLACKGAME
contained in a letter received from Dr. F. Menteith Ogilvie.
His correspondent stated that the larve of Bombyx rubi had
been unusually abundant on the Argyllshire moors during
October (Dr. Ogilvie’s visit had been from the 16th to the 28th
of the month). The following extract from the letter indicates
both the excessive abundance and the special protection of these
larvee :—‘‘ Had I set about seriously collecting them, I dare
say I could have gathered over 1,000 of these caterpillars in a
day. We shot a number of blackgame, grouse, and ptarmigan,
and I examined the crops of a good many of these, more
especially of the blackgame. ‘The latter species we found out
on the open moor—very few were in the woods and _ birch
patches at this season—they therefore had ample opportunities
of feeding on these hairy caterpillars had they been so minded.
But in the examination of the contents of the crops of a con-
siderable number of birds of this species I never found one
hairy caterpillar, though I often found one or two smooth-
skinned caterpillars of different kinds.. From this I came to
the conclusion that these hairy caterpillars are noxious to
birds—at any rate to the game birds I was dealing with—and
that they are severely left alone.”
( besxive
A later communication from Dr. Menteith Ogilvie contained
the following interesting details :—‘I enclose a rough note on
the contents of the crops of five blackgame. I could send
others, but the general result was the same in all the birds shot.”
Blackgame, Tetrao tetrix, L. Contents of crop (5 specimens).
Barcaldine, Argyllshire.
1. 9 Shot 17th October, 1907 (3 p.m.); crop fairly dis-
tended. ‘An immense number” of galls from oak
trees, vulgarly “‘spangle galls” (Newroterus lenticu-
laris), probably not less than 500 of these.
Also ‘‘ an immense number ” of small dark-brown beetles,
Lochmexa (Adimonia) suturalis of Thomson, one of the
plant-feeding section of the Coleoptera.
A quantity of plantain leaves, others that appeared to
belong to some kind of mint, and only one small
flowering head of heather.
2. 3 Shot 19th October, 1907 (4 p.m.) ; crop full.
Plantain leaves, fully 4 of the contents.
Heather shoots, about another }.
A few blaeberry tops (Vaccinium myrtillus).
Marsh Trifolium (2 or 3 leaves); a fern leaf (? Poly-
podium alpestre).
Many dark-brown beetles, as in @ of 17th October, 1907,
but less numerous.
One large smooth-skinned caterpillar, 1} in. long, 3
longitudinal yellow stripes on a dark olive-brown
ground.
3. gd young. Shot 19th October, 1907 (10 a.m.) ; crop nearly
empty.
Seven berries of the mountain ash (Rowan), and
A few crinkly leaves, somewhat like parsley. (Sp. ?)
4. ¢ adult. Shot 18th October, 1907 (4 p.m.); crop very
distended.
Large quantities of heather shoots.
Willow leaves. (Sp. ?)
[This is a dwarf willow which grows plentifully on
the moors. I don’t know the species—it is locally
known as the “saugh”’ willow. |
( Vhexxv' *)
Flowering heads of a scabious.
Numerous fronds of a fern (? Polypodiwm alpestre),
Tormentilla (7Z’. officinalis), and two or three Trifolium
leaves.
“Vast number ” of spangle galls.
300 or more dark-brown beetles (LZ. swéwralis).
One earwig, and
One large (14 in. long) smooth-skinned green caterpillar,
5. @ Shot 18th October, 1907 (3 p.m.) ; crop half full.
Mainly heather shoots, with a good sprinkling of
blaeberry (V. myrtillus).
Fern fronds (P. alpestre), a few.
“Tmmense number” of the usual small dark-brown beetle,
and quantity of ‘‘spangle galls.”
“The two outstanding features are the spangle galls and
the small beetle. Almost all the birds were crowded with
these, and, judging by my specimens, the blackgame must
have been destroying enormous numbers of both. I don’t
think, as regards the beetles, it is any exaggeration to allow
300 beetles per day per bird. Ours is not a very good black-
game ground now, and perhaps we have 300 head in all; that
would equal 90,000 beetles per day! I was surprised to find,
too, how little heather was eaten in most cases, despite the
fact that the birds were in almost every case found on the
moor and not in the woods.
“The beetles were kindly identified for me by Commander
Walker, and the oak spangles by the authorities at Kew.”
Professor Poutton said that Dr. Menteith Ogilvie had
kindly obtained specimens of the abundant hairy larve un-
touched by the birds, and that they were undoubtedly Bombyx
rubt. He remarked upon the interesting fact that the beetle
Lochmxa suturalis, so plentifully devoured by the blackgame,
belonged to the Galerucidx, a family generally believed to be
distasteful, and certainly providing many models for mimicry.
These particular Galerucids, however (examples of which were
exhibited), were rather inconspicuous dark brown insects.
Rest ATTITUDE oF Hyrta AurorARtA.—Mr. J. C. Moutton
read the following note :—“ During the past summer I had the
( kexxw ))
opportunity of studying the habits of this species in the field
near Glastonbury, Somersetshire. I first met with it on July
2nd, and after a rainy interval saw it again on July 10th,
11th, and 12th. The moth frequented a small patch of ground
about 80 yards square, covered with heath and ling, inter-
mingled with bog-myrtle, alder bushes, and birch trees. The
insect was on the wing in bright sunlight from 10.30 a.m. to
1.30 p.m. The rest attitude was first observed on July 10th ;
when following a moth that was flying about four or five feet
from the ground, I saw it settle upon the ling a little ahead of
me when it became invisible. However, on closer inspection T
found it had alighted on a thin stem of ling, with the under-
side of its outspread wings uppermost. When disturbed it
again took a short flight of a few yards, and settled in exactly
the same manner. This happened during four successive
flights of this one insect ; and for the rest of that morning
and the following days I was interested to notice that all the
others, which I saw settle, invariably did so in this attitude.
The interpretation is not far to seek when a comparison is
made between the colouring of the upper- and under-sides. In
the former the bright purple and rich golden markings at once
attract the eye and render this little Geometer a conspicuous
object. The under-surface, on the other hand, possesses a
perfect cryptic colouring of dark dull purple, combined with
shades of tawny yellow. It should be noted that on no occasion
was the flower itself selected as a resting-place, but always the
leaf or stem, the dull colour of which, combined with the dark
shadows in the interior of the plant, formed a background
harmonising in a remarkable manner with the exposed surface
of the insect. In conclusion, I should like to record my sincere
gratitude to Professor Poulton for very kindly looking over
this note.”
Mr. A. H. Swrnron communicated a paper on ‘‘ The Family
Tree of Moths and Butterflies, traced in their Organs of Sense.”
Mr. E. Meyricx, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., communicated a
paper on “ Notes and Descriptions of Pterophoride and
Orneodide.”
Mr. R. SuHetrorp, M.A., C.M.Z.S., F.L.8., read a paper
entitled “Studies on the Blattidx.”’
( lexxyi, })
The Rev. K. St. A. Rocrrs, introduced by Professor E, B,
Poutton, F.R.S., read a paper entitlel ‘“‘ Notes on the Bio-
nomics of British East African Butterflies,” and exhibited
many examples collected by him, and from the Hope Museum,
Oxford, to illustrate his remarks.
( Txxxix >)
ANNUAL MEETING.
Wednesday, January 15th, 1908.
Mr. C. O. WarternHouse, President, in the Chair.
Mr. R. Wyte Luoyp, one of the Auditors, read the
Treasurer's Balance Sheet, showing a balance of £6 7s. 11d.
in the Society’s favour.
Mr. H. Rowxanp-Brown, one of the Secretaries, then read
the following
Report of the Council.
During the Session 1907-1908 eight Fellows have died,
seven Fellows have resigned, thirty-six new Fellows have been
elected, the name of one Fellow has been restored to the list,
and those of fourteen Fellows removed therefrom.
It is a pleasure to report that the elections for the year
constitute a record in the annals of the Society, and that the
tendency toward a lower annual average, of which mention
was made two years ago, has not been maintained. The
interest taken in the work of the Society, apart from the
gratifying additions to our ranks in the past twelve months,
is demonstrated by the number of those attending the Ordinary
Meetings, these, as a rule, being almost double compared with
the attendances of some previous years. In this connection it
is also agreeable to note that the number of foreign Fellows is
increasing steadily, our ranks during the year having received
accessions from France, Germany, and Sweden, while the
British Colonies continue to be well represented on the
nomination papers.
At present the Society consists of eleven Honorary Fellows,
and five hundred and nine Life and Subscribing Fellows, this
being the first year that the roll of Ordinary Fellows has
exceeded five hundred.
It is much to be regretted that the finances of the Society
have not developed proportionately to the increase of Fellows.
On several occasions during the year the Council has been
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1907. G
( Sa)
compelled to withhold valuable papers contributed by Fellows,
simply for want of funds, and were it not for the continued
generosity of one or two Fellows we should have been unable
to bring our Transactions even to the modest number of pages
and plates of the current issue. Much time has been devoted
by the Treasurer and the Council to the matter : the question of
raising the annual subscription has been considered at length,
put abandoned as undesirable; a majority of the Council,
however, recommend that the Life Composition be somewhat
increased, and for this purpose have taken steps to consult
the wishes of the Society upon the necessary alteration of
the Bye-Law. ‘The increased expenses of printing, and of the
preparation of the plates; the advance in the cost of paper,
and the falling off in the amount of voluntary subscriptions
to the publication fund, have demanded stricter economy on
the part of the Council, and a consequent reduction of the
scientific material published by the Society.
The Transactions for the year, however, form a volume
of five hundred and fifteen pages, containing twenty-seven
Memoirs by the following authors: Mr. Malcolm Burr, B.A.,
F.Z.8., Lieut-.Colonel C. T. Bingham, F.Z.S., Mr. M. Cameron,
M.B., R.N., and Signor A. Caruana Gatto, LL.D., the Rev.
G. A. Crawshay, M.A., Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D. (two), Dr.
T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., Mr. Hamilton.
H. Druce, F.Z.8., Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., Mr. H. St.
J. Donisthorpe and Dr. G. B. Longstaff, M.D., Mr. E. A.
Elliott, F.Z.S., and Mr. C. Morley, F.E.S., Mr. L. Guppy,
junior, Mr. J. L. Hancock, M.D., Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones,
¥.Z.8., Mr. J. C. Kershaw, F.Z.8. (three ; two of them with
Mr. F. Muir, F.E.8.), Mr. P. I. Lathy, F.Z.S, Mr. A. M. Lea,
F.E.S., Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders and Mr. E, Meyrick, B.A.,
F.R.S., F.Z.8., Professor L. C. Miall, F.R.S., and Mr. T. H.
Taylor, Mr. K. J. Morton, F.E.S., Mr. R. Shelford, M.A.,
O.M.Z.S. (two), Mr. E. E. Unwin, M.Sc., and Mr. H. Scott.
Of these papers, nine relate to Lepidoptera, six to Coleo-
ptera, three to Diptera, one to Rhynchota, three to Orthoptera,
one to Hymenoptera, one to Neuroptera; one, by Dr.
Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion, to Lepidoptera and
Coleoptera ; one by Dr. Dixey and Dr. . Longstaft to South
¢ © xc)
African Entomology, and one by Dr. Chapman to the subject
of Teratology in insects.
The Memoirs referred to are illustrated by twenty-nine plates,
of which nine are coloured. Half the cost of Plate I has been
defrayed by Mr. Lathy. Mr. M. Burr has given the draw-
ings for Plate IV. Dr. T. A. Chapman has given the whole
cost of Plate V, the blocks for Plates VI-XII, and the photo-
graph for Plate XX VII. Mr. Crawshay has given the pho-
tographs for Plates XIV-XX, and Mr. J. C. Kershaw the
drawings for Plates XXII-XXIII. The entire cost of
Plate XXV has been defrayed by Dr. G. B. Longstaff, the
drawings of Plates XXVI-XXVII have been presented by
Mr. L. Guppy, junior, and Lieut.-Colonel Manders has given
£5 towards the expenses of Plate XXIX. The quality and
length of the Proceedings has also been well maintained, and
many short papers are now included in this part of our
publications.
We regret to announce that the amount offered in grant for
a Travel Fund, so liberally volunteered by Mr. F. Merrifield,
was not applied for. Mr. Merrifield has, however, most
kindly announced his willingness to repeat his offer in the
forthcoming year.
The Society was invited to send a delegate to the Bicen-
tenary Celebrations of the Birth of Linnzus at the University
of Upsala, and the Academy of Science, Stockholm, and was
represented by the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., one of our
Fellows, who has published in our Proceedings an account of
the very gratifying way in which he was received on both
occasions. Another of our Fellows, Professor E. B. Poulton,
F.R.S., represented the University of Oxford, and was decor-
ated by the late King of Sweden with the Order of the Polar
Star in recognition of his services to Entomological Science.
The Treasurer reports that the Balance Sheet of the Society
shows that the subscriptions for the year 1907 are about £17
in excess of the previous year. The admission fees are far in
excess of any previous year, amounting to £50 8s. The sum
total received is, however, about £20 less than last year,
owing to the falling off of donations, and in the sale returns
of the Transactions.
(/ xege)
The printing bill—£321 1s. 2d.—is abnormally high, being
£100 in advance of that of the preceding year. The cost of
plates shows a reduction—£113 2s. 5d.—as against £199 4s. 7d.
in 1906; the other items of the Balance Sheet being normal.
But although the balance is small, as a matter of fact we are
in as good, if not better, a financial position than last year.
The volume of Transactions and Proceedings for 1906 was
very bulky, and Parts IIIT and IV were paid for last March,
the expenses for the same amounting to £106; £60 will
probably cover the whole cost of these two Parts in the current
issue.
The Librarian reports that the number of volumes issued to
Fellows for home-reading amounted during the year to a total
of 287. The Library has also been very well patronised for
purposes of reference and study. The additions to the
Library consist of five volumes, 102 pamphlets, and the usual
periodicals.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SocteTy OF Lonpon,
11, Cuanpos Srreet, CAvENDISH Square, W.
January 15th, 1908.
The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing to
substitute other names for those contained in the list prepared
by the Council, the following Fellows constitute the Council
for 1908-9 :—George C. Champion, F.Z.8.; Dr. Thomas
Algernon Chapman, M.D.; Arthur John Chitty, M.A. (since
deceased); Albert Harrison, F.L.S., F.C.S.; Albert Hugh
Jones; William James Kaye, F.L.S.; Dr. George Blundell
Longstaff, M.D.; Hugh Main, B.Se.; Guy A. K. Marshall ;
Professor Raphael Meldola, F.R.S., F.C.S.; Professor Louis
Compton Miall, F.R.S.; Professor Edward B. Poulton,
D.Se., M.A., F.R.S.; Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A. ; Robert
Shelford, M.A., F.L.S.; George Henry Verrall ; Commander
James J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S.; Charles Owen
Waterhouse.
The following are also elected as_ officers :—President,
Charles Owen Waterhouse; Treasurer, Albert Hugh Jones ;
Secretaries, Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A., and Commander
€ xc ¥))
James J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.LS. ; Librarian, George C.
Champion, F.Z.S.
The Balance Sheet and Report having been adopted, Mr.
C. O. Waterhouse, the President, delivered an Address. A
vote of thanks to the President for his Address, and for his
services as President during the past year, was proposed by
Mr. Frederic Merrifield, and carried unanimously. Professor
Raphael Meldola, F.R.S., then proposed a vote of thanks to the
other officers of the Society, which also was carried unanim-
ously. The President, Mr. A. H. Jones, Mr. H. Rowland-
Brown, and Commander J. J. Walker replied.
(rein)
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Balance Sheet for the Year 1907,
RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS.
Suess fsa
Balance in hand, Ist Jan., Printing Transactions, etc. 321 1 2
1907, and at Bankers’... 53 18 2 | Plates, etc. as ( abies Lae ee
Subscriptions for 1907 ... 412 2 6 | Rent and Office Ex-
SATTGRES Gee Ges wes ees LO) 1d 0 PDENSCS 205, .2- face. oa LOO Oman
Admission Fees... ... 50 8 O | Books and Binding... ... 37,12 9
Donations... ... ... ... 21 12 8 | Investment in Consols ... 3110 0
Sales of Transactions ... 76 13 5 | Subscriptions in Advance,
Interest on Investments :— per contra carried to
Consols ... ... £21 8 5 MOS acai cece sae) ot TEE
Westwood Bequest 6 16 6 Balance in hand and at
—— 28 411 Bankers’? 2... es. ses) HO eee
Subscriptions in Advance 14 14 0
Life Compositions ... ... 3110 0
£704 18 8 £704 18 8
ASSETS.
5 Saud
Subscriptions in arrear
considered good ... ... 50 0 O
, No ASCERTAINED LIABILITIES.
Cost of £929 16s. 5d.
Consols. Present price
Ist Jan. 1908, @ 835 AppITIONAL ASSETS.
£779 17s. 9d. 902 8 0
Cost of £239 12s. 4d. Contents of Library and unsold
Birmingham 8 per cent. Publications.
Present price Ist Jan.
1908, @ 86. £206 1s. 5d. 250 0 O
Balancesinehand 5... seve ail
Audited, compared with vouchers and found correct.
R. W. Lioyp.
A. Hueu Jones, Horace Sr. J. DoNISTHORPE
Treasurer. (for ARTHUR J. Curry deceased),
10th January, 1908. Ropert ADKIN.
[ “xey
THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,
My first words must be to congratulate the Society on
its continued prosperity. In my young days, when the Mem-
bers met in an uncarpeted room and sat on wooden benches,
the Society produced good results; and the Turkey carpet
and leather-covered chairs have not in the least impaired our
powers, for we still do plenty of hard work, and that of a
progressive character, in the interest of Entomological Science.
The papers in our Transactions are varied and most useful,
and I am glad that some of them are contributed by friends
living abroad who are able to furnish us with notes on the
life-histories of species of which we only know the dried
imagines.
_ The notes and short papers in the Proceedings are of more
than ordinary interest, and embrace many various subjects. I
need not go into details,
I regret to have to put on record the decease of several
Fellows :—
JoHN Emmerson Rosson died on February 28th last at the
age of 74. He resided at Hartlepool, and was known in the
North of England as a zealous Lepidopterist. He was per-
haps best known as the editor from 1879 to 1893 of the
“Young Naturalist,’ or as it was afterwards called the
“ British Naturalist.” Besides editing this periodical, he was
a frequent contributor to its pages. His most important
work was the “ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Northumber-
land, Durham and Neweastle-on-Tyne.” This is a great deal
more than a mere list of names, as there are observations
of interest on most of the species. Unfortunately he only
(Vxevm, ©)
completed the work to the end of the 7ortrices. The remaining
families were in hand at the time of his death. He also pub-
lished in 1886-87, in conjunction with Mr, John Gardner, a
“ List of the British Lepidoptera and their Named Varieties.”
Part I. contained the Macrolepidoptera. The Microlepidoptera
were never published.
He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1890, Those
who knew him personally describe him as a genial companion,
and he was a charming correspondent. He took much interest
in public affairs, especially in educational work, and at the
time of his death he was a member of the Hartlepool Borough
Council.
Dr. Freperic Moors, D.S8ec., A.L.S., died on May 10th,
aged 77. He was elected to this Society in 1853, and had
therefore been a Fellow for fifty-four years. At the time of
his death I was asked if I knew how he came to take up
the study of Entomology. I cannot answer that question
definitely, but it is not difficult to make a guess. In his boy-
hood he resided in the Zoological Society’s house. My father
as Curator of that Society’s Museum was also resident in the
same house. Hope, Vigors, Kirby and, other entomologists
were at this time publishing entomological papers in the
Zoological Society’s Proceedings and ‘Transactions. Dr,
J. E. Gray was frequently at the Society and employed young
Moore to make drawings for him. This brought him under
the notice of Dr. Horsfield, who was interested in Entomology.
When these facts are known it is not surprising that Frederic
Moore took to Entomology. He was attached to the Museum
of the East India Company and remained a member of that
Museum’s staff until it was given up in 1879. He was a
regular attendant at our meetings and he contributed many
papers to our Transactions. His chief works were the
“Lepidoptera of Ceylon” (1881-7) and the still more im-
portant work the ‘Lepidoptera of India.” This last he had
not completed, the Zycenids and Hesperids still remained to
be done. He formed a large collection of Indian Lepidoptera,
the greater part of which is already the property of the
British Museum. The remaining portions will, I have no
doubt, follow,
(qr Xeval as)
CHARLES JAMES WarTkKINs died on May 27th. He was born
at Lightpill, near Nailsworth, in July 1846. For many years
he resided at Painswick, but quite recently he removed to
Watledge, Nailsworth, and it was here that he underwent an
operation which culminated in his death. He was a pin
manufacturer, and his father was one of the earliest to supply
entomological pins. His business did not leave him a great
deal of spare time, but what he had he devoted to Natural
History, and he was always ready to help any one who applied
to him for information. The Gloucestershire portion of the
Victoria County Histories owes much to him, as he collected
and supplied many details for that work. He was a good all-
round naturalist, including geology and botany in his studies,
and as regards insects he was noted for his knowledge of
Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera. He
became a Fellow of this Society in 1900.
Wixtiam CuristorHer Boyp died on September 18th. He
was well known as a Lepidopterist, and although he was the
head of the firm of Messrs. J. & C. Boyd, Manchester
Warehousemen, of Friday Street, E.C., which must have left
him little leisure, he nevertheless was a frequent contributor
to the Entomological Monthly Magazine, making a study of
the Microlepidoptera as well as the larger species. Coleophora
potentille was new to science when he discovered it, and he
added other species to our British list. He was a Fellow of
this Society from 1867 to 1893.
JoHN Harrison died on July 11th, aged 73. He resided
at Barnsley, and was well known in the North of England as
a Lepidopterist, and was an enthusiastic collector, but chiefly
in his native county. He was one of the founders of the
Barnsley Naturalists’ Society in 1867, and lived to see it
become one of the most flourishing societies in South York-
shire. He was elected a Fellow of our Society in 1889.
Martin Jacospy died on December 24th. He was born at
Altona, near Hamburg, in 1842, and came to Manchester at
the age of twenty, and had since made England his home. At
first he was in Hallé’s band, then in London at the Royal
Italian Opera, but from his earliest days he took an interest
in Natural History. He joined this Society in 1886, and was
( xevili )
a regular attendant at our meetings. For many years past he
had confined his studies to the Phytophagous Coleoptera, and
he contributed many papers to our Transactions and to the
Proceedings of the Zoological Society. His chief works were the
Phytophaga in the “ Biologia Centrali Americana,” and quite
lately the volume on Phytophaga for the ‘ Fauna of India.”
This work he had just completed, and it was all in print, but
unfortunately he did not live to see it published. He formed
a large collection of these insects, which passed into the hands
of Herr van de Poll. Since parting with this he had been
forming a second collection, but I do not know anything of
its extent. We shall all miss his presence amongst us.
ArtHur Joun Curry, M.A., died on January 6th of this
year, at the age of 48. He was a barrister-at-law and had
not much leisure, but much of what he had he devoted to
Entomology. He joined this Society in 1891, and since 1906
had been a most useful member of our Council. He was a
keen collector of British Coleoptera, but did not confine him-
self to this Order. Lately he had taken up the Proctotrupide.
That he was cut off from pursuing the study of these insects is
greatly to be regretted, as this family has been much neglected.
His loss will be deeply felt by all who knew him.
Before proceeding to the subject of my address I must not
omit to mention an important event that happened during the
year. I allude to the bicentenary of the birth of Linneus,
which was celebrated at Upsala and Stockholm, to which this
Society was invited to send a representative. The Rev. F. D.
Morice kindly undertook to present an address on our behalf,
and he has given us a report on what occurred. I do not
propose to inquire what views Linnzus held as regards the
relationship existing between animals. When we say that
one animal is related to another, we mean that these have a
common origin, and that implies evolution, But whatever
views Linnzeus held, he certainly saw in a way that none of
his predecessors had, that plants and animals fell naturally
into groups, and he arranged them systematically in Classes,
Orders and Genera in a manner that had never been done
before.
Of ‘nsects he knew at the time the twelfth edition of his
(i xeixc es)
Systema Nature was published only 2,724 species. These he
divided into seven Orders: Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera,
Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Aptera. His Order
Hemiptera embraced the Orthoptera as well as the Rhynchota,
otherwise the Orders remain now as they were then. These
Orders he divided into 77 genera, the names of all of which
are in use except, perhaps, Phalena. Some of the larger
genera he broke up into sections or phalanges, ‘‘To facilitate re-
ference,” as he says. These sections he indicated by asterisks
accompanied by a few words of description, such as ‘Corpore
ovato” or “ Corpore cylindrico.” Hach of the descriptions of
species which follow begins with “ovatus” or “ cylindricus”
as the case may be. When suitable Greek or Latin names of
insects such as Bombyx, Locusta and others were available,
he used these as the first word of his sectional diagnosis,
‘‘ Bombyces elingues Alis reversis,” ‘‘ Noctu elingues,” etc.,
then each description which follows begins with “ Noctua
elinguis.”
In the five divisions of Gryllus alone are these words or
popular names used in the singular, with full stops after them,
followed by a short diagnosis. They are Acrida, Bulla, Acheta,
Tettigonia and Locusta. Cicada is divided into five groups :
Foliace, Cruciate, Manniferz, Ranatre and Deflexe ; Cimex
is divided into nine groups: Apteri, Scutellati, Coleoptrati,
Spinosi, Rotundati, Seticornes, Oblongi, Spinipedes and
Lineares. Papilio is divided into five groups : Equites, Heli-
conii, Danai, Nymphales and Plebeji ; Phalena is divided into
eight groups: Attaci, Bombyces, Noctuw, Geometre, Tortrices,
Pyralides, Tine and Alucite.
Those which have a generic sound about them, such as
Bombycz, Noctuz, Heliconii, are given in his list of ‘‘Termini
artis’? with antenna, larva, pupa, etc. This list, however,
includes the names of Orders, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, etc.
Most of these terms have been taken up, in the singular
number, by subsequent writers as genera.
It should be noted that the genus Tetéigonia of Fabricius
has no reference to the term Tettigonia of Linnzeus ; nor has
the genus Ranatra of Fabricius any connection with Ranatre,
one of the Linnean divisions of Cicada.
(te)
These facts are well known, and much has been written
about them. I mention them now because they have a slight
bearing on what I wish to say later on.
Many years ago the President’s Address generally gave a
summary of the works published on entomological subjects
during the year. This is no longer possible nor desirable.
Lately the Address has usually taken the form of a treatise on
some entomological topic.
I propose saying a few words on the subject of accurate
nomenclature.
The fact that insects are small and have thus escaped
destruction is probably one reason why we have such com-
plete series of closely allied species with all the connecting
links in gradation still before our eyes.
The number of described species increases at a rapid rate ;
insects which our fathers would have uvhesitatingly regarded
as belonging to one species are now considered quite distinct.
Slight differences which were formerly thought to be of no
importance are now known to have specific value. A hair or
two more or less on the thorax of a beetle or a fly may be of
generic importance, or at least specific.
The descriptions of species written fifty years ago are often
almost useless in the present day. I remember one Fellow of
this Society saying that when a species has been properly
described, the specimen from which the description was made
might be destroyed. His own descriptions I must say are
very perfect, but even he cannot say how a species differs
from one he has never seen, and specific characters are
frequently found in the most unexpected places,
How are we then to secure accuracy in the names of our
insects? And unless our specimens are correctly named, how
are we to understand one another? ‘Take two or three cases
of incorrect determination which have been very misleading.
Meigen briefly characterized a genus of Diptera under the
name of Corethra, and he quotes Tipula culiciformis of De
Geer as the type; it is evident, however, from his subsequent
work that the insect he had before him at the time was not
( ci )
culiciformis, but plumicornis, Fabr., and in his later work
when he had discovered his error he gives plwmicornis as his
type, and states that he had never seen cwliciformis. Moch-
lonyx was at a much later date proposed for the true culici-
formis ; but culiciformis was originally named as the type of
the genus Corethra, and it has therefore been suggested that
Mochlonyx should sink as a synonym of Corethra, and one of
our commonest and best known British insects, Corethra
plumicornis, should have a new generic name. I believe this
has never been given and it is certainly not necessary when
the case is understood. This is one instance of the confusion
arising from an incorrectly named specimen.
Take another case. In North America, a Longicorn beetle,
Cyllene pictus, was said to be injurious to two trees, Robinia
and Hickory. Afterwards Dr. Horn noticed that the speci-
mens from Robinia were not identical with those from Hickory,
although the difference was very slight, and he gave the name
robinie to the species found on Robinia. Unfortunately not
having seen the type of pictws, he named the wrong one. The
true pictus of Drury is the species found on Robinia. The
species found on Hickory is still without a name, unless my
colleague Mr. Gahan has by this time named it.
_ I will only mention one other case. Many years ago the
Cinchona plantations in Java were suffering greatly from
attacks of a Hemipterous insect, /elopeltis. These were said
to have been imported with tea plants from Ceylon. With
the kind help of friends I obtained specimens from the
Cinchona and also from the tea plants of both Java and Ceylon,
and found them to be three distinct species, so that the intro-
duction of the pest with tea plants was shown to be a
myth.
It would be easy to multiply instances of this kind, but
these three are sufficient for my purpose. Two of those I
have mentioned are not only of scientific interest but also of
great practical importance.
Before proceeding to suggest a plan by which we might
secure the accurate determination of our insects, | must say a
few words about types.
The word “type” is used in various ways by zoologists.
hein)
Some take a very wide view of what is a type. One entomo-
logist, in giving a list of the types in his collection, says that
he considers as a type any specimen sent to him by the
describer of a species. Others regard all the specimens which
they had before them when describing a new species as types,
and distribute them as such. Some thirty-five years ago I
saw the danger arising from this loose way of using the word,
and applied the word “type” to the actual specimen de-
seribed when that could be determined, and called the other
examples mentioned by an author ‘co-types.” Some years
afterwards my colleague Mr. Oldfield Thomas proposed
(P.Z.8., 1898, p. 242) the terms para-type, topo-type and
meta-type ; and all these are useful in their way. But we
are both agreed that the word type should be restricted to the
actual specimen upon which the species is founded.
I think describers should make their descriptions from a
specimen which is to be the standard specimen for all future
reference, and should mark it as such. Other specimens
associated with it may have the same value, but very often
they have not. A case lately came under my notice where a
series of specimens, all named by the describer as one species,
were found when examined carefully by a specialist to con-
sist of five distinct species. In this case there was no special
difficulty in saying for which species the name should be
retained, but sometimes it is very difficult. When an author
has confused two species and his description is applicable to
both, any one who subsequently discovers the error is at
liberty to say to which of the two the name should be applied,
and may describe the second as a new species, the division
of the species following the same course as the division of a
genus where no type has been specially indicated. The type
specimen therefore, according to the view I take, is the
STANDARD SpecIMEN for all future reference ; it should be as
carefully preserved as are our standards of weights and
measures, for we must frequently refer to them if we are to
have accurately named specimens.
I know from experience that it is quite possible to compare
a specimen with a type and to be satisfied that your specimen
belongs to the same species, and afterwards to find that there
@ ci)
are two very closely allied species which make it desirable to
re-examine the type. If I am not much mistaken this
reference to original types will become increasingly necessary.
It is therefore of the greatest importance that these Standard
Specimens should be carefully preserved, and that their where-
abouts should be known. Partly with this view the Trustees
of the British Museum have recently published the History of
the Collections in the Natural History Departments.
This, of course, does not give a list of the types in the
Museum, which is impossible, but it gives a lst of the
principal collections of insects which contained types when
acquired by the Museum. ‘This is not very much, but it is a
step in the right direction. It is impossible to say how many
type specimens of insects our National Collection possesses,
but the number must be very large, and we are continually
adding to them. Collections are broken up and sold; the
type specimens pass from one collection to another and are
lost sight of; fortunately they occasionally find their way
into the Museum, as did some of Westwood’s (described more
than fifty years ago) only a short time since.
Complaints have sometimes been made that type specimens
are not allowed to go out of our National Museum; the rule
has been even stigmatized as selfish, Now although I
sympathize with any entomologist who wishes to borrow a
type, I think the rule is a sound one, as the Museum is the
guardian of these types not for any private individual but in
the interest of science for all time.
But although the actual types must not leave the Museum,
there are duplicate specimens of a large number of them,
identical with the types, and often part of the series received
with the types. Duplicates are allowed by the Trustees to
be sent out (under strict regulations) to specialists who are
naming specimens for the Museum. I should like to go
further than that. Whenever there are duplicates identical
with the type, I should like to put a specimen of each species
aside for the special purpose of being sent out. I should in
fact like to do more. I should like to see established what,
for want of a better name, might be called a Circulating
Collection, somewhat on the lines of a circulating library.
( civ )
Some years ago, when I first learned that the late Mr,
Alexander Fry had bequeathed his collection to the Museum,
it struck me that in it there must be an enormous number of
specimens which would be duplicates, and that these would
(so far as Coleoptera are concerned) form an excellent nucleus
for a collection such as I have indicated.
I think such a scheme is feasible. At any rate I do not
see any insurmountable difficulty in the establishment of such
a collection.
It might be connected with some public museum; but on
the whole I think it would be better if it were quite an
independent collection, the property of some society or under
the care of trustees appointed by our chief entomological
societies, or by the directors of the great national museums.
This would facilitate financial and other arrangements, which
would be difficult if it were a Government museum.
The space required would not be large, as it would consist
generally of a single specimen of each species.
The curator need not be a person requiring a large salary,
as his chief duties would be to see that the collection was
kept in a proper state of preservation ; to send out to persons
(authorized to borrow them) the specimens that they required,
and to see that they were returned in accordance with
regulations. The annual expenditure on boxes and other
necessaries would not be large.
Most.of you are doubtless aware that the Trustees of the
British Museum give away annually to other museums large
numbers of duplicates, and I venture to think that if the
collection I have suggested were well organized as a museum
(perhaps as an International Museum) with men of standing
responsible for it, the Trustees would probably place it on
their list of institutions to which duplicates may be given.
Other museums and private individuals would I feel sure
be willing to contribute specimens.
Perhaps I might make my plan clearer if I give an example.
In the course of my work on the Coleopterous family Bupres-
tide I have had to go through the genus Stigmodera. Of
this genus there are in the Museum types of 181 species.
Out of this number there are duplicates of 104 species, to
(em)
which may be added specimens of 36 species which have been
compared with types, making a total of 140 species in this
genus which might be passed round to every museum in
Europe that cared to see them. This would be a good
foundation for any one interested in the genus to work upon ;
for even if he had a species which was not in the series, it
would be a help to know what it was not. Of course there
are in the Museum a great many more species of this genus,
which I have no doubt are correctly named, and these might
be included in the series, provided it was understood that they
had not the same name-value. This would give each specimen
the chance of having its name confirmed if it came into
the hands of the person who possessed the type of that
species.
If each author who possessed (say) three specimens of a new
species which he had described would send one to the central
depot, and these (when there was a sufficient number of them
to make it worth while) were sent round to all the museums
in turn, the curators would gain a far greater knowledge of the
fresh discoveries than they would by reading any amount of
literature.
I can imagine that if this scheme were successful, it would
also strike at the root of many of our difficulties as to nomen-
clature. Every worker at Systematic Entomology feels the
great inconvenience of the constant changes in the names of
_ species, and perhaps the practical economic entomologist feels
it even more so.
Some maintain that the only remedy lies in the strict
observance of the law of priority, and spend much time and
trouble in hunting up old names, because they feel that there
ean never be a settled nomenclature until these old names are
unearthed; but just when ‘you think you have really the
oldest name for a species, some book comes to light that was
never thought of, and the name has to be altered again. For
the last fifty years names have been constantly changed, and
there does not seem to be any immediate prospect of a settle-
ment. One of our commonest British insects, which is found
all over Europe, is in every catalogue under a certain name,
and has borne that name for a hundred years or more, but
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1907. H
({ cv)
has a much older name. What would science gain, what
would any one gain by altering it now!
If indeed we admit the law of priority, there is still much
left to the individual in the application of it. I have already
mentioned the groups into which Linnezeus divided his large
genera. Some entomologists treat these as sub-genera, others
consider that they ought not to be so regarded—so that
priority does not by itself secure a permanent name.
The law is a good one generally speaking, but that we
should be bound hand and foot by it seems to me unreason-
able. This law has force only by a mutual agreement among
zoologists, but I see no reason why—(also by mutual agreement,
brought about by an entomological congress, or in some
other way)—we might not have some modification of it which
would give us greater fixity.
I remember one of our Fellows saying in this room that he
took Staudinger’s Catalogue of Lepidoptera as his standard.
It is to my mind conceivable that a collection such as I have
suggested might become a court of final appeal. It would
not be a question whether brassice is or is not the oldest
name for a species, but,—What name does it bear in the
International Collection ?
Then we need not go beyond that.
At first there would be just one little difficulty remaining
with regard to priority. I might put into the collection a
specimen of a species of which I had the type. Afterwards
some one might place in it another specimen of the same
species under a different name, compared with a type in his
possession. Which of these names should be adopted should
be left for the trustees of the collection to decide, but both
specimens should remain in the collection. If a specimen
had been passed round the principal museums in Europe, and
its name had not been challenged, I should not alter it even
if an older name were afterwards discovered. For consider,
What is the object of the name? Is it not that we may be
able to speak of the insect and record facts about it? For
this reason it is of the greatest importance that we should
have an unchanging name. Whether it is the oldest one or
not is of very minor importance.
@ evi)
In what I have been saying I have had the public museums
chiefly in my mind. I feel, however, that arrangements could
be made to assist our country museums and local Natural
History societies, and with regard to British insects I think
it would be useful to have a single specimen of each species,
arranged in families, so that they could be borrowed by country
entomologists, who find it so difficult to name their specimens
from books, and who have few opportunities of coming to
London to consult our collections.
I have taken this opportunity of suggesting my scheme. I
may not have hit upon the best plan; but I feel sure of this,
that in the future we shall have recourse to some other means
of determining our insects besides descriptions. A good figure
backed up by a good description will as a rule enable you to
determine a species with a fair degree of certainty, especially
if it is a Lepidopterous insect. But the number of species
figured bears a small proportion to the number described, and
good figures of insects other than Lepidoptera are very scarce
indeed.
When you consider the time spent in searching the ever-
increasing literature, the weariness of reading long descriptions,
the disappointment (to say the least of it) resulting from short
ones, and the uncertainty attending the whole process, any
plan that may help us to obtain a more rapid and more certain
determination of our species is worth considering, and if what
I have suggested would at the same time (as I believe it
might) give us greater fixity in our nomenclature, the sooner
such a collection is begun the better,
( eval)
GENERAL INDEX.
The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the * Transactions’; the Roman
numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’
The President’s Address is not separately indexed.
GENERAL SUBJECTS.
Aberration, in Swiss butterflies, exhibited, vii; in Odezia atrata, exhibition
of, xiv.
Acanthoctnus xdilis, taken in London, exhibition of, lxv.
Adelpha bredowi and Limenttis lorquint, exhibition of series showing
reciprocal convergence in, |xxix.
Africa, Dorylus from Mengo in Uganda, exhibited, vi; descriptions of some
new butterflies from tropical, xvii, 77; exhibition of Mylothris chloris
and M. agathina with a long series of forms transitional between the
two, from the neighbourhood of the Victoria Nyanza, lv; Hesperitde,with
some new species, from the Indo-Malayan and African regions, lix; ex-
hibition of new species of Pinacopteryx from north-east Rhodesia, lxv;
mimetic parallelism in five genera of Pierines from, exhibited, lxx ;
notes on the bionomics of butterflies of British East, Ixxxvii; in 1905,
entomological observations and captures during the visit of the British
Association to South, 309.
Amauris egialea and Limnas chrysippus, male, with injured scent-glands,
exhibited, x.
America, association of allied forms of butterflies from South, exhibited, Ixxv ;
mimicry in genus Limentt?s from North, exhibition of, Ixxvii.
Anthocharid and Melitzid Butterflies, palzearctic, exhibited, iv.
Anthrocera trifolit, variation in, exhibited, lxxviii.
Ants, Dipteron associated with, exhibition of, xxxii; exhibition of ant in a
pseudobulb of an orchis, Lxiv.
Aphides with Butterflies, association of, viii.
Aplecta nebulosa, arranged to show the great variation of this species in
Delamere Forest, with series from Epping Forest, N. Cornwall, and the
New Forest for comparison, exhibition of, lxvi.
Aptera, Coleoptera and Thysanoptera, notes on rare, Ixxx.
Araschnia levana and var. prorsa and intermediates, exhibition of, Lxxiii.
Auditors for 1908, appointed, Ixxvii.
Australia, catalogue of the Byrrhidx, with descriptions of new species, froin
Tasmania, and, xvii, 135; note on the species of 7'rachyscelis from, xxvi;
new Phytophaga from, exhibited, x1.
> ee i a
© che. a)
Bee, exhibition of Teratological specimen of, with normal specimen, Ixi.
Beetles from Hants and Kent, exhibition of rare, xix.
Belenois, exhibition of new species of, Ixxx.
Bi-centenary of Linnzeus, i, xviii, xxxv—xxxviii, lvi.
Bionomics of British East African butterflies, notes on the, Ixxxvii.
Blattide, case of homeeotie variation in cockroach, xxxiii; exhibition of
exotic cockroach from Kew, Ixxiv; studies on the, ixxxvi, 455.
Bombyx rubi in Scotland, the natural enemies of, 1xxxiii.
Bourbon and Mauritius, the butterflies of, lix, 429.
British, new Leioptilus, exhibited, xii; rare and new Coleoptera, exhibition
of, xxxii; Heterocera, exhibition of hybrids and varieties of, Ixxx.
British Guiana, convergent group of Heliconine butterflies from, Ixxvi ;
exhibition of several species of butterflies with injuries to the wings,
lxxix.
Burma, protection in Tineid pupa from Upper, exhibited, viii.
Butterflies, Palearctic Anthocharid and Melitzid, exhibited, iv; aberrant
forms of Swiss, exhibited, vii; association of Aphides with, viii; from
tropical Africa, descriptions of some new, xvii, 77; significance of some
secondary sexual character in, xl-xliii; from Hungary, exhibition of,
xlix; of Mauritius and Bourbon, lix, 429; from Tobago, specimens
exhibited, Ixviii; taken in Jamaica, lxviii; exhibition of temperature
experiments on tropical, lxxiv ; from South America, association of allied
forms of, exhibited, lxxv; group of Heliconine from British Guiana,
exhibited, Ixxvi; with injuries to the wings, exhibition of, xxix; and
moths, family tree of, traced in their organ of sense, Ixxxvi; of British
East Africa, notes on the bionomics of, lxxxvii.
Bye-law, alteration of a, lxix, Ixxviil.
Byrrhidx, with descriptions of new species, catalogue of the Australian and
Tasmanian, xvii, 135.
Callicore aurelia, life cycle of, exhibited, 1xi.
Cassidide, on the egg-cases and early stages of some South-Chinese,
xx, 249.
Catacanthacris rubella, exhibition of photograph of, holding and apparently
devouring a small mouse, from the Congo Free State, Ixxix,
Ceylon, on a large series of Vycteribiidx (parasitic Diptera), from, Ixviii.
Chelisochide and Forficulidx, a preliminary revision of the, xvii.
China, on the egg-cases and early stages of some Casstdida from South, xx,
249.
Chrysophanus hippothoé, the females showing a wide range of variation, from
Laon, exhibition of, xvi.
Cockroach, case of homeeotic variation in, xxxiii; from Kew, exhibition of
exotic, xxiv.
Coleophorids, life histories of, exhibited, ]xix.
Coleoptera, on the hymenopterous parasites of, ix, 7; micromorphism in,
exhibition of, xvi; of the Maltese Islands, a list of the, xx, 383; from
Iceland, exhibition of, xxviii; from the south of France, exhibition of,
xxix; mimicry among, exhibition of, xxxi; living luminous, exhibition
of, xxxii ; rare and new British, exhibition of, xxxii, lxix ; exhibition of
rare, from Kent and Scotland, xlix ; from St. Margaret’s Bay, exhibition
of rare, lv; from the Isle of Wight, exhibition of rare, Ixvii; exhibition
( ex )
of rare beetles from Hants and Kent, Ixix ; Thysanoptera, and Aptera
notes on rare, Ixxx.
Collyris emarginatus, on the larva of, xvii, 83.
Congo Free State, exhibition of photograph of Catacanthacris rubella holding
a small mouse, ]xxix.
Congress of Entomology, International, xxxviii-xl.
Conversazione, to be held next year, lxiv.
Cordylobia anthropophaga, a parasitic African fly, exhibited, xliii-xl]vii.
Council for 1908, nomination of, lxviii, Ixxvii.
Cryptophagus subdepressus from Scotland, exhibited, 1.
Cydimon (Urania) letlus, life history of, 405.
Cynipidee, Aleditoma myrmecophila, n. sp., both sexes, species of parasitic,
exhibited, x].
Danaine butterflies with injuries to the wings, from British Guiana, exhibition
of, Ixxix.
Descriptions of some new Butterflies from Tropical Africa, xvii, 77.
Devon, Mesovelia furcata from South, exhibited, lxvi; Thamnotrizon ctnereus
from North, exhibited, lxvi.
Diptera (parasitic), on a large species of Vyctertbiidx# from Ceylon, lxviii.
Dipteron associated with Ants, exhibition of, xxxil.
Discussion on the destructive results to our national Fauna, of indiscriminate
collecting, ix.
Dorylexa rhombifolta taken in London, exhibition of, xxiv.
Dorylus, female from Mengo in Uganda, exhibited, vi.
Drosophila, funebris, the Vinegar-fly, 285.
Effect of artificial conditions on seasonally dimorphic species, exhibition of,
xii.
Entomological Observations and captures during the visit of the British
Association to South Africa in 1905, 309.
Entomology, in north-west Spain, xvii, 147; International Congress of,
XXxvili-xl,
Exotic cockroach from Kew, exhibition of, ]xxiv.
Family Tree of Moths and Butterflies, traced in their Organs of Sense, 1xxxvi.
Fellows, election of, i, ix, xviii, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv, xlix, Ix, Ixv, lxix, ]xxviii,
Iidonia atomaria from Yorkshire, melanism in, xlix.
Folkestone, exhibition of Lycawna bellarygus, ab. ceronus, with var. cénnides,
from, l.
Forficulide and Chelisochid#, a preliminary revision of the, xvii.
Formica fusca, specimen of Iicrodon mutabilis bred from larva taken in nest
of, xl.
France, Coleoptera from the south of, exhibition of, xxix; exhibition of
Limenitis populi and ab. tremule with intermediate forms from Laon,
Ixvi; exhibition of Chrysophanus hippothoé from Laon, the females
showing a wide range of variation, Ixvi.
Guiana, exhibition of several species of butterflies with injuries to the wings
from British, 1xxix.
Hague, Henry, notice of death of, Ixxviii.
Hants and Kent, exhibition of rare beetles from, Ixix.
Hastula hyerana, melanism in, exhibition of, ii.
Heale, Rev. William Henry, notice of death of, xxviii.
2a
(Cs )
Heliconine butterflies from British Guiana, group of, exhibited, Ixxvi.
Heliconius, exhibition of a series of, xiv.
Hemimerus talpoides, from Portuguese Guinea, parasitic on Cricetomys
gambtanus, XXxili.
Hespertide from the Indo-Malayan and African regions, with some new
species, lix.
Hestina nana, taken near Darjeeling, exhibition of melanic variety of, xiv.
Heterocera, exhibition of hybrids and varieties of British, xxx.
Hibernation of Marasmarcha, specimens exhibited to illustrate the, lix, 411.
Holly Fly, the structure and life history of the, xx, 259.
Hungary, exhibition of butterflies from, xlix.
Hybrids of British Heterocera, Ixxx.
Hymenopterous parasites, of Coleoptera, on the, ix, 7; of Pygwra bucephala,
exhibited, lxiv.
Hyria auroraria, rest attitudes of, Ixxxv.
Iceland, exhibition of Coleoptera from, xxviii.
India, protection in Tineid pupa from Upper Burma, exhibited, viii; Odonata
collected chiefly in north-western, xxviii, 303; monstrosity of Papilio
krishna from Sikkim, lxiv; exhibition of melanic variety of Hestina
nama, taken near Darjeeling, lxiv.
Indo-Australian Papilionidx, notes on the, ix, 1.
Indo-Malayan and African regions, Hesperiidx with some new species from,
lix,
Insects and their prey, exhibition of, 1.
International Congress of Entomology, xxxviii-xl.
Isle of Wight, exhibition of rare Coleoptera from the, lxvii.
Jamaica, on some butterflies taken in, Ixviii.
Kent, exhibition of rare Coleoptera, etc., from, xlix; exhibition of rare
Orthoptera from, Ix ; exhibition of rare beetles from, lxix.
Kleditoma myrmecophila, n.sp., both sexes, bred from nest of Laszus
fuliginosus found at Wellington College, species of parasitic Cyntpide,
exhibited, xl.
Lasius fuliginosus, both sexes of Kleditoma myrmecophila bred from nest
of, xl.
Letoptilus, new British, exhibited, xii.
An carphodactylus, living example, bred in Britain, exhibited, x1.
Lepidoptera, from Sutherland, exhibition of, 1; family tree of moths and
butterflies, traced in their organ of sense, Ixxxvi.
Leuceronia argia, divergent mimicry by the females of, exhibited, xxix.
Limenitis, exhibition of mimicry in North America, lxxvii.
a lorquint and Adelpha bredow?, exhibition of series showing reciprocal
convergence in, 1xxix.
3 popult and ab. tremule with intermediate forms from Laon,
exhibition of, Ixvi.
Limnas chrysippus, male, and Amaurts egialea, with injured scent glands,
exhibited, x.
Linnzus, Bi-centenary of, i, xviii, xxxv—xxxviii, lvi.
Lomechusa strumosa, on the life-history of, lxxvii.
London, exhibition of Acanthocinus xdilis, taken in, 1xv; exhibition of
Dorylea rhombifolia, taken in, Ixxiv.
(¢ eet, |)
Lycena bellargus, ab. ceronus, with var. cinnides, from Folkestone, exhibition
of, 1.
Lycnids, mimicry in, exhibition of, xvii.
Lygeus equestris from St. Margaret’s Bay, exhibited, liv.
Maltese Islands, a list of the Coleoptera of the, xx, 383.
Marasmarcha, exhibition of specimens to illustrate the hibernating habit of,
lix; the hibernation of, 411.
Mauritius and Bourbon, the butterflies of, lix, 429.
Melanism, in Hastula hyerana, exhibition of, ii; in Fidonta atomaria from
Yorkshire, xlix ; exhibition of melanie variety of Hestina nama, taken
near Darjeeling, lxiv.
Melitzeid and Anthocharid Butterflies, paleearctic, exhibited, iv.
Meloé proscarabeus, micromorphism in a, exhibited, Ixxiii.
Mendelian Hypothesis, notes on Xanthorhoé ferrugata, Clerck, and the, xx.
Mesoveltia furcata from South Devon, exhibited, lxvi.
Microdon mutabilis, specimen bred from larva taken in nest of Formica fusca
at Porlock, exhibited, xl.
Micromorphism, in Coleoptera, exhibited, xvi; in a Meloé proscarabwus,
exhibited, Ixxili.
Mimiery, in Lyeenids, exhibition of, xvii; divergent, by the females of
Leuceronia argia, exhibited, xxix; among Coleoptera, exhibited, xxxi;
mimetic parallelism in five genera of African Pierines, exhibited, Ixx ; in
North American butterflies of the genus Limenitis, exhibition of, Ixxvii.
Molippa, on the remarkable resemblance between two species of, 181.
Moore, Dr. Frederic, notice of death of, xxxv.
Moths and Butterflies, family tree of, traced in their organ of sense,
1xxxvi.
Mylothris and Phrissura, parallelism between the genera, exhibition of, xviii.
rf chloris and M. agathina, with a long series of forms transitional
between the two, from the neighbourhood of the Victoria
Nyanza, exhibition of, lv.
Neuroptera, exhibition of rare, lx.
Nonagria cannex, exhibition of oviposition of, 1].
Nycteribiide (parasitic Diptera) from Ceylon, on a large series of, lxviii.
Obituary. John Emmerson Robson, xxiii; Rev. William Henry Heale,
xxviii; Dr. Frederic Moore; C. J. Watkins, xxxv; L. C. H, Young, lxv ;
Henry Hague, Ixxviii.
Odezia atrata, aberration of, exhibition of, xiv.
Odonata collected chiefly in North-Western India, xxviii, 303.
Officers for 1908, nomination of, Ixviii, lxxvii.
Orneodide and Pterophoridx, notes and descriptions of, Ixxxvi, 471.
Orthoptera, case of homceotic variation in cockroach, xxxiii; from Kent,
exhibition of rare, lx; exhibition of exotic cockroach from Kew, lxxiv;
studies of the Tetrzginxv in the Oxford University Museum, xx, 213.
Osphya and concurrent species, forms of, exhibition of, xxiii.
Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, larves of, exhibited, xxix.
Oviposition of Monagria cannx, exhibition of, 1.
Oxford, studies of the Tetriyina (Orthoptera) in the University Museum of,
xx, 213; exhibition of Sttarts muralts from, xlix.
Palearctic Anthocharid and Melitzid Butterflies, exhibited, iv.
(ean)
Papilio krishna from Sikhim, monstrosity of, Lxiv.
» thoas thoas injured by birds, exhibited, lxxviii.
Papilionide, notes on the Indo-Australian, ix, 1.
Phrissura and Mylothris, parallelism between the genera, exhibition of, xviii.
Phytophaga, new, from Australia, exhibited, xl.
Pierines, similarity between dry-season forms of allied species of, exhibition
of, xxiii; exhibition of mimetic parallelism in five genera of African,
lxx.
Pieris napi, var, bryonix, showing wide range of variation, from Switzerland,
liv, lx.
Pinacopteryx, exhibition of new species from North-East Rhodesia, lxv.
Proctotrupide, types of, exhibited, xliii.
Protection in Tineid Pupa from Upper Burma, exhibited, viii.
Pterophoridx and Orneodidx, notes and descriptions of, Ixxxvi, 471.
Pygexra bucephala, exhibition of Hymenopterous parasite of, Ixiv.
Rhodesia, exhibition of new species of Pinacopteryx, from North-East, lxv.
Robson, John Emmerson, notice of death of, xxiii.
St. Margaret’s Bay, exhibition of Lygaeus equestris from, liv; exhibition of
rare Coleoptera from, lv.
Sawfly, gynandromorphus specimen, exhibited, vil.
Scotland, exhibition of rare Coleoptera, etc., from Kent and, xlix; Crypto-
phagus subdepressus from, exhibited, 1; the {natural enemies of Bombyx
rubé in, 1xxxiii.
Sexual character in butterflies, significance of some secondary, xl-xliii.
Sitarts muralis from Oxford, exhibition of, xlix.
South Africa, specimens from, exhibited, xlviii.
Spain, Entomology in North-west, xvii, 147.
Spindasis lohita, the life-history of, xx, 245.
Spiramiopsis, remarkable larva of, exhibited, x.
Sutherland, Lepidoptera from, exhibition of, 1.
Switzerland, aberrant forms of butterflies from, exhibited, vii; Pierzs nap?
var. bryonixv, showing wide range of variation, from, liv, lx.
Tasmanian and Australian Byrrhidx, a catalogue of the, with descriptions of
new species, xvii, 135.
Temperature experiments on tropical butterflies, exhibition of, lxxiv.
Teratological specimens, on some, xvii, 173 ; of a Bee, with normal specimen,
exhibited, Lxi.
Tessaratoma papillosa, life-history of, with notes on the stridulating organ
and stink-glands, xx, 253.
Letrao tetrix, note on contents of crop of, 1xxxiv.
Tetrigine (Orthoptera) in the Oxford University Museum, studies of the, xx,
218.
Tetropium crawshay?, the life-history of, 183.
» juscum, the life-history of, 183.
- gabrielz, the life-history of, xvii, 183.
Thamnotrizon cinereus from North Devon, exhibited, Ixvi.
Thysanoptera, Coleoptera and Aptera, notes on rare, Ixxx.
Tineid Pupa from Upper Burma, protection in, viii.
Tineide, on a remarkable undescribed form of moth belonging to the family,
iit
Cex?)
Trachyscelis, note on the Australian species of, xxvi.
a antenne-joints in, exhibition of, xxvi.
Tobago, on some butterflies of, specimens exhibited, Ixviii.
Uganda, Dorylus from Mengo in, exhibited, vi.
Urania leilus, life-history of, 405.
Variations of Aplecta nebulosa, exhibited, lxvi.
Vice-Presidents, for 1907-8, nomination of, i.
_ Victoria Nyanza, exhibition of Mylothris chloris and M. agathina, with a long
series of forms, transitional between the two, from the neighbourhood of
the, lv.
Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris), the, 285.
Watkins, ©. J., notice of death of, xxxv.
Wasp and its prey, exhibited, Ixiv.
Xanthorhoé ferrugata, Clerck, and the Mendelian Hypothesis, notes on, xx.
Yorkshire, melanism in Fidonta atomaria from, xlix.
Young, L. C. H., notice of death, lxv.
exv:)))
SPECIAL INDEX.
The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’ ; the Roman numerals
to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.
ade astydamia (Heliconius), Ixxvi Acidalia, ii
Abacetus, 165, 310 Acidia, 265
abbreviatum (Kusandulum), 16, 67 Acinopus, 389
a (Scleron), 398 Aciptiliines, 411
abbreviatus (Sphenophorus), 400 Aciptilus, 488, 490
abcissus (Microdus), 38, 47 Acisoma, 805
abdomen-nigrum (Blatta), 459, 460 Acleros, 3823, 329
if < (Epilampra), 460, 461 | Acmeodera, 166, 397
abdominalis (Aulacophora), 386, 402 Acontia, 162
ms (Pimpla), 44 Acrea, 317, 318, 320; 321, 327 328,
abieticola (Hurytoma), 57 335, 342, 344, 349, 851, 352, 353,
3 (Pteromalus), 66, 67 355, 357, 359, 363, 431
abietis (Anobium), 19, 20, 21 Acreine, xli, 372
», (Anogmus), 21 acrias (Pterophorus), 500
», (Aspidogonus), 19, 20, 21 Acridiidie, lxxix, 213
», (Bostrichus), 65 Acridium, 327, 365, 374
», (Curculio), 46 Acridotheres, 441
», (Ernobius), 20 Acritus, 396
Acalla, xii, 161 Acrobasis, 161
Acalles, 400 Acrocormus, 32, 66
Acanthacee, 326 Acrotylus, 339
Acanthalobus, 221, 222 Acrulia, Ixxxi
Acanthaspis, 351, 379 acteeon (Hesperia), 161
Acanthia, 376 Actidium, 394
Acanthocinus, lxv, 28 Actinopteryx, 394
Acantholepis, 310, 333, 336, 365, | Actocharis, 391
379 actorion (Bia), lxxix
Acantholyeus, 321, 373 Aculeata, 313
Acanthonyx, 334 aculeata (Mordella), 167
acanthura (Diploxys), 341 aculeator (Dolops), 44
acer (Forficula), 111 acuminata (Phaleria), 398
achates (Papilio), 3 acuminatum (Apion), 168
Achenium, 392 Acupalpus, 165, 335, 386, 389
acheron (Papilio), 4 acutus (Loxilobus), 223
achine (Teracolus), xii, xiii, xxiii, 319, | Adalia, 170
322, 326, 329, 343, 346, 352, 366, | adelica (Caprona), 320
370, 372 Adelpha, Ixxvii, xxix, lxxx
aciculatus (Corystes), 16 Adenocarpus, 152, 164
(Sigalphus), 20, 21 Adesmia, 355
( exvi )
Adiathetus, 126, 132
Adicella, 163
Adimonia, Ixxxiv, 36
adippe (Argynnis), 161
admixtalis (Bradina), 325
“ (Erilata), 323
Adonia, 170
adspersus (Exocentrus), 29
adstrictor (Throscus), 16
adusta (Panchlora), 470
advena (Cathartus), 395
zdilis (Acanthocinus), lxv, 28
», (Cerambyx), 28
wgeria (Pararge), 161
egialus (Papilio), 4
zerota (Ischnoptera), 470
», (Phyllodromia), 470
egyptiaca (Blatta), 456
segyptius (Coranus), 170
(Syrphus), 324
Allopus, 360
zmulus (Pteromalus),
65, 66
genea (Amara), 389
», (Meligethes), 13
», (Phytometra), ii
seneicollis (Corcebus), 166
wneicornis (Pteromalus), 31
zneocephalus (Ocypus), 392
eneum (Apion), 386, 401
eneus (Paracymus), lxvii
», (Chrysolampus), 52
», (Lobonyx), 163, 167
», (Longitarsus), 402
>, (Malachius), 17
», (Meligethes), 13
equator (Helcon), 26, 33
zerosus (Dasytes), 397
zruginosus (Longitarsus), 403
Aschnine, 305
esculapius (Eparchus), 121
Athiessa, 397
wthiops (Apion), 169
etolica (Forficula), 112
affaber (Otiorrhynchus), 399
affine (Ennearthron), 24
affinis (Berosus), 390
», (Bruchus), 33
», (Carida) 39
», (Diopsis), 346
:, (Hallomenus), 40
», (Harpalus), 340
>, (Megarthrus), 393
», (Olibrus), 394
(Ptinus), 398
afta (Chalcopelia), 348
africana (Blatta), 456
iS (Thysodactyla), 374
16, 46, 61, 64,
africana (Xanthospilopteryx), 370
africanus (Helophilus), 360
Agabus, 165, 390
agamemnon (Papilio), 1, 5
aganice (Planema), 328
Agapanthia, 169, 386, 402
agaricola (Heledona), 37
agatha (Neptis), 321, 328, 352, 358,359
Agathidium, Ixxxi, 393
agathina (Mylothris), xxix, xxx, lv,
lvi, Ixv, Lxvi, Ixx, lxxi, Sl4i73i7e
319, 322, 325, 329, 366, 372
agilis (Larra), 369
5, (Pezomachus), 53
(Philonthus), 392
5, (Stenocephalus), 170
aglaia (Argynnis), 161
aglaodesma (Diacrotricha), 473
Aglaope, 162
Aglenus, 395
Agonoscelis, 324, 346
Agonum, 389
agrilorum (Eulophus), 16
Agrilus, 16, 54, 163, 166, 397
Agriocnemis, 308
Agrionine, 306
Agriotes, 16
agrorum (Marasmarcha), 412
ae tuttodactyla (Marasmarcha),
412
Agrotis, 175
Agyria, 339
ajugee (Oxyothrips), xxxii
Akis, 386, 398
Alena, 320
Alamanda, 434, 451
Alaus, 370
alba (Pinacopteryx), 322
albicinctus (Arotes), 26
albicornis (Meteorus), 59
albidentatus (Brachycerus), 400
albilatera (Periplaneta), 469
- (Pseudoderopeltis), 370
albimaculata (Amauris), xlii, 318, 321,
328, 367, 372, 376
albipennis (Apterygida), Ix, 117
5 (Forficula), 117
(Microgaster), 52
albipes (Eulophus), 59
albitarsella (Alucita), 492
albitarsus (Pteromalus), 42
a (Xorides), 24
albofasciata (Gomalia),
363
albofasciatus (Halictus), xlvili, 380
albolineata (Bruchus), 401
alboradiata (Acreea), 349, 351,
353, 359
320, 326,
352,
|
|
;
Oe ina
alcesta (Nychitona), 329
alcindor (Papilio), 4
alciphron (Chrysophanus), 1, 161
alcippoides (Hypolimnas), 422
aleyone (Satyrus), 161
alecto (Erebia), 1
Aleochara, xvi, 165, 391
alfacarellus (Crambus), 162
alge (Halobrectha), 391
algericus (Saprinus), 396
algiricus (Helophorus), 390
(Parnus), 391
,, (Tachys), 388
algirus (Brachycerus), 400
», (Lixus), 45, 400
Alianta, 391
allardi (Omalium), 393
allipes (Kulophus), 60
Allodahlia, 94, 95
Allotettix, 234
Allotinus, viii
alni (Callidium), 25
,, (Orchestes), 48
Aloconota, 391
alpha (Hastula), iii
alpheios (Papilio), 4
Alphitobius, 399
Alphitopoda, 369
alternans (Helophorus), 390
34 (Pimpla), 31, 49
alticola (Cnemidophorus), 481
», (Koremaguia), 481
Alucita, 488, 489, 490, 492
alutaceus (Trogophlceus), 393
alveus (Syrichthus), 161
Alysia, 9, 30, 57, 67
amandus (Lycena), 161
amanga (Axiocerces), 353, 356
Amara, 165, 389
amaryllis (Heliconius),
xvi
rosina (Heliconius), xv
2)
xiv,
39
( exvii
XV,
Ameauris, x, xlit, lvi, 316; 318; 321)
328, 367, 372, 376, 433
amazonensis (Opisthocosmia),
104
amazoula (Alena), 320
ambigena (Oxypoda), 391
ambigua (Forficula), 112
ambiguum (Bembidion), 388
ambiguus (Acinopus), 389
Amblyptilia, 482, 483
_Amblystomus, 389
americana (Blatta), 456, 457, 458
(Centistes), 12
(Chrysomela),
402
(Opisthocosmia), 92
2?
169,
>
>
9
vo
92,
86,
)
americana (Periplaneta), 459
americanus (Allotettix), 234
amethystinus (Hntedon), 50
amiclus (Antholinus), 167
amicula (Atheta), 591
Amischa, 391
amista (Serietha), 376
ammios (Trichodes), 167
Ammobius, 398
Ammeecius, 166
Ammophila, 338, 354, 361, 371
amoracie (Plagiodera), 36
ampelophila (Drosophila), 300
Amphisternus, XxXi1
amphitrite (Heliconius), xvi
amphrysus (Troides), 2
amplicollis (Phyllodromia), 470
Ampulex, 370
Anacena, 390
anacardil (Salamis), 317, 318, 321, 325,
329
analis (Amischa), 391
(Ceenoccelius), 61
», (Cryptus), 31
Anaplecta, 465, 468
Anaspis, 399
Anatis, 11
Anaulacus, 377
Anax, 305, 377
anceps (Orthetrum), 305
?
Ancistrogaster, 92, 105, 106, 107, 108,
109, 117
Ancistrogastrine, 93, 94, 96, 101, 105,
107
anconifrons (Stramia), 323
andalusiaca (Nebria), 388
andalusiacus (Onthophagus), 396
andalusicus (Haplocnemus), 167
andamana (Papilio), 5
andreneeformis (Sesia), 1
Anechura, 95, 96, 97
Anechurine, 93, 94, 95
anemosa (Acrea), 349, 352, 355, 359
363
Angerona, Xxi
angolanus (Papilio), 346, 353
angolensis (Apotrogia), 469
anguinus (Lixus), 400
angularis (Gonopsis), 337
angulobus (Paratettix), 236
angusta (Pseudomops), 464
angustalis (Cledeobia), 162
angustata (Ocnera), 398
a (Potosia), 397
angustatum (Lathrobium), 165
angustatus (Lixus), 45
. (Sunius), 392
angusticolle (Anobium), 19, 21
(
angusticolle (Ernobius), 19
angusticollis (Zophosis), 345
angustipennis (Harpalus), 336
angustulus (Agrilus), 166
SS (Athous), 167
angustus (Emblethis), 170
(Perilampus), 18
165,
”
Anisodactylus,
389
Anisonyx, 378, 379
Anisophlia, 164, 166
Anistomide, 393
anne (Teracolus), 319, 348
annandalei (Kosmetor), 123
os (Opisthocosmia), 122
annua (Mercurialis), xlix, lv
annulatus (Eupelmus), 34
annulicornis (Helcon), 28
annulipes (Apion), 1xix
ve (Bothrostethus), 170
Anobia, 18
anobii (Spathius), 20
Anobiide, 398
Anobium, 18, 19, 20, 21
Anogmus, 21
anomalia (Opisthocosmia), 102
pe (Sarcinatrix), 102, 103
Anomalipus, 321, 341
Anomeeotes, 330
Anoplochilus, 375
Anoxia, 166
antalus (Virachola), 320, 326, 329
Antanartia, 437
antanossa (Cupido), 446
- (Zizera), 429, 446
Antestia, 321
Anthaxia, >xxix,
397
Anthia, 378
Anthicide, 399
Anthicus, 164, 167, 399
Anthidium, lxi
Anthocharis, v
Antholinus, 167
Anthonomus, 52, 168, 400
Anthophora, xlix
Anthracias, 330
Anthrax, 345
Anthrenus, 13, 14, 386, 395
Anthribide, 401
Anthrocera, Ixxviii
anthropophaga (Cordylobia), xliii, xliv,
xlvil
99 (Ochromyia), xlv, xlvi
antidotus (Seydmenus), 393
Antigastra, 330, 370
antigone (Teracolus), xxiii, 343, 346,
352, 357, 359, 362, 363
362, 86,
15,)) 166, + B87;
exvill
)
antillarum (Panchlora), 463
antiopa (Vanessa), 161
antiqua (Orgyia), 162
antirrhini (Gymnetron), 51
Anurida, Ixxxili
anxia (Bruchus), 401
anynana (Mycalesis), 358
Apanteles, 10, 34, 36,
68
Apate, 22, 29, 61, 351
Apatura, vil, 161
apennina (Forficula), 112
Aphzenogaster, 340
Aphanisticus, 166
Aphanus, 170
Aphide, viii, 52
Aphidius, 37, 64
Aphneus, 80, 350
aphodioides (‘Trachyscelis), xxvi, xxvii,
398
Aphodius, 14, 166, 336, 386, 396
Aphthona, 387, 402
apiarius (Trichodes), 167
apicalis (Balaninus), 369
(Charopus), 397
(Collyris), xxxi
», (Dyschirius), 388
Apion, xlix, lv, Ixix, 34, 42, 164, 168,
169, 386, 387, 401
apionum (Eurytoma), 43
Apis, 310, 311, 330, 331, 338, 344,
349, 363, 368, 378, 379
Aplecta, xxii, ]xvi, xvii
Apoderus, 41, 369
Aporia, 160
Apotettix, 237
Apotrogia, 469
appendiculatus (Hipporrhinus), 313
as (Xorides), 24
Appias, xviii, xxxii
apricans (Apion), 42, 401
apricarius (Saprinus), 396
aptalis (Alucita), 490
Aptera, 467
aptera (Cosmiella), 105, 117, 118
apterus (Halticus), 171
Apterygida, lx, 93, 97, 98, 109, 117,
120, 122, 123, 124
Aptinothrips, Ixxxii
aquaticus (Helophorus), 390
aquifolii (Phytomyza), 259
aquila (Pterophorus), 503
arachidis (Apterygida), 117
Araschnia, ]xxili
areania (Ccenonympha), 161
arcens (Dorylus), vi
archesia (Precis), 315, 335, 352, 367,
372
AV ae
99
>
. (
arcuatus (Clytus), 26
», (Cerambyx), 26
», hausmanni (Scymnus), 403
», (Leiognathus), 428
», (Seymnus), 403
arcuosa (Hydrilla), ii
Arecyophora, 342, 350
areator (Hemiteles), 9, 13, 14, 18, 20,
53
arenariz (Sibinia), 400
arenarium (Opatrum),
379
arenarius (Rhyssemus), 396
», _(Scarites), 388
arenosa (Tephrina), 317, 333
arethusa (Satyrus), 161
Arge, 161
argentatum (Apion), 168
argentea (Ammophila), 338
Argia idotea (Leuceronia), xxx
», (Leuceronia), xxix, xxx,
lxx, Ixxi
» poppea (Leuceronia), xxix, ]xxi
332, 336,
SRE
», semiflava (Leuceronia), xxx,
1xxi
», sulphurea (Leuceronia), xxix,
xxxl, Ixxi
», supra (Leuceronia), xxx
», typica (Leuceronia), xxix
varia (Leuceronia), xxx, Ixxi
Argiolaus, 316, 367, 376
argiolus (Cyaniris), 161
», (Cardiophorus), 397
Argus (Lyczna), 151, 158, 159
», bejarensis (Lycena), 158
»» casaiacus (Lycena), 151,
159
», corydon (Lycena), 158
», corydonius (Lycena), 158
hypochiona (Lycena), 158
Argynnis, 155, 161, 328
Argyractis, 350, 353
Argyramceba, 362
aridula (Chetocnema), 402
Arina, 366
arion (Lycena), vii, 161
Aristus, 389
arithmeticus (Astichus), 24
armata (Opisthocosmia), 100
Aroa, 368, 376
Aromia, 25
Arotes, 26
Arsinoé, 327
Artemisia, 43
Arthropoda, 333, 340
articulatum (Bembidium), 165
arvensis (Sinapis), 55
arvicola (Lissonota), 19
158,
exis)
arvicola (Xylotrechus), 169
Ascarides, 66
Ascogaster, 31
asellus (Blabera), 467
,, (Blatta), 467
», (Gymnetron), 51
Asemum, 188, 194, 195, 205, 209
asiatica (Neolobophora), 119
Asida, 167, 327, 386, 387, 398
asiliformis (Trochiliums), 163
asopus (Catochrysops), 320, 360
5, (Lyceena), 362
asparagi (Crioceris), 34
aspersata (Naupheeta), 469
asphodeli (Agapanthia), 169, 386
asphodelus (Mylothris), xviii, xix,
Ixxi
Aspidogonus, 19
Aspidomorpha, 249, 250, 251, 252,
369, 375
Aspidophorus, 145
Aspigonus, 18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 32, 38,
40
Aspongopus, 370
assamus (Loxilobus), 223
assimilata (Kupithecia), ii
assimile (Apion), 169
assimilis (Ceuthorrhynchus), 55
», (Patrobus), 8
astarte (Pinacopteryx), Ixx
asterope (Yphthima), 334, 335, 352,
358
», norma (Yphthima), 344, 352,
357, 358, 359
Astichus, 24
astrarche (Lycena), 155, 156, 157,
161 ;
asturiensis (Zabrus), 165
atalanta (Pyrameis), 161
Atechna, 369, 371
Atella, xxiv, Ixxv, 316, 324, 329, 352,
370, 372, 436
Atelocera, 316
ater (Chelisoches), 129
»» (Eryx), 415
», (Hylastes), 164, 169
(Mesostenus), 17, 40
», (Stenopterus), 169
», (Xorides), 32
atergatis (Acreea), 349, 352
aterrima (Colpodota), 391
38 (Opisthocosmia), 106
aterrimum (Actidium), 394
Ateuchi, 386
Athalia, 316, 368
athalia (Melita), 159
Atheta, 391
Athous, 164, 167, 397
( exer)
atolmis (Acréa), 349, 352,
359
Atomaria, 394
atomaria (Fidonia), xlix
AG (Gymnoloma), 313
atomarius (Bruchus), 33
. (Protinus), 393
atopalis (Bradina), 323
», (Physematia), 323
atra (Hispa), 170 :
», (Capnia), 173
5, (Deropeltis), 469
atralis (Heliothea), 163
atramentaria (Atheta), 391
atramentarius (Cardiophorus), 167
atraphaxidis (Clythra), 169
atrata (Odezia), xiv
atrator (Meteorus), 23
atratulus (Stenus), 166
atratum (Agonum), 389
atricapillus (Demetrias), 387, 390
atriceps (Chelonus), 57
atricilla (Halobrectha), 391
atricornis (Brachistes), 48, 460
atritarse (Apion), 42
atroceruleus (Eulophus), 43
atropos (Blabera), 469
Attagenus, 166, 380, 386, 395
attalica (Sibinia), 400
Attalus, 386, 397
Attelabus, 41
attenuatus (Harpalus), 165
atypicalis (Tetrix), 239
5 ceylonus (Tetrix), 239
Auchenomus, 124, 125, 131
Auchmeromyia, xliv, xlvi, xlvii
aucta (Hydrothassa), 169
Audea, 334
augustina (Junonia), 440
eS (Salamis), 429, 437, 440,
441, 450
aulacochiloides (Episcaphula), 327
Aulacoderus, 399
Aulacophora, 386, 402
Auletes, 169
aulicus (Lycodon), 178
aurantidactyla (Koremaguia), 481
aurelia (Callicore), xi
auricularia (Forficula), 110, 114
aurinia (Melitvea), 161
auronitens (Pteromalus), 51
auroraria (Hyria), 1xxxv
aurovillosa (Aleochara), 391
australicus (Chelisoches), 129
australis (Byrrhus), 135
», (Leasia), xl
», (Limnichus), 145
», (Microchzetes), 135
353, 355,
australis (Usagaria), 345
autographus (Bostrichus), 65
S (Dryoceetes), 65
autraniana (Deropeltis), 330
autumnaria (Ennomos), Ixxx
“4 alniaria (Ennomos), xxx
auxileuca (Diacrotricha), 471
auxo (Teracolus), 319
avellanee (Rhyncheenus), 168
Averrhoa, 471
axillaris (Cimbex), xxxlii
,, (Mycetochares), 38
Axiocerces, 320, 342, 344, 353, 356,
363, 364, 3873
ayresii (Baoris), 336
azurescens (Pteromalus), 63, 67
azureus (Chlenius), 389
.» (Kupelmus), 46 :
,, (Pteromalus), 63
Baceha, 375
Bactra, 163
badium (Agathidium), Ixxxi
Beoglossa, 339, 340
beetica (Anisoplia), 164, 166
Bagous, 355
bajulus (Cerambyx), 25
,, (Hylotrupes), 25, 169, 402
Balaninus, 56, 164, 168, 369
Balanobius, 168
balanotes (Pterophorus), 503
balteata (Gametis), 369, 373
,, (Tachyusa), 165
balteatus (Exenterus), 17
Zc (Syrphus), 360
balyi (Eurysthenes), 380
banksi (Chrysomela), 402
Baoris, 320, 3828, 326, 329, 336,
360
baptodactylus
492
barbara capensis (Aphenogaster), 340
»» (Lestes), 308
>, (Cidemera), 168, 399
barbarus (Laemosthenes), 389
barbata (Mycetochares), 38
Baridius, 56
Baris, 55, 56, 400
Barleria, 440
barnevillei (Malachius), 167
barroisi (Forficula), 113
barrowi (Binsitta), 177, 178
barynoti (Bracon), 43
Barynotus, 43, 44
Barypeithes, 168, 599
basalis (Ischnoptera), 470
;, (Phyllodromia), 470
Basicryptus, 374
Basilarchia, Ixxvii, lxxix, Ixxx
(Pselnophorus), 491,
(vem |)
Basipta, 249, 252
Bassus, 12, 36
batesi (Heliconius), xiv
baton (Lyczna), 161
Batrachidez, 242
batychrus (Leptacinus), 392
Bauhinia, 181
beccabunge (Gymnetron), 51
Bedelius, 389
beelzebub (Forficula), 111
belemia (Anthocharis), v
Belenois, xii, xiii, xxix, xxx, xxxi, ]xv,
ixexewlexds xxii, sld oifeolos a22.
325, 329, 346, 352, 353, 355, 357,
358, 359, 366, aa 372
bellargus (Lyczna), |
ab. ceronus (Lyczna), 1
bellezina (Anthocharis), v
bellicosa (Hispa), 361
bellidice (Pontia), iv
beloni (Thylacites), 387, 400
Belonogaster, 316, 335, 337, 342, 344,
345, 354, 356, 369, 371, 375
belzebuth (Discotettix), 213
Bembex, 350
Bembidium, 164, 165, 386, 388
Bengalia, xlv, xlvi
beniniensis (Ammophila), 354, 361
Beosus, 170
bernice (Mylothris), xviii, xix
berolinensis (Dicerca), 15
Berosus, 390
bertouti (Holoparamecus), 394
betula (Deporaus), 41
betuleti (Byctiscus), 41
Bia, lxxix
Bibio, 360, 369
bibulus (Lachnocnema), 320
bicaliginosus (Pteromalus), 60, 62
bicellularis (Bracon), 24
bicolor (Blatta), 467
», (Bostrichus), 66
», (Chrysomela), 386, 402
5, (Corticeus), 398
», (Lasioderma), 398
», (Neolobophora), 119
», (Pseudopeltis), 467
», (Sthenarus), 171
», (Taphrorychus), 6
(Triplax), lxxxi
bicolorella (Coleophora), lxix
bicolorinus (Hemiteles), 19
bicostata (Asida), 327
bicuspis (Dicranura), lxxx
s, (Forfieula), 96
», (Timomenus), 96
bidens (Bostrichus), 63, 67
bidentatum (Pseudagrion), 308
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1907.
bidentatus (Pityogenes), 67
He (Pogonocherus), 30
bidenticulata (Isotoma), Ixxxii
bidentis (Pteromalus), 67
bieti (Coenonympha), 152
bifasciatum (Rhagium), 27
bifasciatus (Attagenus), 895
bifrons (Amara), 165
bigibbosus (Tetticerus), 2380
biguttata (Bruchus), 401
a (Buprestis), 16
ay (Monastria), 469
biguttatum (Bembidion), 388
biguttatus (Agrilus), 16, 54, 166
i (Bruchus), 33, 169
bilateralis (Khoina), 376
bilimbi (Averrhoa), 471
bilineatus (‘Trogophleeus), 393
billbergi (Coryna), 167
bimaculata (Bruchus), 401
re (Doru), 124
i (Ischnoptera), 361
bimaculatus (Cryptocephalus), 163, 169
a (Drasterius), 397
as caruane (Hapalus), 399
5 morio (Hister), 396
‘ (Olibrus), 394
Pe (Pteromalus), 22, 58, 59,
61, 62, 65, 66
(Sunius), 392
binevius (Pteromalus), 59
binimbatus (Pteromalus), 62
binodulus (Bostrichus), 64
a (Cryphalus), 64
binotata (Doru), 124
binotatus (Anisodactylus), 165
Binsitta, 177, 178
bipartita (Apterygida), 123
ae (Sphingolabis), 123
bipunctata (Aleochara), 391
bipunctatus (Cryptocephalus), 1xvii,
As 34, 169
a (Laccobius), 390
e (Seymnus), 403
* ‘(Stenus), 166
bipunctidactyla (Stenoptilia), 504
bipustulata (Blatta), 467
Rs (Parahormetica), 467, 468
bipustulatum (Spheridium), 390
bipustulatus (Chilocorus), 403
a (Malachius), 206
c. (Rhizophagus), 395
birmanus (Auchenomus), 131
biroi (Hypurgus), 102
biscrensis (Anthrenus), 395
Biscutella, lx
bisignatus (Olibrus), 166
Bisnius, 165
¢ sexu)
bison (Bubas), 396
bispinosus (Acanthalobus), 22
bispinus (Bostrichus), 65
es (Xylocleptes), 65
bistriatus (Tachys), 388
3 gregarius (Tachys), 388
bistriga (Acupalpus), 389
bivestigatus (Pteromalus), 62
bivittatus (Telephorus), 167
Bizenia, 146
Blabera, 467, 469
Blacus, 29, 53, 61
Blaps, 398
Blastophagus, 22
Blatta, 310, 313, 327, 331, 332, 337,
361, 365, 370, 456, 457, 458, 459,
460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 466, 467,
468, 469
Blattide, lxxxvi,
Blechrus, 389
Bledius, 166, 386, 393
Blenosia [ Blacodes], 312
Blepharodera, 467
Blymorphanismus, 351
Boarmia, 323
boaz (Oryctes), 334
beetica (Dasypoda), 380
», (Lampides), 152
», (Lycena), 161, 320,
445
beeticus (Cupido), 445
», (Lampides), 445
bogotenis (Neolobophora), 119
bohemani (Apion), 42
*5 (Episus), 339, 340
boieldieui (Gibbium), 397
boisduvali (Gerydus), viii
boisduvalii (Crenis), 321
ycimon), 405
boleti (Cis), 2
3 Disterish 37
», (Scardia), 37
bolina (Diadema), 442
», (Hypolimnas), 442
Bolotettix, 223, 224, 225, 226
Bombax, 178
Bombus, xxxili
Bombylius, 379
Bombyx, lxxxili, Ixxxv
boneespei (Lioptilus), 422
(Marasmarcha), 492
bonchampsi (Apterygida), 98
bonducella (Casalpinia), 447
boops (Porizon), 39
borbonica (Antanartia), 437, 439
55 (Pamphila), 452
a (Parnara), 452
borealis (Limobius), 400
312, 465
329, 341,
boreata (Cheimatobia), i
borellii (Neolobophora), 119
bostrichorum (Cceloides), 66
Bostrichus, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67
Bostrychide, 398
Bostrychus, 22, 364
Bothriothorax, 18
Bothrostethus, 170
bowkeri (Stugeta), 344, 353, 363
Brachinus, xvi
Brachistes, 13, 18, 20, 21, 41, 46, 47,
48, 54, 57, 60
Brachonyx, 52
Brachybasis, 330, 360
brachycentrus (Mesostenus), 17, 61
Brachycerus, 336, 339, 400
Brachycola, 467
Brachycoleus, 171
Brachyderes, 164, 168
brachymorpha (Platyptilia), 483
Brachypterus, 166, 395
brachystegiz (Rhabdinocerus), 355
Bracon, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51,
52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65,
66, 67, 178
braconius (Collastes), 49
Bradina, 323
Bradycellus, 389
brahma (Kosmetor), 123
brasiliensis (Epilampra), 462
brassicee (Mamestra), 162
a (Pieris), 161
bredowi (Adelpha),
Ixxx
brevicauda (Xenylla), 1xxxiii
brevicaudis (Kubadizon), 20
a (Spathius), 15, 29, 47, 57,
63, 67
brevicollis (Cicindeia), 380
~ (Licinus), 389
e (Nebria), 8
brevicornis (Pimpla), 47, 50, 68
3 (Pteromalus), 20
brevipenne (Achenium), 392
= (Micralymma), 11
brevipennis (Trichopteryx), 394
brevipes (Meteorus), 59
brevipilis (Ptinus), 398
brevirostre (Apion), 43
brevis (Epilampra), 460
brevistigma (Thecagaster), 305
breviventris (Apanteles), 54
(Microgaster), 49, 55
brigitta (Terias), 314, 338, 343, 345,
349, 352, 353, 356, 359, 448,
449
Ixxvii, Ixxix,
¢ .exxiy )
brisouti (Apion), 401
brongusaria (Semiothisa),
368
brookiana (Troides), 1
Bruchide, 397, 401
Bruchus, 33, 34, 169, 387, 401
brumata (Cheimatobia), ii
brunei (Papilio), 5
brunnea (Blatta), 467
», (Nyctibora), 467
brunneriana (Derocalymna), 370
brunneum (Orthetrum), 304
brunneus (Aglenus), 395
is (Bostrychus), 364
He (Euplectus), 393
ss (Longitarsus), 402
i (Lyctus), 23, 398
so (Mycetoporus), 165
brunnicans (Pteromalus), 58, 59
brunnipes (Acupalpus), 165, 389
Bryaxis, 398
bryoniz (Pieris), liv
bryophagus (Pedilophorus), 138, 139,
140
Bryophila, 162
bubalus (Bubas), 396
sf (Lasioderma), 398
Bubas, 396
buccata (Pachylomma), 16
buccinator (Larinus), 168
bucephala (Pygera), lxiv
buparius (Scarites), 388
Buprestide, 14, 397
Buprestis, 15, 16
buprestoides (Spondylis), 169
buquetii (Leuceronia), 311
burmeisteri (Phyllodromia), 462
burneyi catharine (Heliconius),
Ixxvi
burri (Hedotettix), 240
busckii (Drosophila), 300
buxtoni (Acrea), 317, 328
Byblia, 315, 317, 318, 322, 325, 328,
835, 352, 366, 367, 372, 376
Byctiscus, 41
Byrrhide, 135, 145, 396, 398
Byrrhus, 135, 398
Cabera, ii
cabira (Acrea), 317, 321, 328
cabrer (Forficula), 112
cacharensis (Papilio), 1, 3
cachecta (Sitona), 400
ap v. setulifer (Sitona), 400
Cacyreus, 310, 358, 367, 378, 380, 429,
444
333, 364,
Cenina, 320
Cenoccelius, 61
Cznocryptus, 29
ceenosus (Bagous), 355
Cvesalpinia, 447
cespitis (Trichothrips), ]xxxi
cxesus (Pleurophorus), 166, 396
caffer (Euleptus), 331
», (Zophosis), 333,
345
caffra (Gracillodes), 330, 353
», (Plectroctena), 336
», (Sclerocarya), 344, 355
(
(
334, 336,
Thyretes), 334
Xylocopa), 368
», var. mossambica (Xylocopa), 344,
354
caffraria (Mesoponera), 332, 342
caffrorum (Gyna), 469
Cafius, 11, 165, 392
Calamobius, 402
Calandra, 400
Calathus, 389
e-album (Grapta), 161
», (Polygonia), Ixxiv
Calcar, 399
calcaratus (Miris), 170
calculator (Microdus), 37
caldarena (Acrea), 352
calice (Castalius), 329
californica (Adelpha), Ixxvii
caligatus (Pzederus), 165
5 (Xylonomus) 32
caliginosa (Kpilampra), 469
callias (Cryptocephalus), 361
Callidia, 25
Callidium, 25, 26, 61, 196, 197, 387,
402
Callidryas, 447
Callimome, 13, 42
Callimorpha, 162
Calliphora, xliii, 381
callosicollis (Elliministes), 374
Calluna, xxxii e
calmariensis (Galeruca), 36
3 (Galerucella), 36
Calocoris, 171
Calodera, 391
Calopterygine, 305
Calopteryx, lxi
Calosoma, 387, 388
calydonius (Ditomus), 389
Calyptomerus, 394
Calyptus, 19, 41
cambrica (Venusia), ti
cambricus (Sitona), 400
re (Sitones), 168
Camelotettix, 233
cameroni (Bryaxis), 393
», (Crypticus), 398
>, (Malthodes), 397
( exon 5)
camilla, 161
caminites (Oxyptilus), 478
campanule (Gymnetron), 51
‘a (Miarus), 50, 168
campestris (Ceuthorrhynchus), 168
35 (Cicindela), 165, 388
campina (Mycalesis), 358
Camponotus, Ixiv, 310, 320, 327,
331, 336, 341, 349, 361, 363, 399,
375
campoplegoides (Phygadeuon), 8
Campoplex, 17, 31, 44, 52, 54
Campolenes, 375
Camptopus, 170
canaliculatus (Lyctus), 23
canariensis (Forficula), 114
cancellata (Orneodes), 510
candida (Cicindela), 375
candidalis (Aciptilus), 490
5 (Alucita), 490
canescens (Homoptera), 334
eanicularis (Homalomyia), 317
Canidia, 36
canne (Nonagria), 1, li, 1iii
canopus (Netrobalane), 320
cantabricum (Apion), 168
cantabricus (Rhizotrogus), 166
Cantharide, 397
canus (Urodon), 401
capensis (Acantholepis), 379
;, (Blatta), 467
5, (Ceroctis), 380
», (Cineindela), 375
», (Xylocopa), 379
capicola (Bembex), 350
», (Harpalus), 332
capitata (Myzine), 342, 354
capitatus (Pteromalus),
65
capito (Diospilus), 19
Capnia, 173
Capnodis, 397
capree (Lochmeea), 170
Caprona, 320
Capsus, 171
capucina (Apate), 22
capucinus (Bostrychus), 22
Carabide, 340, 388
caraboides (Melandrya), 40
Carabus, 8, 165, 388
carbonaria (Magdalis), 56
carbonarius (Ephialtes), 15, 24, 26, 29,
30, 31, 82, 46, 54
carcharias (Saperda), 30
Carcinops, 396
cardamines (Anthocharis), v
Cardiophorus, 164, 166,
397
58, 64,
167, 323,
cardui (Agapanthia), 169, 402
,, (Cceliodes), 400
», (Pyrameis), 160, 315, 318, 331,
333, 334, 335, 336, 338, 339,
365, 367, 377, 378, 380, 439
,, (Spermophagus), 401
carduorum (Apion), 169, 401
Aa galactitis (Apion), 401
Carida, 39
Carinapleurothrips, lxxxii
carinator (Helcon), 22, 26, 29, 59
carinatus (Dendarus), 398
», (Elachestus), 41
carinula (Sciaphilus), 168
carinulatus (Odynerus), 354, 357
carissimus (Pedilophorus), 138, 139,
143
earline (Larinus), 45
Carlisis, 370
carnaria (Sarcophaga), 327, 375
carnuta (Pentila), 78
» (Telipna), 78
Carphoborus, 63
carphodactylus (Leioptilus), xii, xl
carpini (Trypopitys), 20
Carpophilus, 395
Cartaletis, 327
Carterus, 389
carthami (Syrichthus), 161
Cartodere, 394
Cassida, 37, 250, 251, 4038, 456
cassidarum (Entendon), 35, 37
cassidea (Blatta), 467
55 (Phoraspis), 467
Cassididx, 249
cassius (Pseudonympha), 331, 367, 372,
366, 380
casta (Fumea), 163
Castalius, 329, 362
castaneum (Priobium), 19
5 (Tetropium), 32
castaneus (Athous), 397
35 (Corticeus), 398
=A (Oresbius), 8, 44
castigata (Eupithecia), ii
castrensis (Malacosoma), 162
Catabomba, 381
Catabronta, 368
Catacanthacris, ]xxix
Catacroptera, 318
catalaunaria (Tephrina), 333
cataleuca (Arge), 161
“3 lachesis (Arge), 161
Catantops, 316, 321, 331, 338, 369, 371,
374
eatenator (Lissonota), 15
catharotes (Pselnophorus), 491, 492
cathartica (Alamanda), 434
( ;exxv»)
Cathartus, 395 chalcites (Saprinus), 396
Catocala, 173, 175, 176 chaleographus (Bostrichus), 67
Catochrysops, 320, 360 5 (Pityogenes), 67
Catophaga, xviii, [xxii Chaleophora, 15
Catops, 393 ~ chalcoptera (Lesna), 361
Catopsilia, Ixxiv, Ixxv, 341, 344, 356, | Chalicodoma, 348, 369
429, 447, 453 chalybeus (Entedon), 31
caucasica (Forficula), 112 chalybeatus (Promecidus), 370
caudatus (Bracon), 62 Chamaipetes, 95
ce (Entedon), 63 championi (Ancistrogaster), 108
oe (Opius), 25, 30 cn (Omophlus), 399
-t (Sigalphus), 48, 49 Charagotettix, 226
caularum (Holoparamecus), 394 Charaxes, 315, 316, 318, 329, 346,
cava (Xenodusa), 419 352,367
cebrene (Precis), 315, 318, 334, 335,}charina (Pinacopteryx), 312, 319,
352, 362 322) 32509329) S6Gm a0 oz,
Cebrio, 397 376
Cecidomyia, 39 charitopa (Platyptilia) 483
celebensis (Papilio), 5 charlonia (Anthocharis), v
celebicus (Hedotettix), 241 Charopus, 167, 397
celer (Forficula), 113 Chasmatopterus, 164, 166
centetes (Trichoptilus), 473 Cheimatobia, ii
Centistes, 12 Cheiropachus, 59, 62, 63
centrimaculatus (Cereyon), 390 Chelidura, 91, 94
centrosa (Mazarredia), 230 Chelidurella, 94
centurio (Opisthocosmia), 100 Chelidurine, 93, 94
Cephalonomyia, 22, 24 Chelisochella, 125, 127, 128, 133
cephalotes (Amblystomus), 389 Chelisoches, 116, 124, 125, 127, 128,
,, _ (Opius), 60 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134
Cephanodes, 345 Chelisochide, 124, 132
Cerambyx, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, | Chelisochine, 125
32, 199, 295, 402 Chelonus, 30, 31, 57, 65
Ceraphron, 66, 67 Chermes, 207
Ceratina, 338 Chilocorus, 310, 403
Cercomorphus, 401 | Chilomenes, 310, 345, 374
Cercus, 395 Chilopora, 391
Cerceyon, 390 chinensis (Bruchus), 401
cerdo (Cerambyx), 402 », (Laccoptera), 250, 252
ceres (Terias), 448 5 (Trachyscelis), xxvii
ceresyi (Deronectes), 390 chionastes (Pterophorus), 501
Ceriagrion, 308 Chironitis, 396
cerinus (Longitarsus), 403 Chlenius, 165, 389
Cerocephala, 58, 62 Chlamydopsis, 146
Cerocoma, 164, 167 chloracta (Orneodes), 507
Ceroctis, 342, 356, 371, 380 chloralis (Stemmatophora), 350
cervipyga (Opisthocosmia), 100 chlorea (Sphingomorpha), 362
cespitalis (Pyrausta), 163 chlorias (Pterophorus), 497
Cetonizx, 386 chloridice (Pontia), v
Ceuthorrhynchidius, 168, 400 chloris (Mylothris), lv
Ceuthorrhynchus, Ixviii, 55, 168, 386, | chlorizans (Baris), 55
400 chlorodippe (Argynnis), 161
ceylonica (Opisthocosmia), 100 chlorotica (Panchlora), 463
cherophyllata (Tanagra), ii Cheerorrhinus, 400
Chetoenema, 347, 402 Chremylus, 33
Chetolyga, 369 chrysaor (Phasis), 373
chalceus (Pogonus), 165, 389 chrysippus (Danaida), 433
Chalciope, 341 55 (Danais), 433, 442
Chalcis, 37 FA alcippus (Danais), 433
( exe 4)
chrysippus (Limnas), x, 314, 317,
318, 321, 324, 327, 328, 331, 334,
337, 352, 355, 357, 359, 362, 367,
372
chrysitis (Pseudocolaspis), 355
chrysocephala (Psylliodes), 402
Chrysolampus, 52
Chrysomela, 35, 164, 169, 386, 402
chrysomelina (Epilachna), 403
Chrysophanus, vil, 1, Ixvi, 161
chrysostigma (Orthetrum), 304
a's race luzonicum
trum), 304
Chthonius, 219
Chthonotettix, 219
cicadifrons (Strongylocoris), 171
cicatricosa (Pimpla), 53
Cidaria, ii
ciliaris (Trachyscelis), xxvi, xxvii
ciliata (Blatta), 467
ciliatus (Melyris), 374
Cillenus, 164, 165
Cimbex, xxxiii
(Orthe-
Cincidela, 84, 86, 87, 89, 165, 375, 380, |
386, 388
cincta (Icaria), 320, 343, 369, 374,
375
cinctigutta (Rhanidophora), 327
cinctus (Agrilus), 166
5, (Sminthurus), lxxxiil
cinerea (Blatta), 467
cinereus (Brachypterus), 166
Ss (Cleonus), 400
», (Hesperophanes), 402
BS (Thamnotrizon), xvi
cingulata (Aptera), 467
Ac (Tachyusa), 391
cingulatus (Lopus), 170
5p (Strongylogaster), vil
cinnamomea (Ischnoptera), 470
a (Phylodromia), 470
cinnides (Lycena), 1
cinyras (Libythea), 429, 443
Cionus, 53
circinata (Forficula), 112
circulatus (Mecinus), 401
circumcincta (Pseudothyrsocera), 469
circumclusa (Psendothyrsocera), 469
Pe (Thyrsocera), 469
circundata (Coptocycla), 249, 251,
252
circumflexus (Dytiscus), 390
circumseptus (Bedelius), 389
a (Chlenius), 389
Cirphis, 347
Cirrospilus, 42
Cis, Ixviii, 23, 24
cis (Bracan), 23
cissus (Everes), 344, 360
Cistelidee, 396
Cistus, 151
citrites (Pterophorus), 502
citropleura (Platyptilia), 482
Cladonote, 215, 216, 234
Cladoramus, 217
Clambid, 394
clarissa (Mylothris), lvi, [xxi
clavatus (Pteromalus), 47
ss (Spathius), 18, 19,. 21,
49
clavicornis (Aleochara), 391
claviger (Spathius), 22
clavigera (Derocalymma), 469
clavipes (Harpalus), 365
»» (Rhopalopus), 387, 402
claviventris (Helcon), 40
Cledeobia, 162
clelia (Orthetrum), 305
», (Precis), 317, 318, 324, 328, 352,
355
cleodora (Eronia), 314, 322,
366, 370, 372
Cleonus, 168, 339, 400
Cleonymus, 21, 59
Cleopatra, 355
Cleridee, 397
Clerus, 17, 62
Clinocentrus, 16, 18
Clitobius, 385, 399
cloantha (Catacroptera), 318
aA (Precis), 318
clypealis (Hydrovatus), xxxii
clypeata (Pilema), 469
clypeatus (Ccelometopus), 167
5 (Aristus), 389
Clytanthus, 169, 402
Clythra, 164, 169
Clythride, x]
Clytus, 26, 169
Cnemidophorus, 481
Cneorrhinus, 164, 168
coarctata (Tachyusa), 165
Coccidee, xxxlil
Coccinella, 11, 12, 170, 403
coccineus (Endomychus), 12, 13
cocksi (Salda), 170
Codiosoma, 400
Codrus, 10
coeculus (Hypolycena), 344, 353
Ceelambus, 390
Ceeliodes, 54, 168, 400
coelocera (Chalicodoma), 343, 369
Celoides, 27, 58, 59, “G2;emGze
66
Ccelometopus, 167
Ccelostoma, 390
325, 329,
ee
( exxvil )
Ccenonympha,
161
ccerulea (Dasytes), 17
ceeruleocephalus (Rhynchites), 169
ccerulescens (Baris), 400
56 (Orthetrum), 305
AA (Peecilus), 165
eceruleus (Dasytes), 17
3 (Formicomus), 310
cognata (Hupithecia), ii
», (Macroma), 327, 369
Colasposoma, 369
Colax, 12
Coleophora, lxix
Coleoptera, 67, 163, 320, 355
Coleus, 444
Colias, 161, 312, 314, 319, 334, 338,
367, 372, 376, 377
collaris (Helenophorus), 398
», (Mecinus), 52
», (Myrmedonia), 9
se (esooas),, 19
», (Xorides), 32
Collastes, 49
collinus (Gymnetron), 51
Collyris, xxxi, 83-90
coloratus (Litargus), 395
Pr (Microchetes), 136
Colotes, 164, 167, 386, 397
Colpodota, 391
colpophorus (Bracon), 34, 42
Colydiide, 395
Colymbetes, xxix
comes (Agrotis), 175
Comibena, 350, 357
comma (Hesperia), 161
», (Spiramiopsis), x1
commassiz (Aillopus), 360
commixtum (Sympetrum), 304
communis (Thrips), lxxxil
complanata (Eurynebria), 387, 388
complanatus (Oxytelus), 393
completus (Hemiteles), 21
compressiventris (Exochus), 16
compsochares (Trichoptilus), 473
Comythovalgus, 368
Conchia, 338
concolor (Glypta), 57
», (Gynandrophthalma), 169
confinis (Aspidomorpha), 250
», (Entedon), 18, 48, 49
confluens (Ccelambus), 390
conformis (Xylina), lxxx
confusa (Methona), lxxix
congener (Haplolycus), 321
congloblata (Coccinella), 170
congrualis (Pterophorus), 473
” (Trichoptilys), 473
vii, 152, 159,
160, { conicus (Rhinocyllus), 400
Conolophia, 358
consanguineus (Omostropus), 345
conscitaria (Conolophia), 358
consimile (Anobium), 20
$3 (Apion), 43
consobrina (Phyllotreta), 402
conspersus (Lissogenius), 371, 375
consputus (Aphodius), 396
constanti (Pterophorus), 502
constrictus (Acantholycus), 321
continuus (Ephialtes), 30, 31
contractus (Aspigonus), 26, 32
3 (Paratettix), 236
Py (Tetrix), 239
Conurus, 392
convexa (Blatta), 467
», (Cyrtilia), 467
convexus (Scarabzeus), 375
cooksoni (Neocenyra), 77
Copris, 396
Coptocycla, 249, 251, 252
Coptotettix, 237, 241, 242
Corzbus, 163, 166
Coranus, 170
cordatus (Ditomus), 389
cordiger (Capsus), 171
Pe (Graphipterus),
340
Cordylobia, xliii, xliv, xlvii
core (Euplcea), 434
Coreus, 170
coriaceum (Meladema), 390
coriaria (Timarcha), 35
coriarius (Prionus), 24
corinneus (Papilio), 346, 353
Corizus, 170
corniculans (Metachrostis), 370
corniculata (Xystra), 232
corniculatus (Hipporhinus), 336
corniger (Bledius), 393
cornigera (Cerocephala), 58, 62
cornuta (Mitroboris), 27, 28
cornutus (Echocerus), 398
FA (Notocerus), 232
ae (Odontomerus), 25
Fe (Platystethus), 392
3 (Xorides), 30
coromandelianum (Ceriagrion), 308
coronata (Potua), 216
corruptor (Pezomachus), 53
corruscans (Geotrupes), 164, 166
corruscus (Phalacrus), 39
Ss (Philonthus), 392
corticalis (Phlceopora), 391
Corticeus, 398
corticinus (Trogophleeus), 393
corydonius (Lyczna), 158
333, 336,
( exxviii )
coryli (Apoderus), 41
Corylophide, 394
Coryna, 164, 168
corynthius (Longitarsus), 402
Corystes, 16
Coscinia, 162
cosmicus (Camponotus), 331, 375
Cosmiella, 92, 99, 104, 105,
118
Cosmoclostis, 471
cosmodactyla (Platyptilia), 485
Cosmophus, 64
Cosmozosteria, 8138, 3835
Cossyphus, 399
costatus (Kpiechinus), 145
», (Microcheetus), 145
so) (Rtlinus) 521.
costipennis (Xenoscelis), 395
Orabro, 17
eraccxe (Apion), 42
Crambus, 161, 162, 3538, 364
Craspedia, 323, 368
crassa (Aleochara), 391
crassicornis (Corizus), 170
erassiorella (Fumea), 163
crassipes (Xorides), 24, 30, 47
crassiuscula (Aleochara), 391
crassus (Cryptocephalus), 169
», (Peederus), 332
eratwegi (Aporia), 160
» (Trichiura), ii
craterellus (Crambus), 161
crawshayi (Tetropium), 183, 184
Cremastogaster, 336, 371, 380
cremieri (Pachylomma), 16
crenata (Ditoma), 395
», (Phthora), 398
crenatus (Hylesinus), 17, 61
Crenis, 321
crenulatus (Cladoramus), 217
Creophilus, 9, 67, 892
Crepidodera, 402
crepitans (Brachinus), xvi
cretalis (Platyptilia), 487
cribellaticollis (Saprinus), 396
cribrella (Myelois), 165
cribricollis (Otiorrhynchus),
crinita (Hypera), 400
crinitus (Sitona), 400
Criocephalus, 188, 194, 195, 197, 208,
209
Crioceris, 34, 169, 386, 402
Criotettix, 220, 221, 228, 224, 226
eristana (Acalla), xii
cristatus (Deltonotus), 216
Crocisa, 325
crocodilus (Gavialidium), 220
Crocothemis, 304, 346, 353
117,
399
Crocydoscelus, 482
Creemia, li
cruciatus (Pteromalus), 48
cruciferse (Phyllotetra), 402
cruciferarum (Plutella), 338, 347
Crudaria, 343
cruentus (Hister), 365
crustaria (Aphneus), 80
“s (Spindasis), 80
erux (Physorhynchus), 312, 327, 371,
375
Cryphalus, 64, 65
Oryptamorpha, Ixxxi
Crypticus, 398
cryptiformis (Xorides), 18, 21
eryptocephali (Pteromalus), 35
Cryptocephalus, Ixvii, 34, 163, 164,
169, 361, 371, 374, 402
Cryptophagus, 1, 394
Cryptophilus, 394
Cryptorrhynchus, 53
Cryptotettix, 230
Cryptus, 18, 25, 31, 56
Cubocephalus, 32
Oucujide, 395
culinaris (Blatta), 459
culmellus (Crambus), 162
cuniculorum (Aleochara), xvi
Cupido, 444, 445, 446
cuprea (Gidistoma), 380
cuprirostris (Baris), 56
Cureculio, 7, 16, 34, 40, 45,
48, 49, 51, 52, 55, 56,
64
Curculionide, 399
curculionoides (Attelabus), 41
(Pteromalus), 51
curculionum (Entedon), 43, 51, 52
* (Sigalphus), 48
curriei (Dasyleurotettix), 234
curtisii (Bracon), 58
curtulum (Apion), 168
curvicaudis (Spathius), 15
curvidens (Bostrichus), 66
+ (Tomicus), 66
curvinotus (Camelotettix), 233
curvipes (Mesites), 400
cuspidata (Tettigidea), 243
cuspidatus (Tetrix), 239
Cutilia, 469
cyanea (Holocompsa), 464
cyanescens (Apion), 168
cyaneus (Ebeeus), 397
,, (Psilothrix), 167, 397
,, (Smicronyx), 385, 400
eyanipennis (Ceuthorrhynchus), 55
Cyaniris, 161
cyathigerum (Enallagma), 307
46, 47,
57, 63
C ‘exxix)))
eybele tumatumari (Heliconius), lxxvi
Cybocephalus, 394
cyclogaster (Entedon), 50
eyclolabia (Forficula), 110
Cyclopides, 81, 377
Cyclopodia, 421, 422, 424, 425, 426,
428
Cydimon, xxviii, 405, 406, 408, 409
Cydnus, 170
cylindrica (Blatta), 467
es (Periplaneta), 467
eylindricum (Sinodendron), 14
eylindricus (Dyschirius), 388
3 (Metholeus), 398
id (Pachnephorus), 402
cylindrirostris (Gymnetron), 52
Cyllo, 435
Cymatopterus, 390
Cymindis, 165, 390
Cymus, 170
cynare (Agapanthia), 402
», (Cryptocephalus), 164, 169
», (Larinus), 400
», glabrirostris (Larinus), 400
Cynipide, xl
Cynips, 39
Cyphodema, 171
Cyphon, 167
Cyphus, 164
Cyrtilia, 467
Cyrtoscydmus, 393
Cytisus, 151
dactilis (Trigonoderus), 29
Dactylosternum, 390
dedalus (Hamanumida), 352
dahlbomi (Pteromalus), 29, 47, 67
daja (Papilio), 4
dalmatina (Amara), 389
Dalsira, 337
damarensis (Zeritis), 341
damone (Anthocharis), v.
Danacea, 167, 397
Danaida, 433
Danaine, x, xli, 372
Danais, 433, 442
Daphne, 164, 166, 169
daplidice (Pontia), iv
dardanus (Papilio), xxxi, 317, 320,
322, 36
f. cenea (Papilio), 326,
367
darsius (Troides), 2
Dasyleurotettix, 234
dasyops (Chetolyga), 369
Dasypoda, 380
Dasytes, 17, 40, 167, 386, 397
Dasytiscus, 386, 387, 397
davidi (Forficula), 112
dawsoni (Ceuthorrhynchidius), 168
debilis (Bledius), 393
», (Exothecus), 48
ae (Scopus), 392
Decatoma, 373
decem-guttata (Anthia), 378
decem-punctata (Coccinella), 403
deceptor (Harpalus), 336
deceptus (Halictus), 374
decipiens (Forricula), 114
deckeni (Pseudagrion),
362
declaratus (Stenus), 166
decolorata (Sympetrum), 303
decoratus (Papilio), 5
decorum (Bembidium), 165
vs (Pseudagrion), 307
dedjax (Salius), lxiv
deflexicollis (Hydrocyphon), 167
defoliaria (Hybernia), ii
degeani (Zonabris), 167
degeeri (Kupelmus), 53
Deilephila, 1
deione (Melitzea), 160
delicata (Ischnura), 306
delta (Phyllodromia), 469
Deltonotus, 215, 216
demarchii (Hydnobius), 393
Demetrias, 387, 390
demodocus (Orpheides), 451, 452
a (Papilio), Ixxv, 315, 320,
322, 329, 336, 356, 358,
367, 429, 451, 452
demoleus (Papilio), 320
Dendarus, 398
dendricornis (Eulophus), 48, 50
Dendroctonus, 63
Dendrosoter, 59, 62, 67
denigrator (Bracon), 31
densatus (Parmalus), 394
densiflora (Dombeya), 337
dentata (Dinarda), 420
», (Drypta), 390
dentatus (Cis), Ixviii
(Pogonochzerus), 30
denticolle (Anoblum), 20
denticulatus (Trox), 339
dentipes (Apion), 401
», (Dichelus), 378
», (Odontomerus), 57
», (Otiorrhynchus), 164, 168
Deporaus, 41
depressa (Auchmeroyia), xlvi
», (Bengalia), xlv, xlvi
depressirostris (Curculio), 16
a (Gasterocereus), 54
56 (Rhinoeyllus), 54
depressus (Cercyon), 390
354, 356,
( Sexxz )
depressus (Cleonymus), 21
A (Pododus), 345
ne (Tetrix), 234
derasofasciatus (Agrilus), 166
Dermanyssidie, 428
Dermatoptera, 91
Dermestes, 13, 14, 339, 376, 395
Dermestid, 14, 145, 395
dermestoides (Hyleccetus), 18
3 (Lymexylon), 25
Bet (Throscus), 16
Derocalymna, 333, 370, 469
Deronectes, 390
Deropeltis, 310, 312, 330, 332, 377,
467, 469
desbrochersi (Apion), 169
deserticola (Melita), vi
desjardinsi (Cryptamorpha), Ixxxi
destitutus (Brachistes), 13
destructor (Evcoptogaster), 60
es (Scolytus), 57,
66
detritum (Apion), 401
Deudoryx, 358
deusta (Blatta), 467
», (Oxyhaloa), 467
Deuterocopus, 473, 474
devians (Opisthocosmia), 106
diachymatis (Entedon), 48
(Pteromalus), 50
471, 472
58, 959,
« 99
Diacrotricha,
Diadema, 442
Diadromus, 31
Diaparsus, 39
Diaperasticine, 93, 97
Diaperasticus, 97, 98
diaperinus (Alphitobius), 399
Diaperis, 37
Diapria, 54, 61, 66
Diastictus, 396
Dibolia, 403
Dicerca, 15
Dichetometopia, 337
Dichelus, 378, 380
Dichillus, 398
Dichirotrichus, 386, 389
Dicranocnemus, 378
Dicranura, 1xxx
Dictyonota, 170
Dicycla, 162
didyma (Melita), v, vi, 161
didymata (Chrysomela), 402
Dielis, 317, 345
difficile (Apion), 42
difficilis (Callimome), 13
Diglotta, 165
Dilacra, 391
dilatatus (Platymischus), 11
dilucidus (Xenitenus), 341
diluta (Chrysomela), 164, 169
dilutata (Oporabia), Ixxx
dilutus (Helochares), 390
dimidiatipennis (Eumenes), 335
dimidiatus (Saprinus), 396
Dinarda, 420
diocletianus (Acalles), 400
dioica (Artica), 44
Diopsis, 346, 347, 360, 369
Diospilus, 19, 37, 39, 55
Diotarus, 216
Diplacodes, 305
Diplax (Sympetrum), 3804
Diploxys, 341
Diplura, 148, 161
Diptera, 163, 310, 316, 354, 360
direptalis (Oxyptilus), 485
Us (Platyptilia), 485
discalis (Aroa), 368, 376
discoidea (Acmodera), 397
discoideus (Bracon), 41, 56
- (Philonthus), 392
Discolia, 350
discolor (Donacia), 169
,, (Entedon), 53
», (KEphialtes), 17, 29
Discotettix, 213, 214
dispar (Cneorrhinus), 164, 168
», (Chrysophanus), 1
», (Gnatho), 12
disparator (Bracon), 46
disparilis (Papilio), 450
dissimilis (Malachius), 397
distanti (Deropeltis), 469
distigma (Leptura), 169
distincta (Drypta), 387, 390
se v. marginicollis (Prasocuris),
402
distinctus (Basicryptus), 374
distinguenda (Melanophthalma), 166,
395
distinguendus (Belonogaster), 335
F (Pteromalus), 21
Ditoma, 395
Ditomus, 389
diversicornis (Aspigonus), 18, 25, 38,
40
diversus (Pompilus), 317
dives (Chleenius), 165
(Pedilophorus) 138, 139, 144
divisa (Xylocopa), 320, 344, 354, 368,
373, 374
dixeyi (Notogonia), 327
», _ (Pinacopteryx), Ixx, lxxi
djelele (Eretis), 329, 373, 376
dohertyi (Hamaxas), 134
An (Troides), 2
( ‘exc. 7)
Dolops, 44
Domene, 392
domestica (Musca), 341, 347, 360
domesticum (Anobium), 19
a (Trypodendron), lxxxi
dominicanus (Amauris), lvi
dominula (Callimorpha), 162
dominulus (Eurydema), 170
Donacia, 169
donatella (Platyptilia), 482
Doratine, 94, 123
Doreadion, 30
Doreatoma, 22
doriz (Chelisoches), 128
dorippus (Danais), 433
dorsalis (Acupalpus), 389
vy. discus (Acupalpus), 389
9?
» Vv. emaciatus (Helophorus),
390
An (Maerochilus), 336
Doru, 123
dorus (Ccenonympha), 152, 153, 154
bieti (Ccenonympha), 152
mathewi (Ceenonympha), 152
15, 19, 25, 26, 29, 60,
LB)
Doryctes,
61
Dorylus, vi, 334, 376
doubledayi (Acrzea), ee 344, 363
ie (Papilio), 1
douei (Geotrupes), 396
draba (Lepidium), 55
dracene (Parthenothrips), Ixxxii
Drasterius, 397
dresdensis (Dorcatoma), 22
Drilus, 397
dromedarius (Notodonta), ]xxx
newmani (Notodonta),
lxxx
Dromius, 390
Drosophila, 285, 298, 300, 301
Dryocetes, 65
Dryophilus, 18
Drypta, 387, 390
dubia (Diopsis), 360
(Opisthocosmia), 104, 105
5, (Sceraptia), 167
dubius (Calyptomerus), 394
», (Pteromalus), 63
dufouri (Zonabris), 163, 167
duleamara (Solanum), 1xxxii
duleamare (Pria), 395
a3 (Psylliodes), 37
dumnetorum (Neptis), 443
5 (Rahinda), 443
duodecimpunctata (Crioceris), 34
duplicata (Magdalis), xlix
Durbania, 353, 356
duvali (Bruchus), 387, 398
oo)
’ 2
99
Ee)
duvali (Cerecomorphus), 401
», (Ptinus), 398
dux (Eparchus), 121
Dysallacta, 362
dyschera (Eumenes), 548
Dyschirius, 313, 331, 380
Dytiseus, 390
Eagris, 452
Ebeus, 167, 386, 397
ebenina (Discolia), 350
ebeninus (Philonthus), 392
Eccoptogaster, 22, 29, 57,
61
eccoptogastri (Bracon), 60
(Eurytoma), 32, 59, 60
(Pachyeceros), 59
(Roptrocerus), 59
59, 60,
Le
9
| echeria (Amauris), xlii, 318, 328, 367,
372
5, jacksoni (Amauris), xlii
echii (Longitarsus), 402
Echocerus, 398
echthroides (Cryptus), 56
Echthrus, 31
Ecteinanthus, 325
Eetobius, 459
Kctropis, 370
edentulus (Ocypus), 392
edusa (Colias), 161
egeria egeria (Heliconius), lxxvi
egialea (Amauris), x
Egybolia, 327, 330
Elachestes, 32
Elachestus, 41, 49, 50, 56, 58, 59
| Elachistus, 60
eleeopa (Alucita), 490
Elateride, 397
Elaunon, 120, 123
eleanor (Troides), 1, 2
electra (Colias), 312, 314, 319, 334,
338, 367, 372, 376, 377
elegans (Cartodere), 394
(Diapria), 66
(Ischnura), 306
(Polysphincta), 21
», (Proreus), 130, 131
elevatus (Barynotus), 44
a3 (Pteromalus), 45
elgiva (Precis), 321, 328
Elis, 345
ella (Spindasis), 365
Ellimenistes, 371, 374
Elliptoblatta, 469
elongatissimum (Apion), 168
elongatum (Bembidium), 165
‘5 (Calear), 399
5 (Leucohimatium), 394
elongatus (Pteromalus), 22
9
99
oi)
(: jexexi 7)
emarginatus (Aphanisticus), 166
a (Collyris), 83-89
Emblethis, 170
Emboros, 99, 105
Emenadia, 386, 399
empedota (Platyptilia), 487
Empis, 310, 311
Enallagma, 307
encedon (Acrea), 318, 321, 528, 352,
355
Encyophanes, 378
encyrtoides (Systasis), 51
Encyrtus, 12, 40, 41, 52
Endema, 330
endomychi (Pteromalus), 13
Endomychide, xxxii, 394
Endomychus, 12, 13
Endrosa, 162
Enicmus, ]xxxi, 394
Enkrates, 126, 131, 132
Ennearthron, 24
Ennomos, lxxx
Entedon, 18, 20, 31, 35, 37, 48, 48,
49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 63, 67
Entelia, 350
Entlemma, 341
Epachromia, 377
Epallage, 805
Epamera, 81
Eparchine, 94, 120
Eparchus, 120, 121, 123
Ephestia, 163
Ephialtes, 15, 17, 20, 24, 25, 26, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 46, 53, 54
ephippiger (Hemianax), 305
ephippium (Bracon), 22
os (Diospilus), 37
Ephistemus, 394
Ephyra, ii
Epicometis, xxix, 386, 396
epidectes (Oxyptilus), 477
epidelta (Platyptilia), 486
Epiechinus, 145
Epilachna, 310, 327, 331, 386, 403
Epilampra, 460, 462, 467, 489
Epinephile, 161
Epirrhoé, 323
Epirus, 45
Episcaphula, 327
Episomus, Xxx1
episternalis (Mordellistena), 40
Episus, 339, 340
Epitettix, 216
Epitrix, 170
epius (Spalgis), 178
Epurea, Ixxxi
equestris (Lygeeus), liv
equiseti (Cardiophorus), 167
Eratognathus, 332
erato guarica (Heliconius) xvi
- magnifica (Heliconius)
xvi
Erebia, 1, 151, 159
Eremnus, 374
Eremotes, 57
Eretis, 329, 373, 376
eric (Ceuthorrhynchus), 168
ericetorum (Nabis), 170
erichsoni (Pteromalus), 42
erikssoni (Aphnieus), 350
Erilita, 323
erinaceus (Strophosomus), 168
eris (Teracolus), 334, 352, 355
Eristalis, 310, 317, 324, 330, 369,
381
erithonius (Papilio), 320
Ernobius, xx, 164, 167
Erodium, 157, 158
Erodius, 164, 167, 398
Eromene, 366
Eronia, 314, 819, 322, 325, 329, 357,
366, 370, 372
erroris (Opisthocosmia), 100
ervi (Apion), 169
erythraea (Crocothemis), 304, 346,
Erythrina, 181
erythrocephala (Calliphora), xlii
3738,
on (Deropeltis), 312, 332,
33/7, 467
si (Forficula), 98
iM v. melitana (Oberea),
402
erythrocephalus (Spathius), 21
erythrocnemis (Harpactor), 373
erythroderus (Attalus), 397
erythroleucus (Cceliodes), 168
erythromera (Chrysomela), 402
erythropus (Harpactor), 170
a (Rhyncheenus), 168
Eryx, 415
esebria (Planema), 321, 324
Etiella, 336, 350
Eubadizon, 20, 23, 50
Euchloeé, 320
Euchloris, 334
Euchromia,:320
Eucoila, 61
Eudohrnia, 97
Eudohrniine, 93, 97
Eueides, Ixxvi
Euglenes, 399
Eulaphygma, 317
Kuleptus, 331
Eulissus, 392
Eulophus, 16, 20, 43, 48, 49, 50, 59,
60, 61
( ‘cxxexiny +)
Eumenes, 335, 343, 345, 361, 362, 363,
369, 373, 375
Euparatettix, 238
Eupelmus, 11, 14, 18, 21, 34, 46, 50,
52, 53, 62, 63
eupheno (Anthocharis), v
euphenoides (Anthocharis), v
euphone (Euplcea), 434
euphorbize (Aphthona), 402
3 (Deilephila), 1
Euphorus, 38
Eupithecia, ii
EKuplectus, Ixxxi, 393
EKuploea, 454, 450, 451
Kupleeini, xli
Euproctis, 316, 323, 330
europea (Siagona), 388
euryades (Heliconius),
xvi
euryas (Heliconius), xvi
Eurydema, 170
Eurygaster, 170
Kurynebria, 387, 388
eurynota (Amara), 389
Eurynotus, 376, 377
Eurysthenes, 380
Eurytela, 315, 317, 318, 321, 325, 367,
376
Eurytoma, 32, 40, 43, 46, 47, 57, 59,
60, 62, 63, 65
Eusandulum, 16, 20, 23, 29, 56, 57
Eusomus, 164, 168
Euthrips, Ixxxii
Euthyrrhapha, 467, 469
Eutrapela, 380
evenina (Teracolus), xxili
Everes, 344, 357, 360
examinator (Pimpla), 52
exannulatus (Spathius), 58, 62, 65
exanthemaria (Cabera), ii
exarator (Spathius), 19, 20
exaratus (Ochthebius), 390
5, (Onthophilus), 396
excavata (Laccoptera), 252
exclamationis (Metabletus), 389
excoriatus (Cleonus), 400
excrescentium (Pteromalus), 37
Exenterus, 17
exiguus (Harpalus), 312
exilis (Scydmenus), Ixxxi
,, (Doru), 124
exocentri (Blacus), 29
Exocentrus, 29
Exochomus, 170, 337, 363, 403
Exochus, 16
exoleta (Panchlora), 463, 464
exoletus (Longitarsus), 402
», (Phytocoris), 170
XIV) ek V5
Exoprosopa, 343
Exosoma, 164, 169
Eixothecus, 15, 26, 48, 57
expedita (Ophiusa), 317
exsecta (Formica), 417
exsertor (Clinocentrus), 18
exultans (Bassus), 12
Exypnus, 125, 128
eytelweinii (Eupelmus), 11
facialis (Sigalphus), 22
fagi (Brachistes), 48
,, (Cryphalus), 65
, (Curculio), 48
, (Orchestes), 48, 49
fahrei (Stramia), 365
Falagria, 391
falcatus (Pygostolus), 34
falciger (Perilitus), 35
falleni (Pseudophlceus), 170
falloui (Anthocharis), v
famulus (Deuterocopus), 474
fasciata (Macroplax), 170
a (Scania) 244
fasciatella (Dielis), 317,
7 (Elis), 345
fasciatocollis (Tetradia), 351
fasciatus (Anthrenus), 395
», (Pezomachus), 12, 50
», (Pteromalus), 42
fascicularis (Cerambyx), 29
of (Microchetes), 137
(Pogonocherus), 29
fasciculatus (Comythovalgus), 368
(Pogonocherus), 29
fasciola (Diacrotricha), 471
fasciolatum (Orthetrum),
330
fastidiosus (Polistes), 331, 374
fastuosa (Camptolenes), 375
fatima (Epallage), 305
fatuellus (Baoris), 820, 323, 326, 329
-360
fauna (Marasmarcha), 413
favipes (Pimpla), 41
favoriaus (Heliconius), xvi
fez (Hamaxas), 134.
fehri (Papilio), 3
felicitanus (Rhizotrogus), 166
femoralis (Heliothrips), lxxxi
femorata (Tiphia), 14
fenestrarum (Drosophila), 300, 301
fenestratus (Anthicus), 167, 399
fennica (Hoplosia), 28
fennicum (Callidium), 61
fennicus (Cerambyx), 28, 29
ferreti (Oxyhaloa), 469
ferrugalis (Phlyctenia), 312, 327
a (Pyrausta), 162
345
321, 324
(; exmay, )
ferrugata (Coremia), ii
a (Xanthorhoé), xx, xxi
ferrugatus (Spathius), 26
ferruginea (Blatta), 467
es (Tripetalocera), 213
ferrugineipes (Ammophila), 354, 371
ferrugineum (Crocydoscelus), 482
5 (Tribolium), 398
ferrugineus (Lemophlceus), 13, 395
ferus (Criocephalus), 194
», (Nabis), 170
festiva (Trithemis), 304
festivus (Chlenius), 389
(Hedotettix), 240
» (Lygeus), 310
fibulata (Idcea), 376
ficus (Hypoborus), 401
Fidonia, xlix
figulus (Trypoxylon), 206
figuratus (Clytanthus), 169
filaginis (Cassida), 37
filator (Hiospilus), 39
», (Meteorus), 23
filicis (Monalocoris), 170
filiformis (Ccelicdes), 62
(Xorides), 27, 28
», (Xylonomus), 31
filum (Calamobius), 402
fimetarius (Aphodius), 396
(Phalacrus), 394
vy. minor (Phalacrus), 394
5 (Philonthus), 392
firmus (Brachistes), 47
flabellata (Emenadia), 399
flaminius (Encyrtus), 12, 40
Flata, xlviii, 337
flavago (Cryptocephalus), 371
flavator (Bracon), 24
flaveolaria (Eurytoma), 62
flavescens (Drilus), 397
(Larinus), 400
(Pieris), iv
5 v. cinnamomeus (Sitona),400
flaviceps (Aphthona), 402
flavicollis (Hypebeus), 397
flavicornis (Olibrus), 166
56 (Stenopterus), 169
flavifrons (Ichneumon), 14
AG (Scolia), 14
flaviges ((idemera), 168
flavimanus (Bruchus), 33
flavipalpis (Sigalphus), 57
flavipennis (Acupalpus), 389
(Enkrates), 132
(Forficula), 132
(Sphingolabis), 132
nf (Strengophorus), 368
flavipes (Cereyon), 390
)
2?
”
»
”
”
29
>
9?
flavipes (Colasposoma), 369
(Exochomus), 170
» (Tachypus), 165
flavofemoratum (Apion), 164, 168
flavomaculata (Nitidula), 395
flavomaculatus (Eneyrtus), 41, 52
(Entedon), 48, 50
- (Globiceps), 171
flavopictus (Criotettix), 220
flavo-rufa (Xylocopa), 368, 374, 375
flavoscapularis (Kurytoma), 62
flavo-signatus (Thyreopterus), 330
flavovaria (Eurytoma), 62
flavulator (Bracon), 29
flesus (Pterygospidea), 330, 373
(Tagiades), 323
be)
29
floralis (Aithiessa), 397
florella (Callidryas), 447
(Catopsilia), Ixxv, 341, 344,
356, 429, 447, 453
florestan (Ismene), 452
floricola (Sigalphus), 42, 55, 67
», (Terias), 448
foedosa (Entlemma), 341
foetens (Aphodius), 166
foliorum (Rhynchenus), 165, 168
fonscolombii (Sympetrum), 303
fontenayi (Leptura), 169
forcipata (Ischnura), 306
forcipatus (Heterochelus), 378
forcipifer (Malthodes), 167
forda (Arina), 366
forestan (Rhopalocampta), 320, 323,
452
Forficula, 96-132
Formica, xxxiii, xl, xlix, 415, 416,
417, 419, 420
formicaria (Merophysia), 394
formicarius (Anthicus), 399
(Clerus), 17, 62
.9 (Thanasimus), 17
formicetorum (Piezostethus), xlix
formicicola (Bizentia), 145
formiciformis (Cephalonomyia), 22, 24
Formicomus, 310
formosa (Euchromia), 320
55 (Opisthocosmia), 100
forsteri (Scantius), 377
foveicollis (Blaps), 398
foveolata (Naupheeta), 467
foveolatus (Ochthebius), 390
fraterna (Xylocopa), 368
fraxinata (Eupithecia), u
fraxini (Hylesinus), 59, 62, 401
(Pteromalus), 62
», (Sterconychus), 53
frey-gessneri (Paratettix), 237
frigidus (Ammeecius), 166
99
9
29
——_—=
G Vexxv, )
frischi (Dermestes), 395
frobenia (Neptis), 443
9 (Rahinda), 443
frontalis (Limnichus), 145
as (Tetrastichus), 49
frumentarium (Apion), 401
fucicola (Actinopteryx), 394
fuciformis (Sesia), 162
fulgens (Cydimon), 409
fulgidus (Eulissus), 392
fuliginosa (Dictyonota), 170
% (Pentapleura), 56
fuliginosus (Lasius), xl, 417
fulva (Leptura), 169
fulvescens (Cyllo), 435
fulvieollis (Tachys), 388
fulvipennis (Bruchus), 169
fulvipes (Carterus), 389
», (Melanophthalma), 166, 395
», (Orthocentrus), 28, 31
», (Sigalphus), 48
fulvopilosus (Camponotus), 349, 363
fulvus (Cryptocephalus), 34
», (Oniticellus), 166, 396
fumata (Acidalia), ii
», (Typhea), 18, 395
fumatus (Eulophus), 49, 50
Fumea, 163
fumipennis (Bothriothorax), 18
funebris (Cicindela), 165
;, (Drosophila), 285, 298, 300
funerala (Anthaxia), 166
funesta (Leucocelis), 386, 396
fungi v. orbata (Colpodota), 391
fungicola (Enicmus), lxxxi
fur (Ptinus), 18
furcata (Mesovelia), Ixvi
furcatus (Bledius), 393
furcifera (Sphingolabis), 97, 117
fusca (Aptera), 467
fusca (Blatta), 467
», (Formica), xxxiii, xl, 417
», (Sympyena), 308
fuscatus (Olisthopus), 389
fuscipennis (Bracon), 36
i (Harpalus), 379
Ap (Proreus), 130
fuscipes (Blacus), 61
» (Tapheus), 19
fusco-aeneus (Harpalus), 365
fuscum (Tetropium), 183, 185, 205
fuscus (Acanthalobus), 222
», (Anthrenus), 395
», (Cymatopterus), 390
», (Meligethes), 166
gabrieli (Tetropium), 32, 183, 184,
185, 186, 187, 188, 199, 205,
206
gagates (Polyrachis), 375
caika (Cupido), 445, 446
,, (Zizera), 429, 445, 446
galatea (Melanargia), vii
», ab. fulvata (Melanargia), vii
Galeruca, 36
caleruce (Pteromalus), 36
Galerucella, 36
gallarum (Pteromalus), 35
galiicus (Doryctes), 25, 26
<3 (Trichius), 166
Gametis, 369, 373
Ganychorus, 43
Gasterocercus, 54
Gastroidea, 36
Gastrophysa, 36
Gavialidium, 220
gavialis (Scelimena), 218
Gecinus, 208
Gedanensis (Alysia), 30, 31
geeri (Eupelinus), 52, 62
Geyenes, 316, 317, 322, 326, 329, 353,
360, 368, 373, 377
gelinia (Liptena), 79
», (Mimacrea), 79
geminatus (Notiophilus), 388
geniculatus (Entedon), 67
geographicus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 168
geometrina (Zerenopsis), 327
Geostiba, 391
Geotrupes, 164, 166, 396
germanica (Blatta), 456
Gerris, 170
Gerydus, vili
geryon (Ino), 162
gibba (Blatta), 467
», (Notolampra), 467
gibberosus (Symbiotes), 394
gibbifer (Gerris), 170
| Gibbium, 397
gidica (Belenois), 314, 319, 322, 325,
329, 352, 353, 355, 357, 358, 359
gigantea (Blatta), 456
giganteus (Pteropus), 421, 428
gigas (Blaps), 398
», (Cebrio), 397
», (Sirex), 192
gilvipes (Diaparsus), 39
glaber (Brachypterus), 395
glabratus (Blechrus), 389
», (Cis), 24
59 (Ephialtes), 20
glabricollis (Ebzeus), 167
glandicolor (Cymus), 170
glaphyrotes (Pterophorus), 497
glaucopterus (Chelisoches), 127, 129
glaumrigi (Halter), 350
Glaux, Ixxxii
(\extva’ *)
Globiceps, 171
globicollis (Cryptocephalus), 164, 169
globosus (Aspidophorus), 145
3 (Brachycerus), 339
id (Trinodes), 145
globulariz (Ino), 162
globulicollis (Bryaxis), 393
globulus (Ephistemus), 394
glochinias (Pterophorus), 501
Glutophrissa, xviii, 325, 329, 359
Glyphodes, 362
Glypta, 31, 57
Gnatho, 12
Gnypeta, 391
godarti (Athous), 164, 167
goetzius (Byblia), 315, 317, 318, 322,
325, 328, 352, 366, 367, 372, 376
Gomalia, 320, 326, 363
Gonatopus, xliii
Gonepteryx, 161
goniodes (Holcostethus), 321
Gonocephalum, 386, 398
Gonodera, 167, 399
Gonopsis, 337
gordius (Chrysophanus), 161
goudoti (Euplcea), 434, 450, 451
gracilis (Campoplex), 54
», (Ephialtes), 17
», (Hedotettix), 240
>, (Lestes), 308
», (Polyhirma), 365
», (Scopus), 392
Gracillodes, 330, 353
grellsi (Bledius), 166, 393
graminelle (Pimpla), 45
Grammoptera, xxv, 28
granaria (Calandra), 400
granarius (Aphodius), 396
A (Bruchus), 33
grandicollis (Thorictus), 396
grandis (Megalodacne), 330
», (Pterophorus), 594
granosa (Monachoda), 467
Graphipterus, 333, 336, 340
Grapta, 161
gravenhorstii (Pteromalus), 65
greeni (Forficula), 111, 115, 116
,, (Systolederus), 227
gregaria (Aloconota), 391
gregorii (Neocenyra), 77
grenieri (Tychius), 400
griffithi (Pedilophorus), 138, 139, 141
grisea (Blatta), 459, 462
,, (Epilampra), 462, 467
griseus (Belonogaster), 337, 342, 344
», (Ophonus), 389
greenlandicus (Colymbetes), xxix
Gronops, 168, 400
grossa (Blatta), 466, 467
,, (Chrysomela), 386, 402
,, (Monachoda), 467
gruneri (Anthocharis), v
Gryllotalpa, 84
Grypidius, 171
grypus (Oryctes), 166, 396
guerini (Belonogaster), 345, 354, 356
375
guibelondoi (Hedotettix), 240
guttata (Blatta), 467
guttatis (Agabus), 165
guttatus (Pteromalus), 15, 47, 64, 67
euttula (Bembidion), 388
< (Stenus), 166
Gyaria, 337
gyllenhali (Nebria), 8
gymnetri (Bracon), 51, 52
. (Pimpla), 51
Gymnetron, 51, 52, 168, 401
Gymnoloma, 313
Gyna, 469
Gynandrophthalma, 169, 371
Gypsochares, 491
gyrini (Hemiteles), 8, 9
», argentatus (Hemiteles), 9
Gyrinus, 8, 9
gyrosicollis (Eremnus), 374
Hadrocerus, 47, 52
Hematopota, 354, 857, 380
hemorrhoa (Oxypoda), 391
hzmorrhoidale (Lasioderma), 398
hemorrhoidalis (Aphodius), 166
=i (Liris), 317
a (Oxythyrea), 371, 374
Rs socius (Tachys), 388
A (Tachys), 388
Ae (Telephorus), xxiv
Halictus, xlvili, 311, 313, 374, 380
Haliplus, 390
Hallomenus, 39, 40
Halobrectha, 391
Halter, 350
Haltica, 347, 361
halticee (Aphidius), 37
Halticella, 21
Halticus, 171
Halyzia, 170
Hamanumida, 352
Hamaxas, 126, 133
Haplocnemus, 167, 386, 397
Haplolycus, 321, 369, 373
Haplotrachelus, 371
harpactes (Pterophorus), 495
Harpactor, 170, 373, 876
harpaloides (Ocys), 165, 388
Harpalus, 164, 165, 312, 332, 336, 340
365, 379, 380, 389, 399
(exxxen.}
harpax (Axiocerces), 320, 342, 344,
353, 363, 364, 373
hartigii (Bracon), 67
hassicus (Ichneumon), 54
hastatus (Oxynotus), 220
Hastula, ii, 173, 174
hebe (Atechna), 371
hecabe (Terias), 356
Hecabolus, 18, 21, 22
heckmanni (Neocenyra), 77
hedemanni (Pselnophorus), 491
hedere (Anobium), 21
», (Blastophagus), 22
», (Ochina), 21
Hedobia, 18
Hedotettix, 240, 241
Hedybius, 378, 380
Helcon, 18, 22, 26, 28, 29, 32, 40, 59
Heledona, 37
Helenophorus, 398
Heliconine, xl, xli, xlii
Heliconius, xiv, xv, xvi, lxxvi, lxxix
Heliopathes, 167
Heliothea, 163
Heliothis, 162
Heliothrips, lxxxi
hellica (Synchloé), 311, 381, 334, 335,
338, 339, 372, 377
Helochares, 390
Helophilus, 360
Helophorus, 390
Helops, 164, 167, 399
helvolus (Dorylus), 334, 376
hemerobina (Phyllodromia), 470
Hemianax, 305
hemiargus (Pselnophorus), 491
Hemimachus, 53
Hemimerus, xxxiii
hemimetra (Platyptilia), 483
Hemipepsis, 354
Hemiptera-Heteroptera, 170
hemipterus (Carpophilus), 395
hemispherica (Cassida), 403
hemisphericus (Nanophyes), 401
Hemiteles, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 39, 46, 53, 56, 58, 64, 67
Hemithyrsocera, 468
Henicopus, 164, 167, 397
Henotesia, 435
Henoticus, lxxxi
hera (Callimorpha), 162
heraclei (Acidia), 265
hercules (Chelisoches), 133
hercyniz (Curculio), 47
*3 (Pissodes), 47
hercynianus (Xorides), 47
hermes (Anechura), 96
heros (Cerambyx), 24
PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1907.
Hesperia, 161, 363, 364, 453
Hesperiide, 452
Hesperophanes, 402
hesperus (Xantholinus), 392
Hestina, lxiv
Heterocera, 161
Heterocerid, 391
Heterocerus, 391
Heterochelus, 373, 378, 380
Heterochroa, Ixxvii
Heterogynis, 161, 162
Heteromera, 339, 355, 364
heteromerus (Morychus), 146
heteropus (Ephialtes), 25
hewitsoni (Heliconius), xv
5 (Papilio), 4
Hexachrysis, 374
heydeni (Henicopus), 167
heydeniana (Phoraspis), 467
hiarbas (Eurytela), 315, 317, 318, 321,
325, 367, 376
hibernica (Isotoma), Ixxxii
33 (Premachilus), lxxxii
hieracii (Zonabris), 168
hierosolymitana (Calodera), 391
himantopus (Athalia), 316, 368
Himatismus, 351
hintza (Castalius), 362
», (Lycena), 362
hippomene (Antanartia), 437
(Hypanartia), 368
6 (Pyrameis), 437
hippophaés (Pachybrachys), 169
Hipporrhinus, 313, 336
hippothoé (Chrysophanus), Ixvi, 161
hirta (Blatta), 467
», (Blepharodera), 467
», (Epilachna), 310
hirtella (Epicometis), xxix
hirticornis (Coreus), 170
hirtulus (Chasmatopterus), 164, 166
hirtus (Byrrhus), 398
Hispa, 170, 347, 361
hispanica (Gonodera), 167
hispanicum (Bembidium), 165
hispanus (Copris), 396
hispidus (Anthicus), 399
is (Pogonocherus), 29, 30
3 (Trox), 396
», asiaticus (Trox), 396
hispulla (Epinephile), 161
Hister, 11, 166, 327, 365, 386, 396
Histeride, 145, 146, 396
Histeromerus, 14, 27
histricus (Paratettix), 236, 237
histrionica (Eurytoma), 40
hodias (Marasmarcha), 492
hohenheimensis (Pteromalus), 20
K
29
( exxxvili )
Holocompsa, 464
Holcostethus, 321
Hololampra, 468
hololeucus (Niptus), 18
Holoparamecus, 394
holosericea (Nyctibora), 467
holosericeus (Tropistethus), 170
Homalodemas, 333, 469
Homalomyia, 317
Homceosoma, 163
Homoptera, 334, 342, 350
honestus (Harpalus), 165
hopei (Cyclopodia), 422, 428
Hoplia, 166
Hopliine, 373
hoplites (Apanteles), 36, 41
Hoplocryptus, 45
Hoplosia, 28
hoplotarsus (Henicopus), 167
horsfieldi (Cyclopodia), 421, 423, 426
Hostilia, 469
hottentota (Gegenes), 316, 360
a (Xylocopa), 335
hottentotus (Xantholinus), 369
hova (Hypurgus), 102
huebneri (Orneodes), 509
humeralis (Aspidophorus), 145
5 (Hallomenus), 39
a (Hybotettix), 232
5 (Hypurgus), 102
of (Opisthocosmia), 102
an (Sitona), 400
discoideus (Sitona), 400
humilis (Anthicus), 399
, lameyi (Anthicus), 399
humuli (Monanthia), 170
hungaricus (Chironitis), 396
ee XXlil, XXiv
hyalina (Panchlora), 463
hyalinum (Orthetrum), 305
Hybernia, ii
Hybotettix, 232, 233
hybrida (Coleus), 444
hybridus (Harpalus), 340
hydara colombina (Heliconius), xv
;, (Heliconius), xiv
Hydnobius, 393
Hydrena, 390
Hydrilla, ii
hydrocheris (Aphodius), 396
Hydrocyphon, 167
Hydroporus, 390
Hydrothassa, 169
Hydrovatus, xxxii
hyerana (Hastula), ii, iii, iv, 173, 174
hylas (Cephonodes), 344
Hylastes, 61, 164, 169
Hyleccetus, 18
hylesini (Bracon), 63, 64, 65, 67
hylesinorum (Entedon), 63
es (Eulophus), 61
Hylesinus, 17, 46, 47, 59, 61, 62, 66
401
hylobii (Bracon), 46
Hylobius, 46
Hylomela, 342, 356, 371
Hylotrupes, 25, 164, 169, 402
Hylurgus, 63, 64
Hymenoplia, 164, 166
Hymenoptera, 163, 320, 356, 368, 479
Hyparnartia, 368
Hypebieus, 397
Hypena, 323
Hypera, lv, 36, 44, 45, 386, 400
Hyperaspis, 170
hyperici (Agrilus), 166
;, (Chrysomela), 169
hypermelas (Pseudagrion), 307
hypnorum (Tachyporus), 392
5 meridionalis (Tachyporus),
392
hypobori (Leemophleeus), 395
Hypoborus, 401
Hypocoprus, 395
hypocrita (Geotrupes), 166
Hypocyptus, 392
Hypoderma, xliv
Hypolimnas, 318, 433, 442, 443
Hypolyceena, 320, 322, 344, 353
Hypospheeria, 370, 467, 469
Hypurgus, 99, 101
Hyria, lxxxv
ianthe (Belenois), xxix, xxx, Ixx
ibericum (Bembidium), 165
icanus (Brachyderes), 168
Icaria, 320, 343, 369, 374, 375
icarus (Lycena), 161
Ichneumon, 14, 15, 31, 54, 58, 178
ichneumonea (Diopsis), 360
ida (Epinephile), 161
idas (Lyceena), 151, 155, 157
Idia, 316, 368, 369
Idcea, 323, 376
idotea (Leuceronia), xxx
igneus (Bracon), 29
ignifera (Platyptilia), 481
ilicis (Coeliodes), 168
,, (Orchestes), 49, 50
», (Rhynchenus), 168
», (Thecla), 171
ilithyia (Byblia), 315, 335
imbricornis (Bruchus), 401
imitans (Sympetrum), 304
immaculatus (Carpophilus), 395
immundus (Acupalpus), 389
a (Saprinus), 166
( exxxix )
immune (Apion), 168
immutator (Bracon), 54
impennis (Ancistrogaster), 108
imperator (Doryctes), 16
us (Ephialtes), 15, 31
imperialis (Hedobia), 18
imperialus (Ptinus), 18
impostor (Bracon), 30
impressa (Crepidodera), 402
impressicollis (Ochthebius), 390
Ss v. imperfectus (Ochthe-
bius), 390
impressus (Pachnephorus), 402
“6 (Prototettix), 361, 371, 374
impurus (Microgaster), 52
inaria (Hypolimnas), 442
inclusa (Pseudomops), 458
», amcena (Pseudomops), 458
incoloralis (Pyrausta), 368
incompletus (Bracon), 46
inconclusaria (Obocola), 368, 376
inconspicua (Parnara), 353
inconspicuella (Micothrix), 334
inconspicuus (Luperus), 371
inconstans (Notoxus), 380
incultus (Xenorrhinus), 355
indagator (Rhagium), 27
ap (Rhyssalus), 67
india (Scelimena), 219
indicus (Euparatettix), 238
indigacea (Haltica), 361
indigena (Brachonyx), 52
inenerabilis (Atechna), 369
inerme (Kusandulum), 20, 23, 29
inermis (Hupelmus), 14, 18, 21, 63
infausta (Aglaope), 162
infirma (Epilachna), 327
inflata (Psylliodes), 402
inflatus (Coptotettix), 242
inflexa (Neottiglossa), 170
initiatellus (Bracon), 58
initiator (Bracon), 27, 28, 32, 47
», (Cceloides), 27
Ino, 162
inornatus (Halictus), 313
inquinatus (Pterophorus), 501
Inquisitor (Rhagium), 27
insectator (Hoplocryptus), 45
insidiosus (Criotettix), 223
PA (Loxilobus), 223
insignis (Eparchus), 121
» (Forficula), 120
instabile (Cyphodema), 171
instabilis (Anthicus), 399
= (Hemimachus), 53
instigator (Pimpla), 14, 25
Insulare (Dactylosternum), 390
insularis (Anthocharis), v
insularis (Cossyphus), 399
a (Mazarredia), 230
e (Papilio), 5
hy (Pheestus), 214
insulsella (Microthrix), 334, 338, 250
integer (Cryptophilus), 394
intercepta (Blatta), 458
intermedia (Darocalymna), 333, 469
intermedius (Sitona), 400
internata (Craspedia), 368
internum (Orthetrum), 305
interrogans (Forficula), 114
interruptus v. testaceus (Laccophilus),
390
fs (Scymnus), 403
a v. basalis (Seymnus), 403
interstitialis (Brachistes), 18
intricata (Adesmia), 355
intricatus (Eccoptogaster), 22, 29, 61
e; (Elachestus), 58
BY (Scolytus), 59
Inula, 385, 387
inustus (Oxytelus), 393 -
invida (Marasmarcha), 493
io (Vanessa), 161
iole (Apatura), vii
ione (Teracolus), 319, 326
Iphiaulax, 331, 343, 344, 356, 369, 370
iphioides (Ceenonympha), 159
Ipomeea, 249, 251, 348, 353, 355, 356
iracundus (Harpactor), 170
iridis (Lixus), 45
iris (Apatura), vii, 161
,, (Promeces), 369
urigator (Xorides), 27, 28
irritans (Pheidole), 331, 323, 333, 371
irrorata (Blatta), 467
irrorella (Endrosa), 162
ischioxanthus (Eurytoma), 32, 47, 62
Ischius, 49
ischnites (Tetraschalis), 474
Ischnoceros, 25, 27
Ischnoptera, 361, 459, 461, 467, 468,
470
Ischnura, 306, 307
Isidus, 397
Ismene, 452
ismene (Melanitis), 435
Tsoglossa, 325
isokani (Phrissura), xix, lxx, lxxi, ]xxii
Isotoma, lxxxii
Ithomiine, x, xli
itonia (Yphthima), 352, 359
jacksoni (Mylothris), Ixxi
janira (Epinephile), 161
japygia (Arge), 161
javana (Ancistrogaster), 92, 118
javanica (Panesthia), xxxiv
jobina (Teracolus), 326
Jouanensis (Pteromalus), 48, 49, 50
jucunda (Hypera), 400
jucundus (Halictus), 311
juglandis (Synchita), 13
juncea (Deropeltis), 310
5, (Ischnoptera), 467
junci (Lixus), 400
jungermannie (Smicronyx), 400
Junonia, 439, 440
kakkerlac (Blatta), 459
Kedestes, 31, 326
keithloa (Rhopalocampta), 323
kervillei (Ancistrogaster), 107
Khoina, 376
kiesenwetteri (Seymnus), 403
Kinesis, 125, 126
Kleditoma, xl
Kleter, 99, 104
klugii (Cosmophus), 64
komarowi (Opisthocosmia), 96, 97
Koremaguia, 481
Kosmetor, 120, 122, 123
koyi (Cryptocephalus), 164, 169
kraatzi (Myllena), 391
5, (Quedius), xxxii
krishna (Papilio), lxiv
kuhlweini (Syntomis), 368, 373, 375
Labia, 93
labiata (Therates), 85
Labidostomis, 169, 402
Labidostomus, 386
Labidura, 93
Labiduride, 91
labilis (Gnypeta), 391
labrator (Bostrichus), 67
33 (Bracon), 46
Labus, 345
Laccobius, 390
Laccophilus, 390
Laccoptera, 250, 251, 252
lachesis (Arge), 161
Lachnexa, 163, 169
Lachnocnema, 320
lacteipennis (Aciptilus), 488
e (Alucita), 488
lacteus (Microgaster), 52
ladenbergi (Raphitelus), 62
op (Styloceras), 62
Lelia, 368
Lemophleus, 15, 395
Lzemosthenes, 387, 389
lesa (Myrmecopora), 391
leta (Serenthia), 170
letatorius (Bassus), 36
letior (Proreus), 130
levicolle (Apion), 169
levigata (Biscutella), 1x
ext}
levigata v. leachi (Tentyria), 387, 398
Be (Timarcha), 35
levigator (Ascogaster), 31
a (Chelonus), 30
levigatum (Agathidium), 393
levigatus (Exothecus), 26
ee (Geotrupes), 396
5 (Microgaster), 41
an (Scopus), 166, 392
levinodis (Myrmica), 9
levipennis (Ootheca), 371, 374
levis (Trachyscelis), xxvi
leviuscula (Clythra), 164, 169
leviusculus (Othius), 392
Lagria, 167, 361, 374
laminatus (Cis), 24
Lampides, 152, 445
Lampyris, 167, 310, 397
lanceolana (Bactra), 163
lanceolator (Exothecus), 57
lanceolatus (Pteromalus), 58, 64
languidus (Stenus), 392
lanuginosus (Ochthebius), 390
lapathi (Campoplex), 54
;, (Cryptorrhynchus), 53
lapponica (Blatta), 456, 457
lapponicus (Eetobius), 459
lar (Exoprosopa), 343
lara (Leptomyrina), 312
lareyniei (Lampyris), 397
laricis (Bostrichus), 66
,, (Chermes, 207
», (Tomicus), 66
Larinus, 45, 168, 386, 400
Larra, 369
Lasioderma, 398
Lasius, xl, 417
lasti (Phrissura), xviii, Ixxii
lateralis (Anaplecta), 468
WA (Bombylius), 379
3 (Camptopus), 170
Pe (Cillenus), 164, 165
“3 (Sericoderus), 394
lateripunctatus (Longitarsus), 402
lathonia (Argynnis), 161
Lathridiide, 394
Lathrobium, Ixviii, 165, 392
laticeps (Pimpla), 47
laticollis (Baris), 55
a5 (Bruchus), 401
“5 (Helops), 167
5 (Philonthus), 392
aS (Trachyphleeus), 400
a (Xyletinus), 167
latifolia (Typha), liil
latihumerus (Ocytettix), 227
latipes race dealbata (Platyenemis), 306
latirostris (Rhinocyllus), 45
( Vexli: )
latistriata (Polysphincta), 49
lativentris (Megalothrips), ]xxxi
lativittata (Phyllotreta), 402
latreillei (Pteromalus), 63
latus (Campoplex), 52
Leasia, xl
lectularia (Acanthia), 376
leda (Cyllo), 435
», (Hronia), 319, 329, 357
», (Melanitis), lxxv, 322, 435
lefebvrei (Erebia), 1
Leggada, lxxix
leguminum (Pteromalus), 34, 42
leilus (Cydimon), xxviii, 405, 406, 408,
409
», (Urania), xxvili, 405, 410
Leiognathus, 428
Leioptilus, xii, xl
Leiopus, xvi, 28
Lema, 402
lemurodes (Tetraschalis), 476
lenticularis (Neuroterus), 1xxxii
lentis (Bruchus), 33
leonensis (Asida), 167
leonidas (Papilio), 353, 359
leopardina (Zerenopsis), 368
lepeletieri (Kumenes), 362, 363
Lepidoptera, 370
B (Heteroeera), 310
lepidus (Eulophus), 48
Lepitrix, 379
leprosus (Phymateus), xlviii, 335, 374,
376
Leptacinus, 392
Leptidia, 161
Leptomyrina, 312
Leptura, 27, 164, 169
leroma (Crudaria), 343
Lesna, 361
lesnei (Forficula), 114
Lestes, 308
leucadactylus (Aciptilus), 490
Leucania, 334
leucaspis (Orchestes), 48
a scutellaris (Orchestes), 48
p semirufus (Orchestes), 48
Leuceronia, xxix, xxx, xxxi, xx, Ixxii,
311, 358, 359
leucobatus (Elachestus), 41
Leucocelis, 166, 386, 396
leucogaster (Bracon), 25, 27
leucogramma (Elachestus), 32, 56, 58,
59, 60
Leucohimatium, 394
leucomelena (Trochilium), 163
Leucoparyphus, 392
leucopezus (Pteromalus), 33
leucopsideus (Trichodes), 167
leucospidiformis (Trochilium), 163
leucospilata (Comibzena), 350, 357
leucothoides (Papilio), 4
levana (Araschnia), Ixxiii, lxxiv
levantinus (Amblystomus), 389
levis (Anomeceotes), 330
Liagrica, 402
Libellula, 304
Libelluline, 303
libyssa (Cartaletis), 327
Libythea, 429, 443
Licinus, 389
lienardi (Ophiusa), 326
lienigianus (Pterophorus), 497
lignarius (Clinocentrus), 16
a (Eusandulum), 16
BS (Exotheeus), 15
ligneus (Otiorhynchus), 43, 44
lignicola (Pimpla), 17
(Polysphincta), 24
lilii (Crioceris), 169
limbata (Blatta), 467
», (Myrmedonia), 420
», (Nyctibora), 467
», (Rogas), 54
limbatus (Chelisoches), 132
a (Omophron), 165
limbirena (Plusia), 334
Limenitis, lxvi, lxxvil, lxxix, Ixxx
Limnas, x, 314-337, 352-372
Limnichus, 145, 166
Limobius, 400
Lina, 36
Linaria, 51
linearis (Apterygida), 117
=) (Worw)) 124
, (Dromius), 390
;, (Forficula), 124
», (Mycetochara), 25
:, (Mycetochares), 38
», (Pimpla), 16, 46, 56
», (Promeces), 311, 378
lineata (Lepitrix), 379
», (Sterrhanthia), 332
lineatocollis (Haliplus), 390
lineatus (Entedon), 48
», (Onychogomphus), 305
AP (Paratettix), 236, 237
ae (Sitona), 400
lineellus (Pachyxyphus), 171
lineolatus (Aphodius), 396
lingeus (Cacyreus), 358, 429, 444
», (Cupido), 444
Liodes, 166
Liothrips, 1xxxi
Liparura, 118, 119
Lipodes, 99, 100
i Liptena, 79, 353, 356
( exliy }
liquidus (Olibrus), 394
Liris, 317
Lissogenius, 371, 375
Lissonota, 15, 19, 21, 32
Litargus, 395
lithodactylus (Marasmarcha), 411
(Pterophorus), 502
littoralis (Cicindela), 388
544 v. melitensis (Phylax), 398
litura (Ceuthorrhynchus), 168
», (Rhizobius), 403
», Vv. discomacula (Rhizobius), 403
liturata (Macaria), ii
lituratus (Piezodorus), 170
5 (Rhytirrhinus), 365
ae livida (Blatta), 459, 461
lividus (Aphodius), 396
», (Aspongopus), 370
», (Lixus), 45, 168, 400
», (Luperus), 170
», (Telephorus), xxiv
Lobonyx, 163, 164, 167
Lobophora, 128
lobophoroides (Forficula), 122
Lochmea, Ixxxiv, Ixxxv, 170
Locusta, 1x
leeflingiana (Tortrix), 163
logani (Scelimena), 218
lohita (Spindasis), 245
Lomechusa, 415-420
longicaudis (Bracon), 62
s (Brachistes), 57, 60
of (Meteorus), 38
An (Perilitus), 38
longicorne (Anobium), 20
longicornis (Philonthus), 392
longinotus (Acanthalobus), 221, 222
longipalpa (Blatta), 468
longipes (Opisthocosmia), 106
longispina (Aphodius), 396
longitarsis (Chilopora), 391
Longitarsus, 386, 387, 402
longiventris (Entedon), 18, 20, 43
a (Pimpla), 41
longstaffi (Myorrhinus), 374
8 (Odynerus), 374
longula (Atheta), 391
longulus (Bledius), 166
lophoptera (Tetradia), 339, 351
lophyrorum (Eulophus), 60
Lophyrus, 11
Lopus, 170
loripes (Mecorhynus), 371
lorquini (Limenitis), 1xxvii,
Ixxx
loti (Apion), 42, 169
, (Diplura), 148, 161
Loxilobus, 223
lxxix,
lubbocki (Carinapleurothrips), Ixxxii
lucasi (Acupalpus), 389
(Forficula), 113
lucasia (Humenes), 345
lucida (Acontia), 162
», (Zizera), 317, 320
Lucilia, 9, 377
Luciola, 377, 379
luctuosa (Acontia), 162
by (Blabera), 469
5 (Phoraspis), 467
luctuosus (Ancistrogaster), 109
ludekingi (Proreus), 130, 131
ludifieator (Cneorrhinus), 164, 168
Iudovica (Ammophila), 354
lugens (Eparchus), 121
», (Otiorrhynchus), 399
lugubris (Forficula), 121
»» (Meligethes), 395
luniedactylus (Marasmarcha), 411
lunata (Chilomenes), 310, 374
», (Decatoma), 373
lunatus (Entedon), 50
», (Gronops), 168, 400
lunula (Pteromalus), 47, 58, 60, 63
Luperus, 164, 170, 371
lurida (Gidemera), 168
luridum (Tetropium), 31, 32, 183, 185,
186, 187, 199, 205
luridus (Cerambyx), 31, 199, 205
,, (Longitarsus), 402
lusitanica (Labidostomis), 169
lusitanicum (Exosoma), 164, 169
- (Lathrobium), 392
lusitanicus (Brachyderes), 164, 168
a (Cryptocephalus), 169
lusitanus (Exocentrus), 29
luteicollis (Halticus), 171
luteicornis (Tomoglossa), 391
luteipennis (Doru), 124
luteipes (Dilacra), 391
5 (Doru), 124
a (Entedon), 48, 49
luteola (Auchmeromyia),
xlvii
luteorubra (Platynaspis), 170
luteus (Ophion), 45
Lycena, vii, 1, 151, 155,
159,” 1614, 382050329:
445
Lycenide, 322, 353
Lyecanthropa, 312
lycaon (Epinephile), 161
Lycodon, 178
lycopi (Longitarsus), 402
Lyctus, 17, 23, 364, 398
Lycus, 376
Lygzeosoma, 170
xliv, xlvi,
157, 158,
341, 362,
( exlili )
Lygeus, liv, 170, 310, 337
Lygus, 171
lyllus (Ccoenonympha), 160
Lymexylon, 25
lynx (Anisonyx), 3878, 379
lysimon (Cupido), 445, 446
(Lyceena), 445, 446
5 (Zizera), 312, 317, 320, 322,
329, 334, 335, 345, 353, 356, 357,
359, 367, 377, 445, 446
lythri (Nanophyes), 53, 168
lythrodes (Acanthaspis), 379
Macaria, 11
macaristus (Papilio), 6
machaon (Papilio), 160
mackenii (Acleros), 323, 329
mackerindi (Apterygida), 98
macomo (Oyclopides), 81
», (Kedestes), 81, 326
macrocentus (Torymus), 31
Macrochilus, 336
macroderus (Dyschirius), 388
Macroglossa, 360, 368
macrolabia (Forficula), 110
Macroma, 327, 369
Macromia, 356
Macroplax, 170
macularis (Polysticta), 374
maculata (Leptura), 169
Ve (Megilla), 12
maculatus (Camponotus), 310, 320, 327,
336, 341, 363, 369
xe (Colotes), 397
3 (Ochthebius), 390
; (Raphitelus), 60, 64
maculicollis (Blatta), 462
Be (Cleonus), 400
maculicrus (Cardiophorus), 397
a beloni (Cardiophorus), 397
maculiger (Bracon), 55
maculosa (Alphitopoda), 369
maderz (Calosoma), 387, 388
», (Rhyparobia), 467
madidus (Cleonus), 400
mera (Pararge), 161
meerkeli (Pithanus), 170
magadis (Orneodes), 510
Magdalinus, 56
Magdalis, xlix, 56, 57, 60-
magdalis (Pteromalus), 56
maha (Zizera), 446
mahopaani (Parnara), 353
Mairus, 50
major (Hister), 396
og (ost os)}, Tkeereht
malabarica (Bombax), 175
Malachius, 17, 165, 167, 206, 397
Malacosoma, 162, 374, 375
”)
malathana (Catochrysops), 320, 360
malcolmi (Malthodes), 397
malgachus (Chelisoches), 129
Malthinus, 164, 167,397
Malthodes, 167, 377
malvee (Apion), 386, 401
malvernensis (Gynandropthalma), 371
Mamestra, 162
mandersi (Nacaduba), 429, 446
mandibularis (Pteromalus), 36
mandueator (Alysia), 9, 67
manicatum (Anthidium), lxi
manifestator (Hphialtes), 15, 25, 30
$1 (Ichneumon), 15
manlius (Papilio), 449
mannerheimi (Bembidium), 165
Mantide, 251
Mantis, 331, 361
Mantispa, 376
Marasmarcha,
492
marchalli (Pamphila), 453
i (Parnara), 453
marci (Bibio), 360
marginalis (Oxythyrea), 338, 368, 371
(Polistes), 369, 375
marginata (Hastula), iii, iv
marginator (Rogas), 54
marginatus (Camponotus), 336
bs (Pelocoris), 171
se (Stenolophus), 389
ss (Syromastes), 170
ae (Trigonopus), 369, 371
marginellus (Stenodontus), 206
marginicollis (Attagenus), 395
maria (Stugeta), 80
mariana (Buprestis), 15
3 (Chaleophora), 15
marina (Actocharis), 391
maritima (Glaux), Ixxxii
maritimus (Beosus), 170
bE (Saprinus), 166
marmarias (Xyroptila), 480
marpessa (Neptis), 358
marshalli (Gonatopus), xlili
as (Mimacrea), 78
massiliensis (Clytanthus), 169
Mastigus, 166
masurialis (Ophiuche), 323
mathewi (Ccenonympha), 154, 155
mathias (Parnara), 358, 360
maura (Kurygaster), 170
mauricanus (Anax), 377
mauritanicus (Tenebrioides), 395
mauritiana (Antanartia), 437
maurus (Otiorhynchus), 44
maxillosus (Creophilus), 9, 392
Mazzarredia, 230, 231
411, 412, 413, 414,
( exliv )
Mecinus, 52, 401
Mecorhynus, 371
media (Apterygida), 93
medianus (Entedon), 49, 50
medius (Pteropus), 421
Medon, 392
megacephala (Pheidole), 332, 336
Megachile, 379
megiera (Pararge), 161
Megalodacne, 330
Megalothrips, Ixxxi
Megarthrus, 393
Megilla, 12
mejanesi (Ophiusa), 317
Meladema, 390
melampa (Lema), 402
Melanargia, vii
melanaria (Bzeoglossa), 339, 340
melanarius (Hemiteles), 17,
64
(Omaseus), 8
melancholica (Cicindela), 388
melancholicus (Carabus, 165
(Plocederus), 351
Melandrya, 17, 40
Melanitis, lxxiv, Ixxvi, 322, 485
melanocephalus (Cymus), 170
(Proreus), 130
melanocor ypha (Diapria), 54
Melanophthalma, 164, 166, 394
melanopoda (Alucitia), 489
melanops (Lyciena), 161
melanopus (Stenus), 392
Melanosilpha, 469
melanostictus (Catantops),
374
3 (Ceuthorrhynchus), 400
melanostoma (Psilothrix), 397
Melanotus, 164, 166
melanotus (Cceloides), 62, 67
melanura (Leptura), 169
ae (Nacerdes), xvi, 399
melanurus (Sunius), 392
melas (Erebia), 1
Melasoma, 35, 36, 41
Melianoides (Borolia), 334
(Leucania), 334
Meligethes, 18, 166, 445, 395
meliloti (Tychius), 400
Melita, v, vi, 159, 160, 161
melitana (Akis), 398
; (Asida), 387, 398
es (Stenosis), 398
melitense (Opatrum), 398
- (Stenostoma), 399
melitensis (Attalus), 397
+3 testaceipes (Attalus), 397
46, 56,
316, 321,
331, 338, 369, 371,
melitensis (Aulacoderus), 399
eo (Ceuthorrhynchus), 400
x (Dasytiscus), 387, 397
bs (Haplocnemus), 397
a (Heterocerus), 391
- (Omophlus), 399
i (Phylax), 387
(Timarcha), 402
mellerborgi (Pheestus), 215
mellifica (Apis), 311, 330, 338, 363
PenELace adansonii (Apis), 310,
331, 338, 344, 349, 368,
378, 379
Meloé, xvi, Ixxiii, 399
Melyris, 357, 374
membranaceus (Longitarsus), 403
memmnon (Papilio), 3
memnonius (Magdalinus), 56
(Trogophleeus), 393
mendax (Papilio), 5
mendicus (Cleonus), 400
menelas (Spindasis), 80
Mercurialis, xlix, lv
meridianum (Apion), 386
meridionalis (Adicella), 163
i (Atheta), 391
i (Blatta), 469
ae (Melitea), vi
‘a (Ophonus), 389
3 (Sympetrum), 303
mermis (Epamera), 81
Merophysia, 394
mesentina (Belenois), 346, 358, 358
Mesites, 57, 400
Mesochelidura, 94
Mesochorus, 35, 44
Mesoccelopus, 22
Mesoleptus, 24, 32
mesolychna (Orneodes), 508
Mesoponera, 332, 342
Mesostenus, 17, 61, 40
Mesovelia, Ixvi
Mesozona (Euproctis), 316
Metabletus, 389
Metachrostis, 350, 370
metallica (Anchura), 97
5 (Forficula), 97
- cuprea (Potosia), 396
Meteorus, 13, 23, 28, 31, 38, 39, 59
Metholcus, 398
Methona, Ixxix
metis (Cyclopides), 377
Metcecus, 40, 193
metrica (Forficula), 121
Metrodore, 228
Miarus, 168
micans (Aspidomorpha), 250
», (Mordellistena), 399
( exly )
micans (Orchesia), 38, 39, 55
», (Perilampus), 11, 17, 23
», (Pteromalus), 11
micheli (Hypurgus), 102
micra (Eulaphygma), 317
Micralymma, 11
Micraspis, 170
microcephalus (Porizon), 34
Microchetes, 135, 136, 137, 145
microclea (Heliconius), xv, xvi
Microcryptus, 9
Microctonus, 12
microdactyla (Marasmarcha), 411, 493
microdactylus (Leioptilus), xii
Microdon, xxxiii, xl, 163
Microdus, 37, 38, 47, 65
Microgaster, 20, 42, 49, 52, 55
Microlestia, 310, 313, 378
Micropeplus, 393
Micrositus, 167
Microthrix, 334, 338, 350
Microus, 377
middendorffii (Bracon), 58, 64, 67
mikado (Forficula), 112
miles (Cerambyx), 402
miliarius (Acanthalobus), 222
a cuneatus (Acanthalobus), 222
millefolii (Anthaxia), 166
Pr (Olibrus), 166
milon (Papilio), 5
Mimacreea, xvii, 78, 79
mimus (Euparatettix), 238
minator (Cryptus), 25
minima (Carcinops), 396
minimus (Bostrichus), 63
», (Carphoborus), 63
», (Dendroctonus), 63
minor (Hylurgus), 63
», (Microchetes), 137
», (Orchesia), 38
minuscula (Eparchus), 121
minuta (Kucoila), 61
», (Isotoma), lxxxii
minutissima (Blatta), 459, 464
e (Holocompsa), 464
minutissimus (Bracon), 58, 60
3 (Euplectus), 1xxxi
A (Plinthisus), 170
nF (Stylosomus), 169
minutus (Abacetus), 310
», (Anthicus), 399
es (Brachistes), 48
», (Cryptocephalus), 34
#5 (Enicmus), 394
.. (Teleas), 50
mirabilis (Epamera), 81
miranda (Troides), 2
» (Forficula), 112
Miridius, 171
Miris, 170
misella (Blatta), 468
misippus (Hypolimnas), 318, 433, 442,
443
"3 inaria (Hypolimnas), 433
mistralella (Ephestia), 163
Mitraria, 229
Mitritettix, 229
Mitroboris, 27, 28
mixtana (Acalla), 161
mixtus (Pedilophorus), 138, 139, 140
mneme (Melina), 1xxvi
moderator (Porizon), 38, 40, 55
a5 (Thersilochus), 39, 55
modesta (Dalsira), 337
modestus (Hemiteles), 17, 19, 46, 58,
64
meerens (Alaus), 370
», (Barynotus), 43
meesta (Aleochara), 391
mogul (Forficula), 111
moldavica (Cledeobia), 162
Molippa, 181, 182
molitor (Tenebrio), 399
mollicomus (Barypithes), 399
mollis (Calathus), 389
,, (Ernobius), 20, 164, 167
molochinus (Quedius), 392
molomo (Zeritis), 363
Molorchus, 26
monacha (Apate), 351
Monachoda, 466, 467
Monalocoris, 170
Monanthia, 170
Monastria, 467, 469
monoceros (Notoxus), 167
Monochammus, 30
monodactylus (Marasmarcha), 411
monographus (Bostrichus), 67
nf (Xyleborus), 67
Monolepta, 358
Mononychus, 54
Monotoma, 395
monstrosa (Blabera), 469
montanus (Lydus), 171
montivagus (Heliopathes), 167
mori (Cryptocephalus), 169
morania (Papilio), 322
morantii (Parosmodes), 360
morbillosus (Carabus), 388
mordax (Rhagium), 27
Mordella, 167
Mordellistena, 40, 399
moreli (Isidus), 397
morio (Chelisoches), 129, 130, 133
», (Forficula), 129
», (Potosia), 166
( texlvi'))
morion (Aleochara), 391
morionellus (Thersilochus), 18
morio (Catops), 393
mortuorum (Necrophorus), xvi
Morychus, 138, 146
morysalis (Antigastra), 330, 370
moschata (Aromia), 25
motozi (Sarangesa), 329, 371
motozioides (Sarangesa), 520
mozambica (Spindasis), 338
mucidus (Cleonus), 339
mucronata (Blaps), 398
multiarticulatus (Bracon), 30
multicolor (Acrocormus), 66
a (Pedilophorus), 138, 139,
142
55 (Pteromalus), 46, 63, 64,
65, 66
multipunctum (Lathrobium), 165
multistriatus (Eccoptogaster), 61
(Elachestus), 58
a (Scolytus), 59
muralis (Sitaris), xlix
muricatus (Eurynotus), 376, 377
murina (Bruchus), 401
>» (Hypera), 400
murinus (Xyletinus), 22
Musca, 15, 341, 347, 360
muscarum (Pteromalus), 43
mutabilis (Microdon), xl
mutilatus (Carpophilus), 395
mutilloides (Ampulex), 370
Mycalesis, Ixxiv, xxv, 317, 318, 319,
322, 325, 329, 345, 358, 359, 367,
372, 435
Mycetochara,
Mycetochares, 38
Mycetoporus, 165, 392
Myelois, 163
Mygale, lxiv
Mylabris, 342, 356, 371, 386
mylica (Lyciena), 446
Myllena, 391
Mylothris, xviii, xix, xxix, XxX, XXXi,
lv, lxv, Ixvi, Ixx, Ixxi, lxii, ]xxiii,
314, 317, 319, 322, 325, 329, 366,
370, 372, 376
Myorrhinus, 374
myrmecophila (Kleditoma), xl
myrmecophilum (Ptilium), Ixxxi
Myrmecopora, 391
Myrmecoxenus, 394
Myrmedonia, 9, 345, 418, 420
Myrmeleon, 354, 362
Myrmetes, 415
Myrmica, 9
Myrmeecia, 391
mystacatus (Cryptocephalus), 169
29
25
40
mystacinus (Histeromerus), 14, 27
Myzine, 342, 343, 347, 354
Nabis, 170
Nacaduba, 429, 446
Nacerdes, xvi, 389
nadina (Huphina), xxiii
najas (Gerris), 170
nama (Hestina), lxiv
nanna (Heliconius), xiv, xv
Nanophyes, 53, 168, 401
nanus (Ichneumon), 58
(Mycetoporus), 392
,, (Ochetostethus), 170
», (Parmulus), 394
,, (Pteromalus), 52
,, (Rhynchites), 169
napi (Pieris), 1v, liv, lx, 161
bryoniz (Pieris), 1x
5, (Psylliodes), 402
narcissus (Henotesia), 435
(Myecalesis), 435
wi (Mylothris), xviii, 1xxi
nasicornis (Oryctes), 14
% (Scarabeeus), 14
Nassunia, 331
natalensis (Eratognathus), 332
(Harpalus), 365
(Phlceonotus), 242
(Scaptobius), 332
99
29
“He?
99
99
99
| natalica (Acreea), 318, 328
(Precis), 318, 321, 328, 352,
357, 359
natalicus (Acupalpus), 335
natator (Gyrinus), 8, 9
Naupheeta, 467, 468, 469
navis (Pteromalus), 64, 65
neera (Melita), vi
neapolitanus (Erodius), 398
Nebria, 8, 388
nebulosa (Aplecta), xxii, Ixvi, xvii
ne (Diplzeodes), 305
nebulosus (Agabus), 390
(Leiopus), xvi, 28
a8 (Necrobia), 339, 397
Necrophorus, xvi
neesii (Chelonus), 65
negatalis (Glyphodes), 362
neglectum (Orthetrum), 305
neglectus (Harpalus), 165
5 (Xylophilus), 164, 167
neobule (Acrea), 335
Neocenyra, 77
neokoton (Mimacrvea), 79
Neolobophora, 118, 119, 120, 181 |
Neolobophorine, 94, 118
Neottiglossa, 170
nephelotoxa (Orneodes), 505
nepticula (Papilio), 4
?
2?
( exlvii )
Neptis, 315, 321, 328, 352, 357, 358, | Nisoniades, 452
359, 443
nereus (Papilio), 450
nerio (Cirrospilus), 42
nerissa (Huphina), xxiii
Nesogaster, 91
Netrobalane, 320
Neurateles, 46
Neuroptera, lx, 163
Neuroterus, lxxxiv
nevilli (Eparchus), 121
nexuosus (Acanthalobus), 221,
niasicus (Troides), 2
niavius (Amauris), lvi
nicholli (Erebia), |
Niconia, xxxi
nigellus (Criotettix), 226
niger (Dasytes), 17
»» (Hemiteles), 39
», (Holoparamecus), 394
, (Luperus), 170
», (Mesoccelopus), 22
», Trachyscelis), xxvii
nigerrima (Aleochara), 391
50 (Colpodota), 391
nigra (Diapria), 61
,, (Hemithyrsocera), 468
» (Leptura), 169
», (Phyllotreta), 37
», (Trachyscelis), xxvi
nigrata (Ocyusa), 391
nigricans (Dorylus), vi
nigriceps (Aphthona), 402
nigricornis (Atheta), 391
35 (Athous), 164
_ (Diospilus), 55
nigrinus (Chelonus), 31
nigripennis (Apoderus), 369
nigripes (Mesochorus), 44
nigrirostris (Hypera), 400
nigrita (Hydrena), 390
», (Liodes), 166
nigritarse (Apion), 169
nigritulus (Medon), 392
oF (Philonthus), 392
o* v. lepidus (Stenus), 592
nigriventris (Cubocephalus), 32
nigrozneus (Paracymus), lxvii
nigrocinctus (Microeryptus), 9
nigrofasciatus (Luperus), 170
nigromaculatus (Exochomus), 337, 863
nigrovarius (Microchetes), 138
Niphona, 402
niphostrota (Orneodes), 507
Niptus, 18
i (Microptinus), 397
nireus f. lyzeus (Papilio), 315, 322, 326,
329, 367
222
.
nitens (Anisodactylus), 362
», (Cyphus), 164, 169
», (Entedon), 43
», (Platystethus), 393
nitida (Aleochara), 391
», (Platyzosteria), 469
Nitidula, 395
nitidula (Aptinothrips), Ixxxii
3 (Conchia), 338
Mg (Gonodera), 399
nitidulus (Aphodius), 396
Pe (Nanophyes), 401
5 (Oxytelus), 393
2 (Saprinus), 396
ae (Tachyporus), 392
nitidus (Byrrhus), 398
», (Dyschirius), 388
nivalis (Pterophorus), 499
nivea (Alucita), 490
», (Blatta), 456, 457, 458, 463
», (Panchlora), 463, 464, 467
niveodactyla (Alucita), 490
niviferana (Binsitta), 178
nobilis (KEndema), 330
», (Melyris), 357
», (Gdemera), 168
nocivus (Agrilus), 16
noctiluca (Lampyris), 167
noctilucus (Pyrophorus), xxii
noctis (Gymnetron), 51
noctuella (Nomophila), 312, 336, 333
nodulosa (Eurytoma), 62
nodulosus (Pteromalus), 32
Nomophila, 312, 336, 338
Nonagria, 1, li, lit
normannum (Bembidion), 388
notata (Polyhirma), 333
notatus (Curculio), 7, 46, 47, 63, 64
», (Pissodes), xvi, 46, 47, 48
Notiophilus, 388
Notiophygus, 370
Notocerus, 232, 233
Notodonta, Ixxx, 327
Notolampra, 467
Notoxus, 167, 380
noualhieri (Grypidius), 171
nuba (Agria), 339
nubeculatus (Echthrus), 31
nucum (Balaninus), 56
», (Curculio), 56
», (Pimpla), 56
nugax (Acanthaspis), 351
numata (Heliconius), lxxvi
nupta (Catocala), 173, 175, 176
nursei (Ischnura), 306
nutritor (Porizon), 56
nyasana (Phrissura), xix, lxxi
( exlviii )
Nychitona, 329
Nyctemera, 359
Nyctibora, 467
oannes (Opisthocosmia), 96, 27
Obelura, 118, 119
Oberea, 32, 402
obfuscatus (Meteorus), 13, 38, 39
3 (Perilitus), 38
oblita (Atheta), 391
obliterata (Adalia), 170
obliteratus (Bracon), 32, 66
(Doryctes), 19
a (Quedius), 392
oblongata (Blatta), 456, 457, 458, 464
(Pseudomops), 464
ae (Thyrsocera), 458
oblongiusculus (Seybalicus), 389
oblongus (Lyctus), 17, 23
Obocola, 368, 376
obscura (Falagria), 391
obscurella (Polystoma), 165
obscurellus (Sigalphus), 51, 55
obscurepurpuria (Pachyenema), 380
obscuricollis (Agrilus), 397
obscuripes (Elachestus), 50
obscurus (Elachestus), 50
55 (Strongylocoris), 171
obsoleta (Phyllodromia), 470
obsoletus (Aphidius), 64
ae (Dichirotrichus), 389
obtusata (Cassida), 251
obtusum (Bembidion), 388
occidentalis (Blatta), 468
an (Meliteea), v
occulta (Gegenes), 353
oceultans (Dibolia), 403
ocellata (Anatis), 11
5 (Coccinella), 11
ocellatus (Sitona), 400
os (Stenus), 166
ocellea (Eromene), 366
Ochetostethus, 170
Ochina, 21, 22
ochraceus (Medon), 392
ochreatus (Balanobius), 168
ochrias (Tetraschalis), 475
ochrodactylus (Trichoptilus), 473
ochroleucus (Cryptocephalus), 402
ro (Longitarsus), 403
Ochromyia, xlv, xlvi
Ochrosis, 402
Ochthebius, 390
Ochthenomus, 399
Ocnera, 398
octavia (Precis), 328
octopunctatus (Trichodes), 167
ocularia (Spheroderma), 403
ocularis (Sthenarus), 171
29
bP)
oculata (Oberea), 32
», (Saperda), 32
oculatus magnus (Criotettix), 221
Ocypus, 9, 392
Ocys, 165, 388
Ocytettix, 226, 227
Ocyusa, 391
Odezia, xlv
Odonata, 303, 330
Odontomerus, 25, 30, 57
Odontomyia, 360
Odynerus, 354, 357, 374
(Kdemera, 168, 399
(Edistoma, 380
cenophanes (Xyroptila), 480
(stropis, 351
Ogyris, 245
olew (Phleotribus), 63
oleiperda (Hylesinus), 62
olens (Ocypus), 9, 392
», (Zuphium), 387, 390
oleraceum (Eurydema), 170
oleraceus (Diospilus), 55
Olibrus, 166, 394
Oligomerus, 398
Oligota, 391
Olisthopus, 389
olivacea (Xylocopa), 344, 354
olivieri (Silpha), 393
Omalium, 393
Omaseus, 8
Omphlus, 164, 167, 399
Omophron, 165
Omostropus, 332, 345
omphale (Teracolus), Xii, xiii, xxiii,
312, 314, 319, 322, 326, 329, 352,
355, 366, 372, 376
Oncotus, 379
o’neili (Sciobius), 374
Oniticellus, 166
onosmella (Coleophora), lxix
Onthophagus, 166, 396
Onthophilus, 396
Onychogomphus, 305
oo (Dicyela), 162
», renago (Dicycla), 162
Oosomus, 378
Ootheca, 371, 374, 378
opaculus (Anthicus), 399
Opatrum, 321, 332, 336, 355, 379, 386,
398
opella (Xanthoptera), 350
Ophion, 45
ophion (Pterygospidea), 323
», (Tagiades), 323
Ophioneurus, 41
Ophiuche, 323
Ophiusa, 317, 326
(enealie, 5)
Ophonus, 389
Opisthocosmia, 91, 92, 93, 96, 99, 100,
101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 118, 120,
121, 122
opisthotonus (Pteromalus), 22
Opius, 25, 30, 57, 60
Oporabia, 1xxx
opuntie (Bryaxis), 393
oraria (Atheta), 391
orba (Periplaneta), 467
orbiculare (Ccelostoma), 390
orbiculatus (Stilicus), 392
orbona (Pinacopteryx), 1xxi
orchatias (Pterophorus), 511
Orchesella, 1xxxii
Orchesia, 38, 39, 55
orchesiz (Euphorus), 38
$5 (Meteorus), 38
Orchestes, 38, 48, 49, 50, 55
orchestis (Entedon), 48, 49, 50
x (Eubadizon), 50
- (Pleurotropis), 49
aa (Pteromalus), 48, 50
me (Tetrastichus),48, 49
Oresbius, 8, 44
Orgyia, 162
orientalis (Blatta), 310, 365, 456, 457,
459, 467
i (Forficula), 115
origanoides (Ecteinanthus), 325
ornata (Forficula), 111, 116
ornatus (Anthonomus), 400
Orneodes, 505-510
Orneodide, lxxxvi
Ortalia, 321, 335
Orthetrum, 304, 305, 321, 324 330
Orthocentrus, 28, 31, 37
Orthocephalus, 171
Orthochetes, 400
Ortholitha, 333
Orthoptera, 213, 310, 330, 355, 361, |
363, 374
Oryctes, 14, 166, 334, 396
oryze (Calandra), 400
osiris (Lycena), 362
Osorius, 361
Osphya, xxv
ossium (Stenus), 166
Osteodes, 331, 334, 370, 373
Osteulcus, 106
Othius, 392
otiorhynchi (Bracon), 43
Otiorrhynchus, xxix, 43, 44, 164, 168,
399
Otumba, 235
ovalis (Bruchus), 401
ovata (Anacena), 390
ovatus (Clitobius), 399
ovulum (Strophosomus), 168
oxydactylus (Pteropherus), 473
Oxyhaloa, 467, 469
Oxylemus, lxix
Oxynotus, 220
oxyntes (Pterophorus), 498
Oxyothrips, 1xxxii
Oxypoda, 391
Oxyptilus, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 485
Oxytelus, 393
Oxythyrea, xxix, 338, 363, 371, 374
Ozarba, 350
pachinus (Heliconius), xv
Pachnephorus, 402
Pachnoda, 342, 345
Pachybrachys, 169
Pachyceras, 59, 61, 66
Pachychirus, 57
Pachyenema, 380
Pachylomma, 16
Pachytychius, 164, 168, 400
Pachyxyphus, 171
pacifica (Euthyrrhapha), 467, 469
pacta (Tachina), 8
Peederus, 164, 165, 332
palarica (Erebia), 151, 159
palembanganus (Papilio), 3
palemon (Cacyreus), 310, 367, 378
pallens (Ortalia), 335
», (Trachyscelis), xxvii
| Palliata (Blatta), 468
3, (Pimpla), 52
palliatus (Hylastes), 61
(Hylesinus), 61, 66
pallida (Durbania), 353, '356
», (Liptena), 353, 356
pallidicornis (Bruchus), 34, 401
pallidinervis (Trithemis), 304
| pallidipennis (Helophorus), 390
53 reitteri (Helophorus), 390
re (Mesites), 400
(Psylliodes), 402
'pallidipes (Eubadizon), 23
5 (Euphorus), 38
a (Sigalphus), 33, 49, 51
| pallidivestis (Scymnus), 403
pallipes (Cirphis), 347
», (Codrus), 10
», (Danacea), 397
», (Paraplecta), 347
», (Tachypus), 165
palmatus (Pterophorus), 495
Palomena, 170
palpalis (Lissonota), 33
», (Mastigus), 166
palpator (Hemiteles), 18
palpatus (Chthonius), 219
», (Chthonotettix), 219
(
palpebrator (Bostrichus), 67
<5 (Brachistes), 47
ve (Bracon), 17, 29, 46, 47,
48, 63, 66
Paltothyreus, 354, 357
Pamphila, 452, 453
pamphilus (Cceenonympha), vii, 160
Panchlora, 463, 470
pandora (Argynnis), 161
pandurus (Lygzus), 170
Panesthia, xxxiv
paniceum (Anobium), 20
paniceus (Byrrhus), 398
Panicum, 452
panorpoides (Acisoma), 305
Pantelia, 217
paphia (Argynnis), 155
Papilio, xxx1, lxiv, lxxiv, xxv, Ixxvii,
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 160, 161, 315-3867,
429, 449, 450, 451
papillosa (Blatta), 467
(Monastria), 467
* (Tessaratoma), 253, 255, 256
papuensis (Troides), 2
papyraceus (Neurateles), 46
paracenthesis (Crioceris), 386, 402
Paracymus, ]xvii
paradoxa (Heterogynis), 161, 162
paradoxus (Metcecus), 40, 193
paraglyptis (Platyptilia), 484
Parahormetica, 467, 468
parallela (Anthaxia), xxix
parallelinus (Callimone), 42
Paraplecta, 347
Pararge, 161
parasitella (Tinea), 37
Paratettix, 236, 237, 239, 241
pardalinum (Acridium), 365
Parmena, 402
Parmulus, 394
Parnata, 353, 360, 452, 453
Parnassius, xli
Parnus, 164, 391
Paromalus, 11
Parosmodes, 360
Parthenodes, 350
parthenope (Anax), 305
Parthenothrips, 1xxxii
parumpunctatus (Leptacinus), 392
parviceps (Oxyothrips), lxxxii
parvula (Chalcis), 37
parvulus (Proctotrypes), 39
a (Tachys), 165, 388
ar quadrincevus (‘T'achys), 388
parvum (Enallagma), 307
parvus (Coptotettix), 242
», (Systolederus), 227
pascuellus (Crambus), 162
99
lie)
pastinacee (Hypera), 400
pato (Sarangesa), 371
patricia (Phyllodromia), 470
» (Theganopteryx), 470
Patrobus, 8
pavidus (Pterophorus), 493
pechi (Anthocharis), v
pectinicornis (EKulophus), 50
5 (Ptilinus), 21
pedestre (Doreadion), 30
pedestris (Pezomachus), 35
8 (Stygnocoris), 170
pedicularius (Conurus), 392
Pedilophorus, 138-144
pelecyntes (Oxyptilus), 477
pelias (‘Trichoptilus), 472
pellucens (Blatta), 467
3 (OCyrtilia), 467
Me (Pteromalus), 46, 63.
pellucidus (Longitarsus), 403
a (Telephorus), xxiv
Pelochares, 166
Pelocoris, 171
peltastes (Oxyptilus), 479, 480
peltigera (Heliothis), 162 +
pendularia (Ephyra), ii
penella (Heterogynis), 162
penetrans (Apion), 401
penia (Anthocharis), v
pensylvanica (Blatta), 459
ap (Ischnoptera), 459
Pentaphyllus, 398
Pentapleura, 56
Penthicus, 398
Pentila, 78
Pentodon, 386, 396
perdita (Ancistrogaster), 107
peregrina (Schistocerca), 343, 345, 346,
355
peregrinus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 400
Peribalus, 170
Perilampus, 11, 17, 18, 23
Perilitus, 11, 12, 35, 38
Periplaneta, 459, 467, 469
perisii (Dendrosoter), 67
Perispheeria, 467
perlucens (Phrissura), xvili, xix, ]xxi
perminutus (Bolotettix), 226
perrisi (Apion), 43, 168
persector (Hemiteles), 9
personatus (Euparatettix), 238
perspicua (Myealesis), 319
pertinax (Anobium), 20
pertusus (Dichillus), 398
pertyi (Atheta), 591
Petasodes, 467
petavia (Nassunia), 331
petiverana (Tirumala), 359
Ce)
petiveriana (Cassida), 456
petreea (Acrvea), 318, 328
», (Stenoptilia), 504
Pezomachus, 9, 12, 34, 35, 45, 50, 53
phedon (Amauris), 433
3, (Danais); 433
pheedusa (Stalachtis), [xxix
pheodactyla (Marasmarcha), 411, 412,
413
Pheestus, 214, 215
Phalacrus, 39, 394
phalanta (Atella), Ixxv, 316, 324, 329,
352, 370, 372, 436
phalerata (Temnopteryx), 379
Phaleria, 386, 398
phaola (Phrissura), Ibo, Ibo!
Phaos, 106
Phasis, 373, 380
Phasius, 312
Pheidole, 331, 332, 333, 336, 371
phellandrii (Phitonomus), 36
(Prasocuris), 36, 44
philanthus (Hoplia), 166
ey, (Hypera), 400
philippus (Hypolycena), 320, 322
Philonthus, 164, 165, 392
Phitonomus, 36
phleas (Chrysophanus), vii, 161
phlegmatica (Magdalis), 56
phlegmaticus (Curculio), 56
(Thamnophilus), 56
phlegyas (Teracolus), 319, 352
Phlceonotus, 242
Phlceophthorus, 64
Phloeopora, 9, 391
Phleotribus, 63, 401
Phlyctenia, 312, 327
pheebe (Melitiea), 159
», (Phrissura), xviii,
xxi
Phoraspis, 467
phorbanta (Papilio), 449, 450, 451
phorsa (Araschnia), xxiii, Ixxiv
Phrissura, xviii, xix, xxix, xxx, lxx,
lxxi, lxxii
Phthora, 398
Phygadeuon, 8, 44
Phylax, 386, 387, 398
phyllis (Heliconius), xiv, xv
Phyllobius, 44, 168
phyllocera (Mitritettix), 229
Phyllodromia, 462, 468, 469, 470
Phyllognathus, 396
Phyllomacromia, 360
Phyllotreta, 37, 887, 402
Phylloxera, 149, 150
Phymateus, xlviii, 335, 374, 376
Physematia, 323
aero.) Mbere.
Physorhynchus, 312, 327, 371, 375
Phythonmus, 36
Phytobius, 168
Phytocoris, 170
Phytometra, ii
Phytomyza, 259
Phytonomus, 44
Phytophaga, xl, 371
piceze (Bostrichus), 65
», (Cryphalus), 65
piceus (Attagenus), 395
» dalmatinus (Attagenus), 395
ss (Medon), 392
», (Myrmetes), 415
», (Sphenophorus), 400
picicornis (Laemosthenes), 387, 389
picinus (Myrmecoxenus), 394
picipes (Hister), 11
», (Meligethes), 395
s, (Monotoma), 395
», (Paromalus), 11
», (Teretrius), 11
picta (Baccha), 375
sa) (@rocisa), o2e
», (Forficula), 111
picticornis (Niphona), 402
picturata (Baris), 400
piedrahitee (Heterogynis), 162
Pierine, xxiii, lxx, xxii
Pieris, iv, liv, lx, 161
Piezodorus, 170
Piezostethus, xlix
pigea (Phrissura), lxxii
», (Pinacopteryx), xxx, 319, 322,
329
Pilea, 438
Pilema, 469
pilicornis (Entedon), 48
‘3 (Eulophus), 20, 50
pilipes (Anthophora), xlix
5, (Panchlora), 467
», (Podalirius), xlix
pilosus (Cerambyx), 30
Pimelia, 386, 398
Pimpla, 14-68
Pinacopteryx, xxix, xxx, Ixv, Ixvi,
Ixx, xxi, Ixxii, 312, 319, 322, 325,
329, 866, 370, 372, 376
pinalea (Orneodes), 506
pinetellus (Crambus), 162
pineti (Aphanus), 170
», (Brachonyx), 52
pinetorum (Entedon), 63
Pe (Eurytoma), 63
pini (Cureulio), 46
», (Hylobius), 46
», (Pissodes), 47
», (Pteromalus), 47
(
piniperda (Hylesinus), 46, 47
Br (Hylurgus), 63, 64
piniphilus (Pissodes), 48
pisi (Apion), 401
pisistratus (Rhopalocampta), 320
pisorum (Bruchus), 401
Pissodes, xvi, 46, 47, 48
Pithanus, 170
pitiographus (Bostrichus), 65
Pityogenes, 67
Pityophthorus, 65
plagiatus (Blechus), 389
ie (Chelisoches), 129
Plagiodera, 36, 169
Planema, 321, 324, 328
planeta (Deuterocopus), 473
planicollis (Forficula), 115
planitarsus (Mazarredia), 231
plantaginis (Cureulio), 45
(Hypera), 45
planus (Bolotettix), 225
(Bracon), 64
(Larinus), 168
(Scarites), 388
» (Tettigidea), 243
Platycleis, 1x
Platyenemis, 306
Platymischus, 11
Platynaspis, 170
Platynus, 311
o>
»
39
Platyptilia, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485,
486, 487, 488
Platystethus, 392
Platytes, 350
Platyzosteria, 469
Plecia, 360, 369
plectaria (Sterranthia), 312
Plectroctena, 336
Pleurophorus, 166, 396
pleurostigma (Ceuthorrhynehus), 55
Pleurotropis, 49
plicatella (Geostiba), 391
plicatus (Rhytidoderes), 400
Plinthisus, 170
Ploas, xlviii
Plocederus, 351
plumbea (Alianta), 391
plumbeomicans (Charopus), 167
Plusia, 334, 366
Plutella, 338, 347
pluvialis (Orneodes), 505
podagrarie (Gidemera), 168
Podagrica, 386, 402
Podalirius, xlix, 356
podalirius (Papilio), 161
Pododus, 334, 345
peecilaria (Ceenina), 320
peeciloides (Anisodactylus), 389
chi“)
Peeciloseytus, 171
Peecilus, 165
Pogonobasis, 346, 355
Pogonocherus, 29, 30
pogonocheri (Pteromalus), 29
Pogonus, 165, 386, 389
Polia, lxxx
policenes (Papilio), 326
poligraphus (Bostrichus), 65
(Hylesinus), 64
Polistes, 331, 869, 374, 375
polita (Malacosoma), 374, 375
politus (Brachistes), 41
(Cybocephalus), 394
;, (Philonthus), 392
pollinalis (Titanio), 163
Pollusea, 469
polychloros (Vanessa), 161
polychorda (Entelia), 350
Polydrusus, 168
polygoni (Hypera), 44
Polygonia, lxxiv
Polyhirma, 333, 365
polyhistor (Cryptocephalus), 374
Polyphaga, 456
Polyrachis, 344, 355, 375
Polysphincta, 21, 24, 49
Polysticta, 365, 374
Polystoma, 165
pomarius (Doryctes), 29, 60, 61
pomerantzevi (Forficula), 113
pomonz (Adimonia), 36
pomorum (Anthonomus), 52
(Cureulio), 52
Ee (Pimpla), 52
Pompilus, 317, 369
Pontia, iv, v
poppea (Mylothris), xviii, xix,
1xxil
populi (Byctiscus), 41
(Chrysomela), 35
(Limenitis), lxvi
ab. tremule (Limenitis), xvi
,, (Melasoma), 35
populnea (Saperda), 30
populneus (Cerambyx), 31
(Echthrus), 31
(Ephialtes), 24, 30
5 (Euglenes), 399
porcatus (Anomalipus), 321
a (Micropeplus), 393
porcellio (Homalodemas), 333
porcellus (Strophomorphus), 399
porcicollis (Psammodius), 396
porculus (Helophorus), 390
porima (Araschnia), lxxiii, Ixxiv
Porizon, 34, 38, 39, 40, 55, 56
porphyrella (Acrobasis), 161
be)
>
Ixx,
2)
3”)
( cliii_ )
potentille (Sibinia), 168
Potosia, 166, 396
Potus, 216
poultoni (Kosmetor), 122
5 (Mimacrea), 79
poutieri (Hesperia), 453
preecatorius (Xorides), 25, 26, 31
precisus (Bracon), 28
precox (Bracon), 33
Premachilus, 1xxxiii
preetoriz (Acanthonyx), 334
preeusta (Cerambyx), 32
», (Saperda), 32, 60
», (Tetrops), 32, 56
preustum (Bembidion), 388
preeustus (Rhynchites), 401
Praos, 107
Prasocuris, 36, 44, 402
pratellus (Crambus), 162
pratensis (Longitarsus), 402, 493
i minima (Longitarsus), 403
praunsi (Belonogaster), 316, 369, 371
Precis, 315-357, 372, 439, 453
Pria, 395
primita (Sibinia), 400
Priobium, 19
Prionus, 24
procax (Myrmedonia), 345
procera (Phyllotreta), 402
procerulus (Bisnius), 165
processus (Mitritettix), 229
procontias (Pterophorus), 496
Proctotrupes, 8, 17, 39
Proctotrupide, xiii
producta (Scelimena), 218, 219
profligator (Meteorus), 23
progemmaria (Hybernia), ii
Promachus, 360
Promeces, 311, 369, 378
Promecidus, 370
Pronomea, 391
Prorachthas, 380
Proreus, 126, 129, 130, 131
proscarabeeus (Meloé), xvi, lxxili
Prosopis, 313, 368, 375
protensa (Doru), 124
Prothymnia, 161
Protinus, 393
Prototettix, 361, 371, 374
protuberans (Bracon), 58, 59
ap (Dendrosoter), 59, 62
proximus (Apotettix), 237
pruinosum (Orthetrum), 305
of race neglectum (Orthetrum),
305
prunaria (Angerona), xxi
prunata (Cidaria), ii
pruni (Eccoptogaster), 60
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1907.
pruni (Scolytus), 29, 60
Psammodes, 339, 340, 371
Psammodius, 396
Psaryphis, 336, 345
Pselaphide, 393
Pselnophorus, 491, 492
pseudacori (Mononychus), 54
Pseudagrion, 307, 308, 354, 356, 362
Pseudochelidura, 94, 95
Pseudocolaspis, 345, 355
Pseudoderopeltis, 370, 467
Pseudomacronia, 354, 356, 360
Pseudomops, 458, 464
Pseudonaclia, 320, 330
Pseudonympha, 312, 331, 367,
376, 378, 379, 380
Pseudophleeus, 170
Pseudosterrha, 331, 381
Pseudothyrsocera, 469
Psilothrix, 167, 386, 397
Psylliodes, 37, 402
Ptenidium, 394
Pteromalus, 11—67
Pterophoride, Ixxxvi
Pterophorus, 473, 493, 494, 495,
497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502,
504
Pteropus, 421, 428
Pterostichus, 8
Pterygospidea, 323, 330, 373
Ptilini, 19
Ptilinus, 21
Ptilium, lxxxi
Ptinide, 18, 397
ptinoides (Acalles), 400
5 (Ochina), 22
Ptinus, 18, 398
Ptomophagus, 393
puberula (Agonoscelis), 346
3 (Aleochara), 391
pubescens (Apion), 401
DO (Auletes), 169
a (Conurus), 392
a (Epitrix), 170
Ae (Forficula), 114
i (Lachnea), 169
ar (Ophonus), 389
as (Pityophthorus), 65
5 (Polygraphus), 64
pudicata (Ortholitha), 333
puella (Pseudonaclia), 320, 330
pulchella (Deiopeia), 335, 364
sf (Phyllodromia), 470
“ff (Terias), 448, 449
Ae (Theganopteryx), 470
Bt (Utetheisa), 335, 364
pulchellus (Cheiropachus), 63
ts (Chelisoches), 116
L
372,
496,
503,
( clin. )
pulchellus (Cleonymus), 59
ae (Scymnus), 403
pulcherrimus (Saprinus), 396
pulchripennis (Chelisoches), 127, 128
pulicarius (Rhamphus), 168, 385, 401
pullus (Sciobius), 327, 374
pulverosa (Zamarada), 331
pulverosaria (Craspedia), 323
pumila (Blatta), 468
punctalis (Stenia), 163
punctata (Lelia), 368
a (Saperda), 387, 402
re (Teleas), 61
punctatus (Brachistes), 20, 21
i. (Colotes), 164, 167, 397
- (Entedon), 49
is (Epitettix), 216
As (Pentodon), 396
- (Tridymus), 33, 42
puncticosta (Aspidomorpha), 249, 250,
251, 252
punctifera (Euproctis), 323, 330
punctifrons (Ischnoptera), 470
9 (Phyllodromia), 470
punctiger (Ceuthorrhynchus), 55
punctillum (Scymunus), 403
punctipennis (Exocentrus), 29
59 (Mycetoporus), 392
(Trogophleeus), 393
punctulatus (Chelisoches), 127
Fe (Penthicus), 398
ae (Xantholinus), 392
purpuralis (Pyrausta), 162
purpurascens (Meloé), 399
pusaria (Cabera), li
pusillidactyla (Platyptilia), 483
pusillima (Oligota), 391
pusillum (Anobium), 18
* (Ptenedium), 394
pusillus (Aphanisticus), 166
os (Campoplex), 17
», (Ceraphron), 66
,, (Dryophilus), 18
», (Ephialtes), 26
Ar (Stenus), 166
(Trogophleeus), 393
pustulata (Xylopertha), 398
pustulosa (Phyllodromia), 470
Pycnoglypta, 393
Pycnoscelus, 459
Pygera, lxiv
pygmeea (Agriocnemis), 308
. (Aphthona), 402
5 (Bruchus), 401
pygmieus (Cryptocephalus), 169
i (Eeccoptogaster), 59
53 (Helops), 399
* (Limnichus), 166
pygmeeus (Olibrus), 394
BA (Trichoptilus), 472
Pygostolus, 34
Pyrameis, 160, 161, 315, 318, 331,
333, 334, 335, 336, 338, 339, 365,
367, 377, 378, 380, "437, 439
pyraster (Mecinus), 401
Pyrausta, 162, 368
Pyrgus, 363
pyritosa (Haltica), 347
Pyrophorus, xxxii
pyrrhoceras (Balaninus), 56
- (Balanobius), 168
Pyrrhosoma, 307
quadrata (Otumba), 235
quadricollis (Hypocoprus), 395
Re (Ochthebius), 390
quadridens (Ceuthorrhynchus), 400
quadrifasciata (Strangalia), 28
quadrigemina (Chrysomela), 386, 402
quadriguttata (Arsinoé), 327
quadriguttatum (Bembidium), 165
quadriguttatus (Aphodius), 396
quadrimaculata (Libellula), 304
quadrimaculatum (Bembidium), 165
quadrimaculatus (Dromius), 390
quadrioculata (Isotoma), lxxxii
quadripuncta (Callimorpha), 162
quadripunctata (Anthaxia), 15
a (Buprestis), 15
(Zonabris), 167
quadrivirgatus (Miridius), 171
quadrum (Cheiropachus), 59, 62, 63
es (Pachychirus), 57
quatuordecim-pustulata (Coccinella),
170
quatuordecem-striata (Carcinops), 396
quatuor-guttatus (Anthicus), 399
quatuor-pustulatus (Exochomus), 403
Quedius, xxxii, 392
quercus (Cceliodes), 54
,, (Curculio), 49, 55
, (Orchestes), 49, 50, 55
,, (Rhynchenus), 168
» (Trypodendron), xxxii
,, (Zephyrus), 161
quinqueangularis (Canidia), 36
quingue-guttata (Bruchus), 401
55 v. meleagrina (Bru-
chus), 401
quinque-lineata (Prosopis), 368, 375
quinquepunctata (Coccinella), 11, 12
quinquepunctatus (Cryptocephalus), 34
quisquilius (Cercyon), 390
radiatus (Ceraphron), 67
radiolus (Apion), 401
radzayanus (Spathius), 16, 26, 27, 54
raguse (Malthodes), 397
»
(
rahel (Terias), 448
Rahinda, 443
rahira (Acrea), 352
ralumensis (Trichoptilus), 473
ramburii (Orthetrum), 305
ramulorum (Pteromalus), 63
rape (Pieris), 161
», (Ceuthorrhynchus), 55
raphani (Gastrophysa), 36
», (Pontia), v
Raphidia, 17
Raphitelus, 60, 62, 64
rapidus (Podalirins), 356
raptor (Oxyptilus), 478
ratzeburgi (Scolytus), 60
raucus (Pedilophorus), 138, 139
ravula (Bryophila), 162
», ereptricula (Bryophila), 162
ravus (Labus), 345
rebus (Cosmiella), 118
5, (Opisthocosmia), 104, 105
recondita (Oxypoda), 391
redempta (Forficula), 115
reflexa (Blatta), 467
,, (Petasodes), 467
regius (Pteromalus), 42
regularis (Terias), 317, 319, 322, 326,
329
rehni (Sarcinatrix), 103
reichei (Bruchus), 398
(Mycetoporus), 392
», (Ptinus), 398
reissigii (Pimpla), 54
reitteri (Microptinus), 397
», (Niptus), 397
relucens (Ischnoptera), 470
», (Phyllodromia), 470
Remigia, 326
repanda (Remigia), 326
reppensis (Hyperaspis), 170
reptans (Phlceopora), 9
reticulata (Blatta), 468
reticulatum (Lygzosoma), 170
retusus (Strophosomus), 168
reyi (Oligomerus), 398
Rhabdinocerus, 355
Rhabdotis (Pachnoda), 342, 345
rhadama (Junonia), 439
3 (Precis), 439, 453
Rhadamanthus, 120, 121
rhadia (Callidryas), 447
», (Catopsilia), 429
Rhagium, 27, 188, 195
rhamni (Clytus), 169
5, (Gonepteryx), 161
Rhamphus, 168, 385, 401
Rhanidophora,*327
Rhinocyllus, 45, 54, 400
29
ely )
rhipheus (Urania), 410
Rhipiphoride, 399
Rhizobius, 403
Rhizophagus, 395
Rhizotrogus, 164, 166
rhoda (Areyophora), 342
rhododactylus (Phlceophthorus), 64
rhomboidalis (Brachybasis), 330, 360
Rhopalocampta, 320, 323, 452
Rhopalomesites, 57
Rhopalopus, 387, 402
Rhynchenus, 165, 168
Rhynchites, 41, 164, 169, 401
Rhychium, 354
Rhynchomyia, 343
Rhynchophora, 40
Rhynchotettix, 228
rhyncoli (Exothecus), 57
rhyparias (Alucita), 489
Rhyparobia, 467, 468
Rhyssalus, 67
Rhyssemus, 396
Rhyticoris, 371
| Rhytidoderes, 400
Rhytirrhinus, 365
rigida (Myrmeecia), 891
riparius (Quedius), xxxii
,, (Trogophleeus), 393
ritseme (Deuterocopus), 474
», (Proreus), 130
rivularis (Lygeus), 337
rivulata (Chalciope), 341
robsoni (Aplecta), xvii
robusta (Euthrips), Ixxxii
robusticorne (Apion), 401
robustus (Acanthalobus), 222
», (Brachistes), 47
rodriguesi (Anthicus), 167, 399
rodziankoi (Forficula), 113
reeselii (Platycleis), 1x
Rogas, 19, 54, 67
rogersi (Kedestes), 81
,, (Telipna), 78
Roptrocerus, 59, 64, 65, 66, 67
rosarum (Tetrastichus), 43
roscidus (Agrilus), 166
rosenhaueri (Pezomachus), 34
roseomaculatus (Calocoris), 171
rosina (Heliconius), xvi
rostrata (Pronomea), 391
rostratus (Rhynchotettix), 228
rotundatus (Coptotettix), 241, 242
rubella (Catacanthacris), xxix
ruber (Capsus), 171
rubi (Anthonomus), 168
», (Bombyx), Ixxxiii, Ixxxv
rubicunda (Formica), 419
rubida (Lagria), 167
( ela ))
rubidus (Spathius), 63
rubiginosus yee): 33
rubriceps (Alysia), 5
“A (Opius), 30, 57
rubricosta (Mylothris), Xviil
rubripes (Saprinus), 396
rubrobasalis (Phrissura), 1xxi
a (Pinacopteryx), xxx, Ixv,
Ixvi, lxx
rubrodactylus (Deuterocopus), 473, 474
rudis (Sparticerus), 339, 340
rufa (Blatta), 459, 461
,, (Formica), xlix, lxxxi, 415, 417
,, (Ischnoptera), 461
rufator (Bracon), 33, 48
rufescens (Apion), 401
5 (Orchesella), Ixxxii
ruficeps (Neolobophora), 119
», (Pompilus), 369
ruticollis (Blatta), 468
nA (Forficula), 111
(Necrobia), 397
_ (Omophlus), 164, 167
ruficorne (Acridium), 327, 374
ruficornis (Blacus), 53
55 (Grammoptera), xxv, 28
rufilabris (Cereus), 395
A (Microgaster), 20
rufimana (Bruchus, 33, 401
es v. velutina (Bruchus), 401
rufimanus (Philonthus), 164, 165
rufipenne (Lathrobium), lxvili
rufipennis (Aleochara), 165
rufipes (Anobium), 20
,, (Bruchus), 34, 401
», (Cerambyx), 30
», (Cryptocephalus), 169
», (Halticella), 21
», (Necrobia), 339, 397
», (Platynus), 311
», (Rhyparobia), 468
(Trechus), 336
rufirostre (Apion), 42, 401
rufiventris (Pseudothyrsocera), 469
rufoznea (Chrysomela), 169
rufo-cinctus (Harpalus), 365
rufo-marginatus (Harpalus), 365
rufo-nigra (Myzine), 343
rufostigma (Ischnura), 307
rufula (Pycnoglypta), 393
rufulus (Phygadeuon), 44
rufus (Ammobius), 398
rugator (Rogas), 67
rugiceps (Osorius), 361
rugifrons (Phyllotreta), 402
rugosa (Zetobora), 467
rugoso-punctata (Microlestia), 313
rugosus (Acanthalobus), 221, 222
”
rugosus (Brachistes), 57
», (Helophorus), 390
», (Meloé), 399
» (Nabis), Ses
», (Spathius), 5
rugulosus ‘Caner hpactniay 400
AA (Eccoptygaster), 61
a (Microdus), 65
(Scolytus), 29, 60, 61
rumanzovius (Papilio), 4
rumicis (Hypera), 44
rupens (Rhynchium), 354
riippellii (Mylothris), xix, xxix, xxi,
lxxiil, 366, 370, 376
ss (Promachus), 360
ruspator (Helcon), 28
russica (Triplax), 13
rustica (Adimonia), 36
rusticum (Gonocephalum), 398
rusticus (Ischnoceros), 25, 27
5, (Telephorus), xxiv
rutilus (Chrysophanus), 1
saba (Glutophrissa), 325, 329, 359
sabacus (Pseudonympha), 312
sabadius (Eagris), 452
5 (Nisoniades), 452
sabina (Molippa), 181, 182
» (Orthetrum), 304
sabuleti (Trachyscelis), xxvii
sabulicola (Bothrostethus), 170
sabulosa (Asida), 167
sacraria (Sterrha), 312, 332, 336, 364
safitza (Mycalesis), 317, 318, 319, 322,
325, 329, 359, 367, 372
saginatus (Acanthalobus), 221
Salamis, 317, 318, 321, 325, 329, 429,
437, 440, 441, 450
Salda, 170
salebrosus (Apanteles), 10, 68
salicis (Orchestes), 49
Salius, Ixiv, 354
saltator (Orthocephalus), 171
salzmanni (Abacetus), 165
sanctiflorentis (Prothymnia), 161
sandaracata (Prosopis), 313, 368
sanguinea (Formica), xlix, 415, 416
417, 419, 420
sanguineirostris (Veterna), 371
sanguineum (Callidium), 25
5 (Sympetrum), 377
sanguineus (Cerambyx), 25
ss (Harpactor), 170
sanguinicollis (Psederus), 165
sanguinolenta (Chrysomela), 169
(Scelimena), 218
sansibarica (Sphingolabis), 98, 117.
sao (Syrienthus), 161
Saperda, 30, 31, 32, 60, 387, 402
@ elvir™ )
Saprinus, 166, 396
Sarakas, 106, 107
Sarangesa, 320, 329, 371
Sarcinatrix, 99, 102
Sarcophaga, 313, 324, 327, 336, 354,
375
sardoa (Pimelia), 398
3, subscabra (Pimelia), 398
» _ (Tentyria), 398
sarpedon (Papilio), 5
sataspes (Pyrgus), 363
», (Syrichthus), 363
saturnus (Charaxes), 346
ee (Papilio), 3
Satyrus, 161
saussurel (Pilema), 469
saxesenii (Pteromalus), 52
scaber (Paratettix), 241
scabiosee (Zygeena), 162
sceabra (Blatta), 467
»» (Hypospheeria), 467
scabricollis (Pachytychius), 168
a (Psammodes), 339, 340
scabriculus (Trachyphlceus), 44
seabridus (Discotettix), 214
sealaris (Saperda), 31
scandatula (Homoptera), 350
scanicus (Cryptophagus), 394
Scantius, 377
Scaptobius, 332
scapularis (Cymindis), 165
(Holeostethus), 321
(Malthinus}, 397
x (Otumba), 235
scarabeoides (Phlcotribus), 401
Scarabeeus, 375, 396
Scardia, 37
Scaria, 244
Scarites, 386, 388
searodactylus (Leioptilus), xii
Scaurus, 386, 398
Scelimena, 218, 219
Sceliphron, 354
scheefferi (Sisyphus), 166
schistaca (Polyrachis), 344, 355
Schistocerca, 343, 345, 346, 355
schlagintweiti (Forficula), 110
schreberi (Cerocoma), 167
i, (Onthophagus), 166
Sciaphilus, 168, 399
Sciatheras, 62
Sciobius, 327, 374
Sclerocarya, 344, 355
Scleron, 398
Scolia, 14
scolyticida (Cceloides), 58, 59
99
29
Scolytus, 29, 32, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66,
401
scolytus (Eccoptogaster), 57, 60, 61
», (Hlachestus), 58
», (Scolytus), 401
Scopzus, 166, 392
scoparium (Spartium), 33
scoparius (Microcheetes), 135, 136, 137,
138
scotalis (Parthenodes), 350
Scraptia, 167
scriptus (Brachycoleus), 171
scrophulariz (Cionus), 53
sculpta (Mazarredia), 231
sculpturatus (Oxytelus), 393
sculptus (Oxytelus), 393
scutellaris (Atomaria), 394
(Bracon), 20, 40
(Capsus), 171
ie (Henicopus), 397
rufotestaceus (Henicopus),
397
(Orchestes), 49
(Tachys), 388
scutellata (Leptura), 27
a5 (Lochmeea), 170
Scybalicus, 389
Scydmenus, Ixxxi, 393
Scymnus, 170, 355, 364, 403
sedecimguttata (Halyzia), 170
sedecim-punctata (Micraspis), 170
sedi (Apion), 169
seeboldi (Amblyptilia), 483
segmentarius (Harpactor), 376
seladonia (Cassida), 3
sellatus (Chlenius), 336
sematias (Pterophorus), 496
semele (Satyrus), 161
semialata (Monastria), 467
semicincta (Pseudothyrsocera), 469
semiflava (Leuceronia), xxx
semifulva (Sphingolabis), 9
semiluteus (Hamaxas), 134
seminarius (Bruchus), 33, 401
515 Picipes (Bruchus), 401
seminulum (Acritus), 396
(Hypocyptus), 392
Semiothisa, 338, 364, 368
semipunctatus (S aprinus), 396
oe (Scarabzeus), 396
semirufa (Podagrica), 402
semirufus (Orchestes), 48
semivittatum (Apion), xlix, lv, 401
semperinus (Papilio), 4
senegalensis (Forficula), 113
pe (Terias), 319, 326, 353,
356, 359
Sepedon, 347, 360
sepicola (Tropideres), lxix
septemguttata (Cassida), 456
3?
( elviii )
septempunctata (Coccinella), 12, 403
Serenthia, 170
sericans (Trichopteryx), 394
sericatus (Ptomophagus), 395
sericea (Melanophthalma), 394
(Nyctibora), 467
»» (Oxypoda), 391
sericeus (Cafius), 165, 392
(Camponotus), 361
», | (Rhynchites), 164, 169
Sericoderus, 394
seriesetosus (Sitona), 400
serindibanus (Pterophorus), 497
Serinetha, 376
serratus (Henoticus), ]xxxi
sertata (Bruchus), 401
servilia (Crocothemis), 304
sesamus (Precis), 315, 317, 318, 328,
338, 334, 335, 352, 355
Sesia, 1, 162
sesquifasciatus (Elachestus),
setifrons (Polydrusus), 168
setiger (Orthochetes), 400
setinodis (Liothrips), ]xxxi
setosella (Dorcatoma), 22
setulosum (Gonocephalum), 398
severina (Belenois), xii, xiii, xxxi, 314,
317, 319, 322, 325, 329, 352; 357,
358, 359, 366, 370
severus (Brachycerus), 336
sexdentatum (Sinoxylon), 22
sexguttatus (Calocoris), 171
sexmaculatus (Cryptocephalus), 169
sexnotata (Blatta), 467
sexpunctata (Hylomela), 342, 356, 371
- (Lachneea), 169
sexstriatus (Tachys), 165
shelfordi (Chelisoches), 133
(Discotettix), 214
is (Eparchus), 121
Siagona, 388
Sibinia, 168, 400
sibylla (Limenitis), 443
5, (Neptis), 358
siccatorum (Pteromalus), 63, 67
siculus (Sciaphilus), 399
sieboldi (Pteromalus), 35
Sigalphus, 20, 21, 22, 33, 34, 42, 48.
49, 51, 54, 55, 57, 67
signaticollis (Cryptocephalus), 402
signaticornis (Bruchus), 34
signatus (Cardiophorus), 164, 166
= (Ophioneurus), 41
silacea (Aspidomorpha), 369
silana (Forficula), 114
silas (Argiolaus), 316, 367, 376
silenus (Phyllognathus), 396
silesiacus (Bracon), 64
>
9
4
50
99
| Silpha, 386, 393
silphoides (Leucoparyphus), 392
Silvanus, 395
similator (Perilitus), 38
similis (Epilachna), 331
», (Euparatettix), 238
simillima (Molippa), 182
simillimus (Hexachrysis), 374
simonsii (Mycalesis), 345
simplex (Hypurgus), 102
,, (C&demera), 399
,, (Ophioneurus), 41
(Prosopis), 368
(Syntomis), 320
;, (Zeritis), 363
simplicicornis (Pedilophorus), 133, 139,
141
simulans (Forficula), 130
$3 (Proreus), 130, 131
simum (Gymnetron), 401
sinapis (Leptidia), 161
singularis (Holoparamecus), 394
Sinodendron, 14
Sinoxylon, 22
sinuata (Apate), 22, 29, 61
(Panesthia), xxxiv
», (Xylopertha), 22, 59
sinuaticollis (Diglotta), 165
sinuatus (Bostrychus), 22
(Hister), 166
3 (Phlceonotus), 242
sinuella (Homceosoma), 163
Sirex, 188, 192, 208
Sisyphus, 164, 166
Sitaris, xlix
Sitona, 400
Sitones 168, 386
sjostedti (Forficula), 112, 116
Skalistes, 120, 121
Skendyle, 104, 105, 118
Skendyline, 94, 117
skoptoles (Mimacrea), 78
skrimshiramus (Stenolophus), 389
sloanus (Cydimon), 409
smaragdulus (Eusomus), 168
Smicronyx, 168, 385, 400
Sminthurus, ]xxxiii
smyrnensis (Forficula), 115
snelleni (Metachrostis), 350
», (Ozarba), 350
sobrina (Pachnoda), 342, 345
,, (Rhabdotis), 342, 345
sobrius (Proreus), 130
Sochohora, 482
Solenosoma, 126, 131
99
9?
| solidum (Tetramorium), 333
solidus (Microchetes), 138
solieri (Parmena), 402
(i ehixc 7)
sordida (Colpodota), 391
sordidator (Bracon), 46
sordidula (Cremastogaster), 336, 371
sordidus (Philonthus), 392
soror (Polysphincta), 21
spadix (Codiosoma), 400
Spalgis, 178
Sparatta, 91, 125
sparganii (Nonagria), liii
sparsus (Rhynchenus), 168
sparsutus (Pachytychius), 164, 168
Sparticerus, 339, 340, 341
spartii (Bruchus), 33
;, (Cureulio), 34
,, (Hylesinus), 64
», (Lixus), 168
», (Phlceophthorus), 64
spathiiformis (Bracon), 19
Spathius, 15, 16,18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
26, 27, 29, 47, 49, 54, 57, 58, 59,
62, 63, 65, 67
speciosus (Teracolus), 322, 326, 329
speculifrons (Oxytelus), 393
sperans (Pseudosterrha), 331
spermatias (Pterophorus), 499
Spermophagus, 401
sphacelatus (Peribalus), 170
spheericus (Microcheetes), 135, 136
Spheridium, 390
Spheroderma, 387, 403
Sphecophaga, 40
sphegiformis (Globiceps), 171
Sphenophorus, 400
Sphex, 17, 40
Sphingolabis, 92, 97, 98, 117, 123, 132
Sphingomorpha, 362
Sphinx, 366
spica (Mylothris), xviii, xix, xxx, lxx,
lxxi
spiculifera (Doru), 124
spilodesma (Orneodes), 508
Spindasis, 80, 245, 247, 248, 338, 363
spini (Thecla), 161
spinicollis (Monotoma), 395
spinilobus (Cryptotettix), 230
spinipes (Odoutomerus), 30
spinole (Pteromalus), 61, 66
spinosus (Platystethus), 392
spinulosa (Hispa), 347
spio (Hesperia), 363, 364, 373
», (Syrichthus), 364
Spiramiopsis, xi
spirifex (Sceliphron), 354
spitzyi (Bruchus), 398
», (Ptinus), 398
spoliata (Baris), 400
» (Idoea), 323
spoliataria (Ectropis), 370
Spondylis, 164, 169
Spongiphora, 91, 93
spretulus (Saprinus), 396
spurius (Syrichthus), 371, 374
squalida (Epicometis), 386, 396
squalidus (Cheerorrhinus), 400
squamifer (Ellimenistes), 371
squamosus (Dicranocnemus), 378
a (Pachytychius), 400
s-signata (Spalgis), 178
stabilis (Bracon), 63
stadelmanni (Cremastogaster), 380
stadias (Pterophorus), 498
Stalachtis, xxix
stali (Tryxalis), 330, 376
Staphylinide, 10, 386, 391
statilinus (Satyrus), 161
stellata (Euproctis), 323
Stemmatophora, 350
Stenia, 163
Stenocephalus, 170
Stenodontus, 206
Stenolophus, 165, 389
Stenopterus, 169
Stenoptilia, 504
Stenosis, 386, 398
Stenostoma, 399
Stenozygum, 374
Stenus, 164, 166, 392
Sterconychus, 53 ,
Sterranthia, 313, 332
Sterrha, 312, 332, 336, 364
Sthenarus, 171
stictica (Leucocelis), 166
», (Oxythyrea), xxix
stictita (Atelocera), 316
Stictostix, 145
Stilbus, 394
stilicina (Domene), 392
Stilicus, 392
stolida (Basipta), 249, 252
Storthygocerus, 61, 64
stragulatus (Longitarsus), 402
Stramia, 323, 365
Strangalia, 28
strangulata (Leptura), 164, 169
strangulatus (Eremotes), 57
i (Longitarsus), 386
stratioticus (Chelisches), 129
stratocles (Papilio), 1, 6
stratoclides (Papilio), 6
Strengophorus, 368
striata (Coscinia), 162
striatulus (Sigalphus), 33, 34
striatum (Achenium), 392
Me (Anobium), 19
as (Apion), 169
(Asemum), 205
Kiel 7)
striatum agreste (Asemum), 205
striatus (Scaurus), 391
strichnocera (Dictyonota), 170
strigulifera (Craspedia), 368
striolata (Eurytoma), 59
striolatum (Sympetrum), 303, 304
striolatus (Ischius), 49
strobilana (Tortrix), 20
strobilorum (Pimpla), 20
Strongylocoris, 171
Strongylogaster, vii
Strophomorphus, 399
Strophosomus, 168, 374
strumosa (Lomechusa), 415, 419
Stugeta, 80, 344, 353, 363
stygne (Erebia), 159
Stygnocoris, 170
stylata (Xistra), 231
stylifera (Hypospheeria), 370
Styloceras, 62
Stylosomus, 164, 169
Styrax, xxxi
subeeneus (Dasytes), 167
oe (Harpalus), 365
subaptera (Doru), 124
subcinctus (Campoplex), 44
Subcoccinella, 170
subdepressus (Cryptophagus), 1
subfulvata (Eupithecia), 1i
subinteger (Ochthebius), 390
subnotatus (Trechus), 389
subopacum race australe
rium), 339
subrufus (Corizus), 170
subspissata (Epirrhoé), 323
substriatus (Phalacrus), 394
subsulcatus (Hister), 327
subtilicornis (Diadromus), 31
subulifer (Storthygocerus), 61, 64
subvillosus (Scymnus), 403
5 pubescens (Scymnus), 403
subzonatus (Hemiteles), 13
suffumata (Cidaria), ii
suleata (Falagria), 391
s, (Myrmecopora), 391
sulcatus (Bracon), 21, 22
», (Hecabolus), 18, 21, 22
», (Lopus), 170
,, (Otiorrhynehus), xxix
sulcicollis (Ceuthorrhynchus), 55
3 (Psammodius), 396
suleicornis (Verlusia), 170
sulcifrons (Apion), 43
a (Barypithes), 168
sumatranus (Troides), 2
Sunius, 166, 392
supellectilium (Phyllodromia), 469
superba (Lobophora), 128
(Monomo-
superbus (Lygzeus), 170
supra (Leuceronia), xxx
surinamensis (Blatta), 456, 457, 458,
462
Ap (Pycnoscelus), 459, 462
sf (Sylvanus), 395
suspensus (Pteromalus), 47, 64, 66, 67
suspicax (Ichneumon), 31
sutor (Cerambyx), 30
;, (Monochammus), 30
suturalis (Cymindis), 390
- (Lochmeea), lxxxiv, Ixxxv
sybaris (Tarucus), 334
sycophanta (Calosoma), 7
sykesi (Cyclopodia), 421,
425, 426, 428
sylvia (Phrissura), xviii, xix, xxx, lxx,
xxi
Symbiotes, 394
Sympetrum, 303, 304, 377
Sympycna, 308
Syncalypta, 396
Synchita, 13
Synchloé, 311, 331, 334, 335, 338,
339, 372, 377
syncecoides (Lycanthropa), 312
Syntomis, 320, 368, 373, 375
Syrichthus, 161, 363, 364, 371, 374,
400
Syromastes, 170
Syrphus, 524, 360, 369
Syssita, 368
Systasis, 51
Systeechus, 340, 344, 374
Systolederus, 227
sythoffi (Platyptilia), 482
Tabanus, 357, 360
Tabanide, xlv
tabida (Microlestia), 310, 378
tabidus (Longitarsus), 403
», (Meteorus), 28, 31
Tachina, 8
Tachyporus, 392
Tachypus, 165
Tachyris, xviii, 1xxii
Tachys, 164, 165, 388
Tachyusa, 165, 391
teeniata (Acmeodera), 166
teniolatum (Orthetrum), 305
teeniops (Eristalis), 317, 324, 330, 369,
373
tagalica (Epilampra), 469
Tagiades, 323
tagis (Anthocharis), v
taikosama (Alceides), 343, 345
tales tales (Eueides), lxxvi
talpoides (Hemimerus), xxxiil
tamul (Neolobophora), 119, 120
422, 424,
Co eelxi29)
Tanagra, ii
Tapheeus, 19
Taphrorychus, 66
taprobanes (Amblyptilia), 482
i" (Platyptilia), 482, 483
tardator (Helicon), 26, 29
tardii (Mesites), 57
tardus (Oncotus), 379
tardyi (Rhopalomesites), 57
tarsalis (Stenus), 166
tarsatus (Paltothyreus), 354, 357
,, (Scydmeuus), 393
tartarea (Cutilia), 469
Tarucus, 316, 329, 334, 343, 358, 360,
367, 372, 445
taurus (Anthracias), 330
*,, (Onthophagus), 166, 396
taxicornis (Labidostomis), 402
tecta (Aspidomorpha), 375
tectiformus (Deltonotus), 215
Teleas, 50, 61
Telephorus, xxiv, 167, 374, 378, 380
telesicles (Papilio), 4
telicanus (Cupido), 445
ss (Lampides), 152
es (Lyceena), 161, 445
6 (Tarucus), 316, 329, 343, 358,
360, 367, 372, 445
Telipna, 78
tellonus (Papilio), 3
Telmatettix, 241
Temnopterix, 379
temora (Kosmetor), 123
tenax (Eristalis), 310, 381
tenebrator (Chelisoches), 129
tenebricosa (Timarcha), 35
Tenebrio, 399
Tenebrioides, 395
Tenebrionide, 146, 398
tenebrionis (Capnodis), 397
tenebrosus (Harpalus), 389
is (Melanotus), 166
tenella (Blatta), 469
» (Mantispa), 376
tenellum (Achenium), 392
a (Pyrrhosoma), 307
tener (Cxenocryptus), 29
tengstreemi (Deuterocopus), 474
tenuestriatus (Trachyscelis), xxvii
tenuicollis (Ochthenomus), 399
tenuistriga (Crambus), 364
Tentyria, 167, 386, 387, 398
tephradactylus (Leioptilus), xii
Tephrina, 317, 333
Tephrosia, 449
Teracolus, xii, xiii, xxiii, xxiv, 312-376,
431
terebella (Bracon), 50
terebrans (Pimpla), 29, 30, 47
teredo (Mesoleptus), 24, 32
teres (Glypta), 31
Teretrius, 11
Terias, 314-359, 448
terminalis (Halictus), 380
: (Microctonus), 12
5 (Rhyticoris), 371
terminatus (Perilitus), 11
terpsichore (Acrea), 317, 318, 328
tersus (Aphodius), 396
Tessaratoma, 253, 255, 256
tessellata (Dicheetometopia), 337
tessellatus v. humilis (Hydroporus),
390
A (Pteromalus), 56
testacea (Hispa), 170
testaceipes (Orthocentrus), 37
testaceum (Lasioderma), 398
Pe (Spheeroderma), 403
testaceus (Pentaphyllus), 398
5 (Stilbus), 394
teter (Curculio), 51
», (Gymnetron), 51
Tetradia, 339, 351
Tetramorium, 333
Tetraschalis, 474, 475, 476
Tetrastichus, 36, 43, 48, 49
Tetrigine, 213, 226, 228, 236
Tetrix, 234, 236, 239
Tetropium, 31, 32, 183-208
Tetrops, 32, 56
etrum (Gymnetron), 168
Tetticerus, 230
Tettigidea, 243
teutonus (Stenolophus), 165, 389
thalassina (Epachromia), 377
(Leuceronia), Ixx, Ixxii, 358,
359
Thammophilus, 32
Thamnotrizon, Ixvi
Thanasimus, 17
thaumas (Hesperia), 161
Thecagaster, 305
Thecla, 161
Theganopteryx, 470
theora (Belenois), xxx, Ixx, lxxi
Therates, 85, 86
thermarum v. maritimus (Philonthus),
392
thermesialis (Hypena), 323
thero (Phasis), 380
Thersilochus, 13, 39, 55
Thespis (Cacyreus), 380
theuszi (Belenois), xxix, xxx, lxx, 1xxi,
]xxii
thoas thoas (Papilio), xxviii
thomsoni (Cryptophagus), 394
( clxii )
thoracicus (Hemiteles), 67
- (Mesochorus), 35
“ (Pezomachus), 53
a (Sigalphus), 33
Thorictus, 396
Thrips, Lxxxii
Throscus, 16
Thylacites, 387
Thyreopterus, 320
Thyretes, 33+
Thyrsocera, 458, 469
thysa (Belenois), Ixx, 1xxi, lxxii, 325,
329
Thysanura, Ixxxiii, 340
thysbe (Phasius), 312
Thysodactyla, 374
tibialis (Calyptus), 19, 41
», (Cheetoenema), 402
;, (Erodius), 167
», (Sitona), 400
tigrina (Hypera), lv
tigrinus (Cleonus), 168
tiliz (Cryphalus), 65
», (Phytocoris), 170
Tillus, 17, 386, 397
Timarcha, 35, 402
timida (Baris), 400
», (Liagrica), 402
timidus (Pterophorus), 494
Timomenus, 95, 96
Tinegeria, 330, 347
tinctor (Eumenes), 361, 369, 373, 375
Tinea, 37
Tine, 14
Tiphia, 14
Tirumala, 359
Titanio, 163
tithonus (Epinephile), 161
tolteca (Ancistrogaster), 108
tomentosus (Tychius), 400
Tomicus, 66
tomis (Forficula), 113
Tomoglossa, 391
topha (Teracolus), 319, 343
Tormentilla, Ixxxv
torrensensis (Morychus), 138
torrida (Pseudomacromia), 354, 356,
360
Tortrix, 20, 31, 163
Torymus, 31
Trachyscelis, xxvi, 386, 398
Trachyphleeus, 44, 400
Tragia, 443
transalpina (Zygena), 162
transfuga (Campoplex), 31
transversalis (Tillus), 386, 397
transversus (Knicmus), 394.
Trechus, 336, 389
tremule (Lina), 36
», (Melasoma), 36, 41
triadias (Pterophorus), 494
Tribolium, 398
tricarinatus (Criotettix), 220
tricausta (Orneodes), 506
Trichiura, ii
Trichius, 164, 166
Trichodes, 167
Trichopteryx, 394
Trichoptilus, 472, 473
Trichothrips, lxxxi
trichotus (Sciatheras), 62
tricolor (Bembidium), 165
», (Ootheea), 378
tricondyloides (Styrax), xxxi
tricornis (Bledius), 393
tricuspidatus (Ditomus), 389
tridens (Eusandulon), 56, 67
Tridymus, 33, 41, 62
trifasciata (Phyllomacromia), 360
trifasciatus (Attagenus), 166
ae (Clytanthus), 169
2 (Notoxus), 167
trifolii (Anthrocera), xxviii
», (Apion), 42
», (Zygena), 162
Trigonoderus, 20
Trigonopus, 312, 336, 365, 369, 371
Trilophidia, 331
trimenia (Mylothris), lxxi, Ixxii, 314,
366
Trinodes, 145
Tripetalocera, 213
tripilis secunda (Musea), 15
Triplax, Ixxxi, 13
tristigma (Lachniea), 169
tristis (Acridotheres), 441
,, (Aleochara), 391
,, (Anthicus), 167
», (Bruchus), 401
Trithemis, 304
Tritomide, 395
Trochalus, 351, 374
Trochilium, 163
trochilus (Macroglossa), 360, 368
troglodytes (Ceuthorrhynchidius), 400
a (Trogophleeus), 393
Trogositide, 395
Troides, 2
Tropideres, lxix
Tropistethus, 170
Trox, 339, 396
truncatus (Loxilobus), 223
truncorum (Bracon), 26
Tryphon, 35
Trypodendron, xxxii, 1xxi
Trypopitys, 20
© sclxaii, })
Trypoxylon, 206
Tryxalis, 330, 345, 376
tuberculata (Blatta), 467
Re (Brachycola), 467
tuberculatus (Coptotettix), 241, 242
- (Ephialtes), 24, 28, 31,
46, 53
(Ganyochorus), 43
tuberculifer (PhyUobius), 168
tuberculosis (Cionus), 53
tuccius (Meloé), 399
tullbergi (Anurida), Ixxxili
turbatus (Balaninus), 168
3; (lixus), 45
turbulenta (Osteodes), 331, 334, 370,
373
turida (Forficula), 115
tuttodactyla (Marasmarcha), 412, 415
Tychius, 400
Typha, i
Typhea, 13, 395
typographlus (Bostrichus), 66
ucedinis (Heterogynis), 162
ulicis (Bruchus), 401
umbellatarum (Anthaxia), 387, 397
(Molorchus), 26
umbrata (Oxypoda), 391
undatus (Brachycerus), 400
», (Tridymus), 33
undecem-punctata (Coccinella), 403
undulatus (Bracon), 29, 30
i (Dermestes), 395
unicolor (Aphodius), 396
>, (Cidemera), 399
5, (Perispheeria), 467
unicornis (Bledius), 393
unicostatus (Entedon), 49
unifasciata (Atomaria), 394
unifasciatus (Pceciloscytus), 171
x (Tillus), 17
uniformis (Elliptoblatta), 469
a (Sunius), 166, 392
unispinosa (Hadrocerus), 47
Urania, xxviii, 405, 410
urinator (Bracon), 45
uroceriformis (Trochilium), 163
Urodon, 401
ursina (Polyphaga), 456
ursus (Anisonyx), 379
urticee (Phyllobius), 44
», (Vanessa), 161
urticarium (Apion), 43
Usagaria, 345
ustulatus (Cercyon), 390
Utetheisa, 335, 364
uvida (Myrmecopora), 391
vaginule (Entedon), 52
», (Pteromalus), 52, 53
vaillantina (Egybolia), 327, 330
validispinus (Bolotettix), 224, 226
vallecula (Pteromalus), 58
vandepolli (Troides), 3
Vanessa, 161, 436
varanes (Charaxes),
367
varia (Leuceronia), xxx
variabile (Callidium), 26, 197
variabilis (Bombus), xxxili
Fa (Cyphon), 167
», (Hypera), 400
AF (Paratettix), 236
varians (Anaspis), 399
», (Chrysomela), 35
», (Philonthus), 392
variator (Bracon), 50, 51
variegata (Adonia), 170
ab (Antestia), 321
is (Audea), 334
if (Forficula), 132
» (Sphingolabis), 132
variegatus (Bruchus), 398
BS (Chlznius), 389
- (Ptinus), 398
variicornis (Hamaxas), 134
variolosa (Chrysomela), 402
variolosus (Oxylemus), lxix
ne (Searabeeus), 396
variopictus (Proreus), 130
varipes (Apion), 169
varius (Clytanthus), 402
», (Hydroporus), 390
velox (Anthicus), 399
velutinus (Chlenius), 389
ventralis (Hister), 396
53 (Ochrosis), 402
s (Philonthus), 392
Venusia, ii
verbasci (Anthrenus), 395
», (Bradycellus), 389
», (Cionus), 53
Verlusia, 170
vernale (Apion), 43
vernaria (Euchloris), 334
versicolor (Agonoscelis), 324
on (Derocalymma), 469
a (Pelochares), 166
versicolora (Plagiodera), 36, 169
versicolorea (Donzia), 169
Vespa, 40
vesparum (Sphecophaga), 40
vestigialis (Syssita), 368
vestita (Acantholepis), 333, 336, 365
Veterna, 371
vialis (Psammodes), 339, 340
viator (Proctotrypes), 8
vicaria (Forficula), 114
318, 329, 352,
( ichxiv,)
vicarius (Pteromalus), 63
vici# (Bruchus), 33
vicina (Eparchus), 121
victoria (Neocenyra), 77
vidua (Pinacopteryx), Ixx, Ixxii
viduatus (Ceuthorrhynchus), Ixviii
viduus (Eupelmus), 50
», (Pezomachus), 9
vigilans (Pseudonympha), 378, 379
vigintiquatuor-punctata (Subcocci-
nella), 170
viginti-quatuor-signata (Polysticta),
365
vilis (Pselnophorus), 492
villosa (Anoxia), 166
villosulus (Gymnetron), 51
villosus (Balaninus), 56
,, (Bostrichus), 61, 65
;, (Bruchus), 33
», (Dryoceetes), 65
viminalis (Orchestes), 50
vincta (Monolepta), 358
vindex (Hemipepsis), 354
», (Hesperia), 364, 373
» (Salius), 354
,, (Syrichthus), 364
vini (Cryptophagus), 394
violacea (Curculio), 57
», (Magdalis), 57
violaceonigra (Timarcha), 35
violaceum (Apion), 45, 401
; (Callidium), 26, 197, 387,
402
violaceus (Carabus), 8
», (Cryptocephalus), 169
x3 (Cureulio), 57
», (Meloé), 399
me (Pteromalus), 56, 57
Virachola, 320, 326, 329
virescens (Blatta), 467
5 (Panchlora), 463, 464
~ (Pteromalus), 56, 57, 66, 67
virgatus (Sitona), 400
virgauree (Chrysophanus), 161
virgo (Calopteryx), lxi
viridana (Tortrix), 163
viridescens (Meligethes), 13
viridis (Agrilus), 16
s» (Gecinus), 208
s, (Malachius), 167
,, (Panchlora), 463
viridissima (Locusta), lx
i (Palomena), 170
viridissimus (Pachybrachys), 169
viridula (Gastroidea), 36
vishnu (Kosmetor), 123
vistara (Troides), 2
vitellina (Panchlora), 470
vitripennis (Hadroceras), 52
vittata (Cassida), 403
»» (Ceratina), 338
vittatus (Chelisoches), 132
», (Cryptocephalus), 164, 169
a (Larinus), 400
vivax (Opisthocosmia), 101
Viax, 106, 108
vomitoria (Calliphora), 381
vorax (Apion), 401
vulcanus cythera (Heliconius), xvi
ab. modesta (Heli-
conius), Xvi
oi pyrforus (Heliconius), xvi
vulgaris (Linaria), 51
;, (Pterostichus), 8
;, (Vespa), 40
vulgatum (Sympetrum), 303
vulneratus (Diastictus), 396
vulpinus (Dermestes), 339, 376
wahlbergi (Carlisis), 370
- (Periplaneta), 469
es (Pseudoderopeltis), 370
walkeri (Gyaria), 337
,, (Sunius), 392
wallengrenii (Teracolus), 319
waltoni (Phytobius), 168
weitzecheri (Cremastogaster), 371
wenekeri (Apion), 168
whitei (Iphiaulax), 331, 343, 344, 356,
369, 370
wiedemeyeri (Limenitis), Ixxvii, xxx
xanthocles xanthocles (Heliconius),
Ixxvi
xanthographus (Harpalus), 365, 380
Xantholinus, 369, 392
xantholoma (Cafius), 12, 165, 392
xanthomelene (Tetrastichus), 36
xanthomista (Polia), lxxx
% nigrocincta (Polia), Ixxx
xanthops (Entedon), 48
ib (Eulophus), 48
Xanthoptera, 350
xanthopus (Atheta), 391
Xanthorhoé, xx, xxi
xanthosoma (Papilio), 6
Xanthospilopteryx, 370
xanthostoma (Entedon), 48
Xenitenus, 341
xenoclea (Heliconius), xiv, xv
Xenodusa, 419
Xenorrhinus, 355
Xenoscelis, 395
Xenylla, [xxxiii
Xistra, 231
Xorides, 18, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32,
47
Xyleborus, 67
2? 2?
( clxv )
Xyletinus, 22, 167
Xylina, Ixxx
xylobius (Entedon), 67
Xylocleptes, 65
Xylocopa, 320, 335, 344, 354, 368, 369,
373, 374, 375, 379
Xylonomus, 26, 31, 32
Xylopertha, 22, 59, 351, 398
xylophagorum (Pachyceras), 61, 66
(Roptrocerus), 64, 65,
66, 67
vs (Tridymus), 62
Xylophilus, 164, 167
xylopsamma (Platyptilia), 488
Xylotrechus, 169
Xyroptila, 479, 480
Xystra, 232
Yphthima, 334, 335, 344, 352, 353,
357, 358, 359
Zabrus, 165
Zamarada, 331
zebrinus (Spindasis), 245
Zeleta, xxx1
99
Zephyrus, 161
Zerenopsis, 327, 368
Zeritis, 341, 363
Zetobora, 467
zetterstedti (Gegenes), 316, 317, 322,
326, 329, 360, 368, 373, 377
ziczac. (Notodonta), 1xxx
zinckenella (Etiella), 336, 350
Zizera, 312, 317, 320, 322, 329, 334,
335, 345, 353, 356, 357, 359, 367,
377, 429, 445, 446, 447
zochalia (Belenois), Ixxii, xxx, 314,
366, 372
zoe (Terias), 448
Zombrus, 369
Zonabris, 163, 167, 168
zophodactyla (Stenoptilia), 504
Zophosis, 333, 334, 336, 345, 349, 364,
375
zostere (Atheta), 391
Zuphium, 387, 390
Zygena, 162
Aprit 14, 1908.
Vea) Cen ED
flit Ailey
he)
Sa)
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
FoR THE YEAR 1907.
I. Notes on the Indo-Australian Papilionide. By PErcy
I. Latuy, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
[Read February 6th, 1907.]
PLATE I.
I HAVE recently been obliged to re-arrange the collection
of Indo-Australian Papilionide belonging to Mr. Herbert
J. Adams, F.E.S., owing to the acquisition of a very large
amount of material from the Van de Poll collections.
In the course of this work I came across many interesting
facts hitherto not known, in spite of the attention that
has been paid to this group; the results are these notes.
Only two forms are described as new, viz. the Andaman
race of P. agamemnon, Linn., and a form of P. stratocles,
Feld., from Mindoro.
I am enabled to establish the claim of 7. brookiana,
Wall., from Sumatra to be considered as a distinct geo-
graphical form, while P. cacharensis, Butl., must sink as a
synonym of P. doubledayi, Wall. I also describe nine
hitherto unknown females and one male.
Troides eleanor, Walk.
The three females of this form of 7voides from Sumatra
are all devoid of subapical white markings and correspond
TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 1
2 Mr. Percy I. Lathy’s Notes on
to the form recorded by Rothschild (Nov. Zool. vol. 1,
p- 199) as ab. eleanor, Walk. ; the locality of this aberra-
tion is unknown, but I think there is little doubt that
this is the usual Sumatran form, therefore Walker’s name
must be applied to the sub-species. It is curious that
Malacca specimens=albescens, Rothsch., should be much
whiter than the Bornean examples and that the Sumatran
females which one would have expected to be inter-
mediate are so different.
Troides darsius, Gray.
An aberration of the male which has a black spot in
each of discal yellow markings of hind-wing excepting post-
cellular one.
Troides papuensis, Wall.
A remarkable aberration of the male which has a dirty
white marginal border to fore-wing below.
One example from Stephansort, German New Guinea.
Troides doherty, Ripp.
A specimen of the male from Talaut which has distinct
golden scaling on disc of hind-wing above; the discal
yellow markings below rather more extended than usual.
Troides neomiranda, Fruhs.
9. Ground-colour darker than in the female of TJ. miranda,
Butl.; the upper adnervular whitish markings extending to cell
and yellow markings of hind-wing larger ; these differences apply to
both upper and under surfaces of wings and on the under-side the
marginal cream-coloured lunules are larger than in Butler’s species.
2 29 from Sumatra.
Troides vistara, Fruhs.
qd. Differs from the other forms of 7. amphrysus in
having the adnervular markings of fore-wing greyish-white
instead of yellow; the marginal black border of hind-wing
is as in 7’. niasicus, Fruhs.
2 22% from Tanah Massa and Poelo Tello, Batu Isles.
Troides sumatranus, Hagen.
2. The single female differs from the other forms of
the Indo-Australian Papilionide. 3
amphrysus females in having the ray-like markings of the
fore-wing yellow instead of dirty-white ; the base of hind-
wing is black, somewhat as in 7’. vandepolli, Snell.
Papilio palembanganus, Rothsch.
Mr. Adams has one male and three females; the male
has one spot at apex of cell of hind-wing and has the
upper submarginal spot; of the females one has one spot
at apex of cell of hind-wing, the other two have no spot;
they vary considerably in extent of white markings, in
one of which they are greatly reduced; the submarginal
spots are rather smaller and not so white as in Javan
examples,
Papilio doubledayi, Wall.
A good series of specimens from Cachar, Malacca and
Siam. I think cacharensis, Butl., must be treated merely
as a synonym of this species. Two examples from Cachar
sent in the same parcel as typical specimens are not to
be distinguished from Malaccan forms; they have an
even greater extent of white and none of the character-
istics given by Rothschild to separate the two forms.
Papilio fehri, Honr.
An aberration of the male from Orahili, Nias, in which
the red spots of hind-wing have almost entirely dis-
appeared, being represented by a few reddish scales.
Papilio saturnus, Guer.
A curious aberration from Sumatra resembles LP.
tellonus, Fruhs., from the Batu Isles, in having an
additional patch on hind-wing, in other respects however
it agrees with the usual Sumatran form.
Papilio memnon, Linn.
A remarkable aberration of the male from Mt. Marapok,
British North Borneo, in which the basal red spot of
hind-wings below is much enlarged and sutfused; the
discal row of black spots strongly suffused with reddish
scales ; the submarginal row of black spots reduced.
Papilio memnon, Linn.
Among some of the more noticeable forms of females are
ab, achates, Cram., with basal patch of fore-wing white, and
4 Mr. Percy I. Lathy’s Motes on
another with basal patch orange; specimens from Banka
with anal angle of fore-wing white and outer-margin also to
near apex ; an example from Nias with basal white patch
of fore-wing suffused with reddish scales.
Papilio rumanzovius, Esch.
I am able to record a single female of the form
semperinus, Haase, from Talaut. The band parallel to
abdominal margin of hind-wing is pinkish-white, not scarlet.
Papilio acheron, Gr. Sm. (Plate I, fig. 2.)
A female from Mt. Kinabalus, British North Borneo,
which appears to differ from the female described by
Rothschild, Nov. Zool, vol. iii, p 65, 1896, in having a
subapical white band on fore-wing above and below.
Papilio alphevos, Fruhs.
Fruhstorfer, in Iris, 1901, p. 343, gives this name to a
female of the polytes group from Menado ; Mr. Adams also
has a female from the same locality. I think these 2 2
belong to the tailless ¢ ¢ and are the Celebes form of
polytes, Linn., and that @/cindor, Oberthur, should be kept
as a distinct species.
Papilio hewitsoni, Westw.
°. Does not differ in any respect from the male. Four
examples from Mt. Kinabalu, British North Borneo.
Papilio telesicles, Feld.
Among a long series of females of this variable species
I find two interesting forms, one which agrees with ab.
leucothoides, Honr., but has a strong purple gloss on anterior
of fore-wings, this specimen unfortunately is without
locality ; the other is brown as in ab. nepticula, Rothsch., but
fore-wings entirely without white markings and having a
submarginal row of yellowish-brown spots ; this form was
obtained on Mt. Marapok, British North Borneo, From
Sumatra Mr. Adams has two forms of female, one belong-
ing to ab. daja, Rothsch, and the other to ab. nepticula,
Rothsch.
Papilio xgialus, Dist. (Plate I, fig. 1.)
Q. Upper-side. Fore-wing olive-brown darker on outer-margin ;
the following white markings, a large patch at apex of cell extending
the Indo-Australian Papilionide. 5
beyond cell nearly to costa, three small discal patches, fascia on inner-
margin, and a row of nine submarginal spots. Hind-wing dark brown,
a large white patch almost filling cell and seven patches around cell
of which the middle ones are short, a series of seven submarginal
lunules, white spots, and a similar number of marginal white spots
between nervules.
Under-side similar but paler and white markings more extended.
A single example from the Batu Islands ; it may easily
be distinguished from the same sex of P. mendax, Rothsch.,
by greater extent of white markings and absence of purple
gloss.
Papilio brunet, Fruhs.
9. Differs from the male in the same way as evan,
Doubld., differs. The black markings of hind-wing are less
than in the mainland form and the silvery markings of the
hind-wing below are most distinct.
Six examples from Mt. Marapok, British North Borneo.
Papilio insularis, Stgr.
®. Similar to male but slightly larger. A single speci-
men from Sumatvra.
Papilio celebensis, Fick.
A single female from Talaut which apparently belongs
to this form.
Papilio sarpedon, Linn.
A single specimen of the remarkable melanistic form
figured by de Niceville, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc., p. 54;
n. 14, t. 4, p. 11. This was also obtained in Sumatra.
An aberration of the male from Java has a green spot at
apex of cell of fore-wing.
Papilio milon, Feld.
An aberration of the male from Tondano, Celebes, with
a submarginal row of indistinct green lunules on fore-wing
above.
Papilio andamana, sub-sp. nov.
Differs from P. agamemnon, Linn., in the markings being bluish-
green instead of yellowish-green; from the allied P. decoratus,
Rothsch., from Nicobars, it may be separated by less amount of red
markings on hind-wings below.
Seven males from the Andaman Isles.
6 Mr. Percy I. Lathy on Indo-Australian Papilionide.
Papilio macaristus, Gr. Sm.
f. Similar to the male, but larger and the outer margin
of fore-wing more rounded.
A single example from Mt. Kinabalu, British North
Borneo.
Papilio xanthosoma, Stgr.
9. Similar to the male but larger and the outer margin
of fore-wing more rounded.
Two specimens from Sumatra.
Papilio stratoclides, sub-sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 3.)
Similar to P. stratocles, Feld., but whitish markings of both wings
above and below very much more extended, this being especially so
in the discal markings of the hind-wings.
Hab. Mindoro.
I find that the firm of Staudinger and Bang-Haas have
been sending out this sub-species as typical stvatocles, Feld.,
and the true stratocles, Feld., as stratoclides, therefore the
two forms are probably confused in many collections; the
description of stvatoclides was never published, this being
the case in many of the names in Staudinger’s list.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
[See Hxplanation facing the PLATE. |
Il. On the Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera: By
ERNeEstT A. ELiort, F.Z.S., and CLAUDE MORLEY,
F.E.S.
[Read February 6th, 1907. ]
THE subject of parasitism on Coleoptera does not appear
to have been especially taken up by any Entomologist.
Prof. Ratzeburg and a tew of his contemporaries collected
a large amount of information on the parasites of Forest
insects in general, and the former studied a few Coleoptera
—Curculio notatus and some of the bark borers—more
particularly. The results are found in the “ Ichneumonen
der Forstinsekten,’ to which work (so little known in
England) we are indebted for a great number of the
records in the following paper. Marshall's records are all
taken from other authors, but are useful in so far as they
refer to the original records. Another valuable work is
Giraud’s posthumous “ Liste des éclosions d’Insectes,”’ in
which, however, there occur manuscript names. Other-
wise the records are mostly scattered through numerous
British and Continental magazines, and are only to be
discovered by laborious research. While not claiming to
include every published record on the subject, or any great
amount of original work, we trust that the following list
will be found of sufficient interest to encourage others to
carry on the work, both by means of personal observation
and by bringing to our notice records we may have
overlooked.
1. Calosoma sycophanta, Linn.
“Once I caught a large, fat larva of Calosoma, and put it
in spirits of wine. Soon afterwards it burst, and little
larvee of Microgaster thronged out; over a hundred lay
closely piled up together, with the anal extremity turned
towards the abdominal end of the larva.” (Ratz., Ichn. d.
Forst. i, 28, footnote; host specified at Jd. cit. 11, 212.)
1 The Coleoptera bearing an asterisk are extra-British. The
numbers in small type after the parasites’ names refer to those
prefixed to the “Classified List of Parasites,” post.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE)
8 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
2. Carabus violaceus, Linn.
Dr. Ratzeburg says of his Phygadeuon campoplegoides®
(/.¢. 11, 124): This remarkable little pair came from Herr
Drewsen, who writes as follows: “Out of TYachina pacta,
which, as is well known, lives in Carabus violaceus.’ The
synonymy of this Cryptid is stijl doubtful (cf. Morley,
Ichn. Brit, 11, 88).
3. Nebria brevicollis, Fab.
Van Vollenhoven (Pinae. fol. xxxi) says: ‘Curtis bred
Proctotrypes (2) viator from the larves of Nebria brevicollis.”
This refers to the latter’s statement (Farm Insects, 198)
“that on opening the cells of the specimens of this beetle
sent to me by Mr. Graham, I found one partly consumed,
and the other had produced six specimens of Proctotrupes
vuttor (2): thus showing that this parasite keeps in check
. . . the larvee of ground beetles.”
4, Nebria gyllenhali, Sch.
5. Patrobus assimilis, Chaud.
In describing Ovesbius castaneus from the top of Garb-
havel, near Loch Rannoch, the Rev. T. A. Marshall
(EK. M. M. iii. [1867], p. 194) writes: “This species may be
suspected of being a parasite of Nebria, Patrobus,” ete.
N. gyllenhali would be the only British species of the
genus at that altitude—3,500 feet.
6. Pterostichus vulgaris, Linn.
Curtis says the larve of Omaseus melanarius, Il. are
“frequently infested by a parasite called Proctotrupes
viator” (Farm Insects, 131).
7. Gyrinus natator, Scop.
Mr. F. Bouskell tells us that, in 1894, he bred two or
three different sorts of parasites from pupe of this beetle
found by him on reeds at the Cropstone reservoir in
Leicestershire. “Mr. Parfitt first bred ¢ 2 of his Hemiteles
gyrint,”® says Morley (Ichn. Brit. ii, 163), “from spring
pupa-cases, and Bignell also raised it, from pupe of Gyrinus
natator found by the Rey. J. Hellins upon rushes on the
banks of the Exeter Canal, of which the latter has allowed
me to examine both sexes; it is later recorded as bred
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 9
from the same host, together with Pezomachus (?) vidwus,”*
Forst. One is led to wonder whether the latter could
have been a dimorphic 2 of the same species.” Of H.
persector, he says (lib. cit. 160), “bred from some pup of
Gyrinus natator, collected by the Rev. J. Hellins, from
rushes on the banks of the Exeter canal. It did not, how-
ever, emerge till later than HL. gyrini (argentatus, Grav.),
with which it appears to be associated.”
8. Phlwopora reptans, Grav.
Morley (Ichn. Brit. 11, 134) took Hemiteles areator in
February 1899, associating, though perhaps accidentally,
with this beetle beneath pine bark, near Ipswich.
9. Myrmedonia collaris, Payk.
A 2 of Miecrocryptus nigrocinctus was taken in Wicken
Fen in Cambs., by Donisthorpe, associating with this beetle,
which it much resembles, in a nest of Myrmica lxvinodis
(cf. Morley, Ichn. Brit. ii, 42).
10. Creophilus maxillosus, Linn.
Marshall writing of the common Braconid, Alysia
manducator (Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 377) says: “Ona vérifié
leur parasitisme dans les larves de Lucilia . .. et ce, qui
semble plus remarquable, dans les larves formidables du
coléoptere Creophilus maxillosus, L., qui habitent con-
stamment les cadavres.” We have repeatedly captured
this parasite on carrion.
11. Ocypus olens, Miill.
A beetle-larva, twenty-two millimetres in length, was
dug up from beneath the surface of the ground in Mr.
Morley’s garden (Monks Soham House, Suffolk) on 9th
Sept. 1905. This, there can be no doubt, is that of
Ocypus olens—as figured by Westwood (Mod. Class. i, 166,
fig. xvi, 1), since Creophilus feeds in carrion, etc. This
larva was placed in a chip box and, the following day, had
become moribund with seventeen hymenopterous larvie
protruding from its ventral surface. The latter lived till
October and all assumed the pupal state, the first three on
28th Sept., of which two (in the fifth segment) alone
assumed the blackness of maturity. Unfortunately they
10 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
all died—probably through lack of moisture—in the
position and situation indicated below.'
Third segment (between the intermediate and hind-legs) three
protruded ; two from the centre and one a little to the right side ;
two with head and half thorax discovered, and one—the hinder
central—with only half its head showing.
Fourth segment (well behind the hind-legs) three ; two from the
centre and one a little to the left side ; all with head and thorax, and
the hindmost slightly more, protruded.
Fifth segment, four ; two from the centre, a third slightly before
and to the right of the first central one, and the fourth level with
and to the left of the second central; the foremost central is the
furthest protruded and most fully developed of all, being held in situ
only by its fifth abdominal segment and anus, the right-hand one is
next fully developed with its fourth segment and anus still encased,
the hinder central has little more than its basal seement protruded
and the left-hand one has exserted only its head and fore part of
thorax.
Six to tenth segments all bear one equally developed parasite,
exposed to about the base of the mesothorax.
Eleventh segment, two; the basal considerably to the right and
the apical exactly in the centre and so close to the anus as to have
nearly severed the host’s conical anal proleg, which is thrust obliquely
aside.
Even the most advanced specimen is much too immature
to guess specifically. The only reliable feature discernible
is a distinct central longitudinal carina throughout the
metathorax ; this at once precludes the parasites from the
Ichneumonide and, combined with their general facies,
lends strong probability to their appertaining to the
Braconid genus Apanteles, many of whose species (A.
salebrosus, Marsh., etc.) possess such a central carina. But
they did not evacuate their host, nor spin the least trace of
cocoons—simply protruded in their larval, subsequently
pupal, skins.”
1 The body of the host from the fifth segment to the anus is so
distorted by the parasites that it is only the manner in which they
themselves are grouped which enables the distinction of the segments
to be surmised.
2 “Many years ago, I found under a stone a shrunken beetle
larva, which undoubtedly belonged to the Staphylinx, dead, In it
were several parasites in naked pupal state: these proved to be
Codrus pallipes,?* Jur.” (Kawall, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1855, p. 260).
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 11
12. Cafius cantholoma, Grav.
12a, Micralymma brevipenne, Gyll.
Mr. E. A. Newbery has found Platymischus dilatatus,
Westw., to be parasitic upon this Cafius at Plymouth, in
May 1895. And at Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1859, p. 98, we find
that “Mr. George Wailer undoubtedly observed, at New-
castle, that Platymischus was parasitic on Micralymma
brevipenne, Gyll.”; attention is also there drawn to the
occurrence of such a parasite on an at times submarine
host.
13. Teretrius picipes, Fab.
Westwood (Mod. Class. i, 182) writes: “Paromalus
prcipes, according to Dalman, is parasitically attacked by
Pieromalus micans”*°> and refers to the Swed. Trans. 1822.
At lib. cit. 11, 159, he adds: “ Pertlampus micans was
always observed upon posts perforated by ... Hister
preipes by Dalman.”
14. Anatis ocellata, Linn.
On 10th August, Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. i, 211)
boxed a larva of Coccinella ocellata, which he thought un-
usually large and sluggish, and probably parasited. It
devoured a larva of Lophyrus, but would subsequently eat
nothing. Soon it affixed its anus to a leaf and became
motionless, but without pupating. In the following spring
he found his Lupelmus Hytelweinii?® dead in the box and
a small hole in the side of the larva’s back ; it may have
emerged the preceding autumn. The larva had retained
its natural form, and had only lost its red and white spots.
Five years later (Jib. cit. ii, 145) he discovered two more
specimens of the same parasite in the box, in which the
larva had been left; a second hole was then found in the
larva’s skin. He thought these later specimens could have
but recently emerged, since he had often examined the
box in which they had been kept.
15. Coccinella quinquepunctata, Linn.
Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 45), writing of Perilitus
termimatus, says: “ Audouin, dans son mémoire ‘Sur le
Parasitisme des Insectes,’ nous a laissé une indication des
habitudes de cette espece. Il s’est assuré qu’un individu
12 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
était sorti d’un coléoptere du genre Coccinella, soit septem-
punctata soit quinquepunctata, L. Des expériences ultéri-
eures faites par Ratzeburg ont démonstré l’exactitude de
Yobservation d’Audouin.” Bignell (Trans. Devon. Assoc.
1901, p. 662) adds that whea full-fed the larva of the
Perilitus issues from the sutures of the perfect ladybird’s
ventral segments and that the latter afterwards coalesce,
leaving no visible aperture. On emerging the parasitic
larva spins a pyriform cocoon, interlacing the dead beetle’s
legs and so holding its body as an additional rampart
against possible enemies.
16. Coccinella septempunctata, Linn.
“M. V. Audouin... has informed me that he had observed
that C. 7-punctata is subject to the parasitic attacks of
Microctonus terminalis,? Wesm., and Lneyrtus flaminius,
Dalm.” (Westw. 1,397 et 11,159). “ Audouin has obtained
M. terminalis from the perfect Coccinella 7-punctata, the
larva of the former bursting forth and spinning its cocoon
beneath the body of the latter” (did. cit. 11, 142). Also
referred to by Kirby and Spence [misprinted C. 17-punctata
in 7th Ed. 1859, p. 155]; Marshall (Bracon. d’ Europ. 11, 45)
and Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 1, 61), who tells us that
Bouché (iid. cit. 1, 122) several times bred Bassus exultans,™
Grav., from this host. Morley (Ichn. Brit. 11, 235) also bred
a couple of 2 2 Pezomachus fasciatus from a single pupa of
this beetle at Ipswich in 1894.
17. Megilla maculata, DeG.*
“Tl est maintenant bien constaté que la M. maculata des
Etats-Unis ... est infesté par des parasites du genre
Perilitus” (Marsh., Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 45). Cf. also
Centistes americana, Riley, Insect Life, 1888, p. 101.
18. Endomychus coccineus, Linn.
Referring to Curtis’ discovery of this species’ larvee,
Westwood (Mod. Class. i, 8394) says, “some were attacked
by a Chalcidideous parasite.” Cf also lib. cit. 11, 159, et
Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 187. Of these larvee, Curtis (B. E
pl. 570) simply says, “some of the largest seemed as if they
were either dead or in a torpid state, but these proved to
have been punctured by a little parasite allied to Gnatho
dispar (Colax, pl. 166), a great number of which afterwards
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 15
hatched.” From Curtis’ MS., Walker described this para-
site (Ent. Mag. 1836, p. 496) as Pteromalus Endomycha,
“reared by Mr. Curtis, from the larva of Hndomychus
_ coccineus.”
19. Triplax russica, Linn.
Under Meteorus obfuscatus, Marshall (Bracon. d’Kurop, 11,
92) tells us, on the authority of Dr. Reinhard, that in the
Sichel collection, in Paris, ten of these parasites are
preserved, which were bred by Lespes from this beetle ; he
expressly says that they emerged from the larvae and not
from the imago, “ An den Nadeln sind noch die Kaferlarven
mit dem Cocon der Parasiten befestigt.”
20. Meligethes xneus, Fab.
C. G. A. Brischke’ gives (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p.
193) Thersilochus morionellus, Holmgr., a small Ophionid,
as parasitic upon Jeligethes xnea.
21. Meligethes viridescens, Fab.
Dr. Alexandre Laboulbene, in his “‘ Liste des éclosions
d’Insectes,” observed by Giraud (Ann. Soc. France, 1877, p.
424), instances the emergence of Callimome difficilis,™
Nees, which is usually parasitic upon the Bedeguar gall-
flies, from this beetle.
22. Synchita juglandis, Fab.
A single ¢ of Brachistes destitutus °°" was bred by Herr
Nordlinger from S. Juglandis in hornbeam in Germany
(Ichn. d. Forst. 11. 28).
23. Lemophleus ferrugineus, Steph.
24. Typhea fumata, Linn.
Morley (Ichn. Brit. 11, 141) says he has found Hemiteles
subzonatus, Gray., beneath the bark of a felled log full of
these two species of beetles in May, at Wherstead, in
Suffolk.
25. Dermestes.
26. Anthrenus.
Westwood (Mod. Class. ii, 143) writes, “other species ” of
Ichneumonide and Braconidee “(Hemiteles areator, etc.) also
14 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
frequent our dwellings, to deposit their eggs in the larve
of Dermestidxe, Anthreni, Tinex, and other domestic insects.”
These vague and general statements are dangerous, since
the above is undoubtedly the foundation of Taschenberg’s
apparently established fact (Zeits. Ges. Nat. 1865, p. 180)
under H. arcator, Panz.: “Wurde erzogen... aus Derm-
estes—Anthrenus—und Tineen—Larven”; and Ratzeburg
(Ichn. d. Forst. i, 151) takes the same view. Cf., however,
Morley, Ichn. Brit. 11, 133.
27. Sinodendron cylindricum, Linn.
Keys first took localised British specimens of Hister-
omerus mystacinus, Wesm., on 14th August, 1901, from
the burrows of this beetle ; and ten days later Bignell and
he discovered three of these coleopterous larvae each sur-
rounded by about a dozen apparently full-fed larvee of this
parasite, which had evidently just emerged from the bodies
of the former (cf. Trans. Devon. Assoc. 1901, p. 666).
Nordlinger bred #upelmus imermis* from an_ ailing
beech in the Swabian Alps, in Wiirtemburg, in which this
beetle, among others, was boring (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 152).
28. Oryctes nasicornis, Linn.*
In his Wirths-system, Ratzeburg simply gives (Ichn. d.
Forst. 1, 215) Pimpla instigator, Fab., as parasitic upon
Scarabeus nasicornis ; no mention of it seems to appear in
the text.
29. Buprestide.
Most of the unspecified Buprestes given by Rateebure
(lab. cit. 1, 23; 1, 212; in, 249) are either subsequently
1 This record must, I think, be based upon Passerini’s “ Osser-
vazioni sulle Larve, Ninfe, ete.” (Pise, 1840 ; cf. also Guérin-Méneville
in Revue Zoolog. 1841, p. 240). He found that Scolia flavifrons
places its eggs on the larva of Oryctes nasicornis, and the larvee when
hatched feed by introducing the three capital segments into the belly
of the beetle-caterpullar, always between the sixth and seventh
segments (cf. Kirby and Spence, Introd. 7th Ed. 1859, p. 195). This
parasitic Fosser is not British; “the genus Tiphia is the only
representative of the family Scoliader, being closely allied to the genus
Scolia. .... Tiphia femorata, I hay e every reason to believe, ‘to be
the parasite of a species of Aphodius; I have several times found it
beneath the droppings of cows and horses” (Smith, Ent. Ann. 1862,
p. 77). Gravenhorst, of course, mentions no Aculeata, but gives
Ichneumon flavifrons, Schr., with a note that Schaffer’s figure of it
resembles Pimpla instigator, Fab. Ratzeburg, it is highly “probable,
°)
draws his erroneous inference from this association. anit. M.
;
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 15
named or their parasites again bred from recognised hosts
of the same genus (sensu lato). Lrssonota catenator,®
however, one ¢ of which was bred by Bachmann, “from
an unknown beetle larva, in rotten lime wood” (111. 107) ;
Spathius curvicaudis, of which Nordlinger bred a single 9,
from a beetle larva, boring in the manner of Buprestis
(i. 50), and Péeromalus guttatus, were not so assigned.
30. Chalcophora mariana, Linn.*
Dr. Leop. Kirchner, in his 1867 Cat. Hym. Europe,
p- 107, under Lphialtes manifestator, Linn., writes,
“Schmarotzer von Luprestis Mariana,” probably basing his
statement upon Ratzeburg’s record (Ichn. d. Forst. 1. 119)
that a fine and large pupa of this Pimplid cut its way out
of an old fir stump, in which, judging solely by the borings,
larvee of B. Mariana had lived. This record must, how-
ever, be regarded with doubt since no one nowadays quite
knows what the Linnean parasite was !!
31. Dicerca berolinensis, Herbst.*
We are also indebted to Kirchner (Cat. 115) for the
record of Doryctes imperator as parasitic upon this beetle ;
it is copied by Marshall (Brac. d’Europ. i. 229).
32, Anthaxia quadripunctata, Linn.
From fir wood, in which larvee of Buprestis 4-punctata
were living, Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 111, 44) bred a single
2 of his Hzxothecus lignarius *°, which is extremely like
Spathius brevicaudis, but with the petiole broader and
parallel nervure different; the latter parasite was bred
plentifully from the same beetle and locality. Pimpla
1 That Ephialtes rex, Kriech., rather than EL. imperator, Kriech.
(as indicated by Schmiedeknecht, Opusc. Ichn. xiv, 1120), was
described under the name EF. manifestator by Gravenhorst (Ichn.
Europ. iii, 232) was recognised by Marshall (Brit. Cat. 1872, p. 85),
and I certainly think the description of the abdominal segments as
bearing “tuberculo laterali obsoleto” is sufficient to establish the
fact, especially if excl. indiv. stigmate nigro be added; cf. also
Thoms. Opuse. Ent. xii, 1249. The Ichnewmon manifestator, whose
economy is so interestingly recounted by Thomas Marsham (Trans.
Linn. Soc. ii [1794], pp. 23-29 et pl. iv.) must doubtless be referred
to the common LEphialtes carbonarius, Christ.—the Musca tripilis
secunda of old Mouffet, 1634, p. 64—on account of the lack of
abdominal tubercles and its length not exceeding eight lines.—C. M.
16 My. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
linearis (111, 99) and the rare Lusandulum abbreviatum (iii,
200) probably preyed upon the same host, emerging late in
the season, the latter from fir billets. 2. lignarius 13 is
indicated as a parasite of this species, with no query, by
Kirchner (Cat. 112); but Marshall (@, 265) simply gives
Clinocentrus lignarius as a “parasite supposé” and in-
sufficiently described.
33. Agrilus biguitatus, Fab.
Ratzeburg says that his Hvochus compressiventris (Ichn.
d. Forst. 11, 121, queried as a true parasite at ii, 212) was
probably bred from Buprestis biguttata: “The present ?
was in the thick bark of a strong oak, in which I was
seeking for Buprestide.” It is associated with no query
by Kirchner (Cat. 82). Spathius radzayanus is another
doubtful parasite upon this beetle: Herr Radzay (Ichn. d.
Forst. 11, 483) bred it from an oak in which Curculio de-
pressirostris, Buprestis biguttata and several species of
Clytus were all burrowing and to which they were doing
considerable injury.
34. Agrilus viridis, Linn.
From this beetle, Kirchner (Cat. 114), says that Corystes
aciculatus,°® Reinh., has been bred. Ten 2 2 and one f
of Hulophus agrilorum *°° were bred by Ratzeburg (Ichn.
d. Forst. 1, 169) in June from a beech knot, in which was
Agrilus nocivus, Ratz.; and Reissig (/.¢. ii, 242) also bred
Picromalus emulus from the same variety of A. viridis.
35. Throscus dermestoides, Linn.
The anomalous Pachylomma buccata is given by Ratze-
burg (Jz). cit. 11, 53) as having been taken by Hartig flying
round Throscus adstrictor, with the supposed intention of
ovipositing therein. Marshall, however, who treats this
parasite as an aberrant member of the Braconide, quotes
(Bracon. d’Kurop. 11, 625) his own and Giraud’s observations
upon the association of Pachylomma with ants; and adds :
“apres les observations faites sur P. cremiert, constatant
les rapports qui existent entre les Pachylomma et les
fourmis, on est autorisé & rejecter tout opinion contraire.”
36. Agriotes.
There appears to have been no record of parasitism in
the Elateridee since Kirby said (Introd. Ent. 7th Ed. 1859,
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 17
p. 154): ‘‘ Mr. Paul has shown me the destroyer of the wire-
worm, which belongs to Latreille’s genus Proctotrupes.”
37. Malachius xneus, Linn.
We have a very uncertain record concerning this beetle:
Herr Reissig (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 109) bred Hphialtes gla-
bratus from spruce cones, together with Vortrix strobilana,
Anobium and Malachius eneus. Which it had preyed upon
remained uncertain.
38. Dasytes.
Under Mesostenus ater, Kirchner writes (Cat. 57):
“Nordlinger erzog ihn aus einem alten Buchenstocke,
worn Melandrya, Sphex und Dasytes gehauset.” A single
g of this parasite was bred by Nordlinger from an old
beech stump, in which MMelandrya, [? Sphex and Dasytes|
were boring (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 143). Hphialtes gracilis *
has also been several times bred from oak (/. ¢. 111, 109) ;
sometimes a Dasytes appeared with it, at others a Raphidia
or Crabro.
39, Dasytes niger, Linn.
Campoplex pusillus* and Ephialtes gracilis * are
indicated by Ratzeburg (Jib. cit. iii, 249) as preying upon
this species.
40. Dasytes ceruleus, Fab.
At Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 110, Brischke describes
his Hphialtes discolor, and adds: “Aus Lindenstécken
mit Dasytes cerulea und LHxenterus balteatus erzogen.”
This may be Ratzeburg’s Pimpla ligiicola™ (Ichn. d. Forst.
ii, 98), which he found in worm-eaten oaks tenanted by
Dasytes ceruleus.
41. Thanasimus formicarius, Linn,*
Ratzeburg (ib. cit. 111, 249) records Hemiteles melanarius
and, with doubt, H. modestus 8 and Bracon palpebrator as
parasitic upon Clerus formicarius, [Cf. also Mesostenus
brachycentrus, under Hylesinus crenatus, post.| Marshall
(Bracon. d’Europ. i, 167) does not note this doubtful
1 Stephens (Illust. Suppl. 8) says of Perilampus micans, Dalm.,
“found in company with Lyctus oblongus and Tillus wnifasciatus,”
on new oak palings at Camberwell.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 2
18 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
association of the Braconid, but expresses his opinion that
it is closely allied to, if not actually identical with,
Clinocentrus exsertor, Nees.
42. Hylecetus dermestoides, Linn.
From this species, Wissmann bred in Germany (Ichn. d
Forst. 1, 69) several specimens of Aspigonus diversicornis *
and perhaps also a species of Heicon.
on
43. Ptinide.
Another of Westwood’s general statements (Mod. Class.
ii, 143) is: “ A small, pretty, spotted-winged Cryptus enters
our houses to prey upon the larve of the Ptinide; as do
also Spathius clavatus“’ and Hecabolus sulcatus” ; the first-
named is certainly Hemiteles areator, Panz. (cf. Morley,
Ichn. Brit. 1, 133). Pinus fur and Niptus hololeucus are,
however, the only common domestic Ptinidx, and there is
no record of hymenopterous attacks upon these species.
44, Hedobia imperialis, Linn.
Westwood may, however, be correct in the above state-
ment, since the parasitism of Hemiteles areator upon
Ptinus imperialis—by no means a domestic species, at least
in Britain—is recorded by Ratzeburg, who says (Ichn. d.
Forst. 11, 153) that Nordlinger bred this parasite at
Hohenheim from old acacia posts together with P.
imperialis. The latter also bred (/. ¢, 11, 152) Hupelmus
inermis**° from an ailing beech in which this beetle,
among others, was dwelling.
45. Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll.
Brachistes interstitialis °° (1. ec. 1, 54) and BLothriothorax
Jumipennis (iii, 194) were bred by Nordlinger at Stuttgart
from, respectively, dry spruce twigs and a larch branch,
in which Anobium pusillum was boring.
46. Anobium.
Westwood says (Mod. Class. ii, 159), “I have observed
Perilampus angustus ** on palings perforated by Anobia.”
Ratzeburg quotes this, and adds ntedon conjinis from
France (Ichn. d. Forst. 1, 66), a % #. longiventris in a German
fir twig, orides eryptiformis (il, 115) and Hemateles
palpator * of which Wissmann cut several out of oak bark
a
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 19
in which Anobi had probably lived (11, 130); Lissonota
arvicola"! was bred by the same observer (ii, 98 et i1, 98)
from beech logs inhabited by Anobit and Ptilint; and
numerous Vapheus fuscipes ** were found on old worm-
eaten wooden bathing-houses (/.¢. iii, 60) whence they
were conjectured to have emerged from Anobii by Brischke,
who once took Diospilus capito in abundance on old wood,
probably from the same host (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880,
p. 123). Marshall gives Calyptus tibialis (Bracon. d’Kurop.
ul, 149) as another “ parasite supposé” of this genus.
47. Anobium domesticum, Foure.
Bracon spathiiformis was certainly bred from Ano-
bium striatum in hazel, by Nordlinger in France (Ichn. d.
Forst. 1, 87). It is possible that this parasite—which is
Haliday’s Doryctes obliteratus, Ent. Mag. iv, p. 44 (nec
Nees et Wesm.)—was really Spathius clavatus," Panz.,
mentioned by Brischke (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p.
137), “aus Larven von Anobium striatum erzogen.”
Bouché certainly bred the latter from this host, and Mr.
A. J. Chitty has recently bred several Doryectes spathi-
formis at Huntingfield in Kent from dead whitethorn
sticks containing A. domesticum and Priobiwm castaneum.
Rev. W. F. Johnson has recorded (E. M. M. 1901, p. 15)
Spathius exarator, Linn., on Morley’s authority, as com-
monly parasitic on A. domesticum in the central pillar of
a large rosewood table, in Ireland; and Marshall also
indicates the same host. Wissmann bred Hemiteles mo-
destus 8 from A, striatwm in old woodwork (Ichn. d. Forst.
ii, 129 et i, 154), as well as Rogas collaris >? (1. ¢. 11, 66) ;
and the association of Hemiteles bicolorinus, Grav., is sug-
gested by Morley (Ichn. Brit. 11, 131). Donisthorpe bred
a Chalcid at Rye in August 1902, from the burrows of
this beetle. Mr. A. Sich took a @ of Spathius exarator,
Linn., investigating the burrows of A. domesticum at
Chiswick on 14th August, 1906.
48. Anobium (Ernobius) angusticolle, Ratz.*
Marshall simply says of Aspidogonus abietis, Ratz. (Bracon.
d’Europ. 1, 253), “Il habité les pommes de pin, en société
avec les Anobiwm abietis, Fab., et angusticolle, Ratz.,”
which, however, certainly points to parasitism ; especially
since Wissmann (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 69), who actually bred
it, expresses no doubt upon the subject.
20 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
49, Anobium paniceum, Linn.
At Hohenheim Nordlinger bred a 2 Hulophus pilicornis,
probably from this host, upon which are also said to prey
(Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 154 et 211) Entedon longiventris and
perhaps Pteromalus brevicornas.
50. Anobium denticolle, Panz.
Morley states (Ichn. Brit. 11, 133) that Mr. Donisthorpe
has found Hemiteles areator, Panz., in the burrows of A.
denticolle in England, in March; it may, however, have
been no more than hibernating therein.
51. Anobium consimile, Muls. (? Ernobius mollis, Linn.)
52. Anobium (Ernobius) longicorne, Sturm.*
In Dr. Giraud’s paper on Eclosions d’Insectes (Ann. Soe.
Fr, 1877, p. 419), Laboulbene tells us that M. Perris bred
Eusandulum inerme, Ratz., from both Anobium consimalis
and A. longicorne, and earlier (p. 415) that Spathius
anobii,48 Gir., was also raised from the latter host, to-
gether with (p. 411) Hubadizon brevicaudis, Gir.
53. Anobium rufipes, Fab.*
Sigalphus aciculatus'® is said by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d.
Forst. 111, 249) to prey upon this species.
54, Anobium pertinax, Linn.*
Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. 1, 194) gives this species as
an alternative host of Spathius exarator, Linn,
55. Trypopitys carpim, Herbst.*
From this host, Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 211) says
that he raised his Microgaster rufilabris.
56. Ernobius abietis, Fab.
The following species are indicated as having been bred
from Anobium abietis (Ichn. d. Forst. 11,211 et ini, 249):
Pimpla strobilorum,” Aspigonus abietis,° Brachistes pune-
tatus,> Bracon scutellaris, Pteromalus Hohenhermensis, P.
strobilobius and, doubtfully, Ephialtes glabratus. Of these
Nordlinger bred in Wiirtemburg both sexes of Asp. abietis
from fir cones infested especially by this beetle and, in a
lesser degree, by Toririx strobilana ; Saxesen bred it in the
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 21
Hartz; and Wissmann expressly states that he “bred it
from A, abietis and angusticolle” ; Reissig, however, who
has bred it most frequently, asserts it to prey upon the
above Tortrix; Ratzeburg believed it was parasitic upon
both the Lepidopteron and Coleoptera (id. cit. 1, 56 et ii,
69). Nordlinger also bred the B. punctatus twice singly
at Hohenheim (11, 28 et iti, 244) from spruce cones along
with Anobium abietis. Giraud, too (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877,
p- 412), bred Aspigonus abictis, Ratz., from “ Anobiwm
abietis, dans cones du sapin,” as well as (p. 427) Anogmus
abwetis, Gir.
57. Ptilinus pectinicornis, Linn.
Curtis first (B. E. pl. dvii) bred his Hecabolus sulcatus
from this beetle. Ratzeburg found (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 215)
it was preyed upon by his Hemiteles completus which
Reissig (/. c. 130) bred from this beetle in poplar in the
middle of May, Hupelmus wmermis*° and, perhaps, Lis-
sonota arvicula,” Polysphincta elegans, P. soror, with Xorides
cryptiformis. None of these were raised from it by Giraud
(Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, pp. 415 et 419), who says Spathius
clavatus,“’ Panz., and Halticella rufipes, Oliv., attack it.
The original parasite, H. sulcatus, Curt., was again bred
from it by Brischke (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 136) ;
and Wissmann (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 35) bred a great number
of § ¢ only, which were even more like Curtis’s illustration
than those from Ptilinus costatus. Haliday (Ent. Mag. iv,
p. 49) bred it from the same host.
58. Ptilinus costatus, Gyll.*
A male and two females of Bracon (Hecabolus) sulcatus
were taken by Hartig on willows in the act of investigating
the borings of this beetle (/.¢. ii, 34); and Reissig bred a
single specimen of Pteromalus distinguendus, Forst., from
the same host (iii, 233) im poplar wood.
59. Ochina hederx, Miill.
Writing of this species (Mod. Class. i, 272), Westwood
tells us: “A. Cooper, Esq., R.A., has informed me .
that it is preyed upon in the larva state by Cleonymus
depressus.” Wissmann repeatedly bred Spathius erythro-
cephalus from Anobium Hederx (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 43) ;
Nordlinger bred both sexes of Sigalphus aciculatus **° from
22 Mr. Ernest A. Elhott and Mr, Claude Morley ox the
this beetle at Grand Jouan, in France (ii, 27); together
with Sigalphus facialis, from old ivy stems (iii, 27), and
quantities of Bracon sulcatus!" (iii, 82); Pteromalus elon-
gatus was also bred by him at Ludwigsberg from ivy stems
along with the same host (au, 244). Spathius claviger is
recorded (Ann. Soc. F. 1877, p. 415) upon Perris’ authority
from Blastophagus hedere by Giraud ; and Ochina ptinoides
is given by Marshall (Bracon. d’Kurop. i, 207) as a host of
Hecabolus sulcatus, Curt.
60. Mesocewlopus niger, Miill.
The host of Pteromalus Opisthotonus*® has not been
bred anywhere else, says Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii,
194); according to Reissig it is Xyletinus murinus; and
the parasite emerged on 11th June, from an old woody
fungus on oak.
61. Dorcatoma dresdensis, Herbst.*
Nees says of Bracon ephippium™ : “EK larvis Dorcatome
Dresdensis, Boleto igniario nutritis, Sickershusi, mense
Maio mares et femine exclusi sunt” (Hym. Ichn. aff. Mon.
i,65). Thisis quoted by Kirchner (Cat. 132) and Marshall
(Bracon. d’Europ. ).
62. Dorcatoma setosella, Muls.
From Dorcatoma setosella, Laboulbene records (Ann. Soe.
Fr, 1877, p. 435) the curious Cephalonomyia formicrfornus,
Westw.
63. Sinoxylon sexdentatum, Oliv.*
Upon the authority of Perris, Giraud (/id. cit. p. 435)
gives Cephalonomyia formiciformis, Westw., as parasitic
upon this beetle.
64. Bostrychus capucinus, Linn.
Perris tells us vaguely (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1850, t. viii, p.
565) that Apate capucina is attacked by some Braconid,
which he was unable to determine.
65. Xylopertha sinuata, Fab.*
Apate sinuata and Evcoptogaster intricatus were both
thought by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 187) to be
parasitised by Pteromalus bimaculatus; a large specimen
of which emerged from an oak stick containing larve of
the above beetles. He also queries (ii, 211) Helcon
carinator as preying upon Bostrychus sinwatus.
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 23
66. Lyctus canaliculatus, Fab.
Dalman, according to Westwood (Mod. Class. 1i, 159),
always observed Perilampus micans upon posts which had
been perforated by this species; but no direct association
appears to be established, although Ratzeburg (Ichn. d.
Forst. i, 23 et 11, 215) and Stephens (Illust. Suppl. 8, on
L. oblongus) refer to the same subject. Giraud, however
(Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 419), says he has bred Husandulum
anerme, Ratz., from this beetle. Mr, E. A. Newbery sent
me in July (18, vii, ’01) two 2 2 Hubadizon pallidipes, Nees,
“taken in Middlesex, while intruding their long spicule
into the burrows of Z. canaliculatus in an oak fence ” [C. M.].
Bignell also records this parasite (Trans. Devon. Assoc.
1901, p. 682) “busy depositing eggs in a wood-boring
beetle, infesting oak fencing,” in London; this probably
also applies to the present Coleopteron, since Mr. Newbery
informs us he sent the latter some of these parasites. We
have received from Mr. E. C. Bedwell two 2 2 Hubadizon
pallidipes, Nees, which “with others were running about
on an old park paling fence at Ashstead in Surrey, which
was riddled with borings of Lyctus canaliculatus; they
seemed to run from hole to hole, some of which they partly
entered. The Zyctus was abundant at the time”; 24th
June, 1905.
67. Lyctus brunneus, Steph.
Eubadizon pallidipes, Nees, has also been captured by
Mr. Donisthorpe, in the act of ovipositing in the burrows
of this beetle, at Southfields, in 1904.
68. Cis boleti, Scop.
P. F. Bouché describes, in his Naturgeschichte der
Insecten (1834, p. 149), a parasite of this species under
the name Sracon cis—referred to by Westwood (Mod.
Class. 1, 143). This Nees synonymised with Meteorus
atrator, Curt.; but Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. u, pp. 96
et 119) thinks it certainly referable to JZ profligator, Hal.,
of which Bignell (Trans. Devon. Assoc., 1901, p. 682) bred
nine examples from the larvee of this Coleopteron, in Poly-
porus versicolor, early in August 1885. I. filator, Hal.,
is also sometimes found abundantly in the same kind of
fungus, though no association with C. boleti has yet been
suggested,
24 Mr, Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
69. Cis laminatus, Mel.*
The only parasite upon this species is Cephalonomyia
formiciformis, recorded by Dr. Giraud (Ann. Soe. Fr. 1877,
p. 435).
70. Cis glabratus, Mel.*
71. Ennearthron affine, Gyll.
From both these small species, Dr. Laboulbéne records
(/.¢. p. 481) the Chaleid fly, Astichus arithmeticus, Forst.
upon the authority of M. Perris, in France.
?
72. Prionus coriarius, Linn,
MM. Dr. Jacobs and Dr. Tosquinet, in their Catalogue
des Ichneumonides de la Belgique appartenant au Groupe
des Pimplides, indicate (p. 320) Xorides albitarsus as having
been observed to be parasitic upon this fine Coleopteron
by Dr. Fromont.
73. Cerambyz.
From unspecied individuals of this genus, sensw lato,
Ratzeburg records Lphialtes populneus, of which Herr Zebe
bred a ¢ from poplar and probably from the Cerambyzx
larve therein (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 100); Nordlinger bred
Lphialtes tuberculatus from a Longicorn in oak at Nozay
(.c.); Polysphincta lignicola is also thought to be bred
from some Cerambyz (ii, 110) and Xorides appendiculatus ®
from the larger Cerambycide (ii, 108). Bracon bicellularis
was bred by Nordlinger from elm-wood in which small
Longicorns were living (iii, 33), and B. flavator ‘also lives
on Cerambyces in dry wood” (i, 46). Mesoleptus teredo,
whose cocoon was found in a beetle’s boring together with
the remains of a dead Cerambyz larva (ii, 119), and Xorides
crassipes, also prey on these beetles; the other kinds, in-
dicated by Ratzeburg at Ichn. d. Forst. i, 23, are specified
ab inp ZL
74, Cerambyx heros, Fab.
LEphialtes carbonarius, Christ., is said by Ratzeburg (Ichn.
d. Forst. iii, 109 et 249) to prey upon this large species.
1 An entirely neglected species ; described by Hartig, Bericht d. naturw.
Verein der Harz. 1846-7, p. 16.
-—--_
Or
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera, 2
75. Aromia moschata, Linn.
The larvee of the Musk Beetle are said by Brischke
(Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 129) to be destroyed by
Ischnoceros rusticus, Grav., which he considers synonymous
with Odontomerus cornutus, Ratz. Thomson says that his
Ephialtes heteropus (Opusc. Ent. 1249) was bred from this
longicorn at Lund.
76. Hylotrypes bajulus, Linn.
From fir-wood in which Cerambyx bajulus had bored,
Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 140) bred Cryptus minator.
Bouché also found Ephialtes manifestator in this beetle (,
119 et ii, 119); but Bracon leucogaster¥? is said to be
by far its commonest parasite, and has been found—in
Germany—in and upon dry wood, especially in beams of
houses, about its borings (/.¢. 11, 35 et Marsh., Bracon.
d’Europ. 1, 254).
77. Callidium.
Herr Wissmann bred several Aspigonus diversicoriis °°
in Germany from very different insects, but all in dead
wood—Lymexylon dermestoides, Mycetochara linearis and un-
specified Callidia (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 69). Marshall says
that this Braconid (Bracon. d’Europ. 11, 252) has been bred
“dun longicorne non determiné.”’
78. Callidium alni, Linn.
There is a2 specimen of Pimpla instigator in Morley’s
collection taken by Mr. E. C. Bedwell at “ Westerham, 4.
6. 1900, sitting on a post, which was full of Callidivwm
aint.” No parasitism is, however, suggested, for which
indeed the Ichneumonid appears much too large.
79. Callidium sanguineum, Linn.
Ratzeburg tells us (Ichn. d. Forst. i, 128) that he found
Cerambyx sanguineus upon several occasions preyed upon
by Yorides precatorius™ in hornbeam logs; and this is con-
firmed by Prof. Thompson (Opuse. Ent. viii, 775), who says
of the latter, “Utklickt ur Callidiwm i Lund.” Giraud
(Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 411) gives Opius ? caudatus, Wesm.,
as parasitic on this Longicorn, upon Perris’ authority.
Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. i, 228) has no doubt that it is
further attacked by Doryctes gallicus, Reinh., and adds, “ I
26 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
est tres probable aussi que le Bracon truncorum, Gourean,
élevé du méme Callidium, est identique avec le D. gallicus.”
80. Callidium variabile, Linn.
Of Xylonomus precatorius, Fab., Brischke writes (Schr.
Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 128): “ Aus Callidium variabile
erzogen.” Goureau gives his insufficiently described
Spathius ferrugatus as preying upon the same beetle ; and
Marshall says of Helcon carinator: “ Klevé par Ratzeburg
dune larve du longicorne Callidiwm variabile, L., trouvée
dans une ramuscule de chéne.”
81. Callidium violaceum, Linn.
From the larvee of various Cerambyces, but especially of
this common species, Ratzeburg says (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 68)
that Wissmann bred both sexes of Helcon carinator, Nees,
and also, probably, H. tardator, Nees; and adds (J. ¢. ii, 70)
that he has bred Aspigonus contractus,>* with Helcon
equator, out of spruce-wood infested by this Longicorn.
Mr. Horace Donisthorpe possesses a 2 Hphialtes carbon-
arius, which he took in the act of ovipositing in the
burrows of C. violacewm at Lyndhurst, in 1902.
82. Clytus.
Herr Reissig bred Lxothecus levigatus™ from an un-
specified larva of this genus (Ichn. Forst. iti, 43); eight
of this parasite’s larvae were found to be externally sucking
that of the Longicorn and they subsequently spun light
cocoons. Radzay also bred Spathius Radzayanus (1. ¢. i,
44) from oaks in which several species of Clytus, together
with other beetles, had been boring.
83. Clytus arcuatus, Linn.
M. Perris has raised the very rare Pimplid, Avotes albi-
cinctus, Grav., from this species (cf. Laboulbene, Ann. Soc.
Fr. 1877, p. 406); and Ratzeburg gives (Ichn. d. Forst. 111,
249) LHxothecus levigatus’ as parasitic upon Cerambyx
arcuatus, (Of. also Agrilus biguttatus, ante. ]
84. Molorchus umbellatarwm, Linn.
The only parasite which has been indicated in connec-
tion with this species is Hphialtes pusillus, Ratz. (Ichn. d.
Forst. iii, 110), of which one specimen was bred by
Nordlinger out of Jf wmbellatarwm in apple-wood.
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 27
85. Rhagium bifasciatum, Fab.
There are, curiously enough, no records of hymeno-
pterous parasites of this common species. In April 1900
Mr. F. H. Day sent from the Carlisle district (Orton and
Durdar) to Mr. Morley both sexes of Mitroboris cornuta,”®
Ratz., with the following note: “They were bred from fir
logs, in which Rhagiwm brfasciatum was feeding; I have
just bred another pair from cocoons—the cocoons from
which Jitroboris emerged were their own and not those
of Rhagivm; taken 18th March, 1900. I fancy it is
not uncommon here, baving during the last few years
repeatedly noticed similar cocoons in the Lhagiwm
burrows.”
86. Rhagiwm indagator, Fab.
Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 212) says this northern
species is preyed upon in the Hartz Mountains by Yorides
wrigator > (11, 105)—copied by Taschenberg (Zeits. Ges.
Nat. 1863, p. 800) and Tosquinet (Ann. Soc. Belg. 1897,
p. 322)—Spathius Radzayanus whose cocoons were found
in its burrows (11, 48) and Bracon leucogaster * which was
bred from it by Bouché (i, 45); this last is probably
synonymous with Celoides initiator, Fab., which Marshall
records (Bracon. d’Kurop. i, 222) from the same _ host,
whence Bouché also bred Bracon initiator.
87. Rhagiwm inquisitor, Fab.
This common species is preyed upon by another kind of
Xorides, filiformis,” according to Wissmann (Ichn. d. Forst.
ul, 105—copied like the last species), who notes that the
parasite constructs a disproportionately elongate cocoon
and is not confined to the present host.
88. Rhagium mordax, Fab.*
Brischke writes (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 129),
under [schnoceros rusticus, Grav., “ Aus Larven von Rhagvwm
mordax .... erzogen.”
89. Leptura scutellata, Fab.
Both sexes of Histeromerus mystacinus have been bred
by Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, from a mass of their own
cocoons, which emerged from a cocoon of L. scutellata,
found in Epping Forest in May 1906.
28 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
90. Strangalia quadrifasciata, Linn.
Marshall’s record (Bracon. d’Europ. 11, 219) of Helcon
ruspator, Linn. “Parasite du longicorne Strangalia
quadrifasciata, L.,” is the only one known,
91. Grammoptera ruficornis, Fab.
Morley, confirming Helcon annulicornis, Nees, as British
(KE. M. M. 1900, p. 175), writes: “I should suspect it, from
the state of its environment when found in the present
instance,” to prey upon “Grammoptera ruficornis, F., .. .
If, however, it be parasitic upon so ubiquitous a host, it
appears curious that it should for so long have been over-
looked.” And, moreover, the relative size of host and
parasite render such an association highly improbable.
92. Acanthocinus xedilis, Linn.
NXorides filiformis™ under fir bark (Ichn. d. Forst. i, 123),
X, irrigator®™ of which the almost black and boat-shaped
cocoon was found side by side with that of its host in dry
wood (ili, 105), and Bracon initiator ! (4, 46 et 11, 39) are
instanced as parasites of this interesting Longicorn by
Ratzeburg (ii, 212), to which is somewhat doubtfully
added (iii, 36) Bracon precisus, upon the authority of
Brischke, who saw on 23rd May six of these parasites
emerge from a hole of Cerambyx exdilis in a fence post.
93. Leiopus.
Giraud indicates an unspecified individual of this genus
to have been the host of Orthocentrus fulvipes, Grav. (Ann.
Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 408); it was bred in France by M. Edouard
Perris.
94, Letopus nebulosus, Linn.
From this species has been bred by Dr. Fromont, accord-
ing to Tosquinet (Ann. Soc. Belg. 1897, p. 322), Mitroboris
cornuta,’® Ratz. ; and Laboulbene also says (Ann. Soc. Fr,
1877, p. 411) that MMeteorus tabidus, Wesm., was raised
from it by Perris.
95. Hoplosia fennica, Payk.*
From Cerambyx fennicus, Ratzeburg records (Ichn. d.
Forst. ii, 212) Hphialtes tuberculatus, Xorides filiformis
bred by Reissig from its own brown, papyraceous cocoons
——
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 29
of nearly an inch in leneth from this beetle in dead wood
(11, 105), Helcon carinator and, doubtfully, Helcon tardator.
Of H. carinator he says (ii, 68): “I bred 6 f f and 2 2
from an oak bough in which the otherwise rare Apate
sinuata, with LHecoptogaster intricatus and C. fennicus had
bored extensively; of C. fennicus only one beetle emerged ;
either the Helcon attacked this species only, or at the
same time the somewhat large Apate.’ Marshall, however,
has not noticed this parasitism under either species of
HHelcon.
96. Hxocentrus lusitanus, Linn.*
Brischke appears to have paid considerable attention to
the parasites of this species, for, in his “Die Ichneu-
moniden der Provinzen West- und Ost-Preussen,” he
records Cxnocryptus tener, Ephialtes discolor, Spathius
brevicaudis and Trigonoderus dactilis, as preying upon it.
97. Exocentrus punctipennis, Muls.*
A Braconid, under the name Blacus exocentri, Gir., 18
recorded by Laboulbéne (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 411) as
having been bred from this species by Perris in France.
98. Hxocentrus adspersus, Muls.*
Laboulbéne (lib. cit. p. 419) instances the Chalcid,
Husandulum inerme, Ratz., as parasitic on this Longicorn.
99. Pogonocherus fasciculatus, DeG.
Lracon flavulator, one f from fir billets (Ichn. d. Forst.
1. 46), Hphialtes carbonarius, Pimpla terebrans, Pteromalus
Dahlbomii, two f f taken out of this host upon different
occasions (1, 202) and a single pair of P. Pogonochoeri, from
fir billets in which this beetle had lived (i, 200), are
recorded from Cerambyx fascicularis, Panz., by Ratzeburg
(ii, 212) ; and to these are added (iii, 249) Bracon igneus,!”
several bred froin fir boughs in which were these beetles,
B. undulatus and B. palpebrator, from the same host;
the last-named parasite was several times bred in great
numbers by Reissig from P. hispidus, Linn. (iii, 38).
Reinhard obtained four ~ f and twelve ? 2 of his Doryctes
pomarius from the borings of Pogonocherus fascicularis,
Panz., Scolytus rugulosus and S. pruni in fruit trees, as
recorded by Marshall and Kirchner.
30 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
100. Pogonocherus bidentatus, Thoms.
From P. hispidus, Laich., Perris bred in France (ef.
Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, pp. 410-11) Odontomerus spinipes,
Grav., Opius rubriceps, Ratz., and, doubtfully, 0. caudatus,
Wesm. Nordlinger also bred, in Germany, one 9 of bracon
undulatus,* from apparently this species, out of Huonymus
(Ichn. d. Forst. 111, 35).
101. Pogonocherus dentatus, Foure.
Ratzeburg says (/. ¢. 1i, 212) that Cerambyx pilosus, Fab.,
is attacked by Zphialtes carbonarius (i. 119), and perhaps
also by Pimpla terebrans, which he bred from fir billets
probably containing this beetle (i, 114), and from some
six-to-eight-year old dead firs containing a quantity of
_Pogonocherus larvee (11, 89).
102. Monochammus sutor, Linn.
Bracon impostor is given by Ratzeburg (/. ¢. 111, 249) as
parasitic upon Cerambyx sutor.
103. Dorcadion pedestire, Poda.*
The same author instances Cerambyx rufipes as the host
of Xorides (Hehthrus) crassipes, which Jacobi bred at
Nordhausen, in April, from this species, feeding in dry
plum-tree branches (/. ¢. 11, 115 et 249).
104. Saperda carcharias, Linn.
Xorides (Mitroboris) cornutus,® Ratz., is the only known
parasite of this species as instanced by its author,
Taschenberg and Tosquinet. Kielmann took at Haasen-
felde (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 108) three 2 2 as they crept in
and out of the holes bored by Cerambyx carcharias in
aspen stems.
105. Saperda populnea, Linn.
This Longicorn is much subject to Hymenopterous
parasites: Hphialtes continwus, twice bred by Brischke
from swellings on aspen twigs caused by the larvee of this
beetle (Ichn. d. Forst. iii, 25 et 109), #. manifestator and
E, populneus, one f of which was bred by Lebe from
poplar but uncertain host (ii, 100); Bracon multiarticulatus,
Chelonus levigator + from the same swellings as #.
continuus (iti, 25), Alysia Gedanensis, "° bred by both
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 31
Reissig and Brischke from swollen aspen twigs containing
these larve in May, June and July (iii, 70); Pteromalus
zneicornis, several raised by Brischke out of aspen
swellings whence the 4. Gedanensis had already emerged
(iii, 228); with, doubtfully, a single Entedon chalybeus
from a similar larval swelling in poplar by Reissig, and
Torymus macrocentrus by Nérdlinger at Stuttgart out of
similar knots in a weak aspen (iii, 224) ;—were all noted
from Cerambyx populneus by Ratzeburg (lid. cit. 11, 212 et
ili, 249); as also was said by Brischke to have been
Ichnewmon suspicax? (iii, 166), but Morley regards this
(Ichn. Brit. i, 248) as “almost certainly in error,” and adds
(1. ¢. 292), “a great deal more proof is needed before any
reliance can be placed upon the records of any Ichneu-
moninz preying upon Coleoptera.” Tischbein once saw
Glypta teres,” Ratz. [nec Grav. : cf. Thoms., Opuse. Ent. xiii,
1340] swarming round an aspen and several times bred
the same species from the present Longicorn. Brischke,
in his Prussian Ichneumons, also gives Hphialtes continwus,
Ascogaster lxvigator %* and Entedon chalybeus, adding
Diadromus subtilicornts with a query. Giraud records
(Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 397 et seqg.) Cryptus analis,*
Ephialtes tuberculatus, Pimpla alternans, Kchthrus nu-
beculatus, HL. populneus, Gir., and Bracon denigrator,” Fab.,
as preying upon it. Kirchner (Cat. 119) adds Chelonus
nigrinus and Tosquinet (Ann. Soc. Belg. 1897, p. 280)
Ephialtes carbonarius, upon 'Taschenberg’s authority.
Bridgman says (Trans. Norf. Soc. 1893, p. 629) that Mr. H.
J. Thouless has bred both Lphialtes imperator and £.
tuberculatus from this Longicorn in Norfolk.
106. Saperda scalaris, Linn.
According to Dr. Laboulbéne (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p.
405), Perris bred Campoplex transfuga, Gir., Orthocentrus
fulvipes, Grav., and Meteorus tabidus, Wesm., from this
species; from which has also been raised (Ann. Soc. Belg.
1897, p. 822) by Dr. Fromont Xylonomus filiformis, Grav.,
in Belgium. Nérdlinger also bred both sexes of 2%.
precatorius (Ichn. d. Forst. 111, 115) from a Cerambyx + in
maple.
1 Ratzeburg (loc. cit.) calls this beetle Ceraimbyx luridus ; I fancy,
however, it is really Saperda scalaris, as Tetropiwm lwridum lives in
Coniferx.—K. A. KE.
32 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
107. Tetrops preusta, Linn.
From this small species, Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 1,
212) records Elachestes leucogramma, Pteromalus nodulosus,
of which Brischke bred a single # (i, 197) and, doubtfully,
Eurytuma Eccoptogastvi. Nordlinger also bred several
specimens of Hurytoma ischioxanthus from ash and some
others from a dry ash point, ringed by hornets, in which
were Cerambyx preusta. Under the genus Acrocormus,
Forst., Kirchner (Cat. 166) writes: “Dr. Forster entdeckte
2 Arten aus diirren Appelzweigen, worin die Larven von
Saperda preusta von einer Thamnophilus—uand Scolytus—
Art lebten.”
108. Oberea oculata, Linn.
Taschenberg and Tosquinet both give Hphialtes carbo-
narius, Christ., as preying upon this handsome species.
They copy Ratzeburg, who says (Ichn. d. Forst. 1, 99):
“ Among others, I bred a 54 lines long f with stramineous
under-side of scape, rust-red clypeus, beautifully silky face
and remarkably short legs out of Salix caprea, in which
Saperda oculata had been boring.” The parasitism, how-
ever, is not established, and the short legs render the
identification doubtful.
109. Tetropium luridum, Linn.
This species is said to be much infested with Xorides
ater ®° in Silesian spruce-fir trees, X. collaris, a $ of which
were bred by Wissmann in the Hartz, Aspigonus contractus,*
Bracon initiator)? B. obliteratus,” a few untypical 2 2 of
Helcon xquator and both sexes in fir in the Hartz, and,
doubtfully, Aesoleptus teredo, by Ratzeburg (lid. cit. 11, 39,
67 et 212). Xylonomus caligatus* is also mstanced as
parasitic upon it by Kirchner (Cat. 109) in Prussia.
110. Tetropiwm castaneum, Linn.
Morley writes (Ichn. Brit. 1, 21) of Cubocephalus nigri-
ventris, Thoms.: “In July 1904, Donisthorpe gave me a
female of this species, which he had ‘dug at Market
Bosworth, Leicestershire, from a burrow of TZetropiuwm
castaneum, in a spruce tree’; there was, however, no direct
evidence of this species’ parasitism upon the Longicorn
coleopteron (cf. EK. M. M. 1906, p. 41).” Mr. Pool has bred
from TZetropium gabriel, at Enfield in 1906, a f Lissonota,
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 33
which appears to be the undescribed sex of L. palpalis,
Thoms., and, if so, is new to the British Fauna.
111. Bruchus afinis, Froh.
Curtis tells us (Farm Insects, 365) that Stgalphus
thoracicus is parasitic upon bruchus flavimanus,
112. Bruchus atomarius, Linn.
The same author (lib. cit. 364) instances Sigalphus
pallidipes as preying upon Lruchus granarius. Kirchner
(Cat. 115) and Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. 1, 254) say
Chremylus rubiginosus, Nees, is a parasite of B. granarius,
Schh.; from the larvae of which in the pods of vetch
M. Perris has also bred Sigalphus striatulus.
113. Bruchus lentis, Boh.
Marshall (id. cit. 1, 812) indicates Sigalphus thoracicus,
Curt., as preying upon Bruchus lentis, Schk.
114. Bruchus rufimanus, Boh.
This species is also given by Marshall (/.¢. 1, 254) as an
alternative host of Chremylus rubiginosus, Nees.
115. Bruchus biguttatus, Oliv.*
Bracon rufator, Giraud, was raised by its author (Ann,
Soc, Fr. 1877, p. 414) from B. biguttatus, in France.
116. Bruchus seminarius, Linn.*
Both Chremylus rubiginosus, Nees, and Sigalphus thora-
cicus, Curtis, are given as parasitic upon this species by
Marshall (Bracon d’Europ. 1, 254 et 312).
117. Bruchus vicie, Oliv.*
Edouard Perris, according to Laboulbéne (Ann. Soc. Fr.
1877, pp. 414 et 429), bred Bracon precox, Wesm., and
Pteromalus leucopezus, Ratz., from this species in France.
118. Bruchus villosus, Fab.
Three Chalcids are instanced by Ratzeburg as preying
upon 2B. spartii, Er. These are T'ridymus undatus®® and
T. punctatus*" (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 227), the latter of which
Reissig bred from the seeds of Spartium scoparvum, together
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 3
34 Mr. Ernest A. Elhott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
with Curculio Spartvi, and two 2 of Entedon seminarius *8%
(iii, 213). The latter was also bred by Brischke from the
same host; from which Kirchner further says (Cat. 111)
that Bracon colpophorus and Pteromalus leguminum have
been bred. Reissig, however, was uncertain (Ichn. d. Forst.
iii, 234) whether the host of P. leguminum were a Bruchus
or an Apion.
119. Bruchus rufipes, Herbst.*
120. Bruchus signaticornis, Schh.
121. Bruchus pallidicornis, Schh.
M. Perris has indicated Sigalphus striatulus as parasitic
upon the above three species of Bruchus in pods of
vetch.
122. Crioceris asparagi, Linn.
Our evidence of this species’ parasitism is of the
slenderest: a single cocoon of some kind of Apanteles
(which unfortunately failed to emerge) was found in June
1906, upon an asparagus leaf in the garden of Monks’
Soham House, Suffolk, amongst numerous Jarve of this
beetle [C. M.].
123. Crioceris duodecimpunctata, Linn.
Kirchner states (Cat. 98), concerning the Ophionid,
Porizon microcephalus, Grav., “Von Dr. Amerling aus
Crioceris dwodecimpunctata erzogen.”
124. Cryptocephalus bipunctatus, Linn.
M. Tappes has figured the male of Pygostolus falcatus,
Nees, which he says (Ann. Soc. Fr., 1869) emerged from
this beetle.
125. Cryptocephalus fulvus, Goez.
The Braconid, ‘“ Pezomachus” Rosenhaueri, Ratz.
(Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 247), has been bred in Germany by Herr
Rosenhauer from larve of Cryptocephalus minutus, Fab,
126. Cryptocephalus quinguepunctatus, Har.*
Nees von Esenbeck reared two individuals of Hupelmus
annulatus from the pupa of this beetle (Hym. Mon. ii,
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 35
76—quoted by Westwood, Mod. Class. 11, 159). This is
copied by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 111, 249), who adds
that Pezomachus pedestris,’ a species of T'ryphon, Entedon
cassidarum and Pteromalus cryptocephali, which was bred
by Rosenhauer, also prey upon this species; though all
his details appear somewhat inconclusive.
127. Timarcha tenebricosa, Fab.
DeGeer first noticed this species to be attacked by
hymenopterous parasites. Bignell bred (Trans. Devon.
Assoc., 1901, p. 680) a specimen of Perilitus falciger,
Ruthe, from a perfect beetle of this species in South
Devon, on 7th May, 1891, and remarks upon the rarity of
the emergence of parasites from imagines. For a similar
record cf. Bull. Soc. Fr. 1854, p. 57.1
128. Timarcha violaceonigra, DeG.
Writing of Perilitus falciger, Ruthe, Marshall (Bracon.
d’Europ. u, 42) tells us that “Un examplaire conservé au
Museé Britannique est étiqueté comme provenu d’un
coléoptere adulte et vivant, Zimarcha coriaria, Fab.”
129. Chrysomela.
Boyer de Fonscolombe bred (Ann. Scien. Nat., 1832,
pp. 278 et seqg.) his Pteromalus gallarum®® from the
pupa of some species of this genus, as is quoted by
Westwood and Ratzeburg.
130. Chrysomela varians, Schal.
Kawell is said by Kirchner (Cat. 97) to have bred from
this beetle Mesochorus thoracicus, Grav., in Kurland.
131. Melasoma popult, Linn.
Chrysomela populi is said by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst.
ili, 230 et 249) to be attacked by Pteromalus Sieboldt,
which Reissig and von Siebold both bred from this beetle,
1 “Several instances of the emergence of the larve from the bodies
of perfect Coleopterous insects are recorded, and I possess a specimen
of Timarcha levigata, from which the larve of a small species of
Bracon escaped from the posterior extremity of the abdomen in such
numbers, as to cover the whole bottom of a pill-box an inch in dia-
meter with their little cocoons. There could hardly have been fewer
than a hundred of them, and the beetle did not long survive such an
unpleasant operation ” (Dallas’ Elements of Entomology, p. 242).
36 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
probably from the pupa or full-grown larva. Cf. also J.
Giraud, Bull. Soc. Fr. 1869, p. 14°7.
132. Melasoma tremulx, Fab.
Referring to the earlier records of Apanteles hoplites,
Ratz., Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ i, 443) writes : “ Reissig
a supposé, par erreur, qu'il était parasite des coléopteres
... Lina tremule, Fab., obtenus des feuilles roulées du
tremble.” Marshall’s scepticism is based upon the belief
that no member of the genus preyed upon Coleoptera;
but cf. Morley, Entom. 1906, p. 100.
133. Gastroidea viridula, DeG.
134. Plagiodera versicolora, Laich.
Kirchner says of Pteromalus mandibularis, Forst. (Cat.
172): “Von mir erzogen aus Plagiodera armoraciz#, Fabr.,
und Gastrophysa raphan.” Brischke records Bracon
fuscipennis, Wesm., $ “Aus Larven von Gastrophysa
raphani erzogen” (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz., 1880, p. 135).
135. Prasocuris phellandru, Linn,
In his splendid “Wirths-Tabelle,” Brischke (/70. ezt.,p. 176)
gives “ Phitonomus phellandrit” as the coleopterous host of
Canidia quingueangularis, Ratz. No such species appears
to occur in the genus Phytonomus (Hypera), nor is such a
one called to mind in any but Prasocuris; but cf. Thoms
Opusc. Ent. xi, 112.
136. Galerucella calmariensis, Linn.
Westwood says (Mod. Class. 11, 159) that Fonscolombe
reared Pteromalus galeruce from the eggs of Galeruca
calmariensis ; but we have not seen the latter’s account of
the circumstance.!
187. Adimonia pomonex, Scop.*
The ubiquitous Bassus lxtatorius has been bred by
Tischbein from the larva of A. rustica (cf. Voll. Pinac. 111,
pl. 1, et Morley, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1905, p. 432).
1 Cf. also P. Marchal’s Observations biologiques sur un Parasite de
la Gateruque de l’Orme, le Tetrastichus xanthomelene, Rond. [Bul.
Soc. Fr. 1905, pp. 64-68. ]
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 37
138. Phyllotreta nigra, ? MS.*
Under Aphidius Halticw, Rond., Marshall (Bracon.
d’Europ. ii, 616) writes: ‘‘ Provenu, selon l’auteur, de la
larve d'un coléoptére, qu'il nomme Phyllotreta nigra, Ent.
Heft. Outre quil n’y a pas de Phyllotreta nigra parmi
les Halticidz, un rapport de parasitisme entre Aphidius et
un coléoptére est peu vraisemblable.—Italie.”
139. Psylliodes dulcamare, Koch.
Dr. Giraud, in a footnote (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 248),
says: “M. Edouard Perris a trouvé le Péeromalus ea-
crescentium de Ratzeburg, parasite de la Psylliodes
dulcamare.”
140. Cassida.
Under Entedon cassidarum, Ratz., Kirchner (Cat. 184)
gives: “Gezogen aus Cassida-Arten.” It was bred by both
von Siebold and Rosenhauer from members of this genus
(Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 248).
141. Cassida seladonia, Gyll.
Laboulbéne gives (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 418) Chaleis
parvula, Laporte, as having been bred by Perris from
C. filaginis, Perr.
142. Heledona agaricola, Latr.
Of his 2 Orthocentrus testaceipes, Brischke says (Schr,
Nat. Ges. Danz. 1878, n. 6, p. 110): “Aus Larven der
Heledona agaricola in einem Boletus erzogen. Neustadt.”
A dozen specimens, including both sexes, of a green
Pteromalus, together with their hosts, were bred from this
beetle by Donisthorpe in a fungus found at Virginia
Water, 21st September, 1901.
143. Diaperis boleti, Linn.
Giraud found Diospilus ephippiwm associating with this
beetle and other fungivorous Coleoptera in Boletus rgnarvus
about Vienna (Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 263 et Kirch. Cat. 132).
Laboulbene records Microdus calculator, Nees (Ann. Soc.
Fr. 1877, p. 412): “ Bolet, avec Diaperis boleti et Tinea
parasitella”?; Marshall, however, thinks the JMJicrodus
more probably parasitic on the Lepidoptera, Scardia bolete,
Fab., ete.
38 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
144, Mycetochares axillaris, Payk.*
This species was thought by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d.
Forst. ii, 69 et 215) to be preyed upon by Aspigonus
diversicornis,> since the latter was bred in Germany
by Herr Wissmann from dead wood containing M, linearis
and other Coleoptera. Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 252)
quotes this, but synonymises the host with JJycetochures
barbata, Latr.
145. Orchesia minor, Walk.
From the pupa of this species, which is probably
synonymous with the next, Marshall says Hwphorus
pallidipes, Curt., has once been bred in England.
146. Orchesia micans, Panz.
The pink larvee of this beetle, so abundant in dry Loletz,
are very extensively parasitised, though it is difficult to
understand how their foes come at them when so embedded
in their pabulum. Westwood (Mod. Class. 1, 309 et u,
143) says M. V. Adouin has ascertained that it was attacked
by Perilitus similator,'8 which he himself had also reared
fromit. Curtis instances Huphorus orchesiv?” and Meteorus
orchesiv.7 Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 215) gives
Microdus abcissus®”™ (p. 46), Porizon moderator of which
Tischbein bred both sexes (p. 86), Perilitus obfuscatus,™
bred by Reissig, Tischbein and Wissmann, and P. longi-
caudis, also bred by Wissmann along with the last species,
as its parasites; and MMeteorus longicaudis is also referred
to in this connection by Brischke. Giraud bred JJeteorus
obfuscatus, Ratz., from “ Orchestes micans, dans Boletus
igniarius” (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 411). Marshall records
(Ent. Ann. 1874, p. 126) Perilitus obfuscatus, Nees, bred
from this beetle and (Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 91) says of JZ,
obfuscatus: “Ce Meteorus est bien connu comme parasite
solitaire et commun des coléoptéres fungicoles, Orchesia
micans, Panz., etc. On ignore si la femelle confie son ceuf
a la larve de /’Orchesia ou & Vinsecte adulte; quoi quil en
soit, j'ai vu plusieurs fois des Orchesia & l'état parfaits,
trouvés mort, et ayant leurs membres enchevétrés dans le
lainage de la coque blanchitre du parasite, qui s’était
attaché & leur ventre.” Bignell (Trans. Devon. Assoc.
1901, p. 681) also notices the attachment of the parasites’
thin and whitish cocoon to their host in Bolt Head speci-
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 39
mens of the same species; he bred it at the end of June
1898. Sometimes only ff will emerge from a whole
fungus-full of Orchesia, as was the experience of Mr. E. G.
Bayford, about Barnsley in 1898, who bred it from the
pup of the beetle. It has been suggested that this
species may have been the host of Hemuteles niger, which
has been bred from a ligneous fungus (cf. Morley, Ichn.
Brit. 11. 146).
Morley has invariably bred Meteorus obfuscatus, wherever
O. micans occurs (from Soletuws on old elm-trees about
Ipswich); a fungus taken on Oct. 17th, 1897, produced 5 f
and 2 2 Thersilochus moderator on April Ist, 1898; and
1 f with 3 2Qof the same species, 8 f and 13 2 Meteorus
obfuscatus, and 19 O. micans, had also emerged from it by
Jan. 12th, 1901. A second fungus, taken Dec. 30th, 1899,
yielded only 2 2 AZ. obfuscatus and 2 O. micans by June
22nd, 1900. From a third fungus obtained in 1902 were
bred by June 17th, 1903, 26 O. micans,50 (17 92) M.
obfuscatus, 10 (52.2) T. moderator, 5 (1 2) Proctotrypes par-
vulus, Hal., 2 red-bodied Cecidomyia and 1 Phalacrus
corruscus ; there can be but little doubt, in lack of direct
evidence, that the Zhersilochus is hyperparasitic, through
the Meteorus, upon the Orchesia; the appearance of the
Proctotrypes is more difficult to explain, though several
times before bred from fungi; the Dipteron doubtless sub-
sisted upon the fungus itself, in which the Phalacrid
Coleopteron was probably no more than hibernating.
147. Hallomenus.
Prof. C. G. Thomson (Opusc. Ent. xii, 1360) says of
Porizon: “ Hvad angir lefnadssittet kainner man foga
derom ; ett par arter hafva klaickts ur Coleoptera—Orchesia
och Hallomenus— ; nigra andra lefva parasitiskt hos
Cynips.” And adds of Diaparsus gulvipes, Grav. (lib. cit.
1378), “utlickt ur Hallomenus.”
148. Hallomenus humeralis, Panz.
A Braconid, Diospilus filator, Nees, is said by Giraud
(Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 411) to have been bred by Perris
from this beetle.
149. Carida affinis, Payk.
Gravenhorst (Ichn. Europ. i. 777) writes of Porizon
boops: “. , . alter Neeseo ab Esenbeck prorepit e larva
40 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
Hallomeni affinis, in Boleto fomentario habitante, mense
Juni.” This is quoted by Kirchner; and Ratzeburg
(Ichn. d. Forst. i, 86) says under Porizon moderator that
Herr Wissmann has bred it from Hallomenus affinis in a
fungus on beech at Miinden, in Hanover.
150. Melandrya caraboides, Linn.
Laboulbene gives (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 412) Aspigonus
diversicornis,»’ Gir., as having been bred by Perris from
this species; and Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. iii, 69) says
Nordlinger found Helcon claviventris in the trunk of an
ancient beech tree in company with it, adding Mesostenus
ater as an alternative parasite ; the latter, however, emerged
from wood containing unspecified Melandrya, Sphex and
Dasytes (q. v. ante).
151. Mordellistena episternalis, Muls.*
From this beetle, Giraud tells us (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877,
p- 426) that M. Perris bred the Chalcid, Hurytoma
histrionica, Forst.
152. Metxcus paradoxus, Linn.
It may be well to indicate that the Tryphonid, Spheco-
phaga vesparum, Curt., though often found in the same
nests of Vespa vulgaris as this anomalous beetle (ef.
Morley, E. M. M. 1900, p. 123), is now considered to prey
exclusively upon the larvee of their common host, in spite
of Hope’s assumption that S. vesparwm was parasitic upon
M. paradoxus (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1838, iii, p. 177). It is not
yet, however, known upon what the nondescript Chalcid
and Braconid, which are also sometimes found in the same
nests (cf. Kirby, Bridgwater Treatise, 1835, ii. 335), are
parasitic.
153. Lhynchophora.
Westwood (Mod. Class. ii, 142) refers to an unspecified
Curculio, which was discovered to be attacked by hymeno-
pterous parasites by Rev. William Kirby, F.R.S.; and
Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 213) says that Hncyrtus
flaminius has also been bred from some species of the same
broad genus; further, Reissig (/zd. cit. iii, 89) raised a f of
Bracon scutellaris from weevils in the leaves of sallow.
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 41
154. Apoderus.
At lib. cit. 11, 213, Ratzeburg tells us that an unspecified
Apoderus has been found to be attacked by Lneyrtus flavo-
maculatus and also (l.c. ii, 249) by Ophionewrus simplex.®
155. Apoderus coryli, Linn.
Ratzeburg says (/. ¢. 11, 94) that his single f of Pimpla
longiventris was found in an immature condition in a hazel
leaf rolled by this beetle and thought consequently that
it had undoubtedly been bred there. Reissig also bred
(1. c. iti, 97) Pimpla favipes®™’ and (iu, 217) EHlachestus
leucobatus from the same host.
156. Attelabus curculionoides, Linn.
Two specimens of Ophionewrus simplex*® were bred by
Herr Reissig (Ichn. d. Forst. iii, 197) out of the little
larvee of Apoderus curculionoides in rolled oak leaves at
Darmstadt.
157. Byctiscus betuletr, Fab.
Rev. T. A. Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 149) records
Calyptus tibialis, Hal., which he thinks synonymous with
Brachistes politus, Ratz., from this species, upon the latter’s
authority—Nordlinger found B. politus in a pear leaf rolled
by this weevil early in June at Winnenden (Ichn. d. Forst.
iii, 27) ;—he is however sceptical of the record from it of
Apanteles hoplites (cf. Melasoma tremule, ante). Ratze-
burg also mentions (/. ¢. ii, 214) Bracon discoideus, frequently
bred from aspen leaves rolled by this beetle (p. 38); J/icro-
gaster levigatus, one ¢ bred by Reissig (p. 50); Pimpla
flavipes, obtained in masses from Curculio betulets in rolled
aspen leaves in the middle of July (p. 91); and Hlachestus
carinatus, of which four specimens were bred from rolled
aspen leaves—probably tenanted by this weevil—by
Reissig (p. 173); as well as (au, 249) Ophionewrus
simplea,4?6
158. Byctiscus populi, Linn.
Herr Reissig bred Bracon discoideus from Rhynchites
popult in rolled poplar leaves (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 37).
159. Deporaus betule, Linn.
Ophioneurus signatus ”” is instanced by Reissig (lid. cit.
iii, 249) as bred from leaves rolied by Rhynchites betulx.
42 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
160. Apion.
Kirby and Spence (Introd. 7th Ed. 1859, 154) say
they have received hymenopterous parasites from “The
clover-weevil ”—probably Apion apricans. Ratzeburg
(Ichn. d. Forst 11, 249) instances Pteromalus leguminum
and Z'ridymus punctatus“ bred from unspecified Apiones.
Kirchner records (Cat. 179) Cirrospilus nerio “ Aus Apion
in Spartium-Hiilsen erzogen.” And Giraud tells us (Ann.
Soe. Fr. 1877, pp. 428-30) that Pteromalus fasciatus, Forst.,
and P. regius, Forst., have been bred from uninstanced
members of this rich genus.
161. Apion apricans, Herbst.
Perhaps Kirby and Spence’s above record: refers to
Callimone parallelinus, Boh., which Reinhard once bred
from this species.
162. Apion bohemani, Thoms.
Perris, according to Laboulbéne (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p.
428), bred Pteromalus erichsoni, Ratz., and perhaps also
P, albitarsus, Walk., from Apion ononidis, in France.
163. Apion cracce, Linn.
164. Apion difficile, Herbst.*
According to Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. i, 144), Bach
has raised Bracon colpophorus, Wesm., from the siliquee of
Ervum hirsutum, which were occupied by both these
Apiones; the parasitism, however, appears open to doubt.
Bach is also instanced (Ichn. d. Forst. iii, 234) as having
bred Pteromalus leguminum in quantities from both A.
cracce and A, difficile.
165. Apion loti, Kirby.
166. Apion rufirostre, Fab.
Giraud tells us (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 412) that Sigalphus
Jloricola, Wesm., has been bred from both Apion atritarse
and A. loti by Edouard Perris.
167. Apion trifoli, Linn.
This species is said by Laboulbéne (loc. cit. p. 429) to
have been parasitically attacked, according to Perris, by
Pteromalus leguninum, Ratz.
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 43
168. Apion urticarium, Herbst.
Perris has also raised Péeromalus muscarum, Htg., accord-
ing to Laboulbene (J. ¢.), from Apion vernale.
169. Apion violacewm, Kirby.
Entedon curculionum, Giraud, is said by its author (Ann.
Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 432), upon the authority of Perris, to
prey, among other weevils, upon this species.
170. Apion brevirostre, Herbst.*
M. Edouard Perris, who has done such good work in
‘ this genus, is also said (Joc. cit.) to have bred Hulophus
atroceruleus, Nees, and Tetrastichus rosarwm, Forst., from
this Apion in France.
171. Apion sulcifrons, Herbst.*
Giraud records (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, pp. 425 et 432) his
Eurytoma apionum and Entedon nitens from Apion sulerfrons,
in the latter case upon Artemisia campestris, Linn.
172. Apion Perrisi, Wenck.*
From a species thus named, Laboulbéne (Joc. cit. p. 414)
says M. Perris bred Bracon rufator, Gir., in France.
178. Apion consimile, ? MS.*
Laboulbéne also records (/. ¢ p. 432) Hntedon longi-
ventris, Ratz., bred from Apion consimile by Dr. Giraud.
174, Otiorhynchus ligneus, Oliv.
Bracon Otiorhynchi 2 and B. Barynoti g, described by
Boudier, are the sexes of Ganychorus tuberculatus,*” Wesm.
(Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux. 1835). A single larva of the ¢ was
bred from Otiorhynchus ligneus and a single larva of the g
from Barynotus moerens, after the perfect beetles had been
pierced with pins for preservation. These larvae, which
emerged from the abdomens of their respective hosts, spun
their cocoons on to the pins, beneath the beetles’ bodies ;
they were bred at Montmoreucy (cf. Boudier, Ann. Soc.
Fr. 1834, pp. 327-836, et Westwood, Mod. Class. ii, 143).
What do we not lose by too thoroughly killing our cabinet
specimens now-a-days!
44 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
175. Otiorhynchus maurus, Gyll.
Oresbius castancus was conjectured by Marshall (E.M.M.
ii, p. 194) to possibly be parasitic upon this weevil (cf.
Morley, Ichn. Brit. ii. 109).
176. Trachyphleus scabriculus, Linn.
An instance—our only one—of oviposition in a perfect
beetle was witnessed by M. Boudier, who says (Ann.
Soc. Fr. 1834, p. 332) that he saw a small, unspecified
Ichneumon-fly “cramponné sur le dos de Zrachyphleus
scabriculus, I] avait introduit sa tarriére entre les elytres
et l’abdomen par l’anus” (Westwood, Mod. Class. ii, 144).
177. Phyllobius urtice, DeG.
Under his Dolops aculeator, Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. ii,
269) says that, in default of direct proof, he suspects it to
be parasitic upon this common weevil. The only herbage
where he took the Braconid, near Teignmouth, was a single
clump of Urtica dioica, whereon was Phyllobius alneti in
profusion.
178. Barynotus elevatus, Marsh.
[Cf Otcorhynchus ligneus, above. |
179. Hypera.
In 1902, Rev. T. A. Marshall was so good as to send
me, from Corsica, a specimen of some Pimplinze (possibly
Pimpla abdominalis, Grav.), which he had bred from an
unspecified Phytonomus [C.M.]. Cf also Prasocuris
phellandrii, ante.
180. Hypera rumicis, Linn.
From a larva of Phytonomus rumicis, Kawall bred
(Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1855, p. 230) at end of July, both sexes
of Phygadenon rufulus, Gmel.
181. Hypera polygoni, Linn.
Herr Dahlbom bred Campoplex subcinctus}™ Grav., from
larvee of Phytonomus polygont, which were feeding upon
Silene in the Botanical Gardens at Lund, 8th August, 1837
(Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 82.) Jacobi bred Mesochorus nigripes,
Ratz., out of the same beetle in Prussia; he found the
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 45
yellow, translucent cocoons adhering to leaves; towards
the end of July the ichneumon emerged and left in the
coleopterous cocoon a brown, thick-walled cocoon of its
own; the beetle itself emerged from its adjacent cocoons
(lib, cit. iii, 118—referred to by Kirchner, Cat. 97).
182. Hypera plantaginis, DeG.
Curtis mentions (B. E. pl. dxxxvi) that a species of the
Cryptid genus Pezomachus has -been bred from Cwreulio
plantaginis.
183. Rhinocyllus latirostris, Latr.
Goureau gives an interesting account of Bracon urinator,
Fab., which is parasitic upon this species in Cardwus
nutans. He says it is full-fed and has demolished its host-
larva by about the middle of August, when it spins a
cocoon which occupies that of the beetle. Therein it
passes the winter and does not assume the pupal condition
till the end of the following March ; the imago emerges at
the beginning of April, but is commonest during June
(cf. Bracon. d’Europ. i, 156-7).
184, Ziaus algirus, Linn.
In the ancient and badly neglected collection of British
Ichneumonide in the British Museum is an unnamed
2 Pimpla (Epirus), a stout insect, as large as P. graminelle,
Schr., black with totally flavous legs and terebra half
length of body—labelled “ Ichneumon of Lixus angustatus,
Fairlight, Aug. 3lst; F. Smith.” In August 1902 Mr.
Donisthorpe took at Rye, in the same neighbourhood of
Sussex, a 2 of the ubiquitous Ophion luteus, Linn., which
he says ‘‘ settled on a larva of Livus algirus.”
185. Lixvus iridis, Oliv.*
Prof. Dr. Otto Schmiedeknecht gives (Opuse. Ichn. 544)
Hoplocryptus insectator, Tschek, as parasitic upon JZ.
turbatus, Schh.
186. Larinus carline, Oliv.
Pieromalus elevatus, Walk., is said by Dr. Giraud (Ann.
Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 428) to have been bred from this species
by Perris in France.
46 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
187. Cuculio abietis, Linn.
Ratzeburg gives (Ichn. d. Forst, 11. 213) phialtes
tuberculatus, Bracon hylobit and, doubtfully, Pteromalus
multicolor, as parasitic upon Hylobius pint. Of B. hylobia
Nordlinger bred in May 40 2 9 and 4 $f from this species,
each of whose larve supports about ten parasites; the
cocoons of the latter are firm, oat-shaped and papyraceous,
woven among their hosts’ frass and dead bodies, and often
constructed at the end of the beetles’ borings, beneath fir
bark (/. ¢. 11,38). A single ZL. tuberculatus was bred at
the end of July at Hohenheim from a Weymouth pine in
which this weevil lived ; it had apparently emerged from
an elongate cocoon, presumably of its own construction
(2. c. ii, 100). Taschenberg says (Zeits. Ges. Nat. 1863,
p. 267) that it is also preyed upon by Pimpla terebrans,
which is recorded from Curculio pint (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 38).
188. Pissodes notatus, Fab.
Much attention was paid to the parasitism of this species
by Ratzeburg, who records (Ichn. d. Forst. i, 23, 1, 214 et in,
249) the attacks of twenty-nine different Hymenoptera
upon it, including Hupelmus azwreus,"> Hurytoma sp.,
Pteromalus pellucens and P.? emulus. Hemateles melanarius
and H. modestus'® (iii, 153-4) were both bred by Reissig
from young fir trees containing, principally, Cureulio notatus
and Hylesinus piniperda; Neurateles papyraceus (i, 86)
were bred, probably from this weevil, from firs near
Saarbriicken ; Hphialtes carbonarius (i, 99) emerged at
Neunkirchen in Rhenish Prussia, probably from this beetle ;
Pimpla linearis (ii, 93) was certainly bred from Cureulio
notatus, by both Reissig and Ratzeburg from both young
firs and fir-cones, together with P. latiecps (11, 94 et 111, 100),
in the same locality. Quantities of both sexes of Bracon
disparator \" (i, 46) were bred from fir billets infested by
this weevil; two 22 B. incompletus (i, 44) were bred from
fir, probably from this beetle, in Germany; 2. labrator
(i, 47 et ii, 40) was bred at Borutin in Upper Silesia from
fir logs infested with C. notatus ; both sexes of B. palpebrator
(i, 47 et ii, 39) were bred in quantities from fir wood full
of these larvee at Trier; ~ % of B. sordidator (G. 48) were
bred, with the last-named species, in Upper Silesia from
fir logs, probably also from this beetle. rachistes
atricornis 3+ (11, 28) is one of its commonest parasites, in
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 47
firs in the Neunkirchen district ; from fir cones containing
larves of C. notatus, B. firmus and B. robustus 31 (1, 54 et
ii, 27) were bred; at Borutin one specimen of Microdus
abcissus °°" (i, 57) was bred from fir wood, filled with a
brood of these larve ; a few specimens of Spathius brevi-
caudis (ii, 43) were bred from fir containing this weevil at
Neunkirchen and from the Mark. urytoma ischioranthus
is referred to (11, 221), though the identification appears
not quite established, as bred by Nordlinger with Pimpla
laticeps out of C. notatus in fir cones; a single specimen of
Hadrocerus wnispinosa ®® (11, 183) was bred, with a mass
of B. palpebrator, Pteromalus guttatus and a few Diptera,
from a great number of young dead fir trees from the
Ostree coast, which had been killed by this weevil, though
the parasitism is doubtful. Péteromalus guttatus is said
(i, 188 et 11, 193) to be one of the commonest parasites of
this beetle ; P. clavatus (11, 202) emerged from Trier firs,
infested by C. notatus, from which also P. Dahlbomi
(i, 202 et 11, 201) was raised in fir billets from several
places in the Mark; several 2 2 P. /wnula (ii, 193) were
bred from fir plants full of these larvae at Neunkirchen ;
P. suspensus (/.¢.) was bred from this weevil at Trier and
by Nordlinger from Pinus pinaster in which C. notatus and
Hylesinus piniperda had bored; P. virescens®™ (ii, 204)
was also raised from the same host at Trier. Brischke gives
(Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 113) Pimpla brevicornis,
Grav, var. 3, Holmer.,as well as Péeromalus guttatus, “ Aus
Pissodes notatus erzogen”; and Giraud adds (Ann. Soc.
Fr. 1877, p. 414) Bracon initiator Fab. and B. palpebrator,
Ratz., as having been bred from it in France.
189. Pissodes pint, Linn.
I have had in my collection for some years (says Ratz.,
Ichn. d. Forst. 1. 193) a genuine Pteromalus pint which,
from the attached number, appears to have been bred from
Pissodes pint.
190. Pissodes hercynie, Herbst.*
Curiously distinct parasites from those of P. notatus were
recorded from Curculio hercynix by Ratzeburg (I. ¢. ii, 214)
who instances Pimpla terebrans, bred from it by Wissmann
(ii, 89); Xorides crassipes and X. hercynianus, which two
doubtfully distinct species were bred by Hartig from spruce
48 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
bark in which larve of this weevil were boring (11, 106) ;
Brachistes atricornis,* bred in spruce bark under which
were these larva (ii, 28); and Stgalphus curculionum,”
which is said by Hartig to be its chief parasite (ii, 74).
191. Pissodes piniphilus, Herbst.*
From this weevil, which is very closely allied to P. notatus,
Ratzeburg (/. ¢. i, 249) bred only Bracon palpebrator.
192. Ovrchestes.
Nordlinger bred Hntedon confinis at Grand Jouan, in
France (J. ¢. ii, 166), and Ratzeburg records in Germany
Eulophus xanthops®° (i, 23), which both preyed upon
unspecified individuals of this genus.
193. Orchestes alni, Linn.
Tetrastichus orchestis, Forst., is indicated by Laboulbene
(Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 434) as having been bred by Dr.
Giraud from this species.
194. Orchestes leucaspis = ? scutellaris, Germ.
Nordlinger bred from 0. leucaspis, Mus. Ber. (= semarufus,
Koll.), in birch leaves Sigalphus fulvipes ° (Ichn. d. Forst.
il, 26), Hulophus dendricornis (11, 155) and one g of Péero-
malus Jowanensis (11, 199) ; and Ratzeburg says he obtained
only one Pteromalus orchestis among many thousands of
other parasites bred in this genus (11, 205), adding that the
same species emerged from Orchestes lewcaspis at Grand
Jouan in birch leaves.
195. Orchestes fagi, Linn.
Two specimens, and later (/.¢. 11, 28) a 3, of Brachistes
minutus 8 were bred from Curculio fagi, together with
one f of Pteromalus cruciatus (ii, 205), on 10th June by
Herr Reissig (ii, 28) ; both sexes of Brachistes fagi,‘° bred
by Brischke from this host early in June (iii, 28), as well
as (iii, 249) Hvxothecus debilis, bred by Nordlinger and
Reissig (iii, 42); Sigalphus caudatus, Entedon lutetpes; LE.
flavomaculatus, bred by Reissig (iii, 208); #. lineatus,3
one specimen bred by Nordlinger at Hohenheim (ii, 209);
E. orchestis, bred at the same place by Nordlinger (i, 206),
and FH. wanthostoma ; EHulophus lepidus,?! bred with Entedon
xanthops by Nordlinger at Hohenheim Gi, 170 et in,
242); HE, diachymatis **" and E. pilicornis—are all recorded
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 49
by Ratzeburg from this beetle. Marshall adds (Bracon-
d’Kurop. i, 187) Collastes braconius to the list of its
enemies; and Brischke gives Sigalphus pallidipes, Nees,
“aus Larven von Orchestes fagi erzogen.”
196. Orchestes ilicis, Fab.
There are no exact records of hymenopterous parasitism
upon this beetle, though Nordlinger has thrice bred
Chalcids from 0. ilicis in company with O. quercus: thus
we find both sexes of Hulophus fumatus (Ichn. d. Forst. ii,
156) bred from oak leaves in which these two species of
weevils were feeding; Hntedon medianus (/.c. 169) bred
from both or either; and Plevomalus Jouanensis (1. ¢. 199)
bred in the same way at Grand Jouan. -
197. Orchestes salicis, Linn.
Upon this species prey Lntedon orchestis and E. punctatus,
which were both bred, together with a Pteromalus, by
Reissig on Ist October (did. cit, 1, 160 et 165); £. wnico-
status, of which one specimen was bred from this host
by Bouché (ii, 163); and Ratzeburg further records #.
medianus as preying upon it in France.
198. Orchestes scutellaris, Gyll.
Giraud thrice bred Chalcids from this species (Ann. Soe.
Fr. 1877, pp. 432-4), which were Plewrotropis orchestis, Gir.,
Tetrastichus frontalis, Nees, and 7’. orchestis, Forst.
199. Orchestes quercus, Linn.
The parasites bred in Germany from this common weevil
(Ichn. d. Forst. i, 23, revised and extended 1i, 213) are very
numerous, comprising Jschius striolatus, Hntedon confinis
and £. ? luteipes; Ratzeburg bred one ¢ of Pimpla alter-
nans (ii, 92), nearly certainly from this host, among other
parasites ; Polysphincta latistriata (4, 120) bred from this
weevil in the epidermal bladders on the white-spotted oak
leaves. Microgaster breviventris,* (11, 51) bred on 20th
July from Curculio quercus, after most of its other parasites
had emerged; both sexes of Sigalphus caudatus (ii, 25)
from oak leaves in which this weevil lived and from the
same host by Nordlinger on 12th June; both sexes also of
Spathius clavatus “" (11, 42) were obtained on26thJune from
oak leaves infested by this beetle. Both sexes of Hlachestus
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PARTI. (JUNE) 4
50 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
obscuripes (i, 165 et iii, 173) bred sparingly, with LZ. sesqui-
Jasciatus * (i, 164), from oak leaves mined by O. quercus ;
Entedon cyclogaster (i, 167), lying free beside this beetle’s
larval skin; one f of H. flavomaculatus (i, 164), bred on
10th July from oak leaves mined by this host; /. /unatus
(ii, 166), bred in quantities from O. quercus, with £. orchestis
(i, 165 et 11, 160), at Neustadt; 2. medianus (11, 169) bred
in France by Nordlinger from mixed O. guercus and 0. alieis ;
a single 2 of H#. amethystinus (11, 170) was also bred, among
a large number of other species, from 0. quercus. Nord-
linger bred one Hulophus dendricornis (i, 161) early in
June from mining larvee of O. quercus in alder leaves, and
both sexes of #. fumatus (11, 156) from oak leaves con-
taining both this species and O. ilicis; H. pilicornis (1, 160)
was several times bred from the subcutaneous larvee of 0.
quercus, sometimes alone, at others with Pteromalus orchestis
anda 2 Hupelmus viduus; Hulophus pectinicornis (i, 161)
preys on the same host. Pteromalus Jowanensis (ii, 199)
was bred by Nordlinger from mixed Orchestes quercus and
O. ilicis at Grand Jouan, in France ; and Ratzeburg bred
Hlachestus obscurus* (11, 178) infrequently from the former;
lastly a single specimen of the Proctotrypid, Zeleas minutus
(ii, 143), was found dead among bundreds of this beetle’s
parasites. According to Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. i,
141), C. Rondani also bred his Hubadizon orchestis from
this weevil in Italy.
200. Orchestes viminalis, Ratz.*
It appears that Ratzeburg considered this species syno-
nymous with, or a variety of, the last, under which (Ichn,
d. Forst. i, 203 et 205) he says of Pteromalus diachymatis :
“T have the five 2 2 out of larve of Orchestes viminalts in
oak leaves, together with my P. orchestis and Hulophus
pilicornis, on 13th July.” Kirchner, however, perpetuates
the name (Cat. 169): “ Pteromalus diachymatis, Ratz.,
Preuss. Aus. Orchestes viminalis.” Cf. also Forstinsecten,
1, 155.
201. Miarus campanule, Linn.
Brischke (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz.) gives Bracon variator,
B. terebella, Pezomachus fasciatus and Pimp a brevicornis as
parasitic upon this weevil. ‘The last-named parasite was
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 51
also bred from it by Giraud (Laboulbene, Ann. Soc. Fr.
1877, p. 408), where Bracon variator, Nees, Systasis en-
cyrtoides, Walk., and Pteromalus auwronitens, Forst., are
also indicated as attacking Gymnetron campanule.
202. Gymnetron antirrhini, Payk.
Sigalphus pallidipes, Nees, is said by Marshall (Bracon.
d’Europ. i, 315) to be a common parasite of this species ;
he adds (lib. cit. 320) that S. obscurellus also preys upon
Gymnetron noctis, Herbst.: “des galles produites sur le
lin sauvage.”
203, Gymnetron beccabunge, Linn.
From this weevil, Brischke (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz.) has
bred an undetermined species of Bracon, together with
Pteromalus curculionordes,
204. Gymnetron collinus, Gyll.
Bignell writes of Sigalphus obscurellus, Nees (Trans.
Devon. Assoc. 1901, p. 667): ‘Bred from Gymnetron
collinus, a beetle feeding on the unripe seeds of the toad-
flax, Linaria vulgaris, September 19th, 1880.”
205. Gymnetron villosulus, Gyll.
In his Naturgeschichte der Insecten (1854), Bouché
tells us that his Pteromalus curculionoides feeds upon the
larvee of Gymnetron villosulus (cf. Westwood, Mod. Class.
ii, 159).
206. Gymnetron teter, Fab.*
Kirchner (Cat. 105) gives “ Pimpla gymnetri, Ratz.,
Preussen, Gez. aus Curculio teter”; as recorded by the
latter (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 96 et iti, 103), bred from the
knot-like swellings caused by the larve of this beetle on
the previous year’s, already woody, stems of Verbascum
nigrum.
207. Gymnetron asellus, Grav.*
At Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 413 e¢ seqg. Laboulbéne
records Bracon gymnetri, Gir., B. ? dichromus, Wesm., and
Entedon curculionwm, Gir., from this beetle.
52 Mr. Ernest A. Elhott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
208. Gymnetron cylindrirostris, Schh.*
From this species (probably synonymous with the last)
also are recorded (loc. cit.) Bracon gymnetri and Entedon
curculionum.
209. Mecinus collaris, Germ.
Pimpla palliata, Gir., and Pteromalus revelatus, Forst.,
are recorded by Laboulbéne (/. ¢.) from this weevil.
210. Anthonomus pomorum, Linn.
Herr Reissig bred Pimpla pomoruwm from Curculio pomo-
yun in a pear blossom (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 96) and later (iii,
102) both sexes from the same pabulum on apple; Nord-
linger also bred it from this host, as well as one f of
Campoplex latus (ui, 84), at Hohenheim in June. JMicro-
gaster impurus *! (ii, 52) was frequently bred by Reissig
from apple blossom infested by this weevil; and Rat-
zeburg refers (ii, 213) to IM. albipennis?° as doubt-
fully preying upon the same host, Of Chrysolampus
ewneus he says (ii, 185): “I bred one out of Curculio
pomorum, yet it is possible that accidentally impri-
soned Aphid# may have yielded this guest.” He further
bred a single 2 Hncyrtus flavomaculatus (ii, 146) from
apple blossom containing this beetle—possibly, however,
some Aphidw may have been present here also and
yielded this parasite. A somewhat doubtful g of Ptero-
malus Saxesenit (iii, 242) was also raised from apple
blossom, though no.coleopterous host is indicated. Brischke
bred from the same host (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880,
pp. 111, 113) Pimpla examinator, Fab., P. sagax, Htg., as
well as Microgaster lacteus, Nees.
211. Brachonyx pineti, Payk.
Four or five kinds of Chalcids are recorded from Bra-
conyx indigenw by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 249), a
single, damaged specimen of Hadroceras vitripennis *! (in,
183) was bred from this weevil—or, just possibly, from
the midges which were bred with it; Hntedon vaginule
(iii, 213) was freely bred from it by Herr Reissig, and is
said to be its commonest parasite; a single Hupelmus
Geert (iii, 198) was also bred from this beetle, called the
“ Fir-leaf Cutter” in Germany; and several 2 9 Pieromalus
vaginule were raised upon two occasions, in both cases
with—? its -—P. nanus, by Reissig at the end of July.
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera, 53
212. Nanophyes lythri, Fab.
Laboulbéne records (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 420) that
Perris has bred Hupelmus Degeert, Dalm., and (p. 430) that
Dr. Giraud also raised Pteromalus vaginule, Ratz., from
this beetle.
213. Cionus scrophulariv, Linn.
Bignell says (Entom. 1885, p. 152) that he bred Hemi-
machus instabilis,* Forst., from a pupa of this beetle,
August 23rd, 1882. Thomson records (Opusce. Ent. x, 980)
Hemiteles awreator, “ Klackt ur Cionus scrophularix.” And
Bridgman tells us (Trans. Norf. Soc. 1895, p. 114): “Mr.
Thouless gave me a female Pezomachus corruptor, Forst.,
which he had bred from the larva of Cionus scrophularia,
a beetle which he took at Horsford, August 1894. This
is interesting, as it is seldom that ichneumons are bred
from beetles ; it may be due, in a measure, that beetles
are not bred to the same extent that butterflies and
moths are.” This example of P. corrwptor, which I have
examined and found correct, is now in the Norwich Castle
Museum [C..M.].
214, Cionus tuberculosis, Scop.
Brischke records his 9 Pezomachus thoracicus (Schr. Nat.
Ges. Danz. 1881, p. 351): “ Aus Cionus verbasci erzogen ” ;
and indicates Hntedon discolor as preying upon the same
species.
215. Sterconychus fraximi, DeG.*
This weevil is said to be attacked by the Braconid,
Blacus ruficornis, on the strength of a single example
which was bred by Dahlbom, who writes im Jit. (Ichn.
d. Forst. ii, 61): “Exclusus e Pupa Rhychzni (Cioni)
fraxini, Gyll, 7th Septb., Lund.” Professor Kawall
also bred (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1855, p. 231) two species of
Pteromalus, and a specimen of Pezomachus agilis, Fab.,
var. 4 b, Gray., from Cronus fraxini.
216. Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, Linn.
Kirchner records (Cat. 108) phialtes tuberculatus;
Foure., as parasitic upon this species; and Ratzeburg in-
stances (Ichn, d. Forst, 11, 218) Pimpla cicatricosa®” and
54 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
P. Reissigii*® (ii, 89) as both bred by Herr Reissig from
alder in which this beetle lived, the cocoon he says is
seven lines in length, clothed with scraps of wood without
but perfectly smooth within; both sexes of Campoplex
gracilis '* (11, 81) were also bred from this host by the
same observer on April 13th and 14th. Further Reissig
bred several specimens of both sexes of Bracon immutator
(11, 41) from the pupal nests of this weevil, adding that
the thick brown cocoons were disposed without order but
all in close proximity; he also bred several Rogas mar-
ginator >! (i, 65) from C. lapathi im alder shoots on
May 4th, as well as a single Braconid resembling R. lim-
bata, but with the neuration of Brachistes, which escaped ;
his last parasite of this species was the Proctotrypid,
Mapria melanocorypha (ii, 144). A single 2 of Zchnewmon
hassicus* is recorded (lib. cit. 11, 136) from the same beetle
on April 7th ; cf. Morley, Ichn. Brit. i, 292. We captured
three 92 Lphialies carbonarius, Christ., flying in the
vicinity of this beetle’s borings in sallow trees at Tudden-
ham Fen, in Suffolk, on June 12th, 1900.
217. Gasterocercus depressirostris, Fab.*
This beetle—not Rhinocyllus depressirostris, Schh., as
erroneously given by Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. 1, 197)—
was discovered by Radzay in a small live portion of an
otherwise dead eighty-year-old oak, the bark of which
was considerably impaired by its borings. With it was
Spathius Radzayanus (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 44, footnote) which
was parasitic, very probably ektoparasitic, upon it, two or
three apparently attacking each of the somewhat gre-
garious larvee. The parasitic cocoons are elongate, pale
rose-red, two and a half lines in length, and two to six
of them he close together in the excreta beneath bark.
[Cf also Agrilus biguttatus, ante. ]
218. Mononychus pseudacort, Fab.
Fred Smith tells us (Ent. Ann. 1864, p. 114) that Mr.
Butler has bred a parasite, “apparently belonging to the
genus Sigalphus,” from this weevil in the capsules of Lis
fetidissima at Ventnor.
219. Celiodes quercus, Fab.
Marshall says (Bracon. d’Europ. i, 492) that Ratzeburg
bred his Apanteles breviventris trom Celoides quercus in
Hymenopterous Parasites of Colcoptera. 55
Germany. This may be correct, since in every other case
the latter writes “ Orchestes” quercus (q. v., ante), but in
that of Microgaster breviventris (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 52) it
becomes “ Curculio” quercus.
220. Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Payk.
Reinhard bred Diospilus oleraceus, Hal., from the galls of
this weevil on Sinapis arvensis (as recorded by Kirchner,
p. 132, and Marshall 11, 259).
221. Ceuthorrhynchus cyanipennis, Germ.
Thersilochus moderator, Grav., is said by Brischke (Schr.
Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 193) to have “ Aus Larven von
Ceuthorrhynchus cyanipennis erzogen.” Possibly hyper-
parasitic—cf. Orchesia micans, ante—through the usual
enemies of this genus, the species of Drospilus.
222. Ceuthorrhynchus plewrostigma, Marsh.
In Ent. Ann. 1874, p. 126, Marshall records Diospilus
nigricornis, Wesm., as bred from Ceuthorrhynchus sulcicollis,
Gyll.; this is not referred to in his Bracon. d’EKurop. (ii, 265),
but, at Jib. cit. i, 320, Sigalphus obscurellus, Nees, is given
as a parasite of the same beetle “sur le chou.” Diospilus
oleraceus was bred by Dr. Giraud (Zool.-bot. Ver. V. Sitzb.
128) from the galls of this weevil. Mr. Horace Donis-
thorpe bought a turnip in a London shop because it con-
tained the characteristic cysts of this beetle, from which
in February 1900 emerged a 2 Sigalphus floricola, Wesm.
223. Ceuthorrhynchus punctiger, Gyll.
From this species Giraud tells us (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877,
p- 403) that both Bracon maculiger, Wesm., and Porizon
moderator, Grav., have been bred. As in the case of C.
cyanipennis, the latter was very probably hyperparasitic.
224. Ceuthorrhynchus rape, Gyll.
Diospilus oleraceus, Hal., was bred by Laboulbene from
the galls produced by this weevil on the roots of Lepidiwm
draba (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 411). e
225. Baris laticollis, Marsh.
226. Baris chlorizans, Germ.
56 Mr. Ernest A. Elhott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
227. Baris cuprirostris, Fab.*
Rev. T. A. Marshall was somewhat sceptical (in MS.) of
the accuracy of M. Edouard Perris’ observations regarding
the parasitism of Pentapleura fuliginosa, Hal., upon the
above three species of Baridius.
228. Balaninus nucum, Linn.
The parasitism of Pimpla nucum upon the Nut Weevil
appears in need of considerable confirmation. Towards
the end of May the former swarmed, says Nordlinger
(Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 90), at Hohenheim, on the window of a
room in which beech-nuts were stored, and these latter he
found to be bored by Curculio nueum. Herr Zeller obtained
the same Pimplid on April 18th from acorns, “therefore
probably from Balaninus.”
229. Balaninus pyrrhoceras, Marsh.
Laboulbene tells us (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 413) that
Giraud has bred Bracon discoideus, Wesm., from this
species.
230. Balaninus villosus, Fab.
Porizon nutritor, Gray., is said to have been bred from
this weevil in France (Joc. cit. p. 403).
231. Magdalis.
Unspecified individuals of this genus have yielded,
according to Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 213) Hlachestus
leucogramma, Pteromalus magdalis and P. virescens3”
which last is the P. violaceus of i, 23; and later (J. c. iii,
249) he adds Cryptus echthroides and Pteromalus tessellatus,
with doubtfully Pimpla linearis and Eusandulon tridens.
Cf. also Tetrops preusta, ante [THAMNOPHILUS, Schonh. =
MAGDALIs, Germ. ].
232. Magdalis carbonaria, Linn.
From Magdalinus memnonius, Giraud says (Ann. Soe.
Fr. 1877, p. 429) that Pieromalus magdalis, Ratz., has been
bred by Perris.
233. Magdalis phlegmatica, Herbst.
Reissig bred a single ~ Hemiteles melanarius from
Curculio (LThamnophilus) phlegmaticus on April 17tb (Ichn.
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 57
d. Forst. ii, 128); and Ratzeburg obtained a couple of
Alysia rubriceps,* 2 2 (1. ¢. i, 56) from fir logs infested by
the same beetle.
234. Magdalis violacea, Linn.
Several specimens of Chelonus atriceps were bred by
Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. i. 43) from spruce infested with
Magdalis violacea in the Frankenwald; Glypta concolor
(i, 121) was also bred with this beetle, out of fir billets,
as were several Lurytoma abieticola (i, 174) from fir logs;
several 22 Pteromalus violaceus (i, 208) emerged from fir
billets from the Hartz, in which this beetle had bored ;
and several Spathius brevicaudis (1, 49) from fir wood in-
fested with Cureulio violaceus. Brachistes rugosus * (ii,
28 et ii, 29) was bred by both Nordlinger from young dry
fir, and Ratzeburg from blocks of wood, in which C. violacea
was living; many f2 of Pteromalus virescens *” (11, 204)
were also bred by the former, and Opius rubriceps 76+ (il
66) by the latter, from this weevil.
235. Rhopalomesites tardyi, Curt.
Under Odontomerus dentipes, Gmel., in his private copy
of the 1872 Catalogue of British Hymenoptera, Marshall
has entered a MS. note: “taken by Bignell, Aug. 6,
entering burrows of Mesites tardit.”
236. Eremotes strangulatus, Perr,*
Exothecus rhyncoli, Gir., is said by Dr. Laboulbéne (Ann.
Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 414) to have been bred from this species
by Perris.
237. Scolytus.
Brischke records Pachychirus quadrum *8 from Eecopto-
gaster sp., and Giraud, Hxothecus lanceolator,4’ Nees, from
Scolytus sp.; Brachistes longicaudis®° was bred from an
unspecified individual by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. i, 23),
and Kirchner (Cat. 118, probably quoting (id. cit. iii, 27)
gives Sigalphus flavipalpis,®® Wesm., “ Hohenheim. Gez.
aus Hecoptogaster-Arten.”
238. Scolytus destructor, Oliv.
From Lecoptogaster scolytus some interesting parasites
have been recorded by Ratzeburg, who received several $ 3
58 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
of Ichnewmon nanus* (Ichn. d. Forst. u, 133) out of elms
infested by this borer, from Radzay, who also bred a single
2 Hemiteles modestus'*® (i, 129) from the same _ host,
together with a quantity of both sexes of Bracon initia-
tellus (11, 39). B. Middendorffiis” B. minutissimus ?§ and,
B. protuberans*® are also given (ii, 214) as preying upon
this species. Both Radzay and Nordlinger bred
curtis, $9 (i, 32) sparingly from this weevil in elm;
and the former further raised, from it a single 2 Spathius
exannulatus" (ii, 42). Elachestus leweogramma (uu, 174)
was bred by Nordlinger at Grand Jouan in June from a
mixed lot of #. scolytus, #. intricatus and F£. multistriatus,
as well as by Radzay in Germany from JL. scolytus only
together with a single Pteromalus capitatus (i, 196);
Nordlinger also bred at the same time and place Ptero-
malus bimaculatus and P. brunnicans (1, 188) from this
beetle. An unusually large and untypical 2 of P. /uwnula
Gi, 193) was raised from it by Wissmann; and Radzay
added P. vallecula (11, 206) and P. lanceolatus (11, 207) to
its list of parasites from Falkenberg in Silesia. Scolytus
destructer is further attacked (cf. Ann. Soc. Fr, 1877, p.
414) by Coloides scolyticida, Wesm., and—“Scolytus de
’Orme ”—by Cerocephala cornigera, Westw. “And Mr.
Spence has also observed the larve and pup to be
infested to a great extent with minute worm-like
OXYURIDES ” (Westwood, Mod. Class. 1, 255).
1 “Tt may be here mentioned, though somewhat out of place, for
the purpose of drawing the attention of Entomologists to a new
tribe of insect-parasites of which no account appears to have been
given in books, that in examining closely the pupz of Scolytus
destructor at Brussels, I found them lined in different parts of their
external surface, but especially on the thorax and about the cases of
the elytra, with numerous transparent eel-shaped vermicles. . .
The vermicles, under M. Wesmael’s powerful compound microscope,
with which he was so good as to assist me in examining them, exhibit
not the slightest trace either of mouth or other external organ, nor of
intestines, nor of internal vessels of any kind, which, if any such
existed, might be easily seen through their transparent skin and body.
This absence of all external and internal organs (the inside of the body
seeming filled with granular molecules), added to their shape, which is
filiform and very slender, sharply attenuated at each extremity, and
their hyaline colour, with very indistinct traces under a high mag-
nifying power of about twenty segments, each as long as broad, are
all the characters they afford. ... From their connection with an
animal, they might be regarded as referable to the OxyuRI, were it
not that neither my own nor M. Wesmael’s close examination could
ever discover any trace of their existence in the interior of either
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 59
On an old elm log full of S. destructor, at Wherstead in
Suffolk, several 22 of Cheiropachus quadrum were found
on May 3rd, 1904 [C. M.].
239. Scolytus intricatus, Ratz.
Its author indicates as preying upon this borer (Ichn. d.
Forst. i, 23) Elachestus leucogramma (ii, 174), bred by
Nordlinger at Grand Jouan in June with Hulophus
albipes®®; Hurytoma eccoptogastri, Pachyceros eccopto-
gastri 4 (1,280) of which a single ? was bred in July,
Pteromalus binevius*" and Cleonymus pulchellus; adding
(ii, 214) Bracon protuberans, bred from this host (ii, 32)
in oaks at Hohenheim and by M. V. Audouin from larvze
of Hecoptogaster pygmaeus; Spathius rugosus (11, 44), a unique
specimen bred by Nordlinger in spring; Hurytoma striolata
(ii, 177), a 2 bred by the same observer at Grand Jouan ;
Pteromalus limaculatus (ef. Xylopertha sinuata, ante),
Roptrocerus eccoptogastrt and, doubtfully,. Helcon carinator.
240, Scolytus multistriatus, Marsh,
Laboulbéne records from this species Meteorus brevipes,
Wesm., Coloides scolyticida, Wesm., Dendrosoter protuberans,
Nees, and Cheiropachus quadrum, Walk. Ratzeburg only
gives Hlachestus lewcogramma (Ichn. d. Forst. u, 174),
Pteromalus bimaculatus and P. brunnicans (11, 188), all bred
by Nordlinger in France. Marshall is somewhat sceptical
of its being the host of Metcorus albicornis, Ruthe (Bracon.
d’Europ. 1, 101), on account of their relative size. Mr.
C. T. Gimingham has bred several Cheiropachus quadrum
the larva, pupa, or imago of Scolytus.... Leaving it to future
examination to decide the true genus and relations of these vermicles,
I shall here merely observe, in addition to what has been above said,
that I have found them upon a large proportion of the pupe of Scolytus
destructor, and occasionally on some of the larve in an advanced
stage of growth, and also on the pup of Hylesinus fraxini ; and in
such distant localities, and at such different periods of the year, that
I am persuaded that their occurrence was not accidental, but that
they are true external parasites, of the family of Scolytidx in the
pupa (and partly in the larva) state,in which, however, they do
not seem materially to injure them, nor prevent them from becoming
perfect insects.” (Introd. 7th Ed., 1859, pp. 122-3 ; cf. also Spence,
Trans. Ent. Soe. 11, Proc. xv.) The presence of granular molecules
certainly points to a hymenopterous origin of these vermicles, in
which case, however, they would have a very decidedly prejudicial
effect upon the beetles’ final ecdysis.
60 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
from this species at Harpenden in Herts. July 22nd,
1904; and he noticed that four or five individuals assisted
each imago to emerge. The same parasite has also been
commonly found, tapping with its antenne and running
about upon a newly-felled willow pole at Sotherton, in
Suffolk, July 6th, 1900.
241. Scolytus pruni, Ratz.
Reinhard has, according to Giraud (Ann, Soe. Fr. 1877,
p. 427), bred Raphitelus maculatus, Walk., from this borer,
Kirchner (Cat. 115 et 181) also records from it Doryctes
pomarius, Reinh., and Hulophus lophyrorum, Htg.; though
the association appears doubtful in both cases. Of the
latter, however, Ratzeburg says (Ichn, d. Forst. 11, 157)
that one § emerged with him from Hecoptogaster pruni and
he received another of the same sex from Bouché, who is
also thought to have bred it from #. pruni; and he adds,
concerning Elachistus leucogrammea (I. ¢. 11, 174), that, with
the described ¢, were numerous 2? from LZ. scolytus and
EL. prunt. Mr. Donisthorpe bred a specimen of Pteromalus
sp. from this borer in 1906 in London.
242. Scolytus ratzeburgi, Jan.
From Lecoptogaster destructor, Ratzeburg (/. ¢. ui, 214)
says Wissmann bred what he thought was Pteromalus
lunula, in Germany.
243. Scolytus rugulosus, Ratz.
The list of parasites upon this species given by Ratze-
burg (Ichn, d. Forst. 11, 214) comprises both Lracon eccopto-
gastri 8 and its variety B. minutissimus (1, 31) bred from
it by Reissig in the dying boughs of plum trees; Nordlinger
raised Brachistes longicaudis®*® (i, 54 et 111, 28) from this
borer in ailing apple twigs at Stuttgart; and Bouché Opius
cephalotes 8" (ii, 63) from the same host and pabulum.
Elachestus leucogramnva (1, 170) is said to also live on this
beetle, from which Nordlinger bred one 2 of Hurytoma
eccoptogastri. (i, 174), with several Hulophus allipes,®*° ete.,
in dying apple boughs which were also tenanted by Saperda
preusta and several species of Magdalis, A few $f of
Pteromalus bicaliginosus** (i, 190) were also bred from
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 61
Kecoptogaster rugulosus, and its 2 was raised by Bouché
(i, 191) from the same host, as has been P. bimaculatus !
and Storthygocerus subulifer®°> (i, 214). Dr. Giraud
instances from C. rugulosus, EHucoila minuta, Gir., Teleas
punctata, Gir., and Diapria nigra, Nees. Reinhard bred
his Doryctes pomarius from a tree containing these, among
other beetles. Bouché bred Cenocoelius analis, Nees, from
S. rugulosus’ boring in an apple tree, and Goureau says
that his Blacus fuscipes attacks these beetles in their holes
in apple trunks and “fait périr un grand nombre de
victimes, chaque femelle de lacus en detruisant autant
qu'elle a d’ceufs & poudre.”
244, Hylastes palliatus, Gyll.
Herr Saxesen found larvee of Pteromalus spinole (Ichn.
d. Forst. i, 189 et 11, 193) on the external surface of spruce
borers, especially B. typographus and Hylesinus palliatus,
and thought them the commonest and most effective of
their foes; though he also found the larvee of Pachyceras
aylophagorum *!* (i, 218) to be a numerous external para-
site of the same beetles, in the Hartz. Pteromalus emulus
is also indicated (i, 215) as a doubtful parasite of this
species,
245, Hylesinus,
Eulophus hylesinorwm*® is recorded by Ratzeburg (did.
cit, 1, 28) from an unspecified individual of this genus.
246. Hylesinus crenatus, Fab.
Nordlinger at Stuttgart discovered that Mesostenus
brachycentrus® (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 142) was parasitic in
the borings of H. crenatus and pupated towards the end of
May: “it is true,” says Ratzeburg, “that there were there
1 As illustrative of the diversity of this species’ hosts, lib. cit. ii,
pp. 187-8 may be quoted : ‘‘ This insect emerged from an oak stick
in which, besides Callidiwm fennicum, Apate sinuata and Eccopto-
gaster intricatus had lived. ... In July 1846 fresh wood from a
two-inch apricot tree was caged in which Kec, rugulosus had numer-
ously bored ; already in March 1847 several Pteromali had appeared
with the sparsely emerging beetles, but fresh ones were bred in the
middle of May and even until well into July... Lastly a new and
very interesting breeding is to be mentioned: Nordlinger at Grand
Jouan raised it out of Bostrichus villosus in oak, and again out of
Eccoptogaster scolytus and multistriatus in June 1843.”
62 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
also larvee of Clerus formicarius, but they could not have
been the host”—one wonders why not, since their size
would appear more appropriate than that of this Cryptid.
The same observer also found Bracon stabilis (iii, 38) and
Celoides filiformis (111, 72) associating with this borer in
ash bark. Ps
247. Hylesinus fraxini, Panz.
Feldjager Angern, in his observations on timber and its
injurious insects, bred Spathius ewannulatus“" (Ichn. d.
Forst. 11, 43) out of this species, as also did Nordlinger at
Hohenheim on July 3rd a single f of Celoides melanotus
Gi, 40). All its other parasites were, however, Chalci-
didous: Oberforster Radzay raised fourteen specimens of
EHurytoma flavovaria (i, 173) from Hylesinus fraxini in ash,
where they pupated in such a manner as to easily emerge
through the beetles’ orifice; with it he bred several ¢ f of
EL. ischiovanthos (i, 174), some spotted-winged Pteromali
and Styloceras ladenbergi ** (1, 208). From borings of the
same species, Saxesen once bred a single Lurytoma flavo-
scapularis (i, 173) ; and from its larve, Radzay raised
Pteromalus fraxini, P. bivestigatus, P. binimbatus*" and a
gd P. bicaliginosus** (1, 190-191). Angern also found one f
Tridymus xylophagorum (ii, 184) among a mass of Ptero-
malus bimaculatus which had emerged from this borer, as
well as Sciatheras trichotus*® (11, 209) and a single Lupelmus
geert Gli, 151); Hurytoma nodulosa is also indicated (ii,
215) as preying upon this beetle. Giraud adds Dendro-
soter protuberans, Cerocephala cornigera and also bred in
France Celiodes filiformis, C. melanotus, Eurytoma flaveo-
laria, Raphitelus ladenbergi®® and Pteromalus bimaculatus,
Spin., from this host. In May 1906 Mr. Donisthorpe bred
a 2 Cheiropachus quadrum at Enfield from a pupa of
H. fraxini, together with both sexes of Bracon caudatus,
Ratz., and of B. longicaudis, Ratz., of which the latter is
new to the British fauna. The same observer also bred,
at the same time and from the same beetle, a species of
Pteromalus at Leighton.
248. Huylesinus oleiperda, Fab.
Fonscolombe, quoted by Westwood (Mod. Class, 11, 159),
tells us that Cheiropachus quadrum also feeds upon the
larvee of this beetle; and Dr. Ratzeburg (Ichn, d. Forst.
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 65
ii, 152) that he bred from Bostrichus suturalis a single of
Eupelmus inermis*® at Neustadt.
249. Carphoborus (Dendroctonus) minimus, Fab.*
From fir wood bored by this species, Ratzeburg bred
several Entedon hylesinorwm (Ichn. d. Forst. 1. 167) of
both sexes ; Hurytoma pinctorum (iii, 220) from Bostrichus
minimus, together with Pteromalus azureus (1. ¢. et 11, 235)
from bored fir twigs in May, and Lutedon pinetorum; from
fir wood, with B. minimus and B. bidens, emerged Piero-
malus azurescens (ili, 235), and, from B. minimus alone, he
bred P. vicarius (iii, 241), together with P. azwreus, Entedon
pinetorum, Hurytoma pinetorum and Spathius brevicaudis.
Nordlinger at Hohenheim raised three different Chalcids
from this host: a single $ of Pteromalus ramulorum
(ii, 201) in August; P. dubius*® (ai, 192 et ii, 234) also
in August; and HLntedon caudatus (ii, 170). Pteromalus
siccatorum (iii, 240) and Bracon hylesini!® are also indicated
(iti, 249) as probably preying on this beetle.
250. Phleotribus olex, Fab.*
Fitch reminds us (Entom,. 1880, p. 258) that Bargaghi
has bred Spathius rubidus from this host.
251. Hylurgus.
Cheiropachus quadrum is referred to by Westwood (Mod.
Class. ii, 159) as bred from members of this genus by
Fonscolombe.
252. Hylurgus minor, Htg.
From Hylesinus minor, Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii,
191) records both sexes of Péteromalus azureus, as
numerously bred by Nordlinger at Hohenheim in August.
253. Hylurgus piniperda, Linn.
Cooper (Ent. Mag. ii, p. 116) recounts the parasitism of
Cheiropachus pulchellus wpon this species. Ratzeburg
(Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 215) gives Bracon palpebrator (1, 89),
bred from Pinus pinaster, im which H. piniperda and
Curculio notatus lived; Pteromalus latriellei® (ii, 192),
one bred from this borer by Reissig; P. lwnula (11, 193),
one bred at Neustadt out of this host; P. pellucens, P.
multicolor®® (ii, 194), raised from it by Nordlinger in
64 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr, Claude Morley on the
May; and P. suspensus (11, 193), bred by the same observer
from Pinus pinaster, in which both this species and C.
notatus had bored—as preying upon it; and adds (di. cit.
iii, 249), Hemiteles modestus,® H. melanarius and Pteromalus
guttatus (iii, 236), which was always bred from fir, in one
case containing only H. piniperda. Of Bracon Midden-
dorfii 7 he says (ii, 33) that it was bred by Reissig on
June 18th from fir bark, while the imagines of H. piniperda
therein were still quite pale and only preparing for flight.
... Herr Reissig sent him several two-lines long, dirty
white, delicate, elongate cocoons from which the Braconid
had emerged just below the apex. The dust from the
boring adhered to them and also a distinct empty skin of
a Hylesinus piniperda: the Braconid had certainly sucked
it from outside. The same observer later sent it again to
him, after the time of the hosts’ emergence.
254. Phleophthorus rhododactylus, Marsh.
Phicophthorus spartii is said by Giraud (Ann, Soe. Fr.
1877, p. 427), upon Aubé’s authority, to be the host of
Raphitelus maculatus, Walk. Nordlinger bred (Ichn. d.
Forst. ii, 215) Storthygocerus subulifer®> (i, 208 et 11, 246)
at Bordeaux, Grand Jouan and the Schwarzwalk; and
several 2 2 of Bracon planus (ii, 33) at Bordeaux, from
Hylesinus spartii; adding (ii, 31) that a great number of
Bracon hylesini® emerged from it at Hohenheim.
255. Polygraphus pubescens, Bach.
From Hylesinus poligraphus, Nordlinger bred at Hohen-
heim at least one Bracon hylesini® (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 31),
and both he and Radzay also bred B. Middendorffir,.” from
this host (ii, 38 et iii, 82). Several specimens of Cosmo-
phus klugii™ (ii, 72) were raised by the latter, as well as
of both sexes of Pteromalus lanceolatus (11, 204) from the
same borer, which Ratzeburg found was further parasited
by Roptrocerus xylophagorum (ii, 209), P. multicolor *°8 (a1,
193), P. capitatus, P. navis, and, doubtfully, P. #wmalus
(ii, 215).
256. Cryphalus binodulus, Ratz.
Out of Bostrichus binodulus, its author says (lid, cit. 11, 30)
that Radzay bred Bracon silesiacus (ii, 30) from beneath
poplar bark ; and probably also Aphidius obsoletus (11, 59),
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera, 65
which emerged in this beetles’ breeding cage, though
possibly other Coleoptera were also in the enclosed large
section of wood.
257. Cryphalus fagi, Fab.
Bracon hylesini is recorded (lib. cit. iii, 249) from
Bostrichus fagt.
258, Cryphalus picee, Ratz.
Only Loptrocerus xylophagorum was bred by Nordlinger
(Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 209) from Bostrichus picee.
259. Cryphalus tiliv, Panz.
A single ¢ Spathius exannulatus’ and a species of
Hurytoma are alone recorded (lz. cit. 1, 43) from Bostrichus
tiliv, though Ratzeburg bred “countless myriads” from
lime trees.
260, Pityophthorus pubescens, Marsh.
Dr. Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 1i, 212) bred Roptrocerus
aylophagorum, DPteromalus capitatus, P. navis and perhaps
P. emulus (11, 203) from Bostrichus pitiographus; he adds
that Nordlinger also raised P. malticolor®® (11, 193) from
the nests of this borer at the end of June-—at the time of,
or rather later than, their hosts’ emergence; as well as
P. navis (ii, 205) at Hohenheim in spring from the same
beetle, with B. poligraphus and B. abietis, in spruce.
261. Xylocleptes bispinus, Duft.
Pteromalus gravenhorstii*8 was bred by Nordlinger (did.
cit. il, 245) from Bostrichus bispinus in clematis.
262. Dryocetes autographus, Ratz.
From Bostrichus autographus, Ratzeburg (J. ¢. ii, 211)
records only Péeromalus multicolor?
263. Dryocetes villosus, Fab.
Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ.) says Microdus rugulosus,
Nees, and perhaps Chelonus neesii, Reinh., have been bred
from this borer. Nordlinger (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 188 et
209) raised Pteromalus bimaculatus, P. multicolor®® and
Ropirocerus xylophagorum from Bostrichus villosus in oaks
at Grand Jouan, in France.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 5
66 Mr, Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
264. Taphrorychus bicolor, Herbst.
Ratzeburg records from Bostrichus bicolor (lib, cit. 11,211),
Roptrocerus xylophagorum (ii, 209), bred by Wissmann,
and Pteromalus multicolor >®
265. Tomicus.
From unspecified individuals of Sostrichus, the above
author (/.¢ 1, 28 et 1, 211) imstances Pteromalus spinolex,
P.suspensus, P. bimaculatus,and Pachyceras xylophagorum 3.8
266. Zomicus laricis, Fab.
Giraud bred Diapria clegans,*§ Jur. et Nees (Ann. Soc.
Fr. 1877, p. 435), from Bostrichus laricis; from which
Ratzeburg further records Bracon palpebrator (Ichn. d.
Forst. ii, 389), Roptrocerus xylophagorum, Pteromalus
suspensus (1, 189 et 11, 193), bred by Nordlinger from the
larve at Hohenheim and Neustadt, P. virescens®” and
perhaps P. emulus.
267. Tomicus typographus, Linn.
“M. L. Dufour detected great numbers of minute
Ascarides,” says Westwood (Mod. Class. i. 354), “in the
entrails of 7. typographus, as well as numbers of small
mites on its external surface”; for latter, cf. footnote to
Scolytus destructor, ante. Possibly these latter may have
been the larve of Pteromalus spinole or Pachyceras
xylophagorum,*'® both of which Herr Saxesen discovered
(Ichn. d. Forst. 1, 189 et 218) to be ektoparasitic upon the
larvee of Lostrichus typographus and Hylesinus palliatus in
spruce ; the former, he says, are probably the commonest
and most effective foes of these two beetles; the latter were
also numerous in the Hartz. Ratzeburg raised from this
borer Pteromalus multicolor *° and perhaps Bracon oblitera-
tus,” (7. ¢. 11, 212), And Giraud adds (Ann Soe. Fr. 1877)
Celoides bostrichorum, Gir., Roptrocerus xylophagorum,
Acrocormus multicolor, Ratz., and Pteromalus abieticola,
Ratz., to its parasites.
268. Tomicus curvidens, Germ.*
From Lostrichus curvidens in blocks of white fir, Radzay
bred (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 141) Ceraphron pusillus #2 and
Nordlinger found (ii, 209) Roptrocerus xylophagorum to be
parasitic upon the same species.
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 67
269. Pityogenes bidentatus, Herbst.
Ratzeburg records from Bostrichus bidens, Bracon Midden-
dorfii” (Ichn, d. Forst. 11, 33), bred by Hartig with one
small f of Spathius brevicaudis (11, 43); Pteromalus bidentis
(11, 205), a unique and broken specimen by Nordlinger,
who had labelled one Hntedon geniculatus (ii, 160): “ Out
of Bost. bidens from the Black Forest.” He adds later
(il, 249) Bracon Hartigi ®° (au, 82), of which Ratzeburg
says that he bred this beautiful and rare insect from
Weymouth pine, filled with 2B. bidens, together with
Roptrocerus xylophagorum; B. labrator, B. palpebrator
(iu, 38), by Nordlinger ; Péeromalus guitatus (iii, 236), bred
from fir wood by Herr von Bernuth with P. suspensus,
P. virescens *"° (iii, 243) bred from firs infested by this borer ;
and P, azwrescens (ii, 235), also bred by von Bernuth from
B. bidens in Pinus strobus; as well as, doubtfully, P. sicca-
torum (ili, 240), Husandalon abbreviatum, HE. tridens (iii,
200) and Bracon hylesini.”® Giraud has also bred Pteromalus
guitatus, Roptrocerus xylophagorum and Dendrosoter Perisit,
Gir., from this species in France.
270. Pityogenes chaleographus, Linn.
Pteromalus abieticola was raised by Radzay (Jib. cit. ii, 191)
from Bostrichus chalcographus in the spruce woods of the
Hartz.
271. Xyleborus monographus, Fab.*
The only parasite, instanced by Ratzeburg, of Bostrichus
monographus is Ceraphron radiatus,*? of which Herr Wiss-
mann (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 141) bred a single specimen.
272. Undetermined Coleoptera.
Several of both sexes of Caloides melanotus, Wesm.,
“ from some wood-boring beetle ” (Marshall, Ent. Ann. 1874,
p. 144). Nordlinger found Hemiteles thoracicus, Ratz., in
a breeding cage containing xylophagous Coleoptera (Ichn.
d. Forst. 11, 156); Rogas rugator* is said (J. c¢. ii, 66) to
have occurred in the same situation. Brischke (Allge-
meine Wirths-Tabelle) has bred Sigalphus floricola, Ptero-
malus Dahlbomi and Entedon xylobius “from coleoptera.”
Alysia manducator, Panz., “bred from larva found feeding
on carrion” (Bignell, Trans. Devon. Assoc. 1901, p. 685—
ef. Creophilus, ante). LRhyssalus indagator, Hal., “ parasite
68 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
sans doute de quelques petits Coléoptéres xylophages ”
(Marshall, Bracon. d’Europ. 1. 183). Pimpla brevicornis,
Grav., bred “from pupa of beetle ” (Entom. 1885, p. 152).
Apanteles salebrosus, Marsh., “one and one cocoon, bred
from a coleopteron ” (Morley, /2d. cit. 1906, p. 100).
CLASSIFIED LIST OF PARASITES:
ICHNEUMONIDA, 19 Hemiteles completus, Ratz.,
57
1 Barichneumon _ ridibundus, | 20 : thoracicus, Ratz.,
Grav., 217 ' 272
2 Phaogenes suspicax, Wesm., | 21 bs subzonatus, Grav.,
105 23, 24
3 4 nanus, Wesm., | 22 Pezomachus instabilis, Forst.,
238 214
4 Diadromus subtilicornis, | 23 Ff corruptor, Forst.,
Grav., 105 214
5 Helcoztisus brachycentrus, | 24 3 comes, Forst., 7
Grav., 41, 246 25 . thoracicus, Brisch.,
6 Cubocephalus _nigriventris, 215
Thoms., 110 26 a fasciatus, Fab., 16,
7 Microcryptus —nigrocinctus, 201
Gray., 9 27 5 palpator, Grav.,
8 Phygadeuon rufulus, Gmel., 49
180 28 a sp., 182, 216
9 * variabilis,Grav.,2 | 29 Mesostenus ater, Ratz., 38,
10 Oresbius castaneus, Marsh., 4, 150
5, 175 30 Hoploeryptus insectator,
11 Hemiteles bicolorinus, Grav., Tschek., 185
47 31 Idiolispa analis, Gray., 105
12 be areator, Panz., 8, | 32 Cryptus minator, Grav., 76
25, 26, 48, 44, | 33 ,, echthroides, Ratz.,231
50, 214 34 Ceenocryptus tener, Thoms.,
13 * pedestris, Fab., 96
126 35 Coleocentrus caligatus, Grav.,
14 a niger, Tasch., 146 109
15 5 melanarius, Grav., | 36 Arotes albicinctus, Grav., 83
41, 188, 233, 253 | 37 Ephialtes imperator, Kriech.,
16 argentatus, Grav., 105
7 38 - manifestator, Linn.,
17 i persector, Parf., 7 30, 76, 105
18 wstivalis, Grav., | 39 3 tuberculatus, Foure.,
41, 47, 188, 238, 73, 95, 105, 16%,
253 217
1 The numbers prefixed to the parasites’ names here given refer to those
printed in small type after the now obsolete names in the text, and are
intended to facilitate synonymy.
The numbers suffixed to the parasites’ names here given refer to the
corresponding ones attached to the Coleoptera in the text, and will serve
as an index.
40
41
42
62
65
69
70
72
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera.
Ephialtes carbonarius, Christ., |
38, 39, 74, 81, 99,
101, 105, 108, 188,
217
"4 heteropus, Thoms,,
75
$3 strobilorum, Ratz.,
56
33 discolor, Brisch., 40,
96
iy glabratus, Ratz., 37,
56
i pusillus, Ratz,, 84
$ populneus, Ratz.,
73, 105
* continuus, Ratz.,
105
Pimpla instigator, Fab., 28, 78
» @xaminator, Fab., 211
» Yroborator, Fab., 217
»» stercorator, Fab. 155,
157
» brevicornis,
188, 201, 272
3. HNucum,’ Ratz., 228
» abdominalis,Grav.,179
» sagax, Ratz., 211
Grav.,
» pomorum, Ratz., 211
>, linearis, Ratz., 32,
188, 231
» terebrans, Ratz., 99,
101, 187, 190
», alternans, Grav., 105,
199
» longiventris, Ratz.,
155
laticeps, Ratz., 188
palliata, Gir., 210
gymnetri, Ratz., 207
»» _Sp., 184
Polysphincta elegans, Ratz. ,57
latistriata, Ratz.,
199
lignicola,
40, 73
2)
”
Ratz.,
2?
“3 soror, Ratz., 57
Glypta concolor, Ratz., 234
Lycorina triangulifera,
Holmegr., 105
Lissonota bellator, Grav., 46,
57
+ palpalis, Thoms.,
110
73 Meniscus catenator, Panz., 29
69
Echthrus nubeculatus, Grav.,
105
$3 populneus, Gir., 105
Ischnoceros rusticus, Fourc.,
75, 85, 88, 94, 104
Xylonomus precatorius, Fab.,
79, 80, 106
i irrigator, Fab., 86,
92
FE filiformis, Grav.,
87, 92, 95, 106
a ater, Grav., 109
Xorides albitarsus, Grav., 72
» eryptiformis, Ratz.,
46, 57
» crassipes, Htg., 73,
103, 190
5 collaris, Grav., 109
» hereynianus, Htg., 190
Odontomerusappendiculatus,
Grav., 73
45 dentipes., Gmel.,
235
i spinipes, Grav.,
100
Exochus compressiventris,
Ratze oe
Orthocentrus fulvipes, Grav.
93, 106
3 testaceipes,
Brisch., 142
Neurateles papyraceus, Ratz.,
188
Bassus letatorius, Fab., 137
Homoporus tarsatorius,
Panz., 16
Sphecophaga
Curt., 152
Tryphon sp., 126
Mesoleptus teredo, Htg., 73,
109
Ophion luteus, Linn., 184
Campoplex latus, Ratz., 211
Canidia pusilla, Ratz., 39
+ quinqueangularis,
Ratz,, 135
», subcincta, Grav., 181
Nemeritis transfuga, Grav.,
106
p gracilis, Grav., 217
Diaparsus gilvipes, Grav., 147
Thersilochus ~ moderator,
Linn., 146, 149,
221, 223
vesparum,
70 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
107 Thersilochus — morionellus,
Holmgr., 20
108 Porizon nutritor, Fab., 230
109 »» microcephalus,Grav.,
123
110 5, boops, Grav., 149
111 Mesochorus thoracicus, Grav.,
130
112 m4 nigripes, Ratz.,
181
BRACONID.
113 Bracon impostor, Scop., 102
114 »» pectoralis, Wesm.,
DU » scutellaris, Wesm., 56,
153
116 5 Stabilis, Wesm., 246
117 » Immutator, Nees,
217
118 5» fuscipennis, Wesm.,
133
119 » levigatus, Ratz., 82,
83
120 » hylobii, Ratz., 187
121 » Hlavator, Fab., 73, 99
122 » caudatus, Ratz., 247
123 » longicaudis, Ratz.,
247
124 » colpophorus, Wesm.,
118, 163, 164
125 » discoideus, Wesm.,
157, 158, 229
126 » terebella, Wesm., 201
127 » dichromus, Wesm.,
208
128 » maculiger, Wesm.,
223
129 55 variator, Nees, 201
130 »» pracox, Wesm., 117
131 » urinator, Fab., 183
132 » palpebrator, Ratz.,
41, 99, 188, 191,
253, 266, 268
133 » Jabrator, Ratz., 188,
268
134 », sordidator, Ratz., 188
135 » bicellularis, Ratz., 73
136 » Mmultiarticulatus,
Ratz., 105
137 » gymnetri, Gir., 208,
209
138 » initiatellus, Ratz., 238
139 wetator, ~ \Gir.,) 15;
172
140 Bracon sp., 204
141 Exothecus debilis, Wesm.
195
12 on, rhyncoli, Gir.,
236
143 Rhyssalus indagator, Hal.,
272
144 Colastes braconius, Hal., 195
145 Oncophaneslanceolator, Nees,
237
146 Spathius — erythrocephalus,
Wesm., 59
147 os exarator, Linn., 43,
47, 54, 57, 199,
238, 247, 259
148 . rubidus, Rossi, 52,
250
149 Ps brevicaudis, Ratz.,
96, 188, 234, 249,
268
150 “ radzayanus, Ratz.,
33, 82, 86, 218
151 . rugosus, Ratz., 239
152 He ferrugatus, Gour., 80
153 i curvicaudis, Ratz.,
, 29
154 Fs claviger, Gir., 59
155 Synodus incompletus, Ratz.,
188
156 Eucorystes aciculatus, Rein.,
34
157 Hecabolus sulcatus, Curt., 43,
57, 58, 59
158 Ecphyluseccoptogastri, Ratz.,
238, 243
159 », hylesini, Ratz., 249,
254,255, 257, 268
160 », Selesiacus, Ratz.,
256
161 Pambolus rosenhaueri, Ratz.,
125
162 Cceloides initiator, Fab., 86,
92, 109, 188
163 5 scolyticida, Wesm.,
238, 240
164 53 melanotus, Wesm.,
; 247, 272
165 “ filiformis, Ratz.,
246, 247
166 ie bostrichorum, Gir.,
267
167 Atanycolus denigrator, Nees,
105
| 168 Doryctes gallicus, Reinh., 79
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. rf |
169 Doryctes imperator, Hal., 31, | 198 Apanteleshoplites, Ratz., 132,
92 157
170 i igneus, Ratz., 99 199 oa lacteus, Nees, 211
171 3 pomarius, Reinh., | 200 if albipennis, Nees,
99, 241, 243 211
172 + leucogaster, Nees, | 201 As impurus, Nees, 211
76, 86 202 ey) breviventris, Ratz.,
173 me spathiiformis, 199, 219
Ratz., 47 203 Sp., 11, 112
174 3 undulatus, Ratz., | 204 Microgaster Levigatus, Ratz.,
99, 100 157
175 re obliteratus, Nees, | 205 ae rufilabris, Ratz.,
109, 188, 267 55
176 Dendrosoter —_ protuberans, | 206 ‘rc sp., 1
Nees, 238, 239, 240, | 207 Microdus calculator, Fab.,
247 143, 146, 188
177 B middendor fi, | 208 a rugulosus, Nees,
Ratz.,238,253, 263
255, 268 209 Ischius striolatus, Ratz., 199
178 re planus, Ratz., 254 | 210 Euphorus pallidipes, Curt.,
179 Perrisi, Gir., 268 145, 146
180 Czenopachys hartigi, Ratz., | 211 Cosmophorus klugi, Ratz.,
268 255
181 Histeromertus mystacinus, | 212 Perilitus falciger, Ruthe,
Wesm., 27, 89 127, 128
182 Chremylus rubiginosus, Nees, | 213 5 terminatus, Nees,
112, 114, 116 15, 16
183 Clinocentrus lignarius, Ratz., | 214 Centistes americana, Riley,
32 17
184 . exsertor, Nees, 41 | 215 Meteorus tabidus, Wesm.,
185 Sigalphus thoracicus, Curt., 94, 106
111, 113, 116 216 - longicaudis, Ratz.,
186 i. pallidipes, Nees, 146
NPT IGM yay || allies 5 § obfuscatus, Nees,
203, 237 19, 146
187 3 facialis, Ratz., 59 | 218 a atrator, Curt., 68,
188 5 luteipes, Thoms., 146
53, 59 219 95 albicornis, Ruthe,
189 he striatulus, Nees, 240
112,119,120,121 | 220 ,, profligator, Hal., 68
190 BS caudatus, Nees, | 221 6 filator, Hal., 68
195, 199 222 33 brevipes, Wesm.,
191 Fs floricola, Wesm., 240
165, 166,222,272 223 Eubadizon flavipes, Hal.
192 ae obscurellus, Nees, | 224 », orchestis, Rond, 199
203, 205, 222 225 sy pallidipes, Nees,
193 Chelonus neesi, Reinh., 263 66, 67
194 3 rufidens, Wesm., | 226 brevicaudis, Gir. , 52
105 227 Calyptus bese Hal., 46,
195 nigrinus, LErichs.,
105 228 Seon Ratz., 195
196 se atriceps, Ratz., 234 | 229 ay fasciatus, Nees, 190
197 Apanteles salebrosus, Marsh., | 230 - longicaudis, Ratz.,
272 237, 243
264
265 Opius canudatus, Wesm.,
Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
Calyptus robustus, Ratz., 188
9
9
29
rugosus, Ratz., 234
atricornis, Ratz.,
188, 190
firmus, Ratz., 188
interstitialis, Ratz.,
45
destitutus, Ratz., 22
punctatus, Ratz., 56
Pygostolus falcatus, Nees, 124
Blacus tuberculatus,
+)
99
99
Wesm.,
174, 178
ruficornis, Nees, 216
fuscipes, Gour., 243
exocentri, Gir., 97
Helcon annulicornis, Nees, 91
”?
Macrocentr us
9
9
Aspidogonus
bP)
J)
Diospilus oleraceus,
zequator,
109
ruspator, Linn., 90
carinator, Nees, 65,
80, 81, 95, 239
claviventris, Wesm.,
150
tardator, Nees, 81, 95
sp., 42
Nees, 81,
marginator,
Nees, 217
collaris, Spin., 47
rugator, Ratz., 272
contractus,
Ratz., 81, 109
diversicornis,
Wesm., 42, 77,
144, 150
abietis, Ratz., 48,
56
Hal.,
220, 222, 224
capito, Nees, 46
ephippium, Nees,
61, 143
melanoscelus,
Nees,
filator, Nees, 148
nigricornis, Wesm.,
46, 222
Dolops aculeator, Marsh., 177
Ceenoceeliusagiicole tor, Linn. s
99
100
100, 233, 234
analis, Nees, 243
To
266 Diachasmacephalotes, Wesm.,
243
Alysia manducator,
10, 272
Pentapleura fuliginosa, Hal.,
225, 226, 227
Dacnusa_ gedanensis,
105
Aphidius obsoletus, Wesm.,
256
halticw, Rond., 138
bueeata, De
Panz.,
Ratz.,
99
Pachylomma
Breb., 35
CHALCIDIDA.
Chalcis parvula, Lap., 141
275 Halticella rufipes, Oliv., 57
276 Eupelmus annulatus, Nees,
126
277 Vs geeri, Dalm., 212,
213, 247
278 bs urozonius, Dalm.,
188
279 Eusandalum — abbreviatum,
Ratz., 32, 268
280 - inerme, Ratz., 27,
44, 52, 57, 66,
98, 248
281 re tridens, Ratz.,
231, 268
282 Bothriothorax fumipennis,
Ratz., 45
283 Encyrtus apicalis, Dalm., 14
284 Be flaminius, Dalm.,16,
153
285 is flavomaculatus,
Ratz., 154, 211
_ 286 Cerocephalacornigera, Westw.,
238, 247
287 Perilampus angustatus, Nees,
46
288 35 micans, Dalm., 13,
41, 66
289 Torymus difficilis, Nees, 21
290 ‘5 macrocentrus, Ratz.,
105
291 Callimone paralellinus, Boh.,
161
292 Eurytoma apionum, Gir., 171
293 ee abieticola, Ratz.,
| 234
294 re eccoptogastri, Ratz.,
107, 239, 243
flavoscapularis,
295 55
Ratz., 247
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera.
296 Eurytoma flavovaria, Ratz.,
247
297 5 histrionica, Férst.,
151
298 35 ischioxantha, Ratz.,
107, 188, 247
289 ‘ nodulosa, Ratz., 247
300 = pinetorum, Ratz.,
249
301 i striolata, Ratz., 239
302 sp., 188, 259
Trigonoderus duetilis, Walk.,
96
Cleonymus depressus, Fab., 59
pulchellus, Ratz.,
239
Chrysolampus eneus, Ratz.,
211
Anogmus abietis, Gir., 56
303
304
305 ff
306
307
308 Raphitelus maculatus, Walk.,
241, 243, 247,
254
309 Tridymus undulatus, Ratz.,
118
310 * xylophagorum,
Ratz., 247
311 Systasis encyrtoides, Walk.,
118, 160, 201
31laRoptrocerus — eccoptogastri,
Ratz., 239
3118 Fe xylophagorum,
Ratz., 244, 255,
258, 260, 263,
264, 265, 266,
267, 268, 269
312 Acrocormus sp., 107
313 Cheiropachus quadrum, Fab.,
237, 238, 240,
247, 248, 251
314 » pulchellus, Westw.,
253
315 Schizonotus sieboldi, Ratz.,
131
316 Pterotomus dubius, Nees, 249
317 », Latriellei, Ratz., 253
318 Pterolycus gravenhorsti,
Ratz., 261
319 Pteromalus abieticola, Ratz.,
267, 270
320 5 zemulus, Ratz., 34,
188, 244, 255,
260, 266
321 5 zneicornis, Ratz.,
105
73
322 Pteromalusalbitarsus, Walk.,
162
323 5 auronitens, Foérst.,
201
324 ‘ azurescens, Ratz.,
249, 268
325 ‘5 azureus, Ratz.
249, 252
326 E bidentis, Ratz.,
268
327 i bimaculatus, Nees,
65, 238, 239,
240, 243, 247,
263, 265
328 a bivestigatus, Ratz.,
247
329 54 brevicornis, Walk.,
49
330 we brunnicans, Ratz.,
238, 240
331 Ee capitatus, Ratz.,
238, 255, 260
332 - clavatus, Ratz.,188
333 = cruciatus, Ratz.,195
334 “ eryptocephali,
Ratz., 126
335 Me curculionoides,
Ratz., 204, 206
336 F dahlbomi, Ratz.,
99, 188, 272
337 is diachymatis, Ratz.,
195, 200
338 “3 distinguendus,
Forst., 58
339 ‘3 elongatus, Ratz.,59.
340 * endomychi, Walk.,
18
341 5 erichsoni, Ratz.,162
342 re e xcrescentium,
Ratz., 139
343 + fasciatus, _ Forst.,
160
344 i fraxini, Ratz., 247
345 “ galerucee, Fonsc.,
136
346 “ guttatus, Ratz., 29,
188, 234, 253,
268
347 i hohenheimensis,
Ratz., 56
348 i jouanensis, Ratz.,
194, 196, 199
349 a lanceolatus, Ratz.,
238, 255
74 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the
350 Pteromalus leguminum, Ratz.,
351
352
353
118, 160, 163,
164, 167
lepidus, Foérst., 195
leucopezus, Ratz.,
117
lunulus, Ratz., 188,
238, 242, 253
magdalis, Ratz.,231,
232
mandibularis,
Forst., 133, 134
muscarum, Walk.,
168
navis, Ratz., 255,
260
nodulosus, Ratz.,
107
opistotomus, Ratz.,
60
orchestis, Ratz.,
194, 199, 200
pini, Htg., 189
pogonocheeri, Ratz.,
99
ramulorum, Ratz.,
249
regius, Forst., 160
revelatus, Forst.,
210
saxeseni, Ratz., 211
siccatorum, Ratz., |
249, 268
spinolee, Forst., 187,
244, 253, 255,
260, 262, 263,
264, 265, 267
strobilobius, Ratz.,
56
suspensus, Ratz.,
188, 253, 265,
266, 268
tessellatus, Ratz.,
231
vaginule, Ratz.,
212, 213
valleculus, Ratz,
238
vicarius, Ratz., 249
violaceus, _Ratz.,
188, 231, 234,
266, 268
sp., 142, 197, 216,
241, 247
377 Eutelus elevatus, Walk., 186
378 Elachestus carinatus, Ratz.,
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
| 398
399
400
401
402
403
404
”
”
”
157
leucobatus,
155
leucogramma, Ratz.,
107, 231, 238,
239, 240, 241,
243
Ratz.
obscuripes, Nees,
199
pellucens, Forst.,
188, 253
Cirrospilus nerio, Walk., 118,
160
Eulophus atroceruleus, Nees,
”
Astichus
70, 71
170
chrysomele, Nees,
129
dendricornis, Ratz.,
194, 199
discolor, Nees, 215
fumatus, Ratz., 196,
199
lineatus, Forst.,195
lophyrorum, Htg.,
241
obseurus, Ratz.,199
pectinicornis, Nees,
199
pilicornis, Ratz., 49,
195, 199, 200
viduus, Ratz., 199
arithmeticus, Forst.,
Pleurotropis orchestis, Gir.,
198
Entedon agrilorum, Ratz., 34
be)
amethystinus, Ratz.,
199
arcuatus, Ratz.
cassidarum, Ratz.,
126, 140
caudatus, Ratz., 249
chalybeus, Ratz.,
105
confinis, Ratz., 46,
192, 199
curculionum, Gir.,
169, 208, 209
eyclogaster, Ratz.,
199
flavomaculatus,
Ratz., 195, 199
407 Entedon geniculatus,
408
409
Htg.,
268
hylesinorum, Ratz.,
245, 249
longiventris, Ratz.,
46, 49, 173
lunatus, Ratz., 199
luteipes, Ratz., 195,
199
medianus, Ratz.,
196; 197, 199
nitens, Gir., 171
orchestis, Ratz.,
195, 197, 199
pinetorum, Ratz,
249
punctatus, Ratz.,
197
sesquifasciatus,
Ratz., 199
unicostatus, Ratz.,
197
vaginulee, Ratz., 212
xanthops, Ratz.,192,
195
xanthostoma, Ratz.,
195
xylobius,
272
Brisch.,
Tetrastichus frontalis, Nees,
198
orchestis,
193, 198
Forst.,
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 75
425 Tetrastichus rosarum, Forst.,
170
426 Poropea stollwerki, Forst.,
154, 156, 157
427 Cheetosticha signata, Ratz.,
159
PROCTOTRYPIDA.
428 Proctotrypes viator, Hal., 3,6
428a 5 pallidipes, Jur., 11
429 " sp., 36, 146
430 Ceraphron unispinosus, Ratz.,
188
431 Ae vitripennis, Ratz.,
212
432 Megaspilus pusillus, Ratz., 269
433 _ radiatus, Ratz., 271
434 Cephalanomeea formiciformis,
Westw., 62, 63, 69
435 Platymischus dilatatus,
Westw., 12
436 Diapria melanocorypha, Ratz.,
217
437 » higra, Nees, 243
438 » verticellata, Latr., 266
439 Teleas minutus, Ratz., 199
440 » punctatus, Gir., 243
441 “ Ascarides” 267
442 “ Oxyurides ” 238
CYNIPID.
443 Euccla minuta, Gir., 243
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Ill. Descriptions of some new Butterflies from Tropical
Africa. By Haminron H. Drucs, F.Z.S., FES.
[Read March 6th, 1907.]
PLATE. If,
Family SATYRIDA.
Neocenyra cooksoni, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 1.)
d- Upper-side olivaceous-brown ; the basal two-thirds rather
darker and with a sinuous edging on the fore-wing. A clearly-
defined submarginal dark line followed by a much more slender
marginal line ; ciliarbrown. Fore-wing with a large black subapical
ocellus containing two clear white pupils placed one above the other
and surrounded by a broad pale yellow iris. Hind-wing with two
smaller black ocelli, each containing one white pupil and surrounded
by a clear pale yellow iris placed between the lower median nervules
close to the submarginal line. In a line with these and between the
lower median nervule and the submedian nervure is a minute
yellowish spot containing a central black dot.
The under-side differs only from the upper by the hind-wing
having a sinuous dark median line from the costa to the abdominal
margin, by the addition of a yellowish-ringed ocellus near the costa
and also two small confluent yellow-ringed ocelli near the anal angle.
Head, thorax, abdomen, legs and palpi, dark brown.
Expanse 1, inch.
Hab. Katanca District, 8. E. Congo FREE STATE,
3,000 ft. (ZZ. Cookson), captured in April.
Type, Mus. Druce.
This species is distinguished from its allies by the
position of the dark bands and by the pale yellow rings
to the ocelli, those previously described having tawny or
red rings. It is allied to WV. gregorw, Butler,* NV. victoria,
Auriv.,f and NV. heckmanni, 'Thurau.t
* Neocenyra gregorii, Butl., P. Z. S. 1894, p. 560, Pl. XXXVI,
fig. 2.
‘i 2 victoria, Auriy., Rhop. Aithiopica, p.72, Pl. I, fig. 4
(1898).
t i heckmanni, 'Thurau, Berlin, Ent. Zeit. xlviii, p. 126,
Pl. Il, fig. 5 (1903).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART 1. (JUNE)
78 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce’s Descriptions
Family LYCANIDA.
Telipna rogersi, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 2.)
$. Upper-side : dull red, with the costa, cell, apex and outer margin
of fore-wing and outer margin of hind-wing somewhat unevenly
brownish-black. A dull red spot beyond the end of the cell on fore-
wing, joining the red discal area. Two black spots on the disc,
placed between the nervules close to the lower wall of the cell. Under-
side brownish-black, thickly dusted with orange, especially towards
the apex of the fore-wing and the outer-margin of the hind-wing.
The inner margin and the lower portion of the disc of the fore-wing is
reddish, and the two black discal spots of the fore-wing show faintly
through. There are no spots as in 7. carnuta, Hew. Antenne
black above, spotted with white below ; thorax, abdomen, palpi and
legs reddish.
Expanse 1} inch.
Hab. British E. Arrica. Type, Mus. Oxford.
Captured fourteen miles N.W. of Mombasa, Rabai, on
Dec. 26th, by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers and pre-
sented by him to the Oxford Museum. Also in Mus.
Druce: one specimen from the same source, kindly
presented by Professor Poulton.
This insect is allied to Z. carnuta, Hew.,* but has
several points of distinction.
Mimacrea skoptoles, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 3.)
Q. Upper-side uniform reddish-orange, darkest along the upper
wall of the cell of fore-wing, with broad blackish-brown apical and
outer margins unevenly edged inwardly. Fore-wing: the costal
margin narrowly blackish, a distinct black spot at the end of the
cell and a narrow black streak along the upper wall of the cell
reaching from the base for about two-thirds its length. A creamy
white band, commencing near the costa in a small spot about half-
way between the end of the cell and the apex and reaching to the
upper median nervule, but broadest between the discoidal nervules,
The nervules which cross this white band are of a faint orange hue,
not black as in JM. marshalli, Trimen. Hind-wing: the costal
margin is unmarked, and the nervules show no indication of becoming
black where they run into the dark border. The markings of the
under-side show through, but very indistinctly.
* Pentila carnuta, Hew., Ent. Mon. Mag. x, p. 125 (1878).
of some new Butterflies from Tropical Africa. 79
Under-side: ground-colour pale yellowish, merging to rich orange-
buff all over the cell of the fore-wing ; an apical and outer-marginal
border common to both wings, composed of large A-shaped black
markings placed between the nervules, Fore-wing: a black spot at
the end of, and two smaller ones in, the cell. The white band of
the upper-side is reproduced and is inwardly bordered by a distinct
black irregular patch. Hind-wing: the basal area, which is dusted
with blackish scales, contains about ten distinct black spots which
are irregularly distributed and which are individually ringed with
pale yellow.
Head, thorax and abdomen blackish-brown above, yellowish
below. Legs black with white spots. Antenne black above, white-
spotted below. Cilia of fore-wing black, white between the nervules
on hind-wing on both surfaces.
Expanse 2 inch.
Hab. NicEertA. Type, Mus. Druce.
This insect is perhaps most nearly allied to Mimacrea
gelinia, Oberthur,* described from Usambara, but bas many
points of distinction. It is also allied to JZ. poultoni, Neave,+
to which it bears considerable resemblance on the under-
side, but it has the subapical band on the fore-wing white
and differently placed.
Mimacrea neokoton, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 4.)
Q. Allied to the preceding species but the orange area on the
upper-side is slightly more extensive and paler; the band crossing
the fore-wing is pale orange (excepting the first spot on the costa,
which is white) and differently placed and the black streak in the
cell is absent. On the under-side the A-shaped marginal markings
are smaller and less prominent, those at the apex of the fore-wing
being absent, whilst the nervules between which they are wanting
are faintly blackish as also are those on the discal area of the hind-
wing. There is an extra black spot at the junction of the lower
median nervule, and the abdomen is distinctly black-spotted along
its whole length. Cilia black at the extremities of the nervules,
white between, on both surfaces.
Expanse 14 inch.
* Mimacrea (Liptena) gelinia, Oberth., Etudes d’Ent. 17, p. 31,
Pl. Hl, fig. 24 (1893).
+ Mimacrexa poultoni, Neave, Novitates Zoologice, v. xi, p. 337,
Pl. I, fig, 18, ¢ (1904).
80 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce’s Descriptions
Type, Mus. Hope, Oxford.
Hab. S.E. Ruopesia: Melsetter, Gazaland.
Captured on Mount Chirinda, about 4,000 ft, im the
forest, October 17th, by Mr. Guy Marshall, and presented
by him to the museum.
Spindasis menelas, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 5.)
2. Upper-side orange-yellow, with the base, costa, and outer
margin of fore-wing, the base, costal, outer and anal margins of hind-
wing dark brown. Fore-wing: the whole of the cell is dark brown
excepting a small orange spot near the end. On the disc of the wing
are two patches consisting apparently of two confluent brown spots
placed one towards the apex, one about the middle. Hind-wing:
two brown bars running from the costal border evenly and regularly
into the orange area.
Under-side : ground-colour very pale yellow with rather broad
and short silver bands and spots edged with black ; a fine anteciliary
black line common to both wings followed by a narrow submarginal
line and beyond that a broader black line which is silvery towards
the apex of the fore-wing and wholly silvery in the hind-wing.
The tails, which are long, are dark orange along their basal halves
on both surfaces, the outer portions being black and the tips white.
The cilia on both surfaces are shining fuscous, those on the fore-
wing being darkest. Head and thorax dark brown with two white
streaks between the eyes. Abdomen brown above, pale-yellowish at
each segment ; yellow below.
Palpi pale yellow.
Expanse 13 inch.
Type, Mus. Druce.
Hab. N. NicEr1A: Afikpo (Reddick).
This species appears to be allied to S. 7za, Hew.,* and
S. crustaria, Holland.+
Hewitson described and figured a 2, not a 2, as stated.
The upper surface of the ¢ is shot with opalescent blue.
Stugeta maria, (Plate II, fig. 6.)
Stugeta maria, Suffert. Deutch. Ent. Zeit. “Iris,” xvi,
p. 60, 1904.
I have figured a 2 from the Bihe district, Angola.
* Aphnexus iza, Hew., Ill. Diur. Lep. Lye. p. 62, Pl. XXV, fig. 5
(1865).
+ Aphneus crustaria, Holland, Psyche 5, p. 430 (1890).
of some new Butterflies from Tropical Africa. 81
Epamera mermis. (Plate II, fig. 7.)
Epamera mermis. HH. H. Druce, Anns. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(oy xvii, p., 260 (1896). PZ. So 1902p, Piz; Pl XI
oO
io DE e]
9. Upper-side. Fore-wing: discal area pure white, base and inner
margin pale greyish-blue; costa, apex and outer margin blackish-
brown. Hind-wing pale greyish-blue, greyer towards abdominal
margin ; costal margin blackish-brown outwardly edged with white,
a submarginal row of irregular deep black patches from apex to
anal angle. A black anteciliary line inwardly bordered by a white
line. A black spot in the lobe, crowned by a bright orange patch.
Tails black ; cilia white. Bright orange between the eyes. Under-
side as ¢ but black spots towards anal angle more extensive.
Hab, British E. Arrica, Mombasa, Rabai.
Captured July 28th by the Rev. St. A. Rogers and
presented by him to the Oxford Museum.
Epamera mirabilis. (Plate II, fig. 8.)
Epamera mirabilis, H. H. Druce, Anns. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(ser. 7), vol. xi, p. 71 (1903).
Hab, SteRRA LEONE, W. AFRICA.
I have figured the type specimen of this interesting
species which is an aberrant form of the genus, being
without the row of hairs on the inner-margin of the hind-
wing and also without the patch of differently placed
scales on the large shining area of the hind-wing above.
Family HESPERID.
Kedestes vogersi, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 9 J, 10 2.)
¢. Allied to K. macomo, Trimen.* Upper-side dark brown with
yellow spots and markings as in that species but with an additional
outer-marginal row of yellow dashes placed on the nervules and
common to both wings. An anteciliary dark line. Under-side
uniform yellow ; fore-wing with a minute black spot at the end of
the cell, otherwise spotless, and with the basal half only of the inner-
margin black. Hind-wing with the central discal minute black
spots only present. An anteciliary dark line. Cilia of fore-wing
brown, of hind-wing yellow, on both surfaces.
Q. Upper-side as ¢ but browner especially over basal areas.
* Cyclopides macomo, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soe. 1862, p. 405.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 6
82 Some new Butterflies from Troyecal Africa.
Under-side : ground-colour rich yellow. Fore-wing: a black spot at
end of cell, three minute black dots beyond and an outer-marginal row
of linear black streaks placed on the nervules. Inner-margin broadly
black with the large yellow spots of the upper-side reproduced.
Hind-wing with two discal rows of black spots and an outer-marginal
row of linear black markings. A black anteciliary line to both
wings.
Expanse ¢ 114 inch,? 13 inch.
Types, Mus. Oxford.
Hab. Brivisn E. Arrica, Taveta, about 2,500 ft.
The # was captured on April 27th and the 2 on October
20th by the Rev. K. St. A. Rogers and presented by him
to the Museum. Although the ? described differs con-
siderably from the fon the under-side and was taken six
months later I think there can be no doubt that they are
sexes of one species.
The fore-wing of # is narrower than that of A. macomo.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
[See Hplanation facing the PLATE.]
ehSs y)
IV. The Larva of Collyris emarginatus, Dej. By R.
SHELFORD, M.A., F.L.S.
[Read March 6th, 1907. ]
Prars, d TT,
Iv Dec. 1905 I exhibited before this Society some speci-
mens of the wood-boring larva of the Tiger-beetle Collyris
emarginatus, Dej.,and made some remarks thereon, which
are published in the Proceedings of date Dec. 6th, 1905.
It is to Dr. J. C. Koningsberger of the Zoological Museum at
Buitenzorg, Java, that we owe the discovery of this very
interesting larva. From a brief description of its habits
published in “Mededeelingen uit’Slands Plantentuin,”
vol. xliv, p. 113, 1901, we learn that the larva excavates a
burrow in the twigs of coffee-shrubs and that it feeds on
the ants and aphides which crawl over the entry to the
burrow ; pupation takes place in the burrow. No adequate
figure of the larva and no account of its external features
have yet been published, but I am now enabled to supply
some information on these points, thanks to Dr. Konings-
berger, who has most kindly sent me two consignments of
larve. I gladly seize this opportunity of recording my
gratitude to my generous correspondent.
The burrows occupied by the larvee of Collyris emarginatus
are situated in the central pith of twigs of not more than
5 mm. in diameter ; the woody part of the twig does not
appear to be attacked at all. The burrow is generally half
as long again as the larva occupying it, so that there is
room for to-and-fro movements of the occupant. Close to
the anterior end of the burrow is a small circular orifice
passing through the woody tissue of the twig and placing
the burrow in communication with the outer world; the
outer margin of this orifice is raised, so that the entry to
the burrow appears to be countersunk. This raised margin
is brought about by the swelling of the bark of the twig
at this point, —a pathological result of its puncture.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE)
84 Mr. R. Shelford on
Though the oviposition of this Cicindelid has not been
actually observed, there can be little doubt but that the
adult female perforates the woody tissue of the twig and
deposits her egg in the central core of spongy pith. The
larva has no organs adapted for boring through wood ;
the mouth-parts are not very different from those of the
larvee of Cicindela spp., the legs are modified merely for
burrowing in relatively soft and non-resisting substances,
and may well be compared with the legs of Coprid and
Passalid beetles, of Gryllotalpa and of Panesthiid cock-
roaches. As already stated, the burrows are made in the
centre of twigs and the woody tissue of the twigs is not
attacked; the larva on hatching out from the egg has
merely to dig out the soft pith of the twig in order to form
for itself a cylindrical burrow, and we may presume that
the débris is expelled from the mouth of the burrow.
As is well known, the adult females of all species of
Collyris are furnished with a complex genital armature,
which, however, has never been really adequately figured
or described. If a dried specimen of C. emarginatus be
examined with a simple lens the gonapophyses appear to
consist of a pair of strongly chitinised crotchets pro-
jecting beyond the last visible tergite and of a pair of
short down-curved spines projecting beyond the last visible
sternite. Each crotchet is made up of three gee
hooks directed upwards and of a much smaller hook;
some specimens these hooks project considerably, in ofthe
they are withdrawn almost entirely into ‘the abdominal
cavity. When the dorsal integument is removed, it will be
seen that the crotchets and spines are attached to a chitinous
tube occupying the greater part of the abdominal cavity of
the last three segments. The whole apparatus can be
removed bodily from the insect and after boiling in caustic
potash mounted and examined under the microscope, when
it will be seen that the chitinous tube is a segmented
structure (Plate III, fig. 8), the number of the segments
being apparently four. I have not been able to make out
in the first (2. ¢. the most proximal) segment the number
of sclerites composing it, but the second segment is made
up of two lateral sclerites which meet each other in the
mid-dorsal and mid-ventral line, also of a large spoon-
shaped sclerite which embraces the ventral half of this
and the succeeding segments, runs backwards to the tip of
the abdomen and bears on its posterior margin the two
the Larva of Collyris emarginatus, 85
short decurved spines that have already been mentioned.*
The third segment is composed of the lateral sclerites,
and a median dorsal sclerite, which runs backward and
ends between the base of the crotchets (Plate ITI, fig. 9. d) ;
the lateral sclerites meet each other in the mid-ventral
line. The fourth segment is open ventrally, the lateral
sclerites are now pillars bearing the crotchets and each has
a small hook on the outer aspect, the dorsal sclerites
are represented perhaps by a pair of oval setigerous plates
(Plate ITI, fig. 9. s.p.) covering the base of the crotchets.
Each crotchet consists of three strong curved hooks, the
second of which has on the ventral aspect an inwardly
projecting flange (Plate III, fig. 10./); they are articu-
lated to the lateral sclerites by a transverse joint but,
so far as I know, are not movable independently of the
chitinous tube. This is all that can be made out from an
examination of dried specimens and I am unable to afford
any information as to the exact relations of these parts to
the other internal organs of the beetle. But there can be
no reasonable doubt that the segmented chitinous tube is
composed of retracted terminal segments, the last one of
which bears appendages in the form of crotchets, and it is
these appendages only which can be regarded as the
morphological equivalents of the female gonapophyses of
the Terebrant Hymenoptera. The modus operandi of the
genital armature of Collyris is obscure, but I have little
doubt of its efficiency as an instrument for boring through
wood of no greater hardness than young coffee twigs.
Strictly homologous organs occur in other Cicindelide and
doubtless in every case they function as boring tools. So
far as is known—though observations on the subject are
woefully inadequate—the Cicindelidz deposit their eggs in
substances, and not on surfaces, and it does not require a
great stretch of imagination to suppose that the arboreal
Collyris only departs from the habits of its allies so far as
to deposit her eggs inside the twigs of trees and shrubs.
It is of interest to note that the pair of decurved ventral
spines are only well-developed in the arboreal species,+
* These spines have been described elsewhere as attached to the
last visible sternite, but this is manifestly incorrect.
+ Wallace states that Therates labiata in Amboina is arboreal and
in this species the ventral spines are well developed ; in other species
that I have examined these spines are minute or absent, and Canon
Fowler informs me that occasionally they are modified to form comb-
86 Mr. R. Shelford on
and I would suggest that in the case of Collyris at any rate
they function as guides for the passage of the egg through
the aperture bored in the woody tissue of the twig.
Species of Cicindela, to take an example, would have
presumably no difficulty in depositing their eggs in the
burrows excavated for their reception; the burrow is of
sufficient diameter to admit the tip of the abdomen and
the egg can be simply dropped before the tip of the
abdomen is withdrawn after the operation of excavation.
The entrance to the burrow occupied by the larva of
Collyris emarginatus is not large enough to admit the tip
of the abdomen of the adult female, as can be shown by
measurements, but the two ventral spines fit into it with
ease. Without these spines it is difficult to see how the
female Collyris could be certain of passing her egg through
the aperture in the wood which she has made; she would
be liable to deposit it rather on the outer surface of the
twig, whence it would drop to the ground, but with the
ventral spines inserted in the aperture the egg can readily
pass from the oviduct to the place prepared for it.
Description of the Larva. (Plate III, figs. 1-10.)
The largest specimen in my possession is 12 mm. in length. The
head is typically Cicindelidan ; that is to say, it is strongly chitinised,
swollen and concave beneath, flattened above; the mouth-parts
are prominent and point in an upward direction. The antennz are
short and four-jointed. There are two ocelli borne on each side of
the head near the origin of the antenne ; the area surrounding these
ocelli is much darker than the rest of the head and is somewhat
inflated. The labrum is broad and transverse with a quadrangular
projection from the middle of the front margin, flanked on each side
by a tooth; this quadrangular projection is ridged and has a blunt
tooth on each side. The mandibles are strong and curved, each bears
a tooth on its inner margin at the centre; distad of this tooth the
inner border of the mandible is grooved, proximad of it the inner
border is sharp and trenchant. The maxille consist of a small
cardo, a stout triangular stipes, bearing a two-jointed palp and a
narrow ga/ea almost equal to the palp in length and furnished with
like structures. The species of Therates that I took in Borneo were
not, so far as I can remember, arboreal, and in these the ventral
spines are very small indeed. The Australian genus Distypsidera is
said to be arboreal and in this genus also the ventral spines are
present.
the Larva of Collyris emarginatus. 87
a few strong spines (Plate III, fig. 3). The labium is cordiform,
densely hirsute above and with a pair of short two-jointed palps ;
the anterior angles of the basal joints of these palps are spiniform
beneath and the tip of the apical joints is beset with numerous
sensory pits (Plate III, fig. 4).
The body consists of 13 segments and is seen at once to differ from
that of a typical Cicindelid larva by the absence of a marked sigmoid
flexure and by the absence of large dorsal tubercles armed with
strong hooks on the eighth segment. The Collyris larva in fact
“fits” its burrow much better than does the Cicindela larva, it is thus
able to brace itself at the top of the burrow without pronounced
curvature of the body ; the walls of its burrow being of a denser
and harder texture than sand or earth accounts for the absence of
long hooks on the eighth segment. The prothorax is as broad as the
head ; the pronotum is trapezoidal with rounded posterior angles and
is strongly chitinised. From the mesonotum backwards to the eighth
segment, the segments increase in breadth. The eighth segment is
swollen dorsally forming a hump and the hump carries two curved
series of small hooks, each series being composed of three hooks ; the
hooks are of a rather peculiar shape, which can best be understood
by a reference to the Plate (fig. 5). In addition to the hooks are
numerous stout setze; both hooks and sete are directed forwards,
The three segments immediately behind the eighth are slightly
narrower than it ; the twelfth segment is much narrower and shorter
and the thirteenth segment is small and sucker-like with six short
spines and numerous fine sete on its posterior margin. Segments 4
to 12 bear on each side in a dorso-lateral position a mamilliform
tubercle furnished with three setw#, and a minute mamilliform
tubercle with two sete occurs on the ventral surface of these
segments. These tubercles and sete together with the dorsal
armature of the eighth segment doubtless serve to brace the larva in
its burrow.
Of the legs the following parts can be distinguished :—femur,
tibia and tarsus. In the second and third pairs the femur is flattened
and plate-like, with rounded angles; the tibia is rather slender,
about two-thirds the length of the femur and with some sete along
its lower border and at its distal end; the tarsus consists of three
joints, the terminal hook or claw being included as one joint ; the
first or basal point is ringed with sete, the second has some sete and,
in addition, on its outer aspect a blunt tooth (Plate III, fig. 7). The
first pair of legs is very different in shape; the femur is flattened
and triangular with a row of setz along its outer aspect ; the tibia
is short and very stout, broader distally than proximally, its lower
anterior angle is produced to form a strong and acute tooth with
&8 Mr. R. Shelford on
secondary teeth on the upper border, a small blunt tooth also occurs
at the upper anterior angle on the outer aspect; the tarsus is
triangular, the basal joint is almost as broad as long with a blunt
tooth on its outer aspect, the second joint also is furnished with a
tooth on its outer aspect and both joints are beset with setae (Plate
III, fig. 6). The second and third pairs of legs are carried with the
femora straight out from the body, the tibia bent upwards; no
doubt they brace against the sides of the burrow and serve to steady
the larva when it catches some large or active insect. The front legs
are plainly adapted for excavating the soft core of the twig in which
the larva lives.
In conclusion I would beg to express my thanks to Dr.
Sharp, F.R.S., Canon W. W. Fowler, and Mr. V. E.
Shelford of Chicago University, for the kind help and
useful criticism that they have offered me in the prepara-
tion of this account of a most interesting insect.
EXPLANATION OF PuaTE III.
[See Explanation facing the PLATE.]
ADDENDUM.
AFTER the foregoing account went to press, I received
from Dr. D. Sharp a letter sent to him from Hongkong by
Mr. F. Muir, in which Mr. Muir announces the discovery
by himself and Mr. J. C. Kershaw of a wood-boring
Cicindelid larva. Mr. Muir writes that the burrow “runs
up the stem, the entrance being at the lower end. It [the
larva] waits with its head at the entrance of the burrow
and whenever an ant or a fly crawls up the stem within
reach it quickly darts out its head and catches its prey.”
Apparently only one specimen was secured, and this, with
the piece of wood containing the burrow, Dr. Sharp has
kindly handed to me forexamination. The larva is larger
than that of Collyris emarginatus, measuring 12 mm. in
length, but it can, I think, be referred to the genus Collyris
without much doubt. There are only two pairs of ocelli; the
legs are very similar in appearance to those of (. emargt-
the Larva of Collyris emarginatus, 89
natus; the eighth tergite pears on each side three small
forwardly-directed hooks and its posterior margin is
fringed with sete; the terminal segment is armed on its
posterior margin above with eight short spines arranged
in two groups of four on either side of the middle line.
In fact, such ditferences as exist between the two larve
may be regarded as specific rather than generic. In one
feature the Hongkong larva differs markedly from C.
emarginatus; the metathorax is bent down almost at a
right angle to the mesothorax and the first abdominal and
succeeding segments are again bent up at an acute angle
to the metathorax, thus producing a very sharp flexure of
the body in this region. I cannot be sure, however, that
this is not due to the undue contraction of the specimen
after being placed in alcohol. The burrow is 24 mm.
long and about 3°5 mm. in diameter, it has been formed
by the excavation of the central medulla of pith; the
affected part of the stem is dilated, being 7 mm. in
diameter, whereas above and below the burrow it is only
4 mm. in diameter. This, I expect, is a pathological
result of the injury caused by the larva. I have observed
something very similar in the stems of a herbaceous plant
tenanted by ants, that I found at the foot of Mt. Penrisen in
Sarawak.* The consequence of this dilation of the stem
is, that the burrow itself is relatively of much greater
diameter than that made by the emarginatus larva; the
dilation appears to be caused, not by a thickening of the
wood, but by the expansion outwards with concomitant
thinning of the walls, just as a bulb may be blown in the
middle of a glass tube. It would be interesting to learn
if this dilation of the stem and expansion of the burrow
occurs synchronously with the growth in size of the larva.
Mr. Muir’s observation that the larva, when seizing its prey,
rushes a short distance out of its burrow, is of considerable
interest in connection with the fact that the entrance to
the burrow cannot be enlarged by the larva as it increases
in size. The entrance to the burrow of a Cicindela larva
is a miniature pitfall, the head of the larva being the
bottom of the trap; when an insect stumbles into the
pitfall it is seized and the captor falls down to the bottom
* If this interpretation is correct it lends considerable support
to the view that the enormous swellings on the stems of myrme-
cophilous plants of the genera Myrmecodia and Hydnophytwm
originated as pathological responses to irritant stimuli.
90 The Larva of Collyris emarginatus.
of its burrow with its prey. It is necessary that the head
of the larva should always fit more or less accurately the
entrance to its burrow, but the same necessity does not
arise in the case of the Collyris larva, for here the burrow
is a hiding-place or lair from whence the animal emerges
to capture its prey; so long as the entrance to its lair 1s
not too small it cannot particularly matter what size it is.
ere)
V. A preliminary revision of the Forficulide (sensu stricto)
and of the Chelisochide, families of the Dermatoptera.
By Matcotm Borg, B.A., F.ES., F.Z.8., F.LS., F.G.S.
[Read March 6th, 1907.]
Pian TV:
A CAREFUL study of the genus Opisthocosmia, Dolyrn., as
understood by de Bormans, has revealed a mass of incon-
gruities and a number of new characters. A cursory
examination has shown that very dissimilar species were
ranged together, and that it was necessary to define the
genus with greater precision and to reject many diverse
forms which had been hitherto included. The develop-
ment of this process soon showed that many allied genera
were involved, until it became necessary to recast entirely
that group of genera in which the second tarsal segment
is cordiform. I regard this as a highly significant char-
acter (differing in this point diametrically from Dr.
Verhoeff), which neatly defines the Porficulidx, a name
which I restrict to those earwigs possessing this character,
regarding the group as a family of the order Dermatoptera.
The task of revising the Augean stable will take so
long a time, and so many years must elapse before the
appearance of the final monograph, that I have resolved
to publish this preliminary report as the result of a study
of these genera. Dr. Verhoeff included them in his first
“ Aufsatz,’ but lack of material rendered his work in this
respect incomplete.
Thus it will be seen that my use of the name for/i-
culide does not coincide exactly with that of Verhoeff,
for that author rejected the shape of the second tarsal
segment as a valuable character; he included Spongiphora
and Nesogaster and Sparatta, with their allies, which
appears to me to be an eminently unnatural and artificial
arrangement. ‘The German author distinguishes the forfi-
culide from the Labiduride by the single development
of the genitalia, which we do not employ, for reasons
stated elsewhere, and by the presence of the stink-glands
on the sides of the abdomen; he excludes Chelidura and
its allies on account of their entire winglessness, but the
lobed second tarsal segment appears to be such a strong
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE)
92 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
character, that I prefer to employ it to define this family ;
it does not seem likely that the shape of this segment has
any direct influence upon the insects’ life or habits; it is
probably a relic of some ancient specialisation, and there-
fore unlikely to be so subject to fluctuation as an organ in
activity, the lateral stink-glands for instance, which vary
with the age of the individual. It is also by the rudi-
mentary remains of once active organs that we may best
hope to trace the natural affinities of the different species,
which is the ultimate aim of all classifications.
Dr. Verhoeff’s work is very valuable, and it is a pity
that he marred it by such faults as the incorrect use of
the name Sphingolabis, and the separation of Cosnviella based
on the absence of wings, a character upon which Ortho-
pterists and Dermapterists are agreed it is useless to found
even a species.
The synoptical tables for the determination of species
must not be regarded with too critical an eye; they are
offered with no attempts at dogmatism, but only as help-
notes for entomologists who wish to determine earwigs.
It will be observed that several new characters are
used. Greater stress than previously is here laid upon
the form and relative sizes of the first four or five segments
of the antennz, and also on the form of the pronotum
and legs. Verhoeff used the carina of the elytra in a
few instances; in certain genera the slight fold, which
roughly divides the elytra into a large dorsal and a small
and narrow costal or lateral portion, is emphasised and
strengthened into a sharp ridge or keel, which in some
cases extends the whole length of the elytron, and in
others dies out half-way down. More attention is also
paid to the shape of the abdomen.
The chief point which leads me to hope that this
attempt at a new classification will be found to approach
more nearly to the true natural arrangement is the fact
that the groups are now divided more or less according to
their geographical distribution. Formerly, Opisthocosmia
was regarded as a characteristically Asiatic genus, until 0
americana and O. amazonensis were described from South
America; conversely, the discovery of Ancistrogaster yavana
robbed that genus, in its old sense, of its peculiarity to
America. But a glance at the tables proposed in the
following pages will show that true Opisthocosmia, as now
defined, is confined to the tropical regions of the Old World,
Forficulide and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera. 93
and all the Ancistrogastriny, sensu stricto, occur only in
tropical America.
But it takes more than a few years to mature an
attempt at originality, and doubtless in the course of time,
as our knowledge progresses, this proposed arrangement
will be profoundly modified. Still, I do think it is worth
while offering this system, as an improvement upon the
old arrangement, when all kinds of earwigs from various
regions were thrown together in a heterogeneous mass
under the hitherto very elastic names of Opisthocosmia and
Apterygida. De Bormans included no less than twenty-
seven species in the latter genus, and various recently
described forms have been included since. I now confine
it to the single typical A. media. The other names in-
cluded by de Bormans under the heading Apterygida, will
be found scattered in numerous other genera, sub-families,
and even families. Some will be found eventually placed
near Labidura, others near Labia; others again near
Spongiphora, and for others entirely new genera and
sub-families must be formed.
I hope that this attempt at revision approaches more
nearly to the natural classification; it claims at least the
merit of originality.
I. FORFICULID.
TABLE OF THE SUB-FAMILIES OF THE FORFICULID.
Corpus apleruMls. ah eh iy st). sie) 1, CHELIDURINA,
1.1. Elytra libera, perfecte explicata, vel
rudimentaria; ale perfecte expli-
cate vel abortive.
2. Antenne segmentis 4 et 5 subconicis 2, ANECHURINA,
2.2. Antenne segmentis 4 et 5 cylin-
dricis.
3. Antenne segmentis gradatim elon-
gatis, 4 quam 3 longius, 5 quam 4
etc.
4, Antenne segmento primo valido,
tricarinato . ... . . « 3% EUDOHRNIINA.
4.4, Antenne segmento primo cylin-
drico.
5. Pedes breves; pygidium breve,
latum, transversum. . . . 4. DIAPERASTICINA.
94 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Levision of the
5.5. Pedes longi; pygidium brevis-
simum, angustum, obtu-
sum, vel nullum.
6. Abdomen apice attenuatum ;
segmentum ultimum dorsale
valde declive, attenuatum. 5, OPISTHOCOSMIINA,
6.6. Abdomen apice vix atten-
uatum, segmentum ulti-
mum dorsale depressum,
breve, latum, rectangu-
lare, transversum . . . 6, ANCISTROGASTRINA.
3.3. Antenne segmentis 3, 4 and 5
inzequalibus.
4, Antenne segmento 4 quam 3
muito brevius, quam 5 dimidio
brevius ; (elytra haud carinata) 7. FORFICULINA.
4.4. Antenne segmentis 4 and 3
subequantibus.
5, Elytra carinata.
6. Elytra per dimidium longi-
tudinis carinata . . . . 8. SKENDYLINA.
6.6. Elytra per totam longitu-
dinem carinata. . . . 9. NEOLOBOPHORINA.
5.5. Elytra haud carinata.
6. Abdomen convexum, cylin-
drictm: ¢4 9 a20ye yeu) si esite BO. UEARCHINGS.
6.6. Abdomen plus minus de-
pressum . 2s. . = 11. Donating:
Sub-family 1—CHELIDURIN J.
This sub-family has been rearranged by Verhoeff (Zool.
Anzeiger, 1902, p. 187), He removed those species with
free but rudimentary elytra to the Anechurinx, under the
name of Pseudochelidura, and the remainder he subdivided
into three genera based on the shape of the abdomen,
namely, Chelidura, Mesochelidura and Chelidurella. Nothing
has been added to our knowledge of these genera since
that date.
Sub-family 2.—ANHCHURIN 4.
This group was first separated from the other genera of
the Forficulidx, sensu stricto, by Verhoeff, but he discrimni-
ated Allodahlia, for which, quite unnecessarily, he erected
Forficulide and Chelisochidex, fanilies of Dermatoptera. 95
a distinct sub-family; the characters, however, are marked
enough to separate a genus.
The Anechurine are distinguished by the sub-conical
4th and 5th segments of the antennz, by the often short
and broad pronotum, by the broad and flattened elytra,
often with sharp humeral carine, by often short, and broad,
pygidium, and by long and slender legs; also by the
branches of the forceps in the male, which are remote
at the base, not depressed nor thickened; they are
often bent and bowed upwards and downwards, in and
out, in a very characteristic manner. The last dorsal
segment of the abdomen is shorter and narrower than the
preceding segments, which are usually somewhat dilated ;
the last segment is also short, and often armed with
tubercles pointing in different directions.
The members of this sub-family usually occur in
mountainous countries; with the exception of A. elongata,
a little known species recorded from Cuba, they appear to
be confined to the Old World.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1, Abdomen depressum, fortius dilata-
tum.
2. Pedes longi, graciles ; abdomen
apice latissimum, segmento
ultimo brevissimo,transversum.
3. Elytra carinata, rugosa. . . 1. ALLODAHLIA, Verhoef.
3.3. Elytra haud carinata, laevia.
4, Elytra et ale perfecte ex-
plicate . - « « . 2 ANECHURA, Scudd.
4.4, Elytra brevia ; ale nulle. 3. PSEUDOCHELIDURA,
Verhoeff.
2.2. Pedes breves, crassi ; abdomen
medio dilatatum, apice for-
titer attenuatum ; segmento
ultimo angusto . . . . 4 CHAMAIPETES, n.
1.1. Abdomen convexum, subcylin-
dricum ; (femora robusta) . . 5, TIMOMENUS, n.
Genus CHAMAIPETES,* noy. gen.
Corpus robustum, depressum ; abdomen medio dilatatum, apice
fortiter attenuatum; antennze segmentis validis, tertio quartoque
subeequantibus, subcylindricis, ceteris longioribus, conicis ; pronotum
* Gr, Xamomerhjs=creeping,
96 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
margine antico recto, postico rotundato, prozona elevata, metazona
depressa ; elytra aleeque perfecte explicate ; pedes breves, sat validi,
femoribus sat incrassatis; segmentum anale breve, transversum ;
pygidium haud perspicuum,
Type.—Anechura hermes, Burr, Ann. Mag. N. H. ser. 7,
vol. vi, p. 99, Pl. IV, fig. 1, la. (1900.) (Sarawak.)
The female is unknown.
I have erected this genus for the reception of the
single species referred to which is allied to 7’. bicuspis,
Stal, and its neighbours, but differs in the strongly
depressed and dilated abdomen.
Genus TIMOMENUS,* nov. gen.
Statura minus gracili; antenne 12-segmentata, segmentis crassi-
oribus, minus elongatis ; caput leave, margine postico recto ; pro-
notum quam caput «que latum, sublatius quam longius, margine
antico recto, postico rotundato, lateribus, subconvexis; prozona
tumida, distincta, a metazona plana sejuncta: elytra ampla, levia,
carinula humerali brevissima, apice truncata vel emarginata; ale
longe ; pedes minus graciles, femoribus anticis incrassatis ;
abdomen medio dilatatum, plicis distinctis ; lateribus acute recurvis,
in modum generis Ancistrogastris, sed haud mucronibus deplanatis
armatis ; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ angustatum, leeve, medio
bituberculatum; forcipis bracchia sat valida, margine interno dentibus
obsoletis.
This genus will include a few medium-sized, stout,
Asiatic earwigs, with thickened femora, strong forceps,
and slightly dilated subcylindrical abdomen.
Type.—Opisthocosmia: oannes, Burr, Ann. Mag. N. H.
ser. 7, vol. vi, p. 85. (1900.) (India.)
This genus will also include the following :—
Onpisthocosmia komarowi, Semenov., Rev. russe d’Ent.
vol. i, pp. 98 and 259. (1901.) (Corea.)
Forficula bicuspis, Stal, in Eugenies Resa, Ins. p. 301,
(f). (1860.) (Java.)
TABLE OF SPECIES,
1. Segmentum ultimum abdominale
supra medium spinis 2 fortibus
verticalibus armatum . . . . . 1. bicuspis, Stal.
* Gr. tyuduevos = respected.
Forficulide and Chelisochidex, families of Dermatoptera. 97
1.1. Segmentum ultimum abdominale
inerme.
2, Forceps prope medium dentatus . 2. oannes, Burr.
2.2. Forceps prope apicem armatus . 3. komarowi, Semenov.
Sub-family 3—HUDOHRNIIN 44.
Genus EUDOHRNIA, nov. gen.
Corpus cylindricum, elongatum ; antennze sat robusta; segmentum
primum validum, robustum, quadratum, carinatum, inter carinulas
sulculatum ; segmento 2 minimo, globoso ; 3 elongato, apice clavato ;
4 elongato, valido ; 5 longiori ; ceteris gradatim elongatis et conicis ;
caput globosum, leve, suturis obsoletis: pronotum quadratum, mar-
gine antico recto, postico rotundato: elytra sat rugulosa, carinula
humerali sat acuta, brevissima : alee longe ; pedes longi ; abdomen
eylindricum, punctulatum ; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ levius,
minus dense punctulatum, breve, latum, medio impressum, vix
tuberculatum ; pygidium ? declive, angustum: pygidium ¢ breve,
latum, bi-acuminatum: @ parvum, angustum, globosum : forcipis
bracchia ¢ valde elongata, horizontalia, subrecta, gracilia, basi
triquetra, dente uno parvo medio armata; @ recta, subcontigua,
simplicia, inermia.
The body is so differently shaped in the insect known
as Anechura metallica, the forceps and the general colour
so different, that I consider it generically quite distinct
from true Anechura: this opinion is confirmed by the
peculiar carinated first segment of the antennz, which is
quite distinctive.
Type.—Forjicula metallica, Dohrn, Stett. ent Zeit.,
vol. xxvi, p. 9. (1865.) (Himalayas, Burmah.)
Sub-family 4—DIAPEHRASTICIN 4.
The species which I range in this family are rightly
separated from Apterygida by Verhoeff, but that author
wrongly revived the name of Sphingolabis, Borm., which
must be reserved for those species which are related to the
type of Sphingolabis, namely, Sph. furcifera, Borm., which
is the male of Sph. semifulva, Borm., which latter must
stand, as I have shown elsewhere (1905, Ann. Mag. N.H.,
ser. 7, vol. xvi, p. 495).
At present it only includes certain African earwigs
which fall into the genus Diaperasticus,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PARTI. (JUNE) 7
98 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
Genus DIAPERASTICUS,* nov. gen.
Corpus sat depressum; antenna segmentis 4 et 5 cylindricis,
eradatim elongatis ; elytra et alee perfecte explicate: ; pedes breves,
femoribus plus minus incrassatis; pygidium breve, latum, trans-
versum, depressum, haud spinosum ; forcipis bracchia ¢ gracilia, sat
elongata,
Type.—Sphingolabis sansibarica, Karsch, in Berl. ent.
Zeitschr., vol... xxx, p., 90; PL Al fig.-18)) ¢ aGliseoy
(Zanzibar.)
This genus will also include :—
Apterygida mackindert, Burr, Ann. Mag. N. H., ser. 7,
vol. vi, p. 88, Pl. IV, fig. 3a, 3. (1900.) (British East
Africa).
Apterygida bonchampst, Burr, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 317.
(1904.) (Abyssinia.)
Forficula erythrocephala, Olivier (nec Fabr.), Enc. Méth.
vol, vi, p. 468. (1791.) (Africa and Madagascar.)
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Elytra flava, rufo-vittata.
2. Forcipis bracchia ¢ margine interno
haud dentato, crenulato . . . . 1. erythrocephala, Oliv.
2.2. Forcipis bracchia apicem versus
margine interno dentata . . . 2. bonchampsi, Burr,
1.1, Elytra unicoloria, fusca.
2, Corpus sat robustum; forceps in-
crassatus, medio fortiter dentatus 3. mackinderi, Burr,
2.2. Corpus gracile; forceps gracilis,
dente medio parvo, fere obsoleto . 4. sansibarica, Karsch.
Sub-family 5.—OPISTHOCOSMIIN 44.
This sub-family is usedin a very restricted sense, as
very many new genera must be formed for the reception
of species which were formerly included in the cumbrous
and very heterogenous Opisthocosmia, and many of the
former members of that genus, in its widest sense, must
be removed to other sub-families.
* Gr. dSiamepaotixds = penetrating.
+ Probably this species is a large light-coloured variety of D.
sansibarica, Karsch,
.
Forficulide and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera. 99
In its restricted sense, this sub-family includes the true
Opisthocosmia and its immediate allies, genera, that is to
say, in which the feet are long and slender, the pygidium
very short, barely distinguishable nor even not visible, and
the anal segment very strongly narrowed and sloping in
both sexes ; the forceps are usually long, slender, and often
armed with numerous teeth pointing in various directions.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Elytra haud carinata.
2. Pronotum capite angustius ; (pedes
eracillimi) . . . ae tee, +s
2.2 Pronotum capite haud angustius.
3. Segmentum ultimum ventrale
inerme.
—_
. OptstHocosMIA, Dohrn,
4. Pygidium bifidum . . . . 2. Lipopss, n.
4.4. Pygidium parvum, obtusum 3. Hypuraus, n.
3.3. Segmentum ultimum ventrale
processu utrinque armatum. 4. SARCINATRIX, Rehn,
1.1. Elytra costa carinata.
2. Pronotum capite angustius 5. EMBOROS, n
2.2. Pronotum capite haud vel vix
angustius.
3. Als perfecte explicate ; genus
americanum 6. KLETER, n.
3,3, Ale abortive; genus javanum 7. Cosmrenia, Verhoeff.
Genus 1.—OpistHocosmiA, Dohrn.
Statura gracili ; antenna 10-12-segmentate ; segmentis omnibus
tenuibus, cylindricis, gracilibus ; segmento 3 quam primum dimidio
breviori ; 4 quam 8 longiori ; 5 quam 4 longiori: caput tumidum,
suturis distincte impressis, pone oculos tumido-elevatum ; pronotum
capite distincte angustius, longius quam latius, margine antico recto,
postico ovato, postice subangustatum ; prozon atumida, metazona
ampla, deplanata, lateribus reflexis ; elytra ad humeros lata, apicem
versus subangustata, levia, margine exteriori distincta plicata,
carinula humerali autem supra humeros ipsos haud producta ; mar-
gine postico emarginata vel truncata; ale longe ; pedes longi,
gracillimi ; femora vix incrassata ; tibize superne teretes, compress ;
tarsi graciles, segmento primo cetera unita equanti vel superanti;
abdomen basi gracile, medio subdilatatum, haud deplanatum, valde
convexum, plicis lateralibus distinctis ; lateribus ipsis inermibus,
100 Mr. Maleolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
tuberculis nullis instructis: segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ angus-
tatum, declive; ? etiam angustius; pygidium ¢ haud prominens ;
forcipis bracchia gracilia elongata: ¢ basi remota vel subcontigua,
recta, vel sinuata ; a latere visa recta vel valde sinuata, dentata ; 9
recta, simplicia, subcontigua, inermia, gracillima.
Type of the genus.— Opisthocosinia centwrio, Dohrn, Stett.
ent. Zeit., vol. xxvi, p. 79. (1865.) (Borneo.)
This genus formerly included a large number of very
different species, so that it is necessary to subdivide it to
a considerable extent, and to confine it to those species
which resemble the type, O. centwrio, in the extremely
slender form and slender antenne, with regularly length-
ening segments, and in the narrow elongate pronotum.
In its restricted sense, this genus now includes the
following species :—
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Elytra et alee rufo-maculatee.
2, Forceps valde flexuosus et dentatus ;
statura majore ; species borneensis . 1. centurio, Dorhn.
2.2. Forceps subrectus, inermis ; statura
gracili; species africana . . . 2. formosa, Burr.
1.1. Elytra unicoloria vel vittata.
2. Elytra unicoloria nigra.
3. Forceps ¢ valde flexuosus ac dentatus 3. cervipyga, Kirby.
3.3. Forceps ¢ contiguus, rectus, apice
ipso arcuatus . . 4. erroris, Burr.
2.2. Elytra testacea vel ee aha.
3. Elytra testacea, fuscovittata ; statura
parva (12.5 mm)... . .. 5. ceylonica, Dohrn.
3.3. Elytra rufa, anguste nigrovittata ;
statura majore(15 mm.) . . . 6. armata, Haan,
Genus 2.—LIPODES,* nov. gen.
Statura robusta ; abdomen sat depressum, medio valde dilatatum,
apicem versus attenuatum ; caput per suturas profundas in tres
partes divisum ; pyg Leena persicuum, profunde fissum; forcipis
bracchia sensim arcuata, inermia.
The erection of this new genus is necessary for the
* Gr. Aurddns = fat,
Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 101
insect which I have described as Opisthocosmia vivax; in
its general appearance it appears to be distinctly related
to the genus Opisthocosmia but it differs in the depressed
abdomen, in this respect affording a transition towards the
Ancistrogastrine, but in other respects it appears to be
referable to this group; the sutures of the head are
very deep and well marked, dividing the head into
three distinct divisions; the divided bifid pygidium is
characteristic.
The unique specimen, which is in the Calcutta Museum,
is unfortunately broken, so that it is not possible to
determine the sex with satisfaction; the well-marked
characters point to a male, but perhaps the simple form of
the forceps implies the opposite. In my original descrip-
tion, I regarded it as a female, but upon further consideration
I am inclined to consider it a male.
It is unfortunate that further material has not come to
hand since, in order to locate its position with accuracy.
Type of the genus.—Opisthocosmia vivax, Burr, Journ.
Proc. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, N.S. vol. 1, No. 2, p. 30. (1905.)
(India. )
Genus 3.—HYpPuRGUS,* nov. gen.
Antenne 12—13-segmentatee, graciles, segmentis gradatim elongatis
cylindricis, 4 quam 3 sublongiori, 5 quam 4, etc. ; caput leeve, suturis
obsoletis ; pronotum capite haud angustius, subquadratum, margine
postico rotundatum, vel semilunare ; margine antico truncato ; pro-
zona tumida, metazona plana, lateribus reflexis ; elytra ampla, lata,
humeris latis, carina exteriori nulla ; ab humeris attenuata, margine
postico truncata vel subemarginata ; ale perfecte explicate, long
vel abbreviate ; pedes graciles, longi, femoribus haud incrassa-
tis ; tibiis integris ; abdomen basi constrictum et angustum, con-
vexum, medio plus minus dilatatum, tuberculis pliciformibus dis-
tinctis, segmentis 5-6-7-8-inermibus, apice attenuatum ; segmentum
ultimum dorsale angustatum, declive, margine postico incrassato,
obtuse tuberculato; 2 angustatum, minus fortiter tuberculatum ;
pygidium nullum vel vix perspicuum, minimum, brevissimum,
obtusum ; forcipis bracchia ¢ elongata, paullo curvata, vix arcuata,
sat fortia, basi subcontigua, dentibus nonnullis interdum margine
interno armata, apicem versus seepe sat arcuata ; 2 typice, graciles,
recta, inermia.
In this genus are included those former species of
* Gr, brovpyds = minister.
102. Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
Opisthocosmia in which the pronotum is more or less square
and not distinctly narrower than the head; the antennz
are the same as in true Opisthocosmia, but perhaps a little
less slender, and the segments proportionately shorter ;
the forceps are simpler than in true Opisthocosmia and the
feet are somewhat less slender and shorter.
The type of the genus.—Opisthocosmia hwmeralis, Kirby,
Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii, p. 528, 2. (1891.) (Ceylon).
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Pronotum subquadratum.
2. Elytra et ale flavo-maculata . . 1. humeralis, Kirby.
2.2. Elytra vittata, haud maculata.
3. Alze perfecte explicatze ; species
madecassa . aE uit 2. hova, Bormans.
3.3. Alz deficientes; species ethi-
Opica 4.) ke Ss) gi os eRe wan
1.1. Pronotum semilunare.
2. Rufo-testacea, rubro-variegata ; forceps
rufescens . . . . e.s « % « 4 s@nplex, Bormane:
2.2. Atra, nitida; forcipe pedibusque
leete rubris
i |
. biroi, Burr.
Genus 4.—SARCINATRIX, Rehn.
Ab Opisthocosmia differt lamina subgenitali (segmento ultimo
ventrali) ¢ angulis postico-exterioribus in processus tuberculiformes
productis.
Sarcinatrix sub-genus, Rehn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Phil, p. 308.
(1903.)
Rehn suggested this name for a sub-genus which he
characterised by the processes of the subgenital lamina of
the male, which is produced into a “recurved spiniform
process, which flank the lateral base of the forceps 7 = Aten
the typical species described by him, the forceps of the
male are parallel throughout their entire length; but this
is not a generic character, for in my collection I have a
second species in which the forceps are distinctly bowed.
Type of the genus.—Opisthocosmia (Sarcinatri) ano-
malia, Rehn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Phil. p. 308. (1903.) (Costa
Rica. )
Forficulide and Chelisochide, familres of Dermatoptera. 103
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Forcipis bracchia recta, parallela, haud den-
tata, margine interno crenulato-dentata . 1. anomalia, Rehn.
1.1. Forceps basi leviter divergentia, tum con-
vergentia ; margine interno basi ipso
dente armata: dehincteretia. . . . 2. rehivi,sp.n.
Sarcinatruc rehni, sp. n.
Colore fusco-testaceo ; antennze 12-segmentatee, typicee; caput lave,
depressum, suturis obsoletis, margine postico medio incrassato ;
pronotum quam caput ceque latum, subquadratum, sublatius quam
longius ; margine antico recto, postico rotundato, lateribus rectis ;
prozona tumida, sutura distincta ; metazona lata, plana; prozona a
metazona distincte sejuncta ; lateribus late reflexis ; medio castaneum,
lateribus pellicidis: ‘elytra levia, unicoloria, testacea: ale longe,
fusco-testacez, basi indistincte pallido flavo-maculatz ; pedes tes-
tacei: abdomen castaneum, sat latum, plicis lateralibus distinctis ;
segmentis 5 et 6 lateribus subreflexis, subtuberculatis ¢@: seg-
mentum ultimum dorsale ¢ transversum, magnum, postice quam
antice angustius, margine postico recto, medio impresso, 9 valde
angustatum, simplex : pygidium ¢ haud perspicuum ; ? minutum,
conicum: segmentum penultimum ventrale ¢ rotundatum ; seg-
mentum ultimum ventrale ¢ apice profunde fissum, angulis postico-
externis in processum tuberculiforme acutum reflexum productis,
d: 2 inerme ; forcipis bracchia ¢ basi haud contigua, sat incrassata,
prope basin margine interno dente acuto armata ; primum leviter
divergentia per tertiam partem longitudinis, deinde subangulatim
incurva, subrecta, sensim convergentia, inermia, apice ipso mucronata,
decussata ; ? subcontigua, recta, gracilia, inermia.
MiomesreOrponiss)s ) Anes ni Or tems eee) eee ee SFO mm,
eM OKeIpIsN Mw es 2). at 4:25 : 3
Patria: SAN EsteBAN (Simon, iii, 83. 2% 9, types in
coll. mea, ex coll. de Bormans).
Differs from 8. anonalia in the non-parallel forceps.
Genus 5.—HMBOROS,* nov. gen.
Statura minore; antennz 10-segmentatee; segmento4 = 3; 5 quam
4 et quam 3 longiori ; caput globosum, tumidum, nitidum: pronotum
capite subangustius, longius quam latius, rectangulare, margine antico
* Gr. éumopoc= merchant.
Pemopoc
104 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
recto, postico subconvexo, lateribus rectis ; prozona tumida, sutura
distincta, lateribus reflexis: scutellum nullum; elytra brevia,
carinula humerali ad apicem elytri attingenti, margine postico
truncato; alee nulle; pedes longi, graciles, tarsorum segemento
primo cetera unita superanti; abdomen subcylindricum, convexum,
plicis lateralibus distinctis, integrum ; seymentum ultimum dorsale
¢d angustatum, declive, margine postico medio impresso, utrinque
tuberculato ; 9 angustius, inerme; forcipis bracchia sat valida,
subrecta, basi remota, sensim convergentia, rotundata; 9 gracilia,
attenuata, contigua.
Type of the genus.—Opisthocosmia dubia, Borm., Ann.
Mus. Civ. Gen. xxxiv, p. 399, 2. (1894.) (Burmah.)
This genus removes from Opisthocosmia the wingless
species described by de Bormans under the name dubia ;
it resembles true Opisthocosmia in every respect except
the form of the elytra, in which it approaches the large
and stout Skendyle, from which it differs in the narrow
and somewhat elongated pronotum; the elytra are broad,
coriaceous, with a sharp keel on the outer edge running
the whole length of the elytra; the general form of the
forceps also recalls Skendyle.
Verhoeff included this species with the other wingless
forms previously included in Opzsthocosmia, in his genus
Cosniella, characterised by the keeled elytra and absence
of wings; but Kirby fixed 0. rebus, Burr, as the type of
Cosmiclla, from which this species must be removed by
its long and narrow pronotum, which approaches true
Opisthocosmit.
Genus 6.—KLETER,* nov. gen.
Statura mediocri, gracili; pronotum capite vix angustius ; elytra
tantum ad humeros carinata; alee perfecte explicate; pedes graciles,
longi; abdomen vix dilatatum, subcylindricum ; segmentis lateribus
4-7 plicis recurvis depressis instructis; segmentum anale haud
angustatum, transversum; forcipis bracechia elongata, gracilia,
spinata,
Type of the genus.—Opisthocosmia amazonensis, Borm.,
and Burr, Ann. Mag. N. H. ser. 7, vol. 11, p. 164. (1899.)
(Upper Amazons.)
This genus is a transition between the Opisthocosmiine
* Gr. cknrip= policeman,
Forficulidx and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera. 105
and the Ancistrogastring ; in the elongate forceps, slightly
dilated body and scarcely keeled elytra it recalls the
former, but in the incipient lateral folds of the abdomen
and the form of the last dorsal segment, and also the
form of the apex of the male forceps, it approaches the
latter.
Genus 7.—CosMIELLA, Verhoeff.
Antenne 10-segmentatx, segmentis 3, 4 et 5 subsquantibus,
longis, cylindricis ; pronotum caput latitudine subequans, haud
longius quam latius, subquadratum ; elytra lata, carinula humerali
sat distincta, per dimidium elytri percurrenti ; alee nulla ; abdomen
convexum, medio dilatatum ; plicis lateralibus distinctis ; segmentis
lateribus inermibus; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ angustatum,
tuberculis duobus vix elevatis instructum ; forecipis bracchia ¢ basi
contigua, valde elongata, a basi divergentia, tum arcuatim incurva,
margine superiori dente armata; ? simplicia.
This genus was erected by Verhoeff for the wingless
species of Opisthocosmia which have a keel more or less
pronounced on the elytra; Kirby fixed 0. rebus, Burr, as
the type of the genus; 0. dubia was included by Verhoeff
upon the strength of de Bormans’ description, but on
account of its narrow pronotum, it must be removed ; in
the shape of the pronotum and elytra this genus ap-
proaches Ancistrogaster, but in the form of the body and
forceps it resembles Opisthocosmia ; it is a passage between
these two chief genera.
It contains the single species O. rebus, Burr, fixed by
Kirby as the type. C. aptera, Verhoeff, is removed to
Skendyle, q.v.
Sub-family 6.—ANCISTROGASTRIN 4.
The essential character which distinguishes this sub-
family from the preceding is the form of the anal segment,
which is transverse, much broader than long.
The sides of the abdomen are often recurved in the
form of depressed sickle-shaped hooks, and the forceps of
the male are frequently bowed into a characteristic lozenge-
shaped area. In most genera. the elytra are strongly
keeled.
The genera are all American.
106 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Elytra haud carinata . . . . . 1. SARAKAS, n.
1.1. Elytra carinata.
2. Elytra tantum per dimidium
longitudinis carinata . . 2. OSTEULCUS, n.
2.2. Elytra per totam lonaieuea
carinata.
3. Elytra trapezoidea; rudiment-
aria ; ale nulle Pista) Oe L RAOS. ome
3.3. Elytra perfecte explicate.
4, Abdomen lateribus iner-
mibus.iy ii eines 2. ives me
4.4, Abdomen lateribus in
spinas et mucrones pro-
ductis .. . . . . 5. ANcISTROGASTER, Dohrn.
Genus 1.—SARAKAS,* nov. gen.
Ancistrogastri vicinum genus, sed :—elytra haud carinata ; lateri-
bus abdominis minus fortiter armatis, vix tuberculatis, vix
mucronatis.
Type of the genus. —Opisthocosmia _devians, Dohkrn.,
1865, Stett. ent. Zeit. vol. xxvi, p. 79. (Brazil.)
The genus is characterised ‘by the absence of keels at
the shoulder of the elytra; the sides of the abdomen
are not strongly hooked but armed with tubercles.
It includes also Opisthocosmia atervima, Borm., Ann.
Soc. Ent. Belg. xxvii, p. 83 (1883), and perhaps 0. longipes,
Haan.
Genus 2.—OsTEULCUS,} nov. gen.
Antenne gradatim elongate ; pronotum sublatius quam longius,
planum: elytra punctulata, Spree ee brevia, margine postico
oblique truncata ; costa humerali ad humeros carinata, carina in
medio elytri evanescenti; ale null; pedes graciles, sat longi;
abdomen basi angustum, medio fortiter dilatatum, sat depressum ;
apicem versus attenuatum ; segmentum ultimum dorsale subangus-
tatum, transversum, latum ; tuberculis lateralibus distinctis ; seg-
mentis 5, 6 et 7 etiam tnberciilsta 5 pygidium haud perspicuum ;
forcipisbracchia ¢ sat robusta, depressa, basi remota et divergentia,
* gdpaxas = wood-eater.
{ doreovAKés = forceps.
Forficulide and Chelisochide, famalies of Dermatoptera. 107
tum angulatim incurva, convergentia, in tertia parte apicali recta,
apice mucronata; ? recta, simplicia.
Type of the genus.—Ancistrogaster kervillet, Burr, Ann.
Mag. N. H. ser. 7, vol. xvi, p. 490. (1905.) (Venezuela.)
In appearance resembles Prwos, but the elytra are com-
plete, the keel dies out half-way down the elytra, the
abdomen is depressed and laterally hooked, and the
forceps bowed strongly outwards and inwards in a lozenge
form.
In general appearance this genus has even all the aspect
of a typical Ancistrogaster, but in the feeble carina of the
elytra, in the attenuate abdomen and somewhat narrowed
last dorsal segment, it approaches the Opisthocosmiine, but
the depressed and dilated abdomen, and the form of the
forceps are characteristic of Ancistrogastrine ; the last
dorsal segment, although somewhat attenuated, is still
much broader than long, distinctly transverse, and _rect-
angular.
The single species, recorded from Venezuela, is very
distinct.
It differs from Praos in the complete elytra, with a
shorter costal carina, in the less sharply flattened abdomen,
and the strongly bowed forceps, which include a lozenge-
shaped area; from Ancistrogaster, Vlax and Sarakas it
differs in the absence of wings and form of the carina of
the elytra.
Genus 3.—PRAOS,* nov. gen.
Corpus depressum; antenne graciles ; caput leve, margine postico
emarginato ; pronotum quadratum, marginibus omnibus rectis, sub-
latius quam longius, deplanatum ; elytra rudimentaria, trapezoidea,
margine externo usque ad apicem carinata, margine postico oblique
truncata, margine interno quam externo multo brevius, scutellum
sat magnum triangulare eflicientia ; ale null ; pedes longi, graciles,
haud incrassati; abdomen valde deplanatum et dilatatum, plicis
lateralibus distinctis ; lateribus segmentorum 3-6 tuberculis distinctis
instructum ; segientis 7 et 8 lateribus acute recurvis ; segmentum
ultimum dorsale ¢ breve, latum, valde transversum, medio impresso,
bituberculato, angulis externis carinatis; forcipis bracchia basi valde
remota, depressa, arcuatim incurva, intus dentata, apice mucronata.
Type of the genus.—-Ancistrogaster perdita, Borelli, Boll.
* Gr, mpdos=meek.
108 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
Mus. Zool. Torino, vol. xxi, no. 531, p. 16. (1906.) (Costa
Rica.)
The only known species of this genus very closely
resembles A. impennis, Borm., and under that name I
received a specimen from de Bormans’ collection ; on com-
paring, however, with the type of dmpennis, in the Biologia
Centrali-Americana collection, it is obviously different ; it
is remarkable for the flattened and dilated abdomen, and
trapezoid elytra, which are cut away at the basal posterior
angle, to show a small scutellum. It has since been
described and discussed by Borelli (J. ¢.).
Genus 4.—VLAX,* nov. gen.
Statura minore ; corpus minus depressum et minus dilatatum ;
abdomen ¢ lateribus in mucrones acutos recurvos haud productis sed
integris, inermibus, vel paullo angulatis vel tuberculis instructis ;
ceteris cum Ancistrogastre congruet.
Type of the genus.—Ancistrogaster championi, Bormans,
1893, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Orth., p. 10, Pl. I, fig. 13, ¢.
(Panama.)
This removes from <Ancistrogaster those small, pale
species, with the abdomen but little dilated, and the sides
of the abdominal segments not curved backwards into
flattened and sharp hooks, but furnished with blunt
tubercles.
A. tolieca, Dohrn., and A.intermedius, Burr, will also fall
into this genus. :
Genus 5.—ANCISTROGASTER, Stil.
Antenne 10-12 segmentate ; segmentis 3 et 4 subaquantibus ;
ceteris elongatis, cylindricis ; caput subtumidum, margine postico
emarginato ; pronotum caput latitudine wquans, antice truncatum,
postice rotundatum ; elytra ad humeros rotundata, lata, margine
postico truncato vel emarginato: carinula humerali acuta, usque ad
marginem posticum elytri percurrenti: ale long ; pedes graciles;
femora vix incrassata; tarsorum segmentum primum cetera duo
unita longitudine squans: abdomen depressum, basi angustum,
medio valde dilatatum, ante apicem iterum angustatum ; plicis later-
alibus distinctis : ¢ segmentorum latera producta, in mucrones valde
deplanatos, acutos et recurvos producta ; ¢ abdomen inerme, minus
dilatatum, minus depressum : segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ breve,
* Gr, BAd~=simpleton.
Sn
Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 109
transversum, rectangulare ; @ valde angustatum: forcipis bracchia
¢ basi subcontigua, primum divergentia, in dimidio longitudinis
repente incurva; margine interno prope basin saepius dente forti
armata, apice incrassata et bimucronata: @ recta, simplicia,
gracilia, inermia.
Type of the genus.—Ancistrogaster luctuosus, Stal, 1855,
Ofv. Vet. Akad. Forh., vol. xu, p. 349, ¢. (Brazil.)
I have retained this genus only for the typical species
with the sides of the abdominal segments recurved into
depressed sickle-like hooks.
Sub-family 7.—FORFICULIN A.
I use this sub-family in a very restricted sense, as includ-
ing the typical genus Forficula, Linn., and the closely allied
Apterygida, Westw., sensu stricto, It is characterised by
the form of the antennz, in which the fourth segment is
much shorter than the third, and only half as long as the
fifth.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Forcipis bracchia ¢ basi dilatata et de-
planata Se 5 1. Forricuna, Linn.
2. Forcipis bracchia ¢ basi remota, gracilia,
nec deplanata, nec dilatata... ... 2 AprERyYGIDA, Westw.
Genus 6.—Forricuta, Linn.
Corpus convexum ; caput cordiforme, globosum suturis ssepe in-
distinctis ; antenne 10-15-segmentatz ; 1 magnum, incrassatum ; 2
minimum, globosum ; 3 longum, primum subequans, apice paullo
incrassatum ; 4 quam 3 dimidio brevius ; 5 sensim longius ; cetera
gradatim longiora, subclavata ; pronotum szepius capite angustius,
margine antico truncato ; marginibus lateralibus aut parallelis, aut
convexis ; margine postico rotundato ; szepius subquadratum, necnon
latius quam longius, aut dimidio postico toto late rotundato, arcuato ;
prozona plus minus tumida, metazona deplanata ; marginibus later-
alibus paullo reflexis: elytra perfecte explicata, sat longa, vel brevia,
truncata ; carinula humerali inconspicua, carina ipsa nulla, sed elytra
a humeris ad apicem sensim plicata; ale aut abbreviatie, aut long,
seepius prominentes : pedes typici, femoribus haud valde incrassatis ;
tarsorum segmentum 3 quam primum longius ; segmentum 2 latum,
dilatatum, bilobum, cordiforme ; abdomen circa medium subdila-
tatum, plicis lateralibus segmentorum 2 et 3 distinctis: segmentum
ultimum dorsale ¢ magnum, quadratum, margine postico szepe
110 Mr, Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
tuberculatum ; 9, angustius, simplicius: pygidium parvum, glo-
bosom, vel valde productum, acuminatum, vel nullum ; forcipis
bracchia ¢ in parte basali valde deplanata et dilatata, hac parte
dilatata margine interno seepe crenulata et dente terminata, vel
inermi ; dehinc attenuata, subrecta, aut arcuatim curvata et inermia ;
2 subrecta, subcontigua, inermia.
This large and homogeneous genus is well characterised
by the forceps of the male, in which the branches are
flattened and broadened in the basal portion, as in the
familiar typical species, #. auricularia, Linn. It contains
a large number of species occurring in various parts of the
Old World.
It is the typical genus of the Order, and in the typical
species, F. awricularia, Linn., the characters are very well
marked. The genus is represented in nearly every part of
the globe, but the species are most numerous in the Old
World. The discrimination of the species is often rather
subtle, and the shape of the forceps must be employed with
care and discretion ; these vary considerably in length,
showing the two forms macrolabia and cyclolabia; the
latter appears to be the normal form, and the former a
more virile robust race ; in the common species, the macro-
labia form appears to occur chiefly in islands and in moun-
tains, and the ordinary form is more semi-domesticated in
its habits. The elongation of the forceps is generally
accompanied by the more robust build of body, and it also
modifies the armature of the forceps, owing to the drawing
out of this organ. The degree of curvature also varies,
more especially in F. lwrida, which gives the different
varieties a very different appearance, which is often mis-
leading,
The type of the genus is Porficula auricularia, Linn.,
Syst. Nat. (ed. x) i, p. 423 (1758).
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Pronotum latius quam longius, trapezoi-
dale.
2. Foreipis bracchia tantum in parte
basali dilatata et deplanata.
3. Foreipis bracchia fortiter extus ac
intus flexuosa, inermia; (colore
toto atro ; glabra; species Indiz
borealis) . . . 6. p+ gy) J]. Schlagintweiti, Burr,
Forficulide and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera. 111
3. Forcipis bracchia subrecta,
4, Forceps margine interno prope
basin denticulatus ; elytra uni-
coloria; alz long; species
TAGE CA oe Pa iay, hah fa 4 ts
4.4, Forceps margine interno crenu-
latus ; elytra maculata ; alee
breves; species hispanica et
algerica . Stas airs
2.2. Forceps bracchia saltem per quartam
partem longitudinis dilatata ac
deplanata ; species indice.
3. Pronotum semilunare, _ lateribus
haud reflexis; pars dilatata for-
cipis dente obtuso terminata
3.3, Pronotum ovatum, tranversum,
lateribus reflexis ; pars dilatata
forcipis dente acuto terminata .
1.1, Pronotum semilunare, subquadratum,
margine postico rotundato, aque
latum ac longum.
2, Pronotum semicirculare, margine
antico recto, postice semilunare,
lateribus haud parallelis, (Statura
minore ; elytra maculata.)
3. Corpus valde pubescens ; forcipis
bracchia paullo dilatata, parte
basali in partem apicalem attenu-
atam sensim transeunti . . .
3.3. Corpus subglabrum ; forcipis brac-
chia medio subito attenuata.
4. Elytra fusca, macula humerali
pallida ornata ; species ceylonica
4.4. Elytra pallida, apicem versus
infuscata; species Africee
MUCTICIONALISe 7 i4)\ ye 5. ape
2.2. Pronotum subquadratum, lateribus
subparallelis, margine postico
rotundato.
3. Pygidium valde prominens.
4, Pygidium triangulare, apice acu-
tum (alee abortive).
5, Pygidium lateribus haud_ in-
crassatis (colore nigrotestaceo,
2. mogul, Burr.
3. ruficollis, Fabr.
4. beelzebub, Burr.
5. acer, Burr.
6. ornata, Borm.
7. greeni, sp. n.
8. picta, Kirby,
112) Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
forcipe rubro ; species lombo-
kiana) >.) a eee rae
5.5, Pygidium utrinque ineras-
satum (colore testaceo ; spe-
cies Europe orientalis et
Asie occidentalis).
6, Abdomen punctulatum ; pars
basalis forcipis longa, dente
nullo terminata
6.6. Abdomen vix punctulatum ;
pars basalis forcipis bre-
vis, angulo acuto denti-
formi terminata
4,4. Pygidiuim apice truncatum vel
obtusum.
5. Pygidium valde elongatum,
linguzforme, apice haud trun-
eatum ; pars dilatata forcipis
longa ; ale abortive ; species
Africa orientalis . . :
5.5. Pygidium brevius; pars di-
latata forcipis brevis ; al
perfecte explicatze ; species
sinenses et japonicie.
6. Pars dilatata forcipis apice
obtuso-dentata ; species
Japonied el ah Ha
6.6. Pars dilatata forcipis apice
haud dentata; species
sinensis . af tt
3.3. Pygidium haud valde prominens.
4, Forceps tantum basi ipso dila-
tatus.
5. Forceps valde arcuatus, brevis ;
alee breves.
6. Elytra longiora ; pedes uni-
colores 59) Nev, be
6.6. Elytra brevia, truncata ;
pedes indistincte fusco-
anni ies es Eee
5.5. Forceps parum_ curvatus,
longior.
.
9. miranda, Borm,
. 10. extolica, Br.
. 11. caucasica, Sem.
—"
to
sjdstedti, sp. n.
13. mikado, Burr.
14. davidi, Burr.
. 15. cireinata, Fin.
16. cabrerex, Bol.
6. Als breves ; species italica . 17. apennina, Costa.
6.6. Alee long ; species indica 18. ambigqua, Burr.
Forficulidx and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 118
4.4, Forceps saltem per tertiam
partem longitudinis dilatatus.
5. Forcipis pars dilatata longa,
per dimidiam longitudinem
forcipis producta, parallela ;
bracchiis dehinc minus
arcuatis,
6. Pronotum quadratum, lateri-
bus rectis, parallelis, an-
gulis posticis rotundatis ;
alee abortive (species Asize
DOLealis eee! a ANT. tomas Kole
6.6. Pronotum postice totum
rotundatum, lateribus
subrotundatis.
7. Elytra haud flavo-macu-
lata.
8. Ale abortive (species
Africe orientalis) . 20. rodziankoi, Sem.
8.8. Alze perfecte explicate.
9. Pygidium obtusum ;
pronotum parvum ;
species africana . . 21. senegalensis, Serv.
9.9. Pygidium triangu-
lare; = pronotum
magnum ; species
novorossica . . 22. pomerantzevi, Sem.
7.7. Elytra flavo-maculata.
8. Elytra et ale longe . . 23. lucasi, Dohrn.
8.8. Elytra et alee breves . 24. barroisi, Bol.
5.5. Forcipis pars dilatata brevior,
bracchiis dehine fortius
arcuatis.
6. Pronotum magnum, longe
super elytra productum
(Elytra et ale longs, testa-
cex ; species indica) . . 25. celer, Burr.
6.6. Pronotum minus longum,
vix super elytra pro-
ductum.
7. Elytra unicoloria.
8. Pars dilatata forcipis
dente terminata.
9. Pars dilatata forcipis
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—ParRT I. (JUNE) 8
114 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
usque ad secundam
tertiam partem longi-
tudinis producta ; (ale
abortive ; statura
minore) s/he jay ahs 26. pubescens, Géne:
9.9. Pars dailatata forcipis
vix ad dimidiam lon-
eitudinem producta,
10. Pars dilatata for-
cipis paullo ante
dentem terminalem
jam paulloattenuata 27. vicaria, Sem.
10.10. Pars dilatata for-
cipis dente ipso
terminata.
11. Ale perfecte ex-
pleate ; — pro-
notum postice
rotundatum . 28. auricularia, L.
11.11. Ala null; pro-
notum postice
truncatum . 29. silana, Costa.
8.8. Pars dilatata foreipis
inermis, dente nullo
terminata,
9. Ale nulla.
10, Forcipis bracchia
apice incurva, atque
attingentia . . . 30. decipiens, Gene.
10.10 Forcipis bracchia
apiceincurva, sed
haud attingentia.
11. Elytra quadrata . 31. lesnei, Pinot.
11.11, Elytra trape-
zoidalia . . 32. canariensis, Burr.
9.9. Ale longe.
10. Forcipis — braechia
apice fere recta,
vix incurva, haud
attingentia; (species
indica) . . . . 33, interrogans, Burr
10.10. Foreipis bracchia
apice imeurva,
attingentia.
Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 115
11. Caputet pronotum
atra ; (stature
minore ; species
indica) . . . 34. planicollis, Kirby
11.11. Caput rufum ;
pronotum tes-
taceum.,
12. Forceps extus
arcuatus. . . 3
12.12. Forceps mar-
gine externo
Or
. orientalis, Burr.
recto, tum
ineurva . . 386. lwrida, Fisch.
7. Elytra maculata.
8. Pars dilatata forcipis dente
horizontali terminata . 37. smyrnensis, Serv.
8.8. Pars dilatata forcipis
dentibus parvis 2 erectis
terminata. . . . . 38. redempta, Burr.
Forficula greent, sp. nov.
Statura minore ; fusco-castaneo, pallido-maculato ; antenne cas-
tanex, 12-segmentatie; 3 sat longo; 5 = 3; 4 dimidio breviori, conico ;
ceteris subcylindricis, sat validis: caput leeve, globosum, suturis ob-
soletis, fusco-ferrugineum: pronotum semilunare, caput latitudine
gequans, margine antico truncato, postice late rotundato, lateribus ro-
tundatis ; latius quam longius ; fusco-castaneum, lateribus pallidis ;
prozona vix tumida, sutura mediana brevi, fere obsoleta, punctis
impressis lateralibus nullis; elytra lavia, longa, fusco-castanea, medio
macula magna pallida flava ornata ; ale longs, leves, flavie, pallid,
sutura et apice infuscate ; pedes breves, testacei; abdomen parallelum,
plicis lateralibus distinctis, fusco-rufum vel rufo-fuscum, leve,
nitidum; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ subquadratum, lieve,
medio impressum, margine postico utrinque tuberculo obtuso
instructum ; 9 minute punctulatum, minum leve, angustius tuber-
culis minoribus : pygidium ¢ vix perspicuum, subglobosum ; ? haud
perspicuum : forcipis bracchia ¢ basi dilatata et deplanata, hac parte
margine interno crenulato; per tertiam partem longitudinis de-
planata ; dehine attenuata, inermia, teretia, subrecta, apice sensim
incurva; ? valida, depressa, subcontigua, subrecta, inermia, apice
tantum paullo incurva.
Long. corporis ¢ 9mm., 9 8mm. ; forcipis ¢ 2mm., 2 1°5 mm.
116 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
Chelisoches pulchellus, Burr (nec Gerst.) Journ. Bombay
N. H. Soe. xiv, p. 327 (1902).
Patria, CEYLON: Punduloya and Ambegammoa, fairly
common (Coll. mea).
This species was confused by me with Chelisoches pul-
chellus, Gerst., and recorded as such in a paper on the
earwigs of Ceylon (/.c.); I sent some specimens to
de Bormans, who also identified them as Ch. pulchellus ;
but that is a West African species, and on comparing the
Ceylon specimens with Gerstaecker’s description, my doubt
as to its identity is confirmed; the head of the African
insect appears to be tumid behind the eyes, with distinct
sutures, a feature very characteristic of Chelosoches,
whereas the Ceylon specimens have the head perfectly
smooth as in true Forficula; Ch. pulchellus has the pro-
notum “quadratisch,’ and not crescent-shaped; the
organs of flight are yellowish with a dark brown band,
whereas in the Ceylon specimens they are dark cas-
taneous, with a large pale spot on the elytra, and the
wings are pale yellow, with a brownish suture and apical
speck; the form of the forceps seems to agree how-
ever; Gerstaecker’s insect is only known to me from the
description of that author.
F. greeni, which I am pleased to dedicate to my friend
Mr. Ernest Green, who has procured me such interesting
material from Ceylon, more closely resembles in size and
colour F. ovnaia, which also has the same shaped pronotum.
Forficula sjostedti, sp. n.
Statura mediocri, minus fortiori; antennze 12-segmentate, seg-
mentis subconicis, fusco-testaceis ;
quam longius; postice rotundatum ; elytra brevia, unicoloria; alz
abortive ; pedes testacei ; abdomen typicum, castaneum, minutissime
punctulatum ; segmentum ultimum rectangulare, punctulatum ;
pygidium 2 elongato-productum, lingueforme, angustum, apice
attenuatum et Poedenae g pees angustatum, apice truncatum ;
forcipis bracchia ¢ gracilia, per tertiam partem basalem margine
interno deplanato ac dilatato, margine ipso crenulato, hac parte
dente parvo obtuso terminata, dehine attenuata, inermia, arcuata ;
d, recta, simplicia. ¢@ 9.
Long. corporis ¢ 8°5-9°75 mm., 2 85-9 mm.; forcipis ¢ 35-6 mm.,
® 1°75-2 mm.
caput leve ; pronotum sublatius
Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 117
Hab. Hast Arrica: Kilimandjaro, Kiboscho, at the
highest limits of vegetation.
This species was discovered in great numbers by Dr.
Yneve Sjéstedt, who has kindly given me permission to
include its diagnosis in this paper. It will be more fully
described and discussed in a work upon the results of Dr.
Sjostedt’s travels in Hast Africa.
Genus 2.—APTERYGIDA, Westwood.
The older authors included a large number of diversified
and highly heterogeneous forms in this genus, which I
have reduced to its narrowest limits, including only
albipennis Meg,* the typical species for which Westwood
erected the genus.
The genus Sphingolabis, Borm., I formerly pointed out
coincided with Apterygida unless the two species S. fur-
cifera and A. albipennis could be shown to be not
generically related to each other (Ann. Mag. N. H. ser. 7,
vol. iv, 1899, p. 255). Sphingolabis was wrongly revived
by Verhoeff for S. sansibarica, which is very different in
structure from S, furcifera.
A. arachidis, Yers., has always been regarded as closely
allied to A. albipennis, but the second tarsal segment has
not that large and prominent lobe which is characteristic
of this group of sub-families, from which it must con-
sequently be removed. A. /inearis and the other forms with
a spiny pygidium I have placed together in a new genus.
The type is Forficula albipennis, Megerle apud Charp.
Hor. Ent. p. 68 (1825), from Central Europe.
Sub-family 8.—SKHNDY LIN Ai.
It is necessary to separate the species aptera, Verhoef,
from the genus Cosmiella, and as it does not fall naturally »
into any other group it is necessary to make a separate
sub-family for its reception. The only known species re-
calls certain Ancistrogaster in appearance, and its affinities
are undoubtedly with that genus, but the fourth antennal
segment is somewhat shorter than the third, a fact which
precludes it from that sub-family.
The form of the antennz separates it from the Opistho-
cosmuine.
* The name Forficulu media is preoccupied by Marsham, Col.
Brit. p. 5380 (1802) = Labia minor (1.).
118 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
Genus 1.—SKENDYLE,* nov. gen.
Antennx segmento quarto quam tertio subbreviori vel subequanti,
nequaquam longiori ; elytra in parte humerali per dimidium costze
carinata; ale abortivee; abdomen medio sat dilatatum, lateribus acute
reflexis; segmentum anale breve, sat angustatum, transversum ;
forcipis bracchia subcontigua, valida.
This genus contains the single species described as
Cosmiella aptera, Verhoeff, who, as we have seen, made a
distinct genus for species of Opisthocosmia sensu lation,
without visible wings; but this insect differs in structure
from C. vebus, the type of Cosnviella. There seems to be no
doubt that the insect described as Ancistrogaster javana,
Borm., 1903, Ann. Mag. N. H. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 266, is
identical, and therefore falls in favour of Verhoeff’s prior
name. It is a native of Java.
The type is Cosmella aptera, Verhoeff, Zool. Anz. xxv,
p. 195 (1902).
Sub-family 9.—NEHOLOBOPHORINL.
The species formerly included in Nelobophora, though
evidently allied to Opisthocosmia, are nevertheless sufti-
ciently distinct to merit a separate group. The Asiatic
forms are undoubtedly generically distinct from the
American species.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Pygidium bifidum; genus america-
num; segmentum anale quad- 1. NEOLOBoPHORA, Scudd
ratum.,
1.1. Pygidium integrum; segmentum
anale attenuatum, declive ;
genera asiatica.
2. Costa elytrorum incrassata . . . 2. LIPARURA, n.
2.2. Costa elytrorum carinata, sed
haud inmcrassata . . . . . &. QOBELURA, 1:
Genus 1.—NEOLOBOPHORA, Scudder.
This genus is now restricted to the American forms. It
has been recently dealt with by me in the Ent. Mo. Mag.
1906, p. 112.
* oxevddAy = pincers,
Forficulide and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera. 119
The type of the genus is NV. bogotenis, Scudd.; the other
three described species are NV. bicolor, Borel, N. ruficeps,
Burm., and J. berellii, Burr.
Genus 2.—LIPARURA,* nov. gen.
Pronotum latum, quadratum, lateribus subreflexis ; scutello
patente; elytra costa carinata, carina sat incrassata ; abdomen
punctatum ; pedes longi, graciles ; segmentum anale valde attenua-
tum, declive ; forcipis bracchia ¢ subcontigua, gracillima, elongata,
sinuata ; ? recta, simplicia.
I form this genus for a pair in the Paris collection
which I take to be Neolobophora asiatica of de Bormans,
although the pair in question are from Northern India,
and WN. asiatica was described from Madras; it differs
from the following genus in its stouter build, longer legs,
punctated abdomen, reflexed borders of the pronotum,
and by the strong costal carine of the elytra. I have
not seen the type of de Bormans’ species, but the pair in
question agree perfectly with his description ; the male is
from Dardjiling, and the female from Bhoutan. There is
nothing in de Bormans’ description and illustration to
show any generic distinction from NV. tamul (q. v.), but the
pair which I take to be his species are undoubtedly
generically distinct.
The type is Neolobophora asiatica, Borm., Ann. Soc. Ent.
Fr., 1897, p. 285, Pl. X, fig. 2, from Southern India.
Genus 3.—OBELURA,} nov. gen.
Statura minore, gracili; antennw 12-segmentatie, typice, graciles :
caput leve, tumidum, margine postico recto ; pronotum quam caput
seque latum, marginibus omnibus rectis, quadratum, lateribus reflexis,
vix tumidum; elytra rudimentaria, trapezoidea, margine externo
usque ad apicem carinata, margine interno quam externo distincte
breviori, scutellum parvum eflicienti; margine postico oblique trun-
eato ; ale nulla; pedes graciles; abdomen subdilatatum, plicis
lateralibus distinctis, lateribus integris ; segmentum ultimum dorsale
valde angustatum, lave, inerme ; forcipis bracchia ¢ valde eracilia
et elongata, basi subcontigua et margine superiori per quartam
partem longitudinis carinata, dehine valde attenuata, leviter arcuata,
denticulata.
* Niraods=fat ; odpa=tail.
+ 6Bedds=spike ; o¥pa=tail.
120 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
This is for the reception of Neolobophora tamul, Burr,
Journ. Bombay Soc. N. H. xiv, p. 67 (1902), from Ceylon,
which is therefore the type.
Sub-family 10.—HPARCHIN A.
This sub-family consists of five new genera formed for
the reception of several forms hitherto included in Opis-
thocosmia and in Apterygida, with the types of which they
have little close relationship.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1, Abdomen segmento ultimo dorsali at-
tenuato, declivi.
9, /Pedes longi, graciles 2. 24. );.0 Wf) lp RRARCHUBS om
22, Pedes breves; femora antica in-
crassata Fo) Gets PL
1.1. Abdomen segmento ultimo haud de-
clivi, transverso.
2. Tibise superne suleate . . ,
2.2. Tibize integree.
3. Abdomen haud depressum; forceps
prope basin dentatus, gracilis .
3.3. Abdomen depressum; forceps
propo basin subdilatatus ae basi
ipso dentatus . «5 9s) 2: G48 SEAUNON, tn:
bo
. SKALISTES, n.
iy)
. RHADAMANTHUS, n.
—
. KOSMETOR, Nn.
Genus 1.—EPARCHUS,* nov. gen.
Antenne segmentis 3 et 4 subaequantibus ; pronotum quam caput
subseeque latum; elytra et ale perfecte explicate ; elytra costa
humerali haud carinata ; abdomen convexum, subcylindricum paullo
dilatatum ; pygidium varium, sed haud spinosum ; forcipis bracchia
¢ elongata, gracilia. Segmentum anale declive, vel attenuatum ;
pedes longi graciles ; abdomen lateribus tuberculis instructum.
This genus is made for the reception of a number of
species formerly included in Opisthocosmia, with which it
has undoubted affinities, but the pronotum is not notably
narrow and the antenne are different.
The type of the genus is Forficula insignis, Haan, Verh.
Nat. Gesch. Orth., p. 243, Pl. XXIII, fig. 14 (1842), from
Java.
* Gr. grapyos =sub-prefect,
Forficulide and Chelisochidex, families of Dermatoptera, 121
TABLE OF SPECIES OF HPARCHUS.
1. Forcipis bracchia supra processu verticali
clavato-obtuso armata . . . . . . 1. insignis, Haan.
1.1. Foreipis braechia ¢ supra dentibus
acutis armata,®.vel inermia.
2 Abdomen lete nitens.
3. Corpus valde elongatum ; «neo-ni-
tens ; forceps valde elongatus, vix
APCHALUS Men als PAE. . 2. nevilli, Burr.
3.3. Atra, haud seneo-nitens; forceps
valde arcuatus . . . . . . 3. lugens, Borm.
2.2. Corpus innitidum.
3. Statura minore(6mm.) . . . . . 4. minuseula, Dohrn.
3.8. Statura majore (10-13 mm.).
4, Colore castaneo.
5. Forceps inermis, valde curvatus 5. dux, Borm.
5.6. Forceps valde dentatus. . . 6. asculapius, Burr.
4.4, Colore atro.
5. Pronotum albo-limbatum ; elytra
innitida. 9.05.) 3) .) .)'.T) shelfordi, Burr.
5.5. Pronotum totum atrum ; elytra
Mitidw 8s ets). 8, emma, Burr:
Opisthocosmia bogotensis, Rehn, will probably fall into
this genus.
Genus 2.—SKALISTES,* nov. gen.
Pedes breves, femoribus incrassatis ; segmentum anale declive
attenuatum ; abdomen lateribus haud tuberculatis,
The type is Forficula lugubris, Dohrn., Stett. ent. Zeit.
xxiv, p. 230, (1862), from Mexico.
This is formed for F/. Jugubris, Dohrn., which was formerly
placed in Yorficula in spite of its striking resemblance to
certain species of Opisthocosmia; in the attenuate anal
segment, it approaches that genus.
F. metrica, Rehn, appears to be a macrolabia variety of
FP. lugqubris.
Genus 3.—RHADAMANTHUS, nov. gen.
Abdomen subcylindricum, haud depressum; segmento ultimo
transyerso, haud declivi; forceps elongatus, ¢ superne cristatus ;
* Gr. ocadorns = weeder,
122. Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
pedes longi, femoribus incrassatis, tibiis superne suleatis in dimidio
apicali,
The type is Forficula lobophoroides, Dohrn., Stett. Ent.
Zeit. xxvi, p. 96 (1865).
The only species falling in this genus is the rare and
hittle known Jorficula lobophoroides of Stil, from the
Philippines. In appearance somewhat resembling certain
black Chelisochide, its affinities are undoubtedly with
Forficula, while the long slender legs and forceps recall
Opisthocosmia. I place it in this sub-family with some
hesitation. It is curious that in the right antenna of a
male in my collection, the fourth segment is noticeably
shorter than the third, while in the left antennzx, the
fourth is about the same length as the third, which is
the case in both antennz of a female which I possess;
in a male in the British Museum the segments are almost
of the same length, if anything the fourth is slightly
longer than the third, and the fifth than the fourth;
perhaps when we can examine more material, we shall be
obliged to place it nearer to Opisthocosmia.
Genus 4.—KOSMETOR,* nov, gen.
Abdomen cylindricum, vix dilatatum; segmentum anale trans-
versum, vix declive; pedes graciles; forceps gracilis, attenuatus ;
tibize integra, haud sulcatie.
The species for which I have erected this genus were
formerly placed in Opisthocosmia and in Apterygida, and they
have certain superficial resemblances to the former, but in
the form of the abdomen they more nearly approach to
the typical form of /orficula, from which they differ m
the long slender forceps and different antenne.
The type of the genus Opisthocosmia annandalei, Burr,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 311, from Siam.
All the species are from tropical Asia, and all have
long slender forceps with one tooth.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Abdomen lve, nitidum (caput, pedes,
pronotum, alie flavee ; elytra castanea) . 1. poultoni, Burr.
1.1. Abdomen punctulatum (caput et prono-
tum castanea).
* Gr. Koopijrwp = overseer,
Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera, 128
2. Pedes flavi, atro-geniculati ; ale flave ;
antenne pallido-annulate . . . . 2. annandalei, Burr.
2.2. Pedes unicolores sordide testacei ;
alee fuses ; antenne haud annulate.
3. Forceps ¢ intus unidentatus.
4, Elytra nigra; ale nigra, apice
flavo-punctatee ; forceps ¢ sub-
rectus, subsinuatus . . . . . 3. brahma, Burr.
4.4, Elytra fusca; alee fuscee, flavo-
binotatee ; forceps elongato-
ovatus, haud sinuatus . . . 4. vishnu, Burr.
3.3. Forceps ¢ bidentatus . . . . 5. temora, Burr.
Genus 5.—ELAUNON.*
Cum genere precedenti congruet, sed, abdomen distincte depres-
sum, parallelum, haud cylindricum ; forcipis bracchia ¢ basi ipso
subdilatata atque intus dentata,
This genus is for Apterygida bipartita, Kirby, which
approaches true Forficula and Apterygida, but the fourth
segment of the antenne is not sufficiently short to justify
its being placed in the latter genus, and the dilatation of
the forceps at the base is only incipient, being emphasised
by the flattened triangular tooth there, so that the resem-
blance to the typical Yorficula forceps is more apparent
than real; but in the form of the abdomen and _ body
generally, it is nearer to that group than to Hparchus.
The type is Sphingolabis bipartita, Kirby, Linn. Soc.
Journ. Zool., xxiii, p. 526 (1891), from India and Ceylon.
Sub-family 11.—DORATIN 2.
Genus.—Dorvu,t nov. gen.
Antenne segmentis 4 et 3 subsequantibus ; elytra haud carinata ;
abdomen subparallelum, sat depressum; segmentum anale trans-
verstun, depressum, haud declive ; pygidium spinosum vel acutum ;
forcipis bracchia ¢ gracilia, basi remota, haud dilatata.
I have separated into this group those species of Apte-
rygida with a sharp, pointed or spiny pygidium ; they all
* Gr. eAadywy= driving.
+ Gr. dop}=spear (cp. Latin genw and corn).
124 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
have a strong family likeness, and are undoubtedly related
to Apterygida.
The type of the genus is Forficula linearis, Esch.,
Entomoer. p. 81 (1822), from Tropical America.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Pygidium apice truncatum.
2. Forceps inermis; ale long; species
americana =. 9. 5) fw a se. Le pbimotata, Kirby;
2.2. Forceps ¢ dentatus; ale abbreviate ;
species australica . . . . . . 2. subaptera, Kirby.
1.1. Pygidium apice acutum, conicum, vel
spinosum.
2. Pygidium triangulare, acutum, sed haud
spinosum.
3. Pygidium ¢ carinatum ; species afric-
SHAN. ie os . » 3. protensa, Gerst.
3.3. Pygidium ¢@ haud carinatum ;
species americana . .. . . 4. exilis, Scudder.
2.2. Pygidium ¢ spinosum.
3. Forceps ¢ basidentatus. . . . . 5. spiculifera, Kirb.
3.3. Forceps ¢ basi ipso haud dentatus.
4, Forceps ¢,a latere visus, valde
sinuatus (ale abbreviatw). . . 6. luteipennis, Serv.
4.4. Forceps ¢, a latere visus, paullo
sinuatus, vel fere horizontalis.
5, Efytra unicoloria =. : = :
5.5. Elytra maculata vel vittata.
6. Elytra maculata. . . . . 8. bimaculata, Fabr.
6.6, Elytra vittata . . . . . 9. linearis, Esch.
=~J
. luteipes, Seudd.
II. CHELISOCHIDA.
This family includes all those earwigs in which the second
tarsal segment is produced into a narrow lobe beneath the
third, that is, the two species of Awchenomus, Karsch, and
some twenty odd species included in Chelisoches, Scudd.
The former genus requires no treatment at present; its
species are few and individuals are rare in collections.
The twenty odd species of the Chelisoches are here divided
for the first time into no less than nine genera, of which
seven are new. I hope that all will stand the test of time.
The Chelisochidg fall into two sub-families as follows :—
Forficulidex and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera, 125
1. Corpus valde depressum ; pronotum antice
valde angustatum (forceps valde tenuis,
elongatus) .. 2 2 oY oe Aon ENOMINA.
1.1. Corpus subdepressum; pronotum sub-
quadratum vel ovatum, haud valde
angustatum . . . =... . . . . 2 CHELISOCHINA.
The first sub-family includes only the genus Auchenomus,
Karsch, which superficially strongly resembles Sparatta
and its allies. It is with the Chelisochinew only that this
paper deals.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Carina externa elytrorum longa,
usque ad apicem elytri percurrens ;
(pedes longi, graciles).
2. Elytra quadrata, truncata; (statura
mediocri; haud metallica; alee
AUOTLEVES Me were we Pee fala os
2.2. Elytraampla, lata; (statura max-
ima; metallica; ale longe). 2. CHELISOCHELLA, Verh.
1.1. Carina humeralis externa elytro-
rum brevissima, tantum ad
humeros ipsos situata.
2. Tibiw superne in dimidio apicali
deplanatze et sulcatee.
3. Tarsi longi, graciles; tibie
longe; (elytra et ala me-
tallies Wega ere Oy 3d, ERY PNUS, Ub gs
3.3. Tarsi tibiaque breves.
4. Pronotum longius quam
latius, vel saltem postice
quam antice latius, tra-
pezoidale. (Caput sapius
tumidum et impressum.)
5. Antennarum segmentum 4
conicum vel clavatum ;
(species majores ; colore
nigro vel fusco). . . . 4. CHELISOCHES, Scudd.
5.5. Antennarum segmentum
4 cylindricum vel ova-
tum, haud clavatum ;
(statura mediocri vel
1. KINESIS, n. g.
126 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
parva ; colore brunneo,
vel nigro, rufo varie-
gato, vel testaceo).
6. Alate; elytra angulo
basali rectangulari, scu-
tello nullo; corpus
haud cylindricum, sat
latum et depressum ;
forceps validus, vel de-
planatus, plus minus
dentatus, et arcuatus . 5. PRORHUS, D. ¢..
6.6. Ale nulle;_ elytra
angulo basali rotun-
dato, scutellum par-
vum liberantia ; cor-
pus valde cylindri-
cum et elongatum ;
forceps gracillimus,
elongatus, subrectus,
haud dentatus . . 6. SOLENOSOMA, nN. g.
4.4. Pronotum subquadratum,
latius quam _ longius ;
caput globosum, leve . 7. ENKRATES, n. g.
2.2. Tibize superne integres, teretes,
in apice ipso tantum depla-
nate.
3. Statura valida; forcepsrobustus;
colore metallico; (pronotum
postice dilatatum, trapezoi-
dale) jc)jarysaihie Ws. 4) 8. cADEATHERES tae
3.3. Statura debilis ; colore haud
metallico ; forceps tenuis ;
pronotum subovatum, pos-
tice haud dilatatum . . . 9. HAMAXAS, n. g
oO
Genus 1.—KINESIS,* nov. gen.
Statura mediocri ; antennse segmento 3 sat brevi, quintum sub-
cequanti; quarto paullo breviori, cylindrico; caput subleve,
suturis indistinctis vix impressum; pronotum trapezoidale, longius
quam latius, parallelum, margine antico recto, angulis humeralibus
distinctis, rectangularibus ; lateribus rectis, reflexis, margine postico
* Gr. xivnois =movement.
a
Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera., 127
ubrotundato ; prozona sat tumida, sutura mediana distincta,
utrinque impressa; elytra brevia, truncata, quadrata, carina
laterali acuta, per totam longitudinem elytri percurrenti ; al
abortivee ; abdomen punctulatum; segmentum ultimum dorsale
¢ magnum, tumidum, transversum: ¢ declive, angustatum ;
pygidium haud perspicuum ; forcipis bracchia ¢ basi remota,
brevia, valida, incrassata, incurva, intus dentata; 9 recta, gracilia,
inermia.
This genus is well characterised by the form of the
elytra which are almost square, with a sharp and very
distinct carina along the edge, running throughout the
length of the elytra; the wings are wanting in the only
known species, which in general characters otherwise
resembles Chelisoches.
The type, and only known species, is Chelisoches punctu-
latus, Burr, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xx, p. 315 (1897),
from the Southern Celebes.
Genus 2.—CHELISOCHELLA, Verhoef.
Statura maxima, valida ; antennarum segmentis 4 et 5 aque longis,
unitis 3 superantibus: caput valde impressum at tumidum; pronotum
caput latitudine eequans, postice haud dilatatum ; elytra lata, ampla,
dilatata, nitentia, levia, carina humerali per totam longitudinem
pereurrenti ; als long, nitide ; abdomen validum ; pedes longi,
graciles ; tibia compress, integres, nee deplanatie nec sulcate ;
tarsi longi; segmentum ultimum dorsale magnum, leve, tubercula-
tum ; pygidium parvum breve ; forcipis bracchia ae elongata,
depressa, margine interno aide dentata, margine interno depresso,
acuto,
Chelisochella, Verhoeff, 1902, Zool. Anzeig., No. 665,
pol96.
This genus, very inaptly named by Verhoeff, for it con-
tains the giant of the group, is characterised by the form
of the elytra, which are broadened in the middle, and
furnished with a lateral keel throughout their length.
Verhoeff includes in it the species Chelisoches pulchripennis
and ylaucopterus, Borm., but he was evidently not familiar
with the species, for they do not possess the essential
character mentioned by him, that is, the long keel of the
elytra; in other respects, C. pulehripennis approaches to
this genus, that is, in colour and in the form of the feet ;
128) Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
I propose for it a new genus intermediate between this
and Chelisoches properly so called.
The type is Lobophora superba, Dohrn., Stett. Ent. Zeit.
xxvi, p. 71 (1865), of which Ch. doriz, Borm., is probably
the male.
Genus 3.—EXYPNUS,* nov. gen.
Colore fusco, eeneo-nitido ; antennz 20-segmentatee, segmento 3
segmenta 4 et 5 unita equanti; 4=5; 6 sublongiori; 4 crasso,
globoso ; caput tumidum, per suturas impressas divisum, margine
postico excavato ; pronotum caput latitudine equans, margine antico
recto, medio in collem perductum ; lateribus parallelis, postice haud
dilatatum, margine postico rotundato-truncato ; elytra lata, apice
truncata, carinula humerali brevissima; alie longie ; pedes longi,
graciles; tibie antice et intermedi superne in dimidia apicali
deplanatee et sulcatee ; pygidium breve ; forcipis bracchia depressa,
margine interno acuto ; ¢ arcuatim incurva, intus dentata ; ? recta,
gracilia, inermia.
Ch. pulchripennis, Borm., is included by Verhoeff in the
preceding genus, but as it does not possess the character-
istic sharp edge to the elytra, it cannot be placed there ;
it has, however, the broad elytra, tumid and impressed
head, and long and slender feet of that genus, but the
tibie are depressed and sulcate as in Chelisoches; the
forceps of the female are simple as in Chelisoches, and
not strongly toothed as in Chelisochella. It forms an
intermediate genus between these two.
The type and only known species is Chelisoches pulchri-
pennis, Borm., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxvii, p. 78, Pl. HI,
fig. 15, 1883, from the East Indies.
Genus 4.—-CHELISOCHES, Scudder.
Statura mediocri; antennz 15-20-segmentate ; segmento 3 sat
longo, 4 et 5 unita subbreviori ; segmento 4 conico, subclavato; 4
et 5 subsequantibus, ceteris longioribus; caput tumidum et im-
pressum ; postice plus minus excavatum ; pronotum longius quam
latius, postice paullo dilatatum, margine postico rotundato vel rotun-
dato-emarginato; elytra angusta, carinula humerali brevi; hand
metallica ; alee perfecte explicate ; abdomen sat depressum, plicis
lateralibus distinctis; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ magnum,
margine postico tuberculatum ; 2 angustatum ; pedes breves, tarsis
* Gr, €urvos=brisk.
Forficulide and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera. 129
brevibus ; tibize anticze et intermedia, necnon postice, superne in
dimidio apicali deplanatz et sulcatz ; pygidium parvum ; forcipis
bracchia ¢ elongata et gracilia, vel brevia, robusta, subrecta, vel
arcuatim incurva; margine interno dentato depressa vel subtriquetra
margine interno acuto ; ? subrecta, inermia, elongata, vix incurva.
This genus contains the typical species allied to Ch.
morio; the species are mostly dark in colour, if not quite
black, though Ch. plagiatus, while agreeing in structural
characters, ditfers in its bright and variegated uniform.
The type is Forficula morio, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 270,
No. 6, 1775. From the East Indies and Pacific Islands.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1, Pronotum capite haud multo latius.
2, Pronotum elytra alze lete metallica. 1. glaucopterus, Borm.
2.2. Color haud late metallicus.
3. Forceps tenuis ; pygidium bilobum. 2. ater, Borm.
3.3. Forceps validus; pygidium inte-
grum.
4, Klytra et ale nigre; corpus ni-
grum, tarsis exceptis pallidis ;
antenn pallido-annulatee . . 3. morio, Fabr.
4,4. Elytra colorata.
5. Corpus nigrum ; elytra alzque
auriantiace ; species australica 4. australicus, Gou.
5.5, Colore rufo, testaceo, flavo et
fusco leete variegato ; species
africana . . . . . . . «5. plagiatus, Fairm.
1.1. Pronotum capite multo latius . . . 6. malgachus, Borm.
Chelisoches stratioticus of Rehn is probably only a finely
developed variety of Ch. morio, with which I have always
placed it in my collection.
Chelisoches tenebrator, Kirby, may perhaps require another
genus, as the feet seem to have a somewhat distinct
structure.
Genus 5.—PROREUS,* nov. gen.
Statura mediocri; cum Chelisoche congruet; differt autem antennis
gracilioribus, segmento 4 ovato, vel cylindrico, nec incrassato, nec
clavato nec conico.
* Gr. mowpevs = pilot.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 9
130 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
I have erected this new genus, of which P. simulans,
Stil, may be regarded as the type, for those somewhat
smaller species, generally brown or reddish in colour,
though sometimes black and variegated, which are closely
allied structurally to Ch. morio, and long regarded as
congeneric with that species; they have, however, a
different appearance, but I was long unable to find a
satisfactory character common to all the species; in P.
simulans, the antenne are noticeably thin and slender, but
P. ritseme approaches nearer to Ch. morio. The shape of
the pronotum is that of typical Chelisoches, as also that of
the feet.
The type is Forficula simulans, Stil, Eug. Resa. Ins.,
p. 302. (1858.)
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Forceps validus, deplanatus.
2. Forceps inermis (colore nigro, rufo-
variegato, pedibus annulatis) . 1. variopictus, Borm.
2.2. Forceps dentatus.
3. Pronotum sublatiusquam longius 2. sobrius, Borm.
3.3. Pronotum sublongius quam
latius, postice quam antice
paullo latius.
4. Unicolor fusco-testaceus. . . 3. ritsema, Borm.
4.4. Versicolores,
5. Elytra unicoloria testacea
(statura parva; caput ni-
grum). . . . . . . . 4. melanocephalus, Dohrn.
5.5. Elytra vittata.
6. Pronotum bicolor.
7. Colore nigro; antenne
pedesque rufescentes . 5, lextior, Dohrn.
7.7. Colore rufo; antennz
annulate . . . . 6. elegans, Borm.
6.6. Pronotum unicolor flavam . 7. luwdekingi, Dohrn.
1.1. Forceps tenuis, haud vel vix depla-
natus.
2. Elytra unicoloria fusca ; forceps
rectus, tantum apice ipso cur-
vwatus (5 3... Sse a 18s Fatscupenmis. aan:
2.2. Elytra vittata.
3. Forceps arcuatus.
&,.
Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 131
4, Pronotum rufum, nigrovarie-
BARN vhs Tone! yf - +) © avn Gn elegans, Borm, var,
4.4, Pronotum unicolor flavum. 7. ludekingi, Dohrn. var.
3.3. Forceps rectus, tantum apice
ipso curvatus . .. . . 9. similans, Stal.
Genus 6.—SOLENOSOMA, noy. gen.
Corpus gracile, cylindricum ; antennze segmento 3 quam primum
tertia parte breviori, elongato, tenui; 4 ovato, cylindrico, quam
tertium dimidio breviori ; ceteris elongatis, cylindricis ; caput sat
planum, postice timidum, margine, postico recto : pronotum capite
subangustius, dimidio longius quam latius, postice dilitatum, mar-
gine antico recto, postico truncato, angulis rotundatis ; lateribus
rectis, reflexis: elytra brevia, apice truncata, carinula humerali
brevissima ; angulo humerali haud rotundato ; angulo basali rotun-
data, scutellum parvum liberantia ; ale null : pedes sat graciles ;
femora subincrassata, haud elongata; tibiz breves, in dimidio
apicali superne deplanatz et subsulcatie ; tarsorum segmento secundo
sub tertium in lobum angustum producto : abdomen cylindricum,
elongatum, parallelum, gracile, minute punctulatum, plicis later-
alibus distinctis: segmentum ultimum dorsale magnum, quadratum,
margine postico rugoso ; pygidium parvum ; forcipis bracchia basi
remota, gracillima, valde elongata, subrecta, margine interno basi
crenulata.
The unique species for which I have raised this genus
was first ranged by de Bormans in Awchenomus, from
which it differs in the form of the pronotum, and then in
Chelisoches, from which it differs in the elongate and almost
perfectly cylindrical body and the forceps, which recall in
type those of Neolobophora. The pronotum has the form
typical of Chelisoches and Proreus.
The type is Auchenomus birmanus, Borm., Ann. Mus.
Civ. Gen. (2), vi, p. 436, fig. $. (1888.) (Burmah.)
Genus 7.—ENKRATES,* nov. gen.
Statura mediocri ; antennz fortiores ; segmento 3 sat longo, quam
4+ 5 subbreviori ; 4 et 5 subsequantibus, incrassatis, subclavatis ;
ceteris longioribus ; caput leve, tumidum, haud impressum, suturis
obsoletis ; pronotum caput latitudine squans, paullo dilatatum,
latius quam longius, transversum, margine postico rotundato ; elytra
* Gr. eyxparhs =temperate.
132 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the
angusta, apice truncata, carinula humerali brevissima ; ale longa ;
pedes breves; tibice vix depressie, haud vel vix sulcate ; abdomen
subdilatatum ; segmentum ultimum dorsale magnum, transversum,
margine postico medio impresso, utrinque tuberculato ; pygidium
parvum; forceps ¢ basi incrassatus, subtriquetris; margine in-
terno dente acuto magno armatus, arcuatus; 9 subrectus, inermis.
In its variegated colour and the armature and shape of
the forceps, as well as in the broad and transverse pro-
notum, this genus approaches more nearly to Forficula ;
it has the head of typical Forficula, while the tarsi are
clearly referable to the group of the Chelisochidx.
The only known species is Enkrates flavipennis, Fabr.,
from West Africa, of which the synonymy is rather
confused.
Forficula flavipennis, Fabr., Ent. Syst., ii, p. 5. (1793.)
Forficula flavipennis, Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xviii, p. 314. (1876.)
Sphingolabis flavipennis, Kirby, W. F., Cat. Orth. 1, p. 46.
(1904.)
Sphingolabis variegata, Kirby, W. F., Linn. Soc. Journ.
Zool., xxiii, p. 326. (1891.) id. op. cit. xxv, p. 529, Pl. XX,
fig. 9. (1896.)
Forficula variegata, Borm., Tierreich, Forf., p. 127. (1900.)
Chelisoches vittatus, Burr, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), x1,
p- 274. (1903.)
Chelisoches limbatus, Borg. Arkiv. for Zool. Bd., i, p. 575,
Pl. XXVI, fic. 7. (1904)
Genus 8.—ADIATHETUS,* nov. gen.
Statura mediocri vel magna; antennze 20-segmentate, seg-
mento 3 longo, sed quam 4 + 5 unita breviori; 4 quam 3 dimidio
breviori, clavato ; 5 clavato, 3 subequanti: ceteris elongatis, sub-
conicis: caput tumidum, suturis sat distinctis, margine postico
recto; pronotum subquadratum, postice haud vel vix dilatatum,
margine antico recto, postico subrotundato, lateribus rectis, angulis
posticis rotundatis; prozona tumida, sutura mediana distincta,
utrinque puncto impresso instructa ; metazona plana, lata ; elytra
carinula humerali brevi, levia vel granulosa, lete metallico-niten-
tia; ale longs, eodem colore: pedes sat graciles, tibiis superne
integris ; abdomen validum, convexum, parallelum ; plicis lateral-
ibus distinctis; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ magnum, quadratum
* Gr. adideros =indisposed.
Forficulidx and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 133
leve, tuberculatum ; 2 magnum, subquadratum, integrum: pygi-
dium ¢ parvum; ? parvum, vel longe productum ; forcipis brac-
chia g brevia, incurva, robusta, valida, depressa, denticulata ; 9
elongata, gracilia.
The species which I include in this genus was included
by Verhoeff in his genus Chelisochella, but as that is char-
acterised by the long keel of the elytra, a feature which is
wanting in this species, they cannot be ranged in that
genus. The German author appears to have been un-
familiar with the insects themselves, and assumed from the
metallic colour and somewhat broad elytra that they fell
in his genus.
The type and only known species is Chelisoches shelford,
Bure Ann + Mage Wnt (7),° vi, phe) Pl TV, figs 4:
(1900.) (Sarawak.) (Ch. hercules, Burr, l.c. is the male.)
Genus 9.—HAMAXAS,* nov. gen.
Statura minore; colore nigro, rufo-variegato; antenne 16-
segmentatee ; segmento 3 sat brevi, subconico; 4 + 5 tertium super-
antibus, ovatis, 5 quam 4 longiori; ceteris subconicis, elongatis ;
caput leeve, depressum, suturis vix perspicuis, margine postico
truncato : pronotum quam caput zque latum, paullo longius quam
latius, subovatum, margine antico lateribusque convexis, postico
rotundato, postice haud dilatatum ; prozona vix tumida, sutura dis-
tincta ; elytra minute punctulata, apice truncata, lata, carinula hume-
rali brevissima, valde pubescentia ; ale similes : pedes breves, valde
pubescentes ; tibize superne teretes, integres ; abdomen valde pubes-
cens, sat depressum, parallelum, plicis lateralibus distinctis ; seg-
mentum ultimum dorsale ¢ magnum, quadratum ; 9 angustatum :
pygidium ¢ brevissimum, quadratum, transversum ; ? vix per-
spicuum, subglobosum: forcipis bracchia ¢ depressa, sat valida,
vix incurva, brevia, valde pubescentia, intus dentata ;|? subcontigua,
recta, brevia, inermia.
The species of the genus have always appeared quite
unnaturally associated generically with Chelisoches morio ;
the brown and black uniform, the small size, very hairy
body, all point to a different group; but the general char-
acters of Chelisoches are present, except that the pronotum
is shorter and broader, and more ovate, not dilated pos-
teriorly, and also the tibize are smooth above, and not
depressed nor sulcate.
* Gr. dwatas=coachman.
134 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision.
The type is Chelisoches fev, Borm., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.,
Xxxiv, p. 383. (1894)
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Pronotum nigrum.
2, Antenne segmentis 1-2 nigris, 3-7
flavis, 8-9 brunneis, 10-11 flavis,
12-15 fuscis, elytra fusco-brunnea . 1. variicornis, Borm,
2.2. Antenne nigre, ante apicem pallido-
annulate ; elytranigra. . . . 2, fex, Borm.
1.1. Pronotum flavidum.
2. Antenne segmentis 1-13 nigris, 14-15
albis, apice fuscze ; elytra nigra. . 3. dohertyi, Burr.
2.2. Antenne segmentis 1-4 flavidis ;
5-10 fuscis ; elytra fusco-brunnea 4. semiluteus, Borm.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
[See Explanation facing the PLatE.]
(11850)
VI. Catalogue of the Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide ;
with Descriptions of New Species. By ArtTour M.
LxA, F.E.S., Government Entomologist, Tasmania.
[Read March 6th, 1907.]
THe Byrrhide are fairly numerous in Australia and
Tasmania, although few species have been recorded thence.
This is no doubt due to the small size and retiring habits
of most of the species; and probably when moss and
fallen leaves have been systematically examined in many
parts of Australia, the number herein recorded will be
more than trebled. “>
MICROCH ATES.
The Rev. T. Blackburn has recently described several
species belonging to this genus and made remarks on
others. The late Rev. R. L. King had previously remarked
on the variation of species of the genus, and in all the
species I have seen there is considerable variation in the
size and clothing. In MZ. scoparius and sphxricus (and
probably in others) the prothoracic fascicles have a decided
tendency to degenerate into scattered sete, so that the
prothorax is occasionally non-fasciculate ; the elytral sete
and fascicles are also variable.*
MICROCHETES AUSTRALIS, Boisd. (byrrhus, Boisd.), Voy.
Ast. Col. p. 149; Blackb., Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust.,
1903, p. 174.
Referred by Boisduval to Byrrhus, but evidently a
Microchxtes. His description f is quite useless, as it would
apply to every species of the genus, and without some
definite information as to the type I think the name
should be ignored. I wrote to Mons. Albert Bovie of
Brussels about the type, but he informed me that it was
* This to a certain extent may be accidental, as the scales and
setze are liable to abrasion. Specimens are-also frequently heavily
encrusted with mud, which is difficult to remove without at the
same time injuring the clothing.
+ “Niger, thorace elytrisque verrucosis.”
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE)
136 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Catalogue of
not in the Brussels Museum,* nor could he find it in the
Paris Museum on a visit to that institution.
Hab. AUSTRALIA.
MIcROCHATES SPHZRICUS, Hope, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1838, p. 18, Pl. I, fig. 2; King, Trans. Ent. Soc. N. S.
Wales, iy Peta; Blackburn, Trans, R. Soc. 8. Aust.,
1903, p. 174. coloratus, Blackb. /. ¢., p. 176.
The Rey. T. Blackburn says this species “could cer-
tainly not be identified with confidence except by
specimens from the original locality.” This locality was
the Swan River, where I have taken numerous specimens +
which agree with both the description and figure. In all
these the under-surface is reddish whilst the upper-sur-
face is dark, except that sometimes the outer parts of the
elytra are also reddish. The elytra have large punctures in
the striae, but they cannot be seen in fresh specimens, and
the punctures of the metasternum are much as in scoparius.
On some of them there is a patch of greyish or obscure
ochreous scales on each elytron towards the base, the patch
usually commencing on the shoulders(where it is narrowest)
and obliquely directed towards the suture, which, however,
it does not reach. In one specimen it is again directed
towards the base so that each appears to be supplied with a
semicircle of pale scales. The clothing is lable to abrasion,
but several of the specimens before me agree well with
the description of coloratus, and I believe that name to
be synonymous.
Hab, W. and 8. AUSTRALIA—coastal. districts.
MIcROCHEZTES SCOPARIUS, Er., Wiegm. Arch., 1842, p.
153; King, Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S. Wales, ii, p. 72;
Blackburn, Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 1903, p. 174.
This species is very abundant in Tasmania, and is the
common species in New South Wales and Victoria. On
fence tops and stumps at dusk it may sometimes be taken
in hundreds; it also occurs under logs (usually in dry
situations) and occasionally in moss. As a rule Tasmanian
specimens have more uniformly dark clothing than those
* Boisduval’s types of Curculionidee of the Astrolabe are in that
institution.
+ Ihave taken specimens also on Rottnest, Garden, and Pelsart
Islands and at Albany.
Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide. 137
from the mainland, and the under-surface is nearly always
black.
The punctures in the elytral strize are normally concealed
by the clothing, but when this has been abraded they are
seen to be rather coarse at the sides and practically absent
from the disc. When the clothing of the metasternum
has been abraded the punctures there are seen to be
considerably larger at the base than at the apex.
Hab. TASMANIA, Victoria, N. S. WALES.
MicROCHETES MINOR, King, Trans. Ent. Soc. N. S. Wales,
ii, p. 73; Blackb., Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust, 1903,
p. 174.
The Rev. T. Blackburn regarded this species * as pro-
bably not being a true Microchxics. It has every appear-
ance of being one however, despite the want of fascicles.
My specimen (a co-type from the late Rev. R. L. King’s
collection) is in rather bad preservation and I have been
unable to examine its antenne and tarsi; but this (owing
to their small size and the frequency with which they
are covered with dirt) is not often: easy even in the
larger species; so King may quite easily have been
misled in describing the tarsi as tetramerous.
Hab. N.S. WALES.
MICROCHETES FASCICULARIS, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.
Wales, ii, p. 171; Blackb., Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust.,
1903, p. 174.
The Rey. T. Blackburn mentions having received speci-
mens from me under the above name and queries the
correctness of same. I received the name originally from
Mr. George Masters and subsequently compared my speci-
mens with the type. On examining them again, however,
in April 1905, I found that I had two species mixed
together, one being scoparius and the other fascicularis; this
latter was again and more carefully compared with the type
and found to agree with it. Macleay’s remark, “Thorax
. with a transverse series of five fascicles” 1s erroneous,
as on the type there are only four. On abrasion the
metasternum of my specimen is seen to be covered with
very coarse punctures, becoming smaller (but still rather
coarse) to apex; there are also a few minute punctures
* Unknown to him except by description.
138 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Catalogue of
scattered about. The punctures are after the same style
as in scoparius, only much larger.
Hab, QUEENSLAND, N.S. WALES.
MICROCHATES SOLIDUS, Blackb., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Aust.,
1903, p. 175.
Hab, QUEENSLAND. ,
MICROCHETES NIGROVARIUS, Blackb., /. ¢., p. 175.
Hab, 8. AUSTRALIA.
MORYCHUS.
To this genus have been referred many species, which
structurally would appear to belong to several genera.
The wingless species, however, have been regarded as
belonging to the genus, or sub-genus Pedilophorus.
MORYCHUS TORRENSENSIS, Blackb. (Byrrhus, Blackb.),
Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 1889, p. 188; 1903, p. 173.
Hab. 8. AUSTRALIA.
PEDILOPHORUS.
One species only has been referred to this genus from
Australia, but Ihave now toadd seven more. Superficially
these would appear to belong to several genera, but they
are all evidently closely allied despite the fact that some
are smooth, others are tuberculate and others hairy. I
have not ventured therefore to propose new genera for
their reception as the boundaries of Pedilophorus are rather
vague.
The natural groups appear to be :—
. raucus and mixtus.
. bryophagus and griffith.
. simplicicornis.
. multicolor.
. carissinvus and dives.
Oum 0 We
Tn all the species the head is widely rounded in front
with practically no clypeus, the antennz are widely separ-
ated and close to the eyes and in repose would just pass
the middle coxa. Their basal joint is large and about
Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide. 139
twice as long as the second, the third is variable between
the species, the seventh is transverse, and the eighth to
eleventh form a rather wide club. In simplicicornis,
however, the antennz are otherwise.
The third joint of the tarsi is lamellate beneath in all the
species, but the lamellze are sometimes so thin that when
closely pressed to the tarsi they cannot always be seen; in
vaucus on one specimen I can see them clearly, in mixtus
they are very thin, and except from the side and in a good
light they appear to be absent, in multicolor they are in-
distinct; but in all the others they can be seen clearly and
from the sides are very conspicuous.
In raucus and mixtus the epipleurs of the elytra are
comparatively narrow and suddenly terminate at the hind
coxe; in the others they are very much wider, and
especially in simplicicornis ; in bryophagus they are strongly
depressed at the hind coxee.
In carissimus and dives the intercoxal process of the
prosternum is wider than in the others, in mudéicolor it is
considerably narrower.
The species may be tabulated as follows :—
Elytra tuberculate—
Prothorax with punctures . : é : carissimus.
Prothorax with ridges : : : dives.
Elytra without tubercles—
Upper-surface hairy.
Upper-surface not uniformly coloured ‘ multicolor.
Upper-surface uniformly coloured.
Clothing uniform : ‘ : apd TUUCUS.
Clothing not uniform . Z : : : nrictuse
Upper-surface glabrous.
Under-surface black . : 3 : F bryophagus.
Under-surface reddish.
Antennal joints gradually increasing in
width . : : : : : simplicicornis.
Antenne with terminal joints forming a
distinct club . : : , é grifithi.
PEDILOPHORUS RAUCUS, Blackb. (Byrrhus, Blackb.), Trans.
R. Soc. 8. Aust., 1891, p. 183; 1903, p. 173.
Two specimens from New South Wales (obtained in
flood débris on the Hawkesbury River) were named by
140 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Catalogue of
Mr. Blackburn as this species, but they differ from the
description in having the clothing of a reddish-brown; in
all other respects, however, they agree with the description.
Hab. Victoria, N.S. WALES.
PEDILOPHORUS MIXTUS, n. sp.
Bronze-black and shining; under surface dull red, appendages
paler. Upper surface with long blackish hair mingled with shorter
whitish hair ; under-surface with greyish pubescence.
Head rounded in front, with fairly numerous but partially con-
cealed punctures. Antenne with third joint almost as stout as
second, and not much longer. Prothorax widely transverse, strongly
but evenly convex, with numerous distinct but not quite evenly
distributed punctures. Scutellwm very distinct. Hlytra strongly
and evenly convex, punctures as on prothorax ; epipleure rather
narrow and suddenly terminated at hind cox. Under-swrface with
moderately dense but rather small and partially concealed punctures.
Length 3 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Hobart, Mount Wellington.
The outline is a perfect oval. The whitish hair gives
the upper-surface a faintly speckled appearance and from
some directions appears to be in about five feeble bands
across the elytra. Several specimens were taken dead at
Sandy Bay whilst searching for blind sand-beetles, others
were taken from moss on trees.
In general appearance rather close to vawcus but smaller
and narrower than that species, the under-surface paler
and with much smaller and sparser punctures, the legs
paler, the clothing different, and the punctures of the
elytra smaller, sparser and less uniform.
PEDILOPHORUS BRYOPHAGUS, n. sp.
Of a bright metallic green with a slight coppery gloss; under-
surface black, legs dull red, antennz and tarsi somewhat paler,
Under-surface and appendages sparsely pubescent, elsewhere gla-
brous.
Head widely rounded in front, with fairly large and numerous
clearly-defined punctures, Antenne with third joint distinctly
thinner than and almost twice the length of third. Prothorax
strongly convex, the sides almost vertical, with numerous compara-
tively small but clearly defined punctures. Sewlellwm minute.
Elytra very strongly convex, punctures rather smaller than on
Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide. 141
prothorax, but almost as clearly defined ; epipleurs wide and some-
what sinuous internally, strongly diminished towards but not
suddenly terminated at hind cox. Under-swrface almost impunctate.
Length 3-3; mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: base of Mount Wellington,
With the head as normally concealed the outline is a
perfect oval. The elytral epipleurz, although not suddenly
terminated at the hind coxe, are strongly depressed there
for the reception of the apex of the femora, Mr. H. H. D.
Griffith and myself have taken numerous specimens in
moss, but always near the base of Mount Wellington ; the
following species was always obtained at a considerably
greater elevation.
PEDILOPHORUS GRIFFITHI, 0. sp.
Of a metallic green with a slight coppery gloss ; under-surface and
appendages of adull red. Under-surface and appendages very sparsely
pubescent, elsewhere glabrous.
Head widely rounded in front, with fairly numerous punctures of
moderate size and clearly defined in front, becoming smaller and less
clearly-defined posteriorly. Antennx with third joint much thinner
than and twice the length of second. Prothorax and elytra of the
same shape as in the preceding species but with much less distinct
punctures, especially on the elytra; the epipleura of these wide,
rather strongly narrowed behind the hind coxe, and not depressed
there. Under-surface with sparse and minute punctures, Length
4-45 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Mount Wellington.
In general appearance close to the preceding species but
larger, the under-surface not black, elytra with different
punctures, and their epipleure different. The colour is
sometimes almost as bright a green as the preceding
species, but is usually not so metallic; the prothorax in
some specimens is almost black.
Dedicated to Mr. H. H. D. Griffith, in memory of many
very pleasant excursions on Mount Wellington, where we
have frequently taken this species in moss from old logs.
PEDILOPHORUS SIMPLICICORNIS, n. Sp.
Black or brown, and usually with a metallic greenish gloss, under-
surface and appendages more or less reddish. Under-surface and
appendages very sparsely pubescent, elsewhere glabrous.
142 Mr, Arthur M. Lea’s Catalogue of
Head widely rounded in front; with numerous clearly defined
punctures of moderate size in front and on the sides sparser and
smaller elsewhere. Antenne in repose extending to hind coxe, their
first joint stout and more than thrice the length of second, second
subglobular, third thinner than and twice the length of second,
fourth the width of third and the length of second, the others
regularly increasing in width, eleventh the length of ninth and tenth
combined. Prothorax very strongly convex, sides almost vertical, in
front with small indistinct punctures, elsewhere smaller and still less
distinct. Scutellum extremely minute or absent. lytra very little
longer than head and prothorax combined, almost as wide as long,
outline not regularly continuous with that of prothorax, punctures
very minute and indistinct ; epipleure very wide, strongly narrowed
behind but not depressed at hind coxew. Abdomen with fairly
numerous but small punctures, rest of under-surface almost im-
punctate. Length 33-4 mm.
Hab. TASMANIA: Mount Wellington (in very wet moss).
There are seven specimens before me, and not two are
exactly alike in colour. The colour of the upper-surface
is more commonly black glossed with metallic green, but
in three specimens whilst the greenish gloss is present
the ground-colour is more of a reddish-brown especially
towards the tip of the elytra; the tip, however, is always
more or less reddish; the under-surface is of a more or
less dark reddish-brown, sometimes paler at the sides
and the appendages are usually paler, the legs and basal
joints of the antennx being sometimes almost flavous.
In some lights the elytra at the base appears to have very
faint traces of striation.
Although in many respects close to the preceding
species the antenne differ from those of that species and
from all the others here noted in not forming a distinct
club, the four terminal joints are certainly larger and
wider than the others, but the increase in width is quite
regular from the fourth joint. It is also more convex
than grifithi and the elytral epipleuree are very much
wider and are otherwise different.
PEDILOPHORUS MULTICOLOR, nN. sp.
Upper-surface (except sides of prothorax and elytra) dark, with
various metallic glosses, lower-surface reddish-flavous, appendages
paler. Upper-surface with fairly long golden semi-decumbent hair ;
elsewhere with fine pubescence,
Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide. 143
Head widely rounded in front, with dense and rather coarse clearly-
defined punctures. Antenne stout, third joint thinner but no
longer than second. Prothorax strongly convex, sides in places
quite vertical, disc towards base almost flattened; densely and
coarsely punctate. Scutellwm minute. Hlytra strongly convex, sub-
cordate, punctures almost as on prothorax, epipleuree very narrow,
strongly narrowed behind hind coxz and with sparse but rather
large punctures. Under-surface with fairly numerous and distinct
punctures. Length 2 mm.
Hab, TASMANIA: Mount Wellington.
The head is usually of a dark metallic green,the prothorax
is usually also metallic green, but much brighter than the
head, its sides are widely diluted with red, but the colours
are not sharply limited; the elytra are black with a bronzy
or greenish gloss, their apex and sides are widely diluted
with red, the red being sometimes advanced along the
suture; the meso- and metasternum are usually somewhat
darker than the rest of the under-surface. One specimen
has the dark parts of the head and elytra slightly bronzed,
but the prothorax of a beautiful purple.
A lovely little insect, all my specimens of which were
obtained in moss on stones continually wet with spray,
just above the Silver Falls.
PEDILOPHORUS CARISSIMUS, N. sp.
Of a bright metallic coppery green; tubercles coppery bronze ;
under-surface and appendages black ; second joint of antenne, palpi,
claws and trochanters of a more or less dull red. Under-surface and
appendages with very fine pubescence, elsewhere glabrous,
Head almost semicircularly rounded in front, with dense clearly
defined punctures, rather smaller along middle than elsewhere,
Antenne with third joint much thinner than and almost twice the
length of second, seventh almost the width of eighth. Prothorax
very strongly and almost regularly convex, densely but not very
coarsely punctate. Scutellwum small. Hlytra very strongly convex,
with rows of slightly elevated burnished tubercles, the whole surface
with small evenly distributed punctures, the spaces between the
tubercles finely shagreened ; epipleure rather narrow, and very
narrow behind the hind cox. Under-swrface with fairly dense and
very distinct punctures, becoming coarse on intercoxal process of
prosternum. Length 6 mm.
Hab, TASMANIA: summit of Mount Wellington.
144 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Catalogue of
The tubercles, of which there are about 386 on each
elytron, may be regarded as being in five irregular rows
on each, the rows being in places irregularly doubled and
they appear to be always slightly different m disposition ;
although very conspicuous they are not much elevated
above the general surface; they have punctures as the rest
of the elytra but are not shagreened.
A lovely insect which has been obtained on the summits
of several mountains in Tasmania. Mr. Aug. Simpson has
one specimen probably from Ben Lomond. My own was
obtained on the summit of Mount Wellington in January
1904, under a deeply buried stone; fragments are numerous
there, but although both Mr. Griffith and myself repeatedly
searched for it there we never succeeded in taking more
than one living specimen. For years we have been in the
habit of referring to this species as “Simpson’s beauty.”
PEDILOPHORUS DIVES, n. sp.
Of a metallic coppery green, tubercles coppery purple, under-
surface black, appendages dull red, tarsi paler. Under-surface and
appendages with very fine pubescence, elsewhere glabrous.
Head very widely rounded in front, immediately behind which is
an irregular transverse impression; surface with short ridges and
granules. -Antennx short, third joint thinner than and more than
twice the length of second. Prothorax very strongly convex, densely
covered with short ridges. Scutellwm minute. lytra strongly
convex, with numerous small granules, and each with four somewhat
irregular rows of strongly elevated tubercles, epipleura narrow and
strongly narrowed at hind coxe. Sterna with dense and coarse
punctures ; abdomen with sparser, smaller, and more irregular
punctures. Length 4 mm.
Hab, TASMANIA: Frankford (in moss).
The prothoracic ridges on the sides are more or less
parallel with the sides, but elsewhere they are very irregular
in direction, except that from two points they appear to
radiate like the spokes of a wheel. The elytral tubercles
are usually somewhat elongated, those of the two sutural
rows are largest, the sutural row extends almost to the
apex where it joins in with the third row; the second row
terminates at about one-third from the apex, the outer
row consists of little more than tubercular swellings. of the
Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide. 145
apparent margin*; between the second and third rows
fo) > ;
there are on the specimens before me from one to three
tubercles.
LIMNICHUS.
LIMNICHUS AUSTRALIS, Er., Wiegm. Arch. 1842, p. 153.
Hab, 'TASMANIA.
ASPIDOPHORUS.
ASPIDOPHORUS HUMERALIS, Blackb., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.
Wales, 1894, p. 92.
Hab. TASMANIA.
ASPIDOPHORUS GLOBOsUS, Macl. (Z'rinodes, Macl.), Trans.
Ent. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1871, ii, p. 171.
I recently examined the type of 7'rinodes globosus referred
by Macleay to the Dermestide ; it is certainly an Aspido-
phorus. The original description is quite worthless and
the specimen, when I examined it, was very greasy. There
are two species before me, either of which may be globosus,
but until they have been compared with the type, after
this has been cleaned, it would be unsafe to describe one
of them as new.
SPECIES REFERRED IN ERROR TO THE
BY RRHIDA.
MIcROCHATES CosTATUS, Macl.
Macleay states of this species that it “ought probably
to constitute a new genus.” I recently examined the type
and found that it belongs to the Histeridx and is Hpiechinus
tasmani, Lewis.t The species therefore must now be
known as Eprechinus costatus, Macl.
LIMNICHUS FRONTALIS, Macl.
This has already been referred to the genus Stictostix of
the Histeridz by Lewis.
* From above they appear to be on the extreme sides of the elytra,
but these are incurved below them.
T Of this species I have specimens named by Mr. Lewis.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 10
146 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Catalogue of Byrrhide
BIZENIA FORMICICOLA, King.
This also belongs to the Histeridx,and is stated to be a
synonym of Chliamydopsis striatella, Westw.
MoryYCHUS HETEROMERUS, King.
This belongs to the Zenebrionidx, and I have recently
commented upon it in the Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales.*
* 1906, p. 226.
@y 147.)
VII. Lntomology in N.W. Spain (Galicia and Leon). By
T. A. CHapMAN, M.D., F.Z.S. (Lepidoptera), and
G:C, CHAMPION, E.ZS. (Coleoptera and Hemi-
ptera).
[Read March 6th, 1907.]
PEATES, V—X.1,
DISTRICT VISITED, ITINERARY.
For our sixth (fifth together) entomological excursion in
Spain Mr. Champion and I agreed to visit Galicia, the
north-west corner of the Peninsula. The choice was
determined probably by a wish for an area new to us and
a fear that our date was not early enough for a south-
eastern district, where more interesting collecting could no
doubt be done. Our visits to the Western Cantabrian
Mountains, two years ago, left me with a distinct wish to
see some of the more western ranges. One of the draw-
backs of a visit to Spain is the long railway journey, the
railways in Spain being often neither very quick nor very
comfortable. To Galicia, however, one can go by R.M.S.P.
Co.’s steamer to Vigo, and this also was not a small item in
our selection. We left Southampton on the 15th of June
by the steamer ‘‘ Amazon” on her first trip, a ship of 10,000
tons and described in a newspaper notice as a “ floating
electrical palace.” The Bay of Biscay was like a millpond,
so that the comfort as compared with a railway journey
was immense. We were also fortunate on our return
journey to come by the “ Danube,” and to have a fairly
calm sea.
Vigo is a small town with considerable commercial
activity and a large business in fish and especially in
sardines. It is not always easy to escape the flavour of
fish even by going some miles into the country. Our
favourite excursion from Vigo was by small steamer across
the fiord to Cangas. The ‘weather was warm enough to
make an excursion to a sufficient distance, on the much-
populated Vigo side, rather trying, whilst the half-hour on
the water was always inviting. Cangas is a large fishing
village, but close to it is open wild ground. Vigo is
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE)
148 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on
situated on a bay or inlet of the sea some mile and a half
or two miles across, and some twenty miles long, the
country is mountainous, but the elevations are low,
cultivation reaching well to the tops. There are woods,
including some of pine, but the rarity of pine species
confirms their appearance of being planted and_ not
indigenous. ‘T’o get more than scraps of waste ground one
must go inland seven or eight miles, on towards Porriio,
where we found open heath and woodland. The roads,
however, are very dusty and not inviting either for walk-
ing or driving, whilst cross-country footpaths, though more
pleasant, go up and down hill in a most fatiguing way, and
yet involve much longer routes, and many occasions for
getting lost or having to turn back. A prominent feature
of these excursions was the bullock-carts, with wooden
axles and solid wooden wheels, which always made loud
screeching noises, pleasing if at a sufficient distance and
one were in a good humour, but otherwise at close quarters.
Some ten miles up the bay we explored the very similar
neighbourhood of Redondela (by train), and found some
items of interest close to Vigo itself, as for instance the
handsome larvee of Diplwia loti on the slopes of the forts.
Our efforts to ascertain how we should best reach any
of the higher ground of Galicia were unsuccessful and we
ended by going to El Barco (de Valdeorras) by train, as
being more amongst the mountains, and from here we
went on mule-back some five or six hours’ journey to
Casayo, about 3,500 feet up; the highest and furthest
village in the valley of the Casoya, a stream running from
the south into the main stream of the Sil. From here we
could get up another 2,000 feet or so, but were still about
a day’s journey from where we wished to be, amongst the
ridges of over 7,000 feet. Nor was there any other village
near them on the north side where we were. Possibly a
nearer resting-place may be found on the south, starting
from La Puebla de Sanabria, but we did not definitely
ascertain this. I think for really good work in this region
camping out will be a necessity. Unfortunately, both Mr.
Champion and myself have a prejudice in favour of a roof
over our heads, although our quarters at Casayo would
prove to any one that we are far from being too particular
beyond this.
Thence we returned to El Barco, and went on to
Brafiuelas, at the highest point attainable by railway.
Entomology in N.W. Spain. 149
Here, at 3,300 feet, we found we were in the middle of a
wide plateau of which the highest accessible point some
four or five miles off only gave us another 1,000 feet.
Brafiuelas is some way beyond the boundary of Galicia in
the province of Leon.
At El Barco (de Valdeorras) we had an experience that
was quite new to us in Spain, and though not altogether
pleasant, was of considerable interest entomologically,
anthropologically and probably in several other directions.
We made a short excursion on the afternoon of our arrival,
and on the next day tried a rather longer one to the ridge
at the top of a side valley, with very similar country to
that we afterwards more fully examined some twenty miles
off (as the crow flies) at Casayo. We thought several of
the people we met were less civil and: friendly than had
been our universal experience previously, and at our
evening meal one of the other guests asked us pointedly as
to how we found the people disposed towards us. This
seemed a very curious and unusual question, but that
evening and the following day we had no difficulty in
ascertaining from our landlord and from visitors at the
inn what was alluded to, a remarkable delusion of a great
majority of the inhabitants, a delusion of whose existence
we had abundant evidence in the virulent abuse one lady
bestowed on Mr. Champion on our excursion the next
morning, which we purposely made a short one, and which
was elucidated and explained to us in detail by Mr.
Edward Jones, an English gentleman long settled in El
Barco, of whose kindness to us we have most genial
recollections, as well as by his brother, Mr. H. Jones, whom
we remember with pleasure. It appeared that (twenty-
five to thirty ?, I forget the exact date) years ago, the
Phylloxera reached El Barco and caused widespread
disaster amongst the vine-growers, more or less the whole
population. Incidentally, it may be noted that Mr. E.
Jonas was one of the largest of these, and that he made
further sacrifices as a pioneer in ascertaining what remedies
were available, and introducing American vine-stocks and
otherwise restoring the vine culture of the district to
prosperity. The natives, it appears, were convinced that
the Phylloxera had been wilfully introduced by some
Frenchmen with a view to their ruin, and to destroy
Spanish competition in the wine trade. No doubt we did
not hear all the history of this delusion, and what we did
150 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr..G. C. Champion on
hear was too long to repeat here. The delusion was, how-
ever, very firmly established, and persists strongly te the
present time. About ten years ago, some Italian workmen
in search of employment passed through the district, and
were taken by the natives to be Frenchmen (all foreigners
are supposed to be Frenchmen) with a similar sinister
exploit in view, and several of them were beaten and one
or two seriously injured. Our position was that we also
were Frenchmen come to El Barco with an identical
purpose, an idea possibly suggested, certainly confirmed,
by our manipulation of nets, satchels, pill-boxes, etc. As
vineyards were everywhere, except on the higher ground,
it seemed self-evident that we took out of our satchels
Phylloxera spawn and by means of our nets scattered it
broadcast over the country.
It must be remembered that our real objects are wholly
incomprehensible to the country people, and even when,
as we had always before found them, most friendly and
polite, it was always clear that they regarded our account
of our proceedings as being obviously insincere. Their
usual belief was that we were gathering materials for
some potent and valuable medicine, at other times they
seemed to think we were mining engineers unwilling to
avow our explorations.
Unfortunately, at El Barco, another explanation fell in
at once with their prejudices, and there was no doubt much
sincerity in the threats of what would happen to us, that
we heard of a man going so far as to say he would
certainly use a gun if he found us near his vines. Our
informants, being more educated, regarded these popular
views as nonsense, but had no doubt they were strongly
held, and would be acted on by the small cultivators.
Others of the peasant class with whom we talked clearly
held the popular view, and found their innate politeness
under an extreme strain when desiring to show their
belief in our honesty. A very curious point was, that
within thirty-six hours of our arrival not only were these
opinions of us adopted, but everybody apparently for miles
around was aware of our presence, and knew, and I fear
usually accepted, this extraordinary view of the object of
our visit.
We could no doubt have claimed official protection and
got some persons to go with us as guards, but as the
immediate locality was not attractive, and the friendly
Entomology in N.W. Spain. 151
bearing towards us of the inhabitants was always an
indisputable item in the enjoyment of our excursions in
Spain, we decided to move on at once, proceeding to
Casayo.
El Barco is on the river Sil, and some five miles above
the town (or village), some way beyond Sobradelo, the
Casayo Valley opens to the south. Casayo is the highest
village in the valley at an elevation approaching 4,000 feet.
Its position is approximately 42° 16’ N., 6° 44’ W. We
hoped to obtain fair quarters here, but on arrival were
disappointed to find that the elevation was less than we
had hoped, and that the promised accommodation was
absolutely impossible. After for some time seriously con-
sidering an immediate retreat, we finally discovered that
the schoolroom of the village was for the time unused and
at our service. It was infinitely rough and dirty, and
none too large, but we could have it to ourselves, the
neighbouring farmer’s wife could find us clean bedding
aud cater for us, and it possessed a practicable balcony.
So here we stayed for a week, and have been less
comfortable under more conventional conditions.
The different, branches of the Casayo valley presented
considerable variety of conditions, generally steep and
rocky slopes, clad with heath, Cistus, Cytisus, and often
patches of scrub oak, and in one or two places moister
wooded slopes. The roughness and steepness of the
country rendered excursions to any distance impossible,
except where there were regular tracks. One of these
leading across a high plateau towards La Baiia passed the
habitat of Lycena idas. Lycena argus, var. casaiacus,
occurred everywhere, but commonly only along another
road leading up the main valley, a little further up which
at about 4,000 feet Hrebia palarica was not infrequent,
but quite passée. There were other spots in view, but
practically inaccessible, that we should like to have visited;
the varied character of some of these makes it probable
that not a few species as unexpected as L. idas may be
found in this region by more enterprising explorers than
we were.
On our way back we stayed a day or two at Tuy and
made an excursion to Valenca, on the Portuguese side of
the Mifio. Then we went northwards to Pontevedra,
and visited Santiago de Compostela. From Valenca to
Pontevedra the country is very similar to that about Vigo,
152 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on
the Bay at Pontevedra very like that at Vigo or Carril;
low, often, however, steep hills, more or less wooded,
chiefly with oak and fir, cultivated valleys and _ slopes.
The butterflies most abundant along all this region are
Lampides betica and telicanus, imagines, eggs and larvae
always common, wherever the showy Adenocarpus inter-
medius grew, and that is by almost every wayside, on
every slope and the margins of the woods. Cawnonympha
dorus mathewi was frequent on all open grassy or heathy
slopes, but rare before the middle of July.
The following notes on some of the Lepidoptera ob-
served may be of use :-—
C@NONYMPHA DORUS MATHEWI, Tutt.
(? prec. = var. bieti, Stdg.)
(Plate V, figs. 1-12.)
Canonympha dorus, var. mathewi, Tutt.
We found this species at all localities visited, it was
very rare at Vigo in the third week in June; in the third
week in July it was much more frequent, but beginning
to go over in condition. Here and at Pontevedra (July
19th) as well as at Tuy (July 18th) it occurred down to
nearly sea-level, and up to about 1,000 ft. (at Redondela).
At Casayo it was frequent along our walk on the hill-side
(first week in July) at about 3,500 ft. and at Brafiuelas
a week later at 3,000 to 4,000 ft. At all these stations
the form of the insect is much the same, perhaps the
Brafiuelas specimens have more individuals with paler
under-sides. Canonympha mathewi of Tutt is, in view of
these specimens, only a local race of dorus, and there is
probably no great difference between it and Staudinger’s
iiett from North Portugal, though Staudinger does not
mention as a character of dieti, the most striking difference
between mathewi and dorus, viz. the dark hind-margin of
the hind-wing beneath, narrowing the pale area to a band
or line, barely reaching the ocelli, the outer dark margin
of this however has a small pale patch, just beyond the
middle ocellus. Mathewi is, like dorus, very variable on
the upper-side. In the male the whole surface may be of
a uniform deep or blackish-brown without trace of ocelli
Entomology in N.W. Spain. 153
or other marking. The absence of the apical ocellus is
however very rare, occurring in only three specimens,
though several others have it so faint, that one feels sure it
is only shining through from beneath. More or less shad-
ing of reddish or ochreous occurs on the upper wings of
about half the specimens. As regards the hind-wing it is
remarkable that the nearest approach to dorus (type)
occurs in the Casayo specimens, those from Brafiuelas,
though so much nearer central Spain, being very like
those from Vigo. A majority of the Casayo specimens
have red ochreous colouring in the hind-wing, but of the
others only about half, in most of these the colour does not
extend outside the ocelli, and in not more than three or four
does it extend so far as to leave only a dark line between
it and the marginal pale line. In dorus the pale hind-
wing may be said to have a dark subterminal line, in
mathewt this line is so wide, and so much part of the
general dark colour of the wing, that one notes rather the
pale subterminal line beyond it. This is often absent,
but there is usually some trace of it, especially in the
Casayo series.
The ocelli vary much, on the fore-wing the apical eye
is almost invariably present, occasionally double (beneath
as well as on upper-side). In several specimens there is
an ocellus between veins 2 and 3, those in the inter-
mediate spaces are perhaps not so rare, but are usually
when present faintly indicated points only. The hind-wing
is never quite spotless, the spot between veins 2 and 3
being however the only one present in several specimens.
There may be 2, 3, or 4 spots, and these vary much in
intensity and may be black spots faintly ringed or may
have a bright yellow circle; these are very striking
in the darkest specimens, when these yellow circles
are all that remain of the pale area of the hind-wing
(an dorus).
The under-side is not very variable, many specimens
have the leaden metallic line, but in none is it so broad
and bright as in dorus, and in only one or two does it
appear on the fore-wing, where its place is often taken by
a dark line, or dark shade broadened into a patch at the
anal angle. On the hind-wing the area outside the eye-
spots is of the same tint as the basal area. The spots are
always much smaller than in my Spanish dorus, but vary
a good deal in size, and may be reduced to three in
154 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on
number, The costal spot is nearly always in the white
band, in dorus it is usually largely or quite in the basal
dark area.
In dorus the fore-wing rarely has any rufous, but in
mathewr it is not only frequent, but is usually more or less
present on the fore-wing, when it appears on the hind
one.
The 2 is much darker than that of dorws, the hind-wings
may be entirely dark except the eye-spots, and when
rufous is present it is usually restricted much as in
the ¢ f¢that have it. The fore-wings also have the rufous
much restricted as compared with dorus, the dark hind
margin is broader in all, often much broader, and the light
colour may be restricted to a few patches. Additional
ocelli are more frequent in the ? than the %, and indi-
cations of 3 and 4 (upper-side of upper-wing) occur on
several specimens. The under-side is perhaps paler than
in the ¢, but the under-surfaces are practically identical in
the two sexes. The expanse is f 27-35 mm., average 31;
2 30-36, average 32 mm. There is one dwarf f only
23m. Mathewi is thus smaller than any other (Spanish)
dorus. The cilia are very pale, hardly perhaps white, and
darker apically ; in dorus they are more nearly of the tint
of the wing surface.
Egg of Cenonympha mathewi, 0°84 mm. high; 0°7 wide. Has a
hemispherical base and a flat top. The hemisphere is 0°7 mm. in
diameter, from the margin of the hemisphere the sides rise for 0-4 mm.,
gradually narrowing (from 0°7) to 0°5 mm., here there is an almost
angular margin, the nearly flat top further rising however to its
centre about 0°09 mm.
The central micropylar area has extremely fine cellular tracery of
raised lines. Outside this the top nearly to its margin has large
hexagonal cells, somewhat deeply impressed. These pass at the
margin into longitudinal ribs running down the sides of the egg; the
ribs are high and broad, the valleys between them flat and smooth.
The secondary ribs are quite absent in the valleys but are indicated
by beading or offsets of the primary ribs, which here and there project
as fine ribs, just into the valleys, but never cross them. The ribs
are not quite straight, occasionally branch, but more often end,
between two others which approach beyond it. ,
The colour is an ochreous-yellow, with a small proportion of pink
and darker to nearly black, in fine clouds and wisps, sometimes in
little rings and streaks.
Entomology in N.W. Spain. 155
Mathewi LARVA NEWLY HATCHED.
Almost exactly 2 mm. long, rather pale ochreous, head very pale,
eye-spots and spiracles dark. Abdominal segments with six sub-
segments. The tubercular hairs are colourless, very short curved and
clubbed and lie down nearly flat to the larval surface, there are
similar hairs on head, those on head and prothorax are directed
forwards, the others backwards, and there are two tails extending
beyond the pro-legs, carrying each a rather longer and straighter
hair beneath it and another at its tip. The hairs on segments
8 and 9 are rather longer than the others, but are equally curved,
clubbed, and parallel with the surface.
As to coloration the thorax is pale like the head, there is a darker
dorsal line and a paler lateral, on the abdomen the interval between
shows three reddish or flesh-coloured longitudinal bands, divided in
separate blotches on each segment.
September 19.—The little larva (only one remains, three
others having disappeared whilst behaving like this one)
has rested motionless on a grass-blade for the last seven
weeks and has not only eaten nothing but has shown no
wish to eat. It looks much the same as it did at first.
This larva remained thus till found dead in the winter.
It seems tolerably certain that the larva hibernates without
eating anything as that of Argynnis paphia does.
Lyc&NA IDAS, Ramb. (Plate V, figs. 18,14, 15.)
Lycxna idas, Ramb., already referred to Ent. Proc. 1906,
Dp. boo.
Some 92 specimens were taken, unfortunately too large
a proportion of them notin fine condition. As the species
has hitherto had only ‘@ very limited known habitat in the
S.E. of Spain, and this new station is not only over 400
miles distant, but in the apparently very different climate
of N.W. Spain, it may be well to note the facies of the
Galician specimens, compared as well as one may with
Rambur’s figures and description; the only specimens I
have seen are those in the B. M. collection, they are rather
small compared with mine and rather faded and differ from
my specimens and equally from Rambur’s description in
having much less of the white addendum to the discal spot.
The Galician specimens are 26-30 mm. inexpanse. ‘They
are not perhaps quite as black as astrarche, and when
156 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on
fresh they have a very distinct metallic or iridescent
sheen. The discal spot has, I fancy, the white addition
more frequently than the Andalusian specimens. No
figures I have seen present it, so that it seems to be
regarded an an aberration. Rambur says it is present
“interdum” and “ souvent ;” of my 92 specimens only 6 are
without it, and of these only one is in sufficiently fine
condition to be trustworthy, the others may have had a
few scales that have been lost, a good many of the 86
that show it having it reduced to only a few scales. So
that in my specimens to be without the white scalesis the
aberration and not at all a common one. (Perhaps the
greatest difference from astrarche isin the form of the wing,
which is almost the same in both sexes, rounded, especially-
towards the apex, without any trace of the produced sharp
tip to the wing that often is seen in f astrarche and is
indeed a sexual character of the species as in many
coppers. )
The discal spot varies much in size and shape and in
the amount of white addition. It is not often lunulate
simply, usually it is angulated having a point directed to
the hind margin and sometimes another directed basally
giving the black spot asquare form. The white addition is
on the inner and outer margin of the spot, usually both,
and it is common for the outer portion to be divided in two
by the outer point of the black spot above referred to; ina
very few specimens the black spot is very large and the
white abundant, in these both white and black are produced
in a radiating manner both basally and towards the hind
margins. The separation of the median row of ocelli on
the under-side from the margin orange ones, which
Rambur points out is very marked especially on the fore-
wings, the ocelli between veins 4 and 5 are widely apart,
in astrarche their white bodies are almost always in
contact.
Rambur describes the orange spots of the under-side as
pale and sometimes wanting on the fore-wing and the
apical one as being white instead of orange. In the
Galician specimens the orange is just appreciably less
bright than in astrarche but tending to fuscous rather
than to being pale, the orange only a little reduced in the
apical spot. The double spot at anal angle rarely shows a
trace of orange, its place being taken by a fuscous extension
of its dark inner margin, and the white outer margin being
Entomology in N.W. Spain. 157
rather wider. The alignment of the ocelli of the middle row
is as described by Rambur; on the fore-wing, the three
between veins 3 and 6 are nearly in line instead of in
a curve as in astrarche and the 1 (or 2) above seem unduly
moved basally. I have one or two $ specimens in which
traces of orange spots are seen on upper-side of fore-wings,
and several with considerable variations in size and form
of ocelli beneath, but no decided radiated varieties.
In two or three specimens there is a distinct discal spot
on the hind-wing, with black and white scales. A close
examination shows it to be present on a few others, but it
is vague and indistinct when unaccompanied by any white
scaling.
The habitat was high up on open hill-slopes, but in
little hollows of these, where a species of Hrodiwm with
extremely large and dark marked flowers grew, and it was
not found away from these. Several species of Helian-
themum were abundant all about, but it was quite absent
amongst these. Females were seen to lay eggs on the
Erodium, selecting the smaller leaves and as near the
ground as possible. The eggs gathered were unfortunately
destroyed by the rotting of the succulent leaves, before
they were properly examined, and no young larve were
obtained. Several were however placed in formalin.
LI. idas is of much the same size as astrarche, but the
latter runs to a somewhat greater expanse in some of its
varieties. This small difference is much exceeded by that
which exists in the ancillary appendages, those of astrarche
being more than half as large again as those of idas. The
clasps are in astrarche 2°2 mm. long, in idas 1°3 mm., and
the other parts in much the same proportion. The general
scheme of construction is nearly identical (as it is in a
number of allied Zycxnas). In my preparations the clasp
seems broader in zdas, especially basally, but I think this
is probably not the case. The difference is rather in some
of the curvatures, that result in the clasp being spread
open in das and somewhat folded in astrarche when
pressed down on a slide. The greatest difference is in
idas having the clasp quite free of the curious processes
on its disc found in astrarche, and that do not occur in
any other European Lycenas I have examined except in
eumedon. The dorsal processes and their attendant hooks,
besides being smaller, are shorter and thicker to a marked
degree in idus (see Plates VI and VII).
158 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on
Egg of Lycena idas from a specimen preserved in formalin and
so stained by colouring matter from the bit of leaf of Hrodiwm on
which it is. Hence a dirty brownish, instead of the nearly white as
when laid. The size is 056 mm. in diameter and about 0°3 mm.
high. Edges rounded, top nearly flat. It has the usual network of
white material rising into points at the intersections. At the margin
of the top where the structure is most developed the pillars at the
intersections are very thick, looking in some views like cones with
rounded tops, in others like pillars as thick as the width of the spaces
between them. In this situation they are arranged in triangles with
five forming a pentagon (owing to curvature of egg), not six to a
hexagon ; the connecting ridges are very narrow and sharp, and sag
apparently nearly down to the true egg-surface. Taking a wider
view, they are arranged in the usual “engine-turned” pattern.
This sculpturing continues up to the micropylar area, a circle about
0-07 mm. in diameter, with less than the usual dwindling, at least
of the ribs, the columns nearly disappear, the ribs become more radial,
and the cells between them more radially elongated. They change
into the small cells of the micropylar area by the intermediation of
a circle of rather square cells. The largest cells (marginal) are about
0°05 mm. in their longest (radial) diagonal. Those of the micropylar
circle are only about 0°01.
Lycena argus caswiacus, a. var.
(Plate V, figs. 16-19.)
Lycxena argus was found at all the stations visited. At
Vigo the specimens were about 26 mm. in expanse of very
ordinary facies, but presenting traces of the peculiar
character more marked in the Casayo specimens yet to
be referred to. Such small specimens only occurred at
Brafiuelas and Casayo as occasional aberrations. At these
localities the form is a large one, up to 35 mm. in expanse,
of a very brilliant blue above, reminding one of cordon,
var. corydonius, and a uniform pale silvery tint below,
fairly close to vars. hypochiona and bearensis. It differs
from these further by a very fair proportion of specimens
having on the hind margin of the hind-wing two or three
of the red arches that are present in the 2; they are how-
ever not orange or red-brown as in the female, but modified
by the blue so as to be a rosy pink. I believe such ¢
coloration is recorded in an Asiatic form that otherwise
differs, and the faintest traces of it may be seen even in
Entomology in N.W. Spain. 159
English specimens, if closely and sympathetically examined.
I propose casaiacus as a varietal name for this race.
At Brafiuelas Cenonympha iphioides was very abundant
in all the swampy hollows that occurred on the frequent
little streams; they were rather over at the time of our
visit.
At Casayo, at one point on a slope a little further on
than the best locality for LZ. argus, var. casaiacus, a good
many specimens of Hrebia palarica were seen, and they
occurred less freely as far along that valley as we extended
our excursions. They also were unfortunately in some-
what bad condition (first week in July). They were
therefore about a fortnight earlier than we found them at
Pajares, and more close to the dates recorded by Mrs,
Nicholl on the Picos de Europa.
We saw no trace of Hrebia stygne. Casayo is about 130
miles from the Picos de Europa, and about 100 miles from
Pajares. It is moreover in Galicia, so that its discovery
here gives a large extension to its known habitat, which
is no doubt all suitable places in the Cantabrian mountains
for something like 150 miles. These Galician palarica
are a slightly larger, finer race than those taken at Pajares.
Measured as set, which is 2 to 3 mm. less than the true
expanse, in order to compare them fairly with measure-
ments given in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1905, p. 33, 4 out of
12 g¢ examples are respectively 61, 62, 68 and 65
(accurately 67:4) mm. in expanse, to compare with the
2 (out of 115) largest from Pajares of 61mm. The others
range down to 53 mm., identical with the smallest from
Pajares, the mean being 58°8 mm. as against 57:2 for the
Leon specimens. Three 2 are 57, 57,58 mm., practically
identical with Pajares specimens which average 57°25.
So far as these rather poor specimens can be compared,
there seems to be no difference in markings or coloration.
We saw no other H7ebias except two very worn evias at
Casayo, of 47 and 48 mm. expanse, probably very late
specimens of the low-level form.
Melitxa athalia was largely in very poor condition, so
that only about a score were brought home. They vary
in size from 37 mm. to 52 mm. Some are very dark
and suffused, several vary in the tints of the bands of
light brown, and look both in this respect and in wing
outline so like phwbe, that they were so considered at
first glance by entomologists who examined them, the
160 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on
under-sides however disproved such a suspicion; others
Mr. Tutt pronounces to be deione. I can only say that I
cannot think the whole series are other than all of one
species.
Altogether we met with some 69 or 70 species of
butterflies, of which only one or two others call for any
remark. Of the Cenonyinpha pamphilus taken, one or two
might be ordinary British examples, most are well marked
both as to border and ocelli, and especially as to the pale
band of under-side hind-wing being well marked and
sharply cut off by a dark line from the dark basal portion.
These are no doubt the form that passes as lyllus, none of
them have the pale, nearly uniform, ochreous tone beneath
that characterises the specimens from the Cuenca district.
Pyrametis cardui was common everywhere, in all stages.
Several larvee were found on Lehiwm, an extraordinary food
plant, already recorded, however, by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher.
On July 9th, in descending the Casayo valley, we saw many
specimens about the chestnut trees that were in flower.
A few trees had none, most a dozen or so flying around
them, but one tree, and one only, that to our senses did
not differ from the others, had literally thousands flying
about and settled on it. The sight was remarkable in
itself, as a mass of butterflies, apart altogether from the
curious selection of one special tree for the congregation.
Aporia crategi was uncommon, but several were seen at
Brafiuelas, and one was observed laying its eggs. She
investigated several leaves (of hawthorn) before finding
one that pleased her. So far as I understood her selection,
it was necessary that she should secure a firm and satis-
factory grip of the leaf, generally by the margin, so as to
maintain her station without moving throughout the
laying of the whole of the batch. The eggs are laid in as
regular order as those of a Noctua, who keeps her ovi-
positor in constant touch with the groups, and so appears
to have quite an easy task in keeping the alignment.
A. crategi does not do so. After laying an egg she
raises her abdomen right away from the leaf as if the
whole process was finished and remains so for several
seconds, and then brings it down again on exactly the spot
for laying the next egg. ‘To secure such accuracy it is
obvious that her footing must be absolutely firm and >
fixed.
Other butterflies met with were Papilio machaon, not
Entomology in N.W. Spain. 161
very common; P. podalirius, rare; Colias edusa, abund-
ant; Gonepteryx rhamni at Redondela, Leptidia sinapis,
Pieris daplidice common everywhere, often abundant, much
more so than all the other whites taken together, Pieris
rapx, P. nap, P. brassicwe. Apatura iris, two large but-
terflies, little more than glimpsed at Casayo flying about
honeysuckle on a large sallow tree, were probably this, but
possibly camilla, neither were seen on any other occasion.
Grapta c.-album (and larva), Vanessa polychloros, V. urtice,
V. to, V. antiopa, Pyrameis atalanta, Argynnis pandora,
one only, A. lathonia, A. aglaia, common, A. adippe, rather
chlorodippe than type form, but not so marked as in Cen-
tral Spain, rare, Melitwa didyma, M. aurinia, Satyrus
arcthusa (Pontevedra), semele, fidia, statilinus, alcyone,
EHpinephile janira, marked hispulla forms, 4. lycaon, LE.
tithonus, H. ida, Cenonympha arcania, Pararge mera, P.
megera, P. exgeria, Arge lachesis, especially common,
no cataleuca form seen. A. japygia, Thecla vicis, abundant.
Thecla spini, Vigo. Zephyrus quercus, Chrysophanus
virgauree, common, Ch. alciphron (gordius), common,
Ch. phivas, common, Ch. hippothoé, rare, Casayo, Cyaniris
argiolus, frequent, Lycena telicanus, L. betiea, both
abundant in all stages (except pupa that seems to be
hidden). Lycena baton, L. astrarche, L. amandus (Casayo),
L. warus, L. melanops, L. arion (Casayo), Hesperia thaumas,
Hf. actxon, H. comma, Syrichthus sao, S. alveus, S. carthama
(? a worn example 2).
The Heterocera observed present few species worth
mentioning, except that a lst of Galician insects has still
to be written. Perhaps the most interesting is Prothymnia
sanctiflorentis, a species characteristic of the drier eastern
and southern portions of Spain, and that would hardly be
looked for in an Atlantic area. It occurred at Vigo and at
Casayo. The handsome larve of Diplura loti on Helian-
themum at Vigo and elsewhere, were always pleasant to see.
The abundance everywhere of Crambus cratercllus, and
at Braiiuelas of Acrobasis porphyrella on the wing, and of
Acalla mixtana in the larva state at Brafiuelas, where in
many places their nests were extremely abundant on the
heath, may be mentioned. One hardly expected to meet
with the latter so abundantly so far south.
Heterogynis paradoxva occurred at Casayo, on a steep
slope facing west at an elevation of about 4,000 ft., an odd
specimen lower in the valley at about 3, 000 ft. amongst
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) ie
162 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on
broom of several species. It was however apparently rare,
as I only obtained 5 males and 5 cocoons of females and one
larva. The moths,so far as one may generalise from so few,
are large, four being 26 mim. and one 28 mm. in expanse,
averaging therefore 1 mm. more than var. predrahite, the
largest of the forms taken at Bejar. They are also dark,
quite as dark as var. piedrahitx. The cocoons are rather
paler than the Bejar examples, a pale rose-pink, rather
than the red of the Bejar forms. The 2 moth showed a
broad series of dark dorsal markings, the subdorsal and
spiracular lines united into one band, with pale included
patches and dark subspiracular and ventral lines broad.
To describe the larva almost the same terms would be
used, but the dark lines were a little less pronounced.
This habitat is by a long way the most extreme north
spot yet recorded, indeed until I took it at Bejar, Andalusia
and the neighbourhood of Madrid (La Granja, etc.) were
its known habitats.
At Branuelas, I met with another species of Heterogynis,
which I must provisionally indicate as pened/a, var. weedinis
(Ucedo, a village near Braiiuelas), though it may prove to
be a distinct species; of this I found four 2 cocoons on July
15th. They were on heath-stems two or three feet from
the ground, I searched closely and could find no more, nor
could I detect any leguminous plants within some hundred
yards or so. From these cocoons emerged numerous
parasites and some young larve; the larvee agreed with
those of penella and not with paradoza, the cocoons, how-
ever, were large for penella and too pale (nearly white) for
paradona, they agreed with the latter however in an
important point of structure e, viz. the outer cocoon was
woven into a network of large openings like the work of
paradova and not like penella, which has each thread
independent in an equally distributed tangle.
Callimorpha hera (quadripuncta), C. dominula, Endrosa
irrorella, Coscinia siviata (abundant). Orgyia antiqua, Mala-
cosoma castrensis, Heliothis peltigera, Dicycla oo (var. renago),
Acontia luctuosa and lucida, Mamestra brassicx, Bryophila
vavula, var. ereptricula, Sesia fuciformis, LZygena trifolia,
Z. tr ansalpina, Z. scabiose, A glaope infausta, as usual when
it oceurs, swarming near Brafiuelas (at La Granja), Jno
glo iularie and geryon, Crambus pascuellus, culmellus,
pinetellus, pratellus and var, alfacarellus, Cledeobia angus-
dalis and moldavica, Pyrausta ferrugalis, P. purpuralis,
ea EP CaTS
~s mem y Ke Wey, ee
Entomology in N.W. Spain. 163
cespitalis, Heliothea atralis, Titanio pollinalis, Stenia
punctalis, Myelois cribrella, Homeosoma sinuella, Ephestia
mistralella. For the naming of this and of the following
Trochiliums I am indebted to Sir G. Hampson: 7. wrocert-
formis, Tr., 7. astliformis, Rett., 7. leucospidiformis, Esp., 7’.
leucomelena, Zell. Cases of Fumea casta were found at
Vigo, and an imago of F. crassiorel/a taken on the wing at
Brafiuelas. Bactra lanceolana was common in marshes and
Tortria viridana and leflingiana amongst oak trees. The
few Tine sent to Lord Walsingham contained nothing
of note.
The Neuroptera are reported on in the Entomologist, 1906,
pp. 275, 276, by Mr. K. J. Morton and Mr.W. J. Lucas; they
include a new Trichopteron, Adicella meridionalis, Morton.
The Geometre are in the hands of Mr. L. B. Prout.
The Diptera have been presented to the British Museum
at South Kensington. <A few Asilide with their prey are
exceptions, and are noted in Ent. Trans. 1906, pp. 335,
340, 357, 358. The larva of Microdon sp. was also found
in an ants’ nest at Vigo.
The Hymenoptera have been handed to Mr. E. Saunders.
The Coleoptera observed during the present excursion
were not, as a whole, of particular interest, at any rate in
the neighbourhood of Vigo and Pontevedra, most of
the species taken being well-known or widely-distributed
forms. The heaths, pine-woods, and oak-thickets, covering
the mountain slopes, where not planted with vines, maize,
etc., looked rather suggestive of Scotland, and the heath-
covered, well-watered moorland at Brafiuelasand Ucedo,
also, was anything but productive. At Casayo, however,
we got well amongst the mountains, and the slopes and
valleys here afforded a varied beetle-fauna, though the
highest summits reached (about 6,000 feet) scarcely repaid
the climb, perhaps owing to the close grazing everywhere
by goats and cattle. As might be expected, most of the
insects observed in this last-mentioned district were
similar or closely allied to those observed in previous
years at Canales, Bejar, or Pajares, the most striking addi-
tion, perhaps, being Lobonyx xneus, for the first time seen
alive by us. Various species of Zonabris were of course
much in evidence here, Z. dufowrt being the best. On
the young oaks were to be found numerous Buprestids
(Corabus, Agrilus), Clythrids, Cryptocephalus bimaculatus
(wonderfully like a common Lachnxa, both on the wing and
164 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on
when at rest), Rhynchites sericeus, Athous godarti, Muls., and
A, nigricornis, Bris., and on flowers in open places various
Clytids, Lepturids, Malachiids, Mordellids, Cidemerids,
Cryptocephalus globicollis, Omophlus ruficollis, Cerocoma,
Coryna, Lobonyx, Trichius, Anisoplia betica, etc. In grassy
places on the higher slopes one or two Lhizotrog. flew
about freely in the hot sun (all males), and a Hymenoplia
and a Henicopus were locally abundant. On the summits,
Otiorrhynchus dentipes was almost the only species to
be met with. Fresh horse-droppings attracted many
Geotrupes coruscans, a brilliant insect in the sunshine,
Sisyphus, ete, and on the banks of the mountain
streams various Bembidia, Tachys, Stenus, Philonthus rufi-
manus, Parnus, Pederus, etc. occurred. About Vigo and
Pontevedra, a small hairy Lamellicorn, Chasmatopterus
hirtulus, swarmed in flowers, on which also were to be
seen Hxocosoma lusitanicum, Omophlus ruficollis, ete. A
large Genista with woolly-pods, and an Adenocarpus, were
the most attractive plants in the district, producing
Creorrhinus ludificator and C. dispar ?, Pachytychius spar-
sutus (in abundance), Apion flavofemoratum (commonly), a
beautiful Husomus, Cryptocephalus vittatus and C. koyi, a
Helops, Cardiophorus signatus, etc. ; and on the heath-clad
hillsides a white-flowered Daphne (cenidiwm or near it)
seemed to attract most of the beetles in the immediate
vicinity * (Melanotus, Cardiophorus, Apion, various small
Malachiids, etc.). On young oaks a Malthinus, Clythra
leviuscula, and Cyphus nitens were found in numbers, and
on young sallows a Stylosomus and a Luperus, both in
abundance. Older oaks on the dry hillsides harboured
various Balanini, Brachyderes lusitanicus, Xylophilus neg-
lectus, a minute Malachiid, etc. At Cangas, in the bay of
Vigo, an Hrodius abounded on the sand-dunes, and at the
roots of grass, etc. Chrysomela diluta (in profusion), a very
minute Malachiid (Colotes punctatus ?), and divers species of
Harpalus, Anthicus, and Melanophthalma were captured.
On the muddy tidal flats at Pontevedra Cillenus lateralis
was not uncommon. In the pine-woods about Vigo and
Redondela (all apparently planted) but little was obtained
beyond Spondylis, Hylotrupes, Leptura stragulata, Hylastes
ater and Lrnobius mollis. On the heath-covered moorland
about Brafiuelas and Ucedo the fine Crytocephalus cynarx
* On Moncayo, in 1893, a white-flowered Hrica was noticed as being
very attractive in the same way.
Entomology in N.W. Spain. 165
was occasionally brushed up with the sweeping-net, and in
the boggy valleys here many small beetles were beaten
from sallow, ete. as Rhynchenus foliorwm (in profusion), a
Malachius, ete., most of which were familiar British forms.
The numerous small streams hereabouts teemed with
small fish, and in consequence but few aquatic Coleoptera
were obtainable.
The following is a list of the species so far as at present
determined :—
[Cang. = Cangas ; Cas. = Casayo; Braii, = Braiiuelas ; Barco = El Barco
de Valdeorras ; Pont, = Pontevedra. ]
Cicindela campestris, L., var. funebris, St., one specimen,
on the mountains, Cas. Carabus melancholicus, F., Vigo.
Omophron limbatus, F., Barco, on the banks of the Sil.
Tachypus pallipes, Duft, and 7. flavipes, L., Barco.
Cillenus lateralis, Sam., common on the tidal mud, Pont.
Bembidium hispanicum, De}j., B. tricolor, F., B. quadrigut-
tatum, F., Barco; B. ibericwum, Pioch., B. mannerheime,
Sahlb., Brah.; B. decorwm, Panz., Cas.; B. elongatum, De}.,
Cas., Barco; B. articulatum, Gyll., B. quadrimaculatum,
L., Barco, Brat. Tachys parvulus, Dej., Brati., Barco, Cas.;
T. sexstriatus, Duft., Cas. Ocys harpaloides, Serv., Vigo.
Pogonus chalceus, Marsh., Pont. Pacilus cwrulescens, L., Braii.
Abacetus salzmanni, Germ. Brafi., Cas. Amara lifrons,
Gyll., Cas. Zabrus asturiensis, Heyd., one specimen, on
the mountains, Cas. Harpalus neglectus, De}., H. attenu-
atus, Steph., Cang.; H. honestus, Duft., Vigo, Cang., Cas.
Anisodactylus binotatus, F., Vigo. Stenolophus teutonus,
Schr., Vigo, Pont. Acupalpus brunnipes, St. Vigo,
Pont., common in damp places. Chlenius dives, Dej.,
rarely, on the mountains, Cas. Cymindis scapularis,
Schm., Cas.
Agabus guttatis, Payk., in the streams, Cas.
Aleochara rufipennis, Er., Vigo. Polystoma obscwrella,
Grav., Pont. Tachyusa balteata, Ey., Barco; 7. coarctata,
Er., Barco, Vigo. Diglotta sinuaticollis, M. & R., El Marin.
Mycetoporus brunneus, Marsh., Cas. Philonthus rufimanus,
Er., on the banks of streams, Cas. Cafius xantholoma,
Grav., swarming, and C. sericens, Holme, Cang. isnius
procerulus, Grav., Cas. Lathrobiwm angustatum, Lac.,
Pont.; LZ. multipunctum, Grav., Barco, Braf., Vigo.
Pederus caligatus, Er., and P. sangwinicollis, Steph., Vigo,
166 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr, G. C. Champion on
Bran., Barco, etc. Scopxus levigatus, Gyll., Vigo. Sunius
uniformis, Duv., Vigo. Stenus ocellatus, Fauv., Braii., Cas. ;
S. bipunctatus, Er. Barco; S. guttula, Miill., Cas.; 8.
atratulus, Kr., Pont., Braii.; 8. tar salis, Ljungh, Braf.; 8.
ossium, Steph., Pont. : S. declaratus, Er., S. pusillus, Er,
Barco. Bledius grelisi, Fauv., Pont. : B. longulus, Er.,
Barco.
Mastigus palpalis, Latr., Cas. Liodes nigrita, Schmidt,
Bra. Olibrus millefolti, Payk., Brat.; O. bisignatus, Mén.,
Cas.; O. flavicornis, St., Cas. Melanophthalma distin-
gquenda, Com., and M. fulvipes, Com., Cang. Brachypterus
cinerus, Heer, Brafi. Meligethes fuscus, Oliv., Braii., Vigo.
Attagenus trofasciatus, F., Vigo. Pelochares versicolor,
Walt], Barco. Limnichus pygmexus, St., Barco. Hister
sinuatus, F., Vigo. Saprinus immundus, Gyll., S. mari-
timus, Steph., on the sandy beach, Cang.
Sisyphus schefferi, L., Vigo, Cas., Pont., not rare. Ontho-
phagus tawrus, Schr., Vigo; O. schreberi, L., Vigo. Oniti-
cellus fulvus, Goeze, Bran. Aphodius hemorrhoidalis, L.,
Cas. ; A. fetens, F., dark var. Vigo. Ammacius frigidus,
Bris., Cas., rarely on the mountains. Plewrophorus cxsus,
Panz., Vigo. Geotrupes hypocrita, Serv., rarely, and G.
coruscans, Chevr., in abundance, on fresh horse-dung, Cas.
Oryctes grypus, Ill, Cas. Rhizotrogus cantabricus, Heyd.
(felicitanus, Reitt.), flying in the hot sun, on the mountain
slopes, the ¢ in numbers, the ? singly, Cas., Bra. -Anoxia
villosa, F., Vigo. Hymnenoplia, sp., in profusion, locally, on
orass- stems, Vigo, Cas., etc. Chasmatoperus hirtulus, Ul., in
abundance on flowers, Vigo, Cas. Anisoplia betica, Er.,
all its varieties, swarming in places, on plants by the del
side, Cas., Brafi, Hoplia philanthus, Fiiss]., Brati., Vigo.
Potosia morio, F., in thistle-heads, Cas. Leucocelis stictica,
L., Vigo, Cas. TZvrichius gallicus, Heer, rarely, Cas.
Anthazia funerala, Ul., and A. millefolr, F., in flowers,
Cas., Brafi. Acmeodera teniata, F., and A. sp., Cas.
Corebus xneicollis, Villers, in abundance on young oaks,
Cas. Agrilus biguttatus, F., Cas.; A. cinctus, Oliv., Cas. ;
A. roscidus, Kies., Brai.; A. derasofasciatus, Lac., Cas. ;
A. angustulus, Ill., Cas.; A. hyperici, Cr., Vigo. <Aphanis-
ticus emarginatus, Villa, and A. pusillus, Oliv., Brai.,
Vigo.
Melanotus tenebrosus, Er., swarming on a white-flowered
Daphne, on the hillsides at Vigo, also at Casayo. Cardio-
phorus signatus, Oliv., with the preceding, also at Bratiuelas;
sald nei AT a ol C8, eo Fe GaP ge OS a i OORT ON TN naa A aa “i
Entomology in NW. Spain. 167
C. atramentarius, Er. Vigo; C. equisetc, Herbst, Vigo.
Athous godarti, Muls., A. angustulus, Cand., and others of
the genus, Cas., etc.
Hydrocyphon deflexicollis, Miill., on sallows, Brat. Cyphon
variabilis, Thunb., with the preceding. Lampyris noctiluca,
L., males attracted to light, Cas., Brafi., Barco. Telephorus
bivittatus, Mars., Cas., 7. rufus, L., Brat. Malthodes forci-
pyfer, Kies.?, Vigo, Cas. in plenty, Hbeus glabricollis,
Rey, Vigo, Barco, Brafi. Malthinus sp., common on oaks,
Vigo. Colotes punctatus, Er.?, in plenty at the roots of
plants on the sand-dunes, Cangas. Antholinus amiclus,
Er., Cas., Vigo, Bran. Charopus plumbeomicans, Goeze,
Vigo, Brafi. Malachius barnevillei, Puton, and others
of the genus, Cas.; M. viridis, F., Bran. Henicopus
heydeni, Kies., Barco, Bran., Cas., swarming in places, on
grass-stems, the two forms of the 2 occurring together
with the a &f; A. hoplotarsus, Duv., Vigo. Dasytes
subeneus, Schonh., Cas. Psilothrix cyanews, Oliv., Bran.
Haplocnemus andalusicus, Ros.,Cas. Danacwa sp. n. ?, Cas.
Lobonyx xneus, F., sparingly on Helianthemum-flowers, on
the mountain-slopes, Cas. TZrichodes octopunctatus, F.,
Cas.; 7. lewcopsideus, Oliv., Cas.; 7. apiarius, L., Braii.,
Cas.; 7. ammios, F., Brah. Hrnobius mollis, L., on pines,
Vigo. Xyletinus laticollis, Duft. 2, Cas.
Hrodius tibialis, L., commonly, on the sand-dunes,
Cangas. Tentyria sp., Cangas. Asida leonensis, Esc.,
Barco, a single specimen found in the road ; A. sabulosa,
Goeze, Vigo. Heliopathes sp. n. ?, a very distinct form, Vigo,
two specimens, on the hillsides. H. montivagus, Muls.,
ete, Cas. Micrositus sp., under stones, Barco, Cas. Calo-
metopus clypeatus, Germ., Cas. Helops laticollis, Kiist.,
, Barco. Gonodera hispanica, Kies., Cas. Omophlus
ruficollis, F., on flowers, etc., one of the commonest beetles
in Spain., Cas., Vigo, ete. Lagria rubida, Graells, Cas.
Scraptia dulia, Oliv., Cas. Xylophilus neglectus, Duv., on
oaks, Vigo, Pont. Notowus trifasciatus, Rossi, and Jy.
monoceros, L., Vigo, Brat. Anthicws rodriguesi, Latr.,
A. fenestratus, Schm., and A. tristis, Schm., Vigo. Jor-
della aculeata, L., common on flowers, Cas., etc. Oe 0coma
schreberi, ¥., Cas. Zonabris dufowri, Graells, common on
flowers, Cas., a very active species, readily taking to
wing, and hiding away at the roots of plants immediately
it drops from the flowers, of a pale straw colour when
alive; Z. dejean, Gyll, Z. 4-punetata, L., Cas., ete.,
168 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on
Z. hieracti, Graells, Vigo. Coryna billbergi, Gyll., Cas.
Hdemera podagrarie, L., common and very variable, Cas. ;
CH. flaviges, F., Vigo, Pont., Barco; @. barbara, F., Vigo ;
(EZ. nobilis, Scop., and Gf. lwrida, Marsh., Vigo.
Otiorrhynchus dentipes, Graells, on the mountains, Cas.
Phyllobius tuberculifer, Chevr., common, Vigo, Cas., ete.
Polydrusus setifrons, Duv., Vigo. Sciaphilus carinula, Oliv.,
Vigo, Pont., Cas., on Genistu. Barypithes sulcifrons, Boh.,
Cas. Strophosomus ovulum, Seidl., Vigo, Barco, Bran. (the
type was from this locality); S. erinaceus, Chevr., Cas. ;
S. retusus, Marsh., Vigo, Cas., etc. DBrachyderes lusitanicus,
¥., a common species on oaks, pines, etc., Vigo, Pont.,
Cas., Barco; 2. incanus, L., Cas. Husomus smaragdulus,
Fairm., an interesting form with metallic green scales, on
Genista, Vigo. Sitones cambricus, Steph., Vigo. Cneorrhinus
ludificator, Gyll., Vigo, etc., on Genista, not rare and easily
abraded, Vigo, Cas., Pont.; C. dispar, Graells, Vigo, Cas.
Cleonus tigrinus, Panz., Barco. Lizus spartii, Oliv., Cas.,
Pont. Larinus buccinator, Oliv., Vigo; L. planus, ¥F., Cas.
Gronops lunatus, F., Vigo. Pachytychius sparsutus, Oliv.,
in profusion on a large Grenista, also bred from the
woolly seed-pods of the same plant, Vigo, Pont.; P. sca-
bricollis, Ros, Cas. Smicronyx sp. ?, Celiodes clicis, Bedel,
Cas.; C. erythroleucus, Gmel., Pont. Ceuthorrhynchus
campestris, Gyll., Vigo; C. litura, F., erice, Gyll., Cas.,
Bran.; C. geographicus, Goeze, Vigo. Ceuthorrhynchidius
dawson, Bris, Cangas. Phytobius waltoni, Boh., Brat.
Balaninus turbatus, Gyll., common on oaks, Vigo, Pont.
Balanobius ochreatus, Fihr., Vigo; &. pyrrhoceras, Marsh.,
Vigo, Cas. Anthonomus rubi, Herbst, Vigo, Bran. Sibinia
potentille, Germ., Bra. Rhynghenus erythropus, Germ., Le.
quercus, L., R. ilicis, F., and FR. avellane, Donov., on oaks,
Cas.; 2. foliorwm, Miill., swarming on sallows, Bran. ; 2.
sparsus, Fihr., in marshy ground, Brat. Fhamphus puli-
carius, Herbst, Vigo. Gymnetron tetrum, F., Vigo. Miarus
campanule, L., Brafi., Cas. Manophyes lythri, F., Vigo.
Apion flavofemoratwm, Herbst,* im abundance, and A.
argentatum, Gerst., sparingly, on Genista, Vigo, Pont.; A.
elongatissimum, Desbr., on Genista, Vigo; A. wenckeri, Bris.,
Vigo; A. perrisi, Wenck., Vigo, Bran.; A. acwminatum,
Schilsky, Vigo; A. cantabricum, Desbr., Vigo, Cas.; 4.
eyanescens, Gyll., Vigo, Brat.; A. curtulwm, Desbr., on a
* J am indebted to Herr J. Schilsky for the names of various species of
this genus.
Entomology in N.W. Spain. 169
white-flowered Daphne, Vigo; A. levicolle, Kirb., A.
immune, Kirb., A. lott, Kirb., A. ervi, Kirb., Vigo; A.
desbrocherst, Kirsch, Brafi.; A. nigritarse, Kirb., Bran. ;
A. sedi, Germ., Pont.; A. xthiops, Herbst, A. varipes,
Germ., Brafi.; A. carduorum, Kirb., Vigo, Cas., A.
striatum, Marsh., Cas., Barco; A. assimile, Kirb., Cas.
Auletes pubescens, Kies., Braii., Vigo. Rhynchites sericeus,
Herbst, on young oaks, Cas.; 2. cawruleocephalus, Schall.,
Vigo; F.nanus, Payk., Vigo. Cyphus nitens, Scop., common
on oaks, Cas., Vigo. Hylastes ater, Payk., Vigo. Bruchus
biguttatus, Oliv., var. fulvipennis, Germ., Cas.
Spondylis buprestoides, L., in the pine-woods, Vigo.
Leptura fontenayi, Muls., Brat. ; L.fulva, De G., commonly,
and L. distigma, Charp., rarely, on Umbellifere, Cas.; L.
stragulata, Germ., not rare in the pine-woods, Vigo; J.
maculata, Poda, L. nigra, L., and L. melanwra, L., Cas.
Stenopterus ater, L., commonly, on flowers by the roadside,
Barco; S. flavicornis, Kiist., Cas. Hylotrupes bajulus, L.,
Vigo. Xylotrechus arvicola, Oliv., Cas., Barco. Clytanthus
trifasciatus, F., Vigo, Barco, Brai.; C. figuratus, Scop.,
Cas.; C. massiliensis, L., Cas. Clytus rhamni, Germ., Cas.
Agapanthia asphodeli, Latr., and A. cardi, L., Cas.
Donacia versicolorea, Brahm, very small, and D. discolor,
Panz., Bran. Crioceris lili, Scop, Cas. Lachnxa sex-
punctata, Scop., L. tristigma, Lac., and L. pubescens, Duf.,
on oak, etc., Vigo, Cas. Brat. Labidostomis lusitaniea,
Germ., Vigo, Cas. Clythra leviuscula, Retz., common on
oak, Vigo, Brafi.; C. atraphaxidis, Pall. Cas. Gynan-
drophthalma concolor, F., Vigo, Cas. Cryptocephalus cynare,
Suffr., Cas. Brafi., sparingly, on heath, ete.; C. sewmacu-
latus, Oliv., C. bimaculatus, F., Cas.; C. bipunctatus, L.,
common, Cas., Braf., Vigo; C. lusitanicus, Suffr., on
Genista, Cas.; C. crassus, Oliv., Cas.; C. koyi, Suffr., Vigo,
Cas. ; C. vittatus, F., C. mystacatus, Suffr., Vigo ; C. globi-
collis, Suffr., C. violaceus, Laich., Cas.; C. morexi, L., and
vars., Cas., Brafi.; C. rufipes, Goeze, and vars., Bran. ; C.
pygmeus, F., Cas. Brat. Pachybrachys hippophaés, Suttr.,
Cas., Barco, Braf.; P. viridissimus, Suffr., Cas., Braii.
Stylosonus minutissimus, Germ., in profusion on sallows,
Vigo. Chysomela diluta, Germ., in abundance at roots of
grass, on the sand-dunes, Cangas; C. americana, L., Cas. ;
C. rufoxnea, Suffr., Brafi.; C. sanguinolenta, L., Cangas;
C. hyperici, Forst., Cas. Hydrothassa aucta, F., Bran.
Plagiodera versicolora, Laich., Vigo. Exosoma lusitanicum,
170 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on
L., abundant on flowers, Vigo, etc. Luperus nigrofasciatus,
Goeze, Vigo, Brai.; Z. lividus, Joann., Brafi.; L. sp. 2,
near niger, Goeze, in abundance on sallows, Vigo. Loch-
mea capree, L., var. scutellata, Chevr., on sallows, Braii.
Lpitriz pubescens, Koch, Vigo. Hispa atra, L., Vigo; H.
testacea, L., Vigo, Cas.
Subcoccinella 24-punctata, L., Vigo. Adonia variegata,
Goeze, Brafi. Halyzia 16-guttata, L., Pont. Adalia oblite-
rata, L., Vigo. Coccinella 14-pustulata, L., common, Braii.;
C. congloblata, L., Cas. Hxochomus flavipes, Thunb., Vigo,
Pont. Hyperaspis reppensis, Herbst, Vigo. Micraspis 16-
punctata, L., Brai. Platynaspis luteorubra, Goeze, Pont.,
Vigo, Cas. Scymnus, spp., Vigo, ete.
The Hemiptera-Heteroptera observed were as follows :—
Lurygaster maura, L., Cas. Bra. Cydnus sp., at roots
of grass, Cang. Ochetostethus nanus, H.-S., Vigo. Neotti-
glossa infleca, Wolff, Bratt. Palomena viridissima, Poda,
Vigo. Peribalus sphacelatus, F., Pont. Piezudorus litura-
tus, F., Pont. Hurydema oleracewm, L., Cas; E. dominu-
lus, Scop., Barco. Syromastes marginatus, F., Vigo.
Verlusia sulcicornis, F., Vigo. Pseudophleus falleni,
Schill, on the sand-hills, Cangas. Camptopus lateralis,
Ger., Barco, Stenocephalus agilis, Scop., Vigo. Bothrostethus
annulipes, Costa, var. sabulicola, Horv.?, Vigo, three
specimens, Corews hirticornis, F., Cas. Corizus crassicornis,
L., Bran., Barco, Cas.; C. subrufus, Gmel., Cas. Lygeus
pandurus, Scop., Vigo; L. superbus, Poll., Bran. Lygexo-
soma reticulatum, H.-S., Vigo. Cymus melanocephalus, Fieb.,
Vigo, Braii.; C. glandicolor, Hahn, Brah. Macroplax fasci-
ata, H.-S., Braii., Vigo, Cas. Tropistethus holosericeus, Schtz.,
Pont. Plinthisus minutissimus, Fieb., Pont. Stygnocoris
pedestris, Fall., Vigo. Aphanus pineti, H.-S.,Cas. Beosus
maritimus, Scop., Braii. Hmblethis angustus, Mont., Cas.
Serenthia lxta, Fall., Bran. Dictyonota fuliginosa, Costa,
Vigo; D. strichnocera, Fieb., Vigo. Monanthia haumuali,
F., Bran. Gerris najas, De G., Braii.; G. gibbifer, Schm.,
Brat. Harpactor iracundus, Poda, Brat, Cas., Vigo ;
fT. erythropus, L., Vigo; H. sanguineus, F., Brait., Vigo.
Coranus egyptius, F., Vigo. Nabis ferus, L., Vigo;
N. rugosus, L., Vigo; N. ericetorwm, Schtz., Braii., Vigo.
Salda cocksi, Curt., Branh. Pithanus merkeli, H.-S., Bran.
Miris calearatus, Fall., Bratt. Lopus sulcatus, Fieb., Cas. ;
L. cingulatus, F., Vigo. Monalocoris filicis, L., Vigo.
Phytocoris tiliew, F., Pont.; P. exoletus, Costa, Brat.
Entomology in N.W. Spain. Wee
Miridius quadrivirgatus, Costa, Vigo. Calocoris sex-
guttatus, F., Cas.; C. roseomaculatus, De G., Cas., Pont.,
Brat. Grypidius noualhiert, Reut., Vigo. Brachycoleus
scriptus, F., Cas. Lygus montanus, Schill, Cas. Cypho-
dema wnstabile, Luc, Vigo. Peciloscytus untfasciatus, F.,
Braii. Capsus cordiger, Hahn, Braii., Cas., Vigo; C. ruber,
L., Cas., Vigo; C. scutellaris, F., Brafi. Orthocephalus
saltator, Hahn, Vigo. Strongylocoris obscurus, Ramb., Cas.,
Vigo, Pont., Brafi.; S. cicadifrons, Costa, Cas. Brafi.
Globiceps sphegiformis, Rossi, Braii., Cas.; C. flavomacu-
latus, F., Cas., Barco. Halticus apterus, L., Vigo; H.
luteicollis, Panz., Cas. Pachyxyphus lineellus, Muls., Vigo.
Sthenarus ocularis, M. & R., Cas., Pont.; S. bicolor, Muls.,
Cas. Pelocoris marginatus, Latr., Barco.
EXPLANATION OF PLates V—XI.
[See Explanation facing the PLATES |
iS Ge aoa
VILL. On Some Teratological Specimens. By 'T. A, CHAP-
MAN, M.D., F.Z.S.
[Read March 6th, 1907.]
Prare XM:
Mr. KENNETH J. Morton recently sent me a specimen
of Capnia atra with a three-fold tarsus on one hind-leg,
and Mr. A. Bacot placed in my hands a specimen of Cato-
cala nupta with a duplicate tarsus on the fore-leg. It so
happens that a more unusual aberration of structure has
occurred in a specimen of Hastula hycrana amongst those
I have recently been rearing. Though the latter has
probably nothing in common “with the other two, still as
all are aberrations of structure they may be noted to-
gether. I have illustrated them all in Plate XII; though
somewhat diagrammatic, the outlines are fairly accurate in
all important points, being from camera sketches.
The specimen of Hastula hycrana is a pupa that pos-
sesses jaws of the larval pattern. I have never before met
with such a specimen, nor read of such an one, but this is
possibly due to my defective literary explorations.
It is perhaps necessary to make it clear that these
mandibles are pupal structures. We see, and more often
hear of, pupee, and even imagines with larval heads. Of
these this description is accurate, the head is a larval
head, ¢. e. the head of the larva, not cast at the moult but
remaining 7 siéw and having within it the pupal and
imaginal heads proper.
These mandibles are not a persistence of larval man-
dibles, but the pupal mandibles, failing to recede to the
simple pupal form, but taking on one almost identical
with that characteristic of the larva.
On the plate Fig. 1 represents the head parts from the
front of a normal pupa. The maxille and labial palpi
below, the labrum with two hairs basally and the small
triangular mandibles (in this and many other species,
quadrangular, the apex being truncate), in the angle
between the labrum above and the maxillxe below, the
apex just touching the labium. Figs. 2 and 3 represent
the specimen we are considering. Fig. 2 nearly in profile,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE)
174 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
Fig. 3 nearly front view. The mandibles do not he flat
as in Fig. 1, but project nearly at right angles to the
surface. Whatever other causes there may be for this
position, one is imperative, they are too large in every
dimension to occupy the space provided for the normal
pupal jaws.
It is the empty pupa case we are examining, so that the
hiatus in Fig. 3 between the face and the maxilla is pos-
sibly due to opening on dehiscence, but even so, it was
rendered easy by the size of the mandible preventing
correct apposition. The space seen between this man-
dible and the labium is however a hollow, into which the
mandible ought to have folded down. This hollow existed
before dehiscence.
The jaws are conspicuous not only by their projection
but also by possessing the black colour, quite dense along
the margin, so common in larval jaws. It is indeed more
intense than in the larva of H. hyerana, in which the
darkness is only intense along the teeth and is there only
deep brown. They appear to possess precisely the same
teeth as those of the larva, viz. five, of which the lower is
broad and flat. I say appear, because though the teeth
are evident enough, they are somewhat less crisp and
sharp than in the larva, and one might count them per-
haps as four or six. This is due to the circumstance, that
the mandibles are not smooth and polished like those of
the larva, but have a finely wrinkled and sculptured sur-
face, similar to the pupal surface generally. They are in
no way articulated, but are continuous with the rest of
the pupal surface, though they are in a sense well marked
off from it. But on closer scrutiny, a definite suture line
as in the normal pupa is not easily determined, for ex-
ample in the figure 2, the near mandible shows a quasi-
suture at the base of the blackest piece, this however is
followed by a wrinkled base, marked off by a slighter
possibly sutural line so that one cannot say certainly which
is the one that divides jaw from face.
I awaited the emergence of the moth from this pupa
with some interest. It had some difficulty in emerging,
it left a portion of one antenne in the pupa case, and more
or less damaged all its wings, I imagine, in struggles to
free itself, It succeeded, however, and expanded its. wings.
These difficulties had no immediate relation to the ab-
normal pupal jaws, but probably resulted from some
some Teratological Specimens. 175
defect arising from the same causes, whatever they were,
that led to the mandibular aberration. The mouth parts
of the imago presented no trace of difference from the
ordinary typical specimen.
I have given in Figs. 4 and 5 outlines of the larval jaws,
Fig. 4 of the full-grown feeding larva, and Fig. 5 of the
estivating larva, jaws that it uses for no other purpose
than to eat the cast skin. The differences between the
two jaws of each pair are not altogether due to bad draw-
ing, and not of course to any differences between the jaws
of either side, but simply to a difference of angle of the
specimens under the camera, It will be noticed that the
estivating jaws are smaller than the feeding ones, and
the pupal ones smaller still (all are to same scale, a
magnification of 22 diameters).
Inthe Ent. Mo. Mag., 1896, pp.54—80, I related some cases
of larvee of Agrotis comes that became larvee with some
pupal characters on taking the moult that would normally
have been that to pupa. The present is the only case of
a similar sort I have since met with. In that case the
active cause was some delay of development owing to
irregular starvation. In this one I do not know the larval
history, but the specimen was the very last to pupate out
of some 430 examples. So that, if not starvation, some
causes delaying the progress of development must have
been active, but produced no visible effects except that on
the mandibles and the difficulty of emergence from the
pupa, whatever that may have been.
The specimen of Catocala nupta was exhibited at the
Entomological Society on December 5th by Mr. Bacot.
The left fore-leg has a widened and thickened tibia, with
one tarsus almost normal and a second of smaller size
beside it. When it came into my possession, the super-
numerary tarsus had lost the last two joints by some
accident, the third joint showing plaimly that they had
existed and were not absent congenitally. I have restored
them conjecturally on the plate. The supernumerary
tarsus is more slender than the normal one and of about
two-thirds its length.
The specimen of Capnia atra is somewhat similar. In
this case the tarsus affected is of the posterior leg. The
tibia is normal or nearly so, but the first tarsal joint
is much widened and carries at its broad extremity three
second tarsal joints, each with normal third joints, claws
176 Dr. T. A. Chapman on some Teratological Specimens.
and appendages. I have here placed a normal limb, as
with the C. nupta, for comparison. The affected joints are
apparently fractionally shorter than normal, but perhaps a
little wider than the healthy one. The basal joint of
course is much broader, and may be regarded as _ three
joints fused side by side.
My experiments in regenerations of limbs, of which I
have not yet published a large number, performed some
years ago, lead me to believe that these supernumerary
limbs are all instances of regeneration, or if not all, at
least a large proportion of them ; just as lizards occasion-
ally regenerate two or even three tails.
I picture the group of embryonic cells, which form the
regenerative centre, broken up, by the injury by which
the limb is lost, into two or more portions ; and each of
these portions performs its functions of developing into a
new limb without reference to the others. This result, is
sufficiently rare to make it probable that injury rarely
divides up this no doubt very minute portion of tissue, and
that when it does, the divided portions succeed in most
cases in reuniting, or all but one of the separated portions
are mortally injured.
All three specimens have been placed in the Natural
History Museum, South Kensington.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.
[See Explanation facing the PLate.]
IX. On a remarkable undescribed form of Moth belonging
to the famely Tineide. By Lirut.-CoLoNEL
CHARLES T. BinaHawm, F.ZS., F.ES.
[Read February 6th, 1907.]
PEATE XE
Binsitta barvrowi, form. nov.
g. Upper-side white with a shining silky gloss. Fore-wing with
the following black markings :—a large square spot near the base of
the costa, a larger rectangular patch just beyond, that extends trans-
versely from the costa to the median vein, a border along the apical
half of the costal margin, continued broadly from the apex of the
wing along the anterior three-fourths of the termen and only slightly
narrowed posteriorly ; at about two-thirds of the length of the wing
from the base this black border is produced downwards in the form
of an upper rounded discal patch. Looked at perpendicularly from
above, the markings just described appear entirely black, but in a
side light the scales, which are remarkably broad, densely packed and
partially erect, take on beautiful metallic tints of blue and green of
different shades and delicate lilac ; scattered over the medial area
of the wing and along the edge of the apical half of the costa are
curious erect little tufts of bright ferruginous scales. Hind-wing:
apical third shaded with shining bronzy-brown that darkens out-
wards and changes to metallic purple on the costal margin and apex
of wing. Under-side white. Fore-wing: the black markings near
base of wing somewhat as on the upper-side but more diffuse, no erect
or semi-erect scaling; apical half of wing shaded with bronzy dark
brown with a purple sheen in certain lights ; the dark shading con-
tinued diffusely along the median vein towards the base. Hind-
wing: apical third heavily shaded with metallic purplish-black scales.
Cilia of the anterior two-thirds of the fore and of the anterior half
of the hind-wing black with a metallic sheen, the rest white. An-
tenn and the outer sides of the palpi near the base black, the front
and inner side of the basal half of the palpi white, the apical half
with tufts of bright ferruginous scales ; head, thorax and abdomen
silky shining white, the apical segment of the latter black with a
tuft of long white hairs ; beneath: the thorax and abdomen silky
shining white, the latter with two rows of black spots on each side ;
legs black with a few transverse white bars.
Exp. ¢ 78 mm.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 12
178 Lieut.-Col. Charles T. Bingham on
fab. Upper Burma: Maymyo, 3000 ft; ? ANDAMANS.
The only other form of the genus Binsitia described
is niviferana, Walker, a much smaller insect (exp. ¢ f
30-88 mm.) with the hind-wings of a buff-yellow colour,
palpi white, and wing-markings which, though similar in
character, are different in many ways.
A single unnamed ¢ of a larger form from the Anda-
mans is in the collection of the British Museum. This
may possibly be conspecific with barrowi, but seems to
differ in the colour of the palpi, which are white. The
specimen, however, is very much rubbed, though otherwise
in good condition.
This very beautiful moth was discovered by Colonel
Waller-Barrow, R.A.M.C. The specimen described had
just emerged and was seated on the empty shell of the
pupa, which was fixed, as shown in the plate, on the twig
of a small silk-cotton tree (Bombax malabarica, D. C.).
Colonel Barrow found two other similar pup on other
branches of the same tree; one of these had unfortunately
been parasitised, but the parasite (Ichnewmon or Bracon)
had already matured and escaped. In colour the pupa is
yellowish-brown, the head is blunt, and with the thorax
and wing-cases broad and flattened. On the ventral side
the 4th segment has two closely-approximate tubercles
placed transversely, between which 1s a longitudinal short
white streak; 5th to the 12th segments with transverse
rows of small conical projections ; constrictions between
the segments strongly marked ; 7th segment with a large
conspicuous rounded black tubercle on each side, behind
each of which is a larger pale yellow, or in one of the
pupze white, tubercle; on the broad flattened truncated
head, dividing the ventral from the dorsal side, is an im-
pressed dark line. The pupa is fixed by its tail end ina
semi-erect position to the twig on which it was found, and
bears, as can be seen by the illustration, a striking re-
semblance to the head of a snake and, strange to say, of a
bird-eating tree-snake (Lycodon aulicus, Linn.) which is far
from uncommon in Burma.
At first I was inclined to think that this likeness might
be protective, but the fact that the pups of Lepidoptera
are often curiously, almost fantastically, like other natural
objects is well known. I would instance the pupe of two
forms of the little Lyczenid butterflies, Spalgis epius, West-
wood, from India, and Spalgis s-signata, Holland, from
aime ie at a i i a i Tl i et tee Ee i i eh ee
ob a Pe eS 48 LV OS RE
a remarkable undescribed form of Moth, Tineide. 179
West Africa, figured in the Journal of the Bombay
Natural History Society, vol. viii, 1893, p. 485. Carefully
examined, these pupe are seen to be absurdly like monkeys’
faces, and in these two cases there can be no suggestion
that the resemblance is protective, or that birds and lizards
would see a likeness and be deterred from attacking them.
The real fact is that we are entirely ignorant of the in-
fluences in the environment (using the word in its widest
sense) that mould the shapes of most natural objects
around us, and to call strange resemblances such as those
noted above “merely accidental” is only a confession of
that ignorance. With regard to what are called “ pro-
tective resemblances,” the only sure test as to whether
they are really protective or not seems to me to lie not in
experimenting with captured lizards and caged birds, but
in patient watching and observations, repeated again and
again in the field and in the forest, of the behaviour of
bird and lizard—pre-eminent enemies of insects—when
confronted in the course of their natural wanderings with
cases of what we call protective mimicry.
In conclusion, I have to thank Colonel Waller-Barrow
for entrusting me with the specimens of the moth and its
pupa described above. These he has now presented to
the British Museum. I have also to express my great
obligation to Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc., F.E.S., for the very
beautiful photograph of the moth and pupa, from which
the plate accompanying this paper has been reproduced.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
[See Hxplanation facing the PLars.|
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X. On the remarkable resemblance between two species of
Molippa. By E. DUKINFIELD JoNnES, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
[Read 6th March, 1907.]
PLATE XTYV.
DuRiInG the many years I have lived in Brazil I have
taken from time to time MJolippa sabina, Walker, which is
a fairly common insect both in Sao Paulo and Parana. I
found the larva in Sao Paulo feeding on Bauhinia, and in
Parana on Bauhinia, Erythrina and Mimosa.
In 1896 at Castro, Parana, I took some Saturniid cater-
pillars on Mimosa that were new to me, and to my astonish-
ment they produced moths that were apparently identical
with JM, sabina, On sending specimens of the moth to
Mr. W. Schaus, he gave me the species as JZ. sabina, and I
came to the conclusion that this moth had a dimorphic
larva. This conclusion was strengthened by my finding,
on January 27th, 1899, a group of larve on AZimosa, some
of which, just about to change skin (probably 3rd change),
were of the normal form and colour, while others that had
already changed were of the new form and colour.
Since my return to England in 1902 I have shown the
imagines of the two species, of which I have a good series,
to several entomologists, and the opinion has invariably
been that the two forms were the same species, so close is
the resemblance between them.
Last autumn it occurred to me that a comparison of the
male genitalia might settle the question. The examina-
tion proved satisfactorily that the two species are distinct,
the form of the wncus being quite sufficient to establish
this, all the males bred from what I have called the normal
form of larva having the wacuvs as shown in Fig. 2a, and in
those from the other larva as in Fig. lv. The finding of
the larve of the two species associated in changing skin
was fortuitous and misleading.
The two species with dissections of the genitalia and
photographs of the larve were exhibited at the meeting of
the Society on Nov. 7th, 1906.
On examining Walker’s type of sabina in the British
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE)
182 Mr. E. D. Jones on two species of Molippa.
Museum I found the wneus easily visible and agreeing
with Fig. 2a. The other species I propose to name JM.
smallima. The description of the new species may be left
as that of JZ. sabina, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. vi, p.
1345 (1855), for though the specimens vary considerably
from the type of Jf. sabina, they do not do so more than
the individuals of sabina do among themselves. The
genitalia must be consulted for identifying the species.
It is interesting to find both species of larva feeding on
the same food plant at the same season of the year. Both
species are gregarious.
The coloration of the larvee in relation to their habits is
worthy of note. J. sabina is in the last stage of a dull grey
or slightly drab colour with black markings, the spines
being grey (Fig. 20), and this larva rests during the day-
time near the ground on the trunk of the tree on which it
feeds, a cluster of them having a wonderful resemblance to
a patch of a mossy lichen that is very common in the
woods about Castro. JL simzilima, on the other hand, rests
during the day on the twigs amongst the leaves and
flowers of the A/imosa, and the colour is yellow with black
marblings, the spines being yellow (Fig. 10). This colora-
tion combines so well with the surroundings that the
caterpillar, though a brilliant object, is well concealed
from its enemies.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.
[See Explanation facing the PLATE.]
JUNE 20TH, 1907.
#f8d>)
XI. The Life History of Tetropium gabrieli, Ws. = T.
fuscum, Sharp = T. crawshayi, Sharp, etc. By
the Rev. G. A. CRawsuHay, M.A., F.E.S.
[Read March 6th, 1907.]
PLATES! X VX Xe
I HAVE already stated (Ent. Mo. Mag., Sec. Ser., Vol. xvi,
p. 223) how on comparing any original series of 180 speci-
mens of a Zetropium, reared by myself May—June 1905,
at Leighton Buzzard with the series of 7. luridum, L., in
the British Museum, I was a little doubtful as to their
identity with the latter species.
Accordingly I submitted a specimen to M. Bedel for his
opinion, who kindly drew my attention to a new species,
T. gabrieli, lately described by Herr Weise, as follows :—
Elongatum, nigrum, pedibus fulvis aut ferrugineis, fronte con-
vexiuscula, haud canaliculata, prothorace disco nitido, crebre
subtilius punctato, latera versus opaco, creberrime ruguloso-punctato
et subtilissime granulato, elytris opacis, elevato-lineatis.
Long. 95-14 mm.
Var. a. Elytris obscure ferrugineis, femoribus nigris, tibiis tarsisque
rufo-piceis.
(Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1905, p. 136.)
With this information I handed over my material to
Dr. D. Sharp for determination as he was working at the
genus at the time, with the result that he pronounced
the Leighton Buzzard insect a new species, naming it
T. crawshayt and describing it thus :—
Fere angustum, subdepressum, nigrum; antennis, tibiis, tarsisque
piceis ; vertice in medio haud, vel vix, depresso; prothorace vix
transverso, ubique crebre, fere zequaliter punctato (i.e. areis levigatis
fere nullis), margine basali obsolete elevata.
Long 12-16 mm.
(Ent. Mo. Mag., Ser. II, Vol. xvi, p. 271.)
Dr. Sharp suggested the possibility of this insect
ultimately proving identical with 7. gabrieli, but, in con-
sideration of the entirely red legs of the single specimen
of 7. gabricli communicated by Herr Weise, as compared
with the black femora constant throughout my long series,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907,—PART II. (SEPT.) 138
184 Rey. G. A. Crawshay on the
together with other slightly different characters, he decided
to make the Leighton Buzzard insect distinct.
Two years prior to this Mr. F. Bouskell had discovered
a red-legged Tetropiwm in some numbers near Leicester,
June 15, 1903 (Ent. Record, 1903, p. 288).
These specimens were erroneously reported to be taken
from Spruce Fir (Picea excelsa), I had taken crawshayt
exclusively from Zaria ewropwa which is deciduous and
bears a very different bark.
Reasonable doubt existing as to whether these two
British forms were one and the same species, I made it
my object to clear up this point by a series of breeding
experiments.
In Nov. 1905 I reared my first few specimens of the
red-legged form from a log of Larix ewropea which con-
tained also the form with black femora (crawshayt).
This afforded a probability that they were one species,
though as yet there was no proof that two different species
had oviposited on this log.
By August 1906 I had succeeded in rearing the form with
black femora (crawshayi) from two red-legged parents. All
intergradations of colour in the femora from ferruginous
to black occurred in this series.
Accordingly I was able to pronounce these two, in their
extreme forms, different-looking insects to be one species.
Would this prove to be 7. gabrieli ?
To clear up this point I forwarded Herr Weise a long
series of 7. crawshayi, asking him for his opinion on the
subject. JI have at length heard from him to the effect
that he considers 7. crawshayi a form of gabricli and has
kindly communicated his single example of gabriela for my
inspection.
I concur with Herr Weise in this opinion.
T. crawshayi then becomes a synonym for 7’. gabrielt and
may be allowed to stand for that form which so largely
predominates in this country, viz. with black elytra and
black femora.
This I propose to name 7’. gabrieli, var. b.
I append a description in English of the type form and
vars. :—
Type form. Elongate, rather depressed, black ; legs and antennze
ferruginous, tawny, pitchy-red ; palpi tawny to pitchy-red ; apex
of abdomen tawny, pitchy-red, black ; frons conyex, not canaliculate ;
a ar
Life History of Tetropium gabrieli. 185
thorax, disc shining, closely and rather finely punctured, duller at
sides which are punctate-granulate, basal margin obsoletely raised ;
elytra black, dull, with three more or less raised longitudinal lines,
golden or grey pubescence on basal third more or less pronounced :
¢d with joints of front tarsi and femora broader, and antenne longer
than 9°. T. gabrieli, Ws.
Long. 10-16 mm.
Var. a. Elytra obscurely ferruginous, femora black, tibiae and
tarsi pitchy-red.
Var. b (= T. crawshayi, Sharp). Elytra black, femora black, tibize
and tarsi pitchy-red.
In England, 7. gabrielit, type form, known by its red
legs, is In my experience local. Var. a, described by Herr
Weise as bearing obscurely ferruginous elytra and black
femora, has not occurred; and var. b, distinguished by its
black elytra and black femora, I have found wherever I
have searched for it where there has been a reasonable
amount of Larix europea.
It seems likely that the species has been widely estab-
lished in this country since Larch began to be generally
planted for its economic value, about a century ago.
At the same time, it may have established itself at an
earlier date still, for Larch has been grown for ornamental
purposes in England for over two centuries.
T. gabrielt may be distinguished from 7’, luridwm both
by the canaliculate frons of the latter and, as Dr. Sharp
has pointed out, the more strongly-raised basal margin of
its thorax.
I observe, also, the head and thorax are considerably
more shining in /wridwm owing to a more sparing punctu-
ation, especially on the disc of the latter, a good character
which has hitherto escaped notice.
In this brightness of the thorax gabrieli is intermediate
between fuscum and luridwm, fuscum being the dullest of
the three.
From fuscum, gabrielt may be known by the dull head
and thorax of the former, due to a coarser punctuation,
and also to granulation on the disc, which latter character
is absent in gabriela and luridum.
Also the thorax in jwsewm is always more coarsely
pubescent than in gabrieli and luridwm, and its band of
pubescence on the basal third of the elytra nearly always
more clearly defined.
186 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the
CAPTURE AND DistriBpuTION.—In England 7. gabrieli
has occurred as follows :—
Near Bletchworth, Surrey, H. Saunders 1901
Esher, Surrey, G. E. Bryant 1902
Near Leicester, F. Bouskell 1903*
King’s Lynn, EK. A. Atmore 1903
Brockenhurst, M. A. Sharp 1903
Leighton Buzzard, Rev. G. A. Crawshay 1905+
Elsfield, Oxon., J. J. Walker 1905
Sandy, Beds, Rev. G. A. Crawshay 1905
Brockenhurst, Rev. G. A. Crawshay 1905
Fenny Stratford, Bucks, Rev. G. A. Crawshay 1905}
Kings Langley, Herts, Rev. G. A. Crawshay 1906
Enfield, Surrey, C. T. C. Pool 1906
Near Romsey, Hants, Rev. G. A. Crawshay 1906
Reading District, Dr. Norman Joy 1906
Mr. G. C. Champion has communicated specimens taken
by himself in 1899, “Simplon, Switzerland”; and another
labelled : “ Mendel Pass, Austr. Tyrol, R.W.L., 1896.”
The insect will doubtless occur in older collections
confused with 7. luridum.
I first saw 7. gabrieli, var. b, at Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire,
on May 25th, 1905, a single example crawling outside a timber-yard.
On searching the yard on the following day I observed a second
example on the wing. It settled on a log of ash and I secured it. I
then traced these specimens to a log of Larix ewropea which had
been felled in a neighbouring plantation the year before and now
lay in the timber-yard.
In the bark lay a considerable number of imagines and a few
pup. No larve occurred, and subsequent search only revealed two
backward ones in the whole log. I had all the bark stripped off
and portions of it laid in boxes covered with perforated zine and
partly also with glass, that I might observe the insects.
A good number soon emerged, about 180 in all, including those I
had taken in the timber-yard. They paired readily. On the chance
of getting them to oviposit, and, in order to secure the breed, I had
* The earliest occurrence, in England, of the species, type form,
in the tree.
+ The earliest occurrence, in England, of var. b in the tree.
{ An abnormally large tree, from which I estimate some 6000 or
7000 individuals must have been reared.
Life History of Tetropiwm gabrielt. 187
a larch tree felled, by the kindness of a friend, and delivered to me
in the early morning before Tetropiwm was on the move. The tree
was a perfectly healthy one, and therefore was not likely to have
been infected by the beetle before it was felled, and certainly not
in transit.
On an 8-ft. length of this I sleeved about 12 9 9 and a few
¢ g early in June. I watched oviposition take place, and from this
log eventually I took, in all, about 300 larve and imagines of the
form with black femora exclusively, the only form known to me at
the time. The larve mostly established themselves in their pupa-
cells by the following October, and emerged the following May and
June.
HABiTat.—Larix ewropxa exclusively im my experrence
in the wild state. Mulsant gives, as the habitat of the
kindred species 7. luridwm, L.: “Pins, sapins, chéne ”
(Hist. Nat. Col. de France, Longicornes, p. 115). It
would be interesting to know if this species affects Larix.
Mulsant’s silence as to Larix does not necessarily exclude
this conifer from the food-plants of 7. /uridwm which he
isenumerating. According to some modern classification of
the Conifers: (Veitch, Man. Conif.), the tribe ABLETINA
is divided into the sub-tribes :—
(1) Pinex or Pines, including our familiar Scots Pine, etc.
(2) Laricex, including the common European Larch, etc.
(3) Sapinex or Firs, including the well-known Spruce
Fir, ete.
Probably Mulsant adopted the old classification which
would include the Larches in Sapinex or “ Sapins.”
Desirous to ascertain whether the larva of 7. gabrieli would feed
in any other species of conifer than Larix ewropexa, and if so
whether this would affect its coloration, in May 1906 I tested my
beetles with a log of Pinus laricio, var. nigricans, Par.,* enclosing
many ? @ on it with muslin. Contrary to expectation, the log
subsequently produced a small number of larve.
As Tetropiwm was at this time reported, though in error, to have
occurred in Picea (Spruce Fir), I tested my beetles with a log of
Picea excelsa, Link, fully expecting that they would not lay on it,
or if they did, that the larvee would not live in it. The log
subsequently produced a considerable number of larve.
I was greatly surprised at this, for I have repeatedly found
standing Larix inhabited by 7. gabrieli mingled with sickly, dying
* So returned to me from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, by
the courtesy of the Director.
188 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the
and dead Picea and other firs, and these latter trees have always
been untouched by the beetle.
In timber-yards also I have observed piles of Larix, many of
which contained the beetle, with Picea close by infested by Sirex
and other insects, but free from any trace of Vetropiwm,and both
trees coming from the same plantation.
In the same way I have always found the species avoid Pinus
sylvestris, Linn. I have examined hundreds of this conifer dying
and dead in Tetropium localities and found them unaffected by
Tetropium, though the work of Criocephalus, Asemum and Rhagiwm
was visible.
The 2 2 which I enclosed on Picea and Pinus were restless and
tried to eat their way through the muslin, while those enclosed on
Larix settled down at once and oviposited freely, the larve hatching
out and spreading over the entire surface of the log,
In confinement then, and under compulsion, 7’. gabrieli is capable
of living in Pinus and Picea, but prefers Larix ewropexa, multiplying
in this tree so fast that the second brood will completely kill a dying
tree of average dimensions, using up all the inner bark.
Lire Cyciz.—The egg is laid in the outer bark. The larva
consumes the soft bast, the cambium layer itself, and sometimes grazes
superficially the youngest sapwood. Thus destroying the vital juices
it soon kills completely a sickly tree.
When full fed it either excavates a pupa-cell under the surface of
the outer bark, or burrows in the wood and pupates there.
The life cycle occupies a year. Appended are data concerning
this (p. 189).
THE Imaco.—In a hot temperature the beetles are very active
in their movements, running rapidly over the surface of the bark,
chasing each other, or lying quite flat to it, basking in the sunshine.
They have also a peculiar habit of standing motionless,
almost on tiptoe, with the body well away from the bark.
The hind-legs being longer than the fore-legs, that part of
the body is slightly tilted up in the air.
More generally they creep under the plates of the bark and hide
themselves entirely. Pairs secrete themselves under the lamine of
the bark in cop. The species is, on the whole, fond of seclusion, and
doubtless this is why it has escaped notice so long. There may be
many imagos on a tree but very few visible at a time. I have placed
as many as a dozen on a foot of 9-in. larch-pole and it has been
difficult to find one at times.
They appear to be exclusively diurnal in their habits. I have
kept numbers in large boxes and flower-pots out of doors, covered
nT
189
Life History of Tetropium gabrielt.
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190 Rey. G. A. Crawshay on the
with muslin, perforated zinc and glass, and, about sunset, in a warm
temperature they have all crept down and hidden themselves under
the broken pieces of bark. On uncovered logs I have observed the
same. They creep under the scales and remain in hiding till the
morning.
It is not a question of the lower temperature but the darkness that
keeps them quiescent at night, for beetles which I have forced in
the winter, placed in a warm temperature over a fire-place in
a bright gas-light, have exhibited the same activity at midnight
as in any June sunshine, darting about over the surface of the bark
or even flying, as far as space allowed, in the large glass jam jars
in which I kept them.
In these jars these winter-bred imagines have lived the
full span of their perfect existence when supplied with
a little moisture—namely, about three weeks. I
have watched them gnawing the bark, apparently eating
part and rejecting the rest, where there has been no
need of removing the bark to free themselves from too
close quarters.
They begin to emerge early in June under normal conditions, and,
in my experience, are mostly dead by the end of the first week in
July. The latest date I have seen one alive in the wild state was
July 5th, 1906. They emerge earlier from felled timber which has
lain from the time of oviposition in a spot exposed to an unusual
degree of sunshine, as may occur in timber-yards, fences, etc.
Thus, as early as May 4th, 1906, I was surprised to see
a few holes of the first imagos of the season’s brood in the
bark of logs which had stood in my garden in an unusually
warm aspect for the greater part of the time since
oviposition the previous June.
With this stock I made some remarkable experiments.*
On May 13th I enclosed some of these imagos with muslin
on logs of Larix ewropea. The logs were placed in a still
hotter situation than that of the previous summer. The
imagines paired at once and duly oviposited. I expected
that the larva would feed up, as those of the previous
year, and establish themselves in their pupa-cells for the
* In the case of all logs used for breeding experiments due
precaution was taken to keep them isolated from the time of felling,
and thus beyond the reach of oviposition from unexpected quarters.
At the time of felling, this timber was perfectly healthy and such as
Tetropium never, in my experience, affects.
f
F
4
+ Re SP GH 0
Life History of Tetropium gabrielr. 191
winter, without transforming to pups. ‘To my surprise, on
August 10th I observed holes in the bark where the first of
this second brood of the season had emerged, probably a
few days previously, 7. ¢. within three months of the parent
stock being put down on these logs. The 9? of this
second brood coupled and oviposited from August 10th
onwards, and of the next generation of larvae found in
this log in October following some had already moulted
four times.
I had doubts whether these very small larvze would get
through the winter, some being so near the surface of the
bark, but I found them, in March following, after a severe
winter, at different depths in the bark, in all stages of
development from the first to fourth moults.
The above-mentioned rate of development is probably
the most rapid possible without running the risk of death
from too high a temperature, for in some of these logs
where the bark was not of considerable thickness some of
the larvee had from time to time been scorched to death
by the fierce July heat to which they had been exposed,
the bark being very hot to the touch.
The temperature may, of course, be so high as to impede
development, for I observe that, subject to a very high
temperature, the larve which are not killed lie limp, faint
and prostrate during the warm hours of the day and
cannot continue feeding. The breathing and fluctuations
which are normally visible through the delicate transparent
skin are suspended, and it takes some hours to revive the
larva and restore its organs to their proper functions. On
the other hand, after a night’s hard frost in the depth of
winter, by applying warmth I have caused them to resume
feeding in a couple of hours.
The imagos also I have found killed by the heat
in their cells in the bark. The days when this
happened were remarkable for their high temperature,
which ranged between 90°-96° Fahr. in the shade. The
logs were exposed to the fierce heat of the midday sun.
I found that to cover the logs with a sheet and water
occasionally moderated the heat sufficiently to admit of a
safe though rapid development of the insect in all its stages.
Oviposition.—I have observed pairs remain coupled for about
a day and a half and the ? 9 oviposit about a day and a half later,
both ¢ and @ living on for about three weeks.
192 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the
The beetle deposits her eggs in the bark, in numbers varying from
a single one to batches of five or six in the same spot. She then
moves on to another spot. I have not found more than six ova
together.
These are put away under the plates, the beetle backing in as far
as she can and then extending her ovipositor a considerable distance
further to the junction of the plates with the surface of the bark
from which they are peeling. Or they are inserted in any convenient
fissure in the tender bark.
Where this is superficial and the whole of the ovipositor
is not buried, the operation may be closely watched without
the beetle being disturbed.
I have observed the ova, under the lens, passing, one by
one, down the ovipositor, forced, a small distance at a time,
with a fluctuating motion.
By dissection I have found a healthy 2 to contain as many as
130 well-formed ova.
A © confined in a glass jar scattered about 30 ova in the wood-
dust at the bottom of the jar, and on being supplied with a piece of
bark, laid about 70 more in it before she died.
I have watched oviposition in the wild state once only,
when I came on a solitary ? on a newly-sawn strip of larch
ovipositing on the narrow edge of bark in close company
with Strex gigas, who was occupied in the same way.
In confinement, Zetropiwm has laid on a very small
piece of bark held in my fingers and watched under the
lens. They will also, in confinement, oviposit on dead and
exhausted bark which could not support life in the larve.
The earliest date I have known oviposition take place
under almost natural conditions was on May 17th, in the
case of imagos which had emerged prematurely from a log
that had stood out of doors in a warm aspect.
Under ordinary conditions they lay early in June and onwards for
a month. Under abnormal conditions I have obtained ova as late as
the first week in September 1906, from a second brood reared out of
doors.
These autumn-emerged beetles, reared under such abnormal
conditions as above mentioned, did not lay so freely as the June
broods, as a rule, and many of the ova did not contain a healthy
embryo, but shrivelled up in a few days.
g
f.
‘
Iife History of Tetropiwm gabrielt. 193
Of the autumn broods, ova continued to hatch out till the third
week in September.*
I also obtained ova in November 1905 by artificial heat, from
imagines of another second brood forced in their latter stages over a
fire-place in a high temperature.
In the latter case the beetles laid with great effort, dragging the
extended ovipositor over the bark for days, but only laying a few
eggs, though they lived their whole span of life. These ova did not
hatch out.
In breeding Zetropiwm a good way to obtain eggs is to
enclose several laying 2? on not more than a foot of small
larch wood enclosed loosely in muslin, On removing the
lamin of bark with a penknife the ova will be found to
occur frequently over this small area, and thus much time
be saved in searching for them.
To date ova, enclose 2? on a log for a day, removing
them each day to another log, dating each log and enclosing
it again in muslin to prevent any further oviposition from
other quarters.
Great care should be taken each day to remove all the
2° that were put on the log.
Though one may mark the spot where a @ is laying on a
tree, on searching for the ova it is not easy to find them,
so securely are they hidden away as a rule.
They are not sealed over, as I have observed is the case,
for instance, with Metecus paradoxus.
The egg is 141-14 mm. long, elongate, subcylindrical,
sometimes slightly broader at one end, milky white.
Another good way of obtaining ova is to place the fertile
? in a large glass jar with wide neck, covered with muslin
or the metal top perforated, with a good-sized piece of
bark in it and small chips at the bottom to ensure a
foothold, placing the jar in the open air, though taking
care not to allow the direct rays of the sun to fall on it
during the hot hours of the day, nor the rain.
Hatcuinc.—In a warm June or July temperature the ova hatch
out in 14-16 days from the time of oviposition. From the eighth day,
approximately, the larva may be seen slowly forming within the shell.
Cloudy rings of the different segments appear ; a yellowish tinge at
the larger end where the head is forming ; then ferruginous, passing
to brown, specks for the mandibles, which, for a few days prior to
pe ee ee eee
* The perfect insects emerged the following July.
194 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the
hatching, may be seen opening and closing within the shell, and the
larva projecting its segments up and down within the little space at
its disposal.
A good way to hatch out the eggs is to remove them, in
their batches on very small portions of the bark to which
they are attached, with a penknife. Place them on a plate
and cover them over with a flower-pot, moistened occasion-
ally if the weather is very hot and dry. The pot should not
be exposed to any fierce heat. With the aid of the lens
the young larve may easily be seen when they hatch out,
and each day’s hatch gathered up with a fine brush and
placed on their food.
Should ova become detached from the bark they may
be reattached by very slightly moistening the bark with a
weak solution of gum arabic and laying the ova on it. I
have found these hatch out as well as others if they are
very lightly touched.
Left loose at the bottom of the jar they hatch out equally
well. On one day in September 1906 I took upwards of
40 healthy young larve from the bottom of a jam Jar,
where the 2 had laid them in some wood-dust which
adhered to the glass, the ova, with hardly an exception,
hatching out successfully, a very unusual thing for late
autumn eggs of a second brood.
Tue Larva (Plate XX, fig. 1).—Fleshy, susceptible ; scantily
clothed throughout with short hairs: with legs small and slightly
corneous: scansorial prominences present on ventral surface of
abdominal segments.
Widest in front, a little wider than } of whole length. Pro-
thoracic segment bearing scutum widest of all, capable of receiving
the rather large head, which for the most part is retracted into it.
Tapering from the prothoracic segment to the 6th abdominal: 7th
and 8th explanate below the spiracles. Prothoracic segment slightly
corneous above, equal in length to meso- and metathoracic segments
together. First four abdominal segments subequal: 5th to 8th
the longest. Spiracles present on mesothoracic and first eight
abdominal segments as in Asemwm and Criocephalus ferus. Mandibles
longer, in proportion to their size, and narrower on the biting surface
than in Asemum. Two blunt corneous tubercles on the dorsal
surface of the 9th abdominal segment, set closer together than the
corresponding spines in Oriocephalus and Asemwm, and inclined
slightly inwards (Plate XX, fig. 4). In asingle instance only I have
known these absent in a full-fed larva. In this case the larva had
pee
a
Life History of Tetropium gabrielr. 195
been buried in a stump in the earth soon after hatching, and had
remained so for six months.
Colour white, pinkish white, or dirty white, according to food-
supply. White before moulting, when it has evacuated all back
food and ceased temporarily to feed, or when excavating wood.
Yellowish prior to transforming to a pupa.
Long. 10-24 mm,
The newly-hatched larva is 1-1} mm. long, subparallel,
the prothoracic segment being slightly the widest.
The most striking character at this early stage is that
of the legs which are produced into long seta, bent
inwards and slightly hooked at the tip, very soft and
flexible (Plate XX, fig. 3). These would possibly give
the larva a better hold on the surface of the bark, always
slightly sticky from the presence of exuded resin, until it
enters it by its burrow. These setz are exchanged, at
the first moult, for the usual short terminal claw. The
body is sparingly clothed with long sete, which are
shortened at the first moult.
The larva moves with almost the same facility as the more active
newly-hatched Lepidopterous larvee, as I have observed in Rhagium,
and as is possibly the case with all Longicorn larvez of similar habits
of life. I have seen it climb up and down bark or the surface of glass
perpendicularly without falling.
At this stage there is no sign of the corneous tubercles which are
present in the mature larva on the dorsal surface of the last segment,
but, from the egg, slight fleshy prominences take their place.
On the first moult the larva assumes its final shape,
becoming considerably wider in front. Directly after the
moult the head stands out prominently (Plate IV, fig. @),
but, in a few hours, it is for the most part withdrawn into
the prothoracic segment and under the scutum, giving the
larva, especially when full fed, the appearance of having
a very small head for so destructive a work.
It does not call for further notice till after the 3rd moult, when
signs of the corneous tubercles appear. This is a useful character,
distinguishing it from its near ally Asemwm and from Criocephalus,
in both which the abdomen terminates in two spines, as has been
pointed out by Dr. D. Sharp (“The Genus Criocephalus,” Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., May 20th, 1905).
The newly-hatched larva at once makes its way into the tender
196 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the
surface flakes of young bark, which it excavates superficially, not
burrowing down at once into the inner and wettest bast, where it
would be suffocated, except in the case of a dying tree containing
little sap. It first moults two or three times and attains some size.
In the case of trees recently felled, and healthy at the time of felling,
I have not known the young larva penetrate entirely the inner bark
and reach the surface of the wood-cylinder (Plate XV, fig. A.A.A.)
under three weeks. It will then be found, for the rest of its life,
feeding on this wettest part of the tree, consuming the soft bast, the
cambium layer, and sometimes grazing superficially the youngest
sapwood (Plate XV), though never excavating this as deeply or
as clean as Callidiwm, L.
As it excavates it keeps its burrow clear, for a short distance in
front, throwing back the rejected bitten wood-fibre and ramming it,
together with the excrementa mingled, into a solid cake with which
it fills up the entire burrow behind it as it advances. It allows
very little bitten fibre to accumulate at a time in front, but is
continually cleaning up.
For some time prior to, and especially during the excavation
of the pupa-cavities in the bark a curious ticking sound
proceeds from the tree, caused doubtless by the action of the
mandibles, faint at first, but later becoming clearly audible at a
distance of 15-20 paces on a calm day, when the larva is excavating
dead bark immediately under the surface of the outer plates.
I have detected the presence of larve in a standing tree by this
sound alone early in August 1906. In a small tree where the
brood is very numerous the ticking procéeds from the whole surface
of the infected bark continuously. It is a double and sometimes a
treble tick. As to the cause of this, it may be that the mandibles,
having passed through the particle of dead bark which the larva is
biting away, the resistance suddenly removed, meet with a snap,
overlap, and, in overlapping, the margin of the innermost mandible
passes across one or more of the ridges on the inner surface of the
overlapping one, thus causing another “tick” or two to be heard.
When the larva is feeding in the soft bast I observe no ticking
sound but rather a squashy sound, from which I infer that it is only
the greater force needed to bite through the more dead and dry bark
of the outer plates which gives rise to the sound in question.
Some pupate in the bark, while others prefer the wood, In the
latter case, the larva, having bitten the surface of the wood heavily
for a short distance, enters it suddenly by an elliptical hole, the
ellipse lying perpendicularly to the circumference of the tree (Plate
XV, B.z.). Ihave observed but few exceptions to this rule of the
vertical ellipse in some thousands of holes examined. In these the
q
Snr rapes
Life History of Tetropium gabrieli. 197
ellipse was situated only slightly out of the perpendicular. In the
ease of Callidiwm (violacewm, L., and variabile, L.) and other
Longicornia I have observed the elliptical entrances to the burrows
lie at all angles. In 6 ft. of a 7-in. wood-cylinder, in 240 holes
of Tetropium examined, the ellipse, in three instances only, lay very
slightly out of the perpendicular without any bend in the grain to
influence the larva.
I can assign no certain cause for this habit, unless it be a matter of
convenience, which the arrangement of the wood-cells may account
for.
In Lari the latter are “ elongate, fusiform, with ends
dovetailed between one another” (Veitch, Man. Conif.,
p. 82), and lie vertically to the circumference of the tree.
From their formation the small bundles of these cells
should be more easily picked up by the mandibles end-
wise than across. If this is so the larva must needs work
them in such an attitude as to cause the elliptical hole
of entrance to lie vertically to the circumference of the tree.
But this is not the case in the second and downward
part of the burrow (Plate XVI, 0,¢, d), in excavating which
the larva clearly lays hold of the wood-cells across.
It may be that, having penetrated sufficiently far into
the wood horizontally for its purpose, by the easiest
method of biting the wood, at this point the strong instinct
which impels the larva to pupate standing erect on the
apex of the abdomen, necessitating the completion of the
burrow and pupa-cell vertically to the circumference, or
simply the greater convenience of a downward course,
prevails, and the larva is content to lay hold of the wood-
cells any way.
It is interesting to note that in the only piece of wood
(Scots Pine) by me at the time of writing infected by
Criocephalus I observe that the elliptical holes of exit of
the larva in the surface lie vertically to the circumference
as the holes of eutrance of Tetropiwm.
The normal burrow of Zetropiwm runs into the wood
horizontally, or almost so, for about 1-2} in. (Plate XVI, 0),
with generally a curve to the right or left or occasion-
ally sinuating. It then takes a sharp turn downwards
(Plate XVI, }), never upwards, for a distance of 1-24 in.
At the bottom of this burrow is the pupa-cell. In the
case of a tree which has been felled and is lying in a hori-
zontal position at the time of the larva burrowing in the
198 Rey. G. A. Crawshay on the
wood, the second part of the burrow may run to the right
or left (Plate XVI, a), or the entire burrow may run into
the wood with a curve.
The excavated wood-fibre the larva brings to the surface
and with it fills in the remainder of the burrow in the bark,
where it fed, up to the hole of entrance in the wood-cylinder.
The work of excavation is carried on in the following
way as I have observed under glass :—
Biting away the wood-fibre before it, the larva sweeps it to one
side with its mouth parts till a certain amount has accumulated,
when, forming the first few segments into a curve J-shape, in which
with the help of the side of the burrow it holds the wood-fibre
(Plate XVIII, b—larva on extreme left), it backs along the burrow,
drawing the wood-fibre with it.
Having thus hooked the wood-refuse up the perpendicular and
along the horizontal parts of the burrow, the larva backs out of the
hole into the burrow in the sbark, still drawing the wood-fibre with
it, and, by successive loads, fills up the burrow to the point of the
hole of entrance in the wood, reversing its position and ramming the
wood-refuse with its head. In other cases, when the larva has
excavated a sufficient quantity to remove, it reverses its position in
the bottom of the burrow at once and pushes all before it, advancing
up the burrow head first.
The burrow completed, the larva then excavates the bark opposite
the hole in the wood-cylinder almost to the surface, leaving the
imago very little to eat through to make its escape, and descends the
burrow for the last time to pupate.
While in process of excavating the wood, the larva
swallows a certain portion of the wood-fibre, but it derives
little if any nourishment from it, as is evidenced by the fact
that if a larva which is not full fed be taken from its bark
food and inserted in wood, it continues excavating rest-
lessly and dissatisfied, till it wastes away and dies or
makes a much-dwarfed imago.
The burrow at this stage is clear from the entrance hole to the
bottom. The larva then widens the bottom into a pupa-cavity about
twice its own width and a little more than its length, using the
excavated fibre to fill in the burrow behind with a good wad for
about 3 in. Having bitten very smooth the walls of the cell it
settles down, standing erect on the apex of the abdomen, and, with
head pointing towards the future way of exit, now filled in, it awaits
pupation (Plate XVI, b).
Life History of Tetropium gabrielt. 199
Normally, the imago takes about 10 days to mature in the pupa-
cell after transforming. It then bites away the stopping of wood-
fibre before it, scrapes it behind it with its fore and intermediate tarsi
and treads it firmly into the bottom of the pupa-cavity with its hind
tarsi. This obstacle removed, the beetle advances along the burrow
to the opening, eats through the thin layer of outer bark and makes
its escape.
In the event of it choosing the bark to pupate in, it makes its way
from the wet bast to the dead and drier outer bark, excavates a
pupa-cell upwards and slightly outwards, reverses its position, fills in
the hole beneath, reverses its position again, and, standing on its tail,
transforms thus.
As to the selection of wood or bark in which to pupate, Ratzeburg
(Die Forst Insekt., vol. i, p. 237) says of the kindred species Ceram-
byx lwridus, Fabr. (= T. luridwm, L.), that it pupates either in the
bark in summer, or burrows (if compelled to hibernate) in the wood
(“Und verpuppen sich entweder (in Sommer) auch in derselben,
oder graben sich (wenn sie uberwintern miissen in das Holz”). It is
probable that he was mistaken here, for in 7’. gabrieli the pupating
larva is not influenced in its choice of wood or bark by the season.
In the case of a brood reared from eggs laid in May, pupating in
July and emerging in August, some of the larvee chose the wood and
others the bark in which to pupate. Here the question of hiberna-
tion was not involved, the weather being hot throughout from the
time of oviposition to the time of emergence of the perfect insect.
Moreover a large proportion of the larve may always be found
established in their pupa-cells close to the surface of the outer bark
during the winter, and others, not full fed, resting in the position in
which the winter overtook them while feeding in the bast.
Whether in wood or bark the larva excavates the pupa-cell in such
a way as to admit of its always pupating standing erect on the ex-
tremity of the abdomen, or, in a few cases, nearly so. In this position,
after it has stiffened for pupation and also after it has transformed
to a pupa, it is given to spinning round and round in the cell.
Neither pupa nor imago has room to reverse its position in the
pupa-cell, nor has the imago sufficient endurance to excavate more
than a very little hard wood, so the beetle depends on the instinct of
the larva to provide for its safe exit by facing in the right direction
before transforming. I have not known this instinct fail in the
standing tree in hundreds of burrows I have examined.
The larve mutilate each other when they are very
numerous in the bark. I have frequently found dead ones
where the burrows cross each other much, On one occasion
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PARTII. (SEPT.) 14
200 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the
I took two dead larvee from under bark with apparently
their mandibles locked together.
This would account for a given surface of bark not pro-
ducing more than a limited number of imagos, however
many laying 2 were deposited on it. It is not that they
run short of food, but they run foul of each other in
their wanderings and inflict mortal wounds on the tender
integument.
On the other hand, when burrowing in wood to pupate
they will alter their course to avoid contact with each
other, and their galleries run alongside each other with
only the thinnest possible partition of wood-fibre between
through which I have seen daylight.
Under glass they show that they are fully conscious of
their close proximity to each other, and neither will broach
the partition. I have known three larve enter the wood
within a in. of each other and shape their respective
courses so as to keep clear of each other, completing their
burrows and all three emerging perfect insects.
I have counted as many as 59 holes of burrows in the
surface of 1 ft. of a 7-in. larchwood-cylinder, and probably
15 more pupated in the bark. This was a portion of a log
oviposited on in confinement by about a dozen fertile 29,
6 ft. of this wood yielding about 300 full-fed larvae, pupee
and imagos.
In thick bark I have found as many as three pupa-cells
occupied, with a very thin layer of bark separating them.
When the tree is large and the bark thick the majority
prefer pupating in the bark to excavating the wood.
THe Moutts.—The larva moults seven or eight times before
transforming to a pupa, the moults occurring at intervals of 8-14
days. It ceases to feed about two days before the change, and the
soonest I have known it resume feeding after a moult was 12 hours,
by which time a very warm temperature had sufficiently restored it
to activity. But the usual time is a day. Before each moult the
larva carefully smoothes the walls of the burrow.
Appended are data of moults of larvee reared from the egg (p. 201).
Extreme care and the closest attention were necessary to obtain
these results,
Unfortunately I failed to bring any of them through to the pupa
state. I attribute this to the unwholesome fumes arising from the
gas over which they were placed for forcing, for want of better
accommodation, from the beginning of October when the necessary
201
Life History of Tetropium gabrieli.
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202 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the
temperature failed out of doors, to the middle of November when
the last one died. Up to the point of bringing them indoors they
were very healthy.
No. 5, the only one that moulted eight times, had attained an
unusual size, and had established itself in the outer bark for pupation
before it died, from which it would seem that eight moults is the
limit in this species. At the same time I cannot be sure that in
some instances they exceed seven. I brought four only through the
7th moult. The long intervals between the 6th, 7th and 8th moults
were due to a lowered temperature and asphyxiating atmosphere.
Light has no injurious effect on larva or pupa, which
thrive equally whether exposed to the full light of day or
buried in the darkness in the tree. I have reared numbers
exposed to light under glass.
THe Pura (Plate XX, fig. 2)—The whole dorsal surface, the
ventral surface of abdomen and apex of femora sparingly furnished
with short spines which, on the dorsal surface of the abdominal
segments, are arranged chiefly in small groups, one on either side
of the median line. Apical segment of abdomen terminating in two
strong spines curved inwards (Plate XX, figs. 5, 6). These provide
the pupa with a firm hold on the wood and admit of an active rotatory
movement as it lies vertically in its cell.
The sexes may be distinguished by the length of the antenne,
which, in the ¢, extend beyond the intermediate tibize further than
in the ? by about a joint and a half: also by the formation of the
under-side of the last segment of the abdomen which, in the ?, bears,
close to one another, a pair of compound fleshy tubercles of con-
siderable size (Plate XX, fig. 6). These, as I have ascertained, are
rudiments of the appendices in the imago (Plate XX, fig. 7), which
extend laterally from two small apical prolongations of the ovipositor.
They are, I believe, sensory organs, for with them I have observed
the imago, under the lens, feeling the bark when searching for a
suitable spot in which to deposit her eggs. They are furnished with
long set, and are soft and apparently sensitive.
In the pupa these and other parts of the genitalia attain
their perfect development outside what will become, in the
imago, the apical margin of the last segment of the
abdomen, the partially-developed tergite and sternite of
this segment in the pupa gaping wide (Plate XX,
A.A.A.A.), and the organs in question protruding in a
compact body (Plate XX, B.B.B.B.). As these organs
Life History of Tetropiwm gabrieli. 203
develop in the pupa they gradually recede, and, by the
time the pupa throws off its skin, have been entirely drawn
up into the abdomen and the tergite and sternite of the
last segment closed over them.
T found it very difficult to verify what was, for some
time, conjecture, the parts in question being so delicate
and liable, at the touch of a needle, to become dissipated ;
but ultimately I succeeded in removing the loose skin from
the pupa and exposing to view the underlying organs
while yet they protruded a little.
The f# pupa also bears vestiges of these tubercles (Plate
XX, fig. 5), but they are so small as to be almost imper-
ceptible, and are differently situated, nor have I had time
or material at the last moment to ascertain exactly what
part, if any, of the genitalia they become.
A most interesting feature in the transformation to the
pupal state is the manner in which the antennz assume
their final position in the pupa.
Immediately on the head and thorax being freed from
the larval skin the antennze curl forward somewhat after
the fashion of a ram’s horns, though not so much curled,
When they are full grown the pupa revolves on the
extremity of its abdomen first in one direction, and, with
the help of the sides of the cell, rubs one antenna into its
place behind the projecting femora ; then, revolving in the
other direction, similarly arranges the other and _ rests
(Plate XVIII, e, 7).
VARIATION : (1) IN Stze.—This is marked. In accounting for
it some have suggested that large and small races of this Tetropium
exist locally. This is not the case. The condition of the tree governs
the size of the generation subsisting in it.
If it be of luxuriant growth at the time of felling, with a thick
covering of juicy inner bark, and if ova should be deposited on it at
the most favourable time, i.e. within a few months of being felled,
and not too thickly, abnormally large larvee and pup will occur
(Plate XVIII).
Tf, on the other hand, the tree is small and the bark thin, and if
the eges should be laid thickly; or if the bark has been previously
partially exhausted by another generation ; or the tree felled so long
that much of the sap has dried, the occupants will be small.
A very healthy tree, lately felled and oviposited on soon
afterwards, affords more favourable conditions of nutriment
204. Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the
for the larva than the natural sickly tree standing in a
plantation, in which the sap must have been gradually
failing before the insect will attack it.
The reason for this is that, in a tree of luxuriant growth,
recently felled, the bark is full of sap, which, because it
has ceased to flow, admits of the larva advancing in it
without being smothered and so thriving.
I have never found abnormally large individuals in a
standing tree, but in a few instances in felled timber I
have known the larva attain the size of 24 mm. and the
brood average only a little less, while, under less favourable
conditions, they frequently occur as small as 10 mm.
VARIATION: (2) IN CoLour.—This is marked in the femora
especially, some series in my possession embracing all intergradations
of colour from red to black. What governs the variation I have
failed to discover.
At first I was incltned to seek the causes in the condition of the
food-supply. It seemed possible that abundant and sappy bast
might account for the black colour, and the scanty and drier food
the red. This supposition was based on the fact of a very long series
exclusively of the black form having been bred in sappy food. How-
ever, experiment disproved this so far as any visible change taking
place in the imago in one generation, for I subsequently reared series
of the black form from logs in which the sap had been exhausted by
a previous brood.
Nor does temperature account for the variation, for, in the same
glass tube and subject to the same temperature, I have reared both
forms at the same time.
Where the red-legged form comes from ; whether it is gradually
asserting itself over the black, which, at present, largely predominates
in Britain, or the black over the red, are interesting problems which
will repay investigation. The following data bear on this subject.
(1) Two gf and two 92, type form, taken from their
pupa cells in Larix europea containing imagines with
femora of all intergradations of colour from red to black,
mingled, were isolated on a 4-ft. log of the same conifer
on May 18th and 24th, 1906, and produced between
August 13th, 1906, and May 1907, 65 of the type form
and 31 var. 0.
(2) Two $f, type form, and two 9, var. b, selected and
treated the same way, May 18th and 25th, 1906, pro-
duced between August 13th, 1906, and May 1907, 69 type
form and 71 var. b.
Life History of Tetropium gabrieli. 205
(3) Several 22 and $2, var. d, selected and treated the
same way, May 13th, 1906, produced between August 10th
and September 6th, 1906, 123 imagines, ail of var. b, except
two individuals in which the reddish tinge in the femora
was so obscure as to be hardly perceptible.
(4) A similar experiment in another log produced 60
individuals of var. D.
(5) I have besides reared three successive generations
from var. b stock, each numbering about 200 individuals,
without a single instance of the type form occurring, and
only one or two at most in each generation in which the
reddish tinge in femora was so obscure as to be hardly
perceptible.
(6) I have reared hundreds of other imagos from
var. 6 stock taken from different localities with the same
result. I conjecture from this that the type form (with
red femora), is not likely to be produced from var. ) stock
(with black femora) in Larix europea. And yet, as I
have shown above, the most intense black form was in two
different experiments produced from the brightest red
parents. No instance of the fulvous-ferruginous elytra,
visible in varieties of 7. fuscwum and T. lwridwm, have
occurred in 7’. gabrielt in my experience, as might have
been expected.
(7) From my single log of Picea excelsa, on which ova
were deposited by var. 6 stock June 1906, I reared about
15 imagos of the var. 0.
(8) From my single log of Pinus laricio, var. nigricans,
oviposited on by var. b stock March 1906, I reared only one
imago, and that of the var. form. Unfortunately the rest
of the larvee perished in forcing over gas. From these latter
food-plants I had rather anticipated obtaining, in some
degree at least, the fulvous-ferruginous elytra of 7.
fuscum and 7, luridum, or the pitchy red of Asemwm
striatum, var. agreste.
(3) STRUCTURAL AND ScuLprurAL VarRtiaTion.—Marked. Mul-
sant’s description of Cerambyx luridus, L. (= T. lwridwm, L.), in
respect of this applies in every detail to T. gabrieli :—
“Le prothorax offre des différences sensibles sous le rapport de
son développement en longeur et en largeur; de sa forme; de son
rétrécissement plus ou moins sensible dans sa seconde moitié ; de
la profondeur de son sillon; de sa ponctuation. L’écusson est
ordinairement canaliculé; d’autres fois il le pairait a peine. Les
nervures des élytres sont plus ou moins prononcées.”
206 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the
Ratzeburg has excellently illustrated the life habits of
this latter kindred species in his “ Die Forst Insekten.”
They appear similar to those of 7. gabrieli, with the
one exception above mentioned (ante, p. 199). The pupa
figured there differs in no respect from that of 7’. gabrieli,
unless it be in the more pronounced spines on the femora
and ventral surface of the abdomen.
PARASITISM.—Though I have examined hundreds of
larvee and pupz taken from trees infected in plantations
and hundreds of burrows and pupa-cells besides, I have
never observed any insect parasitic on this species.
I have, however, once come on a full-fed larva of
Malachius bipustulatus, L., in a pupa-cell of 7. gabrieli
with a half-eaten pupa beside it. This individual pupated
and duly emerged under observation. At about the same
time I took an imago of this beetle on the bark of the
same log.
The Hymenopteron, Zrypoxylon figulus, Linn., with its
parasite, Sfenodontus marginellus, Grav., kindly named for
me by Col. Bingham, very commonly frequents the vacated
burrows of Z. gabrieli both in bark and wood in the
Leighton Buzzard district, as also do many other species
of Hymenoptera. Found in the pupal chambers of gabrieli
at the bottom of the burrows, these might at first be
mistaken for parasites on the beetle larva by some.
Disrase.—Small black specks and patches occur irregularly in
the cuticle of the larva and pupa, indicating disease in these regions.
Larvee so affected do not always die. I marked one to ascertain this
point. In this instance I effected a rapid transformation by increased
temperature, with the result that the larva threw off the black
patches in the exuvie and became a clear white pupa, which duly
emerged a perfect insect. In most cases, however, they die.
In affected areas an asphalte-coloured chitinous substance forms.
Sometimes a wound opens, or the affected area throws out a fleshy
seta-like excrescence. In some cases the affection appears in the
skin and spreads internally. In others a discoloured area is visible
underneath an apparently healthy skin. I have been unable to trace
the cause of this. The fact that it has occurred in larve reared by
myself from the egg under glass excludes the possibility of injury
by any but the most minute insect parasites.
Mr. A. Gepp of the British Museum, in conjunction with Miss
Lorraine Smith, has very kindly examined microscopic preparations
made from an affected larva communicated by me, and informs me
Life History of Tetropium gabrielt. 207
that, in the single instance before them, there does not appear to be
any fungal parasite. They incline to the opinion that the affection is
due to malnutrition and subsequent ulceration, or to bacterial action.
The affection has been most prevalent under the abnormal and
unhealthy conditions of forcing over gas in a warm damp atmosphere.
I have also observed it in larve taken from under bark of trees
where the burrows were mildewed and several larvae had died. I
have observed what is apparently the same disease in larve of
Siricidx affecting larch and willow.
PROPAGATION.—In timber-yards the species is propagated to a large
extent, the beetles emerging and laying on adjacent timber felled in
the current year. Much of this is cut up before the following
summer, and a great many of the larve and pupe perish in passing
through the saw-mills. But a large number remain in the slabs and
posts, ete., after the logs are cut up.
In cutting up timber of any considerable size, slabs are removed
first from the logs, either one or more according to what the timber
is required for. These slabs consist of bark and sapwood, and are
sufficiently thick to take in many of the burrows containing pupating
larvae (November—April).
In these slabs and in smaller timber sawn in two or quartered for
posts, the insect is transported in all directions to emerge in new
districts and establish itself in the nearest plantation containing this
conifer,
This doubtless has been a potent factor in the spread of the beetle
throughout the country ; but it is probable that it has been spread
in a still greater degree in incoming timber, infected in the plantations
and brought from long distances to the saw-mills.
I have seen such logs brought in containing hundreds
of larvee, and, where there is sickly Zarix in the neigh-
bourhood of these saw-mills, little of it escapes oviposition
and the species becomes abundant there.
A large percentage of larvae remain in the timber-yard
in uncut logs till the summer, when the perfect insects
emerge and lay their eggs on incoming timber freely. To
raise the bark of logs in timber-yards between September
and the following summer is to find a large proportion of
it affected.
The LARCH CANKER, the LARCH APHIS (Chermes laricis,
Hartig.), and unsuitable environment multiplying the
number of sickly and dying trees * lend themselves to the
* Tam indebted to Mr. G. Massee of the Royal Gardens, Kew, for
this information.
208 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the
propagation of the insect. Another very important factor
is the remarkably short life cycle.
While one brood of the slower-developing Longicorns
such as Criocephalus is being perfected, many generations
of Tetropium will have emerged and spread among sickly
trees, which they will quickly kill and desert.
The GREEN WOODPECKER, Gecinus viridis, renders
affected trees very unsightly by hammering innumerable
large holes in the bark with its bill to extract the larva
and pupee.
DamacE To TimpeR.—lIt is quite certain that the species cannot
injure healthy trees. Whether it lays upon these through lack of
discrimination or not I cannot say. In the event of its doing so the
newly-hatched larva must inevitably be smothered in its minute
burrow by the flow of sap on eating into the surface of the tender
bark. I have only found the larva in failing trees.
From a commercial point of view the species injures the wood to
a certain extent, but considerably less than Criocephalus and Sirex,
which feed in the wood itself, excavating it more deeply and toa
much greater extent.
METHODS OF REARING THE Larva—The methods I
adopted were as follow :—
As the habit of the larva is to feed over the smooth,
sappy surface of the wood cylinder and upon the inner-
most lining of bast adjacent to it, it occurred to me to
substitute glass for the wood surface, and, placing the
inner surface of the tender and pliable bark against it,
insert the newly-hatched larva between them. It might
thus be induced to feed next the glass and admit of being
observed continually.
No. 1.—Accordingly I fitted a ring of fresh, tender bast,
separated from the outer dead bark and therefore pliable,
firmly and closely to the inner surface of a 3-in. corked
glass tube of equal dimensions from the rim throughout
(such as appear in Plate XIX, «a, b,c, d), and inserted the
larva in a fine groove, little more than a pin-scratch, made
by drawing the head of a small pin down the bark, and
extending an inch or more downwards from the rim of
the tube. A V-shaped opening to this tiny groove was
made at the rim, to start the larva in, for it cannot be
inserted in the very small groove itself without injury, but
must make its way in. The cylinder of bark had previously
been pressed tightly to the glass by filling in the empty
Life History of Tetropium gabrieli. 209
space in the middle of the tube with wads of tissue paper.
If the groove was not made too deep for the larva it
would follow it in its excavations readily, feeding along it,
and thus be kept in sight. If made too deep the larva
buried itself in the bark.
The tube must not be with a neck and metal cap such
as those used by Mr. G. Smith in rearing Criocephalus and
_Asemum in their advanced stages (Plate XIX, ¢, /), for the
neck being narrower than the body does not admit of the
cylinder of bark being inserted close enough to the glass
to keep the minute larva in the groove, and is in other
respects impracticable.
This corked glass tube method was fairly successful,
and by it I brought larve through their first moult with
considerable trouble. But the chief objection to it was
the difficulty of removing the ring of bark from the tube,
when changing the larva, without rubbing the latter
against the glass and crushing it.
No. 2.—Having thus lost several larvze, I devised the
better plan of 2-in. squares of flat glass laid on to the
inner surface of bark taken entire from the log and bound
tightly to it with string, the larva, as before, being inserted
between (Plate XVII). This answered admirably.
Care, of course, must be taken (1) that too much
moisture does not condense on the glass and drown the
minute larva, and (2) that the bark is changed, at least,
every third day to avoid mildew.
Under the lens I have observed newly-hatched larvee
consume the threadlets of freshly-formed mildew when
excavating against the glass, but if they do so to any
extent they become unhealthy and die.
It is well to place the pieces of bark containing the
larvee in a tin out of doors, covered over with a damp cloth
to ensure their not drying up entirely. They must be
kept from the direct rays of the sun and from the rain,
but be given all the ventilation possible.
In the late autumn, if it is desired to force them indoors,
it is a good and simple plan to place them on a mantelpiece
over the warmest fire-place accessible in a tin with a few
holes in the lid to admit of a little ventilation and at the
same time to retain sufficient moisture in the pieces of bark.
They do best in a temperature of 80°-90° Fahr. A hothouse
would probably answer the purpose as well. Prior to
adopting these two methods of rearing the young larva
210 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the
I had tried various others without success, and had little
hope of ascertaining the number of moults the larva
undergoes. I had, moreover, exhausted all my ova with
the exception of one late batch, for I did not then contem-
plate a second brood of beetles emerging and ovipositing
as late as September.
Early in July 1906 with eighteen newly-hatched larve
I made my last experiment, by the flat glass method, and:
of these I only succeeded in bringing six over the 8rd
moult, four over the 7th, one over the 8th, and none to
perfection (ante, p. 201).
Hitherto I have dealt with the feeding up of the larva
in bark. When full fed it is advisable to transfer them to
wood. In November 1905 following the June of that
year when I first discovered this beetle I was confronted
with a number of larve apparently full fed in a tree on
which my females had laid in June. Some of these
appeared to me, in this incredibly short time for a
Longicorn larva, to have actually established themselves
in their pupa-cells and seemingly would hibernate thus.
No. 3.—Accordingly I devised a method of bringing
these through to perfection quickly in wood. In this way
I obtained imagines almost at once, and was able to watch,
for the first time, the transformation to the pupal and
perfect states under glass.
I used the ?-in. corked glass tube for the first time.
Let into these were solid cylinders of fresh larchwood
turned on a lathe exactly to fit the tube, leaving no space
for mildew (Plate XIX, «a, b,¢,d). In the top of each piece
of wood with a }-in. gouge I made grooves in the outer
surface 14 in. long, extending downwards, large enough
comfortably to take the larva and leave it space for packing
away its rejected wood-fibre in forming the pupa-cell here.
Placed in these grooves the larvae smooths down the
interior walls, shaping them to its liking, and forming a
pupa-cavity, as in the normal tree, except that the glass is
used for one side. Sometimes it continues the burrow
downwards, thus affording an excellent opportunity of
observing the mode of excavation and the ramming
process that takes place in the natural tree.
Tn each tube four to five larvee were fitted up in adjacent
grooves, and every movement could be observed through
the glass.
Life History of Tetropium gabrielt. 211
I had, at times, as many as four dozen tubes occupied, and
have reared as many as five imagos in one tube at the
same time.
The tubes were placed over a fire-place in a temperature
of 76°-90° Fahr. In this temperature development was
rapid, the pupal state only lasting seven or eight days in
some instances.
The cork should fit close down on the top of the wood
to prevent the larvee wandering and invading each other’s
cells. A very small groove may be cut down the side of
the cork with a penknife, communicating with each larva
to admit of ventilation and the escape of excessive
moisture.
Should too great moisture condense on the glass in the
cells the cork must be removed for a while. The reason
for using wood instead of bark for the final stages of the
insect is that it is less liable to become mildewed.
Mildew renders it almost impossible to bring a full-fed
larva through to a healthy imago in tubes or bottles of
bark, unless the larva be allowed to bury itself entirely in
a thick piece and wad itself in, in which case, of course, it
cannot be observed.
After rearing one feeble beetle in bark in a metal-capped
tube, inserted when pupating (Plate XIX, ¢, 7), I renounced
the plan and used cylinders of wood with great success.
Nor is it possible to bring them through healthily in
bark by the flat glass method (No. 2) used for feeding up
the larvee. Wood is, in all cases, the safest after the larva
is full fed.
No. 4.—Where turned wood-cylinders for the tubes are
not procurable another method has suggested itself to me
which answers well. It consists in substituting wood for
bark in method No. 2. Small blocks of wood, about 2 in.
square, by 1 in., must be cut with even surface, and pieces
of glass to fit them (Plate XVIII, a, b,c, d). Insert the
larva or pupa in grooves cut on the surface of the wood
with 4-in. gouge (Plate X VIII, a), then apply the piece of
glass and bind tight with string. Stand the pieces up on
end so that the grooves lie perpendicularly with the
openings above and do as in No. 2. In this case, as there
is no cork to contain the larva in the groove when first
inserted, put in a small stopper of cotton wool.
I know of no other method by which the excavations of
the larva in the wood, the establishment in the pupa-cell,
212 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on Tetropium gabrielt.
the transformations to the pupal and perfect state and the
manner of emergence of the imago from the cell may be
observed continuously and accurate knowledge arrived at.
No. 5.—Where it is not desired to watch the insect in
its latter stages very closely under glass the following
method will be found useful. Split a piece of wood and
with a 4-in. gouge make small hollows on the surface of
one piece resembling pupa cells. Place the full-fed larvze
or pups in these, replace the counterpart and bind tightly
with string. The string can be untied and the progress of
the insects watched as often as is desired. The wood
must be moistened if it gets very dry. Wood with sap
in should be used, and the pieces of wood placed in tins
to preserve the moisture so far as possible.
In conclusion [ would express my thanks to Mr. C. J.
Gahan for his always ready assistance in connection with
the subject of this paper; to my brother Mr. L. R. Craw-
shay for his well-executed drawings on Plate XX, and also
to Messrs. T. E. and W. R. Roland of Fenny Stratford for
kindly affording me every facility for the observation of
the species in their extensive saw-mills.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES XV—XX.
[See Explanation facing the PLATES. |
@) aie)
XII. Studies of the Tetriginzee (Orthoptera) in the Oxford
University Museum. By J. L. Hancocx, M.D.,
F.E.S. (Chicago).
[Read 28th March, 1907.]
PLATE XXI.
THE following notes and descriptions relating to Orthoptera
are based on the collection of 7Z'etriginx contained in the
Hope Department of Zoology, University Museum, Oxford,
England. The writer is indebted to Mr. R. Shelford, who
generously supplied for determination the present collec-
tion. Besides this material, the writer has drawn upon
some examples of these insects in his own collection, which
have not hitherto been recorded.
This article forms a sequel to various published contri-
butions by the writer bearing on the Z'etrigine, the last
of which appeared in “ Genera Insectorum.”*
Section TRIPETALOCERA, Bolivar,
Genus TRIPETALOCERA, Westwood.
1. 7. ferruginea, Westwood, Zool. Journ., vol. v, p 444,
a EIS eh ies
One male example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Dyak
coll., R. Shelford; Oxford Museum.
Section DISCOTETTIGLA, Hancock.
Genus DIScoTETTIX, Costa.
1. D. belzebuth, Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins. Orthoptera, p. 759,
1839.
Five examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Dyak. coll.,
R. Shelford. One of these, an immature specimen, pre-
sented by the Sarawak Museum; Oxford Museum.
* Genera Insectorum, 48me_ Fascicule, Orthoptera, Fam.
Acridiidx, Subfam. Tetrigine, 4 Plates (P. Wytsman), pp. 79, 1906.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IL. (SEPT.)
214 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
2. D. shelfordi, sp. nov.
Cinereous or fuscous, body rugose, conspersed with coarse granula-
tions ; superior ocelli placed between the middle of the eyes.
Antenne inserted little below and anterior to the ventro-anterior
margin of the eyes, not at all serrulate, from the sixth to the eighth
articles moderately compresso-dilated, the sixth only a little so
modified, the ninth oval, the two apical articles very small, the apex
of last joint acute. Frontal costa distinctly protuberant between the
antenne, and advanced much further than the eyes. Pronotum
truncate anteriorly, the two prozonal carine behind the anterior
margin parallel, dorsum rugose-subnodulose, strongly flattened,
presenting sulcations anteriorly: humeral angles little produced
laterally, behind the shoulders subfossulate, and subgibbose, with a
pair of gibbose tubercles posteriorly about midway between the
humeral angles and base of process ; the course of median carina
serrulate, indistinctly and irregularly subtuberculose ; lateral mar-
ginal carinz often bearing a number of small shining, somewhat
obtuse tubercles, each humeral angle presenting one at the apices ;
pronotal process rather stout, little depressed, lengthily extended
beyond the apex of posterior femora ; lateral lobes little laminate
outwards, the posterior angle excavato-truncate and angulate sub-
acute, not at all serrulate or spinose. Elytra moderately large,
distinctly acuminate towards the apices; wings fully explicate, as
long as the process. Femora elongate, margins minutely serrulate ;
anterior femora above somewhat subbilobate ; middle femora above
subtrilobate, the posterior tibiz serrulate, but not at all spinose.
Length of male and female, entire, 175-19 mm. ; pronotum 16-18°5
mm. ; posterior femora 6-8°5 mm.
Three examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Dyak
coll, R. Shelford ; Oxford Museum.
A very distinct species resembling, perhaps, D. seabridus,
Stal, more than any other member of the genus.*
Genus PHastus, Bolivar.
1. P. msularis, sp. nov.
Stature small, cinereo-fuscus. Body somewhat smoothly granulate.
Head not at all exserted ; vertex narrowed forward, nearly equal
in front to one of the eyes, anteriorly subtruncate, transversely lightly
carinate, advanced about as far as the anterior fourth of the eyes,
* Named in honour of Mr. R. Shelford, whose interest in the
Oxford Museum is shown by the large series of Orthopteran speci-
mens bearing his name as the donor.
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 215
fossulate on each side of the feeble, abbreviated, median carina ;
frontal costa strongly protuberant between the antennze and rather
narrowly suleate ; superior ocelli placed between the submedian part
of the eyes, visible in profile ; antenne inserted little anterior to and
scarcely below the ventro anterior margin of the eyes, filiform, but
the fifth and sixth articles little compresso-expanded, the seventh to
ninth distinctly compresso-dilated, the two apical articles minute,
the apices acute. Pronotum anteriorly little rounded produced, pos-
teriorly acuminate, extended little beyond the apices of the posterior
femora ; anterior prozonal carine behind the anterior margin want-
ing, median carina little acute, percurrent, in profile substraight ;
anterior sulci subobsolete, humeral angles wanting, the humero-
apical carine percurrent backward, and forward extended as far as
the point opposite and above the inferior sinus ; lateral lobes turned
down, the posterior angles obtuse. Elytra small elongate, sub-
lanceolate ; wings fully explicate, extended to or little beyond the
apex of pronotal process. Anterior and middle femora elongate, the
margins straight, entire ; the posterior femora little incrassate, the
superior margin arcuate, minutely serrulate, posterior tibie pluri-
spinose and minutely serrulate, the inner fourth part toward the
apices unarmed, the three pulvilli of the first article of posterior
tarsi equal in length, subacute. Length of body, female entire,
95-10 mm. ; posterior femora 5-55 mm.
Three examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo; two of
these from the Sarawak Museum, No. 337 and 357, and
the other Dyak coll., R. Shelford; Oxford Museum.
The antenne in this species are more compressed than
in P. mellerborgi, Stal, and the facial frontal costa is more
narrowly sulcate.
Section CLADONOT, Bolivar.
Genus DELTonotus, Hancock.
1. D. tectiformus, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. ii, p.
111-112, Pl. I, figs. 2-2a, 1904.
Two examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford
Museum.
These specimens have the pronotum less produced
anteriorly than the type examples in the author’s collec-
tion, from the same locality, and are provisionally con-
sidered immature. It is however possible that they are
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.) 15
216 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
distinct from ¢ectiformus, and two in my collection from
Hantane, Ceylon, bear the label “‘D. cristatus, sp. nov.,”
awaiting study of a larger series to settle the matter.
Genus Portus, Bolivar.
1. P. coronata, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. xxxi,
p. 208, PL We tie. 9. Teer
Four examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford;
Oxford Museum.
Genus EPITETTIX, nov.
Stature small, body somewhat smooth but densely punctate.
Vertex broad, little narrowed forward, much wider than one of the
eyes, anteriorly not at all transversely carinate but on each side
with a very small, though distinct elongate longitudinal carina, front
margin convex, with an abbreviated somewhat thickened and pro-
duced median carina ; face oblique ; superior ocelli placed between
the lower third of the eyes; the face together with the crown
of head forming an obtuse angulate profile, frontal scutellum not
divided above the posterior ocelli, triangular, and the margins but
little elevated, not produced in profile ; antennz inserted little
forward and below the ventro-anterior margins of the eyes, the dis-
tance between them much wider than that to the eyes. Pronotum
anteriorly truncate, posteriorly cuneate, with subacute apex, not
extended backward to the apices of the posterior femora ; median
carina percurrent, distinct, and substraight, dorsum subtectiform,
punctate, prozonal carinee behind the anterior border somewhat
indistinct; humeral angles almost wanting; lateral lobes little
reflexed outwards, the posterior angles obliquely truncate behind.
Elytra and wings wanting ; margins of anterior and middle femora
entire, posterior femora little incrassate and of ordinary form, the
margins of posterior tibie plurispinose, and minutely serrulate, the
first articles of the posterior tarsi strongly larger than the third, the
three pulvilli about equal in length. Resembling Diotarus, Stal.*
Type, Epitettix punctatus.
1. HL. punctatus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 1.)
Fuscous, with the posterior half of dorsum and upper distal half
of hind femora flavo-ferruginous, the anterior and middle tibiae
* This genus may be assigned to my Subsection II, under.
Cladonotx, and next to Diotarus, Stal, as given in my key in Genera
Insectorum. Vide p. 9, 10, 48me Fasc. Orthop. Subfam. T'etrigine,
1906.
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 217
light, annulate with fuscous. Apical articles of maxillary palpi little
dilated, oval, Length of body entire, male, 10 mm, ; pronotum
7 mm. ; posterior femora 5 mm.
One example from Kuching, N. Borneo, R. Shelford ;
Oxford Museum.
Genus CLADORAMUS, nov.
This genus differs from Pantelia, which it most resembles, in the
anterior margin of pronotum being profoundly produced forward over
the head, forming a process, in the suleation of the forward dorsal
margin of crest, the presence of strongly carinate-crenulate humeral
angles which are little produced outwards, and in the lateral lobes of
pronotum bearing a superior or elytral sinus for the reception of the
elytra, the latter being of ordinary form.
1. C. crenulatus, sp.nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 2.)
Greyish, body strongly rugose, somewhat sparingly provided with
small subspiniform tubercles. :Face nearly vertical, viewed in
profile wholly denticulate ; vertex very broad, on each side forward
adjoining the eyes armed with an obliquely produced spine, the
middle backward denticulate, and forward strongly armed with
produced denticles between the eyes ; frontal scutellum with convex
sides, the margins denticulate produced, the facial median carina
below as well as face on each side denticulate ; eyes small and
subsessile ; the three apical articles of the maxillary palpi compresso-
dilated ; antennz inserted far below the eyes, the distance between
them and that to the eyes nearly equal. Pronotum rugose, strongly
tectiform and cristate, anteriorly profoundly produced beyond the
head, in the form of a sublongitudinal process, posteriorly extended
only little beyond the apices of the posterior femora ; the anterior
process viewed from above presenting a strongly spinose margin
below on each side, the apex bifid and the upper dorsal margin dis-
tinctly sulcate ; viewed in profile the whole dorsal crest little elevated
somewhat horizontally, but the anterior half undulato-crenulate, the
process anteriorly little arcuate above, at the middle behind the
shoulders somewhat angulate ; from here backwards strongly sinu-
ato-dentate, the apex very little turned downward behind ; humeral
angles strongly carinate, little produced outwards, and strongly
crenulate ; lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly bisinuate, below
widely laminate outwards subhorizontally, arcuate anteriorly, pos-
teriorly often armed with three obtuse denticles or crenulate. Elytra
218 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
of moderate size, elongate sublanceolate, where they rest at the sides,
the inferior lateral margin of pronotum little arcuato-excavate for
their reception; wings wanting. Anterior femora strongly compresso-
foliate, scarcely longer than wide, the superior margin sinuate, below
coarsely crenulate ; anterior tibiz strongly compresso-ampliate behind
the middle, above canaliculate, with a spur midway on the margins,
behind the inner margin toward the distal extremity armed with
acute spines (about five), middle femora externally tuberculose,
margin above strongly acute-sinuate and denticulate, below lobato-
crenulate, middle tibiz ampliate at the middle, the superior inner
margin furnished with denticulate lobes ; hind femora externally
strongly rugose and armed with spinous tubercles, the outer carina
below, as viewed from above bearing strongly denticulate lobes at
the middle, and at the apical fourth similarly armed, though not so
pronounced, knees denticulate on the sides and above, the lower
margin of hind femora strongly lobato-denticulate, the posterior
tibiz rather stout, the canthi crenulate and plurispinose, the inner
canthus regularly spined, the third pulvilli of the posterior tarsi
little longer than the first or second articles, straight below. Length
of the body entire, female, 11 mm. ; pronotum 12°8 mm. ; anterior
process of pronotum 2°5 mm.; posterior femora 5°5 mm.
One female example from Rhodesia, East Loangwa,
Africa, S. A. Neave; Oxford Museum.
Section SCELIMEN ZA, Bolivar.
Genus SCELIMENA, Serville.
1. S. producta, Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins. Orthopt., p. 762,
1837.
One example from East, and three from West Java,
H. Fruhstorfer ; Oxford Museum.
2. S. sanguinolenta (Krauss), Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.
xxxi, p. 216-217, 1887.
One example from East, and three from West Java;
Oxford Museum.
3. S. logani, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. ii, p. 120-122,
figs. 5—5c, Pl. I, 1904.
Two examples from Kelawaewa, N.C. Province, Ceylon ;
Oxford Museum.
4. S. gavialis, Saussure, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 485,
1860.
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 219
Three examples. One from Pundoluoya, and two from
Kandy, Ceylon; Oxford Museum.
5. S. india, sp. nov.
Resembling S. producta but slightly stouter in stature. Body
fuscous, pale variegated, the carine of dorsum flavo-maculate, the
tibie with pale annuli. Vertex subequal in width to one of the
eyes, the frontal carinz on each side little compressed and subacute.
Pronotum anteriorly somewhat subangulate, posteriorly extended
beyond the knees of the hind femora about as far as the tibial apices,
but not so lengthily attenuate as in producta; dorsum conspersed
with granules ; depressed and uneven, between the sulci forwards
subfossulate on each side, between the shoulders bearing subelevated
longitudinal costate protuberances, humeral angles unarmed, behind
the shoulders bifossulate, and presenting a pair of rounded subele-
vated nodules, again another pair somewhat fused together appear
posteriorly opposite the middle of the hind femora which are indis-
tinct ; posterior process stout at the base and acuminate toward the
apex ; median carina rather incrassate, unevenly undulate, anteriorly
at the margin little protuberant and subtuberculate :; lateral lobes at
the anterior margin armed with small tubercles, the posterior
margin little laminate outwards, and armed with a distinct, acute
spine on each side, directed transversely but little curved forward.
The posterior femoral margins entire, the posterior tibie armed with
minute denticles, the margins dilated towards the apices ; the first
article of the posterior tarsi dilated but not so widely as in producta.
Length of body entire, male, 19°5 mm. ; pronotum 18 mm.; posterior
femora 7 mm.
Two examples from Cherrapunji, Assam; Oxford
Museum.
Genus CHTHONOTETTIX, Hancock.*
1. C. palpatus, Stal, Ofv. Vet. Akad. Forh., p. 57, 1877.
= Chthonius palpatus, Bolivar. (Plate XXI, fig. 3.)
Body sparingly granulose, fuscous, obscurely variegated with
flavous. Vertex distinctly narrower than one of the eyes, the anterior
caring rounded oblique; eyes globose; frontal costa roundly
protuberant between the antenne, narrowly sulcate and divided
little above the posterior ocelli, the latter situated between the lower
third of the eyes, conspicuous in profile ; antennz inserted scarcely
* The name Chthonotettix was proposed by the present author
(vide Genera Insectorum, 48me Fasc. Orthoptera, Subfam. Tetrigine,
p. 26, 1906) to replace Bolivar’s preoccupied genus Chthenius.
220 My. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
below and anterior to the ventro-anterior border of the eyes.
Pronotum truncate anteriorly, posteriorly lengthily extended beyond
the knees of the hind femora; median carina often interrupted,
disappearing anteriorly behind the frontal margin and posteriorly
on the apical process, in profile little gibbulous between the
shoulders, posteriorly sinuate ; dorsum depressed, with abbreviate
costa between the humeral angles, strongly fossulate behind the
humeral angles, subnodulose in single order posteriorly, and the
process toward the extremity smooth and cylindrical ; lateral lobes
little laminate, the posterior angles armed with distinct transverse
spine on each side, acute. Elytra moderately large, elongate sublan-
ceolate ; wings fully explicate but not quite reaching to the pronotal
apex. Femoral margins entire, anterior and middle femora very
slender, nearly equal in length ; margins of posterior tibia moderately
dilated, sparingly armed with small denticles, the inner canthus
unarmed at the distal fourth ; the first articles of the posterior tarsi
not at all dilated, the three pulvilli equal in length and straight
below. Length of body entire, female, 22 mm. ; pronotum 20:5 mm. ;
posterior femora 8°5 mm.
One example, No. 2772, from Luzon, Manilla, Philip-
pines, E. L. Meyer; Oxford Museum.
Genus GAVIALIDIUM, Saussure.
1. G. crocodilus, Saussure, Ann. Soc. Ent, France, p. 481,
1860.
Four examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon. Oxford
Museum.
Genus Oxynotus, Hancock.
1. O. hastatus, Hancock, Occas. Mem. Chicago Ent. Soc.,
vol. i, No. 1, p. 12, 18, Pl. I, figs. 3-3a, 1900.
One example from N.E. Madagascar, Bay of Antongil,
Mocquerys ; Oxford Museum.
Genus CRIOTETTIX, Bolivar.
(. tricarinatus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi,
p. 224, 1887.
Eleven examples from Pundaluoya, and other points in
Ceylon; Oxford Museum.
2. C. flavopictus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent, France, vol. xx,
p. 582, 1902.
Two examples from Cherrapunji, Assam; Oxford Museum,
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 221
3. C. oculatus magnus, var. nov.
This form nearly resembles the Sumatran species oculatus, Bolivar,
but differs in being larger in stature.
Length of body entire, male and female, 15-18 mm.; pronotum
14-17°5 mm. ; posterior femora 5°5-7 mm.
Five examples from West and Mid Java; Oxford
Museum; numerous examples in the author’s collection.
Genus ACANTHALOBUS, Hancock.
1. A. rugosus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 228,
1887.
Five examples are referable to this species, they are
from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ; Oxford Museum.
2. A. saginatus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 225,
1887.
Seven examples, including specimens from Java and
China; Oxford Museum.
3. A. longinotus, sp. nov.
This species is closely allied to A. rugosus, Bolivar, and might
possibly be the long-winged form of the latter. It differs principally
in the pronotum being strongly extended backward beyond the
femoral apices, and in the body being somewhat stouter. It bears
moreover a near resemblance to nexwosus also, but it is smaller in
stature. Ferruginous or tending to fuscous. Vertex wider than
one of the eyes, very little narrowed forward, very slightly marginate
on each side anterior to the lateral supraocular lobes, median carina
abbreviated ; frontal costa very sparingly compresso-elevated between
the antenne, in profile scarcely sinuate below the median ocellus,
above declivous. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly lengthily
extended beyond the femoral knees; dorsum convex between the
shoulders, subbifossulate behind them, the surface rugose, irregularly
furnished with abbreviated rugz and tubercles, posterior angle of
the lateral lobes triangular, somewhat acute, but not spinose. Wings
little longer than pronotum in the female. Anterior and middle
femora margins subentire, the posterior femoral margins minutely
serrulate. Length of body entire, male and female, 165-19 mm. :
pronotom 16-17°5 mm. ; posterior femora 6°5-7°6 mm.
Seven examples from N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford; Oxford
Museum.
222 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
4, A. fuscus, sp. nov. (or var. ?).
Similar in stature to longinotus, but entirely fuscous (as in nexu-
osus), the vertex wide, and the frontal costa more roundly produced
between the antennz, and sinuate below the median ocellus, the
lateral margin of vertex with distinct lobes and marginate on each
side forward. Dorsum of pronotum very strongly rugose, plentifully
furnished with abbreviated rugze, and tubercles irregularly disposed ;
in profile the median carina of pronotum strongly sinuate, little
subnodulose forward, and distinctly depressed behind the shoulders ;
lateral lobes little more reflexed outwards, the triangular posterior
angle little more acute and somewhat spinose. Length of body entire,
female, 18 mm. ; pronotum 16°8 mm. ; posterior femora 8 mm.
One example from N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ; Oxford
Museum.
5. A. miliarius, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 226,
1887.
Two examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford
Museum.
6. A. miliarius cuneatus, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica ii,
part vii, p. 133, 1904.
Three examples from Ceylon; Oxford Museum.
7. A. robustus, sp. nov.
A stouter form than either longinotus or rugosus, and like the
latter having abbreviated wings and pronotal process not at all or
very little extended beyond the knees of the hind femora ; dorsum
between the shoulders rather broader ; colour ferrugineous or
fuscous ; the vertex distinctly wider than one of the eyes ; lateral
lobes of pronotum decidedly reflexed outwards, the posterior angles
triangular but not at all spinose ; dorsum of pronotum strongly
rugose and tuberculose ; the third articles of the posterior tarsi (in
the female) little longer than the first or the second. Length of
body entire, male and female, 13°8-15°4 mm. ; pronotum 13-14 mm. ;
posterior femora 7-9 mm.
Two examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo. One of
these from the Sarawak Museum, the other from R.
Shelford; Oxford Museum.
8. A. bispinosus, Dalman, Vet. Akad. Hand., p. 77, 1818.
One example from Penang, Malacca, E. L. Meyer;
Oxford Museum, No. 3452.
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 228
Genus Lox1Losus, Hancock.
1. LZ. assamus, sp. nov.
A small form, with abbreviated wings and pronotal process,
Cinereous or ferruginous, often infuscate on the sides and legs ;
vertex subequal in width to one of the eyes, advanced as far as the
eyes, narrowed forward, distinctly longitudinally suleate on each
side ; frontal costa in profile convex. Pronotum anteriorly truncate,
posteriorly cuneate, extended backward as far as the hind femoral
knees ; dorsum tuberculose, subcostate between the shoulders, and
here somewhat convex, deplanate posteriorly ; median carina of pro-
notum sinuate in profile, sometimes little elevated forward, before
the shoulders; lateral lobes little laminate outwards and sub-
triangular, obliquely truncate; margins of anterior and middle
femora entire, the third articles of the posterior tarsi, with the
third pulvilli longest, the apices of the first and second acute.
Elytra elongate, with rounded apices ; wings abbreviated, little
shorter than the pronotal process.
Three examples from Cherrapunji, Assam; Oxford
Museum.
2. L. truncatus, sp. nov.
Resembling acutus, but having the lateral lobes of pronotum little
dilated, and obliquely truncate behind, the posterior angles distinct,
but not acute, the dorsum of pronotum lightly rugose, but without
distinct lineate ruge or tubercles ; wings fully explicate and extended
backward as far as the pronotal process. Length of body entire,
female, 14 mm. ; pronotum 13 mm. ; posterior femora 6°2 mm.
One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Dyak coll.,
R. Shelford ; Oxford Museum.
3. L. insidiosus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 228,
1887. (Criotettia insidiosus of Bolivar.)
One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ;
Oxford Museum.
Genus BOLOTETTIX, nov.
Body conspersed with granules or somewhat punctate. Vertex
strongly narrower than one of the eyes, subacuminate forward and
little ascendant, subsulcate on each side of the feeble median carina,
the lateral margins anteriorly provided with suboblique carinsz open
in front, and bear small indistinct supraocular lobes ; frontal costa in
profile little compresso-elevated between the antennz, viewed in
224, Mr, J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
front narrowly compressed and sulcate little above the posterior
ocelli, the rami below moderately divergent toward the median
ocellus ; eyes large and strongly globose, somewhat prominently
elevated ; posterior ocelli placed near the lower third of the eyes ;
palpi with the apical articles little compresso-dilated; antennez
filiform and very slender, inserted scarcely below the antero-ventral
border of the eyes. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly
subulate, often extended little beyond the hind femoral apices ;
dorsum anteriorly cylindrical, the prozonal and lateral carinz
before the shoulders wanting; between the shoulders backward de-
planate, and behind the shoulders often subbifossulate ; median carina
forward behind the anterior margin wanting, in front of the shoulders
somewhat compresso-arcuate ; lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly
bisinuate, the posterior angles moderately laminate, and on each
side strongly armed with a transversely produced spine, or rarely
little produced. LElytra very small and lanceolate ; wings fully
explicate, not extended so far as the apex of pronotal process or
about as far, Anterior and middle femora narrow, elongate, carinz
entire, posterior femoral margins serrulate, the genicular denticles
moderately distinct, posterior tibize scarcely at all ampliate toward
the apices, with the canthi compressed, spinose, and minutely
serrulate, the first and third articles of the posterior tarsi subequal
or the first little longest. Type Bolotettix validispinus.
This genus is readily distinguished from Criotettiz, which
it most resembles, in the very narrow subacuminate vertex,
the absence of the anterior prozonal and lateral carinz
on the dorsum of pronotum, the cylindrical character of
the forward part of the pronotum, the strongly-produced
spines arming the posterior angles of the lateral lobes, the
very small elytra, and the insertion of the antennz barely
below the eyes.
1. B. validispinus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 5.)
Dark ferruginous, the face and legs lighter, the lateral thoracic
spines and borders of pronotum rufescent, posterior femora externally
below longitudinally striated with fuscous, posterior tibize and under
parts of body fuscous. Face oblique ; vertex ascendant forward, in
front reduced to nearly one-half the width of one of the prominent
and globose eyes, anteriorly subobliquely marginate on each side,
in profile not at all produced, middle feebly carinate, very little
longitudinally sulcate on each side, supraocular lobes indistinct ;
frontal costa little compresso-elevated between the antenne. Pro-
notum anteriorly cylindrical, subulate posteriorly, little concave
backwards, and extended beyond the knees of the hind femora and
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 225
slightly beyond the wings, the apical process little upturned at the
tip, dorsum of pronotum nearly smooth, conspersed with granules,
little bifossulate behind the shoulders ; median carina in profile un-
dulate, before the shoulders compresso-arcuate, and forward behind
the anterior margin obliterated, but distinct posteriorly ; lateral
carine of pronotum wanting; the lateral margins of pronotum just
above the elytra at sides longitudinally sulcate; lateral lobes with
the posterior angles strongly produced outward on each side in a
transverse acute spine, stout, and triangular. Elytra small and
lanceolate ; wings largely concealed by the pronotum posteriorly.
Anterior and middle femora rather slender, the margins entire; the
apical denticles of posterior knees subacute, the ante-genicular den-
ticles moderately distinct; the first articles of the posterior tarsi
having the first pulvilli smallest and acute, the third barely longer
than the second, subflattened below. Length of body entire, female,
15 mm, ; pronotum 14:5 mm. ; posterior femora 7 min.
One example from (Kuching ?) N.W. Borneo ; Sarawak
Museum, No. 344; Oxford Museum.
2. B. planus, sp. nov.
Greyish fuscous, the face similarly coloured, but the legs lighter,
the posterior femora externally light above, striated with fuscous
below, posterior tibie fuscous. Vertex very narrow, in front barely
more than half the width of one of the globose eyes, ascendant forward ;
frontal costa barely compresso-elevated between the antenne, face
oblique, scarcely sinuate. Pronotum anteriorly cylindrical, the pro-
zonal caring very indistinctly indicated, posteriorly subulate and
extended little beyond the knees of the hind femora ; the dorsum
interspersed with coarse granulations, subpunctate posteriorly,
between the shoulders bearing indistinct, abbreviated, secondary
costa ; median carina subincrassate, but low, obliterated behind the
anterior border, posteriorly straight, but little compresso-arcuate
forward before the shoulders ; lateral lobes with the posterior angles
on each side bearing a transverse spine, strongly narrowed acute.
Elytra small, lanceolate, and black ; wings fully explicate but ex-
tended only as far backward as apex of pronotal process, coloured
black or fuscous. Anterior and middle femora elongate, narrow,
margins entire ; posterior femora externally bearing strongly ex-
pressed oblique costz ; the first and second pulvilli of posterior
tarsi equal in length, acute, the third longer and flattened below.
Length of body entire, female, 12 mm. ; pronotum 11 mm. ; posterior
femora 5:7 mm.
One example from Mt. Matang, 3000 feet, near Kuching,
N.W. Borneo ; Sarawak Museum,No. 342 ; Oxford Museum.
226 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
This species is readily distinguished from validispinus,
by the smaller stature, being narrower between the
shoulders, in the more coarsely granulate pronotum, the
more slender thoracic spines, the less extended and
straighter pronotum, and the black elytra and wings.
3. B. perminutus, Bolivar, Ann., Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 227,
228, 1887.
This species occurs in the Philippines, and was described
by Bolivar under the caption Criotettiz, It was in-
advertently omitted from my list of the species of Criotettix
in my article in Genera Insectorum (48me Fasc. Orthoptera,
Subfam. Tetrigine, p. 28, 1906), but it is referred to
there in a foot-note. Attention was called to the species
as belonging to a new subgenus. I find it falls naturally
under the new genus Bolotettiz above described.
4, It is quite likely that Criotettix nigellus (Bolivar, Ann.
Soc. Ent. Belg., p. 225, xxxi, 1887) belongs here also. It
is from Gaboon (Bolivar).
Genus OCYTETTIX, nov.
Recalling Charagotettix, to which it bears a near resemblance,
Body strongly rugose ; vertex wide, transverse, imperfectly carinate
forward, on each side bearing a small compresso-acute carina, in-
wardly interrupted, fossulate on each side of the small median
carina; eyes small; face moderately oblique, strongly sinuate ;
frontal costa roundly compresso-produced between the antenna,
viewed in front sulcate little above the posterior ocelli, below the
rami moderately subparallel to the median ocellus ; posterior ocelli
placed between the lower third of the eyes; antenne inserted dis-
tinctly before the eyes; maxillary palpi little compresso-ampliate
apically. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, middle of the anterior
margin often excavate, posteriorly acuminate, the apex spinose, often
upturned and not extended backward beyond the knees of the hind
femora ; dorsum strongly depressed, often unigibbose forward and
transversely fossulate between the shoulders, backwards often
quadrinodulose ; the humeral angles produced outwards laterally
and strongly carinate, the lateral margins just before and behind
the shoulders strongly elevated ; the lateral carine profoundly com-
presso-sinuate ; median carina strongly compresso-gibbose in front
of the shoulders, depressed and indistinct behind the anterior
margin, anterior prozonal carine strongly expressed, fossulate be-
tween them, lateral scapular area at the sides wide ; lateral lobes at
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Musewm 227
the interior border often bearing a tubercle on each side, the pos-
teror angles widely laminate, produced outwards and triangular
acute, obliquely truncate behind. Elytra and wings wanting.
Anterior femora elongate, lobate ; posterior femora above externally
bearing a series of large subrounded tubercles, and at the middle
bituberculate, margins serrulate, the genicular and antegenicular
denticles stout, subtriangular, posterior tibe little ampliate towards
the apices, the canthi plurispinose and minutely serrulate.
1. O. latihumerus, sp. nov. (Plate XX1I, fig. 4.)
Body obscure ferruginous, infuscated, legs fuscous and pale
annulate. Pronotum dilated between the humeral angles, the dorsum
having the anterior gibbosity distinctly elevated, convex forward and
declivous backward, posteriorly provided with two pairs of low
subacute nodules ; the posterior angles of the lateral lobes having the
margin behind the thoracic spines somewhat serrulate. Anterior
femoral margins above subbilobate, with a median denticle below ;
the posterior femora having the first denticle situated at the middle
of the external pagina little produced, the second smaller. Length
of body entire, female, 12°5 ; pronotum 10 mm. ; posterior femora
7 mm.
One example from N.E. Madagascar, Bay of Antongil,
Mocquerys ; Oxford Museum.
Section METRODORA, Bolivar.
Genus SYSTOLEDERUS, Bolivar.
1. S. greent, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. lxx,
p. 584, 1901.
Six examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford Museum.
2. S. parvus, sp. nov.
A small species, smoothly granulate ; cinero-ferruginous, with
black wings. Head little exserted; eyes globose and strongly
approximate ; vertex narrowly accuminate; frontal costa between
the eyes vertically declivous, not at all sinuate; antenne inserted
distinctly before the eyes; posterior ocelli placed on a plane with
the antero-ventral border of the eyes. Pronotum smoothly granu-
late, anteriorly truncate, cylindrical forward, and behind the anterior
margin slightly ascendant, posteriorly subulate; median carina of
pronotum very thin, low, and indistinct; the posterior angles of the
lateral lobes turned down, subobtuse. Elytra light, elongate,
margins above substraight, below curvate, acuminate forward and
228 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
apically, the external surface very lightly punctate; wings fully
explicate. Legs light ferruginous, margins of anterior and middle
femora little compressed, entire. Length of the body entire, female,
11 mm. ; pronotum 10:2 mm.
One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo; Sarawak
Museum, No. 358; Oxford Museum.
Genus RHYNCHOTETTIX, nov.
Body smoothly punctate; face profoundly retreating; vertex
strongly rostrate, viewed from above the rostrum very much longer
than the length of one of the narrow eyes, the apex distinctly
rounded, the middle longitudinally carinate; frontal costa very
narrowly sulcate, the carina above compressed, percurrent forward
underneath the process to the apex; eyes viewed from above nar-
rowly subelliptical, in profile compresso-conoidal ; superior ocelli
placed on a plane with the lower third of the eyes; the median
ocellus placed far below the eyes; antenne inserted little before
(below) the antero-ventral border of the eyes. Pronotum truncate
anteriorly, the margin little convex produced, posteriorly acuminate,
but not spinose, toward the apex little concave and extended back-
ward little beyond the posterior femoral knees; dorsum narrow
between the shoulders, cylindrical forward, the prozonal carine
here obliterated ; median carina low deplanate forward, but little
elevated and distinct posteriorly ; lateral carine low; lateral lobes
with the anterior margin below obliquely excised, the posterior
angles of the lateral lobes little laminate outwards, distinctly pro-
duced in an acute spine on each side. Elytra and wings wanting.
Middle femora elongate, margins little compressed entire ; genicular
and antegenicular denticles moderately stout; the posterior tibie
little ampliate toward the apices, the canthi spinose, the first article
of the posterior tarsi distinctly longer than the third. Type Rhyn-
chotettia rostratus.*
1. BR. rostratus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 7.)
Fusco-ferrugineous, with lighter longitudinal striation on each
side of dorsum, posterior femora with the external faces below stri-
ated with fuscous. Rostrum triquetrous, strongly produced and
when viewed from above about one and a half times longer than the
length of one of the narrow eyes, the base of process subequal in
width to one of the eyes; frontal costa viewed in profile roundly
excavate opposite the eyes, and below very slightly sinuate, between
* This genus belongs to the second subsection under Metrodore,
as given in my article Tetriginw, Genera Insectorum, p. 32, 1906.
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 229
the antennz very slightly compresso-elevated. Pronotum with the
dorsum finely punctate, frontal margin rounded-truncate, posteriorly
acuminate, the apical process extended little beyond the knees of the
hind femora, and little longitudinally concave ; posterior angles of
the lateral lobes armed on each side with an acutely-produced spine,
obliquely truncate behind ; the pulvilli of the posterior tarsi dis-
tinctly flattened below, the first smallest, the second and third equal
in length, and longer than the first. Length of body entire, female,
14:8 mm. ; pronotum 11°8 mm. ; posterior femora 6 mm.
One example from N.E, Madagascar, Bay of Antongil,
Mocquerys ; Oxford Museum.
Genus MITRITETTIX, Hancock.*
1. AL. processus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 8.)
Stature little larger than phyllocera, which it nearest resembles.
Body finely punctate, granulate; grayish ferruginous. Vertex
rostrate, flattened above, subnarrowed forward, horizontally pro-
duced, about twice the length of one of the eyes, and at the base
nearly twice the width of one of the eyes ; viewed from above the
first half of the process with the sides subparallel, at the middle of
the rostral margins angularly excavate on each side ; the apical half
of process being little narrower than the first half, and little dilated
at about the middle, forward the sides converge forming an obtuse
angle in front, middle carinate, slightly longitudinally sulcate on
each side ; head viewed in profile little convex above, the rostrum
often little bent downward, face oblique ; frontal costa somewhat
widely sulcate, dividing above the posterior ocelli, the carina above
passing forward on the underside of the rostrum strongly compresso-
elevated ; posterior ocelli placed between the submiddle part of the
eyes, a little in advance of them; median ocellus situated far below
the eyes ; maxillary palpi with the apical articles dilated ; antennz
short, inserted scarcely below the antero-ventral border of the eyes;
maxillary palpi with the apical articles dilated. Pronotum anteriorly
truncate, little angulate produced at the middle of the front margin,
posteriorly strongly acuminately produced beyond the knees of the
hind femora, the process stout ; dorsum deplanate, smoothly punc-
tate, sometimes slightly rugulose, narrow between the shoulders ;
prozonal carine parallel, humeral angles widely obtuse ; median
carina compressed, elevated before the shoulders subtectiform,
* The name Mitritettix was proposed by the writer for Bolivar’s
Mitraria, the latter name being preoccupied. Vide article in Genera
Insectorum, 48me Fasc., p. 51, 1906.
230 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
depressed between the shoulders and distinct behind the shoulders
backward ; lateral carine indistinct, granulate ; lateral margins just
above the elytra sulcate ; lateral lobes of pronotum little reflexed
outwards, slightly laminato-rectangulate. Elytra small, elongate,
rather narrow, subacuminate towards the apices ; wings fully expli-
cate, not quite reaching to the apex of the pronotal process.
Femoral margins minutely serrulate, anterior femora compressed,
the superior carina distinctly compresso-arcuate ; middle femoral
margins little compressed, in the male distinctly ampliate toward the
base ; hind femora narrow elongate, the genicular and antegenicular
denticles rather stout, acute; posterior tibie with the canthi
minutely serrulate, plurispinose, and scarcely at all ampliate toward
the apices ; the first and third articles of the posterior tarsi equal in
length, the three pulvilli equal in length, somewhat flattened below.
Length of body entire, male and female, 19-215 mm.; pronotum
16-19 mm. ; posterior femora 6°8-7°5 mm.
Four examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo. One from
the Sarawak Museum, No. 340, the others from R. Shel-
ford; Oxford Museum.
Genus TETTICERUS, Hancock.
1. Z. bigibbosus, Hancock, Occasional Mem. Chicago Ent.
Soc., vol. i, No. 1, p. 5, Pl. I, figs. 1-10, 1900.
Four examples from N.E. Madagascar, Bay of Antongil,
Mocquerys; Oxford Museum.
Genus CrYPTOTETTIX, Hancock.
1. C. spinilobus, Hancock, Occasional Mem. Chicago Ent.
Soc., vol. i, No. 1, p. 14, 15, Pl. I, figs. 6-60, 1900.
Two examples from N.E. Madagascar, Bay of Antongil,
Mocquerys; Oxford Museum.
Genus MAZARREDIA, Bolivar.
1. M. insularis, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 240,
1887.
Four examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford
Museum.
2. M. centrosa, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 242,
1887.
Two examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Sarawak
Museum, Nos. 352 and 355; Oxford Museum.
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 231
3. WM. planitarsus, sp. nov.
Resembling sculpta; stature rather slender; grayish fuscous ;
head not at all exserted ; vertex flattened, slightly wider than one of
the eyes, little narrowed forward, on either side with oblique carina,
the middle carina obscure, indistinctly sloping forward ; frontal
costa viewed in profile compresso-protuberant between the antenna,
the face strongly sinuate below ; eyes globose, sessile, not higher
than the dorsum. Pronotum gibbose forward, rather narrow be-
tween the shoulders, very strongly produced backwards equal to
the length of the hind femora beyond the femoral apices ; median
carina elevated gibbose between the shoulders, abruptly declivous
posteriorly and behind the shoulders depressed, posteriorly straight ;
dorsum behind the prozonal carinze forward at the sulci constricted,
humeral angles widely obtuse, bicarinate ; lateral carinz on process
posteriorly serrulate ; anterior prozonal carine distinctly expressed,
rather short and little divergent backward ; dorsum on each side
bearing an abbreviated costa scarcely in front of the shoulders, and a
pair of lineate tubercles or protuberances above the middle of the
posterior femora ; lateral lobes little reflexed outwards, produced
angulate. Elytra moderately large, oval, little narrowed toward the
apices, externally strongly punctate ; wings fully explicate, extended
backward as far as the pronotal apex. Anterior and middle femora
elongate, the margins little compressed undulate, the superior carina
of the anterior femora noticeably compressed ; the canthi of posterior
tibiz minutely spinose and serrulate; the first articles of the
posterior tarsi very slender, longer than the third, the pulvilli
strongly deplanate below and almost obliterated, the apical pulvillus
very small acute. Length of body entire, male and female,
14°8-16°5 mm.; pronotum 14-15°5 mm.; posterior femora 5-5-8 mm.
Four examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo. One of
these specimens from Sarawak Museum, No. 847, the
others from R. Shelford ; Oxford Museum.
Genus XisTRA, Bolivar.
1. X. stylata, sp. nov.
Ferruginous. Head compresso-elevated, in profile sinuate.
Vertex cornute, strongly concavely depressed forward, on each side
the oblique carinula strongly elevated and formed into an acute,
vertically-produced, cylindrical spine, which curves a little forward,
extended above the eyes, equal to about four-fifths the height of one
of the eyes ; eyes elevated and conico-rotundate, substylate ; posterior
ocelli placed barely below the eyes ; antenne inserted far below the
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART Il. (SEPT.) 16
232 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
eyes; the frontal costa rather widely sulcate, evenly divergent
forward to the median ocellus, little compresso-elevated between the
antenne. Pronotum granulate, posteriorly lengthily subulate,
extended beyond the hind femoral apices ; dorsum little ascendant
near the anterior margin, between the shoulders elevated, compresso-
cristate, the top of crest subdentate, before and behind the crest the
median carina often little compresso-dentate ; median carina low
forward just behind the anterior margin and posteriorly on the
process ; humeral angles widely obtuse, the lateral carine# continuous
forward on the shoulders ; the anterior prozonal carine parallel ;
posterior angles of the lateral lobes subangulate, slightly reflexed,
subrounded-truncate. Elytra elongate, apices narrowly rounded,
externally punctate, fuscous with light apices ; wings fully explicate,
barely extended beyond the pronotal apex; anterior and middle
femora elongate, the carinew distinctly compressed, undulate, the
superior carine of the middle femora produced in an apical spine ;
posterior femora elongate, genicular spine acute, little produced ; the
three pulvilli of the first tarsal articles equal in length. Length of
the body entire, female, 16°2 mm.; pronotum 15 mm,; posterior
femora 5‘9 mm.
One example from Putlam, Ceylon, in the Oxford
Museum.
This species is nearly allied to Yystra corniculata, Stal.
Genus Notocerus, Hancock.
1, V. cornutus, Hancock, Occasional Mem. Chicago Ent.
Soc., vol. i, No. 1, p. 5, 6, figs. 2, 2a, 1900.
Three examples from N.E, Madagascar, Mocquerys;
Oxford Museum.
la. Var.
Similar to cornutus, but of smaller stature, the male and female
measuring as follows: entire length 16-165 mm.; pronotum
14-154 mm.; posterior femora 6-7 mm. In the male the wings
extend beyond the pronotal apex, and in this sex the pronotum
between the elevated humeral angles is transversely convex and
little tumose ; the median carina here being low, but in the female
little compressed, otherwise similar to cornutus.
Two examples from the same locality as the preceding.
Genus Hysorertrx, Hancock.
1. H. humeralis, Hancock, Occasional Mem. Chicago Ent.
Soc., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 9, 10, fig. 4, PL. I, 1900.
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 238
One female example which measures as follows: entire length
18 mm.; pronotum 17 mm.; posterior femora 8mm, From N.E
Madagascar, Bay of Antongil, Mocquerys ; Oxford Museum,
Genus CAMELOTETTIX, nov
Resembling Notocerus and Hybotettia, but differing in the vertex
bearing more perceptibly compresso-marginate carine laterally before
the supraocular lobes, and distinctly fossulate on each side of the
feeble median carina; the frontal costa but very little compresso-
elevated between the antenne, the rami evenly divergent forward tc
the median ocellus ; the eyes in profile globose instead of ovoid ; the
pronotum at the shoulders slightly dilated, in profile the lateral
carinated margins widely arcuato-elevated above the articulation of
the hind femora, the dorsum smoothly deplanate, but transversely
plurifossulate ; the lateral lobes of pronotum with the elytral sinus
nearly as pronounced as the inferior one below. Type Camelotettix
eurvinotus.
1. C. curvinotus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 6.)
Grayish-ferruginous ; body smoothly granulate, quadrate in section
or in front view ; vertex transverse, but not transversely carinate,
flattened, anteriorly convex, nearly twice the width of one of the
eyes, laterally compresso-marginate forward of the supraocular lobes,
strongly fossulate on each side of the feeble median carina ; eyes
sessile, not higher than the dorsum ; posterior ocelli placed between
the submiddle plane of the eyes ; antennz inserted barely before the
ventro-anterior border of the eyes ; apical articles of maxillary palpi
little dilated. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, the dorsal front margin
somewhat roundly excavate, posteriorly acuminate, extended back-
ward beyond the knees of the hind femora, the shoulders widely
rounded, carinate, and viewed in profile strongly arcuately elevated ;
dorsum transversely trifossulate, sloping backward; the median
carina strongly sinuate ; before the shoulders bearing an abbreviated
parallel costa on each side; prozonal carine granulate, little converg-
ent backward ; lateral lobes with the posterior angles little laminate,
subacute produced, obliquely truncate behind : the lateral carinz on
each side of the pronotum between the shoulders and elytra formed
in a wide are far above the elytra (in Hybotettix it is sulcate). Elytra
of moderate size ; wings fully explicate, extended backward nearly
to the pronotal apex. Femora elongate, margins entire, the ante-
genicular spines small, acute, the genicular spine little acute pro-
duced ; posterior tibiz somewhat curvate, little ampliate toward the
234 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
apices, the canthi armed with stout spines ; the first and third tarsal
articles equal in length, the three pulvilli of the first tarsal articles
equal in length, but the first more rounded below than the rest.
Length of body entire, female, 16°5 mm.; pronotum 15:5 mm.; width
between the shoulders 3°5 mm.; posterior femora 7 mm.
One example from Bali, Doherty; Oxford Museum.
Genus DASYLEUROTETTIX, Rehn.
1. D. cwrriei, Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science, Philadelphia,
p. 658, 1904.
One example, a male, differs from the type in being less
rugose on the pronotum, and in the frontal costa being
narrower. From Natal, Africa; Oxford Museum.
Notre.—This genus was formerly placed in the section
Cladonotx, but an examination of type specimens, recently
acquired, convinces me that it belongs in the section
Tetrigiw, taking a place near 7'etrix. Indeed this species
recalls Tetrix depressus, Bris., as its nearest relative.
Genus ALLOTETTIX, Hancock.
1. A. americanus, sp. nov.
Ferruginous. Vertex little ascendant forward and distinctly
narrowed, strongly narrower than one of the eyes, tricarinate; frontal
costa sulcate above the posterior ocelli, the rami moderately diverg-
ent forward to the median ocellus, in profile roundly compresso-
elevated, produced, between the antenne ; eyes roundly conoidal in
profile, little elevated above the dorsum of pronotum; posterior
ocelli rather conspicuously showing in advance of the eyes on a
plane little below the middle; antennz inserted distinctly before
(below) the eyes, the articles strongly elongate, the first articles
grossly compressed. Pronotum depressed, rugose, convex between
the shoulders and somewhat narrow, the shoulders bicarinate, widely
obtuse, posteriorly lengthily subulate, extended backward beyond
the knees of the hind femora; median carina little compressed,
lightly sinuate, little excavate behind the anterior margin ; anterior
prozonal carinz distinctly expressed, slightly convex ; lateral lobes
with the posterior angles turned downward, obtuse. Elytra narrow
and somewhat acuminate posteriorly ; wings fully explicate, extended
backward beyond the pronotal apex. Anterior and middle femoral
margins entire ; hind femora of ordinary form, the hind tibiz rather
stout, distinctly ampliate toward the apices, the margins armed with
stout spines ; the first articles of the posterior tarsi stout and scarcely
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 235
shorter than the third, the first two pulvilli of the first tarsal articles
short and acute, the third pulvilli longer and somewhat flattened
below but acute.
One example from Cachabi, Ecuador, 8. America;
Rosenberg ; Oxford Museum.
Readily distinguished from the other members of this
genus by the narrowed vertex, which is strongly narrower
than one of the eyes and tricarinate, and also by the
extended wings which pass beyond the pronotal apex.
Genus OTumMBA, Morse.
1. O. quadrata, sp. nov.
Somewhat resembling scapularis. Pale ferruginous ; head little
exserted, face oblique; vertex ascendant forward but very little
narrowed, convex, advanced nearly as far as the eyes, the carine
laterally little roundly compressed, at the front almost as wide as
one of the eyes, middle carinate, sulcate on each side ; frontal costa
declivous above, between the antenne little compresso-elevated, and
sinuate below, between the posterior ocelli narrowly sulcate, evenly
divergent forward to the median ocellus; eyes roundly conoidal,
higher than the dorsum of pronotum ; posterior ocelli placed between
the lower third of the eyes ; antenne inserted distinctly before the
ventro-anterior border of the eyes. Pronotum rugose or often rugu-
lose, depressed, deplanate between the shoulders; median carina very
low and indistinctly sinuate, almost straight posteriorly and lengthily
acuminate, extended beyond the knees of the hind femora; prozonal
carinz distinct and parallel; humeral angles obtuse, bicarinate ;
lateral lobes with the posterior angles strongly reflexed outwards,
rectangulate, but convexo-truncate behind. Elytra small, acuminate
toward the apices; wings fully explicate reaching just beyond the
pronotal process. Margins of anterior and middle femora little
compresso-undulate ; the posterior femora bearing a series of large
tumose tubercles above on the outer faces, the antegenicular spine
acute, but the genicular spine nearly wanting, posterior tibize very
little‘ampliate toward the apices, the canthi sparingly spinose ; the
first and second pulvilli of the first tarsal articles equal in*length;
subacute, the third pulvilli little longer and more flattened below,
Length of body entire, male and female, 12-13 mm.; pronotum
11-12 mm.; posterior femora 5-6 mm.
Five examples from Cachabi, Ecuador, S. America.
Rosenberg; Oxford Museum.
236 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
Section TETRIGIZ, Bolivar.
Genus PARATETTIX, Bolivar.
I recognize four Bornean species of Paratettiz, which
may be distinguished by the following key *—
1. Pronotum somewhat broad between the
shoulders ; the lateral lobes conspicuously
reflected outwards, triangular and acute ;
first two basal pulvilli of the first tarsal
articles spiculate ‘ :
2. Pronotum narrower between the shoulders ;
the lateral lobes little produced outwards,
and angulate-subacute ; the first two basal
pulvilli of first tarsal articles not spiculate angulobus, sp. nov.
3. Posterior angles of the lateral lobes of pro-
notum narrowly rounded ; vertex of head
strongly narrower than one of the eyes;
length of pronotum from 9 to 12 mm. . histricus? Stal,
4. Posterior angles of lateral lobes subtriangular,
indistinctly turned outward; vertex of
head narrowed forward, subequal or little
narrower than one of the eyes; pronotal
process often extended as far as the wings;
length of pronotum from 12 to 15mm. . lineatus, sp. nov.
1. P. variabilis, Bolivar, Aun. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 276,
1887.
Three examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford;
Oxford Museum.
2. P. angulobus, sp. nov.
A very slender-bodied species, with prominent globose eyes, fusco-
or grayish-ferruginous; vertex ascendant forward, strongly narrowed,
tricarinate, at the front much narrower than one of the eyes, occiput
behind the eyes exposed; eyes higher than the dorsum of pronotum;
frontal costa rather roundly compresso-elevated between the antenna,
‘not at all sinuate; apical articles of maxillary palpi oval; the
antenne inserted almost between the inferior border of the eyes.
Pronotum often lightly rugulose, depressed, little ascendant behind
the anterior margin, subdeplanate between the shoulders and bearing
variabilis, Bol.
* One of the common species of Tetrigine in Borneo is Paratettix
contractus of Bolivar. This species is considered a T'etrix here, and
will be so treated further on under that heading.
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 237
an abbreviated costa on each side ; the shoulders indistinctly bicari-
nate; median carina forward little sinuate, horizontally straight
posteriorly, process lengthily acuminate, strongly extended beyond
the knees of the hind femora; posterior angles of lateral lobes reflexed
outwards and angulate-acute. Elytra oval; wings fully explicate,
extended beyond the pronotal apex, caudate. The first and third
articles of the posterior tarsi equal in length, the three pulvilli of the
first tarsal articles nearly equal in length. Length of body entire,
male and female, 13-14 mm.; pronotum 11-12 mm.; posterior femora
46-5 mm.
Five examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo; Oxford
Museum. Two of these specimens from the Sarawak
Museum, Nos. 353 and 351, the others from R. Shelford.
3. P. histricus? Stal, Freg. Hiig. resa. Ins. Orthopt., p. 347,
1860.
One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo; R. Shelford,
Oxford Museum.
4. P. lineatus, sp. nov. -
Ferruginous, legs lighter. Head not at all exserted; vertex
narrowed forward, subequal in width to one-of the eyes; the frontal
costa arcuate; eyes moderately small, globose; posterior ocelli
unusually large and conspicuously showing just in advance of the
middle of the eyes. Pronotum lengthily subulate, rather smooth,
bicarinate at the shoulders, the dorsum convex between the shoulders
and bearing abbreviated costa on each side forward ; lateral lobes
not at all reflexed outwards, truncate ; elytra oblong ; wings fully
explicate, extended backward just beyond the pronotal apex. Femoral
caring entire ; the first tarsal articles having the second pulvilli very
little smaller than the first and third, all the pulvilli flattened below,
not spiculate. Length of body entire, male and female, 13'5-16 mm.;
pronotum 12-15 mm.; posterior femora 5-6 mm.
Six examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo. One of
these specimens from Sarawak Museum, No. 345, the rest
from R. Shelford; Oxford Museum.
This species may possibly be a Coptotettix.
Genus APOTETTIX, Hancock.
1. A. proximus, sp. nov.
A South American form of rather small stature, with subquadrate
vertex, resembling Paratettix frey-gessneri, and dimorphic in wings
length. Greyish, the tibie and tarsi fusco-annulate. Vertex little
238 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
wider than one of the eyes, longitudinally fossulate on each side of
the distinct. median carina, the front margin subtruncate ; frontal
costa rather widely sulcate, in profile little arcuate produced between
the antennx, subsinuate above and below; eyes of moderate size.
Pronotum little rugose granulate, somewhat deplanate between the
shoulders, acuminate posteriorly and extended to or beyond the
knees of the hind femora; median carina percurrent, compresso-
arcuate forward before the shoulders, little lowered and often sub-
sinuate backward, but straight on the process; lateral lobes little
reflexed outwards, the posterior angles distinctly rounded or obtuse.
Elytra oblong ; wings fully explicate, abbreviated and not extended
to the apices of the posterior femoral knees, or passing beyond the
apex of pronotal process or even caudate. The first tarsal articles
with the first and second pulvilli small and spiculate, the third
much longer and flattened below. Length of body entire, male and
female (short-winged form), 7°5-9 mm. ; pronotum 7-7'8 mm. ; pos-
terior femora 45-5 mm. Long-winged form, male, 10 mm. ; pronotum
8 mm. ; posterior femora 4°5 mm..
Five examples, from Cachabi and Paramba, Ecuador,
S. America; Rosenberg.
Genus EUPARATETTIX, Hancock.
1. H. personatus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi
p. 278, 1887.
One example from West Java; H. Fruhstorfer. Two
examples from N.C. Province, Ceylon; Oxford Museum.
?
2. H. mimus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 278,
1887.
One example from Penang Island, E. L. Meyer, coll.;
Oxford Museum, No, 3451.
3. H. indicus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 281,
1887.
Four examples from (Assam ? ) India; Oxford Museum.
4. HE. similis, sp. nov.
A rather small form, with the head little exserted. Vertex hardly
narrowed forward, nearly equal or subnarrower than one of the
globose eyes, little ascendant forward; median carina distinct,
suleate on each side; the frontal costa slightly compresso-arcuate
between the antennz, declivous above; eyes barely higher than
the dorsum. Pronotum lengthily acuminate posteriorly, little
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 239
rugose, without supernumerary costa, convex between the shoulders,
the humeral angles distinct and carinate; the anterior prozonal
carine very small, subobsolete ; median carina percurrent, slightly
incrassate, little compresso-elevated forward and there often
subundulate, but straight posteriorly ; pronotal process strongly
extended backward beyond the hind femoral knees; lateral lobes
distinctly turned down, the posterior angles narrowly rounded.
Elytra oval ; wings caudate. Anterior and middle femoral margins
entire ; posterior femoral carinz above arcuate ; the first and third
articles of the posterior tarsi equal in length, the first tarsal articles
having the first and second pulvilli spiculate, the third nearly as
long as the first and second united and flat below. Length of body
entire, male and female, 11-12 mm. ; pronotum 9-10 mm. ; posterior
femora 4-4°7 mm.
Six examples from Banguay, and one from Kina Balu-
Borneo, in the author’s collection. Examples are in the
Oxford Museum from the Philippines, Nos. 2769 and 2770,
and from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford.
Genus TETRIX, Latreille.
1. Z. contractus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi,
p. 281, 1887.
Numerous examples in the collection of the Oxford
Museum, from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford.
This species seems nearer to Tetrix than Paratetti.
The vertex is subwider than one of the eyes and rounded,
not truncate; the frontal costa being distinctly sinuate,
excavate between the eyes. It is apparently one of the
commonest species in Borneo. This species was placed
in the genus Paratettix by Bolivar.
2. ZT. atypicalis, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica iu, p. 143,
144, 1904.
Two examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford
Museum,
3. ZT. a. ceylonus, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica u, p. 143,
144, 1904.
Two examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford
Museum.
4. T. cuspidatus, sp. nov.
: Resembling Tetrix contractus. Greyish, with the dorsum behind
the shoulders often fusco-maculate. Vertex little depressed, not at
240 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
all narrowed forward, anteriorly convex, tricuspidate, subequal
in width to one of the eyes, the fronto-marginal carinz laterally
little compresso-elevated and acute, viewed in profile the cusps often
little elevated above the eyes, lateral margins of vertex not at all
sinuate, median carina produced, in profile protuberant ; frontal
costa in profile strongly sinuate, excavate between the eyes, little
compresso-elevated between the antenne and excavate below, the
rami moderately and evenly divergent to the median ocellus.
Pronotum depressed, between the shoulders convexo-deplanate, the
humeral angles distinct, carinate, and slightly produced laterally ;
median carina percurrent but sinuate, little compresso-elevated before
shoulders and little excavate just behind the anterior border,
pronotal process strongly extended backward beyond the apices of
the posterior femora ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes rounded,
the inferior margins little reflexed outwards. Elytra oblong or
somewhat oval with the apices subacuminately rounded ; wings
caudate. Anterior and middle femoral margins distinctly compressed,
the superior margins of the anterior femora distinctly compresso-
elevated, the carinz undulato-arcuate ; middle femoral carinze above
and below undulate ; the external paginse of the posterior femora
rugose, the oblique costa strongly expressed and rugose-granulate;
the first and third articles of the posterior tarsi about equal in
length, the first and second pulvilli subacute, the third nearly as
long as the first and second united and flat below. Length of body
entire, male and female, 12°5-13 mm.; pronotum 105-11 mm. ;
posterior femora 4—4°5 mm.
Four examples from West Java, Pengalengan, 4000 ft. ;
Oxford Museum.
Genus HEpotertix, Bolivar.
1. H. gracilis, Haan, Bijdr. Orthopt., p. 169 (= festivus).
Six examples from Java, H. Fruhstorfer; Oxford Museum.
Four examples from Ceylon and one from Chenapungi, also
in Oxford Museum.
2. H. guibelondoi, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi,
p. 285, 1887.
One example referable to this species, from the Philip-
pines, in the Oxford Museum, No. 2771.
3. H. burri, Hancock, Occas. Memoirs Chicago Ent. Soc.,
vol. i, No. 1, p. 10, 11, 1900.
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 241
Originally described from a male example from Mada-
gascar under the genus Telmatetiiz. A second specimen
in the Oxford Museum from the same locality, being a
female, allows me opportunity of revising my opinion of
this species. This species resembles Paratettix scaber from
Africa, and it may be quite possible that it is this species.
The antenne are inserted between the inferior part of
the eyes, as in Hedotettix.
4. HH. celebicus, sp. nov.
A very slender-bodied species; greyish-cinereous or flavous,
variegated with fuscous. Head little exserted ; vertex scarcely
narrowed forward, narrower than one of the eyes, suleate on each
side of the median carina, not at all ampliate toward the front; |
frontal costa slightly arcuate, the face in profile not at all sinuate,
rami divided distinctly above the posterior ocelli, moderately
-sulcate. Pronotum truncate anteriorly, subtectiform between the
shoulders, posteriorly lengthily acuminate, the process extending
beyond the femoral apices; median carina percurrent, somewhat
acute, little elevated between the shoulders; dorsum granulate ;
the prozonal carinz parallel ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes
turned down and narrowly rounded. Elytra with the apices some-
what widely rounded ; wings strongly caudate. Anterior femoral
carine straight ; intermediate femora, in the male, little ampliate
toward the bases, in the female, subnarrowed ; the first tarsal articles
with the first and second pulvilli acute-spiculate, the third much
longer than the second, and straight below, the apices acute. Length
of body entire, male and female, 11-14 mm.; pronotum 9-10 mm. ;
- posterior femora 4-5 mm.
Three examples from Macassar, Celebes, Doherty ; Oxford
‘Museum.
Genus CoproTeTTix, Bolivar.
A. C. tuberculatus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi,
pe d7) 1887,
Three examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R.
Shelford; Oxford Museum.
2. C. rotundatus, sp. nov.
Fuscous, the legs sometimes flavous or fusco-variegated ; vertex not
produced beyond the eyes, strongly narrowed forward, about equal
in width to one of the eyes, fossulate on each side, in profile little
roundly elevated above the eyes ; the frontal costa strongly roundly
produced in advance of the eyes, the rami dividing above the
242 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the
posterior ocelli, moderately divergent forward to the median ocellus ;
the posterior ocelli placed in advance of the upper third of the eyes.
Pronotum lengthily subulate, the dorsum rugose, often conspersed
with very slightly elevated and elongated ruge and coarsely granu-
late ; median carina undulate, here and there slightly incrassate,
but the other carine low and thin, the anterior prozonal carine
very indistinct, granulate, and convergent backward ; posterior
angles of the lateral lobes narrowed and rounded. Elytra oval, the
apices rounded ; wings fully explicate and passing the pronotal apex.
Anterior and intermediate femora elongate, the carine entire; the
first articles of the posterior tarsi distinctly longer than the third,
the first and second pulvilli of the first tarsal articles more acute
than the third, the third being flat and longer than the second.
Length of the body entire, male and female, 13-14'5 mm. ; pronotum
11‘5-13 mm. ; posterior femora 5°5-6°5 mm,
Four examples from Kina Balu in the author’s collection,
and one from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ; Oxford
Museum.
In this species the antennz are inserted between the
lower third or fourth of the eyes. The specific name
rotundatus refers to the facial costa.
3. C. parvus, sp. nov.
This may be the short-winged form of Coptotettix tuberculatus.
It isa small form with abbreviated wings and pronotum; the posterior.
angles of the lateral lobes turned down, and slightly more obtuse ;
the dorsum of pronotum rugose and bearing tubercles, some of
which are abbreviated linear in form. The vertex resembles that of
tuwberculatus. Length of body entire, male, 8 mm.; pronotum 7 mm. ;
posterior femora 5°5 mm.
One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ;
Oxford Museum.
4, C. inflatus, Krauss, Denkschr. Naturw. Ges. Jena Bd. 8,
1908, vol. iv, p. 745, Pl. LXVII, fig. 10, 1902.
Six examples from Java; Oxford Museum.
Section BATRACHIDE, Bolivar.
Genus PHLa&oNOTUS, Bolivar.
1. P. sinuatus, sp. nov.
Similar to natalensis ; greyish, fusco-variegated. Vertex wide,
completely covered, strongly produced; face in profile arcuate ;
Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 248
frontal costa strongly advanced beyond the eyes, the rami somewhat
widely sulcate, divided above the posterior ocelli near the vertex,
and slightly divergent forward. Pronotum anteriorly produced
scarcely beyond the head, the front margin on each side straight,
convergent forward, angulate, but with obtuse apex; dorsum strongly
compresso-cristate ; the median carina forward between the shoulders
strongly sinuate, posteriorly acuminate, extended little beyond the
hind femoral apices. Elytra rather wide, oval, bearing a large black
macula transversely intersected by a light fascia near the apices ;
wings fully explicate and extended beyond the pronotal apex.
Posterior femora somewhat incrassate ; the first and third articles of
the posterior tarsi subequal in length, the three pulvilli of the first
tarsal articles nearly equal in length. Length of body entire, male,
14 mm.; pronotum 12°5 mm.; posterior femora 7 mm.
One example from Natal or Orange River Colony, F. N.
Brown; Oxford Museum, No. 3356.
Genus TETTIGIDEA, Scudder.
1. TZ. planus, sp. nov.
This species has no spine at the termination of the superior carina
of the middle femora, and the elytra are plainly coloured without
macula ; it resembles Scudder’s species Tettigidea cuspidata.
Body granulate; ferruginous, often fusco-variegated. Vertex
distinctly wider than one of the eyes, somewhat depressed and
smooth, narrowed forward, the supraocular lobes small, the front
margin advanced about as far as the eyes, the median carina absent,
the frontal carinule on each side very little compressed, little
rounded-concave ; frontal costa narrowly sulcate, little compresso-
elevated between the antenne; maxillary palpi yellow, widely
compresso-dilated at the apices, the apical articles oval. Pronotum
anteriorly acute spiniform produced nearly as far as the front of
vertex, the spine nearly straight, the front margin on each side of the
spine strongly concave ; posteriorly cuneate, extended backward
nearly to the apices of the hind femoral knees ; dorsum granulate,
between the shoulders somewhat tectiform; median carina little
incrassate, subundulate, nearly horizontal, little compressed and
pereurrent. Elytra elongate, acuminate toward the bases and apices,
the external faces plain coloured and granulate; wings abbreviated.
Hind femora elongate; the tibiee fuscous with pale annulation near the
bases, the first and third articles of the posterior tarsi subequal, the
first, second and third pulvilli respectively gradually increasing in
244 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of Tetrigine
length and subflattened below, not acute. Length of body entire,
female, 12°8 mm.; pronotum 11'5 mm.; posterior femora 7°6 mm.
One example from Paramba, Ecuador; Rosenberg.
Genus ScaRIA, Bolivar.
1. S. fasciata, sp. nov.
This is a remarkably graceful species, narrow between the
shoulders, and having the pronotum anteriorly only little ascendant.
Body granulate, flavo-ferrugineous, on either side bearing a broad,
black, longitudinal fascia, the face, lower part of lateral lobes of
pronotum and sides flavous, legs flavous, often tinged with fuscous.
Eyes strongly globose; face oblique; vertex subtruncate, nearly
equal in width to one of the eyes, scarcely advanced so far as the
eyes, little narrowed forward and smooth, the median carina wanting;
the frontal costa starting at the vertex little lower than the eyes,
divides between the posterior ocelli and is arcuately protuberant
forward between the eyes; superior ocelli large, conspicuously
showing in profile just in advance of the middle of the eyes.
Pronotum anteriorly acute spiniform produced, the antero-dorsal
margin on either side of the spine roundly excavate, posteriorly
lengthily extended beyond the apices of the hind femoral knees ;
dorsum between the shoulders convex, narrow; humeral angles
bicarinate ; anterior prozonal carinze only little expressed, slightly
divergent backward ; median carina somewhat undulate, often little
compresso-elevated forward between the shoulders, nearly horizontal,
and forward at the front margin with the spine little ascendant and
uncinate. Elytra oblong, with a pale spot near the apices varying
in intensity and size; wings fully explicate, extended beyond the
pronotal apex. Posterior femora elongate, knees black, the superior
carine forward black, with pale spots ; tibiae black but pale annulate
toward the base and the apices, the canthi serrulate and rather feebly
plurispinose ; the three pulvilli of the first tarsal articles equal in
length. Length of the body entire, male and female, 13-15 mm.;
pronotum 11-14 mm.; posterior femora 5:5-6°3 mm.
A number of examples from Cachabi, Ecuador, Rosen-
berg; Oxford Museum, and in the author's collection.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.
[See Explanation facing the Puate.]
( 245)
‘XU. The life-history of Spindasis lohita, Horsf. By
Joun C. W. Kersnaw, F.ZS.
[Read March 20th, 1907.]
PLaTE XXII.
Tuts pretty Lycenid, also known as S. zebrinus, Moore, is
common in many localities near Macao and Hongkong,
and no doubt occurs all over South China, within the
range of the food-plants of the larva. It is on the wing
from about March to November inclusive, sometimes
appearing in dozens at the flowers of certain trees and
shrubs, though it does not seem to care about other flowers,
It has an exceedingly swift, erratic flight, and when settled,
frequently head downwards, is continually working the
large anal lobes of the hind-wings, hollowing and smoothing
them, by rubbing the hind-wings together with a see-saw
motion as it sits with closed wings. It frequents the out-
skirts of woods and open, bushy ground, where the food-
plants of the larva grow, and where the trees are in flower
which attract the butterfly.
The larval state is the most interesting and singular
part of the life-history of this Lyczenid, and judging from
that it would seem to be very nearly allied to the Australian
genus Ogyris, a very interesting paper on which genus,
entitled ‘A Monograph of the genus Ogyris,” appeared in
the Trans, Ent. Soc. for 1905. Much of the information
therein regarding the larval habits of species of Ogyris
would apply without alteration to the larva of Spindasis
lohita.
The egg is hemispherical or domed, flattened on the
under-side, strongly reticulated or honeycombed on the
upper surface. It is laid singly, during the day, into the
joints of bracts, stems or leaves of the food-plants of the
larva, or even on adjacent parts of the host-plants. The
usual food-plant is Henslowia frutescens, Champ. (Nat. Ord.
Santalacex) a very common trailing or half-climbing shrub
in this part of Kwangtung, a parasite on the roots of other
vegetation. The larva also feeds on Loranthus chinensis,
D.C., and Viscwm orientale, Willd., both Nat. Ord. Loran-
thacex; the former a common bushy parasite on many trees,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.)
24.6 Mr. John ©. W. Kershaw on
the latter not unlike the familiar British mistletoe, and of
the same parasitic habits on various trees and shrubs, but
it is not very common here.
The general colour of the upper-side of the full-grown
larva in the wet season is yellowish, with a double, in-
terrupted dorsal line of dark brown. Most of the third
segment is dark brown. An indistinct transverse dorsal
reddish bar on each segment, each side, surrounded with
dark brown. Below these markings uniform greenish-
yellow, the whole body irrorated with light and dark specks,
the whitish ones chiefly due to extremely short hairs or
stubble. The second segment is covered with a dark brown
shiny, chitinous shield, as is the last segment. On the
twelfth segment are two dark brown chitinous tubulures,
one each side, with a few hairs on the edges of the openings.
From these tubulures the larva when irritated extrudes a
white gland or stout filament which it vibrates rapidly
and quickly withdraws again. The body is fringed laterally
just above the legs with stiff white hairs.* Legs, prolegs,
and under-side glaucous-green. Head nearly _ black.
During the dry season the larve are very dark in general
colouring, chiefly various shades of brown, with the wet
season markings very obscure.
When feeding, the Jarvee often secure two leaves slightly
together with silk, forming a shelter but not entirely
hiding the larve. The first lot of larve I reared, bred
from eggs or captured between their leaf-shelters on the
food-plants (where they occasionally seem to remain all
day) arrived safely at full growth, ready to pupate, when
though much distended they seemed soft and flabby, and
burst at the lightest touch ; perhaps from the lack of ants
to suck away superfluous juices; they all died, as I had
kept no ants with them. But later I discovered larvae
actually inside the nests of the ants, as well as pup, and
thereafter kept ants with the larvee, which were successfully
reared. They are, however, liable to a fungoid growth
which kills many, especially in the dry season, where the
larval stage lasts a long time and the larve feed very
slowly.
Apparently only one species of ant attends on the larva,
at least in this district; small, and very dark red in colour,
almost brown; but all three plants mentioned before swarm
* All bristles on the larva are roughened, or minutely spined up
the stems.
the Infe-history of Spindasis lohita. 247
with several kinds of ants, and are attractive to many
other creatures, notably spiders. During the day the
larve either remain in their leaf-shelters, as observed
before, or more frequently in the ant-nests; especially in
the latter, it would appear, in the dry season, when in
January and February there is often much really cold
weather. Some of these ant-nests are a fair size, but most
of them very small; often made of one leaf with the edges
turned up and roofed over with felted material; or two or
three leaves are employed. Very often a succession of
small nests encircle a slender branch, especially at the
junctions of twigs; or they envelop a stalk and leaf or
berry of the mistletoe—each little nest containing some
aphides and ants, and occasionally a larva or two larvee of
Spindasis. The ant-nests are built of masticated vegetable
matter, rather like the ‘“‘ paper” of a wasps’ nest, but the
material is much thicker and coarser. The ants seem to
make use of anything handy, however, as my attention was
once drawn to the peculiar blue tint of some nests; but an
old blue rag torn from some coolie’s raiment was hanging
close by in the shrub, which had been chewed up and used
in the construction of the nests.
The larvee issue forth from their shelters at night to
feed, and are constantly attended by some of the ants, who
often stand on the back of a larva, apparently caressing it
with their antennz, and seeming to extract some juice
from between the joints of the chitinous shields and the
soft parts of the body; but chiefly they excite or irritate
the larva by touching the tubulures with antenne and
fore-legs, till the larva puts forth the filaments from the
tubes, and the ants then seem to lick up some moisture
left by the filaments on the edges of the openings.* The
larva can extrude the filaments either together or in-
dependently. Just before pupation the ants seem to tap
the larva almost continuously, and the latter puts forth the
filaments frequently and withdraws them more slowly than
usual. The ants often crowd on the larva when the latter
is feeding, and it is rarely left unattended for more than a
few moments, even proceeding to its feeding-ground and
returning home with ants on its back.
And thus the larve spend their time till they pupate,
* Tf the larva at first refuses to oblige the ant, the latter redoubles
its attentions with its antennz, and strikes on the back of the larva
with one of its feet.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART Ul. (SEPT.) 17
248 Mr. John C. W. Kershaw on Spindasis lohita.
which they generally do in a deserted leaf-nest of the ants ;
or perhaps the latter kindly vacate their premises on
purpose.* The nests used for pupation always seem quite
new, though I have not found any ants actually inside the
nests containing the pupze; they may make occasional
visits, however, though my butterflies emerge in good
condition when the pupz are isolated from ants. No
doubt the safety of the pupa is well assured from the fact
of its being concealed in what to all appearance is an in-
habited ants’ nest; few creatures would willingly disturb
it, except woodpeckers and some few habitual feeders on
ants. There is but one fairly common species of wood-
pecker here, and considering the abundance of large ants’
nests everywhere, it is not probable that these birds
trouble about the small leaf and twig nests occupied by
Spindasis. The only other animals here, so far as I know,
which feed largely on ants are the Pangolin or Scaly Ant-
eater, and the Hoopoe, the former scarce and probably
feeding only on the ground, and the bird being of rare
occurrence here.
The pupa is dark shiny brown and yellow-brown, the
tip of the abdomen blunt and rounded, and on the under-
side is a roughened sub-circular patch, furnished with
microscopic bristles, which aid the adhesion of the s lk by
which the pupa is affixed to one of the walls of the leaf-
nest. There is no girdle round the middle. The tubu-
lures of the larva are represented by two slight scars in
the pupa.
The tubulures are really more distinct or conspicuous in
the young than in the full-grown larve. The young larve
generally eat away the under-side of the leaves in patches,
leaving the thin upper skin.
* Sometimes, if the larva can find a suitable leaf shrivelled into
a small tube (as the thick, fleshy leaves of the food-plants often are),
it lines the tube with a loose-textured web and makes its own shelter.
EXPLANATION OF Pirate XXII.
[See Explanation facing the PLatE.]
( 249 )
XIV. On the egg-cases and early stages of some South China
Cassidide. By J.C. KERsHAw and FREDERICK Muir.
[Read March 20th, 1907.]
THE four beetles mentioned in the following paper are all
common in Macao. As their egg-cases or larve have not
been previously figured or described, the following short
description of the plate may be of interest to Coleopterists.
Dr. David Sharp has kindly identified them for us,
1.—Coptocycla circumdata, Herbst.
The eggs of this species are laid singly, generally on the
under-side of the leaf of its food-plant, a species of Zpomea.
The egg, attached to a membrane similar in shape and
texture to the egg-membrane of Aspidomorpha puncticosta,
is fixed to the leaf, and the lower part of the membrane is
turned back over the egg and pressed down. The edges of
the membrane adhere to the surface of the leaf, and the
shape and green colour of the egg can be distinctly seen
through it. A double keel runs down the centre of the
membrane, giving the egg-case the appearance of a double-
keeled boat turned over.
An examination of the lower oothecal plate shows
that the thickening of the membrane forming the double
keel corresponds to two indentations on the posterior
edge of the plate. In Sasipta stolida the V-shaped
membrane with a central keel, and in A. puneticosta the
thickening of the lateral edges, corresponds to the shape
of the oothecal plates ; the thickening of the lateral edges
of the latter being due to the oothecal plates not quite
meeting at this point.
For these reasons we consider that the shape of the
membranes of a Cassidid egg-case is determined by the
shape of the oothecal plate.
Sometimes in captivity a second egg is laid overlapping
the side of the first. The egg-case 1s never covered with
excremental matter.
This species carries its cast skins during its larval and
pupal life on a pair of long posterior spikes, in a similar
manner to 4. puncticosta, and does not attach any excre-
mental matter to them, thus falling into the same series
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART Il (SEPT.)
950 Mr. J. C. Kershaw and Mr. Frederick Muir on the
as the African species A, puncticosta and confinis. The bare
ege-case also places it with these species, but its simple
nature and the absence of any eggless membrane to act
as attachment to the leaf indicate an affinity to the genera
Cassida and Laccoptera.
The larva and imago generally feed on the under-side of
the leaves. If the pupz be kept in a light-proof box the
bright or metallic colours do not appear in the imago.
2.—Aspidomorpha micans, Fab.
This species generally lays its eggs in batches of two, but
sometimes three and even four eggs are placed together.
Each egg is attached to the usual shaped Cassidid egg-
membrane which has a slight thickening longitudinally,
a midrib, and is doubled back over the egg. In captivity
the first egg is sometimes attached direct to the leaf, but
more often an eggless membrane is first attached to the
leaf and the eggs laid in it. The second egg is placed to
one side—+.e. the right—of the first, the third is placed
upon and between the first and second, and the fourth, if
present, to the leaf of the first. In captivity the egg-case
is sometimes partly covered with excrement, but we have
never found one so covered in the field.
During the larval and pupal life the skins are carried on
the long posterior spikes, but no excremental matter is
attached to them; occasionally during the first instar
small pieces of excrement are carried at the end of these
posterior spikes.
A pair in cop. at 10 a.m on the 5th September produced
two egg-cases by 4 p.m. These remained in the egg state
seven days, in the larval state nineteen days, and in the
pupal state six days.
Both by the egg-case and larval appendage this species
falls into the African Aspidomorpha group.
3.—Laccoptera chinensis, Fab.
The egg-cases of this species contain two, three and
sometimes four eggs, and are generally, but not invariably,
covered with excremental matter. This covering is variable
in size, sometimes covering the entire case, at other times
being only a small patch in the middle of the membrane.
The first egg is attached direct to the leaf and the
membrane turned back in the usual way.
Soon after the larva hatches it attaches a small piece of
Lgg-cases and early stages of some S. China Cassidide. 251
excrement to the tip of each of the long posterior spikes,
a telescopic movement of the last two segments of the
body enabling it to perform this operation. As its size
increases these pieces of excrement coalesce and form a
roughly triangular lump. The cast skins are worked into
the mass and held to form the “shield.” Up to the last
instar the larva is yellow, then it changes to black, the
white sporacles showing up distinctly. The size of the
shield varies: sometimes it entirely covers the larva, at
other times it leaves it half exposed.
Both by egg-case and larval “shield” this species falls
into the same division as the African genera Cassida and
Laccoptera.
4,—Cassida obtusata, Boh.
The egg-cases of this species contain two eggs attached
to the ordinary-shaped Cassidid egg-membranes. The
case 1s bare, no excremental matter being placed upon it.
The imago feeds upon Citrus trees and injures them
considerably.
Unfortunately we were not able to observe the larva, so
cannot state the shape and nature of its appendages, but
we anticipate that it is similar to Coptocycla circwmdata.
The study of these interesting egg-cases and larval
appendages naturally suggests the questions as to their
origin and use. That they are a protection to egg and
larva brought about by natural selection is the first
solution that suggests itself. Were A. puncticosta the
only species under consideration this might appear an
adequate explanation, but after studying several African*
and these China forms the authors are not satisfied with it.
In A. puneticosta, where the egg-case is carried to its
highest perfection, the eggs are as heavily parasitised as
any that we have observed, and in Mozambique, ants eat
into the case and destroy the eggs. In a similar manner
ants destroy the eggs of Mantide. It is not an absolute
protection that we look for, but only a relative one. To
argue that this species would be exterminated were its
ego-case less perfect appears illogical, for other species are
just as abundant although their egg-cases are much less
perfect. The wide range of this species we consider
due to the, practically, uninterrupted growth of its food-
plant, Zpomexa spes-caprex, along the African coast. It is
* Trans, Ent. Soc,, 1904, pp. 1-19,
252 Egg-cases and early stages of some S. China Cassidide,
possible that this ootheca may serve as a protection to
dampness or drought, to spray or sand, in its exposed
habitat, but in China Coptocycla cireuwmdata live upon the
same food-plant and is exposed to the same conditions,
It appears to be immaterial to the hatching of the larva
of Laccoptera chinensis whether the egg-case be partly or
wholly covered with excrement or left entirely uncovered.
The larva and pupa of A. puncticosta, B. stolida and
Laccoptera excavata have each a distinct style of larval
appendages, and each is as heavily attacked by parasites
as many beetles’ larvae not protected in such manner.
As eggs and larve are scarce during October and
November in Macao we were unable to collect enough
material in the field to discover what parasites attack the
species mentioned above and in what proportion. Several
adults and larvee were found killed by a fungus growth.
Until the structure of the egg-cases and larval append-
ages of more species have been described, and the death
factors that keep these beetles in check are better known,
it were better not to insist that protection against enemies
or drought is the “raison d’étre” of the development.
( 253 )
XV. Life-history of Tessaratoma papillosa, Thunberg.
By J. C. Kersuaw, F.Z.S. With Notes on the
stridulating organ and stink-glands by FREDERICK
Moir, F.E.S.
[Read March 20th, 1907.]
PLATE XXIII.
As the early stages of the life-history of this Pentatomid
have not been described, so Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy kindly
informs me, it may be of interest to give a fairly complete
account of the metamorphoses. The mature nymph, how-
ever, says Mr. Kirkaldy, was figured by Gray in Griffiths’
“Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom,” xv, Plate XCIII, fig. 1 (1832).
This bug is distributed from India to China, and is exceed-
ingly common in South China, where it might well be called
the “longan bug,” for it particularly infects the longan and
- lichee trees, and seems to do them much damage, for the
leaves of these fruit trees are to a great extent shrivelled,
blackened and otherwise injured, as shown in the plate.
No doubt part of this is due to other causes, but fungus
probably attacks sooner or later the minute punctures
made by the sete of the bug, and I believe the greater
part of the injuries are caused by this insect ; it swarms on
the trees all through the summer or wet season, tainting
the air in the neighbourhood with its nauseous smell; and
many may be found in a semi-torpid condition clinging on
the foliage in the winter or dry season.
On June 15th a f and $ were taken in the morning
and put into a breeding-cage on a spray of longan. In
the evening about 6 p.m. they were im cop. They separ-
ated before 7 a.m. on the 16th. By 9 am. on the 21st
the 2 had laid six green eggs on the under-side of a leaf
(the usual locality for eggs of this bug) close together or
actually touching one another. As each egg was deposited
the bug took a step forward and felt with the tip of the
abdomen where to place the next egg. By 10.15 a.m. it
had laid fourteen eggs, and it then shifted slightly to one
side of the batch and remained motionless for several days.
The eggs hatched on the 30th, so that, roughly speaking,
they hatch in about ten days. Some little time after the
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II, (SEPT.)
254 Mr. J. C. Kershaw on
eggs are laid they turn ochreous, and just before hatching
become pink or purplish. Just emerged, the nymphs have
the middle of the upper-side light green, the rest (including
legs and antennz) light pink. In the next stage the
general colour of the upper-side is pink, with blackish
margins and a broad blackish marking in form of a cross;
the antennz and legs are also nearly black. Like the
adults, the nymphs in their youngest stages vibrate the
antenne if disturbed, but apparently have not the power
of using the stink-glands, even if they are developed in
these stages. However, bugs in the third stage, shown at
Fig. 4, have these dorsal glands quite distinct. This
figure shows a specimen just after the first moult from the
condition of Fig. 3. This stage continues the same in
shape and colouring, though increasing in size and moult-
ing several times, till the stage shown at Fig. 5 is reached.
This figure shows a specimen just before the moult to the
condition of Fig. 6, so that it will be seen that there is a
great increase in size from the first to the final moult of
the stage shown at Fig. 4, but no change in shape or
colouring till the stage shown at Fig. 5 is reached ; in this
stage also there are several moults and much increase in
size to that of the specimen figured, but no change of
shape or colouring till the stage shown at Fig. 6 is attained.
In all the stages thus far, the head and thorax are practi-
cally in the same plane with the abdomen, whilst the whole
insect is very flat and thin in section.
In the next stage, Fig. 6, the abdomen becomes more
convex, and after the last moult the head and thorax
deflect or bend downwards, the elytra come unsoldered
and the wings appear, emerging in a folded and soft con-
dition from beneath the elytra. For an hour or more
after this final moult the insect is chiefly of a pale green
and pink, and it remains in a soft state for about two
days (apparently incapable of using the stink-glands),
though gradually becoming harder. Finally, its colour is
a beautiful purple-brown, but one or two days’ exposure
brings the customary ochreous coloration seen in Fig. 8,
the sexes scarcely differing. The bugs remain stationary
for several days before each moult. The final moult to
the adult condition is accomplished in about an hour, the
whole insect being light green as it works its way gradually
out of the old skin, but it almost immediately becomes
variegated with pinkish-ochreous,
the Life-history of Tessaratoma papillosa. 255
On opening the wings of the adult as soon as the moult
is accomplished and exposing the dorsal surface of the
abdomen, the stink-glands appear to have atrophied. If
the cast skin is examined these glands will be found as
two yellow, soft masses enveloped by a thin membrane,
and full of a clear yellowish fluid which has the character-
istic smell if the little bags are ruptured. In the moulted
skin these glands are on the under-side of the dorsal
integument of the abdomen. The bug in the stage shown
at Fig. 5, whether large or small, has the power of ejecting
the spray of strong, evil-smelling fluid from the dorsal
glands of the abdomen to a distance of several inches ; if
received in the eye by mischance the smarting is almost
intolerable. This liquid stains the skin yellow, much like
a cigarette. In the adult bug the fluid is ejected from
two glands near the third pair of coxze ; but a jet of liquid
is also often shot from the anus; this liquid is of a darkish
yellow-brown colour and appears to be scentless. The
fluid ejected from the coxal glands is clear yellowish ; it
immediately permeates (probably by capillary attraction)
the abdominal articulations and spreads under the elytra
on the dorsal surface.
The adult bugs, both f and 9, are capable of stridulating
if annoyed, but it seems probable they may use it as a
means of signalling to each other. The under-side and
legs of the adults become covered by degrees with a white,
flocculent substance which becomes thicker with age.
Those bugs which hatch late in the summer appear to
winter in the stage shown at Fig. 5.
The eggs of Tessaratoma papillosa are much parasitised
by a Chalcid, and many batches of eggs may be found,
each with the small round hole made by the exit of this
parasite, which seems to be the main check on the increase
of this already too numerous bug.
( 256 )
Notes on the stridulating organ and stink-glands of Tessa-
ratoma papillosa, Zrunb. By FREDERICK Muir, F.ES.
The sound-producing organs of this insect are situated
on the anterior dorsal part of the abdomen and upon the
under-side of the wings, and consist of a movable striated
surface, the file, which passes across strong chitinous teeth,
the comb. A sclerite, spatulate at each end, runs across
the abdomen between the metathorax and the first abdo-
minal segment. Situated at each end of this sclerite,
upon the spatulate part, is a round, convex and highly-
chitinous spot finely striated transversely, the file. A
strong muscular system is attached to the edge of this
sclerite by means of which it is enabled to move backward
and forward over an arc of about 35 degrees, having an
imaginary axis passing from side to side of the abdomen ;
the whole sclerite moves at once, so that the files act in
unison and cannot move independently. This rotatory
movement of the files makes it necessary that they should
have a convex surface to keep them in contact with the
comb situated upon the wing. The folding under of the
wing along the claval suture brings the membrane between
the file and the comb, and this membrane is often abraded
at that spot, especially in old specimens. This membrane
does not affect the sound at all, for it is of equal volume
whether the membrane be cut off or not. If the wings be
cut off and the insect irritated the files move rapidly, but
of course no sound is produced ; the same thing happens
if a female be placed near a male and watched for a little
time. Figs. 1 and 2 show the position of these organs.
In the later nymphal stages of this bug there are four
stink-glands opening at the posterior margin of the second,
third, fourth and fifth segments; the first and fourth of
these glands are functionless, I cannot state if all four
glands exist in the earliest stages as I have not been able
to procure specimens, but it is interesting to note that,
they are not able to secrete obnoxious fluid during these
stages. This is not what I should have expected, as the
presumably protective value of this fluid would be most
valuable to the young.
Mr. F. Muir’s Notes on the Tessaratoma papillosa, 257
In the adult the dorsal glands atrophise and a ventral
gland arises with two openings near the anterior edge of
the metathorax lateral of the coxal cavity. The ducts
“Inctathorax
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leading from this gland, after passing between chitinous
processes for the attachment of muscles, open into chambers,
or reservoirs, with strong muscular walls. A valve is
258 Mr. F. Muir's Notes on the Tessaratoma papillosa.
situated at the juncture of the duct and reservoirs. It is
by the sudden contraction of the walls of these chambers,
when full of fluid, that the insect is enabled to eject its
obnoxious fluid six to ten inches. Fig. 3 shows the position
of gland and the section gives a diagram of reservoir.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.
[See Explanation facing the PLATE. ]
XVI. The structure and life-history of the Holly-fly.
By Proressor L. C. Mraz, F.R.S., and T. H.
TAYLOR.
[Read March 20th, 1907.]
I. INTRODUCTION.
Occurrence.—Holly-leaves are often infested by a small
Dipterous larva, which forms discoloured blisters upon
them. When opened with a needle the blisters are found
to contain yellowish-white larve with black heads and
tails. In particular localities a large proportion of the
leaves may be disfigured in this way, and it was the
abundance of the insect near Leeds which caused us to
undertake its investigation.
Goureau * has published a slight notice of the holly-fly,
to which he gave the name of Phytomyza aquifolu. We
have not attended to the classification of Phytomyza, and
express no opinion upon the validity of the species.+
Summary of Lrfe-history—The life of the holly-fly
occupies about a year, and extends from one June to the
next. In June the young leaves of the tree are expanding,
and the eggs are laid in the midrib while it is still tender.
The larva soon hatches out, and remains in the midrib for
about two months, boring its way along the central vessel
(fig. 1). Then it turns aside, and enters the blade of the
leaf, feeding on the green cells beneath the upper epidermis,
and producing a blister of irregular shape, which at first
takes a pale colour in consequence of the contained air.
More than one larva may attack the same leaf, and their
blisters sometimes run together. The cuticle is too opaque
for the larva to show through it, but it can be felt by
gentle pressure with the finger-tip. When feeding it lies
on either its right or left side, and mows down the cells
with its mouth-hooks, leaving a track which, while fresh,
is visible from without, and reminds one of the path made
* Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. ii, p. 143 (1851).
t+ There is a brief notice of the holly-fly in Réaumur’s “ Histoire
des Insectes,” vol. 111, mém. 1 (1737).
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (SEPT.)
260 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the
by the radula of a pond-snail among the microscopic alge
of an aquarium. About the end of March the larva is
full fed, and turns to a pupa, which, unlike that of many
other leaf-miners, remains within the leaf. The flies
appear about the end of May, and may be seen throughout
ex A
Transverse section of midrib of holly-leaf showing larval mine in central vein. (x 50.)
June on infected holly-trees, usually alighting on the
young green shoots. We have not met with them except
on the holly, nor have we seen them fly except from one
leaf to another.
II. THE STRUCTURE OF THE LARVA.
We shall begin by describing the larva in its first stage,
and then notice the points of difference which mark the
full-grown larva.
The Exoskeleton. The body (fig. 2) consists of a head
succeeded by three thoracic and nine abdominal segments,
the two last of which are distinguished with difficulty.*
Transverse bands of minute hooks make the junctions of
the segments obvious, except where the 11th and 12th
segments meet. The first band is restricted to the dorsal
surface; the second is interrupted laterally; all the bands
are interrupted along the mid-dorsal and mid-ventral
lines.
* Twelve is the usual number of post-cephalic segments in Muscid
and Nemoceran larve. In one species of Chironomus we have found
faint indications of a subdivision of the 12th larval segment, the
part behind the bunches of sete being constricted off.
261
Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly.
The head is sunk into the thorax so deeply that only
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g and narrow,
The ventral
It is lon
and reaches as far back as the metathorax.
the extreme fore-end is exposed.
262 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the
surface of the exposed part is strongly chitinised, and
serves for the prehension of food. In the young larva it
is armed with three hook-like teeth, one median and of
larger size, the other two smaller and further back. This
chitinised ventral plate, which, although it is deeply cleft
behind, is apparently singte, is replaced in older larve by
two unequal oral plates, enclosing the mouth-opening
between them, and each carrying two hook-like projections.
Muscles pass from the body-wall to the oral plate or plates,
and effect the movements necessary to mastication. In
young larve, but not in older ones, a pair of curved
chitinous struts, standing off on either side at right angles,
probably serve to hold the plate in position (they are
omitted from fig. 3). The upper-surface of the head is
almost entirely concealed; on the minute exposed part
are several small oblique sunk rods of chitin, of unknown
function. The head-capsule, which answers to the wall of
the head in more normal insects, consists of a delicate
cuticle, lined by an epidermis. It is continuous with the
oral plates, but otherwise completely immersed ; nothing
can be seen of an invagination-cavity. Muscles pass from
the body-wall to the head-capsule. There is also an
endocranium, which we suppose to have originated in
chitinous apodemes; it consists of an anterior median
piece, deeply grooved on its upper-surface, and a posterior
forked piece, divided into right and left halves, each of
which gives off dorsal and ventral arms. The groove on
the median piece lodges the pharynx.
The Nervous System.—The central nervous system
(fig. 3) is lodged in the thorax and the fore-part of the
abdomen; it consists of cerebral ganglia and a ventral
complex. From the latter paired nerves are given off to
the head (three pairs), to all the thoracic segments, and to
the first eight abdominal segments. A pair of large
ganglia in front of the cerebral ganglia may represent the
optic lobes of the blow-fly larva. The prothoracic and
mesothoracic nerves have ganglia at their roots. No
sense-organs have been clearly made out in the young
larva, though in older larve minute structures, which are,
probably sensory, appear on the exposed surface of the
head (fig. 5).
The Alimentary Canal—The mouth-opening leads into
a small buccal cavity, which lies within the oral plate.
The fore-part of the pharynx is strongly chitinised, and
Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 263
connects the oral plate with the endocranium ; the hinder-
Fig. 3.
g internal anatomy. g, gonad; sg, left salivary gland (the anterior end only of the right
gland is shown) ; ve, ventral complex of neryous system. (x 145.)
Larva of first stage, showin
part lies in the concave median piece of the endocranium,
and behind this in the space between the diverging
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—ParT 11. (sEPr.) 18
264 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr, T. H. Taylor on the
ventral arms. <A series of muscles, which are inserted
into the dorsal wall of the pharynx, probably serve to
dilate the cavity; when a live larva is placed in water
charged with finely-powdered carmine the particles can
be seen to enter the mouth at each contraction of the
muscles. The cesophagus (fig. 3) passes between the
cerebral ganglia. There is a cardiac chamber, with four
czeca and an cesophageal valve. The stomach is long and
convoluted. Two Malpighian tubules, each bifurcate,
enter the beginning of the intestine. The whole alimen-
tary canal is about five or six times as long as the body.
The salivary-glands reach to the hinder-end of the body ;
they are slightly dilated in front. Their ducts unite imto
a single tube, which opens into the floor of the pharynx,
perforating the median piece of the endocranium in order
to do so; they show the usual cross-marking. It is hard
to explain the large size of the salivary-glands, but as no
pupal cocoon has to be made, their function is probably
strictly alimentary.
The Tracheal System.—A pair of longitudinal tracheal
trunks run nearly the whole length of the larva (fig. 2).
These trunks are connected with each other by transverse
dorsal commissures, and give off segmental branches.
Adjacent segmental branches are united by longitudinal
connectives, from each of which arises a ventral trachea.
There are ten pairs of closed spiracles, two thoracic and
eight abdominal. The first and the last pairs occur re-
spectively in the Ist thoracic and the 8th (spiracular)
abdominal segment, and are placed near the mid-dorsal
line ; the remaining spiracles are lateral in position, each
being placed close behind one of the bands of segmental
hooks. The anterior and posterior spiracles are often un-
usually large in Dipterous larvee ; in the holly-fly they are
closed like the rest in the young larva, but become
functional in the later larval stages. The tracheal
junctions which divide the longitudinal trunks into
segmental systems are evident in the last larval stage.
The Dorsal Vessel—The dorsal vessel or heart (fig. 3) is
three-chambered, each chamber being provided with a
pair of ostia. The fore-end of the dorsal vessel reaches
the head-capsule and is attached to it, but actually opens
into the thorax.
The Fat-body.—Between the coiled strings of the fat-
body are found bright refractive bodies of large size (fig. 4),
Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 265
which are calcareous concretions, each enclosed within
a nucleated cell. They present a rough surface, and an
internal concentric lamination resembling that of a starch-
grain. Similar concretions are found in the proglottides of
a tape-worm.
The fate of the concretions of the holly-fly larva is
interesting. They persist throughout the larval stage,
gradually increasing in size, but disappear soon after
upation. In an old puparium the internal tissues are
devoid of lime-salts, but the cuticle effervesces strongly as
soon as its inner surface is touched with acid. It seems
likely that the substance of the concretions is absorbed
and re-deposited in the cuticle.* Occasionally a few
concretions persist and are carried over into the fly.
Fig. 4.
Cells of the fat-body. Two calcareous corpuscles are shown,
one in surface-view, the other in optical section; the fat-
globules have been omitted from one cell. (x 625.)
The Gonads.—Two spherical bodies (fig. 3) lying between
the coils of the intestine are the gonads; they remain
practically unchanged throughout the larval period.
Larval Stages.—The larva of the holly-fly moults twice
before pupation ; there are thus three larval stages. The
first lasts from July to December; the second from
December to February, and the third from February to
the middle or end of March. At times of moult the skin
splits along the ventral side, which is unusual in insects.
At pupation the larva is 35-4 mm. long.
The peculiar features of later Larve.—A larva of the
second or third stage differs from the larva which has just
* A similar transference probably occurs in other Dipterous
leaf-miners, ¢.g. in Acidia heraclei.
266 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the
been described in several particulars. There are now two
oral plates, one on either side of the mouth-opening, the
right plate being larger than the left. Each bears two
hooks, which are probably used in dividing the food. The
anterior hook of the right plate is the largest of the four,
and the distortion which regularly occurs brings it exactly
in front of the mouth-opening (fig. 5). The asymmetry
of the oral plates may be connected with the circumstance
Fie. 5.
Head and prothorax of larva of 3rd stage, ventral
view. lp, rp, left and right oral plates ; 7, oblique
sunk rods; x, chitinous rings. (x 360.)
that the larva lies on its side while feeding on the cells of
the leaf. The endocranium is stronger and of darker
colour, almost black. The anterior median piece has
become distinct from the forked part (fig. 6) A new
structure, the tentacle, now appears on the exposed surface
of the head; what seems to be the labrum is produced
into two pairs of lobes; there are also for the first time
chitinous rings on the head and prothorax which resemble
the bases of setze and are perhaps sensory (no true setz
have been seen on any part of the cuticle); the oblique
sunk rods are more conspicuous. The segmental bands of
Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 267
Fig. 6.
Head and thorax of larva of 3rd stage, lateral view. jf, forked
plate of endocranium ; m, median ditto; sp, anterior spiracle ;
t, tentacle. (x 200.)
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Portion of segmental band of hooks from larva of 8rd stage,
showing the muscular insertions (dotted); the hooks point
backwards. (x 480.)
268 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr, T. H. Taylor on the
hooks become broader and the hooks more numerous.
Areole, devoid of hooks, and answering to the attachments
of segmental muscles, are found in the bands (fig. 7). In
the third stage the 8rd—6th bands are continuous dorsally.
The tracheal network is richer, and the anterior and
posterior spiracles are functional, their initial threads
having been replaced by open extensions of the main
trunks (tracheal extensions).
The spiracles have already been described as they appear
in the first larval stage. We go on to describe the
spiracles of the last larval stage, and then notice those of
ex
Fie. 8.
Anterior spiracles of larva of 3rd stage. ap, earring-like appendage with filament ;
ex, tracheal extension ; fch, ‘‘felted chamber” ; p, pit; st, closed spiracle with cord
(‘‘ Narbenstrang’’). (x 280.)
the second larval stage, which are intermediate in structure
between the earlier and later ones.
In the third stage the anterior and posterior spiracles
project from the surface of the body. The anterior
spiracle (fig. 8) is a compound structure (“compound
spiracle” of De Meijere*) consisting of a functional
and a closed spiracle, both carried on a cuticular process of
the skin, The internal part of the functional spiracle
* Zool. Jahrb., vol. xv, pt. iv, p. 623 (1902).
Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 269
consists of an air-containing cylinder (‘felted chamber”)
which, arising from the end of the tracheal extension, runs
up the stalk and terminates in an expanded “ end-plate.”
The closed spiracle is attached to the side-wall of the
stalk and connected by a solid cord (“ Narbenstrang”) with
the end of the tracheal extension. The cavity of the air-
containing cylinder is subdivided by chitinous trabeculz
into minute spaces, and presents a dotted appearance when
the air has been removed by alcohol. The end of the
tracheal extension has the same structure. The end-plate
of the spiracle is flattened from side to side, and carries
on its inner and posterior faces six or more radiating pits
(the number is not constant). Each pit has a thickened
KW
Fic. 9.
Posterior spiracle of larva of 3rd stage.
Lettering as in fig. 8. (x 330.)
margin from which an oval appendage hangs down like an
earring in the space outside the air-containing cylinder.
From each appendage a delicate filament is given off,
which, passing down the stalk, branches and ends in
intricate beaded coils, resembling the termination of a
nerve on a muscle-fibre. The structure of the posterior
spiracles (tig. 9) is similar to that of the anterior ones, the
felted chamber, pits, appendages and filaments, and the
closed spiracle being all present. The pits are more
elaborate, and resemble miniature spiracles; they are
carried on prominences which are situated on the outer
side of the end-plate, and vary in number from five to nine,
the number being usually different in the two spiracles,
Each pit apparently opens to the exterior by a slit.
270 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the
In the second larval stage the tracheal extensions are
not dilated, but each is connected with an air-containing
cylinder terminating in an end-plate, which forms a knob-
like projection on the surface of the body. The pits with
their appendages and filaments, if they are actually
present, are difficult to demonstrate.
III. Pupation.
About the middle of March the larva is full grown and
ready for pupation. It is still imprisoned within the leaf,
but can move freely about in the blister, which is now a
large open space lying between the leaf-veins and the
epidermis. The palisade-cells are always the first to be
attacked ; sometimes the spongy cells are excavated as
well, but this comes later; in any case the epidermis with
the cuticle is left intact.
Before pupation the larva prepares an opening, through
which it may afterwards emerge as a fly. To this end
it pares down the epidermis in one place until only the
external cuticle remains. This area, which may be called
the “pupal blister,” is parabolic in plan, and although very
small is easily distinguished from the rest of the larval
blister by its different colour. The apex of the pupal
blister is sharply defined, but the base gradually shades
off. It now becomes possible to observe the movements
of the larva through the transparent cuticle. The edge of
the pupal blister is pierced; the larva turns over and lies
on its back with the ventral surface pressing against the
cuticle; the movements of the oral plates become slower
and at length cease. Two short black rods now become
visible in a strong light; these are the anterior spiracles
projecting from the top of the prothorax. At first they
lay behind the exposed part of the head, and pcinted
upwards and backwards. The head is now completely
retracted into the thorax, and the spiracles occupy the
front extremity of the body, having swung round so as to
point forwards. After a few preliminary trials they are
passed through the slit in the cuticle, and become fully
exposed to the outer air. They form a black speck on the
apex of the pupal blister, and can easily be felt by the
finger-tip.
Structure and Life-history of the Holiy-fly. 271
IV. THE PUPA AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE FLy.
The pupa, shrouded in a delicate transparent membrane
Seated
coo OOF
Fie. 10:
Puparium, ventral view. The hinged plate has been removed ; the hooks and insertions of larval
muscles are shown. (x 45.)
(the true pupal skin), remains enclosed in the larval cuticle,
which has become much thickened by calcareous deposit
272 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the
on its inner surface. By appropriate methods the thin
larval cuticle can be separated from the later calcareous
addition. The body of the puparium (fig. 10) is rusty in
colour, with a smooth shining surface, and flattened dorso-
ventrally. The larval head has been completely retracted,
and the fore-part of the prothorax, sharing in the move-
ment of retraction, forms a funnel-shaped depression on
the front part of the ventral surface of the puparium.
This depression is partly filled up with a waxy secretion,
which appears at the mouth just before the movements of
the larva cease. The spiracles, anterior and posterior, are
now black and strongly chitinised. The fly escapes from
the puparium by a hinged plate (fig. 11) which very
nearly coincides in position and extent with that special
part of the general blister which we have called the
lies Tle
Hinged plate of puparium. The oral and endocranial
plates of the larva remain attached to the inner
surface. (x 45.)
“pupal blister.” When the fly is ready to emerge the
plate 1s raised in front and pushed back (fig. 12), bringing
with it the cuticle of the blister. The rupture is effected
by the alternate swelling and contraction of the frontal
sac of the fly, which is very distensible and roughened
on the outer surface with numerous fine denticles. The
ventral surface of the fly appears first with the legs. The
wings are crumpled when they are withdrawn from their
sheaths, but soon expand.
Empty pupal cases in blistered holly-leaves can easily
be identified by the raised hinged plate. Sometimes,
instead of the raised plate, one finds in the pupal blister
a small circular aperture; this marks the place through
which a parasitic ichneumon has escaped, and it is interest-
ing to notice that the ichneumon quits the puparium and
Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 273
leaf at the place of weakness which has been made ready
for the escape of the fly. We have not attended to the
ichneumon parasites of the holly-fly further than to note
that there are two distinct species at least, one appearing
early in June and the other later in the summer. We
have found parasitic larve in holly-fly larve of all ages,
but are unable to say when or how the eggs are deposited.
Cyclorrhaphous and Orthorrhaphous Diptera.—The larval
skin, which forms the wall of the puparium, is marked by
prepared lines, which facilitate the escape of the fly. In
the holly-fly one line begins on the prothorax, just below
the spiracle, passes horizontally back to the fore-part of
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Fie. 12.
Fly emerging from puparium. (x 20.)
the 1st abdominal segment, and there forks into a descend-
ing and a slighter ascending branch. It will be convenient
to speak of these lines as “lines of dehiscence.” * In the
holly-fly the horizontal line of dehiscence, together with
the descending one, marks out a triangular ventral plate,
which can be turned back as on a hinge to allow the fly
to escape. In Drosophila a similar horizontal line of
dehiscence runs along the thorax, and then forks as in the
holly-fly. Here, however, the ascending branch is the
* Such lines have been called “sutures,” a term which is open to
objection, because it suggests the line of union of distinct morpho-
logical elements, as in the phrase “sutures of the skull.” They
differ, on the other hand, from lines of fracture in being prepared in
advance ; they can be traced in a puparium from which no fly has
emerged.
274 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the
stronger and meets its fellow in the mid-dorsal line; the
hinged plate is dorsal in position, and the descending
branch does not aid in emergence. In the blow-fly the
ascending and descending lines of dehiscence practically
disappear, being represented by two minute diverging
branches at the posterior end of the horizontal line. When
the fly emerges the dorsal and ventral halves of the
puparial thorax are pushed asunder, and a transverse
rupture occurs on the dorsal or on the ventral half, some-
times on both. Thus in the blow-fly the whole thorax
often becomes completely detached from the puparium.
In Oscinis frit the horizontal line of dehiscence forks into
two branches, of which the ascending one, passing about
half-way to the mid-dorsal region, is the stronger. At
emergence the puparium splits open along the horizontal
line, generally along the ascending branch and sometimes
also along the descending one.
In all these cases the horizontal line of dehiscence is
constant and functional, while the transverse line may be
slightly developed and functionally unimportant. It is
not at all certain whether Brauer used the term “cyclo-
rrhaphous” of the vertical or of the horizontal line of
dehiscence, or of both. In some text-books the writers,
evidently basing their statements on what they suppose
Brauer to have meant, explain the term “cyclorrhaphous”
with reference to what we have called the ascending and
descending lines of dehiscence, making no mention of the
horizontal one.
The term “ orthorrhaphous ” is also at present ambiguous.
It was originally used by Brauer * to describe a particular
mode of dehiscence of the last /arval skin at pupation. In
his later account + he modified his views, and it is not
clear to us how his later definition is to be understood,
and whether the orthorrhaphous dehiscence is a dehiscence
of the larval integument, or of the pupal integument, or
of both, or sometimes of one and sometimes of the other.
It seems to us that further investigation is called for.
Dipterologists may fairly be expected to say with some
precision what they mean by the terms “ orthorrhaphous”
and “cyclorrhaphous,” and to indicate the types which
they have actually examined.
* Monogr. der Oestriden, p. 33 (1863).
{ Zweifliigler des kais, Museums, i, p. 7 (1880).
275
Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly.
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276 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the
V. THE FLy.
External Features and Segments—The mature insect is
about 24 mm. long, the females being rather larger than
the males. The body is black in colour. When the
abdomen is distended the successive tergal and sternal
plates are separated by pale-coloured intervals, and there
is also a similar lateral band on each side. The halteres
are white.* The abdomen of the female fly consists of
nine segments. The Ist is seen with difficulty on the
dorsal side, and is represented ventrally by a small plate.
Kia. 14.
Transverse section through 7th segment. ex, conical extension, con-
taining retractor muscles of ovipositor, and giving attachment to the
oblique muscles of the segment; rs, ducts of sperm-receptacles, dorsal to
which are the rectum and the ducts of the gluten-glands. (x 115.)
The next five segments are distinctly visible both on the
upper and under-surface. The 7th segment differs from
the rest in having the sternum and tergum united to
form a short tube, into which the ovipositor can be
retracted. The upper-front border of this tube is drawn
out into a chitinous sheet, which extends throughout the
segment next in front; its sides are bent downwards and
* The rest of the description relates to the female fly only.
Structure and Infe-history of the Holly-fly. 277
backwards, so that it forms an inner conical chamber
BIGGS lp.
Transverse section through 7th segment ; the plane of this section is posterior
to that of fig. 14. d, ventral diverticulum of uterus ; ex, conical extension of
7th segment, containing 8th and 9th segments (retracted), giving attachment
laterally to the oblique muscles, and ventrally to the muscular tissue sur-
rounding the uterus; ggl, ducts of gluten-glands; rs, fused ducts of sperm-
receptacles; s, 9th segment enclosed in 8th; wu, uterus; wu’, thin-walled
region of uterus. (x 140.) 5
enclosed by the 6th segment (fig. 13). From the wall
of this chamber and from its inner surface spring the
RiGee Os
Ovipositor of fly, lateral view. The 9th segment is partly retracted into the
dentigerous 8th segment ; the posterior end of the 7thsegmentisshown. (xX 120.)
retractor-muscles of the ovipositor, while to the outer
lateral surface is attached a set of oblique muscles (figs.
278 ~=Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the
14, 15) which pass to the inner face of the tube (7th
segment). They enclose between them a median portion
of the hemoceele, in which lies the
special muscular portion of the uterus.
It is difficult to say whether these
oblique muscles effect a change in the
shape of the external wall of the 7th
segment or in that of the conical ex-
tension. It is possible that they serve
to protrude the ovipositor by setting
up an increased blood-pressure in the
last segments of the body. The 8th
and 9th segments are specially modified
to form the ovipositor. The dorsal and
ventral surfaces of the 8th segment
bear an elaborate arrangement of
denticles (figs. 16, 17) which facilitate
the operation of boring into the tissues
of the holly-leaf during feeding and
oviposition. The 9th and last segment
bears at its posterior extremity a pair
Rea of short valves. The thin intersegmental
Ovipositor of fly, dorsal CUticle between the 8th and 9th seg-
ToT tay Cote ana ee is much enlarged, and permits
not shown, (x 120.) the 9th segment to be completely
telescoped into the 8th (figs. 18, 19).
ez
Fic. 18.
Posterior abdominal segments of female fly, diagrammatic. The ovipositor is
extended. The left ovary alone is shown; one tubule is complete; 7, rectum; the
rest of the lettering as in fig. 13.
The hinder-part of the 8th can be folded back into the
fore-part. When fully retracted, the ovipositor is enclosed
Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 279
within the tube-like 7th segment. ‘The muscles effecting
this retraction arise from the inner surface of the chitinous
extension of the 7th segment, and are inserted into the
9th segment, some at its beginning and some further back.
Alimentary Canal.—The general arrangement is similar
to that of the larva. The salivary glands (fig. 13) persist,
but are much reduced in size. The posterior part of the
cesophagus gives off a median ventral diverticulum. This
passes back through the thorax as a narrow tube lying
below the stomach, and dilates in the abdomen into a
very distensible thin-walled sac, which corresponds to
the sucking-stomach of other insects. As the pharyngeal
‘Gao
\ SS
COPS
sco USPS oe 5 Pag ee
Fie. 19.
Posterior abdominal segments of female fly, diagrammatic. The ovipositor is
retracted into the 7th segment.
pump no doubt serves to draw fluids into the mouth, it is
rather uncertain what is the special function of the sucking-
stomach. The rectum dilates near its beginning into a
pyriform chamber, the wall of which is provided with
four papille.
The Heart.—The heart (fig. 13) lies in the dorsal part
of the abdomen. It is widest in front, where it abuts upon
the posterior surface of the mesothoracic wall. From its
anterior end a fine tube passes downwards and enters the
thorax, lying along the dorsal surface of the stomach (this
thoracic portion is not represented in fig. 13). Ostia occur
in the first five abdominal segments.
The Ovary.—The paired ovary (fig. 13) consists of twelve
to fourteen tubules, which are connected at their base with
the oviduct. The two oviducts unite to form the
uterus, which opens ventrally between the 8th and 9th
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PaRT Il. (SEPT.) 19
280 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the
segments. A pair of scoop-like plates, situated one on
either side of the external aperture, perhaps serve to
direct the egg as it emerges from the uterus. The uterus
receives on its dorsal aspect the ducts of the receptacula
seminis and of the gluten-glands. Both these organs are
paired, and the ducts are lined by a chitinous intima which
in the case of the ducts of the gluten-glands is spirally
wound. Where they join the uterus the muscular wall
of the latter is considerably thickened both dorsally and
ventrally, giving rise to a conspicuous body of tissue lying
in the 7th segment. Imbedded in the ventral portion
of this muscular tissue occurs an unpaired hemispherical
sac (d, figs. 18, 15, 18), which communicates by a short
duct with the cavity of the uterus. The walls of both the
sac and the duct are strongly chitinous. The floor of the
sac as seen in sections strongly arches into the cavity, but
as it is provided with muscles it can probably also be
depressed ; we are unable to explain the function of this
organ. Behind this special muscular region the uterus is
thin-walled and much elongated to permit of the extension
of the ovipositor.
VI. EaG-LAYING AND Eaas.
The eegs of the holly-fly are laid in June. At this
time the young leaves are being put forth, while those of
the past season are turning yellow. Some six or eight
leaves are borne on each young shoot; the lower ones are
the first to mature, and for about three weeks there is a
constant succession of leaves fit for the operation of egg-
laying.
On examining holly-leaves at almost any time of the
year a number of pits will often be remarked on both the
upper and the lower surface. These first appear when the
leaves are young and tender, but they persist in the fully-
developed leaf without increasing in number. We used to
think that these pits were caused by the spines of the old
leaves, which pricked the young leaves at times of high
wind, but we have now been led to adopt a different
explanation. The pits do not actually perforate the leaf-
blade; they commonly enter but do not pass through the
mesophyll. Holly-trees which are not infested by flies do
not show pits on the leaves, but those which are much
blistered are also much pitted, Moreover we have seen
Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 281
the female fly piercing the leaves with her ovipositor.
She makes an incision with her pointed ovipositor, then
steps backward and applies her tongue to the wound, as
if she were extracting sap from the cells. Her movements
at this time remind us of the way in which a fowl scratches
the ground in search of a worm, and then steps back to
examine the loosened soil. Egg-laying is a work of time
with the holly-fly, for all the eggs are laid separately, and
the female requires a regular supply of food. We have no
reason to suppose that the male fly is able to draw sap
from the cells of the leaf; it has to be content with what it
finds on the leaf. Feeding-holes are made only in young
and tender leaves; the ovipositor could not be made to
penetrate an old leaf. Sometimes the fly fails to find the
hole made by her own ovipositor, and then she makes
another. While feeding the female is often visited by
the male. When he is on the same leaf he seems to be
guided to the spot by the working of the ovipositor; his
movements become more alert as soon as he is aware of
the presence of the female. Stealthily approaching while
the female is absorbed in the act of feeding, he effects a
secure embrace, from which he is not easily dislodged.
The fertile female now proceeds to lay her eggs. She
selects young leaves, but is now careful to pierce the
under-side of the midrib, preferring a point near the base
of the leaf. The piston-like ovipositor is repeatedly
pressed up and down until the central vessels are reached.
Then, by a contraction of the abdomen, an egg is passed
into the hole. The fly tests the place with her tongue,
and when satisfied goes off to another leaf. Thin sections
through the place of oviposition show that a vertical shaft
ascends from the hole; on reaching the vessels it makes
a right-angled bend, and runs for a short distance along
the vein; the egg is deposited in the horizontal part of
the shaft. That the ovipositor is able to bend at a right
angle can be made out by watching live flies. A captive
female sometimes lays her egg, not in the midrib, but in
the blade of the leaf, and this is, ina young leaf, sufficiently
translucent to enable us to follow the action of the ovipositor.
The wound made in the midrib is speedily closed by
cork-cells.
The egg (fig. 20) is of oval shape, and lies lengthwise in
the midrib. One end is blunter than the other, and bears
the micropyle; this end is turned towards the opening by
282 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the
which the egg was passed into the leaf. There are two
egg-envelopes, an external chorion, which is yellowish,
finely pitted, and prone to adhere to the vessels of the
midrib, and a transparent vitelline membrane. The head-
end of the embryo is at first adjacent to the micropyle,
and therefore points to the mouth of the passage, but
before hatching the embryo reverses its position, as if to
facilitate the «travelling of the larva along the vessels
towards the apex of the leaf.
Egg with unhatched larva taken from midrib of holly-leaf. (x 165.)
In the fresh-hatched larva segmentation is already
complete, and the mouth-parts are well developed. The
fat-body, which contains the residue of the fat-globules of
the egg, is scanty. The tracheal system is filled with air,
but does not as yet open to the exterior. Numerous fine
denticles are already developed on the surface of the body,
The alimentary canal contains no solid food.
Very little change in the appearance of the larva can
be noted so long as it remains in the midrib; the fat-
body enlarges, and the fat-globules become more numerous.
Structure and Lrfe-history of the Holly-fly. 283
As soon as it begins to feed on the mesophyll-cells the
calcareous concretions form in the fat-body, and these
become conspicuous when the body is examined by trans-
mitted light as large, brightly-refractive objects.
The mode of life of the free larva has been related in an
earlier part of the present paper (pp. 259, 260).
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XVII. The Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). By ERNEST
Ewarr Unwin, M.Sc. Communicated by Pro-
fessor L. C. Mraz, F.R.S.
[Read March 20th, 1907.]
VINEGAR-FLIES, small brownish two-winged flies with
bright red eyes, belong to the Muscid family. The
commonest species is Drosophila funebrrs.
Drosophila larve live in rotten and fermenting fruit ;
they also frequent beer and vinegar casks. Dufour * men-
tions finding them in marmalade, and between the layers
of a decaying onion, and other records give mincemeat
and poor butter as places where the larve have been
found. Howard + includes Drosophila among the common
excrement breeders. I have found the flies feeding on
putrefying mussels, and an open decanter of claret will
attract swarms of them in the summer time. The larve
of another species have been found mining the leaf-stalks
of swedes (see below). Slices of tomato, squashed plums
or other fruit readily attracted the flies to the laboratory,
and a large supply of all the stages was easy to obtain for
examination. The flies are most abundant during the
summer months, but in the laboratory they persist well
into the winter, and eggs have been laid as late as the
end of November.
Outline of Life-history.—The fertilised female lays her
eggs in the fruit-pulp, and after three days or so
small whitish maggots can be seen crawling about the
mass. These feed continually, grow rapidly, and become
full grown in about three weeks. They then leave the
pulp to find a convenient place for pupation. The natural
place is the soil, but they readily pupate on the sides of
vessels, or even upon a dryer portion of the pulp. The
last larval skin is retained as a puparium, which turns
brown and hard. The duration of pupation, as well as
that of the other stages, varies at different seasons of the
year; in summer it may be as short as a week, or it may
* Dufour (1839 and 1845, 2). + Howard (1900).
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (SEPT.)
286 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the
last all the winter. In this latter case the larvee bury
themselves in the soil, remain as pupe all through the
winter, and reappear as flies in the early summer. The
winter may be passed in the winged
stage, the flies hibernating in some
convenient place.
It will be convenient to commence
the detailed account with the larva.
THE LARVA.
The larva of Drosophila is a maggot,
soft and white, about one-third of an
inch long when full grown. There are
apparently eleven segments behind the
vestigial head, and between each seg-
ment the body is roughened by a band
of minute hooks. In general features
it resembles the blow-fly larva (fig. 1).
The anal processes are of two kinds:
three pairs of small, conical, unjointed
pseudopods arranged laterally, and a
large dorsal retractile process, perhaps
representing a united pair, which, pro-
truding backwards and upwards, carries
at its distal end the posterior spiracles
(fig. 1). Professor Miall, in his account
of the harlequin-fly,* refers to such
appendages in the case of Nemoceran
larvee. Like the prothoracic and anal
feet of a Chironomus larva, these
pseudopods of the Drosophila larva
“may be the remnants of a series which
once extended over many segments.”
These pseudopods are covered with
minute hooks. Their function is
rather obscure. They may serve
for locomotion by giving a better
purchase to the body when moving
through the food, and may also possibly enable the larva
to keep its balance. The blow-fly larva has similar processes,
which, according to my observation, are used in much the
same way.
Mouth-parts—The general structure of the mouth-parts
* Miall (1900).
‘Log
‘(AQIA OPIS JJa]) BAIL'T
(0% X)
ee ce
Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 287
agrees very closely with that of the blow-fly larva.* Slight
differences in the shape of the sclerites are noticeable,
particularly in the parastomial sclerites, which in Droso-
phila join together in front, and form a conspicuous knob
to which muscles are attached (fig. 2).
Alimentary Canal.—The alimentary canal exhibits the
same parts and the same general structure as that of the
blow-fly larva.t The anterior part is shown in fig. 2.
The pharynx exhibits a well-developed straining appar-
atus. It is more perfect in Drosophila than in the blow-
fly, and approaches more closely to the arrangement found
in the Eristalis larva, as described by J. J. Wilkinson,
though it is not so large or efficient (fig. 3).
, Ay
ex
SRT MM) VI AW!
\\ w us
alti As (Au
2 Hires 2:
Anterior segments of a late larva viewed as a transparent object. (x 50.) a.c.,
anterior connective ; a.sp., anterior spiracle; oes., cesophagus; ph., pharynx with
straining appendage ; pr., proventriculus ; s.g., s.d., salivary gland and duct ; ¢r., main
tracheal trunk of left side ; v.co., ventral complex.
“The floor of the strainer bears nine parallel longi-
tudinal ribs which are probably folds of the chitinous
lining. They are long, narrow and deep, resembling
planks set on their edges at equal distances. In front
they begin abruptly, their lower-ends lying in one trans-
verse line, and they are continued to the hinder-end of
the chamber. While their lower-edges are attached to
the floor, their upper-edges are free and bear fringes of
numerous close-set barbules. The outermost rib on each
side has only a single fringe, which projects inwards;
* Lowne (1890-95), pp. 37-46. Lowne (1890-95), pp. 55-62.
288 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the
each of the remaining ribs has a pair of fringes, and in
cross-section resembles the letter Y—the two arms being
the fringes and the stem the supporting rib. The cavity
of the strainer is thus divided into a series of eight lower
compartments and a single upper one.” *
The salivary glands in the Drosophila larva are not so
large as those of the blow-fly. The intestine, too, is less
coiled in the former larva.
Nervous System.—The nervous mass, which corresponds
to the brain and ventral cord of Chironomus, is situated in
the metathoracic segment. It consists of a well-marked
Gere:
Transverse section through the pharynx of a late larva. (x 100.)
a.sp., antérior digitate spiracle ; /., single filament of same ;
stv., pharyngeal straining apparatus.
“brain” and a “ventral complex”; I have to thank Pro-
fessor Miall for this convenient name. The paired nerves
indicate its segmental character, a pair of nerves being given
off to each segment of the body. The cesophagus pierces
the nerve mass lying between the hemispheres and the
ventral complex + (fig. 2).
Heart and Circulation—There is nothing worthy of
special note in the heart and circulatory system of
Drosophila.t In a living larva the pulsations of the
posterior end of the dorsal vessel, the so-called heart, can
be seen. The exact extent of the “heart” cannot be
* Wilkinson (1901). + Lowne (1890-95), p. 68.
{ Lowne (1890-95), pp. 87-91.
Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 289
defined, as there is no important difference between it and
the rest of the dorsal vessel.
Tracheal System.—The larva lives in semi-fluid sub-
stances and burrows into its food. Naturally the anterior
spiracles are not functional, while the posterior ones
become large, and discharge the whole duty of renewing
the air in the trachez. Two longitudinal tracheal trunks
proceed forwards from the posterior spiracles to the anterior
ones. ‘T'wo transverse connectives unite these main
trunks: an anterior connective situated in the 3rd seg-
ment, and a posterior one in the last segment. Branches
are given off from the main tracheze
to all parts of the body; those
supplying the anterior segments are
shown in fig. 2.
In a young larva the anterior
spiracles are solid oval bodies, which
close the fore-ends of the main
tracheal trunks. These are com-
monly withdrawn into the body, but
may be protruded by slight pressure
(fig. 4). This simple structure of
the anterior spiracles is only found
in young larve. If older larve are
examined, a very curious structure
is seen. The simple solid spiracle
is now replaced by a digitate struc-
ture, the expanded extremity of the
tracheal trunk sending out a number
of finger-like processes, each of which | Anterior end of a young
has its own epidermal investment anterior spiracles. (x 60.)
(figs.2and 3). This digitate spiracle
becomes functional in the pupa, and a further account of
it will be given under that heading.
The posterior spiracles of the old larva do not differ
materially from those of the young one. They are carried
at the distal end of a dorsal retractile process and are
functional throughout the larval stage. They are very
similar in general structure to those of many other
Dipterous larvee, for instance Dicranota.* The tracheal
trunks do not open directly to the exterior, but the cavity
of each posterior spiracle ‘is closed by a spongy chitinous
plug. In the centre of the plug is a flask-shaped cavity,
* Miall (1893).
Fic. 4.
290 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the
which seems to communicate with the exterior through a
small aperture (fig. 5). A number of fine branched hairs
form a rosette around the spiracle tip. They remind one
of the hairs on the extremity of the respiratory tube of
the Eristalis larva,* and have probably a similar function.
The power of extending or retracting the spiracles,
although not considerable, is of great service to such a
larva as Drosophila. When the larva is burrowing deeply
in its food, and is completely submerged, the process is
retracted, and the spiracles become flush with the surface
of the body. When the larva is
near the surface the process can
be extended, causing the spiracles
to reach the air, or even to be
protruded into it. At such times
the head and the rest of the body
may remain buried in the food,
so that feeding and breathing take
place simultaneously. If the
larve are put into shallow water
the spiracle-bearing process is
protruded, thus carrying the
spiracles above the surface of the
water. If more water is added
so that the larve are entirely
submerged, the spiracles cannot
reach the surface, and in time
Fie. 5. the larvee drown. Several experi-
Posterior spiray) ev ments were tried, using water,
vinegar, fruit-juice, etc., but in
every case the submerged larvae ‘perished.
THE PUPA.
The larva, when full grown, shows considerable anxiety
to leave the food in which it has been living. It seeks
out some dry spot on the sides of the vessel, and there
pupates. The natural place of pupation is no doubt the
ground, as with many other Muscide. The fall of the
fruit to the ground would make it easy for the larva to
enter the soil. When Drosophila larvee, about to pupate,
are placed on loose earth, they quickly burrow into it, and
if uncovered show great eagerness to get below the surface
* Miall (1895), fig. 72.
Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 291
again. Some of the burrowing larve had already con-
tracted the head segments in preparation for pupation, but
when they were uncovered they seemed uncomfortable,
protruded the head once more, and began to burrow
vigorously, During pupation the head is finally retracted
and the anterior digitate spiracles are thrust out. The
larval skin is retained as a puparium, which at first is
soft and light-coloured ; it soon becomes hard, and turns
to a golden-brown colour.
The puparium is slightly shorter than the larva. The
segmental markings are still visible, and the anal pro-
cesses can be made out (fig. 6). Anteriorly the dorsal
Fie: 6: RIGS i.
Puparium (right side view). (x 12.) Dorsal plate of the puparium
(inner surface),
surface is flattened to form an oval plate, from the front
of which the two digitate anterior spiracles protrude.
The general structure ot the digitate or pupal spiracles
is shown in fig. 8. If one of the finger-like processes be
examined with a high power, the epidermal lining can
be seen with its characteristic spiral thickening, and at
the apex there appears to be a bending-in of the wall
(fig. 9). Whether there is an aperture or not at this point
I have failed to ascertain, although several experimental
ways of demonstrating minute apertures have been tried.
Within the puparium the usual changes take place, and
at the end of seven days, in the summer, the form of the
imago can be seen through the puparial wall.
bo
92 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the
The wings and legs of the fly can be made out, and the
scarlet compound eyes are very conspicuous.
THE FLY.
The escape of the fly from the puparium is rendered
possible by means of a special dorsal plate that opens like
y
pebidlap day
AEN ities
Fic. 8.
Anterior end of puparium, showing the digitate spiracles. (x 50.)
a lid (figs. 6 and 7). This plate can be observed upon
an unopened puparium, for it is marked out by special
lines of weakness along which the dehiscence takes place.
On each side a longitudinal horizontal line extends from
the anterior end of the puparium to the junction of the
metathoracic and the Ist abdominal segments, where it
Fic. 9.
A single filament of the pupal spiracle, showing its epidermal investment. (x 200.)
forks into a dorsal or ascending and a ventral or descend-
ing branch. The ascending branch meets its fellow of the
opposite side in the mid-dorsal line, but the descending
one is very short and is not functional. Such a plate is
a common contrivance in the Muscidae, although it is not
always dorsal. Mr. T. H. Taylor informs me that it is
Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 293
ventral in the pupa of the holly-fly. A bladder-like swelling
on the head of the fly, also a common feature in Muscidae,
forces off this id, This bladder may also assist the newly-
emerged fly to work its way to the surface of the ground
by helping to displace the particles of earth in its way.
When newly emerged the fly is of a light-yellowish
colour, the eyes are bright scarlet, and the wings crumpled
into small blackish masses. The wings gradually expand
by blood-pressure, the fly meanwhile running to and fro.
The fully-developed fly is a small brownish insect about
one-fifth of an inch in length. The dorsal surface of the
abdomen is marked by transverse bands of light and
dark blackish-brown. These bands are more distinct in
Fie. 10.
Side view of the fly (female), (x 12.)
the female because the abdomen is distended with eggs
(fig. 10).
Drosophila has a very distinctive flight. It flies very
slowly and deliberately, changing its course every now
and then by sudden jerks. When attracted by a fruit
culture it flies aimlessly to and fro above the fruit for a
time; then, as if it had just made up its mind, it suddenly
alights in a very clumsy and abrupt fashion. It is very
nimble on its legs, running about the surface of the food
to look for the best feeding or egg-laying sites.
The head of the Drosophila fly is very similar to that
of the blow-fly in general structure;* the compound
eyes, however, are bright red in colour. The bristle of
the antenna is feathered completely on the upper-side,
but only the distal half on the lower. The proboscis is
* Lowne (1890-95), pp. 119-126.
294 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the
of the general Muscid character. Wesché* claims that
the well-developed palps are not maxillary palps, as Lowne
describes them, but labial palps, and that traces of the
maxillary palps are often present in Diptera. He main-
tains that in Muscidz, for instance, both labial and
maxillary palps are represented (fig. 17 in Wesche’s
paper). The structure of the proboscis of Drosophila
Fie. 11.
Head of fly (front view). ant., antenna; l.p., labial palps; mx.p., maxillary
palps (abortive); oc., ocellus. (x 60.)
bears out Wesché’s account. The chief part of the pro-
boscis is formed from the labium, and well-developed
labial palps are carried on its anterior surface. At the
extremity is the labella, consisting of two symmetrical
tracheated flaps. The flaps represent the paraglossz,
and the chitinous transverse bands the ligule. Small
abortive maxillary palps are clearly visible just below the
attachment of the large labial palps (fig. 11).
* Wesché (1904).
Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 295
The general structure of the fly (fig. 12) follows the
typical Muscid type.
The Reproductive Organs.—In their general features the
¢
f
Brie: 12:
. Dorsal view of the fly (female). (x 12.)
reproductive organs of both male and female Drosophila
closely resemble those of the blow-fly, but there are
Fig. 13.
Fly (male), genital armature. (x 30.)
differences in the external armatures of both sexes. In
the male a pair of curious structures are seen just ventral
to the rectum ; each resembles a cock’s comb. There are
as well a pair of smaller processes with spiny teeth. All
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.) 20
296 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the
these are no doubt connected with copulation and serve as
claspers (fig. 13).
In the female we do not find a well-marked ovipositor.
The parts which answer to an ovipositor are usually with-
drawn into the 7th segment of the abdomen, but when
protruded they are seen to consist of two valves between
which the oviducal opening is situated. There are a
number of small tubules situated in the 6th or 7th
segments ventral to the oviduct into which they discharge.
They may correspond in position to the collateral glands
of the cockroach, but their function is not evident, as there
is no cocoon secreted by Drosophila (fig. 14).
When a male meets a female he follows her about the
ww
as <so
Sm Se we
»
¥
Fie. 14.
Fly (female) bisection of the terminal segments of the abdomen. (x 30.) c¢.g., so-called
colleterial gland ; .¢., malphigian tubules ; 0, external opening of oviduct, od. ;
r., rectum ; sp., spermatheca ; v., valve.
surface of the food. The slight vibration of the wings and
the short eager runs show how excited he is. He tries to
get quite close to her, and now and then touches the tip
of her abdomen with his proboscis. The male is repeatedly
repulsed by a backward thrust of the female’s hind legs.
To attract the attention of a female, the male will sometimes
waltz rapidly round her two or three times, and then renew
his attack at the rear.
A fertilised female seeks out convenient spots for laying
her eggs, preferring a part of the fruit that is not too
moist. Although I tried the experiment repeatedly, I
could not get a female to lay her eggs in a fluid. The
method adopted was to imprison fertilised females under
Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 297
bell-jars, or in breeding-cages, with some suitable fluid,
such as vinegar or fruit-juice. In every case the female
laid no eggs, but if some fruit-pulp was substituted for the
fluid, eggs were readily laid.
THE Kaa.
The eggs are whitish ovoid bodies about one-thirty-sixth
of an inch in length, having at their upper ends four
slender filaments, each about two-thirds the length of the
egg. They are usually laid so that these filaments pro-
trude into the air. At the upper-end of the egg is situated
Egg of D. funebris (side view) showing the four filaments and the micropyle. (x 80.
the micropyle, and below this the egg-shell is flattened to
form an oval plate (fig. 15). This may be compared with
the puparium lid; it renders the escape of the larva
possible. The four filaments arise from the sides of this
plate, two from each side. The function of these filaments
may be twofold. Packard* quotes the following from
Comstock :—
“ The egg is inserted into the soft pulp of the decaying
fruit ; these appendages leave the ovipositor last, and are
spread out upon the surface of the mass. They, in this
* Packard (1898), p. 518.
298 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the
way, serve to keep the egg in place, and thus insure the
emergence of the larva into the open air instead of into
the more or less fluid mass in which the egg is situated.
The larva issues from the egg just above the base of these
appendages.”
The egg of Drosophila funebris has four of these append-
ages; they are generally stretched out over the surface of
the pulp, and would certainly keep the egg from sinking.
Another probable function of the filaments is to supply
the egg with air. The exceeding whiteness of both egg
and filament led me to suspect the presence of air. The
egg-shell or chorion shows an hexagonal pattern on the
surface, and under the high power of the microscope
exhibits a spongy or granulated structure. It is in this
layer that the air is contained. The filaments are con-
tinuous with the substance of this layer, having a spongy
core surrounded by a compact wall. Air is also present in
the spongy core of the filaments. The eggs of many
Hemiptera have a similar contrivance. Some have a pair,
others a greater number of filaments at the upper end
of the egg. Korschelt * considers these filaments to be
respiratory in function. The eggs of aquatic Hemiptera,
such as Nepa or Ranatra, that are furnished with these
filaments, are deposited in the stems of water plants, and
the filaments protrude from the stem into the water. In
the case of Capsid bugs the filaments project into the air.
The eggs of Drosophila are inserted into fermenting fruit
where respiration is impossible or very difficult; the fila-
ments projecting upwards or lying on the surface of the
mass will, however, be able to act as respiratory organs.
The eggs after two or three days hatch into minute larve.
Drosophila and Fermentation.—Drosophila flies feed upon
fermenting fruit-masses. In consequence of this their
bodies readily harbour bacteria and other germs, and the
flies often act as infection-carriers from one fruit-mass to
another.
In his paper on “The Sorbose Bacterium” t Bertrand
gives evidence that supports this view. He noticed that
Drosophila flies were attracted to a dish containing fer-
menting rowanberry-juice, and that they laid their eggs in
the thick scum that had formed on the surface. After the
visit of the flies the character of the scum changed, and at
the same time a change took place in the liquid. The
* Korschelt (1886). + Bertrand (1904).
Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 299
gelatinous scum was found to be composed of a bacterium,
to which he gave the name of “sorbose bacterium ” (“la
bactérie du sorbose”). The presence of the bacterium
caused the formation of sorbose (a hexose sugar),
Bertrand describes an interesting observation in support
of his opinion that the bacterium is carried to the culture
by Drosophila flies :—
“Ayant placé dans une étuve, vers la fin du mois
d’Avril, un cristallisoir contenant un liquide favorable
(vin et vinaigre), j’y apercus, apres quelques jours, une
culture d’aspect caractéristique, développée en _ ligne
sinueuse & la surface. Une petite mouche du vinaigre,
venue peut-étre de fort loin, était tombée dans le liquide;
apres bien des efforts et du chemin parcouru a la nage,
elle avait fini par mourir; je la retrouvai a l'une des
extrémités de la ligne sinueuse, au milieu d’une sorte
d’auréole beaucoup plus large, témoignant de ses dernieres
luttes contre la mort. I] est manifeste que cette petite
mouche, née au sein d’une culture antérieure, avait le
corps recouvert de germes; partout, sur son sillage, elle en
avait ensemencé le liquide.”
No doubt Drosophila flies carry other bacteria and
ferments besides the sorbose bacterium, One organism
that is commonly carried by them is the ordinary vinegar
ferment, Mycoderma aceti. When all vinegar was home-
made Drosophila would thoroughly justify its name of
vinegar-fly. It would visit the jar containing the sugar,
treacle, vinegar and water, which were the ordinary
ingredients employed, and in those cases where no vinegar
plant had been introduced, it might infect the brew with
both yeast cells and the vinegar ferment. Flies would
also lay their eggs in the gelatinous cake that floated upon
the new vinegar; thus new generations of flies would
carry away with them the germs that cause fermentation.
Nowadays, when vinegar is manufactured on a large scale
and continuously, the presence or absence of Drosophila
is immaterial. They swarm in vast numbers round
the vats in vinegar factories, and unless their pre-
sence becomes troublesome they are tolerated by the
manufacturer.
Another interesting example of the carriage of ferments
by Drosophila flies has been noticed by Mr. 8. H. Davies,
M.Sce., chemist to the Cocoa Works, York, to whom I am
indebted for the following :—“ Cases have been observed
300 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the
of the Drosophila in Jamaica carrying large quantities of
acetic organisms to cocoa beans fermenting in boxes, and
also there is good reason to suppose that they are
responsible for conveying cells of true Saccharomyces,
and thus assist in regulating the fermentation of the
beans.”
Drosophila and Disease-—Drosophila flies may also be
one of the means of spreading typhoid fever. They have
been known to breed in human excrement and also to
feed upon it. If this excrement contains typhoid bacilli,
infection may be carried into houses. “As this fly
(Drosophila ampelophila) is frequently found in houses in
the?autumn about dishes containing fruit, and as it also
affects canned fruits, pickles, raspberry vinegar and similar
substances, this discovery that it will and does breed in
human excrement makes this species and the following
(D. funebris and D. busckii) very dangerous ones.” *
Mr. T. H. Taylor has drawn my attention to some larvee
living in the decaying crowns of swedes, and also mining
the leaf-stalks. Upon examination I found that these
larvee closely resembled those of Drosophila funebris,
although they were smaller in size. Having procured a
supply of diseased swede-crowns, I kept the larve alive
until they pupated, and then obtained the flies, which
proved to belong to a small brownish species, Drosophila
JSenestrarum, Fall.
Structure of the Larva of D. fenestrarum—In general
structure this larva agrees with the /wnebris larva, but
there are one or two interesting points of difference, which
are connected with its habit of mining the leaf-stalks of
swedes, instead of living in decaying fruit like D. funebris,
The minute hooks, which in PD. funebris are arranged
in eleven narrow bands, here almost completely cover the
body. The anal pseudopods are conspicuous, and are
covered with minute hooks. I have watched live larvee in
their burrows, and the use of these anal pseudopods in
giving a powerful purchase to the body was very evident.
As would be expected from the circumstance that the larva
of fenestrarum is not buried in its food, we do not find the
posterior spiracles carried upon an extensible process, as in
D. funebris, but protruding only a short way beyond the
end of the body. The anterior spiracles exhibit the same
digitate structure as in D. funebris; at pupation they are
* Howard (1900).
Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 301
protruded, and become functional. Full-grown larve bite
their way to the surface of the leaf-stalk, crawl through
the aperture, fall to the ground, and there pupate. In the
swedes that I kept in the laboratory a few pupz were
found protruding from the ends of the burrows in the leaf-
stalk ; this was probably accidental and due to artificial
conditions, for the swedes in the field had no projecting
upe.
¥ The Pupa of D. fenestrarum—The pupa, although
smaller, exhibits the same structure as that of D. funebris.
Larve were collected at the end of October; they soon
pupated, and in the course of ten or twelve days several
flies emerged. In summer the duration of the pupal stage
would be still shorter. The flies seem to persist late in
the year; on November 24th a living one was captured
upon swedes.
The larve, as it has been stated, mine the leaf-stalks.
A mine usually runs up the vascular tissue, extending
from the leaf-base for a considerable distance up the leaf-
stalk, The walls of the burrows exhibit signs of decay.
Professor Potter of Newcastle-upon-Tyne has given
attention to the decaying agents in the swede and turnip,*
and has shown that it is due to bacteria. But these
bacteria are “powerless to set up decay unless placed in
contact with the parenchymatous cells of the cortex.”
Although many other living things, such as caterpillars,
slugs and snails, may be chief agents in giving the start to
the decaying bacteria, the mining habits of such larve as
Drosophila would provide the bactertum with a ready
means of access to the underlying parts. As the larva
eats its way up a leaf-stalk it gives access to bacteria, and
may carry bacteria along with it as it travels from infected
to sound parts. The tissues adjoining the burrows turn
brown and decay, and in the end the whole leaf may
shrivel and fall off.
In much-decayed swede-crowns I have found blow-fly
larvee feeding.
In conclusion, I wish to tender my sincere thanks to
Professor Miall for the interest he has shown and for the
help and encouragement he has given me during the course
of this inquiry.
* Potter (1899 and 1903).
302 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the Vinegar-fly.
Libliography.
Bertrand, G. (1904).—Etude biochimique de la bactérie du
sorbose. Ann. de Chem. et de Phys., 8° Sér, t. ii,
pp. 195 and 226.
Dufour, Léon (1839).—Meémoire sur les métamorphoses de
plusieurs larves fongivores appartenant a des Dipteres.
Ann. Sci. Nat., xii, pp. 49-52.
(1845, 1.)—Histoire des métamorphoses de la
Drosophila pallipes. Ann. Soc. Ent., pp.
321-326.
(1845, 2.)—Histoire des métamorphoses de la
Drosophila reaumurii et description de la larve
de la D. maculata. Lille. Mém. Soc. Sci., pp.
201-209.
Howard, L. O. (1900).—A contribution to the study of the
insect fauna of human excrement. (With especial
reference to the spread of typhoid fever by flies.)
Proc, Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. 11, pp. 541-604.
Korschelt, #. (1886).— Uber die Entstehung und Bedeutung
de verschiedenen Zellenelemente des Insekteno-
variums. Zeit. wiss. Zool., xlii, p. 537.
Lowne, B. T. (1890-95).—The anatomy, physiology,
morphology and development of the blow-fly, vols. 1
and i.
Miall, LZ. C. (1893).—Dicranota: a carnivorous Tipulid
larva. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 235-251. Plates
X-XIII.
(1895.)—The natural history of aquatic insects.
Miall and Hammond (1900).—The harlequin-fly (Chiro-
nomus),.
Packard, A. S. (1898).—A Textbook of Entomology.
Potter, M. C. (1899).—On a bacterial disease—white rot—
of the turnip. Proc. Univ. of Durham Phil. Soc.
(1903.)—On the brown-rot of the Swedish turnip.
Journal Bd. Agric., vol. x.
Wesché, W. (1904)—The labial and maxillary palpi in
Diptera. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. ix, part iv,
pp. 219-229, Plates VIII, IX, X.
Wilkinson, J. J. (1901).—The pharynx of the Eristalis
larva (privately printed).
( 303 )
XVIII. Odonata collected by Lr.-COLONEL NURSE, chiefly
in North - Western India. By KENNETH J,
Morton, F.E.S.
[Read April 10th, 1907.]
PLATE XXIV.
I Am indebted to Lieutenant-Colonel Nurse for allowing me
to examine a collection of Odonata made by him chietly in
North-Western India. The localities whence the insects
came are Deesa in the province of Gujerat, Quetta, Kash-
mir, and there is one species each from Simla and from
Lahi in Arabia. The collection is of special interest on
account of the presence, amongst the material from Quetta
and Kashmir, of a number of species characteristic of the
Mediterranean region, and even of some which are of more
northerly type. ‘The species from Deesa are more tropical
In character.
In connection with the Lzbellulinw I have had the
benefit of invaluable assistance from Dr. Ris, all the
more important species in that sub-family having been
determined or verified by him, and he also gave me much
general information concerning them.
In dealing with the smaller species I have thought it
indispensable to give figures of the appendages of the
species I have described as new. To these I have added
figures of some others, which I have referred to Selysian
species, in order that there may be no uncertainty about
the identity of the species I had before me.
LIBELLULIN&.
Sympetrum fonscolombii, Selys—Quetta, July ; Kashmir,
5000-6000 ft., June. A wide-ranging species which does
not appear to ‘tend to split up into ; geographical races.
S. decolorata, Selys——A very interesting series from
Quetta in June. Dr. Ris assures me these conform to
the types of decolorata in the Selys Collection, although
it was there mixed with specimens of meridionalis and
pale-coloured striolatwm. Quite distinct-looking from
vulgatum, which it probably entirely replaces in the area
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.)
304 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on Odonata
which it inhabits, S. iméans from Amurland being another
race.
S. striolatum, Charp.—Quetta, July; Kashmir, 5000-
6000 ft., May. Differing little from Central European
specimens ; probably from its utmost south-eastern limit.
S. commixtum, Selys.—Deesa, July, 1 ?. This takes the
place of SS. stviolatwm in the warmer parts of India.
Trithemis pallidinervis, Kirby. — Deesa, October. A
rather common species in Ceylon, India, etc. Described
by Kirby as a Diplax (Sympetrum).
T. festiva, Rambur.—Quetta, June. A small form of
this wide-ranging species.
Crocothemis servilia, Drury.—Dr. Ris is disposed, chiefly
as a matter of convenience, to reserve this name for the
Eastern forms of this insect, 7.e. those from tropical India,
Ceylon, South China and the Archipelago (and even those
from Japan which are rather different), which have the
wings somewhat longer and narrower and tipped with
brown. In (. erythrea from Africa, Madagascar, Southern
Europe to Asia and Kashmir, the wings are relatively
shorter and broader and not tipped with brown. In
Northern India intermediates occur. Specimens from
Deesa, January, February, June, July and October, are to
be referred to the Eastern type, while a f from Quetta,
June, is Western. A somewhat teneral specimen from
Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft., May.
Libellula quadrimaculata, Lin.—Kashmir, 8000-9000 ft.,
June. Already recorded from Kashmir. In these speci-
mens the nodal spots are small, and, as Dr. Calvert has
pointed out in connection with 44 taken in Kashmir by
Dr. Abbott, the black of the basal spot on the hind-wings
does not extend into the triangle.
Orthetrwm sabina, Drury—Deesa, February, June, July
and October. Another wide-ranging species. Examples
from India are as a rule small.
O. chrysostigma, Burm. —Lahij, May, 3 ¢%. A difficult
species running into geographical forms. Ris says these
specimens are intermediate between Kast African specimens
and the following :—
O. chrysostigma, race luzonicum, Brauer.—Deesa, October.
Brauer’s types are from the Philippines.
O. brunneum, Fonse—Quetta, May; Kashmir, 5000-
6000 ft., May. Hardly different from Swiss and South
European specimens.
collected by Lt.-Col. Nurse, chiefly in N.W. India. 305
0. ramburit, Selys.—Recorded from the Mediterranean
region, from Asia Minor, Transcaucasia and Syria; a series
from Quetta (June) is very interesting. This species
seems to take the place of O. cwrulescens in the countries
where it occurs.
O. teniolatum, Schn. — Deesa, January and August.
Another interesting Mediterranean species recorded by
Selys from Rhodes, Cyprus and Syria (Odonates de I’ Asie
Mineure). Dr. Ris informs me that it is also the 0. anceps
of Selys (Beyrout) and the O. hyalinum of Kirby.
0. internum, McLach.—Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft., May.
O. pruinosum, Burm., race neglectum, Ramb.—Murree
Road, Kashmir, 4000 ft., June. Dr. Ris considers that
the red Indian species of Orthetrum, pruinosum, clelia and
neglectum are geographical forms of one species, neglectum
being the form found in Ceylon and the Continent from
India to South China.
Diplacodes nebulosa, Fab.—Deesa, October.
Acisoma panorpoides, Ramb.—Deesa, October.
GOMPHIN&.
Onychogomphus lineatus, Selys.—Quetta, June. Several
females and mutilated males from Deesa, July, August,
and October, probably appertain to the same species.
Thecagaster brevistigma, Selys—Two ff, Simla, May.
JESCHNIN At.
Anax parthenope, Selys.—Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft., May.
Well known from Kashmir. Calvert has pointed out that
examples from that region agree rather with European
than with Japanese individuals.
Hemianax ephippiger, Burm.—Colonel Nurse says:
“This species was in thousands at Quetta in June 1903.
I never saw so many dragonflies anywhere.” A wide-
ranging species of migratory tendencies,
CALOPTERYGIN &.
Epallage fatima, Charp.—Quetta, 2 2%, June. Smaller
than examples I have from Asia Minor, but I can detect
no material differences otherwise.
306 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on Odonata
AGRIONINA.
Platycnemis latipes, Ramb., race dealbata, Selys.— Quetta,
June.
Ischnura elegans, Van der Lind.—Quetta, May and June.
I, forcipata, n. sp.
¢. Labrum blueish ; epistoma above black with metallic sheen ;
frons including two basal joints of antenn greenish ; head above
bronzed black, with small blue postocular spots.
Prothorax bronzed black, broadly greenish laterally, with an
irregular isolated green spot which runs to a point anteriorly ;
posterior margin slightly elevated, the middle forming a moderate
sub-acute lobe wider than high, narrowly outlined with green.
Thorax above bronzed black with well-marked uninterrupted
shoulder lines and a very short black line under anterior wings.
Legs yellowish, femora black externally with a short black streak
at the base of the tibiz.
Abdomen with segments 1-7 bronzed black above, with narrow
pale sutures ; segments 8-10 dark blue above, 10 with a large black
sub-quadrate dorsal patch ; the raised lobe tinged with blue and
distinctly excised.
The superior appendages very large; seen from above, they are in
the upper part sickle-shaped and black, the lower inner portion
paler, clothed rather densely with hairs; beneath, these appendages
are continued into long finger-shaped processes black at the apex.
The inferior appendages are separated at the base where they are
broadest ; they are regularly curved inwards, narrowing to the apex
which is black ; seen from the side, they are strongly upturned.
Wings hyaline ; fore-wing with 8 post-nodals ; pterostigma oblique,
narrower in front than behind, hind-margin slightly curved, bright
blue in outer half, black inwardly ; pterostigma in hind-wings much
smaller, nearly diamond-shaped, pale yellowish.
Length of hind-wing, 13 mm. ; of abdomen, 22 mm.
Quetta, June 1902.
I. delicata, Selys—Deesa, January, February, July
and September.
Ischnura? nurset, n. sp.
¢. Epistoma above dark, bronzed; frons to the antenne pale,
slightly reddish; 1-3 joints of antenne also pale; rest of head,
above, bronzed black,
collected by Lt.-Col. Nurse, chiefly in N.W. India. 307
Prothorax with hind-margin regularly rounded, bronzed black,
paler at sides which are slightly pruinose.
Thorax bronzed black above, sometimes with narrow shoulder
stripes. Legs reddish with black streaks on tibie of two anterior
pairs.
Abdomen short and rather stout; segments 1-4 above carmine
(“dark reddish-purple,” Nurse), 2 darkly marked at the base, 3, 4 with
slight transverse dark streaks before the apex which is also narrowly
dark ; 5 lemon-yellow with similar dark markings ; 6 yellowish or
reddish in anterior half; remainder of abdomen metallic violet, the
posterior part of the last segment and the appendages reddish.
Apex of last segment only very slightly raised, but seen from above
there is a very distinct and wide excision bounded on either side by
a small projecting process.
Superior appendages seen from above, shorter than inferior, broad,
obliquely truncate, posteriorly abruptly turned downwards and
terminating in an acute point. Inferior appendages seen from the
side, broad at the base, narrowing to the apex, upper margin nearly
straight, inferior margin sinuous ; seen from beneath they are rather
widely separated at the base, but there are pale inner processes
which nearly meet ; viewed from above they are concave, curved
inwards in their upper part which is armed with a small black
dentate plate,
Wings hyaline; neuration reddish. Pterostigma in fore-wings
diamond-shaped, bright carmine inwardly, paler externally ; ptero-
stigma in hind-wings small, yellow.
Length of hind-wing, 12 mm. ; of abdomen, 16} mm.
Deesa, October, November and January.
This is not a true Jschnura, although referred provision-
ally to the genus in the absence of the ?. It differs in the
relatively short and stout abdomen, and in the absence of
postoculars.
There are 3 9? from Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft., May, which
may belong to Ischnura rufostigma, Selys. They recall
Pyrrhosoma tenellum, but the thorax is paler. In the
meantime, in the absence of the ~¢, the determination is
uncertain.
Enallagma cyathigerwm, Charp.—Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft.,
May.
Enallagma? parvum, Selys.—Deesa, June and October.
Pseudagrion decorum, Ramb.—Deesa, June, July, August,
October and November.
P. hypermelas, Selys.—Deesa, January and February.
308 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on Odonata.
P, lidentatum, n. sp.
¢. Discoloured ; colours very likely blue and bronzed black.
Labrum reddish ; epistoma above black, frons reddish, vertex black
with very large triangular bluish postocular spots connected by a
distinct transverse line.
Prothorax pale marked with black.
Thorax above with a black line on either side of the median suture
and black shoulder stripes, otherwise blue.
Legs yellow; femora of anterior distinctly marked with black
externally, others faintly marked.
Abdomen above with black-bronzed markings margined with blue.
1 with a large sub-quadrate spot; 2 with thistle-shaped marking
connected with a black apical line; 3-6 with elongate markings
broadest before the apex ; in 3 reaching the base, in 4, 5, 6 markings
more lanceolate not reaching the base ; 7, 8, 9 probably all bronzed
black with narrow blue sutures ; 10 black.
Superior appendages seen from side nearly straight above, termin-
ating in a black, slightly-down-turned hook, from the hook the
posterior margin curves strongly inwards, the lower margin being
produced into a strong tooth which from above is seen to be bifid.
Inferior appendages short and rounded.
Length of hind-wing, 16} mm. ; of abdomen, 23°75 mm.
Deesa, February, 1 f
Ceriagrion coromandelianum, Fabr.—Deesa, February,
August and October.
Agriocnemis pygmea, Ramb.—Deesa, July.
Lestes barbara, Fabr—Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft., May.
L. gracilis, Selys—Deesa, October; a single 2 referred
here with slight doubt.
Sympycna fusca, Eversm.—Quetta, June, 1 fg.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.
[See Explanation facing the PLATE.]
( 309 )
XIX. Entomological Observations and Captures during the
visit of the British Association to South Africa in
1905. By F. A. Dixry, M.A. M.D., F.E.S., and
G. B. LonestaFF, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.E.S.
[Read June 5th, 1907.]
PLATE XXV.
CaPE Town.
Lat. 34° S. Sea level. August 8th, 1905.
SURELY no one who was on deck when the “ Kildonan
Castle ” anchored in Table Bay will forget the impressive
scene. Behind the town-lights which gleamed along the
front the grand mass of Table Mountain, clear cut against
a streak of dawn, lay under the Southern Cross and
Magellanic Clouds, while in the opposite quarter Jupiter
and Venus shone brilliant beyond our experience, the
latter reflected in the sea, and Orion standing on his
head demonstrated that we were indeed in a Southern
land. These astronomical facts had a bearing on our
entomological operations, since we had to grow accus-
tomed to the fact that the most promising hunting-grounds
were slopes with a north-east aspect.
Faithful to our own science rather than to the associa-
tion of which we were members, we had decided to go on
to Durban by the same steamer, and put in as many days
collecting as possible on the Natal Coast. This left us
but a day and a half at Cape Town, in which to get a
glimpse of its fauna and flora, and we were truly fortunate
in that the Southern spring smiled upon us and provided,
if indeed few insects, at any rate what Mr. Boswell would
have termed “some fine prospects.”
We were aware of the poverty of the Cape Peninsula in
Rhopalocera, and Mr. L. Péringuey, the obliging director
of the South African Museum, impressed the fact upon
our minds, yet we were hardly prepared to find butterflies
so scarce as in fact we did.
The best scheme seemed to be to drive to Camps Bay,
stopping on the way to collect on the slopes of the Lion’s
Head, above Sea Point. While waiting for the carriage
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.)
310 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
we took in the garden of the Mount Nelson Hotel, on
narcissus flowers, a few honey-bees, Apis mellifica, Linn.,
of the somewhat brighter race adansonii, Latr., that is
common throughout South Africa, and with them their
familiar mimic Hristalis tenax, Fabr. An Hmpis was also
common in the garden.*
The country had all the appearance of early spring, and
it was evident enough that we were much too early for
good sport. Below the Lion’s Head, by a little stream
perhaps 200 feet above sea-level, we took two specimens
of the brownish Lycenid Cacyreus palemon, Cram., quite
unlike any “Blue” that either of us had previously seen
alive; these and a Skipper that eluded us at Camps Bay
were the only butterflies we saw that day.
Turning over stones proved disappointing; besides
sundry scorpions and myriapods the chief tenants were
ants, a larger yellowish species, Camponotus maculatus,
Fabr., and a smaller black species, Acantholepsis capensis,
Meyr. With the ants were a few beetles, such as two
specimens of Formicomus cwruleus, an Anthiid, Microlestia
tabida, Fabr., another beetle not yet determined, and two
larve of a Lampyris.
Along with the beetles were sundry cockroaches, crea-
tures we were afterwards to find numerous; among them
were two Deropeltis juncea, Sauss., and immature examples
of Blatta orientalis, Linn.
The best harbour for insects appeared to be a species of
Solanum, a medium-sized, prickly shrub bearing numerous
seed-capsules. On this plant the red Lady-bird Chilomenes
lunata, Fabr., was abundant, also a black species, Chilocorus
sp., unrepresented in the National Collection, was fairly
common. Several other Lady-bird-like beetles, as yet
undetermined, were found on the same plant, as well as
one specimen of Epilachna hirta, Thunb. (the sole phyto-
phagous genus in a family otherwise carnivorous). On
the leaves were also two examples of the tiny Abacetus
minutus, De}.
A dark-green, scarlet-striped bug, Lygwus festivus, Thunb.,
accompanied the Lady-birds, while immature specimens of
* The original idea was to allude to every insect seen by usin our
rush through South Africa, but at the time of going to press many
species, especially among the Orthoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera-
Heterocera, were still undetermined, and so for the most part are not
mentioned.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 311
the same were common inside the seed-vessels together
with numbers of a fetid brown bug not yet named and
what we took to be beetle larva. A third bug, of a pale
scarlet colour when alive, frequented the same Solanwm.
The few flowers that were out yielded nothing but a
honey-bee and an Hmpis sp.
At Clifton, Camps Bay, on the under-cliff above the
dazzling white beach, we took off the flowers of a shrubby
Senecto-like Composite the small green Longicorn, Promeces
linearis, Linn., the small bronzy bee, Hulictus jucundus,
Smith, 9, and Apis mellifica, 2 5.
A small Carabid, Platynus rufipes, Dej., found under a
stone, completed our short list. As we often experienced
afterwards, the South-east Trade brought up clouds and
gave us a dull afternoon, so that collecting was practically
over at an early hour.
Port EvizABeTH, ALGOA Bay, CaPE Cotony.,
Lat, 34° 5. Sea level. August 11th.
The steamer did not give us a very long time at this
place. After an early breakfast we took the train to
ZWAARTKOPS, some seven miles to the northward.
The coast here is flat and fringed with sand-hills; by
the railway the country is sandy and heathy; on the south
side of the river its delta forms a level plain perhaps a
mile wide between the sand-hills and the railway, this is
diversified by brackish swamps and intersected by streams.
On the drier portions of this plain Termitaria are numerous,
from 1 foot to 2} feet high, and 2 to 3 feet across; they
are smooth and hard on the surface as if “ rendered ” with
cement, many-chambered within. One long ridge of sand
was covered with thorny shrubs. ‘The most conspicuous
plant was a tall Aloe (?arborescens, ? ferox), 6 or 8
feet high in full flower, but there were also at least two
species of Cotyledon |Echeveria], and several species of
Mesembryanthemum. Low growing Huphorbias were many
and varied, one appeared to be absolutely stemless. There
was also an ivy-leaved Pelargoniwm. A fresh easterly
breeze swept over the open ground and added much to the
difficulty of catching butterflies.
The males of Syichloé hellica, Linn., were rather common,
flying fast, but occasionally settling ; four specimens were
secured. Of Lewceronia buquetii, Boisd., at least three
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (SEPT.) 21
312 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
were seen, two were secured, both males, but a third
managed to get out of the net; they flew strongly. The
proboscis of this butterfly when fresh is of a bright green
colour like its eyes. On the other hand, Colias electra,
Linn., was more restrained in its movements, and two
males were taken. Of Pinacopteryx charina, Boisd.,
several were seen, also two or three individuals of an
orange-tipped Z'eracolus, probably omphale, Godt.
On the lee side of bushes which afforded a slight shelter,
the Lycenid, Leptomyrina lara, Linn., was common, taking
short flights and settling on the ground or on low plants.
Nearer the sea on a sunny bank under the lee of the sand-
hills, the very beautiful and singular Lycenid Phasius
thysbe, Linn., was not uncommon, though apparently very
local; it has a quick skipping flight and time allowed the
capture of but two males and a female. In the same
locality a pretty little rose-coloured Geometer, Stervanthia
plectaria, Guen., was fairly common, but unfortunately
only two specimens were brought away. On the open
plain the familiar and cosmopolitan Nomophila noctuella,
Schiff., was often disturbed and two were taken, as well
as a specimen of the scarcely less widely distributed
Phiyctenia ferrugalis, Hiibn.
A piece of rough heathy ground near the railway-station
yielded two Satyrids, Psewdonympha sabacus, Trim., and
others were seen near the same spot; the genus is
characteristic of South Africa. Close by a small Blue
Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., was netted, as well as a fine
variety of Sterrha sacraria, Linn.
Under some planks lying on the sand of the river bank
we found among smaller bugs, our first specimens of
Physorhynchus crux, Thunb. ‘his large Reduviid, whose
wings are so closely appressed to the abdomen that we for
some time took it to be apterous, is very conspicuous when
alive, the pale testaceous thorax and margins of the
abdomen showing up the black cross upon its back, but
the pale portions soon darken and the insect is dingy in
the cabinet.
Turning over stones produced a few beetles: single
examples of Lycanthropa synwcoides, Ques., Harpalus
exiguus, Dej., and Blenosia [Llacodes] sp., as well as two
Trigonopus sp., the last two both represented at South
Kensington, but unnamed. With the beetles were several
Blattidx, Deropeltis erythrocephala, Fabr., 2, an immature
and Captures vn South Africa in 1905. 313
Cosmozosteria sp., and three specimens of another Blaita
which stands unnamed in the National Collection.
An old termitarium, long abandoned by its builders,
afforded asylum to a number of insects, among which the
most numerous and most conspicuous was the large
Carabid Microlestia rugoso-punctata, Thunb.; there was also
a solitary weevil, Hipporrhinus appendiculatus, Gyll.
The great spikes of Aloe proved attractive to flies and
a bee, Prosopis sandaracata, Bingh. At the same flowers
a long-tailed bird was very busy, but whether catching bees
or eating honey could not be made out.
The Hopliine beetle Gymnoloma atomaria, Fabr., was
taken on a flower. Among flies the cosmopolitan genus
Sarcophaga was represented, and what would appear to be
a Dysmachus was noted to settle on the ground.
While searching for beetles it was impossible to overlook
the numerous empty spires of the large and handsome
snail, Achatina zebra, Chem. [=/fulgurata, Pfr.]; one of
them was tenanted by a stump-tailed lizard. A couple of
tortoises added to the picture.
[Among the small bees that we brought home was a
small one (unfortunately not labelled) that was in all
probability taken at Zwaartkops, though possibly at Cape
Town, which turns out to be a new species, Halictus
inornatus, Bingh, Its description, with those of other
Aculeata taken by us in South Africa, will be included
in a paper to be presented to the Society very shortly.]
East Lonpon, Carr CoLony.
Lat. 33° 8. Sea level. Augtist 12th.
An eager reconnaissance from the deck before breakfast
revealed a tempting spot a mile or two to the north-east
of the town where hills of blown sand capped by scrub
suggested many possibilities. Accordingly we landed at
the earliest opportunity and took a carriage. The road
from the quay in the inner harbour brought us in a very
few minutes into the QUEEN’s PARK, through which we
were to drive. Our attention was at first caught by the
weird forms of gigantic tree-Kuphorbias, but these were
soon forgotten, for as we passed the park gates we seemed
to enter a very preserve of butterflies. To one of us the
sight was new as it was beautiful, to the other it brought
back vivid recollections of India and Ceylon; both agreed
314 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
to dismiss forthwith the Kaffir driver, who doubtless,
while he pocketed his easily-earned fare, pondered on the
strange results of Huropean civilization and the increase of
lunacy consequent thereon.
The park is formed out of a piece of the primeval scrub
of varied growth, filling a horseshoe-shaped hollow between
the town and a tributary of the Buffalo. It is intersected
with roads, footpaths, and streams; in parts are artificial
shrubberies and flower-beds, which are gradually ousting
the natural scrub. In the varied scene of insect life the
most obvious characters were clouds of Mylothris agathina,
Cram., of both sexes, their brilliant white and orange
colouring showing clearly as they fluttered slowly and
fearlessly over the large bushes of Poinsettia [Huphorbia
pulchervima] glowing with their scarlet bracts. The males
give out a strong scent very closely resembling that of
sweet-briar. Amongst the agathina we took three speci-
mens of the nearly allied riippellii, Koch, of both sexes,
and in another part of the Park a single male of the
delicate trimenia, Butl., with its pale yellow hind-wings.
Less showy, but almost equally common, was Lelenois
severina, Cram., the “common white” of this part of the
world. Both sexes were well represented, the male having a
distinct scent. All were of the dry-season form ; some were
very small. Of B. gidica, Godt., a single male was taken,
also strongly scented.* Of the more gaudily coloured
B. zochalia, Boisd., two males and a female turned up.
Terias was represented by a single brigitta, Cram., a
male; Colias by two electra, Linn. also males; and
Teracolus by two omphale, Godt., one of each sex. Last,
but not least beautiful of the Piermes was Hronia cleodora,t
Hiibn., of which five specimens were taken, while a male
E. leda, Dbl., was netted, but it managed to get away.
The widely-ranging Limnas chrysippus, Linn., of the
typical African colouring, which, as is well known, is darker
than in the Indian form, was flying slowly about in some
numbers ; two females that were taken yielded the “ musk-
rat” odour.
! * On the subject of scents in South African butterflies, see DixEy,
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, pp. liv—lix, and ibid. 1906, pp. ii—vil.
+ It is well known that the local races of H. cleodora show great
differences in the amount of black bordering to the wings. This in
the East London specimens is reduced toa minimum, See Drxey,
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. lxvi.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 315
Another butterfly that was very common was the
Nymphaline, Lurytela hiarbas, Dru. It has a curious slow
gliding flight backwards and forwards about bushes, for
flowers seem to have no attraction for it; but if the flight
of this butterfly, and its coloration, brown with a trans-
verse white band, remind one of the Neptis group, its
general appearance and shade-loving habits suggest a
Satyrid. ZH. hiarbas orients itself with tail to the sun, but
not very accurately. Conspicuous amongst the Nympha-
lines was our old friend Pyrameis cardui, Linn., mostly in
poor condition, but one very fine. The large genus Precis
was represented by three species, sesamus, Trim., archesia,
Cram., and cebrene, Trim., the latter not uncommon. One
specimen of each was secured, but we had our first lesson
in the elementary fact that to see a Precis is not always
the same thing as to catch it.
A sunny bank cleared of scrub was grown over with a
Senecio not unlike the Oxford squalidus, Linn. Amongst
these flowers Byblia goetzius, Herbst, was rather common ;
they often settled on the ground ; they were all females,
one of “intermediate ” character, the rest “dry.” A single
B. ilithyia, Dru., was “very dry.” This and a specimen
taken at Ladysmith were all of this species that we saw
in South Africa.
One of the spots in the park where butterflies were
especially numerous was a sunny bank close to an open
drain whose black stream evolved so much sulphuretted
hydrogen as to suggest pollution by a laundry. Some
Poinsettia bushes (including one with the bracts pale
yellowish instead of the more usual scarlet), growing where
the smell was most sickening, proved quite as attractive
to butterflies as others in sweeter situations.*
A few fine blue and black Papilios dashed about to
tantalize us (they were almost certainly P. nireus, Cram.,
f. lyeus, Dbl.), but the common South African P.demodocus,
Esp., proved much easier to capture, and between the Park
and the town two specimens fell victims to our nets; one
of them seemed to have been injured by a bird.
_* This reminded me of a part of “The Happy Valley” at Hong
Kong (in 1904), so fouled with human excrement that collecting
was difticult, yet clouds of butterflies fluttered about the flowers
of Lantana camara, Linn., growing around. There was no evidence
that the insects were attracted by the ordure, but they were certainly
not repelled. It is well known that Charaxes is a foul feeder.
—GQ. B. L.
316 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
Satyrids were conspicuous by their absence. A single
female specimen of the common dingy South African
skipper, Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr. (=hottentota, Latr.)
was the sole Hesperid seen, but the Lycznids were better
represented by a solitary male of the far-ranging Zarucus
telicanus, Lang, and several specimens of the ‘ amphis-
baenoid” tailed and lobed Blue, Argiolaus silas, Westw.
This has a rapid and jerky flight and is fond of settling
high up, so that the observation of its “false head” and
its attitude at rest was attended with difficulty, but a male
and four females were easily taken off the red blossoms of
a tall shrub.
The only moth taken was the day-flying Lymantriad,
Huproctis mesozona, Hmpsn., a male; this is a species
represented in the National Collection solely by the type.
Among other orders the Diptera were represented by
an Jdia and another fly ; we did not take a single beetle,
being indeed too busy with the butterflies. There were
many small grasshoppers in the coarse grass by the foul
stream, the most striking being the common South African
Catantops melanostictus, Schaum, whose red tibiz and
striped femora render it conspicuous. The only Aculeate
taken was a worker Lelonogaster praunsi, Kohl, one of two
seen on the same plant. This genus, very characteristic
of the country, has an extremely long peduncle to the
abdomen. A specimen of the Sawfly Athalia himantopus,
Klug, a species that Col. Bingham says is widely spread
over the African continent, was taken. The bug Atelocera
stictita, Westw., was caught flying: during life its under-
side is covered with a white waxy substance.
Among the things that we saw that morning, but did
not catch, were a Charaxes, an Amauris (probably) and
Atella phalanta, Dru.
DuRBAN, NATAL.
Lat. 29° 50'S. Sea level. August 13-21.
At Durban we had the great advantage of an introduc-
tion to Mr. A. D. Millar. This gentleman and the
members of his family are enthusiastic entomologists. It
had been our intention to go northwards and explore the
country about the mouth of the Tugela, but, acting on
Mr. Millar’s advice, we decided to stay in Durban and so
make the best use of our time, which was here, as
elsewhere, all too short.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 317
The Ocean View Hotel in the residential suburb called
THE BEREA is perhaps 200 feet above the sea; its garden
yielded a few of the commoner butterflies—Papilio dar-
danus, Brown, a male, Precis clelia, Cram., Mycalesis safitza,
Hew., both sexes, and Zizera lucida, Trim., a male.
Lanes and bits of open ground near the hotel, still
retaining much of the character of the primeval scrub,
afforded fair collecting. It was in such a place that we
were much excited at beating out our first Salamas
anacardvi, Linn., a large greenish nymphaline very leaf-like
on the under-side and with a peculiar satiny sheen that
gives it a very tropical aspect. There we found late in the
afternoon both sexes of Limnas chrysippus, Linn.; with
them were less familiar butterflies, Acrwa terpsichore, Linn.
(=buxtoni, Butl.) several (they feigned death in the net);
A. cabira, Hopff., one ; a pair of Precis sesamus, 'Trim,; an
example of Hurytela hiarbas, Dru.; also several specimens
of Bybli« goetzius, Herbst, of both sexes, all more or less
“dry” in character ; this butterfly flies rather quickly low
down and settles usually on the ground under a bush, but
is easily disturbed. We also took at the Berea two males
of Belenois severina, Cram.; two males and a female of
Mylothris agathina, Cram.; and one of each sex of ZLerias
reguiaris, Butl. Of smaller things we took one each of
Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., and Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr., and
beating produced a Geometer, not yet identified.
The glow-lights of the Hotel only yielded the Boarmid
Tephrina arenosa, Butl., and two Noctus :—Ophiusa
mejanest, Guen. (a moth that occurs in India, coming
very near to Walker’s type of expedita, a species sunk by
Sir George Hampson), and Hulaphygma micra, Hmpsn.
A humble fly, Homalomyia canicularis, Linn., was an
inmate of the Hotel.
Sandy banks by the roadside were haunted by various
Fossors, two of which, Liris hemorrhoidalis, Fabr., a male,
and Pompilus diversus, Smith, a female, exhibit Lycoid
coloration, the last-named more especially with its yellow-
brown wings tipped with black. With these were two
Dielis fasciatella, Hiibn., both males. The Syrphid fly,
Hristalis teniops, Wied., was too handsome to be passed by.
The first of his favourite localities to which Mr. Millar
directed us was the old Cemetery at SYDENHAM. About
three miles to the north of Durban, it lies on the north
(sunny) side of a hill sloping very gradually towards the
318 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
Umgeni River, and may be some 400 feet above sea level.
The Cemetery itself is neglected and overgrown with
coarse grass and herbage, which doubtless nourishes many
larvee, while there are enough flowers to attract butterflies.
The grassy lanes on either side afford excellent collecting
ground, and, although most of the land around is cultivated,
there is some scrub to the south.
Here we found, besides our familiar friend Zimnas
chrysippus, Linn., our first specimens of Amauris albima-
culata,* Butl., both males. Single specimens of the
beautiful dark red Acrea petrexa, Boisd., and of A. natalica,
Boisd., a male, were taken. The fore-wings of the last-
named are when the insect is fresh of a fine rose-crimson,
the hind part of the abdomen (in the male) being banded
above with pale rose-pink and white, but white beneath.
Males of A. terpsichore, Linn., were fairly common,
especially among dead grass. A. encedon, Linn., of which
two examples were taken, was so successful in its mimicry
of L. chrysippus, as at first to make one of us believe it to
be that species.
In the Cemetery a few males of Hypolimnas misippus,
Linn., were sailing around, flying high and seldom flapping
their wings, but no females were observed. In an open
space within the enclosure, as well as in a cleared mealy-
field adjoining, Precis clelia, Cram., was locally common,
settling on the bare earth and on the grave-stones ; with
them were a couple of P. cebrene, Trim., but that species
was commoner in the dry bed of a spruit half-a-mile to
the north; some of the specimens were very small. Three
examples of P. natalica, Feld., were taken; P. sesamus,
Trim., was not uncommon. Only two Catacroptera | Precis]
cloantha, Cram., were seen, one of them in the dry spruit.
Lurytela hiarbas, Dru., was very common about hedgerows.
Single specimens of Pyrameis cardui, Linn., and Salamis
anacardvi, Linn., turned up. Several male specimens of
Byblia goetzius, Herbst, were taken, but it was hardly
common. Charaxes varanes, Cram., required considerable
negotiation to effect its capture, as its flight is both high
and strong, but it has a habit of settling at the end of a
prominent twig, and is then fairly easily detected in spite
of the resemblance of its under-surface to a leaf.
Of Mycalesis safitza, Hew., two females were taken, one
* For the specific distinctness of this form from A. echeria, Stoll,
see RoTHSCHILD AND JORDAN, Novit. Zool. x, 1903, p. 504,
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 319
near the Cemetery, the other in the village of Sydenham
(a mile nearer Durban), they were flying in full sunshine
in the early afternoon. Of JL. perspicua, Trim., three
males were taken among dry grass, etc., near the before-
mentioned spruit, they were rather common there but of
restless habits, so that it was very difficult to see them
settle. It was interesting to find that on separation of the
wings and stroking the patch near the costa of the hind-
wings they gave out a very strong scent quite distinct in
character from that of WZ. sajitza, Hew., which last has one
of the strongest scents met with.
Of Belenois severina, Cram.,a male was taken; but B.
gidica, Godt., appears to have been commoner, since three
males anda female were brought home. Three Pinacopteryx
pigea, Boisd., two males and a female (near Sydenham
village), and one P. charina, Boisd., were taken. We met
with but one Mylothris agathina, Cram., a male, but Hronia
leda, Dbl., was not uncommon, flying rapidly along a lane
near the Cemetery, often in company with Teracolus auxo,
Luc.; it was hard to catch, but three males and a female
were secured. The genus Zevacolus was more dominant at
Sydenham than at any other locality which we visited, the
most abundant species (especially in fields) was 7. auxo,
Lue. (the dry form called by Wallengren topha). The
males appeared to outnumber the females by two to one.
On one occasion a specimen of awxo and one of Hronia leda,
both males, were in the net together, they were duly
pinched and as the net was lying open on the ground
another auwzo (sex not known) came and settled on it close
to the dead butterflies! The next commonest species was
T. anne, Waller. (dry-season phase, = wallengrenii, Butl.),
of which thirteen males and one female were taken. On
the other hand, of 7. omphale, Godt., we took but three
males and one female, and of 7. achine, Cram., a like
number, while of 7. phlegyas, Butl. [according to Trimen
= tone, Godt.], we secured but a single male, of which it
was noted that the purple tip was not apparent in flight.
Butterflies of the genus Zerias were in abundance locally,
the specimens brought home proved to be 7. regularis,
Butl., four males (one of them “intermediate” in character,
the rest dry), and 7. senegalensis, Boisd., one male (dry).
The only other Pierine taken was Colias electra, Linn., on
the road about a mile on the Durban side of the Cemetery ; ;
the species was not common.
320 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
One Papilio dardanus, Brown, was taken at Sydenham,
but P. demodocus, Esp., was common; it flew fast but gen-
erally not very high, twice at least it was observed to flutter
its wings when feeding, as its congener P. erithonius, Cram.,
[ = demoleus, Linn,| has been observed to do in India. A
specimen taken in Sydenham village was very small.
A considerable variety of Lycznids was taken, though
they cannot be said to have been abundant: Yonah
antalus, Hopff., a male; Hypolycena philippus, Fabr.,
female ; Axiocerces harpax, Fabr., a male settled on a rose-
bush in the Cemetery; Zycena betica, Linn., one; Zizera
lucida, Trim., two females; Z. lysimon, Hiibn., one on the
way; Lachnocnema bibulus, Fabr., four, in the Cemetery,
this species sits with the abdomen turned up at an angle
of 45° (like Huchloé); Catochrysops malathana, Boisd.
(= asopus, Hopff.); while on the slopes of the spruit
before mentioned was taken a single example of Alena
amazoula, Boisd.,a female; this last was very cryptic when
among the grass where it was found. In general appear-
ance it so closely resembles a tiny Acrva that at first it
was placed next to that genus.
The Skippers again were varied rather than numerous,
single specimens being taken of each of the following :—
Sarangesa motozioides, Holland, almost invisible as it sat
on a rock in the spruit with its wings spread out flat ;
Netrobalane canopus, Trim., resting with expanded wings
on the upper side of a Solanum leaf; Laoris fatuellus,
Hopff.; Gomalia albofasciata, Moore; the large species
Rhopalocampta pisistratus, Fabr., and RL. forestan, Cram. ;
lastly Caprona adelica, Kirsch, a prettily marbled butterfly
with a scaleless patch on the fore-wing, of which there are
but two specimens in the British Museum.
The Syntomids Pseudonaclia puella, Boisd.; Syntomis
simplex, Walk., two, a metallic-blue thing easily caught ;
and Euchromia JSormosa, Guér., were taken flying, the latter
near the spruit. <A crippled specimen of the singular
Geometer, Cenina pecilaria, H.-S., was taken in the
Cemetery, a better one missed in the spruit, both among
long grass.
The following Hymenoptera were taken: Xylocopa divisa,
Klug, a male; a grey wasp, Jcaria cincta, Lepel., 9; the
ant Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., eight specimens under a
stone; and an undetermined Ichneumon.
The great order Coleoptera was very poorly represented
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 321
by two Lady-birds, Ortalia sp., beaten out of a composite
creeper (apparently a Senecio), the species is represented
in the British Museum, but unnamed; three Haplolycus,
apparently of two species [one possibly congener, Gerst.],
were either beaten out of, or taken flying about the same
creeper ; Acantholycus constrictus, Fabr., was caught flying
slowly ; two specimens of Anomalipus porcatus, Sol., were
found under a stone; and four specimens of a Heterome-
ron were also found under stones, Opatrwin sp., apparently
in the National Collection, but unnamed.
The bugs, at least as regards individuals, were some-
what more plentiful; beating the climbing composites
(one with yellow, another with lavender flowers) revealed
a number of the fetid Pentatomid <Antestia variegata,
Thunb., at first taken by both of us to be Lady-birds; two
other fetid Pentatomids, Holcostethus goiiodes, Dall., and
H. scapularis, Thunb., were also taken.
There were two as yet undetermined Acridians among
our captures as well as the common Catantops melanostictus,
Schaum, Also a Dragonfly, Orthetrum fasciolatum, Ramb.
The BoTranicaAL GARDEN lies on the slope of the hill
between the Berea and the Race-course, and comprises
portions of the original scrub, so that it naturaliy harbours
many butterflies. Amongst these was a small female of
Limnas chrysippus, Linn., which was actually mistaken by
one of us for its mimic Acrea encedon, Linn., of which
three specimens were captured. A single specimen of
Planema escbria, Hew., and two of Acrva cabira, Hopff.,
were netted, one of the latter settled on a leaf with wings
closed was inconspicuous. Of Amauris albimaculata, Butl.,
a male and two females were taken, one of the latter
settled near the ground before 9.0 a.m., at which time it
was noticed that Skippers were especially active.
Hurytela hiarbas, Dru., was common in the wooded parts
of the garden, where also three Precis elgiva, Hew., were
secured, together with two P. natalica, Feld., of the dark,
or intermediate form (one very tattered), sitting on leaves
with wings fully spread. The same bit of surviving
scrub yielded two of the Satyr-like Crenis boisduvalit,
Wallgr., one of each sex. Neptis agatha, Cram., was not
uncommon, but as the garden is a good deal exposed to
the prevalent south-east wind many of the specimens
were worn. Salamis anacardii, Linn., was beaten out at
322 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
4.45 p.m., it had a very slow flight. Of byblia goetzius,
Herbst, we took a male of the dry form. In a shady spot
were two Melanitis leda, Cram., the only specimens that
we met with in South Africa. Mycalesis safitza, Hew.,
with its janira-like flight, was not uncommon in the shade,
the four specimens taken in the gardens were all females
of the dry-season form (var. evenus, Hopff.).
Belenois severina, Cram., was common; though the large
majority were dry, amongst them was found a semi-wet
male. It was noted of a pair 7 cop. that the male
supported the female in flight. Only one S. gidica, Godt.,
a male, was taken. But if not quite the commonest white
of the gardens, certainly Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd., was the
most characteristic; a dozen specimens, both sexes about
equally balanced, were secured, they were all of the dry
form (= alba, Trim.); it appeared to be an earlier riser
than many butterflies. A pair were observed 7 cop., the
male supporting the female and when settled enclosing
the female between his wings. Of P. charina, Boisd., two
of each sex were taken, one of the females was less dry
than the rest. Mylothris agathina, Cram., was scarcely
common, males prevailing. In the more open grassy parts
a few Teracoli were to be got: of TZ. speciosus, Wallgr.,
we took two males; 7’. omphale, Godt., was commoner,
and we took five males and two females; of 7. achine,
Cram., one of each sex. Of Hronia cleodora, Hiibn., we
took but one; Zerias reqularis, Butl., was common enough,
six specimens taken proved to be all females, of the dry
form. We did not meet with this species outside Natal.
Just outside the northern hedge of the Botanical Garden
a fine Papilio morania, Ang., was taken flying low along
with elenois severina, Cram., and settling on wayside
plants; others of the genus were P. demodocus, Esp., a
male; P..dardanus, Brown, two males, a species that does
not fly as fast as many of its congeners ; P. nireus, Cram.,
f. lyeus, Dbl., a male and two females.
The Lycenidxe were conspicuous by their scarcity, only
two being met with—Hypolycena philippus, Fabr., a male
taken as late as 5.0 p.m., and Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., two,
one of them beaten out but little earlier (together with
two P. pigea and two &. severina).
But if Blues were scarce it was far otherwise with
Skippers: of our old friend Gegenes zetterstedii, Wallgr.,
seven were taken, five being males, two females; this sits
and Captures in South Africa wm 1905. 323
in the familiar “skipper attitude” but the posterior third
of the hind-wing is plaited; Baoris fatuellus, Hopftt., one ;
Acleros nackeni, Trim., seemed to be common but was
hard to catch, a male only was netted; of Pterygospidea
[ Tagiades| flesus, Fabr. [= ophion, Dru.], five specimens
were secured; it has a rapid darting flight, dashing wildly
up and down the glades like a flash of silver, and suddenly
settling with wings widely spread like a Boarmia, usually
(so far as our experience went) on the wpper side of a leaf,
though it was on at least one occasion seen to settle on
the wnder side, which Mr. Trimen gives as its habit; the
fine large skipper Rhopalocampta keithloa, Wallgr., rests in
a singular attitude, the wings are raised above the back
but do not meet, since both primaries and secondaries are
Rhopalocampta keithloa. Position of wings
in resting attitude, seen from behind.
curved outwards somewhat spirally, moreover the pos-
terior half of the secondaries is curiously plaited over the
abdomen; a specimen of &. forestan, Cram., was beaten
out as late as 4.45 p.m., darting away with a whirligig
flight.
The Lymantriad moths uproctis puncetifera, Walk.,
three males, and J. stel/ata, Dist., two males, were beaten
out one afternoon, together with the Larentid Geometer,
Epirrhoé subspissata, Warr., one; the Acidalids Craspedia
pulverosaria, Walk., and Idea spoliata, Walk., one of each ;
the Deltoids Hypena thermesialis, Walk. [= Ophiuche ma-
surialis, Guen.| three; the Pyrales Bradina | Erilita] ad-
mixtalis, Walk., one; b.[Physematia] atopalis, Walk., two ;
and some others not yet determined.
Two beetles only were captured, one the weevil Stramia
anconifrons, Boh. ; the other, Cardiophorus sp., was found
under an old tarpaulin.
The sole Aculeate brought away was a beautiful light
blue bee, Crocisa picta, Smith, 3, which with its rapid flight
suggested a small dragon-fly.
324 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
Three species of Diptera were met with: Hristalis teniops,
Wied. ; Syrphus egyptius, Wied.; and Sarcophaga sp.
A solitary Pentatomid bug, A gonoscelis versicolor, Fabr.,
was taken.
Of dragon-flies we took one of a species not yet de-
termined, and two that would appear to be Orthetrwm
Jasciolatum, Ramb.
In approaching Durban from the sea one first sights
THE BuuFr, a ridge of high ground separating the harbour
from the Indian Ocean. Access is obtained on the land-
ward side by a steep path, the resort of many butterflies,
being protected from the sea winds and lying fully open to
the sun. It is at first hard to realize that south of the
Equator hill-sides with northern aspects are the most
likely hunting grounds for butterflies. At the eastern
extremity, near the lighthouse, the Bluff is more or less
bare ; but the path towards the west soon leads into the
scrub, or natural forest, of mixed growth with a scarcely
penetrable undergrowth of the coarse Acanthaceous plant
called by the natives “u-Bomaan.” Through the scrub
there has been cut a very wide road, grass-covered, which
keeping parallel to the coast, runs up hill and down dale for
at least a couple of miles, how much further we had not time
to investigate. This road with its occasional glimpses of
the sea, perhaps 150 or 200 feet below, afforded the most
delightful collecting ground imaginable. One was con-
stantly reminded of ridings through woods in Southern
England, but rudely brought back by catching the net in
the well-concealed thorns of the familiar “ fern-asparagus ”
of our hot-houses and dinner-tables [Asparagus ? plumosus],
or by a glimpse of the dusky form of a cryptically-coloured
Kaftr in the gloomy shadow of the forest. But every-
thing has its drawbacks; that of the Bluff was climatic,
for all too soon after mid-day, on both our visits, the south-
east Trade-wind freshened and great clouds rolling up from
the Indian Ocean sent all well-regulated butterflies to bed.
Limnas chrysippus, Linn., was very common, especially
towards the more civilized end of the road. Planema
escbria, Hew. (curiously enough the only species of the
Acreine group that we saw there), has a flight of moderate
rapidity, but two were easily caught. Several <Afedla
phalanta, Dru., were seen and a few netted. Precis was
represented by a single clelia, Cram.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 325
Hurytela hiarbas, Dru., was present but not common ;
of Byblia goctziws, Herbst, two were taken, one of them
less “dry” than usual. Salamis anacardi, Linn., with its
slow flight, looked strangely smaller than it is; it soon
settled on a leaf and appears indeed to be a very sluggish
insect. Two females of Mycalesis safitza, Hew., are
recorded from the Bluff.
By far the predominant butterfly was ZLelenois severina,
Cram., which was very abundant; the males largely
exceeded the females in numbers, but a good many of the
latter were seen. ‘Though the very large majority were of
the dry type, intermediate examples were also present.
They appeared to be markedly gregarious, though this may
have been due to the distribution of their favourite
flowers. ‘Two pairs were observed im cop., in each case the
female, hanging down impassive, was carried by the male.
Of B. gidica, Godt., which was far less common, we took
two males and three females. Most of this species were
seen near the bottom of the path leading from the harbour
up to the lighthouse. Of 5. thysa, Hopff., we took two
males; when on the wing they were very like the male of
Mylothris agathina, Cram., in flight and general aspect.
Indeed even as seen in the net the Belenois so closely
mimics the Mylothris that one of us though specially on
the look-out was deceived, and this even when the two
insects were taken the same morning.
Pinacopteryx charina, Boisd., was decidedly common,
but the sexes were very unequally distributed; we took
17 males to 2 females. One male specimen had lost the
anal angles of the hind-wings, probably from the bite of a
lizard. Of Glutophrissa saba, Fabr.. a male was taken.
The beautiful Hronia cleodora, Hiibn., was quite common ;
we took 18 specimens which appear to be mostly males ;
it flies fast. The Plate accompanying this paper gives a
fair idea of the brilliance of the butterfly and the con-
spicuous arrangement of its strongly contrasted colours,
but it shows far more satisfactorily its cryptic coloration
when resting, as it was several times observed by us, upon
or close by yellow, blotched and perforated leaves of the
u-Bomaan, as the Kaffirs call the shrub forming the bulk
of the undergrowth on the Bluff. This plant, now known
as Isoglossa woodit, Clarke [figured in J. Medley Wood’s
“Natal Plants,’ vol. i, Plate XXII, under the name of
Heternanthus origanoides, T.], belongs to the natural order
326 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
Acanthacex, and is not the food plant of the larva.* The
under-side of the hind-wing of the butterfly varies almost
as much as the discoloured leaves, and the resemblance is
general, that is to say, it is not a definite case of leaf-
imitation. It should be noted that a coloured sketch of
the leaves was made at the time, but in the absence of
the butterfly, to avoid any tendency to exaggerate the
resemblance. Mr. H. Knight’s drawing is quite admirable.
Of TZeracolus achine, Cram., we took a male; of JZ.
omphale, Godt., two of each sex; but we naturally paid
more attention to the beautiful ‘“ Purple-tips,” Zeracolus
speciosus, Wallgr. [Butler named the dry form of this
butterfly jobina, and considered the wet form to be the
zone of Godart.] This was not uncommon, and we secured
six males and two females; during its flight, which is
rapid, it looks like an ordinary white, the purple not
showing on the wing.
Of Terias reqularis, Butl., we took a male, and of 7,
senegalensis, Boisd., a female, both dry.
We managed to get two specimens of Papilio policenes,
Cram., but one of them was sadly battered; also one male
of P. dardanus, Brown, f. cenea, Stoll; a specimen of P.
nireus, Linn., f. lyeus, Dbl., was easily secured flying low
down when a cloud passed over the sun.
Curiously enough we took but a solitary Blue, Virachola
antalus, Hopff.+
Single specimens of the Skippers Gegenes zetterstedti,
Waller, a female; Gomalia albofasciata, Moore, and
Buoris fatuellus, Hopff., were taken, the last named settled
on a leaf in the sun, with the wings fully expanded ; also
two Kedestes macoma, Trim.
We kicked up from grass, etc., two specimens of the
exceedingly variable Noctua Ophiusa lienardi, Boisd., one
of them settled upon the ground; in like manner we
turned up a battered example of the restless Noctua
Remigia repanda, Fabr., and found another at rest upon a
leaf in the full sun. Here we took our first specimen of
that beautiful Catocaline, the steel-blue and orange yellow
* Some further particulars were given when attention was first
called to the matter. See Lonestar, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906,
pp. 113, 114; but the Plate was not ready in time to be issued with
that paper.
+See Lonastarr, Some Rest-Attitudes of Butterflies, Trans, Ent.
Soe. Lond. 1906, p. 108.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 327
Lgybolia vaillantina, Stoll, known to the Colonists as the
“ Peach Moth.” Also the Arctiid Rhanidophora cinctigutta,
Walk., and the curious Geometer Cartaletis libyssa, Hopft.,
of which several were seen, but only one taken. It flies
rather high with feeble fluttering action, and when on
the wing somewhat recalls ZLimnas chrysippus, or an
Acrexa, which last it also resembles by exuding a yellowish
juice when pinched, the juice in this case being odourless,
Another Geometer, allied to our “ Magpie-moth,” was
Zerenopsis geometrina, Feld.
The familiar Phlyctenia ferrugalis, Hiibn., completes the
list of moths, so far as we have been able to assign them
names.
The yellow and chocolate-coloured Lamellicorn Macroma
cognata, Schénh., was very conspicuous on the wing’; the
Clavicorn Hypiscaphula aulacochiloides, Crotch, was taken
under a log, associated with ants and fungi. Asida bi-
costata, Fahr.,and Hister swhsulcatus, Mass., were also found
under logs; a specimen was obtained of the Phytophagous
Lady-bird, Epilachna infirma, Mulsant. The weevil Scio-
bius pullus, Sparr., a female, was beaten out of a clematis-
like creeper [? really a Senecio]. The Carabid Arsinoé
quadriguttata, Castelnau, was taken on low herbage.
Two crickets and several unnamed Acridians were
captured, including one which made a loud snapping
noise in leaping, whereas the very spiny-legged Acridium
ruficorne, Fabr., sat on a bush and made no attempt to
escape. From under a log was unearthed an immature
female Blatta, which Mr. Shelford thinks may possibly
be a new species.
A blue wasp was taken, and several others seen ; it turns
out to be a new species and has been named by Col. C. T.
Bingham Notogonia dixeyt; while under a log were found
a number of the big-headed soldiers and thin workers of
Camponotus maculatus, Fabr.
The conspicuous Reduviid bug, Physorhynchus crux,
Thunb., was common under logs of wood, corrugated iron,
etc., near the lighthouse ; it has a peculiar pungent odour.
The sole fly brought home was apparently the cosmo-
politan Sarcophaga carnaria, Linn,
CONGELLA, some three miles to the west of Durban, is
also a very pleasant locality. The ground rises gradually
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (SEPT.) 22
328 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
from near the level of the harbour for perhaps a mile to
the large banana plantations from 200 to 300 feet above
sea level, the slopes being covered with wild scrub
traversed by a woodland track, while through the lower
portions are cut wide grass-covered roadways foreshadow-
ing the development of an eligible building estate.
As usual, Limnas chrysippus, Linn., was to be had; we
took five males and a female. We took a female of
Amauris echeria, Stoll, and three females of A. albimacu-
lata, Butl., the latter flew slowly and was easily caught.
Acrexa was well represented, the commonest species being
the black, yellow-spotted A. cabira, Hopff.; of this one
specimen was taken on Lantana flowers, but as a rule it
was seen flying about the tops of trees, in which situation it
looked a much larger insect than it is; thirteen specimens
were taken, one of these which reached the hotel alive,
having survived pinching as Acrvz so often do, proved very
resistant to chloroform. A. ¢erpsichore, Linn. [of which
the southern form = buxtoni, Butl.], looks on the wing like
a small British Argynnis; we took five. Of A. petrea,
Boisd., which when alive is very rosy, both above and
below, we took two. Of A. natalica, Boisd., we gut one
among grass; its hind-wings have a rosy flush in life,
indeed the beauty of many of these Acrwe cannot be
appreciated from cabinet specimens; A. encedon, Linn., of
which we took three, is a feeble insect, with slow flight,
but it again succeeded in passing itself off (momentarily)
as chrysippus. A single male Planema aganice, Hew.,
completed the group.
Byblia goetzius, Herbst, flew over the grass like a
“ Pearl-bordered”; one settled on a red path, another on
dead grass, both with wings erect, both inconspicuous; we
took a male and four females, one of the latter was “quite
dry.” Two Neptis agatha, Cram., were taken flying slowly.
Precis elgiva, Hew., a retiring insect, was found in the track
through the wood, of four specimens one was much
battered; of WP. clelia, Cram., several were seen; of
P. natalica, Feld., two, of the dry form, one worn; of
P. sesamus, Trim., one settled closely appressed to the
ground ; also at the edge of the banana garden, on very red
soil a Precis was seen three times quite clearly, but un-
fortunately missed; this was either P. octavia, Cram. (the
wet-season form of sesamus), or something uncommonly
like it; it nearly matched the red soil in colour, but was
and Captures in South Africa im 1905. 329
somewhat more orange in tint. Of Salamis anacardiz,
Linn., one of each sex was obtained; of Atel/a phalanta,
Dru., a single example ; of Charaxes varanes, Cram., usually
a high flier, a female was luckily netted off a shrub.
Mycalesis safitza, Hew., was common; four males and nine
females were taken.
No specimens of Belenois severina, Cram., appear to
have been brought back from Congella, but it was cer-
tainly common there; of B. gidica, Godt., we took three of
each sex, one had the hind-wings chipped symmetrically,
apparently by a bird; of two specimens taken in cop, the
male was dry, the female very dry. Of B. thysa, Hopff.,
we took six males, but we have no record of its model
Mylothris agathina from that locality. Both these butter-
flies have strong scents, which are distinct. Of Gluto-
phrissa saba, Fabr., and Nychitona alcesta, Cram., single
examples were taken; the latter has a slow, flapping flight.
Of Hronia cleodora, Hiibn., we took two; of EF. leda, Dbl.,
a single female; of Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd., nine, four
males and five females; of P. charina, Boisd., a solitary
male. Congella is not the sort of locality that Zeracolus
especially delights in, and the genus was represented by
but single male specimens of 7’. achine, Cram., 7’. omphale,
Godt., and three males of 7’. speciosus, Waller. Of Terias
reqularis, Butl., we took four males and two females.
Of Papilio demodocus, Esp., which frequents high and
open ground, we took one in the cultivated region above
the woods, but of P. nireus, Linn., f. lyxus, Dbl. we got
four males by taking advantage of its habit of not in-
frequently flying low and even settling on the ground.
Of Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., we took two; of Tarucus teli-
canus, Lang, five, of which at least four were females, one
with the fore-wings injured apparently by a_ bird; of
Lycena boetica, Linn., two ; of Castalius calice, Hopff., one,
a tattered specimen, and of Virachola antalus, Hopff., one
female, boxed off a plant close to the ground ; it was sitting
head-downward, but the “false head ” had been bitten off,
so that it could not deceive again.
Among the Skippers were the familiar dingy Gegenes
zetterstedtt, Wallgr., two; Baoris fatuellus, Hopff., one ;
Sarangesa motoz, Wallgr., one ; Acleros mackenw, Trimen,
one male and two females, this and other Skippers were
more active on dull days than most butterflies; Hretzs
djelele, Wallgr., one, settled with wings outspread ;
330 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
and Pterygospidea flesus, Fabr., seven. Of the last species
several were seen to settle on the wpper sides of leaves,
with wings spread out like a Boarmid.
The beautiful Hyybolia vaillantina, Stoll, was rather
common, it is a slow feeble flier, the wings flapping much,
so it was easy to catch six specimens. The Lymantriad
Euproctis punetifera, Walk., of which we took three males
and a female, was very common, it is one of those insects
which look on the wing far larger than they are, an
appearance that may be due to bright colour (in this case
orange) or to the mode of flight. Of the small Syntomid
Pseudonaclia puella, Boisd., and the Chalcosiine Anomotes
levis, Feld., we took two each, this last looks surprisingly
large on the wing.* Other moths taken were the Geometer
Gracillodes caffra, Guen., one; the Pyrale Antigastra
morysalis, Walk., one; Tinewgeria sp. one, and several
other unnamed Micros.
The Odonata were represented by two Orthetrum fasci-
olatum, Ramb. f, and one Brachybasis rhomboidalis, Beauv.
The Orthoptera by a Blatta, found under a log, Deropeltis
autraniana, Sauss., immature; also an Acridian, 7'ry«valis
stali, Boliv., which was very hard to see, being shaped and
coloured like a piece of dead grass or straw.
Near the reservoir, on a shrubby lavender-flowered
composite, were taken together the South African form of
Apis mellifica, Linn., and the Syrphid Hristalis txniops,
Wied., which was noticed to be a fairly close mimic of
the bee.
The beetles found at Congella were the Clavicorn
Megalodacne grandis, Fabr., and the Heteromerous
Anthracias taurus, Fabr., both found under logs; also
Endema nobilis, Klug, and the very distinct Carabid,
Thyreopterus flavo-signatus, Dej., under the bark of a
dead stump among numerous ants.
From DURBAN TO JOHANNESBURG.
August 22, 1905.—The first point of the journey over the
Highlands of Natal at which we had a few minutes’ time to
* Compare my observations on the Indian Chaleosiine, A glaope
hyalina, Koll., in Trans. Ent, Soc, Lond, 1905, p. 68,—G, B. L.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 331
leave the luxurious carriages of the Government Railway was
INCHANGA, 2,470 feet above sea level. Here on some
sandy ground near a stream bordered by rushes and coarse
grass or on a bank with a few flowers (? Senecio sp.) we took
a “dry” specimen of the Satyrid Psewdonympha cassius,
Godt.; a wasp prettily marked with rich brown, black and
white, Polistes fastidiosus, Sauss., 3; a handsome Braconid,
Iphiaulax whitei, Cameron; and an apple-green Mantis
larva; also by sweeping the Senecio, etc., two Apis mellafica,
Linn., race adansonii, Latr., 8; an Asilid ? Dysmachus sp.,
and the grasshopper Catantops melanostictus, Schaum.
We spent the night at the Falls of the Umgeni, at
Howick, Lat. 29° 28’ S., 3,400 feet above sea level, and
before dark turned over a few basalt stones, taking a number
of ants, Pheidole irritans, Smith; two Blatte with a very
strong, sweet, rather pleasant scent, suggesting pear-drops
(or amyl acetate), they were immature, possibly of a new
species (R. Shelford); a small beetle, Huleptus caffer, Boh.,
and an Acridian, at present unnamed. It was cold at
night here.
August 23, 1905.—At Moor River Station, Lat. 29°
17 8., alt. 4,600 feet, we took a solitary Acridian only.
At Estcourt, Lat. 29° 2’ S., alt. 3,800 feet, on an open
grassy place near the Station we were rather more suc-
cessful. Two males of Synchloé hellica, Linn., were secured ;
they were noticed when at rest to withdraw the fore-
wings completely between the hind-wings, and to raise
the abdomen. We also took a small Syntomid (as yet
unnamed), a Lady-bird, Hpilachna similis, Thunb.; two
ants, Camponotus cosmicus, Smith, and a locust Z'rilo-
phidia, sp.; this was discovered by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall,
and declared by Sefior Bolivar to be a new species, but it
has not yet been named by him.
CoLEnso, Lat. 28° 46’S., alt. 3,200 feet. The late after-
noon was spent on the low ground south of the Tugela,
between the river and the spot where Col. Long’s guns
were abandoned. The only butterflies seen were Pyrameis
cardut and Limnas chrysippus. Several moths were
kicked up, the Boarmid Geometers Osteodes turbulenta,
Guen., two; Zamarada pulverosa, Warr., one ; and Vassunia
petavia, Stoll, a male; also two tiny Noctuz with yellow
hind-wings, Pseudosterrha sperans, Feld.; a Crambus and
two Micros, none of them yet named. Two immature
332 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
Acridians of the colour of dry grass were taken, also a
beetle Scaptobius natalensis, Boh., one, and the Hete-
romeron Opatrum ? arenariwm, Fabr., six. Several speci-
mens of the ant Pheidole irritans, Smith, were taken, also
some Termites, two workers and two soldiers of the same
community. The former when taken were carrying bits
of grass and leaves, when brought back to the hotel they
were dead and partly mutilated, ? by the soldiers in the
same pill-box. The soldiers, on the contrary, reached home
alive and pugnacious, for they would grasp the point of
the forceps and allow themselves to be lifted off the
ground without letting go.
August 24, 1905——The next forenoon we ascended
Hlangwane, the hill commanding the whole position,
which unfortunately Buller did not occupy on December
15th, 1899. Again we saw no butterflies, and this morning
we did not even get a moth! Under cow-dung on the
plain two specimens of a dung-beetle were found, Hrato-
gnathus natalensis, Pér., and under stones, chiefly on the
hill, we found an Omostropus, which M. Péringuey says
is new; an immature bug and sundry ants, to wit, the
small Pheidole irritans,Smith, of which the workers are very
tiny ; P. megacephala, Fabr., well deserving its name, and
the big black Mesoponera caffraria, Smith; also a Blatta,
sp., and an Ant-lion. Near the top of the hill a large
family of the Cockroach, Deropeltis erythrocephala, Fabr.,
was found under a stone.
Under stones in and among the Boer trenches a number
of large scorpions were found, olive-coloured, with testaceous
rings, the large joint of the chele and tip of the tail pale
testaceous, paler beneath. Other dwellers under stones
were very young snakes, a nearly globular toad which
squeaked piteously when taken up, and a gecko.
A drive to Hart’s Hill in the afternoon made one realize
completely what is meant by “carriage exercise,” for the
road is probably the worst that we ever traversed. It
proved more interesting from the point of view of Military
History than that of Entomology, nevertheless at the
bottom of the Hill we kicked up Sterrhanthia lineata,
Warr., a brownish Geometer near Sterrha sacraria, Linn. ;
on the slopes, we took under stones Harpalus capicola,
Dej., $; Paderus crassus, Boh.; a “Staph” represented both
in the General Collection at South Kensington and in the
Sharp Collection, but in both unnamed; the big ant
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 333
Acantholepis vestita, Smith; the tiny Pheidole irritans,
Smith; and Zetramorium solidum, Emery.
On the summit of the Hill, in an old Boer trench, looking
down over the slopes on which many a brave soldier
breathed his last, was Pyrameis cardui, Linn., the only
butterfly that we saw that day. It may be remarked that
it was bitterly cold when we reached Ladysmith a little
before midnight.
LapysmiTH, Lat. 28° 38’, 3,300 ft., August 25, 1905.—
The next day was devoted to Spion Kop, and naturally
enough disputed questions of strategy and tactics diverted
our attention from the Arthropoda. A specimen of Precis
sesamus, Trim., was taken close to a Boer’s grave near the
farm-house below the Aloe Knoll, while a conspicuous
Larentid, Ortholitha pudicata, Walk., with reddish fore-
wings and orange hind-wings, was netted on the top of the
Knoll. The beetle Zophosis caffer, Deyr., was found just
below, running on the path. A small grasshopper was
brought from the summit of Spion Kop, and a larger
species from the lower slopes on the north side; this last
was coloured like dead grass on the exposed portions, but
the lower surface of the abdomen and the lower edges of
the femora were of a deep bright red. On the road back
to Ladysmith, near the half-way house, the conspicuous
Graphipterus cordiger, Klug, was taken under a stone, as
well as the dingy Zophosis caffer, Deyr.
August 26, 1905.—On our walk out to Waggon Hill and
Cesar’s Camp we found under a stone on the open veldt
a Carabid, Polyhirma notata, Perond.; when touched it
emitted from its mouth a quantity of dark brown fluid
having no perceptible odour. The dingy Boarmid Sem-
othisa brongusaria, Walk., was common on rough bushy
ground.
The famous work at the western end of Waggon Hill
was garrisoned by Precis sesamus, Trim., while the variable
Geometer ZTephrina catalawnaria, Guen., was taken close
to the Earl of Ava’s grave.
Within the trenches of Czsar’s Camp we took the
Geometer Tephrina arenosa, Butl., as well as two Acridians.
Returning to Ladysmith we found on the northern,
reverse, slope of Czesar’s Camp, under large stones near
the head of the (then) dry spruit, the curious cockroach,
Homalodemas porcellio, Gerst. (= Derocalymna intermedia,
Kirby). It is remarkably flat and sits closely appressed
334 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
to the stones; it appeared to be extremely local. Between
this point and the bridge over the Klip River just outside
the town we found insects much commoner. ‘The scrub is
intersected with deep gullies, for the most part dry, but
evidently conveying at some time much water to the Klip;
in these gullies Precis cebrene, Trim., and P. sesamus, Trim.,
were not uncommon, also Synchloé hellica, Linn., of which
a male and four females were taken. A male of Colias
electra, Linn., and a female of Teracolus eris, Klug, were
taken near the river. Single examples of Vphthima
asterope, Klug, Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., and Tarucus sybaris,
Hopff., 2, were secured, while other Lycznids were scen,
as also Pyrameis cardui, and Limnas chrysippus.
The Quadrifid Noctua Acanthonyx pretoriv, Dist.,
was taken resting in the dry bed of a spruit; the dingy
Boarmid, Osteodes turbulenta, Guen., and other Geometers
were kicked up, including a beautiful green one (with
somewhat the look of Huchloris vernaria, Hiibn.) which
got away in the undergrowth. An ichneumon and a
common honey-bee were also taken. A small bug,
Pododus sp. (not in the National Collection), was seen
running on the sand; on being pinned it exhaled a strong
odour of acetate of amyl. The beetle Zophosis caffcr, Deyr.,
while running swiftly over the sand was occasionally blown
over by the wind.
The electric lights about the town and railway-station
attracted a fair number of insects, the commonest being
the large flying ant, Vorylus helvolus, Linn., 3, a yellowish-
brown insect with very flexible abdomen, whose position
in the insect world was at the time a puzzle to us. When
pinned, the thorax cracked and emitted a puff of white
powder. The largest insect at light was the Lamellicorn,
Oryctes boaz, Fabr., a rotten-wood feeder, of which two were
taken. With these were the Noctuids Audea variegata,
Hmpsn., Borolia [Leucania] melianoides, Moschl., Homo-
ptera canescens, Walk.; the Syntomid, Thyretes caffra,
Waller., 2; three Phycids, Microthria inconspicuella, Rag.
(1) and M. insulsella, Rag. (2), and several other moths not
yet named.
Two moths, Plusia limbirena, Guen., and a Micro, were
taken in the bedroom of the hotel.
August 27, 1905.—An afternoon was spent on the north-
eastern defences, “The King’s Post,” and “The Devons’
Post,” which were on low rocky bills with a little low scrub.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. Bs)
At the latter, which runs out towards Lombard’s Kop,
exposed to the cross-fire of two “Long Toms,” the works
were more solid and better built than any that we came
across, and showed pretty plainly that there must have been
skilful wallers among the Men of Devon. Single specimens
of Precis archesia, Cram., Acrea neobule, Dbl. and Hew.
(semi-transparent), and Byblia ilithyia, Dru., were taken
at the King’s Post, but the commonest butterfly there was
Pyrameis cardwi, for the most part small and rather
worn specimens ; flying with it was Utetheisa (Deiopew)
pulchella, Linn. Lizards were numerous, but although
some time was given up to watching them, they were not
seen to make any attacks on buttertlies.
At the Devons’ Post Synchloé hellica, Pyrameis cardu,
Precis cebrene, and Zizera lysimon, were taken. By a
stream separating the two hills Yphthima asterope, Klug,
was rather common, looking not unlike a Blue on the
wing; futile attempts were made to see the butterfly
settle, but it was restless. At the flowers of Aloe ? ferox
were ylocopa hottentota, Smith, 2, the wasps Lelonogaster
distinguendus, Kohl, 3 9, and Humenes dimidiatipennas,
Sauss., 2, a large red and black, brown-winged insect, as
well as the Phytophagid Ortalia pallens, Muls., taken flying
near the same flowers.
Anywhere along the ridge that strange locust Phymateus
leprosus, Serv., might be seen. This is of a grey- or
yellowish-green, tinted with yellow, orange and pink.
Its hard thorax though strongly tuberculate shines with an
enamel-like texture. It is very sluggish, and unlike most
locusts does not readily take flight, but when it does so
makes a rattling noise. When touched it emits copiously
a dark olive-green very fetid fluid, which dries up as a
sticky varnish ; this accidentally tasted was found to be
bitter and unpleasant.
August 28, 1905.—At INGAGANE Station, Lat. 27° 56’ S.,
altitude 3,900 feet, a specimen of the Geodephagous beetle,
Acupalpus natalicus, Pér.. was found under a lump of
hard earth.
At Newcastle, Lat. 27° 48’ S., altitude 3,900 feet, a
specimen of Precis sesamus, Trim., was found in a tiny
dark kloof, its love of darkness was also noted on subse-
quent occasions. Several Acridians, whose determination
is postponed, were taken. Also an immature Blatta,
Cosmozosteria sp., was found under a flat piece of iron,
336 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
together with a community of the ant, Acantholepis vestita,
Smith. The Heteromerous beetle, Zophosis caffer, Deyr.,
was caught running swiftly over sand.
At INKWELO, under the shadow of Amajuba (Lat. 27°
32’8., about 4,500 feet above the sea), a fly, Sarcophaga sp.,
was taken, but on this day at these altitudes the conditions
were decidedly wintry, and the night of August 28th was
cold.
JOHANNESBURG, TRANSVAAL.
Lat. 26° 10'S. Altitude 5,700 feet. Aug. 30th—Sept. 2nd.
The weather during our short stay was chilly and almost
sunless, while the time available only permitted of two
short afternoon walks in the outskirts just beyond West
Cliff.
But three butterflies were seen, Pyrameis cardui, Linn.;
Papilio demodocus, Esp.; and the Skipper Baoris ayresw,
Trim., a species that does not appear to be widely spread.
Moths were about as poorly represented by the cosmo-
politan Nomophila noctuella, Schiff., by Sterrha sacraria,
Linn., of the dingy South African form, and by that obscure
Phycid, the almost cosmopolitan Htiella zinckenella, Treit.
The most promising mode of collecting appeared to be
turning over stones, old tins, etc., on the veldt ; this back-
aching process yielded ants in great plenty, the commonest
species being the big-headed Camponotus marginatus, Latr.,
which turned up in this locality only; close by, the more
generally distributed C. maculatus, Fabr., was found, while
the long black Plectroctena caffra, Spinola, the smaller
Philodole megacephala, Fabr., and two Cremastogaster
sordidula, Nyl. var., were also met with. There were in
addition to the ants plenty of Termites.
The beetles included several Carabids, viz.: Chlenius
sellatus, Dej., two; another Chlenius that may possibly
be new; Harpalus deceptor, Pér., nine specimens; H.
angustipennis, Boh., two; Macrochilus dorsalis, Klug, one ;
Trechus rufipes, Boh., one; then there were two of a
Trigonopus that may possibly be new; the very distinctly
marked Graphipterus cordiger, Klug; ‘an Opatrum that is
probably arenarium, Fabr., six specimens; an unnamed
Psaryphis; a Lamellicorn of the genus Aphodius that is
not represented in the National Collection ; two weevils,
Hipporhinus corniculatus, Fahy. ; and Brachycerus severus,
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 337
Fahr.; also a Lady-bird, Lxzochomus nigromaculatus, Goez.,
which is occasionally found in Britain.
Under stones were two Pentatomid bugs, Dalsiva modesta,
Fabr., and the lance-head-shaped Gonopsis angularis, Dall.,
also Lygvus rivularis,Germ.; there were also several other
bugs that are not yet named. Along with the bugs were
several Llatt# and a black and red scorpion. A number of
as yet undetermined Acridians were also taken.
By far the most interesting insect met with at Johannes-
burg was a Homopteron, Gyaria walkeri, Stal., allied to
Flata, a genus well known from its alleged resemblance
when at rest to a spike of flowers. It is of a creamy-white
colour with eyes of a beautiful pinkish hue, which is
unfortunately soon lost after death by cyanide. The insects
are gregarious, and sit in rows of from three to five each
near the base of the stems of a shrubby herb which
attains the height of about two feet. Sitting for the most
part with their heads up, they cannot be said to look in
the least like flowers, the larvee indeed look more like a
Coccus, or even a luxuriant growth of Penicillium. When a
plant harbouring the Gyariv is approached the insects jurap
off and then fly away a short distance much like moths.
They were only found within a very circumscribed area.
Settled on rocks basking in what little sun was to be
had several flies were captured, all males, of a species of
Dichextometopia allied to tessellata, Macq., but probably new
to science.
PRETORIA, TRANSVAAL.
Lat. 25° 53’. Altitude 4,500 feet. August 31st.
The British Association paid a mere flying visit to the
political capital, but this just permitted a carriage-drive to
the Wonderboom,* which stands at the foot of the northern
slope of a range of hills about 3$ miles to the north of
the city. So far as results were concerned the time and
trouble, and more particularly the dust, might as well
have been saved. Insects were very scarce save at the
sweet-scented white flowers of Dombeya densiflora, which
proved very attractive. There was however an incommen-
surability between the height of the trees and the length of
the net-stick which was tantalizing in the extreme. A
few white butterflies were scen as well as Limnas chrysippus,
and a Lycenid. The pedunculated wasp Belonogaster
* A sineular tree of wide-spreading growth.
to) fol o}
338 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
griseus, Fabr., was abundant, and four males were with
difficulty secured; the South African form of Apis mellifica,
was also busily at work together with two smaller bees
(2 2). These last Col. C. T. Bingham has described as a
new species under the name of Ovratina vittata, so an
otherwise disappointing day was redeemed. <A specimen
of the Chafer Oxythyrea marginalis, Schonh., was taken on
the lavender flowers of a Buddleia near the river, and close
by a single example of Spindasis mozambica, Bert. On the
veldt below the big tree, the common but pretty locust
Catantops melanostictus, Schaum, was very active and
difficult to secure; in the same place we netted two
specimens of Teri ias brig igitta, Cram., a species we had not
met with in Natal.
RAILWAY JOURNEY FROM JOHANNESBURG TO
KIMBERLEY.
September 4th, 1905.
GLEN SIDING. Lat. 28° 55’ 8.
On the flowers of a low-growing Senecio (not unlike the
Oxford squalidus, L.) a wasp was taken, Ammophila
2 argentea, Brullé, 2, which Col. C. 'T. Bingham says is not
typical, but possibly a local form of the species ; with this
was a honey-bee, Apis adansonit, Latr., 9. At this place
Pyrameis cardui and Colias electra were noted.
BLOEMFONTEIN. Lat. 29° 7’; alt. 4,500 feet.
In the station-yard here the last named two butterflies
were again seen, and a female Synchloé hellica was taken.
NorvVAL’S Pont, CAPE Cotony. Lat. 30° 38’; 4,000 ft.
The cosmopolitan Plutella cruciferarum, Zell., came to
our lights.
CoOLESBERG JUNCTION. Lat. 30° 44’; alt. 4,370 feet.
At this station, which one naturally associates with the
exploits of General French, several moths visited the lights
of the train. They were the pretty silver-striped Geometer
Conchia nitidula, Cram.; a Noctua (unnamed); our old
friend of many lands Nomophila noctwella, Schiff.; and
three Phycids, two of them being the dingy Microthrix
insulsella, Rag.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 339
KIMBERLEY, GRIQUALAND WEST.
Lat. 28° 43'S. Altitude 4,010 feet. Sept. 5-7, 1905.
The Diamond City with its white dust (in striking con-
trast to the red of the Golden City) did not impress one as
a good locality, moreover we had but little spare time, and
the weather, for the most part cloudy, was unfavourable.
At KENILWORTH the weevil Cleonus mucidus, Gerst., was
beaten from Senecio, and two dead Heteromera, Psammodes
vialis, ? Burch., and P. scabricollis, Gerst., as well as an ear-
wig were taken under stones. Under one stone a large
dark short-legged spider with globular abdomen was found
in the midst of copious remains of beetles, ete.
On the veldt in the outskirts of the town, beyond the
Old Kimberley Mine, the following were found by turning
over stones, old tins, ete.:—The Lamellicorn, 7rox denti-
culatus, Oliv.; the Heteromeron, Psammodes vialis, ?Burch.,
two dead specimens; the Weevils, Brachycerus globosus,
Fabr., one; Hpisus boheman, Auriv., one; Sparticerus sp.,
four; and S. rudis, Fihr., nine. None of the last three
species were represented in the British Museum; for
weevils their integuments are but moderately hard, but,
on the other hand, in the red sandy soil under the old tins,
or among the roots of composite plants, their rough surface
as well as their colour make them difficult to see. Hight
specimens of the Carabid, Beoglossa melanaria, Boh., were
found in holes in the ground under stones or tins; they
ran fast when disturbed. It was noted that under the
South African sun even large stones, not to speak of the
omnipresent rusty tins, afford so little protection that in
many cases insects were found lurking in holes in the
earth beneath, so that they were doubtless often passed
over. Besides the above beetles the stones and tins
harboured a number of the Ant Monomoriwm subopacum,
Smith, race australe, Emery.
Under an old calf’s foot and pastern were three speci-
mens of Necrobia rufipes, Fabr., a British insect; two of the
cosmopolitan Dermestes vulpinus, Fabr., and another beetle
not yet named. The fly Agria nuba, Wied., was captured
in the same locality.
At the DurorrspaAN MINE we saw Pyrameis cardui, and
took two Synchloé hellica, one of each sex, as well as the
Locust Acrotylus sp. A Longicorn, Tetradia lophoptera,
340 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
Guér., was seen on the wing, it settled on the light grey
road of the Compound and disappeared, being so exactly
the colour of the dust that it was most easily found by
feeling with the hand!
At the WESSELTON MINE, on a weedy piece of waste
ground, two specimens of a Lycenid, so worn as to be
scarcely recognizable, were netted ; as well as two of a very
elegant Bombylius, Systwchus sp., which was only to be
seen on the wing as the light caught its long white
pubescence.
A dull, cheerless morning was spent on the GoLr LINKs,
in sight of the Memorial to the Honoured Dead. There
seemed to be nothing to do but turn over stones, which,
though doubtless an annoyance to the golfers, afforded
shelter to a number of Arthropoda. The most interesting
beetle was Graphipterus cordiger, Klug, a quite soft insect
of a drab colour bearing a black mark upon its elytra which
has been variously compared to a heart, a fiddle and a tennis-
racquet; of this we secured eight examples. Of the weevil
Sparticerus rudis, Fahr., which was very common, we took
seven specimens, again noticing its resemblance to the
red soil of the veldt. It may be here mentioned that the
general colour of the soil at Kimberley, as at Johannes-
burg, Pretoria, Durban, and indeed most of the places that
we visited, is red; the white dust that is so disagreeable
in the town is derived from the mining refuse, and a very
similar dust is met with near the gold mines of the Rand.
Among the common 8. rudis, Fahr., was found another
Sparticerus which shammed death, this species is not
represented in the British Museum collection; we also took
two Hpisus bohemani, Auriv. The Carabide were repre-
sented by one Bwoglossa melanaria, Boh., three Harpalus
hybridus, Boh., all females, and five H. affinis, Peér.
Dead examples of the Heteromera, Psammodes scabricollis,
Gerst., and P. vialis, 2? Burch., with other remains showed
that it was not the season for that genus, and a large
beetle-larva which was unearthed pointed to the same
conclusion.
With the beetles were several bugs and an ant, Apheno-
gaster barbara, Linn., var. capensis, Mayr., accompanied by
a number of “silver fish” (Zhysanwra).
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 341
RAILWAY JOURNEY FROM KIMBERLEY TO BULAWAYO.
September 7th and 8th, 1905.
TAUNGS, BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Lat. 27° 33'S. Alt.
3,090 feet.
The very distinct Catocaline Noctua Chalciope rivulata,
Hmpsn., and a Tinea, not as yet determined, came to light
in the train.
MocuuDI, BECHUANALAND. Lat. 24° 22’S, Alt. 3,100 feet.
Two flies which would appear to be the too familiar
Musca domestica, Linn., were taken near the station, as
well as an obscure beetle found under a stone.
It was somewhere near this place that we entered the
forest characteristic of this part of Africa, an open or easily
penetrable growth, with deciduous trees of moderate size
having a tendency to be flat-topped.
ARTESIA, Lat. circa 24° 5S. Alt. 3,100 feet.
A female of the very African-looking Lycenid, Zeritis
damarensis, 'Trim., as well as a specknen of the wide-
ranging Lycxna betica, Linn., also a female, were netted ;
the hasty turning over of a few stones yielded the penta-
tomid bug Diploxys acanthura,W estw.; four ants, Camponotus
maculatus, Fabr.; also a dead beetle with a very hard
carapace, Anomalipus sp., represented in the British
Museum collection, but without a name; as well as a
weevil, Sparticerus sp.
MAHALAPYE. Lat. 23° 3’S. Alt. 3,300 feet.
Here we entered the tropics, an event that was signalised
by the capture of a male Catopsilia florella, Fabr., and the
determination of its sweet scent.
PALAPYE RoaD Station. Lat. 22° 44’ S. Alt. 3,010 feet.
The beetle Xenitenus dilucidus, Pér., was taken in
the train.
SEpuL . Lat, 22°°27°S:
The electric lights of the train attracted a number of-
insects while stopping at this station, among those that
were secured were the very small drab Noctua, Entlemma
342 Drs, Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
sp. (near fadosa, Guen.), a Quadrifid Noctua, Homoptera sp.,
an Acontiid Noctua, Arcyophora rhoda, Hmpsn., a flying
ant, Mesoponera caffraria, Smith, a female; and several
moths not yet determined, comprising some other Noctue,
a Geometer, a Phycid and a Crambus,
BULAWAYO, SouTH RuHopestA. Lat. 20° 9’S, Alt. 4,470
feet. September 9-11, 1905,
The most promising spot near the Matabili Capital was,
we were told, the Waterworks situated a few miles to the
westward, at an altitude of perhaps 4,600 feet.
Two shrubs in full flower proved very attractive to
insects: one with white sweet-scented flowers, Dombeya
? rotundifolia, Harv. [Nat. Ord. Sterculiacex], was fre-
quented by Acrxa doubledayi, Guer., though these but-
terflies seemed shy of actually settling upon the flowers,
Altogether we took seven specimens, three about the
Dombeya. On these flowers we also took the slender
Scoliad Myzine capitata, Smith, f, and the long-bodied
wasp Lelonogaster griseus, Fabr., 8; there were also two
beetles of the genus Mylabris (or perhaps Ceroctis), a
Cantharid of very similar colouring to the Longicorn
Hylomela sexpunctata, Fabr., a species that we met with at
Ladysmith and East London, but not nearer; two of the
Cetoniid, Lhabdotis [Pachnoda] sobrina, G. and P., were
also taken on the Dombeya; it is an active insect easily
alarmed and taking flight. This dark olive-brown beetle
is less conspicuous on the white flower than might be
expected owing to the small white spots with which it
is relieved breaking up the mass of its ground-colour,
Another entomologist had discovered the attractive powers
of the Dombeya before we did—the yellowish-grey, yellow-
marked Chameleon dilepis, Leach, 2; it was surprising
that so large an animal could be so inconspicuous.
The other attractive shrub was a species of Combretum
[Nat. Ord. Combretacex] with spikes of yellowish-green
flowers having the superficial appearance of catkins. This
was especially attractive; it was frequented by <Acrvxa
doubledayi, Guér.; but the Lycenid <Aiocerces harpax,
Fabr., settled on it in large numbers, and seven specimens,
five of them males, were secured; they closely resembled
when so settled the curiously formed old dry seed-vessels
of the Combretum of which many remained on the bush.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 343
Other Lycznids at the same flowers were Crudaria
leroma, Wallgr., of which only two were obtained, together
with single specimens of Zarucus telicanus, Lang, 2, and
Alocides? taikosama, Wallgr., . With these butterflies
were a number of other insects, conspicuous among them
the bright coral-red Braconid, [phiaulax whiter, Cameron,
its smoky-black wings bearing a scarlet (or yellowish)
triangle on the costa, and the large blue-winged peduncu-
lated wasp Humenes dyschera, Sauss., var. f. Less striking
hymenoptera were Jcaria cincta, Lepel., 3, and the new
species Myzine rufo-nigra, Bingh., §. The Sphex Chalico-
doma celocera, Smith, 9, was taken at a flowering shrub,
whether Combretum or some other is uncertain, but be
that as it may, the Combretum certainly produced an
unnamed bug and sundry flies: Rhynchomyia sp., Kxoprosopa
sp., and L. ? lar, Fabr.
Apart from those found on or about flowers, insects were
scarce, and it took a good deal of work to secure the
following butterflies :—TZeracolus topha, Wallgr., a female;
T. antigone, Boisd., a female which flew slowly near the
ground without settling; 7’. annx, Wallgr., a female; 7.
achine, Cram., two males, and Terias brigitta, Cram., a male
and two females, the former less “dry” than the latter.
Certain dark, yellow-striped orthopterous larvae were seen
on the stems of Combretwm and other shrubs ; they were
very gregarious and were observed to advance and halt
together as if drilled.
On a stretch of somewhat lower flat country covered
with coarse dead grass we saw many individual specimens
of the Red Locust, Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv., but no
swarms; we spent much time in endeavouring to catch
these, for they are extremely wary and took to flight when
approached within four or five yards, The general colour
ot the living insect is dark mahogany-red, with some
greenish-brown shading, but the wings shine brightly in
the sunlight, so that the insects a good deal resemble small
flying-fish.
On September 10th we had a delightful excursion to
THE Martopos, a wild group of granitic hills about forty
miles to the 8.S.W. of Bulawayo. The veldt may be from
4,500 to 5,000 feet above sea level, the kopjes rising from
100 to 800 feet higher. In the wider valleys are stretches
of coarse grass, but for the most part the country is covered
by somewhat open scrub and forest, not especially tropical
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907—PART Il. (SEPT.) 23
344 Drs. Dixey and Longstaft’s Observations
in aspect. Some of the hills are wooded, others mere
bosses of almost smooth granite. Such a cotntry was
most attractive, but the length of the drive to and from
the terminus left little time for collecting.
The commonest butterfly was Acrwva doubledayi, Guér.,
which was taken flying among long grass as well as at the
flowers of Combretum and Dombeya, altogether eight speci-
mens were taken ; a single example of A. calderena, Hew.,
was taken among long grass, together with Yphthima
asterope, Klug, var. norma, Westwd., and the Blue Hveres
cissus, Godt.
The catkin-like racemes of the shrub Sclerocarya caffra,
Sond. [Nat. Ord. Anacardiacex], were also very attractive,
yielding the Lycenids Hypolycwena caculus, Hopft, a
female, and the very beautiful and distinct Stugeta
bowkert, Trim., a male, also the now familiar Apis
adansonii, Latr., @; but far more startling than any of
these was the beautiful long-beaked Sun-bird with blue
throat surmounting a breast of crimson shot with violet.
On the branches of the Sclerocarya were a number of
Polyrachis schistacea, Gerst., a dull black ant with nearly
globular abdomen.
A small tree with sweet-scented, viscid, yellow-green
flowers, a species of Gardenia* [Nat. Ord. Ruliacee],
was extremely attractive to insects, and it was
interesting to watch the Sphinx Cephanodes hylas, Linn.,
hovering amidst the numerous Carpenter - bees, the
commonest of which, Aylocopa caffra, Linn., 9, var.
mossambica, Grib. (with two white rings on the abdomen),
it appeared to mimic; of the other species 1. olivacea,
Fabr., and X. divisa, Klug, var., single examples only were
secured, females; the former species is very handsome,
its thorax being of a beautiful “old gold” colour, A
Bombyliid fly, Systwchus sp.,as well as a male of Catopsilia
Jlorelia, Fabr. (by no means the only one seen), were taken
on the same tree.
The Combretum attracted besides Acrva doubledayt, the
Lycenid Aatcerces harpax, Fabr., a male, and the fine
wasp Lelonogaster griseus, Fab., 8, which has a conspicuous
yellow spot on the side of the abdomen, also a number
of the brilliantly coloured Braconid Jphiaulax whiter,
Cameron. On the same plant was found a Lady-bird,
3 possibly Tricalysia’ jasminiflora, Hook., of the same natural
order.
and Captures in South Africa im 1905. 345
Chilomenes sp., which is in the National Collection, but
without a name.
On Dombecya flowers, besides ants, three specimens of the
Cetoniid Rhabdotis sobrina, G. and P., were taken.
Certain Aculeates were taken at flowers of one sort
or another which it is not now possible to distinguish :—
Belonogaster guerini, Sauss., 3, var. dubius, Kohl, Elis
(Dielis) fasciatella, Hiibn., f; also the long-waisted, black,
red and yellow wasp, Humenes lucasia, Sauss., 2. This last
is the third specimen known to Col. C. T. Bingham, the
type being at Paris and the co-type in the British Museum
from Bab-el-Mandeb (2,500 miles away); lastly a small
slender, black, white-ringed solitary wasp, Labus ravus,
Bingh., 2, a new species said by Col. Bingham to come
very near the Javan species that is the type of the genus.
It would appear to be the first notice of this genus in
Africa.
Other things that were picked up on that memorable
day were a worn specimen of the pale fawn-coloured
Mycalesis simonsit, Butl., one of two or three that were
seen at one partially shady spot; a large “dry” Terias
brigitta, Cram., 2; a Tryzxalis sp.; a fly, Anthrax sp.; and
a beetle, Zophosis angusticollis, Deyr., found running rapidly
over the ground at the “ World’s View,” close to the grave
of C. J. Rhodes.
The account of the expedition would not be complete
without mention of the swarms of the Red Locust,
Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv., which during the drive back
to the train rose in glittermg clouds on every side. It
was, however, not without repeated efforts that a few
specimens were netted out of the many thousands seen.
In the town of BuLUWAYO, Zophosis caffer, Deyr., was
taken running over the ground, while by turning over
stones many things were obtained, including the curious
hairy beetle, a Heteromeron, Usagaria australis, Pér., four
specimens ; Psaryphis sp., which is not represented in the
British Museum; the Geodephagid, Omostropus consangut-
neus, Pér., three; the “Staph,” Myrmedonia procax, Per. ;
a weevil; and the small dingy bug, Pododus depressus,
Walk.
About the filter-beds near the Railway Station the
Lycenids Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., one, and Aloeides taiko-
sama, Wallgr., two males, were taken.
The two beetles, Meligethes sp. and Pseudocolaspis sp.
346 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
(the last mentioned in the National Collection but un-
named), and the small dingy bug Agonoscelis puberula,
Stal. were taken either at or near Buluwayo, or at the
Matopos; the beetle Pogonobasis sp. (unnamed in the
British Museum) was taken somewhere in South Rhodesia
prior to our arrival at the Falls, but the locality cannot be
now designated, for the notes concerning these insects are
unfortunately defective.
THE RAILWAY JOURNEY FROM BULUWAYO TO THE
VICTORIA FALLS.
September 11th, 1905.
Rep BANK SraTIoN (19 miles from Buluwayo).
We took alongside the train Z'eracolus achine, Cram., a
male; 7’. antigone, Boisd., a male; and two fine specimens
of Papilio angolanus, Goeze [ = ? corinneus, Bert.], which
had probably been disturbed from the drippings of the
water-tank.
Saw-Mitts SraTion, near Umguzi (57 miles from
Buluwayo).
A male of Belenois mesentina, Cram., was netted, also a
Noctua flying in the sun. The Red Locust, Schistocerca
peregrina, Oliv., was abundant. By great exertions we
succeeded in catching two.
Gwaal (89 miles from Buluwayo). Lat.19°7’S. Altitude
3,240 feet.
Towards evening the train stopped in a stretch of flat,
bare country beside areedy pond to take in water. A fine
specimen of Charaves saturnus, Butl. (the only one we saw
in our travels), was taken flying about a low tree. We
also took the brilliant cardinal-red dragonfly, Crocothemis
erythreva, Brulleé.
Sweeping the rank vegetation by the pond yielded a
multitude of small insects, amongst them a number of the
singular fly Diopsis afinis, Adams, which carries its eyes
and antennae upon long rigid stalks or horns projecting on
either side of the head. The appearance of these little
black and red flies forcibly suggests a “ Watkin Range
Finder ” in miniature, the eyes being so far separated as
to afford an appreciable base-line; if the imsect were
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 347
resting on the under-side of a stalk it would be able to
see its enemies or prey above it without exposing itself.
With the Diopsis were Musca? domestica, Linn., Sepedon
sp. and other small flies; two small Scoliads, Myzine sp., in
too bad condition to name; and other insects, including
the Phytophaga, Haltica pyritosa, Erich., Hispa spinulosa,
Boh. [not H. spinulosa, Schonh.], Chetocnema sp., and
a small moth, Zinxgeria sp.
An unnamed Geometer, the cosmopolitan Tineid Plutella
cruciferarum, Zell., and the Blatta Cirphis [Paraplecta]
pallipes, Stal., all came to light in the train on the night
of Sept. 11th between Gwaii and Wankie.
THE VICTORIA FALLS OF THE ZAMBESI.
Lat. 18° 0'S. Altitude 3,000 feet. September 12-19.
This was our furthest point and the locality from which
we expected most.
Apart altogether from the magnificence of the Falls
themselves and the geological puzzles that they afford,
the locality presents certain peculiarities to the botanist
and entomologist.
Picture a rolling sandy plateau a little over 3,000 feet
above sea level. Low distant hills bound the view, though
the characteristic South African kopje is for once absent.
Above the Falls the banks of the Zambesi are low and
almost flat, the country on either side of the river
resembling much of that passed through in the railway
journey from Buluwayo. ‘The forests of South Rhodesia
are chiefly composed of deciduous trees of moderate size,
for the most part tending to be flat-topped and so
harmonising with the horizontal strata and giving the
landscape a character of its own. The undergrowth of
scrub is, as a rule, scanty and easily traversed, while the
coarse grass and other herbage was so sparse as to leave
much burning sand quite bare; though it must be borne
in mind that our visit was towards the end of a very dry
season. Doubtless during the rains much of this sand
would be covered with vegetation and gay with flowers,
but as it was we found loose dry sand extending to within
a very few feet of the Papyrus growing at the water’s edge.
The banks above the Falls are fringed with a narrow belt
of shady wood in which (especially on the right bank) the
small date-palm, Phenix reclinata, is the prevailing tree,
348 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
and a shrubby Jpomwa was at the time of our visit the
most striking flower. Here and there towered the monstrous
Baobab tree, Adansonia digitata, with stem like an inverted
carrot. The first leaves on the commoner forest trees
spread an emerald tint suggestive of spring and affording
a refreshing contrast to the parched herbage and scorching
sand.
Opposite to the Falls is the “Rain Forest,” poetically
called by the Barotse “The place where the rain is born.”
This stretches along the cleft for three-quarters of a mile,
not counting the similar growths on the “ Knife-Edge.”
Between the Rain Forest proper and the edge of the
chasm, where the spray is most drenching, is a strip of
coarse boggy grass and herbage looking for all the world
like a bit of Exmoor into which the bright blue flowers of
Lobelia erinus have escaped from some parterre. The forest
proper, from 50 to perhaps 300 yards wide, is of varied
growth, in which large specimens of Ficus with their
characteristic stems are a prominent feature; but towards
the Falls it is bounded by a dense hedge of very bright
green trees, Hugenia cordata, an evergreen of the myrtle
tribe. The amount of spray, or “ Rain,” naturally varies
with the height of the water and the force and direction
of the wind. A sound that one soon learns to associate
with the ceaseless roar of the cataract and the pattering
of the spray-drops on the forest leaves is the musical cry
of the “emerald-spotted dove ” (Chaleopelia afra).*
We saw the Falls at a period of low water, but if this
detracts from their grandeur, and above all from their
characteristic mystery (by the shrinking of the spray
columns), it enables one to see them better and so better
comprehend their weird topography. But though the
most absorbed collector cannot fail to be impressed by
such unwonted surroundings, this is not the place to
dwell upon the majesty of the Falls themselves, or the
airy beauty of the brilliant rainbows that attend them
by day or their more ghostly representatives in the
moonlight.
Two pre-eminent impressions remain graven upon the
memory—a vast river over a mile in width, dotted with
* For an excellent account of the botany of Southern Rhodesia,
with a good description of the Matopo Hills and the country about
the Falls, see a paper by Miss L. 8. Gibbs, F.L.S., Journal Linnean
Soe, 1906, pp. 425-494,
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 349
wooded islets, glides noiselessly through the burning sand,
coming one knows not whence; and again the same
mighty river, with scarce a warning rapid or even swirl
upon its peaceful waters, suddenly draws a veil of spray
over its face as with a mighty roar it flings itself down
350 feet into a chasm athwart its channel, and emerging
thence, one can scarce see how, pursues its long mysterious
course between grim basaltic crags through the incredible
zigzags of the Batoka.
The hotel is situated close to the railway-station, in the
open forest, about a mile from the Falls, and perhaps 100
feet above them, though geographically speaking below.
The first insect to attract notice was a large Acrwa flying
about the tops of the trees, occasionally as many as a
dozen together. After the exercise of some patience a fair
series of specimens and a stiff neck were secured. These
butterflies proved to be very beautiful, with pinkish fore-
wings and white hind-wings; they were new to Mr. Marshall,
but previously known to Mr. Trimen by two specimens
only and then considered by him to be a variety of A.
anemosa, Hew., to which Aurivillius gave the name of
alboradiata. A long series amply proves this form to
be a new species, which should consequently bear the
name given to the supposed variety by Aurivillius. If,
tired of gazing up at these beauties, the eyes were turned
with relief to the ground, ants might be seen running
swiftly over the sand with their abdomina borne high in
the air. They were Camponotus fulvopilosus, De Geer,
dull grey-black with pale brown hairy abdomen, very
cryptic in their sandy home. The species was common
about the hotel and on the way to the Falls. Also running
swiftly over.the sand a small beetle was taken, a Zophosis
not in the National Collection. A flowering tree close to
the hotel produced the widely spread Apis mellifica, Linn.,
race adansonit, Latr., as well as two other bees not yet
determined.
The irrigated kitchen-garden of the proprietor attracted
numerous insects, the most striking being Acrava atolmis,
Westw., of which about a dozen, all males, were secured ;
it is a beautiful insect looking blood-red when alive ; with
them were taken three A. atergatis, Westw.; three male
A, anemosa, Hew., one of them a dwarf, and two A.
alboradiata, Auriv., f and 2. With the Acraas were two
females of Zerias brigitta, Cram., of the dry form, also one
350 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
Aphnxus erikssoni, Trim. In the same garden were taken
the steely-blue-winged wasp, Discolia ebenina, Sauss., four
males and a female; also another somewhat fly-like wasp,
the handsome black and yellow Bembex capicola, Handl., a
male—only the second specimen known to Col. C. T,
Bingham, the type being at Vienna.
The electric lights of the hotel attracted a considerable
number of insects, but they were for the most part small
and insignificant in appearance :—
NOctTUINA.
Xanthoptera opella, Swinh. (8), a common Indian species.
Homoptera scandatula, Feld. (1), a Catocalid,
Homoptera ? n. sp. (1).
Arcyophora tu. sp. (1). An Acontiad not in the British
Museum.
Entelia polychorda, Hmpsn. (1), a variable Quadrifid.
Metachrostis (Ozarba) snelleni, Wallgr., a very small
Quadrifid.
GEOMETRINA.
Comibena leucospilata, Walk. (1). A pretty emerald.
PYRALINA.
Argyractis, sp. (2).
Stemmatophora chloralis, Hmpsn., n. sp. (5). A very
distinct and pretty little insect, whitish-green with
black central band. [Its description will shortly be
published. ]
Parthenodes scotalis, Hmpsn., nu. sp. (5). A somewhat
dingy Hydrocampid. See Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1906, p. 470.
Platytes, n. sp. (5). A beautiful Crambid which Sir
George F. Hampson has kindly promised to describe.
Microthrix insulsella, Rag, (2). A dingy Phycid.
Hivella zinckenella, Treit. (1). An almost cosmopolitan
Phycid.
Several other small moths not yet determined.
NEUROPTERA.
Halter ? glaumrigi, Koll. Three specimens of this very
singular insect came to the lamps. Its very long,
slender and spirally twisted hind-wings make it more
like a flying machine than an insect.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 351
¢ Gstropis, sp., and ? Blymorphanismus sp. two green
Trichoptera, together with other caddis-flies more
like European forms.
ORTHOPTERA.
A cricket,
HEMIPTERA.
Acanthaspis nugax, Stal., a Reduviid bug with a peculiar
fetor.
COLEOPTERA.
Apate monacha, Fabr. (2 2).
Himatismus, sp. (3). Not in the British Museum.
Trochalus, sp. (1). In the National Collection, unnamed.
Aylopertha, sp. (1).
Two Longicorns, Plocederus melancholicus, Gahan, and
Tetradia lophoptera, Guen. (= fasciatocollis, Thomps.), also
came to light; the latter was captured by one of us on his
bed, clinging closely to the sheet, and making a curious
creaking noise when disturbed.*
Lastly a male Acrea alboradiata was taken fluttering
on the floor below an electric light at 9.0 p.m. !
While one of us was busy with the electric lights a
waiter excitedly called out that there was a “ Tarantula ”
under the Stoep. He was most anxious that it should be
secured, but declared that its bite was deadly. It proved
very fleet of foot and doubled like a hare; other waiters
joined in the chase, which turned out most exciting,
especially when it ran over the neck of the ardent ento-
mologist. When the fierce creature yielded at last to the
soothing influence of cyanide it was seen to be of a pale
reddish-brown, with pale grey abdomen, but armed with
most formidable-looking red-brown mandibles, tipped with
black. Black eyes added to its ferocious aspect. Ulti-
mately a second specimen was bottled—together with one
of another species.
Above the Falls the Ricut BANK of the river (here
the south-western) was the most readily accessible collecting
ground, and perhaps for that reason received an undue
* “The voice no doubt proceeds from the mesonotum.”—G. J.
Arrow, in litt.
352 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
amount of attention. There our familiar friend Zimnas
chrysippus, a female somewhat small and dark, was busy
with the flowers of Combretum. The genus Acrea was well
represented : A. alboradiata, Auriv., though not so common
as close to the hotel, was frequently seen, especially near the
cascade at the western extremity of the Falls, locally known
as the Leaping Waters; with this were several A. anemosa,
Hew., all males, one very small; we also took three A.
encedon, Linn.; a single specimen of A. caldarena, Hew.,
a male; A. rahira, Boisd.; an A. atergatis, Westw.,
stunted, and close to the Falls a female A. atolmis, Westw.
Ina way the most striking buttery was Hamanwmida
dxdalus, Fabr., for it was the first time that either of us
had seen it alive. It was very common, flying close to
the ground, and settling on the grey sand or dust with
wings spread out flat, in which position it was curiously
inconspicuous. Precis clelia, Cram., and P. cebrene, Trim.,
were both fairly common, but of P. natalica, Feld. and
P. archesia, Cram., we took but one apiece, the former of
the “dry” the latter of the moderately dark, or inter-
mediate form. P. sesamus, Trim., was seen though not
taken. Neptis agatha, Cram., graceful as always, was not
uncommon; Afella phalanta, Dru., was there also, with its
fearless sailing flight, returning again and again to the
same spot. T'wo male Byblia goctzius, Herbst, were taken
playing together, but Charaxes varanes, Cram., was more
often seen than netted. The Satyrids were represented
by the restless little Yphthimas; of these Y. asterope,
Klug, was common enough in the half-shade, and with
them were taken a couple of the var. norma, Westw., also
two VY. itonia, Hew.
The ‘common white” of the Zambesi appeared to be
Belenois gidica, Godt., and very dry they were; the dry
form of B. severina, Cram., was also quite common, Of
the Zeracoli we took five species, by far the commonest
being 7. omphale, Godt., the males predominating; of
T. achine, Cram., we took four males, of 7. antigone, Boisd.,
one. Near the Leaping Waters we got a single female
specimen of 7. phlegyas, Boisd., and two 7. eris, Klug,
both males. Many of the genus fly quickly, but the flight
of 7. evis is specially rapid and erratic, so that in all proba-
bility more were seen than taken. Terias brigitta, Cram.,
both sexes, was fairly common, it was especially attracted
by a small low-growing, lavender-flowered labiate, four or
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 353
five flying together over a patch of it. This butterfly has
a jerky flight, so that it proved to be not so very easy to
catch as one at first imagined. Of TZ. senegalensis, Boisd.,
two males were taken. The Terias were by no means so
markedly “dry” as the Zeracoli. A single Papilio corinneus,
Bert. [? angolanus, Goeze], was secured.
The Lycenid# were not very prevalent, and no species
was abundant. Of the handsome Stwgeta bowkeri, Trim.,
and of Avxiocerces amanga, Westw., we took single ex-
amples, but A. harpax, Fabr., was commoner, especially
among reeds and sedges at the water’s edge. Of Hypo-
lycena cocculus, Hopft., Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., and Liptena
[= Durbania] pallida, Trim., we took but one each, the
latter at flowers of [pomea.
The Skippers were represented by solitary male indi-
viduals of Gegenes occulta, Trim., and Parnara mathias,
Fabr. (= mahopaant, Trim., = tnconspicua, Boisd.).
In addition to the butterflies already named the follow-
ing may be mentioned as being taken while drinking at
the mud of small inlets and backwaters of the right bank
of the river :—
Both sexes of Acrwa alboradiata, Auriv., and A. atolmis,
Westw., of which latter the bright coppery-red looks on the
wing almost blood-red. Belenois gidica, Godt., and Belenois
mesentina, Cram., both males. Of Zerias brigitta, Cram.,
contrary to the usual rule with Pierines at water, a female
was taken, but this species, though certainly attracted by
water, is of a restless habit like Vphthima, and seldom
settles. Of Papilio leonidas, Fabr., three specimens were
taken at mud and others seen; lastly a specimen of
Axiocerces wmanga, Westw.
So much for the butterflies found on the right bank,
The moths were far less numerous, and the only things
brought home were a Geometer, G'racillodes caffra, Guen. ;
a Crambus sp. and another a small, and as yet unnamed
Pyrale, Argyractis sp.
As might have been expected Dragonflies were fairly
numerous, especially a species with a full “cardinal-red ”
body, Crocothemis erythrea, Bruallé, which has a very wide
range in Africa. Some of these were taken at mud
puddles in the back-waters, others about the rocks which
extend far into the river above the Falls, rocks on which
one often saw the Snake-bird, Plotus levaillanti, sitting
absolutely still and giving an appropriate finish to the
354 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
peaceful landscape. Another large and handsome species,
Pseudomacromia torrida, Kirby, with a pair of sapphire-
like spots behind the eyes, was common, as was also the
smaller Pseudagrion deckeni, Gerst. Besides these were
other Dragonflies not yet named.
A Myrmeleon sp. was noted as being the colour of dried
grass, Some “white ants” were taken, but, so far as our
observations went, Termites are not as common at the Falls
as in other parts of South Africa that we visited.
Very little attention was paid to Diptera, partly perhaps
because, fortunately, they did not pay the usual amount of
attention to us; only two were brought home, Sarcophaga
sp. and Hxmatopota sp., the latter taken on the “topi” of
the captor.
Of the Aculeates the most striking were the Carpenter-
bees, of which the commonest was X ylocopa divisa, Klug,
found at Combr etum, or other flowers, though one, a male,
was noted as hovering persistently about a tree overhanging
the river, The male of this bee is of a beautiful “old-
gold” colour ; of this sex only two were taken, but females,
of the variety with the band on the back of the thorax
white in place of “old-gold,” were commoner, and four or
five specimens were secured. Of 1. caffra, Linn., we took
two specimens, both females of the variety mossambica,
Grib., with a white ring in place of the usual two yellow
rings. Of YX. olivacea, Fabr., we got but a single female.
We met with three species of the very slender-waisted
wasps of the genus Ammophila, viz. :—A. ludovica, Smith,
a female, and A. beniniensis, Pal. de Beau., a male, both at
wet mud, while a female of A. ferrugineipes, Lepel., was
taken at flowers. Of the large and handsome black and
yellow Sceliphron spirifex, Linn., we only secured a single
female, also at flowers. Of the long-waisted grey wasp
Belonogaster guerini, Sauss., var. dubius, Kohl, a single
worker was taken at mud. We also took single examples
of Salius [ = Hemipepsis] vindex, Smith, a male; the
Scoliad Myzine capitata, Smith, a male, and the small red
wasp Odynerus carinulatus, Sauss., a female, the last-named
at wet mud. The integuments of two males of Rhynchiwm
rupeus, Sauss., proved of a truly rocky hardness. Running
over damp mud three specimens of a notable ant were
taken, Paltothyreus tarsatus, Fabr., notable for its powerful
bite, but still more for its evil odour, which is very strong
and pungent, suggesting a mixture of formic acid and
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 355
bisulphide of carbon.* Running along the branches of the
tree-/pomexa, near the Leaping Waters, were a number of
another ant, Polyrachis schistacea, Gerst., which we had
seen at the Matopos on Sclerocarya caffra.
The Coleoptera met with were not very numerous, but
comprised Pogonobasis sp. (in the National Collection, but
without a name), which was taken on the ground by Miss
L. 8. Gibbs; two specimens of Scymnus sp.; three weevils,
Bagous cxnosus, Gyll., which Mr. G. A. K. Marshall had
previously seen from Uitenhage, Cape Colony, only;
Ehabdinocerus brachystegixv, Mrshl. (i litt.) and Xenorrhinus
incultus, Fst., the first specimen of the latter that Mr.
Marshall had seen; also a Eumolpid, Pseudocolaspis
chrysitis, Gerst.; and two Heteromera of the genus
Opatrum, under dead wood. Two specimens of Adesmia
intricata, Klug, a Heteromeron only represented in the
National Collection by specimens from Mozambique, were
found crawling on the ground near the Leaping Waters.
The “Red Locust,” Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv., was
by far the most common and most conspicuous of the
Orthoptera; as usual it was chiefly found among coarse
grass, but could not be said to be gregarious.
In shallows in the river just above the Falls, a small
banded water-snail, Cleopatra morrellt, Preston (described
as n. sp. in April 1905), was to be found, together with a
spotted species with sinuated lip, Mclania victoriv, Dohrn.
The Lerr Bank of the river differs somewhat from the
right. The ground does not lie quite so low in reference
to the water, there is more wood and scrub but less grass
and fewer palms. <A female Limnas chrysippus, Linn., was
seen at water; of the Acrwx the commonest was A. encedon,
Linn., males predominating, while single female specimens
of A. atolmis, Westw., and A. anemosa, Hew., turned up.
Precis clelia, Cram., was fairly common, and P. sesamus,
Trim., was seen, as is its wont, fluttering about and settling
under the shade of a dark bank.
The Whites were represented among our captures by
two male Belenois gidica, Godt. Teracoli were far less
common than on the right bank, probably because there
was less of the open grassy country in which they delight ;
single specimens only of 7’. omphale, Godt., a male, and
T. eris, Klug, a female, the latter at Combretum flowers,
* For Dr. 8. Schonland’s observations on the odour of this insect
in Bechuanaland, see Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. xl.
356 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
were secured. TZerias was represented by a female
senegalensis, Boisd., of the usual dry form, but also by a
male brigitta, Cram., of distinctly wet character—a notable
exception among so many very markedly dry butterflies.*
A male and two females of Catopsilia jlorella, Fabr., were
secured while feeding on the large-tlowered species of
Combretum that grows in the Zambesi scrub; this butterfly
was almost certainly seen more than once on the right
bank, but eluded capture, for Catopsilia is very swift of
flight and hard to net save when busy honey-gathering.
Papilio demodocus, Esp., was taken on the “ Knife Edge”
near the eastern extremity of the Falls.
Axiocerces amanga, Westw., at Combretum flowers, Zizera
lysimon, Fabr., and Liptena |[Durbania| pallida, Trim.,
were the only Lyceenids brought home, the last taken near
the top of the Palm Kloof. Between the last-named place
and the railway bridge large Libellulid dragonflies were
especially common, and comparatively easy to catch as they
hovered over the path head to wind, like hawks. The
commonest would appear to be Pseudomacromia torrida,
Kirby; but there was also a species of Macromia as well
as the slender /’seudagrion ? deckent, Gerst.
Speaking of the railway bridge, perhaps one may be
allowed to congratulate the engineer who designed it (Mr.
G. A. Hobson, of the firm of Sir Douglas Fox and Partners)
on a structure which seems as well fitted to its position
alike in form and colour as such a thing can be; one
shudders to think what might have been placed there by
less sympathetic hands.
The only Hymenoptera taken on the left bank were two
small bees, one at Jpomea, the other Podalirius rapidus,
Smith, 2, hovering at Combretwm flowers, also the coral-red
Braconid Jphiaulax whitei, Cameron, and a long-waisted
wasp, Belonogaster guerini, Sauss., var. dubius, Kohl, §.
Beetles were few and far between: a Mzylabris sp. (or
? Ceroctis sp.), found (here, as well as on the other bank) in
the flowers of Jpomxa, appears to mimic the Longicorn
Hylomela sexpunctata, Fabr., a beetle that we met with
only at East London. In the same flowers was another
beetle, a long narrow purple fellow, not yet named.
A fly that attracted the attention of one of us by
* See Dixny, Proe, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, pp. lxi-lxii, and ibid.
pp. Ixvitxvii. Compare Lonestarr on 7. hecube, L., Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 144.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 357
biting his hand, Hxmatopota sp., was the only Dipteron
taken.
If the left bank yielded us but a small bag it was some
considerable consolation, at all events to the fortunate
observer, to have the opportunity of contemplating from
a distance of not more than 100 yards a family of
Hippopotami disporting themselves in the water.
By the kindness of the Chartered Company’s Forester,
Mr. C. E. F. Allen, one of us was enabled to land on two
of the wooded islands some miles above the Falls. Ento-
mologically the results were disappointing, but here again
Hippopotami came to the rescue, for the thicket on one
of the islands was traversed in all directions by their paths,
while in an open space lay the fairly recent bones of one
of the uncouth monsters. The ubiquitous Limnas chrysip-
pus was represented by a male fly, but no Acrwa was taken,
and the only Nymphalines were Precis natalica, Feld., with
ocellated under-side, and a Neptis which eluded capture.
The common white of these islands was Lelenois severina,
Cram., of which five “dry” males were taken; but B.
gidica, Godt., was nearly as common, and two of each sex
were brought home. All the gidica from the Zambesi
were of extreme dry type, drier than its congener. No
Terias were taken and but three Zeracoli, all males, two of
T. antigone, Boisd., one of evenina, Wallgrn. Of Hronia
leda, Dbl., a female of dry type was taken. The only
Satyrids were four VYphthima asterope, Klug, var. norma,
Westw. The Lycznids were even scarcer, as a solitary
Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., was the only Blue,
A Geometer, an “ Emerald” with red chequered fringes,
Comibena leucospilata, Walk., was the only moth taken,
while as unfortunately “other orders” would appear to
have been even more than ordinarily neglected, the
captures were limited to a single individual of the evil-
smelling ant, Paltothyreus tarsatus, Fabr., and a pretty
black and white two-winged fly, Zabanus sp.
Mr. Allen was good enough to give us four insects taken
in a druggist’s shop at Livingstone, five miles above the
Falls: they were two flies, one of them a large, fierce-
looking fellow, Zabanus sp., a red-bodied wasp Odynerus
carinatulus, Sauss., 2, and a Malacoderm beetle, Melyris
nobilis, Gerst.
The easiest way down to the river at its lower level,
below the Falls, is by the gorge known as the Pam KLoor,
358 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
which is separated by the “ Knife Edge ” from the eastern
portion of the chasm. The path leads rapidly down into
a wood of singularly tropical aspect, bounded on either
hand by walls of basalt, and thence to the water's edge.
The collecting ground is very restricted and difficult, being
almost co-extensive with the steep path, so that the ratio
of things taken to things seen was a low one.
The butterfly that was most characteristic of the Kloof
was Neptis marpessa, Hopff. ; it was distinctly common, and
we took it nowhere else. It has the graceful sailing, stbylla-
like flight of the genus, but is smaller than the more
generally distributed agatha, Cram. Several males of
Leuceronia thalassina, Boisd., were seen, all out of reach.
They flew rather high, among the tops of the trees, and
seemed to avoid the path. elenois gidica, Godt, B.
severina, Cram., and the wide-spread 3. mesentina, Cram.,
were all met with in the Kloof; the latter, a male, flew
fast. The path through the dark wood looked the very
place for Satyrids, but only three were met with, two
Yphthima asterope, Klug, one typical, the other of the var.
norma, Westw., and a shade-loving IMycalesis, of which
Mr. Trimen says : “ near campina, Auriv., also like anynana,
Butl., but the under-side very red.” Our old friend Papilio
demodocus, Esp., put in an appearance. <A small, worn
Lycenid, probably Cacyreus lingens, Cram., a male; a tailed
blue, ? Dewdoryx sp., 2, which may possibly be new, and a
male Zurucus telicanus, Lang, represented that group.
Three large Geometers, two of them Conolophia conscitaria,
Walk., the third a “Thorn” not yet determined, were dis-
turbed from the herbage.
The Phytophagous beetle Monolepta vincta, Gerst., was
abundant by a spring near the bottom of the Kloof, flying
in the sun, but might also be taken by sweeping shrubs.
Of all the collecting grounds at the Victoria Falls, one
naturally anticipated most from the Rarn Forest; it
was accordingly the first, as it was the last place that we
visited. One caution is necessary in limine: the area of
the forest is so small, and the driest of sandy areas are so
near, that it cannot reasonably be expected to yield valu-
able evidence as to seasonal forms, for a butterfly captured
within its ambit may well have gone through all its early
stages outside and have merely entered the spray-bedewed
area to quench its thirst. Human experience points in this
direction; for it is difficult to imagine anything more
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 359
refreshing than after some hours’ collecting in the drouth
to allow oneself to get wet through by the spray, which was
truly grateful and comforting (especially in a thirsty land
where beer is two shillings a small bottle). Repeated care-
fully-timed experiments showed that ten minutes in the hot
sun and dry wind sufficed to dry one’s garments thoroughly.
The chief drawback to these natural “Rain baths” was
the difficulty of manceuvring a sopping net, and the condi-
tion of some of the“ very dry” B. gidica, when taken out
of the net under such circumstances was deplorable.
One butterfly did not appear to appreciate the delicious
smell of the damp vegetation, at all events our old friend
LIimnas chrysippus failed to put in an appearance. The
Acrex too were surprisingly scarce, only single examples
of A. alboradiata, Auriv., 2, A. anemosa, Hew., f, and A.
atolmis, Westw., 2, were taken. Only one Precis is recorded,
a ragged natalica, Feld., but Neptis agatha, Cram., was
frequently seen sailing about the Hugenia trees. Vphthima
wtonia, Hew., was common enough, a specimen of Y.
asterope, Klug, var. norma, Westw., was also taken, Another
specimen was obtained of the Mycalesis (as yet unnamed),
taken in the Palm Kloof, also one IZ. sajitza, Hew. Belenois
severina, Cram., was the commonest white; all taken
were males; but extremely dry specimens of &. gidica,
Godt. (males predominating), were fairly common, especi-
ally where the spray was heaviest. Three females of
Leuceronia thalassina, Boisd., were taken, also a female
Glutophrissa saba, Fabr., which was so extremely “dry” as
to have lost all trace of mimicry of Nyctemera. Of Terias
senegalensis, Boisd., 9, 7. brigitta, Cram., 2, and Teracolus
antigone, Boisd., 2, single examples were secured. That
only one Yeracolus was taken is not surprising, since the
genus especially haunts very dry and open places.
Papilio leonidas, Fabr., flew slowly about the Hugenia,
with the manner of a Danaid, but the model, if such there
be, was not seen ; * two specimens were secured.
Zvzera lysimon, Hiibn., met with occasionally in all the
Zambesi hunting grounds, was really common in the Rain
Forest only, probably the other places were too dry for it.
Of other Lyczenids single examples only were taken, to
* In North-East Rhodesia, on the Chambezi, some 700 miles
away, it flies with and appears to mimic Tirwmala petiverana, Dbl.
and Hew. See also Trimen, “South-African Butterflies,” vol. III,
1889, p. 213.—F. A. D.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907,—PART I, (SEPT.) 24
360 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
wit, Tarucus telicanus, Lang, ¢; Everes cissus, Godt., and
Catochrysops malathana, Boisd. (= asopus, Hopff.), the last-
named sitting head downwards.
Somewhat unexpectedly we found Skippers commoner
within the range of the spray than outside, the following
presenting themselves: Parnara mathias, Fabr., a male
and two females; Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr. (= hotten-
totu, Latr.), three; Parosmodes morantii, Trim., one, a
species represented in the National Collection by a single
specimen from Mashonaland presented by Mr. G. A. K.
Marshall; and one baoris fatuellus, Hopttf.
It is curious that two Humming-bird Moths of different
species were taken close together, and within a minute or
two, Macroglossa trochilus, Hiibn., and Aellopus commassix,
Walk. It is also curious that no smaller moths were
brought from the Rain Forest. On the other hand Diptera
were numerous ; of these the most striking were two species
of the strange stalk-eyed genus Diopsis ; one, near to dubia,
Bigot, was to be got in abundance by sweeping in the drier
parts of the Forest, the other Mr. G. H. Verrall thinks
may be ichnewmonea, Linnzeus’ long-lost type of the genus.
Of another fly, distinguished by its apple-green abdomen,
Odontomyia sp., several were obtained by sweeping in
moister places. The same method produced other flies,
among them a specimen which Mr. Verrall thinks may be
a local race of Syrphus balteatus, Deg., and four Sepedon sp.
A species of Plecia, with a reddish thorax, was flying
lazily about the Hugenia trees in large numbers, with its
legs trailing bebind just as Bibio marci, Linn., does in
English woods in April. Then there was a pretty black-
and-white Zabanus sp.; a pair in cop. of another Plecia ;
two specimens, a f and a 9, of an Asilid that is perhaps
Promachus riippelli, Liv., but may be new, unfortunately
taken without prey; a Syrphid, Helophilus sp., near to but
not identical with africanus, Verrall; lastly, something
extremely like Musca domestica, Linn., was taken!
As might have been expected Dragon-flies were fairly
numerous, prominent amongst them the large and hand-
some Pseudomacromia torrida, Kirby, flying in the open
swampy space between the belt of Hugenia trees and the
edge of the chasm; other species were Phyllomacromia
trifasciata, Ramb., and (by sweeping) the Agrionid,
Brachybasis rhomboidalis, Beauv., which appears to have
a wide distribution in Africa.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 361
Two wasps were taken, Humenes tinctor, Christ, and
Ammophila beniniensis, Pal. de Beau., both females, while
sweeping produced anIchneumon. Ants were represented
by a solitary Camponotus sp., of which Col. C. T. Bingham
writes, “ New, but as a single specimen I cannot venture
to describe it: allied to C. sericeus, Fabr.”
The Orthoptera if not numerous were variously repre-
sented by a Mantis larva obtained by sweeping; four
latte of the genus Ischnoptera un. sp. (near to bimaculata,
Gerst.), found under stones and running very rapidly away
when disturbed ; sweeping yielded also many grasshoppers,
one of which had head and thorax conspicuously marked by
two lateral yellow stripes. The locust Prototettix impressus,
Stal., was taken on a tree.
Two very active little bugs were found under stones or
leaves when looking for beetles, another was adorned with
ared abdomen. Sweeping as usual yielded sundry Homo-
ptera. The same operation produced a few beetles:
a Lagria sp., in the collection at South Kensington, but
unnamed, of which five specimens were obtained ; a single
Cryptocephalus callias, Suff.; two of the Phytophagid Lesna
chaleoptera, Lac. ; six Haltica indigacea, Ilig.; two Hispa
sp., also one H. bellicosa, Guér., of which the National Collec-
tion has specimens from the Gold Coast only. Lastly three
Staphs, Osorvus rugiceps, Boh., were found under dead wood.
In such a spot it was but seemly to find an Amphibian,
accordingly we may note that a toad-like frog was abun-
dant among the marshy spray-drenched grass between the
Rain Forest and the Chasm. Many of these were ex-
tremely small, hardly larger than blue-bottles. A large
specimen evacuated a mass of elytra, etc., of small beetles,
apparently mostly geodephagous but some perhaps
phytophagous ; this was interesting, in so far as it bore
out our experience that the Coleoptera of the Forest were
very small.
Three species of land-snails were found in the Rain
Forest; two turreted forms, Opeas octona, Chem., under
stones, and the transparent 0. mamillata, Craven, in like
situations, both gregarious. Sweeping grass yielded
the delicate, transparent, horny Succinea ? badia, Mor.,
very near to the British S. putris, Linn.
A Barotse boy, a servant of Mr. Allen’s, collected for us
a number of Paludina capillata, Frauenfeld, but exactly
where he found them is not on record.
362 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
INSECTS TAKEN ON THE RAILWAY JOURNEY FROM
THE VICTORIA FALLS TO EAST LONDON.
September 20th, 1905.
MATEtTsI STATION. 230 m. from Bulawayo.
Precis cebrene, Trim., seen.
Lycena (Castalius) hintza, Trim., Z, one.
Pseudagrion ? deckeni, Gerst. A small dragonfly, the
colonr of dead grass.
KATUNA STATION.
Precis cebrene, Trim., one, 9.
NortH OF DEKA STATION.
Glyphodes negatalis, Walk., a Pyrale of very wide distri-
bution (of the sub-genus Dysallacta, Led.), taken in the
train by Mr. D. Gunn.
DEKA STATION.
Limnas chrysippus, Linn., 9.
Lycxna osiris, Hoptt., , at water.
Lycxna asopus, Hopft., 3, — do.
Humenes lepeletieri, Sauss., 2, at water, a yellow wasp
with a black cross on the abdomen.
WANKIE STATION. 212 m. from Bulawayo. 2,450 feet.
Teracolus antigone, Boisd., f.
Lukos!i Station. 196 m. from Bulawayo.
Anisodactylus nitens, Pér., Carabid beetle, under a stone.
INYANTUE STATION. 177 m. from Bulawayo.
Sphingomorpha chlorea, Cram., a Noctua that truly
deserves its generic name, caught at light in the train by
Mr. D. Gunn.
S. oF INYANTUE.
A Dipteron, Argyrameba sp. in the British Museum
unnamed.
MALINDI STATION. 147 m. from Bulawayo.
An Ant-lon, Myrmeleon sp., at light in the train.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 363
September 21st, 1905.
BuLAwayo. Lat. 20° 9’ S. Alt. 4,470 feet. Near the
railway station.
Acrea doubledayi, Guér.; also the widely distributed
Lady-bird Exochomus nigromaculatus, Goeze, a bug, and
some unnamed Orthoptera, all taken by sweeping.
PLUMTREE STATION. S. RHODESIA. 4,560 feet. 65 m.
S. of Bulawayo.
Acrea doubledayi, Guér., 9, fluttering close to the
ground.
Axiocerces harpax, Fabr., on the flowers of a yellow
composite.
September 22nd, 1905.
TSESSEBE STATION. 94 m.8. of Bulawayo. 3,900 feet.
The ant Camponotus fulvoyilosus, De Geer, running on
the ground.
SHOSHONG RoapD Station. Near the tropic. 3,250 feet.
A number of the ant Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., under
the bark of a log.
ARTESIA STATION. BECHUANALAND. Lat. circa 24° S.
3,100 feet.
Teracolus antigone, Boisd., 3.
Zeritis simplex, Trim., g.
Spindasis ella, Hew.
Stugeta bowkeri, Trim.
Syrichthus [Pyrgus| sataspes, Trim.
Gomalia albofasciata, Moore, a dwarf.
The two Skippers were taken at water, as well as the
wasp Humenes lepeletieri, Sauss., 2, and the common bee
Apis mellifica, of the usual S. African form.
MocHuDI STATION. BECHUANALAND. Lat. 24° 22’ S.
3,100 feet.
Acrea anemosa, Hew., ?, drinking at the drip of a tap.
Zeritis molomo, Trim., 9.
Hesperia spio, Linn., at the flowers of a small yellow
Mibiscus.
364 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
CrocopDILE Pooxts Station. About Lat. 24° 40’ S.
3,300 feet.
A beetle, Zophosis sp., not in the British Museum
Collection, was taken running rapidly over the sand, which
when alive it exactly matched in colour.*
Ootst STATION. Lat. 25° 0’S. 3,620 feet.
Axiocerces harpax, Fabr., a female taken and another
seen at a shrub with flowers forming yellow tails. A bug
and a small Lady-bird, Scymnus sp., taken at Combretum
flowers.
Pirsant Station. Lat. 25° 26'S. 4,420 feet.
Semiothisa brongusaria, Walk., a boarmid, at light in
the train.
The two beetles Lyctus sp. and Bostrychus brunneus,
Murray, a Malacoderm, were taken this day somewhere
in British Bechuanaland, but the exact locality was not
recorded.
MAFEKING. Lat. 25° 56'S. 4,190 feet.
Sterrha sacrarta, Linn. (1), Crambus tenurstriga, Hmpsn.
(1), and two other moths, taken at lamps in the town.
The S. African specimens of the first-named are much less
beautiful than the European, as they lack the crimson.
WARRENTON STATION. 28° 11'S. 3,930 feet.
Sept. 28, 1905. Hesperia (Syrichthus) spio, Linn.
= vindex, Cram.], one at water.
PoKWANI. 28° 43'S. 3,650 feet.
The ubiquitous Utetheisa (Deiopeia) pulchella, Linn.
Sept. 23,1905. ORANGE RIVER STATION, Cape Colony,
lat. 29° 38’, S.; alt. 3,540 feet, an ichneumon, and at
KRANSKUIL, lat. 29° 51’ S.; alt. 3,700 feet, a number of
Phycids were taken at the train lights.
* Many black beetles cover themselves with fine particles of the
sand on which they live, and so easily escape observation. This I
frequently noted in 1905 among the many /eteromera that are found
on the outskirts of the Sahara at Biskra. Whether the fine particles
merely fill in the interstices of the sculpture, or are attached by a
secretion, I was not able to determine, but in any case they were
easily rubbed off in the killing-bottle, or when handled.—G. B. L.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 365
Sept. 24, 1905. SHanxs Sration (EK. of Steynsburg
Junction), c. 5,000 feet; a cricket was found under a stone,
and in like situations six beetles, Zrigonopus, sp., not in
the National Collection; the Carabids, Harpalus xantho-
graphus, Wied. and H. sub-aéneus, Dej.; and the
Chrysomelid, Polysticta 24-signata, Thunb., three speci-
mens ; as well as a number of the pungent ant, Acantholepis
vestita, Sraith.
HANNINGTON STATION,, alt. 5,170 feet; the same 77igo-
nopus, another Polysticta 24-signata, Thunb., and Harpalus
Jusco-aéneus, De}j., were found under stones.
CONTAL STATION, a few miles Kast of Hannington, alt.
c. 5,200 feet; under an old sleeper, three beetles were taken:
the same Zrigonopus that had been met with earlier in
the day, Harpalus rufo-cinctus, Chaud., and a Carabid near
to Percus, not in the British Museum.
STORMBERG JUNCTION, lat. 31° 28’S.; alt. 5,300 feet; a
few hundred yards from the station we saw swarms of a
purplish-grey locust with yellowish-drab wings and yellow
hind tibie, Acridiwum pardalinum, Walk. We had seen
several flights shortly before reaching the station, but now
we got amongst them. They did not fly very far, and the
swarms were many rather than excessively large. The
wings of those captured were much frayed, presumably by
long flight and knocking against obstacles, but it is quite
possible that individuals with damaged wings were more
easily caught than the sounder specimens.
Turning over stones was fairly productive, as it yielded
Harpalus rufo-cinctus, Chaud. ( = rufo-marginatus, Boh.),
seven; H. natalensis, Boh., four; H. clavipes, Boh., two;
H. sub-aéneus, Dej., two; H. fusco-aéneus, De}j., three; the
red and black ister cruentus, Erichs., four under one
stone; two other Carabids not yet named; Polyhirma
gracilis, Dej., one; the two weevils, Rhytirrhinus litura-
tus, Fahr., and Stramia ? fahrai, Fst., one each, as well as
an immature female of Blatta orientalis, Linn., and two
very large ants, Acantholepis vestita, Smith. A specimen
of Pyrameis cardut, Linn., was taken on the hill-side, but
the day was scarcely fitted for butterflies.
Lower INCLINE STATION, c. 4,500 feet; five or six speci-
mens of Polysticta 24-signata, Thunb., were found close
together under a stone.
QUEENSTOWN, Cape Colony, lat. 31° 50’ S.; alt. 3,500
feet. In the Public Gardens just before dark a large
366 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
? Plusia, or small ? Sphinw was seen at Verbena flowers,
but missed. Shortly after leaving the station two of the
widely distributed Crambid, Hromene ocellea, Haw., flew to
the lights of the train.
East Lonpon. Lat. 33°S. Sea level.
SECOND VISIT. Sept. 25-29.
Six weeks had elapsed since our first flying visit to this
place. After an unusual drought it had rained the day
before our arrival, and it was blowing a violent gale when
early in the morning we came to the end of our long rail-
way journey of six days and six nights. The gale ter-
minated with heavy rain that greatly damaged the condition
of the butterflies. One victim of the flood, a female
Saturnid, Avina jforda, Westw., was rescued from
drowning.
A good deal of our time was spent on our old ground in
the QUEEN’s ParK. The Poinsettia flowers were over:
energetic sanitary reformers had nearly completed the
covering in of the unsavoury stream, but the operations of
the Kaffir workmen had wrought sad havoc in some of the
best collecting ground.
Mylothris agathina, Cram., did not appear to be nearly
so common as before, but perhaps this was owing to the
absence of Poinsettia flowers to assemble them. There
was however no doubt that the closely allied I, riippellit,
Koch., was common enough. The males of both these
allied species have a strong and seemingly identical sweet-
briar-like scent. The very local and singularly elegant
M. trimenia was quite common, both sexes being well
represented.
Belenois severina, Cram., and B. zochalia, Boisd., were
both very common; of the latter the females seemed to be
more numerous than the males, perhaps because more
distinctly coloured.
The beautiful Lronia cleodora, Hubn., was quite common.
A few Pinacopteryx charina, Boisd., were taken, all “ dry”;
a male Byblia goetzius, Herbst, significantly a very fresh
specimen, was distinctly of the wet form, but, with this
possible exception, there was no evidence that the recent
rains had produced any change of type, probably there had
not been sufficient time. The only Zeracoli noticed in the
park were a male achine, Cram., and several omphale,
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 367
Godt., of both sexes. These Z'eracoli, with one exception
that was intermediate, were decidedly “dry,” but not so
extremely so as our Rhodesian specimens. Colzas electra,
Linn., was seen but not taken.
Of Papilio nireus, Linn., form lywus, Dbl., we secured
two males, but we met with both sexes of P. demodocus,
Esp. Of P. dardanus, Brown, perhaps the commonest of
the three Papilios, two males and one female were taken,
the latter of the form cenea, which mimics Amauris echeria,
Stoll. Of the last-named species four specimens were
taken, also three of the closely allied A. albimaculata,
Butl. Both forms are very hard to kill. Limnas chry-
sippus, Linn., was fairly common.
Lyczenids were not so numerous as might have been ex-
pected in the Park,either as regards species or individuals.
Of Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., and Cacyreus palemon, Cram.,
single specimens were taken; females of Argiolaus silas,
Westw., were fairly common, they flew high and settled on
the tops of trees, but also visited flowers. A few of the
widely ranging Tarucus telicanus, Lang, were to be seen,
two of them whilst at rest were observed to move the
hind-wings alternately backwards and forwards in their
own plane.
On the occasion of our former visit we saw no Satyrids,
but this time two specimens of Psewdonympha cassius,
Godt., turned up, as well as two females and a male of
Mycalesis safitza, Hew.
With the exception of Charaxes varanes, Cram., which
was fairly common, though worn, the Nymphalines were
not very prominent. Hurytela hiarbas, Dru., was less
plentiful and in less good condition than on our first visit;
of Byblia goetzius, Herbst, only a single male was seen,
while a Precis archesia, Cram., was taken settled on the
ground. Several fine Pyrameis cardwi, Linn., were
observed.
Among the flowers introduced into the garden portion
of the Park, and tending to run wild, was the “ Pride of
Madeira,” Lehiwm fastwosum, a remarkable plant of the
natural order Boraginacev, whose small white or blue
flowers form solid spikes, often six feet high or more, the
apparently simple spikes being made up of innumerable
densely packed scorpioidal cymes. This proved very
attractive to insects of all orders; among the numerous
butterflies that fed upon the flowers was a single example
368 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
of the pretty Vanessid, Hypanartia hippomene, Hiibn. The
following insects were also taken on the spikes :—Apis
mellifica, Linn., race adansonit, Latr., as was only to be
expected; a Longicorn Syssita vestigialis, Pascoe; the
Cetoniids Oxythyrea marginalis, Schonh., Comythovalgus
Jasciculatus, Schonh., and Strengophorus flavipennis,
G. and P.; the first was abundant, the creamy white
spots on a dark ground-colour greatly aiding its con-
cealment.* In addition there were on the same flowers a
fly of the genus Catabronta, three of the genus Jdia, and
another fly, the latter held in the clutches of a green spider
with red-brown markings, which was practically invisible
among the crowded flowers ; the very small bee Prosopis
sandaracata, Bingh., was abundant, as was also the prettily
marked P. 5-lineata, Cameron; but of Prosopis simples,
Bingh., n. sp., unfortunately only a unique example was
secured ; finally there was a sawfly, Athalia himantopus,
Klug, 9.
Two specimens of Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr., were the
only Hesperids noted; this species settles with the fore-
wings raised, the hind-wings nearly horizontal, like several
of our English Skippers.
The following moths were taken, but doubtless the list
might easily have been lengthened especially if we had
worked at night :—Macroglossa trochilus, Hiibn., at flowers
in the late afternoon; Syntomis kuhlweini, Lefebr.; the
day-flying Lymantriads Laelia punctulata, Butl., and Aroa
discalis, Walk., males of the latter species were very common
on the outskirts of the Park; the Geometers Zerenopsis
leopardina, Feld., fluttering near the ground; Craspedia
internata, Guen. (= strigulifera, Walk.), and the variable
Semiothisa brongusaria, Walk.; we also kicked up a
Pyrale, Pyrausta incoloralis, Guen., and two specimens
of the Boarmid Obocola inconclusaria, Walk., one of each
Sex.
As usual the most obvious representatives of the
Hymenoptera were the handsome Carpenter-bees, Yylocopa
caffra, Linn., 2; X. fraterna, Vachal, a male said by Col.
Bingham to be not typical; XY. divisa, Klug, 2; and X. flavo-
rufa, De Geer, four females; the last two species were
practically confined to the purple flowers of a Legumina-
ceous shrub ; flavo-rufa has a strong odour like our English
Bumble-bees. Other Aculeates taken were the long-
* See Lonesrarr, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 91-93.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 369
pedunculated wasps Belonogaster praunsi, Kohl (said by
Col. C. T. Bingham to be not typical); the slender dark-
blue-winged Huwmenes tinctor, Christ, of both sexes, one
male specimen, very starved, of Saussure’s variety; the
dull grey Icaria cincta, Lepel., 2; Pompilus ruficeps, Smith,
a female; a male Pompilus which is possibly new ; Polistes
marginalis, Fabr., 3; Larra agilis, Smith, a female, taken
on a bank of dry earth; a Scoliid, Chalicodoma celocera,
Smith, a male, taken at the purple flowers along with the
Xylocope. To these must be added ants from a commu-
nity of Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., and a fine specimen
of the coral-red Braconid Jphiaulax whiter, Cameron.
The handsome Hristalis tentops, Wied., was conspicuous
among the flies, which were not very numerously repre-
sented ; another fly to which Col. Yerbury has been able to
assign a name is Chwxtolyga dasyops, Wied. Other flies
were ? Syrphus sp., [dia sp., and two Bibio-like Plecia sp.,
which floated in the air almost stationary with their long
legs hanging down; sweeping yielded a Diopsis, but in
this case only a solitary example which Mr. Verrall thinks
distinct from the others.
The wide-ranging grasshopper Catantops melanostictus,
Schaum, was abundant. On the leaves of “Pride of
Madeira” were marshalled a number of immature specimens
of a gregarious dark orange-striped Acridian, the same
species that was seen at Bulawayo.
Although beetles were not numerous in the Park, we
took, in addition to the Cetoniids previously mentioned,
the following species:—Macroma cognata, Schonh., a
handsome dark olive and yellow Cetoniid, flying at
flowers; a Lycoid, Haplolycus, sp., a Cetoniid, Gametis
balteata, De Geer, with similar colouring to the last, taken
flying around or settled on the flowers of the same tree,
together with a similarly Lycoid-coloured Braconid, Zombrus
sp.; the Longicorns, Promeces wis, Pascoe, and Alphitopoda
maculosa, Pascoe, var., by beating; Zrigonopus marginatus,
Wied., several under stones ; also under a stone the Staph
Xantholinus hottentotus, Sachse; a Phytophagid not in
the National Collection, Atechna inenxrabilis, Vogel, var. ;
Apoderus nigripennis, Fabr. ; the metallic green Colaspo-
soma flavipes, Har.; the Cassid Aspidomorpha silacea,
Boh. [ =¢ecta, var. Boh.]; and a weevil, Balaninus apicalis,
Fahr, var. B., was obtained by beating.
Two bugs complete the list of insects taken in the Queen’s
370 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
Park :—a black Pentatomid with red-tipped antenna,
Aspongopus lividus, Dist. and a large Coreid, Carlisis
wahlbergi, Stoll, dark brown with red-ringed antenne,
a very striking thing on the wing, but very stinking in
the net.
On Sept. 27, by the kindness of Mr. John Wood,
accompanied by Mr. Rattray we spent a very pleasant
afternoon on the NAHOON RIVER, a few miles to the north-
east of the town. We were somewhat late in the day and
a strong wind was another adverse condition, so that we
got very few butterflies.
On the island where we lunched Belenois severina, Cram.,
was abundant, and Mylothris riippellii, Koch, the only
representative of the genus, was common ; Pinacopteryx
charina, Boisd., Hronia cleodora, Hiibn., and Atella phalanta,
Dru., also occurred. A geometer, Ectropis spoliataria,
Walk.,a small Noctua, Metachrostis corniculans, Wallgr.,and
a very handsome <Agaristid, Xanthospilopteryx africana,
Butl., taken off a tree-trunk, completed the Lepidoptera on
the island. Sunning itself on another tree-trunk close by
was a beautiful green Hymenopteron, Ampulex mutilloides,
Kohl, 2. Mr. Rattray caught a specimen of the scarlet
Braconid, Jphiaulax whitei, Cameron, which appears to be
common in South Africa.
Mr. Wood set a stalwart Kaffir to work with an axe to
hack to pieces dead trees. This did not prove a very
productive operation ; moreover of the creatures found but
a small proportion have yet been named. Among the
beetles were single specimens of the Longicorn, Promecidus
chalybeatus, White; the Sternoxid Alaus merens, Germ.,
and a species of Votiophygus. latte were numerous, Mr.
R. Shelford has named for us Hypospheria stylifera, Burm.,
immature ; Derocalymna ? brunneriana, Costa, several ; also
Pseudoderopeltis albilatera, Stal, two specimens, and P.
wahlbergi, Stal, a male. Bugs were represented by a
singularly flat form, well adapted to its life under bark.
It goes without saying that woodlice were plentiful.
Taking a boat the Kaffir pulled us a mile or two down
the river and we landed on the eastern bank, where rich
flowery meadows promised great things, but the rising of
the wind and the lateness of the hour led to disappointment.
A single Zeracolus achine, Cram., $, a Boarmid moth,
Osteodes turbulenta, Guen., and a Pyrale, <Antigastra
morysalis, Walk., were the only Lepidoptera that we brought
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 371
away from a spot which under more favourable conditions
should swarm with them. Beetles are somewhat less
susceptible, and we took on flowers the pretty Cetoniid
Oxythyrea hemorrhoidalis, Fabr., together with the com-
moner 0. marginalis, Schon., also the Longicorn /Hylomela
sexpunctata, Fabr., which closely mimics a species of Mylabris
(or ? Ceroctis) that we met with in South Rhodesia.
Sweeping added to the list the Lady-birds Atechna hebe,
Clk., and Cryptocephalus flavago, Suff., the Weevil Zilli-
menistes squamifer, Bob.; and the Phytophaga, Ootheca
levipennis, Jac., Gynandropthalma malvernensis, Jac., var. ;
TIuperus tneonspicuus, Jac., as well as a rather pretty bug
Veterna sanguineirostris, Thunb., the common erasshopper
Catantops melanostictus, Schaum, and the locust Prototettix
ampressus, Stal.
We took two pedunculated wasps, Belonogaster prawnsi,
Kohl, and Ammophila ferrugineipes, Lepel., a male; also
an Ichneumon, and a number of ants, Cremastogaster sordt-
dula, Nyl., var., and Pheidole irritans, Smith, of which last
the soldiers alone have big red heads.
Turning over stones yielded the beetles Zrigonopus
marginatus, Wied., and Lissogenius conspersus, Burm., as well
as the common South African Reduviid bug Physorhynchus
crux, Thunb., and two scorpions.
A specimen of the Scarab Syrichthus spurius, Burm., was
picked off the ground, while Mr. Rattray found a specimen
of the large thick-legved Coreid bug Rhyticoris terminalis,
Burm., also a large” weevil with very hard integuments,
Mecorhy ynus loripes, Schonh., and two millipedes w whose in-
teguments turned the point of a No. 16. pin. Mr. Wood
found lying dead on the left bank of the Nahoon a Cara-
bid beetle, Haplotrachelus sp., which is not in the National
Collection.
The Kaffir boatman caught several of a Psammodes un-
represented at South Kensington, they were crawling over
the rocks by the lower landing-place, nearly opposite the
Boat Club House.
Lastly, on the west bank when it was quite evening a
Hesperid was netted, Sarangesa motozi, Wallgr. (= pato,
Trim. ).
An old termitarium on the high ground above the Club
House yielded, besides sundry ants, Cremastogaster weitze-
chert, Emery, a “night-adder,” a small serpent said to be
very poisonous.
372 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
Since our return to England, we have been much con-
cerned at hearing of a disastrous flood at East London,
which seems to have devastated the island in the River
Nahoon where some of our collecting was done, and to
have caused the death by drowning of several natives,
including our Kaffir boatman and his family. Much
damage has been done on the banks of the Nahoon and
Buffalo rivers, and part even of the Queen’s Park is
reported to have been washed away.
Acting on the advice of Messrs. Wood and Rattray, we
spent the next day, Sept. 28, on the “SECOND CREEK”
of the Burrato River, a delightful locality. It is
approached by a pleasant walk over open downs where we
met our old friends Synchloé hellica, Linn., Colias electra,
Linn., and Zeracolus omphale, Godt.; after a mile or so the
path enters a wood, and descends rapidly to a brawling
stream, which follows an impetuous course to a fall into a
tidal pool, beyond which is a flowery meadow forming the
delta of the creek. The wider tracks through the upper
part of the wood had a home-like feeling, and one almost
expected to see “Pearl-bordered fritillaries” disporting
themselves about the flowers, but instead of these we found
in moist places the pretty Satyrid, Psewdonympha cassius,
Godt. These butterflies were of less “dry” form than
most that we had met with, the majority of them might
be better described as “intermediate.” The more generally
distributed and dingy Mycalesis safitza, Hew., was also
common; a female exhibited a supplementary ocellus on
the fore-wing.
_ The commonest White was Pinacopteryx charina, Boisd.,
but Hronia cleodora, Hiibn., Belenots zochalia, Boisd., and
Mylothris agathina, Cram., were all present in some
numbers, and one J. trimenia, Butl., was taken. Teracolus
omphale, Godt., and 7’ achine, Cram., occurred in the more
open places.
The Acrwine were conspicuous by their absence, but the
Danainx were represented by Amauris echeria, Stoll, and
A, albimaculata, Butl., as well as by Limnas chrysippus,
Linn.
The only Nymphalines taken were Syblia goetzius,
Herbst; <Atella phalanta, Dru. and a solitary Precis
archesia, Cram.,a species which according to Mr. Brooking
of Kast London frequents dark holes in rocks.
Lycznids were not common, a solitary Z’arwcus telicanus,
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 373
Lang, and a couple each of Axtocerces harpax, Fabr., and
Phasis chrysaor, Trim., one settled head downwards, were
taken.
We took four Hesperids, viz. one each of Hesperia spio,
Linn. (= vindex, Cram.), Hretis djvlele, Waller., Gegenes
zetterstedti, Wallgr., and Pterygospidea jflesus, Fabr. The
last named after dashing about wildly settled on the wpper
side of a leaf.
But few moths were seen, and two specimens of Osteodes
turbulenta, Guen., and the Syntomid mentioned below were
all that we took.
Beetles, on the other hand, were fairly numerous. Two
species of Heterochelus (Hopliine) were common on yellow
composite flowers, buried head downwards so as to leave
the hypertrophied hind-legs alone protruding like the
mandibles of an ant-lion, the resemblance being increased
in that by their adduction they could inflict a very respect-
able pinch.*
The greenish-white flowers of a climbing composite
(? Senecio sp.) that spread in dense mats over some of the
bushes by the stream were very attractive to insects.
Two Aculeates, XYylocopa divisa, Klug, 2, and Hwmenes
tinctor, Christ, ?, 2, one of them a starved dwarf; the moth
Syntonis kuhlweini, Lefebr. (one found to be in the tender
embraces of a spider); the fly Hristalis teniops, Wied.; the
Reduviid bug Harpactor erythrocnemis, Germ.; two Lycoid
beetles, Acantholycus sp. and Haplolycus sp., the latter
numerous,t and clearly mimicked by the Cetoniid Gametis
balteata, De Geer, were all taken off this plant, together
with a Mantis that was presumably attracted by the insects
rather than the flowers. {
A soft-skinned Cantharid, Decatoma lunata, Pallas,
looked conspicuous enough on a pale straw-yellow lilia-
ceous flower.
The meadows by the estuary yielded a different lot of
* See Lonesrarr, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 93-95.
t A pair remained in cop. for at least six hours.
{ Another small Mantis, taken on a tree, bright leaf-green in
colour, was kept alive for over a week. It was seen to catch a fly by
a motion of lightning-like quickness and eat it, rejecting the wings
and abdomen. When approached it would smartly assume the
“‘praying” attitude, sometimes also turning its head in the direction
of the visitor. It used to clean its eyes by passing its fore-legs over
them, with an action like that of a cat cleaning its face. It also
cleaned its antenne in its mouth, bringing them down by its fore-
legs.—F. A. D.
374 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
things, especially Phytophaga and Weevils. Thus Mala-
cosoma wpolita, Jac., was abundant in the flowers of an
Iris, while sweeping yielded Ootheca lxvipennis, Jac.,
Cryptocephalus polyhistor, Suff., Trochalus sp., 2, and the
Cetoniid Oxythyrea hemorrhoidalis, Fabr., as well as the
following small Weevils:—Hremnus gyrosicollis, Boh.,
Sciobius o'neili, Mrshl., 2, S. pullus, Sparr., Strophosomus sp.,
and two new species which Mr. G. A. K. Marshall has
described* under the names Li/liministes callosicollis, Mrshl.
(4), and Myorrhinus longstafi, Mrshl., the latter in
abundance. With the beetles in the sweeping net was a
Bombylius Systachus sp., and two bugs, a black yellow-
spotted Stenozygum that is possibly new, and the large
pale ochreous fetid Pentatomid, Basicryptus distinctus,
Sign.
‘Other beetles taken in the same locality were the
Lady-birds Chilomenes lunata, Fabr., and Polysticta macu-
laris, Dej.; Melyris ciliatus, Oliv., Thysodactyla africana,
Chap. ; a Z'rochalus apparently undescribed ; a Telephorus ;
a Lagria; and a Scarabeid, Syricthus spurius, Burm., the
last found in rotten wood.
Among Orthoptera were the big locust Phymateus
leprosus, Serv., the common Catantops melanostictus,
Schaum, Prototettix <«mpressus, Stal., the handsome
Acridium ruficorne, Fabr., so named from the red tips
to the double row of white spines on its black tibie, and
two unnamed grasshoppers, one grass-green, the other a
curiously soft species, black with scarlet rings and blotches.
The only flies taken were two Bombylids of the genus
Systechus, one at flowers, the other by sweeping.
A few <Aculeates complete the list, viz. :—<ylocopa
flavo-rufa, De Geer, a male; X. divisa, Klug, a female ;
the prettily variegated Polistes jJastidiosus, Sauss., a
female; the grey Jcaria cincta, Lepel., 8; two small black
bees Halictus deceptus, Smith, females; lastly a_ fine
distinct. red, yellow and black wasp, which Col. C. T.
Bingham has described as Odynerus longstafi, from a
specimen in the National Collection from Natal, hitherto
unnamed, making our specimen a co-type. Lastly an
example of the blue-green Chrysid Hexachrysis simillimus,
Grib., was taken settled on a bare rock.
On our return walk we kicked up a Noctua in the
wood, and as we reached its upper edge at about 3.0 p.m.,
* MarsHALL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 922 and 932.
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 375
we found Termites on the wing in swarms; five specimens
were brought home alive in separate pill-boxes, on
reaching the hotel it was found that one had cast off a
wing, another all four wings. Later in the afternoon
Syntomis kuhlweini, Lefebr., was found in some numbers
flying about, or settled upon a particular species of tree.
The large Reduviid bug Physorhynchus cruz, Thunb., was
also taken on the wing. This insect usually carries its
wings so closely appressed to the abdomen that when first
seen it was thought to be apterous.
On the morning of sailing, Sept. 29, a somewhat
hurried visit was paid by one of us to the scrub-crowned
SANDHILLS seen from the ship that August morning when
we first anchored at East London, but this expedition did
not add much to our list.
Two ants turned up, Camponotus cosmicus, Smith, also
taken at Estcourt, and Polyrachis gagates, Smith, of which
but a single specimen was met with in this land of ants;
there were also the following Aculeates: Polistes margin-
alis, Fabr., 3, Belonogaster gquerini, Sauss., 9, var. dubius,
Kohl (a very large specimen), Hwmenes tinctor, Christ, @,
Icaria cincta, Lepel.,9, the big Carpenter bee Xylocopa
flavo-rufa, De Geer, 2%, and two of the pretty little bees
Prosopis 5-lineata, Cameron, taken at a red flowering shrub.
The only other Hymenopteron was an Ichneumon with
Lycoid colouring.
A fly that seemed to mimic a pedunculated wasp Col.
Yerbury says may be the g of baccha picta, Wied., of
which that author has only described the 2 from the
Congo and Guinea. Another fly taken would appear to
be Sarcophaga ? carnaria, Linn.
Beetles proved less numerous than might have been
expected : two tiger-beetles, the first we had seen in
S. Africa, Cicindela candida, Dej., and C. capensis, Fabr.,
were common close to the sea on the bare sand, which
they so closely resembled in colour as to be scarcely visible
save when on the wing. Also running on the sand was a
nameless Zophosis and an equally nameless Anoplochilus,
The flowers of a species of Iris produced, besides abundance
of Malacosoma polita, Jac., Camptolenes fastwosa, Lac.
Lissogenius conspersus, Burm., was taken flying in the
sun, as was also Scarabwus converus, Hausm., and the
Cassid Aspidomorpha tecta, Boh., the latter looking like
a golden spangle floating in the light. The Hopliine
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.) 29
376 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations
Khoina bilateralis, Thunb., was found on flowers, and
Eurynotus muricatus, Kirby, under bark.
The Coreid bug Serinetha amista, Germ., seems to mimic
a Lycus. Another bug taken was the Reduviid Harpactor
segmentarius, Germ.
Locusts were rather common, conspicuous among them
was a very fine specimen of the large, heavy and sluggish
Phymateus leprosus, Serv., more glaucous than those taken
at Ladysmith, so as to match more closely the light-
coloured sand. The beautiful apple-green Z'ryxalis stil,
Boliv., darker above, paler beneath, as is so often the
case, was found at the verge of vegetation, while an
abundant grasshopper found on the bare sand was highly
cryptic. A curiously formed small Hemerobiid Neuropteron,
Mantispa ? tenella, Erichs., was taken on the wing; when
seen for the first time its resemblance to a Mantis is very
striking.
Perhaps the locality was too much exposed for butterflies,
at all events they were neither numerous nor remarkable :—
Amauris albimaculata, Butl., 2; Hurytela hiarbas, Dru.,
within 100 yards of the sea; Byblia goetzius, Herbst, 2,
dry ; Pseudonympha cassius, Godt.; Argiolaus silas, West.,
2; Mylothris riippellii, Koch, 9; Pinacopteryx charina,
Boisd.; Colias electra, Linn.; Teracolus omphale, Godt., §,
and the Skipper Hretis djzlxlex, Wallgr. A Geometer,
Obocola inconclusaria, Walk., 2, and the Lymantriad Aroa
discalis, Walk., which was common flying about the scrub,
were the only moths,
The lights at the hotel yielded only Dorylus helvolus,
Linn., $f; the very widely distributed Acidaliid daa
fibulata, Guen., and one or two moths not yet named.
The cosmopolitan Dermestes vulpinus, Fabr., shared the
hotel accommodation with us, while Acanthia lectularia,
Linn., was even more intimate!
Thus ended our delightful collecting at East London, a
place less known entomologically than many others in
South Africa.
Port ELIZABETH, CAPE CoLONY. SECOND VISIT.
Lat. 34° 0'S. Sept. 30, 1905.
The stoppage on the return voyage gave us a long
morning’s collecting ; but an accident separated us, so that
while one visited Humewood, about a mile and a half to
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 377
the south-east, the other spent his time, more profitably
as it turned out, on the more sheltered slopes of the left
bank of Baaken’s River, just north of Fort FREDERICK.
At this spot butterflies were plentiful. The males of
Oolias electra, Linn., were common, as were both sexes of
Synchloé hellica, Linn., while Pyrameis cardui, Linn., was in
abundance, some worn, but many in fine condition. The
Skipper Cyclopides metis, Linn., was fairly common, but
only two were taken; one Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr., a
female, was taken ; but out of many Lycenids seen flying
about only a single specimen of Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., was
secured. This blue was found by us over a wide range of
country, but nowhere in any numbers except in the Rain
Forest, Victoria Falls.
A grasshopper, Zpachromia thalassina, Fabr., with head,
thorax and jumping legs green, otherwise yellowish-brown,
was also taken.
On the north wall of the Fort itself, or on the ground
close by, considerable numbers of the red and brown bug
Scantius forsteri, Fabr., were found, for the most part paired.
Many of them exuded a drop of clear liquid when pinned,
and in one or two a slight, somewhat offensive odour was
detected.
The swampy heath-like waste beyond HumMEwooD and
the woods at the back of it proved very barren of insect
life, perhaps partly from the uniformity of the vegetation,
partly from exposure to the sea-winds. A few Synchloé
hellica, of both sexes, and three or four Pyrameis cardwi,
were the only butterflies seen.
Stone-turning yielded a small beetle which Mr. L.
Péringuey believes to be a new species of Anaulacus, but
possibly a Microus; four Hurynotus muricatus, Kirby ;
another species of the same genus that may be new;
one larva of Luceola sp.; also the Cockroach Deropeltis
erythrocephala, Fabr., which, as is so common with the
group, was very local and markedly gregarious.
Five specimens of an undetermined beetle were found
on composite flowers. Sweeping produced a red-winged
Homopteron, two dragonflies, Sympetrum sanguineum,
Miill. (a common species), and the large and beautifully-
coloured Anax mauricanus, Ramb.; all took some catching.
A common-looking “ Greenbottle,” Lucilia sp., was taken,
but the species, or others like it, was abundant throughout
our journey,
378 Drs. Dixey and Longstaft’s Observations
The flowers of a yellow Chrysanthemum in the garden
of the Humewood Hotel attracted a certain number of
insects: Apis adansonit, Latr.,3; the active green Longicorn
Promeces linearis, Linn.; and the Hopliine Dieranocnemus
Ssquamosus, Burm., the last-named in abundance buried in
the flowers (and in other Composite); but it was noted
that their hind-legs did not mimic jaws.
CarE Town. SECOND VISIT.
Lat. 34° 8. October 2, 3.
One day was devoted to the ascent of TABLE MOUNTAIN
by way of The Gorge.
Most of the collecting was along the road at about 1,200
feet above the sea. Very few butterflies were seen, a few
Pyrameis cardut, Linn., also a few Pseudonympha vigilans,
Trim., and a few of the Lycenid Cacyreus palemon, Cram.
The fine black and white Carabid, Anthea 10-guttata,
Fabr., was not uncommon running on the path;* when
handled it emitted a very pungent odour (one specimen
of this beetle was taken in a pine wood just above the
outskirts of the town). Under stones five specimens of
Microlestia tabida, Fabr., were taken. But the greatest
numbers of beetles were found on, or actually 7m composite
flowers, especially those of a species of Senecio. The
most abundant species was the Hopliine Heterochelus
forcipatus, Burm., a species in which the posterior legs
are enormously developed in the male sex; no females
were seen. With these were a few (3 th 1 2) of the
allied Dichelus dentipes, Fabr., of which the males have
large posterior legs. There were also a number of Hneyo-
phanes sp. (unnamed in Brit. Mus.) of both sexes. All
these were buried in the disks of the flower with only
the hind-legs protruding.t A specimen of the hairy
Hopliine Anison, yx lynz, Fabr., was taken in another
composite flower (? Gazania sp.).
By shaking the flowers of a Senecio (2) into the net the
following were obtained: Ootheca tricolor, Fabr., two;
? Hedy bins sp., Six; a very small weevil, an Erirrhinid of
uncertain genus, one; Oosonvus sp., seven; several Telephort
and a Cricket.
* Not so swift in its movements as the Biskra species A. sea-
maculata, Fabr. Probably the struggle for existence is not so severe
on the Cape Peninsula as on the Sahara.—G. B. L.
+ See Lonestarr, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 93-95
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 379
At the flowers of a yellow leguminous shrub two
workers of Apis adansonii, Latr., were taken, together with
three bees of the genus Megachile, all males, all distinct
species and all apparently new! However, Col. C. T.
Bingham says that it is useless in that genus to name or
describe males without females. It was noted with sur-
prise that the beautiful strong-scented golden yellow
blossoms of the Protea, a shrub characteristic of the Cape
Peninsula, attracted nothing but a few flies. At about
1,400 feet Bombylius lateralis, Fabr., was met with, and
the Satyrid Pseudonympha vigilans, Trim., up to 1,500 feet.
The summit, 3,600 feet, was in dense cloud, for the
“table-cloth”’ was spread, and the only insects taken at
that altitude were hairy Hopliines; two Anisonyx lyna,
Fabr., and one A. wrsus, Fabr.; of these two were on
flowers, one on the wing.
Turning over stones at the foot of the Lion HI,
c. 300 feet, yielded two ants, Acantholepsis capensis, Mayr. ;
the beetle Oncotus tardus, Sol.; a larva of Luciola sp. ; and
the cockroach Temnopteryx phalerata, Sauss.
The next day we took the train to Simon’s Town,
which lies about fifteen miles to the south of Cape Town.
Here our collecting was confined to a strip of sandy
ground with eastern aspect, close to the shore and at the
foot of the line of hills capped with sandstone crags
perhaps 3,000 feet in height, which overlook Simon’s Bay.
As we came out of the station a large blue-black
Carpenter bee, Xylocopa capensis, Lepel., dashed at the
head of one of us; forthwith his companion made violent
efforts to catch the bee, and for some time the bewildered
entomologist was in considerable peril between the swoops
of the net and the assaults of the Aculeate!
The Heteromerous beetle, Opatrwm ? arenariwm,
Fabr., was common in a very sandy place under stones,
and in like situation were single specimens of Harpalus
fuscipennis, Wied., and the black and red Reduviid bug
Acanthaspis lythrodes, Germ., of which the British Museum
possesses but a solitary example.
The dry sandy soil, scorched by the sun and exposed to
the sea winds, is thoroughly suited to the taste of a
Mesembryanthemum, which grew luxuriantly, its handsome
flowers attracting many insects. Among these was a
Hopliine beetle, Lepitrix lineata, Fabr., which was very
abundant at one spot close to the railway-station, Unlike
380 Drs. Dixey and Longstaft’s Observations
the Dicheli and Heterocheli they do not bury themselves
among the stamens of the flowers, but are as active as
bees, flying very readily. A few specimens were also
found in the spathes of the white arum, these curiously
enough did not attempt to fly. On the other hand, some
small black bees with white-ringed abdomen, Halictus
albofasciatus, Smith, ¢, did bury themselves in the
Mesembryanthemum, but nevertheless were so active as
to be difficult to catch; associated with them, closely
mimicking them, and almost equally hard to catch, were
some flies, ? Ploas sp. and ? Prorachthas sp. The mimicry,
especially in habits, was very striking during life, yet in
the cabinet the insects look distinct enough.
On other flowers such small things were found as six
green beetles, ? Hedybius sp., the tiny Hurysthenes balyt,
Chap., a Hutrapela sp., which stands without a name
at South Kensington; Adtagenus sp.; Harpalus xantho-
raphus, Wied.; Telephorus sp.; the Hopline Pachycnema
obscurepurpuria, De Geer, a 9, also one of each sex of a
small bee, Dasypoda sp., which Col. Bingham says is near
to betica, Spin., but distinct, and the little Halictus
terminalis, Smith, 2. A yellow lihaceous flower was
tenanted by a small beetle, Notoxus inconstans, Lafert.
The black and yellow Ceroctis capensis, Linn., was found
in the yellow flower of a prickly composite, while in the
flowers of Senecio ? concolor (a species with purple ray-
florets) were numbers of a small Heteromeron, Notoxus sp.
Close to the beach, running swiftly over the sand and
taking the short flights so characteristic of the genus, were
several Cicindela brevicollis, Wied. An Asilid, ? Dysma-
chus sp., was also fond of settling on the bare sand. The
Elater Gdistoma cuprea, Linn., was also taken on the
sand; during life it was of an iridescent bronze colour,
which proved very fugitive.
On a tuft of grass, above the ground, a semi-papyraceous
nest was found to be tenanted by a numerous community
of ants, Cremastogaster stadelmanni, Meyyr.
Lastly, on the heathy scrub on the hillside at Glencairn
two Lycenids were taken, Phasis thero, Linn., and Cacyreus
thespis, Linn, With them was a fly, Heematopota sp.
Just before embarking we drove down to THE FLATS,
near Claremont, but the weather conditions were un-
favourable and the results wholly disappointing. Pyrameis
cardui and Pseudonympha cassius were the only butterflies
and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 381
obtained ; the latter was worn and appeared to be of the
wet-season form. An as yet undetermined moth (? Psewdo-
sterrha sp.), a2 grasshopper and a few very ordinary flies,
Eristalis tenaz, Fabr., Catabomba sp. and Calliphora
vomitoria, Linn., were the only other things taken.
Thus ended our eight weeks in Africa, resulting in the
capture of some 2,500 specimens of all orders. So ex-
tensive is the fauna and so far from being exhausted that
even in this scamper (for our journey may well be so
designated), several new species were taken, while there
remain a number of insects not yet worked out which
almost certainly include several other novelties.
Our sincere thanks are due to Professor E. B. Poulton,
F.R.S.; to the assistants of the Hope Department; to Mr.
C. O. Waterhouse and all the staff of the Entomological
Department of the Natural History Museum; to Com-
mander J. J. Walker, Colonel J. W. Yerbury, Mr. W. L.
Distant, Mr. R. Trimen, F.R.S., Mr. M. Jacoby, Mr. G. H.
Verrall, and Mr. L. Péringuey, for their assistance in
naming our specimens. ‘To Sir George F. Hampson, Bart.,
Col. C. T. Bingham, Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, and Mr. R.
Shelford, our special thanks are due for describing new
species.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX/V.
[See Explanation facing the PLATE. ]
SEPTEMBER 26TH, 1907.
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& 38309
XX. A List of the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. By
Matcotm CAMERON, 'M.B., R.N., and A. CARUANA
GatTrTo, LL.D.
[Read March 20th, 1907.]
In publishing this contribution we trust that it may be of
some service to collectors and those interested in the
distribution of species.
We must acknowledge our indebtedness to the following
gentlemen, who have been good enough to examine some
of the species:—MM. Fanvel, Reitter, Pic, Régimbart,
Desbrochers des Loges, Dr. David Sharp, and Mr. E. A.
Newbery; also to Mr. G. C. Champion, who has kindly
allowed us to see many species from the collection of
Commander J. J. Walker, R.N., which had not been
obtained by us, and which in the list are noted as Coll.
J.J. W., or teste J.J. W. Names of species in brackets
are those which have not come under our notice, although
recorded by others.
The order and nomenclature adopted throughout is
that of the “Cat. Col. Europe” of Heyden, Reitter, and
Weise (1891 edition).
The figures refer to the months.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS.
The group of the Maltese Islands consists of the two
islands of Malta and Gozo, and of the small islets of
Comino, Cominotto, and Filfola.
Malta, which is the main island, is 174 miles in length
and 83 miles in breadth, its area being 95 square miles;
Gozo is 9 miles in length, 44 in breadth, and has an area
of 20 square miles; Comino has an area of about 1
square mile, and Cominotto and Filfola are even smaller.
They are situated almost at the centre of the Medi-
terranean; the distance from Capo Passero in Sicily is
about 60 miles, and from the nearest point in Africa about
200 miles. Close to the African shore lies the island of
Lampedusa, and further west, midway between Sicily and
Africa, the islands of Linosa and Pantelleria. Both with
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART III. (NOV.) 26
384 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of
regard to the flora and fauna all these islands bear a great
affinity to the Maltese group, but, as may be supposed, the
productions of the latter are even more allied to those of
Sicily. As a matter of fact, the Maltese Islands, in their
general appearance, are very much like the southern part
of Sicily and the country about Syracuse, the only difference
being the greater flatness of the land in Malta, and the
want of trees and water-courses.
The climate, as lately well described by Mr. T. B.
Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S.,! may be divided roughly into a wet
and a dry season, the former beginning in October and
ending in March, the latter including the remaining
months. Showers of rain occur also in April, May, and
September, but in June, July, and August they are much
rarer. The average rainfall is over 20 inches, and the
mean annual temperature is 65°6° Fahy.
The appearance of the islands in summer is extremely
sterile and barren, mainly because, even where the soil is
cultivated, the small fields are enclosed by numberless
stone walls of loose stones, and the rocky wastes are
almost devoid of all vegetation. The heat is then almost
tropical, the temperature ranging from 75° to 90° in the
shade.
In Malta there are no mountains, rivers, or marshes.
The highest point in the islands is 758 feet above sea-level ;
the limestone cliffs on the west and south very often rise”
abruptly from the sea to a height of 300 or 400 feet. In
Malta the land slopes gradually on the east to the water
edge, forming numerous bays and harbours, and drops
suddenly on the other side by a large “ fault,” which crosses
the island from end to end at right angles to its long axis.
The place of rivers is taken by deep valleys, called
“ Wieds” in the Maltese language; and in these “ wieds”
during the rainy season water runs at the bottom, and pools
of water may be found even afterwards, but in summer
they are perfectly dry.
Some of these valleys, particularly those which are less
cultivated, are very good collecting-grounds, and in the
proper season trips to such valleys as L’Imtahlep, Jneina,
Inquisitor’s Palace, Bishop’s Garden, Ta Baldu, Encita,
Babu, El Ghasel, in Malta, and Migiarro, Xlendi, Ducira,
in Gozo, besides affording a good harvest in insects and
plants, are always very interesting and pleasant excursions.
1 “Entomologist,” vol. xxxvil, pp. 274-5.
the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 385
One of the most noteworthy features of the islands is
the want of trees. There must have been a time at some
remote epoch in which trees and shrubs were not so scarce,
and a certain amount of “bush,” of which traces are still
left, must have existed. At present the only indigenous
trees and shrubs to be seen in some of the valleys just
mentioned, not to speak of the rarer species, are the
following :—Crategus oxyacantha and azarolus, on which
feeds Lhamphus pulicarius, Herbst; Populus alba, Salix
alba and pedicillata, from which we obtained Smicronyx
cyaneus, Gyll., a few Quercus lex, Pistacia lentiscus, Rosma-
rinus officinalis, Vitex agnus-castus, Tamarix africana,
(these two latter in Gozo), Euphorbia dendroides, Erica
multiflora, Rhamnus oleoides, and Cineraria maritima, and
Inula erithmoides on rocks near the sea. Rubus fruticosus,
Smilax aspera, Loniceru vmplexa, Clematis cirrhosa, Hedera
helix, and Asparagus acutifolius represent the climbing
shrubs. Of cultivated trees, the Carob, Ceratonia siliqua,
is generally spread, and with its dark evergreen foliage
and low spreading branches marks in a characteristic
way every Maltese landscape. Fig trees (Ficus carica) in
several varieties and prickly pears (Opuntia vulgaris) are
also widely grown by the walls in fields and country
tenements. ‘The cultivation of orange trees, which used
to yield the finest and most luscious fruit in the world, is
at present much neglected, on account of the scale-insect
disease, and of the extensive free importation of oranges
to Malta from Sicily and elsewhere. Vines are very
abundant, and so are almond trees in some places, but
though vineyards are to be met with in some places,
woods, parks, and extensive groves are absolutely
wanting.
The obvious result of this want of trees on Coleoptera, as
may be seen in the list which follows, is the small number
of Longicorns, other tree-borers and dendrophilous species.
Considering that rivers, lakes, or any other permanent
water-courses or open reservoirs are absolutely wanting, the
presence of water-beetles may appear a puzzle. They are
certainly not very numerous, but until the pools or
streamlets at the bottom of the valleys dry up, the collector
may successfully work for them among the Charx, Nitellz,
and the fresh-water Al/gx which then grow, or under
stones at the water’s edge. Chadwick’s Reservoir or Wied
el Klia, Fiddian, Marsa, Jneina, S. Martin, Boschetto,
386 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of
Ghirghenti, may be pointed out as good localities for
water and for water-loving beetles.
Cicindele, Scarites, Dyschirius, Bembidia, Pogonus, Aniso-
dactylus, Acupalpus, Dichirotrwhus, LBledius, Phaleria,
Trachyscelis, Opatrum, Clitobius, and several Anthici are
found in sandy and marshy places lke Marsa, Salina,
Melleha Bay, Marsa Scala, Birzebuggia, and Jneina.
Umbellifers, Chrysanthemum coronarium and other com-
posites, the Sulla (Hedysarum coronariwin) yield a good
harvest of Anthrenus, Attagenus, Colotes, Hbxus, Attalus,
Dasytes, Psilothrix, Haplocnenus, Dasytiseus, Sitones, Ceu-
thorrhynchus, Labidostomus, and Mylabiis ; whilst on Cynar a
horvida the Larini, Tillus transversalis, and the Cetonix
may be collected. On Asphodel Agapanthia asphodeli is
found; on Rumer, Apion xneum and meridianum ; on
Asparagus, Crioceris paracenthesis. Podagrica and Apion
malve are found on Mallows, Amenadia on Crithmum,
Chrysomela grossa on Nigalla, C. bicolor on Thymus capitatus,
C. americana on Rosmarinus, C. quadrigemina, Suff., on
Hypericum crispum, Epilachna on Kebalium, Longitarsus
strangulatus on Cineraria maritima,and Eypicometis squalida
and Leucocelis funesta on all sorts of flowers. |
A great number of species lke Pimelia, Tentyria,
Stenosis, Akis, Scaurus, Asida, Phylax, Pentodon, Hy pera,
Gonocephalum, Silpha and others are found in the country
by the road-sides, and on waste ground, crawling about
or under stones.
Every one knows where to look for Ateuchi, Aphodi,
Onthophayi, Histeride, Saprini, and many Staphylinide.
The best time for collecting is, for autumnal species,
from September, after the first rains, to the middle of
November, and for spring species from February to June.
From February to April vegetation is at its best;
Pheasant’s-eye, Asphodel, Ranunculi, Helianthemi, Chrysan-
themums, Poppies, Mallows, the introduced but abundant
Oxalis cernua, and the Hedysarum coronarium in fields are
in full bloom. A great nuisance in sweeping plants and
beating the small bushes is the extraordinary abundance
of young snails to which beetles are found to be sticking
in the net or on the tray.
By July all herbage is dried up, and on account of the
burning sun and the parched-up soil, the collector has to
limit himself to beating trees in some shady valley, or in
gardens and cultivated fields. Awlacophora abdominals is
the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 387
then found on melon and cucumber plants. Longitarsus,
Aphthona, Phyllotreta, Spheroderma, Demetrias atricapillus,
and many Apions may thus be obtained.
In autumn, besides stone-turning and looking in the
débris washed down by rains, a ready way to obtain some
good species is by beating or shaking on the tray the
bundles of Znwla and other plants which are bound together
to dry, and left by the country people on the ground in
fields or rocky places.
The distribution of species is very irregular; some of
the most interesting and special forms are quite common,
others have a very limited area of distribution, being local
and very rare. Thus there is no difficulty in getting at
the proper season—Dasytiscus melitensis, Tentyria lxvi-
gata, v. leachi, Asida melitana, Phylax melitensis, while
Lemosthenes yreicorms, Bruchus duvali, Thylacites beloni are
harder to obtain, and Hurynebria complanata, Zuphium
olens, Drypta distincta, Calosoma madere, Anthaxia
umbellatarum, Saperda punctata, Callidiwm violacewm,
Lhopalopus clavipes have been found only in single
specimens.
Very little information has been published about the
Maltese Coleoptera.
George Waring, in his “ Letters from Malta and Sicily”
(1843), refers to a collection of beetles which in 1833
was being made in Malta by Dr. Leach, but it appears
that unfortunately nothing was ever published about it.
In 1857 Prof. Gavino Gulia delivered a course of ento-
mological lectures at St. Antonio, which were published in
1858; the determination of all species mentioned, however,
is so doubtful, to say the least, that the list of species
cannot be taken into any account.
One of us contributed to “ The Mediterranean Naturalist,”
in 1893, an article on “The Common Beetles of the
Maltese Islands,” in which mention is made of about 135
species.
The only other published information which we know
of is scattered through various entomological works, and
consists mainly of the descriptions of several endemic
species.
Far from pretending that the following is a complete
list of Maltese beetles, we are sure that further researches
and studies will brmg out more species, especially among
the Micro-Coleoptera; we believe, however, that we may
388 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of
state that the bulk of the Maltese Coleopterous fauna is
very fairly represented in our list, the more so considering
that this is the first attempt to give a list of the beetles.
LIST OF COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN THE
MALTESE ISLANDS.!
CICINDELID&.
Cicindela (campestris, L., teste Gulia) littoralis, F.*, Marsa,
Mistra, Birzebuggia, Marsa Scala, Marsa Scirocco, Melleha,
Ramla, Gozo, 4-9; melancholica, F., Marsa, 7, sunrise till
8 A.M.
CARABID.
Calosoma maderx, ¥., Marsa, 7, Valletta, 7, two only.
Carabus morlillosus, ¥.*, general throughout the year.
Eurynebria complanata, L., Melleha, 11, one only. Nebria
andalusiaca, Ramb., general, 1-4, 11. Notiophilus gemi-
natus, De}.*, general throughout the year. Scarites aren-
arius, Bon., St. George’s Bay, 4-11, rare; buparius, Forst.,
Melleha, Marfa, 3, 4, 5, 11, not common; planus, Bon.*,
Marsa, Fiddian, Melleha, Jniena, 4-11. Dyschirius witidus,
Schaum, Melleha, 11, common; m«croderus, Chaud., Marsa
Scala, 6, rare ; cylindricus, Dej., St. George’s Bay, 8, one
only; apicalis, Putz, Marsa, Birzebuggia, 8, common.
Siagona europea, Dej., Melleha, 5, one only. Lembidion
ambiguum, De}.*, general throughout the year; preustum,
Dej.*, Marsa, L’Imtahlep, Jniena, Marsa Scala, 5, 6,
not common; xormannum, Dej., Marsa Scala, Marsa
Scirocco, St. George’s Bay, 8, 9, common; obéuswum,
Sturm*, general, 3-10; guttula, L., Jniena, Gnien el
Gbir, 5, common; diguttatwm, F¥.*, Melleha, 4, 11, com-
mon. Ocys harpaloides, Serv., Gbir, Makluba, Attard,
5, 10, 11, common. TZachys hemorrhoidalis, Dej.*, El
Klia, Gozo, 6, common; v. socius, Schaum, with type;
unicolor, Ragusa, El Klia, 6; parvulus, Dej., Valletta,
spring ; v. quadrinavus, Reitt., with preceding ; fulvicollis,
Dej.*, Marsa, Ghirghenti, 6-10, common; bistriatus, Duft,
Marsa, 8, 9, 10, common; v. gregarius, Chaud., Marsa,
9, 10, common ; scwtellaris, Steph.*, Marsa, Marsa Scala, St.
George’s Bay, Melleha, 4, 5, 9,10; algiricus, Luc.*, Jniena,
1 The species marked with an asterisk, as well as those specially
noted, were obtained in Malta by Mr. J. J. Walker in 1874-5-6,
almost exclusively between the months of October and March.
the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 389
11. Trechus subnotatus, Dej., Marsa, 5, common. Pogonus
chalceus, Marsh., Marsa, Fort Manoel, Melleha, St. George’s
Bay, common all the year. Agonum atratwm, Duft., Gbir,
Jniena, 4-11, common. Olisthopus fuscatus, De}.*, common
throughout the year. Bedelius cireumseptus, Germ., general,
4-10. Calathus mollis, Marsh., common throughout the
year. Lemosthenes picicornis, Dej., Valletta, Wied Encita,
Marsa, Boschetto, Melleha, Zurico, Gozo, 11-3, not com-
mon; barbarus, Luc., ex. Coll. J. J. W. Amara wxnea,
De G., Coll. Walker; eurynota, Panz., Gbir, 10, one ex-
ample; dalmatina, Dej., Jniena, Ricasoli, Melleha, 10, 11,
rare. Acinopus ambiguus, Dej.*, Corradino, Tigné, Fort
Manoel, Binjemma, Salina, Ricasoli, St. George’s Bay,
Attard, Gozo, not common, 4, 5,9, 10,11. Avzstus clypeatus,
Rossi*, Corradino, El Klia, Naxaro, Marsa Scirocco, 4, 5,
10, not common. Ditomus cordatus, Dej.*, San Martino,
11, two specimens; calydonius, Rossi*, Jniena, L’Imtahlep,
Encita, Wied Dalam, 1—4, 11, not common; ¢ricuspidatus,
F.*, Ghirghenti, Gbir, 5, rare. Carterus fulvipes, De}j.,
Imtarfa, L’Imtahlep,7, common. Scybalicus foblongiusculus,
Dej., Jniena, 11, Gbir, 7, 9, rare. Ophonus meridionalis,
Dej.*, everywhere, 3-6, 10, 11; pubescens, Miill., Gbir, 6,
7,9; griseus, Panz., Gbir, 6, 8. Harpalus tenebrosus, De}.,
Jniena, Attard, Ricasoli, Salina, Notabile, 5, 8, 10, not
common. Anisodactylus peciloides, Steph.*, Marsa, Melleha,
3-6, not common. Dvichirotrichus obsoletus, De}j.*, St.
George’s Bay, Marsa Scirocco, Jniena, Melleha, 1, 4, 9, 10,
11, not rare. Bradyceilus verbasci, Duft., Coll. Walker.
Stenolophus teutonus, Schr., everywhere, 2-11; shrimshi-
ranus, Steph., Gozo, 7, one example; marginatus, De}.*,
Marsa, El Klia, St. George’s Bay, 7, 8, rare. Acupalpus
brunnipes, Sturm, Salina, 6, one example ; (distriga, Rttr.,
“Cat. Col. Europ.”) ; dorsalis, F.*, Jniena, 10; v. discus, Rttr.,
El Klia; immundus, Rttr., Iniena; lucasi, Gaubil*, damp
places everywhere, 8; jlavipennis, Luc., Marsa, 10, one
example. Amblystomus levantinus, Rttr., Melleha, Marsa
Scirocco, 11, not common ; cephalotes, Rttr., Jniena, 11, one
example. Licinus brevicollis, De}.*, common throughout
the year. Chlenius azureus, Duft.*, Marsa, 6, 7, 8, rare ;
variegatus, Foure., general, 2-10; festivus, F.*, Ta Baldu,
11; velutinus, Duft.*, E] Klia, 7; circumseptus, Duft., El Khia,
7, rare. Metabletus exclamationis, Mén., Gbir, 5, 6, rare.
Blechrus glabratus, Duft.*, everywhere throughout the year ;
plagiatus, Duft.*, Marsa, Melleha, El Klia, 7, 8, 11, not un-
390 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of
common. Dromius linearis, Ol., Fort Manoel, St. George’s
Bay, 10; quadrimaculatus, L., Jniena, rare. Demetrias
atricapillus, L.*, everywhere, 4-11. Cymindis suturalis,
Dej., Fort Manoel, 5, one only. Zuphium olens, F., Jniena,
11, one only. Drypta dentata, Rossi, Ta Baldu, 11, rare;
distincta, Rossi, Jniena, 11, one only.
DYTISCIDA.
HHaliplus lineatocollis, Marsh., Marsa, St. George’s Bay,
El Klia, Gozo, 3, 4, 9, common. Calambus confluens, F.,
El Klia, 10, common. Deronectes ceresyi, Aubé, Salina, 7,
common. Hydroporus varius, Aubé, St. Paul’s Bay, El
Klia, Fidian, Gozo, 6, 8, 11, common ; ¢essellatus, Drap., v.
humilis, Klug, general, 1-5, 10. Laccophilus interruptus,
Pz., v. testaceus, Aubé, El Kha, 10. Agabus nebulosus,
Forst., El Klia, Melleha, 4. Cymatopterus fuscus, L., El
Khia, 6. Jeladema coriaceum, Lap., El Klia, St. Paul’s
Bay, 5, 8,10, common. Dytiscus circumflexus, F., a single
specimen was found alive in the Grand Harbour in 1890.
HYDROPHILID.
Helochares dilutus, Kr., El Khia, common, 6-10. Anacena
ovata, Reiche, Jniena, Melleha, Gozo, 5, 6. Laccobius bipunc-
tatus, F., El Klia, Gozo, 7,10. Berosus affinis, Brull., El
Kha, Mistra, St. George’s Bay, common, 6,9, 10. Cereyon
depressus, Steph., Marsa Scala, 7, 8, common ; ustulatus,
Preyss., Coll. J. J. W.; flavipes, F., Coll. J. J. W.5 quisqui-
lius, L.*, everywhere, 3, 4, 6,75; centrimaculatus, Sturm,
Coll. J. J. W. Spheridium bipustulatum, F.*, general, 1,
3,7. Colostoma orbiculare, F., Gozo, Migiarro, 6, 7, com-
mon. Dactylosternum insulare, Lap., Ghirghenti, 10, rare.
ITelophorus rugosus, O1.*, El Klia, 3, not common ; porculus,
Bedel, Gbir, 4, 5, 6, rare; alternans, Gené*, El Kha, 3;
aquaticus, L.*, general, 3-11; dorsalis, Marsh.*, v. emaciatus,
Kuw., St. Paul’s Bay, 10,11, rare; algiricus, Bach., St.
Paul’s Bay, 11; pallidipennis, Motsch., v. reitteri, Kuw.,
Wied Ghormor, Gbir, L'Imtablep, 8-5. Ochthebius quad-
vicollis, Muls., L’Imtahlep, 5, common; swhinteger, Mauls.,
L’Imtahlep, 5, rare; j/oveolatus, Germ., Marsa Scala, 8,
common; exaratus, Muls., Jniena, 11, rare; /anuginosus,
Reiche, one example ; maculatus, Reiche, ex. from J. J. W. ;
impressicollis, Lap., Ta Baldu, 10, common; vy. imperfectus,
Kuw., Boschetto, 7, rare. Hydrena nigrita, Germ., Ta
Baldu, 11, rare.
-_—. =.
the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 391
PARNID.
Parnus algiricus, Luc., L’Imtahlep, Ghirghenti, Fiddian,
Gbir, 3, 4, 10, 11, not common.
HETEROCERIDZ.
Heterocerus melitensis, Rttr.*, general, 5, 6, 7.
STAPHYLINIDA.
Chilopora longitarsis, Er., Salina, 5. Calodera hieroso-
lymitana, Saule.*, Jniena, Ta Baldu, 3. Phlwopora corti-
calis, Gray. var., Coll. J. J. W. Ocyusa nigrata, Fairm., Coll.
J.J.W. Oxypoda ambigena, Fauvel, Coll. J.J. W.; wnbrata,
Gyll., L’Imtahlep, 5, not common; sericea, Heer, Coll.
J.J. W.; recondita, Kr., Coll. J. J. W. ; hemorrhoa, Sablb.,
Melleha, 11, rare. Aleochara clavicornis, Redt.*, Melleha, 6,
not common ; ia Hoe puberula, Klug, Coll.
Desa W.. 5 hipunctata, OL.*, Marsa, 5; crassa, Baudi, Jniena,
6, not common; morion, Gane. Coll. ae alt W.: ; crassvuscula,
Sahlb.*, general, 10; tristis, Grav., Coll. J. J. W. 5; ngerrima,
Kr., Jniena, 6; masta, Grav. var. ?, ? locality; nztida,
Grav.*, general. Myrmacia rigida, Ev., Ta Baldu, Jniena,
Ghirghenti, rare, 5, 6. Alianta plumbea, Wat., Jniena, 6.
Halobrectha atricilla, Er.*, Melleha, 11; algwv, Hardy,
Melleha, 11. Co lpodota sordida, Marsh.* , Melleha, 11, com-
mon ; aterrima, Gr., ? locality ; nigerr Roh Aubé, J niena, 7 ;
Jungt, Grav.*, v. orbata, Er., general, 2-5, 9-11. aie
analis, Gray., El Klia, 10, not common. Creostiba plicatella,
Fauv.*, Jniena, 11, not common. <Atheta pertyi, Heer*,
general, 10; oraria, Kr., Coll. J. J. W. ; canthopus, Thoms.,
Coll. J. J. W.: oblita, Er, Melleha, 11, rare; meridionalis,
Rey, Jniena, 11, common; atramentaria, Gyll, general; n2-
gricornis, Thoms.*, teste i J.W.; zostere, Thoms., Ta Baldu,
5, one example; amicula, Steph.*, Binjemma, Jniena, 10,
11, common; ldongula, Heer, Jniena, 6, common. <A/oco-
nota gregaria, Kr.*, everywhere. Zomoglossa lutewornis,
Er., L’Imtahlep, 6, rare. Dilacra luteipes, Er., Ta Baldu, 5.
Gnypeta labilis, Er., Concessione, 5, El Kha, 6. (Zachyusa
cingulata, Jek.) Myrmecopora lesa, Er., Marsa, Marsa
Scala, 6; wvida, Er., Marsa Scala, 6; swlcata, Kies., Jniena,
6. Falagria sulcata, Payk.*, Boschetto, 6; obscura, Grav.*,
everywhere. Actocharis marina, Fauy., Jniena, 9. Pronomexa
rostrata, Er., Ghirghenti, 6, rare. Myllxna kraatzi, Sharp,
LiImtahlep, Ta Baldu, 5, Jniena, 10. Oligota pusillima,
392 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of
Grav.*, Gbir, Jniena, Binjemma, 10, common. Hypocyptus
seminulum, Er., St. Paul’s Bay, Boschetto, 6, common.
Leucoparyphus silphoides, L.*, St. Paul’s Bay, 6, rare.
Tachyporus hypnorum, ¥.*, general ; v. meridionalis, Fairm.,
general ; nitidulus, F.*, general. Conwrus pubescens, Payk.*,
Fort Manoel, Marsa, 5; pedicularius, Grav.*, Binjemma,
10, not common. M, ‘ycetoporus nanus, Er., Gbir, 10, rare;
punctipennis, Scriba, Coll. J. J. W.; reichet, Pand.*, ex
Coll. Walker. Quedius molochinus, Grav.*, Gbir, Ghirghenti,
6, 9, common ; obliteratus, Er.* general, 9, 10. Creophilus
a =)
mascillosus, ine general. Ocypus olens, Miill., everywhere ;
>
eneocephalus, Deg., general, 4, 10, 11 ; edentulus, Block, Gbir,
10, common. Cafius xantholoma, Grav., Marsa Scala, 6,
Melleha, 11 ; sericews, Holme, Marsa Scala, 6. Philonthus
politus, L., Gbir, 6, rare; sordidus, Grav.*, Boschetto, 5,
common; ventralis, Grav.*, Melleha, 6, not common;
discoideus, Grav.*, Fiddian, 10; corruscus, Grav., not
common ; ebeninus, Grav., everywhere ; fimetarius, Grav.*,
Coll. J. J. W.; nigritulus, Gray., everywhere ; thermarum,
Aubé*, v. maritimus, Motsch., Jniena, Marsa, 10, not com-
mon ; laticollis, Fauv., Boschetto, 6, Gbir, 10, common;
longicornis, Steph.*, Boschetto, L’Imtahlep, 5, 6, common ;
varians, Payk.*, not common ; «gilis, Grav., Boschetto, 6,
not common. Othius leviusculus, Steph., here and there,
not common. Leptacinus parumpunctatus, Gyll., St. Paul’s
Bay, El Klia, 6, rare; batychrus, Gyll.*, Marsa, 7, rare.
Eulissus fulgidus, F.*, general, 3-10. Xantholinus punctula-
tus, Payk., general ; hesperus, Er., Zurico, 12, two examples.
Lathrobium lusitanicum, Er.*, Jniena, 10, not common.
Achenium striatum, Latr., Jniena, 10,not common; tenellum,
Er., Jniena, not common ; brevipenne, Qued., teste J. J. W.
Medon piceus, Kr., Coll. J. J. W.; nigritulus, Er.*, general;
ochraceus, Grav.*, general. Scopeus gracilis, Sperk, El Khia,
10, Marsa, 8, rare; debilis, Hoch., El Klia, 10, rare; levigatus,
Gyll.*, Ghirghenti, 6, rare. Domene stilicina, Er.*, Jniena,
11, not common. Stilicus orbiculatus, Payk., general.
Sunius, n. sp.. Ta Baldu, 11, one example ; wniformis, Duv.,
Coll. J. J. W.; bimaculatus, Er., common, 7; melanurus,
Kiist.*, not common, 9; walkeri, Fauv.*, Binjemma, 10, Fort
Manoel, 10, very rare angustatus, Payk.*, common, 5, a 1:
Stenus melanopus, Marsh. * Marsa, Melleha, 4, 5, 10, 1
common; nigritulus, Gyll.*, v. lepidus, Ws., common, 6;
languidus, Er.*, common, 6, 10. Platystethus cornutus,
Gyll., Coll. J.J. W.; spinosus, Er.*, Jniena, 10, not common ;
ee
the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands, 593
nitens, Sahlb.*, Jniena, 11, Marsa, 10, common. Oxytelus
sculptus, Grav.*, Boschetto, 5, Marsa, 11; inustus, Grav.,
common; sculpturatus, Grav., Coll. J. J. W.; nitidulus,
Grav., common ; complanatus, Er.*, Jniena, 10 ; speculifrons,
Ky.*, common. Bledius fureatus, Ol. St. George’s Bay,
8, not common; graellsi, Fauv., Coll. J. J. W.; tricornis,
Hbst., Marsa, 9, 10, not common ; corniger, Rosenh., Salina,
6, common; wnicornis, Germ.*, common; debilis, Er.,
Melleha, 11, one example. TZvrogophleus riparius, Lac.,
L’Imtahlep, Jniena, 6; bilineatus, Er., Coll. J. J. W.;
memnonius, Er.*, Marsa, 7, common; corticinus, Grav.*,
Gbir, 9, common; ¢roglodytes, Er.*, Melleha, 11, rare;
punetipennis, Kies., L’Imtahlep, Marsa, 6, 7, common ;
alutaceus, Fauv., Marsa, 7, common; pusillus, Grav., El
Khia, 5; n. sp., El Klia, 5, Melleha, 11, two examples.
Omalium allardi, Fairm., Coll. J.J.W. Pycnoglyptarufula,
Er.*, Valletta, Zurico, Gozo, 1, 11,12. Protinus atomarwis,
Er.*, here and there. Megarthrus afinis, Mill.*, Encita,
4, rare,
MICROPEPLID&.
Micropeplus porcatus, Payk.*, Encita, 4, rare.
PSELAPHID.
Bryaxis cameroni, Rttr., 5-9, common; globulicollis,
Rey, Salina, 6, Marsa Scala, 6, common ; opuntix, Schmidt,
Jniena, 11, common. Luplectus brunneus, Grim., Coll.
Jed. WwW:
ScYDMANIDA.
Cyrtoscydmus, n. sp.*, Fort Manoel, 10, rare. Seydmenus
tarsatus, Miill.*, Gbir, 5, rare; antidotus, Germ.*, Marsa
Scala, 11, rare; ?sp. n., Marsa, one example.
SILPHID.
Catops morio, F*, Marsa, rare; Ptomophagus sericatus,
Chaud., Fort Manoel, 5, one example. Stlpha oliviert,
Bedel*, general, 1-6, 11, 12.
ANISTOMID&.
Hydnobius demarchii, Rttr., one example. Agathidiwm
levigatum, Er., Coll. J. J. W.
394 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of
CLAMBID2.
Calyptomerus dubius, Marsh., Binjemma,10. Cybocephalus
politus, Germ., Boschetto, 5, Gozo, 6, common.
CoRYLOPHID.
Parmulus nanus, Rey, general; densatus, Rttr., general.
Sericoderus lateralis, Gyll., L’Imtahlep, 5.
TRICHOPTERYGID&.
Ptenidium pusillum, Gyll., Ghirghenti, St. Paul’s Bay, 6,
common. Actidium aterrimum, “Motsch. , Birzebuggia, 7.
Actinopteryx fucicola, Allib., Marsa Scala, M. Scirocco, 8,
common. T'richopteryx brevipennis, Er., L’Imtahlep, 5;
sericans, Heer, Melleha, 7, common.
PHALACRID.
Phalacrus fimetarius, F., general, 3-11; v. minor, Guill.
Coll. J. J. W.; substriatus, Gyll., Marsa Scala, 7, rare. Olibrus
bimaculatus, Kiist., general, 5, 9, 10; liquidus, Er., Marsa
Scala, 8, common; afinis, Sturm*, common; pygmeus,
Sturm*, not common. Sti/bus testaceus, Panz.,* very
common.
ENDOMYCHIDA.
Myrmecoxenus picinus, Aub., St. Paul’s Bay, 6, common.
Symbiotes gibberosus, Luc.*, Gbir, 10.
CRYPTOPHAGIDA.
Cryptophilus integer, Heer*, Boschetto, 6. Lewcohimatium
elongatum, Kr., Coll. J. J Weer yptophagus thomsoni, Rttr.,
Jniena ; scanicus, L., Ta Baldu, 6; vin1, Panz., Ghirghenti,
6. Atomaria wnifasciata, Er., Valletta: scutellaré iS, Motsch,
Melleha, 11. Hphistemus globulus, Payk., Jniena, 9.
LATHRIDIIDA.
Merophysia formicaria, Lue., Fort Mamoel, 5, rare.
Holoparamecus bertouti, Aub., Marsa Scala, 6, common ;
niger, Aub.*, Melleha, 11, common ; caularum, Aub., Coll.
J.J. W.5 singulare ae Beck, on board in Grand Harbour.
Enicmus minutus, Coll. J. J. W.; transversus, O1.*,
common ence ihe year. Ci artodere eles gans, Aubé,
Gbir, 5, one example. Melanophthalma sericea, Mann.,
the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 395
Fort Manoel, 10; distinguenda, Com.*, common through-
out the year; fulvipes, Com.*, common throughout the
year.
TRITOMID®.
Litargus coloratus, Rosh.*, common throughout the year.
Typha fumata, L., Fort Manoel, 5.
NITIDULID.
Cercus rufilabris, Latr., Ta Baldu, 5, common. Brachy-
pterus glaber, Newm.*, common, 5; ?n. sp., one example.
Carpophilus immaculatus, Luc.*, Boschetto, 6; mutilatus,
Er., common throughout the year ; hemipterus, L., common
throughout the year. Nitidula flavomaculata, Rossi, Marsa,
10, one specimen. Pria dulcamare, Scop., Gozo, 7, not
common. Meligethes picipes, Sturm*, Boschetto ; lh: qubris,
Sturm, Jniena,6. Lhizophagus bipustulatus, ¥.*, Zurico, 2.
TROGOSITID ©.
Tenebrioides mauritanicus, L., common near granaries
throughout the year.
CoLyYDIID.
Ditoma crenata, ¥., Coll. J. J. W. Aglenus brunneus,
Gyll., Jniena, 10.
CucuJID-.
Lemophiwus ferrugineus, Steph.*, very common through-
out the year; hypobori, Perr., L’Imtahlep, St. Paul’s Bay,
3, 4,5, common. Hypocoprus quadricollis, Rttr., St. Paul’s
Bay, 6, common. <enoscelis costipennis, Fairm.*, Jniena,
10, not common. Silvanus surinamensis, L., common
throughout the year. Cathartus advena, Waltl, Coll. J. J.
W. Monotoma spinicollis, Aub.*, St. Paul’s Bay, 6, not
common; picipes, Herbst*, one example.
DERMESTIDA.
Dermestes frischi, Kug.*, very common, 4-10; undulatus,
Brahm, Gozo, Encita, 3, 4, rare. <Attagenus piceus, O1.*,
v. dalmatinus, Kiist. ‘Valletta, 5, not common; mar ginicollis,
Kiist., not common; bifasciatus, Rossi *, common, 3-6.
Anthrenus fasciatus, Ubst., common, 3-6 ; biscrensis, Rttr.,
very common, 6, 7, 8; verbasci, L.*, Boschetto, 6, not
common ; /uscus, Latr., Boschetto, 6, rare.
396 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of
CISTELIDE (= ByRRHID&, olim).
Syncalypta, ?n. sp., Coll. J. J. W.
THORICTIDZ.
Thorictus grandicollis, Germ.*, general,
HISTERIDA.
ister major, L.*, here and there; ventralis, Marsh.,
Marsa, 5; bimaculatus, L., v. morio, Schmidt, here and
there. Carcinops minima, Aub.*, Marsa, 6; 14-striata,
Steph., St. Paul’s Bay, 6. Saprinus semipunctatus, F.,
Melleha, Marsa Scala, 6; chalcites, Ill., Marsa Scala, 8 ; nit2-
dulus, Payk.*, Marsa Scala, 8; pulcherrimus, Web.*, Salina,
3; algericus, Payk., rare; spretulus, Kr., rare ; cribellaticollis,
Duv., Marsa, 7; rubripes, Er., Melleha, 11; apricarius, Er.,
rare; dimidiatus, Ill., rare. Onthophilus exaratus, Il,
Valletta, 11. Acritus seminulum, Kiist.*, St. Paul’s Bay, 6.
SCARABAIDA.
Scarabeus semipunctatus, F., Melleha, 10-12, 1-8; vario-
losus, F., general. Copris hispanus, L., not uncommon.
Bubas bison, L., Marsa, Ghirghenti, Melleha, early months
of year; bubalus, Ol., Coll. J. J. W. Chironitis hungaricus,
Hbst., Corradino, Wied el Klaja, 6,8. Onthophagus taurus,
Schreb., not uncommon, Jniena, 10; andalusiacus, Waltl,
not uncommon, Jniena, 10. Oniticellus fulvus, Goeze,
not uncommon, Jniena, 7. Aphodius fimetarius, L.,
Attard, 10, Jniena, 6; granarius, L.*, common; hydro-
cheris, F.*, Marsa; nitidulus, F.*, Jniena, Zibbih;
longispina, Kiist., Marsa, 9, Jniena, 6; ¢ersus, Er., Marsa,
4; lineolatus, Il]).*, Marsa, Corradino, 2; consputus, Creutz.,
Coll. . J. J. W.; wnicolor, Ol, Marsa, 5; lividus, Ol.,
Notabile, 8; quadriguttatus, Hbst., Coll. J. J. W. Pleuro-
phorus cesus*, Panz., general. Lhyssemus arenarius, Costa,
Coll. J. J. W. Psammodius sulcicallis, Il., Fort Manoel, 10;
poreicollis, Ill., Melleha, 10. Diastictus vulneratus, Sturm, »
Coll. J. J. W. Trou hispidus, Pont.*, v. asiaticus, Fald., here
and there. Greotrupes dover, Gory *, general; levigatus, F.*,
general. Pentodon punctatus, Villers *, general. Phyllo-
gnathus silenus, F., Attard, 9. Oryctes grypus, Ill., Attard,
Marsa Scirocco, 10. Hpicometis squalida, Scop.*, general.
Leucocelis funesta, Poda*, general. Potosia metallica, F.,
v. cuprea, Gory, flowers of Cynara horrida, common, 6;
,
the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 397
angustata, Germ.*, flowers of Cynara horrida, rare.
Aithiessa floralis, ¥., flowers, 6.
BUPRESTIDA.
Capnodis tenebrionis, L.*, Ghirghenti, 6, rare. Anthawxia
umbellatarwm, F., Gozo, 6. Acmeodera discoidea, F., Coll.
J.J. W. Agrilus obscwricollis, Kies., Musta, Boschetto, 6.
ELATERIDA.
Drasterius bimaculatus, Rossi, Marsa, 10, 11, common.
Cardiophorus argiolus, Gené*, Ta Baldu, 6, common ;
maculicrus, Desbr.*, v. beloni, Desbr., Gozo. <Athous
castaneus, Fairm., Attard, Gbir, Salina, 9, 11. Jsidus
moreli, Rey, Melleha, 6, rare.
CEBRIONID&.
Cebrio gigas, F., Ghirghenti, Attard, Melleha.
CANTHARIDA.
Lampyris lareyniet, Duv., general, 6. Malthinus scapu-
laris, Mars, not uncommon, St. Paul’s Bay, 4. Mal-
thodes malcolmi, Pic, Boschetto, 5; sp, Ta Baldu, 6;
ragus%, Fiori*; cameroni, Pic, Gbir, 5, rare. Drilus
flavescens, Rossi*, Gozo. Charopus apicalis, Kiesw., Salina,
5. Colotes maculatus, Lap., general; punctatus, Er.,
St. Paul's Bay, 6. Hypebeus flavicollis, Er.*, Ta Baldu,
Boschetto, 5. (Hbeus cyaneus, Lap.) Attalus melitensis,
Peyr., general, 5; var. with all femora testaceous,! Marsa,
Ghirghenti, 5, 6; erythroderus, Er., Ta Baldu, 5. (Mala-
chius dissimilis, Baudi.) Henicopus scutellaris, F., Salina,
6; v. rufotestaceus, Salina, 6. Dasytes xvrosus, Kiesw., Bar-
racca, 4. Psilothrix cyaneus, Oliv.*, Ghir, 4,5; melanostoma,
Brull.*, Gbir, 4, 5. Haplocnemus melitensis, Schilsky, Ta
Baldu, 6. Dasytiscus melitensis, Bourg.*, El Klia, Fiddian,
3,6. Danacea pallipes, Panz., Boschetto, 6.
CLERID&.
Tillus transversalis, Charp., L’'Imtahlep, 5. Mecrobia
ruficollis, F.*, here and there, 6, 10; rufipes, Degeer *,
general, 10.
BRUCHID (= PTINID&, olim).
Gibbium boreldiewit, Levr., Valletta, 4, 5. Niptus
1 This is the var. testaceipes, Pic, Ech, 1903, 169.
398 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of
(Microptinus) reitteri, Pic, L’Imtahlep, 5. Bruchus (Ptinus)
spitzyi, Villa, Jniena, 11; affines, Desbr., Valletta, 3;
varvegatus, Rossi*, Valletta; duvalz, Lareyn., Coll. Gatto ;
brevipilis, Desbr., Boschetto, 6, Attard, 9; reichet, Boield.,
Jniena, 10.
BYRRHIDEH (= ANOBIIDZ, olim).
Byrrhus nitidus, Hbst., Boschetto, 6; Adrtus, Ill., Coll.
Gatto; paniceus, L.*, Valletta. Oligomerus reyi, Bris.*,
Valletta. Metholcus cylindricus, Germ., St. Paul’s Bay, 6.
Lasioderma hxemorrhoidale, Il.*, Ta Baldu, 6; bicolor,
Schauf., L'Imtablep, 6; dubalus, Fairm., general; sp.,
Boschetto, 6; testacewm, Duft, Binjemma, 10.
LyYctTIpD&.
Lyctus brunneus, Steph., Valletta.
BostRYCHID.
Xylopertha pustulata, F., Coll. Gatto.
TENEBRIONIDA.
Erodius neapolitanus, Sol., Melleha, 10-12, 1-3. Tentyria
sardoa, Sol., Fort Manoel, Ricasoli; /evigata, Stev.*, v.
leachi, Bandi, everywhere. Stenosis melitana, Rttr.*, pretty
general. Dichillus pertusus, Kies.*, Porto Reale, 3, very
rare. Helenophorus collaris, L.*, here and there. Akis
melitana, Rttr., common. Scaurus striatus, F.*, common.
Blaps gigas, L., not uncommon; mucronata, Latr.*, not
uncommon; (foveicollis, All.) Asida melitana, Rttr.*,
Valletta, Notabile, 10,12. Pimelia sardoa, Sol., v. subscabra,
Sol.*, general. Ocnera angustata, Sol.*, 5—9, here and there.
Crypticus cameroni, Rttr., Melleha, 10-12, 1-2. Dendarus
carinatus, Muls., Ta Baldu, 10. Phylax littoralis, Muls., v.
melitensis, Baudi*, common. Scleron ablreviatum, Reiche,
Coll. J. J. W. Opatrum melitense, Kiist., Melleha, 11.
CGonocephalum setulosum, Fald.*, Marsa Scala; rusticwm,
Ol., Marsa, 8. Penthicus punctulatus, Brull., Ricasoli, 10.
Ammobius rufus, Luc., Melleha, 7,11. Zvachyscelis apho-
dioides, Lat., Melleha, 11. Phaleria acuminata, Kiist.,
Jniena, 6. Pentaphyllus testaceus, Hellw., Coll. J. J. W.
Tribolium ferrugineum, F., Valletta, 10. Corticeus castaneus,
F., Coll. J. J. W.; bicolor, O1., Coll. J. J. W. Phthora
crenata, Germ.*, Marsa, 8. Hchocerus cornutus, F., seneral.
5 ? ? ? ts)
the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 399
Alphitobius diaperinus, Pana.*, Coll. Gatto. Clitobius ova-
tus, Er.*, Fort Manoel, 10. Cossyphus insularis, Lap.,
Jniena, 11. Tenebrio molitor, L., Imtarfa, 7, 8. Calcar
elongatum, Hbst., Jniena, 11. Helops pygmeus, Kiist., Gbir,
Jniena, 10, 11. Gonodera nitidula, Kiesw., Ta Baldu, 6.
Omophius melitensis, Baudi (championi, Rttr.), pretty
general, 4,
MorRDELLID 4.
Mordellistena micans, Germ., 4, 5, 6, general. Anaspis
varians, Muls., Jniena, 6.
RHIPIPHORID.
Limenadia flabellata, F., 8. Giorgio, 8, 9.
MELOID#.
Meloé violaceus, Marsh.*, here and there, 4, 5; purpui'-
ascens, Germ.*, Musta, Marsa; tucciws, Rossi*, here and
there, 1, 2, 3, 5; rugosus, Marsh.*, here and there, 2, 3.
Hapalus bimaculatus, L., v. caruane, Rttr.*, Marsa, Marsa
Scirocco, Attard, 1, 2.
ANTHICIDA.
Huglenes populneus, Panz.,Ta Baldu, 10. Anthicus rodri-
guesi, Latr.*, Melleha, 11; humelis, Germ.*, Marsa, 8; v.
lameyt, Marsh., Marsa,8; minutus, Laf.*, Marsa, 8 ; form-
carius, Goeze *, Fort Manoel, 10; cstabilis, Schm.*, general;
opaculus, Woll., Ghirghenti, 8, Fort Manoel, 10; velox, Laf.,
general, 5; 4-quttatus, Rossi*, Marsa, St. Paul’s Bay, 8;
hispidus, Rossi*; Marsa, Gbir, 10; fenestratus, Schm.,
Melleha, 7. Aulacoderus melitensis, Pic, flowers, 5, 6.
Ochthenomus tenwicollis, Rossi*, Jniena, Melleha, 10.
CEDEMERIDA.
Nacerdes melanura, L., here and there. Gdemera simplex,
L., general, 6; wunicolor, Schm., district uncertain, 6;
barbara, F., L’Imtahlep, 5. Stenostoma melitense, Cam.,!
Jniena, 6.
CURCULIONID&.
Otiorrhynchus affaber, Boh., Jniena, rare; lugens, Germ.™,
general ; cribricollis, Gyll., general. Sciaphilus siculus, Boh.,
ex. Coll. J.J. W. Barypithes mollicomus, Ahr. Stropho-
morphus porcellus, Sch., Jmiena, Binjemma, 10, 11, rare.
1 Ent. Mo. Mag. 1907, p. 226.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART III. (NOV.) 27
400 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of
Sttona cachecta, Gyll., v. setulifer, Fahrs., Melleha ; inter-
medius, Kiist., Ta Baldu, 6; cambricus, Steph., Gbir, 55
ocellatus, Kiist., Melleha, 5; crinitus, Hbst., locality un-
known; seriesetosus, Fahrs., pretty general, 4,5; tibialis,
Hbst., Melleha, 5; jlavescens, Marsh., v. cinnamomeus, All.,
Jniena, 6; humeralis, Steph., v. descoideus, Gyll., common ;
virgatus, Fahrs., Jniena, 5; lineatus, L.*, common. Trachy-
phleus laticollis * , Bok, St. Paul's Bay, 8; n.sp., Floriana.
Thylacites bellont, Desbr., Marsa, 8. Brachycer us algirus,
F.*, general ; albidentalus, Gyll., here and there; wndatus,
F.*, general. Cleonus maculicollis, Chev.*, Melleha, 5, not
common ; mendicus, Gyll, Fort Manoel, 10; excoriatus, Gyll.,
general ; cinereus, Sch., Zibbih, 10; madidus, Ol.*, Birze-
buggia, 7. Lovus anguinus, L.*, Coll. Gatto; algurus, L.*,
general, 7; jwnct, Boh., Marsa, 8. Larinus vittatus, F.,
Boschetto, 5; cynare, F., v. glabrirostris, Sch., general
on Cynara horrida; flavescens, Germ., general. Lhino-
cyllus conicus, Frol., LImtahlep, 5. Gronops lunatus,
H*, Marsa, 10. Rhytidoderes plicatus, Oliv.*, general.
Hypera philanthus, Oliv.*, pretty general, 7, 8; crindta,
Boh., pretty general, 7, 8; pastinace, Rossi, Melleha, 10;
murind, F.,TaBaldu, 10; variabilis, Hbst.*, pretty general,
7,8; nigrirostris, ¥.*, Jniena, 6; jucunda, Cap., Coll. Gatto.
Limobius borealis, Payk., Ta Baldu, 5. Pachytychius squa-
mosus, Gyll., Salina, 5. Smicronyx cyaneus, Gyll., Gbir,
10; jungermannix, Reich.*, general. Orthochxtes setiger,
Beck, Coll. J. J. W. Cherorrhinus squalidus, Fairm.,
Coll. J. J. W. 9 Mesites pallidipennis, Boh., Valletta, 6;
curvipes, Boh., Ghirghenti, 8. Codiosoma, spadia, Hbst.*,
Boschetto, 6. Acalles ptinoides, Marsh, Coll.»J. J. W.;
diocletianus, Germ., Jniena, 10. Cwliodes cardui, Hbst.,
rifle range, 5. Ceuthorrhynchidius troglodytes, ¥.*, rifle
range, 5. Ceuthorrhynchus peregrinus, Gyll., L’Imtahlep, 5;
rugulosus, Hbst.*, rifle range, 5; melanostictus, Marsh., rifle
range, 5; quadr idens, Panz.* , rifle range, 5; melitensis,
Schultze* , rifle range, 5. Baris timida, Rossi, Coll. J.J. W.;
spoliata, Boh.*, Marsa, 5, Melleha, 11; cwrulescens, Scop.,
Coll. J. J. W.; picturata, Mén., Marsa, 7, one example.
Sphenophorus piceus, Pall., here and there; abbreviatus, F.,
Ghirghenti, 3, El Klia, 6. Calandra granaria, L., general,
oryze, L.*, general. Anthonomus ornatus, Reiche, Zibbih, 6.
Tychius grenicri, Bris., Coll. J.J. Walker ; nvelilote, Steph.*,
general ; ¢omentosus, Hbst., Ta Baldu, 6. Sibinia primta,
Hbst.*, Boschetto, 6; arenaria, Steph.*, Marsa, 6 ; attalica,
the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 401
Gyll., ex J. J. Walker’s Coll. Rhamphus pulicarius, Hbst.,
Ta Baldu, 5. Mecinus pyraster, Hbst.*, Floriana, rifle range,
5; eorculatus, Marsh., an example in Mr. E. A. Newbery’s
Collection obtained by P. de la Garde. Gymnetron simum,
Rey *, Coll. Gatto. Nanophyes hemisphericus, O1.*, El Klia,
7; nitidulus, Gyll., Boschetto, 6. Apion cardworwm, Kirb.,
v. galactitis, Wenck.*, common everywhere; v. meridianwn,
Wenck., common everywhere; penetrans, Wenck., Boschetto,
7; detritum, Rey, Gozo, 6; robusticorne, Desbr., Coll. J. J. W.;
brisoutt, Bed., Jniena, 6; semivittatum, Gyll.*, everywhere ;
rufescens, Gyll., everywhere; vnewm,F., Coll. Gatto; radiolus,
Marsh., Gozo, 7, Ta Baldu, 5; pubescens, Kirb., Ghirghenti, 8 ;
rufirostre, F.*, LiImtahlep, 5, Marsa, 6; dentipes, Gerst.,
Jniena, 5; apricans, Hbst.*, everywhere ; pis, F., Boschetto,
5; vorax, Hbst., Boschetto, 5; frumentarium, L., near Val-
letta, one example; malve, F.*, Gbir, L’Imtahlep, 5; viola-
coum, Kirby*, Jniena, 6. Lhynchites preustus, Boh., Ta
Baldu, 6.
ANTHRIBID.
Urodon canus, Kiist.*, L’Imtahlep, 5; Cercomorphus
duwvali, Perris, Ghirghenti, 5, one example.
MYLABRIDZ (= BRUCHIDA, olim).
Mylabris (Bruchus) pisorum, L.*, general; pallidicornis,
Boh., Coll. J. J .W.; wlicis, Rey, L’Imtahlep, 4 ; ¢ristis, Boh.,
LiImtahlep; sertata, Ill., Jniena, 6; rufipes, Hbst., general ;
rujimana, Boh.*, general; v.velutina, Rey, Coll. J. J. W.;
laticollts, Boh., L’iImtahlep, 5; chinensis, L., Coll. Gatto ;
5-guttata, Ol., Ghirghenti, Salina, 6; v. meleagrina, Gené,
Ghirghenti, Salina; seminaria, L., v. picipes, Germ.*,
Boschetto, L’Imtahlep, 5, 6; albolineata, Blanch., Coll.
Gatto; biguttata, Ol., Jniena, Concessione, 6; v. fulvipennis,
Germ., Jniena, Concessione, St. Paul’s Bay, 6; v. mendicans,
Ws., Jniena, Concessione, 6; murina, Boh., Ghirghenti, 8;
bimaculata, Ol.*, Marsa Scala, 8; imbricornis, Panz., every-
where; anxia, Fahrs.,? district, 5; pygmexa, Boh., Coll.
J. J. W.; ovalis, Blanch., L’'Imtahlep, 5. Spermophagus
cardui, Boh., Ghirghenti, Marsa, 8.
ScOLYTIDA.
Hylesinus fraxini, Panz.*, Ghirghenti. Scolytus scolytus,
F., Coll. J. JW. Philaotribus searabeoides, Bern., Marsa
Scirocco, 8, 9. Hypoborus ficus, Er.*, Marsa Scirocco, 9.
402 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of
CERAMBYCID.
Cerambyx cerdo, L., dockyard; miles, Bon.*, Marsa
Scirocco, Jniena, 6. Hesperophanes cinereus, Villers, Nota-
bile, Marsa Scirocco, 9. Callidium violacewm, L., very rare.
Hylotrupes bajulus, L., dockyard, 5. Rhopalopus clavipes, ¥.,
very rare. Liagrica timida, Mén., here and there. Clytan-
thus varius, F., Boschetto, 6. Parmena solieri, Muls., Marsa
Scala, 11. Niphona picticornis, Muls., Marsa Scala, 8.
Calamobius filum, Rossi, Ta Baldu, Ghirghenti, L’Imtahlep,
5. Agapanthia asphodeli, Lat.*, common, 1, 2; cynare,
Germ., Fort Manoel, Corradino, 2,3; cardi, L., L’Imtahlep,
6. Saperda punctata, L., Valletta. (Oberea erythrocephala,
Schr., v. melitana, Reiche).
CHRYSOMELID®.
Lema inclampa, L.*, pretty general. Crioceris paracenthesis,
L., Marsa Scirocco, 6. Labidostomis taxicornis, F.*, pretty
general. Cryptocephalus signaticollis, Suff.*, Jniena, 6; ochro-
leucus, Fairm., Marsa Scala,8. Pachnephorus impressus, Rosh.,
Jniena, 10; cylindricus, Luc., Jniena, 11. (Timarcha meli-
tensis, Ws.) Chrysomela banksi, F., here and there, 10, 11;
variolosa, Pet.*, here and there, 10; erythromera, Lue.*,
Melleha, 11, rare ; guadrigemina, Suff., Gbir, 11; didymata,
Scrib., Zibbih, 10; bicolor, F., Coll. Gatto; americana, L.*,
here and there, 8,6; grossa, F.*, Notabile, 9. Prasocuris
distincta, Lue., v. marginicollis, Suff., Jniena, 11. Aula-
cophora abdominalis, F¥.*, general. Podagrica semirufa,
Kiist.*, general. Crepidodera impressa, F., Jniena, 6,
Ochrosis ventralis, Ill., general. Chetocnema tibialis, IIL,
Melleha, 10, 11; aridula, Gyll.*, Gbir, 10. Psylliodes
inflata, Reiche*, Fort Manoel, 10; chrysocephala, L., L'Im-
tahlep, Boschetto, 5; v. nucea, Ill., Coll. J. J. W.; ine Hz
Jniena, 6; pallidipennis, Rosh.*, Binjemma, 10. Phyllotreta
rugifrons, Kist., Ta Baldu, 6; /ativittata, Kiitsch.*, Ghir-
ghenti, 9; cruciferx, Goeze, Ta Baldu; consobrina, Curt.,
Gozo, L’Imtahlep, 5; procera, Redt.*, general. Aphthona
flaviceps, All.*, Marsa Scala, 8; nigriceps, Redt.*, Ta Baldu,
10; pygmea, Kiitsch.*, general; ewphorliw, Schr., Ghir-
ghenti, 8. Longitarsus echii, Koch*, 5; xneus, Kiitsch. ;
corynthius, Reiche*, 5; brunneus, Duft., St. Paul’s Bay,
4; luridus, Scop., St. Paul’s Bay, 11; stragulatus, Foudr.*,
Coll. Gatto; lateripunetatus, Rosh., Ta Baldu, 10; exoletus,
L., L’Imtahlep ; lycopi, Foudr.*, Jniena, 6; pratensis, Panz.,
the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 403
Gbir, 10; v. minima, Kiitsch., Gbir; tabidus, F., Bir-
chicara, 7; xruginosus, Foudr., L’Imtahlep, 6 ; ochroleucus,
Marsh., L'Imtahlep, 5; pellucidus, Foudr., Birchicara, 7 ;
membranaceus, Foudr., general, 5; cerinus, Foudr., Gbir, 5.
Inboiia occultans, Koch, L’Imtahlep, 6. Sphexroderma
testaceum, F., Boschetto, 10; ocularia, All., Ghirghenti, 8.
Cassida vittata, Vill. on Atriplex, 5,6; hemispherica, Hbst.,
Ghirghenti, 8.
COoccINELLID.
Epilachna chrysomelina, F.. common. Coccinella 7-
punctata, L.*, common; 11-punctata, L., Barracca, 5; 10-
punctata, L., Boschetto, Ta Baldu, 10. Chilocorus bipus-
tulatus, L., pines, Boschetto, 6. Hxochomus 4-pustulatus,
L., Floriana, 10. Rhizobius litura, F., general; v. discomacula,
Costa*, Jniena, 10. Scymnus subvillosus, Goeze, v. pubescens,
Panz., and pallidivestis, Muls., general; arcwatus, Rossi,
v. hausmanni, Gredl., Gozo, 6, rare; pynctillum, Ws.,
Gbir, 9; interruptus, Goeze, everywhere, 7; v. basalts,
Redt., Salina, Gozo, 6; kiesenwetteri, Muls., here and there,
rare; pulchellus, Hbst., St. Paul’s Bay, 8; dipunctatus,
Kugel., Binjemma, 10,
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XXI. Life History of Cydimon (Urania) leilus, L. By
L. GUPPY, jun.
[Read April 10th, 1907.]
Puates XXVI, XXVII.
In “ A Handbook to the Order Lepidoptera,” by W.F. Kirby,
vol, ili, p. 45 (“Lloyd’s Natural History”), it is stated,
“The earlier stages are unknown, for it is not possible
that the larva figured by Madame Merian, with long
branching spines as hard as iron wire, can belong to a
Cydimon, in view of MacLeay’s description, etc, of C.
boisduvalit.”
This statement is correct, as my description and figures
of the early stages will show.
I have observed C. lei/ws carefully for years past,
especially in 1901, when they swarmed all over the
island, and I have netted numbers of females in a fresh
and immaculate condition, and from their appearance it
would seem they had not come from far; however, it
always occurred to me, whatever the larvae fed upon,
if they were properly established on this island, from their
numbers there would surely be some indication from the
state of the vegetation to betray their whereabouts, in the
shape of trees, creepers, ete., denuded of their leaves.
1 may here observe, however, that as the creeper on
which they do feed is often so much concealed by other
similar and parasitic plants, that the destruction of this
particular creeper might pass unnoticed; and the lofty
trees in the forests on which these grow are not sufficiently
under observation anyhow, especially as the season in
which I discovered the eggs and larve is the wettest and
stormiest time of the year.
In a spot about eight miles inland (due east from the
town of Port of Spain), situated at the foot of the northern
hills of Trinidad, on the southern side, there are a few big
trees, the remnant of the virgin forest which was cut
down to form the present cacao plantation, overgrown, as
is always the case with our forest trees, by parasites and
creepers, till there is hardly anything to be seen of the
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART III. (NOV.)
406 Mr. L. Guppy, Junr., on
trees themselves. Amongst this tangled growth Omphalea
megacarpa, Hemsley, holds a prominent place ; it is known
locally as the “ Hunterman’s Nut,” the fruit being very
palatable, in flavour somewhat like a Brazil nut. ‘This
creeper climbs from the ground and clings to the trunk of
the trees, growing over the topmost branches and hanging
down in festoons,
In September 1901, numbers of the imagines of C. cilus
were observed by my brother, Mr. Eric Guppy, flying up
and down these trees, and his statement that he saw some
of them depositing eggs on the creeper during the day was
subsequently verified.
On the 15th of September I made a thorough search,
and was rewarded by finding about eighteen eggs; they
were deposited under leaves within six feet of the ground,
and the majority were found on small creepers that grew
on a thick hedge near by, evidently seedlings of the large
ones. The eggs are usually laid singly or in pairs on the
underside of a leaf, though I found subsequently one lot of
seven and another of eight, laid irregularly, fairly close
together but not touching.
I was not able to examine to any height up these trees,
both on account of the masses of foliage that grew on
their trunks, and the ants, scorpions, tarantulas, ete., that
make their homes in the hidden recesses of the bark.
DESCRIPTION OF Eaa.
Egg spherical, and when freshly laid nearly white, suffused with
a pale yellowish tint, and there are twenty about longitudinal ribs or
ridges. Two or three days before hatching the eggs turn yellow.
LARVA.
The newly-hatched larva, which has sixteen legs, consumes the
greater part of the egg-shell. Head in proportion, black and
shining, like a small bead. Body white with a faint bluish tint ;
there are eleven black transverse lines or belts, and a sparse down
which is only evident on close examination,
At this stage and after the first moult they are particularly active,
and spring madly about when touched.
After the first moult the head becomes yellowish-red with black
dots, and a few fine hairs. Eight long black hairs appear on the
body, rising fine but becoming slightly clubbed towards the tip,
which ends in a fine white point. These long hairs are situated as
the Life History of Cydimon (Urania) leilus. 407
follows : —two on the 2nd, four on the 3rd, and two on the 10th,
segment. The legs are black, and the white on the body shows up
distinctly in contrast with the black transverse lines. The 3rd and
10th segments are almost entirely black.
After the second moult two more long black hairs appear; they
are situated on the 11th segment and incline backwards. The
general appearance is much the same as after the first moult, black,
however, predominating. The segments appear to be divided by
transverse white lines when viewed laterally.
After the third moult two more long hairs appear on the 12th
segment, projecting over the anal portion like a pair of tails. There
is a lateral row of eight or nine white spots from the 3rd to the 11th
segments, those just over the first pair of abdominal legs being
larger, those on the other segments being mere specks; these spots
appear on all the larve after the third moult. There are also from
two to four reddish spots on the 1st segment, which is otherwise
black ; sometimes there is more of a pattern than decided spots.
As will be seen from my illustrations, the larvee are apt
to vary a good deal after the third and fourth moults.
The body generally is black and white, but irregularly and
differently placed in different larvee. Generally there is a transverse
wavy black line about the middle of each segment edged with white
anteriorly; sometimes there are irregular white areas edged with
black, and occasionally the ground colour is greyish-lilac with broad
black transverse lines, with white spots. The thoracic legs are
yellowish-red, the same colour as the head, and the others whitish
or flesh-coloured. The number of long black hairs on the body may
differ in many larvee at the fourth moult ; two long hairs appear
generally on each of the segments from the 4th to the 9th, hitherto
only covered with a few fine hairs, in addition to the others on the
other segments—these are straighter and finer and project laterally,
the others are inclined to curl at the tips.
PUPA.
The pupa is light yellowish-brown, glossy, with black dots and
lines ; the lines on the thorax just where the wings of the future
insect are encased are in imitation of neuration marks. It lies inside
a roomy cocoon of yellowish-red silk, which is like a network and
through the meshes of which it can be seen. Two leaves of the creeper
are fastened one above the other, and the cocoon formed between.
The transformations from the egg to the imago occupy
408 Mr. L. Guppy, Junr., on
a period of nearly six weeks, of which two are in the pupa
state.
The imago as a rule emerges during the night or early
morning.
HABITS OF THE LARVA.
They are solitary, and consume cast-off skin after each
moult, which takes place generally during the night or
early morning.
They feed as a rule from the underside of a leaf, more
often by eating a hole somewhere near the centre, and are
very active, dropping immediately on being alarmed,
suspended by a silken thread, and they remain suspended
until the alarm is over, when they swarm up again
quickly. To get from one place to another, if they discover
any obstacle to their movements, or that their position is
not satisfactory, they cast themselves off after making fast
by a silken thread, and lower themselves until an object
is reached from which it is possible to explore further.
HABITS OF THE IMAGO.
I am of opinion that although this moth may be seen
here throughout the year, its real home is in the forests of
Venezuela, from whence it migrates here annually, more
or less according to favourable seasons, during the months
of July, August and September; a few females here and
there, however, do deposit their eggs in an erratic manner
in favourable places in Trinidad, but the majority return
to the continent.
In the spot where I discovered their larvee, judging by
the appearance of the creepers they were found on, there
could not have been many of the larve about, as, though
there were leaves slightly eaten here and there, there was
nothing to draw attention to the fact that there were any
larvee of such a plentiful insect as C. leilus, especially when
one considered the immense numbers that appeared in the
year I made this discovery.
I am indebted to Mr. Edgell Johnstone, of Messrs.
Tennants’ Agency, San Fernando, for the following informa-
tion in connection with their movements in the southern
parts of this island :—
“ As far as my observation of the ‘Green Page’ moth
(local name of C’ /eilus) is concerned, I noticed them flying
the Life History of Cydimon (Urania) leilus. 409
both eastward and westward, and I have seen them a mile
or so out tosea....
“From the early part of September we had them here
by the thousands, lasting for about five weeks. My boys
said they were specially numerous about the hospital
way, myriads being on or about some trees there... .”
The hospital is situated on an elevated piece of land on
the sea-coast, in the town of San Fernando.
Mr. Potter, the warden of La Brea, where is situated the
famous ‘‘ Pitch Lake,” states that they flew in thousands
past the pier at La Brea, and that they congregated in
numbers in the woods around there.
Might not these immense flocks that collect at these
points, being suitable meeting-places on the sea-coast,
assemble there to return to the continent ?
It would seem that they have suitable meeting-places
along the coast, from whence they return homewards,
congregating in vast numbers till, like swallows, they
homeward fly, in a similar manner to C. fulgens, which,
Kirby writes, “is remarkable for its migratory habits.”
They are very fond of the blossoms of a plant known
locally as “ Black Sage,” which grows in abundance on all
the waste lands in the island, and also another white
flowering plant which grows in similar situations and
flower at the same-period, from July to September, when
the moths are most numerous.
The remarks that apply to C. sloanus, as quoted by
Kirby in “Lloyd’s Natural History,” in respect to their
habits when feeding and sporting around, are also ap-
plicable to C. leilus: “When one alights, unless it is to
suck the blossom, it chooses a leaf or other surface that is
nearly vertical and instantly turns head downwards, and
rests with the wings expanded in the plane of the body,
the anterior pair, however, inclined backwards, so as to
form an angle with each other, and partly covering the
posterior.”
They chase each other about playfully, half-a-dozen or
more sometimes joining in the gambols.
I have never observed a pairing, though there has been
a lot of gambolling, and I have often observed pairs
pursuing one another about most perseveringly.
In the month of September the greatest number appear,
though they are plentiful in July and August; and while
not very easy to capture, yet by waiting for them on a
410 Mr. L. Guppy, Junr., on the Life History of Cydimon.
savanna or open field, as they fly low down and all in one
direction, and somewhat leisurely, until alarmed, it is
possible by standing up quietly, as each one comes within
reach of the net, by a rapid swoop, to catch and kill them
as fast as possible.
They do not fly in flocks, but singly, and rise over all
obstacles, generally in an easterly direction, and vice versa.
In October only solitary specimens are seen here and
there. I found three eggs in the latter part of October
1901, which gave me the same number of imagines early
in December 1901.
Since 1901 these moths have not been plentiful. I
have seen single specimens here and there, and this may
be the case for a few years to come, when quite un-
expectedly they will again invade us in immense numbers.
Mr. J. H. Hart, F.L.S., was kind enough to identify the
creeper on which they feed—Omphalea megacarpa, Hemsley.
I regret not having been able to obtain any more larve
since 1901, as I shall be anxious to continue observations,
especially in regard to the reasons for such a variety in the
ground colour of the larvee, ete.
[A very brief description of the early stages of Urania leilus,
communicated by Herr Kappler, was published by Dr. E. Hoffman
in Stett. Ent. Zeit. xli, p. 487 (1881). The larva of the Mada-
gascan Urania rhipheus has been described by Camboné, Report
Int. Congress of Zoology, 1892, II, p. 180.]
EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXVI, XXVII.
[See Explanation facing the PLATEs.]
Cran *)
XXII. Lhe Hibernation of Marasmarcha. By T. A.
CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S.
[Read October 2nd, 1907.]
PuaTE XXVIII.
I HAVE found a good deal of interesting matter in trying
to work out the less-known items in the life histories of
our British Plume Moths, with a view to assisting Mr. Tutt
in making as complete as possible his account of that group
in his “ British Lepidoptera.” Amongst these points, the
question as to how each species passed the winter was one,
to which the answers varied somewhat in each species and
made the research very attractive.
With regard to a good many species much was already
known, though often in a rather vague way, such as the
hibernation of the imago of monodactylus, of the full-grown
larva of microdactyla, and of the half-grown larvee of most
of the Aciptiliines.
Amongst the additions to our information, we have found
that most of the Platyptilids hibernate (in the interior of
the food-plant usually) in the second instar. The hibern-
ation of lithodactylus as an egg, or more accurately, perhaps,
of the young larva within the egg-shell, was something of
a surprise, and so on.
There is not much difficulty in following out such
observations, if sufficient material can be obtained, but
Marasmarcha lunedactylus (pheodactyla), a fairly common
species, of which plenty of material was available, defied
our (Bacot and others as well as myself) efforts to discover
how it passed the winter. I got moths to lay their eggs
on growing plants, and afterwards found the empty egg-
shells, but no traces of their larve. I placed the newly-
hatched larvee on living plants and tried to follow them in
their travels, without success; only this summer I placed
a number of larvee in a sleeved plant, and later found that
egos had been laid and larve hatched, but a careful dis-
section of the plant and examination of it, above and below
the soil, was without result. This seemed, however, to
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART III. (NOV.)
412 Dr. T. A. Chapman on
quite disprove the suspicion that the larva followed
Platyptiliid habits and reached the second instar in
autumn, but, except for this guess, it left us in the
position stated at length in Tutt’s “ British Lepidoptera,”
Vol. V, pp. 391-3.
It has given me, therefore, great satisfaction to have
succeeded at length in solving this problem, which had
puzzled us so much, and the satisfaction is the greater
in that the solution is rather unexpected and certainly
somewhat extraordinary; nor is it much diminished that,
the clue to it was afforded in an almost accidental
manner.
Marasmarcha tuttidactyla (or agrorum, var. tuttidactyla)
was found commonly at Gavarnie, and a 9 laid some eggs.
These were placed in a glass tube quite alone, under a sort
of general idea that something might be done with them
if they would refrain from hatching till I got home.
However, when I got home they had not only hatched,
but most of them had made their arrangements for the
winter. Having no better place in which to do it, they
had wedged themselves between the glass and the paper
covering the cork and spun themselves small cocoons of
white silk, several together. The latter circumstance is
no doubt accidental, as naturally the eggs are laid singly,
and is therefore due to there being practically only these
spots available to them. [Pl XXVIII, fig. 5.]
I was naturally anxious to ascertain whether ph.vo-
dactyla had precisely the same habit. This seemed
almost certain from the similarity of the species, and
that the larva of phwodactyla certainly hibernates very
small. I therefore examined with great care the potted
plant of QOnonis already referred to, on which I had
left sleeved a number of larve of phwxodactyla on
leaving home. The experiment was so far successful
that I found a number of empty egg-shells on the plant,
but I failed utterly to find the young larve in their
cocoons, although they were almost unquestionably there
somewhere.
Very luckily I picked up about mid-August on our
downs a very belated 2 phwodactyla, who very kindly
supplied me with a moderate store of eggs. These I
divided into two portions. One I placed in a glass tube
with a dead leaf or two of QOnonis and some portions
of glass slide covers; the other I put on a comparatively
the Hibernation of Marasmarcha. 413
small piece of Ononis with a bit of root, which I put in a
glass jar in clean sifted sand.
These hatched in due course. About August 29th those
in the tube spun themselves cocoons exactly like tuttz-
dactyla, between the slide covers and bits of leaf and
between the glass of the tube and bits of leaf. A bit of
leaf seemed much more to their taste than two glass
surfaces.
On September 6th I examined the piece of plant in the
sand, and at first was very unsuccessful. By searching on
the plant above ground I could find nothing, then on that
below I was equally unsuccessful. I finally, however,
succeeded in finding half-a-dozen cocoons. These were
found, as regards at least four of them, in the sand,
with some attachment to dead leaves of Ononis that were
on or partially buried in the sand; the two others were
probably in similar places, as, though free in the sand
when I found them, it was at the same time as I found
the others, and a search in the sand all round the plant
afforded no others. [Pl. XXVIII, figs. 1, 2, 3.]
Later, however, having waited till the sand was quite
dry, I carefully sifted it, and obtained by so doing eight
further little cocoons, minute aggregations of sand particles
on that side with the cocoon in the midst. [Pl. XXVIII,
fig. 4. ]
These cocoons had sand attached to them, so that the
contents were not easily seen. But those built against
glass were so thin on that side that the glass formed
practically the wall of the cocoon. The cocoon is of course
very small, and the larva is coiled up in it, so that it
occupies hardly more space than it does in the egg.
The larvee of Marasmarcha (pheodactyla, fauna, tutti-
dactyla) always occur ov. plants that form a considerable
mass, and I imagine that the young larve form their
hibernating cocoons amongst the dead leaves and other
material of the plant close to the ground, and not on the
plant itself, but have, owing to the density of the plant,
little difficulty in finding a growing point when they come
out in the spring.
The examination of the piece of Ononis pianted in
sand, as well as the futile searches made on previous
occasions, make me feel certain that the little cocoon is
never made in touch with the living plant, but somewhere
sufficiently close by. It is so small that one might easily
414 Dr. T. A. Chapman on Hibernation of Marasmarcha.
go on for years experimenting on plants growing in an
ordinary way in a flower-pot without being able to discover
it, and easily explaining our previous want of success.
This habit of hibernating as a newly-hatched larva,
without feeding, is quite new amongst the Plume Moths;
it is extraordinary, indeed, that such a minute larva should
be able not only to pass the winter before eating, but
should also be able to afford to secrete silk and spin a
cocoon. I cannot remember, indeed, any other similar case
amongst the Lepidoptera. The Argynnids and Satyrids
afford some larve that hibernate before feeding, but they
spin no cocoon. Many young larvee, however, are fully
formed before winter within the eggs, and pass the winter
there before hatching. We may assume that an egg-
shell is a better protection for the winter, under most
conditions, than a cocoon, or the habit of hibernating
within it would not be so much more frequent than the
one I have just related as occurring in Marasmarcha.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII.
See Hxplanation facing the PLATE.
y Hf]
November 201i, 1907.
( 415)
XXIII. The Life History, and Occurrence as British,
of Lomechusa strumosa, F. By H. Sr. J.
DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
[Read November 6th, 1907. ]
THE life history of this remarkable beetle, which has been
worked out by Father Wasmann, is of the greatest interest
both to the student of insect bionomics as well as the
scientific entomologist.
Lomechusa strwmosa is a dweller in the nests of the
blood-red robber-ant Formica sanguinea (our most inter-
esting indigenous species of ant both on account of its
practice of making slaves and its highly intelligent habits),
of which the beetle is a guest in the truest sense of the
word, as it is both fed and licked by its hosts. Lomechusa
possesses short aborted labial palpi, and patches of golden
hairs on the abdomen whence the ants obtain a sweet
secretion, of which they are very fond. I may here
mention that I kept some Lomechusas in small plaster
nests with glass tops, in which were also ants and other
insects found in various ants’ nests, including several
Myrmetes piceus, a small Histerid found with Formica rufa.
These artful little beetles discovered that Lomechusa pos-
sessed this secretion, and would frequently climb up the
legs of the beetle on to its back, where they would remain
sucking at these patches for some time, often to the evident
discomfort of the Lomechusa, which appeared somewhat
agitated. ;
In studying living specimens of Lomechusa one may con-
tinually see the ants both feed the beetle and also lick
it on these patches. If the plates of the abdomen be
removed and put under a high power, the orifices under
the hairs, whence the secretion exudes, can be well seen.
The beetles also ask to be fed, by tapping the ants with
their antennz. I find, however, that they can also feed
themselves. I have seen them suck at honey given to the
ants, and bite at dead ants, and larve given to, or killed
by, the latter. One beetle sucked for a long time at a
cut-up Hryzx ater larva, another attacked and sucked a live
caterpillar. When a lot of ants are feeding at the honey
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PaRT IV. (FEB.’08) 28
416 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Life History,
given to them, Lomechusa will come and sit amongst, and
crawl over, them. In fact, the beetle is always to be found
where the ants are thickest, and then it becomes practically
invisible; the reason being, as pointed out by Father
Wasmann, that the light which is reflected from the
concave sides of the thorax appears to the eye like the
narrow back of an ant, and the rolled-up abdomen of the
beetle reflects the light in the same way as the rounded
abdomen of a fat ant.
I was fortunate enough to observe the courtship of
Lomechusa; as it has not been recorded before I took
careful notes, and it is here described for the first time.
I first saw it on the evening of May 19th this year, and
subsequently noticed it on many occasions till June 9th.
The and ? faced each other, touching their antennz and
mouths together, and tapping each other quickly. The
@ slowly sidled round to the back of the 9, touching her
all the time with his antennz, the 2? moving convulsively
the posterior part of her body ; the f tapped the posterior
parts with his antennze and mouth, then pushing his
head under the body of the ?, he raised himself on the
tips of the front legs, and nearly standing on his head he
bent the body right over his back and made desperate
endeavours to meet the end of the female’s body, when
she put up her tail, the posterior part of his body opened
Fie. 1, Lomechusa strwmosa, in cop.
and clasped hers like a hand and coition took place. The
fis then carried hanging back in the air, or walking on
the tips of his front pair of legs. They separated, and
after caressing each other for a short time, the same
process was repeated and copulation resumed. The pro-
cess of copulation lasts about half-an-hour. I introduced
several pairs in cop. into the bowl which contains my
observation nest of Formica sanguinea ; when they separated
the 2? at once entered the nest, where the eggs are laid.
The only external difference in the sexes is that the
antennz are slightly longer in the #; as the legs are not
and Occurrence as British, of Lomechusa strwmosa, 417
used in any way to grasp or hold the 9, it can be under-
stood why they are simple in both sexes, and not modified
in the &.
The perfect insects appear to die off about the middle of
June. I took my first specimen this year on April 27th ;
I exhibited it at the Royal Society on May 8th, and it
died on May 30th. I was able to account for all the
beetles in my observation nest, as they either came out of
the nest to die, or were brought out by the ants; the last
died on June 21st.
On September 8th I noticed two new Lomechusas out,
and have since counted seven specimens altogether ; these
must have hatched from pupe, or full-grown larvee, already
in the nest. Of course my study is much warmer than
out of doors, and in nature these specimens would hibernate
with the ants in their winter quarters by the end of
September.
T introduced specimens of Formica rufa, fusca, and exsecta,
Lasius fuliginosus, and Formica sanguinea from different
nests at different times into the plaster nests with Zome-
chusa, as all my experiments * have shown that true ants’-
nest dwellers are protected from the ants even of another
%.
Fie. 2. Glands of Lomechusa. N.B.—The position of the glands is
disturbed through dissection.
» 3 Labium.
, 4. Dorsal segment of Abdomen.
species, and | found that, though attacked ai first, the
beetles were able to protect themselves. They shook
themselves, stamping with the feet and putting up their
* Cf. Ent. Record, 1901, pp. 349-353; 1908, pp. 11-12; 1906,
p. 288, and 1907, p. 256.
418 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Life History,
tails, and the ants left them alone. I have discovered
that when seized Lomechusa gives off the same smell as
the species of Myrmedonia, and having dissected both
under the microscope I found they possessed similar
glands, which lie in the posterior part of the abdomen
underneath the genitalia and alimentary canal, and contain
the product which causes this smell.
The larva of Zomechusa is very like an ant-larva in
appearance, and although it possesses six legs it does not
use them, but mimics the attitudes of an ant-larva. The
Ji.
Fia. 5. Larva of Lomechusa.
ants value it very much, and on any danger threaten-
ing the nest they carry it first into safety. That the ants
feed it has been proved by giving them coloured sugar,
when the colour can be traced in the digestive canal of the
beetle-larva through the delicate white skin. They also
place it on their own larvae, of which it devours large
numbers, and Wasmann has shown that its voracity causes
the production of ‘ Pseudogynes,’ or false females, in
the nest. These are neither perfect females nor perfect
workers, but of an intermediate form which does not work
or bite. They are brought about in the following way :
The numbers of worker-larvee consumed by Lomechusa
causes a decrease in the workers produced in the nest.
Now, as is well known, ants can create females by feeding
their larve on special food, and to make up for the loss of
workers they try to turn larvee which they have started
to bring up as females into workers, the result being
these “ Pseudogynes.”
“ Pseudogynes ” only occur in nests where Lomechusa has
been for some years, and they will not be found in all
nests where Lomechusa is present, though of course the
beetle will be found where “ Pseudogynes ” occur, and these
nests are the centres from which the beetle spreads to
other nests.
At first the beetle is kept in check by the ants digging
up its pupa and carrying it about as they do their own,
which of course kills a delicate beetle pupa, but as more
and Occurrence as British, of Lomechusa strumosa. 419
“ Pseudogynes”” are produced fewer pupz are dug up, till
at last the destruction of the colony is brought about.
In North America a beetle, Xenodusa cava, closely
related to ZLomechusa, occurs with Formica rubicunda, a
race of Formica sanguinea. Father Wasmann stated that
“ Pseudogynes” must occur in those nests; at first they
could not be found, but after some time his correspondents
succeeded in finding them in nests which contained the
beetle, a veritable triumph for his theory.
The distribution of Lomechusa strwmosa embraces the
whole of Europe, North and Central Asia as far as Tibet.
took is
Ad ee Ol
lo. 1.
& go 3g
pes
Fic. 6. Formica sanguinea, 9.
6
mt G » Pseudogyne.
”
” ” .
A. Pronotum. B. Mesonotum. co. Scutellum.
D. Post-scutellum. £. Propodeum.
The history of ZLomechusa asa British species is as
follows :—In Stephens’ “ Illustrations, Mandibulata, Vol. iv,
p. 108 (1832), we read: “ Very rare: I have hitherto seen
two specimens (which are in the British Museum) only,
one of which, I was informed by Dr. Leach, was taken by
Sir H. Sloane, on Hampstead Heath in 1710; the other
was captured by himself while travelling on the mail-
coach between Cheltenham and Gloucester about twenty
years since.” These two specimens are still in the
Museum at South Kensington. It is given as British in
G. R. Waterhouse’s catalogues of 1858 and 1861, and
Rye’s of 1866. In Crotch’s catalogue of 1863 it is
“reputed British,’ and in his second edition, 1866, as
“doubtfully indigenous.” After this it is altogether
420 The Life History of Lomechusa strumosa.
omitted from all our catalogues and books on Coleoptera.
On May 25th, 1906, it was re-discovered by me at Woking.
I was collecting with the Rev. F. Morice at the time, and
we were looking for nests of Formica sanguinea, Mr.
Morice having asked me to show him how I took beetles
in ants’ nests. My companion found a nest under an old
boot, which drew blank. I subsequently found two more
nests near together, on another part of the common, and
whilst examining one of them I met with the first specimen
of this very fine beetle. On the 29th I went down again
and dug up the other nest, when seven more of the beetles
were taken. These nests were in a bank, and the ants
had covered them with short cut grass, a type of nest very
difficult to be found by the uninitiated. These are summer
quarters ; in the winter the ants go deep down under the
ground. The beetle was again found sparingly in the
autumn.
This year diligent search in the spring for nests was
rewarded, a large number being found, and the beetle was
turned up in numbers; indeed in one nest alone over
sixty specimens were taken, plenty of material being thus
obtained to supply other Coleopterists with examples for
their collections, as well as for my own observations and
experiments. Several nests were established on suitable
private ground near at hand, where I had previously found
both the ant and the beetle, and where they would be
undisturbed for future observation. One nest with eight
queens was brought home to my study and fixed up in a
large glass vessel to act as an observation nest. J may
mention that Lomechusa was found again this autumn,
though not in such numbers as in the spring. The only
other species of beetles I found in these nests were
Dinarda dentata in plenty (a new locality for it) and
Myrmedonia limbata.
In conclusion I should like to express my best thanks
to Sir Charles Dilke for his kindness and courtesy in
allowing me to make use of his property at all times for
the observation and study of this beetle in nature, as well
as for a natural preserve for the ants and their nests; to
Father Wasmann for his kind encouragement of my studies
in Myrmecophilous Entomology ; to my friend Dr. H. Armit
for kind assistance in dissecting and chemical experiments ;
and to my friend Mr. Hereward Dollman for his admirable
drawings.
(aera)
XXIV. On alarge series of Nycteribiide, parasitic Diptera,
from Ceylon. By Hueu Scort, B.A. (Cantab).
Communicated by J. E. Contin, FES.
[Read November 6th, 1907.]
THE main object of this paper is to state to what extent
variation occurs in a series of 100 specimens of Cyclopodia
sykesi, Westwood. One of the chief difficulties in the study
of Nycteribiide has arisen from the fact that they are
usually found only in small numbers, and consequently
uncertainty as to the limits of species has often arisen.
For the opportunity to examine the specimens under
consideration, I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. T.
Bainbrigge Fletcher, Paymaster of H.M.S. Sealark. They
were all obtained by him from 11 male specimens of
Pteropus medius Temminck * at Barberyn Island, off the
west coast of Ceylon, on February 23rd, 1907.
The series, consisting of 57 males and 43 females, is
sufficiently large to enable one to form some opinion of
the amount of individual variation exhibited by these
insects. As an example of the difficulty which has arisen -
in previous cases from the smallness of the number of
specimens obtained, the following words, written by Dr.
Enderlein,+ in describing a Cyclopodia from the Maldive
Islands, may be quoted : “Ob die vorliegenden Verschieden-
heiten aus individuellen Schwankungen hervorgegangen
sind, kann ich nicht entscheiden. Dazu wiire ein grosseres
Material nothwendig.” Dr. De Meijere ¢ also, in describing
C. horsfieldi and speaking of Westwood’s species of the genus,
expresses some uncertainty as to whether he is dealing
with specific, or only with varietal, differences; saying:
“., . thut sich die Frage auf, ob wir es nicht vielleicht
mit Varietaten einer Art zu thun haben. Doch ist zur
Entscheidung dieser Frage zuniichst mehr Material
nothig.”
For comparison with these specimens I have had West-
wood’s original type female of C. sykesi, described by him
in his paper §; also a male and a female of C. horsjieldt,
* Pteropus medius (Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. I, 1827, p. 176)
= Vespertilio gigantea (Briinnich, Dyrene’s Historie, I, 1782, p. 45).
t+ Arch. Naturg. 67. 1 (1901), p. 176.
{ Tijdschr. Ent. 42. (1899), p. 157.
§ Tr. Zool. Soc. London, 1. (1835), p. 275.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IV. (FEB. 08)
4.22 Mr. Hugh Scott on a large series of
de Meij., the property of the Cambridge Museum, which
were obtained by the Skeat expedition to the Malay
Peninsula, and determined by Dr. Speiser. I owe my
best thanks to Professor Poulton for kindly lending the
type of C. sykest from the Oxford Museum.
A close comparison of the Ceylon female specimens with
Westwood’s type has left no doubt that they are C. sykesz.
(The male sex was described by Westwood (op. cit.) as a
separate species, C. hopei.) They are distinctly larger and
darker than the type; the latter has the long bristles on
the end of the abdomen conspicuously reddish, whereas in
the Ceylon specimens these are more fuscous. Neverthe-
less, investigation has revealed no clear character separating
the Ceylon females from the type of C. sykesi. It must be
mentioned, too, that all the Ceylon specimens are pre-
served in spirit, while the type is in a dried condition.
Though the species 1s not new, a description of the Ceylon
series may not be out of place.
FEMALE.—Dark reddish-brown ; cox somewhat lighter ; femora
much lighter, testaceous, except at the apices, where they are dark ;
the three cross-furrows of the tibia lie in its proximal portion.
Head bearing short bristles, palps with long bristles. Thorax
dorsally greyish-white at the sides ; the central part darker. Under-
side of the thorax covered with short, not very strong, bristles.
Basal abdominal segment. Dorsal plate with its extreme base
whitish and bearing a group of very short black bristles ; remainder
of the plate dark red-brown, more anteriorly without bristles, the
posterior portion with 3 or more irregular rows of rudimentary
dark bristles at some distance from one another; hind margin of
the plate with + 6 conspicuous moderately long bristles, on either
side of the body, at the lateral angle. Ventral plate with a few
rudimentary bristles at its extreme base; posterior to these, 3
irregular rows of short dark bristles (the bristles become longer
towards the hind margin of the segment); margin of the plate
bearing the characteristic ctenidium of strong black teeth.
Penultimate abdominal segment. Whitish, covered with black
tubercles (“Dornenrudimenten”). On the ventral and_ lateral
surfaces these tubercules bear short bristles. The mid-ventral part
of the hind border of the segment bears + 7 long bristles. On the
dorsal surface, the tubercles of the anterior two-thirds bear only
exceedingly minute rudimentary bristles ; in the middle is a bare
space, having a group of much larger tubercles, of the number of
which I shall speak later ; on the posterior one-third the tubercles
Nycteribiide, parasitic Diptera, from Ceylon. 423
are large, and bear the very long and strong fuscous-reddish bristles.
It appears that Enderlein* had some doubt as to the number of
these bristles, as Westwood’s Fig. 3+ does not show clearly whether
one or several rows are present. It may be stated that there are
5 or 6 rows, not very regularly arranged, and behind them a narrow
part of the segment without either bristles or tubercles. There is
no apparent arrangement of the tubercles in definite transverse
lines, such as is mentioned by Westwood.
Terminal segment. The chitinous plates on either side of the
anus are smooth, dark, and shining; each one bears on its free
margin a row of 8 long and very strong dark bristles, and
immediately within this outer row is an inner row of very fine short
bristles. The plate covering the genital opening is slightly broader
than long ; smooth, brown and chitinous, bearing short bristles ; the
centre of its basal portion is whitish, and of the same soft consistency
as the penultimate segment. The margin of this plate has a slight
median emargination, on either side of which it bears a row of about
8 short black teeth, forming a kind of ctenidium.§
The females vary greatly in appearance according to
the period of gestation, as often noticed previously. ‘Those
in a less advanced stage have the abdomen greatly con-
tracted, the posterior bristles lie together projecting back-
wards, the black tubercles on the integument are crowded
together, and the ctenidium can be seen from above widely
projecting on either side of the body. Such females
sometimes measure only 44mm. in length. Those in an
advanced stage have the penultimate abdominal segment
much swollen, with a marked constriction just behind its
base; the long posterior bristles are erected, the black
tubercles at some distance from one another owing to
expansion of the integument; and the ctenidium is hardly
visible at the sides of the body from above, since the
hardness of the basal ventral plate prevents it from sharing
in the expansion of the rest of the abdomen. Gravid
females such as these measure 5 mm., or over, in length.
VARIATION IN THE FEMALE. When allowance is made
for difference in appearance due to difference in the stage
of gestation, the 43 females are remarkably constant in
almost all their characters. The only appreciable variation
which has been found, is in the number and arrangement
* loe, cit. al ft op. cit. £ op. cit., p. 283.
§ These ctenidia are present also in our 9 specimen of 0.
horsfieldi.
424 Mr. Hugh Scott on a large series of
of the large tubercles on the bare space in the centre of
the dorsal surface of the abdomen. Westwood described
and figured them as being 4 in number, arranged as at
the corners of a square. This is the most usual con-
dition, and is found in some allied species. Sometimes,
however, one tubercle is out of place, and the grouping
irregular; and the number is not constant. Thus out of
the 43 Ceylon females (see Text-fig. 1) :—
34 females have the big tubercles 4 in number (Fig. 1,
a), in some cases irregularly arranged.
4 females have 5 big tubercles (Fig. 1, 0), with a more
or less regular pentagonal arrangement.
1 female has 6 big tubercles (Fig. 1, ¢), irregularly
arranged.
1 female has 7 big tubercles (Fig. 1, @), very irregu-
larly placed, in an anterior group of 4 and a
posterior group of 3.*
Fia. 1.—Diagrams of the dorsal surface of the penultimate abdominal segment, ?
of C. sykesi Westw. to show variation*in the arrangement of the large black tubercles.
These varying specimens show no departure from the
normal condition, except in regard to the number and
position of these tubercles. The result of the investigation
is important, since it shows that the number of the
tubercles cannot be relied on as a specific character.
Enderlein has described the only female out of 7 speci-
mens from the Maldive Islands. According to his descrip-
tion, it corresponds closely to a typical female of C.
sykest, except in having 5 tubercles instead of 4 on the
* The number of big tubercles is also sometimes reduced by
variation to below the normal. I have examined 7 other specimens
of C. sykesi now in the Cambridge Museum, collected in Ceylon in
1877. Three are females, and while 2 of them have the normal
4 tubercles, the third has only 2 big tubercles, placed transversely.
Nyeteribiide, parasitic Diptera, from Ceylon. 425
y » 2 if , ‘
bare patch.* But since out of the 43 Ceylon females,
6 are abnormal with respect to these tubercles ; and since
4 out of those 6 exhibit the condition found in the
Maldive female; it is possible that the latter is merely
a specimen of the 5-tuberculated variety of C. sykeso.
It seems that some writers, judging from Westwood’s
figures t of C. sykesi, have supposed that there are 3
large tubercles on either side of the abdomen, in addition
to the 4 in the middle of the dorsal surface. Kolenati,
in his writings on the subject (Hore Soc. ent. Ross., I,
pp. 1-109), speaks (p. 85) of the female C. sykesi as
having 10 large tubercles, of which 4 are in the middle
of the dorsal surface of the abdomen, while the other 6
‘drei jederseits am Aussenrande stehen.” Enderlein also,
in describing the female from the Maldives, states that
“Die in der Westwood’schen Figur bei C. sykesi angege-
benen seitlichen grdsseren Dornenrudimenten fehlen
vorliegendem Thier.” But Westwood’s type of C. sykest
has no large lateral tubercles on the abdomen, neither
have the Ceylon females. Moreover Westwood (op. cit.,
p. 283) only says of the abdomen that “its coriaceous
part... is covered ... with minute shining black
tubercles, 4 of which, on the centre of the abdomen, are
of a larger size.” But though he makes no mention of
3 large tubercles on either side, yet he has in his figures
drawn the 3 spiracles of each side in such a manner that
they exactly resemble the large tubercles in the centre.
This is the case in his Figs. 3, 17, and 18 (op. cit.). He
says of the abdomen that “at each side above, between
the basal corneous articulation and the setose terminal
portion, 3 circular spiracles are to be observed.” Again,
in his Fig. 20, similar objects are shown, and these in the
explanation of the figures are called spiracles (“ Fig. 20,
. showing ... the two posterior pairs of spiracles.”
p. 293, op. cit.).
Now Kolenati, at the time of writing his paper referred
to above, appears not to have seen actual specimens of
C. sykesi, but states (op. cit., p. 82) with regard to his
figures of that species, that they are “ Alles copien aus
Westwood’s On Nycteribia” (that is, Westwood’s paper
referred to here). It appears to be almost certain, there-
fore, that Westwood’s figuring of the spiracles has given
* op. cit., p. 176, Text-fig. 1.
T op. cit.
426 Mr. Hugh Scott on a large series of
rise to the erroneous conception that C. sykesi has 3 large
lateral tubercles on either side of the abdomen in addition
to the 4 central ones.
One may say, then, that the females of this series are
remarkably constant, except with regard to the large
dorsal tubercles. There is no variation sufficient to
cause hesitation in referring all the individuals to the
same species. When a distinct species, C. horsfieldi, is
compared with the specimens, it is at once seen to be
separated from them by perfectly well-marked characters.
These are, the different arrangement of the long bristles
on the posterior part of the abdomen: and the presence
of a group of conspicuous moderately long bristles,
placed ventro-laterally on either side of the penultimate
abdominal segment, and extending backwards some way
from its base;* the bristles in this region are not con-
spicuously elongated in C. sykesi.
Maue.—Length 43-42 mm. Head dark red-brown, bearing
short bristles ; palps with long bristles. Sides of the thorax whitish,
the central portion darker posteriorly. Under-side of the thorax
reddish-brown, covered with short bristles. Coxe, trochanters, and
femora distinctly lighter in colour; the femora dark apically, as
in the female. Some immature specimens have the integument in
a soft condition, and are very light-coloured, the legs and under-side
of the thorax being especially pale.
Dorsal surface of abdomen. Very dark red-brown (excepting
base of first segment), the anal segment slightly lighter and more
shining. Extreme base of the basal segment whitish, bearing a
group of dark rudimentary bristles ; behind this a portion of the
segment free from bristles; posterior portion with 4 rows of
very short bristles at some distance from one another. Second
and third segments almost equally long, the third often slightly
more stretched out, their surfaces bearing scantily-distributed very
short bristles. Fourth and fifth segments short, their surfaces free
from bristles. Anal segment described below. Hind margin of the
first segment without bristles except at the lateral angles, where
there are on either side about 7 long bristles. Hind margins
of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th segments bordered with long bristles
at the sides, free from bristles for a considerable space in the
middle.
Ventral surface of abdomen. First segment bearing a short
basal row and 3 long rows of short bristles, and bearing the
* De Meijere, op. cit., Text-fig. 1.
Nycteribiide, parasitie Diptera, from Ceylon. 427
strong black teeth of the ctenidium on its hind margin. 2nd and
3rd segments each bearing on its surface 3 rows of somewhat
longer bristles, and on its hind margin a row of moderately long
bristles quite continuous across the body, 4th segment somewhat
elongated, its median portion without bristles, the lateral parts
bearing bristles; in the middle of its hind margin is the small
ctenidium of about 10 short, blunt, black teeth; on either side
of this the margin bears long bristles. At the sides of the body,
on segments 2, 3, and 4, are some stiff bristles projecting outwards,
Anal seqment (Text-fig. 2). Narrow, long, tapering towards
apex. Length 14, or more, times as great as breadth at base ;
breadth at apex } as great as that at base. Median part of dorsal
surface bare; lateral portions with bristles, which extend on to
the ventral surface ; apical angles bearing longer bristles. Claspers
long, narrow, narrowly-pointed ; reaching back almost, or quite, to
the hind margin of the penultimate segment ; bearing long bristles
on their basal parts. The median portion of each clasper is slightly
curved away from the body, so that a small space is sometimes left
between the claspers and the abdomen; their apices rest on the
surface of the abdomen.
b.
a.
Fria, 2.—(a) Dorsal view of anal segment of ¢@, (+) ventral view. In 6, owing to
curvative of the segment, the latter looks shorter than it really is.
AMOUNT OF VARIATION. The 57 males exhibit no
appreciable variation in size, structure, or colour; except,
in the case of colour, that due to differences in the degree
of maturity. It can therefore be said, in summing up, of
the whole series of males and females, 100 specimens,
that the characters are remarkably constant. There is
only one striking variation, which is that already described
in the female.
428 Mr. H. Scott on a large series of Nycteribiide.
In the study of (C. sykesi and its near allies, an im-
portant point long remained undecided ; that is, whether
C. hopei, Westw., and C. sykesi are male and female of
the same species or not. The former was originally
described from 2 males from Bengal, the latter from 3
females from East India,* and Westwood then asserted
the possibility of their being the same species. The
characters of the males of the series discussed in this
paper agree with those of (. hopei as given by Speiser
(Arch. Naturg. 67. 1 (1901), p. 50 and Text-fig. 20). He
states that the characteristic feature of C. hopei lies
in the form of its anal segment and claspers; the former
being slender, tapering towards the apex, and some 1?
times to twice as long as it is broad at the base; and
the latter being especially long and narrow, and slenderly
pointed. I have since been informed by Dr. Speiser, that
as a result of his more recent investigations, C. hopei and
C. sykesi are shown to be certainly the two sexes of a
single species.
In the bottle with the Cyclopodia were also a large
number of mites. Mr. N. D. IT. Pearce, of Christ’s College,
Cambridge, who has kindly examined these, states that
they are Dermanysside, of the genus Leiognathus, Canestr. :
and very closely allied to Z. arcuatus, Berlese (Ac. Myr.
Scorp. It. 53, 8), which is common on bats, especially on
V. noctula, The mites are parasitic on the Pteropus
medius, and are not, except by accident, on the
Cyclopodia,
* Westwood, op. cit.
; ( 429 )
XXV. The Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. By
Lirut.-CoLONEL N. MANpDERS, F.ZS., F.ES,
[Read October 4th, 1907.]
PLATE XXIX.
It is now more than forty years since Mr. Trimen published
his paper on the butterflies of Mauritius in the Transactions
of this Society, and as far as I know nothing has been
written on the subject in the interval. It is perhaps as
well that the lst of butterflies occurring in Mauritius
should be brought up to date, and if some forty years
hence another entomologist should add his experiences,
the Society would be in possession of an entomological
history extending over a hundred years, and of some
valuable facts regarding the constant ebb and flow of
butterfly life in that island. In the present paper I add
five insects to Trimen’s list, namely Papilio demodocus,
Cacyreus lingeus, Zizera antanossa, Zizera gaika and Naca-
duba mandersi, Druce. The specimen of Libythea cinyras
still remains unique, and another species, Salamis auqus-
tina, is extinct or virtually so. One of Trimen’s insects,
Catopsilia rhadia, | have removed as being a synonym of
C. florella, thus making the total number of Mauritius
butterflies thirty. Changes of nomenclature are somewhat
frequent, and I have mostly followed Aurivillius (“ Rhopa-
locera Aithiopica,’ 1898). I have at the same time given
the names and the number of the insects used by Trimen in
the above mentioned paper, as it is still used by local
entomologists who might otherwise be puzzled by my list.
Trimen’s list was admittedly incomplete, as his stay in the
island was short and quite at the most unfavourable season
of the year for collecting; it is therefore a matter of
surprise that he managed to obtain as many species as he
did. The investigations of the last forty years show con-
clusively that the whole of the butterfly-fauna of these
islands is entirely African, and probably mostly derived, as
we should expect, from Madagascar.
As Mauritius, and even more so Bourbon (or Réunion,
as it is invariably called by the inhabitants), are but little
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IV. (FEB. ’08)
430 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the
known to English entomologists, I may perhaps give a few
details, which may not prove uninteresting, regarding their
physical characteristics in which they differ very materially.
Mauritius is about the size of the county of Dorset, being
about thirty-six miles from north to south and almost
the same from east to west. It is comparatively flat, the
large plateau known as Plain Wilhems at the approximate
elevation of 700 feet, occupying the whole central portion
of the island, and gradually spreading outwards towards
the north at a decreasing elevation. The whole of this
plain was covered with forest at the beginning of the last
century, so thick in parts that on one occasion the
Governor of the island and his party were lost for four
days before making their exit. Now the forest has entirely
disappeared, its place being taken by sugar-cane, which is
of not much interest to an entomologist. The hills, which
nowhere exceed 2,300 feet in elevation, are of volcanic
origin, and mostly the remains of the walls of extinct
craters. Their sides are consequently steep, frequently
precipitous, and are usually covered with jungle, portions
of it no doubt being the remains of the original forest.
The only extensive tract of the primeval forest remaining
is in the south-west portion of the island ; this covers the
sides and summits of the hills overlooking the sea, and
spreads northwards to join the central plain in the neigh-
bourhood of Curepipe, 1,800 feet, becoming more open and
of smaller growth as it approaches the more inhabited
districts. It is difficult of access and disappointingly un-
productive. I have found no butterflies peculiar to it,
and in fact butterflies are very distinctly scarce init. For
a considerable portion of the year it is subject to deluges
of rain, the ground becomes water-logged, and immediately
off the few narrow paths increasingly difficult or impassable.
It is interesting, profoundly so, to a naturalist, as it is the
final refuge of the few remaining indigenous birds. The
climate varies, but is usually considered to be six months cool
and dry from June to November, and hot and moist from
December to May. Unlike Bourbon, Mauritius is entirely
surrounded by a coral reef, which at places comes within
a few hundred yards of the shore, at others is two or even
three miles out. It is a paradise for the marine zoologist,
and for those with no natural history tendencies, its calm
seas, transparent water, and lovely bays with their glorious
sands, can scarcely be surpassed for exquisite beauty in
Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 431
any tropical island. Bourbon is altogether different, deep
water and heavy breakers come straight on to the beach
without any natural breakwater, and the shore is covered
with huge water-worn boulders and rounded pebbles, with
an entire absence of marine life. In the one case we have
quiet seas and intense natural beauty, in the other the
whole coast, so far as I saw it, is subject to the full and
eternal swell of the Indian Ocean.
In physical features Bourbon is also different to
Mauritius; though very much of the same’size or rather
smaller, it is distinctly mountainous, and evidences of
voleanic action are even more marked. One can get a
good idea of the country by placing three circles in a
triangle and touching each other, with the base to the
west. These three circles, each about five miles in
diameter, represent three extinct volcanoes; place another
circle to the south of these but separated from them and
this will mark the position of the present active crater
which is on the coast. The centre of the easternmost
crater is exactly the centre of the island, and the part
where the three circles meet forms the main mountain
range running north and south, the highest point, the
Piton des Niéges, being over 10,000 feet above the level
of the sea and covered with snow for a considerable portion
of the year. This trend of the hills gives a very different
character to the climate on either side of it. The trade-
winds striking the cold eastern flanks of these mountains
deposit their moisture in heavy rain, the western portion
only receiving occasional showers on their hill-sides, the
coast rarely receiving any rain at all. It is a country
where I fully hoped to find species of Teracolus and Acrea,
if illness had not put a very decided veto on any exploration
Thad contemplated. The chief villages, I cannot call them
towns, are built at the bottom of the aforesaid three craters,
the eastern one being Salazie, the western Cilaos, and the
northern Mafitte. It is a peculiar experience living in
such a situation, and though very beautiful from the
verdure of the numerous smaller hills scattered over the
floor of the crater, and the fantastic appearance of the
cliffs forming its edge, one’s view is limited to the sur-
rounding rugged cliffs, and after a short residence I had an
almost irresistible desire to climb up and peep over the
other side, much like a kitten at the bottom of a basket.
There is but one road to each of these craters, that up the
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IV. (FEB. 08) 29
432 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the
gorge of Salazie being a good coach road for some twenty
miles. This is the tinest gorge it has been my good
fortune to visit in any part of the world. It is a rift in
the crater, and a geologist would have no difficulty in
tracing the course of the erupting lava from the volcano to
the sea. Now ariver occupies the bottom of the rift, and
the jungle-covered precipices, mostly almost perpendicular,
with innumerable waterfalls of over a thousand feet in
height, makes the drive out of great interest and beauty.
I did not netice many butterflies here. The gorge is so
extremely narrow that there is very little sunshine, and I
was disappointed, as, although I did not expect many
species, I fully anticipated a great number of individuals.
Cilaos is at a higher elevation, 4,000 feet, and access is
difficult. One is usually carried up in a chair on the
shoulders of a succession of stalwart porters, for a distance
of something like thirty miles. The road or rather track
is cut out of the steep hill-side, which being composed of
shale is constantly slipping down, with the result that it is
not at all uncommon for large portions of it to be carried
away. It is far too narrow for wheeled traffic, and indeed
one’s chair frequently overhangs a clear drop of several
hundred feet in a manner distinctly alarming. Con-
sequently in Cilaos horses and cattle are unknown, life is
primitive and I should think deadly monotonous, the only
diversion so far as I could judge being a stroll to the
neighbouring chalybeate spring for a draught of water.
The forests, once so extensive as to cover the whole central
area, are being rapidly destroyed. Dr. Jacob, who has
resided in the island for fifty years, told me that he
remembered when the whole of the Salazie district was a
beautiful forest, and when the Bourbon starling (Fregilupus
varius) was quite common. ‘This bird has now been extinct
for five and twenty years, and the forests are following it.
The flora is im many respects different from that of
Mauritius, and I should say that a Microlepidopterist
would make most interesting discoveries at the higher
elevations. Unfortunately illness almost entirely ruined
any chances I had in this direction.
The late Dr. Vinson, Curator of the Natural History
Museum, St. Denys, made two lists of the buttertlies of
Bourbon, one in 1891, the other in 1896; both are out of
print and difficult to obtain. They contain many interest-
ing notes, and I have made them the basis of the present
Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 433
list. The number of butterflies recorded is twenty-two,
but there are probably a few more species remaining to be
discovered.
Danaida chrysippus, L.
8. Danais Chrysippus, Linn.
Maovritivs. Common in the low country and some-
times abundant, scarcer above 1,000 feet. It has been
noticed as being particularly common after a cyclone, the
rain and consequent dampness probably bringing the pupa
to rapid maturity. The form aleippus, Cram., has not
been hitherto recorded. It is exceedingly rare, and I
believe I am the only individual who has noticed it ; this
was at Curepipe 1,860 ft., March 12th, 1907. D. dorippus,
Klug., does not occur, and this is the more interesting
as H. misippus, form imaria, does occasionally appear.
Flies I-XII.
Bourson. I found this common at St. Denys, and saw
in the museum specimens of alczppus which had been
taken in the neighbourhood. The transformations are
well known.
Amauris phedon, Fabr.
7. Danais Phedone, Fabr.
Peculiar to Mauritius aud Madagascar (Mabille) and
locally known as the “ Banyan butterfly.” Rare in the
higher elevations, locally abundant on the coast, con-
gregating in numbers after the manner of the Danaids,
usually under the shelter of “filao” trees (Casuarina
equisetifolia). Frequently it flies high among the trees
and is then difficult to take; at other times it flies low
and is easily captured. I found it abundant at Morne
Brabant in the extreme south-west corner of the island,
in August; also at Blue Bay on the east coast and
elsewhere. Flies nearly all the year round. The female
is distinctly uncommon; the male is variable more _par-
ticularly on the fore-wing, all variation can be found from
a well-developed spot in the cell to a complete absence ;
the spot also in the first median interspace is very variable
in size; the band on the hind-wing varies also in breadth.
The larva is unknown.
434 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the
Euplaa ewphone, Fabr.
6. Huplea Euphone, Faby.
Abundant everywhere, except in the cold weather. Of
slow flight and easily captured. J have frequently found
the eggs of this and the following species on “ Alamanda”
(Alamanda cathartiea), but have never succeeded in rearing
the larva on this plant, neither have I found the full-grown
larva at large on it, though I have frequently found and
reared it on Ficus repens. On Alamanda the larva invaria-
bly dies when quite small, apparently from starvation, and
I am rather under the impression that the female mistakes
the food plant. The egg is undistinguishable from Z.
goudoti, it is of the usual Eupleeid shape, pale yellow with
perpendicular ridges. It is laid on the under margin of
the smaller leaves, the young larva spins a slightly woven
silken pad, and eats the under surface of the leaf in a
semi-circular manner round it. The full-grown larva is
pale grey with narrow black lines dividing the segments.
Flies I-V.; VI-VIII, scarce; IX, becomes common;
X-XIi, abundant. It does not occur in Bourbon.
Kuplea goudoti, Boisd. (Pl. XXIX, fig. 1).
Not a Mauritius butterfly; but I have one specimen, the
only one recorded, which was captured by Mr. J. A. de Gaye,
at Post de Flacq on the north-east side of the island in
August 1905. The specimen, which is in very bad
condition, was probably conveyed from Bourbon by a
favouring wind. Through the kindness of Mr. de Gaye
this specimen is now in my collection. See “ Entomologist,”
vol. xl, p. 185. Bourson. Abundant on the coast, pre-
ferring hot steamy shade, where it flies slowly and is
captured with ease. I found it common at St. Denys in
the Botanical Gardens, and it was by no means rare in the
town itself. It scarcely extends above 1,000 feet elevation.
At Hell-Bourg, 3,000 feet, I saw only one specimen,
evidently a straggler. The insect in its manner of flight
and general appearance reminds one very much of the
Indian Luplwa core.
Its transformations have been described. The typical
species has on the forewing a small white spot on the
costa at the end of the cell and another in the second
Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 435
median interspace. Some specimens have the wings
entirely unspotted and others with an additional spot in
the first median interspace, and I have one specimen with
faint but decided indications of a submarginal row; the
number and size of the spots also vary on the underside.
Melanitis leda, L.
16. Cyllo Leda, Linn.
Abundant everywhere, particularly at sunset in leafy
lanes and at the corner of cane-fields. The peculiar habit
of its near Indian ally JZ. ismene, of tilting to one side after
settling and thus reducing the tell-tale shadow was, if I
remember correctly, first brought to notice by Mr. Ernest
Green. The same habit is also adopted by this insect, but
it is by no means confined to the hours of sunshine, it
frequently performs thus after sunset. The transforma-
tions are in all respects similar to those of JZ. ismene, and,
judging by a written description of the larva, it would
. appear that the two are indistinguishable. I have given
an account of its seasonal changes as they occur in Mauri-
tius. (Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., Feb, 1905.) Flies I-XIL.
Bourson. The same remarks apply. It is described
by Vinson as C. fulvescens, Guenée.
Mycalesis (Henotesia) narcissus, Fabr.
17. Mycalesis Narcissus, Fabr.
Abundant everywhere, and perhaps the commonest
butterfly in the island. It is very partial to shady lanes
and bamboo hedges, and is on the wing, fluttering close to
the ground, even in the drenching rain and heavy squalls
which are the forerunners of a cyclone. Seasonal dimor-
phism is decidedly noticeable in the colour of the under
surface of both fore and hind wings, which changes from
the light yellowish-brown of the hot and dry weather to a
deep purplish-grey in the cold and wet; the size of the
ocelli are not markedly affected. The species is equally
abundant in Bourbon. Fles I-XII. The life history has
not, so far as I can ascertain, been recorded. The female
I observed ovipositing was in cabinet condition; she
basked for a few minutes in the sun, and then fluttered on
to the smaller leaves of the bamboo growing close to the
ground; on the under-surface of these she deposited a
436 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the
single egg. She then flew off and basked again, returning
in a few minutes to almost the same leaf, where she again
went through the egg-laying process.
The egg laid 27. x. ’06 is globular, pale yellow and slightly pitted
and is distinctly large for the size of the butterfly.
The larva hatched 3. xi. and on emergence was very pale yellow-
ish-green with shiny black head, tail bifid, no other markings could
be made out. 12. xi. length 6 mm., head black, body pale glistening
green, under a lens two small prominences on either side of the top
of the head can be made out, also a green dorsal line and yellowish
spiracular lines; with a bifid tail, of the same colour on the last
segment. 20. xi. length 10 mm., head brown, body rather glistening
greenish-white ; dorsal line well-marked posteriorly, greenish-red ;
sub-dorsal and spiracular lines yellowish ; all the legs same colour as
the body. Under a lens the whole body and head is seen to be
covered with short whitish hairs, and to be minutely transversely
striated. The bifid tail beneath, and its base above, the same colour
as the body, remainder reddish-brown. 10. xii. Full fed, length
26 mm.; pale pinkish-brown tinged with green, head darker. A
dorsal catenulated line, much more pronounced posteriorly, brown,
fading to greenish-brown towards the head. A waved sub-dorsal
line and straight sub-spiracular line, light brown. Spiracles black,
legs and prolegs the same colour as the body.
Pupa, light green with straight narrow black transverse line across
the mouth parts, another similar line at base of wing-covers. Of the
usual Satyrid shape.
The transformations of this insect take longer for their
completion than those of the much larger Melanitis leda,
though both are very sensitive to meteorological conditions.
Atella phalanta, Drury.
9. Atella Phalanta, Dru.
This is another abundant butterfly both in Mauritius
and Bourbon, particularly on the sea-coast, where it some-
times swarms among the food-plant (Flacourtia). The
life-history is well known.
Flies I-VII, abundant; VI, scarce; VIII—XII, abundant.
I have observed on more than one occasion that for
twenty-four hours after shedding the larval skin the pupa
hangs free like that of Vanessa, and afterwards by a con-
traction of the abdominal segments it appresses itself along
Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 437
the twig from which it is suspended, and becomes attached
to it by I presume some glutinous material. The usual
plan, however, is for it to assume this position immediately
after its release from the larval skin.
Antanartia mauritiana, Manders, s. sp. n. (Pl. X XIX, fig. 2).
11. Pyrameis Hippomene, Boisd.
With the exception of Salamis augustina, quite the
rarest butterfly in Mauritius and verging on extinction.
It is probably a local race of the continental A. hippomene,
Hiibn., but is quite distinct from that insect. It 1s, how-
ever, very close to A. borbonica, Oberth., which is also a
well-marked race of A. hippomene. The distinctions
between the Mauritian and Bourbon races, though slight,
are sufficiently defined to justify a separation of the
insects. The difference, as M. Charles Oberthiir has
remarked to me, is more in the general facies than in any
marked character, A borbonica being a larger and far more
robust-looking butterfly than A. mauritiana,
Expanse 47 inm., average of 20 specimens (A. borbonica 55 mm.,
average of 4 specimens), the females rather larger than the males.
Forewing.—The tranverse orange band on its inner edge is outwardly
angled or waved at the median nervure forming the lower portion of
the cell. In A. borbonica this is always straight. The outer edge
of the band is also more distinctly angled or waved at the same place
than is A. borbonica. Hindwing. There is a great diminution,
generally an almost total absence, of the blue scales between the
angle and the tail ; this deficiency is particularly noticeable below
the ocellus. Hindwing under side. The green scaling between the
anal angle and the tail and below the ocellus is confined to a narrow
marginal line. In A. jborbonica this area of the wing is thickly
sprinkled with green scales on a black ground, and these scales also
cover the adjoining portion of the space beyond this.
The difference in size, and more particularly the greater
robustness of the Bourbon insect, is, I believe, primarily
due to climatic conditions. A. borbonica is never found
below 2,000 feet. A. mauritiana maintains a precarious
existence at 1,800 feet, there being very little of the island
of this elevation and only a few hills rising above 2,000
feet. The climate is not favourable to the development of
the butterfly, and what is probably more important, is too
438 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the
hot for the food plant. I was much struck in Bourbon
with the far greater luxuriance, larger leaves and stronger
growth of the Pilea urticefolia and its great abundance.
In Mauritius all the plants I have seen, and it is not
a particularly common one, are more slender, straggly and
the leaves noticeably thinner and less juicy; and this
diminished growth would tend to the production of a
smaller and weaker insect. Consequently in Bourbon the
butterfly is large, strong and abundant; in Mauritius,
small, weak and very rare. I endeavoured to prove this
by feeding Mauritius larvae on Bourbon plants, but I had
only two larvee to experiment with, and it is not surprising
that the results were unsatisfactory ; but it is probable
that investigations on a larger scale would yield interesting
results.
The only known locality is Curepipe, 1,800 feet. Per-
sonally I have only once seen it on the wing, this was a
dilapidated female which flew into the verandah of my
house. Captain Tulloch has taken it on the summit of
the Trou-aux-cerfs, where it flies between 9 am. and
11 am. I have, however, for three consecutive years
found eggs, larva and pupz on the same plant in the
Botanic Gardens, Curepipe. There appears to be a suc-
cession of broods ‘during the hot weather; in some seasons
the butterfly appears as early as the end of September
and occasionally lasts until May; but the usual months
are February and March. I have found the eggs in
October and March and the larvee in October, January,
March, and May.
The egg is laid on the under surface of the larger leaves
of Pilea urticefolia. It is smooth, conical, dark olive-green
with flattened top and base. The segments are marked
with narrow but distinct perpendicular yellow lines, nine
in number, converging towards the summit but not
meeting. It has an exact resemblance to a water-melon.
Egg laid ? hatched 8. x. "05; larva full-fed 28. x.; sus-
pended before 7 a.m. 5. xi.; shed its larval skin 4 p.m.
5. x1.; emerged 16. xi. When first hatched the larva is
uniform yellowish-green, with black spines and shining
black head. When half-grown, it is uniformly black with
a glistening appearance, with spines bright yellow or some-
times white. The full-grown larva is very variable and
its colour is influenced by its surroundings. I have given
a description of this in the “ Entomologist.”
Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 439
None of the larve I have seen agree with Dr. Vinson’s
figure and description of the larva of A. borbonica (Oberth.
“Etud d’Ent.” 12, p. 17, t. 4, 1888), except that the spines
are yellow with black points, set on bright yellow or dull
ochreous bases. The pupe are similar in shape, but, as I
have shown elsewhere,* the colour is markedly influenced
by its environment.
The larva is very easily detected by its habit of forming
a tent for itself by making two scimitar-shaped incisions
in a leaf right down to the mid-rib, and then bending over
the tip and attaching it to the under surface of the leaf
with a few silken threads. The full-fed larvee frequently
discard this method of concealment and feed openly, but
invariably rest on the under surface of the leaf. 1 have
found eggs, larve and pupz on the same plant at the
same time.
Antanartia borbonica, Oberth.
Common in Bourbon above 2,000 feet, abundant at
Hell-bourg, Salazie, 3,000 feet. I never saw the perfect
insect, but evidences of the larva were everywhere abun-
dant on the food-plants. My only captures were one
empty egg-shell and one cast larval skin, which was
aggravating, but illness was responsible for my non-success.
It was considered to be peculiar to Bourbon, but Mabille
has lately recorded it from the interior of Madagascar.
Pyrameis cardui, L.
10. Pyrameis Cardui, Linn.
Mauritius. Rare and local. Its chief and almost only
locality is the Trou-aux-cerfs, 2,000 ft. where I have
occasionally found it in December, though it occurs
sparingly in other months. It differs in no way from
European specimens.
Bourznon. Rare, and only in the hill districts. I saw
a beautifully fresh specimen at Hell-Bourg, 3,000 ft. in
April,
Precis rhadama, Boisd.
12. Junonia Rhadama, Boisd.
Mauritius. Common everywhere and_ frequently
abundant on the coast. It is perhaps the most strikingly
* « Entomologist,” vol. xxxix, p. 41.
44.0 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the
beautiful butterfly in Mauritius, the brilliant sapphire-blue
of the freshly emerged male being exquisite. I have
noticed dozens at a time on the steep hill-side at Port
Louis leading up to the Citadel. It has the habits of our
small Tortoiseshell, and its gorgeous colouring can easily
be watched and admired. Pairing takes place in the
hottest sunshine, all the females being freshly emerged.
It was introduced into the island about the year 1857 or
1858, and soon established itself (Trimen). ‘The species
is very constant on the upper wings, though the female
is slightly prone to vary in the amount of blue, which is
sometimes partially replaced by fuscous ; but on the under
surface it varies much in accordance with the climate, the
under surface of those from the Black River district on the
western portion of the island which is very dry, have all
the markings indistinct and blurred, and the ground colour
varying shades of grey.
Flies I—VI, abundant; VII—IX, scarce; X—XII,
common.
Bourson. The same remarks apply generally. Vinson,
1891, says “that it is a recent importation due to chance.”
It would appear to have been introduced some thirty years
later than into Mauritius, and this may be due to more
irregular and infrequent communication with the outside
world in the case of Bourbon. The larva feeds on Barleria,
and is well figured and described by Vinson (“ Etudes
d’Ent.” Oberthiir, 1888).
Salamis augustina, Boisd. (Pl. X XIX, fig. 3).
13. Junonia Augustina, Boisd.
This butterfly is one of exceptional interest, as it is
almost certainly extinct, no specimen having been taken
for twelve years. So far as I can ascertain from extensive
inquiries in this country and abroad, there are only two
specimens extant; one in Mr. Trimen’s collection given to
him in the year 1865 by the late Mr. Colville Barclay
taken in the Moka district and the other, here figured, in
the Port Louis Museum. It is well therefore to put on
record all that I have learnt regarding the latest captures
of this rare insect. It was getting very scarce when Mr.
Trimen was in the island in 1865, and it is strange that
an insect whose larva feeds on the sugar-cane which covers
the greater portion of Mauritius should not rather be over-
Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 441
abundant than otherwise. JI attribute its disappearance to
the depredationsof the Indian Mynah* (Aeridotheres tristis),
which was introduced some hundred years ago for the
purpose of keeping in check the field-crickets and other
insects which were destroying the canes. The bird is
protected and is consequently over-abundant, flying in
small flocks of twenty to thirty all over the country, and
making themselves a general nuisance. The bird was
also brought into Bourbon, but fortunately for S. awgustina
so frequently finds its way into the cooking-pots of the
natives, that the butterfly survives though in greatly
diminished numbers. In Madagascar where the ‘“ Mynah”
is unknown, S. augustina is not uncommon. Man therefore
Salamis augustina; the specimen in the Port Louis Museum.
is responsible for the extinction of the butterfly. The
Port Louis specimen came from the collection of the late
M. Réynard, who some five-and-twenty years ago bred
some half dozen specimens from larvee found in his garden
on Trianon estate in the Moka district. At his death
they came into the possession of the Port Louis Museum
authorities, but only the one specimen could be preserved,
the remainder being in fragments. In August 1895 Dr.
Bolton captured two within a few minutes of each other,
at Souillac on the east coast. He tells me that he had no
difficulty in catching them, as they were hovering over
some vanilla plants. Unfortunately during his absence in
England his collection became mouldy, and offending the
esthetic tastes of his relations was cast into the dust-heap.
This is the last capture I have been able to ascertain. I
* By destroying the larve.
4.42 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the
almost hesitate to record that at 9.30 a.m. March 19th,
1906 (I am particular as to the date) at Curepipe Railway
Station, a butterfly flew past me which I am satisfied in
my own mind was this particular insect. I was near
enough to see distinctly the peculiar shape of the forewings
—but I refrain from further harrowing details! let it
suffice I did not capture it.
Bourzon. In this island it is becoming very rare; I saw
five specimens in the museum at St. Denys, which seemed
to be slightly different from the Mauritius form. Dr.
Vinson says that it flies between 9 am. and I0 am., in
April and May and again in September. Unfortunately
M. Réynard’s coloured drawings of the larvee have been
lost. I am greatly indebted to Captain Stammers,
R.A.M.C., for the photograph from which the figure is
made, giving an accurate representation of the appearance
of the specimen in the Port Louis Museum. Also to Mr.
Roland ‘Trimen, F.R.S., for the loan of his specimen above
referred to, and figured on Plate XXIX.
Hypolimnas misippus, L.
15. Diadema Bolina, Linn.
Mauritius. Not by any means a common insect, but
widely distributed. Three forms of the female occur, the
most frequent being the mimic of JD. chrysippus, the
form inaria I have rarely seen, and of the form alcippoides
one specimen only in the Port Louis Museum. I have
found it at Curepipe, Quatre Bornes, 500 feet, and. at
Mahébourg on the coast. It occurs also at Pamplemousses
and in the Moka district it Flies IX—X1I.
Bourson. Rare, and only found on the coast. I saw
either this or the next species in April settled on the
flowers of the Zantana in an inaccessible spot in the bed
of the river at St, Denys.
Hypolimnas bolina, L.
I have only seen two specimens of this insect in
Mauritius, one, a female, in the Port Louis Museum, which
was captured somewhere in the Moka district about five
miles from Port Louis, and the other, a male, taken near
the harbour of Port Louis by Mr. de Gaye in February
1906.* This specimen is now in my collection; it 1s in
* There is a third specimen in the British Museum collection
captured by Capt. Tulloch.
Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 443
very bad condition, and I have little doubt it was imported.
Vinson records this from Bourbon, but I have no doubt he
has misnamed the species, the insect occurring in Bourbon
being H. misippus.
Neptis (Rahinda) frobenia, Fabr.
14. Neptis Frobenia, Fabr.
Usually common in the more wooded parts of the island,
but difficult to take in good condition as it soon tatters
itself from its habit of flying in and out of the bushes.
It has a floating flight very similar to LZ. sibylla. I have
never found the larva. Flies, I-VI, common; VII, VIII,
scarce; IX, uncommon; X—XII, common,
Neptis (Rahinda) dumetorum, Boisd.
This differs from the above chiefly by the presence of
several small dots of white on the fore wings which
give it a speckled appearance. It is far more common
than NV. frobenia, being very abundant, sometimes almost
swarming on the loquot trees. It feeds on Zragia. The
larva and, pupa have been figured and described by
Vinson (“ Etudes d’Ent.” Oberth. 1888). It is an extremely
pretty insect, with a most elegant flight, and is almost
the first butterfly one notices in the woods. It is only
found in the moister portion of the island where there
is plenty of forest. Mabille reports it from Madagascar
also; but for many years it was considered one of the few
butterflies peculiar to Bourbon.
14, Libythea cinyras, Trimen (Plate X XIX, fig. 4).
Tam unable to add anything to Mr. Trimen’s remarks
on this species. His specimen was given to him by the
late Mr. Barclay, who informed him that the insect came
from the Moka district, and was “ very scarce in Mauritius,”
which implies that Mr. Barclay knew of other specimens.
If it were not for this remark I should have been inclined
to look upon Mr. Trimen’s specimen as a casual importa-
tion. The whole of the Moka district is now under sugar
cultivation, and no species of this genus is now known to
occur in Mauritius; it is also absent from Bourbon. Mr.
Trimen has very kindly lent me his single example for
figuring.
44.4 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the
Cupido (Cacyreus) lingeus, Cram.
Not hitherto recorded, and quite a recent introduction.
I found it commonly in the Botanical Gardens, Curepipe
on Coleus hybrida, on which the larva feeds. The Super-
intendent told me that these plants came from Madagascar,
and there is no doubt the insect was brought with them.
It was not captured by Captain Tulloch up to the year
1902, though he was constantly in the gardens for two or
three years. It is now quite common, but seldom wanders
far from the food plant. The males are by no means so
numerous as the females. It is quite one of the most
confidential butterflies I know, I have frequently boxed
them off the food plant. It is of enormously wide dis-
tribution, being recorded from Sierra Leone to Delagoa
Bay and Madagascar, and now still further east to Bourbon
and Mauritius. The transformations do not appear to
have been recorded.
The egg is laid in bright sunshine during the hottest hours of
the day ; it is of the usual echinoid shape, pale whitish green, and
usually laid on its edge at the base of a flower on a spike of Coleus.
The full-fed larva is shaped like a wood-louse, length 12 mm., pale
pinkish-green with pink dorsal line and deeper pink spiracular
line ; between the two are two diagonal pink lines, the upper and
shorter passing from before backwards and downwards, the other
backwards and upwards. Body covered sparingly with short whitish
hairs bending forwards. Head very small and black.
Pupa same colour as the larva but paler, covered with minute
scattered hairs; dorsal and spiracular lines light reddish-brown,
a row of minute dots, the posterior the larger, between the two.
A conspicuous black mark of irregular shape on either side of dorsal
line at the base of the wing covers.
The larva usually feeds on the flowers, and is admirably
protected when resting on the similarly coloured stem of
the food plant. It usually pupates head downwards on
the stem of the Coleus, but sometimes on the upperside
and centre of the leaf. I have frequently seen ants
crawling over the larva, but they appeared to pay no
particular attention to it. Flies I-XII.
Bourson. Not hitherto recorded, though I found it
quite common in the Museum Gardens fluttering’ about
the food plants, which were I believe brought from
Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 445
Madagascar. I believe its advent to be quite recent, as
I can scarcely credit such an excellent observer as the late
Dr. Vinson overlooking it.
Cupido (Tarucus) telicanus, Lang.
20. Lycena Telicanus, Herbst.
Very abundant in both islands. Flies, I-V, abundant ;
VI-VIII, none; IX—XII, abundant. All my specimens
appear to me to be remarkably dark.
Cupido (Lampides) beticus, L.
19. Lycena Betica, Linn.
More common in some years than in others, sometimes
abundant. The larva fecds in the interior of pea-pods,
and not unfrequently gets cooked and brought to table,
on which occasions it may be regarded as a nuisance. I
have known it to be so abundant as to cause a serious
diminution in the pea crop, and in some seasons to be
quite scarce. In Bourbon it is likewise of irregular
occurrence. Fhes all the year round. The larva and
pupa have been described frequently.
Cupido (Zizera) gaika, Trimen.
Not recorded hitherto from Mauritius, but widely dis-
tributed and usually very common, fluttering about short
herbage or settled on the flowers of Lantana. It varies
greatly in size, and the female, as is so frequently the
case in this genus, varies very much in the amount of
blue on the upperside. Fles, I-IV, common; VI, scarce ;
VII, VIII, scarce or absent; I[X=XII, very common at all
elevations.
Bourbon. Not previously recorded, but I found it very
common on the racecourse at St. Denys, and it doubt-
less occurs elsewhere. The transformations have been
described.
Cupido (Zizera) lysimon, Hiibner.
21. Lycena Lysimon, Godt.
Very abundant both in Mauritius and Bourbon. The
specimens are usually very fine, and larger than the
general run of Indian specimens. It is found in more
446 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the
or less profusion all the year round in gardens and waste
lands. The transformations are well known. Lycena
mylica has been recorded by Guenée from Bourbon and
is incorporated in Vinson’s list without remark. By the
figure given in Melville it is very close to and perhaps
identical with /ysimon.
Cupido (Zizera) antanossa, Mabille.
Mabille, “Bull de la Soc. Ent. de France” (1877), p. 101.
Not previously recorded from Mauritius, and apparently
absent from Bourbon. I think it is a recent arrival, as
it was not taken by Captain Tulloch, who collected in the
island until three or four years ago. It is widely dis-
tributed and not uncommon, but is quite likely to be
overlooked, as it flies with gaika and lysimon and might
be readily mistaken for either. It has a great resemblance
to the Indian Z. maha, and undergoes the same seasonal
changes. It has the same habits as the rest of the genus,
flying low about the herbage and never resorting to bushes
or trees. I give the various localities where I have taken
it. I first took it at Quatre Bornes in November 1905,
when it was worn. In the following month (8rd and 11th)
it was in good condition and more common, On Trianon
estate one specimen, XII. At Le Réduit in the Governor's
Garden, iv. ’06, a few. At the Citadel, Port Louis,
7. xi. 06, numerous, and one specimen in the garden of
my house at Curepipe. It occurs therefore at all elevations
from the coast to 1,800 feet. It is rare in Madagascar,
but has a wide range in Natal and Central Africa.
Nacaduba mandersi, Druce (Plate XXIX, figs. 5, 5a).
Described and named from specimens collected by
me by Mr. Hamilton H. Druce, (‘‘Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist.” Ser. 7, vol. xx, p. 219, September 1907).
It is surprising that it has not been previously discovered
in Mauritius, as it is abundant at Blue Bay, Mahéburg, a
noted place for picnics; but it is never found away from the
food-plant, which being of an abominably prickly nature is
naturally avoided. The manner of flight is quite different
from any other Lycenid found in the island, and it was
this peculiarity which first attracted my attention. It flies
very much like the “ Holly-blue,” well above the ground
and sometimes to a considerable height, and indulges in
Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 44:7
frantic combats with others of its kind. With few excep-
tions all the other Lycznids belong to the genus Zizera
which never fly far from the ground, and usually within a
few inches of it.
There is a certain amount of seasonal dimorphism
observable, the specimens in the cold weather having a
more or less well-marked submarginal band on the under-
side of the hind-wing, pale grey or whitish. It is probably
abundant wherever the food-plant occurs. I found it at
Blue Bay commonly, at Morne Brabant in the extreme
south-west of the island also commonly, and it occurs also
at Flacq on the north-east coast. It is never found above
the seacoast.
The female lays her eggs during the hottest hours of the day on
the under surface of the young leaves of Cexsalpinia bonducella,
called Cadoque by the natives. The egg is of the usual Lycenid
shape, but flatter, pale green. The larva when first hatched is
uniform greenish-white, head black, under a lens the body is seen
to be covered with white hairs. During the day it rests concealed
beneath the leaves of the food plant. When half-grown it is pale
apple-green with a yellowish line on either side of dorsum and a
spiracular line of the same colour. Full fed length 10 mm. varies
from pale green to brownish-green with a pink tinge. On either
side of the dorsum, which is darker than the ground colour, is
a pale pink line and a spiracular line of the same colour; each
segment is further marked by short diagonal lines rather darker
than the ground colour. Legs same colour as the body, which
under a lens is seen to be covered with white hairs five-rayed.
Head black.
Pupa pale greyish-purple with narrow purple dorsal line and
a broader but shorter line on either side most prominent on the
last two segments; two deep purple circular spots in line with these
at the base of the wing covers, and two other much smaller spots
on either side between them and the head. Ale pale green.
Egg hatched, 26. viii; pupa, 14. ix; imago, 24. ix, ’05.
The butterfly probably flies all the year round.
Catopsilia florella, Fabr.
2. Callidryas Florella, Fabr.
3. Callidryas Rhadia, Boisd.
Introduced into Mauritius probably with the food plant
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—ParT Iv. (FEB.’08.) 30
448 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the
(Cassia) which is not a native. It is usually scarce in
the hill districts, but common lower down, and would be
extremely abundant if it were not for the tremendous
destruction of eggs and larve. I doubt whether one egg
in five hundred ever comes to maturity. I have noticed
a plant fairly covered with eggs and two days afterwards
they were comparatively scarce. Ants carry them off by
hundreds, and the young larve are eaten by a small green
spider. The larve in the last stadium vary considerably.
In many, perhaps the majority, the lateral white line is
tinged with orange and the black lateral line is continued
as a black collar behind the head; the last two or three
segments are also more or less crossed by extensions of
the black lateral lines. I may say that the sex of the
perfect insect is in no way indicated by the different
markings of the Jarva. There are two broods in the hot
weather, at the beginning of December, and another in
February and March; the pupe from the majority of this
brood remain over the cold weather and emerge the
following December.
Bourson. I did not meet with this insect, and Vinson
says it is rare.
Terias floricola, Boisd.
5. Terias Floricola, Boisd.
Mauritius. Scarce above 1,000 feet; common and fre-
quently abundant below this level, and widely distributed.
The dry-weather form, Z'erias ceres, Butl., occurs sparingly,
but so far as I have observed, in the low country only.
Flies all the year round except in the coldest month, July.
The same remarks apply to the species in Bourbon.
Terias pulchella, Boisd,
4, Terias Rahel. Fabr.
If it were not for the opinion expressed by Trimen
(“S. Afr. Butt.,” 3, p. 18, note 1 [1889]), that this is dis-
tinct from Zerias brigitta, I should certainly consider it to
be the same species, as I have specimens from Mauritius
which are indistinguishable from 7. brigitta, or rather
T. zoé, from Natal. ,
It can, I think, be considered as at most a geographical
race of that species. The wet-season form (7. zoé) is far
more frequently met with than the dry (7. brigitta), and
Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 4.49
indeed I have not personally met with the latter, but am
under the impression that I have seen one or two
specimens in the Port Louis Museum. Its absence can
be readily understood in the damp climate of Mauritius.
It is not common, but is found at Moka and in the
Botanical Gardens at Pamplemousses almost at sea-level,
always in the neighbourhood of its food plant Tephrosia.
It is absent, or very rare (once at Curepipe) above 1,000
feet, and disappears in the cold weather. It is very
variable in size, those found in October being usually
larger than those captured in April. The transformations
of 7. brigitta are well known, but those of 7’. pulchella
have not been described.
The egg laid April 9th; hatched April 11th. Spun up April 19th,
and the butterfly emerged May 2nd. The larva when first hatched
is uniform pale yellowish-green, and when magnified is seen to be
covered with whitish reversed hairs, which, however, disappear
when the larva is full grown. The full-fed larva is green, with thin
yellow spiracular, and broader purplish-brown dorsal, lines. Pupa
pale apple-green, wing covers streaked with purplish-brown; dorsum
and sides thickly sprinkled with small spots of the same colour.
Spins up on the stem of the food plant. Larva and pupa of the
usual Pierine shape.
It does not occur in Bourbon.
Papilio manlius, Godt.
1. Papilio Phorbanta, Linn.
This beautiful buttery is common everywhere and
excites the admiration of the least observant. It flies
all the year round, though the specimens seen in the cold
weather are usually tattered individuals of longer life than
their fellows. The female can easily be distinguished on
the wing by the absence of the white band which is such
a conspicuous feature on the undersurface of the hind
wing of the male. The larva feeds on citron, but I am
unable to say in what respect it differs from the Bourbon
species P. phorbanta. Dr. Vinson, writing on the butter-
flies of Bourbon in 1896, makes the following interesting
remark. He says that in 1669 the Count of Mont de
Vergne arrived with ten vessels and sowed Madagascar
and afterwards “Mascareigne” and Mauritius with the
seeds of various citrons which he had brought from
450 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the
Brazil; and he suggests that possibly these green Papilios,
or more probably their common ancestor, were thus intro-
duced. He inclines to the view, however, that the citron
is indigenous to all these islands. I should say that the
Madagascar, Bourbon, and Mauritius green Papilios are
probably derived from some African ancestor closely allied
to P. nereus.
Papilio phorbanta, L. (Pl. XXIX, figs. 6, 6a).
Confined to Bourbon, where it is known as P. disparilis,
Boisd. Common, not to say abundant, on the coast and
up to about 2,000 feet. I never saw a single specimen at
3,000 feet, and its distribution is no doubt determined by
the food plant. It feeds on citron, and the larva has been
figured and described by Vinson. It is no doubt un-
palatable in the larval stage. The female is aberrant,
and is an admirable example of what Scudder calls
“colourational antigeny” in which it is the female that
departs from the normal colouring of the group to which
the species belongs. It is presumably a mimic of Huplea
goudoti, and in such a small island as Réunion the exciting
cause should not be difficult to discover. I may say fairly
confidently, that there is no bird now existing which makes
any marked ravages among the butterflies. Indeed birds
are conspicuous by their absence, and are as rare in Réunion
as they are in France and Italy, and for the same reason ;
affording a marked contrast to Mauritius, where they are
protected and consequently abundant.
I was informed, however, by Dr. Jacob, who has resided
for some fifty years in Réunion, that at one time the now ex-
tinct “starling” (Pregilupus varius) was decidedly common,
especially in those parts more particularly frequented by
P. phorbanta, and, judging by the stuffed specimen in the
St. Denys Museum, I should say that the bird was entirely
insectivorous. I throw out the suggestion that it was this
bird that was the main cause of this case of mimicry.
We have therefore in these two islands two cases of the
marked effect of birds on butterflies. In Mauritius, which
had no indigenous starling, the introduction of the Indian
siarling caused the extinction of Salamis auqustina, and
in Réunion the presence of the Réunion starling gave rise
to a remarkable case of mimicry.
As habit, manner of flight and so forth is now regarded
Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 451
as of high importance in deciding questions of mimicry, I
put on record my observations regarding P. phorbanta and
ELuplea goudoti.
St. Denys, where I chiefly collected, is a town on the
outskirts of which the houses are situated in the midst of
gardens of considerable size, and both species are common
flying about the roads. I secured all my specimens in the
Botanic Gardens, which comprise an area of three or four
acres laid out with avenues of palms, and extensive shrub-
beries of Alamanda, Hibiscus, and other shrubs growing to
a height of ten or fifteen feet. These were intersected by
narrow paths, which were consequently shady, and at the
same time very hot and steamy from the fountains which
were pretty numerous,
In these shady groves the Zuplwa was abundant, with a
more lazy flight than is usual even with an Huplaa; many
were busy ovipositing on the Alamanda shrubs. Other
parts of the gardens were laid out in flower-beds and were
more open, but Huplwa certainly preferred the shade.
P. phorbanta was also common in the garden. It was not
difficult to catch, as it flew about ten feet from the ground
across the broader drives. I should not call the flight
particularly rapid for a Papilio, but when frightened it
made off at a considerable pace. Numerous females were
flying about in a similar manner to the males. I noticed
two or three females at different times in the shrubberies
fluttering close to the ground, and from the manner of
their flight I think they were contemplating oviposition,
but they did not do so, though I followed them assiduously
from one citron tree to another. Under these circum-
stances they were on Huplea ground, and I can imagine
an unobservant person passing through the gardens and
being under the impression that he had seen only one
kind of brown butterfly.
Papilio (Orpheides) demodocus, Esp.
This abundant and conspicuous insect could scarcely
have escaped Mr. Trimen’s notice, so I conclude that it
has been introduced into the island since he was there in
1865. It occurs all over the island in every month in the
year. The larva is well known.
It is equally abundant in Bourbon, and was introduced
into that island some thirty years ago by Dr. Vinson, who
452 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the
imported larve from Madagascar. Unfortunately at the
very time of its arrival a Coccid attacked and destroyed
large numbers of the orange trees, but the damage was
not unnaturally attributed by the natives to the more
conspicuous larvee of demodocus, which increased alarm-
ingly and no doubt did considerable mischief. The
butterfly was consequently given the name of “ Le papillon
Vinson,” which it still retains, and at the time of my visit
the name of Vinson in this connection was still regarded
with some feelings of bitterness by the more ignorant,
Rhopalocampta forestan, Cram.
25. Ismene Florestan, Cram.
Common on the sea-coast, where its food plant Zer-
minalia grows. Stragglers may be found pretty constantly
at the higher elevation, and it is not at all uncommon at
Curepipe, 1,800 feet. It has a quick darting flight, but
the conspicuous white band on the undersurface of the
hind wing makes it easy to follow. Flies I-IV, IX—XU.
The same remarks apply to the insect in Bourbon. Vinson
writes in 1896, “Introduced about fifty years ago with
some botanical plants into the Botanic Gardens when
M. Claude Richard was director.”
Eagris sabadius, Boisd.
24. Nisoniades Sabadius, Boisd.
Widely distributed and not uncommon. It has a wild
rapid flight and soon tatters itself. It has a habit of
resting with widely-expanded wings on the upper side of
a leaf. The upper-surface is variable both in colour of
the wings and in the size of the spots; but this is not, so far
as I have observed, in any way seasonal, The larva feeds
on Hibiscus. Flies all the year round except VII and
VIII. It is recorded from Bourbon, but I did not myself
meet with it.
Parnara borbonica, Boisd.
22. Pamphila Borbonica, Boisd.
Abundant both in Mauritius and Bourbon near sugar-
cane and bamboos; the larva feeds on Paniscwm. The
insect settles with closed wings, but is quick and active
like all Hespertide and soon tatters itself. Flies I-VI,
Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 453
abundant; VIII, scarce; [IX—XII, abundant. It is not a
variable insect.
Parnara marchalli, Boisd.
23. Pamphila Marchallz, Boisd.
Known in Mauritius, but erroneously, as Hesperia poutiert,
a Madagascan species. It is usually very common, and
is the most “confidential” skipper of my acquaintance; I
have not infrequently captured it in my fingers when
basking in the sun. The larva feeds on sugar-cane. Flies
I-V, common; VI-VIII, scarce; I[X—XII, common. It
has not been recorded from Bourbon.
A long series shows considerable variation on the fore
wing, the spots, though never more than two in number,
are frequently reduced to mere points and in some
specimens are completely absent, the entire wing being
an uniform yellowish brown, In the female the spots are
larger and altogether more pronounced.
Note.—Precis rhadama. My remark as to the date of
its iMtroduction into Bourbon being later than into
Mauritius must be modified or withdrawn. Guenée, in
Maillard, “ Notes sur Vile de la Réunion 1863,” states that
it was introduced “about twelve years previously,” 7.¢.
about 1851.
Catopsilia florella—When I wrote that the different
markings on this larva were not indicative of the sex of
the future butterfly, 1 was unaware of Vinson’s different
conclusion quoted by Guenée in the above work. Vinson
says that all the caterpillars which produce the yellow
variety have the “first segment of the neck” entirely
black, while the larvee without the black collars produce
the white butterflies. Guenée adds, “this curious observ-
ation ought to be repeated.” I do not know whether in
this long interval of nearly fifty years any one has carried
out Guende’s suggestion, but I append my results which
show that Vinson’s opinion was founded in error—not an
error due to carelessness but to a curious chance.
Two pup from larve with “black collars” (pupated
22 I, emerged 3 IL) were both males, of course white.
Two pup from larvee without “black collars” (pupated
28 I, emerged 4 IT) were one male, one yellow female.
454 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on Butterflies of Mauritius.
One pupa from larva without black collar (emerged
12 II), white female.
Two pupe from larve with incomplete collar (emerged
6 I1), two yellow females.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.
See Explanation facing the PLatE. |
XXVI. Studies of the Blattide. By R. SHELForD, M.A.,
F.LS.
[Read December 4, 1907.]
VIII. Toe BLATTIDE DESCRIBED BY LINN#ZUS, DE GEER
AND THUNBERG.
SrA published in 18738, 1874, and 1875 the three parts
of his “Recensio Orthopterorum. Revue critique des
Orthopteres décrits par Linné, De Geer et Thunberg.”
The families treated in this memoir, which is not only
a critical review but a revision of genera also, are the
Acridiidse, Locustide, Gryllide and Phasmide. Stal re-
linquished the idea of treating the Mantide and Blattide
in the same way, though in 1877 he published his
“Systema Mantodeorum,” and this contains all the in-
formation necessary for the correct determination of the
scanty number of species described by the older Swedish
entomologists. The Blattidee have long been neglected,
and since the exact determination of the species described
by the older authors is, in any systematic work on any
group of insects, a matter of first-rate importance, if
not an actual necessity, I made it the first object of
a visit to Sweden last summer to examine in detail the
Blattide in the collections of De Geer at Stockholm
and of Thunberg at Uppsala. The collection of Queen
Louisa Ulrica now at Uppsala contains only three species
of Blattide described by Linneus, and I assumed that
the remainder of his types were in the possession of
the Linnean Society of London. However, on looking
over this collection recently I found that such was by no
means the case, and for reasons given below I believe
that with one exception those types of Blattidee described
by Linneus, which are not at Uppsala nor in London, are
in De Geer’s collection at Stockholm. In my investigations
I have received the kindest assistance from Dr. Daydon
Jackson, Prof. Chr. Aurivillius, Dr. Y. Sjéstedt and Dr.
Ivar Tragardh, to all of whom I beg to offer my cordial
thanks.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IV. (FEB. ’08.)
456 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
i. SPECIES DESCRIBED BY LINNZUS.
The Linnean species are twelve in number, viz. :—
1. Blatta gigantea, Syst. Nat. (ed. x) i, p.424, No. 1 (1758).
2 4, wgyptiaca, op. cit. No. 2
3. ,, surinamensis, ,,_,, No. 3.
4, , americana, , 4 No. 4,
5. , =nivea ahr No. 5.
6. , ,afriwana aie a No. 6.
7. 4, ortentalrs, By roles No. 7.
8. ,, lapponica, ee No. 8.
9), oblongata, shed Aah No. 9.
10. Cassida petwvertand, yy p. 364, No. 18.
if, Cee Syst. Nat. (ed, x11) 1 (2), p. 577,
No. 19 (1767).
12. Blatta germanica, op. cit. p. 668, No. 7.
With the exception of nivea and oblongata all the
species have been determined with accuracy by subsequent
authors.* Petiveriana and 7-guttata, originally described
as Coleoptera, are synonymous. As regards the types,
gigantea, xegyptiaca and africana represented by unique
male specimens are in the Queen Ulrica collection at
Uppsala. The Linnean Society’s collection of insects
contains a number of Blattide, but only five of these can
be identified by the labels in Linnzus’ handwriting as his
types, viz., lapponica (1 2, 1 2), germanica (1 f), orrentalis
(did); petiveriana (dais) and 7- -quttata (2). The other
species were added subsequent to the purchase of the
Linnean cabinet and bear labels in various handwritings ;
moreover the collection includes no species that can pos-
sibly be identified with oblongata and nivea. The types
of four species ‘have still to be accounted for, viz.
surinamensis, americana, nivea and oblongata. I have
some reason for believing that these are in De Geevr’s
collection. De Geer in his “Mémoires pour servir a
histoire des insectes,” vol. iii (1773), enumerates twelve
species of Blattidee, six of which he describes as new and
* Brunner however in his ‘Nouveau Systéme des Blattaires,”
p. 357 (1865), identifies Polyphaga wrsina, Burm., with africana T.,
which is incorrect, for the species are very different,
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex. 457
six of which are Linnzan species, Linnzus’ descriptions in
full bemg prefixed to his own descriptions. Of these six
Linnean species he records two as occurring in Russia,
Finland and Sweden, viz. orventalis and lapponica; the
other four correspond with the missing Linnwan types,
viz. surinamensis, americana, nivea and oblongata. The
coincidence is arresting, and I have looked into the
matter more closely to see if it is something more than
mere coincidence, In the first place we may assume
with some degree of confidence that the two local species
of Blattidee, lapponica and orientalis, were the first to
attract the attention of Swedish naturalists and formed the
nucleus of collections of these insects; consequently to find
specimens of them in the cabinets both of Linnzeus and
De Geer is not surprising. De Geer received, as he states
in his book, insects from Surinam, sent to him by his
correspondent Rolander: is it not probable that at first he
lent these for description to his friend Linneus who he
knew to be preparing new editions of his “Systema
Nature,” but that when later he wrote his own work
on entomology he kept the specimens that arrived from
Rolander and described them himself? Thus we find in
De Geer’s collection two common local species, ten exotic
species, four of which were described by Linnzeus in 1758,
six by himself in 1773. The supposition that Linnzeus
described specimens from De Geer’s collection becomes
almost a certainty when we read in De Geer’s description
of Blatia oblongata (1. ¢., p. 541), “Cette petite Blatte que
M. Rolander m’a encore envoyée de Surinam... ,” and
on turning to the Linnzan description of the species see
that it ends with “ Habitat in America. Rolander.” It is
possible but not very probable that Rolander sent specimens
of this species both to Linnzeus and to De Geer, and as a
matter of fact Dr. Daydon Jackson tells me that Linnzeus
somewhere laments that Rolander never gave him any-
thing. That Linnzeus and De Geer were on the most
friendly terms is shown by the series of fifteen letters to
Linneus from De Geer, now in the possession of the
Linnean Society. Dr. Daydon Jackson has also drawn
my attention to a passage in a translation of Linneeus’
diary printed in Morton’s edition of Pulteney’s Linneus :
“ Rolander collected in the islands near America a great
many plants, which he gave to M. de Geer, Chamberlain of
the Household, who made me a present of every one of
458 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
them.” Whether my supposition that De Geer lent some
of the specimens in his collection to Linnzeus for description
is correct—and it must be admitted that there is a degree
of probability in its favour—or not, I would venture to
suggest that the specimens of swrinumensis, americana
and nivew now in the De Geer cabinet be selected as
the types of the Linnzean species; otherwise these species
must remain without typical specimens, for if these
specimens are not the actual types then the actual types
are irrevocably lost. The specimen of oblongata in
De Geer’s cabinet cannot be chosen as the type of the
species, for, though it is ina fragmentary condition, enough
remains to show that it does not in the least correspond
with the Latin diagnosis of Linnzeus or with De Gee's
description in French or with his figures. In other words,
this is not the actual specimen on which both Linnzus and
De Geer based their descriptions; that specimen must
have been lost or destroyed accidentally, and the existing
specimen subsequently placed under the same name, either
by De Geer or perhaps still later by some one else. The
discrepancy between the descriptions of oblongata and the
existing specimen does not invalidate my view as to the
identity of the Linnzean types, for the diagnosis of Linnzeus
tallies perfectly not only with De Geer’s description but with
his figure. It is noteworthy too that in the case of the
other three species the Linnzan diagnoses agree perfectly
with De Geer’s specimens, figures and descriptions ; the
Latin diagnoses are of course much shorter than the French
descriptions, which are therefore not mere translations, but
additional and amplified diagnoses.
As to oblongata there seems nothing for it but to regard
the species for the present as uncertain; it has not been
recognised with accuracy since it was described, for the
Blatta oblongata of Serville and the Thyrsocera oblongata
of Brunner and de Saussure is quite a different insect,
to be identified probably with the Blatta intercepta of
Burmeister. The species described by Walker as Pseudo-
mops inclusa (= amena Sauss.) is evidently closely allied
to oblongata L., and a long series of specimens might show
that Walker’s species was merely a varietal form of
oblongata.
The other Linnzan species which had not been recog-
nised with certainty by later authors, Blatta nivea, will
be discussed in the next section of this paper.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 459
ll. DE GrER’s COLLECTION.
As already stated, De Geer in his “ Mémoires pour servir
a histoire des insectes,” vol. 111 (1773) enumerates twelve
species of Blattidze, six of which are described as new,
VIZ. :—
blatta pensylvaniea.
Blatta abdomen-nigrum.
Blatta livida.
blatta rufa.
Llatta grisea.
hlatia minutissima.
The remaining six species are Linnzean species, but new
names are given to two, even though De Geer fully recog-
nised the specific identity of his species with those of
Linneus.
The collection is now at Stockholm in the Riks Naturhis-
toriska Museum, and with the exception of one specimen
is in a good state of preservation. I am indebted to Dr.
Y. Sjostedt for permission to make a careful examination
of this very interesting collection. The following is a
catalogue of the specimens with annotations :—
1, blatta culinaris, De Geer, op. cit. p. 530, pl. 25, ff. 1-7.
This is the Blatta orientalis of Linneus; 2 ~2,1 ¢,
and also 1 larva of Pycnoscelus surinamensis, L.
2. Blatta lapponica, De Geer, op. cit. p. 533, pl. 25, ff. 8-12.
= Ketobius lapponicus, L.
agg.
3. Blatta kakkerlac, De Geer, op. cit. p. 535, pl. 44, ff. 1-3.
= Periplaneta americana, L.
ee L2.
From 8. America (Rolander.)
4. Blatia pensylvanica, De Geer, op. cit. p. 537, pl. 44, f. 4.
= Ischnoptera pensylvanica, De Geer.
Ig:
The species has been recognised and correctly deter-
mined by all subsequent authors.
From ‘“ Pensylvania” (Acrelius).
460 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattida.
5. Blatta abdomen-nigrum, De Geer, op. cit. p. 537,
pl. 44, f. 5.
= Epilampra abdomen-nigrum, De Geer (syn. Epi-
lampra brevis, Brunner, P.Z.S. Lond., 1892, p. 2038,
plo; 3):
i.
The species is omitted in Kirby’s “Synonymic Catalogue
of Orthoptera.”
Description of the type :—
?. Rufo-testaceous shading to rufo-castaneous. Head with vertex
between the eyes castaneous, rest of head rufo-testaceous with a few
scattered brown points; width between the eyes slightly greater than
length of first antennal joint. [Antenne mutilated.] Pronotum
trapezoidal, anteriorly truncate, posteriorly produced, sides deflexed ;
smooth, rufo-testaceous but densely covered with fine castaneous dots,
lyrate markings faintly indicated. Tegmina just failing to reach
base of supra-anal lamina, rufo-castaneous with a few scattered
castaneous points; anal field with slight indications of seriate
punctures ; the part of the right tegmen overlapped by the left,
dark castaneous ; mediastinal vein forked at apex, radial vein
bifurcate, dark castaneous at base, 12 costals from upper branch of
radial, the lower branch multiramose. Abdomen above heavily
mottled with castaneous, supra-anal lamina produced, triangular,
apex notched, (slightly mutilated during life and regenerated on the
right side), projecting beyond the sub-genital lamina. Spiracular
tubes prominent. Abdomen beneath castaneous, sub-genital lamina
produced, ample, posterior margin sinuate. [Cerci mutilated.] Coxe
rufo-testaceous, spotted with castaneous ; femora rufo-testaceous with
a castaneous line along the outside and lower aspect; tibize with
apex and a line down the outer aspect castaneous. Front femora with
a series of 5 spines on the anterior margin beneath, succeeded distally
by a row of piliform sete, 2 spines on the posterior margin, mid-
femora with 4 spines on anterior margin and also on posterior margin
beneath, hind-femora with 3 on anterior margin and 4 on posterior
margin beneath. Formula of apical spines ?, +, 4, no genicular
spines on front femora. Posterior metatarsus [one absent] has been
regenerated and is composed of 4 joints only.
Total length 25% mm.; tegmina 18:1 mm.; pronotum 7 mm, X
84 mm.
The species is recorded from Surinam by De Geer;
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidx. 461
there are examples in the Oxford Museum from Demerara,
Guadeloupe and I. of St. Vincent.
6. Blattia livida, De Geer, op. cit. p. 538, pl. 44, f. 6.
= Hpilampra abdomen-nigrum, De Geer.
hee
One example with the abdomen missing. From a
comparison with specimens in the Oxford Museum, I am
convinced that this species of De Geer’s is merely the
male of H. abdomen-nigrum. The differences between the
two specimens are, irrespective of size, very trifling, e.g.
in Slatia livida, the mediastinal vein is triramose, there
are only 10 costals, the legs are testaceous, and there are
only 4 spines on the anterior margin beneath of the front
femora and 3 on both margins beneath of the other pairs.
Total length 19 mm.; tegmina 15 mm.; pronotum
5mm. X 69 mm.
Also recorded from Surinam. The unique specimen
bears a label in Stal’s handwriting “ Epilampra brasiliensis,
Burm. var.”
7. Blatta rufa, De Geer, op. cit. p. 539, pl. 44, f. 7.
(syn. Ischnoptera rufa, Brunner.)
ie
This species also is omitted in Kirby’s Catalogue.
Description of the type :—
?. Uniform rufo-castaneous. [Head missing.] Pronotum trape-
zoidal, anteriorly truncate, sides deflexed, posteriorly very obtusely
angulated, smooth, with two oblique obsolescent impressions. Scu-
tellumexposed. Tegmina and wings extending considerably beyond
the apex of the abdomen ; mediastinal vein simple, radial vein not
bifurcate, 16-18 costals, 11 longitudinal discoidal sectors, both the
ulnar veins being ramose, the sectors connected by numerous trans-
verse venulz. Supra-anal lamina triangularly produced, its apex
hyaline, exceeding the sub-genital lamina in length, sparsely
fimbriate. Abdomen beneath castaneous, sub-genital lamina semi-
orbicular, ample. [Cerci mutilated.] Legs testaceous, tibie rather
darker than femora. Front femora with 4 spines on anterior margin,
succeeded distally by piliform sete, one spine on posterior margin
beneath; mid and hind femora with 4 spines on both margins
462 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
*
beneath. Formula of apical spines 2, 1, }, no genicular spines on
front femora.
Total length 21 mm.; body-length 13°5 mm.; tegmina 17 mm.;
pronotum 4:1 mm. x 5°5 mm.
From Surinam.
8. Blatta surinamensis, L., De Geer, op. cit. p. 539,
pl. 44, f. 8.
= Pycnoscelus surinamensis, L. Type.
One example with the abdomen missing.
From Surinam.
9. Blatta grisea, De Geer, op. cit. p. 540, pl. 44, f. 9.
= Epilampra grisea, De Geer.
(syn. Blatta maculicollis, Serv.
? Phyllodromia burmeisteri, Guér.
Epilampra brasiliensis, Brunner (nec Fab.) .)
1 f with label in Stal’s handwriting, “ Zpilampra
burmeisteri, Sauss.
Description of the type :—
3. Testaceous. Head with sparse castaneous mottlings on the
vertex and frons. Eyes converging slightly on frons which is
slightly depressed and faintly wrinkled between lower part of eyes;
least distance between eyes greater than breadth of 1st antennal
joint but less than its length. Pronotum sprinkled with minute
castaneous points, but almost devoid of the lyrate markings character-
istic of the genus, these being represented by two triangular castaneous
points near base of the disc. Tegmina testaceous, a few scattered
castaneous dots along the radial vein and at apex, mediastinal vein
with 2 short branches, 11 costals, radial bifurcate, 10 longitudinal
discoidal sectors. Abdomen beneath sprinkled with castaneous ;
supra-anal lamina produced, bilobed, exceeding in length the sub-
genital lamina which is rather narrow, slightly asymmetrical and
furnished with 2 slender styles. Cercirather long. Legs testaceous,
front femora with 5 spines on anterior margin, 3 on posterior margin
beneath, mid-femora with 4 on both margins, hind-femora 3 on
anterior margin, 4 on posterior margin ; formula of apical spines
?, 4, 4, no genicular spines on front femora. Posterior metatarsus
longer than remaining joints ; all the tarsal joints biseriately spined
beneath.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 463
Total length 24-1 mm.; body-length 20°-4mm.; tegmina 20°5 mm. ;
pronotum 5 mm. x 6 mm.
Recorded from Surinam.
10. Blatta nivea, L., De Geer, op. cit. p. 540, pl. 44, f 10.
= Panchlora nivea, L. Type.
(syn. Panchlora virescens, Thunb.)
Wy:
The genus Panchlora includes several species described
by the older authors, e.g. viridis Fab., hyalina Stoll,
virescens Thunb., exoleta Burm., viridis Burm., chlorotica,
Pall.; to determine these with accuracy or to fix their
synonymy is a matter of impossibility unless all the types
are critically examined. De Saussure and Zehntner
in the “ Biologia Centrali-Americana. Orthoptera,” vol.
i, p. 90-92, have drawn up a synoptical key to the species
of Panchlora without consulting any of the older types;
such a key certainly enables the student to give a name
to his specimens, but by no means does it follow that
these names are correct, in fact it must be a matter of
pure chance if the use of such a key enables the system-
atist to identify any one of his specimens with accuracy.
A good example of this is shown in the species under
notice, P. nivea, L.; the key of de Saussure and Zehntner
accidentally is correct in diagnosing P. virescens 'Thunb.,
but P. nivea, L. is situated in another part of the key;
yet these two species are the same, as I have discovered
from an examination of De Geer’s specimen which I
accept as the Linnean type and of Thunberg’s type. The
identification of the species of Panchlora is most difficult, as
they resemble each other very closely and present scarcely
any characters that do not vary to such an extent that
they are practically useless for purposes of discrimination.
One character however appears to be of some importance,
viz. the form of the cerci, and the size of their apical joints
when viewed from below. In a species which I identify
provisionally as P. antillarum Sauss., the cerci are broad,
somewhat spatulate and with the last two joints much
enlarged ; in P. viridis Fab., the cerci are lanceolate with
the last two joints enlarged ; in P. nivea, L., the cerci are
lanceolate with the last joint only enlarged. This charac-
ter. occurs in both sexes, and taken in conjunction with
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PaRT Iv. (FEB.’08) 31
464 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
the general size of the insect and the distance apart of
the eyes is of considerable help in discriminating the
species. In P. nivea, L., the eyes almost touch on the
vertex of the head, and the male type has the following
dimensions :—Total length 16 mm.; length of body 12
mm.; length of tegmina 13°5 mm.; pronotum 3:°9 mm. x
4-1 mm. The antennz are unicolorous, and the tegmina
are immaculate. This is the commonest species of the
genus, and will eventually be proved, I am sure, to have
been described over and over again; it frequently finds its
way to England, lurking in imported fruit, and has been
recorded in the lists of Natural History societies as
P. exoleta Burm, and as P. virescens Thunb. ‘The type is
recorded from Surinam.
11. Blatta oblongata, L., De Geer, op. cit. p. 541, pl. 44,
fad.
= Pseudomops oblongata, L.
The specimen in De Geer’s cabinet is much mutilated,
consisting of the head and the two thoracic segments only ;
the tegmina also are missing. The head is piceous,
with first and basal half of second joint of maxillary palpi
flavo-testaceous, the rest of the palpi fuscous. Pronotum
flavo-testaceous with a complex fusco-castaneous design
on the disc. As already pointed out, this does not
correspond with Linnzeus’ description “thorace punctis
duobus lunulaque nigris” nor with De Geer’s figure and
description. The species is most nearly allied to
Pseudomops angusta, W1k.
12. Blatta minutissima, De Geer, op. cit. p. 542, pl. 44,
ff. 13, 14.
= Holocompsa minutissima, De Geer.
(? syn. Holocompsa cyanca, Burm.)
One specimen in bad condition, the abdomen missing.
Description of the type :—
Head fuscous with a sparse rufous pubescence, clypeus and labrum
testaceous; antenne (mutilated) fuscous. Pronotum fuscous with a
recumbent rufous pubescence. Tegmina with basal half coriaceous,
castaneous, apical half membranous, hyaline, marginal area with
rufous pubescence 6 to 7 costal veins anal vein impressed and bent
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 465
at aright angle. Wings not longer than tegmina; marginal area
with a castaneous “‘stigma” formed by the incrassated branches of
the mediastinal vein and by the five incrassated costal veins, the
internervular spaces also being castaneous. Coxz castaneous.
Total length 5 mm.; length of tegmina 4 mm.
From Surinam.
Brunner was the first to suggest that this species should
be placed in the genus Anaplecta, and every other author
has followed this lead without question. De Geer’s figures
are certainly too small and ill-defined to enable one to
guess correctly at the systematic position of the species.
lil. SPECIES DESCRIBED BY THUNBERG.
The papers in which Thunberg described new species of
cockroaches are :—
1. Dissertatio Entomologica novas Insectorum species
sistens. Part iv, pp. 76-78, Uppsala, 1784.
2. Nagra nya species af Blattae—sligtet beskrifna.
Vetensk. Acad. nya Handl. vol. 31, pp. 185-189, pl. 5,
1810.
3. Blattarum nove species descriptee. Mém. Acad. St.
Pétersb., vol. 10, pp. 275-293, pl. 14, 1826.
The second of these two papers containing the
descriptions of seven new species has entirely escaped the
notice of every subsequent authority on the Blattide ;
this neglect is rather remarkable, seeing that the paper
was published in a well-known scientific journal, was
furnished with a plate, and was referred to by Thunberg
in a later memoir which is well-known to every ortho-
pterist, viz., * Hemipterorum maxillosorum genera illustrata.
Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb., vol. 5, pp. 211-801, pl. 3, 1815.
It affords me considerable satisfaction to bring about the
resurrection of this forgotten memoir, especially as this
involves no startling changes in nomenclature. In his
Dissertatio Entomologica de Hemipteris maxillosis Capen-
sibus, Uppsala pp. 1-8, 1822, Thunberg enumerates four
species of Blatta, but all of these have been described
previously, either by himself or by Fabricius, and as the
* A manuscript copy of this memoir from the library of Audouin
is in the Hope Library, Oxford Museum.
466 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
descriptions add nothing to those already published this
paper will not be quoted below.
The Thunbergian collection of insects, which in its day
must have been one of the largest in Europe, is still at
Uppsala and is very much as Thunberg left it. Stal
overhauled the Orthoptera, and though he published
nothing concerning Thunberg’s Blattide, nevertheless
attached to most of the specimens the names of more
recent authors. It is quite evident from a study of the
collection that Thunberg was by no means a “splitter,”
even if judged by the standard of scientific accuracy of
his day, and as a result it is frequently the case that more
than one species in his collection stands under the same
specific name. To take one example :—under the name
Llatta grossa stand three species of the genus Monachoda,
and the question arises, which of these is to be selected as
the type? Thunberg’s description affords no help. The
simplest course is to regard that specimen as the type
which most closely approximates to the description of the
species drawn up by later authors from specimens which
they imagined to be identical with Thunberg’s specimen.
A certain definite species of Monachoda stands in all
collections under the name JM. grossa Thunb., it is
recognised presumably not by Thunberg’s description
but by Serville’s, Brunner’s or that of some other authority;
since in Thunberg’s own collection there is an example of
this species, that example, in the absence of all evidence
to prove the contrary, may be selected as the type of his
species WZ, grossa. The following is a list of the species
described by Thunberg, taken m the order of their
publication.
In the first column the Thunbergian name is given, in
the second the correct name of the species, and in the
third column some synonyms :—
467
of the blattide.
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468 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide.
I append a description of Parahormetica bipustulata, as
it is the only Thunbergian species which has not been re-
described by subsequent authors, and which in consequence
cannot be recognised without a more detailed description
than the original one.
@ Dark castaneous. Pronotum almost smooth, no impressions,
only a very few punctuations, a pair of small orange spots in the
posterior half of the disc, widely separated. Tegmina lobiform, of
the same shape as in P. bilobata, Sauss., extending to apex of second
abdominal tergite. Supra-anal lamina rounded, surpassed by sub-
genital lamina into which it fits. Cerci blunt, short. Abdomen
below with disc rufous. Legs rufous. Total length 29 mm.; length
of tegmina 9 mm,; pronotum 9°56 mm. x 13 mm.
IX. SYNONYMICAL NOTES.
The following Fabrician species have been omitted by
Kirby from his Syn. Cat. Orthopt. vol. 1 :—
Blatta occidentalis, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 1, p. 7 (1798) to
genus Naupheta. Rhyparobia rufipes, Kirby is sy-
nonymous. Type in Copenhagen Museum. Fabricius
gives the locality as “in Americe insulis,” and on the
label borne by the type is written “St. Thomas Is.”
The species is characteristic of W. Africa, and it is
possible that Fabricius confused the Island of San
Thomé with the West Indian island.
Blatta palliata, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 186 (1798)
to genus Hemithyrsocera. H. nigra, Brunner is
synonymous. Type in Copenhagen Museum.
Blatta reticulata, Fabricius, op. cit. p. 186 to genus
Phyllodromia. Type in Copenhagen Museum.
Blatta ruficollis, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. i, p. 226 (1787) to
genus Ischnoptera. Type in Copenhagen Museum.
I was unable to find the type of Blatta longipalpa, Fab.
The following notes result from an examination of
Stal’s types :—
Blatta pumila, Stal, is a species of Anaplecta probably
conspecific with A. lateralis, Burm.
Blatta misella to genus Hololampra.
Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 469
Blatta tenella is a synonym of Huthyrrhapha pacifica, Coq.
Thyrsocera (= Pseudothyrsccera) cireumclusa, Stal, is 2 of
P. circumeincta, Stal, and P. semicincta is 2 of P.
rufiventris, Stal.
Epilampra tagalica, E. trivialis and . caliginosa are
conspecific.
Cutilia tartarea is a synomym of Platyzosteria nitida,
Brunner.
Periplaneta wahlbergi to genus Deropeltis; D. atra, Brunner,
is a synonym.
Periplaneta albilatera to genus Pseudoderopeltis.
Pollusca and Homalodemas are synonyms of Derocalymma,
Burm.
Blabera monstrosa is a synonym of Monastria biguttata,
Thunb.
Blabera luctuosa is not synonymous with BS. atropos, Stoll.
The following corrections should be made in the list of
Blattidz from the Transvaal given in Mr. Distant’s “Insecta
Transvaaliensia.”
Phyllodromia delta, Kirby, is synonymous with P. supel-
lecttlium, Serv.
Apotrogia, Kirby, is founded on a larva of the genus Gyna,
and .A. angolensis, Kirby, is probably the same as
Gyna cafrorum Stal.
Deropeltis distanti, Kirby, is synonymous with Slatia
meridionalis, Sauss.
Naupheta aspersata, Kirby, is a species of Oxyhaloa
possibly conspecific with O. ferreti, Reiche.
Elliptoblatta uniformis, Kirby, is a species of Hypospheria.*
Pilema saussuret, Kirby, described as a female, is in reality
an immature male and probably the same as P.
clypeata, Sauss.
Derocalymma intermedia, Kirby, is a synonym of D.
versicolor, Burm.
Derocalymma clavigera, Kirby, is a species of Hostilia.
Dr. G. W. Miiller of the Greifswald Museum having
kindly lent me some of Gersticker’s types, I am able to
make the following corrections in nomenclature :—
-*T do not think that Melanosilpha, Stal, is distinct from
Hypospheria, Lucas.
470 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattida.
Phyllodromia patricia to be transferred to Theganopteryx.
Mn pulchella a3 a Theganopteryx.
mn cinnamomea ,, e Ischnoptera.
basalis i fe Ischnoptera.
” punctifrons _,, x Ischnoptera.
“i egrota ee 4 Ischnoptera.
€ relucens ie . Ischnoptera.
hemerobina, centralis, pustulosa, and obsoleta are true species
of Phyllodromia ; the type of P. amplicollis is lost.
Panchlora adusta and P. vitellina are true species of
Panchlora,
(eA)
XXVIL Notes and Descriptions of Pterophoride and
Orneodide. By E. Meyrick, B.A., E.RB.S., F.Z.S.
[Read December 4th, 1907.]
THE following notes may be regarded as materials
towards the study of the geographical distribution of these
curious families, which is likely to prove eventually of
much interest.
PTEROPHORID &.
DIACROTRICHA, Z.
Having become acquainted with D. fasciola, the species
to which Zeller attached this generic name, I find it agrees
with my genus Cosmoclostis in essential characters, and
therefore propose to adopt Zeller’s name for that genus.
Including Zeller’s, four species have been described,
ranging from Ceylon to Queensland, and I now add a fifth.
Diacrotricha fasciola, Z.
Described from Java; I have it also from Ceylon, India,
and the KeilIslands. Bred by Mr. H. Maxwell-Lefroy from
pupe found on leaf of Averrhoa bilimbi (2), a tree of
cultivation, so that it may be artificially spread.
Diacrotricha auxtlewea, n. sp.
¢ G@. 14-18mm. Head and thorax white partially suffused with
whitish-yellow. Palpi and antenne ochreous-whitish. Abdomen
whitish-yellow, irregularly marked with ferruginous, with three
silvery-white transverse bands, beneath wholly white. Legs white,
indistinctly banded with ferruginous-ochreous, anterior and middle
tibia lined with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from 3, segments
linear ; snow-white ; costa slenderly ferruginous-brown from base to
cleft, and anterior half of first segment more or less entirely suffused
with ferruginous-brown; dorsum also partially ferruginous ; first
segment with a dark fuscous dot at base of its lower margin, two
dark fuscous marks on costa before and at middle, suffusedly con-
nected beneath, a bar at 3, and a dot at apex ; second segment with a
ferruginous bar mixed with dark fuscous almost at base, a narrow
dark fuscous bar beyond middle, and a dot at apex : cilia ochreous,
TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND, 1907.—PART IV. (FEB. ’08)
472 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
at apex of seginents suffused with fuscous. Hind-wings cleft firstly
from +1, secondly almost from base ; grey more or less mixed with
whitish, sometimes with distinct white subapical bands on segments ;
cilia ochreous, tinged with grey.
AssaAM (Khasi Hills), in March; three specimens.
Allied to D. aglaodesma, but easily distinguished by the
different markings of second segment of fore-wings.
TRICHOPTILUS, Wals.
I am indebted to Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher for calling
my attention to the fact that in my published description
of this genus I have misinterpreted the neuration of the
fore-wings; owing to the slenderness of the segments the
veins are difficult to follow out to their termination, but I
am now satisfied that 7 is always present (not absent as
stated), 9 absent, 10 out of 8 or absent, 11 short, separate
or out of 8 near base. Unfortunately I am not acquainted
with the type of this genus, 7. pygmexus, though I
possess all the other described species.
Trichoptilus pelias, n. sp.
dg @. 12mm. Headand thorax pale greyish-ochreous. Palpi pale
greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with whitish and dark grey. Antenne
white lined with black. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous dorsally
suffused with fuscous, base white, third segment with a pale ochreous
arrow-head on back, mixed with blackish on sides, fourth seg-
ment much mixed with blackish. Legs white lined with black,
posterior pair white banded with greyish-ochreous. Fore-wings
cleft from before middle, segments linear; pale whitish-ochreous
irrorated with ochreous-grey ; a small black dot beneath costa near
base, one in disc at 4, and one above base of cleft; narrow distinct
white bands on first segment at about + and 2 of length: cilia grey
somewhat mixed with white scales, on first segment with several
small groups of black scales on posterior half of lower margin, on
second with some black scales towards middle of upper margin, and
two or three black scales near and beyond middle of dorsum. Hind-
wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly from near base, segments linear ;
dark grey ; cilia grey, on dorsum with a well-marked black scale-
projection in middle, and a very small one almost at apex.
CoorG (3,500 feet), in January (Wewcome); ASSAM
(Khasi Hills), in November; two specimens.
Descriptions ‘of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 473
Trichoptilus congrualis, Walk.
(Pterophorus congrualis, Walk. 948; P. oxydactylus, ib.
944: Trichoptilus centetes, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 16 ; ? Z. compsochares, ib. 16; T. ralumensis, Pag.,
“ Zoologica,” xxix, 239; 7. ochrodactylus, Fish, Can. Ent.
xiii, 142.)
This very wide-ranging species occurs freely in South
and East Africa, from India and Ceylon to New Guinea
and N.E. Australia, and in the West Indies and Southern
States of North America (I have several specimens from
Florida).
DEUTEROCOPUS, Z.
Deuterocopus rubrodactylus, Pag.
I have this from South Africa, Ceylon, India, New
Guinea and the surrounding islands.
Deuterocopus planeta, n. sp.
¢. 10-11 mm. Head and thorax deep ferruginous, sprinkled
with yellow-whitish. Palpi ferruginous, with several whitish rings.
Antenne whitish, with a biserrate fuscous line. Abdomen whitish-
yellow, above with three suffused stripes and several transverse bands
ferruginous, third segment with a semicircular silvery-white spot
on posterior margin, anal valves and tuft very long and slender. Legs
ferruginous ringed with whitish, posterior pair with whorls of ex-
panded scales at origin of spurs and apex of tarsal joints. Fore-wings
cleft firstly from 2, secondly from 3, first segment narrow, second and
third linear; deep ferruginous, sprinkled with whitish-yellowish ;
undefined slender irregular white bars on first segment before 4 and
beyond %, before base of second cleft, and on middle of second
segment : cilia pale ferruginous, on costa mostly dark fuscous,
with dark fuscous bars at apex of segments, and dark grey patches or
bars on lower margin of first segment towards apex, upper margins
of second and third segments towards apex, and lower margins of
second and third segments about middle. Hind-wings cleft firstly
from 4, secondly from near base, segments linear ; ferruginous, first
two segments suffused with dark fuscous posteriorly ; cilia light
ferruginous, third segment with a dot of one or two black scales on
dorsum before its middle, and a moderate apical scale-tooth of black
and ferruginous scales extending above and beneath.
Coorc (Kuti) (Newcome), ASSAM (Khasi Hills); in
474 Mr. KE, Meyrick’s Notes and
October and November; two specimens. Very similar to
rubrodactylus, but the silvery-white spot on abdomen is an
easy distinction. In D. ritsemx, Wals., the abdomen is
also marked with white, but differently, according to
the description.
Deuterocopus Tengstrama, Z.
Described from Java; I have it also from Assam and the
Kei Islands; specimens from the latter group are much
more suffused with ferruginous than those from Assam, in
which the white colouring is more extensive, but they
do not seem otherwise distinct.
Deuterocopus famulus, n, sp.
9.15 mm. Head, palpi, and* antenne dark coppery-fuscous
with afew white scales. Antenne dark fuscous. Abdomen blackish-
fuscous, first segment white except a dorsal stripe, second segment
wholly ochreous-white, third ochreous-white on sides, ventral surface
wholly ochreous-white. Legs dark coppery-fuscous, anterior and
middle pairs lined! and sprinkled with white, posterior tibiee banded
with white, with expansible whorls of scales on origin of spurs
(tarsi broken), Fore-wings cleft firstly from before 2, second segment
cleft from its middle; dark prismatic coppery-fuscous; a few
irregularly scattered white scales: cilia fuscous, towards apex of
segments suffused with dark fuscous, beneath apex of first and second
segments with a slender white bar, on dorsum with a white space
extending from middle to ?, including a central fuscous bar. Hind-
wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly from 4, segments slender ; dark
fuscous ; a pellucid streak in disc; two or three white scales in
middle of third segment; cilia pale prismatic purplish-fuscous,
darker towards tips of segments, apex of third segment with a small
projection of black scales above and beneath.
Kerr ISLANDS, in May ; one specimen.
TETRASCHALIS, Meyr.
Tetraschalis ischnites, n. sp.
6 ¢@. 14-15mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white, sprinkled with
brownish and dark fuscous. Antenne whitish. Abdomen white,
streaked with brown and sprinkled with blackish. Legs white,
Jined and barred with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from 3, seg-
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 475
ments very slender, tornus almost obsolete ; brown irrorated with
white, strewn throughout with small white spots or bars, basal 2
more or less wholly suffused with white ; costa more or less irrorated
with black, more broadly posteriorly ; a blackish dot in disc at $; a
small black spot on base of lower margin of first segment, and a black
dot below base of cleft; white patches on costa at middle and 4 of
first segment, separated by a blackish patch, and a corresponding
blackish patch on second segment: cilia white, irregularly barred
with pale ochreous, with scattered black scales, at tornus with a
grey bar mixed with stronger black scales. Hind-wings cleft firstly
from 4, secondly from near base, segments linear; grey-whitish
irrorated with dark fuscous ; cilia grey with irregular whitish patches,
apex of each segment with a small black scale-projection, third seg-
ment with a large triangular black dorsal scale-projection at 3.
AssAM (Khasi Hills), in October and November ; two
specimens.
Tetraschalis ochrias, n. sp.
¢. 21-22 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous sprinkled with
whitish, crown sprinkled with grey, face irrorated with blackish.
Palpi whitish, second joint with a streak of blackish irroration, ter-
minal joint banded with blackish irroration. Antennz ochreous-
whitish with a dark fuscous line. Abdomen whitish streaked with
dark fuscous irroration. Legs whitish lined with blackish, posterior
pair banded with fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from before middle,
segments very slender, apex of second long-produced, subfalcate, very
acute ; echreous-whitish, irregularly tinged and sprinkled or suffused
with brownish ; some dark fuscous irroration towards dorsum ante-
riorly ; adark fuscous dot beneath costa near base, and another at + ;
an oblique blackish mark at base of cleft ; blackish marks on costal
edge before and beyond middle of first segment ; a dark fuscous dash
on first segment at about 3, followed by a white bar ; posterior half
of second segment mostly suffused with blackish : cilia ochreous-
whitish, on lower margin of first segment with some scattered black
scales, a grey posterior patch, and a black subapical scale-tooth, on
upper margin of second segment mostly suffused with grey, with
scattered black scales, on dorsum with grey patches towards middle
of wing and before tornus, between these mixed with black scales,
with a black scale-projection at tornus and a small one at apex.
Hind-wings cleft firstly from #, secondly from near base, segments
linear ; dark grey, first and second segments sometimes partially
suffused with whitish ; cilia grey, on costa with a whitish patch
476 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
towards middle, on upper margin of third segment with a few black
scales, on dorsum irregularly mixed with black scales from base to
apex, with broad irregular black scale-projections at 4 and beyond 3.
AssAM (Khasi Hills), in November; Ker ISLANDS, in
March ; two specimens.
Tetraschalis lemurodes, n. sp.
3d 2. 23-24 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark reddish-fuscous
sprinkled with blackish and whitish. Antenne grey, above dotted
with black and white scales. Abdomen very long and slender,
dark reddish-fuscous sprinkled with whitish. Legs dark reddish-
fuscous lined with white. Fore-wings very narrow, cleft from
3, segments almost linear, second segment with tornus slight but
distinct, its apex extremely slender and elongate ; dark reddish-
fuscous sprinkled with whitish ; first segment with a broad band of
whitish suffusion beyond its middle, and a narrow fascia towards
apex, sometimes also much suffused with whitish anteriorly : cilia
dark fuscous, on costa whitish with several dark fuscous patches, on
lower margin of first segment with some scattered white and black
scales, on both margins of second segment irregularly mixed with
black scales. Hind-wings cleft firstly from $, secondly from near
base, segments linear ; dark fuscous ; cilia dark fuscous, on upper
margin of third segment with scattered black scales, on dorsum
much mixed with black and white scales from base to apex, forming
a rather longer and more conspicuous accumulation beyond middle.
Ket IsLanps, in April and May; two specimens.
OxyPpTiLus, Z.
Oxyptilus epidectes, n. sp.
g @?. 11-13 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous sprinkled with
whitish, metathorax suffused with white. Palpi whitish, banded with
dark fuscous irroration. Antenne white, lined with dark fuscous.
Abdomen reddish-fuscous, sprinkled with whitish and mixed on
sides with dark fuscous, third segment with a cloudy white arrow.
head on back. Legs white, tibia and sometimes posterior tarsi banded
with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from about middle, segments
very narrow, apex of second long-produced, very slender; dark
reddish-fuscous, sprinkled with whitish ; an oblique white mark in
disc about 4, sometimes indistinct ; a white mark on base of cleft,
edged internally with dark fuscous, extended as a white spot on lower
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 477
margin of first segment ; a white band or costal spot on first segment
about middle, preceded and followed on costa by some blackish
scales ; sometimes a whitish bar at ? of first segment: cilia within
cleft grey mixed with black and a few white scales, at base of cleft
ochreous-whitish, beneath apex barred with white, on termen of
second segment whitish except towards angles, on dorsum ochreous-
whitish with a grey posterior patch, with a strong blackish scale-
projection opposite base of cleft, and three rather smaller ones
posteriorly, last tornal. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly
from near base, segments linear ; dark fuscous; cilia fuscous, third
segment with a small black dorsal scale-tooth beyond middle.
Burma (Mone) (Manders); Coora, 3,000 feet (New-
come); NILGIRIS, 3,500 feet (Andrewes) ; CEYLON (Maske-
liya) (Alston); in August, October, January and May ;
four specimens. I have also a specimen taken by myself
at Port Louis, Mauritius,in May. The strong black median
scale-tooth of fore-wings is characteristic.
Oxyptilus pelecyntes, n. sp.
¢ 2. 11-15mm. Head dark fuscous.. Palpi white banded with
blackish. Antennze white lined with black. Thorax dark fuscous,
with an ochreous-white posterior spot. Abdomen ochreous-brown
streaked with blackish, margins of segments mixed with white, with
an ochreous-white basal patch. Legs white, anterior and middle
pairs lined with black, posterior pair banded with black. Fore-
wings cleft from middle, segments narrow, apex of second long-
produced, slender, termen concave ; dark reddish-fuscous, sprinkled
with whitish-ochreous ; first segment with a small white spot on base
of lower margin,and two slender undefined somewhat inwardly oblique
white bars at 4 and 3; second segment sometimes with a few white
scales at + and }: cilia on costa ochreous-whitish with black scales
at base and blackish patches before and between bars, in cleft grey
with scattered black scales, on dorsum ochreous-white with a black
scale-tooth before cleft, others at } of second segment and apex, and
a grey patch mixed with black midway between these. Hind-wings
cleft firstly from about 4, secondly from near base, segments linear ;
dark fuscous ; cilia dark grey, on dorsum with two or three scattered
black scales, and a moderate black scale-projection at + of third
segment, marked with some black scales on upper side also.
AssaM (Khasi Hills) in April and September; three
specimens.
478 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
Oxyptilus raptor, n. sp.
2.19mm. Palpi whitish, spotted with dark fuscous, Abdomen
brown mixed with dark fuscous, segmental margins mixed with
white. Legs white, lined and banded with dark fuscous. Fore-
wings cleft from beyond middle, segments narrow, first pointed,
second somewhat dilated, its apex long, acute, termen concave ;
ferruginous-fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous; a small dark
fuscous spot on base of cleft ; first segment crossed by two inwardly
oblique whitish bars at 4 and 3, former rather broad, latter slender ;
a similar bar crossing second segment at 2: cilia dark fuscous, on
costa more blackish, and barred with whitish on costal markings,
beneath apex with two whitish bars, on termen of second segment
whitish except towards angles, on dorsum mostly whitish with dark
fuscous bars before and beyond cleft, and a dark fuscous patch
towards tornus. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 3, secondly from },
segments very slender; dark fuscous, third segment brownish-
ochreous from base to near 3 and at apex; cilia fuscous, on both
margins of third segment with a patch of blackish scales extending
from before 2 of segment to ¢.
CoLoraAbo, U.S.; one specimen.
Oxyptilus caminites, n. sp.
g. 21mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, lower margin of face
with a white bar. Palpi dark fuscous, lower edge white. Antenne
dark grey, with two series of white dots. Abdomen blackish, three
basal segments orange-fulvous above except on lateral and posterior
margins, apical scales pale ochreous, beneath with an elongate pale
fulvous ventral patch extending over first two segments, and two
spots on third. Legs dark fuscous, anterior and middle pair lined
with white, posterior pair with indications of whitish bands. Fore-
wings cleft from 2, segments moderately broad, termen nearly
straight, oblique ; dark bronzy-fuscous, costal third sprinkled with
whitish from base to beyond cleft; a very fine white line crossing
first segment and upper half of second not far from termen : cilia
whitish, on termen grey with white base and black spots at angles of
segments, within cleft and on dorsum with dark grey patches on
posterior half of segments, on dorsum with three black scale-
projections. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly from 3, seg-
ments linear; blackish; cilia grey, on first segment and upper
margin of second whitish-ochreous except towards tips, third segment
with a rather small triangular black dorsal scale-tooth at about ¢ of
wing.
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 479
Assam (Khasi Hills) in September; one specimen. The
unusual coloration of the abdomen, combined with the
general superficial appearance, is so suggestive of some
of the fossorial Hymenoptera, that I think it may be
protective.
Oxyptilus peltastes, n. sp.
¢. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax ferruginous-brown mixed with
dark fuscous, sometimes pale-sprinkled, metathorax pale yellow.
Palpi sickle-shaped, acute, ferruginous, terminal joint and apex of
second somewhat whitish-sprinkled, anterior edge blackish. Antennze
blackish, whitish-sprinkled. Abdomen deep chestnut-bronze-brown,
basal segment and apical margin of second and third whitish, fourth
segment with two pale or whitish dorsal patches, Legs golden-
bronze, spurs and tarsi suffused with dark fuscous, posterior tibice
with whorls of dark fuscous spines near base and on origin of spurs.
Fore-wings cleft from 3, first segment rather narrow, second pos-
teriorly dilated, its apex produced, termen concave, oblique ; deep
chestnut-brown, thinly sprinkled throughout with white; costal
edge dark fuscous; whitish-ochreous dots or small spots on first
segment at base and on costa before its middle and towards apex :
cilia ochreous-whitish, with blackish patches at angles of both seg-
ments, black bars on dorsum at middle and ?, and some grey suffusion
towards base of cleft. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly from
near base, segments linear ; dark fuscous, towards base and on third
segment suffused with ferruginous; cilia light yellowish, suffused
with grey towards apex of first two segments, third segment with a
small black apical scale-tuft.
QUEENSLAND (Cairns), in October (Dodd); four
specimens.
XYROPTILA, 0. g.
Head with appressed scales, on back of crown with erect-scales,
Palpi moderately long, slender, curved, sickle-shaped, smooth, ter-
minal joint somewhat longer than second, acute. Antenne in ¢
simple. Posterior legs with small whorls of scales at origin of spurs
and apex of tarsal joints. Fore-wings cleft from about 2, segments
moderate, rather dilated posteriorly ; 2 from middle of cell, 3 and
4 from angle, 5 and 6 very short, 7 from near 8, long, 9 apparently
absent, 8 and 10 stalked, 11 from near 8. Hind-wings cleft firstly
from 4, secondly from near base, segments linear, without black
scales in cilia; 2 and 3 absent, 5 and 6 very short, 7 to apex.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IV. (FEB.’08) 32
480 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
Allied to Oxyptilus, especially to O. peltastes, but dis-
tinguished by the entire absence of the black scales in
cilia of hind-wings. Type 1. wnophanes.
Xyroptila marmarias, n. sp.
gd @. 11-12mm. Head golden-bronze, mixed with dark fuscous.
Palpi golden-ochreous, anterior edge blackish. Antenne dark grey.
Thorax coppery-bronze, mixed with white posteriorly, anterior half
bright golden. Abdomen bright golden-bronze, base of first segment
yellowish-white, margins of second and third segments more or less
whitish, towards middle and apex more or less suffused with dark
coppery-fuscous. Legs golden-bronze, spurs and tarsi suffused with
dark fuscous, posterior tibize with whorls of spines near base and at
origin of spurs. Fore-wings cleft from 3, first segment rather narrow,
second posteriorly dilated, its apex produced, termen concave, oblique ;
very deep ferruginous, costal edge dark fuscous ; markings deep
yellow, more developed and larger in 9 ; some irregular small spots
or strigule anteriorly, and a larger spot before middle ; first segment
with a transverse mark at base, a costal spot in middle, and a trans-
verse mark near apex ; second segment with a spot towards base and
a transverse mark near termen: cilia yellowish tinged with rosy,
with blackish patches at angles of both segments, and two blackish
bars on dorsum. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly from near
base, segments linear; dark fuscous ; anterior part of disc and most
of third segment in ¢ deep ferruginous, in @ bright golden ; cilia
pale shining rosy, tinged with purplish-grey on costa and towards
apex of first two segments.
QUEENSLAND (Cairns), in October (Dodd); two
specimens.
AXyroptila enophanes, n. sp.
¢ @. 10-11 mm. Head and thorax fuscous irrorated with dark
fuscous. Palpi whitish lined with black. Antenne white with
blackish dorsal line. Abdomen rather dark fuscous, base ochreous-
white, beneath whitish. Legs dark fuscous, anterior and middle
pairs streaked with whitish, posterior pair with indications of whitish
bands. Fore-wings with apex of second segment produced, acute,
termen concave ; dark ferruginous-fuscous, somewhat sprinkled with
whitish ; a whitish bar parallel to termen crossing both segments
before their middle: cilia pale ochreous tinged with crimson, with a
black bar at apex, and blackish-grey posterior patches on lower
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 481
margin of first segment and both margins of second. Hind-wings
dark fuscous ; cilia pale ochreous tinged with crimson.
BomBay (Bandora), in September ; four specimens.
KOREMAGUIA, Hamps.
This is a good genus, with distinct neuration.
Koremaguia alticola, Feld.
(Cnemidophorus alticola, Feld., Reis. Nov. pl. CXL, 59 ;
Koremaguia aurantidactyla, Hamps., Ill. Het. Brit. Mus.
VIII, 142, pl. 156, 20.)
I think Felder’s figure undoubtedly represents this
species, which varies in extent of dark suffusion; I have
it from the Andaman Islands, and it is recorded from the
Nilgiris and Himalaya.
PLATYPTILIA, Hb.
Platyptilia ignifera, n. sp.
dg. 20 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous, partly
tinged with blackish and ferruginous. Palpi and antenne ferru-
ginous, sprinkled with whitish and dark fuscous. Legs dark fuscous
partly mixed with ferruginous, posterior coxe with a small silvery-
white spot, apex of all tibice, centre of middle and posterior tibia,
and apex of three joints of posterior tarsi with large dense expanded
whorls of scales, spurs thickened with rough scales. Fore-wings
cleft from about #, segments broad, termen sinuate, little oblique ;
purplish-fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous, and somewhat mixed
with brownish or ferruginous-brown ; indications of an undefined
bent blackish-fuscous bar near termen: cilia light grey, basal 2
ferruginous-fuscous edged with a black line, sinuate-coneave in
middle of termen of each segment. Hind-wings cleft firstly from
middle, secondly from 4, third segment very short ; deep orange ;
first segment posteriorly suffused with dark fuscous ; third segment
somewhat mixed with dark fuscous; cilia fuscous tinged with
crimson, on dorsum of third segment with several scattered short
dilated black scales, and a large projection of dark purplish-fuscous
scales tipped with black oceupying apical fourth. Fore-wings
beneath with dise deep orange.
Assam (Khasi Hills), in August; one specimen. Allied
482 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
to the African species described by Lord Walsingham as
Crocydoseelus ferruginewm, but I do not consider the genus
Crocydoscelus suticiently distinct from Platyptilia.
Platyptilia donatella, Walk.
This South American species is the type of the genus
Sochchora, Walk., but it appears to differ in no important
particular from Platyptilia, of which I therefore regard
Sochchora aS a synonym.
Platyptilia taprobanes, Feld.
(Amblyptilia taprobanes, Feld., Reis. Nov. pl. CXL, 54;
Platyptilia Sythoffi, Snell. Tayd. v. Ent. XLVI, 54, pl. V,
15, 16.)
Felder’s figure is very poor, but notwithstanding can
only be this species. CEYLON (Madulsima, Pattipola,
Maskeliya, Peradeniya) (Green, Pole, Alston); S. INDIA
(Palni Hills) (Campbell); Assam (Khasi Hills); from
April to January, a hill species, received in plenty.
Described by Snellen from Java,
Platyptilia citropleura, n. sp.
é @. 15-18 mm. Head blackish, sides, a frontal row of dots, and
lower part of face pale yellow. Palpi black, beneath spotted with
pale yellowish. Antenne blackish. Thorax dark ferruginous-
uscous, central third blue-black on anterior half, beneath and on
sides of metathorax pale clear yellow. Abdomen dark ferruginous-
fuscous, on dorsum blue-blackish, beneath with a series of pale
yellow spots. Legs blackish dotted with white, posterior tarsi with
three apical joints mostly white. Fore-wings cleft from ?, segments
broad, termen oblique, on second segment bowed ; dark ferruginous-
fuscous becoming blackish posteriorly ; a series of minute white
costal and subcostal dots, last four larger and costal ; sometimes a
few scattered white scales in disc ; a very fine white line near termen
on first segment and upper half of second: cilia on termen blackish
spotted with white, whitish on inner half of cleft and blackish-grey
on outer half, on dorsum whitish with black scale-teeth before and
beyond 3, and a small grey posterior patch. Hind-wings cleft firstly
from 4, secondly from 4, apex of second segment slenderly produced,
third segment short ; blackish ; cilia grey, third segment with a very
sma]] triangular black dorsal scale-tooth almost at apex.
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 483
Assam (Khasi Hills); CeyYLoN (Maskeliya) (Alston) ; in
March, and from June to October; twelve specimens.
Very similar to taprobanes, but smaller and blacker, fore-
wings cleft from ? only (instead of from 3), without dark
costal blotches, cilia at base of cleft clear white, narrower
white bars in terminal cilia, and scale-tooth of hind-wings
all but apical, whereas in taprobanes it is a little before
apex.
Platyptilia brachymorpha, Meyr.
Amblyptilia Seeboldi, Hofm. (Iris, xi, 33), from Syria,
is a synonym of this species; the description is very
accurate and unmistakable. The species ranges from
S. Africa through India to the Hawaiian Islands.
Platyptilia pusillidactyla, Walk.
Platyptilia hemimetra, Meyr., Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond.
1886, 18, is a synonym of this species. I could not deter-
' mine this identification from Walker’s type, but have
lately received specimens from his locality (Jamaica),
which are conclusive. This is another wide-ranging
insect, known from Réunion, Ceylon, India, and the West
Indies.
Platyptilia charitopa, n. sp.
¢. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax orange-ochreous sprinkled with
fuscous, frontal tuft very short. Palpi orange-ochreous sprinkled
with blackish, above’ and beneath mixed with whitish. Antenne
grey, above blackish with two series of white dots. Abdomen orange-
ochreous variably mixed or sprinkled with blackish, on back some-
times mixed with white or pale yellow. Legs orange-ochreous
sprinkled with dark fuscous, anterior and middle pairs lined with
black beneath, posterior pair banded with whitish and blackish.
Fore-wings cleft from 2, segments moderate, posteriorly dilated,
termen of first indented-concave, of second rounded-prominent in
middle, sinuate-concave above and below this, rather strongly
oblique ; orange-ochreous, posterior } and dorsum anteriorly more or
less sprinkled irregularly with dark fuscous ; costa narrowly black
dotted with white; acloudy spot of blackish suffusion towards
dorsum at }, and one in disc at 4; a large triangular blackish blotch
on costa before cleft, its apex reaching beyond cleft; a broad fascia
484 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
of blackish suffusion covering nearly anterior 2 of both segments,
edged posteriorly by a fine white line and anteriorly by a less distinet
one ; a black terminal line: cilia whitish-ochreous, on costa suffused
with dark fuscous, on termen with basal half dark fuscous on angles
and prominence, beneath lower angle of first segment with a biackish
patch, on dorsum with some scattered black scales anteriorly, a
blackish scale-tooth beyond middle, and two blackish bars posteriorly.
Hind-wings cleft firstly from before middle, secondly from 4, third
segment short; dark fuscous, more or less orange-tinged towards
base, third segment orange-ochreous mixed with dark fuscous ; cilia
ochreous, at apex of first two segments dark grey, third segment with
some scattered black scales on both margins, anda large black
triangular scale-projection beneath occupying apical fourth.
Botivia (Songo); three specimens. Belongs to the
group of brevipennis, in which it is characterised by its
bright colouring.
Platyptilia paraglyptis, n. sp.
d 14 mm. Head brownish, frontal tuft very short. Palpi
fuscous, apex of joints whitish-ochreous. Antennz fuscous dotted
with whitish. Thorax pale ochreous mixed with brownish. Abdo-
men whitish-ochreous, mixed with brownish on sides. Legs whitish-
ochreous, anterior and middle femora and tibiew lined with dark
brown. Fore-wings cleft from 3, segments moderately broad, termen
of first sinuate beneath apex, of second very obliquely bowed ;
brownish-ochreous, indistinctly transversely striated with brown
irroration ; costal edge suffused with dark fuscous from near base to
blotch ; a spot of dark fuscous suffusion on dorsum at 4+, and one
beneath costa at $; a triangular dark fuscous blotch on costa before
cleft, its apex reaching to below cleft ; costal edge beyond this dark
fuscous, interrupted by four dots of whitish suffusion, third giving
rise to a whitish line crossing first segment and obscurely indicated
on second ; segments sprinkled with dark fuscous and whitish,
darkest posteriorly : cilia whitish, on termen with a dark fuscous
subbasal line becoming blackish towards tornus, indented once on
first and twice on second segment, within cleft fuscous-tinged, with
some scattered dark fuscous scales, on dorsum with about five small
teeth of dark fuscous scales. Hind-wings cleft firstly from before
middle, secondly from 3, segments moderate, first dilated, termen of
second very obliquely sinuate; dark fuscous; cilia grey, round
termen of first segment with dark grey subbasal shade, on dorsum
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 485
with moderate triangular black scale-projection beginning at }, and
scattered blackish scales between this and base.
ARGENTINA (Parana); one specimen,
Platyptilia direptalis, Walk.
(Oxyptilus direptalis, Walk., B. M. Cat. 934.)
dg 9. 19-21 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brown sprinkled with
whitish, face with short cone of scales. Antennz white spotted with
dark fuscous. Abdomen brownish, streaked with whitish and
‘sprinkled with dark fuscous. Legs whitish banded with brownish,
apex of joints dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from before }, seg-
ments moderately broad, apex of first produced, subfalcate, termen of
second bisinuate, oblique ; light yellow-ochreous, irregularly mixed
with ferruginous-brown and in dise with white ; some dark fuscous
scales towards dorsum about}; costal edge more or less dark
fuscous ; a triangular dark fuscous blotch, posteriorly edged with
white, resting on costa just before cleft and reaching % across wing ;
a slender white bar crossing both segments near termen but not
reaching dorsum, preceded on second segment and lower edge of
first by a patch of blackish irroration or suffusion ; cilia whitish, on
termen with basal half brownish edged with blackish-grey and
barred with whitish, in cleft grey except on a posterior patch
enclosing a dark grey bar, on dorsum with an elongate-triangular
projection of black scales about 3, two or three scattered black scales
before this and a bar beyond it. Hind-wings cleft firstly from
before middle, secondly from }; dark grey; cilia grey, third seg-
ment on dorsum with some scattered black scales anteriorly, an
elongate-triangular projection of black scales extending from middle
to 3, and some black scales beneath apex.
CEYLON, Pattipola, 6,000 feet, (Alston); S.Inp1A, Palni
Hills, 6,000 feet, (Campbell); Nilgiri Hills, 6,000 feet
(Andrewes); Simla, 8,000 feet (Indian Museum); also
known from Cape Colony and the Congo. This is identi-
fied by Lord Walsingham with the European cosmodactyla,
but is in my judgment quite distinct, though nearly allied ;
it differs markedly in the colouring, and also especially by
the narrower segments of hind-wings, of which the second
has the apex obviously more produced, and the different
form of the principal dorsal scale-projection on each wing ;
in cosmodactyla the one on the fore-wings is narrower, with
486 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
its posterior edge much more abrupt and obviously con-
cave, and the one on the hind-wings is rather longer and
rather narrower, so as to appear distinctly more abrupt. I
do not observe any difference between Walker’s type and
my Indian specimens, but it is noticeable that all the
latter are from high altitudes.
Platyptilia epidelta, n. sp.
36 ¢. 17-21 mm. Head ferruginous-ochreous, partially infus-
cated, with moderate frontal cone of scales. Palpi moderate, whitish-
ochreous, basal and second joints irrorated with dark fuscous except
apex of second. Antenne light brownish, towards base mixed with
black above. Thorax rather dark brown or fuscous, with transverse
pale brownish-ochreous band behind middle, metathorax with lateral
ochreous-white stripes edged above with black. Abdomen brown
irregularly mixed with ochreous-whitish, third segment with a
suffused oblique dark fuscous lateral mark. Legs whitish, suffusedly
banded with ferruginous-ochreous, apex of joints suffused with dark
fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from ?, segments broad, termen of first
sinuate, of second prominent on vein 3, very obliquely sinuate below
it; ferruginous-ochreous mixed with dark fuscous, transversely
striated with whitish ; indistinct spots of dark fuscous suffusion in
dise at 4, and on dorsum obliquely before this, latter followed by a
whitish spot ; a triangular dark fuscous blotch on costa before cleft,
its apex reaching to below cleft ; a blackish triangular costal blotch
about middle of first segment, more or less edged with white
suffusion, its apex connected with posterior extremity of a blackish
dash beneath it ; a very small dark fuscous costal spot before apex ;
some dark fuscous suffusion before middle of second segment, some-
times followed by an oblique white transverse line ; termen marked
with dark fuscous: cilia ochreous-whitish partially tinged with
fuscous, on termen with an ochreous-fuscous antemedian shade more
or less marked with blackish, extending round tornus, on dorsum
with scattered dark fuscous scales, and two strong dark ochreous-
fuscous teeth. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 3, secondly from }, first
two segments dilated, termen of second sinuate ; dark fuscous ; cilia
whitish-fuscous, on termen with a darker fuscous antemedian shade,
on dorsum with scattered blackish scales, and a strong elongate-
triangular blackish scale-projection commencing at 3, and a smaller
one at apex.
ARGENTINA (Parana); nine specimens. Varies to some
extent, but recognisable by the conspicuous sharply-defined
second costal triangle, which is darker than first.
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 487
Platyptilia cretalis, n. sp.
¢. 21-22 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and legs whitish
(abdomen broken) ; face without tuft ; antenne with blackish line
above towards base ; palpi with dark fuscous lateral streak ; anterior
and middle femora and tibie and basal joint of tarsi lined with dark
fuscous, posterior tibize infusecated beneath towards middle and apex.
Fore-wings cleft from 3, segments moderately broad, termen concave
so that apex of each segment appears faleate ; ochreous-whitish, on
segments slightly tinged or sprinkled with pale brownish ; some
fuscous scales forming a cloudy dot in disc at 4, and two transversely
placed close before cleft ; minute dark fuscous dots on costa at } and
2 of first segment; termen and posterior half of lower margin of
both segments narrowly suffused with fuscous, and edged with a
dark fuscous line: cilia ochreous-whitish, with dark fuscous spots at
both angles of both segments, some fuscous suffusion a little before
lower angle of both segments, and small blackish scale-teeth on
dorsum beyond middle and at ?. Hind-wings cleft firstly from
middle, secondly from 4, segments moderate, apex of second long-
falcate ; grey; cilia whitish-fuscous, with traces of darker scales
beyond middle.
JAPAN ; two specimens. These are not in good order,
and possibly the dark dorsal scales may be naturally better
expressed, but the species is a very distinct one.
Platyptilia empedota, n. sp.
6 ¢. 20-21 mm. Head brownish, face with moderate roughly
projecting scales, Palpi dark fuscous, white above and beneath.
Antennz whitish with a blackish line above. Thorax ochreous-
whitish, suffused anteriorly and posteriorly with light red-brownish.
Abdomen whitish-ochreous longitudinally lined with dark brown,
base whitish, anal valves in ¢ elongate, white, with a brownish line
on sides. Legs white, banded with brownish, and longitudinally
lined with blackish. Fore-wings cleft from beyond 3, segments
moderately broad, termen of first slightly sinuate, rather oblique ;
red-brown sprinkled with silvery-whitish, suffused with whitish-
ochreous on costal half anteriorly, and on a streak extending from
this along middle of second segment to near termen ; a dark reddish-
fuscous dot in disc beyond 3, and two transversely placed before
cleft : costal cilia dark fuscous throughout ; remaining cilia grey, on
termen white with strong black basal line, on dorsum with some
small scattered black scales. Hind-wings cleft firstly from middle,
4.88 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
secondly from 4, segments moderate ; reddish-fuscous ; cilia grey,
on dorsum with a few scattered brownish and blackish scales from
base to ?.
TRANSVAAL (N.E. Pretoria district), in January (Janse) ;
five specimens.
Platyptilia xylopsamma, un. sp.
9.28mm. Head light yellow-ochreous sprinkled with whitish,
frontal tuft moderate. Palpi 24, pale yellow-ochreous sprinkled
with fuscous, white beneath and at apex. Antenne whitish-
ochreous, above with a dark fuscous line. Thorax brownish-
ochreous sprinkled with whitish, especially on patagia, which are
somewhat expanded towards apex. Abdomen whitish-ochreous,
faintly streaked with brownish. Legs whitish, lined with dark
fuscous (posterior pair broken). Fore-wings cleft from $, segments
broad, termen of first somewhat sinuate, of second very slightly
bent, oblique ; brownish-ochreous, slightly sprinkled with whitish,
dorsal half suffused with pale whitish-ochreous from base to cleft ;
costal edge very shortly strigulated with dark fuscous on basal
third ; a small round dark fuscous spot in dise at 4, and another
tending to form a transverse mark close before and beneath cleft; a
mark of dark fuscous suffusion along costa above cleft, followed by
a white mark mostly in costal cilia: cilia pale greyish-ochreous, on
termen with basal half rather dark fuscous, on dorsum with a
greyish bar beneath cleft. Hind-wings cleft firstly from before
middle, secondly from 4, first segment considerably dilated, second
moderate ; ferruginous-fuscous; cilia pale greyish, within cleft
mostly suffused with very pale ochreous, on termen of first segment
darker grey on basal half, on dorsum with a series of short dark
fuscous scales from base to 2.
CoLorapo, U.S., 7,000 feet ; one specimen.
ATUCTTALE
In the fore-wings the principal vein remaining in the
first segment should be regarded as vein 7, not 8.
Alucita lacteipennis, Walk.
(Aciptilus lacteipennis, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 949.)
3 ?. 24-28 mm. Head, antenne, and thorax white, collar
sometimes sprinkled with grey. Palpi white, sometimes slightly
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 489
sprinkled with dark grey towards apex. Abdomen white, with a
few black lateral scales posteriorly. Legs white, anterior femora
and tibiz streaked with blackish, middle tibiz with fine oblique
median bar and apical dot blackish, posterior tibize with internal
fringe of projecting scales on basal half, with a few black specks,
and black dots on origin of spurs, posterior tarsi somewhat roughened
with scales, third and fourth joints tufted above and with apical
black dots (in Australian form nearly obsolete). Fore-wings cleft
from before 4, segments linear; white, with some scattered black
specks ; black dots on costa before and beyond middle and about ?
and on lower margin of first segment towards apex ; a minute black
dot before middle of second segment, and a round black dot at ?:
cilia white, with three grey bars (faint in Australian form) on lower
margin of each segment, and on upper margin of second segment
at 4 of length. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly almost
from base, segments linear ; white, with some black specks, especially
at base of first cleft, and along costa from } to middle; second
segment with small black dots at 4, 2, and before apex ; cilia white,
on costa with a grey space before middle and bar at 3, on lower
margin of second segment with grey bars on first two dots.
Burma; Borngo; New GuINEA, Woodlark Island ;
SoLomon IsLANDS; QUEENSLAND, Cairus (Dodd) ; Walker's
type, recorded as from Hindostan, is really from Burma.
The closely allied melanopoda, Fletcher, which ranges from
Ceylon to Assam, has the tufts of posterior tarsi mainly
black; in Walker’s type the tips of the tarsi are broken,
but enough remains, in conjunction with other characters,
to show the identity of the species, which I have thought
it best to redescribe here.
Alucita rhyparias, n. sp.
g. 19-20 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, face fuscous.
Palpi short, whitish, terminal joint very short. Antenne whitish,
above with a grey line near base. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, with
fuscous dorsal line, and some black lateral dots. Legs whitish,
anterior and middle femora and tibize dark grey anteriorly. Fore-
wings cleft from 2, segments very slender; ochreous-grey-whitish,
base of cleft and lower margin of both segments grey ; cilia ochreous-
grey-whitish, with a faint grey median shade, with two minute
black dots on costa at about 4 and ? of first segment, and three on
dorsum of second segment near its base and about } and 3. Hind-
wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly from 4, segments linear; pale
grey ; cilia pale grey, becoming grey-whitish towards base.
490 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, from February to April (Janse);
three specimens.
Alucita elaeopa, n. sp.
3 2. 21-26 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, sprinkled with dark
fuscous. Palpi and antenne whitish. Thorax and abdomen whitish-
ochreous. Legs whitish, anterior and middle tibiz blackish beneath,
posterior legs whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings cleft from 2, segments
linear ; pale ochreous ; minute black dots on costa at about 2 and 2 of
first segment: cilia whitish-ochreous, within cleft with scattered black-
tipped scales, on dorsum with four small equidistant projections of
black-tipped scales, first before cleft, fourth at ? of second segment.
Hind-wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly from near base, segments
linear ; ochreous-whitish tinged with grey, base of cleft grey ; cilia
ochreous-grey-whitish, at base with minute scattered grey scales
especially on first segment.
AssAM (Khasi Hills), in November; three specimens.
Alucita candidalis, Walk.
(Aciptilus candidalis, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 948;
A, lewcadactylus, ib. 948.)
After examining a considerable number of specimens,
I am satisfied that these represent only one species,
ranging from South Africa through India to the Philip-
pines, New Guinea, and North-East Queensland, varying
in the development of the minute black dots which are
more or less apparent at the base of the cilia, but always
recognisable by its pale yellowish colour (though described
as white by Walker in each instance) from the following
species, to which it is otherwise closely allied. A. aptalis,
Walk., is much broader-winged.
Alucita niveodactyla, Pag.
(Alucita mniveodactyla, Pag. “Zoologica” xxix, 240;
A. nivea, Snell. Tijd. v. Ent. xlvi, 56, pl. V, 17.)
Differs from the preceding in being pure white; it
ranges from Ceylon to the Philippines and Solomon
Islands.
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 491
PSELNOPHORUS, Waller.
Gypsochares, Meyr., cannot be regarded as sufficiently
distinct from this. The neural characters of fore-wings
are in part incorrectly given by me; there are however
differences between some of the species as stated below,
but I think they should be treated as specific only. The
neuration of Psel/nophorus should then be defined thus:
7 present, 8 absent, 9 sometimes absent (in catharotes,
hemiargus, and baptodactylus) or out of 7, 10 out of 7,
11 out of 7 or separate (in vi/is).
Pselnophorus hemiargus, n. sp.
d¢d. 14mm. Head whitish-ochreous, between antennz white, face
fuscous. Palpi short, white. Antennze whitish-ochreous. Thorax
whitish-ochreous, anteriorly suffused with white. Abdomen whitish,
longitudinally streaked with pale ochreous. Legs white, lined with
dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from before middle, segments narrow,
very acute ; 9 absent, 10 and 11 out of 7 ; whitish-ochreous ; a moder-
ate streak of white suffusion along costa from base to middle ; costal
elge finely mixed with dark fuscous for a short space above cleft ;
first segment sprinkled with white posteriorly ; second segment
wholly suffused with white except at base: cilia whitish-ochreous,
on costa white, on second segment white towards apex above. Hind-
wings cleft firstly from before 4, secondly from 4, segments slender ;
grey ; cilia light greyish-ochreous, at apex of segments whitish.
Syria (Beirut); one specimen. Allied to Hedemanni,
Reb., which has similar neuration.
Pselnophorus catharotes, n. sp.
¢ @. 12-15 mm. Head fuscous, with a white frontal line, face
somewhat sprinkled with white. Palpi short, grey sprinkled with
white. Antenne white, above with a dark grey line. Thorax
fuscous, anterior margin more or less suffused with white irroration.
Abdomen brown, with several white lines. Legs white lined with
blackish, last four joints of posterior tarsi wholly white. Fore-wings
cleft from 3, first segment moderate, second narrow, both acutely
pointed ; 9 absent, 10 and 11 out of 7; light brown, irrorated with
dark fuscous ; costa from base to 2 irrorated with white; a small
blackish spot above middle at 4, and another beneath base of cleft ;
a blackish mark on costa beyond cleft, followed by a white patch
mainly in costal cilia ; second segment more or less irrorated or
492 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
obscurely suffused with white: cilia dark fuscous-grey, on costa
white towards apex, on second segment with a white spot above
apex. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly from %, segments
very narrow ; dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous-grey.
AssAM (Khasi Hills), from August to November and
in April; about eighty specimens. It is nearly allied to
baptodactylus, which however differs from catharotes by
absence of dark fuscous irroration, the presence of distinct
black dots at apex of wing and extremity of vein 7, and
clear white streak along upper half of second segment,
dark-edged beneath; the extensive material obtained shows
catharotes to be constant in these particulars. Alucita
albitarsella, Wals., must be referable to this genus and
closely allied to these two species; I have not seen it,
but from the description it must agree very nearly with
baptodactylus, having the characteristic white streak of the
second segment, but being apparently without the black
dots. Probably Zeller’s quotation of India as a locality for
baptodactylus is founded upon a/bitarsella, the distinction
of which must be at present regarded as doubtful, as Lord
Walsingham makes no comparison with baptodactylus.
Pselnophorus vilis, Butl.
This name supersedes amurensis, Christ., having one
year’s priority. The species occurs in Eastern Siberia
and Japan.
MARASMARCHA, Meyr.
Marasmarcha bonaespei, Wals.
(Lioptilus bonaespei, Wals., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881,
281, pl. XIII, 46.)
This species, which I have from Weenen, Natal, is a
true Marasmarcha.
Marasmarcha hodias, n. sp.
¢. 13mm. Head ochreous, anterior half of crown white. Palpi
rather short, white. Antenne white, rather shortly ciliated. Thorax
ochreous-whitish. Abdomen whitish, with rather broad dark brown
dorsal stripe. Legs white, anterior and middle femora and tibiz
and basal joint of tarsi lined with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 493
from middle, segments narrow, acute ; ochreous-whitish, somewhat
sprinkled with light brown; some dark fuscous scales on base of
cleft, continued as a dark fuscous line along basal fourth of lower
margin of first segment ; a dark fuscous dot on lower margin of first
segment at #, and less definite dots at extremities of veins 2-4:
cilia whitish, on dorsum and towards base of cleft tinged with
brownish, on posterior dot of first segment with a brownish bar.
Hind-wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly from +, segments slender ;
grey ; cilia pale grey.
BraziIL, Sao Paulo; one specimen. Belongs to the
microdactyla group,
Marasmarcha invida, n. sp.
dg ?. 12-13 mm. Head light brownish, between antennz white.
Palpi moderately long, white. Antenne whitish, in ¢ rather shortly
ciliated. Thorax ochreous-whitish, dorsally tinged with brownish.
Abdomen whitish, with brown dorsal line. Legs whitish, anterior
and middle femora and tibiz and basal joint of tarsi lined with dark
fuscous, Fore-wings cleft from before 2, segments rather narrow,
acute ; ochreous-whitish, somewhat sprinkled with brown ; a curved
oblique dark brown mark crossing base of cleft ; a dark brown dash
along costa a little beyond this; a dark brown dot on costa at 2 of
first segment, and others on extremities of veins 2, 3, and 7: cilia
whitish-ochreous, on costa whitish, beneath apex with a patch of
brown suffusion. Hind-wings cleft firstly from }, secondly from 1,
segments slender; grey ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous.
BRAZIL, Sao Paulo; two specimens. The longer palpi
and dark brown costal mark distinguish this species from
the preceding.
PTEROPHORUS, Geottr.
Pterophorus pavidus, n. sp.
?.18 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown anteriorly suffused
with whitish. Palpi long (24), white, terminal joint long, with
whitish-ochreous median suffusion. Antenne whitish, above with a
dark fuscous line, Thorax whitish-ochreous. Abdomen whitish-
ochreous, obscurely lined with dark fuscous. Legs whitish, anterior
and middle femora and tibize lined with dark fuscous. Fore-wings
cleft from before 3, segments moderate, acute-pointed, termen of
494, Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
second sinuate, not falcate ; whitish-ochreous, partially tinged with
whitish ; costa towards middle of first segment and termen of second
segment somewhat infuscated : cilia ochreous-whitish, on apex of
each segment with blackish dots, at extremities of veins 2 and 3
with small dark fuscous dots. Hind-wings cleft firstly from middle,
secondly from j, first segment moderate, second narrow, its apex
long-produced, termen sinuate; grey, somewhat whitish-suffused
towards base and on third segment; apex of first segment with a
dark grey dot; cilia whitish-grey, on dorsum with scattered whitish
scales.
TRANSVAAL, Pietersburg, in December (Janse); one
specimen.
Pterophorus timidus, n. sp.
@.19 mm. Head pale ochreous, between antennze whitish.
Palpi short (1), slender, whitish, terminal joint short, ochreous.
Antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs whitish, anterior and middle
femora and tibiz lined with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from 3,
segments moderate, acutely pointed, second rather falcate ; whiti=h,
partly faintly tinged with pale ochreous, sprinkled with grey towards
anterior half of dorsum and before cleft ; two dark grey dots above
and below base of cleft; indistinct grey dots at extremities of
veins 2, 3, and 7: cilia whitish. Hind-wings cleft firstly from
middle, secondly from 4, first segment moderate, second narrower,
acutely pointed, rather falcate ; ochreous-whitish partially suffused
with light grey ; cilia whitish, with grey dots at extremities of veins,
more apparent on under-surface.
Natat, Northdene (Spzller); one specimen. Easily
separated from the preceding species by the very different
palpi. Compared with ¢riadias, the tore-wings are less
deeply cleft, the segments shorter-pointed.
Pierophorus triadias, n. sp.
¢ @. 20 mm. Head deep ochreous, with a white frontal band.
Palpi whitish, upper edge blackish. Antenne whitish. Thorax
white. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs whitish, anterior tibie
and tarsi lined with black (others imperfect). ore-wings cleft from
beyond middle, segments moderate, gradually pointed ; ochreous-
white, with more or less faint traces of pale ochreous longitudinal
streaks: black dots on first segment at 3 of its upper and ? of its
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 495
lower margin, and on second segment at 3 of its lower margin ;
sometimes a blackish dot at apex of second segment: cilia whitish-
ochreous, with a grey bar at apex of second segment. Hind-wings
cleft firstly from beyond 4, secondly from 3, segments narrow ; pale
grey, apex of segments with more or less distinct blackish dots; third
segment ochreous-whitish towards base, in ¢ with an ochreous-whitish
hairpencil from base resting on it ; cilia whitish-ochreous.
Assam (Khasi Hills), in September; three specimens.
Pterophorus harpactes, n. sp.
¢. 21mm. Head ochreous-brown, lower edge of face and anterior
halt of crown white. Palpi fuscous, beneath white. Antenne and
thorax white. Abdomen whitish longitudinally streaked with brown.
Legs white, anterior and middle femora and tibiz lined with blackish.
Fore-wings cleft from middle, segments moderate, gradually pointed,
apex of second narrowly produced, subfaleate ; ochreous-whitish,
largely suffused with pale brownish-ochreous ; a black dot in disc
at +, another at base of cleft, and some scattered black scales between
them ; first segment with a blackish mark along costa at 4, a black
dot at %, and an irregular black line round apex and apical fourth
of lower margin ; second segment with a short blackish-fuscous dash
ending in middle of termen, and an irregular blackish-fuscous
marginal line round apical half: cilia ochreous-whitish, outer 3
brownish on lower margin of both segments except beneath apex
of second, with a patch above apex of second segment dark grey
except at base. Hind-wings cleft firstly from about 4, secondly
from 4: grey, apex of segments blackish ; cilia brownish, becoming
ochreous-whitish towards base.
AssaM (Khasi Hills), in September; one specimen.
Pterophorus palinatus, n. sp.
¢ ¢. 19-20 mm. Head ochreous, between antenne whitish.
Palpi whitish, with an ochreous lateral line. Antenne whitish,
with a dark fuscous line above towards base, in ¢ minutely ciliated.
Thorax and abdomen yellow-whitish, faintly ochreous-tinged. Legs
whitish, femora dark fuscous beneath, anterior and middle tibie and
first joint of tarsi lined with dark fuscous, posterior tibize with a
dark grey apical dot. Fore-wings cleft from 2, segments moderate,
acutely pointed, subfaleate; yellow-whitish, partially tinged or
sprinkled with pale fuscous, before cleft and towards anterior half
of dorsum suffused with fuscous ; a minute dark fuscous dot in disc
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IV. (FEB. ’08.) 33
496 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
at 4; a short oblique transverse dark fuscous mark or dot at base of
cleft ; costal edge narrowly dark fuscous for a short distance above
this; conspicuous blackish dots at extremities of veins 3 and 7:
cilia ochreous-whitish. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 3, secondly
from 4, segments rather narrow, second very long-pointed ; light
fuscous ; cilia ochreous-whitish slightly tinged with fuscous.
BRAZIL, Sao Paulo; three specimens.
Pterophorus procontias, n. sp.
¢ @. 18-20 mm. Head deep ochreous, lower edge of face and
anterior half of crown white. Palpi deep ochreous. Antenne
whitish. Thorax whitish, tinged or sprinkled with pale ochreous.
Abdomen whitish, longitudinally striped with ochreous. Legs
white, anterior and middle femora and tibiz lined with blackish.
Fore-wings cleft from beyond middle, segments moderately broad,
acute, apex of second produced, subfaleate; white, irregularly
suffused with pale ochreous; a narrow dark fuscous streak along
costa from base to 3; an indistinct blackish dot in dise before }; a
larger blackish dot beneath base of cleft; a black dot on costa
at, 8, one on lower margin of first segment at } of its length, and
two on dorsum at $ and ? of second segment: cilia whitish-ochreous,
becoming fuscous on outer half except on costa and beneath a blackish
bar at apex of second segment. Hind-wings cleft firstly from +
secondly from 4; grey, third segment whitish-ochreous; cilia
whitish-ochreous, becoming light fuscous on outer half.
Assam (Khasi Hills), from April to September ; twenty
specimens.
Pterophorus sematias, n. sp.
9.21 mm. Head ochreous-brown, lower edge of face and
anterior half of crown white. Palpi fuscous, beneath whitish.
Antenne grey. Thorax ochreous-whitish. Abdomen whitish, with
traces of pale ochreous streaks, a dorsal series of minute black dots,
and a rather dark fuscous ventral streak. Legs whitish, middle
tibie and first joint of tarsi lined with blackish (others broken).
Fore-wings cleft from beyond middle, segments moderately broad,
pointed, apex of second acutely produced ; ochreous-white, partially
suffused with pale ochreous, with a few scattered black scales, especially
along costa anteriorly and on second segment; a slender dark
fuscous streak along costa from base to cleft ; a black dot in disc
before 4; a strong curved oblique black mark running round base
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 497
of cleft and extending shortly into first segment; a strong black
mark along costa immediately beyond this, followed by two black
costal dots; a black dot on lower margin of first segment
at ? of length ; some grey and black irroration round apex of second
segment: cilia ochreous-whitish, on costa with two dark grey spots,
on lower margin of first segment with broad grey patch beyond
middle and blackish subapical patch, towards apex of second
segment dark grey on both margins, otherwise on dorsum pale
fuscous. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 3, secondly from 4; rather
dark grey; cilia grey.
CEYLON (Maskeliya), in October (Alston) ; one specimen.
Pterophorus lrenigianus, Z.
P. serindibanus, Moore (“ Lep. Ceyl.” 11, 527, pl. CCIX,
14) is a synonym of this species; it is common in India and
Ceylon, and though the specimens show a little individual
variation in intensity of marking, I am unable to find any
specific difference between European and Indian examples.
Pterophorus chlorias, n. sp.
gd ¢. 22-25 mm. Head pale yellow-ochreous, a band below fore-
head, and crown between antennz and collar fuscous. Palpi pale
yellow-ochreous, apex infuscated. Antenne pale ochreous, shortly
ciliated. Thorax and abdomen pale yellowish-ochreous. Legs
yellow-whitish, anterior and middle femora and tibize dark fuscous
beneath. Fore-wings cleft from 2, segments moderately broad, first
pointed, termen of second straight, very oblique ; light brownish-
ochreous, often more or less suffused with whitish-ochreous,
especially along costa, sometimes sprinkled with fuscous in disc
anteriorly and towards base of first segment ; a small dark fuscous
spot on base of cleft ; cloudy dark fuscous dots on first segment at
apex and extremity of 7, and on second at extremities of veins 2-4:
cilia whitish-ochreous. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly
from }, segments narrow, long-pointed ; grey: cilia whitish-grey-
ochreous.
CoLoraDo, U.S., 5,000 feet; three specimens.
Pterophorus glaphyrotes, n. sp.
¢ 2. 19-23 mm. Head light ochreous-brown, between antennz
ochreous-white. Palpi whitish, with an ochreous lateral streak.
498 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
Antenns# and thorax ochreous-whitish. Abdomen whitish, with
more or less indicated fine ochreous dorsal and other lines. Legs
white, anterior and middle femora and tibie lined with dark
fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from 4%, segments rather broad, first
acutely pointed, second with termen very oblique; ochreous-
whitish, more or less partially tinged with pale yellowish-ochreous,
sometimes sprinkled with deeper ochreous ; a more or less defined
streak of pale brownish-ochreous suffusion beneath costa from near
base, slender anteriorly, wider on first segment and becoming
obsolete towards apex: cilia pale whitish-ochreous. Hind-wings
cleft firstly from #, secondly from 4, segments moderate, first
pointed, second acutely pointed ; rather light grey ; cilia whitish-
ochreous, sometimes partially tinged with grey.
Brazit, Sao Paulo; ARGENTINA, Parana; _ four
specimens.
Pterophorus stadias, n. sp.
3 9. 20-23mm. Head ochreous-brown, between antenne white.
Palpi white, with a brown lateral stripe. Antenne ochreous-
whitish, with a dark fuscous line, in ¢ rather strongly ciliated.
Thorax and abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs whitish, anterior and
middle femora and tibize lined with blackish, posterior tibice with
grey dots at origin of spurs. Fore-wings cleft from 3, segments
broad, first pointed, termen of second rather strongly oblique ; pale
whitish-ochreous, in 9 more whitish, more or less sprinkled with
dark fuscous; some brownish suffusion towards costa posteriorly,
in ? more ochreous and forming a distinct sub-costal streak ; a
conspicuous blackish-fuscous dot at base of cleft beneath ; a small
fuscous mark on costa somewhat beyond this, in 9 obsolete; two
blackish-fuscous dots on costa between this and apex, and a third
almost at apex ; blackish dots at extremities of veins 1b, 2, 3, and 7:
cilia whitish-ochreous, with patches of fuscous suffusion on vein 7
and beneath apex of first segment, and at apex of second. Hind-
wings cleft firstly from beyond 2, secondly from $3, segments
moderate, first pointed, second long- pointed ; pale ochreous-grey ;
cilia whitish-ochreous.
BRAZIL, Petropolis; four specimens.
Petrophorus oxyntes, 0. sp.
4 9. 16-21mm. Head ochreous-brown, between antenne white.
Palpislender, white, with an ochreous-brown lateral stripe. Antenne
whitish, with indistinct dark line above, in ¢ shortly ciliated.
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 499
Thorax whitish, sometimes more or less tinged with ochreous.
Abdomen whitish-ochreous, base sometimes whitish, with dorsal
and lateral series of blackish dots on edges of segments. Legs
whitish, anterior and middle femora and tibiw and basal joint of
tarsi lined with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from 3, segments
rather broad, first pointed, termen of second very oblique ; whitish-
ochreous, partially tinged or sprinkled with brownish, and strewn
with scattered blackish-fuscous scales, usually more or less mixed
with whitish suffusion; a blackish-fusccus dot on costa beyond
middle of first segment, one just before apex, and one on lower
margin of segment between these ; minute blackish-fuscous dots at
extremities of veins 1b and 2-4: cilia whitish-ochreous, beneath
apex somewhat infuscated. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 3, secondly
from 1, segments moderate, first pointed, second very acute,
subfalcate; pale ochreous-grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous.
BRAZIL, Sao Paulo; seven specimens.
Pterophorus spermatias, 0. sp.
¢. 16-17 mm. Head ochreous-brown, between antenne whitish.
Palpi whitish, with dark fuscous lateral line. Antenne whitish,
towards base with dark line above, moderately ciliated. Thorax
ochreous-whitish, tinged or sprinkled with brownish. Abdomen
ochreous-whitish, with dorsal series of blackish dots on segmental
margins. Legs whitish, anterior and middle femora and tibize and
basal joint of tarsi lined with dark fuscous, posterior tibize with dark
grey apical dot. Fore-wings cleft from 2, segments broad, first
pointed, termen of second very oblique; whitish-ochreous mixed
with whitish and brownish, and irregularly sprinkled with dark
fuscous; traces of a small cloudy dark fuscous spot in disc
at 4, and a more distinct one above base of cleft; two small
dark fuscous costal spots about middle and } of first segment,
a dark fuscous dot on its lower margin near apex, and one at apex;
dark fuscous dots at extremities of veins 3 and 4: cilia whitish-
fuscous. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly from 3, segments
moderate, first pointed, second long-pointed, acute ; grey ; cilia light
grey.
BrAZIL, Sao Paulo; three specimens.
Pterophorus nivalis, n. sp.
gd Q. 22-24 mm. Head ochreous sprinkled with whitish, upper
half of face brown edged beneath with whitish. Palpi ochreous-
500 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
fuscous, becoming whitish towards base. Antenne ochreous.
Thorax brownish-ochreous, anteriorly more or less suffused with
whitish. Abdomen brownish-ochreous, base and an interrupted
lateral streak white. Legs white banded with ochreous. Fore-
wings cleft from %, segments moderate, first pointed, termen of
second very oblique ; brownish-ochreous, irregularly and variably
sprinkled and mixed with white, and sprinkled with dark fuscous ;
an irregular undefined streak of dark fuscous suffusion beneath
middle from base almost to cleft, where it is sharply limited by
an oblique white mark on base of cleft, upper edge of this streak
with a projection at } of wing ; a small white spot on costa above
base of cleft, and a larger spot at 4 of first segment, obliquely
directed towards and tending to be connected with the white mark
on cleft ; costa between these spots suffused with dark fuscous, and
a similar patch beyond second spot; a white streak along lower
margin of first segment from about 4 to near apex, edged above
anteriorly by a dark fuscous dash; a narrow white streak along
lower margin of second segment from beneath cleft to near apex, and
one or two short white streaks towards termen running into this:
cilia whitish-ochreous, on costa whitish towards apex, on lower
margin of first segment mixed with grey, beneath apex with a
blackish-grey patch edged beneath with white, on second segment
grey on upper margin and at tornus, and with blackish-grey patches
at apex and middle of termen separated with white. Hind-wings
cleft firstly from 3, secondly from }, segments moderate, long-
pointed ; grey ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous, more whitish towards
tips.
Jamaica, Newcastle; four specimens.
Pterophorus acrias, v. sp.
¢ 9. 24-27 mm. Head white, irrorated with dark fuscous
except between antenn. Palpi white irrorated with dark fuscous.
Antenne white ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax white, thinly
sprinkled with fuscous. Abdomen brownish mixed with dark
fuscous. Legs white, femora and tibie irrorated with dark fuscous,
tips of tarsal joints dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from before 3,
first segment rather narrow, acute, second much broader, acute-
pointed ; brownish, sprinkled with dark fuscous, costal half more or
less suffused with white irroration, dorsal half somewhat sprinkled
irregularly with white ; a suffused white spot above dorsum at 4; a
suffused white spot on base of cleft, edged anteriorly by a curved
oblique mark of dark fuscous suffusion ; an elongate blackish mark
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 501
along costa above base of cleft, and two shorter blackish costal marks
posteriorly : cilia white, on costa dark fuscous on markings, and on
an apical patch except at tips, on lower margin of first segment
wholly dark fuscous except a white bar on vein 7, on upper margin
of second segment fuscous, round its apex dark fuscous except at
tips, on dorsum and termen with three undefined patches of pale
fuscous suffusion. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly from },
segments moderate, long-pointed ; rather dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous,
with an ochreous gloss.
CoLorabDo, U.S., 5,000-7,000 feet; three specimens.
Very similar superficially to inquinatus, but larger, with
the first segment of fore-wings much narrower in pro-
portion to second, the white iroration chiefly on costal
half (in inguinatus distributed evenly throughout), no
apparent dark spot in disc anteriorly, and two distinct
similar dark marks on costa posteriorly, whereas in
inquinatus there is only one conspicuous posterior mark
and sometimes a minute additional dot.
Pterophorus chionastes, 1. sp.
g¢ 2.2427 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and
legs white; thorax sometimes with a broad whitish-ochreous central
stripe ; abdomen sometimes mostly suffused with whitish-ochreous,
Fore-wings cleft from 3, first segment moderate, long-pointed, second
obviously broader, shorter-pointed ; pale fuscous, mostly suffused
with white, less strongly towards costa, with some scattered dark
fuscous scales; a small cloudy dark fuscous spot in dise at }; an
oblique dark fuscous mark before cleft, preceded by some fuscous
suffusion, a dark fuscous mark along costa above base of cleft, and
sometimes a small dark fuscous mark between these; a short
undefined dark fuscous mark beneath cleft ; a suffused dark fuscous
mark along costa at §; sometimes traces of dark fuscous dots at
extremities of veins 2-4, 7, and 8: cilia white, within cleft and on
dorsum more or less suffused with brownish. Hind-wings cleft
firstly from 2, secondly from 4, segments rather narrow, second long-
pointed ; grey, third segment paler ; cilia grey or pale grey, with a
brassy tinge.
CoLorADOo, U.S., 5,000-—7,000 feet; four specimens,
Pterophorus glochinias, n. sp.
6 9. 26-28 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, more or less irrorated
with fuscous or dark fuscous except on anterior half of crown.
502 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
Palpi ochreous-whitish, sprinkled with dark fuscous except towards
apex. Antenne ochreous-whitish, with a cloudy fuscous line above.
Thorax pale whitish-ochreous finely sprinkled with fuscous. Abdo-
men ochreous-whitish, more or less sprinkled with fuscous on sides,
sometimes with dark lateral stripes towards base. Legs ochreous-
whitish, anterior and middle pairs obliquely banded and lined with
dark fuscous, posterior pair narrowly banded with dark fuscous
suffusion. Fore-wings cleft from 2, segments moderate, first pointed,
second with apex slightly produced, termen very obliquely sinuate ;
pale whitish-ochreous slightly tinged with brownish, more or less
thinly and finely sprinkled with dark fuscous ; an indistinct dark
fuscous dot in disc beyond }; a triangular dark fuscous spot resting
on base of cleft, its angles shortly produced on each side of cleft ;
a cloudy dark fuscous dot beyond upper angle of this, and a dark
fuscous mark on costa beyond this dot, preceded and followed by
some whitish suffusion ; a blackish dot on costa beyond middle of
first segment, one at apex, and one on lower margin midway between
these : termen of first segment suffused with whitish, with a suffused
dark fuscous mark beneath costal dot; more or less irregular dark
fuscous suffusion towards apex ; second segment with more or less
dark fuscous suffusion on upper margin towards apex, and suffused
dark fuscous dots on extremities of veins 2-4: cilia pale whitish-
ochreous, partially tinged with brownish, beneath apex of each
segment suffused with dark fuscous. Hind-wings cleft firstly
from 2, secondly from 4, segments narrow, long-pointed ; grey ;
cilia ochreous-grey.
BraZiL, Petropolis; foar specimens. Much like Jitho-
dactylus, but segments of hind-wings much narrower;
distinguished from both lithedactylus and Constanti by
the dark fuscous mark on lower margin of first segment
opposite costal dot.
Piterophorus citrites, n. sp.
do 2. 24-27 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, face and back of erown
more ochreous-tinged. Palpi and antennze whitish-ochreous. Thorax
whitish-ochreous, patagia sometimes more whitish. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous, sides more ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish,
anterior and middle femora and tibiz ochreous. Fore-wings cleft
from 3, first segment moderate, long-pointed, second much broader,
shorter-pointed; ochreous, partially tinged with whitish; an un-
defined patch of light brownish suffusion with a few dark fuscous
scales towards dorsum about +; a small spot of similar suffusion in
dise at 4}; an oblique dark fuscous mark a little before base of cleft,
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide, 508
preceded by some yellow-brownish suffusion which is extended
upwards as an indistinct oblique streak to costa above base of cleft,
posteriorly edged with white suffusion ; a short longitudinal streak
of yellowish-brown suffusion sprinkled with dark fuscous in apex
of second segment, and another less distinct and sometimes obsolete
beneath apex of wing: cilia whitish, beneath apex with a pale
ochreous patch, within cleft tinged with ochreous and on upper
margin of second segment with fuscous, on dorsum tinged with
whitish-ochreous. Hind-wings cleft firstly from before middle,
secondly from 4, segments rather narrow, second long-pointed ;
grey, sometimes much suffused with whitish-ochreous ; cilia whitish-
ochreous-grey or whitish-ochreous.
Cotorapo, U.S., 5,000—7,000 feet; three specimens.
Pterophorus balanotes, n. sp.
¢. 31mm. Head light ochreous-brown, space between antennie
ochreous- whitish. Palpi ochreous- whitish. Antenne whitish.
Thorax ochreous-whitish. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous with
some dorsal and lateral blackish dots. Legs ochreous-whitish,
(anterior pair broken,) middle femora infuscated and tibie streaked
with dark fuscous, posterior coxze with a blackish dot near base.
Fore-wings cleft from $, segments moderately broad, first pointed,
termen of second nearly straight, very oblique ; whitish-ochreous,
brownish-tinged in disc; some blackish irroration somewhat suffused
with brown forming a fine subcostal streak from near base to middle,
a very undefined broad median streak from 2 to near cleft, a broad
cloudy submedian streak from base to 3, a small spot on base of cleft,
and indications of a short dash in middle of first segment; cloudy
dark fuscous dots at extremities of veins 2-4 and 7: cilia ochreous-
whitish. Hind-wings cleft firstly from before middle, secondly from
z, Segments moderate, pointed; pale ochreous-grey ; cilia whitish-
grey-ochreous.
S. FLoripa, U.S., Titusville, in August; one specimen.
Pterophorus aquila, n. sp.
dg. 42 mm. Head ochreous-brown, space between antenne
ochreous-whitish. Palpi whitish, becoming ochreous towards apex.
Antennz whitish-ochreous. Thorax brownish-ochreous, patagia
ochreous-whitish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish, an-
terior and middle femora and tibia fuscous beneath. Fore-wings
cleft from %, first segment moderate, pointed, second broad, termen
504 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
straight, oblique ; pale brownish-ochreous ; a fine dark fuscous line
on vein 1b from near base to near middle; a small suffused dark
fuscous spot on base of cleft, and a dot obliquely before and beneath
it ; extremities of all veins with dark fuscous dots: cilia whitish-
ochreous, broadly barred on veins with a faint brownish tinge,
Hind-wings cleft firstly from before middle, secondly from about 3,
segments moderately broad, pointed; fuscous, third segment
whitish-fuscous ; cilia whitish-fuscous, base tinged with pale
ochreous.
TEXAS, U.S.; one specimen. Much the largest species
of the genus, exceeding grandis by 8 mm.
STENOPTILIA, Hb.
Stenoptilia petrea, n. sp.
¢. 20-21 mm. Head and thorax greyish-ochreous, with a white
line above eyes, thorax sometimes white-sprinkled. Palpi whitish-
ochreous sprinkled with fuscous and whitish, base white beneath.
Antenne grey. Abdomen greyish-ochreous with suffused streaks of
white irroration, becoming more defined towards base. Legs grey,
anterior and middle pair white internally. Fore-wings cleft from
3, segments moderately broad, first evenly pointed, without lower
angle, second with termen straight, very oblique ; brownish-ochreous,
becoming browner posteriorly, more or less sprinkled irregularly
with whitish ang blackish ; a cloudy dark fuscous dot in dise at 4,
and a more distinct one on base of cleft: cilia light brownish-
ochreous, base mixed with whitish in cleft and on termen, with
traces of dark fuscous dots at angles of segments and in middle of
termen of second segment. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly
from near base, first and second segments acutely pointed, apex of
second produced ; rather dark grey ; cilia light greyish-ochreous.
S. Inpra, Palni Hills, 6,000 feet (Campbell); Nilgiri
Hills, 6,000 feet (Andrewes) ; two specimens. Much like
bipunctidactyla, but certainly distinct by shape of first seg-
ment of fore-wings, which is narrower and with lower
margin straight to apex, so that there is no lower angle,
which in bipunctidactyla is distinct.
Stenoptilia zophodactyla, Dup.
I have recently recorded this species as occurring not
uncommonly in India, Ceylon and Eastern Australia, and
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 505
have since obtained several specimens from Parana, Argen-
tina, which I regard as certainly identical. Mr. T. Bain-
brigge Fletcher has bred the Ceylon form from Sopubia
trifida (Scrophulariacex), and has sent me bred examples
which appear quite normal. Doubtless it has more
food plants than are at present known.
ORNEODID.
ORNEODES, Latr.
Orneodes nephelotoxa, n. sp.
dg. 15-16 mm. Head, antenne, and thorax white, face slightly
sprinkled with grey. Palpi moderate, ascending, somewhat loosely
scaled, terminal joint somewhat over half second ; white, second
joint somewhat sprinkled with grey. Abdomen whitish, sprinkled
with dark fuscous on sides, Legs white, anterior tibiz suffused with
dark fuscous. Fore-wings white, faintly tinged with fuscous ;
anterior half of costa dark fuscous interrupted several times with
white, posterior half with several indistinct fuscous marks ; segments
2-6 crossed by a moderate fascia before middle and narrow one
before {, whose margins only are indicated by blackish irroration ;
cilia white, on fascie light fuscous. Hind-wings white, faintly
tinged with fuscous ; a moderate grey fascia at 1, irrorated with
blackish ; a narrower fascia at $, indicated by margins of blackish
irroration, on first segment dilated and suffused with blackish ; dots
of blackish irroration near tips of segments; cilia white, on fascize
more or less tinged or mixed with fuscous.
Assam (Khasi Hills); two specimens.
Orneodes pluvialis, n. sp.
¢. 13mm. Head white, with grey bar on face, and bar of
blackish- grey irroration on crown. Palpi moderate, ascending, with
appressed scales, terminal joint about # of second ; white, second
joint externally grey. Antenne whitish-ochreous. Thorax white.
Abdomen white, with a blackish lateral mark on second segment,
and some dots of dark fuscous irroration on sides, Legs white,
anterior femora and tibize dark fuscous externally. Fore-wings
white ; first segment with about ten moderately broad fuscous bars
edged with black irroration ; segments 2-5 with six more or less
broad fasvize of fuscous irroration edged with black irroration, leav-
506 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
ing narrow interspaces and a basal area ; sixth segment with a black
dot at 3, a black fascia beyond middle, and two fascie of fuscous
irroration edged with black on posterior fourth : cilia white, on
fascize whitish-fuscous, Hind-wings as fore-wings, but first segment
similar to 2-5, sixth with central black mark smaller.
Assam (Khasi Hills), in September; one specimen.
Orneodes tricausta, n. sp.
3 2. 14-16 mm. Head, palpi, antennez, thorax, abdomen, and
legs white ; face with a dark grey spot on each side beneath antenne ;
palpi moderate, curved, somewhat rough anteriorly, second and
terminal joints each with basal and median dark grey spots, terminal
joint rather shorter than second ; abdomen sprinkled with blackish
near base and towards apex; anterior tibie and tarsi mostly
suffused with grey. Fore-wings white, thinly and irregularly
sprinkled with dark grey ; first segment with five small fuscous
dark-edged spots on costa, a blackish bar before apex, and small
dark fuscous apical spot ; other segments crossed by slender median
and subterminal pale ochreous fasciee edged with dark fuscous irrora-
tion, subterminal broadened and suffused with blackish on second
and third segments, angulated inwards on third: cilia white, with
grey bars on fascia. Hind-wings white, with scattered dots of dark
fuscous irroration ; narrow or very narrow pale ochreous median
and subterminal fasciee edged with dark fuscous irroration, median
broader and more suffused with dark fuscous on sixth segment ;
cilia white, more or less barred with grey on fascie.
AssaM (Khasi Hills), in October, November, and June ;
s1x specimens.
Orneodes pinalea, n. sp.
3 @. 13-18 mm. Head white, crown more or less mixed with
dark fuscous. Palpi moderately long, ascending, loosely scaled
anteriorly, terminal joint half second ; white, second joint externally
more or less sprinkled with grey, terminal joint with a dark grey
median band. Antennz pale whitish-ochreous. Thozvax white.
Abdomen white, second segment with small blackish subdorsal spots,
anal tuft of ¢ whitish-ochreous. Legs white, anterior tibiz suffused
with dark grey. Fore-wings white; first segment with about ten
pale yellowish spots partially edged with dark fuscous irroration,
alternate ones more strongly suffused with dark fuscous ; other
segments crossed by six moderately broad pale yellowish fascie
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodidx. 507
edged with blackish irroration, fourth broadest, represented on sixth
segment by a blackish spot: cilia white, on fascize pale yellowish.
Hind-wings white ; fascize mostly reduced to single dots of blackish
irroration, but postmedian fascia faintly yellowish ; sixth segment
with three posterior dots only.
CEYLON (Madulsima, Wellawaya), in November (Pole,
Green, Vaughan); four specimens.
Orneodes niphostrota, n. sp.
¢ @. 21-22 mm. Head and thorax white tinged or sprinkled
with pale ochreous. Palpi moderate, ascending, loosely scaled,
terminal joint } of second; grey, terminal joint white towards apex.
Antennz pale whitish-ochreous. Abdomen whitish, with subbasal
and subapical bands and lateral stripes of fuscous irroration. Legs
whitish, anterior femora and tibiee suffused with dark fuscous ex-
ternally. Fore-wings white ; basal half tinged with ochreous and
partially sprinkled with dark fuscous, especially on base of costa
and towards base of lowest cleft ; segments crossed by four fuscous
fasci sprinkled with blackish, and an additioual blotch on first two
segments between third and fourth fascice, the blotch and upper half
of second fascia darker than the rest, first three fascia moderate,
angulated on fourth segment, first obsolete towards costa, third
narrow on fourth and fifth segments, fourth narrow throughout, sub-
apical, all widely separated on sixth segment: cilia ochreous-whitish,
slightly tinged with fuscous on fasciz. Hind-wings white ; basal
third irrorated with dark fuscous except at base ; segments crossed
by four rather narrow curved or angulated fuscous fasciz sprinkled
with blackish ; cilia as in fore-wings.
Cryton (Maskeliya), in October and January (de
Mowbray, Alston); two specimens.
Orneodes chloracta, n. sp.
2.16 mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpilong, whitish, second
joint somewhat rough-scaled above and towards apex beneath,
sprinkled with grey, terminal joint porrected, hardly over half
second, with grey median ring. Thorax and abdomen ochreous-
whitish sprinkled with dark fuscous. Fore-wings ochreous-whitish,
sprinkled with fuscous except on first segment ; basal area sprinkled
with dark fuscous; three small semi-oval fuscous spots on anterior
half of costa ; segments 2-6 crossed by two broad slightly curved
fascise of fuscous irroration before middle of wing and about 3, and
a slender fascia before apex of segments, these fascise edged with
508 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
indistinct whitish dots ; fourth segment with an apical dark fuscous
dot: cilia ochreous-whitish, more or less mixed irregularly with
fuscous, on margins of fascize dark fuscous mixed with whitish, on
first segment ochreous-whitish with dark fuscous patches on lower
margin opposite fasciz. Hind-wings ochreous-whitish sprinkled
with blackish ; moderate curved fasciz of fuscous irroration at + and
3, edged with white dots, and slender indistinct subapical fascia ;
dark fuscous dots at apex of segments except first ; cilia ochreous-
whitish, mixed with fuscous, and on fasciz with dark fuscous.
BENIN (Wari), in September ; one specimen.
Orneodes mesolychna, n. sp.
d 2. 9-11 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, crown suffusedly mixed
with blackish-grey. Palpi moderate, curved, ascending, transverse-
flattened, terminal joint somewhat shorter than second ; whitish,
with apical band of second joint and median band of terminal joint
blackish-grey. Antenne ochreous-white. Thorax ochreous-whitish
mixed with blackish-grey. Abdomen rather dark fuscous, third
segment ochreous-white, segments 4-6 edged posteriorly towards
middle with white, towards sides with black, ventral surface ochreous-
white. Legs whitish, anterior femora and tibize suffused with dark
grey externally, apex of middle femora with a dark grey dot. Fore-
wings ochreous-yellow; basal area irrorated with blackish ; a
moderate fascia of blackish irroration edged with white before };
first segment with three, other segments crossed by two rather broad
fascize of blackish irroration edged by white lines margined with
two rows of black scales ; a slender blackish subapical fascia, and
tips of segments also blackish : cilia dark grey, barred with whitish
on white markings. Hind-wings whitish, with about ten irregular
transverse bars of blackish irroration, alternate interspaces ochreous-
yellowish ; cilia as in fore-wings, but whitish bars wider.
Assam (Khasi Hills) ; Ceyton (Maskeliya), (Pole): from
November to March, seven specimens. Much like spilo-
desma, but smaller, and immediately distinguished by the
conspicuous white third segment of abdomen.
Orneodes spilodesma, 0. sp.
¢ @. 14-16 mm. Head pale yellowish, with three transverse
bars of blackish irroration on crown and two on face, Palpi moder-
ately long, curved, second joint rough-scaled towards middle above
Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 509
and towards apex beneath, terminal joint rather thick, 3 of second ;
whitish-ochreous, second joint with two sometimes confluent bands of
blackish irroration, terminal joint with extreme base and a median
band blackish. Antenne ochreous-whitish, towards base with some
black scales above. Thorax pale yellowish, with two transverse
bands or sometimes wholly suffused with dark fuscous irroration.
Abdomen pale yellowish suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous,
segmental margins ochreous-whitish towards middle, spotted with
blackish on each side of this. Legs white, anterior pair more or
less grey externally, apex of middle femora grey. Fore-wings
ochreous-yellow, sometimes sprinkled or wholly irrorated with dark
fuscous ; basal third more or less irrorated and spotted with dark
fuscous ; costa with six moderately broad dark fuscous spots edged
by oblique white marks, and a seventh at apex; segments 2-5
crossed by two irregular fascize of dark fuscous irroration, edged by
white lines margined with black irroration, first median, rather
curved inwards in middle, broadest on fifth segment, second sub-
terminal, curved inwards in middle, broadest on segments 2-4 ;
blackish dots at tips of segments: cilia whitish, barred with dark
fuscous, with broader dark fuscous bands on fascize. Hind-wings
pale yellowish ; basal area irrorated with dark fuscous ; segments
with about eight bars of blackish irroration, alternate interspaces
more whitish ; fifth segment with two remote and sixth with two
approximated bands of dark fuscous irroration ; cilia whitish, barred
with dark fuscous, with broader dark fuscous spots on bands of fifth
and six segments.
S. Inp1a, Gooty (Campbell); Assam, Khasi Hills;
from June to November, sixteen specimens. The variation
in development of the dark fuscous irroration causes some
diversity of appearance.
Orneodes huebnert, Waller.
TRANSVAAL, Pretoria (Janse); KASHMIR, 6,000 feet.
The length of terminal joint of palpi varies somewhat, and
in both of these forms is usually somewhat shorter than in
Kuropean specimens, and perhaps rather more thickly
scaled, but there appears to be no constant or definable
difference, either in structure or markings. In one
Transvaal specimen (out of six) the subterminal fascia is
simple on costa and not furcate as usual, certainly an
abnormality only, but noticeable.
510 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and
Orneodes magadis, n. sp.
Jd @. 14-16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous-whitish mixed
with fuscous and dark fuscous ; palpi long, porrected, second joint
long, with projecting scales above and towards apex beneath, terminal
joint about half second, porrected, mostly concealed in tuft of
second joint, white with dark fuscous median ring. Antenne
fuscous. Abdomen whitish mixed with dark fuscous, segmental
margins white. Legs ochreous-whitish suffusedly banded with
fuscous. Fore-wings fuscous-whitish, suffusedly irrorated with
fuscous, sometimes tinged with ochreous; basal area irrorated
with dark fuscous; six dark fuscous slenderly white-edged sub-
quadrate spots on costa, last five crossing first segment, last two
united beneath as continuation of subterminal fascia ; segments 2-6
crossed by median and subterminal moderately broad dark fuscous
fascize slenderly edged with white, both sinuate inwards on third and
fourth segments, median broadest on fifth segment, subterminal on
third and fourth; all segments with an apical black dot: cilia
fuscous, with whitish bars on margins of fascize, Hind-wings whitish
irrorated throughout with dark fuscous, with several more or less
defined white bars, sometimes edged with blackish irroration ; apex
of all segments with black dots ; cilia whitish, with about ten grey
bars on each segment, pairs before middle and about { enclosing
lighter grey fasciz.
Assam (Shillong), in March ; six specimens.
Orneodes cancellata, n. sp.
¢ 9. 15-16 mm. Head ochreous-white. Palpi long, curved,
second joint with projecting scales above and strong projecting tuft
beneath, terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute; white,
second joint pale ochreous sprinkled with fuscous except on margins.
Antenne white ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax ochreous-white,
with twosmall dark fuscous spots behind collar. Abdomen ochreous-
whitish, with two series of small dark fuscous spots on margins of
segments, those on second segment larger and blacker. Legs
whitish. Fore-wings white ; four subquadrate fuscous spots edged
with black on anterior half of costa, with smaller indistinct fuscous
spots between these, basal third of wing otherwise irregularly spotted
with fuscous, with some dots of blackish scales; irregular post-
median and subterminal fascie of suffused fuscous irroration edged
with blackish, both sinuate inwards on third segment, subterminal
bifurcate on first segment; between these a small semioval fuscous
Descriptions of Pterophoridz# and Orneodide. 511 ~
black-edged spot on costa, and a faint fuscous-tinged dark-edged
narrower fascia on other segments, attenuated or obsolete on fourth
segment ; a blackish dot at apex of each segment, and on segments
3-6 a fuscous dot a little before it: cilia white, barred with fuscous
on dark markings. Hind-wings white ; basal area ochreous-tinged
and spotted with dark fuscous ; three fasciz as in fore-wings, but
intermediate one darker and entire; all segments with blackish
apical and preceding fuscous dots ; cilia as in fore-wings.
Syria (Alma Dagh); two specimens.
ADDENDUM.
Pterophirus orchatias, n. sp.
¢. 21mm. Head brownish, between antenne ochreous-white.
Palpi whitish, with a blackish lateral line. Antenne pale greyish-
ochreous, above white, towards base with a blackish line. Thorax
whitish-yellow. (Abdomen broken.) Legs yellow-whitish, femora
and tibiz lined with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from 3, segments
moderate, pointed ; light ochreous, in disc with a few scattered dark
fuscous specks; a small irregular blackish spot on base of cleft,
emitting a short oblique strigula upwards ; groups of black scales
at extremities of veins 8, 10, and 11, and strong black marks at
extremities of veins 7 and 2-4: cilia light ochreous, more whitish
at tips. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 3, secondly from 4; grey ;
cilia light grey, tinged with ochreous.
Narat, Durban, in October (Leigh) ; one specimen.
FEBRUARY 14, 1908.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907,—PART Iv. (FEB. 08.) 34
ain a ie i , af “) ere " iH i i “&
| Piatt ry iat’ Hovegahdvelustcain ly diet vig ‘bik 1 a, mers
mee Sh a i biichie TN" Fada toate ta ntti ASI
A Cy Hit) a Pid Arye ne ab tia te tah hi kenid
dake booth ibe Poveda ts aebliloe RL oa wins hoa. AL thei: Ag cRdan
Dasa ibidere crisatpaliven dyna heel ‘notin nant het ab lait
be Sotit hi? ake is} Hy ON F wit PBN ney s dose iS ue ‘a
Aa, es Neh
in el Hef Mae
| . Thal bGty BAT Hn np -
- a" oth ath Racer
hes ‘) | m™ ay Kew at Matting 1 PM UaU Nh A ul
we SUE FM) RTL AN IP Vk ED a Me RE wf ‘fai why Wh > det ce tit, oe
hae peaiel anys Care. Oauttleates fy Ar AeA Rahat id A diver mony.
Ps | Pe, ie ck OM a OG REE: kal Alfa el RE We wilthd
Ps a ae RL NARS ahh aia ited ag Cola Ay bl Baas (Be
A ee Page ee me ee CTA 9 shui fowigitn
¢ ry Hy iA atnite at fi Gy a ity Hi Neal’ ts ah Tigh heag id
—-
(Me A ui { ite. ey \ Ad a ar i yt ile iy Terai, aie oy * hong
it | ; Seman Mon a a al Ne fit) tite atl
a i aint oul xR Bit: Sei Hue od Mg dntou PE Bi
- PTR Dy wat ie pT da yaya NREL Sirah Oa ae he
Hy 4 erty ie Ss i Cit a one ¢ otwttoet hela al hatte
} | ; f 4, ea qe ihe wa AE Lee my ie a
hie) EN) q MAethee 6 lan)
fice
\ Mme Cue hy, cans i tw Pletal Mi bib
Oi
hy Fig. 1. Papilio aegialus, ‘Dist. eS
“ PaaS | gibt oe Sm.
Trans. int. Soc. Lond.1907 Pll.
E.C.Knight del.
West, Newman chromo.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN PAPILIOS.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Neocxnyra cooksoni, sp. nov.
Telipna rogersi, sp. NOv.
Mimacrexa skoptoles, sp. nov.
” neokoton 4,
Spindasis menelas x
Stugeta maria, Suffert.
. Epamera mermis, H. H. Druce, 2.
5 mirabilis, H. H. Druce.
Kedestes rogersi, sp. nov. ¢.
” ”? Ped ae
Tivans, Ent Soc. Lond. 1907. Plate Ti.
H. Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
TROPICAL AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.
, teins cole ate
SS x alii ok
‘tele EG
is ot will Rtas)
Syd Srtind raion] Teily tr ‘3 oti a?
p ihieog TP oe Belay 5. dashh aemid Ya Pe eee
PVF iecete 8) TEES 2p rat hi Vete ty be
if Sat :
> das md (itod elalis HF rT Ah pai
:
, sk
‘7 dyetoh fay fieri 4 ies Le fondggprtns cor ite Gat’ if
We-oticolas (sevol) saifea, AY poled te iar) of:
Mia Py & 7) bey ry
25 at eet Oy. eeiey liethewy
Fie.
oR ow he
~I o&
oo
10.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
. Larva, side view x 8.
Larva, dorsal view x 8.
. Head of larva, dorsal view ; /.p., labial palps x 33.
. Labium, ventral view x 33.
. One of the hooks from the 8th segment x 33.
. Front leg ; ¢. tarsus, tib. tibia x 33.
. Second leg Pe 5 x 32.
. Genital apparatus of adult female, side view; 1—4,
numbers of segments, s, spoon-shaped sclerite borne by
2nd segment and bearing at apex one pair of decurved
spines, c, crotchets, s.p. setigerous plate borne by 3rd
segment x 16.
. Apex of above, the spoon-shaped sclerite removed, dorsal
view ; lettering as before. d, median dorsal sclerite of
3rd segment x 52.
Ditto. ventral view, f. flange x 52.
Trans. Lint. Soc. Lond.1907 Pt. HT.
Fig.6. Fig.7.
R.S.del Fig.
H.F. Knight lith. West, Newman imp.
LARVA OF COLLYRIS EMARGINATUS.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
Timomenus oannes, Burr, ¢. (India.)
. Opisthocosmia erroris, Burr, ¢. (Sarawak.)
. Forficwa mogul, Burr, g. (India.)
. Forficula planicollis, Kirby, ¢. (India.)
Kosmetor brahma, Burr, ¢ forceps. (India.)
3. Anechura harmandi, Burr, ¢ forceps. (Japan.)
. Forficula interrogans, Burr, ¢ forceps. (India.)
. Forficula davidi, Burr, ¢ forceps. (China.)
. Forficula mikado, Burr, ¢ forceps. (China.)
. Kosmetor temora, Burr, ¢ forceps. (India.)
Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate IV.
G. Arnold, del. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
NEW SPECIES OF DERMAPTERA,
‘ete Wevath
Stet Peete dulei:
AS:
> >F q
rOh? Gita,
y diy) bad re
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VY.
All figures natural size.
Figs. 1-12. Canonympha dorus mathewi.
These show sundry variations, but as hardly any two
specimens are quite alike, 100 figures would hardly
exhaust the several forms in my moderate series.
Figs. 1-4, Various forms of darker males, fig. 1 perhaps the least
common, with no ocellus on upper wing.
Figs. 5 and 6. Two males of lighter forms. There are one or two
specimens (not figured) that are a little nearer to
dorus (type) than these.
¢ under-side. The under-sides differ much in the
leaden line, sometimes nearly as clear as in dorus,
frequently quite wanting, oftener more or less
intermediate.
Figs. 8-11. Several forms of 9s. Fig. 10 is perhaps the form to
which most specimens are nearest.
Fig. 12. 2 Under-side.
Figs. 13, 14, 15. Lycena idas.
13. Form with discal spots most developed. This
form is mentioned but not figured by Rambur.
14. Form with least discoidal marking.
15. Under-side.
Figs. 16-19. Lycena argus, var. casaiacus.
16-17. Two ¢ upper-sides.
18. Q upper-side.
19. ¢ under-side.
I
Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate V.
E. C. Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh, Lid.
BUTTERFLIES FROM NORTH-WEST SPAIN.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
1. Ancillary appendages of Lycwna idas x 25.
2. One clasp with Gideagus supports x 45.
Photo, by F. N. Clark.
In 1, the distal margins of clasps are incurved.
In 2, it is straightened out, the latter shows the structure better,
the natural attitude is intermediate. During life these parts
are movable, the interior of clasps containing muscles. In
comparing fig. 1 with Pl. VII, fig. 1, note the different
amplifications.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907, Plate VI.
Ancillary appendages Lycena idas, Rmb.
EXPLANATION OF PuaTE VII.
1. Ancillary appendages, LZ. astrarche x 18, by F. N. Clark.
2. de AS - xO
3. 5 L.idas x 10
These give the relative form and sizes, being to same scale,
4-5. Two views of egg of ZL. idas on leaf of Hrodiwm x 10.
Figs. 2-5, photo by A. E. Tonge.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate VII.
Ancillary appendages Lycena astrarche and L. idas,
and eggs of L. idas.
ve A Th Ty
b
weenie sey entenriv tn
EXPLANATION OF Piates VIII—XI.
VIII. View looking up Casoya Valley.
IX. Another view looking up Casoya Valley. The hill left centre
of picture is opposite Casayo, and is same as point to left
in VIII, and whose shoulder we look over to in XI.
X. View in Casayo, showing school-house where we lodged.
XI. View from school-house over roofs below us, to opposite
shoulder, across which our path went to locality for
L. argus, var. casaiacus, Erebia palarica and Heterogynis
paradoxa.
‘J99} OOS‘Z yNOQv WO Yo] 94} 0} puv aspla ssoIDv OALSED
‘oAvser) 0} Avm Jey SeAosed jo AaleA ul
TITA 8Pd “LO6GL “puotl “90S "yy “supa TL
*(399} OOO‘ }noqe wWwOIJ) OAvSsET
ausoddo auo ay} SI }ea] 94} 0} JUIod ysaysiy oy
‘dn sulyoo, ‘oAvsed Mojaq soylul Maj v ‘AaT[eA vAOsed aul
Xai VI d “LO6L “puo'T ‘90S “Ua “SUDA T
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate X.
Casayo. The School House.
(ctrca 4,000 feet.)
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate
Outlook from School House, Casayo,
over roofs of Village.
(The slabs of stone in the light portion of the foreground are
the roofs of the houses.)
ATS
EXPLANATION OF PiaTE XII.
Jaws of larval structure on a pupa of Hastula hyerana, Mill.
Figures x 22.
Fic. 1. Face of a normal pupa, front view.
2. Face of a pupa with larval jaws, view nearly from left side.
3. Face of a pupa, view nearly from front.
4, Jaws of larva in last-feeding instar.
5. Jaws of larva in post-feeding eestivating instar.
Additional tarsus in Catocala nupta, x 7.
Fic. 6. Tibia and tarsus, normal, first leg right.
7. Tibia and tarsus, normal, first leg left, with extra tarsus,
x last two joints lost by some accident to specimen.
Abnormal (triplicated) tarsus of hind (right) leg of Capnia atra 9
x 65,
Fig. 8. Portion of tibia, with abnormal tarsus.
9. Portion of tibia, with normal tarsus, for comparison.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate XII.
TERATOLOGICAL SPECIMENS.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
Binsitta barrowi, Bingham.
Fies, 1,2. Pupe.
Fie. 3. Imago.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate XIII,
Seo UT AER RENEE
Hugh Main, Phot. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
BINSITTA BARROWIL.
PAO) Mek) Par
f pop >
vw
Say Bans abe Ve
(al) Lane
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.
Fie. 1. Molippa simillima, Jones, t.
la. ss FF 3 uncus x 10.
1b. 5 A *s larva 4,
Qa. » sabina, Walk., uncus x 10.
1
2b. 5 i - larva 4.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate XIV.
Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
la 2a
MOLIPPA SIMILLIMA AND M. SABINA.
de
teh sty
>
14
4 ar) UWE
}) Gg ull,
: “a
Pda Al
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.
Section of wood cylinder from which the bark has been
removed all but a thin layer of young bast, showing the course of
the larva through the latter from the point when, having penetrated
the entire bark from the outside where the egg was laid, it reaches
the surface of the wood cylinder (a.4.A.). Continuing to feed
upon the soft bast and cambium layer, and grazing superficially the
sapwood, finally, if it does not pupate in the bark, it enters the wood
for pupation by an elliptical hole (B.B.).
Nat. size.
Plate XV.
Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907.
, Lid.
& Sleigh
Anare
G.A.C. Photo.
iS
=
cm
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O
=
=
o
O
4
a
ix
H
tx
(oe)
“al
ry
O°
4
ae
[ea
oy
4
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
(a) Abnormal. Larve established in pupa-cells excavated in felled
tree lying in a horizontal position.
(b) Normal. Larva resting in pupa-cell excavated in standing
tree.
(c) Normal. Pupa ditto
(d) Normal. The same individual transformed to imago. These
pieces of wood were split and the insects photographed
without having been disturbed from their natural positions.
Nat. size.
Plate XVI.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907.
PRR oo oe
PAS ce
Sper SAE. =
Andre & Sleigh, Lta.
LIFE HISTORY OF TETROPIUM GABRIELI.
G.A,C. Fhoto,
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.
Process of feeding larva in bast under glass.
(a) Larva one day old in bast of Picea excelsa.
(b) Full-fed larva in bast of Larix europea.
(c) Immediately prior to 4th moult.
(d) Immediately after 4th moult.
Nat. size.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907. Plate XVII.
a
Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
G A.C. Photo.
LIFE HISTORY OF TETROPIUM GABRIELI.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.
Process of rearing the full-fed larva and pupa in blocks of
wood under glass.
(a) Larve immediately after insertion in artificial grooves in
wood blocks,
(b) The same in process of establishing themselves in pupa-cells.
(b') Showing larva’s method of drawing wood refuse out of the
burrow.
(c) Larve forming pupa-cells.
(d) Showing pupa-cells completed containing larva and imagines.
(e) Pups, with glass removed. Ventral view.
(f) Ditto ditto Dorsal view.
Plate XVIII.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907.
Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
. Fhoto.
G.A.C
LIFE HISTORY OF TETROPIUM GABRIELI
i Ry
a ant cule ilv%
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
Process of rearing full-fed larva and pupa in glass tubes.
(a) Larva on point of transforming to pupa in wood cylinder in
glass tube.
(b) Larvee established in pupa-cells in wood cylinder in glass tube.
(c) Pupa in act of transforming in wood cylinder in glass tube.
(d) Pupa lately transformed in wood cylinder in glass tube.
(e) Pupa in pupa-cell in tube of bark.
(f) The same individual transformed to imago.
Nat. size.
Plate XIX
Lond. 1907.
Photo.
G.A.C.
3
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ry
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Ah PO washes Saueets
; ;
2. okt SU) Lehin ae
RED MLE EY ee
rr , id
ttt Ab AL ALOHA
Teaiharkiony
HOO BMA!
Fra. 1.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.
Full-grown larva of 7’. gabrieli.
. Pupa of T. gabrieli.
. Leg of newly-hatched larva, highly magnified.
. Terminal segment of abdomen of larva, dorsal view, showing
corneous tubercles on median line, distinguishing the sp
froin Criocephalus and Asemwm.
. Terminal segment of abdomen of ¢.pupa, ventral view, x 8.
. Terminal segment of abdomen of @ pupa, ventral view,
showing fleshy tubercles, rudiments of appendices at apex
of ovipositor in the imago, x 8.
. Apex of ovipositor showing appendices, x 30.
. Terminal segment of abdomen of ? pupa, viewed transversely,
showing what, in the imago, will become the tergite and
sternite of the last segment of the abdomen gaping
(A.A. A.A.) and rudiments of genitalia protruding in
process of formation (B.'B. B. B.).
Trans. Fint. Soc. Lond.1907. Pl. XX.
L.R.Crawshay del. West, Newman lith.
TRANSFORMATIONS OF TETROPIUM GABRIELI.
a
ru
ire:
CONIA fF WN
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.
. Epitettix punctatus, gen. et sp. n.
. Cladoramus crenulatus, gen. et sp. n. .
. Chthonotettiz palpatus, Stal.
. Ocytettia latihumerus, gen. et sp. n.
. Bolotettix validispinus, gen. et sp. n.
. Camelotettia curvinotus, gen. et sp. n.
. Rhynchotettia rostratus, gen. et sp. n. .
. Mitritettix processus, sp. 0.
PAGE
216
217
219
227
224
233
228
229
Trans. fint. Soc. Lond.1907 PL. XXT.
H. Knight del.et lith. West,Newman imp.
NE Wise Ene TES. OH Wisi RG EN Ay
=9
wre
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.
Spindasis lohita, egg, much enlarged.
. Larva, much enlarged, in dry season colouring, on Loranthus
chinensis.
. Pupa, much enlarged.
. Ants’ nest containing pupa, in Henslowia frutescens ; part
of covering torn away ; a small ants’ nest on lower part
of stem.
. Imago of Spindasis lohita, Horsf., on Visewm orientale.
Trans Ent Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate XAT.
Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
LIFE HISTORY OF SPINDASIS LOHITA.
{
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> =.
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a iia
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it
ae id as
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oA seare BL
Sloe tee
me tieati ies t ni 95 Sih eb lb :
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.
Fic. 1. Tessaratoma papillosa, eggs in different stages of maturity :—
Green, just laid ; ochreous, usual colour; purplish, just
before hatching.
2. Nymphs just hatched.
2a. ” ” ”
3: A second stage,
4, . third ys,
5. 3 fourth ,,
6. a fifth x
. Adult just after final moult.
? several days after final moult.
=
”
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate XXIII.
3 2a,
TESSARATOMA PAPILLOSA, THUNB.
Andre & Sleigh, Lid.
, nea Hetty ‘coi Aare | :) ae Se
Va a epreees
¥
twin dicta oy hy se arate
; baat a oan . |
" oN cas ANS ; . 1, ics ig etiol
ah i, . 4
ae
ae on
ric aghast , ‘ ‘ ne
ae :
Sb prin yoiaabiedl eo
vee ee: tom dot!
he a clea jioipiaieih with
ot ee
° i ate FVIKY a il i
Hite. $e
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.
Fie. 1. Ischnura forcipata, ¢.—Apex of abdomen from beneath.
2. ” ” ” ” above.
3. e _ Ps és side,
4, Ischnra nursei, ¢. ss 5 above.
5. ia ~; 6 side.
6. a ee Inner view of app. seen obliquely
from above.
7. Pseudagrion decorum, ¢.—Apex of abdomen from above.
8. ” ” ” ” side.
9. Pseudagrion hypermelas, ¢. 4 + above.
10. - - a4 side.
ll.a Pseudagrion bidentatum, g. _ ,, 5 above.
12. 3 5 “ = side.
13. Enallagma parvum, ¢. AS 5 above.
14. Bs 7 rf 3 side.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907. Plate XXIV.
Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
INDIAN ODONATA.
ve
-_
a3
ee
Mee
roy
ri
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.
Eronia cleodora, Hiibn.
Upper and under sides, also two specimens at rest on discoloured
leaves of “u-Bomaan,” Jsoglossa woodii, Clarke.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907. Plate XX V.
Horace Knight, del. Witherby & Co., imp.
ERONIA CLEODORA, HUBN.
ON THE WING AND AT REST.
= = ~
-
-
Fic.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.
Larve taken in September 1901.
1. Egg, view from above showing ribs.
2. Dark type of larva.
3&4, ; 5 before last: moult.
5, 6, 7. Back, front, and side view of pupa.
8 & 9. Recently-hatched larva, side and back view.
10. After first moult.
11. After second moult,
12. After third moult; lilac-tinted variety.
13. Pattern on a larva after the third moult.
14, The same larva just before pupating.
15. Lilac-tinted variety full grown.
16, 17, 18. Sections showing situation of hairs on various
segnients.
19. Front view of head, showing slightly enlarged dots.
Trans. int. Soc. Lond. 1907 Pl. XX VI.
AV LLLLLLEE
L.Guppy jr.del. West, Newman chromo.
ILS, SEES WORN C1 CYADINMOIN JIE US:
’ {
ta gin) pant
WOU ER DT) COLE
0. ek hie ys
Aye
meat he ae gas Wh jritod oeeny MAE a rk
NK en ea! eRe feisive Ne fal
aft. fells scale itt?
sian bron dora P Wedd) nied Liao Te
duh Legbid rid, oon elo FFs. ae i
Pittiaonwathy sho} wrssh funy n
+0 (eel pews ite i
oy Storied il bu ‘ Ne) a
ah otal aeiaiia De, Wy arale. 2 ab 8
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVILI.
Larva taken in October 1901.
Fic. 1. A reddish-brown type, the only specimen I obtained.
2 & 2a. Side and back view of pupa, showing black lines
absent.
3&4, The same form of larva as Figs. 3 & 4, Plate XXVI,
after second moult; as will be seen, it turned
reddish-brown after the last moult.
5 & 5a. Usual type (back view) at second moult ; three seg-
ments are enlarged to show pattern.
6 & 6a. Young larva just after second moult.
6b. Long white-pointed hairs,
7. Usual type after third moult.
8. Lilac-tinted variety.
9 & 9a. Back view, with sections enlarged, showing pattern
on segments.
10. A mature larva,
Trans. Ent.Soc.Lond.1907 PLXXVIL
fe
ia
uN
Uy
thi
ei
{
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(i)
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e
1
L.Guppy jr.del. West, Newman chromo
Pie SHS LORY Or CVbIMON ikinUs:
ar || HUA
Lon} wee uh yt
; ee Cie i a i Ae
ON} aonty oh ng we
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erraeuitm ity 434
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII.
From Photograph by A. E. Tonge.
Winter cocoons of Marasmarcha.
1. Cocoons, showing contained larvee of Marasmarcha lunedactylus,
x 26 diameters. The cocoons are between a dead leaf (background)
and a thin glass (in front); the contained larve are consequently
very easily seen, the silk against the glass being very thin.
2. Same as No. 1, except that two empty egg-shells appear in the
field, permitting a comparison of the size of the egg and of the
hibernating larva (x 26).
3. Three cocoons on glass (background), x 26. The silk on the
free surface is dense enough to hide the larva; these give some
measure of the amount of silk spun.
4. A cocoon found in sand, all the grains of sand (except one)
removed, mounted in Farrant’s medium, x 26, The medium renders
much of the silk transparent, and invisible in the photograph.
5. Cocoons of Marasmarcha tuttidactyla, between glass (in front)
and paper (background), with three empty egg-shells on black
background. N,B,—This is only magnified x 10 diameters.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907, Plate XXVIII.
Andre & Sleigh, Ltd.
3 nes
A. E. Tonge, Photo.
HIBERNATING LARVA OF MARASMARCHA.
FIGS. 1—4, M. LUNAXSDACTYLA * 26. FIG. 5, M. TUTTIDACTYLA ™ 10.
Fia.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.
1. Euplea goudoti, Boisd.
2. Antanartia mauritiana, Manders.
3. Salamis augustina, Boisd.
4, Libythea cinyras, Trimen.
5. Nacaduba mandersi, Druce, 2.
Ba. 33 A as OF
6. Papilio phorbanta, L., ¢, #.
Gale Tas e Co:
Trans. Ent, Soc, Lond., 1907, Plaie XXIXG
Horace Knight del. Andre & Sleigh, Lid.
Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon.
IBRARIES
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