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TRANSACTIONS 


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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF 


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THE 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OFr 
LONDON 


RO}! Vln E oY BAR 


BO) i. 


LONDON: 


PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, 
LONDON AND BUNGAY. 
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET, 
CAVENDISH SQUARE, W., 


AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CoO., 
PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. ; AND NEW YORK. 


1907-1908. 


DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS. 


Part I. (Trans., p. 1-182, Proc., i-xxxii) was published 20 June, 1907 


> (os: 183-382, ,,  Xxxii—xlviil) ss 26 Sept., ,, 
ae ALLE 4; 383-414, a 20 Nov.; 9%; 
2 LV AC, 415-512, ,, xlix-lxxxvilil) , 14 Feb., 1908 


93 Vo. (—————_———_ ,,___ I xxxix-clxvi) ~ 14 April, _,, 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


FouNDED, 1833. 


INCORPORATED BY RoyaL CHARTER, 1885. 


OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the Session 1907-1908. 


President. 
CHARLES OWEN WATERHOUSE. 


Vice-Presidents. 
FREDERIC MERRIFIELD. 


EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.R.S., F.L.S. 
GEORGE HENRY VERRALL. 


Treasurer. 
ALBERT HUGH JONES. 


Secretaries, 


HENRY ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A. 
CommManpDER JAMES J. WALKER, M.A., B.N., F.L.S. 


Librarian, 
GEORGE C. CHAMPION, F.ZS. 


Other Members of Council. 


GILBERT JOHN ARROW. 
ARTHUR JOHN CHITTY, M.A. 
THOMAS ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S8. 
WILLIAM JAMES KAYE, F.L:S. 
GEORGE BLUNDELL LONGSTAFF, M.D. 
GUY ANSTRUTHER KNOX MARSHALL. 

Pror. RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S., F.C.S 
LOUIS BEETHOVEN PROUT. 
ROBERT SHELFORD, M.A., F.L.S., C.M.ZS 


Resident Librarian. 


GEORGE BETHELL, F.R.Hist.S. 


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CONTENTS: 


Explanation of the plates 

List of Fellows... me 

Additions to the Library i 

Errata and Corrigendum He ook és ae Ee a ae-< 
MEMOIRS. 


XIII. 


XIV. 


. Notes on the Indo-Australian ae abeiaaee ne! Percy I. See 


F.Z.8., F.E.S8. 


. On the Hymenopterous Patasites of Ghieosts a. Be Eeansr A 


Exxiort, F.Z.8S., and CLaupE Mortey, F.E.S.... 


. Descriptions of some new Butterflies from Tropical es By 


Hamitton H. Drouce, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


. The Larva of wee as ay a ae _Sustroxp, M. i 


F.LS. . 


oak age mse revision of the Forfieulide (sensu str ssid) and 


of the Cheltsochidx, families of the Dermatoptera. pa 
Matcotm Burr, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., F.LS., F.G.S. 5 


. Catalogue of the Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide ; wih 


Descriptions of New Species. By Artuur M. Lea, F.E.S., 
Government Entomologist, Tasmania 


. Entomology in N.W. Spain (Galicia and ieoay. By Te o 


CuapMAN, M.D., F.Z.S. (Lepidoptera), and G. C. CHAMPION, 
F.Z.S. (Coleopter a and Hemiptera) : 


. On Some ea ae eee ue eal Gaels MD., 


F.Z.S. 


. On a ene He PENA oe ae “Moth felon to 


the family Tinetde. By Lrieur.-Cotonet CuHarues T. 
Bineuam, F.Z.8., F.H.S. Pa ~ 


. On the remarkable resemblance between two species of Molippe 


By E. DuKINFIELD JoNES, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


. The Life History of Tetropium gabrielt, Ws. = T. abe 


Sharp = 7. crawshaa ys Shae etc. By the REv. . GA: Craw- 
sHAY, M.A., F.E.S. 


. Studies of the Tetriginae (Or pines in the Oxford Uinivomiey 
9 


Museum. By J. L. Hancock, M.D., F.E.S. (Chicago) 


The Life History of pee tonite Horsf. By Joun C. W. 
KerrsHaw, F.Z.S._ ... 


On the egg-cases and ee ast of | some South Paes 


Cassididx. By J. C. Kersaaw, F.Z.S., and FREDERICK 
9. 


Murr, F.E.S. . 


PAGE 
Viil 
ix 
XXV 
XXix 


PAGE 


91 


. 147 


XV. 


XVI. 


XVII. 


XVIII. 


XIX, 


XXVI. 
XXVII. 


() Ciwaid |) 
PAGE 


Life History of Tessaratoma papillosa, Thunberg. By J. C. 
Kerrsuaw, F.Z.8. With Notes on the teu AEe, ore 
and stink-glands by FrepERIcK Murr, F.E.S. . 253 


The Structure and Life History of the Holly-fly. By Pro- 
FESSOR L. C. Miaru, F.R.S., and T. H. Taytor nee . 259 


The Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). By Ernest Ewart 
Unwin, M.Sc. Communicated by Prorressor L. C. Mratt, 
FE.R.S. ee 5h see ae ise er Be ..- 285 


Odonata collected by Lizut.-CoLtoneL Nurss, chiefly in North- 
Western India. By Kennetao J. Morton, F.E.S. ... ... 303 


Entomological Observations and Captures during the visit of 
the British Association to South Africa in 1905. By F. A. 
Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., and G. B. Lonestarr, M.A., 
M.D. WRC Ps FES. ... aE . 809 


. A List of the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. coe MALcoLM 


Cameron, M.B., R.N., and A. Caruana Gatto, LL.D. ... 383 


. Life History of i as ee letlus, L. ae L. es 


FU eee . 405 


. The Hibernation of Jfarasmarcha. By T. A. Cuarman, M.D., 


EUZS. (05 Bee Sue aes tes : . 411 


. The Life History, and Occurrence as eae of Lomechusa 


strumosa, F. By H. Sr. J. DonistHorps, F.Z.S8., F.E.S. ... 415 


. On a large series of Wycterihiidx, parasitic Diptera, from Cey- 


lon. By Huex Scorr, B.A. ate Communicated by 
J. EK. Corin, F.E.S. ee AG .. 421 


. The Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. _Byl LigvT. -COLONEL 


N. Manpers, F.Z.8., F.E.S. sie Joe ... 429 
Studies of the Blattidw. By R.Suetrorp, M.A.,F.L.S.  ... 455 


Notes and Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 
By HE. Meynics, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8. Bos a0 Bee fll 


Proceedings for 1907 oes asi mn one ae wae ... I-)xxxviil 
Annual Meeting... baie eee A ote ae ves Ma Ikessabe 
President’s Address wee 285 at ams we ses ae xcev 


General 


Index oa se awe Ee ARs ae bie Rae eviii 


Special Index Eas Bs noe ees ao Ses ar tee CXV 


Plate I. 


Plate II. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


See page 6 Plate XXI. See page 244 
7 82 Plate XXII. “4 248 


Plate III. a 88 Plate XXIII. . 258 
Plate IV. S 134 Plate XXIV. Ae 308 
Plates V—-XI. = 171 Plate XXV. “ 381 
Plate XII. e 176 Plates XXVI,XXVII._ ,, 410 
Plate XIII. 2s 179 Plate XX VIII. on 414 
Plate XIV. 4 182 Plate XXIX. 5 454 
Plates XV-XX. a 212 


Pist of Fellows 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


Date of HONORARY FELLOWS. 


Election. 

1900 Avrtivinitus, Professor Christopher, Stockholm. 

1905 Bortvar, Don Ignacio, Paseo de Recoletos Bajo, 20, Madrid. 

1901 Fasre, J. H., Sérignan, Vaueliuse, France. 

1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland. 

1906 GaneLBAUER, Professor Ludwig von, Hof Musewm, Vienna. 

1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome. 

1906 RuureR, Professor Opo Morannat, The University, Helsingfors, 
Finland. 

1895 ScuppER, Samuel Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. 

1885 Swnewuuen, P. C. T., Rotterdam. 

1893 WattEenwyt, Hofrath Dr. Carl Brunner Von, Lerchenfeldstrasse 28, 
Vienna, 

1898 Wetsmann, Dr. August, Freiburg, Baden. 


FELLOWS. 


Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions. 
Marked * have died during the year. 


Date of 
Election. 


1901 + ApaiR, Sir Frederick E. 8., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay. 

1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.S., 50, Ashley-gardens, Victoria- 
street, S.W. 

1877 Avpams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N. 

1902 ADKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent. 

1885 ADKIN, Robert, Wellfield, Lingards-road, Lewisham, S.E. 

1904 Agar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. W. Indies. 

1904 ALpDERSON, Miss E. Maude, Park House, Worksop, Notts. 

1899 AnprRews, Henry W., Shirley, Welling, 8S.0., Kent. 

1901 Awnine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C. 

1907 ARNOLD, G., University of Liverpool, Liverpool. 

1899 + Arrow, Gilbert J., 87, Union-grove, Clapham, S.W.; and British 
Museum (Natural History), Cromwwell-road, S.W. 


Gr s:2) 


1907 Asupy, Sydney R., 119, Greenvale-road, Eltham-park, Kent. 

1886 Armorg, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn. 

1850 | AvEBuRY, The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.GS., 
etc., High Elms, Farnborough, Kent. 


1901 Bacor, Arthur W., 154, Lower Clapton-road, N.E. 

1904 | BaGnat., Richard 8., South Hylton, nr. Sunderland. 

1903 Baupoog, G. R., Oakburn Villa, Enfield Highway, Middlesex. 

1886 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle, Wareham. 

1890 Barcuay, Francis H., F.G.S., The Warren, Cromer. 

1886 Bareacui, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1, 
Florence, Italy. 

1895 Barker, Cecil W., The Bungalow, Malvern, Natal, South Africa. 

1887 Barker, H. W., 147, Gordon-road, Peckham, 8.E. 

1902 Barraup, Philip J., Bushey Heath, Watford. 

1907 Barrier, H. Frederick D., 113, Richmond-park-road, Bournemouth. 

1894 Bateson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College, 
Cambridge, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge. 

1904 Bayne, Arthur F., Gerencia, Ferro Carril del Sud, Plaza Constitu- 
tion, Buenos Ayres. 

1896 f BEARE, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., 10, Regent Terrace, 
Edinburgh. 

1905 Beprorp, The Duke of, K.G., Pres. Z.S., etc., Woburn Abbey, Beds. 

1899 BepweE tt, Ernest C., Bonnicot, The Grove, Coulsdon, Surrey. 

1903 Berxu-Maruey, H. W., c/o Messrs. Chiazzari and Co., P.O. Box 3, 
Point-street, Natal. 

1904 BeEnersson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ; 
Curator, Entomological Collection of the University. 

1897 Bennett, W. H., 15, Wellington-place, Hastings. 

1906 Brnratt, E. E., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex. 

1885 Brrnuns-BakeEr, George T., F.L.S., 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston, 
Birmingham. 

1895 Bevan, Lieutenant H. G. R., R.N., 38, The Common, Woolwich. 

1880 Brianewi, George Carter, The Ferns, Homepark-road, Saltash. 

1895 Brnenam, Lieut.-Col. Charles T., F.Z.S., Bombay Staff Corps, 
6 Gwendwr-road, West Kensington, W. 

1891 Buaser, W. H., F.L.S., 12, Great Castle-street, Regent-street, W. 

1904 Brack, James E., Nethercroft, Peebles. 

1904 Buarr, Kenneth G., 23, West Hill, Highgate, N. 

1889 BuanprorD, Walter F. H., M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Arundel Gardens, 
Ladbroke-grove, W. 

1885 Buatuwayt, Lieut.-Col. Linley, F.L.S., Hagle House, Batheaston, 
Bath. 

1904 Buss, Maurice Frederick, Coningsburgh, Montpelier-road, Ealing, W. 

1886 Buoomrretp, The Rey. Edwin Newson, M.A., Guestling Rectory, 
Hastings. 


Cm) 


1903 Boaus, W. A., Wilts and Dorset Bank, Salisbury. 

1907 Bonnet, Alexandre, 364s, Boulevard Bineaw (Newilly-sur-Seine), 
Seine. 

1891 Booru, George A., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Carnforth. 

1875 Borrer, Wm., F.G.S., Pakyns Manor House, Hurstpierpoint, 
Hassocks, R.S.O., Sussex. 

1902 Bosrock, E. D., Holly House, Stone, Staffs. 

1904 Bovuraeots, Jules, Ste. Marie-awx-Mines, Markirch, Germany. 

1892 BousketL, Frank, Market Bosworth, Nuneaton. 

1888 Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst. 

1894 + Bowxss, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross. 

1852 + Born, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, 8.E. 

1893 BraBant, Edouard, Chdteaw de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord), 
France. 

1905 Bracken, Charles W., B.A., 5, Carfre Terrace, Lipson, Plymouth. 

1907 Brain, Charles Kimberlin, 29, Rosmead Avenue, Tamboers Kloof, 
Cape Colony. 

1904 Brinceman, Lieut. The Hon. Richard O. B., R.N., Weston Park, 
Shifnal, Salop, and H.M.S. ‘‘ Hibernia,” Channel Fleet. 

1877 Briaas, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.0., N. Devon. 

1870 Brices, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.0., N. 
Devon. 

1894 Bricut, Percy M., Chunar, Lansdowne-road, Bournemouth. 

1878 Broun, Major Thomas, Drury, Auckland, New Zealand. 

1902 Broucuron, Captain T. Delves, R.E., R.A. and R. E. Mess, Malta. 

1904 Brown, Henry H., Castlefield Tower, Cupar, Fife, N.B. 

1886 Brown, John, 123, Mawson-road, Cambridge. 

1898 + Bucuan-Heppurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeuton- 
Hepburn, Prestonkirk. 

1907 Buxue, Arthur, F.S.A., The Old Vicarage, Midsomer Norton, 
Somersetshire. 

1902 Buuuer, Arthur Percival, Wellington, New Zealand. 

1896 | Burr, Malcolm, B.A., F.LS., F.ZS., F.GS., A.R.S.M., Royal 
Societies Club, St. James’s, S.W., and Shepherdswell, nr. Dover. 

1868 + Butter, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.8., The Lilies, Penge-road, 
Beckenham. 

1883 Burner, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc., 56, Cecile-Park, Crouch End, N. 

1902 Burier, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading. 

1905 BurterFiED, Jas. A., B.Se., Comrie, Eglinton Hill, Plumstead. 

1904 Byart, Horace A., B.A., Berbera (vidi Aden), Somaliland Protectorate. 


1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., R.N. Hospital, Chatham. 

1885 CamPBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &¢., Byrnilwydwyn 
Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire. 

1898 CanpkEzxE, Léon, Mont St. Martin, 75, Liége. 

1880 CanspDALE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, 8.E. 


1889 


1890 


1894 


1892 
1895 
1898 
1868 
1890 
1895 


1906 
1900 
1900 
1903 


¢ -xuey) 

Cant, A., 33, Festing-road, Putney, S.W.; and c/o Fredk. DuCane 
Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 45, Pont-street, S.W. 

CappreER, Samuel James (President of the Lancashire and Cheshire 
Entomological Society), Huyton Park, Liverpool. 

CaraccioLo, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British 
West Indies. 

CarPENTER, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, S.W. 

CarPEentER, G. H., B.Se., Royal College of Science, Dublin. 

CarRPENTER, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead. 

CARRINGTON, Charles, Meadowcroft, Horley, Surrey. 

Carter, George Wm., M.A., F.L.S., Hecleshall Castle, Staffordshire. 

Carter, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., 43, Charing Cross, W.C., and 
Government House, Nassau, Bahamas. 

Carter, H. J., B.A., Ascham, Darling Point, Sydney, N.S. Wales. 

Carter, J. W., 28, Mannheim-road, Bradford. 

Cassa, R. T., M.R.C.S., Ballaugh, Isle of Man. 

CaTtLE, John Rowland, Nettleton Manor, Caistor, Lincolnshire. 


1889 + Cave, Charles J. P., Ditcham Park, Petersfield. 


1900 
1871 


1891 
1902 


1897 
1902 


CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham. 

CHAMPION, George C., F.Z.S., Lisrartan, Heatherside, Horsell, 
Woking ; and 45, Pont-street, S.W. 

CHAPMAN, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F'.Z.8., Betula, Reigate. 

CHARNLEY, James Roland, The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston, 
Lancashire. 

CHAwNER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants. 

CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o Mrs. G. Lindgrin, 75, North-street, Greyville, 
Durban. 


1891*}Cuirry, Arthur John, M.A., 27, Hereford-square, S.W.; and Hunt- 


1905 
1889 


ingfield, Faversham, Kent. 
CHOPARD, Lucien, 98, Bd. St. Germain, Paris. 
Cueisty, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth. 


1886 + CLuaRrK, John Adolphus, 57, Weston Park, Crouch End, N. 


1867 
1904 
1873 
1899 
1906 


1901 
1900 
1892 


1886 


1867 
1895 


CiaRKE, Alex. Henry, 109, Warwith-road, Earls Court, S.W. 

CockayNnE, Edward A., 16, Cambridge-sqware, London, W. 

Coir, William, F.L.S., Springfield, Buckhurst Hill, Esse. 

Cotuin, James E., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. 

CoLtincr, Walter E., M.Sc., Director of the Cooper Research 
Laboratory, Berkhamsted. 

Connotp, Edward, F.Z.S., 1, St. Peter’s-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea. 

Corton, Dr. John, 126, Prescot-road, St. Helens. 

Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.8., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Upcot House, 
Taunton. 

CowE.L, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library), 
William Brown-street, Liverpool. 

Cox, Herbert Ed., Claremont, Jamaica. 

CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester. 


( xiii) 


1906 CrawsHay, The Rev. George A., M.A., Melchbowrn Vicarage, 
Sharnbrook, S.0., Beds. 

1890 Crews, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire. 

1880 | Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P., 17, Throgmorton-avenue, E.C., 
and Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames. 

1907 Crort, Edward Octavius, M.D., 28, Hyde-terruce, Leeds. 

1902 CrurrwELt, The Rev. Canon Charles Thomas, M.A., Hwelme 
Rectory, Wallingford. 


1901 Dapp, Edward Martin, Annastrasse 6, Zehlendorf, bei Berlin. 

1900 DauerisH, Andrew Adie, 21, Prince’s-street, Glasgow. 

1907 Dames, Felix L., Steglitz, Berlin. 

1886 Dannatt, Walter, Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, 8.E. 

1905 Davipson, James D., 32, Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh. 

1903 Day, F. H., 151, Goodwin-terrace, Carlisle. 

1898 Day, G. O., Parr’s Bank-house, Knutsford. 

1905 Dewar, W. R., Government Entomologist, Orange River Colony. 

1875 Distant, Wim. Lucas, Shannon-lodge, Selhurst-road, South Norwood, 
S.E. 

1887 Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Fellow and Bursar of 
Wadham College, Wadham College, Oxford. 

1895 Dosson, H. T., Jvy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden, S.0., Surrey. 

1905 Dopp, Frederick P., Kwranda, vid Cairns, North Queensland. 

1906 Doxuman, Hereward, Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W. 

1903 Donumay, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W. 

1906 Doncaster, Leonard, M.A., The University, Birmingham. 

1891 DonistHorpe, Horace St. John K., F.Z.8., 58, Kensington-mansions , 
South Kensington, 8.W. 

1885 Donovan, Major Charles, M.D., R.A.M.C., Ardmore, Passage West, 
County Cork. 

1884 Drucr, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.8., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s 
Wood, N.W. 

1867 Drucr, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.8., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood, 
N.W. 

1900 Drury, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking. 

1894 Dupexon, G. C., The Imperial Institute, South Kensington. 

1907 DusErR, YEEND, Tokyo, Japan. 

1906 DUKINFIELD-JoNES, E., Castro, Reigate. 

1883 Durrant, John Hartley, The Cottage, Merton Hall, Thetford. 


1890 Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalming. 

1865 Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., Pentlands, Mill-road, West 
Worthing, Sussex. 

1904 Eckrorp, George, F.Z.S., c/o Sir Morgan Tuite, Bart., Kilruane, 
Nenagh, co. Tipperary, Ireland. 

1902 Eprtsten, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex. 


(( tiv), 


1886 Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham. 

1884 Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.8., 15, St. Germans-place, Black- 
heath, 8.E. 

1900 Exuiort, E. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W. 

1900 Exuis, H. Willoughby, Knowle, Birmingham. 

1886 Exuis, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool. 

1903 Enrrinenay, Harry, M.A., F.Z.8., Hastgarth, Westoe, South Shields. 

1878 Ewes, Henry John, J.P., F.RS., F.LS., F.Z.S., Colesborne, 
Cheltenham. 

1886 Ewnock, Frederick, F.L.8., 13, Tufnell Park Road, London, N. 

1903 Erseripcr, Robert, Curator, Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W. 


1899 FarmBorouGH, Percy W., F.Z.8., Lower Edmonton, N. 

1890 Farn, Albert Brydges, Brinton Lodge, near Hereford. 

1907 FrarueEr, Walter, c/o British Somaliland Fibre and Development 
Co., Berbera, Somaliland, EH. Africa. 

1900 Fe.rnam, H. L. L., P. 0. Box, 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal. 

1861 Fenn, Charles, Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E, 

1886 FeEnwick, Nicolas Percival, The Gables, New-road, Esher. 

1889 FERNALD, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A. 

1878 Finzi, John A., 53, Hamilton-terrace, N.W. 

1900 Firtra, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds. 

1874 Fircu, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon. 

1905 Freer, Wilfred James, Imatra, King’s Road, Bowrnemouth. 

1900 Fiemyne, The Rev. W. Westropp, M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw, Co. 

® Waterford. 

1898 F.Lercuer, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., H.M.S. “Sealark,” Special Service. 

1883 + FuercHErR, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor. 

1905 FLoERsHEIM, Cecil, 16, Kensington Court Mansions, 8.W. 

1885 Foxker, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands. 

1900 Founkes, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultural College, 
Newport, Salop. 

1898 Fountaine, Miss Margaret, The Studios, 1, Shireff-road, West 
Hampstead, N.W.; and Orrisdale, Florida-road, Durban, Natal. 

1880 FowuEer, The Rev. Canon, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., Harley Vicarage, 
near Reading. 

1883 FREEMAN, Francis Ford, Abbotsfield, Tavistock. 

1896 FREKE, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone. 

1888 FReEmuin, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Wereworth, Maidstone. 

1903 FRreNcuH, Charles, F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Victoria, 
Australia. 

1891 Frouawk, F. W., Ashmount, Rayleigh. 

1906 | Fry, Harold Armstrong, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaa 
Colony. 

1900 Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs. 

1907 Fryer, John Claud Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs, 


( xv ) 


1876 Futter, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill, 
Sydenham, 8.E. 

1898 Fuuer, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg, Natal. 

1904 Furnivat, Thomas F., 63, Coleman-st., E.C. 


1887 GaHAN, Charles Joseph, M.A., Whyola, Lonsdale-road, Bedford 
Park, W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell- 
road, S.W. 

1892 Garps, Philip de la, R.N., 44, Northumberland-place, Teignmouth. 

1890 GarpngrR, John, Lawrel Lodge, Hart, West Hartlepool. 

1901 | GarpnerR, Willoughby, F.L.S., Deganwy, N. Wales. 

1899 GrLpDART, William Martin, M.A., Trinity College, Oxford. 

1906 + Grsgs, Arthur Ernest, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Kitchener's Meads, St. 
Albans. 

1907 GitEs, Henry Murray, Perth, W. Australia. 

1902 GintanpERs, A. T., Park Cottage, Aliwick. 

1904 GriLrat, Francis, B.A., Forest Dene, Worth, Sussex. ' 

1865 + GopMaN, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.8., South 
Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; 7, Carlos-place, Grosvenor- 
square; and 45, Pont-street, S.W. 

1890 Go.prHwalrt, Oliver C., 5, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, 8.E. 

1886 + GooprRicH, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Brislington House, near 
Bristol. 

1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent. 

1898 Gorpon, J.G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtownshire. 

1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.0., Wigtown- 
shire. 

1855 Goruam, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., Highcroft, Great Malvern. 

1874 Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., The Avenue, Surbiton Hil, Surrey. 

1891+ Green, E. Ernest, Government Entomologist, Royal Botanic 
Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon; and Mote Hall, Bearsted, Kent. 

1894 GREEN, J. F., F.Z.S., West Lodge, Blackheath, S.E. 

1898 GrEENSHIELDS, Alexander, 38, Blenheim-gardens, Willesden, N.W. 

1899 GREENWOOD, Edgar, 49, Melrose-avenue, Cricklewood, N.W. 

1893 + GREENWooD, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Whitsbury House, Salisbury. 

1888 GrirritHs, G. C., F.Z.S., 43, Caledonian-place, Clifton, Bristol. 

1894 GrimsHaw, Percy H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. 

1905 Grist, Charles J., Apsley, Banstead, Surrey. 

1869 Gross-SmitH, Henley, J.P., B.A., F.Z.S.,5, Bryanston-square, Hyde 
Park, W. 

1906 Guinness, H. 8S. A., Balliol College, Oxford, and Chesterfield, 
Blackrock, County Dublin. 

1906 Gurney, Gerard H., Keswick Hall, Norwich. 


1906 Haut, Arthur, 16, Park Hill Rise, Croydon. 
1890 + Haut, A. E., Cranfield House, Southwell, Notts. 


(so A 


1885 Hatt, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon. 

1898 Hamuiyn-Harris, R., D.Sc, F.Z.8., F.R.M.S., Toowoomba Grammar 
School, Queensland, Australia, 

1891 Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., 62, Stanhope- 
gardens, S.W. 

1891 Hawneury, Frederick J., F.L.8., Siainforth House, Upper Clapton, N.E. 

1905 + Hancock, Joseph L., 3757, Indiana Avenue, Chicago, U.S.A. 

1903. Hares, E. J., Dunham, Boscombe, Hants. 

1904 Harris, Edward, St. Conan’s, Chingford, Essex. 

1897 | Harrison, Albert, F.LS.- F.C.8., Delamere, Grove-road, South 
Woodford, Essex. 

1907 Harrison, Bernard H. D., Claremont, Ashleigh-road, Barnstaple. 

1906 * Heate, The Rev, William Henry, Penn Vicarage, Wolverhampton. 

1881 Henry, George, Ivy Bank, 112, London-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea. 

1908 Herron, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road, Luton, Beds. 

1898 Heron, Francis A., B.A., British Museum (Natural History), 
Cromwell-road, S.W. 

1876 + Hitman, Thomas Stanton, Hustgate-street, Lewes. 

1907 Hoar, Thomas Frank Partridge, Quea-lodge, West Hnd Lane, 
Hampstead, N.W. 

1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive, 
Lytham. 

1902 Hous, R.8., c/o Messrs. King and Co., Bombay. 

1887 Houianp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pitisburg, 
Penn., U.S.A. 

1898 Honman-Hunt, C. B., Rim Estate, Jasin, Malacca. 

1901 Hopson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.L.S., 30, Thurlow-road, 
Rosslyn Hill, N.W. 

1897 Horne, Arthur, 60, Gladstone-place, Aberdeen. 

1903 Hovauron, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop. 

1907 Howarp, C. W., Acting Government, Transvaal. 

1900 Howes, George H., Box 180, Dunedin, New Zealand. 

1907 How.err, Frank M., M.A., The Agricultural Department, Pusa, 
Bengal, India. 

1865 + Hupp, A. E., 108, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol, 

1888 Hupson, George Vernon, Hill View, Karori, Wellington, New 
Zealand, 

1907 Huauss, C. N., Knightstone, Cobham, Surrey. 


1897 ImageE, Selwyn, M.A., 20, Filzroy-street, Fitzroy-square, W. 
1891 IsapeLL, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen, R.S.0., Cornwall. 


1907 Jack, Rupert Wellstood, Assistant Entomologist, Department of 
Agriculture, Cape of Good Hope. 

1907 Jackson, P. H., 112, Balham-park-road, S.W. 

1907 JAcost, Professor Doctor A., Director of Zoology, and Anthropology 
in the Ethnographical Museum, Dresden, Saxony. 


( xvii >) 


1886 * Jacopy, Martin, 1, The Mansions, Hillfield-road, West Hampstead, 


1869 


1898 
1886 
1899 
1886 
1907 
1889 


1888 


NW 

JANSON, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44, 
Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 

JANSON, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N. 

JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, 209, School Hill, Lewes. 

JENNINGS, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N. 

JoHN, Evan, Llantrisant, R.S.O., Glamorganshire. 

JOHNSON, Chas. Fielding, Mayfield, Brinington Crescent, Stockport. 

Jounson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass, 
Co. Armagh. 

Jones, Albert H., TREASURER, Shrublands, Eltham, Kent. 


1894 + JorpAN, Dr. K., The Museum, Tring. 


1902 
1884 


1884 


Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading. 


Kang, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.I.A., Drumleaske House, 
Monaghan. 
Kappet, A. W., F.L.S., Linnean Society, Burlington House, W. 


1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds, 
1896 + Kayg, William James, Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton. 


1907 


1902 
1890 
1904 
1898 


1901 
1906 
1900 
1889 


1861 
1893 
1905 
1889 


Katty, Albert Ernest McClure, Assistant Entomologist, Department 
of Agriculture, Natal, S.A. 

Kemp, Stanley W., 21, Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin. 

Kenrick, G. H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 

KersHaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent. 

KersHaw, J. A., Morton Banks, Lewisham-road, Windsor, 
Melbourne, Victoria. 

KersHaw, John C., Macao, China. 

Keynes, John Neville, M.A., D.Sc., 6, Harvey-road, Cambridge. 

Krys, James H., Morwell, Freedom-villas, Lipson-road, Plymouth. 

Kine, J. J. F. X., Lecturer on Economic Entomology at the West of 
Scotland Agricultural College, 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvin- 
side, Glasgow. 

Kirey, William F., F.L.S., Wilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick, W. 

KirKkapy, George Willis, Honolulu, Hawait. 

KircHen, Vernon Parry, The Priory, Watford. 

KuapaALEK, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia. 


1887 + Kuen, Sydney T., F.L.S.,F.R.A.S., Hatherlow, Raglan-road, Reigate. 


1876 


1868 
1900 
1901 
1895 
1899 
1901 


Kraatz, Dr. G., 28, Link-strasse, Berlin. 


Lana, Colonel A. M., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford. 
Lane, The Rev. H. C., M.D., All Saints’ Vicarage, Southend-on-Sea. 
Laruy, Percy I., Fox Hall, Enfield. 
Larter, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming. 
Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Hobart, Tasmania. 
LetcH, George F., 4, Cuthberts Buildings, West-street, Durban, 

Natal. 

b 


( xviii) 


1883 LeMmaNN, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth. 

1892 Leste, J. Henry, 5, Cecil Mansions, Marius-road, Balham, 8.W. 

1898 Lerapripce, Ambrose G., Nordrach-on-Dee, Banchory, N.B.; 
Guards Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. 

1903 + Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks. 

1898 Lewis, E.J., F.L.S., Stainmore, South Hill, Bromley, Kent. 

1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., Victoria Cottage, Little Common, Beaxhill- 
on-Sea. 

1902 Lewis, J. H., Ophir, Otago, New Zealand. 


1892 Licurroot, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope. 
1903 LirrLer, Frank M., Althorne, High-street, Lawnceston, Tasmania. 


1865 | Lurwetyy, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart. M.A, F.LS., 
Penllergare, Swansea. 

1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor. 

1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, 1, 5 and 6, The Albany, Piccadilly, W. 

1903. LorrHousE, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. 

1904 + Lonestarr, George Blundell, M.D., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W. 

1899 Lounspury, Charles P., B.Sc., Government Entomologist, Cape 
Town, 8S. Africa. 

1894 Lows, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey. 

1893 Lower, Oswald B., St. Oswalds, Bartley Crescent, Wayville, South 
Australia. 

1901 Lowenr, Rupert 8., Davonport-terrace, Wayville, South Australia. 

1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-Thames, 

1904 Lurr, W. A., La Chawmiére, Brock-road, Guernsey. 

1880 Lupron, Henry, Devonia, Torquay. 

1903 Lys xt, G., Junr., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia. 

1901 Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.GS., 74, McTavish-street, Montreal, 
Canada. 


1906 McCarrison, D. L., Indian Police Forces, Madras Club, Madras. 

1887 M‘Doueatt, James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath, 8.E. 

1888 Mackinnon, P. W., Lynndale, Mussoorie, N.W.P., India. 

1900 Macxwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon. 

1898 Mappison, T., South Bailey, Durham. 

1899 + Marty, Hugh, B.Se., Almondale, Buckingham-road, South Woodford, 
N.E. 

1905 Matty, Charles Wm., M.Se., Graham’s Town, Cape Colony. 

1887 Manprers, Lieut.-Colonel Neville, R.A.M.C., F.Z.S., c/o Sir C, 
McGrigor, 25, Charles-street, St. James’s-square, 8.W. 

1892 MAnsBRIDGE, William, 4, Norwich-road, Wavertree, Liverpool. 

1894 f MaRsHALL, Alick, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent. 

1895 MarsHaut, Guy Anstruther Knox, 6, Chester-place, Hyde Park- 
square, W. 

1896 Marsnatt, P., M.A., B.Sc, F.G.S., University School of Mines, 
Dunedin, New Zealand. 


(, ag) 


1856 + MarsHAtt, William, V.M.H., F.R.H.S., Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., 
Kent. 

1897 Martineau, Alfred H., Solihull, Birmingham. 

1895 Masszy, Herbert, Zvy-Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Manchester. 

1865 MatHew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., Lee House, 
Dovercourt, Harwich. 

1887 MartrHews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, Plymouth. 

1900 Maxwett-Lerroy, H., Entomologist to the Government of India, 
Agricultural Institute, Pusa, Bengal. 

1899 May, Harry Haden, 12, Windsor Terrace, Plymouth. 

1904 MeapE-Watpo, Geoffrey, Stonewall Park, Edenbridge, Kent. 

1872+ Metpoua, Professor Raphael, F.RS., F.CS., 6, Brunswick- 
square, W.C. 

1885 MeELvILL, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury. 

1887 MERRIFIELD, Frederic, VICE-PRESIDENT, 14, Clifton-terrace, Brighton. 

1906 Merriman, Gordon, 96, Finchley-road, Hampstead, N.W. 

1905 Merry, Rev. W. Mansell, M.A., St. Wichael’s, Oxford. 

1888 Meryvyer-Darctis, G., c/o Sogin and Meyer, Wohlen, Switzerland. 

1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.Z.8., F.R.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough. 

1894 Maur, Louis Compton, F.R.S., Norton Way, N. Letchworth. 

1883 Mines, W. H., The New Club, Calcutta. 

1906 MuircHent-Hepers, Frederic Albert, 42, Kensington Park Gardens, W. 

1905 Mutrorp, Robert Sidney, C.B., 35, Redcliffe Square, S.W. 

1896 MopeErty, J. C., M.A., Woodlands, Bassett, Southampton. 

1879 Mownretrro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar, 
Lisbon. 

1902 Monreomery, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shalimar Gardens, Pembridge- 
road, North Acton, N. 

1853 * Moore, Frederic, D.Sc., A.L.S., F.Z.S., 17, Waple-road, Penge, S.E. 

1899 Moors, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe. 

1907 Moors, Mrs. Catharine Maria, Holmefield, Oakholme-rd., Sheffield. 

1886 Moraeay, A. C. F., F.L.S., 1385, Oakwood-court, Kensington, W. 

1889 + Moricr, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford, 
Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking. 

1895 ¢ Morey, Claude, The Hill House, Monk’s Soham, Suffolk. 

1907 Mortimer, Charles H., Wigmore, Holmwood. 

1893 Morton, Kenneth J., 13, Blackford-road, Edinburgh. 

1900 Moser, Julius, 60, Bulow-strasse, Berlin. 

1882 Mostey, 8. L., The Musewm and Technical College, Huddersfield. 

1907 Mouton, John C., The Hall, Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts. 

1901 + Morr, Frederick, H.S8.P.A. Hxperiment Station, Honolulu, Oahu, H.T. 

1907 Moxa, M. G., Hyderabad (Sind), India. 

1869 f MiuuerR, Albert, F.R.G.S., c/o Herr A. Miiller-Mechel, Gren- 
zacherstrasse, 60, Basle, Switzerland. 

1872 + Murray, Lieut.-Col. H., 43, Cromwell Houses, Cromwell-road, S.W. 

1906 Muscuamp, Percy A. H., Institut, Stifa, nr. Zurich, Switzerland, 


( xXx ) 


1903 Neave, 8. A., B.A., Mill Green Park, Ingatestone. 

1896 Nersuam, Robert, Utrecht House, Queen’s-road, Clapham Park, S.W. 

1889 Nervinson, Basil George, M.A., F.Z.S., 3, Tedworth-square, 
Chelsea, S.W. 

1901 Nevinson, E. B., Morland, Cobham, Surrey. 

1907 Newman, Leonard Woods, Bexley, Kent. 

1890 NewstEAD, R., Johnston Tropical Laboratory, University, Liverpool. 

1900 NicuHoxt, Mrs. M. Dela B., Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, Glamorganshire. 

1904 NicHoxson, W. A., 36, Promenade, Portobello, N.B. 

1886 NicHouson, William E., School Hill, Lewes. 

1906 Nix, John Ashburner, Tilgate, Crawley, Sussex. 

1893 Nonrrisp, A. F., Rakonitz, Bohemia. 

1878 NorripGe, Thomas, Ashford, Kent. 

1895 Nurse, Lt.-Colonel C. G., 33rd Punjabis, Jubbulpore, Central 
Provinces, India. 


1869 OserRtHir, Charles, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France. 

1877 OpertuHiirn, René, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France. 

1893 + OcLE, Bertram 8., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire. 

1893 OxiveR, John Baxter, 22, Ranelagh Villas, Hove, Brighton. 
1873 Ottvier, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France. 


1895 Paas, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine’s Park, S.E. 

1898 Pauuiser, H. G., Holmwood, Addlestone, Surrey. 

1907 Prap, Clement H., Box 83, Hast Rand, Transvaal. 

1883 P&RINGUEY, Louis, South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa. 

1903 + PERKrNs, R. C. L., B.A., Board of Agriculture, Division of Ento- 
mology, Honolulu, Hawaii. 

1879 PERKINS, Vincent Robert, Wotton-under-Edge. 

1907 + Perrins, J. A. D., Ardross Castle, by Alness, N.B. 

1900 Puiuirs, The Rev. W. J. Leigh, The Cottage, Parkwood-road, 
Tavistock. 

1897 Puiuiips, Hubert C., M.R.C.S., L.S.A., 262, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde- 
park, W. 

1903 ¢ Puiuuirs, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., 22, Petherton-road, High- 
bury, New Park, N. 

1901 PicKert, C. P., 99, Dawlish-road, Leyton, Essex. 

1891 Pierce, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool. 

1901 PrirrarD, Albert, Felden, Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead. 

1903 PritcuER, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133, Gloucester- 
road, Kensington, S.W. 

1885 Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort van de, Driebergen, Netherlands. 

1870 ¢ Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.8., Mayfield, Edgerton, Huddersjield. 

1884 + PouLton, Professor Edward B., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., 
F.Z.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford, 
Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford. 

1905 Powe.L, Harold, 7, Rue Mireille, Hyéres (Var), France. 


( pum) 


1906 Prarr, H.C., Government Entomologist, Federated Malay States, 
Kwala Lumpur, Malay States. 

1878 Pric, David, 48, West-street, Horsham. 

1904 Prisk#, Richard A. R., 9, Melbowrne Avenue, West Ealing. 

1893 Prout, Louis Beethoven, 246, Richmond-road, Dalston, N.E. 


1900 Ratnsow, William J., The Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S. W. 

1907 Raywarp, Arthur Leslie, 3, Albert Mansions, Lansdowne Road, 
Croydon. 

1874 Resp, E. C., Director del Museo de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile. 

1893 Rerp, Captain Savile G., late R.E., Zhe Elms, Yalding, Maidstone. 

1898 Revron, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland. 

1890 RenpLESHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, Rendlesham Hall, Wood- 
bridge. 

1898 RevuteER, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland. 

1894 Ruipine, William Steer, B.A., M.D., Buckerell Lodge, Honiton. 

1853 Rreon, The Most Honble. the Marquis of, K.G., D.C.L., F.R.S.,F.LS., 
etc., 9, Chelsea Embankment, 8.W. 

1905 Ropinson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpur, 
Selangor. 

1892 Rostnson, Sydney C., 10, Inchmory-road, Catford, S.E. 

1869 + Roprnson-Dovenas, William Douglas, M.A., F.LS., F.R.G.S., 
Orchardton, Castle Douglas. 

1886 Rossz, Arthur J., Glanmor, Berkhamstead. 

1907 RosenperG, W. F. H., 57, Haverstock-hill, N.W. 

1868 RotHney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper 
Norwood, S.E. 

1894 + Roruscuitp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 
148, Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring. 

1888 + RotuscHiLD, The Honble. Walter, D.Sc., M.P., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 148, 
Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring. 

1890 Rovuttepesr, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle. 

1887 Rownanp-Brown, Henry, M.A., Secretary, Oxhey-grove, Harrow 
Weald. 

1903 Row.awnps, Osbert William, Lickey Grange, nr. Bromsgrove. 

1898 Russe, A., Wilverley, Dale-road, Purley. 

1892 RussEwt, 8. G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C. 

1899 RyeEs, William E., B.A., 14, Arthwr-street, Nottingham. 


1905 Sr. Quintin, W. H., Scampton Hall, Rillington, York. 

1906 Sampson, Major F. Winns, Senior Officers’ Mess, Calabar, Southern 
Nigeria, and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. 

1865 ¢ SaunpERS, Edward, Vicze-PRESIDENT, F.R.S.,F.L.8.,S¢ Ann’s, Mount 
Hermon, Woking. 

1861 + SaunpERs, G.S8., F.L.8., 20, Dents-road, Wandsworth Common, 8.W. 

1886 SaunpmErs, Prof. Wm., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. 

1901 Scuaus, W., F.Z.S., Trentham House, Twickenham. 


1907 


1881 
1864 
1862 


1902 
1905 
1901 


(ox) 


ScHMASSMAN, W., 2, Kinnoul-villas, Freezywater, Waltham Cross, 
Herts. 

Scouuick, A. J., 8, Wayfield-road, Merton Park, Wimbledon. 

Semper, George, Klopstock-strasse 23, Altona, Elbe, Germany. 

SHarp, David, M.A., MB, F.RS., F.LS., F.Z.S., Lawnside, 
Brockenhurst, Hants. ; and University Museum of Zoology and 
Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge. 

SHarp, W. E., 9, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, 8.E. 

SHELDON, W. George, Youlgreave, South Croydon. 

SHELFORD, Robert, M.A., F.L.8S., C.M.Z.S., University Museum 
(Hope Department), Oxford. 


1883* SHELLEY, Capt. George Ernest, F.G.S., F.Z.S., 39, Egerton-gardens, 
S.W, 


1900 | SHEPHEARD-Watwyyn, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey. 


1887 
1904 
1902 
1904 
1902 
1907 
1906 
1901 
1898 


1906 
1885 
1889 
1898 


1890 
1898 
1889 
1896 
1900 
1895 
1882 
1884 


1894 
1876 


1893 
1903 
1901 
1907 


Stow, Alfred, Corney House, Chiswick, W. 

Srmmonps, Hubert W., The Mansions, Wellington, New Zealand. 

SLADEN, Frederick William Lambart, The Firs, Ripple, Dover. 

SuiprER, Rev. T. J. R. A., M.A., Tivetshall Rectory, Norwich. 

SLopER, Gerard Orby, Westrop House, Highworth, Wilts. 

Sty, Harold Baker, Brackley, Knoll-road, Sidewp, Kent. 

SmaLiMay, Raleigh 8., Wressil Lodge, Wimbledon Common, 8.W. 

Smirn, Arthur, Cownty Museum, Lincoln. 

Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 104, Liverpool-road, 
Birkdale, Lancashire. 

SourncomsE, Herbert W., J.P., 16, Stanford Avenue, Brighton. 

SoutH, Richard, 96, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting, S.W. 

STanvDEN, Richard §., F.L.S., Townlands, Lindfield, Sussex. 

Stares, C. L. B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Limes, Swanley Junction, 
Kent. 

Stearns, A. E., 99, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-park, W. 

Stepping, Henry, Norham House, Sheen-road, Richmond, Surrey. 

Srraton, C. R., F.R.C.S., West Lodge, Wilton, Salisbury. 

STRICKLAND, T. A. Gerald, Darlingworth House, Cirencester. 

Strupp, E. A. C., Kerremens, B.C. 

Stupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter. 

Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks. 

SwinHok, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 19, Cecil-cowrt, 
Redcliffe-Gardens, S.W. 

SWINHOE, Ernest, 6, Gunterstone-road, Kensington, W. 

Swinton, A. H., c/o Mrs. Callander, Vineyard, Totnes. 


Taytor, Charles B., Gap, Lancaster County, Penn., U.S.A. 

Taytor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds, 

THompson, Matthew Lawson, 20, Emerald-street, Saltburn-by-the-Sea. 

TILLYARD, R. J., B.A., The Grammar School, Sydney, New South 
Wales. 


1892 


1897 
1907 
1907 


(xine) 


THoRNLEY, The Rev. A., M.A., F.LS., 17, Mapperley-road, 
Nottingham. 

Tomuin, J. R. le B., M.A., Stoneley, Alexandra-road, Reading. 

Tongs, Alfred Ernest, Aincroft, Reigate, Surrey. 

TRAGARDH, Dr. Ivar, The University, Upsala, Sweden. 


1859 + TREN, Roland, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., 133, Woodstock-road, Oxford. 


1906 
1906 


1895 
1897 
1898 
1893 


1906 
1894 
1886 
1904 


1893 


TRYHANE, George E., St. Ann’s, Trinidad, British West Indies. 
TuLtocg, Captain James Bruce Gregorie, The King’s Own Yorkshire 
Light Infantry; c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 16, Charing Cross, 8.W. 

Tuna.ey, Henry, 13, Begmead-avenue, Streatham, S.W. 

TunstaLL, Wilmot, Caerleon, Greenlaw Drive, Paisley. 

Turner, A. J., M.D., Widsham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia. 

TurNER, Henry Jerome, 98, Drakefell-road, St. Catherine’s Park, 
Hatcham, 8.E. 

TuRNER, Roland E., 21, Emperor’s Gate, S.W. 

TurNER, Thomas, Cullompton, Devon. 

Turt, James W., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, 8.E. 

TyxeEcoTe, Edward F. 8., M.A., Union Club, Trafalgar-square, 8.W. 


Uricu, Frederick William, C.M.L.S., Port of Spain, Trinidad, 
British West Indies. 


1904 + Vaucuan, W., Cocogalla, Madulsima, Ceylon. 


1866 
1897 


1895 
1901 
1899 
1897 


1878 


VERRALL, George Henry, VICE-PRESIDENT, Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. 
Vice, William A., M.B., 19, Belvoir-street, Leicester. 


WacueEr, Sidney, F.R.C.S., Dane John, Canterbury. 

Wanppineron, John, Park Holme, Harehill-avenue, Leeds. 

Waops, Albert, 52, Frenchwood-street, Preston, Lancashire. 

WaINnwRiGut, Colbran J., 45, Handsworth Wood-road, Handsworth, 
Birmingham. 

WaLKER, James J., M.A. R.N., F.LS., Secretary, Aorangi, 
Lonsddte-road, Summertown, Oxford. 


1863 | Wauuace, Alfred Russel, D.C.L., Oxon., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., 


Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset. 


1866 ¢ WatsineHaM, The Right Honble. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., 


1906 


1886 
1869 


1901 


F.Z.S., High Steward of the University of Cambridge, Merton 
Hall, Thetford ; and 66a, Eaton-square, 8.W. 

Watton, Captain H. J., M.B., F.R.C.S., Indian Medical Service ; 
c/o Messrs. King, King & Co., Bombay. 

WarREN, Wm., M.A., 33, Western-road, Tring, Herts. 

WaterRHOUSE, Charles O., PRestpENT, Ingleside, Avenue-gardens, 
Acton, W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell- 
road, S.W. 

WatTERHOUSE, Gustavus A., B.Sc., F.C.S., Royal Mint, Sydney, New 
South Wales, Australia. 


1900 * Watkins, C. J., “Belle Vue,” Watledge, Nailsworth, Gloucestershire. 


G aay 9) 


1904 Watson, Rev. W. Beresford, St. Martin’s Vicarage, St. Philip, 
Barbados, W. Indies. 

1893 Wess, John Cooper, 218, Upland-road, Dulwich, 8.E. 

1876 | WestERN, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gate, Hyde Park, W. 

1886 | WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School, Norwich. 

1906 WuereLeR, The Rey. George, M.A., Briarfield, Guildford. 

1907 Wuire, Harold J., 42, Nevern-sq., Kensington, S.W. 

1906 Wickar, Oswin §., Crescent Cottage, Cambridge Place, Colombo, 
Ceylon. 

1903 Wiaatns, Clare A., M.R.C.S., Entebbe, Uganda. 

1896 Witemay, A. E., c/o H.B.M.’s Consul, Anping, Formosa. 

1904 WryterRscaLE, J.C., F.Z.S., Karangari, Kedah, c/o Messrs. Patterson, 
Simons and Co., Penang, Straits Settlement. 

1894. Wo.try-Dop, F. H., Millarville P. O., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada, 

1900 Woop, H., 9, Church-road, Ashford, Kent. 

1881 Woop, The Rev. Theodore, The Vicarage, Lyford-road, Wandsworth 
Common, S.W. 

1905 WooppripGE£,Francis Charles, The Briars, Gerrard’s Cross, S.0., Bucks. 

1891 Wrovueuron, R. C., Inspector General of Forests, Indian Forest 
Service, c/o Army and Navy Co-operative Society, Ltd., 105, 
Victoria-street, S.W. 


1888 YerBury, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S., Army and Navy 
Club, Pall Mall, S.W. 

1892 Youpate, William Henry, F.R.M.S., Daltonleigh, Cockermouth. 

1904 * Youne, L. C. H., c/o Henry 8. King & Co., 65, Cornhill, E.C. 


ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 


DurRinG THE YEAR 1907. 


AnpueErz (Gottfrid). Lefnadsf6rhallanden och Instinkter inom Familjerna 
Pompilidz och Sphegide, IT. 
[Kungl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handlinger, Band XLII, No. 1.| 


The Author. 
Apraries, Report of Inspectors of, 


[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 70,1907.] U. 8. Dept. Agric. 


Aurivitiius (Chr.). Svensk Insektfauna: Hymenoptera Aculeata. Stock- 
holm, 1905. 


Svensk Insektfauna: Hymenoptera: Aculeata, Pompilide. Uppsala, 
1906. 


Nagra iakttagelser Ofver insekter fran trakten af Varberg. 
[Entomologisk Tidskrift, 1907. ] 


Carl von Linné sasom entomolog. Uppsala, 1907. 

Neue westafrikanische Cerambyciden des Deutschen Entomologischen 
National-Museums. (Col.). 

[Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1907. | 

Diagnosen neuer Lepidopteren aus Afrika. 

[Arkiv for Zoologi, Vol. III, No. 19.] 


Neue oder wenig bekannte Coleoptera Longicornia, 
{Arkiv for Zoologi, Vol. III. ] 


Ueber einige formen des Weibchens yon Papilio dardanus, Brown. 
[Arkiv for Zoologi, Vol. III.] The Author. 


AusTEN (Ernest E.). British Blood-Sucking Flies, London, 1906. 
By Exchange. 
Batt (EH. D.). The Genus Eutettix. 
[Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., Vol. XII, 1907.] The Author. 


Banks (N.). Catalogue of the Acarina, or Mites, of the United States. 
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXIT, 1907. ] 


The Smithsonian Institution. 


BarGaati (P.). Contribuzioni allo studio degli insetti che danneggiano i 
seminella Colonia Eritrea. 
[Agricoltura Coloniale, Ann. I, Fasc. 2, 1907.] The Author. 


BERICHT uber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der En- 
tomologie wahrend des Jahres 1900-1905. Published in 1903- 


1907. By Drs. G. Seidlitz, R. Lucas, Th. Kuhlgatz and B. 
Wandolleck. Purchased. 


BereseE (Antonio). Gli Insetti, Vol. I, Pts. 1 to 24, 1906-1907. 
By Exchange. 


Brncuam (Lt.-Col. C. T.). The Fauna of British India: Butterflies, Vols. 
I and IT. The India Office. 


( xa) 


BrotoGiA CENTRALI-AMERICANA. An account of its progress, by P. P. 
CALVERT. 
[Ent. News, Dec. 1905. ] G. C. Champion. 
[See Gopman (F. D.).] 


BisHorr (T. C.) and Jonzs (C. R.). The Cotton Bollworm. 
[U. 8. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 1907.] U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Bove (Wilhelm). Die Schmetterlings fauna. 
[Mitteilungen aus den Roemer Museum, Hildesheim, Dec. 1907.] 
The Author. 


Bottvar (I.). Especies Nuevas 6 criticas de Ortdépteros. 
[Anales de la Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., XVI, 1887.] 


El género Txndopoda, Stal. 
[Boletin de la Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1901.] 


Contributions a l’étude des Phaneropterinz de la Nouvelle-Guinée. 


[Termes, Fiizetek, Vol. XXV, 1902. ] The Author. 
Brants (A.). Nederlandsche Vlinders. Beschreven en Affebeeld. Derde 
Serie. Pts. [to ITV. Gravenhage, 1907. Purchased. 


Brown (Henry Hilton). By Meadow, Grove and Stream, 1907. 
The Author. 


Bruner (L.). [See Gopman (F.D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. | 


BRUNNER VON WATTENWYL (K.) und REDTENBACHER (Jos.). 
Die Insekten familie der Phasmiden. 


I Lief. Bogen 1-23 und Tafel I-VI. 
[Phasmidz Areolatze, 1906. | 


II Lief. Bogen 24-43 und Tafel VII-XV. 
[Phasmide Anareolate, 1907.] Purchased. 


BurcHELL (Wm. John). [See Pourron (E. B.).] 


Busck (August). Revision of the American Moths of the Genus Argyresthia. 
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXII, 1907.] 
The Smithsontan Institution. 


Butter (E. J.) and Lerroy (A. M.). Report on Trials of the South African 
Locust Fungus in India. 
[Agric. Research Inst., Pusa Bull. No. 5, 1907.] The Authors. 


CatverT (P. P.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. | 


Casry (Thos. L.). A Revision of the American Components of the Tene- 
brionid Sub-Family Tentyriine. 
[ Proc. Washington Acad. of Sciences, 1907.] The Author. 


CavupELt (A. N.).  Orthoptera from South-Western Texas. Collected by 
the Museum Expeditions of 1903 and 1904. 
[Brooklyn Inst. of 8. & Art., Bull. Vol. I, No. 4.] The Author. 


On some Earwigs (Forficulide) collected in Guatemala by 
Messrs. Schwarz and Barber. 
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1907.] The Smithsonian Institution. 


The Decticing (A group of Orthoptera) of North America. 


[U. 8. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 1907. ] U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Cuampion (G. C.). Itinerary of his Travels in Central America (1879-1883). 
{Entom. News, 1907. ] The Author. 


[See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana, | 


G@ fexviiA } 


CuitrENvEN (F. H.), The Asparagus Miner. Notes on the Asparagus 

Beetles. 

[U. S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 66, Pt. I, 1907.] 

Water-Cress Sowbug and Water-Cress Leaf-Beetle. 

[U. 8S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 66, Pt. IT, 1907.] 

Some Insects injurious to Small Crops: The Cranberry Spanworm ; 
the Striped Garden Caterpillar. 

[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 66, Pt. III, 1907.] 

Colorado Potato Beetle. 

[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 87, 1907.] U.S. Dept. Agric. 


CockerELt (T. D. A.). An Enumeration of the Localities in the Florissant 
Basin from which Fossils were obtained in 1906. Fossil Dragon- 
flies from Florissant, Colorado. 

[ Bull. Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1907. ] 
Some Coleoptera and Arachnida from Florissant, Colorado, 1907. 
[ Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII. ] 
Some Fossil Arthropods from Florissant, Colorado, 1907. 
[Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII.] 
The Scale Insects of the Date Palm, 1907]. 
[University of Arizona, Agric. Exp. Station Bull. No. 56.] 
The Author. 
Cores (E. C.). Miscellaneous Notes from the Entomological Section. 
[Indian Museum Notes, Vol. III, No. 6, 1896.] 
The India Office. 

Distant (W. L.). Fauna of British India: Rhynchota, 3 Vols., 1902-1906, 
8vo. The India Office. 

A Synonymic Catalogue of Homoptera-Cicadidze, Vol. I, 1906. 
By Exchange. 


Insecta Transvaaliensia. Pt. VIII. Purchased. 
Druce (Hamilton H.). Descriptions of some New Butterflies from Tropical 
Africa. 


[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. ] 
Neotropical Lyczenidz, with descriptions of New Species. 
[Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1907. | The Author. 


—— (Herbert). Descriptions of some New Species of Heterocera from 
Tropical South America. 


{Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1906. ] The Author. 
Dyar (H. G.), Descriptions of New Species of Moths of the Family 
Cochlidiide. 


[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXII, 1907.] 
Report on the Mosquitoes of the Coast Region of California, with 
descriptions of New Species. 
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXII, 1907.] 
The Snuthsonian Institution. 
ForBEs (R. H.). The Extermination of Date-Palm Scales. 1907. 
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The Author. 
Foret (A.). Formiciden aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg. 
[Mitteil. Naturhistorischen Mus., Vol. XXIV. ] 
Ameisen von Madagaskerden Comoren und Ostafrika. Stuttgart, 
1907. 
Formicides do Musée National Hongrois. 
[Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Tome V, 1907.] 
La Faune Malgache des Fourmis. 
[Revue Suisse de Zool., Tome XV, 1907.] 
Nova Speco kaj nova gentonomo de Formikoj. 
{Internacia Scienca Revuo, 1907. ] The Author. 


(  xxvi ) 
Froaearr (W. W.). Australian Insects. Sydney, 1907. Purchased. 


Garcia (F.). Codling Moth Investigations during 1903-1904. 
[New Mexico Coll. of Agric., Bull. No. 65, May 1907.] 
The Author. 
Grravutt (A. A.). The Lesser Peach Borer. 
[U.8. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 68, Pt. IV, 1907.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana, Pts. CXCV-CXCVIII. 
Insecta by L. Bruner, P. P. Calvert, G. C. Champion and K. 
Jordan. The Editor. 


Notes on the American Hesperiidz described by Plotz. 
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, Vol. XX, 1907.] The Author. 


Grassi (B.). Ricerche sui Flebotomi. Roma, 1907. The Author. 


GREEN (E. E.). Description of a New Coccid. 
[Indian Museum Notes, Vol. V, No. 3.] 


Remarks on Indian Scale Insects (Coccide), with descriptions of New 
Species. 
[Indian Museum Notes, Vol. V, No. 3.] The Author. 
and Manw (H. H.). The Coccidz attacking the Tea Plant in India 
and Ceylon. 
[Mem. of the Dept. of Agric. in India, Vol. I, No. 5, 1907.] 
The Authors. 


GUMPPENBERG (C. F. von). Systema Geometrarum zone temperatioris 
septentrionalis. Th. IX. 
[Nova Acta Akad. Leopold. LXIV. ] By Exchange. 


Hampson (Sir Geo. F.). Catalogue of the Noctuide in the collection of the 
British Museum, Vol. VI, and one Vol. of Plates, 1906. 
By Exchange. 


Herms (W. B.). An Ecological and Experimental Study of Sarcophagidz 
with relation to Lake Beach Débris. 
[Journ. Exper. Zoology, Vol. IV, 1907. ] The Author. 


Heyven (L. v.), Rerrrer (E.), und Weisz (J.). Catalogus Coleopterorum 
Europe, Caucasi de Armeniz Rossicz. Paskau, 1906. 
Purchased. 


Hinps (W. E.). An Ant Enemy of the Cotton Boll Weevil. 
[U.8. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 63, Pt. III, 1907.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Hine (J. §.). Habits and Life Histories of some Flies of the Family 
Tabanide. 
LU. S. Dept. of Agric., 1906.] U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Hopexins (H. E.). [See Parrorr (P. J.).] 


Hooker (W. A.). The Tobacco Thrips. 
[U. 8. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 65, 1907.] U. S. Dept. Agric. 
[See Hunter (W. D.).] 


Horrins (A D.). Additional data on the Locust Borer. 
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 58, Pt. III, 1907.] 


Pinhole injury to girdled Cypress in the South Atlantic and Gulf 
States. 
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 82, 1907.] 


The Locust Borer and methods for its control. 
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 88, 1907. ] 


The White Pine Weevil. 
[U.S, Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 90, 1907.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


( Pein) ) 


Howarp (L. O.). Mites and Lice on Poultry. 
[U. 8. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 92, 1907.] 


New Genera and Species of Aphelinine. 
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Techn. Ser. No, 12, Pt. IV, 1907.] 


The Gipsy Moth and how to control it. 
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Farmer’s Bull. 257, 1907. ] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Hunter (W. D.). Note on the Occurrence of the N. American Fever Tick 
on Sheep. 
LU. 8. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 91, 1907.] 


The most important step in the Control of the Boll Weevil. 
LU.S. Dept. of Agric., No. 95, 1907.] U.S. Dept. Agric. 


and Hooker (W. A.). North-American Fever Tick. 
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 72,1907.] U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Hurron (F. W.). The Lesson of Evolution. 2nd Ed., 1907. 
The Author. 


JAGERSKIOLD (L. A.). Results of the Swedish Zoological Expedition to 
Egypt and the White Nile, 1901: No. 10a, Coleoptera. 
[By E. Mjoberg, A. Fauvel, A. Grouvelle, M. Pic, H. d’Orbigny, 
E. Brenske, F. Ohaus, C. Kerremans, E. Fleutiaux, E. Olivier, 
S. Schenkling, P. Lesne, H. Gebier, Chr. Aurivillius, and 
J. Weise. | 
L. A. Jigerskiold. 
Jonss (C. R.). [See BrsHopr (H.). | 


JorDAN (K.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. ] 


Ketioce (V. L.). Is there Determinate Variation ? 
(Science, N. 8., Vol. XXIV, 1906. ] 


Second Collection of Mallophaga from Birds of the Galapagos Islands 
and Neighbouring Waters. 
[Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., XX XIT, 1906. 


Some Silkworm Moth Reflexes. 


[? Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1906. | The Author. 
KERREMANS (Cl.). Monographie des Buprestides, Vol. I, Pts. XIII to XVI, 
Vol, II, Pts. I to XX. Purchased. 
Kerrsuaw (J. C.). Butterflies of Hong Kong and §. E. China, Pts. I to VI 
1905-1907. Purchased. 


KeErvILLE (Henri G. de). Note sur accouplement coufs et amour Maternel 
des Forficulides. Rouen, 1907. The Author. 


Kirpy (W.F.). Catalogue of Synonymic Orthoptera. Vol. II, Orthoptera 
Saltatoria. Pt. I (Achetidz et Phasgonuridz), 1906. 
By Exchange. 


LATREILLE (Citoyen). Précis de caractéres génériques des insectes disposés 
dans un Ordre Naturel. 


[Reprint, 1907. ] Purchased. 
Lerroy (H. M.). A Preliminary Account of the Biting Flies of India. 
Calcutta, 1907. The Author. 


The Bombay Locust (Acridium succtnctum, Linn.). 
[Mem. Dept. of Agriculture in India, Vol. I, Pt. I. 1907.] 
[See Butier (E. J.).] The Author. 


(| pox 


Linné& (Linn zus) (Carl von). Classes Plantarum. Uppsala, 1907. 
[Reprint of the Original Edition. | 
Flora Lapponica. Uppsala, 1905. 
[Reprint of the Original Edition.] 
Sasom Naturf Och Lakare. Uppsala, 1907. 
[Reprint of the Original Edition. ] 
Valda Smarra Skriftir. Uppsala, 1906. 
[Reprint of the Original Edition. | Univ. of Uppsala. 


LonestarF (G. B.). Lepidoptera and other Insecta observed in the parish 
of Mortehoe, N. Devon, 3rd Edit. To which is added a list of 
Lepidoptera noted in Lundy Island by the same. Together with 
a first list of the Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of Mortehoe, 
by Mrs. G. B. Longstaff (Jane Donald). The Author. 


Mann (H. H.). [See Green (E. E.).] 


Marcuat (Paul). La Cécidomyie des Poires (Diplosts (Contarinia) pirivora, 
Riley). 
[Ann. Soc. Entom. France, Vol. LXXVI, 1907.] 
Rapport sur la teigne de la Betterave et sur les dégats exercés par 


cet insecte en 1906. 
[Bull. Mensuel de l’Office de renseignements agricoles, Janvier 1907. ] 


La Lutte contre la Mouche des olives (Dacus olex). 
[Bull. Mensuel de 1’Office de renseignements agricoles, Aout 1907.] 


Sur le Zygellus epilachne, Giard (Parasitisme ; erreur de instinct ; 


évolution). 
{ Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1907. | 


L’Acariose des Avoines ou Maladie des Avoines Vrillées. 
[Ann. de L’Institut National Agronomique, Sér. 2, Vol. VI.] 
The Author. 


—— et Vercier (J.). Un nouvel ennemi du Framboisier (Agrilus 
chrysoderes, var. rubicola). 
[Bull. Mensuel de l’Office de renseignements agricoles, Décembre 
1906. ] The Authors. 


Martarr (C. L.). The Bedbug. 

[U. 8S. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 47, 1907.] 
U. S. Dept. Agric. 
Morean (A. C.). The Cotton Stalk-Borer. 

LU. S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 63, Pt. VII, 1907. ] 


A Predatory Bug reported as an enemy of the Cotton Boll Weevil. 


[U. S. Dept. of Agric., No. 63, Pt. IV, 1907.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Morty (Claude). Ichneumonologia Britannica: The Ichneumons of Great 
Britain. Vol. II, 8vo. Plymouth, 1907. Purchased. 


Morritt (A. W.). The Strawberry Weevil in the 8. Central States in 1905. 
[U. S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 63, Pt. VI.] 
U. S. Dept. Agric. 


Movutton (Dudley). Contribution to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera of 
California. "Washington, 1907. The Author. 


The Pear Thrips. 
[U. S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 68, Pt. I, 1907.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Newsteap (R.). Preliminary Report on the Habits, Life-cycle and Breeding 
Places of the Common House Fly (Musca domestica, Linn.) as 
observed in the city of Liverpool, with suggestions as to the 


best means of checking its increase. Liverpool, 1907. 
The Author. 


(ie ext i } 


OxtvieR (Ernest). A List of the Works by Guillaume Antoine Olivier, and 
of the Biographical Notices concerning him, 25 in all. 


Descriptions de Deux Nouvelles Espéces de Lampyride. 
[Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1883. ] 


Lampyrides Nouveaux ou peu connus. 
[Revue d’Entomologie, 1883.] 


Lampyrides Nouveaux ou peu connus (Deuxiéme Mémoire). 
[Revue d’Entomologie, 1883. ] 


Les Lampyrides d’Olivier dans l’Entomologie et l’Encyclopédie 
Méthodique. 
[Revue d’Entomologie, 1885. ] 


Nouvelle Espéce de Lampyride, Luctola hirtic os: 
[Ann. Mus. Civico di Storia Nat. Genova, Ser. 2, Vol. VI, 1888.]° 


Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regione vicine: Lampyrides. 
[Ann. Mus. Civico di Storia Nat. Genova, Ser. 2, Vol. X, 1891.] 


Descriptions de deux nouvelles espéces du genre Zuczola. 
[Ann. Mus. Civico di Storia Nat. Genova, Ser. 2, Vol. X, 1892.] 


Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Lampyride du Chili. 
[Actes Soc. Scient. Chili, Tome IV, 1894] 


Description @un Lampyris Nouveau d’ Algérie. 
[Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1894, No. 18.] 


Descriptions d’espéces nouvelles de Lampyrides. 
[Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1894. | 


Lampyrides rapportés des Iles Batu par H. Raap. 
[Ann. Mus. Civico di Storia Nat. Genova, Ser. 2 Vol. XVIII, 1897. ] 


Les Lampyrides des Antilles. 

[Report of the International Congress of Zoology. Cambridge, 
1898. | 

Malacodermide. 

[Expédition Antarctique Belge, 1897-1899, Anvers, 1906. ] 


Révision des Coléoptéres Lampyrides des Antilles et description des 
espéces nouvelles. 
[Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1899.] 


Contribution 4 l’étude des Lampyrides. 
[Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899. ] 


Les Lampyrides typiques du Muséum. 
[Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 1899, No. 7.] 


Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Décembre 1887-A ovit-1888) : 
Lampyrides. 
[Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1900. ] 


Description d’un Lampyride Nouveau de Bornéo. 
[Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1900. ] 


Contribution a l'étude de la faune entomologique de Sumatra: 
Lampyrides déterminés et décrits. 
[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Tome XLIV, 1900.] 


Catalogue Synonymique et Systematique des espéces de Luctola 
et Genres Voisins. Moulins, 1902. 


Celcuptcres. Lampyrides recueillis aux environs de Tokio (Japan) par 
. le Dr. Harmand. 
[Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 1902, No. 3.] 


Lampyrides nouveaux de Musée de Bruxelles. 
[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Tome XLVII, 1903. ] 


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[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Vol. XLIX, 1905. | The Author. 


(Px, 1h 


OxiviER (Ernest)—(continued). 
Essai sur la division de genre Photinus, Casteln.: Macrolampis, 
Motsch. 
[Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1905. ] 


Coléoptéres Lampyrides capturés a Dardjilling par M. le Dr. 
Harmand. 


[Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 1905, No. 7.] 


Lampyrides capturés par M. L. Fea dans l’Afrique occidentale. 
[Ann. Mus. Civico di Storia Nat. Genova, Ser. 3, Vol. II, 1906.] 


Collections Maurice de Rothschild (Afrique orientale anglaise et 
Madagascar). Insectes: Lampyrides. 
[Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 1906, No. 7. ] 


Collections recueillies en Perse par M. de Morgan. Coléoptéres : 
Lampyrides. 
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OsHanin (B.). Verzeichnis der Palearktischen Hemipteren. II Band. 
Homoptera. II Lieferung. 
[Ann. Mus. Zool. de l’Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, Band XII, 


1907. ] The Author. 
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[N. York Agric. Exp. Station, Bull. 1906.] The Authors. 


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U.S. Dept. Agric. 
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U.S. Dept. Agric. 
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(zea) 


SanpErs (J. G.). The Terrapin Scale. 
LU. S, Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 88, 1907.] 
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species known to occur at Brownsville, Texas, and in the 
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the Codling Moth in the Ozarks. 
LU. S. Dept. of Agric., Farmers’ Bull. No. 283, 1907.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
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Purchased. 


Suear (C. L.). [See QuainTance (A. L.). ] 


Srvesrri (F.). Descrizione di un novo genere di Insetti Apterigoti rappre- 
sentante di un novo ordine. 
[Bollettino scuola Superiore d’Agricoltura di Portici, Vol. I. | 
The Author. 


SourH (R.). The Moths of the British Isles. First Series : Sphingidae— 
Noctuide. London, 1907. Purchased. 


Swedish Zoological Expedition to Egypt and the White Nile, 1901. 
[See JAGERSKIOLD (L, A.). | 


Tower (W. L.). An Investigation of Evolution in Chrysomelid Beetles of 
the genus Leptinotarsa. 8vo, Washington, 1906. 
The Author. 


Turr (J. W.). British Butterflies, Vol. I. London, 1905-6. 
Purchased. 


Vercier (J.). [See Marcuat (Paul). | 


Watxer (J. J.). Preliminary List of Coleoptera observed in the neighbour- 
hood of Oxford from 1819 to 1906. 
[Ashmolean Nat. Hist. Soc. Rep., 1906. ] The Author. 


WatsincHam (Lord). Description of New North-American Tineid Moths, 
with a generic table of the Family Blastobasidz. 
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1907.] The Smithsonian Institution. 


Warsgurron (C.). Ticks infesting Domesticated Animals in India. 


[Imp. Dept. Agric., India, Bull. 6, 1907. ] The Author. 
Weser (S. E.). Mutation in Mosquitoes. Lancaster, Pa., 1907. 
Polygenesis in Eggs of the Culicide, 1907. The Author. 


C 


(tixcxexiive ” 9) 


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U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. No. 69, 1907.] 


The Corn Leaf-Aphis and Corn Root-Aphis. 
[U. 8. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 81, 1907.] 


The Grasshopper problem and Alfalfa culture. 
LU. S. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 84, 1907. | 


The Spring Grain-Aphis or so-called Green Bug. 
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 95, 1907. ] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
WEIsE (J.). [See HeypEn (L. V.).] 
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[U. 8. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 94, 1907. ] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Wiciiamson (E. B.). The Dragonflies (Odonata) of Burma and Lower 
Siam. 
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1907.] The Smithsonian Institution. 


(xem) 


Periodicals and Publications of Societies. 


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Hairax. Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotia Institute of 
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Boston. Boston Natural History Society. Proceedings. Vol. XXXIII, 
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( xxxvir §) 


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( xxvii ) 


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(xxi) 


ERRATA. 


TRANSACTIONS. 


Page 40, line 19 from top, for Metwcus read AMetecus. 
Page 63, line 4 from bottom, for /atricllei read latreillet. 
Page 90, 
The Larva of Collyris emarginatus, Dej. [A correction. ] 


Mr. C. J. GAHAN has directed my attention to a mistake that I have 
made in my determination of the segments of the leg in the larva of 
Collyris emarginatus. On p. 87 I state, ‘Of the legs the following parts 
can be distinguished :—femur, tibia and tarsus.” Mor femur read coxa, for 
tibia read femur, for tarsus read tibia and tarsus. The tarsus is one- 
jointed, not three-jointed. On a re-examination of mounted specimens of 
the larve, I find that there are distinct indications of a trochanteral joint 
in the mid- and hind-legs. The exact homology of the larval leg-segments 
with the adult leg-segments can only be determined accurately by a study 
of their development, but Mr. Gahan’s identification of the segments brings 
Collyris into line with other Cicindelid larve, and consequently is 
preferable to my identification.—R. SHELFORD. 


Page 151, lines 7 and 22 from top, for Casayo read Casoya, 
Page 163, line 2 from bottom, for Corebus read Corebus. 
Page 164, line 11 from top, 
Page 166, line 23 from top, 
Page 166, line 12 from top, for cinerus read cinereus. 

Page 166, line 9 from bottom, for Corwbus read Corebus. 

Page 169, line 5 from bottom, for Chysomela read Chrysomela. 
Page 239, line 15 from top, for Banguay read Banguey. 

Page 332, line 3 from bottom, for Pederus read Pederus. 

Page 344, line 26 from top, for Cephanodes read Cephonodes. 

Page 377, line 11 from bottom, for Luceola read Luciola. 

Page 393, line 5 from top, for fureatus read furcatus. 

Page 400, line 10 from top, for albidentalus read albidentatus. 

Page 406, line 8 from top, for cilus read /etlus. 

Page 412, line 13 from top, | 

Page 413, line 4 from top, for tuttidactyla read tuttodactyla. 
Page 413, line 13 from bottom, 

Page 423, footnote, line 2 from bottom, for 0. read C. 

oe ae a : ees, \ for wrticefolia read urticefolia. 


Page 452, line 3 from bottom, for Paniscwm read Paniewm. 


\ for coruscans read corruscans. 


PROCEEDINGS. 


Page xv, footnote, lines 9 and 10 from bottom, delete Hab. TUMATUMARI . . 
sub. sp. magnifica. 

Page xx, line 2 from bottom, znsert is. 

Page xli, line 25 from top, for Euplwint read Eupleint. 

Page xli, line 11 from bottom, for Euplewas read Eupleas. 


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THE 


PROCEEDINGS 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


LONDON 
Fon. THE YRAR L907. 


Wednesday, February 6th, 1907. 


Mr. C. O. Wateruouse, President, in the Chair. 


Nomination of Vice-Presidents. 
The PresipENT announced that he had nominated Mr. 
Freperick Merrirrecp, Mr. Epwarp Saunpers, F.R.S., F.L.S., 


and Mr. Grorcre Henry VERRALL to be Vice-Presidents for 
the Session 1907-8. 


Bi-centenary of Linnxus. 


The SecRETARY announced that the Society had been invited 
by the University of Upsala to be represented at the Bi- 


centenary celebrations there of the birth of Linneus, on May 
23rd and 24th next. 


Election of Fellows. 


Mr. Cartes Kimperiin Brain, of 29, Rosmead Avenue, 
Cape Town; Mrs. Caruertne Marta Moors, of Holmefield, 
Oakholme Road, Sheffield; and Mr. Aurrep Ernest Tonce, 
of Aincroft, Reigate, were elected Fellows of the Society. 


Exhibitions. 


LEPIDOPTERA FROM SUTHERLAND.—Mr. E. A. Cockayne 


brought for exhibition three cases containing a collection of 
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I. 1907. A 


(ar) 

Lepidoptera made by him at Tongue, North Sutherlandshire, 
between June 30th and July 13th, 1906, comprising the follow- 
ing species not hitherto reported from the county :—7'richiura 
crategt (larve), Hydrilla arcuosa, Phytometra xnea, Cabera 
pusaria, C. exanthemaria, Macaria liturata, Hybernia progem- 
maria, and H, defoliaria (larvee), Ephyra pendularia, Acidalia 
Jumata, Coremia ferrugata, Venusia cambrica, Cidaria prunata, 
C. suffumata, Cheimatobia boreata and C. brumata (larve), 
Lupithecia castigata, E. subfulvata, var. cognata, E. assimilata, 
EL. fraxinata, and Tanagra cherophyllata. The Exhibitor 
further remarked that the birch trees in the neighbourhood 
visited were entirely denuded of their leaves by the ravages 
of the larve of the Hybernide, on which again the Black- 
headed Gulls preyed in great numbers. It was noticeable 
also that the several species showed little tendency to 
melanism. 

MELANISM IN HastuLA HYERANA.—Dr. T, A. CHAPMAN, ex- 
hibiting fifteen specimens of Hastula hyerana, Mill., made the 
following remarks :— 

“Two months ago (December 5th, 1906) I exhibited to the 
Society a long series of Hastula hyerana, Mill. They were 
shown to illustrate how the species varied in two, not very 
strongly separated, localities. But as it seems possible to find 
many interesting details in this species, I now show a few 
specimens to demonstrate how it may vary under other cir- 
cumstances. The majority of those I had last year emerged 
in August, September and October, to the number of over 400 
specimens, in the pale (hyerana), and the dark (marginata) 
form. Of these I exhibit for comparison an average pair of 
each form, and the darkest pair of each form that emerged up 
to the end of October. In November four pale and three dark 
specimens emerged ; of these I exhibit three of the pale and 
two of the dark ones. These are very decidedly darker than 
the darkest selected from the earlier emergences. 

«Then there are four specimens that came out in December, 
all of them hyerana. Three of these are males, and are re- 
markably dark forms, like nothing amongst the preceding 
specimens. The @ is very dark but not extremely so. 
There were still four specimens that came out in January, 


(1) 

1907, completing the series; no further larve or pup re- 
maining. These four include three pale (hyerana) forms and one 
dark (marginata). The hyerana are a dark 9, darker than 
anything preceding, which happens also to be the only ¢ 
specimen at all referable to var. alpha, Mill., another very 
dark ?, anda male that met with some unaccountable accident 
in emerging, and whose precise form is therefore indetermin- 
able; it was further remarkable in the pupal stage possessing 
mandibles of a larval structure, although the imago appears to 
have no peculiarities in thisregion. ‘The fourth January speci- 
men is a female, the very darkest of the marginata form I have 
seen, Summarising, we have out of a total of fifteen specimens 
that emerged in November, December (1906), and January 
(1907), thirteen that are darker than any that appeared in the 
normal season of August, September and October, although the 
latter were over 400 innumber. We should like to know why 
these were so late in emerging, and why they are so dark ; 
and what is the co-relation between these two facts. Why 
they are so late, Ido not know. They were kept along with the 
others that emerged at the normal dates. Three months is a 
long period for a normal emergence to last over. One must 
suppose, therefore, that it has an advantage in securing that 
some specimens shall appear when weather or other circum- 
stances are favourable to them, either in early, late, or mid- 
season, and if early specimens are selected one year and late 
another, and so on, the race will acquire a habit of prolonged 
emergence and a variability in date of emergence that will 
include extreme specimens, beginning, as I have shown, in June 
and extending to the following March. 

“This does not involve any explanation of the darkness, and, 
as a matter of fact, late specimens in preceding years did not 
present any special darkening to attract my attention. It 
happens that this season we have had various spells of cold 
weather, and the room in which I kept the larvee and pup 
was only intermittently warmed and often fell in November 
to as low as 50° and even 47°. This would of course make 
still later those specimens that were late enough to fall under 
its influence. But it had the further effect of delaying 
emergence after the pupal state was assumed, so that whilst 


(awe) 
the normal emergences were only some three or four weeks 
as pupz, these late ones were seven, eight or even nine weeks. 
It is almost certain that the darkness does not depend on the 
late date, but that it does, either on the prolonged, pupal 
period, or on the low temperature the pups were subjected to 
during the maturation of the imago. A temperature of 47° 
to 60° must certainly be low for an insect that expects the 
temperature of an August on the Riviera, even when all allow- 
ance be made for their being possibly deeply hidden under 
stones, etc., in their natural habitats. Looking to the results 
of Mr. Merrifield’s experiment, I entertain little doubt that 
the effective agent for darkening is the low temperature, and 
not the prolonged pupal period, though it may be difficult to 
disentangle the two causes in these or in any other instances. 

“The effect of cold is here to produce darkening as it appears 
to be in a majority of temperature experiments. 

“It is to be specially observed that the dark effect is to make 
the hyerana form darker and the marginata form darker, with- 
out any indication that it has the slightest tendency to make 
the pale from hyerana into the dark form marginata. These 
are special varieties, selected no doubt after they appear on 
the same grounds as dark and pale forms might be selected, 
but not arising in the same way as ordinary darkening (in- 
crease of pigment) does. One or two specimens, especially the 
two darkest December males, strongly suggest that whatever 
caused the darkening, also produced a less robust specimen. 
If this be so then the darkening is due to injury by cold, not 
to a more perfect, because prolonged, maturation.” 

Mr. F. Merririztp made some further observations on the 
effects of temperature on seasonal forms, resulting not only in 
difference of colour, but in difference of structure. 

PaLtmarctic ANTHOCHARID AND Mexiraip Burrerries.— 
Miss M. E. Founrarne exhibited a number of Anthocharid 
and Melitzid butterflies from various localities in the pale- 
arctic regions, showing a wide range of variation. They 
included the following :— 

Preris napi, 39 9: 1 from Algeria, and 2 var. flavescens, 
summer brood, from Médling, near Vienna. Pontia daplidice, 
showing an extreme form of var. bellidice, from Aix-en- 


EP ag) 


Provence in April; a typical $from Sicily in June; and 1 ¢ 
var. raphani, Esp., from Algeria in July ; this being a more or 
less constant form of the summer brood in that country, though 
all the specimens, especially amongst the ? ?. were not quite 
so pale as this one. P. chloridice, § and ? summer brood from 
Asia Minor. Anthocharis belemia, 2 ¢ 3 from Algeria: to 
show the difference between that species and A. fallowi (2 3 3), 
a@ species occurring only on the tops of the desert mountains: 
A. tagis, var. bellezina, 23 3 from Aix-en-Provence. A. tagis, 
var. insularis, 2 $ g and 19 from Corsica. A. pechi, 
246d from Algeria, a species which occurs on mountains 
clothed with Alfa grass, in close proximity to the desert, but 
never actually in it. A. charlonia, 2 ¢ 5 and 1 9; another 
desert species from Algeria, also found in the same localities as 
A. pechi, being much the commonest Anthocharis in southern 
Algeria, during the months of February and March. A. char- 
lonia, gen. vern. penia, Frr., 2 ¢ 3 from the Lebanon; the 
Syrian form always much paler, and, in the exhibitor’s experi- 
ence, very scarce. A. cardamines, 1 ¢ from Draguignan, and 
1@from Le Vernet. A. gruneri, 25 Sand 19 from Greece 
in May. A. damone, 2 ¢ ¢, one with and one without the 
black streak dividing the ground colour from the orange tip: 
also 19 and 1 dand 1 9 under-side ; all from the Lebanon in 
April. A. ewpheno, 2 3 3 showing extremes in size, the 
smaller having the black streak entirely absent on fore-wings, 
with the apical orange spot much reduced in size, and crossed 
by grey veins (an aberration); the larger having the black 
streak unusually broad and distinct; 2? 9, one typical, the 
other having the orange tip almost extended to the discoidal 
spot. Also one dg and one 9 under-side ; all from Algeria in 
March and April. A. ewphenoides, 25 5 and 1 9 from the 
South of France for comparison. J/elitxa didyma, 1 typical 
dfrom Digne, 3 ¢ ¢ from Spain and the Pyrenees, in which 
the black spots were unusually large, and showed an inclination 
to be coalescent; 4 9 9 from Spain and the Pyrenees, also 
having the black spots unusually large and prominent; 3 ¢ 3 
of Melitxa didyma, var. occidentalis, Stgr., 1 from Spain, 1 from 
Syria, and | (with the ground-colour creamy-white) from North 
Italy, Also 2 diminutive 9 2 from Asia Minor in August, and 


( vi ) 


4g dg and 29 of M. didyma, var. deserticola, Oberth., from 
Algeria. J. didyma, var.nexra,3 $ ¢ and4 9 9? from Syria and 
Asia Minor, and 1 large dark 9 from Sicily = var. meridionalis. 

9 oF GENUS DoryLus.—The PresipENT exhibited a female 
example of the genus Dorylus. It was sent to the Museum 
from Mengo in Uganda by the Rev. Ernest Millar. There 
were with it in the same tube one small and two large workers, 
which may probably be the means of identifying the species at 
some future time. The workers closely resembled specimens 
in the Museum named PD. arcens, which are said to be the 
same as nigricans. ‘The specimens just received were, how- 
ever, perfectly smooth and shining, whereas those named 
arcens were somewhat dull. 


» The female measured 1} inchesin length. It was of blackish 
mahogany colour, smooth and shining, with the jaws, flagellum 
of the antenne, sides of the head, the middle of the thorax, the 
legs, and a narrow margin to each abdominal segment, pitchy 
red. 

The female of one species of this genus from Java was 
described by Dr. Gerstaecker in the Stettin ‘‘ Entomologische 
Zeitung,” for 1863, p. 91, and figure on plate 1. Three others 
have been discovered since. 

The present insect agreed in general form with that figured 
by Dr. Gerstaecker, but the prolongations of the apical seg- 


Co" a) 
ment of the abdomen instead of being acuminate, were rather 
broad, obliquely truncate at the apex, slightly concave above, 
dull. 

Mr. Millar in his letter said—‘‘I have only once heard of 
such a thing being seen here; the boys who brought it me 
told me it was being fed by the others.” 

Mr. G. A. K. MarsHat gave an account of his experiences 
with this genus in Rhodesia, South Africa, and Colonel C. T. 
BincHam said he had dug three days in India, but failed to 
find the females. 

ABERRANT ForMS OF Swiss Butrerriies.—The Rev. F, E. 
Lowe showed various aberrant forms of Swiss butterflies, 
including (a) Melanargia galatea, ab. fulvata, Lowe, from 
Martigny, in which the ordinary black markings were re- 
placed by coffee-brown, the antenne being also of the same 
colour, and the ground-colour primrose ; (6) Lycena arion, ab., 
from Pontresina, with the black spots on the under-side of the 
wings almost entirely absent, save one very large kidney-shaped 
spot, slightly tinged with white at the centre of each wing ; 
(c) Apatura iris, ab. trans. ad iole on the upper-side, taken at 
Felépens, near Lausanne ;_ the under-side very dark, the broad 
chestnut bands, which cross the wings diagonally, without 
the least intersection of bluish-white as in the type; no eyed 
chestnut spots at the lower angle of the primaries. It is 
not usual for iole to display any variation from the type on 
the under-side ; (d) two Caenonympha pamphilus, one from 
Ecldpens, suffused with a purplish-flush, and the whole ground- 
colour more tawny-red than the type; the other, from Orta 
Novarese, a 9, rich cream-white with the borders light grey, 
and not sharply defined but somewhat cloudy ; over the whole 
wing surface an opalescent reflection, suggesting a parallel to 
Chrysophanus phleas, ab. schmidtii, Gerhard. 

GyNANDROMORPHOUS Sawriy.—The Rev. F. D. Mortcr 
exhibited a very remarkable gynandromorphous specimen of 
the common fern-visiting Sawfly, Strongylogaster cingulutus, 
F. It was taken at Silchester on June 10th, 1906, by Mr. 
Philip Harwood, of Newbury, and communicated to the 
exhibitor by his brother, Mr. Bernard Harwood, of Colchester. 
Its general size and habit were those of a ¢, but the left 


( viii) 

antenne, the right side of the abdomen, and the left side of 
the genitalia were obviously 9 ; and its other sexual characters 
(as far as they could be recognized) seemed to be distinguished 
in much the same way—the ¢ and 2 elements being every- 
where separated by the longitudinal axis of the insect, but 
some of each lying to the right, and others to the left of 
that axis. 

Mr. Morice said that Mr, Harwood had kindly authorised 
him to present the specimen to the National Collection at 
South Kensington. 

A discussion followed on the occurrence and forms of 
gynandromorphism in the various orders of insects, in which 
Mr. Merririetp, Mr. A. J. Cuitry, Mr. Hues Main and 
other Fellows joined, Mr. H. St. J. DonistHorre mentioning 
that in his experience the phenomenon never appeared in 
Coleoptera, while the Presipent gave it as his opinion that 
the form assumed in the exhibit under notice was unique. 

Protection 1n TrnemD Pupa.—Colonel Cuarzes T. BrncHam 
exhibited the remarkable pupa of a Tineid, in appearance 
exactly like the head of a snake. This pupa and the moth 
shown with it, and figured in the Society’s Transactions for 
the current year, were procured at Maymyo in Upper Burma 
by Col. Waller-Barrow, R.A.M.C. 

ASSOCIATION OF BUTTERFLIES WITH APpHIDES.—Colonel 
Bryeuam also explained an exhibit made by him in illustra- 
tion of the curious habits of butterflies belonging to the 
genera Gerydus and Allotinus, Col. Waller-Barrow discovered 
that these butterflies join with ants in attending Aphidz for 
the sake of the sweet liquid exuded by the latter when touched 
gently. For this tapping the ants, as is well known, use their 
antenne, Gerydus,and Allotinus, it seems, use for the same 
purpose their abnormally long fore-legs. In the specimen of 
Gerydus boisduvalt, Moore, which was exhibited, it was to be 
noted that the tibie of the legs were flattened. Whether 
function in this case has modified form or not he could not 
presume to say: he only drew attention to the fact of the 
flattening. Col. Waller-Barrow had informed him that the 
butterflies hover over the aphides for a long time before set- 
tling, and that though numerous ants might be attending the 


( ix) 
same lot of Aphides at the time, the ants did not interfere 
with the butterflies. He noticed, however, that an ant 
occasionally reared itself up against the long legs of the butter- 
fly, as if to investigate what strange monster had sat down 
among them, but in no way was there any attempt made to 
drive off or molest the intruder. 


Papers. 


“Notes on the Indo-Australian Papilionide,” by Percy I. 
Larny, F.Z.S. 

‘On the Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera,” by 
Ernest A, Exxiotr, F.Z.8., and Chaupe Mortey. 


Wednesday, March 6th, 1907. 


Mr. C. O. Wartrrnouss, President, in the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 


Mr. Joun C. Mourron, of the Hall, Bradford-on-Avon, 
Wilts.; Mr. W. Scumassman, of 2, Kinnoul Villas, Freezy- 
water, Waltham Cross, and Mr. R. J. Tiutyarp, B.A., The 
Grammar School, Sydney, New South Wales, were elected 
Fellows of the Society. 


Resolution. 


After a discussion, in which the destructive and fatal results 
to our national Fauna, of indiscriminate collecting by inex- 
perienced persons, was commented upon, the PresipEntr 
proposed the following resolution which was seconded by 
Professor E. B. Poutton, D.Sc., F.R.S., ete., and carried 
unanimously :— 

‘That this Society, being informed that a proposal has been 
made that children in our schools be instructed to collect ob- 
jects of Natural History for the purpose of exchanging them 
for similar objects collected by school-children in our Colonies, 
deprecates the adoption of any such system,” 


Cae) 


Exhibitions. 


PROTECTIVE SuBsTANCES IN 6 ScENT-GLANDS.—Professor 
KE. B. Pourton, F.R.8., exhibited male specimens of the 
Danaine butterflies Amawris egialea, Cram., and Limnas 
chrysippus, 1., collected at Ibadan, near Lagos (December 5-12, 
1906), by Mr. H. 8. Gladstone. The interest of the specimens 
lay in the fact that the scent-producing patch near the anal 
angle of the hind-wing had been eaten out on both sides— 
very cleanly and neatly in the case of the Amawris—although 
only a minute portion of any other part of the wing-surface 
had been attacked. The abdomen was almost entirely want- 
ing, but the basal portion which remained showed that it had 
been almost certainly devoured. ‘The head and thorax also 
appeared to be quite empty. Professor Poulton stated that 
he had occasionally observed the evidence of such attacks upon 
the supposed scent-patches of Danainx, but he believed that 
the Amawris was the best and clearest case he had ever seen. 
This special attack upon Danaine scent-patches becomes of 
even greater interest and significance when we remember that 
dead specimens of this and the allied sub-family, the /thomiine, 
are less liable than other specimens to be injured by the pests 
which destroy insect collections.* On the other hand, the fact 
that the whole interior of the body was devoured appears to 
indicate indifference on the part of this particular pest to any 
specially protective substances existing in a desiccated state ; 
and it may well be that special attack was directed upon 
the scent-glands merely on account of their substance as 
compared with the rest of the wing surface. The facts appear 
to tell strongly against the view that specially protective 
(aposematic) substances are, as some have supposed, concen- 
trated in the male scent-glands; but it would not be safe to 
draw any more far-reaching conclusions. 

Inasmuch as an alternative view has been mentioned, it may 
be advantageous to quote the following passage from a paper 
published in 1882 by Professor Menpoxa, F.R.S. (Ann. Mag. 


* H. W. Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xxiii, 1862, p. 510 ; 
R. Meldola, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. xii. Confirmed also by 
J. Jenner Weir. 


( xi ) 


Nat. Hist., Dec. 1882, p. 425). Writing in answer to Mr, 
W. L. Distant, Professor Meldola states :— 

‘“There is not the least warrant for the supposition that 
scent-glands or tufts have anything to do with distastefulness. 
The acrid juices of distasteful butterflies are not generally 
emitted from any particular organ, but permeate all the 
tissues of the body. The fact that such organs exist in one sex 
only is strongly suggestive, if not demonstrative, of the view 
that they are secondary sexual characters ; and as such they 
are regarded by Dr. Fritz Miller, who has systematically 
investigated these structures, and has in many cases actually 
detected the odour emitted, which is often of a pleasant 
character.” (Jen, Zeit., vol, xi, p. 99; Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond, 
1878, p. 211.) 

REMARKABLE Larva oF SpriRAmiopsis,—Professor E. B. 
Povtton also exhibited on behalf of Mr, G. F. Leigh, F.E.S., 
of Durban, a blown specimen of the larva of Spiramiopsis 
comma, Hampson, showing the two pairs of remarkable 
processes as well as the two eye-like spots, one situated in 
front of the base of each posterior process. The anterior 
pair are placed on the second thoracic segment, the posterior 
on the third. In the dried specimen the ground-colour of 
the dorsal and dorso-lateral regions of each of these segments 
is of a brilliant orange-brown tint, making a most effective 
background for the intensely black, nearly circular eye-like 
spots. The effect of these latter is also greatly enhanced 
by a dark semi-circular line placed outside a margin of orange 
embracing nearly half the circumference of each spot. This 
line, which is concentric with the eye-spot, bounds it upon . 
the posterior-inferior section of its cireumference. A sketch 
sent by Mr. Leigh in further explanation of his exhibit shows 
that, when touched, the larva curves the anterior segments 
so as to conceal its real head and make the central point 
between the eye-spots anterior in position. From this central 
point the four relatively immense processes radiate like spokes, 
while the bright orange colour and jet-black eye-spots placed 
on each side of the centre must contribute with them to 
produce an extraordinary and terrifying appearance. By Mr. 
Leigh’s desire the specimen will be placed beside the imagines 


(exit) 
of the same species in the collection of the British Museum 
of Natural History. The larva bears the date :—‘‘ Durban, 
Nov. 3, 1906.” 

New British Letorrirus.—Dr. T. A. Cuapman showed 
several: specimens sent for exhibition by Mr. W. Purdey, 
including Leioptilus carphodactylus taken by him near Folke- 
stone. The species is new to the British list, although there 
is a specimen at South Kensington from the Stainton collec- 
tion, bred by Gregson and labelled carphodactylus, but placed 
amongst microdactylus, It is small for carphodactylus, and 
large for microdactylus, and, being a solitary specimen, not 
very typically marked, it is a question whether its label or 
its position be the more correct. The exhibition also contained 
some good varieties of Acalla cristana and a very dark ZL. 
tephradactylus, looking at first sight very like Z. scarodactylus. 

Errect oF ARTIFICIAL CONDITIONS ON SEASONALLY DrMor- 
pHic SpectEes.—Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited specimens of Zera- 
colus achine, Cram., and Belenois severina, Cram., bred and 
captured at Salisbury, Mashonaland, by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall. 

He remarked that the exhibit, which was supplementary to 
that shown by him on December 5th (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 
1906, p. civ), provided a further instalment of the results of 
Mr. Marshall’s valuable experiments on the effect of artificial 
conditions on seasonally dimorphic species. In the case of 
Teracolus achine, the exposure to conditions of moist heat in 
both larval and pupal stages had caused both sexes of a brood 
that should normally have emerged as the dry-season form, to 
assume the appearance of a wet-season generation. The same 
conditions operating in the larval stage alone had produced a 
close approximation to the same result ; while in specimens 
which had been similarly treated in the pupal stage only, little 
or no departure could be seen in the direction of the wet- 
season form. Specimens of both seasonal phases caught in 
the open were exhibited for comparison, and it was pointed 
out that these results with Zeracolus achine showed complete 
correspondence with those previously announced in the case of 
T. omphale, Godt. 

The behaviour of Belenois severina contrasted strongly with 
that of the two species of Teracolus, for whereas in the case of 


( xii >) 


the latter the larval was proved to be the susceptible period, 

exposure of the former to damp heat in the larval condition 
produced no perceptible effect, the resulting emergences being 
of the ordinary dry-season phase. Exposure, however, to the 
same conditions in both larval and pupal stages resulted in a 
transformation to the full wet-season form. In this species 
the seasonal changes chiefly affect the under-surface. 

A further point of great interest received illustration from 
the same series of bred B. severina. This was the difference 
in effect between moisture accompanied by heat and moisture 
alone. Those individuals exposed as both larvee and pup to 
the combined effect of heat and moisture, emerged, as has been 
said, in the full wet-season condition. Those, on the other 
hand, exposed in both these stages to moisture alone without 
heat, emerged with the ground-colour of the hind-wing under- 
side characteristic of the wet season, while the dark veining of 
the dry season was in the same specimens not only present 
but strongly accentuated. It might be said, in fact, that the 
employment of moisture only, without heat, had produced a 
well-marked form, unknown under normal conditions in this 
region, though occurring naturally in some other parts of 
Africa, as Uganda and Natal. 

To sum up: Mr. Marshall by means of these carefully con- 
ducted experiments had shown that in the two species of 
Teracolus, T'. omphale and T. achine, a brood which left to itself 
would produce the dry-season phase of the imago, might by 
the application of heat and moisture be made to assume the 
characteristic features of the wet-season form. Further, in 
each of these cases it was shown that exposure to the artificial 
conditions during tie larval stage only was capable of produc- 
ing nearly the whole effect, the result of similarly treating the 
pupa only being scarcely perceptible. 

On the other hand, while in Belenois severina an equally 
complete transformation from the dry- to the wet-season form 
had been accomplished, it was clearly shown that in this case 
the larval was not the susceptible stage, the result of exposing 
the larva only to the artificial conditions being practically nil. 
In this species also Mr. Marshall had experimentally disso- 
ciated the two conditions of heat and moisture, showing that 


( Siv ) 


while in combination they could effect a transformation to the 
full wet-season form, the employment of the latter only with- 
out the former produced an entirely different result, the most 
distinctive mark of the new form being the accentuation of a 
feature usually characteristic of the dry season. 

ODEZIA ATRATA ABERRATION.—Mr. Setwyn Imace brought 
for exhibition an aberration of Odezia atrata, Lin., taken by 
Dr. G. B. Longstaff at Mortehoe, N. Devon, on June 26, 1906. 
The specimen differed very obviously from the ordinary form. 
The fore-wings were rather sharply angulated at the apex 
instead of rounded. Head dull ochreous. Thorax and abdo- 
men densely irrorated with ochreous. Fore-wings greyish- 
ochreous irrorated with black. Hind-wings black irrorated 
with ochreous terminally. Cilia of fore-wings white. Cilia of 
hind-wings black, shading off into ochreous at the edge. The 
flight, he said, suggested that of a Pyralid rather than of a 
Geometrid. 

SEPARATION OF HELIconius Specres.—Mr. W. J. Kays, who 
exhibited a series of the genus Heliconius, said that they 
were arranged to show (1) how Herr Riffarth in a paper 
published in 1901, entitled “ Die Gattung Heliconius,” divided 
the genus into two main divisions by a secondary sexual 
character, viz., Group I, in which the inner margin of fore- 
wing of ¢ on under-side is composed of smooth scales reaching 
the median nervure, and Group II, in which the smooth scales 
do not reach the median nervure by about a millimetre. This 
classification very nearly gives equal proportions for both I 
and II. In point of fact, 34 species in I and 37 in II, includ- 
ing very many sub-species in both. The remarkable result 
of the application of these characters revealed the fact that 
in several instances what we had hitherto called one species 
was in reality two species, one belonging to Group I, the 
other to Group II. Thus Heliconius hydara was found to 
embrace a sub-species of H. amaryllis in euryades, Riff., /. 
xenoclea included H. batesi,* Riff., and H. phyllis included 
H. nanna. 

* H. batesi, Riff., falls as a synonym of H. xenoclea, Hw., as Riffarth 
mistook Hewitson’s figure of H. xenoclea to represent a species in Group II, 


and described the species in Group I as batesi. In Hewitson’s collection 
(now in the National Collection) no specimen of Group II exists, so that 


(pe) 


More than thirty years ago (in 1871) H. pachinus was 
described by Salvin, and four years later an extremely 
similar species was described by Staudinger and named JZ. © 
hewttsoni, but it was left to Riffarth in 1901 to detect that 
these two species were not genetically close, but belonged to 
two different groups. 

A remarkable fact not mentioned by Riffarth, or by 
Riffarth and Stichel in a more recent paper in the “‘ Tierreich,” 
published in 1905, is that all these pairs of species are found 
together in their respective localities. Thus H. hydara flies 
with H. amaryllis, sub-sp. ewryades, in Trinidad, and I took 
them there myself though quite unawares in July 1901. 
H. xenoclea (= batesi) and H. microclea have been sent home 
in the same parcel of papered insects from Chanchamayo, 
Peru. H. pachinus and H. hewitsoni occur together in 
Panama, and ZH. phyllis and H. nanna have been found in 
identical localities in Southern Brazil. That Riffarth’s 
character is a sound one there can be no doubt, as small dis- 
tinctions of shape and colour (not, however, always mentioned 
by Riffarth) are always to be detected, and the group character 
is never absent without the other. Why this great similarity 
should exist we have no direct proof. From analogy it is 
probably a Miillerian association, and one would have expected 
that either members of Group I or Group II were the more 
numerous because more distasteful. 

But this is apparently not the case. H. nanna and 1. 
amaryllis rosina, both of Group I, are much rarer than their 
respective “pairs,” H. phyllis and H. hydara colombina, But 
H. wenoclea also belongs to Group I and is much commoner than 


Hewitson’s figure could only be of the Group I species = H. xenoclea. 1 
therefore propose re-naming the Group II species as mcroclea, n. sp. 

Heliconius microclea, nu. sp. 

Hab. Tumatumari, B. Guiana; taken with H. phyllis, sub. sp. 
magnifica. 

Very like H. xenoclea, Hew., except that the smooth shining scalesin 6 
on the under-side of the inner margin of fore-wing do not reach the median 
nervure. The red apical patch is rounded on its outer edge and sharply 
cut below. The central red blotch shows no marked contraction within 
the discoidal cell as it does in H. xenoclea. In size rather less than H. 
xenoclen. 

Hab. CHANCHAMAYO, Peru. 

Taken with H. xenoclea, but less plentifully. 


(ava, 


H. microclea of Group II. Many parallel cases in unrelated 
groups are known to exist, and this negative evidence is no 
proof that these Heliconians are not mimics one of the other. 
It is quite possible that in some, perhaps in the majority 
of localities, members of one group are always more dominant 
than in the other. It is also possible that perhaps the exact 
times of appearance do not quite coincide, and that when the 
collector is taking one species abundantly the other is not 
fully out and vice versa. In addition to the species already 
mentioned the following were also exhibited :—H. vulcanus 
cythera with ab. modesta, and H. vuleanus pyrforus * of Group 
I, H. amphitrite and H. favorinus of Group II, 

The series exhibited is also to show (2) how Herr Riffarth, and 
later with the collaboration of Herr Stichel in the “‘ Tierreich ” 
for 1905, derives the melpomene-like forms of several species 
from an amaryllis-like form with a yellow transverse band on 
the hind-wings, the system being based on the shape of the 
red blotch on the fore-wings in conjunction with the main group 
character. In the series of 1. amaryllis were shown two of 
its sub-species, viz. rostna from Colombia and euryades from 
Trinidad, and one of the rare intermediates named euwryas by 
Riffarth in which the yellow band is almost but not entirely 
obliterated. 

MicromorPHismM IN CoLEopreRAm— Mr. W. E. Sarre 
showed a small collection of Coleoptera to illustrate the 
tendency of some species to micromorphism, and gave an 
account of the causes of which these small forms were the 
result. 

The exhibition included specimens of Brachinus crepitans, 
Necrophorus mortuorum, Nacerdes melanura, Meloé proscara- 
beus, Pissodes notatus, Phyllobius argentatus, Leiopus nebu- 
losus, and Aleochara cuniculorum. And remarking upon 


* Heliconius vulcanus, sub-sp. pyrforus, n. sub-sp. 

Fore-wing with a strong slaty-blue gloss, more so than in H. vulcanus 
vulcanus but less than in H. vuleanus cythera. The red blotch across the 
centre of the wing very large. Cilia white spotted. _Hind-wing without 
markings. Cilia white spotted. Under-side of hind-wing without any 
trace of a yellow transverse band. 

Hab. TuMATuMARI, b. Guiana. 

The sub-species is very like H. erato guarica = magnifica, Riff., except 
for the white spotted fringe. 


@)- xvi) 


them Mr. SHarp said that micromorphism was a not unusual 
phenomenon among Coleoptera and other orders; that it 
appeared to be due, neither to heredity, nor reversion, but to 
defective larval nutrition. Evidence of this was supplied by 
the fact that such micromorphic forms are most common in 
those groups whose larval food is specialised and liable to 
sudden diminution or termination. While the interest of the 
ease lies in the apparent capability of these organisms to 
respond to such a deficient supply of nutrition as in other 
animals would result in starvation or atrophy, by a completion 
of the normal outogeny perfected to the last specific character 
in miniature, and that this appears to be a special adaptation 
to meet the contingency of variable or limited food supply. 

Mr. H. St. Jonn Donistuorre also exhibited a number 
of similarly stunted specimens in further illustration of this 
characteristic. 

Mimicry 1n Lycanips.—Mr. Hamitron H. Druce exhibited 
a case of butterflies illustrating the interesting Lycenid genus 
Mimacrea, including two groups, the one mimicking the 
Danaine, the other the Acrzine butterflies. 


Papers. 


The Rev. G. A. CrawsHay, M.A., read a paper, illus- 
trated by lantern slides, on “The Life History of Tetropiwm 
gabrieli, Weise.” 

Dr. T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.Z.S., read a paper, illustrated 
by several exhibits, on ‘‘Some Teratological Specimens.” 

The following papers were also communicated :— 

“Entomology in North-West Spain,” by T. A. CHapmay, 
M.D., F.Z.8S., and G. C. Campion, F.Z.S. 

“The Larva of Collyris emarginatus, Dej.,” by Rosrrr 
SuetrorpD, M,A., F.L.S. 

“A Preliminary Revision of the Forficwlide and Cheliso- 
chidz,’ by Matcotm Burr, B.A., F.LS. 

‘Descriptions of some new Butterflies from ‘Tropical 
Africa,” by Hamitton H. Druce, F.Z.S. 

‘‘A Catalogue of the Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide, 
with descriptions of new Species,” by Arruur M. Lexa, F.E.S. 

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 1. 1907, B 


( xviii ) 


Wednesday, March 20th, 1907. 
Mr, C. O. WaterHousE, President, in the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 

Dr, Exnest Epwarp Octavius Crort, of 28 Hyde Terrace 
Leeds ; Mr. Fertx M. Dames, of Berlin; Mr. THomas Frank 
Partrripce Hoar, of Quex Lodge, West End Lane, Hamp- 
stead, N.W.; Professor Dr. A. Jacopt, Director of Zoology and 
Anthropology in the Ethnographical Museum of Dresden ; and 
Mr. Haroitp J. Wuirr, of 42 Nevern Square, Kensington, 
S.W., were elected Fellows of the Society. 


Bi-centenary of Linnexus. 


It was announced that the Rev. F. D. Moricr, M.A., and 
Professor E. B. Pounron, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., would represent 
the Society at the forthcoming celebrations at Upsala and 
Stockholm. 

Exhibition. 

PARALLELISM BETWEEN THE GENERA PHRIssuRA AND MYLo- 
THRIs.—Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited several species of Phiissura 
and Mylothris side by side, in order to illustrate the remarkable 
parallelism that exists between these two Pierine genera. 
The forms shown were as follows :— 


Phrissura lasti, Grose Smith, ¢ Mylothris narcissus, Butl., ¢ 


P. sylvia, Fabr., ¢ M. spica, Mosch., 3 
P. sylvia, Fabr., @ M. spica, Mosch., 2 
P. sylvia, Fabr., 3 (western MM. bernice, Hew., 3 
form) 
P. perlucens, Butl., 3 M. asphodelus, Butl., ¢ 
P. phoebe, Butl., 9 M. poppea, Cram., @ 
P. phebe, Butl., 2 M. poppea, Cram., ¢ 
P. phebe, Butl., 9 M. rubricosta, Mab., ? 


The genus Phrisswra, he remarked, was closely akin to 
Appias, Tachyris, Catophaga and Glutophrissa ; Mylothris, on 
the other hand, occupied an isolated position and was of 


G ie) 


doubtful affinity. With the exception of two eastern forms, 
the species of Phrissura, like those of Mylothris, belonged to 
Africa. It was remarkable that there scarcely existed a 
single form of Phrissuwra that did not find a counterpart in 
the other genus, though there was nothing but a remote 
relationship between them. The forms that so closely 
resembled each other were, speaking generally, inhabitants 
of the same districts, and it was interesting to observe that 
where a species of the one genus underwent a local modifica- 
tion, the corresponding local race of the other genus was 
similarly transformed in appearance. Thus the Uganda form 
of P. sylvia, 3, closely resembled JZ, spica, ¢, from the same 
region, both being white butterflies with a dark apex to the 
fore-wing, a row of marginal black spots on the hind-wing, 
and a basal patch of bright orange. In the representative 
forms from the Congo region, P. perlucens, Butl., ¢, and M. 
asphodelus, Butl., 3 , the basal orange was in each case replaced 
by lemon yellow. Again, in the West African specimen 
shown of P. sylvia, 5, the basal orange took on a darker tinge 
and was somewhat modified in shape, in both of which respects 
it came into close correspondence with J. bernice from the 
same locality. The facts might lend some apparent colour to 
the view that the correspondence was due in each case to 
similarity of surroundings. The speaker, however, thought 
that the difficulties in the way of such an explanation were 
insuperable, and that the relation was in every case mimetic. 
It would not be easy to say whether the mimicry was of the 
Batesian or of the Miillerian kind, the data being scarcely 
sufficient ; he inclined personally to the belief that it would 
prove to be of the latter, 7. e. the Miillerian sort, especially as 
there appeared to be indications of a diaposematic exchange 
of characters between the two series of forms. 

He regretted that the Hope Collection possessed no speci- 
mens of P. nyasana, Butl., ¢, for this form together with 
M. riippellii, Koch, 6, would have made a striking addition to 
the exhibit. He should have preferred also to put a specimen 
of the West African P. isokani, Grose Smith, ? , beside the I. 
poppea, 2, from Ashanti, had one been available. 

Though he had on the present occasion confined himself to 


( xx ) 


the parallelism existing between these two genera, he wished 
also to remark that in many cases the actual forms shown 
formed part only of a much larger mimetic association. 


Papers. 


The following papers were communicated :— 

“Studies in the TZetrigine (Orthoptera) in the Oxford 
Museum,” by JosepH L. Hancock, M.D., F.E.S. 

“A List of the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands,” by 
Matcotm Cameron, M.B., R.N., and Dr, A. Caruana Gatto. 

“The Life History of Spindasis lohita, Horsf.,” by Joun C. 
KERSHAW. 

“On the Egg Cases and Early Stages of some South-Chinese 
Cassidide,” by Joun C. Kersnaw and Freperiok Muir. 

‘‘A Life History of Zesseratoma papillosa, Thunb.,” by JouHn 
C. Kersnaw, with “ Notes on the Stridulating Organ and 
Stink Glands,” by FrepErick Murr. 

“The Vinegar Fly (Drosophila funebris),” by Ernest E. 
Unwin, communicated by Professor L. C. Mian, F.B.S. 

‘On the Structure and Life History of the Holly Fly,” by 
Professor Louis Compton Mraz, F.R.S., and T. H. Taytor. 

The Secretary then read the following :— 


‘Note ON XANTHORHOK FERRUGATA, CLERCK, AND THE 
MenpeviAn Hyporuesis,” by Lronarp Doncaster, M.A., 
F.E.S. 


“Tn the Trans. Ent. Soc. 1906, Part IV., p. 525, appeared a 
paper by Mr. L. B. Prout on the inheritance of colour in 
Xanthorhoé ferrugata, in which it is concluded that the in- 
heritance of the two colour-varieties is not in accord with 
Mendel’s Law. I have no experience of this insect, but on 
reading Mr. Prout’s paper it seemed to me that he had over- 
looked one possibility, and that the evidence, as he gives it, is 
rather in favour of the belief that the inheritance in this case 
is Mendelian, than opposed to it. Mr. Prout assumes that the 
black variety is dominant in the Mendelian sense, because it 

more frequently found in the wild state, but the evidence 
shows clearly that the purple form is dominant and the black 


( jizxi )) 


recessive. According to Mendel’s hypothesis recessives when 
paired together must always breed true, and accordingly in 
Mr. Prout’s experiments in every case when black was mated 
with black, exclusively black offspring were produced, even 
when the black parents had purple ancestry. The dominant 
purple form, on the other hand, may contain the recessive 
character, and if so half the germ-cells which it produces will 
bear purple, the other half black. If such an insect is paired 
with a black, which by hypothesis must be pure, then half the 
offspring will be black (pure) and half will be purple hybrids. 
In matings of this kind Mr. Prout obtained 171 black, 147 
purple and 4 intermediate, where the Mendelian expectation 
is 161 black and 161 purple. The rare intermediates must be 
regarded as cases in which the dominance of the purple is not 
quite complete, and the numbers (roughly 53 per cent. and 47 
per cent.) are not far from the expected equality of the two 
forms. 

“Tf the purple is dominant, when purple is mated with purple 
either all the offspring will be purple (if one or both of the 
parents are pure dominants), or there will be three purples to 
one black (75 per cent. to 25 per cent.), if both contain the 
recessive character. In all Mr. Prout’s matings the latter 
case was observed, for black occurred in each family. Alto- 
gether, including the family described as (1) on p. 529, there 
were obtained 147 purple, 2 intermediate, 60 black where the 
Mendelian expectation is 157 purple, 52 black, 7. e. Mr. Prout 
obtained about 71 per cent. and 29 per cent. instead of the 
expected 75 and 25 per cent. 

‘“‘It is perhaps remarkable that among ten pairings of this 
nature none should have been pure dominants, but as most of 
the insects used were the progeny of wild purples, and black is 
admittedly the commoner form in nature, this need cause no 
surprise. That the recessive form is the commoner in the 
wild state is not rare, e.g. I have shown that the common 
form of Angerona prunaria is recessive to the var. sordiata 
(P. Z.S. 1906, vol.I, p. 125), and other cases might be added. 
I think it must be concluded therefore that instead of showing 
that the two colour-forms of X. ferrugata are not inherited 
in accordance with Mendel’s Law, Mr. Prout’s experiments 


( =i) 
indicate that this species affords another clear instance of that 
type of inheritance. 

“Mr. Prout quotes me (p. 529) as saying that the inherit- 
ance of Melanism in Aplecta nebulosa is not Mendelian, and he 
assumes that perhaps Mendelian inheritance is confined to 
certain species. My words were intended to mean that in that 
species the inheritance of Melanism could not be shown by the 
evidence at present available to follow Mendel’s Law, because 
neither form is a simple dominant over the other, but this is 
no evidence that the Mendelian segregation of the germ-cells 
does not take place. In a species where one colour-form 
is clearly dominant over the other there can be little doubt as 
to the Mendelian inheritance, but in more complicated cases 
such as A. nebulosa much careful experiment would be 
required, before the nature of the inheritance could be worked 
out.” 

Commenting also on Mr. Prout’s paper, Dr. F. A. Drxey 
said that “dominance” in what the author spoke of as the 
ordinary acceptation of the word might or might not coincide 
with Mendelian dominance. It seemed tolerably clear that 
Mr. Doncaster’s suggestion was correct, and that in this 
instance the “black” form, which was dominant in the 
‘ordinary’? sense, was a Mendelian recessive. It should, 
however, be observed that in one instance black and black 
produced an intermediate (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, 
p. 527). 

The cases recorded on p. 529 of Mr. Prout’s very interesting 
paper presented some difficulty. The only possibility seemed 
to be that, as Mr. Doncaster had pointed out, the three wild 
“purple” females there spoken of were hybrids mated with 
recessives. The Mendelian expectation for the offspring on 
this supposition would be 50 per cent. purple and 50 per cent. 
black—a proportion rather widely departed from, especially in 
the case of female (2), whose recessive offspring considerably 
exceeded in number the Mendelian prediction. But the 
numbers of the individual broods were after all far too small 
to give stable conclusions, and if the several results of pre- 
sumably DR xR matings mentioned in the same paragraph 
were added together, the Mendelian proportion would be more 


(Sent 9) 
nearly approached. The paired offspring of female (1) were 
probably both hybrids; as also must have been the purple 
male offspring of female (3), which was paired with a recessive 
of the same brood. 

Dr. Dixy further remarked that it would be interesting to 
inquire into the causes of the alleged preponderance of the 
purple form in the Isle of Man. The facts concerning the 
relative abundance of the two forms in different localities 
seemed to suggest that some kind of selection was at work, 
but it was not easy to conjecture what its precise mode of 
operation might be. 


Wednesday, April 10th, 1907. 
Mr. C. O. WaterHousE, President, in the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 

Mr. Sypnry R. Asupy, of 119, Greenvale Road, Eltham 
Park, Kent; Mr. Artaur Buuuer, F.S.A., of The Old 
Vicarage, Midsomer Norton, Somerset ; Mr. Bernarp H. D. 
Harrison, of Claremont, Ashleigh Road, Barnstaple; and 
Mr. Cuartes Firtpine Jounson, of Mayfield, Binnington 
Crescent, Stockport, were elected Fellows of the Society. 


Obituary. 


The decease was announced of Mr. Jonn Emmerson Rosson, 


Exhibitions. 


SIMILARITY BETWEEN Dry-sEASON FoRMS OF ALLIED PIERINE 
Sprcies.—Dr. F. A. Drxty exhibited male specimens of the 
wet- and dry-season phases of the following African and Indian 
Pierine :— 


Teracolus achine, Cram. T. antigone, Boisd. 
T. omphale, Godt. Huphina nadina, Lue. 
7’. evenina, Wallgrn. H. nerissa, Fabr. 


He remarked that the exhibit illustrated two points :— 
(1) the fact that in Pierine which were subject to seasonal 


( ey D 


dimorphism the dry-season form was often conspicuously smaller 
than its wet-season representative ; and (2) the fact that the 
males of species which were easily discriminated in their wet- 
season phases might be almost indistinguishable from each 
other in the dry-season garb, the same applying, though less 
markedly, to the females. In the case of the four species of 
Teracolus shown, though there was a family likeness between 
all the wet-season forms, they could nevertheless be distin- 
guished ata glance. On the other hand, the dry-season forms 
of the same four species resembled each other so closely in 
aspect, and even in size, that they could not be separated 
without minute examination. He knew from personal ex- 
perience that these dry-season forms were most difficult to 
identify in the field. The two species of Huphina, again, bore 
in their dry-season phase a very close resemblance to each 
other, but in the wet-season they were quite dissimilar. 

He did not advance either of these points as being of uni- 
versal application ; though the former of them, at least, was 
of very common occurrence. 

Forms oF OspHyA AND ConcurRRENT Sprcres.—Mr. G. C. 
Cuampion showed on behalf of Mr. J. Epwarps specimens of 
the genus Osphya and read the following note communicated 
by him :— 

‘“This exhibit consists of five forms of Osphya together 
with certain other species occurring at the same time and 
place, and which, having regard to gait and appearance, re- 
semble them more or less closely. It is not suggested that 
these resemblances are protective. On the whole, the numbers 
of Telephorus pellucidus much exceed those of the normal male 
of Osphya (a), but on some occasions the two species occur in 
approximately equal numbers ; and the same may be said of the 
normal female (6) and Zelephorus lividus. The ‘nigripenne 
form of female (c) occurs in a proportion of approximately 
two per cent. to the normal form, and its proportion of occur- 
rences to those of Zelephorus rusticus is, of course, much 
smaller ; still, the resemblance of the two insects in life is 
very striking. About five per cent. of all the females are of 
the small form (¢), and the resemblance between these and 
Lelephorus hemorrhoidalis, though noticeable, is not very 


( xxv) 


marked. The resemblance between the ‘simplex’ form of 

the male (e) in which the hind-legs are practically unmodified, 

there being neither angulation near the base of the tibia nor 

production inwards at the apex of that member, to the female - 
of Grammoptera ruficornis is in life particularly striking, the 

proportion of the Osphya to the Longicorn being approxi- 

mately two per cent. 

“T have kept a number of living specimens of both sexes 
of Osphya in confinement, and had ample direct evidence of 
one important function of the hind-legs of the male, namely, 
to secure him in position at the time of pairing. He mounts 
the back of the female, who struggles to escape, and seizes her 
with his mandibles by the neck, clasping her in the meantime 
round the body with his front pairs of legs whilst the hinder 
pair are so adjusted that the hind tibiz of the female are held 
between his femora and tibie near the knee-joint (that is, 
between the joint and the small tooth on the femora), and the 
remainder of the inner edge of his hind tibie is closely applied 
to the venter of the female abdomen; the large curved tooth 
at the apex of the tibia fits the curve of the under-surface of 
the female abdomen and evidently serves to increase the grip. 
The effect of these circumstances is to secure the pairing of 
individuals of suitable size, for the small males were quite 
unable to hold the large females whilst the small females 
escaped with ease from the embrace of the normal males. It 
appears remarkable that the small form is not more common, 
as I observed the males to pair readily enough with females 
of suitable size. I found no evidence in support of the theory 
that the strongly modified hind-legs of the normal males serve 
to give the insects a better grip of their support under ordinary 
circumstances ; on the contrary, during ordinary progression 
the hind tibia is closely applied to the femur, the tip of the 
inward prolongation at the apex of the former locking into 
a cavity in the trochanter and leaving only the tarsus free.” 

Mr. H. Sr. J. Donistuorre expressed his opinion that the 
resemblance between the forms was most certainly protective, 
and Mr. A. J. Cuirry said that in Monkswood, Hunts., where 
he had taken Osphya in abundance, all the females belonged to 
the light form, 


( eet. 7) 


AntTenn&-Jornts in Tracuysceris——Mr. H. J. Carrer 
showed a microscopic slide prepared to demonstrate that the 
antenne of the genus 77vachyscelis have eleven joints, and not 
ten as hitherto described. 

Mr. Carter having made some further observations, also 
contributed the following note :— 


ON THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF TRACHYSCELIS. 


“In a late microscopic observation of the antenne of 7’ nigra, 
mihi, I noticed a marked discrepancy from Pascoe’s tabulation 
of the species (Ann. and Mag., v, 1870, p. 95). In that table, 
Trachyscelis is differentiated from the other genera of the 
tribe by the main distinction ‘ ten-jointed antennx.’ More- 
over, in a footnote, Pascoe refers to Du Val as the ‘only author 


oo 
pa. 


Antenna of Trachyscelis nigra, Carter. 


who has given the correct number of antennal joints’ (Gen. 
Col. d’Europe, ili, p. 288.) In reference to his figure (Pl. vii, 
fig. 352b) I have failed to detect the moniliform structure of 
the club, and the basal joint is much larger and curved almost 
ata right angle. It must be recollected however that the 
whole antenna is not larger than the point of a fine needle. . 
M. Du Val himself says, ‘ Nos auteurs récents, et M. Mulsant 
lui-méme, donnent tous onze articles aux antennes des 
Trachyscelis, mais ils ne peuvent avoir contrélé ce nombre avec 
soin, car les antennes en question n’offrent évidemment que dix 
articles distincts et articulés. M. Emile Blanchard (Regne An. 
de Cuvier, Edit. Masson, i, pl. 50, p. 4) a fait mieux. Dans le 
dessein du reste en tout trés mauvais, quil a donné de 
Vantenne du 7’. aphodioides, il a répresenté la massue comme 
offrant six articles.’ On referring to Latreille, the founder of 


(AuxxwiT ey) 


the genus (Gen. Crust. et Insect., IV, p. 379), the antennz 
are described as ‘ Capite vix longiores, articulis sex ultimis 
clavam perfoliatam abruptam, breviter oratam, efficientibus ; 
basilari elongato, tertio duobusque sequentibus minimis, 
transversis.’ Neither Lacordaire, nor Leconte and Horn, 
say anything as to the number of antennal joints. 

“TI present a drawing of the antenna of my species which 
shows (1) that there are eleven clearly articulated joints, (2) 
that the club consists of five well-defined and widened joints. 

“Mr. G, C. Champion, who has examined the antennz of 
the following species, sends me the enclosed report on the 
subject. From this it appears that of eight species examined 
two only have ten-jointed antenna, viz. 7. aphodioides, Latr., 
and 7’. ciliaris, Champ., the remaining six species having eleven- 
jointed antenne. The missing joint in the former is one of 
the small joints, between the basal two and the apical five. 
This very extraordinary difference shows the difficulty of 
relying on such important structural character as number of 
antennal joints for generic distinction.” 


Mr. Champion’s report is as follows :— 


‘“T now send a slide of 7. aphodioides and of 7. ciliaris 
(hardly dry yet) for your inspection. My report on the 
various species known to me is as follows (all have two stout 
basal joints and a five-jointed club) :— 


T. aphodioides, Latr., Europe and N. Afr., 10-jointed. 
T. tenuestriatus, Fairm., Obock and Perim, 11-jointed. 
T. chinensis, Ch., Namoa I., 11-jointed. 

7’. sabuleti, Lewis, Japan, 11-jointed. 

7’. pallens, Ch., Ceylon, 11-jointed. 

7’. niger, Cart., Australia, 11-jointed. 

T. levis, Ch., Australia, 11-jointed. 

T. ciliaris, Ch., Australia, 10-jointed. 


It is very extraordinary, and shows that no reliance can be 
placed on this character for generic differentiation. The 
additional joint is always another very small one (4 instead 
of 3). No variation in basal joint, as you supposed.” 


(| (omevait Y) 


Papers, 


Mr. Kennern J. Morron communicated a paper on 
“Odonata collected by Lt.-Colonel C. G. Nurss, chiefly in 
North-Western India.” . 

Mr. W. J. Kaye communicated a paper on ‘“ The Life 
History of Cydimon (Urania) leilus,” by L. Gurry, Junior, 
which was followed by a discussion on the migratory habit, 
and classification of the species. Commander J. J. WALKER 
said that he had met with an allied species at Panama where 
it was believed that the insect made daily migrations from 
one side of the isthmus to the other. Mr. J. W. Turr said 
that Mr. Guppy’s description of the egg at once determined 
that the species should be classed no longer as a Geometer. 
The characteristics described suggested that it belonged to the 
butterfly stirps. The Presipent and other Fellows also joined 


in the discussion. 


Wednesday, May Ist, 1907. 
Mr. C. O. Warernouss, President, in the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 


M. Atexanpre Bonnet, of 36°* Boulevard Bineau, Neuilly- 
sur-Seine, Seine, France; Mr. Henry Murray Gixss, of Perth, 
Western Australia; Mr. Arruur Lestrs Raywarp, of Cole- 
brooke, Park Lane, Wallington, Surrey; and Mr. Yrrnp 
Durr, of Tokyo, Japan, were elected Fellows of the Society. 

Obituary. 

The decease was announced of the Rev. WittiAmM Henry 
Heater, M.A. 

Exhibitions. 

CoLEoPTERA FROM IcELAND.—Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited a 
small collection of Coleoptera made by him in Iceland in July 
1906, comprising thirty-nine species, of which some were 
previously unrecorded as inhabiting that island. He also 
drew attention to the aflinity between the beetle-fauna of 


(i xxpe) 


Iceland and of Scotland, only one of those taken, Colymbetes 
grenlandicus, Aubé, not occurring in both countries. 

Larv® or OTIoRRHYNCHUS suLcATUS.—Mr. J. A. CLark 
brought for exhibition living larvee of Otiorrhynchus sulcatus 
feeding on the roots of ferns. 

CoLEOPTERA FROM THE Sout oF FranceE.—Commander J. J. 
Waker showed living specimens of Oxythyrea_ stictica, L., 
Lpicometis hirtella, L., and Anthaxia parallela, Lap., taken by 
Dr. T. A, Chapman at St. Maxime, Var, 8. France. 

Divercent Mrimicky BY THE FEMALES oF LEUCERONIA 
ArGIA, Fabr.—Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited specimens of 
Leuceronia argia, Fabr., 6 and 9, together with several 
forms belonging to four other Pierine genera. He remarked 
on them as follows :— 

“Mr. Trimen (‘South African Butterflies, vol. IIT, 1889, 
p. 181) has drawn attention to the resemblance borne to 
Mylothris agathina, Cram., and Selenois ianthe, Doubl., by 
certain forms of the female Lewceronia argia, Fabr. The 
female of this Pierine is extremely variable, and the object of 
the present exhibit is to show that each of its diverse forms is 
associated in aspect with one or more species of Mvylothris, 
Belenois, Pinacopteryx or Phrissura—all these being genera 
whose affinity with Leuceronia is remote. 

““The following are the forms now exhibited, together with 
the types which they respectively resemble :— 


Form or L. argia, Fasr., 2 ASSOCIATED WITH 

1. White, black-bordered form (=f.  Belenois theuszi, Dewitz 
typica, Auriv.). 3. 

2. The same, with orange basal flush Mylothris riippellii, Koch, 
on forewings (=f. popped, Donov., é- 


teste, Butler). 

3. White, slight dark border, pinkish  Phrisswra phebe, Butl., ? 
basal flush just showing through 
upper surface of forewings. 

4, White, border of conspicuous dark  Mylothris riippellii, Koch, 


spots, orange-vermilion basal Sas 
flush. 

5. Yellow, strongly-marked dark Mylothris riippellii, Koch, 
border, orange basal flush (= f. é (yellow form). 


sulphurea, Auriy.). 


(Cae ® ) 


6. White, slightly-marked spotty bor-  Pinacopteryx rubrobasalis, 
der, yellowish hindwings, pale Lanz, ¢. 
orange basal flush. 

7. Ordinary Natal form (=f. varia,  Mylothris agathina,Cram., 
Trimen), showing under-side. d (under-side), 


“These examples do not exhaust the list of forms of L. argia, 
?, which resemble other Pierine species ; for besides the black 
and yellow f. idotea, Auriv., which is the form noticed by 
Trimen for its resemblance to Belenois ianthe, there is a 
modification of f. varia, Trim., with a yellowish hind-wing like 
No. 6 supra but without the basal flush, which falls into 
association with a form of the female Pinacopteryx pigea, 
Boisd. Besides this, f. semiflava, Auriv., at once suggests 
membership of a numerous assemblage characterised by brown 
upper and pale under-wings, to which group also belong many 
females of Mylothris spica, Mosch., Phrissura sylvia, Fabr., 
Belenois theuszi, Dewitz, and B. theora, Doubl. 

“The question naturally arises, what is the meaning of 
these resemblances? I am not credulous enough to believe 
that they represent a mere series of coincidences; it appears 
to me that they must have some bionomice significance, and that 
in the present as in similar instances the interpretation least 
attended with difficulty is that which attributes to them a 
mimetic value. It is generally admitted that J/ylothris, forms 
of which so often take a central position in these supposed mi- 
metic groups, is a well-protected genus. There is therefore good 
reason for its imitation by LZ. argia, whether this imitation be of 
the Batesian or of the Miillerian kind. Itistrue that LZ. argia 
is seldom a very perfect mimic ; its various forms seem to hover 
on the outskirts of mimetic groups without entirely casting in 
their lot with them. But cases similar to this are known 
elsewhere ; and much the same, mutatis mutandis, might be 
said of many instances (which few would be found to dispute) 
of protective resemblance to inanimate objects. We find, 
indeed, as under the theory of adaptation by selection we 
should expect to find, every sort of gradation between protec- 
tion which is only slight, and protection which is all but 
complete ; and this, whatever be the special kind of protection 
in question, If a species be maintaining its ground, deficiency 
in one particular will be made up for by excellence in another. 


(Se) 


“Some of the forms of LZ. argia, 2 , are restricted to definite 
regions, and it is natural to ask whether these mimics and 
their models are always to be found in the same locality. To 
a great extent this can be shown to be the case, but a wider 
knowledge than we at present possess of the distribution of 
both sets of forms would be necessary for a complete answer 
to the question. Meanwhile, the facts now at our command 
do not suggest an answer unfavourable to the theory. 

‘¢T have heard it remarked that whereas the form sulphurea 
of L. argia, @, has a well-marked dark margin, the Mylothris 
with which it is here associated has no continuous dark mark- 
ing, except at the apex of the fore-wing. Experience, however, 
leads me to think that although a border of black spots on a 
white or pale-coloured wing—the arrangement so commonly 
seen in Mylothris but obsolescent in this particular form —is 
a conspicuous feature, a uniform dark border (as in Belenois 
severina, Cram., 9) is often unnoticeable during flight; the 
chief effect of sucha border being to diminish the apparent size 
of its possessor, and sometimes (if the internal bounding line 
is irregular) to convey in addition the impression of a worn or 
ragged edge tothe wings. ‘There is reason therefore to suppose 
that the resemblance between these two forms is quite close 
enough to be effective, 

“ Tt may, in conclusion, be remarked that the present case is 
in some respects analogous with that of Papilio dardanus. In 
both we have a series of females, differing widely from the 
male and from each other, and each bearing a resemblance to 
a protected form belonging to another group. The ditferences 
in LZ. argia, though similar in kind, are far less striking in 
degree than those shown by P. dardanus; this corresponds 
with the greater family resemblance between the models of 
the Leuceronia as compared with those of the Papilio.” 

Mimicry amone ConeorTeRaA.—The PreEsipENT exhibited 
some Coleoptera collected in Pahang by Mr. H. C. Robinson 
and recently received at the Natural History Museum. The 
series contained some interesting cases of mimicry between 
weevils of the genus Hpisomus and Longicorns of the genus 
Niconia. Also a specimen of a Cicindelid, Collyris apicalis, 
which closely resembles the Heteromerous insect Styrax 
tricondyloides. And lastly a Longicorn of the genus Zelota, 


(exit: ) 


apparently a new species, which resembled a species of 
Amphisternus of the family Hndomychide. 

Lrvinc Luminous Cotroptera.—Dr. G. B. Lonestarr 
exhibited living specimens of the luminous Elaterid Pyro- 
phorus noctilucus, L., brought from Trinidad by Dr. F. L. 
J. M. de Verteuil, R.N. Dr. Longstaff had observed that 
when chloroformed the green lights became very brilliant, 
but were soon eclipsed. As the lights faded in a normal way 
they appeared to pulsate. 

Rare AND New British Cotzoprera.—Mr. H. Sr. J, 
DonisTHoRPE exhibited on behalf of Prof. T. Hupson Brarr 
and himself specimens of Quedius riparius, Kell., and 
Trypodendron quercus, Kich., taken by them at Porlock, 
Somersetshire, on April 16th and 17th. The former insect 
was found somewhat sparingly in flood-refuse caught by 
fallen logs lying in one of the mountain torrents which came 
down from Exmoor; it was to be found only in flood-refuse 
actually over the surface of the water—apparently when the 
flood-refuse is deposited on the banks the insect very quickly 
leaves it. There are only records of the capture of this 
insect—by Mr. Kidson Taylor, in Derbyshire, one specimen 
—aud by Mr. Chitty in flood-rubbish on the river Beauly, 
Inverness-shire, since Mr. Blatch discovered it at Porlock in 
1896. With these the exhibitor showed specimens of Quedius 
kraatzii, new to Britain, taken by him at Chiddingfold in 
1898, but not exhibited before, to compare with Q. ripartus, 
both species having the same habits. It was stated that 
unlike the latter, kraatz/i had never been taken elsewhere in 
Britain, though he had found it on various occasions since in 
the old locality. The 7'rypodendron was found in the bark 
and in the solid wood of a small oak bough; there are few 
records of its capture outside the Sherwood Forest district. 
Also Hydrovatus clypealis, Shp., taken by them on April 14th 
at Worle near Weston-super-Mare. This very local little 
water-beetle is only recorded from Portsmouth by Canon 
Fowler, but has since been taken at Sandown, I.of Wight, by 
Prof. Beare, and in the New Forest by Dr. Sharp. 

Dirreron associateD with ANnTSs.—Mr. DonistHoRPE also 
showed the larva and pupa of a Dipteron of the genus 


(. xxi )) 


Microdon, taken in a nest of Formica fusca at Porlock last 
month. A number of larve were taken, and one of the nests 
in which they occurred. The ants are stated to nurse the 
larve as they do their scale insects (Coccidz). 

The PresIpENT warmly congratulated Mr. Donisthorpe upon 
the nature and extent of his discoveries of species of insects, 
etc., attendant on ants. 

HEMIMERUS TALPOIDES, WALK.—Mr. R. SHELFORD exhibited 
a specimen of the curious Orthopterous insect Hemimerus 
talpoides, Walk., from Portuguese Guinea; the species is 
parasitic on a large rat, Cricetomys gambianus, and is 
viviparous. 

Mr. R. SHetrorp then read the following note on 


“ A Case or Homaotic VARIATION IN A CocKROACH.” 


Homeeosis has been defined as “‘theassumption by one member 
of a Meristic series, of the form or characters proper to other 


Left maxilla, Right mazilla, Right mandible. 


members of the series” (Bateson, “ Materials for the Study of 
Variation,” London, 1894, p. 84). This type of abnormality 
is of rare occurrence ; Mr. Bateson is only able to quote four 
examples of it amongst the Insecta, and two of these are 
doubtfully genuine. The undoubted cases are Cimbex axillaris 
and Bombus variabilis, both insects having the left antenna 
partially developed as a foot (Zc. pp. 146-148). I daresay 
that other cases of homeosis amongst insects have been 
recorded during the past twelve years, but if so, I have not 
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 11. 1907, Cc 


( ‘pxeexay,: 4») 


come across any accounts of them. The abnormality now to 
be described seems to be of the nature of a homeeotic variation. 
When dissecting a cockroach of the genus Panesthia, apparently 
a new species allied to P. sinuata, Sauss., I observed that the 
right maxilla was replaced by a hard chitinous structure 
superficially resembling a mandible; the left maxilla and 
both mandibles were perfectly normal. On removing and 
closely examining the right “maxilla” it was seen to bea 
densely chitinised and rugose organ, roughly approximating 
in shape and size toa normal mandible. This ‘‘maxilla” at. 
the base is large, but it tapers distally and the apex bears a 
small finger-like process. Traces of segmentation are seen in 
two circular grooves and in the different size of the parts 
defined by these grooves; the organ may be regarded as made 
up of four segments, the terminal small process being one, 
but it is perfectly rigid and the segmentation is only visible: 
on close examination. The basal segment is hollowed out on 
its inner face and it is this feature which increases the general 
resemblance of the structure to a mandible. Without going 
so far as to say that the abnormal “maxilla” of the cockroach 
under notice reproduces the ancestral condition of a mandible, 
attention may be drawn to the view that the mandibles are 
derived from a four-segmented organ, advocated by Wood- 
Mason and other entomologists. Wood-Mason moreover has 
observed that the mandibles of the embryo of Panesthia 
javanica are segmented, and in the larve and adults of the 
same species he distinguished a groove across the back of the 
mandible at the base, representing in his opinion the remains. 
of a joint. The cockroach exhibiting the variation described 
above was captured on Mt. Masarang in N. Celebes by Dr. 
Chas. Hose in 1895. 


(. Gemey :) 


Wednesday, June 5th, 1907. 
Mr, C. O. WateruHousE, President, in the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 


Mr. C. N. Huaues, of Knightstone, Cobham ; Mr. ALBErr 
Ernest McCuure Ketty, Assistant Entomologist to the 
Department of Agriculture, Natal; and Mr. M. G. Muxum, 
of Hyderabad, Sind, India, and Cambridge University, were 
elected Fellows of the Society. 


Obituary. 


The decease was announced of Dr. Freprric Moors, D.Sc., 
A.L.S., F.Z.S., the “father” of Indian entomology, and one 
of the oldest Fellows of the Society, and of Mr. C. J. Watkins. 


Bicentenary of Linnezus. 


The Presipent read the following communication from the 
Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., the Society’s delegate to the celebra- 


tions in honour of the bicentenary of Linnzus at Upsala, and 
Stockholm :— 


** Stockholm, May 28th, 1907. 
‘*DeaR Mr. WatTERHOUSE, 

‘Tf this reaches you before the June meeting of the 
Entomological Society, will you kindly announce that I duly 
delivered their Address of Congratulation to the Rector of 
the Upsala University, and the President of the Stockholm 
Academy of Sciences ; and that I have been received at both 
places with great kindness and hospitality, as have all the 
other delegates bringing similar addresses from other Societies, 
etc., in Europe and America . . . 

“Yours sincerely, 
“FF. D. Morice.” 


A vote of thanks was unanimously given to Mr. Morice for 
his services in presenting, and as author of the Address, and 
it was resolved to publish the same, as follows, in Latin and 
English in the Society’s Proceedings :-— 


(. exw.) 


REGLAD ACADEMIA 
SCIENTARUM SUECIC 
Spec 10) 
SOCIETATIS ENTOMOLOGICAE 
LONDINIENSIS 


Prases, VicE-PR#&sIpEs, Soctt. 


Litteras vestras gaudentes accepimus, et quia indicio sunt 
nobis benevolentiz vestre animique fraterni, et quia 


Carnot LINNzI 


potissimum ad memoriam celebrandam invitamur, quem nos 
entomologiz studiis dediti tanquam scientiz nostre auctorem 
clarissimum ac pene parentem veneratione. unica et pietate 
semper prosequimur. 

Vestrum quidem fuisse illum civem confitemur, neque glorie 
huic vestre invidemus sed de ea potius vobis gratulamur. 
Liceat tamen nobis quoque exteris non alienum vobis putare 
splendorem viri, qui—ut “ Pheebi fax” non Delum solam vel 
Lyciam, sed terras omnes illuminat—ita hominibus omnibus, 
qui in qualibet regione terrarum Nature arcana perscrutantur, 
ductorem se lucisque datorem prebuit semperque prebebit. 

Etiam atque etiam valete ! 

Dabamus Londini die X. m. Maii a. 1907. 

CHARLES O. WATERHOUSE, Preses. 
FREDERIC MERRIFIELD 

EDWARD SAUNDERS | Vice Posie 
Grorce Henry VERRALL 


We were glad to receive your letter, both because it shows 
us your goodwill and fraternal feeling towards us, and because 
it is the memory of Carolus Linnus that we are asked to 
celebrate—the man whom we entomologists regard with special 
admiration and affection as a chief authority on our science and 
almost as its father. 

As you say, he was your fellow-citizen, and we do not 
grudge you this boast but rather congratulate you on it. 
Still, let us foreigners also be allowed to think ourselves not 
unconcerned in the glory of one, who (as the Sun shines on 


( teen.) 


all lands and not only on Delos and Lycia) so has been, and 
will ever be the guide and giver of light to all men, who 
in any country probe the mysteries of Nature. 
Most heartily we wish you well! 
CHarRLEs O. WATERHOUSE, President. 
Freperic MErRRIFIELD 
Epwarp SAUNDERS | Vice Presidents 
GrorcE Henry VERRALL 


UNIVERSITATI REGLA UPSALIENSI 
subs DE 
SOCIETATIS ENTOMOLOGICA 
LONDINIENSIS 
Praszs, VICE-PrR#sIDES, Soctt. 

Pergratz nobis erant litterz vestre, primum quia decorum 
nobis esse honorificumque videbatur cum vestra tam illustri 
Universitate participes incepti cuiusvis fieri, deinde quia 


Carnot LInNzI 
potissimum in commemorationem invitabamur, quem, ut 
botanici, ita nos quoque entomologiz studiis dediti tanquam 
scientiz nostre auctorem clarissimum ac pene parentem 
veneratione unica et pietate semper prosequimur. 

Quare college nostro, Viro Reverendo, F. D. Morice, 
Artium Magistro, Collegii Reginensis apud Oxonienses Socio, 
mandatum dedimus, ut vobis przesens declaret, quantopere 
gaudeamus licere nobis in nataliciis civis vestri preestantissimi 
celebrandis vobiscum sociari. 

Qua celebratione speramus fore ut accendantur plures ad 
hee studia nostra exercenda atque propaganda, que non 
solum nobis ipsis delectationem utilitatemque maximam 
afferre solent, sed—quod confidenter dixerimus—humani quo- 
que generis communi commodo inservire possunt. 

Ktiam atque etiam valete ! 

Dabamus Londini die X. m, Maii a. 1907. 

CHARLES O. WATERHOUSE, Preeses. 
FreDERIC MERRIFIELD 

EDWARD SAUNDERS | Vice Pasion 
GrorcE Henry VERRALL 


( . @exviai” )) 


Your letter was very welcome to us, first because it seemed 
to us an honour and compliment to be associated with your 
illustrious University in any undertaking whatever, and next 
because it was Carolus Linneus in particular that we were 
invited to commemorate, the man whom we students of 
entomology regard, even as the botanists, with a special 
reverence and filial affection as the most distinguished advancer 
of our science, indeed almost as its parent. 

Accordingly we have commissioned our colleague, the Rev. 
F. D. Morice, M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford, to 
express to you on the spot how glad we feel to be allowed 
to join with you in celebrating the birthday of your illustrious 
fellow-countryman. 

We hope that by this celebration others will be incited to 
practise and advance these studies of ours, which not only are 
wont to afford to us personally the greatest pleasure and 
advantage, but also—as we can confidently assert—are capable 
of conducing to the general benefit of mankind. 

Most heartily we wish you well! 


CHARLES O. WATERHOUSE, President. 
FREDERIC MERRIFIELD 

EpwarpD SAUNDERS | Vice Preston 
GroRGE Henry VERRALL 


International Congress of Entomology. 


The PresipEnt read the following letter received from Dr. 
Karu Jorpan, F.E.S., of the Museum, Tring— 


** Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England, 
** June 1st, 1907. 
‘¢ Sir, 

“The undersigned Entomologists consider it opportune 
to organise an International Congress of Entomology, to meet 
for the first time in 1908. In order to render the Congress a 
success the moral support by the Entomological Societies is an 
absolute necessity for the undertaking, and we therefore write 
to solicit the kind co-operation of the Officers and Fellows of 
the Entomological Society of London. Should the Council, as 
we venture to hope, favour our plan, we beg the Hon. Secre- 


(seep () 


tary to read at the next meeting, and to publish in the Pro- 

ceedings, the note here appended, a similar note being sent to 

the various Entomological Societies abroad. 

‘Yours faithfully, 

Chr. Aurivillius, E. L. Bouvier, I. Bolivar, L. Bedel, M. 
Bezzi, P. Bachmetjew, S. Bengtsson, J. C. Bradley, W. 
Beutenmiiller, C. J.S. Bethune, C. H. Carpenter, T. D. A. 
Cockerell, Ph. P. Calvert, T. A. Chapman, K. Daniel, 
F. A. Dixey, W. L. Distant, E.C. Van Dyke, Ed. Everts, 
A. Forel, J. Fletcher, H. C. Fall, L. Ganglbauer, A. Giard, 
R. Gestro, F. Du Cane Godman, W. Horn, A. Handlirsch, 
K.M. Heller, G. von Horvath, H. J. Kolbe, F. Klapalek, 
P. Lesne, Th. Becker, P. Mabille, J. C. U. de Meijere, 
A. L. Montandon, P. Magretti, F. Merrifield, L. W. 
Mengel, Chas. Oberthiir, R. Oberthir, H. Osborn, P. 
Pavesi, E. B. Poulton, H. Rebel, F. Ris, W. Rothschild, 
H. Schoutenden, A. v. Schulthess-Rechberg, G. Severin, 
F. Silvestri, Y. Sjéstedt, H. Skinner, J. B. Smith, M. 
Standfuss, J. W. Tutt, G. H. Verrall, E. Wassmann, 
Chas. O. Waterhouse, and others.” 


“ As a result of an extensive correspondence with Ento- 
mologists of various countries of Europe and America it has 
been agreed upon to issue in the course of this summer 
invitations for an International Congress of Entomology to 
meet in 1908. 

“The purpose of the Congress is to promote the interests of 
entomological research, and therefore of Biology in general, by 
furthering cordial co-operation between the Entomologists of 
different countries, and by discussing questions of general 
entomological interest, thereby stimulating research and 
directing it into channels where it may be most fruitful or 
where special research is most needed. Questions of applied 
Entomology will likewise be dealt with in the discussions and 
lectures, the great experience gained by the devotees to pure 
Entomology being applicable with profit in economic and 
hygienic Entomology. 

“ Entomologists are cordially invited to advise and assist in 
the ‘organisation of the Congress. All communications, till 


( xl) 


further notice, to be addressed to Dr. K. Jordan, Zoological 
Museum, Tring (Herts.). 


“ To the Hon. Secretary of the 
EnromoLogicaL Society or Lonpon.” 


On the motion of Professor R. Mretpora, F.R.S., seconded 
by Mr. G. C. Cuampion, F.Z.S., a resolution, cordially approv- 
ing the Congress, and offering the support and co-operation of 
the Society, was carried unanimously. 

Exhibitions. 

LEIOPTILUS CARPHODACTYLUS IN Britain.—Dr. T. A. Cuar- 
MAN exhibited a living example of Leioptilus carphodactylus, 
Hb., one of the first bred in Britain, which emerged June 2nd, 
1907, from larve found by Mr. J. Ovenden in Kent. The 
first British specimen was exhibited to the Society at the 
meeting of March 6th (p. xii, antea). 

MIcRODON MUTABILIS, AND KLEDITOMA MYRMECOPHILA.—Mr. 
H. St. J. DonisrHorre showed a specimen of Micordon muta- 
bilis, with the empty pupa-case, bred from a larva taken in 
the nest of Formica fusca at Porlock, April 1907; also ¢ 3 
and ? 2 of Kleditoma myrmecophila, nu. sp., bred last month 
from a nest of Lasius fuliginosus found at Wellington College 
in March 1907. He said that this species of parasitic Cynipide, 
which was new to science, had been named by Professor Dr. 
J. J. Kieffer. 

New PuytorHaca From AvsTRALIA.—Mr. M. Jacosy brought 
for exhibition examples of small beetles, new to science, of the 
family Clythridx (Phytophaga) including Leasia australis, n. sp. 
Jac. 

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SOME SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS 
IN Burrerruies.—Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., said that 
he wished to bring before the Fellows a hypothesis which 
had suggested itself as the outcome of reflections upon the 
Heliconine, as dealt with by Mr. W. J. Kaye in a recent 
communication. 

It had often been noticed that mimetic resemblance is apt 
to deceive the species concerned, so that the male of one will 
chase the female of the other. When model and mimic 


( di 


belong to very different groups, e.g. sub-families, it is im- 
probable that such errors of judgment could lead to any 
important danger. It is very unlikely that a superficial 
resemblance would mislead the individuals of species 
belonging to different sub-families when they approached 
each other at all closely, and the impression made by each 
upon the whole of the sense-organs of the other became 
at all strong. But this would not apply to anything like the 
same extent when there was near relationship between the 
mimetic species—as in so many Jthomiine, Danaine, and 
Heliconine. When close resemblance obtains within the 
limits of such a sub-family as one of these,—and mimetic 
likeness of the kind is often extraordinarily exact,—it is not a 
far-fetched hypothesis to suggest that some special adaptation 
has arisen, enabling the females easily to discriminate between 
their own and the males of other closely similar species, and at 
once to repel those advances which are something of a danger 
and nothing of advantage to either species. Other facts, and 
especially the hard, cell-like structure secreted by the male 
upon the body of the female in Parnassius and in Acreinz, 
also support the conclusion that useless pairing and attempts 
to pair are an injury to the species. Colour and pattern being 
excluded ex hypothest, some special difference in scent is 
the most obvious means of discrimination. May not this be 
the meaning of the fact that the males of the Hupleini may 
be divided into groups (which have been given generic names) 
distinguished, and sometimes solely distinguished, by remark- 
able differences in the size, number, form and position of the 
areas presumed to be scent-producing? These Huplexas are 
remarkable for the number of their synaposematic associations 
and for the closeness of the resemblance between the con- 
stituent species. So far as my experience goes,—and further 
inquiry in the same direction will tend to supply confirmation 
or refutation of the hypothesis here put forward—these 
associations are made up of species belonging to groups with 
different forms of sexual brands and not by species with males 
bearing the same type of brand. And now Mr. Kaye has 
shown that the close synaposematic pairs within the Heliconine 
sub-family are made up of species of which one belongs to the 


(ali) 


group with a broad the other to the group with a narrow 
band of glistening scales, in the male,—bands which are pre- 
sumably scent-producing. It is probable that the excessively 
close resemblance between these pairs and between the 
members of the Eupleine associations has been rendered 
possible without injury to the species by the existence of this 
means of instant recognition, and I think it is possible to infer 
the past history with a fair degree of probability. In the 
African Danaine genus Amawris we find two very common 
species as closely alike as any of the Euplceine or Heliconine 
Miillerian groups or pairs. I refer to Amauris echeria and A. 
albimaculata. It was at first thought that white spots in 
place of buff in the fore-wing alone distinguished these forms, 
and the general opinion followed that one was a variety of the 
other. But Rothschild and Jordan have shown that they are 
certainly separated by minute but well-defined and constant 
differences. Accompanying these, the scent-patches at the 
anal angle of the hind-wing of the male of albimaculata are 
about twice as long as those of echeria. It is probable that 
this wide difference has been a powerful aid in rendering 
possible the extraordinarily close resemblance. Already both 
species of this pair have undergone subspecific changes in 
different parts of their geographical range, the southern forms 
being replaced respectively by echeria jacksoni and albimaculata 
hanningtont in the equatorial parts of the eastern side of 
Africa. In the Oriental Region the even more dominant 
Eupleine group originated far more complex communities, 
probably in consequence of the development of further 
modifications of the male brands of one or both members 
of an ancestral pair, until synaposematic associations contain- 
ing 3, 4 or more species arose, widened their range and spread 
into islands. Thus each of the component species became at 
first different sub-species and finally distinct species in various 
parts of the total area of distribution. The synaposematic 
Heliconine pairs,on the other hand, may in large part have 
reached their present condition by continuing the history 
begun by the two African species of Amauwris. I say “in 
large part” because when Mr. Kaye very kindly arranged 
the Oxford Heliconine a few weeks ago we saw evidence for 


( xliii ) 


the vecené abandonment of relatively ancestral patterns by 
certain species and the adoption of others which brought them 
into synaposematic relation with some more abundant 
Heliconine in the same locality. In giving this brief account 
of the hypothesis I am quite aware that the subject requires 
much fuller study. At the same time, I think it better not to 
wait for the more detailed examination which I hope to make, 
but to put the suggestion on record, in the hope that others 
may be led to further observation and reflection on the subject. 

Typgs oF Procrorrupip£.—Mr, A. J. Cuirry exhibited all 
the British species of the genus Gonatopus, except marshalli, 
Kieff., including the types of the three species described by 
Westwood, but entirely overlooked by subsequent authors, 
which had been lent him by Professor Poulton. The genus 
Gonatopus—lately dealt with by Professor Kieffer—though 
parasitic on Homoptera, resembles in appearance various ants. 

CoRDYLOBIA ANTHROPOPHAGA, A Parasitic AFRICAN FLy.— 
Mr. E. E. Austen, F.Z.S., exhibited specimens of and made 
remarks on larve, pup, and imagines of Cordylobia anthro- 
pophaga, Grinberg, an African Muscid Fly (known as 
the “Tumbu” or “Tumba Fly” in Sierra Leone), the larva 
of which is a subcutaneous parasite in man and _ other 
animals. 

Cases in which the larve of various species of Muscide have 
been found parasitic in human beings are numerous in medical 
literature, so much so that the term myiasis (Greek, puta, a 
fly) is employed to denote the maladies and injuries caused in 
this way. In most instances, however, as in that of Sarcopha- 
gine, which often deposit living larve on open sores or wounds, 
the parasitism is merely fortuitous, since the parent fly is 
attracted to the spot by the odours given off. But just as 
the (stride (Bot- and Warble-Flies) are in the larval stage 
normally parasitic in mammals (chiefly ungulates and rodents), 
and develop in no other way, so does Cordylobia anthropophaga, 
Griinberg, appear to be a “ pedo-parasite” of man, monkeys, 
dogs, and probably other mammals. The species belongs to 
the “Calliphorine” of Brauer, z.e. the section of the true 
Muscinz, the species of which are allied to the genus Calliphora 
(which includes the common Blow-Fly, C. erythrocephala, Mg.), 


( mliv ) 


and are characterised by the presence of a row of bristles 
upon the hypopleura. 

Cordylobia anthropophaga is very widely distributed in 
Africa, its range extending from Senegal to Natal, and 
coinciding with that of Awchmeromyia luteola, Fabr., the 
“ Floor-Maggot Fly,” to which in the perfect stage it presents 
a remarkable resemblance in coloration and general appearance. 
This similarity has already been productive of confusion, 
although the life-histories of the two species are widely 
different, since the maggot of A. luteola, which by day lies 
buried in the cracks in the earthen floors of native huts, has 
the extraordinary habit of coming out by night to fasten upon 
and suck the blood of the sleeping inmates. 

The earliest published account of the life-history of Cordy- 
lobia anthropophaga is that by two surgeons in the French 
navy, MM. Coquerel and Mondiére, who in 1862 described * 
cases in which soldiers had been attacked by the larve in 
Senegal. In one instance a man had two larve in his fore- 
arm, while another individual had eight in the back of his 
shoulder. The French authors gave a description of the 
maggot, but failed to breed out the fly, which they were 
inclined to regard as in all probability belonging to the 
(Hstride, and to a new genus allied to Hypoderma, in which 
are included the well-known “ Warble-Flies ” of cattle. 

In 1872 another French naval surgeon, M. Bérenger- 
Féraud, in a note presented to the French Académie des Sciences 
by Baron Larrey,t made further reference to the larva of this 
fly in Senegal, where, from the name of the district in which 
it was most common, it was said to be known as the “* Ver de 
Cayor,” or “Cayor Worm.” In this paper it is stated that 
seventy-eight of these larve had been removed from all parts 
of the body of a spaniel, and the author mentions that he had 
himself counted more than three hundred larve in a puppy of 
the same breed ; it is scarcely surprising to learn that the 


* Coquerel and Mondiére, ‘‘ Note sur des Larves de Diptéres Développées 
dans des Tumeurs d’Apparence Furonculeuse au Sénégal.” Ann. Soc. 
Ent. France, 4itme série, T. II (1862), pp. 95-103, Pl. 3, figs. la—1h. 

+ Bérenger-Féraud, ‘‘ Etude sur les larves de mouches qui se dévelop- 
pent dans la peau de l’homme, au Sénégal.” Comptes Rendus Hebdoma- 
daires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, T. LXXXV (1872), pp- 
1133-1134. 


(lve ) 


puppy died. M. Bérenger-Féraud, who succeeded in breeding 
out specimens of the perfect insect, states that they were 
‘very active, and much resembled house-flies.” To this com- 
munication a note by M. Emile Blanchard, to whom the paper 
had previously been submitted, is added. From the details 
supplied to him, M. Blanchard thought that the “Cayor 
Worm Fly” belonged to the genus Ochromyia, Macq., and to 
a new species, for which he suggested the name Ochromyia 
anthropophaga. Since, however, no description of the fly what- 
ever was given, Ochromyia anthropophaga, Emile Blanchard, 
is a mere nomen nudum, and consequently invalid. 

Under the name of the “Tumba” or “Tumbu” Fly, the 
insect, or rather its larva, is well known in Freetown, Sierra 
Leone, where residents often suffer from the painful boil 
produced by the maggot. Dogs and pet monkeys are fre- 
quently afflicted in the same way, and during a visit paid by 
the speaker to Sierra Leone in 1899 he fortunately succeeded 
in obtaining eleven larve and pup from a small Mangabey 
monkey (Cercopithecus sp.). From the pup that were allowed 
to mature there emerged five flies, which proved of much 
interest to local medical men, since complete ignorance as to 
what the ‘Tumba Fly ” really was had previously prevailed 
in Freetown. Some people were even inclined to consider it 
to be a ‘‘ Mangrove Fly” (7. e. Horse-Fly,—Family Tabanidz), 
a belief that, as was subsequently found, was also entertained 
at Calabar, in Southern Nigeria. 

On Sept. 30th, 1891, Mr. L. Péringuey, F.E.8., of the 
South African Museum, Cape Town, exhibited at a meeting 
of the South African Philosophical Society a fly, “ bred from 
larve, nine in number, extracted from the arm of a child 
in Natal.” Ina note read at the same time, Mr. Péringuey 
said with reference to the species,—which, from the extensive 
series of specimens from Natal and elsewhere in the British 
Museum (Natural History), there can be no doubt was 
identical with the “Tumba Fly” of Sierra Leone and the 
“Cayor Worm Fly” of Senegal—that it was “ perhaps allied 
to Bengalia depressuw (Walk.).” * In some further notes on 


* Cf. Péringuey, ‘‘ Note on a Fly Which Preys on Human Beings.” 
Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, Vol. VIII, Part 
I (1893), p. 23. 


(( zie.) 


the same species, published in the Minutes of Proceedings of 
the South African Philosophical Society at the meeting held 
on Sept. 30th, 1896,* Mr. Péringuey refers to his former 
hypothesis, which he describes as a suggestion that the fly 
*“‘ would, perhaps, prove to belong to the genus Bengalia.”’ He 
adds :—“ I was quite right in my surmise, the genus Bengalia 
and Ochromyia being partly synonymous.” From this it is 
evident that Péringuey was thinking of the undescribed species 
for which the name Ochromyia anthropophaga had been 
suggested by Emile Blanchard ; and indeed on the following 
page (p. xxiv) Mr. Péringuey states that “the species bred in 
Natal might prove to be identical” with the ‘‘ Cayor Worm.” 
Mr. Péringuey’s remarks, although containing nothing in the 
shape of a statement that the parasitic fly of Natal is actually 
Bengalia depressa, Walk., appear to have been quite sufficiently 
definite for certain writers in South Africa as well as in this 
country, with the result that the species with which we are 
concerned is now widely known as “The Natal Maggot Fly 
(Bengalia depressa, Walker).” + The true Bengalia depressa, 
Walk. (the type of which is in the British Museum), is, however, 
as shown by the specimens exhibited, albeit an allied, nevertheless 
a very different insect. Its life-history is as yet entirely unknown, 
and there is not a particle of evidence to prove that its larva is a@ 
subcutaneous parasite. 

As though to make the prevailing confusion still worse 
confounded, Auchmeromyia luteola, Fabr., the African “ Floor- 


* Cf. Péringuey, Transactions of the South African Philosophical 
Society, Vol. IX, Part II (1898), pp. xxii-xxiv (Minutes of Proceedings). 

t Cf. Dr. R. M. Townsend, ‘Note on a Parasitic Fly—Bengalia 
depressa—which deposits its eggs or larve on the skin or covering of man 
and dogs.” Proceedings of the Rhodesia Scientific Association, Vol. IV, 
Part I (July 20th, 1903), pp. 7-9 ; and zbid., Vol. IV (July 1905), pp: 10- 
13. Cf. also F. V. Theobald, “ First Report on Economic Zoology” 
(London: British Museum (Natural History), 1903), p. 56—‘‘ The Maggot 
Fly of Natal (Auchmeroyia [sic] (Bengalia) depresstt, Walker);” F. V. 
Theobald, ‘‘Second Report on Economic Zoology” (London: British 
Museum (Natural History), 1904), p. 112—‘‘The Natal Maggot Fly 
(Bengalia depressa) ;”” F. V. Theobald, in ‘‘Second Report of the Well- 
come Research Laboratories at the Gordon Memorial College, Khartoum ” 
(Department of Education, Sudan Government, Khartoum, 1906), p. 83— 
““The Maggot Fly (Benyalia depressa, Walker) ; 3’? Claude Fuller, F.E.S., 
Government Entomologist, Natal,—‘‘ Natal Department of Agriculture. 
Fourth Report of the Government Entomologist, 1903-4” (Pietermaritz- 
burg: 1905), p. 15—‘‘ The Natal Maggot Fly, Bengalia depressa.” 


( pela: 4) 


Maggot Fly,” has, as already stated, recently been mistaken 
for the species with the subcutaneous larva.* The two species, 
however, may be distinguished by the more compact and 
thick-set shape of the fly with the subcutaneous larva, and 
by the fact that in the male of this insect the front is so 
narrow that the eyes almost meet together above, while in 
A. luteola the eyes are wide apart in both sexes, 

For the species with the subcutaneous larva the genus 
Cordylobia (i.e. living in a boil) was founded in 1903 by 
Griinberg,} who also recharacterised and figured the species { 
under the name suggested thirty-one years previously by 
Emile Blanchard. The correct designation of this highly- 
important and much-misunderstood African Muscid is therefore 
Cordylobia anthropophaga, Grinberg. 


Papers, ete. 


Dr. F. A. Dixty, M.A., M.D., and Dr. G. B. Lonasrarr, 
M.D., contributed a report of their joint entomological 
observations made in South Africa during the visit of the 
British Association in 1905, and gave a brief account of some 
of the points dealt with. 

Dr. Drxey said that his own part in the paper was small, 
though Dr. Longstaff had kindly wished to associate him in 
the authorship. The narrative was the work of Dr. Longstaff, 
aided by a few suggestions from himself, and that gentleman 
had also undertaken most of the labour connected with the 
determination of species, especially in Orders other than 
Lepidoptera. Dr. Longstaff’s contribution to the tale of 
specimens brought home was also far larger than his own. 
He had himself devoted more attention to bionomic points 
than to the actual work of collecting, and many of the results 
of the observations of himself and his colleague had been 
already communicated to the Society. 

After shortly sketching the route of the expedition, which 
included visits to Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London, 

* Cf. Fuller, op. cit., p. 16, and Plate III, fig. 3, which represents a 
female of Auchmeromyia luteola, Fabr. 

+ Sitzungs-Bericht der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 


vom 10. November 1903 (No. 9, 1903), p. 410. 
+ Ibid., p. 412, Tafel II, figs. 8-10. 


( xlviii ) 


Durban, Ladysmith, Johannesburg, Pretoria, Bloemfontein, 
Kimberley, Mafeking, Bulawayo, the Matoppos, and the 
Victoria Falls, he remarked that among the things that chiefly 
impressed him were the abundance of insect life at East 
London and Durban, and the extremely interesting, though 
in their experience somewhat scanty, fauna of the Zambesi 
and the Great Waterfall. 

A point that seemed to him worthy of notice was the fact 
that although Dr. Longstaff and himself were close travelling 
companions, and on many days were never more than half-a- 
mile from each other, the captures effected by each showed 
remarkable differences, there being several instances of quite 
conspicuous forms taken by one which were never seen by the 
other. This was no doubt partly due to differences in their 
objects and methods of collecting, but it applied also to species 
that both collectors were desirous of taking. 

Dr. G. B. Lonestarr stated that out of eight weeks in 
South Africa, two had been spent in railway trains, never- 
theless they had taken some 2,500 specimens,including upwards 
of 50 species of various Orders not to be found in the National 
Collection ; of these at least 15 had already been recognised as 
new to science. In exhibiting specimens of the new species, 
together with other South African insects remarkable in one 
way or another, Dr. LonestaFr gave some account of interesting 
points in their bionomics. For example, at Simon’s Bay, a fly, 
Ploas sp., during life by its habits and mode of flight closely 
mimicked the bee Halictus albifasciatus, Smith, although the 
insect looked very different in the cabinet. The large Acridian, 
Phymateus leprosus, Serv., unlike most locusts, was extremely 
sluggish in its movements, but was defended in part by its 
hard integuments, but probably still better by emitting 
copiously when touched an ill-smelling acrid fluid. A new 
Flata, taken at Johannesburg, though found sitting in rows 
upon the stems of plants, could in no sense be said to resemble 
flowers, as was the case with some of its congeners. 


({ =xhix} 7) 


Wednesday, October 2nd, 1907. 


Mr. C. O. Wartrernouss, President, in the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 


Mr. James ALLAN Dyson Perrins, of Davenham, Malvern, 
and Mr. Frank Minsurn Howterr of the Agricultural 
Department, Pusa, Bengal, India, were elected Fellows of the 
Society. 


Exhibitions. 


SITARIS MURALIS AT OxrorD.—Commander J. J. WaLKER 
showed living specimens of the Heteromerous beetle Sitaris 
muralis, rediscovered at Oxford in 1903 by Mr. A. H. Hamm 
of the Oxford University Museum, and found rather freely 
during September 1906 and 1907, on old stone walls in the 
vicinity of Oxford inhabited by the Mason Bee, Podalirius 
(Anthophora) pilipes, on which it is parasitic in its early 
stages. 

MeanismM In Yor«surreE—Mr, G. T. Porrirr exhibited 
black specimens of both sexes of Fidonia atomaria from the 
Harden Moss Moors, Huddersfield, illustrating the melanic 
tendency of Lepidoptera in the district. 

Rare CoLeoprerRa, ET¢c., FROM Kent anp ScoTtLanp.—Mr. H. 
St. J. DonistHorre exhibited (a) Apion semivittatum taken on 
Mercurialis annua in plenty at Deal in August and Septem- 
ber 1907; (b) Magdalis duplicata from Nethy Bridge in July 
1907 ; (c) Formica sanguinea from Aviemore and Nethy Bridge 
in July 1907; the first record for Scotland, and (d) Piezostethus 
formicetorum, taken with Formica rufa at Rannoch, in July, 
a species which has not been found in Scotland since Dr. 
Buchanan White first captured it at Braemar in 1874. 

ButtEerFLIES FROM Huneary.—Mr. A. H. Jones brought 
for exhibition a case of butterflies taken this year from 

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Iv. 1907. D 


Cale) 


Herculesbad, South Hungary, including specimens of Zrebia 
melas from the Domogled, which bore a remarkable resem- 
blance to Hrebia alecto var. nicholli, Oberth., from Campiglio, 
and LHrebia lefebvrei, Oberth., also shown for comparison by 
Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown. Mr. Jones also exhibited examples 
of Chrysophanus dispar, var. rutilus, and C. aleiphron from 
the neighbourhood of Buda-Pesth; both species of great size 
and brilliant colouring. 

Forms or Lycamna BELLARGUS.—Mr. M. Jacosy showed 
several fine forms of the ab. ceronus of Lycxna bellargus, taken 
this autumn at Folkestone, including one example of the 
var. cinnides, Stgr. 

CRYPTOPHAGUS SUBDEPRESSUS IN ScoTLaAND.—Mr. Norman 
Joy exhibited a specimen of the rare beetle Cryptophagus sub- 
depressus, Gyll., taken near Garva, Ross, on August 4th last. 

INsecTS AND THEIR Prey.—Mr, W. J. Lucas showed on 
behalf of Mr. NicHotson and Mr, Summers two specimens of 
Deilephila euphorbix bred by them from larve found in Kew 
Gardens. He also exhibited several examples of predaceous 
insects and their prey im situ. 

OviposiTIOoN OF NonaGria cANNZ.—Mr. H. M. Epeusten 
exhibited specimens of Sesia andrenxformis, bred from pup 
taken in Bedfordshire and Kent, and ova of Nonagria canne, 
in situ. The 9 is provided with two pairs of anal hooks, with 
which it raises the cuticle of the 7'ypha leaf. The egg is then 
thrust under the cuticle, the hooks released and the cuticle 
descends over the egg, and all that is visible is a slight 
swelling where the egg remains. The egg keeps its rounded 
shape, and is not flattened by the pressure of the cuticle. 

The egg-laying of V. canne, as actually seen, and as deduced, 
from the structures, and the result in the position of the eggs, 
takes place by the moth resting across the leaf, taking a 
fulcrum on its surface by the ventral (8th abdominal segment) 
hooks, but not piercing the surface with them, and with the 
sharp knives of the dorsal processes (really ventral apophysis 
of 9th segment) cutting through the cuticle, and forcing the 
knives in, till their points must be almost close beneath the 
ventral hooks. The two knives are then separated and with- 
drawn as an egg is placed in the cavity thus formed. The 


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( li ) 


Stereoscopic view of another specimen, in which the parts happen to be almost in the 
position that must obtain just as an egg is being laid, the insect having died with an 
egg being extruded from the ovipositor, i.e. from the fleshy tubular opening between 
the knives of the 9th abdominal segment ( x 10). 


OVIPOSITION OF NONAGRIA CANNA# (II). 


( lit) 
OVIPOSITION OF NONAGRIA CANN Z (III, IV). 


San Re 


laid. Two are seen with the egg, undisturbed beneath the cuticle, where it was laid 
by the moth ; the third egg is exposed by tearing the cuticle (x 10). 


Diagrams (x 6, from Camera sketches) of ovipositors of N. canne and N. sparganii. 
a. N. canne, showing the opposed hooks, lateral view. 6. End view, dorsal (9th 
abdominal segment) knives apart, as they usually are in dead specimens, and when an 
egg is being extruded. c. The dorsal knives in apposition, forming one sharp point, as 
used in piercing the cuticle of the leaf. 

d. Lateral view of N. sparganii. e. End view. It is proposed to describe these 
organs in the Nonagrias generally in a future communication. Sparganii is presented 
here on account of its close resemblance in general development to that of NV. canne. 
The modifications suit the one (canne) for piercing the cuticle and placing the egg in 
the plant tissue, the other (sparganii) for rolling over a leaf margin and placing the 
egg beneath it. 


( ‘hy 4 

incision in the plant cuticle is longitudinal to the leaf and 
takes place rather by separating the plant cells than by cutting 
any through, with the result that it closes up again, and 
makes it impossible on close examination to be certain that 
one sees any trace of the opening by which the egg was 
inserted. 

The photographs are by Mr. A. KE. Toner. The stereoscopic 
figures enable the structures to be seen in high relief. 

VARIATION IN PIERIS NAPI, var. BRYONIZ.—Mr. A, Har- 
rison and Mr. H. Marn exhibited four broods from females of 
Pieris napt, var. bryonix, captured on the Kleine Scheidegg 
Pass, Switzerland, in July 1906. 


20 males. 


Brood A, 16 females. 


24 females. 


9 males. 


11 females, 


. a4 
Brood B. { Ip males. 
Brood C. { 


48 males. 
Brood D. { 59 females, 


The larve pupated at the end of July and beginning of 
August 1906, and the insects emerged between May 2nd and 
June 14th, 1907. 

There was a considerable amount of variation in the females 
of all the broods, but especially was this noticeable in Brood 
B, where some had the ground colour of a decided yellow and 
the black markings well defined, whilst others were uniformly 
grey with the markings almost absent. This grey form 
occurred also in Brood C, but not in Broods A or D. The 
males showed only slight variation, and like the females were 
larger than the English Spring emergence. 

Lycaus EQUEsTRIS, Linn. — Prof. T. Hupson Brare 
exhibited a specimen of this rare bug, which Mrs. Hudson 
Beare found on a flowering umbel on the cliffs at St. Mar- 
garet’s Bay on August 29th last. There are only four previous 
records of its capture in this country: Bath, 1837; Devizes, 
1864; Dover, September 7th, 1886; Sheppey, September 
22nd, 1906. Mr. Saunders is of opinion that it is a doubtful 
native, and is most probably only an occasional visitant. 


Ps) 


Rare Corteorrera at St. Marcaret’s Bay.—Professor T, 
Hupson Beare also showed specimens of Hypera tigrina, 
Boh., taken in some numbers on the wild carrot at the foot 
of the cliffs at St. Margaret’s Bay, between August 25th and 
September 5th last ; he was unable to find a single specimen 
on the numerous wild carrot plants growing on the top of the 
cliff. This is a very local insect, and there are but few 
records of its occurrence; it seems to be confined to the 
extreme §8.E. corner of England. 

He also showed specimens of Apion semivittatum, Gyll., 
taken during the same period at St. Margaret’s Bay off plants 
of Mercurialis annua. This species was found in abundance 
more than sixty years ago by Mr. Walton near the Tivoli 
Gardens, Margate; no further specimens were taken in this 
country until 1905, when Messrs. Chitty and Tomlin swept up 
one specimen on the Deal sandhills, and this year, in June, 
Mr. Bryant also swept a specimen in the same locality. 
Mercurialis annua is a garden weed which grows freely in 
many localities in the south-east of England ; it seems to be 
very fond of old potato patches ; the plants in such a habitat 
did not, as a rule, produce the beetle, which was found more 
freely on plants growing in uncultivated spots, hedge-sides, 
etc. Mr. Donisthorpe, who, during the same period, took 
the insect freely off its food plant, at Deal, had the same 
experience. He was able to confirm the statement that the 
larva is an internal feeder, for, on cutting open a stem of a 
vigorous plant showing by knots the presence of the larve, he 
discovered a pupa which was imbedded in a kind of cell; this 
pupa eventually hatched out. 

TRANSITION BETWEEN My.oruris cHLoris, Fasr., anp M. 
AGATHINA, Cram.—Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited typical speci- 
_mens of the African Pierines Mylothris chloris, Fabr., and JM, 
ayathina, Cram. ; together with a long series of forms, transi- 
tional between the two, from the neighbourhood of the Victoria 
Nyanza. 

He remarked that he had previously called attention to the 
fact that the West-African J/. chloris and the East- and South- 
African M. agathina, which had always been looked upon as 
distinct species, intergraded with one another in the region of 


( wi) 


Uganda (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, p. xv). The present 
exhibit showed an uninterrupted transition, in the case of the 
males, from one form to the other. The females passed by 
almost imperceptible gradations from the brownish-orange J, 
agathina, with its marginal row of well-defined black spots, up 
to a form with whitish fore-wings and very pale ochreous 
hind-wings broadly margined in black, between which latter 
form and the ordinary female of JZ. chloris there was only 
a slight interval. It was true that his present material did 
not enable him to bridge over the gap; but in view of the 
near approach to the typical J/. chloris exhibited by these 
intermediate females, and of the complete transition which he 
had shown to exist in the case of the males, he thought it 
could hardly be doubted that further investigation would 
supply the very few steps still lacking. A transitional female 
from Wadelai, of the kind he had described, had been named 
clarissa by Butler. 

The greater number of the 31 specimens now shown were 
collected by Mr. Wiggins on the north-east and north-west 
shore of the Victoria Nyanza ; two of his males were from 
Toro in Western Uganda, and one interesting female specimen, 
showing an early stage of departure from IM. agathina in the 
direction of MM. chlovis, was captured at Mombasa. The fact 
that the forms referred to occurred together was established 
by a remarkable series of six specimens all taken on the same 
day by Mrs. Leaky near Mengo, on the north-west shore of 
Victoria Lake. ‘This series consisted of a typical male and 
female M. chloris, and a nearly typical male I. agathina; 
together with a transitional male and two transitional females, 
the latter closely resembling the type of Butler’s M/. clarissa. 

Mr. Neave had shown, from Uganda specimens also 
collected by Mr. Wiggins, that a similar transition occurred 
in that region between the western Amauris niavius, Linn., 
and the eastern and southern A. dominicanus, Trim. (Proc. 
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1903, p. xciv ; Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, 
p. 211). 

Bi-centenary of Linneus. 

After the exhibitions, the PresipEntT said that Mr. Morice, 

who had gone as a delegate from the Society to the Bicentenary 


( lvii ) 


Commemorations of Linnus’s birthday at Upsala and Stock- 
holm, was now present, and would give an account of the 
proceedings there. 

The Rev. F. D. Morice replied, that he was very pleased 
to have an opportunity of informing the Society of the very 
kind reception he had met with as its representative. He 
then gave a description of the ceremonies and festivities he 
had attended in that capacity. ‘These, at Upsala, occupied 
the whole of Thursday and Friday (May 23, 24), visitors being 
entertained as guests of the University from the Wednesday 
to the Friday night inclusive: at Stockholm, the actual cele- 
brations were all comprised within the Saturday (May 25), 
but the Prince-Regent honoured the visitors with an invitation 
to ‘Tea and Music’ at the Palace on the afternoon of the 
26th ; and on that day, also, a party went by special train to 
Hammarby, the property on which Linné spent the last 
summers of his life, where he died, and where sundry relics 
of himself and his family are still preserved in memory 
of him. 

“ At Upsala the great ceremony of the Thursday was held 
in a sort of theatre in the buildings of the University. Here, 
after the performance by a chorus and orchestra of cantatas 
composed for the occasion, the Rector delivered a speech on 
the work of Linné, and congratulatory Addresses were handed 
in by the delegates, who came up in groups (nation by nation), 
one member of each group speaking a few words on behalf of 
the rest. The spokesman of our own countrymen was Sir 
Archibald Geikie. On the conclusion of the ceremony, the 
guests were conducted to a smaller hall, where they had the 
honour of being presented individually to the Prince-Regent 
and other members of the Royal Family, whom they had 
previously seen at the public ceremony. 

“Two great dinners, to one or other of which all the guests 
of the University were invited, were given on that evening, 
one by the Rector, the other by the Archbishop of Upsala. 

“ Next day the company reassembled at the University, and 
went in procession to the cathedral, where Doctors (Honorary 
and Ordinary) were created in the four Faculties of Theology, 
Law, Medicine, and Philosophy. This ceremony, taking place 


( lviii_) 


as it did in the beautiful cathedral, in the presence of an 
assembly which included all the notables of Sweden, as well 
as guests from almost every European country, and even from 
America, and accompanied throughout by brilliant orchestral 
music, was not only very interesting, but extremely grand in 
its general effect, though it was lightened by what might 
almost be called a touch of the comic in certain details. Thus, 
as each Doctor was invested with the special hat denoting his 
faculty, or—in the case of a Doctor of Philosophy—with a 
laurel-wreath, he was saluted with the distant roar of an 
unseen cannon, some hundred or more of these explosions 
being heard before the ceremony was over. Again the music 
of the Marches, which were being played all the time—a 
different one commencing as the Doctors of each separate 
faculty came up for their ‘promotion ’—seemed to have been 
selected with a somewhat humorous allusion to the recipients 
of the honour. Thus the Theologians advanced to the strains 
of Mendelssohn’s ‘War March of the Priests,’ the lawyers to 
those of ‘See the Conquering Hero comes!’ A Dead March (!) 
was considered appropriate to the Doctors of Medicine; while 
the Wedding March from ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ 
was performed in honour of the Philosophers. 

“On the same evening all the guests and the new Doctors 
met at a great banquet presided over by the Prince-Regent, 
at which several other members of the Royal Family, the 
chief officials (past and present) of the University, repre- 
sentatives of the Swedish Government, and other eminent 
persons were also present. 

“ Besides these great functions, a number of minor festivities 
occurred on both days; in several of which a main feature, 
and a very agreeable one, was the beautiful singing of the- 
Upsala students. The hearty yet decorous manner in which 
these lads took their part in the celebrations, and helped to 
make them a success, was quite a surprise to many of the 
visitors from non-Teutonic countries, and must have produced 
a most favourable impression as to the Swedish student 
character upon every one who witnessed it. 

“The ceremony of Saturday at the Stockholm Academy of 
Sciences was conducted almost exactly as had been the open- 


@) lx } 


ing ceremony of the Thursday at Upsala: there was music, a 
speech from the President, and a presentation by the delegates 
of congratulatory addresses. The English delegates, however, 
had an agreeable surprise in the middle of the President’s 
speech—when, suddenly changing his language from Swedish 
to excellent English, he announced that the special medal 
struck by the Academy for presentation to ‘the most worthy 
living successor of Linnzeus’ had been awarded to our country- 
man Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, to whom the British Minister 
at Stockholm had undertaken to forward it. As at Upsala, 
the Stockholm Academy celebration was concluded by a 
banquet presided over by the Prince-Regent. It was held in 
a celebrated restaurant known as ‘ Hasselback,’ near the park 
of ‘Skansen’; and from it the company adjourned to the 
park itself, where a féte was organized by the students with 
national songs, informal speeches, etc., etc., making a cheerful 
close to a somewhat fatiguing but most interesting round of 
festivities. 

“Tn connection with these celebrations, several memorial 
editions of works by Linné, a descriptive catalogue (with 
reproductions) of portraits and statues representing the great 
naturalist, and other similar literature, were published by the 
Upsala University and the Stockholm Academy. Copies of 
all these works were kindly given to every delegate; and 
even, if he so desired, were forwarded free of cost to his 
home address. Everything, in short, was done that could be 
done to make the ‘ Linné-Fest’ agreeable at the time and a 
pleasant memory for the future to all who attended it.” 


Papers. 


Col. CHartes Swinuor, M.A., F.LS., read a paper on 
“The species of Hesperiide from the Indo-Malayan and 
African Regions, described by Herr Plotz, with some new 
Species.” 

Lieut.-Col. NevintE Manpers, R.A.M.C., read a paper on 
“The Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon.” 

Dr. T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S., read a paper on ‘The 
Hibernation of Marasmarcha,” and exhibited specimens to 
illustrate his remarks. 


Wednesday, October 16th, 1907. 


Mr. C. O. WatErHousE, President, in the Chair. 


Election of a Fellow 


Mr. P. H. Jackson, of 112, Balham Park Road, London, 
S.E., was elected a Fellow of the Society. 


Exhibitions. 


Brep ForMS OF Preris Nari var. Bryoni#.—Mr. A. H. 
Jones exhibited a series of Pieris napt var. bryonix, bred from 
ova found last year on Biscutella levigata at Arosa in Switzer- 
land, showing a wide range of variation, and a remarkable 
variety or aberration of P. napi (napxx) bearing a strong re- 
semblance on the under-side to P. rape, from Peszer, near 
Buda-Pesth. 

Rare OrrHorprera IN Kent.—Mr. W. J. Lucas showed 
for Mr. M. Burr examples of Apterygida albipennis, dis- 
covered by him near Dover this year. About 1840 Mr. J. O. 
Westwood took the species at Ashford in Kent. Mr. J. 
Edwards captured a pair near Norwich in 1889, but it was 
not found again until 1904 when Mr. A. J. Chitty redis- 
covered it at Ashford in the same locality. He also exhibited 
ad specimen of D. verrucivorus—an inhabitant of Scandinavia 
—taken in the same locality by Mr. Burr. It is about as 
large as Locusta viridissima, but looks quite different, the 
characters of the elytra and head preventing it even being 
placed in the same genus. 

Rare Nevroprera.—Mr. W. J. Lucas also showed for 
Mr. H. Campion.—Platycleis roeselii, Hagenb. 92, taken 
September 13th, 1907, near Herne Bay. Mr. E. Saunders 
and Mr. H. Guermonpres have taken it at Herne Bay and 
Mr. Wallis Kew at Trusthorpe, Lincolnshire. There seem to 
be no other well authenticated British specimens. Also for 
Mr. E. W. Campion he exhibited an aberrant specimen of S. 


( Sat) 


sanguineum, 3, from Epping Forest (September 15th, 1907), 
the form of the left hind-wing suggesting relationship with 
certain Orthoptera, which order is of course closely related to 
the Odonata. He further exhibited two Calopteryx virgo of 
his own from the New Forest showing failure in wing 
pigment. 

Lire Cycie or CaLiicorE aureLia.—Mr. W. J. Kaye 
exhibited specimens of Callicore auwrelia, Guen., together with 
a photograph of its larva, showing the remarkable branch-like 
horns rising out of the head. Mr. L. Guppy, who is rearing the 
species in Trinidad, and writing a detailed account of its 
life history, has found that the eggs hatched in four days : 
the larval period was eight days only, and the pupal period 
seven days. ‘The whole life cycle was thus but nineteen 
days. 

TERATOLOGICAL SPECIMEN oF A BrE.—The Rev. F. D. 
Morice exhibited, side by side, a normal 3 specimen of the 
bee Anthidiwm manicatum, L. (the “ Hoop-shaver bee”’ of 
Gilbert White’s “ Natural History of Seiborne”), and a mon- 
strosity or malformation of the same insect, which was long 
ago given to him as a curiosity by his correspondent, M. 
Vachal of Argentat, Corréze, France, but which he had only 
lately found opportunity to examine minutely. He also sent 
‘round a photograph of the two insects magnified, or rather of 
their abdomens, that being the part in which the malformation 
appears, and described the nature of it. 

Normally in this species the ¢ abdomen viewed from above 
shows seven dorsal plates united only by a (concealed) ‘“ con- 
necting membrane.” ‘The first five are nearly simple, but the 
sixth bears on each side at the base a remarkable hook-like 
process, and the seventh is armed at the apex with three large 
sub-triangular teeth, one on each side of the apex ando ne at 
its centre. In the present specimen, if we count the divisions 
between the dorsal plates down either side, we find that there 
are, as usual, on each side 5 simple dorsal half-plates, followed 
by a sixth with a basal lateral hook, and a seventh whose apex 
is armed externally with a tooth and internally with half a 
tooth. But when we look at the dorsum of the abdomen as a 
whole, we find that something has gone very strangely wrong 


( bai =) 


with it. Dorsal plate 1 is normal; but the dorsal plate 2 is 
split on the right side only into 2 half-plates, narrow where 
the division commences, but dilating to their usual width at 
the side of the insect, so that left dorsal half-plate 2 and right 
dorsal half-plates 2 + 3 form together the second dorsal plate 
of the whole abdomen. The third and fourth dorsal plates, 
consisting respectively of left dorsal half-plate 3 + right 4, 
and left + right 5, show no visible peculiarity. But the fifth 
plate, which (counting down the right side) should be the 
sixth, is armed on that side with the hook which characterizes 
the sixth dorsal plate, while on the left side it is simple. The 


next plate is most peculiar, having on the left side the basal 
hook of a sixth segment, and on the right the lateral apical 
tooth and half the central apical tooth of a seventh: and then 
follows (on the left side only) half of the ordinary tridentate 
apical plate with nothing at all to match it on the other side, 
the right half of the ordinary apex having appeared already 
in the preceding segment. 

It seems very difficult to form any clear idea of a cause 
which could have produced the phenomenon before us. It 
can hardly have anything to do with gynandromorphism, for 
there is nothing suggestive of ? characters about the insect, 
and its genital armature (which is extracted and pinned on a 


( Ixiii ) 


card along with the specimen) appears to be that of a quite 
normal ¢. An injury to the creature in its larval state 
might have produced a false appearance of segmentation on 
the right side of the 2nd dorsal plate, so that what has been 
called half-dorsal plate 3 might be really only a part of the 
2nd abdominal segment. But in that case the lateral hook 
which should characterize the 6th segment must be supposed 
to have been transferred to the 5th segment, the apical teeth 
of the 7th segment to have been developed on the 6th, and 
the 7th segment itself to have disappeared altogether on the 
right side, a state of things which seems quite inconceivable. 
The aspect of the specimen suggests rather that the whole 
right half of its dorsal surface after the 2nd segment has 
been somehow forced backwards towards its head, the right 
half of dorsal plate 3 having been separated from the left half 
and afterwards attached to and incorporated with the left half 
of the preceding segment, the right half of segment 4 similarly 
quitting its own corresponding left half and joining the left 
half of segment 3, and so on. 

The exhibitor then invited expressions of opinion on the 
question whether this malformation had originated in the 
larval stage or in the embryo, and handed over the specimen 
to the President for presentation to the Teratological collection 
in the National Museum at South Kensington. 

Dr. T. A. Cuapman said this malformation had clearly no 
causation in any larval injury, but dated from an early period 
of embryonic life. It arose when the flanks of the embryo 
closed dorsally (venter of vertebrates) over the visceral cavity. 
At about the 4th abdominal segment, two segments on the 
right side had met one on the left, and thrown out the correct 
apposition of the remaining ones, the 7th right uniting dorsally 
with the 6th left and soon. Such an accident looked a very 
probable one to occur, yet it is certainly extremely rare, and 
he did not know whether others were on record. It was 
difficult to conceive any external interference occurring to 
produce it ; and if this were not possible, it must arise by the 
margin of one segment failing at this early period to attain its 
full width. This no doubt explained the rarity of the mon- 

strosity, as the period during which things have gone correctly 


( xiv 4 


at this stage was so enormous, that the heredity must have an 
almost impregnable position.* 

ANT IN A PSEUDOBULB OF AN OrcHIS.—The PRESIDENT 
exhibited a living ant, a species of Camponotus, which had 
been found by Mr. Watson at Kew, in a pseudobulb of an 
orchis (probably a Bulbophyllum) from the Gold Coast. The 
bulb was much excavated, but it had no opening by which 
the ant could have entered. A second bulb was much less 
excavated, but was found to contain the larva of an ant. 

WASP AND ITS PREY.—The PrestpEnt also exhibited a large 
wasp (a Salius allied to dedjax) with a spider,a Mygale rather 
larger than itself, but which it had captured and was carrying 
off. These were from German E. Africa. 

ABERRANT TROPICAL SPECIES.—Lt.-Col. NevinLE MANDERS 
exhibited a melanic variety of Hestina nama, captured near 
Darjeeling ; and a monstrosity of Papilio krishna, in which 
the wings on the right side were much larger than those on 
the left. The specimen was taken by him at Senchal in 
Sikhim. 

HymENopTeRous PARASITE.—Mr. H. Marn exhibited the 
larva of a Hymenopterous parasite of Pygzxra bucephala, of 
great size comparatively to its host. 


Conversazione. 


The PRESIDENT announced that the Council had decided in 
favour of holding a Conversazione at some date next year to 
be fixed by a Committee of Fellows elected for the purpose of 
organization. He also invited Fellows to give in their names 
for the Guarantee Fund, and the SECRETARY gave some account 
of what it was hoped the Society would be able to do in the 
way of exhibits, etc. 


* Dr. CHAPMAN sends the following note after more carefully examining 
the specimen at leisure: ‘‘If the explanation hazarded be correct, one 
would expect that, from the point where two right segments coalesce 
dorsally with one of the left side, the following segments would not be 
distinct segments, as is universal in insects, but would present a continuous 
spiral. It strongly supports, therefore, the explanation I advanced, when 
I find that this is so. Such a spiral would be very curious and very 
obvious in a Lepidopterous pupa. Ido not know that such an one has 
ever been noticed. The enormous number of pup annually handled by 
Lepidopterists carelessly as regards such a point notwithstanding, gives 
some idea how rare this malformation must be.” 


( Ixv ) 


Wednesday, November 6th, 1907. 


Mr. E. Saunpers, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 


Mr. G. Arnot, University of Liverpool ; Mr. H. Freprrick 
D. Bartiert, of 113 Richmond Park Road, Bournemouth ; 
Mr. Joun CraupEe Fortescve Fryer, B.A., of The Priory, 
Chatteris; Mr. C. W. Howarp, of the Acting Government, 
Transvaal; Mr. Coartes H. Mortimer, of Wigmore, Holm- 
wood; Mr. R. F. H. Rosrnperc, of 57 Haverstock Hill, 
London, N.W.; Mr. Harotp Baker S iy, of Brackley 
Knoll Road, Sidcup, Kent ; and Mr. Cremenr H. Prap, of 
Johannesburg and St. Leonards Road, Bexhill-on-Sea, were 
elected Fellows of the Society. 


Obituary. 


The decease of Mr. L. C. H. Youne was announced. 


Exhibitions. 


Scorrisnh Brerie 1x Lonpon.—Mr. A. H. Jones brought for 
exhibition a specimen of the Longicorn beetle Acanthocinus 
adilis, L., a common Rannoch species, found in Grays Inn 
Road, London. 

New Species oF Pinacorreryx.—Dr, F. A. Drxey exhibited 
d and @ specimens of a Pinacopteryx, at present undescribed, 
which had been discovered by Mr. 8. A. Neave in North-East 
Rhodesia. 

He remarked that the interesting genus Pinacopteryx, which 
was purely African in distribution, formed a very natural 
group amongst Pierine genera, somewhat isolated in affinity, 
but on the whole perhaps coming nearest to Belenois. Many 
members of the genus had been affected by mimicry, and one 
species, P. rubrobasalis, Lanz., was an excellent copy in both 
sexes of the familiar Mylothris agathina, Cram. This was also 


PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Iv. 1907. E 


(Sissy 9) 


the case with the females of the new species, which Mr. Neave 
said he had often mistaken for M. agathina when on the wing. 
On the other hand, the males were quite different, showing no 
trace of resemblance to that species of Mylothris. When the 
speaker first looked through Mr. Neave’s captures, he was 
inclined to conjecture that these females were the local 
representatives of P. rubrobasalis, 2, which they closely 
resembled, and that their captor had failed to meet with the 
corresponding males. But he found that Mr. Neave had 
assigned them without hesitation to males of an aspect entirely 
different from that of P. rubrobasalis and M. agathina, and 
that in one instance at least this opinion had been confirmed 
by the capture of paired specimens. On further examination 
there appeared to be no doubt that the resemblance between 
the females of the two species was due rather to the copying 


of a common model than to mere affinity, and that Mr. Neave’s 


species and P. rubrobasalis belonged in reality to distinct 


sections of the genus. Specimens of Mylothris agathina, the- 


common model, were included in the exhibit ; also males and 
females of P. rubrobasalis and other members of the genus, 
together with individuals of the new species which were 
actually paired at the time of capture. 

BUTTERFLIES FROM THE AISNE.—Mr. W. G. SHELDON showed’ 
a series of Limenitis populi and ab. tremule with intermediate 
forms taken this year at Laon, and a series of Chrysophanus 
hippothoé from the same region, the females of the latter 
displaying a wide range of variation for so restricted a locality 
as that in which they were captured. 

Insects FRomM Drvon.—Mr. G. C. CHampion exhibited a 
fully developed example of Mesovelia furcata, M. and R., 
from Slapton, 8. Devon, and Zhamnotrizon cinereus from. 
Lynmouth, N. Devon. 

Variations IN APLECTA NEBULOSA.—Mr. A. Harrison and 
Mr. Hues Marn exhibited a case of Aplecta nebulosa, arranged 
to show the great range of variation of this species in 
Delamere Forest; with series from Epping Forest, North 
Cornwall, and the New Forest for comparison. The Cornish 
and New Forest insects were of the light grey colour which is 
the prevailing form in the West and South of England, with 


Ee 


=e 


i ce oor 


@ (devil, %) 


the exception of the neighbourhood of London, where a dark 
grey form is found, as shown in the series from Epping 
Forest. The Delamere Forest insects ranged from a rather 
light colour to a melanic form, with intermediates showing 
a complete gradation from one form to the other. The 
lighter insects were bred very sparingly from collected larve, 
from 10 to 11 per cent. of melanic forms agreeing more or 
less closely with the form robsoni, Collins, being obtained, 
the remainder, about 90 per cent., disclosing the dark grey 
form. In answer to a question by Mr. H. Rownanp-Brown, 
the exhibitor said that the undergrowth in Delamere Forest 
was chiefly bracken, and the surface of the ground covered 
with the decayed remains of this plant. Beneath this is sand, 
which occurs over a large area of the Forest, and also gravel, 
gravel-pits being somewhat extensively worked. The larve 
of A. nebulosa seemed fairly well distributed wherever young 
birches, whitethorn, or bramble occurred. 

A discussion followed relative to the appearance and increase 
of melanic forms in a restricted area like Delamere: Forest 
within the last fifteen or twenty years, in which Dr. T. A. 
CHapman, Mr. G. A. K. Marswati, Mr. J. W. Tutt, Mr. 
A. W. Bacot, Mr. W. G. SHELDON, and other Fellows 
joined. 

Rare CoLeoPpTeRA FROM THE ISLE or WiGuHtT, ETc.—Mr. 
R. 8. Mrirrorp exhibited two ¢ specimens of Cryptocephalus 
bipunctatus, taken by him at Niton in the Isle of Wight 
in July 1907, while sweeping the grass on the slopes of the 
Undercliff. He observed that the specimens were two forms 
of varieties which he understood were well known on the 
Continent, but that neither had ever been found in Britain 
before. No other specimen was met with, although the spot 
was well worked. The locality seemed to be a strange one 
for this beetle, as there were no hazel or birch trees in the 
neighbourhood. 

Mr. Mirrorp also showed Paracymus xneus, Germ., which he 
had obtained from Mr. Harwood of Colchester, who had believed 
these specimens to be P. nigroxneus. The examples shown 
were captured on the North Essex coast in June 1898, and 
there could be no doubt that P. xneus must be regarded as a 


( Lsvaiie)) 


British beetle, although Canon Fowler states in his “ British 
Coleoptera ” that we do not possess the true P. xneus. 

He also exhibited a specimen of the very rare Lathrobium 
rufipenne, taken by him at Niton, I. W., in July 1906, a 
specimen of the rare Ceuthorrhynchus viduatus, taken by him 
at Brading, I. W., in July 1907, and a specimen of Cis dentatus, 
Mell., taken by him at Sandown, I. W., in July 1906, and 
observed that this species, although well known on the 
Continent, had never before been recorded in Britain. 


Papers. 


Mr. J. E. Cottin communicated a paper “ On a large series 
of Nycteribiide (parasitic Diptera) from Ceylon.” 

Dr. G. B. Lonestarr, M.D., then read a paper ‘‘On some 
Butterflies taken in Jamaica,” and a paper ‘‘On some Butter- 
flies of Tobago,” exhibiting a number of examples taken by 
himself in both localities to illustrate his remarks. 


Wednesday, November 20th, 1907. 
Mr. G. H. Verratt, Vice-President, in the Chair. 
Nomination of Officers and Council for 1908. 


THe Secretary announced that the following Fellows were 
nominated to serve as Officers for 1908 :—President, Mr. 
CHARLES OwEN WatTERHOUSE; Treasurer, Mr. ALBert Hueu 
Jones; Secretaries, Mr. Henry Rowianp-Brown, M.A., and 
Commander James J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.L.S. ; Librarian, 
Mr. Grorer C. CHamPion; and as other members of the 
Council, Mr. ArtHur Joun Cuittry, M.A., Dr. THomas 
ALGERNON CHapMaAN, M.D., Mr. Apert Harrison, F.LS., 
F.C.8., Mr. Wituiam James Kaysr, Dr. GrorcE BLUNDELL 
LonestaFr, M.D., Mr. Hues Marin, B.Sc., Mr. Guy ANSTRUTHER 
Knox Marswatu, Professor RapHart Merwpona, F.R.S., F.C.S., 
Professor Louis Compton Mraut, F.R.S., Professor Epwarp 
Baenatut Poutton, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., ete., Mr. Ropert SHeEt- 
ForD, M.A., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., and Mr. G. H. Verratu. 


@ Uber) 


Alteration of a Bye-law. 


The Secretary read the following notice addressed to the 
President and Council of the Society. 

“To the President and Council of the Entomological 
Society of London.—We, the undersigned, desire that the 
Bye-Laws of the Society be altered by substituting in Chapter 
XIII, Section 3, for £15 15s. the figures £21, and give notice 
under Bye-law XXI. accordingly.” 

Signed, Ginpert J. Arrow, R. Merpora, R. SHELFoRD, 
T. H. Cuoapman, A. H. Jones, Guy A. K. Marsuatt, G. B. 
Lonestarr, Louis B. Prov. 


Election of Fellows. 


Mr. Lronarp Woops Newman of Bexley, Kent, and Dr. 
Ivar Tricdrpu of Upsala University, Sweden, were elected 
Fellows of the Society. 

Exhibitions. 

Rare Brertes From Hants anp Kent.—Mr. H. St. J. 
DonistHorPE showed for Mr. W. West of Greenwich examples 
of Tropideres sepicola, F., taken in the New Forest near Matley 
Bog, July 7th, 1904 ; Oxylemus variolosus, Dufs., from Darenth 
Wood, March 2nd, 1905; and Apion annulipes, Wenck, from 
Darenth Wood, August 27th, 1905. 

Lire Hisrorizrs or CoLzorHorips.—Mr. H. J. Turner 
exhibited (1) The life history of Coleophora onosmella, in- 
cluding imagines from Box Hill, Reigate, Cuxton, etce., 
larval cases mounted on the leaves of the food plant Lchiwm 
vulgare, showing the blotches formed by the mining larve, 
numerous cases fixed on stems and basal leaves for pupa- 
tion, and photomicrographs of the ova in sitw on the stem 
and leaf, and of the micropyle of the ovum, the former 
(x 20) and the latter (x 250). (2) The life history of C. 
bicolorella, including imagines from Chatham, Cuxton, etc., 
larval cases mounted to show the depredations of the larve 
on the leaves of nut, the pre-winter curved cases in which the 
larvee hybernate, larval cases fixed on stems and twigs of nut 
for pupation, leaves showing where pieces had been cut out 
by the larve for periodic enlargements of the cases, and 


( Iexa) 


photomicrographs of the ova im situ on the under-side of the 
nut-leaf, and of three varieties of the micropyle of the ovum, 
the former (x 40), the latter (x 250). These photomicrographs 
were by Mr. F. N. Clark and admirably showed the surface of 
the ova and the structure of the micropylar area. 

Mimetic PARALLELISM IN Five GENERA OF AFRICAN PIERINES. 
—Dr,. F. A. Drxery exhibited series of specimens belonging to 
five different genera of African Pierine. He remarked that 
the exhibit was arranged so as to show the parallelism exist- 
ing between many species of these genera, a parallelism which 
it could hardly be doubted was in most,*if not in all cases, of 
mimetic significance. The genera included in the exhibit 
were Mylothris, Phrissura, Pinacopteryx, Belenois and Leucer- 
onia. The members of the same genus were arranged in 
vertical rows, while the species of different genera showing a 
similar appearance were set out side by side, horizontally. 
The various assemblages, each presenting a distinct pattern, 
with their constituent species, were as follows :— 

I. White with dark marginal spots. Mylothris agathina, 
Cram., 6; Pinacopteryx rubrobasalis, Lanz., 6; Belenois thysa, 
Hopft. ¢; Leauceronia argia, Fabr., 9. 

Ii. Brownish-yellow with dark marginal spots. M. agathina, 
2; Pinacopteryx vidua, Butl.,?; B. thysa, 9 (dry season). 
Some specimens of Pinacopteryx astarte, Butl., 2; of Belenois 
theora, Doubl., 9 ; and alsoa form of LZ. argia, 2, belong to this 
group, but were not shown. 

Tif. White with dark apical patch and dark marginal 
spots. Phrissura phaola, Doubl., 3; Pinacopteryx dixeyi, 
Neave, ¢; Belenois theuszi, Dewitz, 6; L. argia, 6. 

IV. The same, with a slight brownish-yellow basal suffusion. 
M. poppea, Cram., 3; P. dixeyi, 2 ; Belenois ianthe, Doubl., 9 ; 
Leuceronia thalassina, Boisd., ? . 

V. White; marginal dark spots tending to become streaks ; 
an orange or pinkish basal flush. Jf. poppea, 9; Phrissura 
isokani, Gr. Smith, 9 (= P. phebe, Butl.); B. zanthe, 2; 
Belenois sp. (allied to B. thysa), 9; L. argia,@. 

VI. Fore-wings brownish-yellow with dark margins ; hind- 
wings white or creamy with dark marginal spots. J/ylothiis 
sprea, Mésch., 2; Phrissura sylvia, Fabr., 2 ; L. thalassina, ? . 


(nos) 


Specimens of B. theuszi,?; of B. theora, Doubl.,?; and of 
L. argia, ( form semiflava, Auriv.) also come into this group, 
but were not included in the exhibit. 

VII. Bright yellow with dark marginal spots or (on fore- 
wings) an irregular marginal band ; fore-wings with orange 
basal flush. Mylothris riippellii, Koch, 3 (yellow form) ; LZ. 
argia, 2 (form sulphurea, Auriv.). 

VIII. White with dark marginal spots; fore-wings with 
large basal orange-vermilion flush. JL. riippellii, ¢ (apper- and 
under-side); LZ. argia, 2 (form varia, Trim.). Phrissura nyasana, 
Butl., ¢, is also a member of this group. 

IX. White with dark marginal spots; a small patch of 
orange at base of fore-wings, and the same colour prolonged on 
costa of hind-wings. J. spica,d; P. sylvia, 3; P. dixeyi, 3; 
B. theuszi, 3 (all under-sides). 

X. White ; fore-wing with dark margin broadened at apex, 
hind-wing with dark marginal spots. MV. spica, 3d; P. sylvia, 
3; L. argia, 2 (form poppxa, Donov.). 

XI. Like IX and X, but orange of TX replaced by lemon- 
yellow. Mylothris asphodelus, Butl., ¢; Phrisswra perluceus, 
Butl., ¢; B. theuszi, $ (under-side). All these specimens are 
from the Congo. 

XII. Fore-wings whitish with a pale orange basal flush ; 
hind-wings orange-yellow; both wings with a border of 
dark spots. J/ylothris clarissa, Butl., 2; Pinacopteryx sp. 
(allied to P. orbona, Hiibn.), 9; B. thysa, ? (intermediate 
form). 

XIII. Like XII, but with the hind-wings a paler yellow, 
and the marginal spots tending to become streaks. P. isokant, 
2 (=P. phebe) ; Pinacopteryx sp. (allied to P. orbona), 2; L. 
argia, P. 

XIV. Fore-wings white with brilliant orange-vermilion 
basal flush ; hind-wings ochre-yellow ; dark marginal spots. 
M. agathina, 6; P. isokant (phebe),?; P. rubrobasalis, 2 ; B. 
thysa, 6; L. argia, 2 (all under-sides). 

XV. Fore-wings white; hind-wings lemon or primrose- 
yellow ; dark marginal spots more or less developed, and on 
fore-wing sometimes fused. Jylothris trimenia, Butl., 3; M. 
narcissus, Butl., 2; M. jacksoni, E. M. Sharpe, 2; Phrissura 


( Ixxii ) 


lasti, Gr. Smith, 3; Pinacopteryx sp. (allied to P. vidua, Butl.), 
9; Belenois sp. (allied to B. zochalia, Boisd.), 2? . 

XVI. Like XV, but with hind-wings ochreous or brownish- 
yellow. J. trimenia,?; P. lasti,? ; P. pigea, Boisd., 2 ; Bele- 
nois sp. (allied to B. zochalia), 9; B. zochalia, 9; L. 
thalassina, 2 . 

Dr. Drxry further remarked that though attention had 
already been drawn to several of these cases of resemblance 
by Mr. Trimen, Prof. Poulton, Mr. Neave and others, as well 
as by himself, they had not before been shown together in one 
view. In some instances the superficial resemblances between 
insects of very different genera belonging to this series had 
led to much confusion in the nomenclature, for an example of 
which he would refer to the facts given in Mr. Trimen’s 
“South African Butterflies,’ Vol. ili, 1889, p. 35 and note. 
The five genera now shown, though all belonging to the 
Pierinx, were not closely related ; Pinacopteryx and Belenois 
probably stood nearest to one another in point of affinity, but 
were still abundantly distinct. J/ylothris occupied an isolated 
position, while Phrisswra was allied to the Eastern genera 
Tachyris, Catophaga and Appias. Leuceronia was widely 
removed from all the rest. Hence there was little or nothing 
to support the suggestion that these likenesses might be 
merely the consequence of affinity. 

It was worthy of note that some form of the genus Mylothris 
was usually to be found at the centre, so to speak, of each of 
these different colowr-assemblages. But this was not invari- 
ably the case, and it not infrequently happened that the 
species of other genera showed a closer resemblance to each 
other than either of them did to the Mylothris. This was 
perhaps especially the case as between the two genera elenois 
and Pinacopteryx, but striking instances also occurred between 
Phrissura phaola g and Belenois theuszi d, and between Phris- 
sura isokani 2? and the female of a Lelenois allied to B. thysa. 
It was a further point of interest that the streaky character of 
the dark margin of the wings, well seen in M. poppea,?, 
appeared to have originated not in that genus, but in the 
genera Phrissura and Belenois. Its adoption by Mylothris, 
which was on all hands admitted to be a distasteful genus, 


— 


( Ixxiii_ ) 


seemed to favour the supposition of a Miillerian element in 
this series of resemblances, which interpretation was also 
suggested by the cases of “secondary mimicry ” already 
referred to. The striking aposeme, peculiar to African 
butterflies, constituted by dark marginal spots on a pale 
ground, was a predominant feature of the whole series, and, 
though especially characteristic of Mylothris, appeared in some 
instances to exist independently of that genus. Another 
prevalent aposeme was the orange or scarlet basal flush well 
seen in Mylothris riippellii. It was significant that both these 
warning marks tended to be better developed on the under- 
surface. 

Dr. Dixy concluded by drawing attention to the fact that 
these colour-assemblages were by no means isolated clusters, 
On the contrary, they passed into one another in many direc- 
tions, though this was not easily observed in an exhibit 
arranged like the present. As a matter of fact, the whole 
array of specimens shown might be regarded as forming a net- 
work, each individual being connected with all the rest by a 
larger or smaller number of gradations. It would be seen on 
tracing out these lines of connection that they ran to a very 
large extent independently of affinity. The phenomena were 
indeed in many respects comparable with the facts regarding 
mimicry in the Neotropical region, to which he had drawn 
attention in ‘‘ Nature” for October 31, 1907, pp. 677-8. 

MicromorpuisM In A Beerte.—Mr. WILLouGHBY GARDNER 
exhibited a remarkably small specimen of JJeloé proscarabeus 
with an example of the normal size. 

Forms or Arascanta LevaNna AND var. Prorsa.—Mr. W. G. 
SHELDON showed a case containing many examples of Arasch- 
nia levana var. prorsa and intermediates, bred from larve 
found in the department of the Aisne, France, in June last. 
Out of 176 individuals that emerged from the pupa 109 were 
var. prorsa—65 6 dsand 44 2 Qs, 4 approached nearly to 
ab. porima, 2 ¢6 ds and 2 9 9s; 29 were intermediate 
between prorsa and porima—23 ¢ 46s and 6 @ @s: all 
emerging in a room of average temperature at Croydon, July 
20-27th. The forms porima and intermediates were attribut- 
able to the cold summer. ‘The remainder of the specimens 


(eevee 3) 


came from pupze which as soon as formed were removed to a 
refrigerator and kept there for fifteen days, being afterwards 
subjected to the same treatment as the other lot of pup. 
These emerged August 8—15th and showed one var. prorsa, 16 
between portma and prorsa—6 ¢ gs and 10 9 9s—2 ab. 
porima, both 3 3s, 16 intermediates between prorsa and the 
type levana—4 4668 and 12 9 9s, of which several 
approached very nearly to the typical brood—levana. 

Dy, T. A. Cuapman showed specimens of Avraschnia levana, 
type, bred 1907, to give a fuller view of this form in assist- 
ance to Mr. Sheldon’s report. He said the palest specimens 
were probably the result of leaving the pupe at a temperature 
at or below 54° till the butterflies were nearly ready for 
emergence ; but on the whole they are probably not far from 
normal /evana, the darker being chiefly 3 ¢, the paler 2 9°. 

Mr. SHeipon also showed strings of the ova in situ on 
nettle, these being base to apex, and in position resembling 
those of Polygonia c-album. 

Exotic CockroacH FRoM Krw.-——Mr. G. J. Arrow exhibited 
a specimen of a handsome exotic Cockroach (Dorylxa 
rhombifolia) found alive in the Natural History Museum. 
He remarked that he had seen this species there several years 
ago but had not captured it. The present specimen was 
found in a different part of the building by Mr. T. Sherrin, 
on Nov. 16th. It is an apterous species inhabiting China, 
India, Madagascar, 8. Africa, etc. and has also been recorded 
from ‘Tropical America. 

TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS ON TROPICAL BurrERFLIEs.— 
Lieut.-Col. N. Manpers exhibited a collection of some 200 
specimens of tropical butterflies belonging to the genera 
Melanitis, Mycalesis, Atella, Papilio and Catopsilia, which 
had been subjected to abnormal degrees of temperature in 
the pupal stage. The object of the experiments was to 
ascertain the effect of climate on the colours of tropical 
butterflies. He said that with the exception of Mr. Mar- 
shall’s experiments on certain 8. African butterflies literally 
nothing had been done as far as he knew in the laboratory 
in relation to this question. He himself held the view 
tentatively, that certain cases believed to be examples of 


a 


. os «he 


(i: Abezaets 19) 


Miillerian mimicry would be proved eventually to be cases 
of climatic resemblances, produced in insects of different 
genera or even families by climate acting on organisms 
similarly constituted, and so responding in a similar manner 
to the same stimulus. 

While readily admitting that the specimens in the exhibit 
were too few for definite conclusions, they showed in JMJelanitis 
and Mycalesis there was good evidence for the belief that in 
two species—leda and narcissws—of these genera the seasonal 
phases are induced by cold and heat, and not by dryness and 
moisture. 

In Atella phalanta there was reason for believing that the 
presence of the violet or purple on the under surface was due 
to deprivation of light during the rearing of the insect from 
the egg to the imago. 

In Catopsilia florella any abnormal temperature produced 
an increased number of yellow females (rhadia), no typical 
white females, but an abundance of intermediates, which were 
absent so far as his experience went under normal conditions 
in Mauritius, though common enough in India and Africa. 
The males remained unchanged. 

In Papilio demodocus there was an increase of red round 
the costal ocellus on the upper side of the hind-wing and a 
very distinct general ruddiness on the under surface of the 
hind-wing produced by cold. 

ASSOCIATION OF ALLIED Forms or Sours American Butrer- 
FLIES.—Dr. G. B. Lonasrarr exhibited a case containing 35 
Ithomiine butterflies of 11 species, belonging to 6 genera, 
all taken in a little over an hour, on March 20th, 1907, at 
about 4.0 p.m. near Caracas, Venezuela, some 3600 feet above 
sea-level. They were disturbed in a shaded gorge and all 
taken on a piece of moist ground measuring perhaps 60 yards 
by 10 yards. They were all flying together like a cloud of 
gnats and many more might have been secured, but the 
number of distinct species was not recognized at the time. 
This habit of butterflies of this group thus congregating 
together was described by Bates.* It affords a striking 
exception to Darwin’s principle that closely allied forms are 

* Trans, Linn. Soc, 1862, pp. 539, 541. 


( Txaaa ) 


not usually found together. When on the wing out of the 
sun the clear-winged species were difficult to see, only the 
white or yellow markings catching the eye, but in the 
sunshine the clear parts of the wings sometimes gave an 
iridescent gleam. 

CoNVERGENT GROUP OF HELICONINE Burrerriies.—Mr. W. J, 
Kaye exhibited a convergent group of Heliconine butterflies, 
from the Potaro Road, Potaro River, British Guiana, composed 
of the following species: Heliconius burneyt catharine, Heliconius 
xanthocles xanthocles, Heliconius axde astydamia, Heliconius 
egeria egeria, all of the second section or Opisorhyparine group. 
Heliconius cybele tumatumari of the first section or Opiso- 
gymui group, and Hweides tales tales. A short series of each 
was shown, and it was stated that except the first and last 
none of the species could be called common. ‘The numbers of 
each secured in six years were as follows—H. catharine 31, 
Hi, xanthocles 6, H. astydamia 14, H. egeria 3, H. tumatuwmari 
6, Zu. tales 50. It was significant that this group of butter- 
flies also had a black hind-wing, a characteristic so marked in 
the Guiana region especially that portion known as British 
and Dutch territory. In the more southern area known as 
French Guiana the hind-wing in the representatives of these 
species was streaked with red. Only H. egeria as found on 
the Potaro River now shows any indication of being streaked 
in the hind-wing, the other four species of Heliconius and the 
Eueides only exhibiting a small red streak at the base, while 
some of the specimens present a uniform black surface. 
Hitherto there has not been detected any species of Danaine 
or Ithomiine butterfly that might serve as a model or mimic 
of these species, and if at any time the large Melinxa mneme— 
Heliconius numata group exerted any influence on these red 
and yellow and black species, it is unlikely that it does so 
now, because they have not the same flower-frequenting habit 
and are not found in company with them. The red colouring 
of the fore-wing also render these species far more distinctive 
on the wing than the species coloured like H. nwmata, and it 
is unlikely that any enemy would mistake the one for the 
other. 


¢ Ixxvn ) 


Papers. 

In illustration of his paper “ Mimicry in North American 
Butterflies of the genus Limenitis (Basilarchia),” Professor 
E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., showed specimens of Adelpha (Heterc- 
chroa) bredowi, ranging from Guatemala to Arizona, and 
its northern form, named californica by A. G. Butler, from 
California and Oregon. With these he exhibited specimens of 
Limenitis (Basilarchia) lorquini, Boisd., taken together with the 
Adelphas, by Mr. F. D. Godman, F.R.S., in the two last-named 
States. A specimen of lorquini from Esquimalt, Vancouver’s 
Island, was also exhibited for the purpose of comparison with 
the southern individuals. Professor Poulton pointed out that 
lorquint resembles the Adelpha and differs from its ancestor 
L. (B.) wiedemeyeri, Edwards, in the cream colour of the 
band which crosses both wings and the presence of a brown 
apical patch on the fore-wing. The specimen from Vancouver’s 
Island far north of the range of the Adelpha showed a great 
reduction in the size of the apical patch. The californica form 
of the Adelpha furthermore differed from the southern bredowi 
form and resembled the Z. (B.) lorquint in the reduction of 
the brown mark at the anal angle of the hind-wing, in the 
more broken and irregular appearance of the cream-coloured 
band, and markedly in the broader, shorter shape of the 
wings. These mutual resemblances appeared to offer a 
striking example of Dr. F. A. Dixey’s principle of Reciprocal 
Mimicry (Diaposematic Resemblance). Professor Poulton said 
that he was indebted to the kindness of Mr. F. D. Godman for 
the opportunity of showing the specimens to the Society. 

Mr. H. St. J. DonistHorps, F.Z.S., read a paper “On the 
Life History of Lomechusa strwmosa, F.” 


Wednesday, December 4th, 1907. 
Mr. C. O. Wateruouse, President, in the Chair. 


Nomination of Officers and Council and Auditors for 1908. 


The Secrerary again read the names of the Officers and 
Council nominated to serve for 1908, 


( dppevei)) 


The following Fellows were nominated as Auditors :—Mr. 
W. J. Kaye, Mr. A. J. Carrry, Mr. R. Apxtiy, Mr. L. B. 
Prout, Dr. T. A. Coapman, Mr. R. Wyuiz-Luoyp. 


Alteration of a Bye-Law. 


The SECRETARY again read the notice relative to a change of 
Chapter XIII, Section 3, announced at the previous meeting. 


Election of Fellows. 


Mr. Water Featuer, of 10 Station Grove, Cross Hills, 
Keighley, Yorkshire, and the British Somaliland Fibre and 
Development Company, Berbera, Somaliland, British East 
Africa, and Mr. Ruprrr Wetistoop Jack, Assistant Entomo- 
logist in the Department of Agriculture of the Cape of Good 
Hope, Cape Town, South Africa, were elected Fellows of the 
Society. 

Obituary. 


The decease of Mr. Henry HacGuet was announced. 


Exhibitions. 

VARIATIONS IN ANTHROCERA TRIFOLII.—Dr, G. C. Hopeson, 
introduced by Dr. T. A. CuApman, exhibited a case containing 
a number of examples of Anthrocera trifolii, collected on the 
same ground in Sussex, and showing a wide range of variation, 
including three fine melanie forms, and several showing six 
spots on the upper-wings. He remarked that these latter 
were bred by him from cocoons found on the ground, and not 
as in the case of the others from those taken on ling, ete. 

Enemirs or Sours American Burrerriies.—Mr. W. J. 
Kayr showed a specimen of Papilio thoas thoas with the 
central portions of both tails removed apparently by a narrow- 
billed bird. The injury appeared so symmetrical that it was 
thought likely that the specimen was an abnormality. Buta 
careful microscopical examination showed that the overlapping 
scales on the sides of the injury were not shaped lke the cilia 
scales but were in the position of broken rows of scales, show- 
ing that there had been uniformity. It was mentioned that 
by experiment with a butterfly and a pair of forceps a piece 
of the wing could be removed and the resulting injury appear 


Citixeaic 9) 


scaled. If however a wedge of the wing be cut out witha 
pair of sharp scissors, the resulting edge of the wing showed 
hardly a trace of any overlapping scales, the scales them- 
selves being actually sheared. 

Several species of butterflies from British Guiana were also 
shown with injuries to the wings in the region, of the abdo- 
men. These included Heliconius burneyi ee we Stalachtis 
phedusa, Bia actorion and Methona confusa, the last-named 
being a most conspicuous injury just above where the abdomen 
is held when at rest. Such injuries to Danaine butterflies 
were quite rare. 

Locusts AND THEIR Foop.—The PrestpEen? exhibited photo- 
graphs of a large locust (Catacanthacris rubella) from the 
Congo Free State, which was captured holding a small mouse 
(Leggada %) with its front and middle legs, and was apparently 
devouring it. He read the following note from the Rev. M. 
H. Reid, who found it. ‘‘I never knew that a grasshopper 
would eat flesh, but seeing was to believe. I went to see 
several of the chiefs . . . during that time great swarms of 
locusts devoured every green thing. While looking at the 
locusts crawling over the native huts I observed the one I 
gave you. It held a mouse firmly, and had actually fastened 
its legs about the mouse so that there was no way of escape. 
. . . Some of the locusts had great spiders and others great 
roaches (cockroaches), and in fact anything which would make 
food.” ‘The specimen is now in the Natural History Museum. 

A discussion followed on the carnivorous habit of the 
Acridiidx, it being considered a very unusual phenomenon. 

The Rev. F. D. Moricz mentioned an occasion on which he 
had found wearing apparel devoured by grasshoppers in 
Switzerland, and other Fellows followed. 

ReEorprocaL CoNVERGENCE IN Limenitis.—Professor Poutron 
exhibited 7 males and 4 females of Limenitis (Basilarchia) 
lorguint from Vancouver’s Island; 11 males and 1 female 
from British Columbia; 4 males from California; also 4 
examples of the Californian form of Adelpha bredowt, together 
with 5 specimens of the same species from Mexico and | from 
Guatemala. He also exhibited 2 males of the species which 
probably represents the ancestor of lorquini, viz. Limenitis 


C ds} 


(Basilarchia) wiedemeyeri, from Colorado. This much larger 
series supported the conclusions suggested by the smaller 
exhibit shown by Professor Poulton at the previous meeting :— 
viz. that the superficial appearance of A. bredowi and of L. (B.) 
lorquint undergoes reciprocal convergence in the areas where 
these two species fly together, but that where each of them 
exists alone, lorguint to the W. and bredowit to the 8., the 
resemblance to the other is much reduced. 

Hyprips AND VARIETIES oF British Hererocera.— Mr. L, 
W. Newman exhibited (a) a long and varied series of Hnnomos 
autumnaria (alniaria), including examples in-bred several 
years of a very pale washed-out colour, the usual in-bred Kent 
form; specimens bred by Mr. Tugwell 1882-3, a very rich dark 
speckled form; specimens including two pairs melanic (rich 
dark brown with canary-yellow thorax), the parent 9 captured 
in East Kent in 1905 and quite typical, but the brood of 
1906 produced two melanic specimens, while this year several 
melanic specimens were bred and a quantity of the types, 
which latter were very rich in colour and heavily speckled, 
some almost approaching Mr. Tugwell’s race: (4) a series of 
Polia xanthomista (nigrocincta) bred from ova and fed on 
carrot, the specimens unusually large (N. Cornwall), and one 
Isle of Man specimen also bred from ova, and one specimen 
bred from wild collected larvee—a much smaller specimen : (c) 
three pairs of hybrid Votodonta ziczac 3 x N. dromedarius 2 , = 


newmani, Tutt, and one specimen each of ziczac and drome- 
darius : (d) three very fine Yylina conformis bred by Evan John, 
S. Wales: (e) three cocoons (i situ) of Dicranura bicuspis 
collected wild in Tilgate Forest : and (f) fine melanie ¢ Opor- 
abia dilutata, taken wild in Bexley Woods 1907, this being the 
first melanic specimen of the species reported from Kent. 

New Species or Betenois.—Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited male 
and female specimens of a new Belenois allied to B. zochala, 
Boisd., but quite distinct from the zochalia group. These 
were captured by Mr. Wiggins in the Tiriki Hills, north-east 
of the Victoria Nyanza. 

Rare CoLEorreRA, THYSANOPTERA, AND ApTERA.—Mr. R. 8. 
BaGNALL read the following notes on the several examples 
exhibited by him. 


(7) oer") 


CoLEOPTERA :— 


Triplax bicolor, Gyll. Specimens reared from larvee found 
hibernating in moss at Gibside, Co. Durham, and showing 
change in coloration after emergence from pupz. 

Agathidium badium, Er., from beneath bark of beech trunks 
and logs, Gibside, Co. Durham. 

Cryptamorpha desjardinsi, Latr. A probably cosmopolitan 
species from cellars, Winlaton, Co. Durham. 

Eniemus fungicola, Th., taken by Mr. Gardner in Teesdale, 
Co. Durham. 

Henoticus serratus, Gyll., from refuse lying on the banks of 
Loch Long at Arnochar. 

Epurea angustula, Er., and Acrulia inflata, Gyll., found 
(parasitic) in the runs of a wood-boring beetle, Z’rypodendron 
domesticum. 

Luplectus minutissimus, Aubé., taken at Winlaton Mill, Co. 
Durham, with other rare creatures, amongst sand and shingle 
actually submerged by the river Derwent. 

Scydmexnus exilis, Er., not uncommon in the Derwent Valley 
(Durham) beneath bark of various trees. 

Piilium myrmecophilum, All., common with /. rufa in 
Northumberland, Durham and the Kyles of Bute. 


THYSANOPTERA :— 


Having paid alittle attention this year to the British species 
of Thrips I have pleasure this evening in drawing your notice 
to twelve rare species, ten of which (marked “*”) are new to 
the fauna of Great Britain. 

* Megalothrips lativentris, Heeger. Both sexes found by Dr. 
Randell Jackson in Delamere Forest. One of the largest 
European species. 

Inothrips setinodis, Reuter. Described by Reuter from 
Scotland. A fine 9 from Elm Gibside, Co. Durham. 

* Trichothrips cxspitis, Uzel. A minute species, apterous, 
without ocelli, and having the proboscis abbreviated. De- 
scribed from Bohemia. A single example from Gibside in moss. 

* Heliothrips femoralis, Reuter. A hothouse species taken 
at Acton by Mr. C.O. Waterhouse and in Northumberland by 

PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., IV. 1907. F 


(( lexxnh 9 


myself. It is recorded from Finland and North America, and 
I have recently found it in numbers in Belgium. 

* Parthenothrips dracenx, Heeger. Another hothouse 
species taken by Mr. Waterhouse at Acton. It is widely 
distributed, and I have taken it in large numbers in Belgium, 
in which country it was previously unknown. 

Aptinothrips nitidula, Hal. On the sea aster (Aster 
tripolium) and sea milkwort (Glaux maritima), Arran. De- 
scribed by Haliday more than seventy years ago and only 
rediscovered this year. 

* Uzeliella lubbocki, new genus and species. <A single 
female found amongst seaweed, Whitley Bay. 

* Euthrips robusta, Uzel. From the field scabious (Scabiosa 
arvensis), Co. Durham. Rare. Bohemia (Uzel). 

* Oxyothrips parviceps, Uzel. From heather (Calluna and 
Erica), Scotland, Clyde and Solway districts ; Northumber- 
land, Co. Durham. Bohemia (Uzel). 

* Oxyothrips ajugx, Uzel. From the flowers of bugle (Ajuga 
reptans), Co. Durham. Bohemia (Uzel). 

* Thrips major, Uzel, and 

* Thrips communis, Uzel, from the flowers and leaves of 
the bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) and the potato plant 
(S. tuberosum), Co. Durham. Bohemia (Uzel). 


APTERA :— 

The following species of Collembola, another neglected 
group, are additions to the fauna of Great Britain, whilst 
many species yet await identification and most probably 
description. Prof. Carpenter has helped me greatly in this 
group. 

* Orchesella rufescens, Lubbock, and * Isotoma hibernica, 
Carpenter, the latter a recently described species. Delamere 
Forest, where they were taken by Dr, Randell Jackson. 

* Isotoma minuta, Tlb. Whitley Bay, Northumberland. 

* Isotoma bidenticulata, Tlb. An arctic and alpine species. 
Amongst shingle of mountain streams, in numbers, North- 
umberland and Scotland, 

* Isotoma quadrioculata, Tlb, A solitary example from the 
Derwent Valley, Durham, 


( Ixxxmi ) 


* Xenylla brevicauda, Tlb, Several from beneath bark, 
Derwent Valley, Durham. 

* Anurida tullbergi, Schott. Taken in large numbers 
amongst sand and shingle submerged by the river Derwent, 
Durham. 

* Sminthurus cinctus, Tlb. In numbers, Derwent Valley, 
Durham. 


THYSANURA :— 

Premachilis hibernica, Carp., this year described by Prof. 
Carpenter, and another species probably P. brevicornis, Ridley, 
the description of which has been overlooked by modern 
authorities, both from the Derwent Valley. 


Papers, ete. 


Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., communicated the follow- 
ing observations on the 


INSECT AND oTHER Foops oF BLACKGAME 


contained in a letter received from Dr. F. Menteith Ogilvie. 
His correspondent stated that the larve of Bombyx rubi had 
been unusually abundant on the Argyllshire moors during 
October (Dr. Ogilvie’s visit had been from the 16th to the 28th 
of the month). The following extract from the letter indicates 
both the excessive abundance and the special protection of these 
larvee :—‘‘ Had I set about seriously collecting them, I dare 
say I could have gathered over 1,000 of these caterpillars in a 
day. We shot a number of blackgame, grouse, and ptarmigan, 
and I examined the crops of a good many of these, more 
especially of the blackgame. ‘The latter species we found out 
on the open moor—very few were in the woods and _ birch 
patches at this season—they therefore had ample opportunities 
of feeding on these hairy caterpillars had they been so minded. 
But in the examination of the contents of the crops of a con- 
siderable number of birds of this species I never found one 
hairy caterpillar, though I often found one or two smooth- 
skinned caterpillars of different kinds.. From this I came to 
the conclusion that these hairy caterpillars are noxious to 
birds—at any rate to the game birds I was dealing with—and 
that they are severely left alone.” 


( besxive 


A later communication from Dr. Menteith Ogilvie contained 
the following interesting details :—‘I enclose a rough note on 
the contents of the crops of five blackgame. I could send 
others, but the general result was the same in all the birds shot.” 


Blackgame, Tetrao tetrix, L. Contents of crop (5 specimens). 
Barcaldine, Argyllshire. 

1. 9 Shot 17th October, 1907 (3 p.m.); crop fairly dis- 
tended. ‘An immense number” of galls from oak 
trees, vulgarly “‘spangle galls” (Newroterus lenticu- 
laris), probably not less than 500 of these. 

Also ‘‘ an immense number ” of small dark-brown beetles, 
Lochmexa (Adimonia) suturalis of Thomson, one of the 
plant-feeding section of the Coleoptera. 

A quantity of plantain leaves, others that appeared to 
belong to some kind of mint, and only one small 
flowering head of heather. 

2. 3 Shot 19th October, 1907 (4 p.m.) ; crop full. 

Plantain leaves, fully 4 of the contents. 

Heather shoots, about another }. 

A few blaeberry tops (Vaccinium myrtillus). 

Marsh Trifolium (2 or 3 leaves); a fern leaf (? Poly- 
podium alpestre). 

Many dark-brown beetles, as in @ of 17th October, 1907, 
but less numerous. 

One large smooth-skinned caterpillar, 1} in. long, 3 
longitudinal yellow stripes on a dark olive-brown 
ground. 

3. gd young. Shot 19th October, 1907 (10 a.m.) ; crop nearly 
empty. 

Seven berries of the mountain ash (Rowan), and 

A few crinkly leaves, somewhat like parsley. (Sp. ?) 

4. ¢ adult. Shot 18th October, 1907 (4 p.m.); crop very 
distended. 

Large quantities of heather shoots. 

Willow leaves. (Sp. ?) 

[This is a dwarf willow which grows plentifully on 
the moors. I don’t know the species—it is locally 
known as the “saugh”’ willow. | 


( Vhexxv' *) 


Flowering heads of a scabious. 

Numerous fronds of a fern (? Polypodiwm alpestre), 
Tormentilla (7Z’. officinalis), and two or three Trifolium 
leaves. 

“Vast number ” of spangle galls. 

300 or more dark-brown beetles (LZ. swéwralis). 

One earwig, and 

One large (14 in. long) smooth-skinned green caterpillar, 

5. @ Shot 18th October, 1907 (3 p.m.) ; crop half full. 

Mainly heather shoots, with a good sprinkling of 
blaeberry (V. myrtillus). 

Fern fronds (P. alpestre), a few. 

“Tmmense number” of the usual small dark-brown beetle, 
and quantity of ‘‘spangle galls.” 


“The two outstanding features are the spangle galls and 
the small beetle. Almost all the birds were crowded with 
these, and, judging by my specimens, the blackgame must 
have been destroying enormous numbers of both. I don’t 
think, as regards the beetles, it is any exaggeration to allow 
300 beetles per day per bird. Ours is not a very good black- 
game ground now, and perhaps we have 300 head in all; that 
would equal 90,000 beetles per day! I was surprised to find, 
too, how little heather was eaten in most cases, despite the 
fact that the birds were in almost every case found on the 
moor and not in the woods. 

“The beetles were kindly identified for me by Commander 
Walker, and the oak spangles by the authorities at Kew.” 

Professor Poutton said that Dr. Menteith Ogilvie had 
kindly obtained specimens of the abundant hairy larve un- 
touched by the birds, and that they were undoubtedly Bombyx 
rubt. He remarked upon the interesting fact that the beetle 
Lochmxa suturalis, so plentifully devoured by the blackgame, 
belonged to the Galerucidx, a family generally believed to be 
distasteful, and certainly providing many models for mimicry. 
These particular Galerucids, however (examples of which were 
exhibited), were rather inconspicuous dark brown insects. 

Rest ATTITUDE oF Hyrta AurorARtA.—Mr. J. C. Moutton 
read the following note :—“ During the past summer I had the 


(  kexxw )) 


opportunity of studying the habits of this species in the field 
near Glastonbury, Somersetshire. I first met with it on July 
2nd, and after a rainy interval saw it again on July 10th, 
11th, and 12th. The moth frequented a small patch of ground 
about 80 yards square, covered with heath and ling, inter- 
mingled with bog-myrtle, alder bushes, and birch trees. The 
insect was on the wing in bright sunlight from 10.30 a.m. to 
1.30 p.m. The rest attitude was first observed on July 10th ; 
when following a moth that was flying about four or five feet 
from the ground, I saw it settle upon the ling a little ahead of 
me when it became invisible. However, on closer inspection T 
found it had alighted on a thin stem of ling, with the under- 
side of its outspread wings uppermost. When disturbed it 
again took a short flight of a few yards, and settled in exactly 
the same manner. This happened during four successive 
flights of this one insect ; and for the rest of that morning 
and the following days I was interested to notice that all the 
others, which I saw settle, invariably did so in this attitude. 
The interpretation is not far to seek when a comparison is 
made between the colouring of the upper- and under-sides. In 
the former the bright purple and rich golden markings at once 
attract the eye and render this little Geometer a conspicuous 
object. The under-surface, on the other hand, possesses a 
perfect cryptic colouring of dark dull purple, combined with 
shades of tawny yellow. It should be noted that on no occasion 
was the flower itself selected as a resting-place, but always the 
leaf or stem, the dull colour of which, combined with the dark 
shadows in the interior of the plant, formed a background 
harmonising in a remarkable manner with the exposed surface 
of the insect. In conclusion, I should like to record my sincere 
gratitude to Professor Poulton for very kindly looking over 
this note.” 

Mr. A. H. Swrnron communicated a paper on ‘‘ The Family 
Tree of Moths and Butterflies, traced in their Organs of Sense.” 

Mr. E. Meyricx, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., communicated a 
paper on “ Notes and Descriptions of Pterophoride and 
Orneodide.” 

Mr. R. SuHetrorp, M.A., C.M.Z.S., F.L.8., read a paper 
entitled “Studies on the Blattidx.”’ 


( lexxyi, }) 


The Rev. K. St. A. Rocrrs, introduced by Professor E, B, 
Poutton, F.R.S., read a paper entitlel ‘“‘ Notes on the Bio- 
nomics of British East African Butterflies,” and exhibited 
many examples collected by him, and from the Hope Museum, 
Oxford, to illustrate his remarks. 


( Txxxix >) 


ANNUAL MEETING. 
Wednesday, January 15th, 1908. 


Mr. C. O. WarternHouse, President, in the Chair. 

Mr. R. Wyte Luoyp, one of the Auditors, read the 
Treasurer's Balance Sheet, showing a balance of £6 7s. 11d. 
in the Society’s favour. 

Mr. H. Rowxanp-Brown, one of the Secretaries, then read 
the following 


Report of the Council. 


During the Session 1907-1908 eight Fellows have died, 
seven Fellows have resigned, thirty-six new Fellows have been 
elected, the name of one Fellow has been restored to the list, 
and those of fourteen Fellows removed therefrom. 

It is a pleasure to report that the elections for the year 
constitute a record in the annals of the Society, and that the 
tendency toward a lower annual average, of which mention 
was made two years ago, has not been maintained. The 
interest taken in the work of the Society, apart from the 
gratifying additions to our ranks in the past twelve months, 
is demonstrated by the number of those attending the Ordinary 
Meetings, these, as a rule, being almost double compared with 
the attendances of some previous years. In this connection it 
is also agreeable to note that the number of foreign Fellows is 
increasing steadily, our ranks during the year having received 
accessions from France, Germany, and Sweden, while the 
British Colonies continue to be well represented on the 
nomination papers. 

At present the Society consists of eleven Honorary Fellows, 
and five hundred and nine Life and Subscribing Fellows, this 
being the first year that the roll of Ordinary Fellows has 
exceeded five hundred. 

It is much to be regretted that the finances of the Society 
have not developed proportionately to the increase of Fellows. 
On several occasions during the year the Council has been 

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1907. G 


( Sa) 


compelled to withhold valuable papers contributed by Fellows, 
simply for want of funds, and were it not for the continued 
generosity of one or two Fellows we should have been unable 
to bring our Transactions even to the modest number of pages 
and plates of the current issue. Much time has been devoted 
by the Treasurer and the Council to the matter : the question of 
raising the annual subscription has been considered at length, 
put abandoned as undesirable; a majority of the Council, 
however, recommend that the Life Composition be somewhat 
increased, and for this purpose have taken steps to consult 
the wishes of the Society upon the necessary alteration of 
the Bye-Law. ‘The increased expenses of printing, and of the 
preparation of the plates; the advance in the cost of paper, 
and the falling off in the amount of voluntary subscriptions 
to the publication fund, have demanded stricter economy on 
the part of the Council, and a consequent reduction of the 
scientific material published by the Society. 

The Transactions for the year, however, form a volume 
of five hundred and fifteen pages, containing twenty-seven 
Memoirs by the following authors: Mr. Malcolm Burr, B.A., 
F.Z.8., Lieut-.Colonel C. T. Bingham, F.Z.S., Mr. M. Cameron, 
M.B., R.N., and Signor A. Caruana Gatto, LL.D., the Rev. 
G. A. Crawshay, M.A., Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D. (two), Dr. 
T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., Mr. Hamilton. 
H. Druce, F.Z.8., Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., Mr. H. St. 
J. Donisthorpe and Dr. G. B. Longstaff, M.D., Mr. E. A. 
Elliott, F.Z.S., and Mr. C. Morley, F.E.S., Mr. L. Guppy, 
junior, Mr. J. L. Hancock, M.D., Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones, 
¥.Z.8., Mr. J. C. Kershaw, F.Z.8. (three ; two of them with 
Mr. F. Muir, F.E.8.), Mr. P. I. Lathy, F.Z.S, Mr. A. M. Lea, 
F.E.S., Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders and Mr. E, Meyrick, B.A., 
F.R.S., F.Z.8., Professor L. C. Miall, F.R.S., and Mr. T. H. 
Taylor, Mr. K. J. Morton, F.E.S., Mr. R. Shelford, M.A., 
O.M.Z.S. (two), Mr. E. E. Unwin, M.Sc., and Mr. H. Scott. 

Of these papers, nine relate to Lepidoptera, six to Coleo- 
ptera, three to Diptera, one to Rhynchota, three to Orthoptera, 
one to Hymenoptera, one to Neuroptera; one, by Dr. 
Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion, to Lepidoptera and 
Coleoptera ; one by Dr. Dixey and Dr. . Longstaft to South 


¢ © xc) 


African Entomology, and one by Dr. Chapman to the subject 
of Teratology in insects. 

The Memoirs referred to are illustrated by twenty-nine plates, 
of which nine are coloured. Half the cost of Plate I has been 
defrayed by Mr. Lathy. Mr. M. Burr has given the draw- 
ings for Plate IV. Dr. T. A. Chapman has given the whole 
cost of Plate V, the blocks for Plates VI-XII, and the photo- 
graph for Plate XX VII. Mr. Crawshay has given the pho- 
tographs for Plates XIV-XX, and Mr. J. C. Kershaw the 
drawings for Plates XXII-XXIII. The entire cost of 
Plate XXV has been defrayed by Dr. G. B. Longstaff, the 
drawings of Plates XXVI-XXVII have been presented by 
Mr. L. Guppy, junior, and Lieut.-Colonel Manders has given 
£5 towards the expenses of Plate XXIX. The quality and 
length of the Proceedings has also been well maintained, and 
many short papers are now included in this part of our 
publications. 

We regret to announce that the amount offered in grant for 
a Travel Fund, so liberally volunteered by Mr. F. Merrifield, 
was not applied for. Mr. Merrifield has, however, most 
kindly announced his willingness to repeat his offer in the 
forthcoming year. 

The Society was invited to send a delegate to the Bicen- 
tenary Celebrations of the Birth of Linnzus at the University 
of Upsala, and the Academy of Science, Stockholm, and was 
represented by the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., one of our 
Fellows, who has published in our Proceedings an account of 
the very gratifying way in which he was received on both 
occasions. Another of our Fellows, Professor E. B. Poulton, 
F.R.S., represented the University of Oxford, and was decor- 
ated by the late King of Sweden with the Order of the Polar 
Star in recognition of his services to Entomological Science. 

The Treasurer reports that the Balance Sheet of the Society 
shows that the subscriptions for the year 1907 are about £17 
in excess of the previous year. The admission fees are far in 
excess of any previous year, amounting to £50 8s. The sum 
total received is, however, about £20 less than last year, 
owing to the falling off of donations, and in the sale returns 
of the Transactions. 


(/ xege) 


The printing bill—£321 1s. 2d.—is abnormally high, being 
£100 in advance of that of the preceding year. The cost of 
plates shows a reduction—£113 2s. 5d.—as against £199 4s. 7d. 
in 1906; the other items of the Balance Sheet being normal. 
But although the balance is small, as a matter of fact we are 
in as good, if not better, a financial position than last year. 
The volume of Transactions and Proceedings for 1906 was 
very bulky, and Parts IIIT and IV were paid for last March, 
the expenses for the same amounting to £106; £60 will 
probably cover the whole cost of these two Parts in the current 
issue. 

The Librarian reports that the number of volumes issued to 
Fellows for home-reading amounted during the year to a total 
of 287. The Library has also been very well patronised for 
purposes of reference and study. The additions to the 
Library consist of five volumes, 102 pamphlets, and the usual 
periodicals. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SocteTy OF Lonpon, 
11, Cuanpos Srreet, CAvENDISH Square, W. 
January 15th, 1908. 


The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing to 
substitute other names for those contained in the list prepared 
by the Council, the following Fellows constitute the Council 
for 1908-9 :—George C. Champion, F.Z.8.; Dr. Thomas 
Algernon Chapman, M.D.; Arthur John Chitty, M.A. (since 
deceased); Albert Harrison, F.L.S., F.C.S.; Albert Hugh 
Jones; William James Kaye, F.L.S.; Dr. George Blundell 
Longstaff, M.D.; Hugh Main, B.Se.; Guy A. K. Marshall ; 
Professor Raphael Meldola, F.R.S., F.C.S.; Professor Louis 
Compton Miall, F.R.S.; Professor Edward B. Poulton, 
D.Se., M.A., F.R.S.; Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A. ; Robert 
Shelford, M.A., F.L.S.; George Henry Verrall ; Commander 
James J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S.; Charles Owen 
Waterhouse. 

The following are also elected as_ officers :—President, 
Charles Owen Waterhouse; Treasurer, Albert Hugh Jones ; 
Secretaries, Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A., and Commander 


€ xc ¥)) 
James J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.LS. ; Librarian, George C. 
Champion, F.Z.S. 

The Balance Sheet and Report having been adopted, Mr. 
C. O. Waterhouse, the President, delivered an Address. A 
vote of thanks to the President for his Address, and for his 
services as President during the past year, was proposed by 
Mr. Frederic Merrifield, and carried unanimously. Professor 
Raphael Meldola, F.R.S., then proposed a vote of thanks to the 
other officers of the Society, which also was carried unanim- 
ously. The President, Mr. A. H. Jones, Mr. H. Rowland- 
Brown, and Commander J. J. Walker replied. 


(rein) 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


Balance Sheet for the Year 1907, 


RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS. 
Suess fsa 
Balance in hand, Ist Jan., Printing Transactions, etc. 321 1 2 
1907, and at Bankers’... 53 18 2 | Plates, etc. as ( abies Lae ee 
Subscriptions for 1907 ... 412 2 6 | Rent and Office Ex- 
SATTGRES Gee Ges wes ees LO) 1d 0 PDENSCS 205, .2- face. oa LOO Oman 
Admission Fees... ... 50 8 O | Books and Binding... ... 37,12 9 
Donations... ... ... ... 21 12 8 | Investment in Consols ... 3110 0 
Sales of Transactions ... 76 13 5 | Subscriptions in Advance, 
Interest on Investments :— per contra carried to 
Consols ... ... £21 8 5 MOS acai cece sae) ot TEE 
Westwood Bequest 6 16 6 Balance in hand and at 
—— 28 411 Bankers’? 2... es. ses) HO eee 
Subscriptions in Advance 14 14 0 
Life Compositions ... ... 3110 0 
£704 18 8 £704 18 8 
ASSETS. 
5 Saud 
Subscriptions in arrear 
considered good ... ... 50 0 O 


, No ASCERTAINED LIABILITIES. 
Cost of £929 16s. 5d. 


Consols. Present price 


Ist Jan. 1908, @ 835 AppITIONAL ASSETS. 


£779 17s. 9d. 902 8 0 
Cost of £239 12s. 4d. Contents of Library and unsold 
Birmingham 8 per cent. Publications. 


Present price Ist Jan. 
1908, @ 86. £206 1s. 5d. 250 0 O 
Balancesinehand 5... seve ail 


Audited, compared with vouchers and found correct. 


R. W. Lioyp. 
A. Hueu Jones, Horace Sr. J. DoNISTHORPE 
Treasurer. (for ARTHUR J. Curry deceased), 


10th January, 1908. Ropert ADKIN. 


[ “xey 


THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 


LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 


My first words must be to congratulate the Society on 
its continued prosperity. In my young days, when the Mem- 
bers met in an uncarpeted room and sat on wooden benches, 
the Society produced good results; and the Turkey carpet 
and leather-covered chairs have not in the least impaired our 
powers, for we still do plenty of hard work, and that of a 
progressive character, in the interest of Entomological Science. 
The papers in our Transactions are varied and most useful, 
and I am glad that some of them are contributed by friends 
living abroad who are able to furnish us with notes on the 
life-histories of species of which we only know the dried 
imagines. 

_ The notes and short papers in the Proceedings are of more 
than ordinary interest, and embrace many various subjects. I 
need not go into details, 

I regret to have to put on record the decease of several 
Fellows :— 

JoHN Emmerson Rosson died on February 28th last at the 
age of 74. He resided at Hartlepool, and was known in the 
North of England as a zealous Lepidopterist. He was per- 
haps best known as the editor from 1879 to 1893 of the 
“Young Naturalist,’ or as it was afterwards called the 
“ British Naturalist.” Besides editing this periodical, he was 
a frequent contributor to its pages. His most important 
work was the “ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Northumber- 
land, Durham and Neweastle-on-Tyne.” This is a great deal 
more than a mere list of names, as there are observations 
of interest on most of the species. Unfortunately he only 


(Vxevm, ©) 


completed the work to the end of the 7ortrices. The remaining 
families were in hand at the time of his death. He also pub- 
lished in 1886-87, in conjunction with Mr, John Gardner, a 
“ List of the British Lepidoptera and their Named Varieties.” 
Part I. contained the Macrolepidoptera. The Microlepidoptera 
were never published. 

He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1890, Those 
who knew him personally describe him as a genial companion, 
and he was a charming correspondent. He took much interest 
in public affairs, especially in educational work, and at the 
time of his death he was a member of the Hartlepool Borough 
Council. 

Dr. Freperic Moors, D.S8ec., A.L.S., died on May 10th, 
aged 77. He was elected to this Society in 1853, and had 
therefore been a Fellow for fifty-four years. At the time of 
his death I was asked if I knew how he came to take up 
the study of Entomology. I cannot answer that question 
definitely, but it is not difficult to make a guess. In his boy- 
hood he resided in the Zoological Society’s house. My father 
as Curator of that Society’s Museum was also resident in the 
same house. Hope, Vigors, Kirby and, other entomologists 
were at this time publishing entomological papers in the 
Zoological Society’s Proceedings and ‘Transactions. Dr, 
J. E. Gray was frequently at the Society and employed young 
Moore to make drawings for him. This brought him under 
the notice of Dr. Horsfield, who was interested in Entomology. 
When these facts are known it is not surprising that Frederic 
Moore took to Entomology. He was attached to the Museum 
of the East India Company and remained a member of that 
Museum’s staff until it was given up in 1879. He was a 
regular attendant at our meetings and he contributed many 
papers to our Transactions. His chief works were the 
“Lepidoptera of Ceylon” (1881-7) and the still more im- 
portant work the ‘Lepidoptera of India.” This last he had 
not completed, the Zycenids and Hesperids still remained to 
be done. He formed a large collection of Indian Lepidoptera, 
the greater part of which is already the property of the 
British Museum. The remaining portions will, I have no 
doubt, follow, 


(qr Xeval as) 


CHARLES JAMES WarTkKINs died on May 27th. He was born 
at Lightpill, near Nailsworth, in July 1846. For many years 
he resided at Painswick, but quite recently he removed to 
Watledge, Nailsworth, and it was here that he underwent an 
operation which culminated in his death. He was a pin 
manufacturer, and his father was one of the earliest to supply 
entomological pins. His business did not leave him a great 
deal of spare time, but what he had he devoted to Natural 
History, and he was always ready to help any one who applied 
to him for information. The Gloucestershire portion of the 
Victoria County Histories owes much to him, as he collected 
and supplied many details for that work. He was a good all- 
round naturalist, including geology and botany in his studies, 
and as regards insects he was noted for his knowledge of 
Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera. He 
became a Fellow of this Society in 1900. 

Wixtiam CuristorHer Boyp died on September 18th. He 
was well known as a Lepidopterist, and although he was the 
head of the firm of Messrs. J. & C. Boyd, Manchester 
Warehousemen, of Friday Street, E.C., which must have left 
him little leisure, he nevertheless was a frequent contributor 
to the Entomological Monthly Magazine, making a study of 
the Microlepidoptera as well as the larger species. Coleophora 
potentille was new to science when he discovered it, and he 
added other species to our British list. He was a Fellow of 
this Society from 1867 to 1893. 

JoHN Harrison died on July 11th, aged 73. He resided 
at Barnsley, and was well known in the North of England as 
a Lepidopterist, and was an enthusiastic collector, but chiefly 
in his native county. He was one of the founders of the 
Barnsley Naturalists’ Society in 1867, and lived to see it 
become one of the most flourishing societies in South York- 
shire. He was elected a Fellow of our Society in 1889. 

Martin Jacospy died on December 24th. He was born at 
Altona, near Hamburg, in 1842, and came to Manchester at 
the age of twenty, and had since made England his home. At 
first he was in Hallé’s band, then in London at the Royal 
Italian Opera, but from his earliest days he took an interest 
in Natural History. He joined this Society in 1886, and was 


( xevili ) 


a regular attendant at our meetings. For many years past he 
had confined his studies to the Phytophagous Coleoptera, and 
he contributed many papers to our Transactions and to the 
Proceedings of the Zoological Society. His chief works were the 
Phytophaga in the “ Biologia Centrali Americana,” and quite 
lately the volume on Phytophaga for the ‘ Fauna of India.” 
This work he had just completed, and it was all in print, but 
unfortunately he did not live to see it published. He formed 
a large collection of these insects, which passed into the hands 
of Herr van de Poll. Since parting with this he had been 
forming a second collection, but I do not know anything of 
its extent. We shall all miss his presence amongst us. 

ArtHur Joun Curry, M.A., died on January 6th of this 
year, at the age of 48. He was a barrister-at-law and had 
not much leisure, but much of what he had he devoted to 
Entomology. He joined this Society in 1891, and since 1906 
had been a most useful member of our Council. He was a 
keen collector of British Coleoptera, but did not confine him- 
self to this Order. Lately he had taken up the Proctotrupide. 
That he was cut off from pursuing the study of these insects is 
greatly to be regretted, as this family has been much neglected. 
His loss will be deeply felt by all who knew him. 

Before proceeding to the subject of my address I must not 
omit to mention an important event that happened during the 
year. I allude to the bicentenary of the birth of Linneus, 
which was celebrated at Upsala and Stockholm, to which this 
Society was invited to send a representative. The Rev. F. D. 
Morice kindly undertook to present an address on our behalf, 
and he has given us a report on what occurred. I do not 
propose to inquire what views Linnzus held as regards the 
relationship existing between animals. When we say that 
one animal is related to another, we mean that these have a 
common origin, and that implies evolution, But whatever 
views Linnzeus held, he certainly saw in a way that none of 
his predecessors had, that plants and animals fell naturally 
into groups, and he arranged them systematically in Classes, 
Orders and Genera in a manner that had never been done 
before. 

Of ‘nsects he knew at the time the twelfth edition of his 


(i xeixc es) 


Systema Nature was published only 2,724 species. These he 
divided into seven Orders: Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, 
Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Aptera. His Order 
Hemiptera embraced the Orthoptera as well as the Rhynchota, 
otherwise the Orders remain now as they were then. These 
Orders he divided into 77 genera, the names of all of which 
are in use except, perhaps, Phalena. Some of the larger 
genera he broke up into sections or phalanges, ‘‘To facilitate re- 
ference,” as he says. These sections he indicated by asterisks 
accompanied by a few words of description, such as ‘Corpore 
ovato” or “ Corpore cylindrico.” Hach of the descriptions of 
species which follow begins with “ovatus” or “ cylindricus” 
as the case may be. When suitable Greek or Latin names of 
insects such as Bombyx, Locusta and others were available, 
he used these as the first word of his sectional diagnosis, 
‘‘ Bombyces elingues Alis reversis,” ‘‘ Noctu elingues,” etc., 
then each description which follows begins with “ Noctua 
elinguis.” 

In the five divisions of Gryllus alone are these words or 
popular names used in the singular, with full stops after them, 
followed by a short diagnosis. They are Acrida, Bulla, Acheta, 
Tettigonia and Locusta. Cicada is divided into five groups : 
Foliace, Cruciate, Manniferz, Ranatre and Deflexe ; Cimex 
is divided into nine groups: Apteri, Scutellati, Coleoptrati, 
Spinosi, Rotundati, Seticornes, Oblongi, Spinipedes and 
Lineares. Papilio is divided into five groups : Equites, Heli- 
conii, Danai, Nymphales and Plebeji ; Phalena is divided into 
eight groups: Attaci, Bombyces, Noctuw, Geometre, Tortrices, 
Pyralides, Tine and Alucite. 

Those which have a generic sound about them, such as 
Bombycz, Noctuz, Heliconii, are given in his list of ‘‘Termini 
artis’? with antenna, larva, pupa, etc. This list, however, 
includes the names of Orders, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, etc. 

Most of these terms have been taken up, in the singular 
number, by subsequent writers as genera. 

It should be noted that the genus Tetéigonia of Fabricius 
has no reference to the term Tettigonia of Linnzeus ; nor has 
the genus Ranatra of Fabricius any connection with Ranatre, 
one of the Linnean divisions of Cicada. 


(te) 


These facts are well known, and much has been written 
about them. I mention them now because they have a slight 
bearing on what I wish to say later on. 


Many years ago the President’s Address generally gave a 
summary of the works published on entomological subjects 
during the year. This is no longer possible nor desirable. 
Lately the Address has usually taken the form of a treatise on 
some entomological topic. 

I propose saying a few words on the subject of accurate 
nomenclature. 

The fact that insects are small and have thus escaped 
destruction is probably one reason why we have such com- 
plete series of closely allied species with all the connecting 
links in gradation still before our eyes. 

The number of described species increases at a rapid rate ; 
insects which our fathers would have uvhesitatingly regarded 
as belonging to one species are now considered quite distinct. 
Slight differences which were formerly thought to be of no 
importance are now known to have specific value. A hair or 
two more or less on the thorax of a beetle or a fly may be of 
generic importance, or at least specific. 

The descriptions of species written fifty years ago are often 
almost useless in the present day. I remember one Fellow of 
this Society saying that when a species has been properly 
described, the specimen from which the description was made 
might be destroyed. His own descriptions I must say are 
very perfect, but even he cannot say how a species differs 
from one he has never seen, and specific characters are 
frequently found in the most unexpected places, 

How are we then to secure accuracy in the names of our 
insects? And unless our specimens are correctly named, how 
are we to understand one another? ‘Take two or three cases 
of incorrect determination which have been very misleading. 

Meigen briefly characterized a genus of Diptera under the 
name of Corethra, and he quotes Tipula culiciformis of De 
Geer as the type; it is evident, however, from his subsequent 
work that the insect he had before him at the time was not 


( ci ) 


culiciformis, but plumicornis, Fabr., and in his later work 
when he had discovered his error he gives plwmicornis as his 
type, and states that he had never seen cwliciformis. Moch- 
lonyx was at a much later date proposed for the true culici- 
formis ; but culiciformis was originally named as the type of 
the genus Corethra, and it has therefore been suggested that 
Mochlonyx should sink as a synonym of Corethra, and one of 
our commonest and best known British insects, Corethra 
plumicornis, should have a new generic name. I believe this 
has never been given and it is certainly not necessary when 
the case is understood. This is one instance of the confusion 
arising from an incorrectly named specimen. 

Take another case. In North America, a Longicorn beetle, 

Cyllene pictus, was said to be injurious to two trees, Robinia 
and Hickory. Afterwards Dr. Horn noticed that the speci- 
mens from Robinia were not identical with those from Hickory, 
although the difference was very slight, and he gave the name 
robinie to the species found on Robinia. Unfortunately not 
having seen the type of pictws, he named the wrong one. The 
true pictus of Drury is the species found on Robinia. The 
species found on Hickory is still without a name, unless my 
colleague Mr. Gahan has by this time named it. 
_ I will only mention one other case. Many years ago the 
Cinchona plantations in Java were suffering greatly from 
attacks of a Hemipterous insect, /elopeltis. These were said 
to have been imported with tea plants from Ceylon. With 
the kind help of friends I obtained specimens from the 
Cinchona and also from the tea plants of both Java and Ceylon, 
and found them to be three distinct species, so that the intro- 
duction of the pest with tea plants was shown to be a 
myth. 

It would be easy to multiply instances of this kind, but 
these three are sufficient for my purpose. Two of those I 
have mentioned are not only of scientific interest but also of 
great practical importance. 

Before proceeding to suggest a plan by which we might 
secure the accurate determination of our insects, | must say a 
few words about types. 

The word “type” is used in various ways by zoologists. 


hein) 

Some take a very wide view of what is a type. One entomo- 
logist, in giving a list of the types in his collection, says that 
he considers as a type any specimen sent to him by the 
describer of a species. Others regard all the specimens which 
they had before them when describing a new species as types, 
and distribute them as such. Some thirty-five years ago I 
saw the danger arising from this loose way of using the word, 
and applied the word “type” to the actual specimen de- 
seribed when that could be determined, and called the other 
examples mentioned by an author ‘co-types.” Some years 
afterwards my colleague Mr. Oldfield Thomas proposed 
(P.Z.8., 1898, p. 242) the terms para-type, topo-type and 
meta-type ; and all these are useful in their way. But we 
are both agreed that the word type should be restricted to the 
actual specimen upon which the species is founded. 

I think describers should make their descriptions from a 
specimen which is to be the standard specimen for all future 
reference, and should mark it as such. Other specimens 
associated with it may have the same value, but very often 
they have not. A case lately came under my notice where a 
series of specimens, all named by the describer as one species, 
were found when examined carefully by a specialist to con- 
sist of five distinct species. In this case there was no special 
difficulty in saying for which species the name should be 
retained, but sometimes it is very difficult. When an author 
has confused two species and his description is applicable to 
both, any one who subsequently discovers the error is at 
liberty to say to which of the two the name should be applied, 
and may describe the second as a new species, the division 
of the species following the same course as the division of a 
genus where no type has been specially indicated. The type 
specimen therefore, according to the view I take, is the 
STANDARD SpecIMEN for all future reference ; it should be as 
carefully preserved as are our standards of weights and 
measures, for we must frequently refer to them if we are to 
have accurately named specimens. 

I know from experience that it is quite possible to compare 
a specimen with a type and to be satisfied that your specimen 
belongs to the same species, and afterwards to find that there 


@ ci) 

are two very closely allied species which make it desirable to 
re-examine the type. If I am not much mistaken this 
reference to original types will become increasingly necessary. 
It is therefore of the greatest importance that these Standard 
Specimens should be carefully preserved, and that their where- 
abouts should be known. Partly with this view the Trustees 
of the British Museum have recently published the History of 
the Collections in the Natural History Departments. 

This, of course, does not give a list of the types in the 
Museum, which is impossible, but it gives a lst of the 
principal collections of insects which contained types when 
acquired by the Museum. ‘This is not very much, but it is a 
step in the right direction. It is impossible to say how many 
type specimens of insects our National Collection possesses, 
but the number must be very large, and we are continually 
adding to them. Collections are broken up and sold; the 
type specimens pass from one collection to another and are 
lost sight of; fortunately they occasionally find their way 
into the Museum, as did some of Westwood’s (described more 
than fifty years ago) only a short time since. 

Complaints have sometimes been made that type specimens 
are not allowed to go out of our National Museum; the rule 
has been even stigmatized as selfish, Now although I 
sympathize with any entomologist who wishes to borrow a 
type, I think the rule is a sound one, as the Museum is the 
guardian of these types not for any private individual but in 
the interest of science for all time. 

But although the actual types must not leave the Museum, 
there are duplicate specimens of a large number of them, 
identical with the types, and often part of the series received 
with the types. Duplicates are allowed by the Trustees to 
be sent out (under strict regulations) to specialists who are 
naming specimens for the Museum. I should like to go 
further than that. Whenever there are duplicates identical 
with the type, I should like to put a specimen of each species 
aside for the special purpose of being sent out. I should in 
fact like to do more. I should like to see established what, 
for want of a better name, might be called a Circulating 
Collection, somewhat on the lines of a circulating library. 


( civ ) 


Some years ago, when I first learned that the late Mr, 
Alexander Fry had bequeathed his collection to the Museum, 
it struck me that in it there must be an enormous number of 
specimens which would be duplicates, and that these would 
(so far as Coleoptera are concerned) form an excellent nucleus 
for a collection such as I have indicated. 

I think such a scheme is feasible. At any rate I do not 
see any insurmountable difficulty in the establishment of such 
a collection. 

It might be connected with some public museum; but on 
the whole I think it would be better if it were quite an 
independent collection, the property of some society or under 
the care of trustees appointed by our chief entomological 
societies, or by the directors of the great national museums. 
This would facilitate financial and other arrangements, which 
would be difficult if it were a Government museum. 

The space required would not be large, as it would consist 
generally of a single specimen of each species. 

The curator need not be a person requiring a large salary, 
as his chief duties would be to see that the collection was 
kept in a proper state of preservation ; to send out to persons 
(authorized to borrow them) the specimens that they required, 
and to see that they were returned in accordance with 
regulations. The annual expenditure on boxes and other 
necessaries would not be large. 

Most.of you are doubtless aware that the Trustees of the 
British Museum give away annually to other museums large 
numbers of duplicates, and I venture to think that if the 
collection I have suggested were well organized as a museum 
(perhaps as an International Museum) with men of standing 
responsible for it, the Trustees would probably place it on 
their list of institutions to which duplicates may be given. 
Other museums and private individuals would I feel sure 
be willing to contribute specimens. 

Perhaps I might make my plan clearer if I give an example. 
In the course of my work on the Coleopterous family Bupres- 
tide I have had to go through the genus Stigmodera. Of 
this genus there are in the Museum types of 181 species. 
Out of this number there are duplicates of 104 species, to 


(em) 


which may be added specimens of 36 species which have been 
compared with types, making a total of 140 species in this 
genus which might be passed round to every museum in 
Europe that cared to see them. This would be a good 
foundation for any one interested in the genus to work upon ; 
for even if he had a species which was not in the series, it 
would be a help to know what it was not. Of course there 
are in the Museum a great many more species of this genus, 
which I have no doubt are correctly named, and these might 
be included in the series, provided it was understood that they 
had not the same name-value. This would give each specimen 
the chance of having its name confirmed if it came into 
the hands of the person who possessed the type of that 
species. 

If each author who possessed (say) three specimens of a new 
species which he had described would send one to the central 
depot, and these (when there was a sufficient number of them 
to make it worth while) were sent round to all the museums 
in turn, the curators would gain a far greater knowledge of the 
fresh discoveries than they would by reading any amount of 
literature. 

I can imagine that if this scheme were successful, it would 
also strike at the root of many of our difficulties as to nomen- 
clature. Every worker at Systematic Entomology feels the 
great inconvenience of the constant changes in the names of 
_ species, and perhaps the practical economic entomologist feels 
it even more so. 

Some maintain that the only remedy lies in the strict 
observance of the law of priority, and spend much time and 
trouble in hunting up old names, because they feel that there 
ean never be a settled nomenclature until these old names are 
unearthed; but just when ‘you think you have really the 
oldest name for a species, some book comes to light that was 
never thought of, and the name has to be altered again. For 
the last fifty years names have been constantly changed, and 
there does not seem to be any immediate prospect of a settle- 
ment. One of our commonest British insects, which is found 
all over Europe, is in every catalogue under a certain name, 
and has borne that name for a hundred years or more, but 

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1907. H 


({ cv) 


has a much older name. What would science gain, what 
would any one gain by altering it now! 

If indeed we admit the law of priority, there is still much 
left to the individual in the application of it. I have already 
mentioned the groups into which Linnezeus divided his large 
genera. Some entomologists treat these as sub-genera, others 
consider that they ought not to be so regarded—so that 
priority does not by itself secure a permanent name. 

The law is a good one generally speaking, but that we 
should be bound hand and foot by it seems to me unreason- 
able. This law has force only by a mutual agreement among 
zoologists, but I see no reason why—(also by mutual agreement, 
brought about by an entomological congress, or in some 
other way)—we might not have some modification of it which 
would give us greater fixity. 

I remember one of our Fellows saying in this room that he 
took Staudinger’s Catalogue of Lepidoptera as his standard. 
It is to my mind conceivable that a collection such as I have 
suggested might become a court of final appeal. It would 
not be a question whether brassice is or is not the oldest 
name for a species, but,—What name does it bear in the 
International Collection ? 

Then we need not go beyond that. 

At first there would be just one little difficulty remaining 
with regard to priority. I might put into the collection a 
specimen of a species of which I had the type. Afterwards 
some one might place in it another specimen of the same 
species under a different name, compared with a type in his 
possession. Which of these names should be adopted should 
be left for the trustees of the collection to decide, but both 
specimens should remain in the collection. If a specimen 
had been passed round the principal museums in Europe, and 
its name had not been challenged, I should not alter it even 
if an older name were afterwards discovered. For consider, 
What is the object of the name? Is it not that we may be 
able to speak of the insect and record facts about it? For 
this reason it is of the greatest importance that we should 
have an unchanging name. Whether it is the oldest one or 
not is of very minor importance. 


@ evi) 


In what I have been saying I have had the public museums 
chiefly in my mind. I feel, however, that arrangements could 
be made to assist our country museums and local Natural 
History societies, and with regard to British insects I think 
it would be useful to have a single specimen of each species, 
arranged in families, so that they could be borrowed by country 
entomologists, who find it so difficult to name their specimens 
from books, and who have few opportunities of coming to 
London to consult our collections. 

I have taken this opportunity of suggesting my scheme. I 
may not have hit upon the best plan; but I feel sure of this, 
that in the future we shall have recourse to some other means 
of determining our insects besides descriptions. A good figure 
backed up by a good description will as a rule enable you to 
determine a species with a fair degree of certainty, especially 
if it is a Lepidopterous insect. But the number of species 
figured bears a small proportion to the number described, and 
good figures of insects other than Lepidoptera are very scarce 
indeed. 

When you consider the time spent in searching the ever- 
increasing literature, the weariness of reading long descriptions, 
the disappointment (to say the least of it) resulting from short 
ones, and the uncertainty attending the whole process, any 
plan that may help us to obtain a more rapid and more certain 
determination of our species is worth considering, and if what 
I have suggested would at the same time (as I believe it 
might) give us greater fixity in our nomenclature, the sooner 
such a collection is begun the better, 


( eval) 


GENERAL INDEX. 


The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the * Transactions’; the Roman 
numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’ 


The President’s Address is not separately indexed. 


GENERAL SUBJECTS. 


Aberration, in Swiss butterflies, exhibited, vii; in Odezia atrata, exhibition 
of, xiv. 

Acanthoctnus xdilis, taken in London, exhibition of, lxv. 

Adelpha bredowi and Limenttis lorquint, exhibition of series showing 
reciprocal convergence in, |xxix. 

Africa, Dorylus from Mengo in Uganda, exhibited, vi; descriptions of some 
new butterflies from tropical, xvii, 77; exhibition of Mylothris chloris 
and M. agathina with a long series of forms transitional between the 
two, from the neighbourhood of the Victoria Nyanza, lv; Hesperitde,with 
some new species, from the Indo-Malayan and African regions, lix; ex- 
hibition of new species of Pinacopteryx from north-east Rhodesia, lxv; 
mimetic parallelism in five genera of Pierines from, exhibited, lxx ; 
notes on the bionomics of butterflies of British East, Ixxxvii; in 1905, 
entomological observations and captures during the visit of the British 
Association to South, 309. 

Amauris egialea and Limnas chrysippus, male, with injured scent-glands, 
exhibited, x. 

America, association of allied forms of butterflies from South, exhibited, Ixxv ; 
mimicry in genus Limentt?s from North, exhibition of, Ixxvii. 

Anthocharid and Melitzid Butterflies, palzearctic, exhibited, iv. 

Anthrocera trifolit, variation in, exhibited, lxxviii. 

Ants, Dipteron associated with, exhibition of, xxxii; exhibition of ant in a 
pseudobulb of an orchis, Lxiv. 

Aphides with Butterflies, association of, viii. 

Aplecta nebulosa, arranged to show the great variation of this species in 
Delamere Forest, with series from Epping Forest, N. Cornwall, and the 
New Forest for comparison, exhibition of, lxvi. 

Aptera, Coleoptera and Thysanoptera, notes on rare, Ixxx. 

Araschnia levana and var. prorsa and intermediates, exhibition of, Lxxiii. 

Auditors for 1908, appointed, Ixxvii. 

Australia, catalogue of the Byrrhidx, with descriptions of new species, froin 
Tasmania, and, xvii, 135; note on the species of 7'rachyscelis from, xxvi; 
new Phytophaga from, exhibited, x1. 


> ee i a 


© che. a) 


Bee, exhibition of Teratological specimen of, with normal specimen, Ixi. 

Beetles from Hants and Kent, exhibition of rare, xix. 

Belenois, exhibition of new species of, Ixxx. 

Bi-centenary of Linnzeus, i, xviii, xxxv—xxxviii, lvi. 

Bionomics of British East African butterflies, notes on the, Ixxxvii. 

Blattide, case of homeeotie variation in cockroach, xxxiii; exhibition of 
exotic cockroach from Kew, Ixxiv; studies on the, ixxxvi, 455. 

Bombyx rubi in Scotland, the natural enemies of, 1xxxiii. 

Bourbon and Mauritius, the butterflies of, lix, 429. 

British, new Leioptilus, exhibited, xii; rare and new Coleoptera, exhibition 
of, xxxii; Heterocera, exhibition of hybrids and varieties of, Ixxx. 

British Guiana, convergent group of Heliconine butterflies from, Ixxvi ; 
exhibition of several species of butterflies with injuries to the wings, 
lxxix. 

Burma, protection in Tineid pupa from Upper, exhibited, viii. 

Butterflies, Palearctic Anthocharid and Melitzid, exhibited, iv; aberrant 
forms of Swiss, exhibited, vii; association of Aphides with, viii; from 
tropical Africa, descriptions of some new, xvii, 77; significance of some 
secondary sexual character in, xl-xliii; from Hungary, exhibition of, 
xlix; of Mauritius and Bourbon, lix, 429; from Tobago, specimens 
exhibited, Ixviii; taken in Jamaica, lxviii; exhibition of temperature 
experiments on tropical, lxxiv ; from South America, association of allied 
forms of, exhibited, lxxv; group of Heliconine from British Guiana, 
exhibited, Ixxvi; with injuries to the wings, exhibition of, xxix; and 
moths, family tree of, traced in their organ of sense, Ixxxvi; of British 
East Africa, notes on the bionomics of, lxxxvii. 

Bye-law, alteration of a, lxix, Ixxviil. 

Byrrhidx, with descriptions of new species, catalogue of the Australian and 
Tasmanian, xvii, 135. 

Callicore aurelia, life cycle of, exhibited, 1xi. 

Cassidide, on the egg-cases and early stages of some South-Chinese, 
xx, 249. 

Catacanthacris rubella, exhibition of photograph of, holding and apparently 
devouring a small mouse, from the Congo Free State, Ixxix, 

Ceylon, on a large series of Vycteribiidx (parasitic Diptera), from, Ixviii. 

Chelisochide and Forficulidx, a preliminary revision of the, xvii. 

China, on the egg-cases and early stages of some Casstdida from South, xx, 
249. 

Chrysophanus hippothoé, the females showing a wide range of variation, from 
Laon, exhibition of, xvi. 

Cockroach, case of homeeotic variation in, xxxiii; from Kew, exhibition of 
exotic, xxiv. 

Coleophorids, life histories of, exhibited, ]xix. 

Coleoptera, on the hymenopterous parasites of, ix, 7; micromorphism in, 
exhibition of, xvi; of the Maltese Islands, a list of the, xx, 383; from 
Iceland, exhibition of, xxviii; from the south of France, exhibition of, 
xxix; mimicry among, exhibition of, xxxi; living luminous, exhibition 
of, xxxii ; rare and new British, exhibition of, xxxii, lxix ; exhibition of 
rare, from Kent and Scotland, xlix ; from St. Margaret’s Bay, exhibition 
of rare, lv; from the Isle of Wight, exhibition of rare, Ixvii; exhibition 


( ex ) 


of rare beetles from Hants and Kent, Ixix ; Thysanoptera, and Aptera 
notes on rare, Ixxx. 

Collyris emarginatus, on the larva of, xvii, 83. 

Congo Free State, exhibition of photograph of Catacanthacris rubella holding 
a small mouse, ]xxix. 

Congress of Entomology, International, xxxviii-xl. 

Conversazione, to be held next year, lxiv. 

Cordylobia anthropophaga, a parasitic African fly, exhibited, xliii-xl]vii. 

Council for 1908, nomination of, lxviii, Ixxvii. 

Cryptophagus subdepressus from Scotland, exhibited, 1. 

Cydimon (Urania) letlus, life history of, 405. 

Cynipidee, Aleditoma myrmecophila, n. sp., both sexes, species of parasitic, 
exhibited, x]. 

Danaine butterflies with injuries to the wings, from British Guiana, exhibition 
of, Ixxix. 

Descriptions of some new Butterflies from Tropical Africa, xvii, 77. 

Devon, Mesovelia furcata from South, exhibited, lxvi; Thamnotrizon ctnereus 
from North, exhibited, lxvi. 

Diptera (parasitic), on a large species of Vyctertbiidx# from Ceylon, lxviii. 

Dipteron associated with Ants, exhibition of, xxxil. 

Discussion on the destructive results to our national Fauna, of indiscriminate 
collecting, ix. 

Dorylexa rhombifolta taken in London, exhibition of, xxiv. 

Dorylus, female from Mengo in Uganda, exhibited, vi. 

Drosophila, funebris, the Vinegar-fly, 285. 

Effect of artificial conditions on seasonally dimorphic species, exhibition of, 
xii. 

Entomological Observations and captures during the visit of the British 
Association to South Africa in 1905, 309. 

Entomology, in north-west Spain, xvii, 147; International Congress of, 
XXxvili-xl, 

Exotic cockroach from Kew, exhibition of, ]xxiv. 

Family Tree of Moths and Butterflies, traced in their Organs of Sense, 1xxxvi. 

Fellows, election of, i, ix, xviii, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv, xlix, Ix, Ixv, lxix, ]xxviii, 

Iidonia atomaria from Yorkshire, melanism in, xlix. 

Folkestone, exhibition of Lycawna bellarygus, ab. ceronus, with var. cénnides, 
from, l. 

Forficulide and Chelisochid#, a preliminary revision of the, xvii. 

Formica fusca, specimen of Iicrodon mutabilis bred from larva taken in nest 
of, xl. 

France, Coleoptera from the south of, exhibition of, xxix; exhibition of 
Limenitis populi and ab. tremule with intermediate forms from Laon, 
Ixvi; exhibition of Chrysophanus hippothoé from Laon, the females 
showing a wide range of variation, Ixvi. 

Guiana, exhibition of several species of butterflies with injuries to the wings 
from British, 1xxix. 

Hague, Henry, notice of death of, Ixxviii. 

Hants and Kent, exhibition of rare beetles from, Ixix. 

Hastula hyerana, melanism in, exhibition of, ii. 

Heale, Rev. William Henry, notice of death of, xxviii. 


2a 


(Cs ) 


Heliconine butterflies from British Guiana, group of, exhibited, Ixxvi. 

Heliconius, exhibition of a series of, xiv. 

Hemimerus talpoides, from Portuguese Guinea, parasitic on Cricetomys 
gambtanus, XXxili. 

Hespertide from the Indo-Malayan and African regions, with some new 
species, lix. 

Hestina nana, taken near Darjeeling, exhibition of melanic variety of, xiv. 

Heterocera, exhibition of hybrids and varieties of British, xxx. 

Hibernation of Marasmarcha, specimens exhibited to illustrate the, lix, 411. 

Holly Fly, the structure and life history of the, xx, 259. 

Hungary, exhibition of butterflies from, xlix. 

Hybrids of British Heterocera, Ixxx. 

Hymenopterous parasites, of Coleoptera, on the, ix, 7; of Pygwra bucephala, 
exhibited, lxiv. 

Hyria auroraria, rest attitudes of, Ixxxv. 

Iceland, exhibition of Coleoptera from, xxviii. 

India, protection in Tineid pupa from Upper Burma, exhibited, viii; Odonata 
collected chiefly in north-western, xxviii, 303; monstrosity of Papilio 
krishna from Sikkim, lxiv; exhibition of melanic variety of Hestina 
nama, taken near Darjeeling, lxiv. 

Indo-Australian Papilionidx, notes on the, ix, 1. 

Indo-Malayan and African regions, Hesperiidx with some new species from, 
lix, 

Insects and their prey, exhibition of, 1. 

International Congress of Entomology, xxxviii-xl. 

Isle of Wight, exhibition of rare Coleoptera from the, lxvii. 

Jamaica, on some butterflies taken in, Ixviii. 

Kent, exhibition of rare Coleoptera, etc., from, xlix; exhibition of rare 
Orthoptera from, Ix ; exhibition of rare beetles from, lxix. 

Kleditoma myrmecophila, n.sp., both sexes, bred from nest of Laszus 
fuliginosus found at Wellington College, species of parasitic Cyntpide, 
exhibited, xl. 

Lasius fuliginosus, both sexes of Kleditoma myrmecophila bred from nest 
of, xl. 

Letoptilus, new British, exhibited, xii. 

An carphodactylus, living example, bred in Britain, exhibited, x1. 

Lepidoptera, from Sutherland, exhibition of, 1; family tree of moths and 
butterflies, traced in their organ of sense, Ixxxvi. 

Leuceronia argia, divergent mimicry by the females of, exhibited, xxix. 

Limenitis, exhibition of mimicry in North America, lxxvii. 


a lorquint and Adelpha bredow?, exhibition of series showing reciprocal 
convergence in, 1xxix. 
3 popult and ab. tremule with intermediate forms from Laon, 


exhibition of, Ixvi. 
Limnas chrysippus, male, and Amaurts egialea, with injured scent glands, 
exhibited, x. 
Linnzus, Bi-centenary of, i, xviii, xxxv—xxxviii, lvi. 
Lomechusa strumosa, on the life-history of, lxxvii. 
London, exhibition of Acanthocinus xdilis, taken in, 1xv; exhibition of 
Dorylea rhombifolia, taken in, Ixxiv. 


(¢ eet, |) 


Lycena bellargus, ab. ceronus, with var. cinnides, from Folkestone, exhibition 
of, 1. 

Lycnids, mimicry in, exhibition of, xvii. 

Lygeus equestris from St. Margaret’s Bay, exhibited, liv. 

Maltese Islands, a list of the Coleoptera of the, xx, 383. 

Marasmarcha, exhibition of specimens to illustrate the hibernating habit of, 
lix; the hibernation of, 411. 

Mauritius and Bourbon, the butterflies of, lix, 429. 

Melanism, in Hastula hyerana, exhibition of, ii; in Fidonta atomaria from 
Yorkshire, xlix ; exhibition of melanie variety of Hestina nama, taken 
near Darjeeling, lxiv. 

Melitzeid and Anthocharid Butterflies, paleearctic, exhibited, iv. 

Meloé proscarabeus, micromorphism in a, exhibited, Ixxiii. 

Mendelian Hypothesis, notes on Xanthorhoé ferrugata, Clerck, and the, xx. 

Mesoveltia furcata from South Devon, exhibited, lxvi. 

Microdon mutabilis, specimen bred from larva taken in nest of Formica fusca 
at Porlock, exhibited, xl. 

Micromorphism, in Coleoptera, exhibited, xvi; in a Meloé proscarabwus, 
exhibited, Ixxili. 

Mimiery, in Lyeenids, exhibition of, xvii; divergent, by the females of 
Leuceronia argia, exhibited, xxix; among Coleoptera, exhibited, xxxi; 
mimetic parallelism in five genera of African Pierines, exhibited, Ixx ; in 
North American butterflies of the genus Limenitis, exhibition of, Ixxvii. 

Molippa, on the remarkable resemblance between two species of, 181. 

Moore, Dr. Frederic, notice of death of, xxxv. 

Moths and Butterflies, family tree of, traced in their organ of sense, 
1xxxvi. 

Mylothris and Phrissura, parallelism between the genera, exhibition of, xviii. 
rf chloris and M. agathina, with a long series of forms transitional 

between the two, from the neighbourhood of the Victoria 
Nyanza, exhibition of, lv. 

Neuroptera, exhibition of rare, lx. 

Nonagria cannex, exhibition of oviposition of, 1]. 

Nycteribiide (parasitic Diptera) from Ceylon, on a large series of, lxviii. 

Obituary. John Emmerson Robson, xxiii; Rev. William Henry Heale, 
xxviii; Dr. Frederic Moore; C. J. Watkins, xxxv; L. C. H, Young, lxv ; 
Henry Hague, Ixxviii. 

Odezia atrata, aberration of, exhibition of, xiv. 

Odonata collected chiefly in North-Western India, xxviii, 303. 

Officers for 1908, nomination of, Ixviii, lxxvii. 

Orneodide and Pterophoridx, notes and descriptions of, Ixxxvi, 471. 

Orthoptera, case of homceotic variation in cockroach, xxxiii; from Kent, 
exhibition of rare, lx; exhibition of exotic cockroach from Kew, lxxiv; 
studies of the Tetrzginxv in the Oxford University Museum, xx, 213. 

Osphya and concurrent species, forms of, exhibition of, xxiii. 

Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, larves of, exhibited, xxix. 

Oviposition of Monagria cannx, exhibition of, 1. 

Oxford, studies of the Tetriyina (Orthoptera) in the University Museum of, 
xx, 213; exhibition of Sttarts muralts from, xlix. 

Palearctic Anthocharid and Melitzid Butterflies, exhibited, iv. 


(ean) 


Papilio krishna from Sikhim, monstrosity of, Lxiv. 

»  thoas thoas injured by birds, exhibited, lxxviii. 

Papilionide, notes on the Indo-Australian, ix, 1. 

Phrissura and Mylothris, parallelism between the genera, exhibition of, xviii. 

Phytophaga, new, from Australia, exhibited, xl. 

Pierines, similarity between dry-season forms of allied species of, exhibition 
of, xxiii; exhibition of mimetic parallelism in five genera of African, 
lxx. 

Pieris napi, var, bryonix, showing wide range of variation, from Switzerland, 
liv, lx. 

Pinacopteryx, exhibition of new species from North-East Rhodesia, lxv. 

Proctotrupide, types of, exhibited, xliii. 

Protection in Tineid Pupa from Upper Burma, exhibited, viii. 

Pterophoridx and Orneodidx, notes and descriptions of, Ixxxvi, 471. 

Pygexra bucephala, exhibition of Hymenopterous parasite of, Ixiv. 

Rhodesia, exhibition of new species of Pinacopteryx, from North-East, lxv. 

Robson, John Emmerson, notice of death of, xxiii. 

St. Margaret’s Bay, exhibition of Lygaeus equestris from, liv; exhibition of 
rare Coleoptera from, lv. 

Sawfly, gynandromorphus specimen, exhibited, vil. 

Scotland, exhibition of rare Coleoptera, etc., from Kent and, xlix; Crypto- 
phagus subdepressus from, exhibited, 1; the {natural enemies of Bombyx 
rubé in, 1xxxiii. 

Sexual character in butterflies, significance of some secondary, xl-xliii. 

Sitarts muralis from Oxford, exhibition of, xlix. 

South Africa, specimens from, exhibited, xlviii. 

Spain, Entomology in North-west, xvii, 147. 

Spindasis lohita, the life-history of, xx, 245. 

Spiramiopsis, remarkable larva of, exhibited, x. 

Sutherland, Lepidoptera from, exhibition of, 1. 

Switzerland, aberrant forms of butterflies from, exhibited, vii; Pierzs nap? 
var. bryonixv, showing wide range of variation, from, liv, lx. 

Tasmanian and Australian Byrrhidx, a catalogue of the, with descriptions of 
new species, xvii, 135. 

Temperature experiments on tropical butterflies, exhibition of, lxxiv. 

Teratological specimens, on some, xvii, 173 ; of a Bee, with normal specimen, 
exhibited, Lxi. 

Tessaratoma papillosa, life-history of, with notes on the stridulating organ 
and stink-glands, xx, 253. 

Letrao tetrix, note on contents of crop of, 1xxxiv. 

Tetrigine (Orthoptera) in the Oxford University Museum, studies of the, xx, 
218. 

Tetropium crawshay?, the life-history of, 183. 

»  juscum, the life-history of, 183. 
- gabrielz, the life-history of, xvii, 183. 

Thamnotrizon cinereus from North Devon, exhibited, Ixvi. 

Thysanoptera, Coleoptera and Aptera, notes on rare, Ixxx. 

Tineid Pupa from Upper Burma, protection in, viii. 


Tineide, on a remarkable undescribed form of moth belonging to the family, 
iit 


Cex?) 


Trachyscelis, note on the Australian species of, xxvi. 
a antenne-joints in, exhibition of, xxvi. 

Tobago, on some butterflies of, specimens exhibited, Ixviii. 

Uganda, Dorylus from Mengo in, exhibited, vi. 

Urania leilus, life-history of, 405. 

Variations of Aplecta nebulosa, exhibited, lxvi. 

Vice-Presidents, for 1907-8, nomination of, i. 

_ Victoria Nyanza, exhibition of Mylothris chloris and M. agathina, with a long 
series of forms, transitional between the two, from the neighbourhood of 
the, lv. 

Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris), the, 285. 

Watkins, ©. J., notice of death of, xxxv. 

Wasp and its prey, exhibited, Ixiv. 

Xanthorhoé ferrugata, Clerck, and the Mendelian Hypothesis, notes on, xx. 

Yorkshire, melanism in Fidonta atomaria from, xlix. 

Young, L. C. H., notice of death, lxv. 


exv:))) 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’ ; the Roman numerals 
to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings. 


ade astydamia (Heliconius), Ixxvi Acidalia, ii 
Abacetus, 165, 310 Acidia, 265 
abbreviatum (Kusandulum), 16, 67 Acinopus, 389 
a (Scleron), 398 Aciptiliines, 411 
abbreviatus (Sphenophorus), 400 Aciptilus, 488, 490 
abcissus (Microdus), 38, 47 Acisoma, 805 
abdomen-nigrum (Blatta), 459, 460 Acleros, 3823, 329 
if < (Epilampra), 460, 461 | Acmeodera, 166, 397 
abdominalis (Aulacophora), 386, 402 Acontia, 162 
ms (Pimpla), 44 Acrea, 317, 318, 320; 321, 327 328, 
abieticola (Hurytoma), 57 335, 342, 344, 349, 851, 352, 353, 
3 (Pteromalus), 66, 67 355, 357, 359, 363, 431 
abietis (Anobium), 19, 20, 21 Acreine, xli, 372 
», (Anogmus), 21 acrias (Pterophorus), 500 
», (Aspidogonus), 19, 20, 21 Acridiidie, lxxix, 213 
», (Bostrichus), 65 Acridium, 327, 365, 374 
», (Curculio), 46 Acridotheres, 441 
», (Ernobius), 20 Acritus, 396 
Acalla, xii, 161 Acrobasis, 161 
Acalles, 400 Acrocormus, 32, 66 
Acanthacee, 326 Acrotylus, 339 
Acanthalobus, 221, 222 Acrulia, Ixxxi 
Acanthaspis, 351, 379 acteeon (Hesperia), 161 
Acanthia, 376 Actidium, 394 
Acanthocinus, lxv, 28 Actinopteryx, 394 
Acantholepis, 310, 333, 336, 365, | Actocharis, 391 
379 actorion (Bia), lxxix 
Acantholyeus, 321, 373 Aculeata, 313 
Acanthonyx, 334 aculeata (Mordella), 167 
acanthura (Diploxys), 341 aculeator (Dolops), 44 
acer (Forficula), 111 acuminata (Phaleria), 398 
achates (Papilio), 3 acuminatum (Apion), 168 
Achenium, 392 Acupalpus, 165, 335, 386, 389 
acheron (Papilio), 4 acutus (Loxilobus), 223 
achine (Teracolus), xii, xiii, xxiii, 319, | Adalia, 170 
322, 326, 329, 343, 346, 352, 366, | adelica (Caprona), 320 
370, 372 Adelpha, Ixxvii, xxix, lxxx 
aciculatus (Corystes), 16 Adenocarpus, 152, 164 
(Sigalphus), 20, 21 Adesmia, 355 


( exvi ) 


Adiathetus, 126, 132 
Adicella, 163 
Adimonia, Ixxxiv, 36 
adippe (Argynnis), 161 
admixtalis (Bradina), 325 
“ (Erilata), 323 
Adonia, 170 
adspersus (Exocentrus), 29 
adstrictor (Throscus), 16 
adusta (Panchlora), 470 
advena (Cathartus), 395 
zdilis (Acanthocinus), lxv, 28 
», (Cerambyx), 28 
wgeria (Pararge), 161 
egialus (Papilio), 4 
zerota (Ischnoptera), 470 
», (Phyllodromia), 470 
egyptiaca (Blatta), 456 
segyptius (Coranus), 170 
(Syrphus), 324 
Allopus, 360 
zmulus (Pteromalus), 
65, 66 
genea (Amara), 389 
», (Meligethes), 13 
», (Phytometra), ii 
seneicollis (Corcebus), 166 
wneicornis (Pteromalus), 31 
zneocephalus (Ocypus), 392 
eneum (Apion), 386, 401 
eneus (Paracymus), lxvii 
», (Chrysolampus), 52 
», (Lobonyx), 163, 167 
»,  (Longitarsus), 402 
>, (Malachius), 17 
»,  (Meligethes), 13 
equator (Helcon), 26, 33 
zerosus (Dasytes), 397 
zruginosus (Longitarsus), 403 
Aschnine, 305 
esculapius (Eparchus), 121 
Athiessa, 397 
wthiops (Apion), 169 
etolica (Forficula), 112 
affaber (Otiorrhynchus), 399 
affine (Ennearthron), 24 
affinis (Berosus), 390 
»,  (Bruchus), 33 
»,  (Carida) 39 
»,  (Diopsis), 346 
:,  (Hallomenus), 40 
»,  (Harpalus), 340 
>, (Megarthrus), 393 
», (Olibrus), 394 
(Ptinus), 398 
afta (Chalcopelia), 348 
africana (Blatta), 456 
iS (Thysodactyla), 374 


16, 46, 61, 64, 


africana (Xanthospilopteryx), 370 
africanus (Helophilus), 360 
Agabus, 165, 390 
agamemnon (Papilio), 1, 5 
aganice (Planema), 328 
Agapanthia, 169, 386, 402 
agaricola (Heledona), 37 
agatha (Neptis), 321, 328, 352, 358,359 
Agathidium, Ixxxi, 393 
agathina (Mylothris), xxix, xxx, lv, 
lvi, Ixv, Lxvi, Ixx, lxxi, Sl4i73i7e 
319, 322, 325, 329, 366, 372 
agilis (Larra), 369 
5, (Pezomachus), 53 
(Philonthus), 392 
5, (Stenocephalus), 170 
aglaia (Argynnis), 161 
aglaodesma (Diacrotricha), 473 
Aglaope, 162 
Aglenus, 395 
Agonoscelis, 324, 346 
Agonum, 389 
agrilorum (Eulophus), 16 
Agrilus, 16, 54, 163, 166, 397 
Agriocnemis, 308 
Agrionine, 306 
Agriotes, 16 
agrorum (Marasmarcha), 412 
ae tuttodactyla (Marasmarcha), 
412 
Agrotis, 175 
Agyria, 339 
ajugee (Oxyothrips), xxxii 
Akis, 386, 398 
Alena, 320 
Alamanda, 434, 451 
Alaus, 370 
alba (Pinacopteryx), 322 
albicinctus (Arotes), 26 
albicornis (Meteorus), 59 
albidentatus (Brachycerus), 400 
albilatera (Periplaneta), 469 
- (Pseudoderopeltis), 370 
albimaculata (Amauris), xlii, 318, 321, 
328, 367, 372, 376 
albipennis (Apterygida), Ix, 117 
5 (Forficula), 117 
(Microgaster), 52 
albipes (Eulophus), 59 
albitarsella (Alucita), 492 
albitarsus (Pteromalus), 42 
a (Xorides), 24 
albofasciata (Gomalia), 
363 
albofasciatus (Halictus), xlvili, 380 
albolineata (Bruchus), 401 
alboradiata (Acreea), 349, 351, 
353, 359 


320, 326, 


352, 


| 
| 
; 


Oe ina 


alcesta (Nychitona), 329 
alcindor (Papilio), 4 
alciphron (Chrysophanus), 1, 161 
alcippoides (Hypolimnas), 422 
aleyone (Satyrus), 161 
alecto (Erebia), 1 
Aleochara, xvi, 165, 391 
alfacarellus (Crambus), 162 
alge (Halobrectha), 391 
algericus (Saprinus), 396 
algiricus (Helophorus), 390 
(Parnus), 391 
,,  (Tachys), 388 
algirus (Brachycerus), 400 
»,  (Lixus), 45, 400 
Alianta, 391 
allardi (Omalium), 393 
allipes (Kulophus), 60 
Allodahlia, 94, 95 
Allotettix, 234 
Allotinus, viii 
alni (Callidium), 25 
,, (Orchestes), 48 
Aloconota, 391 
alpha (Hastula), iii 
alpheios (Papilio), 4 
Alphitobius, 399 
Alphitopoda, 369 
alternans (Helophorus), 390 
34 (Pimpla), 31, 49 
alticola (Cnemidophorus), 481 
»,  (Koremaguia), 481 
Alucita, 488, 489, 490, 492 
alutaceus (Trogophlceus), 393 
alveus (Syrichthus), 161 
Alysia, 9, 30, 57, 67 
amandus (Lycena), 161 
amanga (Axiocerces), 353, 356 
Amara, 165, 389 
amaryllis (Heliconius), 
xvi 
rosina (Heliconius), xv 


2) 


xiv, 


39 


( exvii 


XV, 


Ameauris, x, xlit, lvi, 316; 318; 321) 


328, 367, 372, 376, 433 
amazonensis (Opisthocosmia), 
104 
amazoula (Alena), 320 
ambigena (Oxypoda), 391 
ambigua (Forficula), 112 
ambiguum (Bembidion), 388 
ambiguus (Acinopus), 389 
Amblyptilia, 482, 483 
_Amblystomus, 389 
americana (Blatta), 456, 457, 458 
(Centistes), 12 
(Chrysomela), 
402 
(Opisthocosmia), 92 


2? 


169, 


> 


> 


9 
vo 


92, 


86, 


) 


americana (Periplaneta), 459 
americanus (Allotettix), 234 
amethystinus (Hntedon), 50 
amiclus (Antholinus), 167 
amicula (Atheta), 591 
Amischa, 391 

amista (Serietha), 376 

ammios (Trichodes), 167 
Ammobius, 398 

Ammeecius, 166 

Ammophila, 338, 354, 361, 371 
amoracie (Plagiodera), 36 
ampelophila (Drosophila), 300 
Amphisternus, XxXi1 
amphitrite (Heliconius), xvi 
amphrysus (Troides), 2 
amplicollis (Phyllodromia), 470 
Ampulex, 370 

Anacena, 390 


anacardil (Salamis), 317, 318, 321, 325, 


329 
analis (Amischa), 391 
(Ceenoccelius), 61 
», (Cryptus), 31 
Anaplecta, 465, 468 
Anaspis, 399 
Anatis, 11 
Anaulacus, 377 
Anax, 305, 377 
anceps (Orthetrum), 305 


? 


Ancistrogaster, 92, 105, 106, 107, 108, 


109, 117 


Ancistrogastrine, 93, 94, 96, 101, 105, 
107 


anconifrons (Stramia), 323 
andalusiaca (Nebria), 388 
andalusiacus (Onthophagus), 396 
andalusicus (Haplocnemus), 167 
andamana (Papilio), 5 
andreneeformis (Sesia), 1 
Anechura, 95, 96, 97 
Anechurine, 93, 94, 95 


anemosa (Acrea), 349, 352, 355, 359 


363 

Angerona, Xxi 
angolanus (Papilio), 346, 353 
angolensis (Apotrogia), 469 
anguinus (Lixus), 400 
angularis (Gonopsis), 337 
angulobus (Paratettix), 236 
angusta (Pseudomops), 464 
angustalis (Cledeobia), 162 
angustata (Ocnera), 398 

a (Potosia), 397 
angustatum (Lathrobium), 165 
angustatus (Lixus), 45 

. (Sunius), 392 
angusticolle (Anobium), 19, 21 


( 


angusticolle (Ernobius), 19 
angusticollis (Zophosis), 345 
angustipennis (Harpalus), 336 
angustulus (Agrilus), 166 
SS (Athous), 167 
angustus (Emblethis), 170 
(Perilampus), 18 
165, 


” 
Anisodactylus, 
389 
Anisonyx, 378, 379 
Anisophlia, 164, 166 
Anistomide, 393 
anne (Teracolus), 319, 348 
annandalei (Kosmetor), 123 
os (Opisthocosmia), 122 
annua (Mercurialis), xlix, lv 
annulatus (Eupelmus), 34 
annulicornis (Helcon), 28 
annulipes (Apion), 1xix 
ve (Bothrostethus), 170 
Anobia, 18 
anobii (Spathius), 20 
Anobiide, 398 
Anobium, 18, 19, 20, 21 
Anogmus, 21 
anomalia (Opisthocosmia), 102 
pe (Sarcinatrix), 102, 103 
Anomalipus, 321, 341 
Anomeeotes, 330 
Anoplochilus, 375 
Anoxia, 166 
antalus (Virachola), 320, 326, 329 
Antanartia, 437 
antanossa (Cupido), 446 
- (Zizera), 429, 446 
Antestia, 321 
Anthaxia, >xxix, 
397 
Anthia, 378 
Anthicide, 399 
Anthicus, 164, 167, 399 
Anthidium, lxi 
Anthocharis, v 
Antholinus, 167 
Anthonomus, 52, 168, 400 
Anthophora, xlix 
Anthracias, 330 
Anthrax, 345 
Anthrenus, 13, 14, 386, 395 
Anthribide, 401 
Anthrocera, Ixxviii 
anthropophaga (Cordylobia), xliii, xliv, 
xlvil 
99 (Ochromyia), xlv, xlvi 
antidotus (Seydmenus), 393 
Antigastra, 330, 370 
antigone (Teracolus), xxiii, 343, 346, 
352, 357, 359, 362, 363 


362, 86, 


15,)) 166, + B87; 


exvill 


) 


antillarum (Panchlora), 463 

antiopa (Vanessa), 161 

antiqua (Orgyia), 162 

antirrhini (Gymnetron), 51 

Anurida, Ixxxili 

anxia (Bruchus), 401 

anynana (Mycalesis), 358 

Apanteles, 10, 34, 36, 
68 

Apate, 22, 29, 61, 351 

Apatura, vil, 161 

apennina (Forficula), 112 

Aphzenogaster, 340 

Aphanisticus, 166 

Aphanus, 170 

Aphide, viii, 52 

Aphidius, 37, 64 

Aphneus, 80, 350 

aphodioides (‘Trachyscelis), xxvi, xxvii, 
398 

Aphodius, 14, 166, 336, 386, 396 

Aphthona, 387, 402 

apiarius (Trichodes), 167 

apicalis (Balaninus), 369 

(Charopus), 397 

(Collyris), xxxi 
»,  (Dyschirius), 388 

Apion, xlix, lv, Ixix, 34, 42, 164, 168, 
169, 386, 387, 401 

apionum (Eurytoma), 43 

Apis, 310, 311, 330, 331, 338, 344, 
349, 363, 368, 378, 379 

Aplecta, xxii, ]xvi, xvii 

Apoderus, 41, 369 

Aporia, 160 

Apotettix, 237 

Apotrogia, 469 

appendiculatus (Hipporrhinus), 313 

as (Xorides), 24 

Appias, xviii, xxxii 

apricans (Apion), 42, 401 

apricarius (Saprinus), 396 

aptalis (Alucita), 490 

Aptera, 467 

aptera (Cosmiella), 105, 117, 118 

apterus (Halticus), 171 

Apterygida, lx, 93, 97, 98, 109, 117, 
120, 122, 123, 124 

Aptinothrips, Ixxxii 

aquaticus (Helophorus), 390 

aquifolii (Phytomyza), 259 

aquila (Pterophorus), 503 

arachidis (Apterygida), 117 

Araschnia, ]xxili 

areania (Ccenonympha), 161 

arcens (Dorylus), vi 

archesia (Precis), 315, 335, 352, 367, 
372 


AV ae 


99 


> 


. ( 


arcuatus (Clytus), 26 
»,  (Cerambyx), 26 
»,  hausmanni (Scymnus), 403 
»,  (Leiognathus), 428 
»,  (Seymnus), 403 
arcuosa (Hydrilla), ii 
Arecyophora, 342, 350 
areator (Hemiteles), 9, 13, 14, 18, 20, 
53 
arenariz (Sibinia), 400 
arenarium (Opatrum), 
379 
arenarius (Rhyssemus), 396 
», _(Scarites), 388 
arenosa (Tephrina), 317, 333 
arethusa (Satyrus), 161 
Arge, 161 
argentatum (Apion), 168 
argentea (Ammophila), 338 
Argia idotea (Leuceronia), xxx 
»,  (Leuceronia), xxix, xxx, 
lxx, Ixxi 
»  poppea (Leuceronia), xxix, ]xxi 


332, 336, 


SRE 


»,  semiflava (Leuceronia), xxx, 
1xxi 
»,  sulphurea (Leuceronia), xxix, 


xxxl, Ixxi 
», supra (Leuceronia), xxx 
»,  typica (Leuceronia), xxix 
varia (Leuceronia), xxx, Ixxi 
Argiolaus, 316, 367, 376 
argiolus (Cyaniris), 161 
», (Cardiophorus), 397 
Argus (Lyczna), 151, 158, 159 
», bejarensis (Lycena), 158 
»»  casaiacus (Lycena), 151, 
159 
», corydon (Lycena), 158 
», corydonius (Lycena), 158 
hypochiona (Lycena), 158 
Argynnis, 155, 161, 328 
Argyractis, 350, 353 
Argyramceba, 362 
aridula (Chetocnema), 402 
Arina, 366 
arion (Lycena), vii, 161 
Aristus, 389 
arithmeticus (Astichus), 24 
armata (Opisthocosmia), 100 
Aroa, 368, 376 
Aromia, 25 
Arotes, 26 
Arsinoé, 327 
Artemisia, 43 
Arthropoda, 333, 340 
articulatum (Bembidium), 165 
arvensis (Sinapis), 55 
arvicola (Lissonota), 19 


158, 


exis) 


arvicola (Xylotrechus), 169 
Ascarides, 66 
Ascogaster, 31 
asellus (Blabera), 467 
,, (Blatta), 467 
», (Gymnetron), 51 
Asemum, 188, 194, 195, 205, 209 
asiatica (Neolobophora), 119 
Asida, 167, 327, 386, 387, 398 
asiliformis (Trochiliums), 163 
asopus (Catochrysops), 320, 360 
5, (Lyceena), 362 
asparagi (Crioceris), 34 
aspersata (Naupheeta), 469 
asphodeli (Agapanthia), 169, 386 


asphodelus (Mylothris), xviii, xix, 
Ixxi 

Aspidogonus, 19 

Aspidomorpha, 249, 250, 251, 252, 


369, 375 
Aspidophorus, 145 
Aspigonus, 18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 32, 38, 
40 
Aspongopus, 370 
assamus (Loxilobus), 223 
assimilata (Kupithecia), ii 
assimile (Apion), 169 
assimilis (Ceuthorrhynchus), 55 
», (Patrobus), 8 
astarte (Pinacopteryx), Ixx 
asterope (Yphthima), 334, 335, 352, 
358 


», norma (Yphthima), 344, 352, 
357, 358, 359 
Astichus, 24 
astrarche (Lycena), 155, 156, 157, 
161 ; 
asturiensis (Zabrus), 165 
atalanta (Pyrameis), 161 
Atechna, 369, 371 
Atella, xxiv, Ixxv, 316, 324, 329, 352, 
370, 372, 436 
Atelocera, 316 
ater (Chelisoches), 129 
»» (Eryx), 415 
», (Hylastes), 164, 169 
(Mesostenus), 17, 40 
», (Stenopterus), 169 
», (Xorides), 32 
atergatis (Acreea), 349, 352 
aterrima (Colpodota), 391 
38 (Opisthocosmia), 106 
aterrimum (Actidium), 394 
Ateuchi, 386 
Athalia, 316, 368 
athalia (Melita), 159 
Atheta, 391 
Athous, 164, 167, 397 


( exer) 


atolmis (Acréa), 349, 352, 
359 
Atomaria, 394 
atomaria (Fidonia), xlix 
AG (Gymnoloma), 313 
atomarius (Bruchus), 33 
. (Protinus), 393 
atopalis (Bradina), 323 
»,  (Physematia), 323 
atra (Hispa), 170 : 
», (Capnia), 173 
5, (Deropeltis), 469 
atralis (Heliothea), 163 
atramentaria (Atheta), 391 
atramentarius (Cardiophorus), 167 
atraphaxidis (Clythra), 169 
atrata (Odezia), xiv 
atrator (Meteorus), 23 
atratulus (Stenus), 166 
atratum (Agonum), 389 
atricapillus (Demetrias), 387, 390 
atriceps (Chelonus), 57 
atricilla (Halobrectha), 391 
atricornis (Brachistes), 48, 460 
atritarse (Apion), 42 
atroceruleus (Eulophus), 43 
atropos (Blabera), 469 
Attagenus, 166, 380, 386, 395 
attalica (Sibinia), 400 
Attalus, 386, 397 
Attelabus, 41 
attenuatus (Harpalus), 165 
atypicalis (Tetrix), 239 
5 ceylonus (Tetrix), 239 
Auchenomus, 124, 125, 131 
Auchmeromyia, xliv, xlvi, xlvii 
aucta (Hydrothassa), 169 
Audea, 334 
augustina (Junonia), 440 
eS (Salamis), 429, 437, 440, 
441, 450 
aulacochiloides (Episcaphula), 327 
Aulacoderus, 399 
Aulacophora, 386, 402 
Auletes, 169 
aulicus (Lycodon), 178 
aurantidactyla (Koremaguia), 481 
aurelia (Callicore), xi 
auricularia (Forficula), 110, 114 
aurinia (Melitvea), 161 
auronitens (Pteromalus), 51 
auroraria (Hyria), 1xxxv 
aurovillosa (Aleochara), 391 
australicus (Chelisoches), 129 
australis (Byrrhus), 135 
»,  (Leasia), xl 
»,  (Limnichus), 145 
»,  (Microchzetes), 135 


353, 355, 


australis (Usagaria), 345 
autographus (Bostrichus), 65 
S (Dryoceetes), 65 
autraniana (Deropeltis), 330 
autumnaria (Ennomos), Ixxx 
“4 alniaria (Ennomos), xxx 
auxileuca (Diacrotricha), 471 
auxo (Teracolus), 319 
avellanee (Rhyncheenus), 168 
Averrhoa, 471 
axillaris (Cimbex), xxxlii 
,,  (Mycetochares), 38 
Axiocerces, 320, 342, 344, 353, 356, 
363, 364, 3873 
ayresii (Baoris), 336 
azurescens (Pteromalus), 63, 67 
azureus (Chlenius), 389 
.» (Kupelmus), 46 : 
,,  (Pteromalus), 63 
Baceha, 375 
Bactra, 163 
badium (Agathidium), Ixxxi 
Beoglossa, 339, 340 
beetica (Anisoplia), 164, 166 
Bagous, 355 
bajulus (Cerambyx), 25 
,,  (Hylotrupes), 25, 169, 402 
Balaninus, 56, 164, 168, 369 
Balanobius, 168 
balanotes (Pterophorus), 503 
balteata (Gametis), 369, 373 
,,  (Tachyusa), 165 
balteatus (Exenterus), 17 
Zc (Syrphus), 360 
balyi (Eurysthenes), 380 
banksi (Chrysomela), 402 
Baoris, 320, 3828, 326, 329, 336, 
360 
baptodactylus 
492 
barbara capensis (Aphenogaster), 340 
»»  (Lestes), 308 
>,  (Cidemera), 168, 399 
barbarus (Laemosthenes), 389 
barbata (Mycetochares), 38 
Baridius, 56 
Baris, 55, 56, 400 
Barleria, 440 
barnevillei (Malachius), 167 
barroisi (Forficula), 113 
barrowi (Binsitta), 177, 178 
barynoti (Bracon), 43 
Barynotus, 43, 44 
Barypeithes, 168, 599 
basalis (Ischnoptera), 470 
;, (Phyllodromia), 470 
Basicryptus, 374 
Basilarchia, Ixxvii, lxxix, Ixxx 


(Pselnophorus), 491, 


(vem |) 


Basipta, 249, 252 
Bassus, 12, 36 
batesi (Heliconius), xiv 
baton (Lyczna), 161 
Batrachidez, 242 
batychrus (Leptacinus), 392 
Bauhinia, 181 
beccabunge (Gymnetron), 51 
Bedelius, 389 
beelzebub (Forficula), 111 
belemia (Anthocharis), v 
Belenois, xii, xiii, xxix, xxx, xxxi, ]xv, 
ixexewlexds xxii, sld oifeolos a22. 
325, 329, 346, 352, 353, 355, 357, 
358, 359, 366, aa 372 
bellargus (Lyczna), | 
ab. ceronus (Lyczna), 1 
bellezina (Anthocharis), v 
bellicosa (Hispa), 361 
bellidice (Pontia), iv 
beloni (Thylacites), 387, 400 
Belonogaster, 316, 335, 337, 342, 344, 
345, 354, 356, 369, 371, 375 
belzebuth (Discotettix), 213 
Bembex, 350 
Bembidium, 164, 165, 386, 388 
Bengalia, xlv, xlvi 
beniniensis (Ammophila), 354, 361 
Beosus, 170 
bernice (Mylothris), xviii, xix 
berolinensis (Dicerca), 15 
Berosus, 390 
bertouti (Holoparamecus), 394 
betula (Deporaus), 41 
betuleti (Byctiscus), 41 
Bia, lxxix 
Bibio, 360, 369 
bibulus (Lachnocnema), 320 
bicaliginosus (Pteromalus), 60, 62 
bicellularis (Bracon), 24 
bicolor (Blatta), 467 
»,  (Bostrichus), 66 
», (Chrysomela), 386, 402 
5,  (Corticeus), 398 
»,  (Lasioderma), 398 
», (Neolobophora), 119 
»,  (Pseudopeltis), 467 
»,  (Sthenarus), 171 
»,  (Taphrorychus), 6 
(Triplax), lxxxi 
bicolorella (Coleophora), lxix 
bicolorinus (Hemiteles), 19 
bicostata (Asida), 327 
bicuspis (Dicranura), lxxx 
s,  (Forfieula), 96 
»,  (Timomenus), 96 
bidens (Bostrichus), 63, 67 
bidentatum (Pseudagrion), 308 


PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1907. 


bidentatus (Pityogenes), 67 

He (Pogonocherus), 30 
bidenticulata (Isotoma), Ixxxii 
bidentis (Pteromalus), 67 
bieti (Coenonympha), 152 
bifasciatum (Rhagium), 27 
bifasciatus (Attagenus), 895 
bifrons (Amara), 165 
bigibbosus (Tetticerus), 2380 
biguttata (Bruchus), 401 

a (Buprestis), 16 

ay (Monastria), 469 
biguttatum (Bembidion), 388 
biguttatus (Agrilus), 16, 54, 166 

i (Bruchus), 33, 169 
bilateralis (Khoina), 376 
bilimbi (Averrhoa), 471 
bilineatus (‘Trogophleeus), 393 
billbergi (Coryna), 167 
bimaculata (Bruchus), 401 

re (Doru), 124 


i (Ischnoptera), 361 
bimaculatus (Cryptocephalus), 163, 169 

a (Drasterius), 397 

as caruane (Hapalus), 399 


5 morio (Hister), 396 
‘ (Olibrus), 394 
Pe (Pteromalus), 22, 58, 59, 
61, 62, 65, 66 
(Sunius), 392 
binevius (Pteromalus), 59 
binimbatus (Pteromalus), 62 
binodulus (Bostrichus), 64 
a (Cryphalus), 64 
binotata (Doru), 124 
binotatus (Anisodactylus), 165 
Binsitta, 177, 178 
bipartita (Apterygida), 123 
ae (Sphingolabis), 123 
bipunctata (Aleochara), 391 
bipunctatus (Cryptocephalus), 1xvii, 


As 34, 169 

a (Laccobius), 390 
e (Seymnus), 403 
* ‘(Stenus), 166 


bipunctidactyla (Stenoptilia), 504 
bipustulata (Blatta), 467 

Rs (Parahormetica), 467, 468 
bipustulatum (Spheridium), 390 
bipustulatus (Chilocorus), 403 

a (Malachius), 206 

c. (Rhizophagus), 395 
birmanus (Auchenomus), 131 
biroi (Hypurgus), 102 
biscrensis (Anthrenus), 395 
Biscutella, lx 
bisignatus (Olibrus), 166 
Bisnius, 165 


¢ sexu) 


bison (Bubas), 396 
bispinosus (Acanthalobus), 22 
bispinus (Bostrichus), 65 
es (Xylocleptes), 65 
bistriatus (Tachys), 388 
3 gregarius (Tachys), 388 
bistriga (Acupalpus), 389 
bivestigatus (Pteromalus), 62 
bivittatus (Telephorus), 167 
Bizenia, 146 
Blabera, 467, 469 
Blacus, 29, 53, 61 
Blaps, 398 
Blastophagus, 22 
Blatta, 310, 313, 327, 331, 332, 337, 
361, 365, 370, 456, 457, 458, 459, 
460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 466, 467, 
468, 469 
Blattide, lxxxvi, 
Blechrus, 389 
Bledius, 166, 386, 393 
Blenosia [ Blacodes], 312 
Blepharodera, 467 
Blymorphanismus, 351 
Boarmia, 323 
boaz (Oryctes), 334 
beetica (Dasypoda), 380 
», (Lampides), 152 
», (Lycena), 161, 320, 
445 
beeticus (Cupido), 445 
»,  (Lampides), 445 
bogotenis (Neolobophora), 119 
bohemani (Apion), 42 
*5 (Episus), 339, 340 
boieldieui (Gibbium), 397 
boisduvali (Gerydus), viii 
boisduvalii (Crenis), 321 
ycimon), 405 
boleti (Cis), 2 
3 Disterish 37 
», (Scardia), 37 
bolina (Diadema), 442 
», (Hypolimnas), 442 
Bolotettix, 223, 224, 225, 226 
Bombax, 178 
Bombus, xxxili 
Bombylius, 379 
Bombyx, lxxxili, Ixxxv 
boneespei (Lioptilus), 422 
(Marasmarcha), 492 
bonchampsi (Apterygida), 98 
bonducella (Casalpinia), 447 
boops (Porizon), 39 
borbonica (Antanartia), 437, 439 
55 (Pamphila), 452 
a (Parnara), 452 
borealis (Limobius), 400 


312, 465 


329, 341, 


boreata (Cheimatobia), i 
borellii (Neolobophora), 119 
bostrichorum (Cceloides), 66 
Bostrichus, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67 
Bostrychide, 398 
Bostrychus, 22, 364 
Bothriothorax, 18 
Bothrostethus, 170 
bowkeri (Stugeta), 344, 353, 363 
Brachinus, xvi 
Brachistes, 13, 18, 20, 21, 41, 46, 47, 
48, 54, 57, 60 
Brachonyx, 52 
Brachybasis, 330, 360 
brachycentrus (Mesostenus), 17, 61 
Brachycerus, 336, 339, 400 
Brachycola, 467 
Brachycoleus, 171 
Brachyderes, 164, 168 
brachymorpha (Platyptilia), 483 
Brachypterus, 166, 395 
brachystegiz (Rhabdinocerus), 355 
Bracon, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 
36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 
52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 
66, 67, 178 
braconius (Collastes), 49 
Bradina, 323 
Bradycellus, 389 
brahma (Kosmetor), 123 
brasiliensis (Epilampra), 462 
brassicee (Mamestra), 162 
a (Pieris), 161 
bredowi (Adelpha), 
Ixxx 
brevicauda (Xenylla), 1xxxiii 
brevicaudis (Kubadizon), 20 
a (Spathius), 15, 29, 47, 57, 
63, 67 
brevicollis (Cicindeia), 380 
~ (Licinus), 389 
e (Nebria), 8 
brevicornis (Pimpla), 47, 50, 68 
3 (Pteromalus), 20 
brevipenne (Achenium), 392 
= (Micralymma), 11 
brevipennis (Trichopteryx), 394 
brevipes (Meteorus), 59 
brevipilis (Ptinus), 398 
brevirostre (Apion), 43 
brevis (Epilampra), 460 
brevistigma (Thecagaster), 305 
breviventris (Apanteles), 54 
(Microgaster), 49, 55 
brigitta (Terias), 314, 338, 343, 345, 
349, 352, 353, 356, 359, 448, 
449 


Ixxvii, Ixxix, 


¢ .exxiy ) 


brisouti (Apion), 401 
brongusaria (Semiothisa), 
368 
brookiana (Troides), 1 
Bruchide, 397, 401 
Bruchus, 33, 34, 169, 387, 401 
brumata (Cheimatobia), ii 
brunei (Papilio), 5 
brunnea (Blatta), 467 
»,  (Nyctibora), 467 
brunneriana (Derocalymna), 370 
brunneum (Orthetrum), 304 
brunneus (Aglenus), 395 
is (Bostrychus), 364 
He (Euplectus), 393 
ss (Longitarsus), 402 
i (Lyctus), 23, 398 
so (Mycetoporus), 165 
brunnicans (Pteromalus), 58, 59 
brunnipes (Acupalpus), 165, 389 
Bryaxis, 398 
bryoniz (Pieris), liv 
bryophagus (Pedilophorus), 138, 139, 
140 
Bryophila, 162 
bubalus (Bubas), 396 
sf (Lasioderma), 398 
Bubas, 396 
buccata (Pachylomma), 16 
buccinator (Larinus), 168 
bucephala (Pygera), lxiv 
buparius (Scarites), 388 
Buprestide, 14, 397 
Buprestis, 15, 16 
buprestoides (Spondylis), 169 
buquetii (Leuceronia), 311 
burmeisteri (Phyllodromia), 462 
burneyi catharine (Heliconius), 
Ixxvi 
burri (Hedotettix), 240 
busckii (Drosophila), 300 
buxtoni (Acrea), 317, 328 
Byblia, 315, 317, 318, 322, 325, 328, 
835, 352, 366, 367, 372, 376 
Byctiscus, 41 
Byrrhide, 135, 145, 396, 398 
Byrrhus, 135, 398 
Cabera, ii 
cabira (Acrea), 317, 321, 328 
cabrer (Forficula), 112 
cacharensis (Papilio), 1, 3 
cachecta (Sitona), 400 
ap v. setulifer (Sitona), 400 
Cacyreus, 310, 358, 367, 378, 380, 429, 
444 


333, 364, 


Cenina, 320 
Cenoccelius, 61 
Cznocryptus, 29 


ceenosus (Bagous), 355 
Cvesalpinia, 447 
cespitis (Trichothrips), ]xxxi 
cxesus (Pleurophorus), 166, 396 
caffer (Euleptus), 331 
», (Zophosis), 333, 
345 
caffra (Gracillodes), 330, 353 
», (Plectroctena), 336 
», (Sclerocarya), 344, 355 
( 
( 


334, 336, 


Thyretes), 334 
Xylocopa), 368 
», var. mossambica (Xylocopa), 344, 
354 
caffraria (Mesoponera), 332, 342 
caffrorum (Gyna), 469 
Cafius, 11, 165, 392 
Calamobius, 402 
Calandra, 400 
Calathus, 389 
e-album (Grapta), 161 
»,  (Polygonia), Ixxiv 
Calcar, 399 
calcaratus (Miris), 170 
calculator (Microdus), 37 
caldarena (Acrea), 352 
calice (Castalius), 329 
californica (Adelpha), Ixxvii 
caligatus (Pzederus), 165 
5 (Xylonomus) 32 
caliginosa (Kpilampra), 469 
callias (Cryptocephalus), 361 
Callidia, 25 
Callidium, 25, 26, 61, 196, 197, 387, 
402 
Callidryas, 447 
Callimome, 13, 42 
Callimorpha, 162 
Calliphora, xliii, 381 
callosicollis (Elliministes), 374 
Calluna, xxxii e 
calmariensis (Galeruca), 36 
3 (Galerucella), 36 
Calocoris, 171 
Calodera, 391 
Calopterygine, 305 
Calopteryx, lxi 
Calosoma, 387, 388 
calydonius (Ditomus), 389 
Calyptomerus, 394 
Calyptus, 19, 41 
cambrica (Venusia), ti 
cambricus (Sitona), 400 
re (Sitones), 168 
Camelotettix, 233 
cameroni (Bryaxis), 393 
»,  (Crypticus), 398 
>, (Malthodes), 397 


( exon 5) 


camilla, 161 
caminites (Oxyptilus), 478 
campanule (Gymnetron), 51 
‘a (Miarus), 50, 168 
campestris (Ceuthorrhynchus), 168 
35 (Cicindela), 165, 388 
campina (Mycalesis), 358 
Camponotus, Ixiv, 310, 320, 327, 
331, 336, 341, 349, 361, 363, 399, 
375 
campoplegoides (Phygadeuon), 8 
Campoplex, 17, 31, 44, 52, 54 
Campolenes, 375 
Camptopus, 170 
canaliculatus (Lyctus), 23 
canariensis (Forficula), 114 
cancellata (Orneodes), 510 
candida (Cicindela), 375 
candidalis (Aciptilus), 490 
5 (Alucita), 490 
canescens (Homoptera), 334 
eanicularis (Homalomyia), 317 
Canidia, 36 
canne (Nonagria), 1, li, 1iii 
canopus (Netrobalane), 320 
cantabricum (Apion), 168 
cantabricus (Rhizotrogus), 166 
Cantharide, 397 
canus (Urodon), 401 
capensis (Acantholepis), 379 
;,  (Blatta), 467 
5,  (Ceroctis), 380 
»,  (Cineindela), 375 
»,  (Xylocopa), 379 
capicola (Bembex), 350 
»,  (Harpalus), 332 
capitata (Myzine), 342, 354 
capitatus (Pteromalus), 
65 
capito (Diospilus), 19 
Capnia, 173 
Capnodis, 397 
capree (Lochmeea), 170 
Caprona, 320 
Capsus, 171 
capucina (Apate), 22 
capucinus (Bostrychus), 22 
Carabide, 340, 388 
caraboides (Melandrya), 40 
Carabus, 8, 165, 388 
carbonaria (Magdalis), 56 
carbonarius (Ephialtes), 15, 24, 26, 29, 
30, 31, 82, 46, 54 
carcharias (Saperda), 30 
Carcinops, 396 
cardamines (Anthocharis), v 
Cardiophorus, 164, 166, 
397 


58, 64, 


167, 323, 


cardui (Agapanthia), 169, 402 
,,  (Cceliodes), 400 
»,  (Pyrameis), 160, 315, 318, 331, 
333, 334, 335, 336, 338, 339, 
365, 367, 377, 378, 380, 439 
,, (Spermophagus), 401 
carduorum (Apion), 169, 401 
Aa galactitis (Apion), 401 
Carida, 39 
Carinapleurothrips, lxxxii 
carinator (Helcon), 22, 26, 29, 59 
carinatus (Dendarus), 398 
»,  (Elachestus), 41 
carinula (Sciaphilus), 168 
carinulatus (Odynerus), 354, 357 
carissimus (Pedilophorus), 138, 139, 
143 
earline (Larinus), 45 
Carlisis, 370 
carnaria (Sarcophaga), 327, 375 
carnuta (Pentila), 78 
»  (Telipna), 78 
Carphoborus, 63 
carphodactylus (Leioptilus), xii, xl 
carpini (Trypopitys), 20 
Carpophilus, 395 
Cartaletis, 327 
Carterus, 389 
carthami (Syrichthus), 161 
Cartodere, 394 
Cassida, 37, 250, 251, 4038, 456 
cassidarum (Entendon), 35, 37 
cassidea (Blatta), 467 
55 (Phoraspis), 467 
Cassididx, 249 
cassius (Pseudonympha), 331, 367, 372, 
366, 380 
casta (Fumea), 163 
Castalius, 329, 362 
castaneum (Priobium), 19 
5 (Tetropium), 32 
castaneus (Athous), 397 
35 (Corticeus), 398 
=A (Oresbius), 8, 44 
castigata (Eupithecia), ii 
castrensis (Malacosoma), 162 
Catabomba, 381 
Catabronta, 368 
Catacanthacris, ]xxix 
Catacroptera, 318 
catalaunaria (Tephrina), 333 
cataleuca (Arge), 161 
“3 lachesis (Arge), 161 
Catantops, 316, 321, 331, 338, 369, 371, 
374 
eatenator (Lissonota), 15 
catharotes (Pselnophorus), 491, 492 
cathartica (Alamanda), 434 


( ;exxv») 


Cathartus, 395 chalcites (Saprinus), 396 
Catocala, 173, 175, 176 chaleographus (Bostrichus), 67 
Catochrysops, 320, 360 5 (Pityogenes), 67 
Catophaga, xviii, [xxii Chaleophora, 15 
Catops, 393 ~ chalcoptera (Lesna), 361 
Catopsilia, Ixxiv, Ixxv, 341, 344, 356, | Chalicodoma, 348, 369 
429, 447, 453 chalybeus (Entedon), 31 
caucasica (Forficula), 112 chalybeatus (Promecidus), 370 
caudatus (Bracon), 62 Chamaipetes, 95 
ce (Entedon), 63 championi (Ancistrogaster), 108 
oe (Opius), 25, 30 cn (Omophlus), 399 
-t (Sigalphus), 48, 49 Charagotettix, 226 
caularum (Holoparamecus), 394 Charaxes, 315, 316, 318, 329, 346, 
cava (Xenodusa), 419 352,367 
cebrene (Precis), 315, 318, 334, 335,}charina (Pinacopteryx), 312, 319, 
352, 362 322) 32509329) S6Gm a0 oz, 
Cebrio, 397 376 
Cecidomyia, 39 charitopa (Platyptilia) 483 
celebensis (Papilio), 5 charlonia (Anthocharis), v 
celebicus (Hedotettix), 241 Charopus, 167, 397 
celer (Forficula), 113 Chasmatopterus, 164, 166 
centetes (Trichoptilus), 473 Cheimatobia, ii 
Centistes, 12 Cheiropachus, 59, 62, 63 
centrimaculatus (Cereyon), 390 Chelidura, 91, 94 
centrosa (Mazarredia), 230 Chelidurella, 94 
centurio (Opisthocosmia), 100 Chelidurine, 93, 94 
Cephalonomyia, 22, 24 Chelisochella, 125, 127, 128, 133 
cephalotes (Amblystomus), 389 Chelisoches, 116, 124, 125, 127, 128, 
,, _ (Opius), 60 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134 
Cephanodes, 345 Chelisochide, 124, 132 
Cerambyx, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, | Chelisochine, 125 
32, 199, 295, 402 Chelonus, 30, 31, 57, 65 
Ceraphron, 66, 67 Chermes, 207 
Ceratina, 338 Chilocorus, 310, 403 
Cercomorphus, 401 | Chilomenes, 310, 345, 374 
Cercus, 395 Chilopora, 391 
Cerceyon, 390 chinensis (Bruchus), 401 
cerdo (Cerambyx), 402 »,  (Laccoptera), 250, 252 
ceres (Terias), 448 5 (Trachyscelis), xxvii 
ceresyi (Deronectes), 390 chionastes (Pterophorus), 501 
Ceriagrion, 308 Chironitis, 396 
cerinus (Longitarsus), 403 Chlenius, 165, 389 
Cerocephala, 58, 62 Chlamydopsis, 146 
Cerocoma, 164, 167 chloracta (Orneodes), 507 
Ceroctis, 342, 356, 371, 380 chloralis (Stemmatophora), 350 
cervipyga (Opisthocosmia), 100 chlorea (Sphingomorpha), 362 
cespitalis (Pyrausta), 163 chlorias (Pterophorus), 497 
Cetonizx, 386 chloridice (Pontia), v 
Ceuthorrhynchidius, 168, 400 chloris (Mylothris), lv 
Ceuthorrhynchus, Ixviii, 55, 168, 386, | chlorizans (Baris), 55 
400 chlorodippe (Argynnis), 161 
ceylonica (Opisthocosmia), 100 chlorotica (Panchlora), 463 
cherophyllata (Tanagra), ii Cheerorrhinus, 400 
Chetoenema, 347, 402 Chremylus, 33 
Chetolyga, 369 chrysaor (Phasis), 373 
chalceus (Pogonus), 165, 389 chrysippus (Danaida), 433 
Chalciope, 341 55 (Danais), 433, 442 


Chalcis, 37 FA alcippus (Danais), 433 


( exe 4) 


chrysippus (Limnas), x, 314, 317, 
318, 321, 324, 327, 328, 331, 334, 
337, 352, 355, 357, 359, 362, 367, 
372 

chrysitis (Pseudocolaspis), 355 

chrysocephala (Psylliodes), 402 

Chrysolampus, 52 

Chrysomela, 35, 164, 169, 386, 402 

chrysomelina (Epilachna), 403 

Chrysophanus, vil, 1, Ixvi, 161 

chrysostigma (Orthetrum), 304 

a's race luzonicum 
trum), 304 

Chthonius, 219 

Chthonotettix, 219 

cicadifrons (Strongylocoris), 171 

cicatricosa (Pimpla), 53 

Cidaria, ii 

ciliaris (Trachyscelis), xxvi, xxvii 

ciliata (Blatta), 467 

ciliatus (Melyris), 374 

Cillenus, 164, 165 

Cimbex, xxxiii 


(Orthe- 


Cincidela, 84, 86, 87, 89, 165, 375, 380, | 


386, 388 
cincta (Icaria), 320, 343, 369, 374, 
375 
cinctigutta (Rhanidophora), 327 
cinctus (Agrilus), 166 
5,  (Sminthurus), lxxxiil 
cinerea (Blatta), 467 
cinereus (Brachypterus), 166 
Ss (Cleonus), 400 
»,  (Hesperophanes), 402 
BS (Thamnotrizon), xvi 
cingulata (Aptera), 467 
Ac (Tachyusa), 391 
cingulatus (Lopus), 170 


5p (Strongylogaster), vil 
cinnamomea (Ischnoptera), 470 
a (Phylodromia), 470 


cinnides (Lycena), 1 
cinyras (Libythea), 429, 443 
Cionus, 53 
circinata (Forficula), 112 
circulatus (Mecinus), 401 
circumcincta (Pseudothyrsocera), 469 
circumclusa (Psendothyrsocera), 469 
Pe (Thyrsocera), 469 
circundata (Coptocycla), 249, 251, 
252 


circumflexus (Dytiscus), 390 

circumseptus (Bedelius), 389 
a (Chlenius), 389 

Cirphis, 347 

Cirrospilus, 42 

Cis, Ixviii, 23, 24 

cis (Bracan), 23 


cissus (Everes), 344, 360 
Cistelidee, 396 
Cistus, 151 
citrites (Pterophorus), 502 
citropleura (Platyptilia), 482 
Cladonote, 215, 216, 234 
Cladoramus, 217 
Clambid, 394 
clarissa (Mylothris), lvi, [xxi 
clavatus (Pteromalus), 47 
ss (Spathius), 18, 19,. 21, 
49 
clavicornis (Aleochara), 391 
claviger (Spathius), 22 
clavigera (Derocalymma), 469 
clavipes (Harpalus), 365 
»»  (Rhopalopus), 387, 402 
claviventris (Helcon), 40 
Cledeobia, 162 
clelia (Orthetrum), 305 
», (Precis), 317, 318, 324, 328, 352, 
355 
cleodora (Eronia), 314, 322, 
366, 370, 372 
Cleonus, 168, 339, 400 
Cleonymus, 21, 59 
Cleopatra, 355 
Cleridee, 397 
Clerus, 17, 62 
Clinocentrus, 16, 18 
Clitobius, 385, 399 
cloantha (Catacroptera), 318 
aA (Precis), 318 
clypealis (Hydrovatus), xxxii 
clypeata (Pilema), 469 
clypeatus (Ccelometopus), 167 
5 (Aristus), 389 
Clytanthus, 169, 402 
Clythra, 164, 169 
Clythride, x] 
Clytus, 26, 169 
Cnemidophorus, 481 
Cneorrhinus, 164, 168 
coarctata (Tachyusa), 165 
Coccidee, xxxlil 
Coccinella, 11, 12, 170, 403 
coccineus (Endomychus), 12, 13 
cocksi (Salda), 170 
Codiosoma, 400 
Codrus, 10 
coeculus (Hypolycena), 344, 353 
Ceelambus, 390 
Ceeliodes, 54, 168, 400 
coelocera (Chalicodoma), 343, 369 
Celoides, 27, 58, 59, “G2;emGze 
66 
Ccelometopus, 167 
Ccelostoma, 390 


325, 329, 


ee 


( exxvil ) 


Ccenonympha, 
161 
ccerulea (Dasytes), 17 
ceeruleocephalus (Rhynchites), 169 
ccerulescens (Baris), 400 
56 (Orthetrum), 305 
AA (Peecilus), 165 
eceruleus (Dasytes), 17 
3 (Formicomus), 310 
cognata (Hupithecia), ii 
», (Macroma), 327, 369 
Colasposoma, 369 
Colax, 12 
Coleophora, lxix 
Coleoptera, 67, 163, 320, 355 
Coleus, 444 
Colias, 161, 312, 314, 319, 334, 338, 
367, 372, 376, 377 
collaris (Helenophorus), 398 
»,  (Mecinus), 52 
», (Myrmedonia), 9 
se (esooas),, 19 
»,  (Xorides), 32 
Collastes, 49 
collinus (Gymnetron), 51 
Collyris, xxxi, 83-90 
coloratus (Litargus), 395 
Pr (Microchetes), 136 
Colotes, 164, 167, 386, 397 
Colpodota, 391 
colpophorus (Bracon), 34, 42 
Colydiide, 395 
Colymbetes, xxix 
comes (Agrotis), 175 
Comibena, 350, 357 
comma (Hesperia), 161 
», (Spiramiopsis), x1 
commassiz (Aillopus), 360 
commixtum (Sympetrum), 304 
communis (Thrips), lxxxil 
complanata (Eurynebria), 387, 388 
complanatus (Oxytelus), 393 
completus (Hemiteles), 21 
compressiventris (Exochus), 16 
compsochares (Trichoptilus), 473 
Comythovalgus, 368 
Conchia, 338 
concolor (Glypta), 57 
»,  (Gynandrophthalma), 169 
confinis (Aspidomorpha), 250 
»,  (Entedon), 18, 48, 49 
confluens (Ccelambus), 390 
conformis (Xylina), lxxx 
confusa (Methona), lxxix 
congener (Haplolycus), 321 
congloblata (Coccinella), 170 
congrualis (Pterophorus), 473 
” (Trichoptilys), 473 


vii, 152, 159, 


160, { conicus (Rhinocyllus), 400 


Conolophia, 358 
consanguineus (Omostropus), 345 
conscitaria (Conolophia), 358 
consimile (Anobium), 20 
$3 (Apion), 43 
consobrina (Phyllotreta), 402 
conspersus (Lissogenius), 371, 375 
consputus (Aphodius), 396 
constanti (Pterophorus), 502 
constrictus (Acantholycus), 321 
continuus (Ephialtes), 30, 31 
contractus (Aspigonus), 26, 32 
3 (Paratettix), 236 
Py (Tetrix), 239 
Conurus, 392 
convexa (Blatta), 467 
»,  (Cyrtilia), 467 
convexus (Scarabzeus), 375 
cooksoni (Neocenyra), 77 
Copris, 396 
Coptocycla, 249, 251, 252 
Coptotettix, 237, 241, 242 
Corzbus, 163, 166 
Coranus, 170 
cordatus (Ditomus), 389 
cordiger (Capsus), 171 
Pe (Graphipterus), 
340 
Cordylobia, xliii, xliv, xlvii 
core (Euplcea), 434 
Coreus, 170 
coriaceum (Meladema), 390 
coriaria (Timarcha), 35 
coriarius (Prionus), 24 
corinneus (Papilio), 346, 353 
Corizus, 170 
corniculans (Metachrostis), 370 
corniculata (Xystra), 232 
corniculatus (Hipporhinus), 336 
corniger (Bledius), 393 
cornigera (Cerocephala), 58, 62 
cornuta (Mitroboris), 27, 28 
cornutus (Echocerus), 398 
FA (Notocerus), 232 
ae (Odontomerus), 25 
Fe (Platystethus), 392 
3 (Xorides), 30 
coromandelianum (Ceriagrion), 308 
coronata (Potua), 216 
corruptor (Pezomachus), 53 
corruscans (Geotrupes), 164, 166 
corruscus (Phalacrus), 39 
Ss (Philonthus), 392 
corticalis (Phlceopora), 391 
Corticeus, 398 
corticinus (Trogophleeus), 393 
corydonius (Lyczna), 158 


333, 336, 


( exxviii ) 


coryli (Apoderus), 41 
Corylophide, 394 
Coryna, 164, 168 
corynthius (Longitarsus), 402 
Corystes, 16 
Coscinia, 162 
cosmicus (Camponotus), 331, 375 
Cosmiella, 92, 99, 104, 105, 

118 
Cosmoclostis, 471 
cosmodactyla (Platyptilia), 485 
Cosmophus, 64 
Cosmozosteria, 8138, 3835 
Cossyphus, 399 
costatus (Kpiechinus), 145 

»,  (Microcheetus), 145 

so) (Rtlinus) 521. 
costipennis (Xenoscelis), 395 
Orabro, 17 
eraccxe (Apion), 42 
Crambus, 161, 162, 3538, 364 
Craspedia, 323, 368 
crassa (Aleochara), 391 
crassicornis (Corizus), 170 
erassiorella (Fumea), 163 
crassipes (Xorides), 24, 30, 47 
crassiuscula (Aleochara), 391 
crassus (Cryptocephalus), 169 

»,  (Peederus), 332 
eratwegi (Aporia), 160 

»  (Trichiura), ii 
craterellus (Crambus), 161 
crawshayi (Tetropium), 183, 184 
Cremastogaster, 336, 371, 380 
cremieri (Pachylomma), 16 
crenata (Ditoma), 395 

»,  (Phthora), 398 
crenatus (Hylesinus), 17, 61 
Crenis, 321 
crenulatus (Cladoramus), 217 
Creophilus, 9, 67, 892 
Crepidodera, 402 
crepitans (Brachinus), xvi 
cretalis (Platyptilia), 487 
cribellaticollis (Saprinus), 396 
cribrella (Myelois), 165 
cribricollis (Otiorrhynchus), 
crinita (Hypera), 400 
crinitus (Sitona), 400 
Criocephalus, 188, 194, 195, 197, 208, 

209 
Crioceris, 34, 169, 386, 402 
Criotettix, 220, 221, 228, 224, 226 
eristana (Acalla), xii 
cristatus (Deltonotus), 216 
Crocisa, 325 
crocodilus (Gavialidium), 220 
Crocothemis, 304, 346, 353 


117, 


399 


Crocydoscelus, 482 
Creemia, li 
cruciatus (Pteromalus), 48 
cruciferse (Phyllotetra), 402 
cruciferarum (Plutella), 338, 347 
Crudaria, 343 
cruentus (Hister), 365 
crustaria (Aphneus), 80 
“s (Spindasis), 80 
erux (Physorhynchus), 312, 327, 371, 
375 
Cryphalus, 64, 65 
Oryptamorpha, Ixxxi 
Crypticus, 398 
cryptiformis (Xorides), 18, 21 
eryptocephali (Pteromalus), 35 
Cryptocephalus, Ixvii, 34, 163, 164, 
169, 361, 371, 374, 402 
Cryptophagus, 1, 394 
Cryptophilus, 394 
Cryptorrhynchus, 53 
Cryptotettix, 230 
Cryptus, 18, 25, 31, 56 
Cubocephalus, 32 
Oucujide, 395 
culinaris (Blatta), 459 
culmellus (Crambus), 162 
cuniculorum (Aleochara), xvi 
Cupido, 444, 445, 446 
cuprea (Gidistoma), 380 
cuprirostris (Baris), 56 
Cureculio, 7, 16, 34, 40, 45, 
48, 49, 51, 52, 55, 56, 
64 
Curculionide, 399 
curculionoides (Attelabus), 41 
(Pteromalus), 51 
curculionum (Entedon), 43, 51, 52 
* (Sigalphus), 48 
curriei (Dasyleurotettix), 234 
curtisii (Bracon), 58 
curtulum (Apion), 168 
curvicaudis (Spathius), 15 
curvidens (Bostrichus), 66 
+ (Tomicus), 66 
curvinotus (Camelotettix), 233 
curvipes (Mesites), 400 
cuspidata (Tettigidea), 243 
cuspidatus (Tetrix), 239 
Cutilia, 469 
cyanea (Holocompsa), 464 
cyanescens (Apion), 168 
cyaneus (Ebeeus), 397 
,,  (Psilothrix), 167, 397 
,,  (Smicronyx), 385, 400 
eyanipennis (Ceuthorrhynchus), 55 
Cyaniris, 161 
cyathigerum (Enallagma), 307 


46, 47, 
57, 63 


C ‘exxix))) 


eybele tumatumari (Heliconius), lxxvi 
Cybocephalus, 394 

cyclogaster (Entedon), 50 

eyclolabia (Forficula), 110 

Cyclopides, 81, 377 


Cyclopodia, 421, 422, 424, 425, 426, 


428 
Cydimon, xxviii, 405, 406, 408, 409 
Cydnus, 170 
cylindrica (Blatta), 467 
es (Periplaneta), 467 
eylindricum (Sinodendron), 14 
eylindricus (Dyschirius), 388 
3 (Metholeus), 398 
id (Pachnephorus), 402 
cylindrirostris (Gymnetron), 52 
Cyllo, 435 
Cymatopterus, 390 
Cymindis, 165, 390 
Cymus, 170 
cynare (Agapanthia), 402 
»,  (Cryptocephalus), 164, 169 
»,  (Larinus), 400 
»,  glabrirostris (Larinus), 400 
Cynipide, xl 
Cynips, 39 
Cyphodema, 171 
Cyphon, 167 
Cyphus, 164 
Cyrtilia, 467 
Cyrtoscydmus, 393 
Cytisus, 151 
dactilis (Trigonoderus), 29 
Dactylosternum, 390 
dedalus (Hamanumida), 352 
dahlbomi (Pteromalus), 29, 47, 67 
daja (Papilio), 4 
dalmatina (Amara), 389 
Dalsira, 337 
damarensis (Zeritis), 341 
damone (Anthocharis), v. 
Danacea, 167, 397 
Danaida, 433 
Danaine, x, xli, 372 
Danais, 433, 442 
Daphne, 164, 166, 169 
daplidice (Pontia), iv 


dardanus (Papilio), xxxi, 317, 320, 
322, 36 
f. cenea (Papilio), 326, 


367 
darsius (Troides), 2 
Dasyleurotettix, 234 
dasyops (Chetolyga), 369 
Dasypoda, 380 
Dasytes, 17, 40, 167, 386, 397 
Dasytiscus, 386, 387, 397 
davidi (Forficula), 112 


dawsoni (Ceuthorrhynchidius), 168 
debilis (Bledius), 393 
»,  (Exothecus), 48 
ae (Scopus), 392 
Decatoma, 373 
decem-guttata (Anthia), 378 
decem-punctata (Coccinella), 403 
deceptor (Harpalus), 336 
deceptus (Halictus), 374 
decipiens (Forricula), 114 
deckeni (Pseudagrion), 
362 
declaratus (Stenus), 166 
decolorata (Sympetrum), 303 
decoratus (Papilio), 5 
decorum (Bembidium), 165 
vs (Pseudagrion), 307 
dedjax (Salius), lxiv 
deflexicollis (Hydrocyphon), 167 
defoliaria (Hybernia), ii 
degeani (Zonabris), 167 
degeeri (Kupelmus), 53 
Deilephila, 1 
deione (Melitzea), 160 
delicata (Ischnura), 306 
delta (Phyllodromia), 469 
Deltonotus, 215, 216 
demarchii (Hydnobius), 393 
Demetrias, 387, 390 
demodocus (Orpheides), 451, 452 
a (Papilio), Ixxv, 315, 320, 
322, 329, 336, 356, 358, 
367, 429, 451, 452 
demoleus (Papilio), 320 
Dendarus, 398 
dendricornis (Eulophus), 48, 50 
Dendroctonus, 63 
Dendrosoter, 59, 62, 67 
denigrator (Bracon), 31 
densatus (Parmalus), 394 
densiflora (Dombeya), 337 
dentata (Dinarda), 420 
»,  (Drypta), 390 
dentatus (Cis), Ixviii 
(Pogonochzerus), 30 
denticolle (Anoblum), 20 
denticulatus (Trox), 339 
dentipes (Apion), 401 
»,  (Dichelus), 378 
»,  (Odontomerus), 57 
»,  (Otiorrhynchus), 164, 168 
Deporaus, 41 
depressa (Auchmeroyia), xlvi 
»,  (Bengalia), xlv, xlvi 
depressirostris (Curculio), 16 
a (Gasterocereus), 54 
56 (Rhinoeyllus), 54 
depressus (Cercyon), 390 


354, 356, 


( Sexxz ) 


depressus (Cleonymus), 21 
A (Pododus), 345 
ne (Tetrix), 234 
derasofasciatus (Agrilus), 166 
Dermanyssidie, 428 
Dermatoptera, 91 
Dermestes, 13, 14, 339, 376, 395 
Dermestid, 14, 145, 395 
dermestoides (Hyleccetus), 18 
3 (Lymexylon), 25 
Bet (Throscus), 16 
Derocalymna, 333, 370, 469 
Deronectes, 390 
Deropeltis, 310, 312, 330, 332, 377, 
467, 469 
desbrochersi (Apion), 169 
deserticola (Melita), vi 
desjardinsi (Cryptamorpha), Ixxxi 
destitutus (Brachistes), 13 
destructor (Evcoptogaster), 60 
es (Scolytus), 57, 
66 
detritum (Apion), 401 
Deudoryx, 358 
deusta (Blatta), 467 
», (Oxyhaloa), 467 
Deuterocopus, 473, 474 
devians (Opisthocosmia), 106 
diachymatis (Entedon), 48 
(Pteromalus), 50 
471, 472 


58, 959, 


« 99 
Diacrotricha, 
Diadema, 442 

Diadromus, 31 

Diaparsus, 39 
Diaperasticine, 93, 97 
Diaperasticus, 97, 98 
diaperinus (Alphitobius), 399 
Diaperis, 37 

Diapria, 54, 61, 66 
Diastictus, 396 

Dibolia, 403 

Dicerca, 15 
Dichetometopia, 337 
Dichelus, 378, 380 
Dichillus, 398 
Dichirotrichus, 386, 389 
Dicranocnemus, 378 
Dicranura, 1xxx 

Dictyonota, 170 

Dicycla, 162 

didyma (Melita), v, vi, 161 
didymata (Chrysomela), 402 
Dielis, 317, 345 

difficile (Apion), 42 

difficilis (Callimome), 13 
Diglotta, 165 

Dilacra, 391 

dilatatus (Platymischus), 11 


dilucidus (Xenitenus), 341 
diluta (Chrysomela), 164, 169 
dilutata (Oporabia), Ixxx 
dilutus (Helochares), 390 
dimidiatipennis (Eumenes), 335 
dimidiatus (Saprinus), 396 
Dinarda, 420 
diocletianus (Acalles), 400 
dioica (Artica), 44 
Diopsis, 346, 347, 360, 369 
Diospilus, 19, 37, 39, 55 
Diotarus, 216 
Diplacodes, 305 
Diplax (Sympetrum), 3804 
Diploxys, 341 
Diplura, 148, 161 
Diptera, 163, 310, 316, 354, 360 
direptalis (Oxyptilus), 485 
Us (Platyptilia), 485 
discalis (Aroa), 368, 376 
discoidea (Acmodera), 397 
discoideus (Bracon), 41, 56 
- (Philonthus), 392 
Discolia, 350 
discolor (Donacia), 169 
,,  (Entedon), 53 
»,  (KEphialtes), 17, 29 
Discotettix, 213, 214 
dispar (Cneorrhinus), 164, 168 
», (Chrysophanus), 1 
»,  (Gnatho), 12 
disparator (Bracon), 46 
disparilis (Papilio), 450 
dissimilis (Malachius), 397 
distanti (Deropeltis), 469 
distigma (Leptura), 169 
distincta (Drypta), 387, 390 
se v. marginicollis (Prasocuris), 
402 
distinctus (Basicryptus), 374 
distinguenda (Melanophthalma), 166, 
395 
distinguendus (Belonogaster), 335 
F (Pteromalus), 21 
Ditoma, 395 
Ditomus, 389 
diversicornis (Aspigonus), 18, 25, 38, 
40 
diversus (Pompilus), 317 
dives (Chleenius), 165 
(Pedilophorus) 138, 139, 144 
divisa (Xylocopa), 320, 344, 354, 368, 
373, 374 
dixeyi (Notogonia), 327 
», _ (Pinacopteryx), Ixx, lxxi 
djelele (Eretis), 329, 373, 376 
dohertyi (Hamaxas), 134 
An (Troides), 2 


( ‘exc. 7) 


Dolops, 44 
Domene, 392 
domestica (Musca), 341, 347, 360 
domesticum (Anobium), 19 

a (Trypodendron), lxxxi 
dominicanus (Amauris), lvi 
dominula (Callimorpha), 162 
dominulus (Eurydema), 170 
Donacia, 169 
donatella (Platyptilia), 482 
Doratine, 94, 123 
Doreadion, 30 
Doreatoma, 22 
doriz (Chelisoches), 128 
dorippus (Danais), 433 
dorsalis (Acupalpus), 389 
vy. discus (Acupalpus), 389 


9? 


» Vv. emaciatus (Helophorus), 
390 
An (Maerochilus), 336 
Doru, 123 


dorus (Ccenonympha), 152, 153, 154 
bieti (Ccenonympha), 152 
mathewi (Ceenonympha), 152 
15, 19, 25, 26, 29, 60, 


LB) 


Doryctes, 
61 
Dorylus, vi, 334, 376 
doubledayi (Acrzea), ee 344, 363 
ie (Papilio), 1 
douei (Geotrupes), 396 
draba (Lepidium), 55 
dracene (Parthenothrips), Ixxxii 
Drasterius, 397 
dresdensis (Dorcatoma), 22 
Drilus, 397 
dromedarius (Notodonta), ]xxx 
newmani (Notodonta), 
lxxx 
Dromius, 390 
Drosophila, 285, 298, 300, 301 
Dryocetes, 65 
Dryophilus, 18 
Drypta, 387, 390 
dubia (Diopsis), 360 
(Opisthocosmia), 104, 105 
5, (Sceraptia), 167 
dubius (Calyptomerus), 394 
»,  (Pteromalus), 63 
dufouri (Zonabris), 163, 167 
duleamara (Solanum), 1xxxii 
duleamare (Pria), 395 
a3 (Psylliodes), 37 
dumnetorum (Neptis), 443 
5 (Rahinda), 443 
duodecimpunctata (Crioceris), 34 
duplicata (Magdalis), xlix 
Durbania, 353, 356 
duvali (Bruchus), 387, 398 


oo) 
’ 2 


99 


Ee) 


duvali (Cerecomorphus), 401 
»,  (Ptinus), 398 

dux (Eparchus), 121 

Dysallacta, 362 

dyschera (Eumenes), 548 

Dyschirius, 313, 331, 380 

Dytiseus, 390 

Eagris, 452 

Ebeus, 167, 386, 397 

ebenina (Discolia), 350 

ebeninus (Philonthus), 392 

Eccoptogaster, 22, 29, 57, 
61 

eccoptogastri (Bracon), 60 

(Eurytoma), 32, 59, 60 

(Pachyeceros), 59 

(Roptrocerus), 59 


59, 60, 


Le 


9 


| echeria (Amauris), xlii, 318, 328, 367, 
372 


5, jacksoni (Amauris), xlii 
echii (Longitarsus), 402 
Echocerus, 398 
echthroides (Cryptus), 56 
Echthrus, 31 
Ecteinanthus, 325 
Eetobius, 459 
Kctropis, 370 
edentulus (Ocypus), 392 
edusa (Colias), 161 
egeria egeria (Heliconius), lxxvi 
egialea (Amauris), x 
Egybolia, 327, 330 
Elachestes, 32 
Elachestus, 41, 49, 50, 56, 58, 59 


| Elachistus, 60 


eleeopa (Alucita), 490 
Elateride, 397 
Elaunon, 120, 123 
eleanor (Troides), 1, 2 
electra (Colias), 312, 314, 319, 334, 

338, 367, 372, 376, 377 
elegans (Cartodere), 394 
(Diapria), 66 
(Ischnura), 306 
(Polysphincta), 21 

»,  (Proreus), 130, 131 
elevatus (Barynotus), 44 

a3 (Pteromalus), 45 
elgiva (Precis), 321, 328 
Elis, 345 
ella (Spindasis), 365 
Ellimenistes, 371, 374 
Elliptoblatta, 469 
elongatissimum (Apion), 168 
elongatum (Bembidium), 165 

‘5 (Calear), 399 
5 (Leucohimatium), 394 

elongatus (Pteromalus), 22 


9 
99 


oi) 


(: jexexi 7) 


emarginatus (Aphanisticus), 166 
a (Collyris), 83-89 

Emblethis, 170 

Emboros, 99, 105 

Emenadia, 386, 399 

empedota (Platyptilia), 487 

Empis, 310, 311 

Enallagma, 307 

encedon (Acrea), 318, 321, 528, 352, 
355 

Encyophanes, 378 

encyrtoides (Systasis), 51 

Encyrtus, 12, 40, 41, 52 

Endema, 330 

endomychi (Pteromalus), 13 

Endomychide, xxxii, 394 

Endomychus, 12, 13 

Endrosa, 162 

Enicmus, ]xxxi, 394 

Enkrates, 126, 131, 132 

Ennearthron, 24 

Ennomos, lxxx 

Entedon, 18, 20, 31, 35, 37, 48, 48, 
49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 63, 67 

Entelia, 350 

Entlemma, 341 

Epachromia, 377 

Epallage, 805 

Epamera, 81 

Eparchine, 94, 120 

Eparchus, 120, 121, 123 

Ephestia, 163 

Ephialtes, 15, 17, 20, 24, 25, 26, 28, 
29, 30, 31, 32, 46, 53, 54 

ephippiger (Hemianax), 305 

ephippium (Bracon), 22 

os (Diospilus), 37 

Ephistemus, 394 

Ephyra, ii 

Epicometis, xxix, 386, 396 

epidectes (Oxyptilus), 477 

epidelta (Platyptilia), 486 

Epiechinus, 145 

Epilachna, 310, 327, 331, 386, 403 

Epilampra, 460, 462, 467, 489 

Epinephile, 161 

Epirrhoé, 323 

Epirus, 45 

Episcaphula, 327 

Episomus, Xxx1 

episternalis (Mordellistena), 40 

Episus, 339, 340 

Epitettix, 216 

Epitrix, 170 

epius (Spalgis), 178 

Epurea, Ixxxi 

equestris (Lygeeus), liv 

equiseti (Cardiophorus), 167 


Eratognathus, 332 
erato guarica (Heliconius) xvi 
- magnifica (Heliconius) 
xvi 
Erebia, 1, 151, 159 
Eremnus, 374 
Eremotes, 57 
Eretis, 329, 373, 376 
eric (Ceuthorrhynchus), 168 
ericetorum (Nabis), 170 
erichsoni (Pteromalus), 42 
erikssoni (Aphnieus), 350 
Erilita, 323 
erinaceus (Strophosomus), 168 
eris (Teracolus), 334, 352, 355 
Eristalis, 310, 317, 324, 330, 369, 
381 
erithonius (Papilio), 320 
Ernobius, xx, 164, 167 
Erodium, 157, 158 
Erodius, 164, 167, 398 
Eromene, 366 
Eronia, 314, 819, 322, 325, 329, 357, 
366, 370, 372 
erroris (Opisthocosmia), 100 
ervi (Apion), 169 
erythraea (Crocothemis), 304, 346, 
Erythrina, 181 
erythrocephala (Calliphora), xlii 


3738, 


on (Deropeltis), 312, 332, 
33/7, 467 

si (Forficula), 98 

iM v. melitana (Oberea), 
402 


erythrocephalus (Spathius), 21 

erythrocnemis (Harpactor), 373 

erythroderus (Attalus), 397 

erythroleucus (Cceliodes), 168 

erythromera (Chrysomela), 402 

erythropus (Harpactor), 170 

a (Rhyncheenus), 168 

Eryx, 415 

esebria (Planema), 321, 324 

Etiella, 336, 350 

Eubadizon, 20, 23, 50 

Euchloeé, 320 

Euchloris, 334 

Euchromia,:320 

Eucoila, 61 

Eudohrnia, 97 

Eudohrniine, 93, 97 

Eueides, Ixxvi 

Euglenes, 399 

Eulaphygma, 317 

Kuleptus, 331 

Eulissus, 392 

Eulophus, 16, 20, 43, 48, 49, 50, 59, 
60, 61 


( ‘cxxexiny +) 


Eumenes, 335, 343, 345, 361, 362, 363, 
369, 373, 375 
Euparatettix, 238 
Eupelmus, 11, 14, 18, 21, 34, 46, 50, 
52, 53, 62, 63 
eupheno (Anthocharis), v 
euphenoides (Anthocharis), v 
euphone (Euplcea), 434 
euphorbize (Aphthona), 402 
3 (Deilephila), 1 
Euphorus, 38 
Eupithecia, ii 
EKuplectus, Ixxxi, 393 
EKuploea, 454, 450, 451 
Kupleeini, xli 
Euproctis, 316, 323, 330 
europea (Siagona), 388 
euryades  (Heliconius), 
xvi 
euryas (Heliconius), xvi 
Eurydema, 170 
Eurygaster, 170 
Kurynebria, 387, 388 
eurynota (Amara), 389 
Eurynotus, 376, 377 
Eurysthenes, 380 
Eurytela, 315, 317, 318, 321, 325, 367, 
376 
Eurytoma, 32, 40, 43, 46, 47, 57, 59, 
60, 62, 63, 65 
Eusandulum, 16, 20, 23, 29, 56, 57 
Eusomus, 164, 168 
Euthrips, Ixxxii 
Euthyrrhapha, 467, 469 
Eutrapela, 380 
evenina (Teracolus), xxili 
Everes, 344, 357, 360 
examinator (Pimpla), 52 
exannulatus (Spathius), 58, 62, 65 
exanthemaria (Cabera), ii 
exarator (Spathius), 19, 20 
exaratus (Ochthebius), 390 
5,  (Onthophilus), 396 
excavata (Laccoptera), 252 
exclamationis (Metabletus), 389 
excoriatus (Cleonus), 400 
excrescentium (Pteromalus), 37 
Exenterus, 17 
exiguus (Harpalus), 312 
exilis (Scydmenus), Ixxxi 
,, (Doru), 124 
exocentri (Blacus), 29 
Exocentrus, 29 
Exochomus, 170, 337, 363, 403 
Exochus, 16 
exoleta (Panchlora), 463, 464 
exoletus (Longitarsus), 402 
»,  (Phytocoris), 170 


XIV) ek V5 


Exoprosopa, 343 
Exosoma, 164, 169 
Eixothecus, 15, 26, 48, 57 
expedita (Ophiusa), 317 
exsecta (Formica), 417 
exsertor (Clinocentrus), 18 
exultans (Bassus), 12 
Exypnus, 125, 128 
eytelweinii (Eupelmus), 11 
facialis (Sigalphus), 22 
fagi (Brachistes), 48 
,, (Cryphalus), 65 
, (Curculio), 48 
, (Orchestes), 48, 49 
fahrei (Stramia), 365 
Falagria, 391 
falcatus (Pygostolus), 34 
falciger (Perilitus), 35 
falleni (Pseudophlceus), 170 
falloui (Anthocharis), v 
famulus (Deuterocopus), 474 
fasciata (Macroplax), 170 
a (Scania) 244 
fasciatella (Dielis), 317, 
7 (Elis), 345 
fasciatocollis (Tetradia), 351 
fasciatus (Anthrenus), 395 
»,  (Pezomachus), 12, 50 
»,  (Pteromalus), 42 
fascicularis (Cerambyx), 29 
of (Microchetes), 137 
(Pogonocherus), 29 
fasciculatus (Comythovalgus), 368 
(Pogonocherus), 29 
fasciola (Diacrotricha), 471 
fasciolatum (Orthetrum), 
330 
fastidiosus (Polistes), 331, 374 
fastuosa (Camptolenes), 375 
fatima (Epallage), 305 
fatuellus (Baoris), 820, 323, 326, 329 
-360 
fauna (Marasmarcha), 413 
favipes (Pimpla), 41 
favoriaus (Heliconius), xvi 
fez (Hamaxas), 134. 
fehri (Papilio), 3 
felicitanus (Rhizotrogus), 166 
femoralis (Heliothrips), lxxxi 
femorata (Tiphia), 14 
fenestrarum (Drosophila), 300, 301 
fenestratus (Anthicus), 167, 399 
fennica (Hoplosia), 28 
fennicum (Callidium), 61 
fennicus (Cerambyx), 28, 29 
ferreti (Oxyhaloa), 469 
ferrugalis (Phlyctenia), 312, 327 
a (Pyrausta), 162 


345 


321, 324 


(; exmay, ) 


ferrugata (Coremia), ii 

a (Xanthorhoé), xx, xxi 
ferrugatus (Spathius), 26 
ferruginea (Blatta), 467 

es (Tripetalocera), 213 
ferrugineipes (Ammophila), 354, 371 
ferrugineum (Crocydoscelus), 482 

5 (Tribolium), 398 
ferrugineus (Lemophlceus), 13, 395 
ferus (Criocephalus), 194 

», (Nabis), 170 
festiva (Trithemis), 304 
festivus (Chlenius), 389 
(Hedotettix), 240 
»  (Lygeus), 310 
fibulata (Idcea), 376 
ficus (Hypoborus), 401 
Fidonia, xlix 
figulus (Trypoxylon), 206 
figuratus (Clytanthus), 169 
filaginis (Cassida), 37 
filator (Hiospilus), 39 
»,  (Meteorus), 23 

filicis (Monalocoris), 170 
filiformis (Ccelicdes), 62 
(Xorides), 27, 28 
»,  (Xylonomus), 31 
filum (Calamobius), 402 
fimetarius (Aphodius), 396 
(Phalacrus), 394 
vy. minor (Phalacrus), 394 

5 (Philonthus), 392 
firmus (Brachistes), 47 
flabellata (Emenadia), 399 
flaminius (Encyrtus), 12, 40 
Flata, xlviii, 337 
flavago (Cryptocephalus), 371 
flavator (Bracon), 24 
flaveolaria (Eurytoma), 62 
flavescens (Drilus), 397 
(Larinus), 400 
(Pieris), iv 

5 v. cinnamomeus (Sitona),400 
flaviceps (Aphthona), 402 
flavicollis (Hypebeus), 397 
flavicornis (Olibrus), 166 

56 (Stenopterus), 169 
flavifrons (Ichneumon), 14 

AG (Scolia), 14 
flaviges ((idemera), 168 
flavimanus (Bruchus), 33 
flavipalpis (Sigalphus), 57 
flavipennis (Acupalpus), 389 
(Enkrates), 132 
(Forficula), 132 
(Sphingolabis), 132 

nf (Strengophorus), 368 
flavipes (Cereyon), 390 


) 


2? 


” 
» 


” 


” 


29 
> 
9? 


flavipes (Colasposoma), 369 
(Exochomus), 170 

»  (Tachypus), 165 
flavofemoratum (Apion), 164, 168 
flavomaculata (Nitidula), 395 
flavomaculatus (Eneyrtus), 41, 52 
(Entedon), 48, 50 
- (Globiceps), 171 
flavopictus (Criotettix), 220 
flavo-rufa (Xylocopa), 368, 374, 375 
flavoscapularis (Kurytoma), 62 
flavo-signatus (Thyreopterus), 330 
flavovaria (Eurytoma), 62 
flavulator (Bracon), 29 
flesus (Pterygospidea), 330, 373 
(Tagiades), 323 


be) 


29 


floralis (Aithiessa), 397 
florella (Callidryas), 447 
(Catopsilia), Ixxv, 341, 344, 
356, 429, 447, 453 
florestan (Ismene), 452 
floricola (Sigalphus), 42, 55, 67 
»,  (Terias), 448 
foedosa (Entlemma), 341 
foetens (Aphodius), 166 
foliorum (Rhynchenus), 165, 168 
fonscolombii (Sympetrum), 303 
fontenayi (Leptura), 169 
forcipata (Ischnura), 306 
forcipatus (Heterochelus), 378 
forcipifer (Malthodes), 167 
forda (Arina), 366 
forestan (Rhopalocampta), 320, 323, 
452 
Forficula, 96-132 
Formica, xxxiii, xl, xlix, 415, 416, 
417, 419, 420 
formicaria (Merophysia), 394 
formicarius (Anthicus), 399 
(Clerus), 17, 62 
.9 (Thanasimus), 17 
formicetorum (Piezostethus), xlix 
formicicola (Bizentia), 145 
formiciformis (Cephalonomyia), 22, 24 
Formicomus, 310 
formosa (Euchromia), 320 
55 (Opisthocosmia), 100 
forsteri (Scantius), 377 
foveicollis (Blaps), 398 
foveolata (Naupheeta), 467 
foveolatus (Ochthebius), 390 
fraterna (Xylocopa), 368 
fraxinata (Eupithecia), u 
fraxini (Hylesinus), 59, 62, 401 
(Pteromalus), 62 
»,  (Sterconychus), 53 
frey-gessneri (Paratettix), 237 
frigidus (Ammeecius), 166 


99 


9 


29 


——_—= 


G Vexxv, ) 


frischi (Dermestes), 395 
frobenia (Neptis), 443 
9 (Rahinda), 443 
frontalis (Limnichus), 145 
as (Tetrastichus), 49 
frumentarium (Apion), 401 
fucicola (Actinopteryx), 394 
fuciformis (Sesia), 162 
fulgens (Cydimon), 409 
fulgidus (Eulissus), 392 
fuliginosa (Dictyonota), 170 
% (Pentapleura), 56 
fuliginosus (Lasius), xl, 417 
fulva (Leptura), 169 
fulvescens (Cyllo), 435 
fulvieollis (Tachys), 388 
fulvipennis (Bruchus), 169 
fulvipes (Carterus), 389 
»,  (Melanophthalma), 166, 395 
»,  (Orthocentrus), 28, 31 
»,  (Sigalphus), 48 
fulvopilosus (Camponotus), 349, 363 
fulvus (Cryptocephalus), 34 
»,  (Oniticellus), 166, 396 
fumata (Acidalia), ii 
»,  (Typhea), 18, 395 
fumatus (Eulophus), 49, 50 
Fumea, 163 
fumipennis (Bothriothorax), 18 
funebris (Cicindela), 165 
;, (Drosophila), 285, 298, 300 
funerala (Anthaxia), 166 
funesta (Leucocelis), 386, 396 
fungi v. orbata (Colpodota), 391 
fungicola (Enicmus), lxxxi 
fur (Ptinus), 18 
furcata (Mesovelia), Ixvi 
furcatus (Bledius), 393 
furcifera (Sphingolabis), 97, 117 
fusca (Aptera), 467 
fusca (Blatta), 467 
», (Formica), xxxiii, xl, 417 
», (Sympyena), 308 
fuscatus (Olisthopus), 389 
fuscipennis (Bracon), 36 
i (Harpalus), 379 
Ap (Proreus), 130 
fuscipes (Blacus), 61 
»  (Tapheus), 19 
fusco-aeneus (Harpalus), 365 
fuscum (Tetropium), 183, 185, 205 
fuscus (Acanthalobus), 222 
»,  (Anthrenus), 395 
», (Cymatopterus), 390 
», (Meligethes), 166 


gabrieli (Tetropium), 32, 183, 184, 
185, 186, 187, 188, 199, 205, 
206 


gagates (Polyrachis), 375 
caika (Cupido), 445, 446 

,, (Zizera), 429, 445, 446 
galatea (Melanargia), vii 

», ab. fulvata (Melanargia), vii 
Galeruca, 36 
caleruce (Pteromalus), 36 
Galerucella, 36 
gallarum (Pteromalus), 35 
galiicus (Doryctes), 25, 26 

<3 (Trichius), 166 
Gametis, 369, 373 
Ganychorus, 43 
Gasterocercus, 54 
Gastroidea, 36 
Gastrophysa, 36 
Gavialidium, 220 
gavialis (Scelimena), 218 
Gecinus, 208 
Gedanensis (Alysia), 30, 31 
geeri (Eupelinus), 52, 62 
Geyenes, 316, 317, 322, 326, 329, 353, 

360, 368, 373, 377 
gelinia (Liptena), 79 

»,  (Mimacrea), 79 
geminatus (Notiophilus), 388 
geniculatus (Entedon), 67 
geographicus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 168 
geometrina (Zerenopsis), 327 
Geostiba, 391 
Geotrupes, 164, 166, 396 
germanica (Blatta), 456 
Gerris, 170 
Gerydus, vili 
geryon (Ino), 162 
gibba (Blatta), 467 

», (Notolampra), 467 
gibberosus (Symbiotes), 394 
gibbifer (Gerris), 170 


| Gibbium, 397 


gidica (Belenois), 314, 319, 322, 325, 
329, 352, 353, 355, 357, 358, 359 
gigantea (Blatta), 456 
giganteus (Pteropus), 421, 428 
gigas (Blaps), 398 
», (Cebrio), 397 
», (Sirex), 192 
gilvipes (Diaparsus), 39 
glaber (Brachypterus), 395 
glabratus (Blechrus), 389 
», (Cis), 24 
59 (Ephialtes), 20 
glabricollis (Ebzeus), 167 
glandicolor (Cymus), 170 
glaphyrotes (Pterophorus), 497 
glaucopterus (Chelisoches), 127, 129 
glaumrigi (Halter), 350 
Glaux, Ixxxii 


(\extva’ *) 


Globiceps, 171 
globicollis (Cryptocephalus), 164, 169 
globosus (Aspidophorus), 145 
3 (Brachycerus), 339 
id (Trinodes), 145 
globulariz (Ino), 162 
globulicollis (Bryaxis), 393 
globulus (Ephistemus), 394 
glochinias (Pterophorus), 501 
Glutophrissa, xviii, 325, 329, 359 
Glyphodes, 362 
Glypta, 31, 57 
Gnatho, 12 
Gnypeta, 391 
godarti (Athous), 164, 167 
goetzius (Byblia), 315, 317, 318, 322, 
325, 328, 352, 366, 367, 372, 376 
Gomalia, 320, 326, 363 
Gonatopus, xliii 
Gonepteryx, 161 
goniodes (Holcostethus), 321 
Gonocephalum, 386, 398 
Gonodera, 167, 399 
Gonopsis, 337 
gordius (Chrysophanus), 161 
goudoti (Euplcea), 434, 450, 451 
gracilis (Campoplex), 54 
», (Ephialtes), 17 
»,  (Hedotettix), 240 
>,  (Lestes), 308 
», (Polyhirma), 365 
», (Scopus), 392 
Gracillodes, 330, 353 
grellsi (Bledius), 166, 393 
graminelle (Pimpla), 45 
Grammoptera, xxv, 28 
granaria (Calandra), 400 
granarius (Aphodius), 396 
A (Bruchus), 33 
grandicollis (Thorictus), 396 
grandis (Megalodacne), 330 
», (Pterophorus), 594 
granosa (Monachoda), 467 
Graphipterus, 333, 336, 340 
Grapta, 161 
gravenhorstii (Pteromalus), 65 
greeni (Forficula), 111, 115, 116 
,, (Systolederus), 227 
gregaria (Aloconota), 391 
gregorii (Neocenyra), 77 
grenieri (Tychius), 400 
griffithi (Pedilophorus), 138, 139, 141 
grisea (Blatta), 459, 462 
,, (Epilampra), 462, 467 
griseus (Belonogaster), 337, 342, 344 
»,  (Ophonus), 389 
greenlandicus (Colymbetes), xxix 
Gronops, 168, 400 


grossa (Blatta), 466, 467 

,, (Chrysomela), 386, 402 

,, (Monachoda), 467 
gruneri (Anthocharis), v 
Gryllotalpa, 84 
Grypidius, 171 
grypus (Oryctes), 166, 396 
guerini (Belonogaster), 345, 354, 356 

375 
guibelondoi (Hedotettix), 240 
guttata (Blatta), 467 
guttatis (Agabus), 165 
guttatus (Pteromalus), 15, 47, 64, 67 
euttula (Bembidion), 388 

< (Stenus), 166 
Gyaria, 337 
gyllenhali (Nebria), 8 
gymnetri (Bracon), 51, 52 

. (Pimpla), 51 

Gymnetron, 51, 52, 168, 401 
Gymnoloma, 313 
Gyna, 469 
Gynandrophthalma, 169, 371 
Gypsochares, 491 
gyrini (Hemiteles), 8, 9 

», argentatus (Hemiteles), 9 
Gyrinus, 8, 9 
gyrosicollis (Eremnus), 374 
Hadrocerus, 47, 52 
Hematopota, 354, 857, 380 
hemorrhoa (Oxypoda), 391 
hzmorrhoidale (Lasioderma), 398 
hemorrhoidalis (Aphodius), 166 


=i (Liris), 317 

a (Oxythyrea), 371, 374 
Rs socius (Tachys), 388 
A (Tachys), 388 

Ae (Telephorus), xxiv 


Halictus, xlvili, 311, 313, 374, 380 

Haliplus, 390 

Hallomenus, 39, 40 

Halobrectha, 391 

Halter, 350 

Haltica, 347, 361 

halticee (Aphidius), 37 

Halticella, 21 

Halticus, 171 

Halyzia, 170 

Hamanumida, 352 

Hamaxas, 126, 133 

Haplocnemus, 167, 386, 397 

Haplolycus, 321, 369, 373 

Haplotrachelus, 371 

harpactes (Pterophorus), 495 

Harpactor, 170, 373, 876 

harpaloides (Ocys), 165, 388 

Harpalus, 164, 165, 312, 332, 336, 340 
365, 379, 380, 389, 399 


(exxxen.} 


harpax (Axiocerces), 320, 342, 344, 
353, 363, 364, 373 
hartigii (Bracon), 67 
hassicus (Ichneumon), 54 
hastatus (Oxynotus), 220 
Hastula, ii, 173, 174 
hebe (Atechna), 371 
hecabe (Terias), 356 
Hecabolus, 18, 21, 22 
heckmanni (Neocenyra), 77 
hedemanni (Pselnophorus), 491 
hedere (Anobium), 21 
»,  (Blastophagus), 22 
»,  (Ochina), 21 
Hedobia, 18 
Hedotettix, 240, 241 
Hedybius, 378, 380 
Helcon, 18, 22, 26, 28, 29, 32, 40, 59 
Heledona, 37 
Helenophorus, 398 
Heliconine, xl, xli, xlii 
Heliconius, xiv, xv, xvi, lxxvi, lxxix 
Heliopathes, 167 
Heliothea, 163 
Heliothis, 162 
Heliothrips, lxxxi 
hellica (Synchloé), 311, 381, 334, 335, 
338, 339, 372, 377 
Helochares, 390 
Helophilus, 360 
Helophorus, 390 
Helops, 164, 167, 399 
helvolus (Dorylus), 334, 376 
hemerobina (Phyllodromia), 470 
Hemianax, 305 
hemiargus (Pselnophorus), 491 
Hemimachus, 53 
Hemimerus, xxxiii 
hemimetra (Platyptilia), 483 
Hemipepsis, 354 
Hemiptera-Heteroptera, 170 
hemipterus (Carpophilus), 395 
hemispherica (Cassida), 403 
hemisphericus (Nanophyes), 401 
Hemiteles, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 
21, 39, 46, 53, 56, 58, 64, 67 
Hemithyrsocera, 468 
Henicopus, 164, 167, 397 
Henotesia, 435 
Henoticus, lxxxi 
hera (Callimorpha), 162 
heraclei (Acidia), 265 
hercules (Chelisoches), 133 
hercyniz (Curculio), 47 
*3 (Pissodes), 47 
hercynianus (Xorides), 47 
hermes (Anechura), 96 
heros (Cerambyx), 24 
PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1907. 


Hesperia, 161, 363, 364, 453 
Hesperiide, 452 
Hesperophanes, 402 
hesperus (Xantholinus), 392 
Hestina, lxiv 
Heterocera, 161 
Heterocerid, 391 
Heterocerus, 391 
Heterochelus, 373, 378, 380 
Heterochroa, Ixxvii 
Heterogynis, 161, 162 
Heteromera, 339, 355, 364 
heteromerus (Morychus), 146 
heteropus (Ephialtes), 25 
hewitsoni (Heliconius), xv 
5 (Papilio), 4 
Hexachrysis, 374 
heydeni (Henicopus), 167 
heydeniana (Phoraspis), 467 
hiarbas (Eurytela), 315, 317, 318, 321, 
325, 367, 376 
hibernica (Isotoma), Ixxxii 
33 (Premachilus), lxxxii 
hieracii (Zonabris), 168 
hierosolymitana (Calodera), 391 
himantopus (Athalia), 316, 368 
Himatismus, 351 
hintza (Castalius), 362 
»,  (Lycena), 362 
hippomene (Antanartia), 437 
(Hypanartia), 368 
6 (Pyrameis), 437 
hippophaés (Pachybrachys), 169 
Hipporrhinus, 313, 336 
hippothoé (Chrysophanus), Ixvi, 161 
hirta (Blatta), 467 
», (Blepharodera), 467 
», (Epilachna), 310 
hirtella (Epicometis), xxix 
hirticornis (Coreus), 170 
hirtulus (Chasmatopterus), 164, 166 
hirtus (Byrrhus), 398 
Hispa, 170, 347, 361 
hispanica (Gonodera), 167 
hispanicum (Bembidium), 165 
hispanus (Copris), 396 
hispidus (Anthicus), 399 
is (Pogonocherus), 29, 30 
3 (Trox), 396 
»,  asiaticus (Trox), 396 
hispulla (Epinephile), 161 
Hister, 11, 166, 327, 365, 386, 396 
Histeride, 145, 146, 396 
Histeromerus, 14, 27 
histricus (Paratettix), 236, 237 
histrionica (Eurytoma), 40 
hodias (Marasmarcha), 492 
hohenheimensis (Pteromalus), 20 
K 


29 


( exxxvili ) 


Holocompsa, 464 
Holcostethus, 321 
Hololampra, 468 
hololeucus (Niptus), 18 
Holoparamecus, 394 
holosericea (Nyctibora), 467 
holosericeus (Tropistethus), 170 
Homalodemas, 333, 469 
Homalomyia, 317 
Homceosoma, 163 
Homoptera, 334, 342, 350 
honestus (Harpalus), 165 
hopei (Cyclopodia), 422, 428 
Hoplia, 166 
Hopliine, 373 
hoplites (Apanteles), 36, 41 
Hoplocryptus, 45 
Hoplosia, 28 
hoplotarsus (Henicopus), 167 
horsfieldi (Cyclopodia), 421, 423, 426 
Hostilia, 469 
hottentota (Gegenes), 316, 360 
a (Xylocopa), 335 
hottentotus (Xantholinus), 369 
hova (Hypurgus), 102 
huebneri (Orneodes), 509 
humeralis (Aspidophorus), 145 
5 (Hallomenus), 39 
a (Hybotettix), 232 
5 (Hypurgus), 102 
of (Opisthocosmia), 102 
an (Sitona), 400 
discoideus (Sitona), 400 
humilis (Anthicus), 399 
,  lameyi (Anthicus), 399 
humuli (Monanthia), 170 
hungaricus (Chironitis), 396 
ee XXlil, XXiv 
hyalina (Panchlora), 463 
hyalinum (Orthetrum), 305 
Hybernia, ii 
Hybotettix, 232, 233 
hybrida (Coleus), 444 
hybridus (Harpalus), 340 
hydara colombina (Heliconius), xv 
;, (Heliconius), xiv 
Hydnobius, 393 
Hydrena, 390 
Hydrilla, ii 
hydrocheris (Aphodius), 396 
Hydrocyphon, 167 
Hydroporus, 390 
Hydrothassa, 169 
Hydrovatus, xxxii 
hyerana (Hastula), ii, iii, iv, 173, 174 
hylas (Cephonodes), 344 
Hylastes, 61, 164, 169 
Hyleccetus, 18 


hylesini (Bracon), 63, 64, 65, 67 
hylesinorum (Entedon), 63 
es (Eulophus), 61 
Hylesinus, 17, 46, 47, 59, 61, 62, 66 
401 
hylobii (Bracon), 46 
Hylobius, 46 
Hylomela, 342, 356, 371 
Hylotrupes, 25, 164, 169, 402 
Hylurgus, 63, 64 
Hymenoplia, 164, 166 
Hymenoptera, 163, 320, 356, 368, 479 
Hyparnartia, 368 
Hypebieus, 397 
Hypena, 323 
Hypera, lv, 36, 44, 45, 386, 400 
Hyperaspis, 170 
hyperici (Agrilus), 166 
;,  (Chrysomela), 169 
hypermelas (Pseudagrion), 307 
hypnorum (Tachyporus), 392 
5 meridionalis (Tachyporus), 
392 
hypobori (Leemophleeus), 395 
Hypoborus, 401 
Hypocoprus, 395 
hypocrita (Geotrupes), 166 
Hypocyptus, 392 
Hypoderma, xliv 
Hypolimnas, 318, 433, 442, 443 
Hypolyceena, 320, 322, 344, 353 
Hypospheeria, 370, 467, 469 
Hypurgus, 99, 101 
Hyria, lxxxv 
ianthe (Belenois), xxix, xxx, Ixx 
ibericum (Bembidium), 165 
icanus (Brachyderes), 168 
Icaria, 320, 343, 369, 374, 375 
icarus (Lycena), 161 
Ichneumon, 14, 15, 31, 54, 58, 178 
ichneumonea (Diopsis), 360 
ida (Epinephile), 161 
idas (Lyceena), 151, 155, 157 
Idia, 316, 368, 369 
Idcea, 323, 376 
idotea (Leuceronia), xxx 
igneus (Bracon), 29 
ignifera (Platyptilia), 481 
ilicis (Coeliodes), 168 
,, (Orchestes), 49, 50 
», (Rhynchenus), 168 
», (Thecla), 171 
ilithyia (Byblia), 315, 335 
imbricornis (Bruchus), 401 
imitans (Sympetrum), 304 
immaculatus (Carpophilus), 395 
immundus (Acupalpus), 389 
a (Saprinus), 166 


( exxxix ) 


immune (Apion), 168 
immutator (Bracon), 54 
impennis (Ancistrogaster), 108 
imperator (Doryctes), 16 

us (Ephialtes), 15, 31 
imperialis (Hedobia), 18 
imperialus (Ptinus), 18 
impostor (Bracon), 30 
impressa (Crepidodera), 402 
impressicollis (Ochthebius), 390 


Ss v. imperfectus (Ochthe- 


bius), 390 
impressus (Pachnephorus), 402 
“6 (Prototettix), 361, 371, 374 
impurus (Microgaster), 52 
inaria (Hypolimnas), 442 
inclusa (Pseudomops), 458 
», amcena (Pseudomops), 458 
incoloralis (Pyrausta), 368 
incompletus (Bracon), 46 
inconclusaria (Obocola), 368, 376 
inconspicua (Parnara), 353 
inconspicuella (Micothrix), 334 
inconspicuus (Luperus), 371 
inconstans (Notoxus), 380 
incultus (Xenorrhinus), 355 
indagator (Rhagium), 27 
ap (Rhyssalus), 67 
india (Scelimena), 219 
indicus (Euparatettix), 238 
indigacea (Haltica), 361 
indigena (Brachonyx), 52 
inenerabilis (Atechna), 369 
inerme (Kusandulum), 20, 23, 29 
inermis (Hupelmus), 14, 18, 21, 63 
infausta (Aglaope), 162 
infirma (Epilachna), 327 
inflata (Psylliodes), 402 
inflatus (Coptotettix), 242 
inflexa (Neottiglossa), 170 
initiatellus (Bracon), 58 
initiator (Bracon), 27, 28, 32, 47 
»,  (Cceloides), 27 
Ino, 162 
inornatus (Halictus), 313 
inquinatus (Pterophorus), 501 
Inquisitor (Rhagium), 27 
insectator (Hoplocryptus), 45 
insidiosus (Criotettix), 223 
PA (Loxilobus), 223 
insignis (Eparchus), 121 
»  (Forficula), 120 
instabile (Cyphodema), 171 
instabilis (Anthicus), 399 
= (Hemimachus), 53 
instigator (Pimpla), 14, 25 
Insulare (Dactylosternum), 390 
insularis (Anthocharis), v 


insularis (Cossyphus), 399 

a (Mazarredia), 230 

e (Papilio), 5 

hy (Pheestus), 214 
insulsella (Microthrix), 334, 338, 250 
integer (Cryptophilus), 394 
intercepta (Blatta), 458 
intermedia (Darocalymna), 333, 469 
intermedius (Sitona), 400 
internata (Craspedia), 368 
internum (Orthetrum), 305 
interrogans (Forficula), 114 
interruptus v. testaceus (Laccophilus), 


390 
fs (Scymnus), 403 
a v. basalis (Seymnus), 403 


interstitialis (Brachistes), 18 
intricata (Adesmia), 355 
intricatus (Eccoptogaster), 22, 29, 61 
e; (Elachestus), 58 
BY (Scolytus), 59 
Inula, 385, 387 
inustus (Oxytelus), 393 - 
invida (Marasmarcha), 493 
io (Vanessa), 161 
iole (Apatura), vii 
ione (Teracolus), 319, 326 
Iphiaulax, 331, 343, 344, 356, 369, 370 
iphioides (Ceenonympha), 159 
Ipomeea, 249, 251, 348, 353, 355, 356 
iracundus (Harpactor), 170 
iridis (Lixus), 45 
iris (Apatura), vii, 161 
,, (Promeces), 369 
urigator (Xorides), 27, 28 
irritans (Pheidole), 331, 323, 333, 371 
irrorata (Blatta), 467 
irrorella (Endrosa), 162 
ischioxanthus (Eurytoma), 32, 47, 62 
Ischius, 49 
ischnites (Tetraschalis), 474 
Ischnoceros, 25, 27 
Ischnoptera, 361, 459, 461, 467, 468, 
470 
Ischnura, 306, 307 
Isidus, 397 
Ismene, 452 
ismene (Melanitis), 435 
Tsoglossa, 325 
isokani (Phrissura), xix, lxx, lxxi, ]xxii 
Isotoma, lxxxii 
Ithomiine, x, xli 
itonia (Yphthima), 352, 359 
jacksoni (Mylothris), Ixxi 
janira (Epinephile), 161 
japygia (Arge), 161 
javana (Ancistrogaster), 92, 118 
javanica (Panesthia), xxxiv 


jobina (Teracolus), 326 
Jouanensis (Pteromalus), 48, 49, 50 
jucunda (Hypera), 400 
jucundus (Halictus), 311 
juglandis (Synchita), 13 
juncea (Deropeltis), 310 

5,  (Ischnoptera), 467 
junci (Lixus), 400 
jungermannie (Smicronyx), 400 
Junonia, 439, 440 
kakkerlac (Blatta), 459 
Kedestes, 31, 326 
keithloa (Rhopalocampta), 323 
kervillei (Ancistrogaster), 107 
Khoina, 376 
kiesenwetteri (Seymnus), 403 
Kinesis, 125, 126 
Kleditoma, xl 
Kleter, 99, 104 
klugii (Cosmophus), 64 
komarowi (Opisthocosmia), 96, 97 
Koremaguia, 481 
Kosmetor, 120, 122, 123 
koyi (Cryptocephalus), 164, 169 
kraatzi (Myllena), 391 

5,  (Quedius), xxxii 
krishna (Papilio), lxiv 
kuhlweini (Syntomis), 368, 373, 375 
Labia, 93 
labiata (Therates), 85 
Labidostomis, 169, 402 
Labidostomus, 386 
Labidura, 93 
Labiduride, 91 
labilis (Gnypeta), 391 
labrator (Bostrichus), 67 

33 (Bracon), 46 
Labus, 345 
Laccobius, 390 
Laccophilus, 390 
Laccoptera, 250, 251, 252 
lachesis (Arge), 161 
Lachnexa, 163, 169 
Lachnocnema, 320 
lacteipennis (Aciptilus), 488 

e (Alucita), 488 
lacteus (Microgaster), 52 
ladenbergi (Raphitelus), 62 
op (Styloceras), 62 

Lelia, 368 
Lemophleus, 15, 395 
Lzemosthenes, 387, 389 
lesa (Myrmecopora), 391 
leta (Serenthia), 170 
letatorius (Bassus), 36 
letior (Proreus), 130 
levicolle (Apion), 169 
levigata (Biscutella), 1x 


ext} 


levigata v. leachi (Tentyria), 387, 398 
Be (Timarcha), 35 
levigator (Ascogaster), 31 
a (Chelonus), 30 
levigatum (Agathidium), 393 
levigatus (Exothecus), 26 
ee (Geotrupes), 396 
5 (Microgaster), 41 
an (Scopus), 166, 392 
levinodis (Myrmica), 9 
levipennis (Ootheca), 371, 374 
levis (Trachyscelis), xxvi 
leviuscula (Clythra), 164, 169 
leviusculus (Othius), 392 
Lagria, 167, 361, 374 
laminatus (Cis), 24 
Lampides, 152, 445 
Lampyris, 167, 310, 397 
lanceolana (Bactra), 163 
lanceolator (Exothecus), 57 
lanceolatus (Pteromalus), 58, 64 
languidus (Stenus), 392 
lanuginosus (Ochthebius), 390 
lapathi (Campoplex), 54 
;,  (Cryptorrhynchus), 53 
lapponica (Blatta), 456, 457 
lapponicus (Eetobius), 459 
lar (Exoprosopa), 343 
lara (Leptomyrina), 312 
lareyniei (Lampyris), 397 
laricis (Bostrichus), 66 
,, (Chermes, 207 
», (Tomicus), 66 
Larinus, 45, 168, 386, 400 
Larra, 369 
Lasioderma, 398 
Lasius, xl, 417 
lasti (Phrissura), xviii, Ixxii 
lateralis (Anaplecta), 468 
WA (Bombylius), 379 
3 (Camptopus), 170 
Pe (Cillenus), 164, 165 
“3 (Sericoderus), 394 
lateripunctatus (Longitarsus), 402 
lathonia (Argynnis), 161 
Lathridiide, 394 
Lathrobium, Ixviii, 165, 392 
laticeps (Pimpla), 47 
laticollis (Baris), 55 
a5 (Bruchus), 401 
“5 (Helops), 167 
5 (Philonthus), 392 
aS (Trachyphleeus), 400 
a (Xyletinus), 167 
latifolia (Typha), liil 
latihumerus (Ocytettix), 227 
latipes race dealbata (Platyenemis), 306 
latirostris (Rhinocyllus), 45 


( Vexli: ) 


latistriata (Polysphincta), 49 
lativentris (Megalothrips), ]xxxi 
lativittata (Phyllotreta), 402 
latreillei (Pteromalus), 63 
latus (Campoplex), 52 
Leasia, xl 
lectularia (Acanthia), 376 
leda (Cyllo), 435 

», (Hronia), 319, 329, 357 

», (Melanitis), lxxv, 322, 435 
lefebvrei (Erebia), 1 
Leggada, lxxix 
leguminum (Pteromalus), 34, 42 
leilus (Cydimon), xxviii, 405, 406, 408, 

409 


», (Urania), xxvili, 405, 410 
Leiognathus, 428 
Leioptilus, xii, xl 
Leiopus, xvi, 28 
Lema, 402 
lemurodes (Tetraschalis), 476 
lenticularis (Neuroterus), 1xxxii 
lentis (Bruchus), 33 
leonensis (Asida), 167 
leonidas (Papilio), 353, 359 
leopardina (Zerenopsis), 368 
lepeletieri (Kumenes), 362, 363 
Lepidoptera, 370 

B (Heteroeera), 310 
lepidus (Eulophus), 48 
Lepitrix, 379 
leprosus (Phymateus), xlviii, 335, 374, 

376 
Leptacinus, 392 
Leptidia, 161 
Leptomyrina, 312 
Leptura, 27, 164, 169 
leroma (Crudaria), 343 
Lesna, 361 
lesnei (Forficula), 114 
Lestes, 308 
leucadactylus (Aciptilus), 490 
Leucania, 334 
leucaspis (Orchestes), 48 

a scutellaris (Orchestes), 48 
p semirufus (Orchestes), 48 
Leuceronia, xxix, xxx, xxxi, xx, Ixxii, 

311, 358, 359 
leucobatus (Elachestus), 41 
Leucocelis, 166, 386, 396 
leucogaster (Bracon), 25, 27 
leucogramma (Elachestus), 32, 56, 58, 

59, 60 
Leucohimatium, 394 
leucomelena (Trochilium), 163 
Leucoparyphus, 392 
leucopezus (Pteromalus), 33 
leucopsideus (Trichodes), 167 


leucospidiformis (Trochilium), 163 
leucospilata (Comibzena), 350, 357 
leucothoides (Papilio), 4 
levana (Araschnia), Ixxiii, lxxiv 
levantinus (Amblystomus), 389 
levis (Anomeceotes), 330 
Liagrica, 402 
Libellula, 304 
Libelluline, 303 
libyssa (Cartaletis), 327 
Libythea, 429, 443 
Licinus, 389 
lienardi (Ophiusa), 326 
lienigianus (Pterophorus), 497 
lignarius (Clinocentrus), 16 
a (Eusandulum), 16 
BS (Exotheeus), 15 
ligneus (Otiorhynchus), 43, 44 
lignicola (Pimpla), 17 
(Polysphincta), 24 
lilii (Crioceris), 169 
limbata (Blatta), 467 
»,  (Myrmedonia), 420 
»,  (Nyctibora), 467 
»,  (Rogas), 54 
limbatus (Chelisoches), 132 
a (Omophron), 165 
limbirena (Plusia), 334 
Limenitis, lxvi, lxxvil, lxxix, Ixxx 
Limnas, x, 314-337, 352-372 
Limnichus, 145, 166 
Limobius, 400 
Lina, 36 
Linaria, 51 
linearis (Apterygida), 117 
=) (Worw)) 124 
,  (Dromius), 390 
;,  (Forficula), 124 
»,  (Mycetochara), 25 
:,  (Mycetochares), 38 
»,  (Pimpla), 16, 46, 56 
»,  (Promeces), 311, 378 
lineata (Lepitrix), 379 
»,  (Sterrhanthia), 332 
lineatocollis (Haliplus), 390 
lineatus (Entedon), 48 
»,  (Onychogomphus), 305 
AP (Paratettix), 236, 237 
ae (Sitona), 400 
lineellus (Pachyxyphus), 171 
lineolatus (Aphodius), 396 
lingeus (Cacyreus), 358, 429, 444 
», (Cupido), 444 
Liodes, 166 
Liothrips, 1xxxi 
Liparura, 118, 119 
Lipodes, 99, 100 


i Liptena, 79, 353, 356 


( exliy } 


liquidus (Olibrus), 394 
Liris, 317 
Lissogenius, 371, 375 
Lissonota, 15, 19, 21, 32 
Litargus, 395 
lithodactylus (Marasmarcha), 411 
(Pterophorus), 502 
littoralis (Cicindela), 388 
544 v. melitensis (Phylax), 398 
litura (Ceuthorrhynchus), 168 
», (Rhizobius), 403 
», Vv. discomacula (Rhizobius), 403 
liturata (Macaria), ii 
lituratus (Piezodorus), 170 
5 (Rhytirrhinus), 365 
ae livida (Blatta), 459, 461 
lividus (Aphodius), 396 
», (Aspongopus), 370 
»,  (Lixus), 45, 168, 400 
»,  (Luperus), 170 
»,  (Telephorus), xxiv 
Lobonyx, 163, 164, 167 
Lobophora, 128 
lobophoroides (Forficula), 122 
Lochmea, Ixxxiv, Ixxxv, 170 
Locusta, 1x 
leeflingiana (Tortrix), 163 
logani (Scelimena), 218 
lohita (Spindasis), 245 
Lomechusa, 415-420 
longicaudis (Bracon), 62 
s (Brachistes), 57, 60 
of (Meteorus), 38 
An (Perilitus), 38 
longicorne (Anobium), 20 
longicornis (Philonthus), 392 
longinotus (Acanthalobus), 221, 222 
longipalpa (Blatta), 468 
longipes (Opisthocosmia), 106 
longispina (Aphodius), 396 
longitarsis (Chilopora), 391 
Longitarsus, 386, 387, 402 
longiventris (Entedon), 18, 20, 43 
a (Pimpla), 41 
longstaffi (Myorrhinus), 374 
8 (Odynerus), 374 
longula (Atheta), 391 
longulus (Bledius), 166 
lophoptera (Tetradia), 339, 351 
lophyrorum (Eulophus), 60 
Lophyrus, 11 
Lopus, 170 
loripes (Mecorhynus), 371 
lorquini (Limenitis), 1xxvii, 
Ixxx 
loti (Apion), 42, 169 
, (Diplura), 148, 161 
Loxilobus, 223 


lxxix, 


lubbocki (Carinapleurothrips), Ixxxii 
lucasi (Acupalpus), 389 
(Forficula), 113 
lucasia (Humenes), 345 
lucida (Acontia), 162 
»,  (Zizera), 317, 320 
Lucilia, 9, 377 
Luciola, 377, 379 
luctuosa (Acontia), 162 
by (Blabera), 469 
5 (Phoraspis), 467 
luctuosus (Ancistrogaster), 109 
ludekingi (Proreus), 130, 131 
ludifieator (Cneorrhinus), 164, 168 
Iudovica (Ammophila), 354 
lugens (Eparchus), 121 
»,  (Otiorrhynchus), 399 
lugubris (Forficula), 121 
»»  (Meligethes), 395 
luniedactylus (Marasmarcha), 411 
lunata (Chilomenes), 310, 374 
»,  (Decatoma), 373 
lunatus (Entedon), 50 
»,  (Gronops), 168, 400 
lunula (Pteromalus), 47, 58, 60, 63 
Luperus, 164, 170, 371 
lurida (Gidemera), 168 
luridum (Tetropium), 31, 32, 183, 185, 
186, 187, 199, 205 
luridus (Cerambyx), 31, 199, 205 
,,  (Longitarsus), 402 
lusitanica (Labidostomis), 169 
lusitanicum (Exosoma), 164, 169 
- (Lathrobium), 392 
lusitanicus (Brachyderes), 164, 168 
a (Cryptocephalus), 169 
lusitanus (Exocentrus), 29 
luteicollis (Halticus), 171 
luteicornis (Tomoglossa), 391 
luteipennis (Doru), 124 
luteipes (Dilacra), 391 
5 (Doru), 124 
a (Entedon), 48, 49 
luteola (Auchmeromyia), 
xlvii 
luteorubra (Platynaspis), 170 
luteus (Ophion), 45 
Lycena, vii, 1, 151, 155, 
159,” 1614, 382050329: 
445 
Lycenide, 322, 353 
Lyecanthropa, 312 
lycaon (Epinephile), 161 
Lycodon, 178 
lycopi (Longitarsus), 402 
Lyctus, 17, 23, 364, 398 
Lycus, 376 
Lygzeosoma, 170 


xliv, xlvi, 


157, 158, 
341, 362, 


( exlili ) 


Lygeus, liv, 170, 310, 337 
Lygus, 171 
lyllus (Ccoenonympha), 160 
Lymexylon, 25 
lynx (Anisonyx), 3878, 379 
lysimon (Cupido), 445, 446 
(Lyceena), 445, 446 
5 (Zizera), 312, 317, 320, 322, 
329, 334, 335, 345, 353, 356, 357, 
359, 367, 377, 445, 446 
lythri (Nanophyes), 53, 168 
lythrodes (Acanthaspis), 379 
Macaria, 11 
macaristus (Papilio), 6 
machaon (Papilio), 160 
mackenii (Acleros), 323, 329 
mackerindi (Apterygida), 98 
macomo (Oyclopides), 81 
»,  (Kedestes), 81, 326 
macrocentus (Torymus), 31 
Macrochilus, 336 
macroderus (Dyschirius), 388 
Macroglossa, 360, 368 
macrolabia (Forficula), 110 
Macroma, 327, 369 
Macromia, 356 
Macroplax, 170 
macularis (Polysticta), 374 
maculata (Leptura), 169 
Ve (Megilla), 12 
maculatus (Camponotus), 310, 320, 327, 
336, 341, 363, 369 
xe (Colotes), 397 
3 (Ochthebius), 390 
; (Raphitelus), 60, 64 
maculicollis (Blatta), 462 
Be (Cleonus), 400 
maculicrus (Cardiophorus), 397 
a beloni (Cardiophorus), 397 
maculiger (Bracon), 55 
maculosa (Alphitopoda), 369 
maderz (Calosoma), 387, 388 
»,  (Rhyparobia), 467 
madidus (Cleonus), 400 
mera (Pararge), 161 
meerkeli (Pithanus), 170 
magadis (Orneodes), 510 
Magdalinus, 56 
Magdalis, xlix, 56, 57, 60- 
magdalis (Pteromalus), 56 
maha (Zizera), 446 
mahopaani (Parnara), 353 
Mairus, 50 
major (Hister), 396 
og (ost os)}, Tkeereht 
malabarica (Bombax), 175 
Malachius, 17, 165, 167, 206, 397 
Malacosoma, 162, 374, 375 


”) 


malathana (Catochrysops), 320, 360 
malcolmi (Malthodes), 397 
malgachus (Chelisoches), 129 
Malthinus, 164, 167,397 
Malthodes, 167, 377 
malvee (Apion), 386, 401 
malvernensis (Gynandropthalma), 371 
Mamestra, 162 
mandersi (Nacaduba), 429, 446 
mandibularis (Pteromalus), 36 
mandueator (Alysia), 9, 67 
manicatum (Anthidium), lxi 
manifestator (Hphialtes), 15, 25, 30 
$1 (Ichneumon), 15 
manlius (Papilio), 449 
mannerheimi (Bembidium), 165 
Mantide, 251 
Mantis, 331, 361 
Mantispa, 376 
Marasmarcha, 
492 
marchalli (Pamphila), 453 
i (Parnara), 453 
marci (Bibio), 360 
marginalis (Oxythyrea), 338, 368, 371 
(Polistes), 369, 375 
marginata (Hastula), iii, iv 
marginator (Rogas), 54 
marginatus (Camponotus), 336 
bs (Pelocoris), 171 
se (Stenolophus), 389 
ss (Syromastes), 170 
ae (Trigonopus), 369, 371 
marginellus (Stenodontus), 206 
marginicollis (Attagenus), 395 
maria (Stugeta), 80 
mariana (Buprestis), 15 
3 (Chaleophora), 15 
marina (Actocharis), 391 
maritima (Glaux), Ixxxii 
maritimus (Beosus), 170 
bE (Saprinus), 166 
marmarias (Xyroptila), 480 
marpessa (Neptis), 358 
marshalli (Gonatopus), xlili 
as (Mimacrea), 78 
massiliensis (Clytanthus), 169 
Mastigus, 166 
masurialis (Ophiuche), 323 
mathewi (Ccenonympha), 154, 155 
mathias (Parnara), 358, 360 
maura (Kurygaster), 170 
mauricanus (Anax), 377 
mauritanicus (Tenebrioides), 395 
mauritiana (Antanartia), 437 
maurus (Otiorhynchus), 44 
maxillosus (Creophilus), 9, 392 
Mazzarredia, 230, 231 


411, 412, 413, 414, 


( exliv ) 


Mecinus, 52, 401 
Mecorhynus, 371 
media (Apterygida), 93 
medianus (Entedon), 49, 50 
medius (Pteropus), 421 
Medon, 392 
megacephala (Pheidole), 332, 336 
Megachile, 379 
megiera (Pararge), 161 
Megalodacne, 330 
Megalothrips, Ixxxi 
Megarthrus, 393 
Megilla, 12 
mejanesi (Ophiusa), 317 
Meladema, 390 
melampa (Lema), 402 
Melanargia, vii 
melanaria (Bzeoglossa), 339, 340 
melanarius (Hemiteles), 17, 
64 
(Omaseus), 8 
melancholica (Cicindela), 388 
melancholicus (Carabus, 165 
(Plocederus), 351 
Melandrya, 17, 40 
Melanitis, lxxiv, Ixxvi, 322, 485 
melanocephalus (Cymus), 170 
(Proreus), 130 
melanocor ypha (Diapria), 54 
Melanophthalma, 164, 166, 394 
melanopoda (Alucitia), 489 
melanops (Lyciena), 161 
melanopus (Stenus), 392 
Melanosilpha, 469 
melanostictus (Catantops), 


374 
3 (Ceuthorrhynchus), 400 
melanostoma (Psilothrix), 397 
Melanotus, 164, 166 
melanotus (Cceloides), 62, 67 
melanura (Leptura), 169 
ae (Nacerdes), xvi, 399 
melanurus (Sunius), 392 
melas (Erebia), 1 
Melasoma, 35, 36, 41 
Melianoides (Borolia), 334 
(Leucania), 334 
Meligethes, 18, 166, 445, 395 
meliloti (Tychius), 400 
Melita, v, vi, 159, 160, 161 
melitana (Akis), 398 
; (Asida), 387, 398 
es (Stenosis), 398 
melitense (Opatrum), 398 
- (Stenostoma), 399 
melitensis (Attalus), 397 
+3 testaceipes (Attalus), 397 


46, 56, 


316, 321, 
331, 338, 369, 371, 


melitensis (Aulacoderus), 399 
eo (Ceuthorrhynchus), 400 
x (Dasytiscus), 387, 397 
bs (Haplocnemus), 397 
a (Heterocerus), 391 
- (Omophlus), 399 
i (Phylax), 387 
(Timarcha), 402 
mellerborgi (Pheestus), 215 
mellifica (Apis), 311, 330, 338, 363 
PenELace adansonii (Apis), 310, 
331, 338, 344, 349, 368, 
378, 379 
Meloé, xvi, Ixxiii, 399 
Melyris, 357, 374 
membranaceus (Longitarsus), 403 
memmnon (Papilio), 3 
memnonius (Magdalinus), 56 
(Trogophleeus), 393 
mendax (Papilio), 5 
mendicus (Cleonus), 400 
menelas (Spindasis), 80 
Mercurialis, xlix, lv 
meridianum (Apion), 386 
meridionalis (Adicella), 163 
i (Atheta), 391 
i (Blatta), 469 
ae (Melitea), vi 
‘a (Ophonus), 389 
3 (Sympetrum), 303 
mermis (Epamera), 81 
Merophysia, 394 
mesentina (Belenois), 346, 358, 358 
Mesites, 57, 400 
Mesochelidura, 94 
Mesochorus, 35, 44 
Mesoccelopus, 22 
Mesoleptus, 24, 32 
mesolychna (Orneodes), 508 
Mesoponera, 332, 342 
Mesostenus, 17, 61, 40 
Mesovelia, Ixvi 
Mesozona (Euproctis), 316 
Metabletus, 389 
Metachrostis, 350, 370 
metallica (Anchura), 97 
5 (Forficula), 97 
- cuprea (Potosia), 396 
Meteorus, 13, 23, 28, 31, 38, 39, 59 
Metholcus, 398 
Methona, Ixxix 
metis (Cyclopides), 377 
Metcecus, 40, 193 
metrica (Forficula), 121 
Metrodore, 228 
Miarus, 168 
micans (Aspidomorpha), 250 
»,  (Mordellistena), 399 


( exly ) 


micans (Orchesia), 38, 39, 55 
»,  (Perilampus), 11, 17, 23 
»,  (Pteromalus), 11 
micheli (Hypurgus), 102 
micra (Eulaphygma), 317 
Micralymma, 11 
Micraspis, 170 
microcephalus (Porizon), 34 
Microchetes, 135, 136, 137, 145 
microclea (Heliconius), xv, xvi 
Microcryptus, 9 
Microctonus, 12 
microdactyla (Marasmarcha), 411, 493 
microdactylus (Leioptilus), xii 
Microdon, xxxiii, xl, 163 
Microdus, 37, 38, 47, 65 
Microgaster, 20, 42, 49, 52, 55 
Microlestia, 310, 313, 378 
Micropeplus, 393 
Micrositus, 167 
Microthrix, 334, 338, 350 
Microus, 377 
middendorffii (Bracon), 58, 64, 67 
mikado (Forficula), 112 
miles (Cerambyx), 402 
miliarius (Acanthalobus), 222 
a cuneatus (Acanthalobus), 222 
millefolii (Anthaxia), 166 
Pr (Olibrus), 166 
milon (Papilio), 5 
Mimacreea, xvii, 78, 79 
mimus (Euparatettix), 238 
minator (Cryptus), 25 
minima (Carcinops), 396 
minimus (Bostrichus), 63 
»,  (Carphoborus), 63 
», (Dendroctonus), 63 
minor (Hylurgus), 63 
», (Microchetes), 137 
», (Orchesia), 38 
minuscula (Eparchus), 121 
minuta (Kucoila), 61 
», (Isotoma), lxxxii 
minutissima (Blatta), 459, 464 
e (Holocompsa), 464 
minutissimus (Bracon), 58, 60 
3 (Euplectus), 1xxxi 
A (Plinthisus), 170 
nF (Stylosomus), 169 
minutus (Abacetus), 310 
»,  (Anthicus), 399 
es (Brachistes), 48 
»,  (Cryptocephalus), 34 
#5 (Enicmus), 394 
.. (Teleas), 50 
mirabilis (Epamera), 81 
miranda (Troides), 2 
»  (Forficula), 112 


Miridius, 171 
Miris, 170 
misella (Blatta), 468 
misippus (Hypolimnas), 318, 433, 442, 
443 

"3 inaria (Hypolimnas), 433 
mistralella (Ephestia), 163 
Mitraria, 229 
Mitritettix, 229 
Mitroboris, 27, 28 
mixtana (Acalla), 161 
mixtus (Pedilophorus), 138, 139, 140 
mneme (Melina), 1xxvi 
moderator (Porizon), 38, 40, 55 

a5 (Thersilochus), 39, 55 

modesta (Dalsira), 337 
modestus (Hemiteles), 17, 19, 46, 58, 

64 
meerens (Alaus), 370 

»,  (Barynotus), 43 

meesta (Aleochara), 391 
mogul (Forficula), 111 
moldavica (Cledeobia), 162 
Molippa, 181, 182 
molitor (Tenebrio), 399 
mollicomus (Barypithes), 399 
mollis (Calathus), 389 

,, (Ernobius), 20, 164, 167 
molochinus (Quedius), 392 
molomo (Zeritis), 363 
Molorchus, 26 
monacha (Apate), 351 
Monachoda, 466, 467 
Monalocoris, 170 
Monanthia, 170 
Monastria, 467, 469 
monoceros (Notoxus), 167 
Monochammus, 30 
monodactylus (Marasmarcha), 411 
monographus (Bostrichus), 67 
nf (Xyleborus), 67 
Monolepta, 358 
Mononychus, 54 
Monotoma, 395 
monstrosa (Blabera), 469 
montanus (Lydus), 171 
montivagus (Heliopathes), 167 
mori (Cryptocephalus), 169 
morania (Papilio), 322 
morantii (Parosmodes), 360 
morbillosus (Carabus), 388 
mordax (Rhagium), 27 
Mordella, 167 
Mordellistena, 40, 399 
moreli (Isidus), 397 
morio (Chelisoches), 129, 130, 133 

», (Forficula), 129 

», (Potosia), 166 


( texlvi')) 


morion (Aleochara), 391 
morionellus (Thersilochus), 18 
morio (Catops), 393 
mortuorum (Necrophorus), xvi 
Morychus, 138, 146 

morysalis (Antigastra), 330, 370 
moschata (Aromia), 25 

motozi (Sarangesa), 329, 371 
motozioides (Sarangesa), 520 
mozambica (Spindasis), 338 
mucidus (Cleonus), 339 
mucronata (Blaps), 398 
multiarticulatus (Bracon), 30 
multicolor (Acrocormus), 66 


a (Pedilophorus), 138, 139, 
142 
55 (Pteromalus), 46, 63, 64, 


65, 66 

multipunctum (Lathrobium), 165 

multistriatus (Eccoptogaster), 61 

(Elachestus), 58 

a (Scolytus), 59 

muralis (Sitaris), xlix 

muricatus (Eurynotus), 376, 377 

murina (Bruchus), 401 
>»  (Hypera), 400 

murinus (Xyletinus), 22 

Musca, 15, 341, 347, 360 

muscarum (Pteromalus), 43 

mutabilis (Microdon), xl 

mutilatus (Carpophilus), 395 

mutilloides (Ampulex), 370 

Mycalesis, Ixxiv, xxv, 317, 318, 319, 
322, 325, 329, 345, 358, 359, 367, 
372, 435 

Mycetochara, 

Mycetochares, 38 

Mycetoporus, 165, 392 

Myelois, 163 

Mygale, lxiv 

Mylabris, 342, 356, 371, 386 

mylica (Lyciena), 446 

Myllena, 391 

Mylothris, xviii, xix, xxix, XxX, XXXi, 
lv, lxv, Ixvi, Ixx, Ixxi, lxii, ]xxiii, 
314, 317, 319, 322, 325, 329, 366, 
370, 372, 376 

Myorrhinus, 374 

myrmecophila (Kleditoma), xl 

myrmecophilum (Ptilium), Ixxxi 

Myrmecopora, 391 

Myrmecoxenus, 394 

Myrmedonia, 9, 345, 418, 420 

Myrmeleon, 354, 362 

Myrmetes, 415 

Myrmica, 9 

Myrmeecia, 391 

mystacatus (Cryptocephalus), 169 


29 


25 


40 


mystacinus (Histeromerus), 14, 27 
Myzine, 342, 343, 347, 354 
Nabis, 170 
Nacaduba, 429, 446 
Nacerdes, xvi, 389 
nadina (Huphina), xxiii 
najas (Gerris), 170 
nama (Hestina), lxiv 
nanna (Heliconius), xiv, xv 
Nanophyes, 53, 168, 401 
nanus (Ichneumon), 58 
(Mycetoporus), 392 
,, (Ochetostethus), 170 
», (Parmulus), 394 
,, (Pteromalus), 52 
,, (Rhynchites), 169 
napi (Pieris), 1v, liv, lx, 161 
bryoniz (Pieris), 1x 
5, (Psylliodes), 402 
narcissus (Henotesia), 435 
(Myecalesis), 435 
wi (Mylothris), xviii, 1xxi 
nasicornis (Oryctes), 14 
% (Scarabeeus), 14 
Nassunia, 331 
natalensis (Eratognathus), 332 
(Harpalus), 365 
(Phlceonotus), 242 
(Scaptobius), 332 


99 


29 


“He? 


99 
99 


99 


| natalica (Acreea), 318, 328 


(Precis), 318, 321, 328, 352, 

357, 359 
natalicus (Acupalpus), 335 
natator (Gyrinus), 8, 9 
Naupheeta, 467, 468, 469 
navis (Pteromalus), 64, 65 
neera (Melita), vi 
neapolitanus (Erodius), 398 
Nebria, 8, 388 
nebulosa (Aplecta), xxii, Ixvi, xvii 

ne (Diplzeodes), 305 
nebulosus (Agabus), 390 
(Leiopus), xvi, 28 

a8 (Necrobia), 339, 397 
Necrophorus, xvi 
neesii (Chelonus), 65 
negatalis (Glyphodes), 362 
neglectum (Orthetrum), 305 
neglectus (Harpalus), 165 

5 (Xylophilus), 164, 167 
neobule (Acrea), 335 
Neocenyra, 77 
neokoton (Mimacrvea), 79 
Neolobophora, 118, 119, 120, 181 | 
Neolobophorine, 94, 118 
Neottiglossa, 170 
nephelotoxa (Orneodes), 505 
nepticula (Papilio), 4 


? 


2? 


( exlvii ) 


Neptis, 315, 321, 328, 352, 357, 358, | Nisoniades, 452 


359, 443 
nereus (Papilio), 450 
nerio (Cirrospilus), 42 
nerissa (Huphina), xxiii 
Nesogaster, 91 
Netrobalane, 320 
Neurateles, 46 
Neuroptera, lx, 163 
Neuroterus, lxxxiv 
nevilli (Eparchus), 121 
nexuosus (Acanthalobus), 221, 
niasicus (Troides), 2 
niavius (Amauris), lvi 
nicholli (Erebia), | 
Niconia, xxxi 
nigellus (Criotettix), 226 
niger (Dasytes), 17 
»» (Hemiteles), 39 
», (Holoparamecus), 394 
, (Luperus), 170 
», (Mesoccelopus), 22 
», Trachyscelis), xxvii 
nigerrima (Aleochara), 391 
50 (Colpodota), 391 
nigra (Diapria), 61 
,, (Hemithyrsocera), 468 
» (Leptura), 169 
», (Phyllotreta), 37 
», (Trachyscelis), xxvi 
nigrata (Ocyusa), 391 
nigricans (Dorylus), vi 
nigriceps (Aphthona), 402 
nigricornis (Atheta), 391 
35 (Athous), 164 
_ (Diospilus), 55 
nigrinus (Chelonus), 31 
nigripennis (Apoderus), 369 
nigripes (Mesochorus), 44 
nigrirostris (Hypera), 400 
nigrita (Hydrena), 390 
»,  (Liodes), 166 
nigritarse (Apion), 169 
nigritulus (Medon), 392 
oF (Philonthus), 392 
o* v. lepidus (Stenus), 592 
nigriventris (Cubocephalus), 32 
nigrozneus (Paracymus), lxvii 
nigrocinctus (Microeryptus), 9 
nigrofasciatus (Luperus), 170 
nigromaculatus (Exochomus), 337, 863 
nigrovarius (Microchetes), 138 
Niphona, 402 
niphostrota (Orneodes), 507 
Niptus, 18 
i (Microptinus), 397 
nireus f. lyzeus (Papilio), 315, 322, 326, 
329, 367 


222 


. 


nitens (Anisodactylus), 362 
»,  (Cyphus), 164, 169 
», (Entedon), 43 
»,  (Platystethus), 393 
nitida (Aleochara), 391 
»,  (Platyzosteria), 469 
Nitidula, 395 
nitidula (Aptinothrips), Ixxxii 
3 (Conchia), 338 
Mg (Gonodera), 399 
nitidulus (Aphodius), 396 
Pe (Nanophyes), 401 
5 (Oxytelus), 393 
2 (Saprinus), 396 
ae (Tachyporus), 392 
nitidus (Byrrhus), 398 
», (Dyschirius), 388 
nivalis (Pterophorus), 499 
nivea (Alucita), 490 
», (Blatta), 456, 457, 458, 463 
», (Panchlora), 463, 464, 467 
niveodactyla (Alucita), 490 
niviferana (Binsitta), 178 
nobilis (KEndema), 330 
»,  (Melyris), 357 
»,  (Gdemera), 168 
nocivus (Agrilus), 16 
noctiluca (Lampyris), 167 
noctilucus (Pyrophorus), xxii 
noctis (Gymnetron), 51 
noctuella (Nomophila), 312, 336, 333 
nodulosa (Eurytoma), 62 
nodulosus (Pteromalus), 32 
Nomophila, 312, 336, 338 
Nonagria, 1, li, lit 
normannum (Bembidion), 388 
notata (Polyhirma), 333 
notatus (Curculio), 7, 46, 47, 63, 64 
»,  (Pissodes), xvi, 46, 47, 48 
Notiophilus, 388 
Notiophygus, 370 
Notocerus, 232, 233 
Notodonta, Ixxx, 327 
Notolampra, 467 
Notoxus, 167, 380 
noualhieri (Grypidius), 171 
nuba (Agria), 339 
nubeculatus (Echthrus), 31 
nucum (Balaninus), 56 
»,  (Curculio), 56 
»,  (Pimpla), 56 
nugax (Acanthaspis), 351 
numata (Heliconius), lxxvi 
nupta (Catocala), 173, 175, 176 
nursei (Ischnura), 306 
nutritor (Porizon), 56 
nyasana (Phrissura), xix, lxxi 


( exlviii ) 


Nychitona, 329 
Nyctemera, 359 
Nyctibora, 467 
oannes (Opisthocosmia), 96, 27 
Obelura, 118, 119 
Oberea, 32, 402 
obfuscatus (Meteorus), 13, 38, 39 
3 (Perilitus), 38 
oblita (Atheta), 391 
obliterata (Adalia), 170 
obliteratus (Bracon), 32, 66 
(Doryctes), 19 
a (Quedius), 392 
oblongata (Blatta), 456, 457, 458, 464 
(Pseudomops), 464 
ae (Thyrsocera), 458 
oblongiusculus (Seybalicus), 389 
oblongus (Lyctus), 17, 23 
Obocola, 368, 376 
obscura (Falagria), 391 
obscurella (Polystoma), 165 
obscurellus (Sigalphus), 51, 55 
obscurepurpuria (Pachyenema), 380 
obscuricollis (Agrilus), 397 
obscuripes (Elachestus), 50 
obscurus (Elachestus), 50 
55 (Strongylocoris), 171 
obsoleta (Phyllodromia), 470 
obsoletus (Aphidius), 64 
ae (Dichirotrichus), 389 
obtusata (Cassida), 251 
obtusum (Bembidion), 388 
occidentalis (Blatta), 468 
an (Meliteea), v 
occulta (Gegenes), 353 
oceultans (Dibolia), 403 
ocellata (Anatis), 11 
5 (Coccinella), 11 
ocellatus (Sitona), 400 
os (Stenus), 166 
ocellea (Eromene), 366 
Ochetostethus, 170 
Ochina, 21, 22 
ochraceus (Medon), 392 
ochreatus (Balanobius), 168 
ochrias (Tetraschalis), 475 
ochrodactylus (Trichoptilus), 473 
ochroleucus (Cryptocephalus), 402 
ro (Longitarsus), 403 
Ochromyia, xlv, xlvi 
Ochrosis, 402 
Ochthebius, 390 
Ochthenomus, 399 
Ocnera, 398 
octavia (Precis), 328 
octopunctatus (Trichodes), 167 
ocularia (Spheroderma), 403 
ocularis (Sthenarus), 171 


29 


bP) 


oculata (Oberea), 32 
»,  (Saperda), 32 
oculatus magnus (Criotettix), 221 
Ocypus, 9, 392 
Ocys, 165, 388 
Ocytettix, 226, 227 
Ocyusa, 391 
Odezia, xlv 
Odonata, 303, 330 
Odontomerus, 25, 30, 57 
Odontomyia, 360 
Odynerus, 354, 357, 374 
(Kdemera, 168, 399 
(Edistoma, 380 
cenophanes (Xyroptila), 480 
(stropis, 351 
Ogyris, 245 
olew (Phleotribus), 63 
oleiperda (Hylesinus), 62 
olens (Ocypus), 9, 392 
», (Zuphium), 387, 390 
oleraceum (Eurydema), 170 
oleraceus (Diospilus), 55 
Olibrus, 166, 394 
Oligomerus, 398 
Oligota, 391 
Olisthopus, 389 
olivacea (Xylocopa), 344, 354 
olivieri (Silpha), 393 
Omalium, 393 
Omaseus, 8 
Omphlus, 164, 167, 399 
Omophron, 165 
Omostropus, 332, 345 
omphale (Teracolus), Xii, xiii, xxiii, 
312, 314, 319, 322, 326, 329, 352, 
355, 366, 372, 376 
Oncotus, 379 
o’neili (Sciobius), 374 
Oniticellus, 166 
onosmella (Coleophora), lxix 
Onthophagus, 166, 396 
Onthophilus, 396 
Onychogomphus, 305 
oo (Dicyela), 162 
», renago (Dicycla), 162 
Oosomus, 378 
Ootheca, 371, 374, 378 
opaculus (Anthicus), 399 
Opatrum, 321, 332, 336, 355, 379, 386, 
398 
opella (Xanthoptera), 350 
Ophion, 45 
ophion (Pterygospidea), 323 
»,  (Tagiades), 323 
Ophioneurus, 41 
Ophiuche, 323 
Ophiusa, 317, 326 


(enealie, 5) 


Ophonus, 389 


Opisthocosmia, 91, 92, 93, 96, 99, 100, 
101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 118, 120, 


121, 122 
opisthotonus (Pteromalus), 22 
Opius, 25, 30, 57, 60 
Oporabia, 1xxx 
opuntie (Bryaxis), 393 
oraria (Atheta), 391 
orba (Periplaneta), 467 
orbiculare (Ccelostoma), 390 
orbiculatus (Stilicus), 392 
orbona (Pinacopteryx), 1xxi 
orchatias (Pterophorus), 511 
Orchesella, 1xxxii 
Orchesia, 38, 39, 55 
orchesiz (Euphorus), 38 
$5 (Meteorus), 38 
Orchestes, 38, 48, 49, 50, 55 
orchestis (Entedon), 48, 49, 50 
x (Eubadizon), 50 
- (Pleurotropis), 49 
aa (Pteromalus), 48, 50 
me (Tetrastichus),48, 49 
Oresbius, 8, 44 
Orgyia, 162 
orientalis (Blatta), 310, 365, 456, 457, 
459, 467 
i (Forficula), 115 
origanoides (Ecteinanthus), 325 
ornata (Forficula), 111, 116 
ornatus (Anthonomus), 400 
Orneodes, 505-510 
Orneodide, lxxxvi 
Ortalia, 321, 335 
Orthetrum, 304, 305, 321, 324 330 
Orthocentrus, 28, 31, 37 
Orthocephalus, 171 
Orthochetes, 400 
Ortholitha, 333 


Orthoptera, 213, 310, 330, 355, 361, | 


363, 374 
Oryctes, 14, 166, 334, 396 
oryze (Calandra), 400 
osiris (Lycena), 362 
Osorius, 361 
Osphya, xxv 
ossium (Stenus), 166 
Osteodes, 331, 334, 370, 373 
Osteulcus, 106 
Othius, 392 
otiorhynchi (Bracon), 43 


Otiorrhynchus, xxix, 43, 44, 164, 168, 


399 
Otumba, 235 
ovalis (Bruchus), 401 
ovata (Anacena), 390 
ovatus (Clitobius), 399 


ovulum (Strophosomus), 168 
oxydactylus (Pteropherus), 473 
Oxyhaloa, 467, 469 
Oxylemus, lxix 
Oxynotus, 220 
oxyntes (Pterophorus), 498 
Oxyothrips, 1xxxii 
Oxypoda, 391 
Oxyptilus, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 485 
Oxytelus, 393 
Oxythyrea, xxix, 338, 363, 371, 374 
Ozarba, 350 
pachinus (Heliconius), xv 
Pachnephorus, 402 
Pachnoda, 342, 345 
Pachybrachys, 169 
Pachyceras, 59, 61, 66 
Pachychirus, 57 
Pachyenema, 380 
Pachylomma, 16 
Pachytychius, 164, 168, 400 
Pachyxyphus, 171 
pacifica (Euthyrrhapha), 467, 469 
pacta (Tachina), 8 
Peederus, 164, 165, 332 
palarica (Erebia), 151, 159 
palembanganus (Papilio), 3 
palemon (Cacyreus), 310, 367, 378 
pallens (Ortalia), 335 

»,  (Trachyscelis), xxvii 
| Palliata (Blatta), 468 

3,  (Pimpla), 52 
palliatus (Hylastes), 61 

(Hylesinus), 61, 66 

pallida (Durbania), 353, '356 

»,  (Liptena), 353, 356 
pallidicornis (Bruchus), 34, 401 
pallidinervis (Trithemis), 304 


| pallidipennis (Helophorus), 390 


53 reitteri (Helophorus), 390 
re (Mesites), 400 
(Psylliodes), 402 
'pallidipes (Eubadizon), 23 
5 (Euphorus), 38 
a (Sigalphus), 33, 49, 51 


| pallidivestis (Scymnus), 403 


pallipes (Cirphis), 347 

»,  (Codrus), 10 

»,  (Danacea), 397 

»,  (Paraplecta), 347 

»,  (Tachypus), 165 
palmatus (Pterophorus), 495 
Palomena, 170 
palpalis (Lissonota), 33 

»,  (Mastigus), 166 
palpator (Hemiteles), 18 
palpatus (Chthonius), 219 

»,  (Chthonotettix), 219 


( 


palpebrator (Bostrichus), 67 
<5 (Brachistes), 47 
ve (Bracon), 17, 29, 46, 47, 
48, 63, 66 
Paltothyreus, 354, 357 
Pamphila, 452, 453 
pamphilus (Cceenonympha), vii, 160 
Panchlora, 463, 470 
pandora (Argynnis), 161 
pandurus (Lygzus), 170 
Panesthia, xxxiv 
paniceum (Anobium), 20 
paniceus (Byrrhus), 398 
Panicum, 452 
panorpoides (Acisoma), 305 
Pantelia, 217 
paphia (Argynnis), 155 
Papilio, xxx1, lxiv, lxxiv, xxv, Ixxvii, 
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 160, 161, 315-3867, 
429, 449, 450, 451 
papillosa (Blatta), 467 
(Monastria), 467 
* (Tessaratoma), 253, 255, 256 
papuensis (Troides), 2 
papyraceus (Neurateles), 46 
paracenthesis (Crioceris), 386, 402 
Paracymus, ]xvii 
paradoxa (Heterogynis), 161, 162 
paradoxus (Metcecus), 40, 193 
paraglyptis (Platyptilia), 484 
Parahormetica, 467, 468 
parallela (Anthaxia), xxix 
parallelinus (Callimone), 42 
Paraplecta, 347 
Pararge, 161 
parasitella (Tinea), 37 
Paratettix, 236, 237, 239, 241 
pardalinum (Acridium), 365 
Parmena, 402 
Parmulus, 394 
Parnata, 353, 360, 452, 453 
Parnassius, xli 
Parnus, 164, 391 
Paromalus, 11 
Parosmodes, 360 
Parthenodes, 350 
parthenope (Anax), 305 
Parthenothrips, 1xxxii 
parumpunctatus (Leptacinus), 392 
parviceps (Oxyothrips), lxxxii 
parvula (Chalcis), 37 
parvulus (Proctotrypes), 39 
a (Tachys), 165, 388 
ar quadrincevus (‘T'achys), 388 
parvum (Enallagma), 307 
parvus (Coptotettix), 242 
»,  (Systolederus), 227 
pascuellus (Crambus), 162 


99 


lie) 


pastinacee (Hypera), 400 
pato (Sarangesa), 371 
patricia (Phyllodromia), 470 
»  (Theganopteryx), 470 
Patrobus, 8 
pavidus (Pterophorus), 493 
pechi (Anthocharis), v 
pectinicornis (EKulophus), 50 
5 (Ptilinus), 21 
pedestre (Doreadion), 30 
pedestris (Pezomachus), 35 
8 (Stygnocoris), 170 
pedicularius (Conurus), 392 
Pedilophorus, 138-144 
pelecyntes (Oxyptilus), 477 
pelias (‘Trichoptilus), 472 
pellucens (Blatta), 467 
3 (OCyrtilia), 467 
Me (Pteromalus), 46, 63. 
pellucidus (Longitarsus), 403 
a (Telephorus), xxiv 
Pelochares, 166 
Pelocoris, 171 
peltastes (Oxyptilus), 479, 480 
peltigera (Heliothis), 162 + 
pendularia (Ephyra), ii 
penella (Heterogynis), 162 
penetrans (Apion), 401 
penia (Anthocharis), v 
pensylvanica (Blatta), 459 
ap (Ischnoptera), 459 
Pentaphyllus, 398 
Pentapleura, 56 
Penthicus, 398 
Pentila, 78 
Pentodon, 386, 396 
perdita (Ancistrogaster), 107 
peregrina (Schistocerca), 343, 345, 346, 
355 


peregrinus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 400 
Peribalus, 170 

Perilampus, 11, 17, 18, 23 
Perilitus, 11, 12, 35, 38 
Periplaneta, 459, 467, 469 

perisii (Dendrosoter), 67 
Perispheeria, 467 

perlucens (Phrissura), xvili, xix, ]xxi 
perminutus (Bolotettix), 226 
perrisi (Apion), 43, 168 

persector (Hemiteles), 9 
personatus (Euparatettix), 238 
perspicua (Myealesis), 319 
pertinax (Anobium), 20 

pertusus (Dichillus), 398 

pertyi (Atheta), 591 

Petasodes, 467 

petavia (Nassunia), 331 

petiverana (Tirumala), 359 


Ce) 


petiveriana (Cassida), 456 
petreea (Acrvea), 318, 328 
»,  (Stenoptilia), 504 
Pezomachus, 9, 12, 34, 35, 45, 50, 53 
phedon (Amauris), 433 
3,  (Danais); 433 
pheedusa (Stalachtis), [xxix 
pheodactyla (Marasmarcha), 411, 412, 
413 
Pheestus, 214, 215 
Phalacrus, 39, 394 
phalanta (Atella), Ixxv, 316, 324, 329, 
352, 370, 372, 436 
phalerata (Temnopteryx), 379 
Phaleria, 386, 398 
phaola (Phrissura), Ibo, Ibo! 
Phaos, 106 
Phasis, 373, 380 
Phasius, 312 
Pheidole, 331, 332, 333, 336, 371 
phellandrii (Phitonomus), 36 
(Prasocuris), 36, 44 
philanthus (Hoplia), 166 
ey, (Hypera), 400 
philippus (Hypolycena), 320, 322 
Philonthus, 164, 165, 392 
Phitonomus, 36 
phleas (Chrysophanus), vii, 161 
phlegmatica (Magdalis), 56 
phlegmaticus (Curculio), 56 
(Thamnophilus), 56 
phlegyas (Teracolus), 319, 352 
Phlceonotus, 242 
Phlceophthorus, 64 
Phloeopora, 9, 391 
Phleotribus, 63, 401 
Phlyctenia, 312, 327 
pheebe (Melitiea), 159 
»,  (Phrissura), xviii, 
xxi 
Phoraspis, 467 
phorbanta (Papilio), 449, 450, 451 
phorsa (Araschnia), xxiii, Ixxiv 
Phrissura, xviii, xix, xxix, xxx, lxx, 
lxxi, lxxii 
Phthora, 398 
Phygadeuon, 8, 44 
Phylax, 386, 387, 398 
phyllis (Heliconius), xiv, xv 
Phyllobius, 44, 168 
phyllocera (Mitritettix), 229 
Phyllodromia, 462, 468, 469, 470 
Phyllognathus, 396 
Phyllomacromia, 360 
Phyllotreta, 37, 887, 402 
Phylloxera, 149, 150 
Phymateus, xlviii, 335, 374, 376 
Physematia, 323 


aero.) Mbere. 


Physorhynchus, 312, 327, 371, 375 
Phythonmus, 36 
Phytobius, 168 
Phytocoris, 170 
Phytometra, ii 
Phytomyza, 259 
Phytonomus, 44 
Phytophaga, xl, 371 
piceze (Bostrichus), 65 
», (Cryphalus), 65 
piceus (Attagenus), 395 
»  dalmatinus (Attagenus), 395 
ss (Medon), 392 
», (Myrmetes), 415 
», (Sphenophorus), 400 
picicornis (Laemosthenes), 387, 389 
picinus (Myrmecoxenus), 394 
picipes (Hister), 11 
»,  (Meligethes), 395 
s, (Monotoma), 395 
»,  (Paromalus), 11 
», (Teretrius), 11 
picta (Baccha), 375 
sa) (@rocisa), o2e 
», (Forficula), 111 
picticornis (Niphona), 402 
picturata (Baris), 400 
piedrahitee (Heterogynis), 162 
Pierine, xxiii, lxx, xxii 
Pieris, iv, liv, lx, 161 
Piezodorus, 170 
Piezostethus, xlix 
pigea (Phrissura), lxxii 
», (Pinacopteryx), xxx, 319, 322, 
329 
Pilea, 438 
Pilema, 469 
pilicornis (Entedon), 48 
‘3 (Eulophus), 20, 50 
pilipes (Anthophora), xlix 
5, (Panchlora), 467 
»,  (Podalirius), xlix 
pilosus (Cerambyx), 30 
Pimelia, 386, 398 
Pimpla, 14-68 
Pinacopteryx, xxix, xxx, Ixv, Ixvi, 
Ixx, xxi, Ixxii, 312, 319, 322, 325, 
329, 866, 370, 372, 376 
pinalea (Orneodes), 506 
pinetellus (Crambus), 162 
pineti (Aphanus), 170 
», (Brachonyx), 52 
pinetorum (Entedon), 63 
Pe (Eurytoma), 63 
pini (Cureulio), 46 
», (Hylobius), 46 
», (Pissodes), 47 
», (Pteromalus), 47 


( 


piniperda (Hylesinus), 46, 47 
Br (Hylurgus), 63, 64 
piniphilus (Pissodes), 48 
pisi (Apion), 401 
pisistratus (Rhopalocampta), 320 
pisorum (Bruchus), 401 
Pissodes, xvi, 46, 47, 48 
Pithanus, 170 
pitiographus (Bostrichus), 65 
Pityogenes, 67 
Pityophthorus, 65 
plagiatus (Blechus), 389 
ie (Chelisoches), 129 
Plagiodera, 36, 169 
Planema, 321, 324, 328 
planeta (Deuterocopus), 473 
planicollis (Forficula), 115 
planitarsus (Mazarredia), 231 
plantaginis (Cureulio), 45 
(Hypera), 45 
planus (Bolotettix), 225 
(Bracon), 64 
(Larinus), 168 
(Scarites), 388 
»  (Tettigidea), 243 
Platycleis, 1x 
Platyenemis, 306 
Platymischus, 11 
Platynaspis, 170 
Platynus, 311 


o> 


» 


39 


Platyptilia, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 


486, 487, 488 
Platystethus, 392 
Platytes, 350 
Platyzosteria, 469 
Plecia, 360, 369 
plectaria (Sterranthia), 312 
Plectroctena, 336 
Pleurophorus, 166, 396 
pleurostigma (Ceuthorrhynehus), 55 
Pleurotropis, 49 
plicatella (Geostiba), 391 
plicatus (Rhytidoderes), 400 
Plinthisus, 170 
Ploas, xlviii 
Plocederus, 351 
plumbea (Alianta), 391 
plumbeomicans (Charopus), 167 
Plusia, 334, 366 
Plutella, 338, 347 
pluvialis (Orneodes), 505 
podagrarie (Gidemera), 168 
Podagrica, 386, 402 
Podalirius, xlix, 356 
podalirius (Papilio), 161 
Pododus, 334, 345 
peecilaria (Ceenina), 320 
peeciloides (Anisodactylus), 389 


chi“) 
Peeciloseytus, 171 
Peecilus, 165 
Pogonobasis, 346, 355 
Pogonocherus, 29, 30 
pogonocheri (Pteromalus), 29 
Pogonus, 165, 386, 389 
Polia, lxxx 
policenes (Papilio), 326 
poligraphus (Bostrichus), 65 
(Hylesinus), 64 
Polistes, 331, 869, 374, 375 
polita (Malacosoma), 374, 375 
politus (Brachistes), 41 
(Cybocephalus), 394 
;,  (Philonthus), 392 
pollinalis (Titanio), 163 
Pollusea, 469 
polychloros (Vanessa), 161 
polychorda (Entelia), 350 
Polydrusus, 168 
polygoni (Hypera), 44 
Polygonia, lxxiv 
Polyhirma, 333, 365 
polyhistor (Cryptocephalus), 374 
Polyphaga, 456 
Polyrachis, 344, 355, 375 
Polysphincta, 21, 24, 49 
Polysticta, 365, 374 
Polystoma, 165 
pomarius (Doryctes), 29, 60, 61 
pomerantzevi (Forficula), 113 
pomonz (Adimonia), 36 
pomorum (Anthonomus), 52 
(Cureulio), 52 
Ee (Pimpla), 52 
Pompilus, 317, 369 
Pontia, iv, v 
poppea (Mylothris), xviii, xix, 
1xxil 
populi (Byctiscus), 41 
(Chrysomela), 35 
(Limenitis), lxvi 
ab. tremule (Limenitis), xvi 
,,  (Melasoma), 35 
populnea (Saperda), 30 
populneus (Cerambyx), 31 
(Echthrus), 31 
(Ephialtes), 24, 30 
5 (Euglenes), 399 
porcatus (Anomalipus), 321 
a (Micropeplus), 393 
porcellio (Homalodemas), 333 
porcellus (Strophomorphus), 399 
porcicollis (Psammodius), 396 
porculus (Helophorus), 390 
porima (Araschnia), lxxiii, Ixxiv 
Porizon, 34, 38, 39, 40, 55, 56 
porphyrella (Acrobasis), 161 


be) 


> 


Ixx, 


2) 


3”) 


( cliii_ ) 


potentille (Sibinia), 168 
Potosia, 166, 396 
Potus, 216 
poultoni (Kosmetor), 122 

5 (Mimacrea), 79 
poutieri (Hesperia), 453 
preecatorius (Xorides), 25, 26, 31 
precisus (Bracon), 28 
precox (Bracon), 33 
Premachilus, 1xxxiii 
preetoriz (Acanthonyx), 334 
preeusta (Cerambyx), 32 

»,  (Saperda), 32, 60 

»,  (Tetrops), 32, 56 
preustum (Bembidion), 388 
preeustus (Rhynchites), 401 
Praos, 107 
Prasocuris, 36, 44, 402 
pratellus (Crambus), 162 
pratensis (Longitarsus), 402, 493 

i minima (Longitarsus), 403 
praunsi (Belonogaster), 316, 369, 371 
Precis, 315-357, 372, 439, 453 
Pria, 395 
primita (Sibinia), 400 
Priobium, 19 
Prionus, 24 
procax (Myrmedonia), 345 
procera (Phyllotreta), 402 
procerulus (Bisnius), 165 
processus (Mitritettix), 229 
procontias (Pterophorus), 496 
Proctotrupes, 8, 17, 39 
Proctotrupide, xiii 
producta (Scelimena), 218, 219 
profligator (Meteorus), 23 
progemmaria (Hybernia), ii 
Promachus, 360 
Promeces, 311, 369, 378 
Promecidus, 370 
Pronomea, 391 
Prorachthas, 380 
Proreus, 126, 129, 130, 131 
proscarabeeus (Meloé), xvi, lxxili 
Prosopis, 313, 368, 375 
protensa (Doru), 124 
Prothymnia, 161 
Protinus, 393 
Prototettix, 361, 371, 374 
protuberans (Bracon), 58, 59 

ap (Dendrosoter), 59, 62 
proximus (Apotettix), 237 
pruinosum (Orthetrum), 305 
of race neglectum (Orthetrum), 
305 

prunaria (Angerona), xxi 
prunata (Cidaria), ii 
pruni (Eccoptogaster), 60 

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1907. 


pruni (Scolytus), 29, 60 
Psammodes, 339, 340, 371 
Psammodius, 396 
Psaryphis, 336, 345 
Pselaphide, 393 
Pselnophorus, 491, 492 
pseudacori (Mononychus), 54 
Pseudagrion, 307, 308, 354, 356, 362 
Pseudochelidura, 94, 95 
Pseudocolaspis, 345, 355 
Pseudoderopeltis, 370, 467 
Pseudomacronia, 354, 356, 360 
Pseudomops, 458, 464 
Pseudonaclia, 320, 330 
Pseudonympha, 312, 331, 367, 
376, 378, 379, 380 
Pseudophleeus, 170 
Pseudosterrha, 331, 381 
Pseudothyrsocera, 469 
Psilothrix, 167, 386, 397 
Psylliodes, 37, 402 
Ptenidium, 394 
Pteromalus, 11—67 
Pterophoride, Ixxxvi 
Pterophorus, 473, 493, 494, 495, 
497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 
504 
Pteropus, 421, 428 
Pterostichus, 8 
Pterygospidea, 323, 330, 373 
Ptilini, 19 
Ptilinus, 21 
Ptilium, lxxxi 
Ptinide, 18, 397 
ptinoides (Acalles), 400 
5 (Ochina), 22 
Ptinus, 18, 398 
Ptomophagus, 393 
puberula (Agonoscelis), 346 
3 (Aleochara), 391 
pubescens (Apion), 401 
DO (Auletes), 169 
a (Conurus), 392 
a (Epitrix), 170 
Ae (Forficula), 114 
i (Lachnea), 169 
ar (Ophonus), 389 
as (Pityophthorus), 65 
5 (Polygraphus), 64 
pudicata (Ortholitha), 333 
puella (Pseudonaclia), 320, 330 
pulchella (Deiopeia), 335, 364 
sf (Phyllodromia), 470 
“ff (Terias), 448, 449 
Ae (Theganopteryx), 470 
Bt (Utetheisa), 335, 364 
pulchellus (Cheiropachus), 63 
ts (Chelisoches), 116 
L 


372, 


496, 
503, 


( clin. ) 


pulchellus (Cleonymus), 59 
ae (Scymnus), 403 
pulcherrimus (Saprinus), 396 
pulchripennis (Chelisoches), 127, 128 
pulicarius (Rhamphus), 168, 385, 401 
pullus (Sciobius), 327, 374 
pulverosa (Zamarada), 331 
pulverosaria (Craspedia), 323 
pumila (Blatta), 468 
punctalis (Stenia), 163 
punctata (Lelia), 368 
a (Saperda), 387, 402 
re (Teleas), 61 
punctatus (Brachistes), 20, 21 
i. (Colotes), 164, 167, 397 
- (Entedon), 49 
is (Epitettix), 216 
As (Pentodon), 396 
- (Tridymus), 33, 42 
puncticosta (Aspidomorpha), 249, 250, 
251, 252 
punctifera (Euproctis), 323, 330 
punctifrons (Ischnoptera), 470 
9 (Phyllodromia), 470 
punctiger (Ceuthorrhynchus), 55 
punctillum (Scymunus), 403 
punctipennis (Exocentrus), 29 
59 (Mycetoporus), 392 
(Trogophleeus), 393 
punctulatus (Chelisoches), 127 
Fe (Penthicus), 398 
ae (Xantholinus), 392 
purpuralis (Pyrausta), 162 
purpurascens (Meloé), 399 
pusaria (Cabera), li 
pusillidactyla (Platyptilia), 483 
pusillima (Oligota), 391 
pusillum (Anobium), 18 
* (Ptenedium), 394 
pusillus (Aphanisticus), 166 
os (Campoplex), 17 
»,  (Ceraphron), 66 
,,  (Dryophilus), 18 
»,  (Ephialtes), 26 
Ar (Stenus), 166 
(Trogophleeus), 393 
pustulata (Xylopertha), 398 
pustulosa (Phyllodromia), 470 
Pycnoglypta, 393 
Pycnoscelus, 459 
Pygera, lxiv 
pygmeea (Agriocnemis), 308 
. (Aphthona), 402 
5 (Bruchus), 401 
pygmieus (Cryptocephalus), 169 
i (Eeccoptogaster), 59 
53 (Helops), 399 
* (Limnichus), 166 


pygmeeus (Olibrus), 394 
BA (Trichoptilus), 472 
Pygostolus, 34 
Pyrameis, 160, 161, 315, 318, 331, 
333, 334, 335, 336, 338, 339, 365, 
367, 377, 378, 380, "437, 439 
pyraster (Mecinus), 401 
Pyrausta, 162, 368 
Pyrgus, 363 
pyritosa (Haltica), 347 
Pyrophorus, xxxii 
pyrrhoceras (Balaninus), 56 
- (Balanobius), 168 
Pyrrhosoma, 307 
quadrata (Otumba), 235 
quadricollis (Hypocoprus), 395 
Re (Ochthebius), 390 
quadridens (Ceuthorrhynchus), 400 
quadrifasciata (Strangalia), 28 
quadrigemina (Chrysomela), 386, 402 
quadriguttata (Arsinoé), 327 
quadriguttatum (Bembidium), 165 
quadriguttatus (Aphodius), 396 
quadrimaculata (Libellula), 304 
quadrimaculatum (Bembidium), 165 
quadrimaculatus (Dromius), 390 
quadrioculata (Isotoma), lxxxii 
quadripuncta (Callimorpha), 162 
quadripunctata (Anthaxia), 15 
a (Buprestis), 15 
(Zonabris), 167 
quadrivirgatus (Miridius), 171 
quadrum (Cheiropachus), 59, 62, 63 
es (Pachychirus), 57 
quatuordecim-pustulata (Coccinella), 
170 
quatuordecem-striata (Carcinops), 396 
quatuor-guttatus (Anthicus), 399 
quatuor-pustulatus (Exochomus), 403 
Quedius, xxxii, 392 
quercus (Cceliodes), 54 
,,  (Curculio), 49, 55 
,  (Orchestes), 49, 50, 55 
,, (Rhynchenus), 168 
»  (Trypodendron), xxxii 
,,  (Zephyrus), 161 
quinqueangularis (Canidia), 36 
quingue-guttata (Bruchus), 401 
55 v. meleagrina (Bru- 
chus), 401 
quinque-lineata (Prosopis), 368, 375 
quinquepunctata (Coccinella), 11, 12 
quinquepunctatus (Cryptocephalus), 34 
quisquilius (Cercyon), 390 
radiatus (Ceraphron), 67 
radiolus (Apion), 401 
radzayanus (Spathius), 16, 26, 27, 54 
raguse (Malthodes), 397 


» 


( 


rahel (Terias), 448 
Rahinda, 443 
rahira (Acrea), 352 
ralumensis (Trichoptilus), 473 
ramburii (Orthetrum), 305 
ramulorum (Pteromalus), 63 
rape (Pieris), 161 
», (Ceuthorrhynchus), 55 
raphani (Gastrophysa), 36 
»,  (Pontia), v 
Raphidia, 17 
Raphitelus, 60, 62, 64 
rapidus (Podalirins), 356 
raptor (Oxyptilus), 478 
ratzeburgi (Scolytus), 60 
raucus (Pedilophorus), 138, 139 
ravula (Bryophila), 162 
»,  ereptricula (Bryophila), 162 
ravus (Labus), 345 
rebus (Cosmiella), 118 
5, (Opisthocosmia), 104, 105 
recondita (Oxypoda), 391 
redempta (Forficula), 115 
reflexa (Blatta), 467 
,,  (Petasodes), 467 
regius (Pteromalus), 42 
regularis (Terias), 317, 319, 322, 326, 
329 
rehni (Sarcinatrix), 103 
reichei (Bruchus), 398 
(Mycetoporus), 392 
»,  (Ptinus), 398 
reissigii (Pimpla), 54 
reitteri (Microptinus), 397 
»,  (Niptus), 397 
relucens (Ischnoptera), 470 
»,  (Phyllodromia), 470 
Remigia, 326 
repanda (Remigia), 326 
reppensis (Hyperaspis), 170 
reptans (Phlceopora), 9 
reticulata (Blatta), 468 
reticulatum (Lygzosoma), 170 
retusus (Strophosomus), 168 
reyi (Oligomerus), 398 
Rhabdinocerus, 355 
Rhabdotis (Pachnoda), 342, 345 
rhadama (Junonia), 439 
3 (Precis), 439, 453 
Rhadamanthus, 120, 121 
rhadia (Callidryas), 447 
»,  (Catopsilia), 429 
Rhagium, 27, 188, 195 
rhamni (Clytus), 169 
5, (Gonepteryx), 161 
Rhamphus, 168, 385, 401 
Rhanidophora,*327 
Rhinocyllus, 45, 54, 400 


29 


ely ) 


rhipheus (Urania), 410 
Rhipiphoride, 399 

Rhizobius, 403 

Rhizophagus, 395 
Rhizotrogus, 164, 166 

rhoda (Areyophora), 342 
rhododactylus (Phlceophthorus), 64 
rhomboidalis (Brachybasis), 330, 360 
Rhopalocampta, 320, 323, 452 
Rhopalomesites, 57 
Rhopalopus, 387, 402 
Rhynchenus, 165, 168 
Rhynchites, 41, 164, 169, 401 
Rhychium, 354 
Rhynchomyia, 343 
Rhynchophora, 40 
Rhynchotettix, 228 

rhyncoli (Exothecus), 57 
rhyparias (Alucita), 489 
Rhyparobia, 467, 468 
Rhyssalus, 67 

Rhyssemus, 396 

Rhyticoris, 371 


| Rhytidoderes, 400 


Rhytirrhinus, 365 
rigida (Myrmeecia), 891 
riparius (Quedius), xxxii 
,,  (Trogophleeus), 393 
ritseme (Deuterocopus), 474 
»,  (Proreus), 130 
rivularis (Lygeus), 337 
rivulata (Chalciope), 341 
robsoni (Aplecta), xvii 
robusta (Euthrips), Ixxxii 
robusticorne (Apion), 401 
robustus (Acanthalobus), 222 
»,  (Brachistes), 47 
rodriguesi (Anthicus), 167, 399 
rodziankoi (Forficula), 113 
reeselii (Platycleis), 1x 
Rogas, 19, 54, 67 
rogersi (Kedestes), 81 
,,  (Telipna), 78 
Roptrocerus, 59, 64, 65, 66, 67 
rosarum (Tetrastichus), 43 
roscidus (Agrilus), 166 
rosenhaueri (Pezomachus), 34 
roseomaculatus (Calocoris), 171 
rosina (Heliconius), xvi 
rostrata (Pronomea), 391 
rostratus (Rhynchotettix), 228 
rotundatus (Coptotettix), 241, 242 
rubella (Catacanthacris), xxix 
ruber (Capsus), 171 
rubi (Anthonomus), 168 
», (Bombyx), Ixxxiii, Ixxxv 
rubicunda (Formica), 419 
rubida (Lagria), 167 


( ela )) 


rubidus (Spathius), 63 
rubiginosus yee): 33 
rubriceps (Alysia), 5 
“A (Opius), 30, 57 
rubricosta (Mylothris), Xviil 
rubripes (Saprinus), 396 
rubrobasalis (Phrissura), 1xxi 
a (Pinacopteryx), xxx, Ixv, 
Ixvi, lxx 
rubrodactylus (Deuterocopus), 473, 474 
rudis (Sparticerus), 339, 340 
rufa (Blatta), 459, 461 
,, (Formica), xlix, lxxxi, 415, 417 
,, (Ischnoptera), 461 
rufator (Bracon), 33, 48 
rufescens (Apion), 401 
5 (Orchesella), Ixxxii 
ruficeps (Neolobophora), 119 
», (Pompilus), 369 
ruticollis (Blatta), 468 
nA (Forficula), 111 
(Necrobia), 397 
_ (Omophlus), 164, 167 
ruficorne (Acridium), 327, 374 
ruficornis (Blacus), 53 
55 (Grammoptera), xxv, 28 
rufilabris (Cereus), 395 
A (Microgaster), 20 
rufimana (Bruchus, 33, 401 
es v. velutina (Bruchus), 401 
rufimanus (Philonthus), 164, 165 
rufipenne (Lathrobium), lxvili 
rufipennis (Aleochara), 165 
rufipes (Anobium), 20 
,,  (Bruchus), 34, 401 
»,  (Cerambyx), 30 
»,  (Cryptocephalus), 169 
»,  (Halticella), 21 
»,  (Necrobia), 339, 397 
»,  (Platynus), 311 
»,  (Rhyparobia), 468 
(Trechus), 336 
rufirostre (Apion), 42, 401 
rufiventris (Pseudothyrsocera), 469 
rufoznea (Chrysomela), 169 
rufo-cinctus (Harpalus), 365 
rufo-marginatus (Harpalus), 365 
rufo-nigra (Myzine), 343 
rufostigma (Ischnura), 307 
rufula (Pycnoglypta), 393 
rufulus (Phygadeuon), 44 
rufus (Ammobius), 398 
rugator (Rogas), 67 
rugiceps (Osorius), 361 
rugifrons (Phyllotreta), 402 
rugosa (Zetobora), 467 
rugoso-punctata (Microlestia), 313 
rugosus (Acanthalobus), 221, 222 


” 


rugosus (Brachistes), 57 
»,  (Helophorus), 390 
»,  (Meloé), 399 
»  (Nabis), Ses 
»,  (Spathius), 5 
rugulosus ‘Caner hpactniay 400 
AA (Eccoptygaster), 61 
a (Microdus), 65 
(Scolytus), 29, 60, 61 
rumanzovius (Papilio), 4 
rumicis (Hypera), 44 
rupens (Rhynchium), 354 
riippellii (Mylothris), xix, xxix, xxi, 
lxxiil, 366, 370, 376 
ss (Promachus), 360 
ruspator (Helcon), 28 
russica (Triplax), 13 
rustica (Adimonia), 36 
rusticum (Gonocephalum), 398 
rusticus (Ischnoceros), 25, 27 
5,  (Telephorus), xxiv 
rutilus (Chrysophanus), 1 
saba (Glutophrissa), 325, 329, 359 
sabacus (Pseudonympha), 312 
sabadius (Eagris), 452 
5 (Nisoniades), 452 
sabina (Molippa), 181, 182 
»  (Orthetrum), 304 
sabuleti (Trachyscelis), xxvii 
sabulicola (Bothrostethus), 170 
sabulosa (Asida), 167 
sacraria (Sterrha), 312, 332, 336, 364 
safitza (Mycalesis), 317, 318, 319, 322, 
325, 329, 359, 367, 372 
saginatus (Acanthalobus), 221 
Salamis, 317, 318, 321, 325, 329, 429, 
437, 440, 441, 450 
Salda, 170 
salebrosus (Apanteles), 10, 68 
salicis (Orchestes), 49 
Salius, Ixiv, 354 
saltator (Orthocephalus), 171 
salzmanni (Abacetus), 165 
sanctiflorentis (Prothymnia), 161 
sandaracata (Prosopis), 313, 368 
sanguinea (Formica), xlix, 415, 416 
417, 419, 420 
sanguineirostris (Veterna), 371 
sanguineum (Callidium), 25 
5 (Sympetrum), 377 
sanguineus (Cerambyx), 25 
ss (Harpactor), 170 
sanguinicollis (Psederus), 165 
sanguinolenta (Chrysomela), 169 
(Scelimena), 218 
sansibarica (Sphingolabis), 98, 117. 
sao (Syrienthus), 161 
Saperda, 30, 31, 32, 60, 387, 402 


@ elvir™ ) 


Saprinus, 166, 396 
Sarakas, 106, 107 
Sarangesa, 320, 329, 371 
Sarcinatrix, 99, 102 


Sarcophaga, 313, 324, 327, 336, 354, 


375 
sardoa (Pimelia), 398 
3,  subscabra (Pimelia), 398 
» _ (Tentyria), 398 
sarpedon (Papilio), 5 
sataspes (Pyrgus), 363 
»,  (Syrichthus), 363 
saturnus (Charaxes), 346 
ee (Papilio), 3 
Satyrus, 161 
saussurel (Pilema), 469 
saxesenii (Pteromalus), 52 
scaber (Paratettix), 241 
scabiosee (Zygeena), 162 
sceabra (Blatta), 467 
»» (Hypospheeria), 467 
scabricollis (Pachytychius), 168 
a (Psammodes), 339, 340 
scabriculus (Trachyphlceus), 44 
seabridus (Discotettix), 214 
sealaris (Saperda), 31 
scandatula (Homoptera), 350 
scanicus (Cryptophagus), 394 
Scantius, 377 
Scaptobius, 332 
scapularis (Cymindis), 165 
(Holeostethus), 321 
(Malthinus}, 397 
x (Otumba), 235 
scarabeoides (Phlcotribus), 401 
Scarabeeus, 375, 396 
Scardia, 37 
Scaria, 244 
Scarites, 386, 388 
searodactylus (Leioptilus), xii 
Scaurus, 386, 398 
Scelimena, 218, 219 
Sceliphron, 354 
scheefferi (Sisyphus), 166 
schistaca (Polyrachis), 344, 355 
Schistocerca, 343, 345, 346, 355 
schlagintweiti (Forficula), 110 
schreberi (Cerocoma), 167 
i, (Onthophagus), 166 
Sciaphilus, 168, 399 
Sciatheras, 62 
Sciobius, 327, 374 
Sclerocarya, 344, 355 
Scleron, 398 
Scolia, 14 
scolyticida (Cceloides), 58, 59 


99 


29 


Scolytus, 29, 32, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66, 
401 


scolytus (Eccoptogaster), 57, 60, 61 
»,  (Hlachestus), 58 
»,  (Scolytus), 401 
Scopzus, 166, 392 
scoparium (Spartium), 33 
scoparius (Microcheetes), 135, 136, 137, 
138 
scotalis (Parthenodes), 350 
Scraptia, 167 
scriptus (Brachycoleus), 171 
scrophulariz (Cionus), 53 
sculpta (Mazarredia), 231 
sculpturatus (Oxytelus), 393 
sculptus (Oxytelus), 393 
scutellaris (Atomaria), 394 
(Bracon), 20, 40 
(Capsus), 171 
ie (Henicopus), 397 
rufotestaceus (Henicopus), 
397 
(Orchestes), 49 
(Tachys), 388 
scutellata (Leptura), 27 
a5 (Lochmeea), 170 
Scybalicus, 389 
Scydmenus, Ixxxi, 393 
Scymnus, 170, 355, 364, 403 
sedecimguttata (Halyzia), 170 
sedecim-punctata (Micraspis), 170 
sedi (Apion), 169 
seeboldi (Amblyptilia), 483 
segmentarius (Harpactor), 376 
seladonia (Cassida), 3 
sellatus (Chlenius), 336 
sematias (Pterophorus), 496 
semele (Satyrus), 161 
semialata (Monastria), 467 
semicincta (Pseudothyrsocera), 469 
semiflava (Leuceronia), xxx 
semifulva (Sphingolabis), 9 
semiluteus (Hamaxas), 134 
seminarius (Bruchus), 33, 401 
515 Picipes (Bruchus), 401 
seminulum (Acritus), 396 
(Hypocyptus), 392 
Semiothisa, 338, 364, 368 
semipunctatus (S aprinus), 396 
oe (Scarabzeus), 396 
semirufa (Podagrica), 402 
semirufus (Orchestes), 48 
semivittatum (Apion), xlix, lv, 401 
semperinus (Papilio), 4 
senegalensis (Forficula), 113 
pe (Terias), 319, 326, 353, 
356, 359 
Sepedon, 347, 360 
sepicola (Tropideres), lxix 
septemguttata (Cassida), 456 


3? 


( elviii ) 


septempunctata (Coccinella), 12, 403 
Serenthia, 170 
sericans (Trichopteryx), 394 
sericatus (Ptomophagus), 395 
sericea (Melanophthalma), 394 
(Nyctibora), 467 
»»  (Oxypoda), 391 
sericeus (Cafius), 165, 392 
(Camponotus), 361 
», | (Rhynchites), 164, 169 
Sericoderus, 394 
seriesetosus (Sitona), 400 
serindibanus (Pterophorus), 497 
Serinetha, 376 
serratus (Henoticus), ]xxxi 
sertata (Bruchus), 401 
servilia (Crocothemis), 304 
sesamus (Precis), 315, 317, 318, 328, 
338, 334, 335, 352, 355 
Sesia, 1, 162 
sesquifasciatus (Elachestus), 
setifrons (Polydrusus), 168 
setiger (Orthochetes), 400 
setinodis (Liothrips), ]xxxi 
setosella (Dorcatoma), 22 
setulosum (Gonocephalum), 398 
severina (Belenois), xii, xiii, xxxi, 314, 
317, 319, 322, 325, 329, 352; 357, 
358, 359, 366, 370 
severus (Brachycerus), 336 
sexdentatum (Sinoxylon), 22 
sexguttatus (Calocoris), 171 
sexmaculatus (Cryptocephalus), 169 
sexnotata (Blatta), 467 
sexpunctata (Hylomela), 342, 356, 371 
- (Lachneea), 169 
sexstriatus (Tachys), 165 
shelfordi (Chelisoches), 133 
(Discotettix), 214 
is (Eparchus), 121 
Siagona, 388 
Sibinia, 168, 400 
sibylla (Limenitis), 443 
5,  (Neptis), 358 
siccatorum (Pteromalus), 63, 67 
siculus (Sciaphilus), 399 
sieboldi (Pteromalus), 35 
Sigalphus, 20, 21, 22, 33, 34, 42, 48. 
49, 51, 54, 55, 57, 67 
signaticollis (Cryptocephalus), 402 
signaticornis (Bruchus), 34 
signatus (Cardiophorus), 164, 166 
= (Ophioneurus), 41 
silacea (Aspidomorpha), 369 
silana (Forficula), 114 
silas (Argiolaus), 316, 367, 376 
silenus (Phyllognathus), 396 
silesiacus (Bracon), 64 


> 


9 


4 


50 


99 


| Silpha, 386, 393 


silphoides (Leucoparyphus), 392 
Silvanus, 395 
similator (Perilitus), 38 
similis (Epilachna), 331 
»,  (Euparatettix), 238 
simillima (Molippa), 182 
simillimus (Hexachrysis), 374 
simonsii (Mycalesis), 345 
simplex (Hypurgus), 102 
,,  (C&demera), 399 
,,  (Ophioneurus), 41 
(Prosopis), 368 
(Syntomis), 320 
;,  (Zeritis), 363 
simplicicornis (Pedilophorus), 133, 139, 
141 
simulans (Forficula), 130 
$3 (Proreus), 130, 131 
simum (Gymnetron), 401 
sinapis (Leptidia), 161 
singularis (Holoparamecus), 394 
Sinodendron, 14 
Sinoxylon, 22 
sinuata (Apate), 22, 29, 61 
(Panesthia), xxxiv 
»,  (Xylopertha), 22, 59 
sinuaticollis (Diglotta), 165 
sinuatus (Bostrychus), 22 
(Hister), 166 
3 (Phlceonotus), 242 
sinuella (Homceosoma), 163 
Sirex, 188, 192, 208 
Sisyphus, 164, 166 
Sitaris, xlix 
Sitona, 400 
Sitones 168, 386 
sjostedti (Forficula), 112, 116 
Skalistes, 120, 121 
Skendyle, 104, 105, 118 
Skendyline, 94, 117 
skoptoles (Mimacrea), 78 
skrimshiramus (Stenolophus), 389 
sloanus (Cydimon), 409 
smaragdulus (Eusomus), 168 
Smicronyx, 168, 385, 400 
Sminthurus, ]xxxiii 
smyrnensis (Forficula), 115 
snelleni (Metachrostis), 350 
»,  (Ozarba), 350 
sobrina (Pachnoda), 342, 345 
,,  (Rhabdotis), 342, 345 
sobrius (Proreus), 130 
Sochohora, 482 
Solenosoma, 126, 131 


99 


9? 


| solidum (Tetramorium), 333 


solidus (Microchetes), 138 
solieri (Parmena), 402 


(i ehixc 7) 


sordida (Colpodota), 391 
sordidator (Bracon), 46 
sordidula (Cremastogaster), 336, 371 
sordidus (Philonthus), 392 
soror (Polysphincta), 21 
spadix (Codiosoma), 400 
Spalgis, 178 
Sparatta, 91, 125 
sparganii (Nonagria), liii 
sparsus (Rhynchenus), 168 
sparsutus (Pachytychius), 164, 168 
Sparticerus, 339, 340, 341 
spartii (Bruchus), 33 
;, (Cureulio), 34 
,,  (Hylesinus), 64 
»,  (Lixus), 168 
», (Phlceophthorus), 64 
spathiiformis (Bracon), 19 
Spathius, 15, 16,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 
26, 27, 29, 47, 49, 54, 57, 58, 59, 
62, 63, 65, 67 
speciosus (Teracolus), 322, 326, 329 
speculifrons (Oxytelus), 393 
sperans (Pseudosterrha), 331 
spermatias (Pterophorus), 499 
Spermophagus, 401 
sphacelatus (Peribalus), 170 
spheericus (Microcheetes), 135, 136 
Spheridium, 390 
Spheroderma, 387, 403 
Sphecophaga, 40 
sphegiformis (Globiceps), 171 
Sphenophorus, 400 
Sphex, 17, 40 
Sphingolabis, 92, 97, 98, 117, 123, 132 
Sphingomorpha, 362 
Sphinx, 366 
spica (Mylothris), xviii, xix, xxx, lxx, 
lxxi 
spiculifera (Doru), 124 
spilodesma (Orneodes), 508 
Spindasis, 80, 245, 247, 248, 338, 363 
spini (Thecla), 161 
spinicollis (Monotoma), 395 
spinilobus (Cryptotettix), 230 
spinipes (Odoutomerus), 30 
spinole (Pteromalus), 61, 66 
spinosus (Platystethus), 392 
spinulosa (Hispa), 347 
spio (Hesperia), 363, 364, 373 
», (Syrichthus), 364 
Spiramiopsis, xi 
spirifex (Sceliphron), 354 
spitzyi (Bruchus), 398 
»,  (Ptinus), 398 
spoliata (Baris), 400 
» (Idoea), 323 
spoliataria (Ectropis), 370 


Spondylis, 164, 169 
Spongiphora, 91, 93 
spretulus (Saprinus), 396 
spurius (Syrichthus), 371, 374 
squalida (Epicometis), 386, 396 
squalidus (Cheerorrhinus), 400 
squamifer (Ellimenistes), 371 
squamosus (Dicranocnemus), 378 
a (Pachytychius), 400 
s-signata (Spalgis), 178 
stabilis (Bracon), 63 
stadelmanni (Cremastogaster), 380 
stadias (Pterophorus), 498 
Stalachtis, xxix 
stali (Tryxalis), 330, 376 
Staphylinide, 10, 386, 391 
statilinus (Satyrus), 161 
stellata (Euproctis), 323 
Stemmatophora, 350 
Stenia, 163 
Stenocephalus, 170 
Stenodontus, 206 
Stenolophus, 165, 389 
Stenopterus, 169 
Stenoptilia, 504 
Stenosis, 386, 398 
Stenostoma, 399 
Stenozygum, 374 
Stenus, 164, 166, 392 
Sterconychus, 53 , 
Sterranthia, 313, 332 
Sterrha, 312, 332, 336, 364 
Sthenarus, 171 
stictica (Leucocelis), 166 
»,  (Oxythyrea), xxix 
stictita (Atelocera), 316 
Stictostix, 145 
Stilbus, 394 
stilicina (Domene), 392 
Stilicus, 392 
stolida (Basipta), 249, 252 
Storthygocerus, 61, 64 
stragulatus (Longitarsus), 402 
Stramia, 323, 365 
Strangalia, 28 
strangulata (Leptura), 164, 169 
strangulatus (Eremotes), 57 
i (Longitarsus), 386 
stratioticus (Chelisches), 129 
stratocles (Papilio), 1, 6 
stratoclides (Papilio), 6 
Strengophorus, 368 
striata (Coscinia), 162 
striatulus (Sigalphus), 33, 34 
striatum (Achenium), 392 
Me (Anobium), 19 
as (Apion), 169 
(Asemum), 205 


Kiel 7) 


striatum agreste (Asemum), 205 
striatus (Scaurus), 391 
strichnocera (Dictyonota), 170 
strigulifera (Craspedia), 368 
striolata (Eurytoma), 59 
striolatum (Sympetrum), 303, 304 
striolatus (Ischius), 49 
strobilana (Tortrix), 20 
strobilorum (Pimpla), 20 
Strongylocoris, 171 
Strongylogaster, vii 
Strophomorphus, 399 
Strophosomus, 168, 374 
strumosa (Lomechusa), 415, 419 
Stugeta, 80, 344, 353, 363 
stygne (Erebia), 159 
Stygnocoris, 170 
stylata (Xistra), 231 
stylifera (Hypospheeria), 370 
Styloceras, 62 
Stylosomus, 164, 169 
Styrax, xxxi 
subeeneus (Dasytes), 167 
oe (Harpalus), 365 
subaptera (Doru), 124 
subcinctus (Campoplex), 44 
Subcoccinella, 170 
subdepressus (Cryptophagus), 1 
subfulvata (Eupithecia), 1i 
subinteger (Ochthebius), 390 
subnotatus (Trechus), 389 
subopacum race australe 
rium), 339 
subrufus (Corizus), 170 
subspissata (Epirrhoé), 323 
substriatus (Phalacrus), 394 
subsulcatus (Hister), 327 
subtilicornis (Diadromus), 31 
subulifer (Storthygocerus), 61, 64 
subvillosus (Scymnus), 403 
5 pubescens (Scymnus), 403 
subzonatus (Hemiteles), 13 
suffumata (Cidaria), ii 
suleata (Falagria), 391 
s, (Myrmecopora), 391 
sulcatus (Bracon), 21, 22 
»,  (Hecabolus), 18, 21, 22 
», (Lopus), 170 
,,  (Otiorrhynehus), xxix 
sulcicollis (Ceuthorrhynchus), 55 
3 (Psammodius), 396 
suleicornis (Verlusia), 170 
sulcifrons (Apion), 43 
a (Barypithes), 168 
sumatranus (Troides), 2 
Sunius, 166, 392 
supellectilium (Phyllodromia), 469 
superba (Lobophora), 128 


(Monomo- 


superbus (Lygzeus), 170 
supra (Leuceronia), xxx 
surinamensis (Blatta), 456, 457, 458, 
462 
Ap (Pycnoscelus), 459, 462 
sf (Sylvanus), 395 
suspensus (Pteromalus), 47, 64, 66, 67 
suspicax (Ichneumon), 31 
sutor (Cerambyx), 30 
;, (Monochammus), 30 
suturalis (Cymindis), 390 
- (Lochmeea), lxxxiv, Ixxxv 
sybaris (Tarucus), 334 
sycophanta (Calosoma), 7 
sykesi (Cyclopodia), 421, 
425, 426, 428 
sylvia (Phrissura), xviii, xix, xxx, lxx, 
xxi 
Symbiotes, 394 
Sympetrum, 303, 304, 377 
Sympycna, 308 
Syncalypta, 396 
Synchita, 13 
Synchloé, 311, 331, 334, 335, 338, 
339, 372, 377 
syncecoides (Lycanthropa), 312 
Syntomis, 320, 368, 373, 375 
Syrichthus, 161, 363, 364, 371, 374, 
400 
Syromastes, 170 
Syrphus, 524, 360, 369 
Syssita, 368 
Systasis, 51 
Systeechus, 340, 344, 374 
Systolederus, 227 
sythoffi (Platyptilia), 482 
Tabanus, 357, 360 
Tabanide, xlv 
tabida (Microlestia), 310, 378 
tabidus (Longitarsus), 403 
»,  (Meteorus), 28, 31 
Tachina, 8 
Tachyporus, 392 
Tachypus, 165 
Tachyris, xviii, 1xxii 
Tachys, 164, 165, 388 
Tachyusa, 165, 391 
teeniata (Acmeodera), 166 
teniolatum (Orthetrum), 305 
teeniops (Eristalis), 317, 324, 330, 369, 
373 
tagalica (Epilampra), 469 
Tagiades, 323 
tagis (Anthocharis), v 
taikosama (Alceides), 343, 345 
tales tales (Eueides), lxxvi 
talpoides (Hemimerus), xxxiil 
tamul (Neolobophora), 119, 120 


422, 424, 


Co eelxi29) 


Tanagra, ii 
Tapheeus, 19 
Taphrorychus, 66 
taprobanes (Amblyptilia), 482 
i" (Platyptilia), 482, 483 
tardator (Helicon), 26, 29 
tardii (Mesites), 57 
tardus (Oncotus), 379 
tardyi (Rhopalomesites), 57 
tarsalis (Stenus), 166 
tarsatus (Paltothyreus), 354, 357 
,,  (Scydmeuus), 393 
tartarea (Cutilia), 469 
Tarucus, 316, 329, 334, 343, 358, 360, 
367, 372, 445 
taurus (Anthracias), 330 
*,, (Onthophagus), 166, 396 
taxicornis (Labidostomis), 402 
tecta (Aspidomorpha), 375 
tectiformus (Deltonotus), 215 
Teleas, 50, 61 
Telephorus, xxiv, 167, 374, 378, 380 
telesicles (Papilio), 4 
telicanus (Cupido), 445 
ss (Lampides), 152 
es (Lyceena), 161, 445 
6 (Tarucus), 316, 329, 343, 358, 
360, 367, 372, 445 
Telipna, 78 
tellonus (Papilio), 3 
Telmatettix, 241 
Temnopterix, 379 
temora (Kosmetor), 123 
tenax (Eristalis), 310, 381 
tenebrator (Chelisoches), 129 
tenebricosa (Timarcha), 35 
Tenebrio, 399 
Tenebrioides, 395 
Tenebrionide, 146, 398 
tenebrionis (Capnodis), 397 
tenebrosus (Harpalus), 389 
is (Melanotus), 166 
tenella (Blatta), 469 
» (Mantispa), 376 
tenellum (Achenium), 392 
a (Pyrrhosoma), 307 
tener (Cxenocryptus), 29 
tengstreemi (Deuterocopus), 474 
tenuestriatus (Trachyscelis), xxvii 
tenuicollis (Ochthenomus), 399 
tenuistriga (Crambus), 364 
Tentyria, 167, 386, 387, 398 
tephradactylus (Leioptilus), xii 
Tephrina, 317, 333 
Tephrosia, 449 
Teracolus, xii, xiii, xxiii, xxiv, 312-376, 
431 
terebella (Bracon), 50 


terebrans (Pimpla), 29, 30, 47 
teredo (Mesoleptus), 24, 32 
teres (Glypta), 31 
Teretrius, 11 
Terias, 314-359, 448 
terminalis (Halictus), 380 
: (Microctonus), 12 
5 (Rhyticoris), 371 
terminatus (Perilitus), 11 
terpsichore (Acrea), 317, 318, 328 
tersus (Aphodius), 396 
Tessaratoma, 253, 255, 256 
tessellata (Dicheetometopia), 337 
tessellatus v. humilis (Hydroporus), 
390 
A (Pteromalus), 56 
testacea (Hispa), 170 
testaceipes (Orthocentrus), 37 
testaceum (Lasioderma), 398 
Pe (Spheeroderma), 403 
testaceus (Pentaphyllus), 398 
5 (Stilbus), 394 
teter (Curculio), 51 
», (Gymnetron), 51 
Tetradia, 339, 351 
Tetramorium, 333 
Tetraschalis, 474, 475, 476 
Tetrastichus, 36, 43, 48, 49 
Tetrigine, 213, 226, 228, 236 
Tetrix, 234, 236, 239 
Tetropium, 31, 32, 183-208 
Tetrops, 32, 56 
etrum (Gymnetron), 168 
Tetticerus, 230 
Tettigidea, 243 
teutonus (Stenolophus), 165, 389 
thalassina (Epachromia), 377 
(Leuceronia), Ixx, Ixxii, 358, 
359 
Thammophilus, 32 
Thamnotrizon, Ixvi 
Thanasimus, 17 
thaumas (Hesperia), 161 
Thecagaster, 305 
Thecla, 161 
Theganopteryx, 470 
theora (Belenois), xxx, Ixx, lxxi 
Therates, 85, 86 
thermarum v. maritimus (Philonthus), 
392 
thermesialis (Hypena), 323 
thero (Phasis), 380 
Thersilochus, 13, 39, 55 
Thespis (Cacyreus), 380 
theuszi (Belenois), xxix, xxx, lxx, 1xxi, 
]xxii 
thoas thoas (Papilio), xxviii 
thomsoni (Cryptophagus), 394 


( clxii ) 


thoracicus (Hemiteles), 67 
- (Mesochorus), 35 
“ (Pezomachus), 53 
a (Sigalphus), 33 


Thorictus, 396 
Thrips, Lxxxii 
Throscus, 16 
Thylacites, 387 
Thyreopterus, 320 
Thyretes, 33+ 
Thyrsocera, 458, 469 
thysa (Belenois), Ixx, 1xxi, lxxii, 325, 
329 
Thysanura, Ixxxiii, 340 
thysbe (Phasius), 312 
Thysodactyla, 374 
tibialis (Calyptus), 19, 41 
»,  (Cheetoenema), 402 
;, (Erodius), 167 
»,  (Sitona), 400 
tigrina (Hypera), lv 
tigrinus (Cleonus), 168 
tiliz (Cryphalus), 65 
», (Phytocoris), 170 
Tillus, 17, 386, 397 
Timarcha, 35, 402 
timida (Baris), 400 
», (Liagrica), 402 
timidus (Pterophorus), 494 
Timomenus, 95, 96 
Tinegeria, 330, 347 
tinctor (Eumenes), 361, 369, 373, 375 
Tinea, 37 
Tine, 14 
Tiphia, 14 
Tirumala, 359 
Titanio, 163 
tithonus (Epinephile), 161 
tolteca (Ancistrogaster), 108 
tomentosus (Tychius), 400 
Tomicus, 66 
tomis (Forficula), 113 
Tomoglossa, 391 
topha (Teracolus), 319, 343 
Tormentilla, Ixxxv 
torrensensis (Morychus), 138 
torrida (Pseudomacromia), 354, 356, 
360 
Tortrix, 20, 31, 163 
Torymus, 31 
Trachyscelis, xxvi, 386, 398 
Trachyphleeus, 44, 400 
Tragia, 443 
transalpina (Zygena), 162 
transfuga (Campoplex), 31 
transversalis (Tillus), 386, 397 
transversus (Knicmus), 394. 
Trechus, 336, 389 


tremule (Lina), 36 
», (Melasoma), 36, 41 
triadias (Pterophorus), 494 
Tribolium, 398 
tricarinatus (Criotettix), 220 
tricausta (Orneodes), 506 
Trichiura, ii 
Trichius, 164, 166 
Trichodes, 167 
Trichopteryx, 394 
Trichoptilus, 472, 473 
Trichothrips, lxxxi 
trichotus (Sciatheras), 62 
tricolor (Bembidium), 165 
», (Ootheea), 378 
tricondyloides (Styrax), xxxi 
tricornis (Bledius), 393 
tricuspidatus (Ditomus), 389 
tridens (Eusandulon), 56, 67 
Tridymus, 33, 41, 62 
trifasciata (Phyllomacromia), 360 
trifasciatus (Attagenus), 166 
ae (Clytanthus), 169 
2 (Notoxus), 167 
trifolii (Anthrocera), xxviii 
», (Apion), 42 
», (Zygena), 162 
Trigonoderus, 20 
Trigonopus, 312, 336, 365, 369, 371 
Trilophidia, 331 
trimenia (Mylothris), lxxi, Ixxii, 314, 
366 
Trinodes, 145 
Tripetalocera, 213 
tripilis secunda (Musea), 15 
Triplax, Ixxxi, 13 
tristigma (Lachniea), 169 
tristis (Acridotheres), 441 
,, (Aleochara), 391 
,, (Anthicus), 167 
», (Bruchus), 401 
Trithemis, 304 
Tritomide, 395 
Trochalus, 351, 374 
Trochilium, 163 
trochilus (Macroglossa), 360, 368 
troglodytes (Ceuthorrhynchidius), 400 
a (Trogophleeus), 393 
Trogositide, 395 
Troides, 2 
Tropideres, lxix 
Tropistethus, 170 
Trox, 339, 396 
truncatus (Loxilobus), 223 
truncorum (Bracon), 26 
Tryphon, 35 
Trypodendron, xxxii, 1xxi 
Trypopitys, 20 


© sclxaii, }) 


Trypoxylon, 206 
Tryxalis, 330, 345, 376 
tuberculata (Blatta), 467 
Re (Brachycola), 467 
tuberculatus (Coptotettix), 241, 242 


- (Ephialtes), 24, 28, 31, 
46, 53 
(Ganyochorus), 43 

tuberculifer (PhyUobius), 168 
tuberculosis (Cionus), 53 
tuccius (Meloé), 399 
tullbergi (Anurida), Ixxxili 
turbatus (Balaninus), 168 

3;  (lixus), 45 
turbulenta (Osteodes), 331, 334, 370, 


373 
turida (Forficula), 115 
tuttodactyla (Marasmarcha), 412, 415 
Tychius, 400 
Typha, i 
Typhea, 13, 395 
typographlus (Bostrichus), 66 
ucedinis (Heterogynis), 162 
ulicis (Bruchus), 401 
umbellatarum (Anthaxia), 387, 397 
(Molorchus), 26 
umbrata (Oxypoda), 391 
undatus (Brachycerus), 400 
»,  (Tridymus), 33 
undecem-punctata (Coccinella), 403 
undulatus (Bracon), 29, 30 
i (Dermestes), 395 
unicolor (Aphodius), 396 
>,  (Cidemera), 399 
5,  (Perispheeria), 467 
unicornis (Bledius), 393 
unicostatus (Entedon), 49 
unifasciata (Atomaria), 394 
unifasciatus (Pceciloscytus), 171 
x (Tillus), 17 
uniformis (Elliptoblatta), 469 
a (Sunius), 166, 392 
unispinosa (Hadrocerus), 47 
Urania, xxviii, 405, 410 
urinator (Bracon), 45 
uroceriformis (Trochilium), 163 
Urodon, 401 
ursina (Polyphaga), 456 
ursus (Anisonyx), 379 
urticee (Phyllobius), 44 
», (Vanessa), 161 
urticarium (Apion), 43 
Usagaria, 345 
ustulatus (Cercyon), 390 
Utetheisa, 335, 364 
uvida (Myrmecopora), 391 
vaginule (Entedon), 52 
»,  (Pteromalus), 52, 53 


vaillantina (Egybolia), 327, 330 
validispinus (Bolotettix), 224, 226 
vallecula (Pteromalus), 58 
vandepolli (Troides), 3 
Vanessa, 161, 436 
varanes (Charaxes), 
367 
varia (Leuceronia), xxx 
variabile (Callidium), 26, 197 
variabilis (Bombus), xxxili 
Fa (Cyphon), 167 
»,  (Hypera), 400 
AF (Paratettix), 236 
varians (Anaspis), 399 
», (Chrysomela), 35 
»,  (Philonthus), 392 
variator (Bracon), 50, 51 
variegata (Adonia), 170 
ab (Antestia), 321 
is (Audea), 334 
if (Forficula), 132 
»  (Sphingolabis), 132 
variegatus (Bruchus), 398 
BS (Chlznius), 389 
- (Ptinus), 398 
variicornis (Hamaxas), 134 
variolosa (Chrysomela), 402 
variolosus (Oxylemus), lxix 
ne (Searabeeus), 396 
variopictus (Proreus), 130 
varipes (Apion), 169 
varius (Clytanthus), 402 
», (Hydroporus), 390 
velox (Anthicus), 399 
velutinus (Chlenius), 389 
ventralis (Hister), 396 
53 (Ochrosis), 402 
s (Philonthus), 392 
Venusia, ii 
verbasci (Anthrenus), 395 
»,  (Bradycellus), 389 
»,  (Cionus), 53 
Verlusia, 170 
vernale (Apion), 43 
vernaria (Euchloris), 334 
versicolor (Agonoscelis), 324 
on (Derocalymma), 469 
a (Pelochares), 166 
versicolora (Plagiodera), 36, 169 
versicolorea (Donzia), 169 
Vespa, 40 
vesparum (Sphecophaga), 40 
vestigialis (Syssita), 368 
vestita (Acantholepis), 333, 336, 365 
Veterna, 371 
vialis (Psammodes), 339, 340 
viator (Proctotrypes), 8 
vicaria (Forficula), 114 


318, 329, 352, 


( ichxiv,) 


vicarius (Pteromalus), 63 
vici# (Bruchus), 33 
vicina (Eparchus), 121 
victoria (Neocenyra), 77 
vidua (Pinacopteryx), Ixx, Ixxii 
viduatus (Ceuthorrhynchus), Ixviii 
viduus (Eupelmus), 50 
»,  (Pezomachus), 9 
vigilans (Pseudonympha), 378, 379 


vigintiquatuor-punctata (Subcocci- 
nella), 170 
viginti-quatuor-signata  (Polysticta), 


365 
vilis (Pselnophorus), 492 
villosa (Anoxia), 166 
villosulus (Gymnetron), 51 
villosus (Balaninus), 56 
,,  (Bostrichus), 61, 65 
;,  (Bruchus), 33 
»,  (Dryoceetes), 65 
viminalis (Orchestes), 50 
vincta (Monolepta), 358 
vindex (Hemipepsis), 354 
», (Hesperia), 364, 373 
»  (Salius), 354 
,,  (Syrichthus), 364 
vini (Cryptophagus), 394 
violacea (Curculio), 57 
»,  (Magdalis), 57 
violaceonigra (Timarcha), 35 
violaceum (Apion), 45, 401 
; (Callidium), 26, 197, 387, 
402 
violaceus (Carabus), 8 
»,  (Cryptocephalus), 169 
x3 (Cureulio), 57 
»,  (Meloé), 399 
me (Pteromalus), 56, 57 
Virachola, 320, 326, 329 
virescens (Blatta), 467 
5 (Panchlora), 463, 464 
~ (Pteromalus), 56, 57, 66, 67 
virgatus (Sitona), 400 
virgauree (Chrysophanus), 161 
virgo (Calopteryx), lxi 
viridana (Tortrix), 163 
viridescens (Meligethes), 13 
viridis (Agrilus), 16 
s» (Gecinus), 208 
s, (Malachius), 167 
,, (Panchlora), 463 
viridissima (Locusta), lx 
i (Palomena), 170 
viridissimus (Pachybrachys), 169 
viridula (Gastroidea), 36 
vishnu (Kosmetor), 123 
vistara (Troides), 2 
vitellina (Panchlora), 470 


vitripennis (Hadroceras), 52 
vittata (Cassida), 403 
»»  (Ceratina), 338 
vittatus (Chelisoches), 132 
»,  (Cryptocephalus), 164, 169 
a (Larinus), 400 
vivax (Opisthocosmia), 101 
Viax, 106, 108 
vomitoria (Calliphora), 381 
vorax (Apion), 401 
vulcanus cythera (Heliconius), xvi 
ab. modesta (Heli- 
conius), Xvi 
oi pyrforus (Heliconius), xvi 
vulgaris (Linaria), 51 
;,  (Pterostichus), 8 
;, (Vespa), 40 
vulgatum (Sympetrum), 303 
vulneratus (Diastictus), 396 
vulpinus (Dermestes), 339, 376 
wahlbergi (Carlisis), 370 
- (Periplaneta), 469 
es (Pseudoderopeltis), 370 
walkeri (Gyaria), 337 
,,  (Sunius), 392 
wallengrenii (Teracolus), 319 
waltoni (Phytobius), 168 
weitzecheri (Cremastogaster), 371 
wenekeri (Apion), 168 
whitei (Iphiaulax), 331, 343, 344, 356, 
369, 370 
wiedemeyeri (Limenitis), Ixxvii, xxx 
xanthocles xanthocles (Heliconius), 
Ixxvi 
xanthographus (Harpalus), 365, 380 
Xantholinus, 369, 392 
xantholoma (Cafius), 12, 165, 392 
xanthomelene (Tetrastichus), 36 
xanthomista (Polia), lxxx 
% nigrocincta (Polia), Ixxx 
xanthops (Entedon), 48 
ib (Eulophus), 48 
Xanthoptera, 350 
xanthopus (Atheta), 391 
Xanthorhoé, xx, xxi 
xanthosoma (Papilio), 6 
Xanthospilopteryx, 370 
xanthostoma (Entedon), 48 
Xenitenus, 341 
xenoclea (Heliconius), xiv, xv 
Xenodusa, 419 
Xenorrhinus, 355 
Xenoscelis, 395 
Xenylla, [xxxiii 
Xistra, 231 
Xorides, 18, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 
47 
Xyleborus, 67 


2? 2? 


( clxv ) 


Xyletinus, 22, 167 

Xylina, Ixxx 

xylobius (Entedon), 67 

Xylocleptes, 65 

Xylocopa, 320, 335, 344, 354, 368, 369, 
373, 374, 375, 379 

Xylonomus, 26, 31, 32 

Xylopertha, 22, 59, 351, 398 

xylophagorum (Pachyceras), 61, 66 

(Roptrocerus), 64, 65, 
66, 67 

vs (Tridymus), 62 

Xylophilus, 164, 167 

xylopsamma (Platyptilia), 488 

Xylotrechus, 169 

Xyroptila, 479, 480 

Xystra, 232 

Yphthima, 334, 335, 344, 352, 353, 
357, 358, 359 

Zabrus, 165 

Zamarada, 331 

zebrinus (Spindasis), 245 

Zeleta, xxx1 


99 


Zephyrus, 161 
Zerenopsis, 327, 368 
Zeritis, 341, 363 
Zetobora, 467 


zetterstedti (Gegenes), 316, 317, 322, 
326, 329, 360, 368, 373, 377 

ziczac. (Notodonta), 1xxx 

zinckenella (Etiella), 336, 350 

Zizera, 312, 317, 320, 322, 329, 334, 
335, 345, 353, 356, 357, 359, 367, 
377, 429, 445, 446, 447 

zochalia (Belenois), Ixxii, xxx, 314, 
366, 372 

zoe (Terias), 448 

Zombrus, 369 

Zonabris, 163, 167, 168 

zophodactyla (Stenoptilia), 504 

Zophosis, 333, 334, 336, 345, 349, 364, 


375 
zostere (Atheta), 391 
Zuphium, 387, 390 
Zygena, 162 


Aprit 14, 1908. 


Vea) Cen ED 
flit Ailey 


he) 


Sa) 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF 


LONDON 


FoR THE YEAR 1907. 


I. Notes on the Indo-Australian Papilionide. By PErcy 
I. Latuy, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


[Read February 6th, 1907.] 


PLATE I. 


I HAVE recently been obliged to re-arrange the collection 
of Indo-Australian Papilionide belonging to Mr. Herbert 
J. Adams, F.E.S., owing to the acquisition of a very large 
amount of material from the Van de Poll collections. 
In the course of this work I came across many interesting 
facts hitherto not known, in spite of the attention that 
has been paid to this group; the results are these notes. 

Only two forms are described as new, viz. the Andaman 
race of P. agamemnon, Linn., and a form of P. stratocles, 
Feld., from Mindoro. 

I am enabled to establish the claim of 7. brookiana, 
Wall., from Sumatra to be considered as a distinct geo- 
graphical form, while P. cacharensis, Butl., must sink as a 
synonym of P. doubledayi, Wall. I also describe nine 
hitherto unknown females and one male. 


Troides eleanor, Walk. 


The three females of this form of 7voides from Sumatra 
are all devoid of subapical white markings and correspond 
TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 1 


2 Mr. Percy I. Lathy’s Notes on 


to the form recorded by Rothschild (Nov. Zool. vol. 1, 
p- 199) as ab. eleanor, Walk. ; the locality of this aberra- 
tion is unknown, but I think there is little doubt that 
this is the usual Sumatran form, therefore Walker’s name 
must be applied to the sub-species. It is curious that 
Malacca specimens=albescens, Rothsch., should be much 
whiter than the Bornean examples and that the Sumatran 
females which one would have expected to be inter- 
mediate are so different. 


Troides darsius, Gray. 


An aberration of the male which has a black spot in 
each of discal yellow markings of hind-wing excepting post- 
cellular one. 


Troides papuensis, Wall. 


A remarkable aberration of the male which has a dirty 
white marginal border to fore-wing below. 
One example from Stephansort, German New Guinea. 


Troides doherty, Ripp. 

A specimen of the male from Talaut which has distinct 
golden scaling on disc of hind-wing above; the discal 
yellow markings below rather more extended than usual. 


Troides neomiranda, Fruhs. 


9. Ground-colour darker than in the female of TJ. miranda, 
Butl.; the upper adnervular whitish markings extending to cell 
and yellow markings of hind-wing larger ; these differences apply to 
both upper and under surfaces of wings and on the under-side the 
marginal cream-coloured lunules are larger than in Butler’s species. 


2 29 from Sumatra. 


Troides vistara, Fruhs. 


qd. Differs from the other forms of 7. amphrysus in 
having the adnervular markings of fore-wing greyish-white 
instead of yellow; the marginal black border of hind-wing 
is as in 7’. niasicus, Fruhs. 


2 22% from Tanah Massa and Poelo Tello, Batu Isles. 


Troides sumatranus, Hagen. 
2. The single female differs from the other forms of 


the Indo-Australian Papilionide. 3 


amphrysus females in having the ray-like markings of the 
fore-wing yellow instead of dirty-white ; the base of hind- 
wing is black, somewhat as in 7’. vandepolli, Snell. 


Papilio palembanganus, Rothsch. 


Mr. Adams has one male and three females; the male 
has one spot at apex of cell of hind-wing and has the 
upper submarginal spot; of the females one has one spot 
at apex of cell of hind-wing, the other two have no spot; 
they vary considerably in extent of white markings, in 
one of which they are greatly reduced; the submarginal 
spots are rather smaller and not so white as in Javan 
examples, 


Papilio doubledayi, Wall. 


A good series of specimens from Cachar, Malacca and 
Siam. I think cacharensis, Butl., must be treated merely 
as a synonym of this species. Two examples from Cachar 
sent in the same parcel as typical specimens are not to 
be distinguished from Malaccan forms; they have an 
even greater extent of white and none of the character- 
istics given by Rothschild to separate the two forms. 


Papilio fehri, Honr. 
An aberration of the male from Orahili, Nias, in which 


the red spots of hind-wing have almost entirely dis- 
appeared, being represented by a few reddish scales. 


Papilio saturnus, Guer. 


A curious aberration from Sumatra resembles LP. 
tellonus, Fruhs., from the Batu Isles, in having an 
additional patch on hind-wing, in other respects however 
it agrees with the usual Sumatran form. 


Papilio memnon, Linn. 


A remarkable aberration of the male from Mt. Marapok, 
British North Borneo, in which the basal red spot of 
hind-wings below is much enlarged and sutfused; the 
discal row of black spots strongly suffused with reddish 
scales ; the submarginal row of black spots reduced. 


Papilio memnon, Linn. 


Among some of the more noticeable forms of females are 
ab, achates, Cram., with basal patch of fore-wing white, and 


4 Mr. Percy I. Lathy’s Motes on 


another with basal patch orange; specimens from Banka 
with anal angle of fore-wing white and outer-margin also to 
near apex ; an example from Nias with basal white patch 
of fore-wing suffused with reddish scales. 


Papilio rumanzovius, Esch. 


I am able to record a single female of the form 
semperinus, Haase, from Talaut. The band parallel to 
abdominal margin of hind-wing is pinkish-white, not scarlet. 


Papilio acheron, Gr. Sm. (Plate I, fig. 2.) 


A female from Mt. Kinabalus, British North Borneo, 
which appears to differ from the female described by 
Rothschild, Nov. Zool, vol. iii, p 65, 1896, in having a 
subapical white band on fore-wing above and below. 


Papilio alphevos, Fruhs. 


Fruhstorfer, in Iris, 1901, p. 343, gives this name to a 
female of the polytes group from Menado ; Mr. Adams also 
has a female from the same locality. I think these 2 2 
belong to the tailless ¢ ¢ and are the Celebes form of 
polytes, Linn., and that @/cindor, Oberthur, should be kept 
as a distinct species. 


Papilio hewitsoni, Westw. 


°. Does not differ in any respect from the male. Four 
examples from Mt. Kinabalu, British North Borneo. 


Papilio telesicles, Feld. 


Among a long series of females of this variable species 
I find two interesting forms, one which agrees with ab. 
leucothoides, Honr., but has a strong purple gloss on anterior 
of fore-wings, this specimen unfortunately is without 
locality ; the other is brown as in ab. nepticula, Rothsch., but 
fore-wings entirely without white markings and having a 
submarginal row of yellowish-brown spots ; this form was 
obtained on Mt. Marapok, British North Borneo, From 
Sumatra Mr. Adams has two forms of female, one belong- 
ing to ab. daja, Rothsch, and the other to ab. nepticula, 
Rothsch. 


Papilio xgialus, Dist. (Plate I, fig. 1.) 


Q. Upper-side. Fore-wing olive-brown darker on outer-margin ; 
the following white markings, a large patch at apex of cell extending 


the Indo-Australian Papilionide. 5 


beyond cell nearly to costa, three small discal patches, fascia on inner- 
margin, and a row of nine submarginal spots. Hind-wing dark brown, 
a large white patch almost filling cell and seven patches around cell 
of which the middle ones are short, a series of seven submarginal 
lunules, white spots, and a similar number of marginal white spots 
between nervules. 

Under-side similar but paler and white markings more extended. 

A single example from the Batu Islands ; it may easily 
be distinguished from the same sex of P. mendax, Rothsch., 
by greater extent of white markings and absence of purple 
gloss. 


Papilio brunet, Fruhs. 

9. Differs from the male in the same way as evan, 
Doubld., differs. The black markings of hind-wing are less 
than in the mainland form and the silvery markings of the 
hind-wing below are most distinct. 

Six examples from Mt. Marapok, British North Borneo. 


Papilio insularis, Stgr. 
®. Similar to male but slightly larger. A single speci- 
men from Sumatvra. 


Papilio celebensis, Fick. 
A single female from Talaut which apparently belongs 
to this form. 


Papilio sarpedon, Linn. 

A single specimen of the remarkable melanistic form 
figured by de Niceville, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc., p. 54; 
n. 14, t. 4, p. 11. This was also obtained in Sumatra. 

An aberration of the male from Java has a green spot at 
apex of cell of fore-wing. 


Papilio milon, Feld. 

An aberration of the male from Tondano, Celebes, with 
a submarginal row of indistinct green lunules on fore-wing 
above. 


Papilio andamana, sub-sp. nov. 

Differs from P. agamemnon, Linn., in the markings being bluish- 
green instead of yellowish-green; from the allied P. decoratus, 
Rothsch., from Nicobars, it may be separated by less amount of red 
markings on hind-wings below. 


Seven males from the Andaman Isles. 


6 Mr. Percy I. Lathy on Indo-Australian Papilionide. 


Papilio macaristus, Gr. Sm. 


f. Similar to the male, but larger and the outer margin 
of fore-wing more rounded. 

A single example from Mt. Kinabalu, British North 
Borneo. 


Papilio xanthosoma, Stgr. 

9. Similar to the male but larger and the outer margin 
of fore-wing more rounded. 

Two specimens from Sumatra. 


Papilio stratoclides, sub-sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 3.) 

Similar to P. stratocles, Feld., but whitish markings of both wings 
above and below very much more extended, this being especially so 
in the discal markings of the hind-wings. 


Hab. Mindoro. 

I find that the firm of Staudinger and Bang-Haas have 
been sending out this sub-species as typical stvatocles, Feld., 
and the true stratocles, Feld., as stratoclides, therefore the 
two forms are probably confused in many collections; the 
description of stvatoclides was never published, this being 
the case in many of the names in Staudinger’s list. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. 


[See Hxplanation facing the PLATE. | 


Il. On the Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera: By 
ERNeEstT A. ELiort, F.Z.S., and CLAUDE MORLEY, 
F.E.S. 


[Read February 6th, 1907. ] 


THE subject of parasitism on Coleoptera does not appear 
to have been especially taken up by any Entomologist. 
Prof. Ratzeburg and a tew of his contemporaries collected 
a large amount of information on the parasites of Forest 
insects in general, and the former studied a few Coleoptera 
—Curculio notatus and some of the bark borers—more 
particularly. The results are found in the “ Ichneumonen 
der Forstinsekten,’ to which work (so little known in 
England) we are indebted for a great number of the 
records in the following paper. Marshall's records are all 
taken from other authors, but are useful in so far as they 
refer to the original records. Another valuable work is 
Giraud’s posthumous “ Liste des éclosions d’Insectes,”’ in 
which, however, there occur manuscript names. Other- 
wise the records are mostly scattered through numerous 
British and Continental magazines, and are only to be 
discovered by laborious research. While not claiming to 
include every published record on the subject, or any great 
amount of original work, we trust that the following list 
will be found of sufficient interest to encourage others to 
carry on the work, both by means of personal observation 
and by bringing to our notice records we may have 
overlooked. 


1. Calosoma sycophanta, Linn. 


“Once I caught a large, fat larva of Calosoma, and put it 
in spirits of wine. Soon afterwards it burst, and little 
larvee of Microgaster thronged out; over a hundred lay 
closely piled up together, with the anal extremity turned 
towards the abdominal end of the larva.” (Ratz., Ichn. d. 
Forst. i, 28, footnote; host specified at Jd. cit. 11, 212.) 


1 The Coleoptera bearing an asterisk are extra-British. The 
numbers in small type after the parasites’ names refer to those 
prefixed to the “Classified List of Parasites,” post. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 


8 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


2. Carabus violaceus, Linn. 


Dr. Ratzeburg says of his Phygadeuon campoplegoides® 
(/.¢. 11, 124): This remarkable little pair came from Herr 
Drewsen, who writes as follows: “Out of TYachina pacta, 
which, as is well known, lives in Carabus violaceus.’ The 
synonymy of this Cryptid is stijl doubtful (cf. Morley, 
Ichn. Brit, 11, 88). 


3. Nebria brevicollis, Fab. 


Van Vollenhoven (Pinae. fol. xxxi) says: ‘Curtis bred 
Proctotrypes (2) viator from the larves of Nebria brevicollis.” 
This refers to the latter’s statement (Farm Insects, 198) 
“that on opening the cells of the specimens of this beetle 
sent to me by Mr. Graham, I found one partly consumed, 
and the other had produced six specimens of Proctotrupes 
vuttor (2): thus showing that this parasite keeps in check 
. . . the larvee of ground beetles.” 


4, Nebria gyllenhali, Sch. 


5. Patrobus assimilis, Chaud. 


In describing Ovesbius castaneus from the top of Garb- 
havel, near Loch Rannoch, the Rev. T. A. Marshall 
(EK. M. M. iii. [1867], p. 194) writes: “This species may be 
suspected of being a parasite of Nebria, Patrobus,” ete. 
N. gyllenhali would be the only British species of the 
genus at that altitude—3,500 feet. 


6. Pterostichus vulgaris, Linn. 
Curtis says the larve of Omaseus melanarius, Il. are 


“frequently infested by a parasite called Proctotrupes 
viator” (Farm Insects, 131). 


7. Gyrinus natator, Scop. 

Mr. F. Bouskell tells us that, in 1894, he bred two or 
three different sorts of parasites from pupe of this beetle 
found by him on reeds at the Cropstone reservoir in 
Leicestershire. “Mr. Parfitt first bred ¢ 2 of his Hemiteles 
gyrint,”® says Morley (Ichn. Brit. ii, 163), “from spring 
pupa-cases, and Bignell also raised it, from pupe of Gyrinus 
natator found by the Rey. J. Hellins upon rushes on the 
banks of the Exeter Canal, of which the latter has allowed 
me to examine both sexes; it is later recorded as bred 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 9 


from the same host, together with Pezomachus (?) vidwus,”* 
Forst. One is led to wonder whether the latter could 
have been a dimorphic 2 of the same species.” Of H. 
persector, he says (lib. cit. 160), “bred from some pup of 
Gyrinus natator, collected by the Rev. J. Hellins, from 
rushes on the banks of the Exeter canal. It did not, how- 
ever, emerge till later than HL. gyrini (argentatus, Grav.), 
with which it appears to be associated.” 


8. Phlwopora reptans, Grav. 


Morley (Ichn. Brit. 11, 134) took Hemiteles areator in 
February 1899, associating, though perhaps accidentally, 
with this beetle beneath pine bark, near Ipswich. 


9. Myrmedonia collaris, Payk. 


A 2 of Miecrocryptus nigrocinctus was taken in Wicken 
Fen in Cambs., by Donisthorpe, associating with this beetle, 
which it much resembles, in a nest of Myrmica lxvinodis 


(cf. Morley, Ichn. Brit. ii, 42). 


10. Creophilus maxillosus, Linn. 


Marshall writing of the common Braconid, Alysia 
manducator (Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 377) says: “Ona vérifié 
leur parasitisme dans les larves de Lucilia . .. et ce, qui 
semble plus remarquable, dans les larves formidables du 
coléoptere Creophilus maxillosus, L., qui habitent con- 
stamment les cadavres.” We have repeatedly captured 
this parasite on carrion. 


11. Ocypus olens, Miill. 


A beetle-larva, twenty-two millimetres in length, was 
dug up from beneath the surface of the ground in Mr. 
Morley’s garden (Monks Soham House, Suffolk) on 9th 
Sept. 1905. This, there can be no doubt, is that of 
Ocypus olens—as figured by Westwood (Mod. Class. i, 166, 
fig. xvi, 1), since Creophilus feeds in carrion, etc. This 
larva was placed in a chip box and, the following day, had 
become moribund with seventeen hymenopterous larvie 
protruding from its ventral surface. The latter lived till 
October and all assumed the pupal state, the first three on 
28th Sept., of which two (in the fifth segment) alone 
assumed the blackness of maturity. Unfortunately they 


10 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


all died—probably through lack of moisture—in the 
position and situation indicated below.' 


Third segment (between the intermediate and hind-legs) three 
protruded ; two from the centre and one a little to the right side ; 
two with head and half thorax discovered, and one—the hinder 
central—with only half its head showing. 

Fourth segment (well behind the hind-legs) three ; two from the 
centre and one a little to the left side ; all with head and thorax, and 
the hindmost slightly more, protruded. 

Fifth segment, four ; two from the centre, a third slightly before 
and to the right of the first central one, and the fourth level with 
and to the left of the second central; the foremost central is the 
furthest protruded and most fully developed of all, being held in situ 
only by its fifth abdominal segment and anus, the right-hand one is 
next fully developed with its fourth segment and anus still encased, 
the hinder central has little more than its basal seement protruded 
and the left-hand one has exserted only its head and fore part of 
thorax. 

Six to tenth segments all bear one equally developed parasite, 
exposed to about the base of the mesothorax. 

Eleventh segment, two; the basal considerably to the right and 
the apical exactly in the centre and so close to the anus as to have 
nearly severed the host’s conical anal proleg, which is thrust obliquely 
aside. 


Even the most advanced specimen is much too immature 
to guess specifically. The only reliable feature discernible 
is a distinct central longitudinal carina throughout the 
metathorax ; this at once precludes the parasites from the 
Ichneumonide and, combined with their general facies, 
lends strong probability to their appertaining to the 
Braconid genus Apanteles, many of whose species (A. 
salebrosus, Marsh., etc.) possess such a central carina. But 
they did not evacuate their host, nor spin the least trace of 
cocoons—simply protruded in their larval, subsequently 
pupal, skins.” 


1 The body of the host from the fifth segment to the anus is so 
distorted by the parasites that it is only the manner in which they 
themselves are grouped which enables the distinction of the segments 
to be surmised. 

2 “Many years ago, I found under a stone a shrunken beetle 
larva, which undoubtedly belonged to the Staphylinx, dead, In it 
were several parasites in naked pupal state: these proved to be 
Codrus pallipes,?* Jur.” (Kawall, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1855, p. 260). 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 11 
12. Cafius cantholoma, Grav. 


12a, Micralymma brevipenne, Gyll. 


Mr. E. A. Newbery has found Platymischus dilatatus, 
Westw., to be parasitic upon this Cafius at Plymouth, in 
May 1895. And at Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1859, p. 98, we find 
that “Mr. George Wailer undoubtedly observed, at New- 
castle, that Platymischus was parasitic on Micralymma 
brevipenne, Gyll.”; attention is also there drawn to the 


occurrence of such a parasite on an at times submarine 
host. 


13. Teretrius picipes, Fab. 

Westwood (Mod. Class. i, 182) writes: “Paromalus 
prcipes, according to Dalman, is parasitically attacked by 
Pieromalus micans”*°> and refers to the Swed. Trans. 1822. 
At lib. cit. 11, 159, he adds: “ Pertlampus micans was 


always observed upon posts perforated by ... Hister 
preipes by Dalman.” 


14. Anatis ocellata, Linn. 


On 10th August, Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. i, 211) 
boxed a larva of Coccinella ocellata, which he thought un- 
usually large and sluggish, and probably parasited. It 
devoured a larva of Lophyrus, but would subsequently eat 
nothing. Soon it affixed its anus to a leaf and became 
motionless, but without pupating. In the following spring 
he found his Lupelmus Hytelweinii?® dead in the box and 
a small hole in the side of the larva’s back ; it may have 
emerged the preceding autumn. The larva had retained 
its natural form, and had only lost its red and white spots. 
Five years later (Jib. cit. ii, 145) he discovered two more 
specimens of the same parasite in the box, in which the 
larva had been left; a second hole was then found in the 
larva’s skin. He thought these later specimens could have 
but recently emerged, since he had often examined the 
box in which they had been kept. 


15. Coccinella quinquepunctata, Linn. 


Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 45), writing of Perilitus 
termimatus, says: “ Audouin, dans son mémoire ‘Sur le 
Parasitisme des Insectes,’ nous a laissé une indication des 
habitudes de cette espece. Il s’est assuré qu’un individu 


12 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


était sorti d’un coléoptere du genre Coccinella, soit septem- 
punctata soit quinquepunctata, L. Des expériences ultéri- 
eures faites par Ratzeburg ont démonstré l’exactitude de 
Yobservation d’Audouin.” Bignell (Trans. Devon. Assoc. 
1901, p. 662) adds that whea full-fed the larva of the 
Perilitus issues from the sutures of the perfect ladybird’s 
ventral segments and that the latter afterwards coalesce, 
leaving no visible aperture. On emerging the parasitic 
larva spins a pyriform cocoon, interlacing the dead beetle’s 
legs and so holding its body as an additional rampart 
against possible enemies. 


16. Coccinella septempunctata, Linn. 


“M. V. Audouin... has informed me that he had observed 
that C. 7-punctata is subject to the parasitic attacks of 
Microctonus terminalis,? Wesm., and Lneyrtus flaminius, 
Dalm.” (Westw. 1,397 et 11,159). “ Audouin has obtained 
M. terminalis from the perfect Coccinella 7-punctata, the 
larva of the former bursting forth and spinning its cocoon 
beneath the body of the latter” (did. cit. 11, 142). Also 
referred to by Kirby and Spence [misprinted C. 17-punctata 
in 7th Ed. 1859, p. 155]; Marshall (Bracon. d’ Europ. 11, 45) 
and Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 1, 61), who tells us that 
Bouché (iid. cit. 1, 122) several times bred Bassus exultans,™ 
Grav., from this host. Morley (Ichn. Brit. 11, 235) also bred 
a couple of 2 2 Pezomachus fasciatus from a single pupa of 
this beetle at Ipswich in 1894. 


17. Megilla maculata, DeG.* 


“Tl est maintenant bien constaté que la M. maculata des 
Etats-Unis ... est infesté par des parasites du genre 
Perilitus” (Marsh., Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 45). Cf. also 
Centistes americana, Riley, Insect Life, 1888, p. 101. 


18. Endomychus coccineus, Linn. 


Referring to Curtis’ discovery of this species’ larvee, 
Westwood (Mod. Class. i, 8394) says, “some were attacked 
by a Chalcidideous parasite.” Cf also lib. cit. 11, 159, et 
Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 187. Of these larvee, Curtis (B. E 
pl. 570) simply says, “some of the largest seemed as if they 
were either dead or in a torpid state, but these proved to 
have been punctured by a little parasite allied to Gnatho 
dispar (Colax, pl. 166), a great number of which afterwards 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 15 


hatched.” From Curtis’ MS., Walker described this para- 
site (Ent. Mag. 1836, p. 496) as Pteromalus Endomycha, 
“reared by Mr. Curtis, from the larva of Hndomychus 
_ coccineus.” 


19. Triplax russica, Linn. 


Under Meteorus obfuscatus, Marshall (Bracon. d’Kurop, 11, 
92) tells us, on the authority of Dr. Reinhard, that in the 
Sichel collection, in Paris, ten of these parasites are 
preserved, which were bred by Lespes from this beetle ; he 
expressly says that they emerged from the larvae and not 
from the imago, “ An den Nadeln sind noch die Kaferlarven 
mit dem Cocon der Parasiten befestigt.” 


20. Meligethes xneus, Fab. 


C. G. A. Brischke’ gives (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 
193) Thersilochus morionellus, Holmgr., a small Ophionid, 
as parasitic upon Jeligethes xnea. 


21. Meligethes viridescens, Fab. 

Dr. Alexandre Laboulbene, in his “‘ Liste des éclosions 
d’Insectes,” observed by Giraud (Ann. Soc. France, 1877, p. 
424), instances the emergence of Callimome difficilis,™ 
Nees, which is usually parasitic upon the Bedeguar gall- 
flies, from this beetle. 


22. Synchita juglandis, Fab. 


A single ¢ of Brachistes destitutus °°" was bred by Herr 
Nordlinger from S. Juglandis in hornbeam in Germany 
(Ichn. d. Forst. 11. 28). 


23. Lemophleus ferrugineus, Steph. 


24. Typhea fumata, Linn. 


Morley (Ichn. Brit. 11, 141) says he has found Hemiteles 
subzonatus, Gray., beneath the bark of a felled log full of 


these two species of beetles in May, at Wherstead, in 
Suffolk. 


25. Dermestes. 


26. Anthrenus. 


Westwood (Mod. Class. ii, 143) writes, “other species ” of 
Ichneumonide and Braconidee “(Hemiteles areator, etc.) also 


14 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


frequent our dwellings, to deposit their eggs in the larve 
of Dermestidxe, Anthreni, Tinex, and other domestic insects.” 
These vague and general statements are dangerous, since 
the above is undoubtedly the foundation of Taschenberg’s 
apparently established fact (Zeits. Ges. Nat. 1865, p. 180) 
under H. arcator, Panz.: “Wurde erzogen... aus Derm- 
estes—Anthrenus—und Tineen—Larven”; and Ratzeburg 
(Ichn. d. Forst. i, 151) takes the same view. Cf., however, 
Morley, Ichn. Brit. 11, 133. 


27. Sinodendron cylindricum, Linn. 


Keys first took localised British specimens of Hister- 
omerus mystacinus, Wesm., on 14th August, 1901, from 
the burrows of this beetle ; and ten days later Bignell and 
he discovered three of these coleopterous larvae each sur- 
rounded by about a dozen apparently full-fed larvee of this 
parasite, which had evidently just emerged from the bodies 
of the former (cf. Trans. Devon. Assoc. 1901, p. 666). 
Nordlinger bred #upelmus imermis* from an_ ailing 
beech in the Swabian Alps, in Wiirtemburg, in which this 
beetle, among others, was boring (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 152). 


28. Oryctes nasicornis, Linn.* 


In his Wirths-system, Ratzeburg simply gives (Ichn. d. 
Forst. 1, 215) Pimpla instigator, Fab., as parasitic upon 
Scarabeus nasicornis ; no mention of it seems to appear in 
the text. 


29. Buprestide. 


Most of the unspecified Buprestes given by Rateebure 
(lab. cit. 1, 23; 1, 212; in, 249) are either subsequently 


1 This record must, I think, be based upon Passerini’s “ Osser- 
vazioni sulle Larve, Ninfe, ete.” (Pise, 1840 ; cf. also Guérin-Méneville 
in Revue Zoolog. 1841, p. 240). He found that Scolia flavifrons 
places its eggs on the larva of Oryctes nasicornis, and the larvee when 
hatched feed by introducing the three capital segments into the belly 
of the beetle-caterpullar, always between the sixth and seventh 
segments (cf. Kirby and Spence, Introd. 7th Ed. 1859, p. 195). This 
parasitic Fosser is not British; “the genus Tiphia is the only 
representative of the family Scoliader, being closely allied to the genus 
Scolia. .... Tiphia femorata, I hay e every reason to believe, ‘to be 
the parasite of a species of Aphodius; I have several times found it 
beneath the droppings of cows and horses” (Smith, Ent. Ann. 1862, 
p. 77). Gravenhorst, of course, mentions no Aculeata, but gives 
Ichneumon flavifrons, Schr., with a note that Schaffer’s figure of it 
resembles Pimpla instigator, Fab. Ratzeburg, it is highly “probable, 


°) 


draws his erroneous inference from this association. anit. M. 


; 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 15 


named or their parasites again bred from recognised hosts 
of the same genus (sensu lato).  Lrssonota catenator,® 
however, one ¢ of which was bred by Bachmann, “from 
an unknown beetle larva, in rotten lime wood” (111. 107) ; 
Spathius curvicaudis, of which Nordlinger bred a single 9, 
from a beetle larva, boring in the manner of Buprestis 
(i. 50), and Péeromalus guttatus, were not so assigned. 


30. Chalcophora mariana, Linn.* 


Dr. Leop. Kirchner, in his 1867 Cat. Hym. Europe, 
p- 107, under Lphialtes manifestator, Linn., writes, 
“Schmarotzer von Luprestis Mariana,” probably basing his 
statement upon Ratzeburg’s record (Ichn. d. Forst. 1. 119) 
that a fine and large pupa of this Pimplid cut its way out 
of an old fir stump, in which, judging solely by the borings, 
larvee of B. Mariana had lived. This record must, how- 
ever, be regarded with doubt since no one nowadays quite 
knows what the Linnean parasite was !! 


31. Dicerca berolinensis, Herbst.* 


We are also indebted to Kirchner (Cat. 115) for the 
record of Doryctes imperator as parasitic upon this beetle ; 
it is copied by Marshall (Brac. d’Europ. i. 229). 


32, Anthaxia quadripunctata, Linn. 


From fir wood, in which larvee of Buprestis 4-punctata 
were living, Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 111, 44) bred a single 
2 of his Hzxothecus lignarius *°, which is extremely like 
Spathius brevicaudis, but with the petiole broader and 
parallel nervure different; the latter parasite was bred 
plentifully from the same beetle and locality. Pimpla 


1 That Ephialtes rex, Kriech., rather than EL. imperator, Kriech. 
(as indicated by Schmiedeknecht, Opusc. Ichn. xiv, 1120), was 
described under the name EF. manifestator by Gravenhorst (Ichn. 
Europ. iii, 232) was recognised by Marshall (Brit. Cat. 1872, p. 85), 
and I certainly think the description of the abdominal segments as 
bearing “tuberculo laterali obsoleto” is sufficient to establish the 
fact, especially if excl. indiv. stigmate nigro be added; cf. also 
Thoms. Opuse. Ent. xii, 1249. The Ichnewmon manifestator, whose 
economy is so interestingly recounted by Thomas Marsham (Trans. 
Linn. Soc. ii [1794], pp. 23-29 et pl. iv.) must doubtless be referred 
to the common LEphialtes carbonarius, Christ.—the Musca tripilis 
secunda of old Mouffet, 1634, p. 64—on account of the lack of 
abdominal tubercles and its length not exceeding eight lines.—C. M. 


16 My. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


linearis (111, 99) and the rare Lusandulum abbreviatum (iii, 
200) probably preyed upon the same host, emerging late in 
the season, the latter from fir billets. 2. lignarius 13 is 
indicated as a parasite of this species, with no query, by 
Kirchner (Cat. 112); but Marshall (@, 265) simply gives 
Clinocentrus lignarius as a “parasite supposé” and in- 
sufficiently described. 


33. Agrilus biguitatus, Fab. 


Ratzeburg says that his Hvochus compressiventris (Ichn. 
d. Forst. 11, 121, queried as a true parasite at ii, 212) was 
probably bred from Buprestis biguttata: “The present ? 
was in the thick bark of a strong oak, in which I was 
seeking for Buprestide.” It is associated with no query 
by Kirchner (Cat. 82). Spathius radzayanus is another 
doubtful parasite upon this beetle: Herr Radzay (Ichn. d. 
Forst. 11, 483) bred it from an oak in which Curculio de- 
pressirostris, Buprestis biguttata and several species of 
Clytus were all burrowing and to which they were doing 
considerable injury. 


34. Agrilus viridis, Linn. 

From this beetle, Kirchner (Cat. 114), says that Corystes 
aciculatus,°® Reinh., has been bred. Ten 2 2 and one f 
of Hulophus agrilorum *°° were bred by Ratzeburg (Ichn. 
d. Forst. 1, 169) in June from a beech knot, in which was 
Agrilus nocivus, Ratz.; and Reissig (/.¢. ii, 242) also bred 
Picromalus emulus from the same variety of A. viridis. 


35. Throscus dermestoides, Linn. 


The anomalous Pachylomma buccata is given by Ratze- 
burg (Jz). cit. 11, 53) as having been taken by Hartig flying 
round Throscus adstrictor, with the supposed intention of 
ovipositing therein. Marshall, however, who treats this 
parasite as an aberrant member of the Braconide, quotes 
(Bracon. d’Kurop. 11, 625) his own and Giraud’s observations 
upon the association of Pachylomma with ants; and adds : 
“apres les observations faites sur P. cremiert, constatant 
les rapports qui existent entre les Pachylomma et les 
fourmis, on est autorisé & rejecter tout opinion contraire.” 


36. Agriotes. 


There appears to have been no record of parasitism in 
the Elateridee since Kirby said (Introd. Ent. 7th Ed. 1859, 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 17 


p. 154): ‘‘ Mr. Paul has shown me the destroyer of the wire- 
worm, which belongs to Latreille’s genus Proctotrupes.” 


37. Malachius xneus, Linn. 


We have a very uncertain record concerning this beetle: 
Herr Reissig (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 109) bred Hphialtes gla- 
bratus from spruce cones, together with Vortrix strobilana, 
Anobium and Malachius eneus. Which it had preyed upon 
remained uncertain. 


38. Dasytes. 

Under Mesostenus ater, Kirchner writes (Cat. 57): 
“Nordlinger erzog ihn aus einem alten Buchenstocke, 
worn Melandrya, Sphex und Dasytes gehauset.” A single 
g of this parasite was bred by Nordlinger from an old 
beech stump, in which MMelandrya, [? Sphex and Dasytes| 
were boring (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 143). Hphialtes gracilis * 
has also been several times bred from oak (/. ¢. 111, 109) ; 
sometimes a Dasytes appeared with it, at others a Raphidia 
or Crabro. 


39, Dasytes niger, Linn. 
Campoplex pusillus* and Ephialtes gracilis * are 
indicated by Ratzeburg (Jib. cit. iii, 249) as preying upon 
this species. 


40. Dasytes ceruleus, Fab. 


At Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 110, Brischke describes 
his Hphialtes discolor, and adds: “Aus Lindenstécken 
mit Dasytes cerulea und LHxenterus balteatus erzogen.” 
This may be Ratzeburg’s Pimpla ligiicola™ (Ichn. d. Forst. 
ii, 98), which he found in worm-eaten oaks tenanted by 
Dasytes ceruleus. 


41. Thanasimus formicarius, Linn,* 


Ratzeburg (ib. cit. 111, 249) records Hemiteles melanarius 
and, with doubt, H. modestus 8 and Bracon palpebrator as 
parasitic upon Clerus formicarius, [Cf. also Mesostenus 
brachycentrus, under Hylesinus crenatus, post.| Marshall 
(Bracon. d’Europ. i, 167) does not note this doubtful 


1 Stephens (Illust. Suppl. 8) says of Perilampus micans, Dalm., 
“found in company with Lyctus oblongus and Tillus wnifasciatus,” 
on new oak palings at Camberwell. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 2 


18 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


association of the Braconid, but expresses his opinion that 
it is closely allied to, if not actually identical with, 
Clinocentrus exsertor, Nees. 


42. Hylecetus dermestoides, Linn. 
From this species, Wissmann bred in Germany (Ichn. d 
Forst. 1, 69) several specimens of Aspigonus diversicornis * 
and perhaps also a species of Heicon. 


on 


43. Ptinide. 


Another of Westwood’s general statements (Mod. Class. 
ii, 143) is: “ A small, pretty, spotted-winged Cryptus enters 
our houses to prey upon the larve of the Ptinide; as do 
also Spathius clavatus“’ and Hecabolus sulcatus” ; the first- 
named is certainly Hemiteles areator, Panz. (cf. Morley, 
Ichn. Brit. 1, 133). Pinus fur and Niptus hololeucus are, 
however, the only common domestic Ptinidx, and there is 
no record of hymenopterous attacks upon these species. 


44, Hedobia imperialis, Linn. 

Westwood may, however, be correct in the above state- 
ment, since the parasitism of Hemiteles areator upon 
Ptinus imperialis—by no means a domestic species, at least 
in Britain—is recorded by Ratzeburg, who says (Ichn. d. 
Forst. 11, 153) that Nordlinger bred this parasite at 
Hohenheim from old acacia posts together with P. 
imperialis. The latter also bred (/. ¢, 11, 152) Hupelmus 
inermis**° from an ailing beech in which this beetle, 
among others, was dwelling. 


45. Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll. 

Brachistes interstitialis °° (1. ec. 1, 54) and BLothriothorax 
Jumipennis (iii, 194) were bred by Nordlinger at Stuttgart 
from, respectively, dry spruce twigs and a larch branch, 
in which Anobium pusillum was boring. 


46. Anobium. 


Westwood says (Mod. Class. ii, 159), “I have observed 
Perilampus angustus ** on palings perforated by Anobia.” 
Ratzeburg quotes this, and adds ntedon conjinis from 
France (Ichn. d. Forst. 1, 66), a % #. longiventris in a German 
fir twig, orides eryptiformis (il, 115) and Hemateles 
palpator * of which Wissmann cut several out of oak bark 


a 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 19 


in which Anobi had probably lived (11, 130); Lissonota 
arvicola"! was bred by the same observer (ii, 98 et i1, 98) 
from beech logs inhabited by Anobit and Ptilint; and 
numerous Vapheus fuscipes ** were found on old worm- 
eaten wooden bathing-houses (/.¢. iii, 60) whence they 
were conjectured to have emerged from Anobii by Brischke, 
who once took Diospilus capito in abundance on old wood, 
probably from the same host (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, 
p. 123). Marshall gives Calyptus tibialis (Bracon. d’Kurop. 
ul, 149) as another “ parasite supposé” of this genus. 


47. Anobium domesticum, Foure. 


Bracon spathiiformis was certainly bred from Ano- 
bium striatum in hazel, by Nordlinger in France (Ichn. d. 
Forst. 1, 87). It is possible that this parasite—which is 
Haliday’s Doryctes obliteratus, Ent. Mag. iv, p. 44 (nec 
Nees et Wesm.)—was really Spathius clavatus," Panz., 
mentioned by Brischke (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 
137), “aus Larven von Anobium striatum erzogen.” 
Bouché certainly bred the latter from this host, and Mr. 
A. J. Chitty has recently bred several Doryectes spathi- 
formis at Huntingfield in Kent from dead whitethorn 
sticks containing A. domesticum and Priobiwm castaneum. 
Rev. W. F. Johnson has recorded (E. M. M. 1901, p. 15) 
Spathius exarator, Linn., on Morley’s authority, as com- 
monly parasitic on A. domesticum in the central pillar of 
a large rosewood table, in Ireland; and Marshall also 
indicates the same host. Wissmann bred Hemiteles mo- 
destus 8 from A, striatwm in old woodwork (Ichn. d. Forst. 
ii, 129 et i, 154), as well as Rogas collaris >? (1. ¢. 11, 66) ; 
and the association of Hemiteles bicolorinus, Grav., is sug- 
gested by Morley (Ichn. Brit. 11, 131). Donisthorpe bred 
a Chalcid at Rye in August 1902, from the burrows of 
this beetle. Mr. A. Sich took a @ of Spathius exarator, 
Linn., investigating the burrows of A. domesticum at 
Chiswick on 14th August, 1906. 


48. Anobium (Ernobius) angusticolle, Ratz.* 


Marshall simply says of Aspidogonus abietis, Ratz. (Bracon. 
d’Europ. 1, 253), “Il habité les pommes de pin, en société 
avec les Anobiwm abietis, Fab., et angusticolle, Ratz.,” 
which, however, certainly points to parasitism ; especially 
since Wissmann (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 69), who actually bred 
it, expresses no doubt upon the subject. 


20 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


49, Anobium paniceum, Linn. 

At Hohenheim Nordlinger bred a 2 Hulophus pilicornis, 
probably from this host, upon which are also said to prey 
(Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 154 et 211) Entedon longiventris and 
perhaps Pteromalus brevicornas. 


50. Anobium denticolle, Panz. 

Morley states (Ichn. Brit. 11, 133) that Mr. Donisthorpe 
has found Hemiteles areator, Panz., in the burrows of A. 
denticolle in England, in March; it may, however, have 
been no more than hibernating therein. 


51. Anobium consimile, Muls. (? Ernobius mollis, Linn.) 


52. Anobium (Ernobius) longicorne, Sturm.* 


In Dr. Giraud’s paper on Eclosions d’Insectes (Ann. Soe. 
Fr, 1877, p. 419), Laboulbene tells us that M. Perris bred 
Eusandulum inerme, Ratz., from both Anobium consimalis 
and A. longicorne, and earlier (p. 415) that Spathius 
anobii,48 Gir., was also raised from the latter host, to- 
gether with (p. 411) Hubadizon brevicaudis, Gir. 


53. Anobium rufipes, Fab.* 


Sigalphus aciculatus'® is said by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. 
Forst. 111, 249) to prey upon this species. 


54, Anobium pertinax, Linn.* 
Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. 1, 194) gives this species as 
an alternative host of Spathius exarator, Linn, 


55. Trypopitys carpim, Herbst.* 
From this host, Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 211) says 
that he raised his Microgaster rufilabris. 


56. Ernobius abietis, Fab. 

The following species are indicated as having been bred 
from Anobium abietis (Ichn. d. Forst. 11,211 et ini, 249): 
Pimpla strobilorum,” Aspigonus abietis,° Brachistes pune- 
tatus,> Bracon scutellaris, Pteromalus Hohenhermensis, P. 
strobilobius and, doubtfully, Ephialtes glabratus. Of these 
Nordlinger bred in Wiirtemburg both sexes of Asp. abietis 
from fir cones infested especially by this beetle and, in a 
lesser degree, by Toririx strobilana ; Saxesen bred it in the 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 21 


Hartz; and Wissmann expressly states that he “bred it 
from A, abietis and angusticolle” ; Reissig, however, who 
has bred it most frequently, asserts it to prey upon the 
above Tortrix; Ratzeburg believed it was parasitic upon 
both the Lepidopteron and Coleoptera (id. cit. 1, 56 et ii, 
69). Nordlinger also bred the B. punctatus twice singly 
at Hohenheim (11, 28 et iti, 244) from spruce cones along 
with Anobium abietis. Giraud, too (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, 
p- 412), bred Aspigonus abictis, Ratz., from “ Anobiwm 
abietis, dans cones du sapin,” as well as (p. 427) Anogmus 
abwetis, Gir. 


57. Ptilinus pectinicornis, Linn. 


Curtis first (B. E. pl. dvii) bred his Hecabolus sulcatus 
from this beetle. Ratzeburg found (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 215) 
it was preyed upon by his Hemiteles completus which 
Reissig (/. c. 130) bred from this beetle in poplar in the 
middle of May, Hupelmus wmermis*° and, perhaps, Lis- 
sonota arvicula,” Polysphincta elegans, P. soror, with Xorides 
cryptiformis. None of these were raised from it by Giraud 
(Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, pp. 415 et 419), who says Spathius 
clavatus,“’ Panz., and Halticella rufipes, Oliv., attack it. 
The original parasite, H. sulcatus, Curt., was again bred 
from it by Brischke (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 136) ; 
and Wissmann (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 35) bred a great number 
of § ¢ only, which were even more like Curtis’s illustration 
than those from Ptilinus costatus. Haliday (Ent. Mag. iv, 
p. 49) bred it from the same host. 


58. Ptilinus costatus, Gyll.* 


A male and two females of Bracon (Hecabolus) sulcatus 
were taken by Hartig on willows in the act of investigating 
the borings of this beetle (/.¢. ii, 34); and Reissig bred a 
single specimen of Pteromalus distinguendus, Forst., from 
the same host (iii, 233) im poplar wood. 


59. Ochina hederx, Miill. 


Writing of this species (Mod. Class. i, 272), Westwood 
tells us: “A. Cooper, Esq., R.A., has informed me . 
that it is preyed upon in the larva state by Cleonymus 
depressus.” Wissmann repeatedly bred Spathius erythro- 
cephalus from Anobium Hederx (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 43) ; 
Nordlinger bred both sexes of Sigalphus aciculatus **° from 


22 Mr. Ernest A. Elhott and Mr, Claude Morley ox the 


this beetle at Grand Jouan, in France (ii, 27); together 
with Sigalphus facialis, from old ivy stems (iii, 27), and 
quantities of Bracon sulcatus!" (iii, 82); Pteromalus elon- 
gatus was also bred by him at Ludwigsberg from ivy stems 
along with the same host (au, 244). Spathius claviger is 
recorded (Ann. Soc. F. 1877, p. 415) upon Perris’ authority 
from Blastophagus hedere by Giraud ; and Ochina ptinoides 
is given by Marshall (Bracon. d’Kurop. i, 207) as a host of 
Hecabolus sulcatus, Curt. 


60. Mesocewlopus niger, Miill. 

The host of Pteromalus Opisthotonus*® has not been 
bred anywhere else, says Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 
194); according to Reissig it is Xyletinus murinus; and 
the parasite emerged on 11th June, from an old woody 
fungus on oak. 


61. Dorcatoma dresdensis, Herbst.* 


Nees says of Bracon ephippium™ : “EK larvis Dorcatome 
Dresdensis, Boleto igniario nutritis, Sickershusi, mense 
Maio mares et femine exclusi sunt” (Hym. Ichn. aff. Mon. 
i,65). Thisis quoted by Kirchner (Cat. 132) and Marshall 
(Bracon. d’Europ. ). 


62. Dorcatoma setosella, Muls. 

From Dorcatoma setosella, Laboulbene records (Ann. Soe. 
Fr, 1877, p. 435) the curious Cephalonomyia formicrfornus, 
Westw. 

63. Sinoxylon sexdentatum, Oliv.* 


Upon the authority of Perris, Giraud (/id. cit. p. 435) 
gives Cephalonomyia formiciformis, Westw., as parasitic 
upon this beetle. 


64. Bostrychus capucinus, Linn. 
Perris tells us vaguely (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1850, t. viii, p. 
565) that Apate capucina is attacked by some Braconid, 
which he was unable to determine. 


65. Xylopertha sinuata, Fab.* 


Apate sinuata and Evcoptogaster intricatus were both 
thought by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 187) to be 
parasitised by Pteromalus bimaculatus; a large specimen 
of which emerged from an oak stick containing larve of 
the above beetles. He also queries (ii, 211) Helcon 
carinator as preying upon Bostrychus sinwatus. 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 23 


66. Lyctus canaliculatus, Fab. 
Dalman, according to Westwood (Mod. Class. 1i, 159), 


always observed Perilampus micans upon posts which had 
been perforated by this species; but no direct association 
appears to be established, although Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. 
Forst. i, 23 et 11, 215) and Stephens (Illust. Suppl. 8, on 
L. oblongus) refer to the same subject. Giraud, however 
(Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 419), says he has bred Husandulum 
anerme, Ratz., from this beetle. Mr, E. A. Newbery sent 
me in July (18, vii, ’01) two 2 2 Hubadizon pallidipes, Nees, 
“taken in Middlesex, while intruding their long spicule 
into the burrows of Z. canaliculatus in an oak fence ” [C. M.]. 
Bignell also records this parasite (Trans. Devon. Assoc. 
1901, p. 682) “busy depositing eggs in a wood-boring 
beetle, infesting oak fencing,” in London; this probably 
also applies to the present Coleopteron, since Mr. Newbery 
informs us he sent the latter some of these parasites. We 
have received from Mr. E. C. Bedwell two 2 2 Hubadizon 
pallidipes, Nees, which “with others were running about 
on an old park paling fence at Ashstead in Surrey, which 
was riddled with borings of Lyctus canaliculatus; they 
seemed to run from hole to hole, some of which they partly 
entered. The Zyctus was abundant at the time”; 24th 
June, 1905. 


67. Lyctus brunneus, Steph. 


Eubadizon pallidipes, Nees, has also been captured by 
Mr. Donisthorpe, in the act of ovipositing in the burrows 
of this beetle, at Southfields, in 1904. 


68. Cis boleti, Scop. 


P. F. Bouché describes, in his Naturgeschichte der 
Insecten (1834, p. 149), a parasite of this species under 
the name Sracon cis—referred to by Westwood (Mod. 
Class. 1, 143). This Nees synonymised with Meteorus 
atrator, Curt.; but Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. u, pp. 96 
et 119) thinks it certainly referable to JZ profligator, Hal., 
of which Bignell (Trans. Devon. Assoc., 1901, p. 682) bred 
nine examples from the larvee of this Coleopteron, in Poly- 
porus versicolor, early in August 1885. I. filator, Hal., 
is also sometimes found abundantly in the same kind of 
fungus, though no association with C. boleti has yet been 
suggested, 


24 Mr, Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


69. Cis laminatus, Mel.* 


The only parasite upon this species is Cephalonomyia 
formiciformis, recorded by Dr. Giraud (Ann. Soe. Fr. 1877, 
p. 435). 


70. Cis glabratus, Mel.* 


71. Ennearthron affine, Gyll. 


From both these small species, Dr. Laboulbéne records 
(/.¢. p. 481) the Chaleid fly, Astichus arithmeticus, Forst. 
upon the authority of M. Perris, in France. 


? 


72. Prionus coriarius, Linn, 

MM. Dr. Jacobs and Dr. Tosquinet, in their Catalogue 
des Ichneumonides de la Belgique appartenant au Groupe 
des Pimplides, indicate (p. 320) Xorides albitarsus as having 
been observed to be parasitic upon this fine Coleopteron 
by Dr. Fromont. 


73. Cerambyz. 


From unspecied individuals of this genus, sensw lato, 
Ratzeburg records Lphialtes populneus, of which Herr Zebe 
bred a ¢ from poplar and probably from the Cerambyzx 
larve therein (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 100); Nordlinger bred 
Lphialtes tuberculatus from a Longicorn in oak at Nozay 
(.c.); Polysphincta lignicola is also thought to be bred 
from some Cerambyz (ii, 110) and Xorides appendiculatus ® 
from the larger Cerambycide (ii, 108). Bracon bicellularis 
was bred by Nordlinger from elm-wood in which small 
Longicorns were living (iii, 33), and B. flavator ‘also lives 
on Cerambyces in dry wood” (i, 46). Mesoleptus teredo, 
whose cocoon was found in a beetle’s boring together with 
the remains of a dead Cerambyz larva (ii, 119), and Xorides 
crassipes, also prey on these beetles; the other kinds, in- 
dicated by Ratzeburg at Ichn. d. Forst. i, 23, are specified 
ab inp ZL 


74, Cerambyx heros, Fab. 


LEphialtes carbonarius, Christ., is said by Ratzeburg (Ichn. 
d. Forst. iii, 109 et 249) to prey upon this large species. 


1 An entirely neglected species ; described by Hartig, Bericht d. naturw. 
Verein der Harz. 1846-7, p. 16. 


-—--_ 


Or 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera, 2 


75. Aromia moschata, Linn. 


The larvee of the Musk Beetle are said by Brischke 
(Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 129) to be destroyed by 
Ischnoceros rusticus, Grav., which he considers synonymous 
with Odontomerus cornutus, Ratz. Thomson says that his 
Ephialtes heteropus (Opusc. Ent. 1249) was bred from this 
longicorn at Lund. 


76. Hylotrypes bajulus, Linn. 

From fir-wood in which Cerambyx bajulus had bored, 
Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 140) bred Cryptus minator. 
Bouché also found Ephialtes manifestator in this beetle (, 
119 et ii, 119); but Bracon leucogaster¥? is said to be 
by far its commonest parasite, and has been found—in 
Germany—in and upon dry wood, especially in beams of 
houses, about its borings (/.¢. 11, 35 et Marsh., Bracon. 
d’Europ. 1, 254). 


77. Callidium. 


Herr Wissmann bred several Aspigonus diversicoriis °° 
in Germany from very different insects, but all in dead 
wood—Lymexylon dermestoides, Mycetochara linearis and un- 
specified Callidia (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 69). Marshall says 
that this Braconid (Bracon. d’Europ. 11, 252) has been bred 
“dun longicorne non determiné.”’ 


78. Callidium alni, Linn. 


There is a2 specimen of Pimpla instigator in Morley’s 
collection taken by Mr. E. C. Bedwell at “ Westerham, 4. 
6. 1900, sitting on a post, which was full of Callidivwm 
aint.” No parasitism is, however, suggested, for which 
indeed the Ichneumonid appears much too large. 


79. Callidium sanguineum, Linn. 


Ratzeburg tells us (Ichn. d. Forst. i, 128) that he found 
Cerambyx sanguineus upon several occasions preyed upon 
by Yorides precatorius™ in hornbeam logs; and this is con- 
firmed by Prof. Thompson (Opuse. Ent. viii, 775), who says 
of the latter, “Utklickt ur Callidiwm i Lund.” Giraud 
(Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 411) gives Opius ? caudatus, Wesm., 
as parasitic on this Longicorn, upon Perris’ authority. 
Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. i, 228) has no doubt that it is 
further attacked by Doryctes gallicus, Reinh., and adds, “ I 


26 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


est tres probable aussi que le Bracon truncorum, Gourean, 
élevé du méme Callidium, est identique avec le D. gallicus.” 


80. Callidium variabile, Linn. 


Of Xylonomus precatorius, Fab., Brischke writes (Schr. 
Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 128): “ Aus Callidium variabile 
erzogen.” Goureau gives his insufficiently described 
Spathius ferrugatus as preying upon the same beetle ; and 
Marshall says of Helcon carinator: “ Klevé par Ratzeburg 
dune larve du longicorne Callidiwm variabile, L., trouvée 
dans une ramuscule de chéne.” 


81. Callidium violaceum, Linn. 


From the larvee of various Cerambyces, but especially of 
this common species, Ratzeburg says (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 68) 
that Wissmann bred both sexes of Helcon carinator, Nees, 
and also, probably, H. tardator, Nees; and adds (J. ¢. ii, 70) 
that he has bred Aspigonus contractus,>* with Helcon 
equator, out of spruce-wood infested by this Longicorn. 
Mr. Horace Donisthorpe possesses a 2 Hphialtes carbon- 
arius, which he took in the act of ovipositing in the 
burrows of C. violacewm at Lyndhurst, in 1902. 


82. Clytus. 


Herr Reissig bred Lxothecus levigatus™ from an un- 
specified larva of this genus (Ichn. Forst. iti, 43); eight 
of this parasite’s larvae were found to be externally sucking 
that of the Longicorn and they subsequently spun light 
cocoons. Radzay also bred Spathius Radzayanus (1. ¢. i, 
44) from oaks in which several species of Clytus, together 
with other beetles, had been boring. 


83. Clytus arcuatus, Linn. 


M. Perris has raised the very rare Pimplid, Avotes albi- 
cinctus, Grav., from this species (cf. Laboulbene, Ann. Soc. 
Fr. 1877, p. 406); and Ratzeburg gives (Ichn. d. Forst. 111, 
249) LHxothecus levigatus’ as parasitic upon Cerambyx 
arcuatus, (Of. also Agrilus biguttatus, ante. ] 


84. Molorchus umbellatarwm, Linn. 


The only parasite which has been indicated in connec- 
tion with this species is Hphialtes pusillus, Ratz. (Ichn. d. 
Forst. iii, 110), of which one specimen was bred by 
Nordlinger out of Jf wmbellatarwm in apple-wood. 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 27 


85. Rhagium bifasciatum, Fab. 


There are, curiously enough, no records of hymeno- 
pterous parasites of this common species. In April 1900 
Mr. F. H. Day sent from the Carlisle district (Orton and 
Durdar) to Mr. Morley both sexes of Mitroboris cornuta,”® 
Ratz., with the following note: “They were bred from fir 
logs, in which Rhagiwm brfasciatum was feeding; I have 
just bred another pair from cocoons—the cocoons from 
which Jitroboris emerged were their own and not those 
of Rhagivm; taken 18th March, 1900. I fancy it is 
not uncommon here, baving during the last few years 
repeatedly noticed similar cocoons in the Lhagiwm 
burrows.” 


86. Rhagiwm indagator, Fab. 


Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 212) says this northern 
species is preyed upon in the Hartz Mountains by Yorides 
wrigator > (11, 105)—copied by Taschenberg (Zeits. Ges. 
Nat. 1863, p. 800) and Tosquinet (Ann. Soc. Belg. 1897, 
p. 322)—Spathius Radzayanus whose cocoons were found 
in its burrows (11, 48) and Bracon leucogaster * which was 
bred from it by Bouché (i, 45); this last is probably 
synonymous with Celoides initiator, Fab., which Marshall 
records (Bracon. d’Kurop. i, 222) from the same _ host, 
whence Bouché also bred Bracon initiator. 


87. Rhagiwm inquisitor, Fab. 


This common species is preyed upon by another kind of 
Xorides, filiformis,” according to Wissmann (Ichn. d. Forst. 
ul, 105—copied like the last species), who notes that the 
parasite constructs a disproportionately elongate cocoon 
and is not confined to the present host. 


88. Rhagium mordax, Fab.* 
Brischke writes (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 129), 


under [schnoceros rusticus, Grav., “ Aus Larven von Rhagvwm 
mordax .... erzogen.” 


89. Leptura scutellata, Fab. 


Both sexes of Histeromerus mystacinus have been bred 
by Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, from a mass of their own 
cocoons, which emerged from a cocoon of L. scutellata, 


found in Epping Forest in May 1906. 


28 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


90. Strangalia quadrifasciata, Linn. 


Marshall’s record (Bracon. d’Europ. 11, 219) of Helcon 
ruspator, Linn. “Parasite du longicorne Strangalia 
quadrifasciata, L.,” is the only one known, 


91. Grammoptera ruficornis, Fab. 


Morley, confirming Helcon annulicornis, Nees, as British 
(KE. M. M. 1900, p. 175), writes: “I should suspect it, from 
the state of its environment when found in the present 
instance,” to prey upon “Grammoptera ruficornis, F., .. . 
If, however, it be parasitic upon so ubiquitous a host, it 
appears curious that it should for so long have been over- 
looked.” And, moreover, the relative size of host and 
parasite render such an association highly improbable. 


92. Acanthocinus xedilis, Linn. 


NXorides filiformis™ under fir bark (Ichn. d. Forst. i, 123), 
X, irrigator®™ of which the almost black and boat-shaped 
cocoon was found side by side with that of its host in dry 
wood (ili, 105), and Bracon initiator ! (4, 46 et 11, 39) are 
instanced as parasites of this interesting Longicorn by 
Ratzeburg (ii, 212), to which is somewhat doubtfully 
added (iii, 36) Bracon precisus, upon the authority of 
Brischke, who saw on 23rd May six of these parasites 
emerge from a hole of Cerambyx exdilis in a fence post. 


93. Leiopus. 


Giraud indicates an unspecified individual of this genus 
to have been the host of Orthocentrus fulvipes, Grav. (Ann. 
Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 408); it was bred in France by M. Edouard 
Perris. 


94, Letopus nebulosus, Linn. 

From this species has been bred by Dr. Fromont, accord- 
ing to Tosquinet (Ann. Soc. Belg. 1897, p. 322), Mitroboris 
cornuta,’® Ratz. ; and Laboulbene also says (Ann. Soc. Fr, 
1877, p. 411) that MMeteorus tabidus, Wesm., was raised 
from it by Perris. 

95. Hoplosia fennica, Payk.* 
From Cerambyx fennicus, Ratzeburg records (Ichn. d. 


Forst. ii, 212) Hphialtes tuberculatus, Xorides filiformis 
bred by Reissig from its own brown, papyraceous cocoons 


—— 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 29 


of nearly an inch in leneth from this beetle in dead wood 
(11, 105), Helcon carinator and, doubtfully, Helcon tardator. 
Of H. carinator he says (ii, 68): “I bred 6 f f and 2 2 
from an oak bough in which the otherwise rare Apate 
sinuata, with LHecoptogaster intricatus and C. fennicus had 
bored extensively; of C. fennicus only one beetle emerged ; 
either the Helcon attacked this species only, or at the 
same time the somewhat large Apate.’ Marshall, however, 


has not noticed this parasitism under either species of 
HHelcon. 


96. Hxocentrus lusitanus, Linn.* 


Brischke appears to have paid considerable attention to 
the parasites of this species, for, in his “Die Ichneu- 
moniden der Provinzen West- und Ost-Preussen,” he 
records Cxnocryptus tener, Ephialtes discolor, Spathius 
brevicaudis and Trigonoderus dactilis, as preying upon it. 


97. Exocentrus punctipennis, Muls.* 


A Braconid, under the name Blacus exocentri, Gir., 18 
recorded by Laboulbéne (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 411) as 
having been bred from this species by Perris in France. 


98. Hxocentrus adspersus, Muls.* 


Laboulbéne (lib. cit. p. 419) instances the Chalcid, 
Husandulum inerme, Ratz., as parasitic on this Longicorn. 


99. Pogonocherus fasciculatus, DeG. 


Lracon flavulator, one f from fir billets (Ichn. d. Forst. 
1. 46), Hphialtes carbonarius, Pimpla terebrans, Pteromalus 
Dahlbomii, two f f taken out of this host upon different 
occasions (1, 202) and a single pair of P. Pogonochoeri, from 
fir billets in which this beetle had lived (i, 200), are 
recorded from Cerambyx fascicularis, Panz., by Ratzeburg 
(ii, 212) ; and to these are added (iii, 249) Bracon igneus,!” 
several bred froin fir boughs in which were these beetles, 
B. undulatus and B. palpebrator, from the same host; 
the last-named parasite was several times bred in great 
numbers by Reissig from P. hispidus, Linn. (iii, 38). 
Reinhard obtained four ~ f and twelve ? 2 of his Doryctes 
pomarius from the borings of Pogonocherus fascicularis, 
Panz., Scolytus rugulosus and S. pruni in fruit trees, as 
recorded by Marshall and Kirchner. 


30 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


100. Pogonocherus bidentatus, Thoms. 


From P. hispidus, Laich., Perris bred in France (ef. 
Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, pp. 410-11) Odontomerus spinipes, 
Grav., Opius rubriceps, Ratz., and, doubtfully, 0. caudatus, 
Wesm. Nordlinger also bred, in Germany, one 9 of bracon 
undulatus,* from apparently this species, out of Huonymus 
(Ichn. d. Forst. 111, 35). 


101. Pogonocherus dentatus, Foure. 

Ratzeburg says (/. ¢. 1i, 212) that Cerambyx pilosus, Fab., 
is attacked by Zphialtes carbonarius (i. 119), and perhaps 
also by Pimpla terebrans, which he bred from fir billets 
probably containing this beetle (i, 114), and from some 
six-to-eight-year old dead firs containing a quantity of 
_Pogonocherus larvee (11, 89). 


102. Monochammus sutor, Linn. 


Bracon impostor is given by Ratzeburg (/. ¢. 111, 249) as 
parasitic upon Cerambyx sutor. 


103. Dorcadion pedestire, Poda.* 

The same author instances Cerambyx rufipes as the host 
of Xorides (Hehthrus) crassipes, which Jacobi bred at 
Nordhausen, in April, from this species, feeding in dry 
plum-tree branches (/. ¢. 11, 115 et 249). 


104. Saperda carcharias, Linn. 

Xorides (Mitroboris) cornutus,® Ratz., is the only known 
parasite of this species as instanced by its author, 
Taschenberg and Tosquinet. Kielmann took at Haasen- 
felde (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 108) three 2 2 as they crept in 
and out of the holes bored by Cerambyx carcharias in 
aspen stems. 


105. Saperda populnea, Linn. 


This Longicorn is much subject to Hymenopterous 
parasites: Hphialtes continwus, twice bred by Brischke 
from swellings on aspen twigs caused by the larvee of this 
beetle (Ichn. d. Forst. iii, 25 et 109), #. manifestator and 
E, populneus, one f of which was bred by Lebe from 
poplar but uncertain host (ii, 100); Bracon multiarticulatus, 
Chelonus levigator + from the same swellings as #. 
continuus (iti, 25), Alysia Gedanensis, "° bred by both 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 31 


Reissig and Brischke from swollen aspen twigs containing 
these larve in May, June and July (iii, 70); Pteromalus 
zneicornis, several raised by Brischke out of aspen 
swellings whence the 4. Gedanensis had already emerged 
(iii, 228); with, doubtfully, a single Entedon chalybeus 
from a similar larval swelling in poplar by Reissig, and 
Torymus macrocentrus by Nérdlinger at Stuttgart out of 
similar knots in a weak aspen (iii, 224) ;—were all noted 
from Cerambyx populneus by Ratzeburg (lid. cit. 11, 212 et 
ili, 249); as also was said by Brischke to have been 
Ichnewmon suspicax? (iii, 166), but Morley regards this 
(Ichn. Brit. i, 248) as “almost certainly in error,” and adds 
(1. ¢. 292), “a great deal more proof is needed before any 
reliance can be placed upon the records of any Ichneu- 
moninz preying upon Coleoptera.” Tischbein once saw 
Glypta teres,” Ratz. [nec Grav. : cf. Thoms., Opuse. Ent. xiii, 
1340] swarming round an aspen and several times bred 
the same species from the present Longicorn. Brischke, 
in his Prussian Ichneumons, also gives Hphialtes continwus, 
Ascogaster lxvigator %* and Entedon chalybeus, adding 
Diadromus subtilicornts with a query. Giraud records 
(Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 397 et seqg.) Cryptus analis,* 
Ephialtes tuberculatus, Pimpla alternans, Kchthrus nu- 
beculatus, HL. populneus, Gir., and Bracon denigrator,” Fab., 
as preying upon it. Kirchner (Cat. 119) adds Chelonus 
nigrinus and Tosquinet (Ann. Soc. Belg. 1897, p. 280) 
Ephialtes carbonarius, upon 'Taschenberg’s authority. 
Bridgman says (Trans. Norf. Soc. 1893, p. 629) that Mr. H. 
J. Thouless has bred both Lphialtes imperator and £. 
tuberculatus from this Longicorn in Norfolk. 


106. Saperda scalaris, Linn. 


According to Dr. Laboulbéne (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 
405), Perris bred Campoplex transfuga, Gir., Orthocentrus 
fulvipes, Grav., and Meteorus tabidus, Wesm., from this 
species; from which has also been raised (Ann. Soc. Belg. 
1897, p. 822) by Dr. Fromont Xylonomus filiformis, Grav., 
in Belgium. Nérdlinger also bred both sexes of 2%. 
precatorius (Ichn. d. Forst. 111, 115) from a Cerambyx + in 
maple. 


1 Ratzeburg (loc. cit.) calls this beetle Ceraimbyx luridus ; I fancy, 
however, it is really Saperda scalaris, as Tetropiwm lwridum lives in 


Coniferx.—K. A. KE. 


32 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


107. Tetrops preusta, Linn. 


From this small species, Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 1, 
212) records Elachestes leucogramma, Pteromalus nodulosus, 
of which Brischke bred a single # (i, 197) and, doubtfully, 
Eurytuma Eccoptogastvi. Nordlinger also bred several 
specimens of Hurytoma ischioxanthus from ash and some 
others from a dry ash point, ringed by hornets, in which 
were Cerambyx preusta. Under the genus Acrocormus, 
Forst., Kirchner (Cat. 166) writes: “Dr. Forster entdeckte 
2 Arten aus diirren Appelzweigen, worin die Larven von 
Saperda preusta von einer Thamnophilus—uand Scolytus— 
Art lebten.” 


108. Oberea oculata, Linn. 


Taschenberg and Tosquinet both give Hphialtes carbo- 
narius, Christ., as preying upon this handsome species. 
They copy Ratzeburg, who says (Ichn. d. Forst. 1, 99): 
“ Among others, I bred a 54 lines long f with stramineous 
under-side of scape, rust-red clypeus, beautifully silky face 
and remarkably short legs out of Salix caprea, in which 
Saperda oculata had been boring.” The parasitism, how- 
ever, is not established, and the short legs render the 
identification doubtful. 


109. Tetropium luridum, Linn. 


This species is said to be much infested with Xorides 
ater ®° in Silesian spruce-fir trees, X. collaris, a $ of which 
were bred by Wissmann in the Hartz, Aspigonus contractus,* 
Bracon initiator)? B. obliteratus,” a few untypical 2 2 of 
Helcon xquator and both sexes in fir in the Hartz, and, 
doubtfully, Aesoleptus teredo, by Ratzeburg (lid. cit. 11, 39, 
67 et 212). Xylonomus caligatus* is also mstanced as 
parasitic upon it by Kirchner (Cat. 109) in Prussia. 


110. Tetropiwm castaneum, Linn. 


Morley writes (Ichn. Brit. 1, 21) of Cubocephalus nigri- 
ventris, Thoms.: “In July 1904, Donisthorpe gave me a 
female of this species, which he had ‘dug at Market 
Bosworth, Leicestershire, from a burrow of TZetropiuwm 
castaneum, in a spruce tree’; there was, however, no direct 
evidence of this species’ parasitism upon the Longicorn 
coleopteron (cf. EK. M. M. 1906, p. 41).” Mr. Pool has bred 
from TZetropium gabriel, at Enfield in 1906, a f Lissonota, 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 33 


which appears to be the undescribed sex of L. palpalis, 
Thoms., and, if so, is new to the British Fauna. 


111. Bruchus afinis, Froh. 


Curtis tells us (Farm Insects, 365) that Stgalphus 
thoracicus is parasitic upon bruchus flavimanus, 


112. Bruchus atomarius, Linn. 


The same author (lib. cit. 364) instances Sigalphus 
pallidipes as preying upon Lruchus granarius. Kirchner 
(Cat. 115) and Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. 1, 254) say 
Chremylus rubiginosus, Nees, is a parasite of B. granarius, 
Schh.; from the larvae of which in the pods of vetch 
M. Perris has also bred Sigalphus striatulus. 


113. Bruchus lentis, Boh. 


Marshall (id. cit. 1, 812) indicates Sigalphus thoracicus, 
Curt., as preying upon Bruchus lentis, Schk. 


114. Bruchus rufimanus, Boh. 


This species is also given by Marshall (/.¢. 1, 254) as an 
alternative host of Chremylus rubiginosus, Nees. 


115. Bruchus biguttatus, Oliv.* 


Bracon rufator, Giraud, was raised by its author (Ann, 
Soc, Fr. 1877, p. 414) from B. biguttatus, in France. 


116. Bruchus seminarius, Linn.* 
Both Chremylus rubiginosus, Nees, and Sigalphus thora- 
cicus, Curtis, are given as parasitic upon this species by 
Marshall (Bracon d’Europ. 1, 254 et 312). 


117. Bruchus vicie, Oliv.* 
Edouard Perris, according to Laboulbéne (Ann. Soc. Fr. 


1877, pp. 414 et 429), bred Bracon precox, Wesm., and 
Pteromalus leucopezus, Ratz., from this species in France. 


118. Bruchus villosus, Fab. 


Three Chalcids are instanced by Ratzeburg as preying 
upon 2B. spartii, Er. These are T'ridymus undatus®® and 
T. punctatus*" (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 227), the latter of which 
Reissig bred from the seeds of Spartium scoparvum, together 

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 3 


34 Mr. Ernest A. Elhott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


with Curculio Spartvi, and two 2 of Entedon seminarius *8% 
(iii, 213). The latter was also bred by Brischke from the 
same host; from which Kirchner further says (Cat. 111) 
that Bracon colpophorus and Pteromalus leguminum have 
been bred. Reissig, however, was uncertain (Ichn. d. Forst. 
iii, 234) whether the host of P. leguminum were a Bruchus 
or an Apion. 


119. Bruchus rufipes, Herbst.* 
120. Bruchus signaticornis, Schh. 


121. Bruchus pallidicornis, Schh. 
M. Perris has indicated Sigalphus striatulus as parasitic 
upon the above three species of Bruchus in pods of 
vetch. 


122. Crioceris asparagi, Linn. 

Our evidence of this species’ parasitism is of the 
slenderest: a single cocoon of some kind of Apanteles 
(which unfortunately failed to emerge) was found in June 
1906, upon an asparagus leaf in the garden of Monks’ 
Soham House, Suffolk, amongst numerous Jarve of this 


beetle [C. M.]. 


123. Crioceris duodecimpunctata, Linn. 


Kirchner states (Cat. 98), concerning the Ophionid, 
Porizon microcephalus, Grav., “Von Dr. Amerling aus 
Crioceris dwodecimpunctata erzogen.” 


124. Cryptocephalus bipunctatus, Linn. 


M. Tappes has figured the male of Pygostolus falcatus, 
Nees, which he says (Ann. Soc. Fr., 1869) emerged from 
this beetle. 


125. Cryptocephalus fulvus, Goez. 


The Braconid, ‘“ Pezomachus” Rosenhaueri, Ratz. 
(Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 247), has been bred in Germany by Herr 
Rosenhauer from larve of Cryptocephalus minutus, Fab, 


126. Cryptocephalus quinguepunctatus, Har.* 


Nees von Esenbeck reared two individuals of Hupelmus 
annulatus from the pupa of this beetle (Hym. Mon. ii, 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 35 


76—quoted by Westwood, Mod. Class. 11, 159). This is 
copied by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 111, 249), who adds 
that Pezomachus pedestris,’ a species of T'ryphon, Entedon 
cassidarum and Pteromalus cryptocephali, which was bred 
by Rosenhauer, also prey upon this species; though all 
his details appear somewhat inconclusive. 


127. Timarcha tenebricosa, Fab. 


DeGeer first noticed this species to be attacked by 
hymenopterous parasites. Bignell bred (Trans. Devon. 
Assoc., 1901, p. 680) a specimen of Perilitus falciger, 
Ruthe, from a perfect beetle of this species in South 
Devon, on 7th May, 1891, and remarks upon the rarity of 
the emergence of parasites from imagines. For a similar 
record cf. Bull. Soc. Fr. 1854, p. 57.1 


128. Timarcha violaceonigra, DeG. 


Writing of Perilitus falciger, Ruthe, Marshall (Bracon. 
d’Europ. u, 42) tells us that “Un examplaire conservé au 
Museé Britannique est étiqueté comme provenu d’un 
coléoptere adulte et vivant, Zimarcha coriaria, Fab.” 


129. Chrysomela. 


Boyer de Fonscolombe bred (Ann. Scien. Nat., 1832, 
pp. 278 et seqg.) his Pteromalus gallarum®® from the 
pupa of some species of this genus, as is quoted by 
Westwood and Ratzeburg. 


130. Chrysomela varians, Schal. 


Kawell is said by Kirchner (Cat. 97) to have bred from 
this beetle Mesochorus thoracicus, Grav., in Kurland. 


131. Melasoma popult, Linn. 


Chrysomela populi is said by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 
ili, 230 et 249) to be attacked by Pteromalus Sieboldt, 
which Reissig and von Siebold both bred from this beetle, 


1 “Several instances of the emergence of the larve from the bodies 
of perfect Coleopterous insects are recorded, and I possess a specimen 
of Timarcha levigata, from which the larve of a small species of 
Bracon escaped from the posterior extremity of the abdomen in such 
numbers, as to cover the whole bottom of a pill-box an inch in dia- 
meter with their little cocoons. There could hardly have been fewer 
than a hundred of them, and the beetle did not long survive such an 
unpleasant operation ” (Dallas’ Elements of Entomology, p. 242). 


36 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


probably from the pupa or full-grown larva. Cf. also J. 
Giraud, Bull. Soc. Fr. 1869, p. 14°7. 


132. Melasoma tremulx, Fab. 


Referring to the earlier records of Apanteles hoplites, 
Ratz., Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ i, 443) writes : “ Reissig 
a supposé, par erreur, qu'il était parasite des coléopteres 
... Lina tremule, Fab., obtenus des feuilles roulées du 
tremble.” Marshall’s scepticism is based upon the belief 
that no member of the genus preyed upon Coleoptera; 
but cf. Morley, Entom. 1906, p. 100. 


133. Gastroidea viridula, DeG. 


134. Plagiodera versicolora, Laich. 


Kirchner says of Pteromalus mandibularis, Forst. (Cat. 
172): “Von mir erzogen aus Plagiodera armoraciz#, Fabr., 
und Gastrophysa raphan.” Brischke records Bracon 
fuscipennis, Wesm., $ “Aus Larven von Gastrophysa 
raphani erzogen” (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz., 1880, p. 135). 


135. Prasocuris phellandru, Linn, 

In his splendid “Wirths-Tabelle,” Brischke (/70. ezt.,p. 176) 
gives “ Phitonomus phellandrit” as the coleopterous host of 
Canidia quingueangularis, Ratz. No such species appears 
to occur in the genus Phytonomus (Hypera), nor is such a 
one called to mind in any but Prasocuris; but cf. Thoms 
Opusc. Ent. xi, 112. 


136. Galerucella calmariensis, Linn. 


Westwood says (Mod. Class. 11, 159) that Fonscolombe 
reared Pteromalus galeruce from the eggs of Galeruca 
calmariensis ; but we have not seen the latter’s account of 
the circumstance.! 


187. Adimonia pomonex, Scop.* 


The ubiquitous Bassus lxtatorius has been bred by 
Tischbein from the larva of A. rustica (cf. Voll. Pinac. 111, 
pl. 1, et Morley, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1905, p. 432). 

1 Cf. also P. Marchal’s Observations biologiques sur un Parasite de 


la Gateruque de l’Orme, le Tetrastichus xanthomelene, Rond. [Bul. 
Soc. Fr. 1905, pp. 64-68. ] 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 37 


138. Phyllotreta nigra, ? MS.* 


Under Aphidius Halticw, Rond., Marshall (Bracon. 
d’Europ. ii, 616) writes: ‘‘ Provenu, selon l’auteur, de la 
larve d'un coléoptére, qu'il nomme Phyllotreta nigra, Ent. 
Heft. Outre quil n’y a pas de Phyllotreta nigra parmi 
les Halticidz, un rapport de parasitisme entre Aphidius et 
un coléoptére est peu vraisemblable.—Italie.” 


139. Psylliodes dulcamare, Koch. 


Dr. Giraud, in a footnote (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 248), 
says: “M. Edouard Perris a trouvé le Péeromalus ea- 
crescentium de Ratzeburg, parasite de la Psylliodes 
dulcamare.” 


140. Cassida. 


Under Entedon cassidarum, Ratz., Kirchner (Cat. 184) 
gives: “Gezogen aus Cassida-Arten.” It was bred by both 
von Siebold and Rosenhauer from members of this genus 
(Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 248). 


141. Cassida seladonia, Gyll. 


Laboulbéne gives (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 418) Chaleis 
parvula, Laporte, as having been bred by Perris from 
C. filaginis, Perr. 


142. Heledona agaricola, Latr. 


Of his 2 Orthocentrus testaceipes, Brischke says (Schr, 
Nat. Ges. Danz. 1878, n. 6, p. 110): “Aus Larven der 
Heledona agaricola in einem Boletus erzogen. Neustadt.” 
A dozen specimens, including both sexes, of a green 
Pteromalus, together with their hosts, were bred from this 
beetle by Donisthorpe in a fungus found at Virginia 
Water, 21st September, 1901. 


143. Diaperis boleti, Linn. 


Giraud found Diospilus ephippiwm associating with this 
beetle and other fungivorous Coleoptera in Boletus rgnarvus 
about Vienna (Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 263 et Kirch. Cat. 132). 
Laboulbene records Microdus calculator, Nees (Ann. Soc. 
Fr. 1877, p. 412): “ Bolet, avec Diaperis boleti et Tinea 
parasitella”?; Marshall, however, thinks the JMJicrodus 
more probably parasitic on the Lepidoptera, Scardia bolete, 
Fab., ete. 


38 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


144, Mycetochares axillaris, Payk.* 

This species was thought by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. 
Forst. ii, 69 et 215) to be preyed upon by Aspigonus 
diversicornis,> since the latter was bred in Germany 
by Herr Wissmann from dead wood containing M, linearis 
and other Coleoptera. Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 252) 
quotes this, but synonymises the host with JJycetochures 
barbata, Latr. 


145. Orchesia minor, Walk. 


From the pupa of this species, which is probably 
synonymous with the next, Marshall says Hwphorus 
pallidipes, Curt., has once been bred in England. 


146. Orchesia micans, Panz. 


The pink larvee of this beetle, so abundant in dry Loletz, 
are very extensively parasitised, though it is difficult to 
understand how their foes come at them when so embedded 
in their pabulum. Westwood (Mod. Class. 1, 309 et u, 
143) says M. V. Adouin has ascertained that it was attacked 
by Perilitus similator,'8 which he himself had also reared 
fromit. Curtis instances Huphorus orchesiv?” and Meteorus 
orchesiv.7  Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 215) gives 
Microdus abcissus®”™ (p. 46), Porizon moderator of which 
Tischbein bred both sexes (p. 86), Perilitus obfuscatus,™ 
bred by Reissig, Tischbein and Wissmann, and P. longi- 
caudis, also bred by Wissmann along with the last species, 
as its parasites; and MMeteorus longicaudis is also referred 
to in this connection by Brischke. Giraud bred JJeteorus 
obfuscatus, Ratz., from “ Orchestes micans, dans Boletus 
igniarius” (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 411). Marshall records 
(Ent. Ann. 1874, p. 126) Perilitus obfuscatus, Nees, bred 
from this beetle and (Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 91) says of JZ, 
obfuscatus: “Ce Meteorus est bien connu comme parasite 
solitaire et commun des coléoptéres fungicoles, Orchesia 
micans, Panz., etc. On ignore si la femelle confie son ceuf 
a la larve de /’Orchesia ou & Vinsecte adulte; quoi quil en 
soit, j'ai vu plusieurs fois des Orchesia & l'état parfaits, 
trouvés mort, et ayant leurs membres enchevétrés dans le 
lainage de la coque blanchitre du parasite, qui s’était 
attaché & leur ventre.” Bignell (Trans. Devon. Assoc. 
1901, p. 681) also notices the attachment of the parasites’ 
thin and whitish cocoon to their host in Bolt Head speci- 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 39 


mens of the same species; he bred it at the end of June 
1898. Sometimes only ff will emerge from a whole 
fungus-full of Orchesia, as was the experience of Mr. E. G. 
Bayford, about Barnsley in 1898, who bred it from the 
pup of the beetle. It has been suggested that this 
species may have been the host of Hemuteles niger, which 
has been bred from a ligneous fungus (cf. Morley, Ichn. 
Brit. 11. 146). 

Morley has invariably bred Meteorus obfuscatus, wherever 
O. micans occurs (from Soletuws on old elm-trees about 
Ipswich); a fungus taken on Oct. 17th, 1897, produced 5 f 
and 2 2 Thersilochus moderator on April Ist, 1898; and 
1 f with 3 2Qof the same species, 8 f and 13 2 Meteorus 
obfuscatus, and 19 O. micans, had also emerged from it by 
Jan. 12th, 1901. A second fungus, taken Dec. 30th, 1899, 
yielded only 2 2 AZ. obfuscatus and 2 O. micans by June 
22nd, 1900. From a third fungus obtained in 1902 were 
bred by June 17th, 1903, 26 O. micans,50 (17 92) M. 
obfuscatus, 10 (52.2) T. moderator, 5 (1 2) Proctotrypes par- 
vulus, Hal., 2 red-bodied Cecidomyia and 1 Phalacrus 
corruscus ; there can be but little doubt, in lack of direct 
evidence, that the Zhersilochus is hyperparasitic, through 
the Meteorus, upon the Orchesia; the appearance of the 
Proctotrypes is more difficult to explain, though several 
times before bred from fungi; the Dipteron doubtless sub- 
sisted upon the fungus itself, in which the Phalacrid 
Coleopteron was probably no more than hibernating. 


147. Hallomenus. 

Prof. C. G. Thomson (Opusc. Ent. xii, 1360) says of 
Porizon: “ Hvad angir lefnadssittet kainner man foga 
derom ; ett par arter hafva klaickts ur Coleoptera—Orchesia 
och Hallomenus— ; nigra andra lefva parasitiskt hos 
Cynips.” And adds of Diaparsus gulvipes, Grav. (lib. cit. 
1378), “utlickt ur Hallomenus.” 


148. Hallomenus humeralis, Panz. 

A Braconid, Diospilus filator, Nees, is said by Giraud 
(Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 411) to have been bred by Perris 
from this beetle. 

149. Carida affinis, Payk. 


Gravenhorst (Ichn. Europ. i. 777) writes of Porizon 
boops: “. , . alter Neeseo ab Esenbeck prorepit e larva 


40 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


Hallomeni affinis, in Boleto fomentario habitante, mense 
Juni.” This is quoted by Kirchner; and Ratzeburg 
(Ichn. d. Forst. i, 86) says under Porizon moderator that 
Herr Wissmann has bred it from Hallomenus affinis in a 
fungus on beech at Miinden, in Hanover. 


150. Melandrya caraboides, Linn. 


Laboulbene gives (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 412) Aspigonus 
diversicornis,»’ Gir., as having been bred by Perris from 
this species; and Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. iii, 69) says 
Nordlinger found Helcon claviventris in the trunk of an 
ancient beech tree in company with it, adding Mesostenus 
ater as an alternative parasite ; the latter, however, emerged 
from wood containing unspecified Melandrya, Sphex and 
Dasytes (q. v. ante). 


151. Mordellistena episternalis, Muls.* 


From this beetle, Giraud tells us (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, 


p- 426) that M. Perris bred the Chalcid, Hurytoma 
histrionica, Forst. 


152. Metxcus paradoxus, Linn. 


It may be well to indicate that the Tryphonid, Spheco- 
phaga vesparum, Curt., though often found in the same 
nests of Vespa vulgaris as this anomalous beetle (ef. 
Morley, E. M. M. 1900, p. 123), is now considered to prey 
exclusively upon the larvee of their common host, in spite 
of Hope’s assumption that S. vesparwm was parasitic upon 
M. paradoxus (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1838, iii, p. 177). It is not 
yet, however, known upon what the nondescript Chalcid 
and Braconid, which are also sometimes found in the same 
nests (cf. Kirby, Bridgwater Treatise, 1835, ii. 335), are 
parasitic. 


153. Lhynchophora. 


Westwood (Mod. Class. ii, 142) refers to an unspecified 
Curculio, which was discovered to be attacked by hymeno- 
pterous parasites by Rev. William Kirby, F.R.S.; and 
Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 213) says that Hncyrtus 
flaminius has also been bred from some species of the same 
broad genus; further, Reissig (/zd. cit. iii, 89) raised a f of 
Bracon scutellaris from weevils in the leaves of sallow. 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 41 


154. Apoderus. 


At lib. cit. 11, 213, Ratzeburg tells us that an unspecified 
Apoderus has been found to be attacked by Lneyrtus flavo- 
maculatus and also (l.c. ii, 249) by Ophionewrus simplex.® 


155. Apoderus coryli, Linn. 

Ratzeburg says (/. ¢. 11, 94) that his single f of Pimpla 
longiventris was found in an immature condition in a hazel 
leaf rolled by this beetle and thought consequently that 
it had undoubtedly been bred there. Reissig also bred 
(1. c. iti, 97) Pimpla favipes®™’ and (iu, 217) EHlachestus 
leucobatus from the same host. 


156. Attelabus curculionoides, Linn. 


Two specimens of Ophionewrus simplex*® were bred by 
Herr Reissig (Ichn. d. Forst. iii, 197) out of the little 
larvee of Apoderus curculionoides in rolled oak leaves at 
Darmstadt. 


157. Byctiscus betuletr, Fab. 


Rev. T. A. Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 149) records 
Calyptus tibialis, Hal., which he thinks synonymous with 
Brachistes politus, Ratz., from this species, upon the latter’s 
authority—Nordlinger found B. politus in a pear leaf rolled 
by this weevil early in June at Winnenden (Ichn. d. Forst. 
iii, 27) ;—he is however sceptical of the record from it of 
Apanteles hoplites (cf. Melasoma tremule, ante).  Ratze- 
burg also mentions (/. ¢. ii, 214) Bracon discoideus, frequently 
bred from aspen leaves rolled by this beetle (p. 38); J/icro- 
gaster levigatus, one ¢ bred by Reissig (p. 50); Pimpla 
flavipes, obtained in masses from Curculio betulets in rolled 
aspen leaves in the middle of July (p. 91); and Hlachestus 
carinatus, of which four specimens were bred from rolled 
aspen leaves—probably tenanted by this weevil—by 
Reissig (p. 173); as well as (au, 249) Ophionewrus 
simplea,4?6 

158. Byctiscus populi, Linn. 


Herr Reissig bred Bracon discoideus from Rhynchites 
popult in rolled poplar leaves (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 37). 


159. Deporaus betule, Linn. 


Ophioneurus signatus ”” is instanced by Reissig (lid. cit. 
iii, 249) as bred from leaves rolied by Rhynchites betulx. 


42 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


160. Apion. 


Kirby and Spence (Introd. 7th Ed. 1859, 154) say 
they have received hymenopterous parasites from “The 
clover-weevil ”—probably Apion apricans. Ratzeburg 
(Ichn. d. Forst 11, 249) instances Pteromalus leguminum 
and Z'ridymus punctatus“ bred from unspecified Apiones. 
Kirchner records (Cat. 179) Cirrospilus nerio “ Aus Apion 
in Spartium-Hiilsen erzogen.” And Giraud tells us (Ann. 
Soe. Fr. 1877, pp. 428-30) that Pteromalus fasciatus, Forst., 
and P. regius, Forst., have been bred from uninstanced 
members of this rich genus. 


161. Apion apricans, Herbst. 


Perhaps Kirby and Spence’s above record: refers to 
Callimone parallelinus, Boh., which Reinhard once bred 
from this species. 


162. Apion bohemani, Thoms. 
Perris, according to Laboulbéne (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 
428), bred Pteromalus erichsoni, Ratz., and perhaps also 
P, albitarsus, Walk., from Apion ononidis, in France. 


163. Apion cracce, Linn. 


164. Apion difficile, Herbst.* 

According to Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. i, 144), Bach 
has raised Bracon colpophorus, Wesm., from the siliquee of 
Ervum hirsutum, which were occupied by both these 
Apiones; the parasitism, however, appears open to doubt. 
Bach is also instanced (Ichn. d. Forst. iii, 234) as having 
bred Pteromalus leguminum in quantities from both A. 
cracce and A, difficile. 


165. Apion loti, Kirby. 
166. Apion rufirostre, Fab. 

Giraud tells us (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 412) that Sigalphus 
Jloricola, Wesm., has been bred from both Apion atritarse 
and A. loti by Edouard Perris. 

167. Apion trifoli, Linn. 
This species is said by Laboulbéne (loc. cit. p. 429) to 


have been parasitically attacked, according to Perris, by 
Pteromalus leguninum, Ratz. 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 43 


168. Apion urticarium, Herbst. 


Perris has also raised Péeromalus muscarum, Htg., accord- 
ing to Laboulbene (J. ¢.), from Apion vernale. 


169. Apion violacewm, Kirby. 


Entedon curculionum, Giraud, is said by its author (Ann. 
Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 432), upon the authority of Perris, to 
prey, among other weevils, upon this species. 


170. Apion brevirostre, Herbst.* 


M. Edouard Perris, who has done such good work in 
‘ this genus, is also said (Joc. cit.) to have bred Hulophus 
atroceruleus, Nees, and Tetrastichus rosarwm, Forst., from 
this Apion in France. 


171. Apion sulcifrons, Herbst.* 


Giraud records (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, pp. 425 et 432) his 
Eurytoma apionum and Entedon nitens from Apion sulerfrons, 
in the latter case upon Artemisia campestris, Linn. 


172. Apion Perrisi, Wenck.* 


From a species thus named, Laboulbéne (Joc. cit. p. 414) 
says M. Perris bred Bracon rufator, Gir., in France. 


178. Apion consimile, ? MS.* 


Laboulbéne also records (/. ¢ p. 432) Hntedon longi- 
ventris, Ratz., bred from Apion consimile by Dr. Giraud. 


174, Otiorhynchus ligneus, Oliv. 


Bracon Otiorhynchi 2 and B. Barynoti g, described by 
Boudier, are the sexes of Ganychorus tuberculatus,*” Wesm. 
(Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux. 1835). A single larva of the ¢ was 
bred from Otiorhynchus ligneus and a single larva of the g 
from Barynotus moerens, after the perfect beetles had been 
pierced with pins for preservation. These larvae, which 
emerged from the abdomens of their respective hosts, spun 
their cocoons on to the pins, beneath the beetles’ bodies ; 
they were bred at Montmoreucy (cf. Boudier, Ann. Soc. 
Fr. 1834, pp. 327-836, et Westwood, Mod. Class. ii, 143). 
What do we not lose by too thoroughly killing our cabinet 
specimens now-a-days! 


44 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


175. Otiorhynchus maurus, Gyll. 


Oresbius castancus was conjectured by Marshall (E.M.M. 
ii, p. 194) to possibly be parasitic upon this weevil (cf. 
Morley, Ichn. Brit. ii. 109). 


176. Trachyphleus scabriculus, Linn. 


An instance—our only one—of oviposition in a perfect 
beetle was witnessed by M. Boudier, who says (Ann. 
Soc. Fr. 1834, p. 332) that he saw a small, unspecified 
Ichneumon-fly “cramponné sur le dos de Zrachyphleus 
scabriculus, I] avait introduit sa tarriére entre les elytres 
et l’abdomen par l’anus” (Westwood, Mod. Class. ii, 144). 


177. Phyllobius urtice, DeG. 


Under his Dolops aculeator, Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. ii, 
269) says that, in default of direct proof, he suspects it to 
be parasitic upon this common weevil. The only herbage 
where he took the Braconid, near Teignmouth, was a single 
clump of Urtica dioica, whereon was Phyllobius alneti in 
profusion. 


178. Barynotus elevatus, Marsh. 
[Cf Otcorhynchus ligneus, above. | 


179. Hypera. 

In 1902, Rev. T. A. Marshall was so good as to send 
me, from Corsica, a specimen of some Pimplinze (possibly 
Pimpla abdominalis, Grav.), which he had bred from an 
unspecified Phytonomus [C.M.]. Cf also Prasocuris 
phellandrii, ante. 


180. Hypera rumicis, Linn. 
From a larva of Phytonomus rumicis, Kawall bred 


(Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1855, p. 230) at end of July, both sexes 
of Phygadenon rufulus, Gmel. 


181. Hypera polygoni, Linn. 

Herr Dahlbom bred Campoplex subcinctus}™ Grav., from 
larvee of Phytonomus polygont, which were feeding upon 
Silene in the Botanical Gardens at Lund, 8th August, 1837 
(Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 82.) Jacobi bred Mesochorus nigripes, 
Ratz., out of the same beetle in Prussia; he found the 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 45 


yellow, translucent cocoons adhering to leaves; towards 
the end of July the ichneumon emerged and left in the 
coleopterous cocoon a brown, thick-walled cocoon of its 
own; the beetle itself emerged from its adjacent cocoons 
(lib, cit. iii, 118—referred to by Kirchner, Cat. 97). 


182. Hypera plantaginis, DeG. 
Curtis mentions (B. E. pl. dxxxvi) that a species of the 


Cryptid genus Pezomachus has -been bred from Cwreulio 
plantaginis. 


183. Rhinocyllus latirostris, Latr. 


Goureau gives an interesting account of Bracon urinator, 
Fab., which is parasitic upon this species in Cardwus 
nutans. He says it is full-fed and has demolished its host- 
larva by about the middle of August, when it spins a 
cocoon which occupies that of the beetle. Therein it 
passes the winter and does not assume the pupal condition 
till the end of the following March ; the imago emerges at 
the beginning of April, but is commonest during June 


(cf. Bracon. d’Europ. i, 156-7). 


184, Ziaus algirus, Linn. 


In the ancient and badly neglected collection of British 
Ichneumonide in the British Museum is an unnamed 
2 Pimpla (Epirus), a stout insect, as large as P. graminelle, 
Schr., black with totally flavous legs and terebra half 
length of body—labelled “ Ichneumon of Lixus angustatus, 
Fairlight, Aug. 3lst; F. Smith.” In August 1902 Mr. 
Donisthorpe took at Rye, in the same neighbourhood of 
Sussex, a 2 of the ubiquitous Ophion luteus, Linn., which 
he says ‘‘ settled on a larva of Livus algirus.” 


185. Lixvus iridis, Oliv.* 
Prof. Dr. Otto Schmiedeknecht gives (Opuse. Ichn. 544) 


Hoplocryptus insectator, Tschek, as parasitic upon JZ. 
turbatus, Schh. 


186. Larinus carline, Oliv. 


Pieromalus elevatus, Walk., is said by Dr. Giraud (Ann. 
Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 428) to have been bred from this species 
by Perris in France. 


46 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


187. Cuculio abietis, Linn. 


Ratzeburg gives (Ichn. d. Forst, 11. 213) phialtes 
tuberculatus, Bracon hylobit and, doubtfully, Pteromalus 
multicolor, as parasitic upon Hylobius pint. Of B. hylobia 
Nordlinger bred in May 40 2 9 and 4 $f from this species, 
each of whose larve supports about ten parasites; the 
cocoons of the latter are firm, oat-shaped and papyraceous, 
woven among their hosts’ frass and dead bodies, and often 
constructed at the end of the beetles’ borings, beneath fir 
bark (/. ¢. 11,38). A single ZL. tuberculatus was bred at 
the end of July at Hohenheim from a Weymouth pine in 
which this weevil lived ; it had apparently emerged from 
an elongate cocoon, presumably of its own construction 
(2. c. ii, 100). Taschenberg says (Zeits. Ges. Nat. 1863, 
p. 267) that it is also preyed upon by Pimpla terebrans, 
which is recorded from Curculio pint (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 38). 


188. Pissodes notatus, Fab. 


Much attention was paid to the parasitism of this species 
by Ratzeburg, who records (Ichn. d. Forst. i, 23, 1, 214 et in, 
249) the attacks of twenty-nine different Hymenoptera 
upon it, including Hupelmus azwreus,"> Hurytoma sp., 
Pteromalus pellucens and P.? emulus. Hemateles melanarius 
and H. modestus'® (iii, 153-4) were both bred by Reissig 
from young fir trees containing, principally, Cureulio notatus 
and Hylesinus piniperda; Neurateles papyraceus (i, 86) 
were bred, probably from this weevil, from firs near 
Saarbriicken ; Hphialtes carbonarius (i, 99) emerged at 
Neunkirchen in Rhenish Prussia, probably from this beetle ; 
Pimpla linearis (ii, 93) was certainly bred from Cureulio 
notatus, by both Reissig and Ratzeburg from both young 
firs and fir-cones, together with P. latiecps (11, 94 et 111, 100), 
in the same locality. Quantities of both sexes of Bracon 
disparator \" (i, 46) were bred from fir billets infested by 
this weevil; two 22 B. incompletus (i, 44) were bred from 
fir, probably from this beetle, in Germany; 2. labrator 
(i, 47 et ii, 40) was bred at Borutin in Upper Silesia from 
fir logs infested with C. notatus ; both sexes of B. palpebrator 
(i, 47 et ii, 39) were bred in quantities from fir wood full 
of these larvee at Trier; ~ % of B. sordidator (G. 48) were 
bred, with the last-named species, in Upper Silesia from 
fir logs, probably also from this beetle. rachistes 
atricornis 3+ (11, 28) is one of its commonest parasites, in 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 47 


firs in the Neunkirchen district ; from fir cones containing 
larves of C. notatus, B. firmus and B. robustus 31 (1, 54 et 
ii, 27) were bred; at Borutin one specimen of Microdus 
abcissus °°" (i, 57) was bred from fir wood, filled with a 
brood of these larve ; a few specimens of Spathius brevi- 
caudis (ii, 43) were bred from fir containing this weevil at 
Neunkirchen and from the Mark. urytoma ischioranthus 
is referred to (11, 221), though the identification appears 
not quite established, as bred by Nordlinger with Pimpla 
laticeps out of C. notatus in fir cones; a single specimen of 
Hadrocerus wnispinosa ®® (11, 183) was bred, with a mass 
of B. palpebrator, Pteromalus guttatus and a few Diptera, 
from a great number of young dead fir trees from the 
Ostree coast, which had been killed by this weevil, though 
the parasitism is doubtful. Péteromalus guttatus is said 
(i, 188 et 11, 193) to be one of the commonest parasites of 
this beetle ; P. clavatus (11, 202) emerged from Trier firs, 
infested by C. notatus, from which also P. Dahlbomi 
(i, 202 et 11, 201) was raised in fir billets from several 
places in the Mark; several 2 2 P. /wnula (ii, 193) were 
bred from fir plants full of these larvae at Neunkirchen ; 
P. suspensus (/.¢.) was bred from this weevil at Trier and 
by Nordlinger from Pinus pinaster in which C. notatus and 
Hylesinus piniperda had bored; P. virescens®™ (ii, 204) 
was also raised from the same host at Trier. Brischke gives 
(Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 113) Pimpla brevicornis, 
Grav, var. 3, Holmer.,as well as Péeromalus guttatus, “ Aus 
Pissodes notatus erzogen”; and Giraud adds (Ann. Soc. 
Fr. 1877, p. 414) Bracon initiator Fab. and B. palpebrator, 
Ratz., as having been bred from it in France. 


189. Pissodes pint, Linn. 


I have had in my collection for some years (says Ratz., 
Ichn. d. Forst. 1. 193) a genuine Pteromalus pint which, 
from the attached number, appears to have been bred from 
Pissodes pint. 


190. Pissodes hercynie, Herbst.* 


Curiously distinct parasites from those of P. notatus were 
recorded from Curculio hercynix by Ratzeburg (I. ¢. ii, 214) 
who instances Pimpla terebrans, bred from it by Wissmann 
(ii, 89); Xorides crassipes and X. hercynianus, which two 
doubtfully distinct species were bred by Hartig from spruce 


48 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


bark in which larve of this weevil were boring (11, 106) ; 
Brachistes atricornis,* bred in spruce bark under which 
were these larva (ii, 28); and Stgalphus curculionum,” 
which is said by Hartig to be its chief parasite (ii, 74). 


191. Pissodes piniphilus, Herbst.* 


From this weevil, which is very closely allied to P. notatus, 
Ratzeburg (/. ¢. i, 249) bred only Bracon palpebrator. 


192. Ovrchestes. 


Nordlinger bred Hntedon confinis at Grand Jouan, in 
France (J. ¢. ii, 166), and Ratzeburg records in Germany 
Eulophus xanthops®° (i, 23), which both preyed upon 
unspecified individuals of this genus. 


193. Orchestes alni, Linn. 


Tetrastichus orchestis, Forst., is indicated by Laboulbene 
(Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 434) as having been bred by Dr. 


Giraud from this species. 


194. Orchestes leucaspis = ? scutellaris, Germ. 


Nordlinger bred from 0. leucaspis, Mus. Ber. (= semarufus, 
Koll.), in birch leaves Sigalphus fulvipes ° (Ichn. d. Forst. 
il, 26), Hulophus dendricornis (11, 155) and one g of Péero- 
malus Jowanensis (11, 199) ; and Ratzeburg says he obtained 
only one Pteromalus orchestis among many thousands of 
other parasites bred in this genus (11, 205), adding that the 
same species emerged from Orchestes lewcaspis at Grand 
Jouan in birch leaves. 


195. Orchestes fagi, Linn. 


Two specimens, and later (/.¢. 11, 28) a 3, of Brachistes 
minutus 8 were bred from Curculio fagi, together with 
one f of Pteromalus cruciatus (ii, 205), on 10th June by 
Herr Reissig (ii, 28) ; both sexes of Brachistes fagi,‘° bred 
by Brischke from this host early in June (iii, 28), as well 
as (iii, 249) Hvxothecus debilis, bred by Nordlinger and 
Reissig (iii, 42); Sigalphus caudatus, Entedon lutetpes; LE. 
flavomaculatus, bred by Reissig (iii, 208); #. lineatus,3 
one specimen bred by Nordlinger at Hohenheim (ii, 209); 
E. orchestis, bred at the same place by Nordlinger (i, 206), 
and FH. wanthostoma ; EHulophus lepidus,?! bred with Entedon 
xanthops by Nordlinger at Hohenheim Gi, 170 et in, 
242); HE, diachymatis **" and E. pilicornis—are all recorded 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 49 


by Ratzeburg from this beetle. Marshall adds (Bracon- 
d’Kurop. i, 187) Collastes braconius to the list of its 
enemies; and Brischke gives Sigalphus pallidipes, Nees, 
“aus Larven von Orchestes fagi erzogen.” 


196. Orchestes ilicis, Fab. 


There are no exact records of hymenopterous parasitism 
upon this beetle, though Nordlinger has thrice bred 
Chalcids from 0. ilicis in company with O. quercus: thus 
we find both sexes of Hulophus fumatus (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 
156) bred from oak leaves in which these two species of 
weevils were feeding; Hntedon medianus (/.c. 169) bred 
from both or either; and Plevomalus Jouanensis (1. ¢. 199) 
bred in the same way at Grand Jouan. - 


197. Orchestes salicis, Linn. 


Upon this species prey Lntedon orchestis and E. punctatus, 
which were both bred, together with a Pteromalus, by 
Reissig on Ist October (did. cit, 1, 160 et 165); £. wnico- 
status, of which one specimen was bred from this host 
by Bouché (ii, 163); and Ratzeburg further records #. 
medianus as preying upon it in France. 


198. Orchestes scutellaris, Gyll. 


Giraud thrice bred Chalcids from this species (Ann. Soe. 
Fr. 1877, pp. 432-4), which were Plewrotropis orchestis, Gir., 
Tetrastichus frontalis, Nees, and 7’. orchestis, Forst. 


199. Orchestes quercus, Linn. 


The parasites bred in Germany from this common weevil 
(Ichn. d. Forst. i, 23, revised and extended 1i, 213) are very 
numerous, comprising Jschius striolatus, Hntedon confinis 
and £. ? luteipes; Ratzeburg bred one ¢ of Pimpla alter- 
nans (ii, 92), nearly certainly from this host, among other 
parasites ; Polysphincta latistriata (4, 120) bred from this 
weevil in the epidermal bladders on the white-spotted oak 
leaves. Microgaster breviventris,* (11, 51) bred on 20th 
July from Curculio quercus, after most of its other parasites 
had emerged; both sexes of Sigalphus caudatus (ii, 25) 
from oak leaves in which this weevil lived and from the 
same host by Nordlinger on 12th June; both sexes also of 
Spathius clavatus “" (11, 42) were obtained on26thJune from 
oak leaves infested by this beetle. Both sexes of Hlachestus 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PARTI. (JUNE) 4 


50 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


obscuripes (i, 165 et iii, 173) bred sparingly, with LZ. sesqui- 
Jasciatus * (i, 164), from oak leaves mined by O. quercus ; 
Entedon cyclogaster (i, 167), lying free beside this beetle’s 
larval skin; one f of H. flavomaculatus (i, 164), bred on 
10th July from oak leaves mined by this host; /. /unatus 
(ii, 166), bred in quantities from O. quercus, with £. orchestis 
(i, 165 et 11, 160), at Neustadt; 2. medianus (11, 169) bred 
in France by Nordlinger from mixed O. guercus and 0. alieis ; 
a single 2 of H#. amethystinus (11, 170) was also bred, among 
a large number of other species, from 0. quercus. Nord- 
linger bred one Hulophus dendricornis (i, 161) early in 
June from mining larvee of O. quercus in alder leaves, and 
both sexes of #. fumatus (11, 156) from oak leaves con- 
taining both this species and O. ilicis; H. pilicornis (1, 160) 
was several times bred from the subcutaneous larvee of 0. 
quercus, sometimes alone, at others with Pteromalus orchestis 
anda 2 Hupelmus viduus; Hulophus pectinicornis (i, 161) 
preys on the same host. Pteromalus Jowanensis (ii, 199) 
was bred by Nordlinger from mixed Orchestes quercus and 
O. ilicis at Grand Jouan, in France ; and Ratzeburg bred 
Hlachestus obscurus* (11, 178) infrequently from the former; 
lastly a single specimen of the Proctotrypid, Zeleas minutus 
(ii, 143), was found dead among bundreds of this beetle’s 
parasites. According to Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. i, 
141), C. Rondani also bred his Hubadizon orchestis from 
this weevil in Italy. 


200. Orchestes viminalis, Ratz.* 


It appears that Ratzeburg considered this species syno- 
nymous with, or a variety of, the last, under which (Ichn, 
d. Forst. i, 203 et 205) he says of Pteromalus diachymatis : 
“T have the five 2 2 out of larve of Orchestes viminalts in 
oak leaves, together with my P. orchestis and Hulophus 
pilicornis, on 13th July.” Kirchner, however, perpetuates 
the name (Cat. 169): “ Pteromalus diachymatis, Ratz., 
Preuss. Aus. Orchestes viminalis.” Cf. also Forstinsecten, 
1, 155. 


201. Miarus campanule, Linn. 


Brischke (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz.) gives Bracon variator, 
B. terebella, Pezomachus fasciatus and Pimp a brevicornis as 
parasitic upon this weevil. ‘The last-named parasite was 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 51 


also bred from it by Giraud (Laboulbene, Ann. Soc. Fr. 
1877, p. 408), where Bracon variator, Nees, Systasis en- 
cyrtoides, Walk., and Pteromalus auwronitens, Forst., are 
also indicated as attacking Gymnetron campanule. 


202. Gymnetron antirrhini, Payk. 

Sigalphus pallidipes, Nees, is said by Marshall (Bracon. 
d’Europ. i, 315) to be a common parasite of this species ; 
he adds (lib. cit. 320) that S. obscurellus also preys upon 
Gymnetron noctis, Herbst.: “des galles produites sur le 
lin sauvage.” 


203, Gymnetron beccabunge, Linn. 
From this weevil, Brischke (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz.) has 
bred an undetermined species of Bracon, together with 
Pteromalus curculionordes, 


204. Gymnetron collinus, Gyll. 

Bignell writes of Sigalphus obscurellus, Nees (Trans. 
Devon. Assoc. 1901, p. 667): ‘Bred from Gymnetron 
collinus, a beetle feeding on the unripe seeds of the toad- 
flax, Linaria vulgaris, September 19th, 1880.” 


205. Gymnetron villosulus, Gyll. 

In his Naturgeschichte der Insecten (1854), Bouché 
tells us that his Pteromalus curculionoides feeds upon the 
larvee of Gymnetron villosulus (cf. Westwood, Mod. Class. 
ii, 159). 


206. Gymnetron teter, Fab.* 

Kirchner (Cat. 105) gives “ Pimpla gymnetri, Ratz., 
Preussen, Gez. aus Curculio teter”; as recorded by the 
latter (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 96 et iti, 103), bred from the 
knot-like swellings caused by the larve of this beetle on 
the previous year’s, already woody, stems of Verbascum 
nigrum. 


207. Gymnetron asellus, Grav.* 
At Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 413 e¢ seqg. Laboulbéne 
records Bracon gymnetri, Gir., B. ? dichromus, Wesm., and 
Entedon curculionwm, Gir., from this beetle. 


52 Mr. Ernest A. Elhott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


208. Gymnetron cylindrirostris, Schh.* 


From this species (probably synonymous with the last) 
also are recorded (loc. cit.) Bracon gymnetri and Entedon 
curculionum. 


209. Mecinus collaris, Germ. 


Pimpla palliata, Gir., and Pteromalus revelatus, Forst., 
are recorded by Laboulbéne (/. ¢.) from this weevil. 


210. Anthonomus pomorum, Linn. 


Herr Reissig bred Pimpla pomoruwm from Curculio pomo- 
yun in a pear blossom (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 96) and later (iii, 
102) both sexes from the same pabulum on apple; Nord- 
linger also bred it from this host, as well as one f of 
Campoplex latus (ui, 84), at Hohenheim in June. JMicro- 
gaster impurus *! (ii, 52) was frequently bred by Reissig 
from apple blossom infested by this weevil; and Rat- 
zeburg refers (ii, 213) to IM. albipennis?° as doubt- 
fully preying upon the same host, Of Chrysolampus 
ewneus he says (ii, 185): “I bred one out of Curculio 
pomorum, yet it is possible that accidentally impri- 
soned Aphid# may have yielded this guest.” He further 
bred a single 2 Hncyrtus flavomaculatus (ii, 146) from 
apple blossom containing this beetle—possibly, however, 
some Aphidw may have been present here also and 
yielded this parasite. A somewhat doubtful g of Ptero- 
malus Saxesenit (iii, 242) was also raised from apple 
blossom, though no.coleopterous host is indicated. Brischke 
bred from the same host (Schr. Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, 
pp. 111, 113) Pimpla examinator, Fab., P. sagax, Htg., as 
well as Microgaster lacteus, Nees. 


211. Brachonyx pineti, Payk. 

Four or five kinds of Chalcids are recorded from Bra- 
conyx indigenw by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 249), a 
single, damaged specimen of Hadroceras vitripennis *! (in, 
183) was bred from this weevil—or, just possibly, from 
the midges which were bred with it; Hntedon vaginule 
(iii, 213) was freely bred from it by Herr Reissig, and is 
said to be its commonest parasite; a single Hupelmus 
Geert (iii, 198) was also bred from this beetle, called the 
“ Fir-leaf Cutter” in Germany; and several 2 9 Pieromalus 
vaginule were raised upon two occasions, in both cases 
with—? its -—P. nanus, by Reissig at the end of July. 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera, 53 


212. Nanophyes lythri, Fab. 


Laboulbéne records (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 420) that 
Perris has bred Hupelmus Degeert, Dalm., and (p. 430) that 
Dr. Giraud also raised Pteromalus vaginule, Ratz., from 
this beetle. 


213. Cionus scrophulariv, Linn. 


Bignell says (Entom. 1885, p. 152) that he bred Hemi- 
machus instabilis,* Forst., from a pupa of this beetle, 
August 23rd, 1882. Thomson records (Opusce. Ent. x, 980) 
Hemiteles awreator, “ Klackt ur Cionus scrophularix.” And 
Bridgman tells us (Trans. Norf. Soc. 1895, p. 114): “Mr. 
Thouless gave me a female Pezomachus corruptor, Forst., 
which he had bred from the larva of Cionus scrophularia, 
a beetle which he took at Horsford, August 1894. This 
is interesting, as it is seldom that ichneumons are bred 
from beetles ; it may be due, in a measure, that beetles 
are not bred to the same extent that butterflies and 
moths are.” This example of P. corrwptor, which I have 
examined and found correct, is now in the Norwich Castle 


Museum [C..M.]. 


214, Cionus tuberculosis, Scop. 


Brischke records his 9 Pezomachus thoracicus (Schr. Nat. 
Ges. Danz. 1881, p. 351): “ Aus Cionus verbasci erzogen ” ; 
and indicates Hntedon discolor as preying upon the same 
species. 


215. Sterconychus fraximi, DeG.* 

This weevil is said to be attacked by the Braconid, 
Blacus ruficornis, on the strength of a single example 
which was bred by Dahlbom, who writes im Jit. (Ichn. 
d. Forst. ii, 61): “Exclusus e Pupa Rhychzni (Cioni) 
fraxini, Gyll, 7th Septb., Lund.” Professor Kawall 
also bred (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1855, p. 231) two species of 
Pteromalus, and a specimen of Pezomachus agilis, Fab., 
var. 4 b, Gray., from Cronus fraxini. 


216. Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, Linn. 


Kirchner records (Cat. 108) phialtes tuberculatus; 
Foure., as parasitic upon this species; and Ratzeburg in- 
stances (Ichn, d. Forst, 11, 218) Pimpla cicatricosa®” and 


54 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


P. Reissigii*® (ii, 89) as both bred by Herr Reissig from 
alder in which this beetle lived, the cocoon he says is 
seven lines in length, clothed with scraps of wood without 
but perfectly smooth within; both sexes of Campoplex 
gracilis '* (11, 81) were also bred from this host by the 
same observer on April 13th and 14th. Further Reissig 
bred several specimens of both sexes of Bracon immutator 
(11, 41) from the pupal nests of this weevil, adding that 
the thick brown cocoons were disposed without order but 
all in close proximity; he also bred several Rogas mar- 
ginator >! (i, 65) from C. lapathi im alder shoots on 
May 4th, as well as a single Braconid resembling R. lim- 
bata, but with the neuration of Brachistes, which escaped ; 
his last parasite of this species was the Proctotrypid, 
Mapria melanocorypha (ii, 144). A single 2 of Zchnewmon 
hassicus* is recorded (lib. cit. 11, 136) from the same beetle 
on April 7th ; cf. Morley, Ichn. Brit. i, 292. We captured 
three 92 Lphialies carbonarius, Christ., flying in the 
vicinity of this beetle’s borings in sallow trees at Tudden- 
ham Fen, in Suffolk, on June 12th, 1900. 


217. Gasterocercus depressirostris, Fab.* 


This beetle—not Rhinocyllus depressirostris, Schh., as 
erroneously given by Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ. 1, 197)— 
was discovered by Radzay in a small live portion of an 
otherwise dead eighty-year-old oak, the bark of which 
was considerably impaired by its borings. With it was 
Spathius Radzayanus (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 44, footnote) which 
was parasitic, very probably ektoparasitic, upon it, two or 
three apparently attacking each of the somewhat gre- 
garious larvee. The parasitic cocoons are elongate, pale 
rose-red, two and a half lines in length, and two to six 
of them he close together in the excreta beneath bark. 
[Cf also Agrilus biguttatus, ante. ] 


218. Mononychus pseudacort, Fab. 


Fred Smith tells us (Ent. Ann. 1864, p. 114) that Mr. 
Butler has bred a parasite, “apparently belonging to the 
genus Sigalphus,” from this weevil in the capsules of Lis 
fetidissima at Ventnor. 


219. Celiodes quercus, Fab. 


Marshall says (Bracon. d’Europ. i, 492) that Ratzeburg 
bred his Apanteles breviventris trom Celoides quercus in 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Colcoptera. 55 


Germany. This may be correct, since in every other case 
the latter writes “ Orchestes” quercus (q. v., ante), but in 
that of Microgaster breviventris (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 52) it 
becomes “ Curculio” quercus. 


220. Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Payk. 


Reinhard bred Diospilus oleraceus, Hal., from the galls of 
this weevil on Sinapis arvensis (as recorded by Kirchner, 
p. 132, and Marshall 11, 259). 


221. Ceuthorrhynchus cyanipennis, Germ. 
Thersilochus moderator, Grav., is said by Brischke (Schr. 
Nat. Ges. Danz. 1880, p. 193) to have “ Aus Larven von 
Ceuthorrhynchus cyanipennis erzogen.” Possibly hyper- 
parasitic—cf. Orchesia micans, ante—through the usual 
enemies of this genus, the species of Drospilus. 


222. Ceuthorrhynchus plewrostigma, Marsh. 


In Ent. Ann. 1874, p. 126, Marshall records Diospilus 
nigricornis, Wesm., as bred from Ceuthorrhynchus sulcicollis, 
Gyll.; this is not referred to in his Bracon. d’EKurop. (ii, 265), 
but, at Jib. cit. i, 320, Sigalphus obscurellus, Nees, is given 
as a parasite of the same beetle “sur le chou.” Diospilus 
oleraceus was bred by Dr. Giraud (Zool.-bot. Ver. V. Sitzb. 
128) from the galls of this weevil. Mr. Horace Donis- 
thorpe bought a turnip in a London shop because it con- 
tained the characteristic cysts of this beetle, from which 
in February 1900 emerged a 2 Sigalphus floricola, Wesm. 


223. Ceuthorrhynchus punctiger, Gyll. 


From this species Giraud tells us (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, 
p- 403) that both Bracon maculiger, Wesm., and Porizon 
moderator, Grav., have been bred. As in the case of C. 
cyanipennis, the latter was very probably hyperparasitic. 


224. Ceuthorrhynchus rape, Gyll. 

Diospilus oleraceus, Hal., was bred by Laboulbene from 
the galls produced by this weevil on the roots of Lepidiwm 
draba (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 411). e 

225. Baris laticollis, Marsh. 


226. Baris chlorizans, Germ. 


56 Mr. Ernest A. Elhott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


227. Baris cuprirostris, Fab.* 

Rev. T. A. Marshall was somewhat sceptical (in MS.) of 
the accuracy of M. Edouard Perris’ observations regarding 
the parasitism of Pentapleura fuliginosa, Hal., upon the 
above three species of Baridius. 


228. Balaninus nucum, Linn. 


The parasitism of Pimpla nucum upon the Nut Weevil 
appears in need of considerable confirmation. Towards 
the end of May the former swarmed, says Nordlinger 
(Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 90), at Hohenheim, on the window of a 
room in which beech-nuts were stored, and these latter he 
found to be bored by Curculio nueum. Herr Zeller obtained 
the same Pimplid on April 18th from acorns, “therefore 
probably from Balaninus.” 


229. Balaninus pyrrhoceras, Marsh. 


Laboulbene tells us (Ann. Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 413) that 
Giraud has bred Bracon discoideus, Wesm., from this 
species. 


230. Balaninus villosus, Fab. 


Porizon nutritor, Gray., is said to have been bred from 
this weevil in France (Joc. cit. p. 403). 


231. Magdalis. 


Unspecified individuals of this genus have yielded, 
according to Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 213) Hlachestus 
leucogramma, Pteromalus magdalis and P. virescens3” 
which last is the P. violaceus of i, 23; and later (J. c. iii, 
249) he adds Cryptus echthroides and Pteromalus tessellatus, 
with doubtfully Pimpla linearis and Eusandulon tridens. 
Cf. also Tetrops preusta, ante [THAMNOPHILUS, Schonh. = 
MAGDALIs, Germ. ]. 


232. Magdalis carbonaria, Linn. 


From Magdalinus memnonius, Giraud says (Ann. Soe. 
Fr. 1877, p. 429) that Pieromalus magdalis, Ratz., has been 
bred by Perris. 


233. Magdalis phlegmatica, Herbst. 


Reissig bred a single ~ Hemiteles melanarius from 
Curculio (LThamnophilus) phlegmaticus on April 17tb (Ichn. 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 57 


d. Forst. ii, 128); and Ratzeburg obtained a couple of 
Alysia rubriceps,* 2 2 (1. ¢. i, 56) from fir logs infested by 
the same beetle. 


234. Magdalis violacea, Linn. 

Several specimens of Chelonus atriceps were bred by 
Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. i. 43) from spruce infested with 
Magdalis violacea in the Frankenwald; Glypta concolor 
(i, 121) was also bred with this beetle, out of fir billets, 
as were several Lurytoma abieticola (i, 174) from fir logs; 
several 22 Pteromalus violaceus (i, 208) emerged from fir 
billets from the Hartz, in which this beetle had bored ; 
and several Spathius brevicaudis (1, 49) from fir wood in- 
fested with Cureulio violaceus. Brachistes rugosus * (ii, 
28 et ii, 29) was bred by both Nordlinger from young dry 
fir, and Ratzeburg from blocks of wood, in which C. violacea 
was living; many f2 of Pteromalus virescens *” (11, 204) 
were also bred by the former, and Opius rubriceps 76+ (il 
66) by the latter, from this weevil. 


235. Rhopalomesites tardyi, Curt. 


Under Odontomerus dentipes, Gmel., in his private copy 
of the 1872 Catalogue of British Hymenoptera, Marshall 
has entered a MS. note: “taken by Bignell, Aug. 6, 
entering burrows of Mesites tardit.” 


236. Eremotes strangulatus, Perr,* 

Exothecus rhyncoli, Gir., is said by Dr. Laboulbéne (Ann. 
Soc. Fr. 1877, p. 414) to have been bred from this species 
by Perris. 

237. Scolytus. 


Brischke records Pachychirus quadrum *8 from Eecopto- 
gaster sp., and Giraud, Hxothecus lanceolator,4’ Nees, from 
Scolytus sp.; Brachistes longicaudis®° was bred from an 
unspecified individual by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. i, 23), 
and Kirchner (Cat. 118, probably quoting (id. cit. iii, 27) 
gives Sigalphus flavipalpis,®® Wesm., “ Hohenheim. Gez. 
aus Hecoptogaster-Arten.” 


238. Scolytus destructor, Oliv. 


From Lecoptogaster scolytus some interesting parasites 
have been recorded by Ratzeburg, who received several $ 3 


58 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


of Ichnewmon nanus* (Ichn. d. Forst. u, 133) out of elms 
infested by this borer, from Radzay, who also bred a single 
2 Hemiteles modestus'*® (i, 129) from the same _ host, 
together with a quantity of both sexes of Bracon initia- 
tellus (11, 39). B. Middendorffiis” B. minutissimus ?§ and, 
B. protuberans*® are also given (ii, 214) as preying upon 
this species. Both Radzay and Nordlinger bred 
curtis, $9 (i, 32) sparingly from this weevil in elm; 
and the former further raised, from it a single 2 Spathius 
exannulatus" (ii, 42). Elachestus leweogramma (uu, 174) 
was bred by Nordlinger at Grand Jouan in June from a 
mixed lot of #. scolytus, #. intricatus and F£. multistriatus, 
as well as by Radzay in Germany from JL. scolytus only 
together with a single Pteromalus capitatus (i, 196); 
Nordlinger also bred at the same time and place Ptero- 
malus bimaculatus and P. brunnicans (1, 188) from this 
beetle. An unusually large and untypical 2 of P. /uwnula 
Gi, 193) was raised from it by Wissmann; and Radzay 
added P. vallecula (11, 206) and P. lanceolatus (11, 207) to 
its list of parasites from Falkenberg in Silesia. Scolytus 
destructer is further attacked (cf. Ann. Soc. Fr, 1877, p. 
414) by Coloides scolyticida, Wesm., and—“Scolytus de 
’Orme ”—by Cerocephala cornigera, Westw. “And Mr. 
Spence has also observed the larve and pup to be 
infested to a great extent with minute worm-like 
OXYURIDES ” (Westwood, Mod. Class. 1, 255). 


1 “Tt may be here mentioned, though somewhat out of place, for 
the purpose of drawing the attention of Entomologists to a new 
tribe of insect-parasites of which no account appears to have been 
given in books, that in examining closely the pupz of Scolytus 
destructor at Brussels, I found them lined in different parts of their 
external surface, but especially on the thorax and about the cases of 
the elytra, with numerous transparent eel-shaped vermicles. . . 
The vermicles, under M. Wesmael’s powerful compound microscope, 
with which he was so good as to assist me in examining them, exhibit 
not the slightest trace either of mouth or other external organ, nor of 
intestines, nor of internal vessels of any kind, which, if any such 
existed, might be easily seen through their transparent skin and body. 
This absence of all external and internal organs (the inside of the body 
seeming filled with granular molecules), added to their shape, which is 
filiform and very slender, sharply attenuated at each extremity, and 
their hyaline colour, with very indistinct traces under a high mag- 
nifying power of about twenty segments, each as long as broad, are 
all the characters they afford. ... From their connection with an 
animal, they might be regarded as referable to the OxyuRI, were it 
not that neither my own nor M. Wesmael’s close examination could 
ever discover any trace of their existence in the interior of either 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 59 


On an old elm log full of S. destructor, at Wherstead in 
Suffolk, several 22 of Cheiropachus quadrum were found 
on May 3rd, 1904 [C. M.]. 


239. Scolytus intricatus, Ratz. 


Its author indicates as preying upon this borer (Ichn. d. 
Forst. i, 23) Elachestus leucogramma (ii, 174), bred by 
Nordlinger at Grand Jouan in June with Hulophus 
albipes®®; Hurytoma eccoptogastri, Pachyceros  eccopto- 
gastri 4 (1,280) of which a single ? was bred in July, 
Pteromalus binevius*" and Cleonymus pulchellus; adding 
(ii, 214) Bracon protuberans, bred from this host (ii, 32) 
in oaks at Hohenheim and by M. V. Audouin from larvze 
of Hecoptogaster pygmaeus; Spathius rugosus (11, 44), a unique 
specimen bred by Nordlinger in spring; Hurytoma striolata 
(ii, 177), a 2 bred by the same observer at Grand Jouan ; 
Pteromalus limaculatus (ef. Xylopertha sinuata, ante), 
Roptrocerus eccoptogastrt and, doubtfully,. Helcon carinator. 


240, Scolytus multistriatus, Marsh, 


Laboulbéne records from this species Meteorus brevipes, 
Wesm., Coloides scolyticida, Wesm., Dendrosoter protuberans, 
Nees, and Cheiropachus quadrum, Walk. Ratzeburg only 
gives Hlachestus lewcogramma (Ichn. d. Forst. u, 174), 
Pteromalus bimaculatus and P. brunnicans (11, 188), all bred 
by Nordlinger in France. Marshall is somewhat sceptical 
of its being the host of Metcorus albicornis, Ruthe (Bracon. 
d’Europ. 1, 101), on account of their relative size. Mr. 
C. T. Gimingham has bred several Cheiropachus quadrum 


the larva, pupa, or imago of Scolytus.... Leaving it to future 
examination to decide the true genus and relations of these vermicles, 
I shall here merely observe, in addition to what has been above said, 
that I have found them upon a large proportion of the pupe of Scolytus 
destructor, and occasionally on some of the larve in an advanced 
stage of growth, and also on the pup of Hylesinus fraxini ; and in 
such distant localities, and at such different periods of the year, that 
I am persuaded that their occurrence was not accidental, but that 
they are true external parasites, of the family of Scolytidx in the 
pupa (and partly in the larva) state,in which, however, they do 
not seem materially to injure them, nor prevent them from becoming 
perfect insects.” (Introd. 7th Ed., 1859, pp. 122-3 ; cf. also Spence, 
Trans. Ent. Soe. 11, Proc. xv.) The presence of granular molecules 
certainly points to a hymenopterous origin of these vermicles, in 
which case, however, they would have a very decidedly prejudicial 
effect upon the beetles’ final ecdysis. 


60 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


from this species at Harpenden in Herts. July 22nd, 
1904; and he noticed that four or five individuals assisted 
each imago to emerge. The same parasite has also been 
commonly found, tapping with its antenne and running 
about upon a newly-felled willow pole at Sotherton, in 
Suffolk, July 6th, 1900. 


241. Scolytus pruni, Ratz. 


Reinhard has, according to Giraud (Ann, Soe. Fr. 1877, 
p. 427), bred Raphitelus maculatus, Walk., from this borer, 
Kirchner (Cat. 115 et 181) also records from it Doryctes 
pomarius, Reinh., and Hulophus lophyrorum, Htg.; though 
the association appears doubtful in both cases. Of the 
latter, however, Ratzeburg says (Ichn, d. Forst. 11, 157) 
that one § emerged with him from Hecoptogaster pruni and 
he received another of the same sex from Bouché, who is 
also thought to have bred it from #. pruni; and he adds, 
concerning Elachistus leucogrammea (I. ¢. 11, 174), that, with 
the described ¢, were numerous 2? from LZ. scolytus and 
EL. prunt. Mr. Donisthorpe bred a specimen of Pteromalus 
sp. from this borer in 1906 in London. 


242. Scolytus ratzeburgi, Jan. 


From Lecoptogaster destructor, Ratzeburg (/. ¢. ui, 214) 
says Wissmann bred what he thought was Pteromalus 
lunula, in Germany. 


243. Scolytus rugulosus, Ratz. 


The list of parasites upon this species given by Ratze- 
burg (Ichn, d. Forst. 11, 214) comprises both Lracon eccopto- 
gastri 8 and its variety B. minutissimus (1, 31) bred from 
it by Reissig in the dying boughs of plum trees; Nordlinger 
raised Brachistes longicaudis®*® (i, 54 et 111, 28) from this 
borer in ailing apple twigs at Stuttgart; and Bouché Opius 
cephalotes 8" (ii, 63) from the same host and pabulum. 
Elachestus leucogramnva (1, 170) is said to also live on this 
beetle, from which Nordlinger bred one 2 of Hurytoma 
eccoptogastri. (i, 174), with several Hulophus allipes,®*° ete., 
in dying apple boughs which were also tenanted by Saperda 
preusta and several species of Magdalis, A few $f of 
Pteromalus bicaliginosus** (i, 190) were also bred from 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 61 


Kecoptogaster rugulosus, and its 2 was raised by Bouché 
(i, 191) from the same host, as has been P. bimaculatus ! 
and Storthygocerus subulifer®°> (i, 214). Dr. Giraud 
instances from C. rugulosus, EHucoila minuta, Gir., Teleas 
punctata, Gir., and Diapria nigra, Nees. Reinhard bred 
his Doryctes pomarius from a tree containing these, among 
other beetles. Bouché bred Cenocoelius analis, Nees, from 
S. rugulosus’ boring in an apple tree, and Goureau says 
that his Blacus fuscipes attacks these beetles in their holes 
in apple trunks and “fait périr un grand nombre de 
victimes, chaque femelle de lacus en detruisant autant 
qu'elle a d’ceufs & poudre.” 


244, Hylastes palliatus, Gyll. 


Herr Saxesen found larvee of Pteromalus spinole (Ichn. 
d. Forst. i, 189 et 11, 193) on the external surface of spruce 
borers, especially B. typographus and Hylesinus palliatus, 
and thought them the commonest and most effective of 
their foes; though he also found the larvee of Pachyceras 
aylophagorum *!* (i, 218) to be a numerous external para- 
site of the same beetles, in the Hartz. Pteromalus emulus 
is also indicated (i, 215) as a doubtful parasite of this 
species, 


245, Hylesinus, 


Eulophus hylesinorwm*® is recorded by Ratzeburg (did. 
cit, 1, 28) from an unspecified individual of this genus. 


246. Hylesinus crenatus, Fab. 


Nordlinger at Stuttgart discovered that Mesostenus 
brachycentrus® (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 142) was parasitic in 
the borings of H. crenatus and pupated towards the end of 
May: “it is true,” says Ratzeburg, “that there were there 


1 As illustrative of the diversity of this species’ hosts, lib. cit. ii, 
pp. 187-8 may be quoted : ‘‘ This insect emerged from an oak stick 
in which, besides Callidiwm fennicum, Apate sinuata and Eccopto- 
gaster intricatus had lived. ... In July 1846 fresh wood from a 
two-inch apricot tree was caged in which Kec, rugulosus had numer- 
ously bored ; already in March 1847 several Pteromali had appeared 
with the sparsely emerging beetles, but fresh ones were bred in the 
middle of May and even until well into July... Lastly a new and 
very interesting breeding is to be mentioned: Nordlinger at Grand 
Jouan raised it out of Bostrichus villosus in oak, and again out of 
Eccoptogaster scolytus and multistriatus in June 1843.” 


62 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


also larvee of Clerus formicarius, but they could not have 
been the host”—one wonders why not, since their size 
would appear more appropriate than that of this Cryptid. 
The same observer also found Bracon stabilis (iii, 38) and 
Celoides filiformis (111, 72) associating with this borer in 
ash bark. Ps 


247. Hylesinus fraxini, Panz. 


Feldjager Angern, in his observations on timber and its 
injurious insects, bred Spathius ewannulatus“" (Ichn. d. 
Forst. 11, 43) out of this species, as also did Nordlinger at 
Hohenheim on July 3rd a single f of Celoides melanotus 
Gi, 40). All its other parasites were, however, Chalci- 
didous: Oberforster Radzay raised fourteen specimens of 
EHurytoma flavovaria (i, 173) from Hylesinus fraxini in ash, 
where they pupated in such a manner as to easily emerge 
through the beetles’ orifice; with it he bred several ¢ f of 
EL. ischiovanthos (i, 174), some spotted-winged Pteromali 
and Styloceras ladenbergi ** (1, 208). From borings of the 
same species, Saxesen once bred a single Lurytoma flavo- 
scapularis (i, 173) ; and from its larve, Radzay raised 
Pteromalus fraxini, P. bivestigatus, P. binimbatus*" and a 
gd P. bicaliginosus** (1, 190-191). Angern also found one f 
Tridymus xylophagorum (ii, 184) among a mass of Ptero- 
malus bimaculatus which had emerged from this borer, as 
well as Sciatheras trichotus*® (11, 209) and a single Lupelmus 
geert Gli, 151); Hurytoma nodulosa is also indicated (ii, 
215) as preying upon this beetle. Giraud adds Dendro- 
soter protuberans, Cerocephala cornigera and also bred in 
France Celiodes filiformis, C. melanotus, Eurytoma flaveo- 
laria, Raphitelus ladenbergi®® and Pteromalus bimaculatus, 
Spin., from this host. In May 1906 Mr. Donisthorpe bred 
a 2 Cheiropachus quadrum at Enfield from a pupa of 
H. fraxini, together with both sexes of Bracon caudatus, 
Ratz., and of B. longicaudis, Ratz., of which the latter is 
new to the British fauna. The same observer also bred, 
at the same time and from the same beetle, a species of 
Pteromalus at Leighton. 


248. Huylesinus oleiperda, Fab. 


Fonscolombe, quoted by Westwood (Mod. Class, 11, 159), 
tells us that Cheiropachus quadrum also feeds upon the 
larvee of this beetle; and Dr. Ratzeburg (Ichn, d. Forst. 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 65 
ii, 152) that he bred from Bostrichus suturalis a single of 
Eupelmus inermis*® at Neustadt. 


249. Carphoborus (Dendroctonus) minimus, Fab.* 


From fir wood bored by this species, Ratzeburg bred 
several Entedon hylesinorwm (Ichn. d. Forst. 1. 167) of 
both sexes ; Hurytoma pinctorum (iii, 220) from Bostrichus 
minimus, together with Pteromalus azureus (1. ¢. et 11, 235) 
from bored fir twigs in May, and Lutedon pinetorum; from 
fir wood, with B. minimus and B. bidens, emerged Piero- 
malus azurescens (ili, 235), and, from B. minimus alone, he 
bred P. vicarius (iii, 241), together with P. azwreus, Entedon 
pinetorum, Hurytoma pinetorum and Spathius brevicaudis. 
Nordlinger at Hohenheim raised three different Chalcids 
from this host: a single $ of Pteromalus ramulorum 
(ii, 201) in August; P. dubius*® (ai, 192 et ii, 234) also 
in August; and HLntedon caudatus (ii, 170).  Pteromalus 
siccatorum (iii, 240) and Bracon hylesini!® are also indicated 
(iti, 249) as probably preying on this beetle. 


250. Phleotribus olex, Fab.* 
Fitch reminds us (Entom,. 1880, p. 258) that Bargaghi 
has bred Spathius rubidus from this host. 


251. Hylurgus. 
Cheiropachus quadrum is referred to by Westwood (Mod. 


Class. ii, 159) as bred from members of this genus by 
Fonscolombe. 


252. Hylurgus minor, Htg. 
From Hylesinus minor, Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 
191) records both sexes of Péteromalus azureus, as 
numerously bred by Nordlinger at Hohenheim in August. 


253. Hylurgus piniperda, Linn. 

Cooper (Ent. Mag. ii, p. 116) recounts the parasitism of 
Cheiropachus pulchellus wpon this species. Ratzeburg 
(Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 215) gives Bracon palpebrator (1, 89), 
bred from Pinus pinaster, im which H. piniperda and 
Curculio notatus lived; Pteromalus latriellei® (ii, 192), 
one bred from this borer by Reissig; P. lwnula (11, 193), 
one bred at Neustadt out of this host; P. pellucens, P. 
multicolor®® (ii, 194), raised from it by Nordlinger in 


64 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr, Claude Morley on the 


May; and P. suspensus (11, 193), bred by the same observer 
from Pinus pinaster, in which both this species and C. 
notatus had bored—as preying upon it; and adds (di. cit. 
iii, 249), Hemiteles modestus,® H. melanarius and Pteromalus 
guttatus (iii, 236), which was always bred from fir, in one 
case containing only H. piniperda. Of Bracon Midden- 
dorfii 7 he says (ii, 33) that it was bred by Reissig on 
June 18th from fir bark, while the imagines of H. piniperda 
therein were still quite pale and only preparing for flight. 
... Herr Reissig sent him several two-lines long, dirty 
white, delicate, elongate cocoons from which the Braconid 
had emerged just below the apex. The dust from the 
boring adhered to them and also a distinct empty skin of 
a Hylesinus piniperda: the Braconid had certainly sucked 
it from outside. The same observer later sent it again to 
him, after the time of the hosts’ emergence. 


254. Phleophthorus rhododactylus, Marsh. 


Phicophthorus spartii is said by Giraud (Ann, Soe. Fr. 
1877, p. 427), upon Aubé’s authority, to be the host of 
Raphitelus maculatus, Walk. Nordlinger bred (Ichn. d. 
Forst. ii, 215) Storthygocerus subulifer®> (i, 208 et 11, 246) 
at Bordeaux, Grand Jouan and the Schwarzwalk; and 
several 2 2 of Bracon planus (ii, 33) at Bordeaux, from 
Hylesinus spartii; adding (ii, 31) that a great number of 
Bracon hylesini® emerged from it at Hohenheim. 


255. Polygraphus pubescens, Bach. 

From Hylesinus poligraphus, Nordlinger bred at Hohen- 
heim at least one Bracon hylesini® (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 31), 
and both he and Radzay also bred B. Middendorffir,.” from 
this host (ii, 38 et iii, 82). Several specimens of Cosmo- 
phus klugii™ (ii, 72) were raised by the latter, as well as 
of both sexes of Pteromalus lanceolatus (11, 204) from the 
same borer, which Ratzeburg found was further parasited 
by Roptrocerus xylophagorum (ii, 209), P. multicolor *°8 (a1, 
193), P. capitatus, P. navis, and, doubtfully, P. #wmalus 
(ii, 215). 


256. Cryphalus binodulus, Ratz. 


Out of Bostrichus binodulus, its author says (lid, cit. 11, 30) 
that Radzay bred Bracon silesiacus (ii, 30) from beneath 
poplar bark ; and probably also Aphidius obsoletus (11, 59), 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera, 65 


which emerged in this beetles’ breeding cage, though 
possibly other Coleoptera were also in the enclosed large 
section of wood. 


257. Cryphalus fagi, Fab. 


Bracon hylesini is recorded (lib. cit. iii, 249) from 
Bostrichus fagt. 


258, Cryphalus picee, Ratz. 


Only Loptrocerus xylophagorum was bred by Nordlinger 
(Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 209) from Bostrichus picee. 


259. Cryphalus tiliv, Panz. 


A single ¢ Spathius exannulatus’ and a species of 
Hurytoma are alone recorded (lz. cit. 1, 43) from Bostrichus 
tiliv, though Ratzeburg bred “countless myriads” from 
lime trees. 


260, Pityophthorus pubescens, Marsh. 


Dr. Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. 1i, 212) bred Roptrocerus 
aylophagorum, DPteromalus capitatus, P. navis and perhaps 
P. emulus (11, 203) from Bostrichus pitiographus; he adds 
that Nordlinger also raised P. malticolor®® (11, 193) from 
the nests of this borer at the end of June-—at the time of, 
or rather later than, their hosts’ emergence; as well as 
P. navis (ii, 205) at Hohenheim in spring from the same 
beetle, with B. poligraphus and B. abietis, in spruce. 


261. Xylocleptes bispinus, Duft. 


Pteromalus gravenhorstii*8 was bred by Nordlinger (did. 
cit. il, 245) from Bostrichus bispinus in clematis. 


262. Dryocetes autographus, Ratz. 


From Bostrichus autographus, Ratzeburg (J. ¢. ii, 211) 
records only Péeromalus multicolor? 


263. Dryocetes villosus, Fab. 


Marshall (Bracon. d’Europ.) says Microdus rugulosus, 
Nees, and perhaps Chelonus neesii, Reinh., have been bred 
from this borer. Nordlinger (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 188 et 
209) raised Pteromalus bimaculatus, P. multicolor®® and 
Ropirocerus xylophagorum from Bostrichus villosus in oaks 
at Grand Jouan, in France. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 5 


66 Mr, Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


264. Taphrorychus bicolor, Herbst. 


Ratzeburg records from Bostrichus bicolor (lib, cit. 11,211), 
Roptrocerus xylophagorum (ii, 209), bred by Wissmann, 
and Pteromalus multicolor >® 


265. Tomicus. 


From unspecified individuals of Sostrichus, the above 
author (/.¢ 1, 28 et 1, 211) imstances Pteromalus spinolex, 
P.suspensus, P. bimaculatus,and Pachyceras xylophagorum 3.8 


266. Zomicus laricis, Fab. 


Giraud bred Diapria clegans,*§ Jur. et Nees (Ann. Soc. 
Fr. 1877, p. 435), from Bostrichus laricis; from which 
Ratzeburg further records Bracon palpebrator (Ichn. d. 
Forst. ii, 389), Roptrocerus xylophagorum, Pteromalus 
suspensus (1, 189 et 11, 193), bred by Nordlinger from the 
larve at Hohenheim and Neustadt, P. virescens®” and 
perhaps P. emulus. 


267. Tomicus typographus, Linn. 


“M. L. Dufour detected great numbers of minute 
Ascarides,” says Westwood (Mod. Class. i. 354), “in the 
entrails of 7. typographus, as well as numbers of small 
mites on its external surface”; for latter, cf. footnote to 
Scolytus destructor, ante. Possibly these latter may have 
been the larve of Pteromalus spinole or Pachyceras 
xylophagorum,*'® both of which Herr Saxesen discovered 
(Ichn. d. Forst. 1, 189 et 218) to be ektoparasitic upon the 
larvee of Lostrichus typographus and Hylesinus palliatus in 
spruce ; the former, he says, are probably the commonest 
and most effective foes of these two beetles; the latter were 
also numerous in the Hartz. Ratzeburg raised from this 
borer Pteromalus multicolor *° and perhaps Bracon oblitera- 
tus,” (7. ¢. 11, 212), And Giraud adds (Ann Soe. Fr. 1877) 
Celoides bostrichorum, Gir., Roptrocerus xylophagorum, 
Acrocormus multicolor, Ratz., and Pteromalus abieticola, 
Ratz., to its parasites. 


268. Tomicus curvidens, Germ.* 


From Lostrichus curvidens in blocks of white fir, Radzay 
bred (Ichn. d. Forst. ii, 141) Ceraphron pusillus #2 and 
Nordlinger found (ii, 209) Roptrocerus xylophagorum to be 
parasitic upon the same species. 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 67 


269. Pityogenes bidentatus, Herbst. 


Ratzeburg records from Bostrichus bidens, Bracon Midden- 
dorfii” (Ichn, d. Forst. 11, 33), bred by Hartig with one 
small f of Spathius brevicaudis (11, 43); Pteromalus bidentis 
(11, 205), a unique and broken specimen by Nordlinger, 
who had labelled one Hntedon geniculatus (ii, 160): “ Out 
of Bost. bidens from the Black Forest.” He adds later 
(il, 249) Bracon Hartigi ®° (au, 82), of which Ratzeburg 
says that he bred this beautiful and rare insect from 
Weymouth pine, filled with 2B. bidens, together with 
Roptrocerus xylophagorum; B. labrator, B. palpebrator 
(iu, 38), by Nordlinger ; Péeromalus guitatus (iii, 236), bred 
from fir wood by Herr von Bernuth with P. suspensus, 
P. virescens *"° (iii, 243) bred from firs infested by this borer ; 
and P, azwrescens (ii, 235), also bred by von Bernuth from 
B. bidens in Pinus strobus; as well as, doubtfully, P. sicca- 
torum (ili, 240), Husandalon abbreviatum, HE. tridens (iii, 
200) and Bracon hylesini.”® Giraud has also bred Pteromalus 
guitatus, Roptrocerus xylophagorum and Dendrosoter Perisit, 
Gir., from this species in France. 


270. Pityogenes chaleographus, Linn. 


Pteromalus abieticola was raised by Radzay (Jib. cit. ii, 191) 
from Bostrichus chalcographus in the spruce woods of the 
Hartz. 


271. Xyleborus monographus, Fab.* 


The only parasite, instanced by Ratzeburg, of Bostrichus 
monographus is Ceraphron radiatus,*? of which Herr Wiss- 
mann (Ichn. d. Forst. 11, 141) bred a single specimen. 


272. Undetermined Coleoptera. 


Several of both sexes of Caloides melanotus, Wesm., 
“ from some wood-boring beetle ” (Marshall, Ent. Ann. 1874, 
p. 144). Nordlinger found Hemiteles thoracicus, Ratz., in 
a breeding cage containing xylophagous Coleoptera (Ichn. 
d. Forst. 11, 156); Rogas rugator* is said (J. c¢. ii, 66) to 
have occurred in the same situation. Brischke (Allge- 
meine Wirths-Tabelle) has bred Sigalphus floricola, Ptero- 
malus Dahlbomi and Entedon xylobius “from coleoptera.” 
Alysia manducator, Panz., “bred from larva found feeding 
on carrion” (Bignell, Trans. Devon. Assoc. 1901, p. 685— 
ef. Creophilus, ante). LRhyssalus indagator, Hal., “ parasite 


68 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


sans doute de quelques petits Coléoptéres xylophages ” 
(Marshall, Bracon. d’Europ. 1. 183). Pimpla brevicornis, 
Grav., bred “from pupa of beetle ” (Entom. 1885, p. 152). 
Apanteles salebrosus, Marsh., “one and one cocoon, bred 


from a coleopteron ” (Morley, /2d. cit. 1906, p. 100). 


CLASSIFIED LIST OF PARASITES: 


ICHNEUMONIDA, 19 Hemiteles completus, Ratz., 
57 
1 Barichneumon _ ridibundus, | 20 : thoracicus, Ratz., 
Grav., 217 ' 272 
2 Phaogenes suspicax, Wesm., | 21 bs subzonatus, Grav., 
105 23, 24 
3 4 nanus, Wesm., | 22 Pezomachus instabilis, Forst., 
238 214 
4 Diadromus subtilicornis, | 23 Ff corruptor, Forst., 
Grav., 105 214 
5 Helcoztisus brachycentrus, | 24 3 comes, Forst., 7 
Grav., 41, 246 25 . thoracicus, Brisch., 
6 Cubocephalus _nigriventris, 215 
Thoms., 110 26 a fasciatus, Fab., 16, 
7 Microcryptus —nigrocinctus, 201 
Gray., 9 27 5 palpator, Grav., 
8 Phygadeuon rufulus, Gmel., 49 
180 28 a sp., 182, 216 
9 * variabilis,Grav.,2 | 29 Mesostenus ater, Ratz., 38, 
10 Oresbius castaneus, Marsh., 4, 150 
5, 175 30 Hoploeryptus insectator, 
11 Hemiteles bicolorinus, Grav., Tschek., 185 
47 31 Idiolispa analis, Gray., 105 
12 be areator, Panz., 8, | 32 Cryptus minator, Grav., 76 
25, 26, 48, 44, | 33 ,,  echthroides, Ratz.,231 
50, 214 34 Ceenocryptus tener, Thoms., 
13 * pedestris, Fab., 96 
126 35 Coleocentrus caligatus, Grav., 
14 a niger, Tasch., 146 109 
15 5 melanarius, Grav., | 36 Arotes albicinctus, Grav., 83 
41, 188, 233, 253 | 37 Ephialtes imperator, Kriech., 
16 argentatus, Grav., 105 
7 38 - manifestator, Linn., 
17 i persector, Parf., 7 30, 76, 105 
18 wstivalis, Grav., | 39 3 tuberculatus, Foure., 
41, 47, 188, 238, 73, 95, 105, 16%, 
253 217 


1 The numbers prefixed to the parasites’ names here given refer to those 
printed in small type after the now obsolete names in the text, and are 
intended to facilitate synonymy. 

The numbers suffixed to the parasites’ names here given refer to the 
corresponding ones attached to the Coleoptera in the text, and will serve 
as an index. 


40 


41 


42 


62 


65 


69 
70 


72 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 


Ephialtes carbonarius, Christ., | 


38, 39, 74, 81, 99, 
101, 105, 108, 188, 


217 

"4 heteropus, Thoms,, 
75 

$3 strobilorum, Ratz., 
56 

33 discolor, Brisch., 40, 
96 

iy glabratus, Ratz., 37, 
56 

i pusillus, Ratz,, 84 

$ populneus, Ratz., 
73, 105 

* continuus, Ratz., 
105 


Pimpla instigator, Fab., 28, 78 

»  @xaminator, Fab., 211 

»  Yroborator, Fab., 217 

»»  stercorator, Fab. 155, 
157 

»  brevicornis, 
188, 201, 272 

3. HNucum,’ Ratz., 228 

»  abdominalis,Grav.,179 

»  sagax, Ratz., 211 


Grav., 


»  pomorum, Ratz., 211 

>, linearis, Ratz., 32, 
188, 231 

» terebrans, Ratz., 99, 


101, 187, 190 


»,  alternans, Grav., 105, 
199 

»  longiventris, Ratz., 
155 


laticeps, Ratz., 188 
palliata, Gir., 210 
gymnetri, Ratz., 207 
»» _Sp., 184 
Polysphincta elegans, Ratz. ,57 
latistriata, Ratz., 
199 
lignicola, 
40, 73 


2) 


” 


Ratz., 


2? 


“3 soror, Ratz., 57 
Glypta concolor, Ratz., 234 
Lycorina triangulifera, 


Holmegr., 105 


Lissonota bellator, Grav., 46, 
57 

+ palpalis, Thoms., 
110 


73 Meniscus catenator, Panz., 29 


69 


Echthrus nubeculatus, Grav., 
105 
$3 populneus, Gir., 105 
Ischnoceros rusticus, Fourc., 
75, 85, 88, 94, 104 
Xylonomus precatorius, Fab., 
79, 80, 106 
i irrigator, Fab., 86, 
92 
FE filiformis, Grav., 
87, 92, 95, 106 
a ater, Grav., 109 
Xorides albitarsus, Grav., 72 


» eryptiformis, Ratz., 
46, 57 

» crassipes, Htg., 73, 
103, 190 


5 collaris, Grav., 109 
» hereynianus, Htg., 190 
Odontomerusappendiculatus, 


Grav., 73 
45 dentipes., Gmel., 
235 
i spinipes, Grav., 
100 
Exochus compressiventris, 
Ratze oe 
Orthocentrus fulvipes, Grav. 
93, 106 
3 testaceipes, 


Brisch., 142 
Neurateles papyraceus, Ratz., 
188 


Bassus letatorius, Fab., 137 
Homoporus tarsatorius, 
Panz., 16 
Sphecophaga 
Curt., 152 
Tryphon sp., 126 
Mesoleptus teredo, Htg., 73, 
109 
Ophion luteus, Linn., 184 
Campoplex latus, Ratz., 211 
Canidia pusilla, Ratz., 39 
+ quinqueangularis, 
Ratz,, 135 
»,  subcincta, Grav., 181 
Nemeritis transfuga, Grav., 
106 
p gracilis, Grav., 217 
Diaparsus gilvipes, Grav., 147 
Thersilochus ~ moderator, 
Linn., 146, 149, 
221, 223 


vesparum, 


70 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


107 Thersilochus — morionellus, 
Holmgr., 20 


108 Porizon nutritor, Fab., 230 


109 »» microcephalus,Grav., 
123 

110 5,  boops, Grav., 149 

111 Mesochorus thoracicus, Grav., 

130 
112 m4 nigripes, Ratz., 
181 
BRACONID. 

113 Bracon impostor, Scop., 102 

114 »»  pectoralis, Wesm., 

DU »  scutellaris, Wesm., 56, 
153 

116 5  Stabilis, Wesm., 246 

117 » Immutator, Nees, 
217 

118 5»  fuscipennis, Wesm., 
133 

119 »  levigatus, Ratz., 82, 
83 

120 »  hylobii, Ratz., 187 

121 » Hlavator, Fab., 73, 99 

122 »  caudatus, Ratz., 247 

123 » longicaudis,  Ratz., 
247 

124 » colpophorus, Wesm., 
118, 163, 164 

125 »  discoideus, Wesm., 
157, 158, 229 

126 »  terebella, Wesm., 201 

127 »  dichromus, Wesm., 
208 

128 »  maculiger, Wesm., 
223 

129 55  variator, Nees, 201 

130 »» pracox, Wesm., 117 

131 »  urinator, Fab., 183 

132 »  palpebrator, Ratz., 
41, 99, 188, 191, 
253, 266, 268 

133 »  Jabrator, Ratz., 188, 
268 

134 »,  sordidator, Ratz., 188 

135 »  bicellularis, Ratz., 73 

136 » Mmultiarticulatus, 
Ratz., 105 

137 » gymnetri, Gir., 208, 
209 

138 »  initiatellus, Ratz., 238 

139  wetator, ~ \Gir.,) 15; 


172 


140 Bracon sp., 204 
141 Exothecus debilis, Wesm. 


195 
12 on, rhyncoli, Gir., 
236 
143 Rhyssalus indagator, Hal., 
272 
144 Colastes braconius, Hal., 195 
145 Oncophaneslanceolator, Nees, 
237 
146 Spathius — erythrocephalus, 
Wesm., 59 
147 os exarator, Linn., 43, 
47, 54, 57, 199, 
238, 247, 259 
148 . rubidus, Rossi, 52, 
250 
149 Ps brevicaudis, Ratz., 
96, 188, 234, 249, 
268 
150 “ radzayanus, Ratz., 
33, 82, 86, 218 
151 . rugosus, Ratz., 239 
152 He ferrugatus, Gour., 80 
153 i curvicaudis, Ratz., 
, 29 
154 Fs claviger, Gir., 59 
155 Synodus incompletus, Ratz., 
188 
156 Eucorystes aciculatus, Rein., 
34 


157 Hecabolus sulcatus, Curt., 43, 
57, 58, 59 
158 Ecphyluseccoptogastri, Ratz., 
238, 243 


159 »,  hylesini, Ratz., 249, 
254,255, 257, 268 
160 »,  Selesiacus, Ratz., 
256 
161 Pambolus rosenhaueri, Ratz., 
125 


162 Cceloides initiator, Fab., 86, 
92, 109, 188 


163 5 scolyticida, Wesm., 
238, 240 
164 53 melanotus, Wesm., 
; 247, 272 
165 “ filiformis, Ratz., 
246, 247 
166 ie bostrichorum, Gir., 
267 
167 Atanycolus denigrator, Nees, 
105 


| 168 Doryctes gallicus, Reinh., 79 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. rf | 


169 Doryctes imperator, Hal., 31, | 198 Apanteleshoplites, Ratz., 132, 
92 157 
170 i igneus, Ratz., 99 199 oa lacteus, Nees, 211 
171 3 pomarius, Reinh., | 200 if albipennis, Nees, 
99, 241, 243 211 
172 + leucogaster, Nees, | 201 As impurus, Nees, 211 
76, 86 202 ey) breviventris, Ratz., 
173 me spathiiformis, 199, 219 
Ratz., 47 203 Sp., 11, 112 
174 3 undulatus, Ratz., | 204 Microgaster Levigatus, Ratz., 
99, 100 157 
175 re obliteratus, Nees, | 205 ae rufilabris, Ratz., 
109, 188, 267 55 
176 Dendrosoter —_ protuberans, | 206 ‘rc sp., 1 
Nees, 238, 239, 240, | 207 Microdus calculator, Fab., 
247 143, 146, 188 
177 B middendor fi, | 208 a rugulosus, Nees, 
Ratz.,238,253, 263 
255, 268 209 Ischius striolatus, Ratz., 199 
178 re planus, Ratz., 254 | 210 Euphorus pallidipes, Curt., 
179 Perrisi, Gir., 268 145, 146 
180 Czenopachys hartigi, Ratz., | 211 Cosmophorus klugi, Ratz., 
268 255 
181 Histeromertus mystacinus, | 212 Perilitus falciger, Ruthe, 
Wesm., 27, 89 127, 128 
182 Chremylus rubiginosus, Nees, | 213 5 terminatus, Nees, 
112, 114, 116 15, 16 
183 Clinocentrus lignarius, Ratz., | 214 Centistes americana, Riley, 
32 17 
184 . exsertor, Nees, 41 | 215 Meteorus tabidus, Wesm., 
185 Sigalphus thoracicus, Curt., 94, 106 
111, 113, 116 216 - longicaudis, Ratz., 
186 i. pallidipes, Nees, 146 
NPT IGM yay || allies 5 § obfuscatus, Nees, 
203, 237 19, 146 
187 3 facialis, Ratz., 59 | 218 a atrator, Curt., 68, 
188 5 luteipes, Thoms., 146 
53, 59 219 95 albicornis, Ruthe, 
189 he striatulus, Nees, 240 
112,119,120,121 | 220 ,,  profligator, Hal., 68 
190 BS caudatus, Nees, | 221 6 filator, Hal., 68 
195, 199 222 33 brevipes, Wesm., 
191 Fs floricola, Wesm., 240 
165, 166,222,272 223 Eubadizon flavipes, Hal. 
192 ae obscurellus, Nees, | 224 »,  orchestis, Rond, 199 
203, 205, 222 225 sy pallidipes, Nees, 
193 Chelonus neesi, Reinh., 263 66, 67 
194 3 rufidens, Wesm., | 226 brevicaudis, Gir. , 52 
105 227 Calyptus bese Hal., 46, 
195 nigrinus, LErichs., 
105 228 Seon Ratz., 195 
196 se atriceps, Ratz., 234 | 229 ay fasciatus, Nees, 190 
197 Apanteles salebrosus, Marsh., | 230 - longicaudis, Ratz., 


272 237, 243 


264 


265 Opius canudatus, Wesm., 


Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


Calyptus robustus, Ratz., 188 


9 
9 


29 


rugosus, Ratz., 234 

atricornis,  Ratz., 
188, 190 

firmus, Ratz., 188 

interstitialis, Ratz., 
45 

destitutus, Ratz., 22 

punctatus, Ratz., 56 


Pygostolus falcatus, Nees, 124 


Blacus tuberculatus, 


+) 
99 
99 


Wesm., 
174, 178 
ruficornis, Nees, 216 
fuscipes, Gour., 243 
exocentri, Gir., 97 


Helcon annulicornis, Nees, 91 


”? 


Macrocentr us 


9 
9 


Aspidogonus 


bP) 


J) 


Diospilus oleraceus, 


zequator, 
109 

ruspator, Linn., 90 

carinator, Nees, 65, 
80, 81, 95, 239 

claviventris, Wesm., 
150 

tardator, Nees, 81, 95 

sp., 42 


Nees, 81, 


marginator, 
Nees, 217 
collaris, Spin., 47 
rugator, Ratz., 272 
contractus, 
Ratz., 81, 109 
diversicornis, 
Wesm., 42, 77, 
144, 150 
abietis, Ratz., 48, 
56 
Hal., 
220, 222, 224 
capito, Nees, 46 


ephippium, Nees, 
61, 143 

melanoscelus, 
Nees, 


filator, Nees, 148 
nigricornis, Wesm., 
46, 222 


Dolops aculeator, Marsh., 177 
Ceenoceeliusagiicole tor, Linn. s 


99 


100 


100, 233, 234 
analis, Nees, 243 
To 


266 Diachasmacephalotes, Wesm., 


243 


Alysia manducator, 
10, 272 

Pentapleura fuliginosa, Hal., 
225, 226, 227 

Dacnusa_ gedanensis, 
105 

Aphidius obsoletus, Wesm., 
256 

halticw, Rond., 138 

bueeata, De 


Panz., 


Ratz., 


99 
Pachylomma 


Breb., 35 


CHALCIDIDA. 


Chalcis parvula, Lap., 141 
275 Halticella rufipes, Oliv., 57 


276 Eupelmus annulatus, Nees, 
126 

277 Vs geeri, Dalm., 212, 
213, 247 

278 bs urozonius, Dalm., 
188 

279 Eusandalum — abbreviatum, 
Ratz., 32, 268 

280 - inerme, Ratz., 27, 
44, 52, 57, 66, 
98, 248 

281 re tridens,  Ratz., 
231, 268 

282 Bothriothorax fumipennis, 

Ratz., 45 

283 Encyrtus apicalis, Dalm., 14 

284 Be flaminius, Dalm.,16, 
153 

285 is flavomaculatus, 


Ratz., 154, 211 


_ 286 Cerocephalacornigera, Westw., 


238, 247 
287 Perilampus angustatus, Nees, 


46 

288 35 micans, Dalm., 13, 
41, 66 

289 Torymus difficilis, Nees, 21 

290 ‘5 macrocentrus, Ratz., 
105 

291 Callimone paralellinus, Boh., 


161 
292 Eurytoma apionum, Gir., 171 


293 ee abieticola, Ratz., 
| 234 
294 re eccoptogastri, Ratz., 
107, 239, 243 
flavoscapularis, 


295 55 


Ratz., 247 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 


296 Eurytoma flavovaria, Ratz., 


247 
297 5 histrionica, Férst., 
151 
298 35 ischioxantha, Ratz., 
107, 188, 247 
289 ‘ nodulosa, Ratz., 247 
300 = pinetorum, Ratz., 
249 
301 i striolata, Ratz., 239 
302 sp., 188, 259 


Trigonoderus duetilis, Walk., 
96 

Cleonymus depressus, Fab., 59 

pulchellus, Ratz., 
239 

Chrysolampus eneus, Ratz., 
211 

Anogmus abietis, Gir., 56 


303 


304 
305 ff 


306 
307 


308 Raphitelus maculatus, Walk., 
241, 243, 247, 
254 

309 Tridymus undulatus, Ratz., 
118 

310 * xylophagorum, 


Ratz., 247 
311 Systasis encyrtoides, Walk., 
118, 160, 201 


31laRoptrocerus — eccoptogastri, 
Ratz., 239 
3118 Fe xylophagorum, 


Ratz., 244, 255, 
258, 260, 263, 
264, 265, 266, 
267, 268, 269 

312 Acrocormus sp., 107 

313 Cheiropachus quadrum, Fab., 
237, 238, 240, 
247, 248, 251 


314 » pulchellus, Westw., 
253 
315 Schizonotus sieboldi, Ratz., 


131 
316 Pterotomus dubius, Nees, 249 


317 », Latriellei, Ratz., 253 
318 Pterolycus gravenhorsti, 
Ratz., 261 

319 Pteromalus abieticola, Ratz., 
267, 270 

320 5 zemulus, Ratz., 34, 
188, 244, 255, 
260, 266 

321 5 zneicornis, Ratz., 
105 


73 


322 Pteromalusalbitarsus, Walk., 


162 

323 5 auronitens, Foérst., 
201 

324 ‘ azurescens, Ratz., 
249, 268 

325 ‘5 azureus, Ratz. 
249, 252 

326 E bidentis, Ratz., 
268 

327 i bimaculatus, Nees, 
65, 238, 239, 
240, 243, 247, 
263, 265 

328 a bivestigatus, Ratz., 
247 

329 54 brevicornis, Walk., 
49 

330 we brunnicans, Ratz., 
238, 240 

331 Ee capitatus,  Ratz., 
238, 255, 260 

332 - clavatus, Ratz.,188 

333 = cruciatus, Ratz.,195 

334 “ eryptocephali, 
Ratz., 126 

335 Me curculionoides, 
Ratz., 204, 206 

336 F dahlbomi,  Ratz., 
99, 188, 272 

337 is diachymatis, Ratz., 
195, 200 

338 “3 distinguendus, 
Forst., 58 

339 ‘3 elongatus, Ratz.,59. 

340 * endomychi, Walk., 
18 

341 5 erichsoni, Ratz.,162 

342 re e xcrescentium, 
Ratz., 139 

343 + fasciatus, _ Forst., 
160 

344 i fraxini, Ratz., 247 

345 “ galerucee, Fonsc., 
136 

346 “ guttatus, Ratz., 29, 
188, 234, 253, 
268 

347 i hohenheimensis, 
Ratz., 56 

348 i jouanensis, Ratz., 
194, 196, 199 

349 a lanceolatus, Ratz., 


238, 255 


74 Mr. Ernest A. Elliott and Mr. Claude Morley on the 


350 Pteromalus leguminum, Ratz., 


351 
352 


353 


118, 160, 163, 
164, 167 
lepidus, Foérst., 195 
leucopezus, Ratz., 
117 
lunulus, Ratz., 188, 
238, 242, 253 
magdalis, Ratz.,231, 
232 
mandibularis, 
Forst., 133, 134 
muscarum, Walk., 


168 
navis, Ratz., 255, 
260 
nodulosus, Ratz., 
107 


opistotomus, Ratz., 
60 

orchestis, Ratz., 
194, 199, 200 

pini, Htg., 189 

pogonocheeri, Ratz., 
99 

ramulorum, Ratz., 
249 

regius, Forst., 160 


revelatus, Forst., 
210 

saxeseni, Ratz., 211 

siccatorum, Ratz., | 
249, 268 


spinolee, Forst., 187, 
244, 253, 255, 
260, 262, 263, 
264, 265, 267 

strobilobius, Ratz., 
56 

suspensus, Ratz., 
188, 253, 265, 


266, 268 

tessellatus, Ratz., 
231 

vaginule,  Ratz., 
212, 213 

valleculus, Ratz, 
238 

vicarius, Ratz., 249 

violaceus, _Ratz., 
188, 231, 234, 
266, 268 

sp., 142, 197, 216, 
241, 247 


377 Eutelus elevatus, Walk., 186 
378 Elachestus carinatus, Ratz., 


379 
380 


381 
382 
383 
384 
385 
386 


387 
388 


389 
390 


391 
392 


393 


394 
395 


396 


397 


| 398 


399 
400 


401 
402 


403 
404 


” 


” 


” 


157 
leucobatus, 
155 
leucogramma, Ratz., 
107, 231, 238, 
239, 240, 241, 

243 


Ratz. 


obscuripes, Nees, 
199 
pellucens, Forst., 


188, 253 


Cirrospilus nerio, Walk., 118, 


160 


Eulophus atroceruleus, Nees, 


” 
Astichus 
70, 71 


170 
chrysomele, Nees, 
129 
dendricornis, Ratz., 
194, 199 
discolor, Nees, 215 
fumatus, Ratz., 196, 
199 
lineatus, Forst.,195 
lophyrorum, Htg., 
241 


obseurus, Ratz.,199 
pectinicornis, Nees, 
199 
pilicornis, Ratz., 49, 
195, 199, 200 
viduus, Ratz., 199 
arithmeticus, Forst., 


Pleurotropis orchestis, Gir., 


198 


Entedon agrilorum, Ratz., 34 


be) 


amethystinus, Ratz., 
199 
arcuatus, Ratz. 


cassidarum, Ratz., 
126, 140 

caudatus, Ratz., 249 

chalybeus, Ratz., 
105 

confinis, Ratz., 46, 
192, 199 


curculionum, Gir., 
169, 208, 209 

eyclogaster, Ratz., 
199 

flavomaculatus, 
Ratz., 195, 199 


407 Entedon geniculatus, 


408 
409 


Htg., 
268 
hylesinorum, Ratz., 
245, 249 
longiventris, Ratz., 
46, 49, 173 
lunatus, Ratz., 199 
luteipes, Ratz., 195, 
199 
medianus,  Ratz., 
196; 197, 199 
nitens, Gir., 171 


orchestis, Ratz., 
195, 197, 199 

pinetorum, Ratz, 
249 

punctatus,  Ratz., 
197 

sesquifasciatus, 
Ratz., 199 


unicostatus, Ratz., 
197 

vaginulee, Ratz., 212 

xanthops, Ratz.,192, 
195 

xanthostoma, Ratz., 
195 

xylobius, 
272 


Brisch., 


Tetrastichus frontalis, Nees, 


198 
orchestis, 
193, 198 


Forst., 


Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera. 75 


425 Tetrastichus rosarum, Forst., 
170 

426 Poropea stollwerki, Forst., 
154, 156, 157 

427 Cheetosticha signata, Ratz., 
159 


PROCTOTRYPIDA. 
428 Proctotrypes viator, Hal., 3,6 


428a 5 pallidipes, Jur., 11 

429 " sp., 36, 146 

430 Ceraphron unispinosus, Ratz., 
188 

431 Ae vitripennis, Ratz., 
212 


432 Megaspilus pusillus, Ratz., 269 

433 _ radiatus, Ratz., 271 

434 Cephalanomeea formiciformis, 

Westw., 62, 63, 69 

435 Platymischus dilatatus, 
Westw., 12 

436 Diapria melanocorypha, Ratz., 

217 

437 »  higra, Nees, 243 

438 »  verticellata, Latr., 266 

439 Teleas minutus, Ratz., 199 


440 » punctatus, Gir., 243 
441 “ Ascarides” 267 
442 “ Oxyurides ” 238 


CYNIPID. 
443 Euccla minuta, Gir., 243 


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OUser, 1) 


Ill. Descriptions of some new Butterflies from Tropical 
Africa. By Haminron H. Drucs, F.Z.S., FES. 


[Read March 6th, 1907.] 


PLATE. If, 
Family SATYRIDA. 


Neocenyra cooksoni, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 1.) 


d- Upper-side olivaceous-brown ; the basal two-thirds rather 
darker and with a sinuous edging on the fore-wing. A clearly- 
defined submarginal dark line followed by a much more slender 
marginal line ; ciliarbrown. Fore-wing with a large black subapical 
ocellus containing two clear white pupils placed one above the other 
and surrounded by a broad pale yellow iris. Hind-wing with two 
smaller black ocelli, each containing one white pupil and surrounded 
by a clear pale yellow iris placed between the lower median nervules 
close to the submarginal line. In a line with these and between the 
lower median nervule and the submedian nervure is a minute 
yellowish spot containing a central black dot. 

The under-side differs only from the upper by the hind-wing 
having a sinuous dark median line from the costa to the abdominal 
margin, by the addition of a yellowish-ringed ocellus near the costa 
and also two small confluent yellow-ringed ocelli near the anal angle. 
Head, thorax, abdomen, legs and palpi, dark brown. 

Expanse 1, inch. 


Hab. Katanca District, 8. E. Congo FREE STATE, 
3,000 ft. (ZZ. Cookson), captured in April. 
Type, Mus. Druce. 


This species is distinguished from its allies by the 
position of the dark bands and by the pale yellow rings 
to the ocelli, those previously described having tawny or 
red rings. It is allied to WV. gregorw, Butler,* NV. victoria, 
Auriv.,f and NV. heckmanni, 'Thurau.t 

* Neocenyra gregorii, Butl., P. Z. S. 1894, p. 560, Pl. XXXVI, 

fig. 2. 
‘i 2 victoria, Auriy., Rhop. Aithiopica, p.72, Pl. I, fig. 4 
(1898). 

t i heckmanni, 'Thurau, Berlin, Ent. Zeit. xlviii, p. 126, 
Pl. Il, fig. 5 (1903). 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART 1. (JUNE) 


78 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce’s Descriptions 
Family LYCANIDA. 


Telipna rogersi, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 2.) 


$. Upper-side : dull red, with the costa, cell, apex and outer margin 
of fore-wing and outer margin of hind-wing somewhat unevenly 
brownish-black. A dull red spot beyond the end of the cell on fore- 
wing, joining the red discal area. Two black spots on the disc, 
placed between the nervules close to the lower wall of the cell. Under- 
side brownish-black, thickly dusted with orange, especially towards 
the apex of the fore-wing and the outer-margin of the hind-wing. 
The inner margin and the lower portion of the disc of the fore-wing is 
reddish, and the two black discal spots of the fore-wing show faintly 
through. There are no spots as in 7. carnuta, Hew. Antenne 
black above, spotted with white below ; thorax, abdomen, palpi and 
legs reddish. 


Expanse 1} inch. 


Hab. British E. Arrica. Type, Mus. Oxford. 

Captured fourteen miles N.W. of Mombasa, Rabai, on 
Dec. 26th, by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers and pre- 
sented by him to the Oxford Museum. Also in Mus. 
Druce: one specimen from the same source, kindly 
presented by Professor Poulton. 

This insect is allied to Z. carnuta, Hew.,* but has 
several points of distinction. 


Mimacrea skoptoles, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 3.) 


Q. Upper-side uniform reddish-orange, darkest along the upper 
wall of the cell of fore-wing, with broad blackish-brown apical and 
outer margins unevenly edged inwardly. Fore-wing: the costal 
margin narrowly blackish, a distinct black spot at the end of the 
cell and a narrow black streak along the upper wall of the cell 
reaching from the base for about two-thirds its length. A creamy 
white band, commencing near the costa in a small spot about half- 
way between the end of the cell and the apex and reaching to the 
upper median nervule, but broadest between the discoidal nervules, 
The nervules which cross this white band are of a faint orange hue, 
not black as in JM. marshalli, Trimen. Hind-wing: the costal 
margin is unmarked, and the nervules show no indication of becoming 
black where they run into the dark border. The markings of the 
under-side show through, but very indistinctly. 


* Pentila carnuta, Hew., Ent. Mon. Mag. x, p. 125 (1878). 


of some new Butterflies from Tropical Africa. 79 


Under-side: ground-colour pale yellowish, merging to rich orange- 
buff all over the cell of the fore-wing ; an apical and outer-marginal 
border common to both wings, composed of large A-shaped black 
markings placed between the nervules, Fore-wing: a black spot at 
the end of, and two smaller ones in, the cell. The white band of 
the upper-side is reproduced and is inwardly bordered by a distinct 
black irregular patch. Hind-wing: the basal area, which is dusted 
with blackish scales, contains about ten distinct black spots which 
are irregularly distributed and which are individually ringed with 
pale yellow. 

Head, thorax and abdomen blackish-brown above, yellowish 
below. Legs black with white spots. Antenne black above, white- 
spotted below. Cilia of fore-wing black, white between the nervules 
on hind-wing on both surfaces. 

Expanse 2 inch. 


Hab. NicEertA. Type, Mus. Druce. 


This insect is perhaps most nearly allied to Mimacrea 
gelinia, Oberthur,* described from Usambara, but bas many 
points of distinction. It is also allied to JZ. poultoni, Neave,+ 
to which it bears considerable resemblance on the under- 
side, but it has the subapical band on the fore-wing white 
and differently placed. 


Mimacrea neokoton, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 4.) 


Q. Allied to the preceding species but the orange area on the 
upper-side is slightly more extensive and paler; the band crossing 
the fore-wing is pale orange (excepting the first spot on the costa, 
which is white) and differently placed and the black streak in the 
cell is absent. On the under-side the A-shaped marginal markings 
are smaller and less prominent, those at the apex of the fore-wing 
being absent, whilst the nervules between which they are wanting 
are faintly blackish as also are those on the discal area of the hind- 
wing. There is an extra black spot at the junction of the lower 
median nervule, and the abdomen is distinctly black-spotted along 
its whole length. Cilia black at the extremities of the nervules, 
white between, on both surfaces. 

Expanse 14 inch. 


* Mimacrea (Liptena) gelinia, Oberth., Etudes d’Ent. 17, p. 31, 
Pl. Hl, fig. 24 (1893). 

+ Mimacrexa poultoni, Neave, Novitates Zoologice, v. xi, p. 337, 
Pl. I, fig, 18, ¢ (1904). 


80 Mr. Hamilton H. Druce’s Descriptions 


Type, Mus. Hope, Oxford. 
Hab. S.E. Ruopesia: Melsetter, Gazaland. 


Captured on Mount Chirinda, about 4,000 ft, im the 
forest, October 17th, by Mr. Guy Marshall, and presented 
by him to the museum. 


Spindasis menelas, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 5.) 

2. Upper-side orange-yellow, with the base, costa, and outer 
margin of fore-wing, the base, costal, outer and anal margins of hind- 
wing dark brown. Fore-wing: the whole of the cell is dark brown 
excepting a small orange spot near the end. On the disc of the wing 
are two patches consisting apparently of two confluent brown spots 
placed one towards the apex, one about the middle. Hind-wing: 
two brown bars running from the costal border evenly and regularly 
into the orange area. 

Under-side : ground-colour very pale yellow with rather broad 
and short silver bands and spots edged with black ; a fine anteciliary 
black line common to both wings followed by a narrow submarginal 
line and beyond that a broader black line which is silvery towards 
the apex of the fore-wing and wholly silvery in the hind-wing. 

The tails, which are long, are dark orange along their basal halves 
on both surfaces, the outer portions being black and the tips white. 

The cilia on both surfaces are shining fuscous, those on the fore- 
wing being darkest. Head and thorax dark brown with two white 
streaks between the eyes. Abdomen brown above, pale-yellowish at 
each segment ; yellow below. 

Palpi pale yellow. 

Expanse 13 inch. 

Type, Mus. Druce. 

Hab. N. NicEr1A: Afikpo (Reddick). 

This species appears to be allied to S. 7za, Hew.,* and 
S. crustaria, Holland.+ 

Hewitson described and figured a 2, not a 2, as stated. 
The upper surface of the ¢ is shot with opalescent blue. 


Stugeta maria, (Plate II, fig. 6.) 
Stugeta maria, Suffert. Deutch. Ent. Zeit. “Iris,” xvi, 
p. 60, 1904. 
I have figured a 2 from the Bihe district, Angola. 
* Aphnexus iza, Hew., Ill. Diur. Lep. Lye. p. 62, Pl. XXV, fig. 5 


(1865). 
+ Aphneus crustaria, Holland, Psyche 5, p. 430 (1890). 


of some new Butterflies from Tropical Africa. 81 


Epamera mermis. (Plate II, fig. 7.) 


Epamera mermis. HH. H. Druce, Anns. Mag. Nat. Hist. 
(oy xvii, p., 260 (1896). PZ. So 1902p, Piz; Pl XI 


oO 
io DE e] 


9. Upper-side. Fore-wing: discal area pure white, base and inner 
margin pale greyish-blue; costa, apex and outer margin blackish- 
brown. Hind-wing pale greyish-blue, greyer towards abdominal 
margin ; costal margin blackish-brown outwardly edged with white, 
a submarginal row of irregular deep black patches from apex to 
anal angle. A black anteciliary line inwardly bordered by a white 
line. A black spot in the lobe, crowned by a bright orange patch. 
Tails black ; cilia white. Bright orange between the eyes. Under- 
side as ¢ but black spots towards anal angle more extensive. 


Hab, British E. Arrica, Mombasa, Rabai. 


Captured July 28th by the Rev. St. A. Rogers and 
presented by him to the Oxford Museum. 


Epamera mirabilis. (Plate II, fig. 8.) 


Epamera mirabilis, H. H. Druce, Anns. Mag. Nat. Hist. 
(ser. 7), vol. xi, p. 71 (1903). 


Hab, SteRRA LEONE, W. AFRICA. 


I have figured the type specimen of this interesting 
species which is an aberrant form of the genus, being 
without the row of hairs on the inner-margin of the hind- 
wing and also without the patch of differently placed 
scales on the large shining area of the hind-wing above. 


Family HESPERID. 
Kedestes vogersi, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 9 J, 10 2.) 


¢. Allied to K. macomo, Trimen.* Upper-side dark brown with 
yellow spots and markings as in that species but with an additional 
outer-marginal row of yellow dashes placed on the nervules and 
common to both wings. An anteciliary dark line. Under-side 
uniform yellow ; fore-wing with a minute black spot at the end of 
the cell, otherwise spotless, and with the basal half only of the inner- 
margin black. Hind-wing with the central discal minute black 
spots only present. An anteciliary dark line. Cilia of fore-wing 
brown, of hind-wing yellow, on both surfaces. 

Q. Upper-side as ¢ but browner especially over basal areas. 


* Cyclopides macomo, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soe. 1862, p. 405. 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 6 


82 Some new Butterflies from Troyecal Africa. 


Under-side : ground-colour rich yellow. Fore-wing: a black spot at 
end of cell, three minute black dots beyond and an outer-marginal row 
of linear black streaks placed on the nervules. Inner-margin broadly 
black with the large yellow spots of the upper-side reproduced. 
Hind-wing with two discal rows of black spots and an outer-marginal 
row of linear black markings. A black anteciliary line to both 
wings. 
Expanse ¢ 114 inch,? 13 inch. 


Types, Mus. Oxford. 
Hab. Brivisn E. Arrica, Taveta, about 2,500 ft. 


The # was captured on April 27th and the 2 on October 
20th by the Rev. K. St. A. Rogers and presented by him 
to the Museum. Although the ? described differs con- 
siderably from the fon the under-side and was taken six 
months later I think there can be no doubt that they are 
sexes of one species. 

The fore-wing of # is narrower than that of A. macomo. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. 
[See Hplanation facing the PLATE.] 


ehSs y) 


IV. The Larva of Collyris emarginatus, Dej. By R. 
SHELFORD, M.A., F.L.S. 


[Read March 6th, 1907. ] 


Prars, d TT, 


Iv Dec. 1905 I exhibited before this Society some speci- 
mens of the wood-boring larva of the Tiger-beetle Collyris 
emarginatus, Dej.,and made some remarks thereon, which 
are published in the Proceedings of date Dec. 6th, 1905. 
It is to Dr. J. C. Koningsberger of the Zoological Museum at 
Buitenzorg, Java, that we owe the discovery of this very 
interesting larva. From a brief description of its habits 
published in “Mededeelingen uit’Slands Plantentuin,” 
vol. xliv, p. 113, 1901, we learn that the larva excavates a 
burrow in the twigs of coffee-shrubs and that it feeds on 
the ants and aphides which crawl over the entry to the 
burrow ; pupation takes place in the burrow. No adequate 
figure of the larva and no account of its external features 
have yet been published, but I am now enabled to supply 
some information on these points, thanks to Dr. Konings- 
berger, who has most kindly sent me two consignments of 
larve. I gladly seize this opportunity of recording my 
gratitude to my generous correspondent. 

The burrows occupied by the larvee of Collyris emarginatus 
are situated in the central pith of twigs of not more than 
5 mm. in diameter ; the woody part of the twig does not 
appear to be attacked at all. The burrow is generally half 
as long again as the larva occupying it, so that there is 
room for to-and-fro movements of the occupant. Close to 
the anterior end of the burrow is a small circular orifice 
passing through the woody tissue of the twig and placing 
the burrow in communication with the outer world; the 
outer margin of this orifice is raised, so that the entry to 
the burrow appears to be countersunk. This raised margin 
is brought about by the swelling of the bark of the twig 
at this point, —a pathological result of its puncture. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 


84 Mr. R. Shelford on 


Though the oviposition of this Cicindelid has not been 
actually observed, there can be little doubt but that the 
adult female perforates the woody tissue of the twig and 
deposits her egg in the central core of spongy pith. The 
larva has no organs adapted for boring through wood ; 
the mouth-parts are not very different from those of the 
larvee of Cicindela spp., the legs are modified merely for 
burrowing in relatively soft and non-resisting substances, 
and may well be compared with the legs of Coprid and 
Passalid beetles, of Gryllotalpa and of Panesthiid cock- 
roaches. As already stated, the burrows are made in the 
centre of twigs and the woody tissue of the twigs is not 
attacked; the larva on hatching out from the egg has 
merely to dig out the soft pith of the twig in order to form 
for itself a cylindrical burrow, and we may presume that 
the débris is expelled from the mouth of the burrow. 

As is well known, the adult females of all species of 
Collyris are furnished with a complex genital armature, 
which, however, has never been really adequately figured 
or described. If a dried specimen of C. emarginatus be 
examined with a simple lens the gonapophyses appear to 
consist of a pair of strongly chitinised crotchets pro- 
jecting beyond the last visible tergite and of a pair of 
short down-curved spines projecting beyond the last visible 
sternite. Each crotchet is made up of three gee 
hooks directed upwards and of a much smaller hook; 
some specimens these hooks project considerably, in ofthe 
they are withdrawn almost entirely into ‘the abdominal 
cavity. When the dorsal integument is removed, it will be 
seen that the crotchets and spines are attached to a chitinous 
tube occupying the greater part of the abdominal cavity of 
the last three segments. The whole apparatus can be 
removed bodily from the insect and after boiling in caustic 
potash mounted and examined under the microscope, when 
it will be seen that the chitinous tube is a segmented 
structure (Plate III, fig. 8), the number of the segments 
being apparently four. I have not been able to make out 
in the first (2. ¢. the most proximal) segment the number 
of sclerites composing it, but the second segment is made 
up of two lateral sclerites which meet each other in the 
mid-dorsal and mid-ventral line, also of a large spoon- 
shaped sclerite which embraces the ventral half of this 
and the succeeding segments, runs backwards to the tip of 
the abdomen and bears on its posterior margin the two 


the Larva of Collyris emarginatus, 85 


short decurved spines that have already been mentioned.* 
The third segment is composed of the lateral sclerites, 
and a median dorsal sclerite, which runs backward and 
ends between the base of the crotchets (Plate ITI, fig. 9. d) ; 
the lateral sclerites meet each other in the mid-ventral 
line. The fourth segment is open ventrally, the lateral 
sclerites are now pillars bearing the crotchets and each has 
a small hook on the outer aspect, the dorsal sclerites 
are represented perhaps by a pair of oval setigerous plates 
(Plate ITI, fig. 9. s.p.) covering the base of the crotchets. 
Each crotchet consists of three strong curved hooks, the 
second of which has on the ventral aspect an inwardly 
projecting flange (Plate III, fig. 10./); they are articu- 
lated to the lateral sclerites by a transverse joint but, 
so far as I know, are not movable independently of the 
chitinous tube. This is all that can be made out from an 
examination of dried specimens and I am unable to afford 
any information as to the exact relations of these parts to 
the other internal organs of the beetle. But there can be 
no reasonable doubt that the segmented chitinous tube is 
composed of retracted terminal segments, the last one of 
which bears appendages in the form of crotchets, and it is 
these appendages only which can be regarded as the 
morphological equivalents of the female gonapophyses of 
the Terebrant Hymenoptera. The modus operandi of the 
genital armature of Collyris is obscure, but I have little 
doubt of its efficiency as an instrument for boring through 
wood of no greater hardness than young coffee twigs. 
Strictly homologous organs occur in other Cicindelide and 
doubtless in every case they function as boring tools. So 
far as is known—though observations on the subject are 
woefully inadequate—the Cicindelidz deposit their eggs in 
substances, and not on surfaces, and it does not require a 
great stretch of imagination to suppose that the arboreal 
Collyris only departs from the habits of its allies so far as 
to deposit her eggs inside the twigs of trees and shrubs. 
It is of interest to note that the pair of decurved ventral 
spines are only well-developed in the arboreal species,+ 


* These spines have been described elsewhere as attached to the 
last visible sternite, but this is manifestly incorrect. 

+ Wallace states that Therates labiata in Amboina is arboreal and 
in this species the ventral spines are well developed ; in other species 
that I have examined these spines are minute or absent, and Canon 
Fowler informs me that occasionally they are modified to form comb- 


86 Mr. R. Shelford on 


and I would suggest that in the case of Collyris at any rate 
they function as guides for the passage of the egg through 
the aperture bored in the woody tissue of the twig. 
Species of Cicindela, to take an example, would have 
presumably no difficulty in depositing their eggs in the 
burrows excavated for their reception; the burrow is of 
sufficient diameter to admit the tip of the abdomen and 
the egg can be simply dropped before the tip of the 
abdomen is withdrawn after the operation of excavation. 
The entrance to the burrow occupied by the larva of 
Collyris emarginatus is not large enough to admit the tip 
of the abdomen of the adult female, as can be shown by 
measurements, but the two ventral spines fit into it with 
ease. Without these spines it is difficult to see how the 
female Collyris could be certain of passing her egg through 
the aperture in the wood which she has made; she would 
be liable to deposit it rather on the outer surface of the 
twig, whence it would drop to the ground, but with the 
ventral spines inserted in the aperture the egg can readily 
pass from the oviduct to the place prepared for it. 


Description of the Larva. (Plate III, figs. 1-10.) 


The largest specimen in my possession is 12 mm. in length. The 
head is typically Cicindelidan ; that is to say, it is strongly chitinised, 
swollen and concave beneath, flattened above; the mouth-parts 
are prominent and point in an upward direction. The antennz are 
short and four-jointed. There are two ocelli borne on each side of 
the head near the origin of the antenne ; the area surrounding these 
ocelli is much darker than the rest of the head and is somewhat 
inflated. The labrum is broad and transverse with a quadrangular 
projection from the middle of the front margin, flanked on each side 
by a tooth; this quadrangular projection is ridged and has a blunt 
tooth on each side. The mandibles are strong and curved, each bears 
a tooth on its inner margin at the centre; distad of this tooth the 
inner border of the mandible is grooved, proximad of it the inner 
border is sharp and trenchant. The maxille consist of a small 
cardo, a stout triangular stipes, bearing a two-jointed palp and a 
narrow ga/ea almost equal to the palp in length and furnished with 


like structures. The species of Therates that I took in Borneo were 
not, so far as I can remember, arboreal, and in these the ventral 
spines are very small indeed. The Australian genus Distypsidera is 


said to be arboreal and in this genus also the ventral spines are 
present. 


the Larva of Collyris emarginatus. 87 


a few strong spines (Plate III, fig. 3). The labium is cordiform, 
densely hirsute above and with a pair of short two-jointed palps ; 
the anterior angles of the basal joints of these palps are spiniform 
beneath and the tip of the apical joints is beset with numerous 
sensory pits (Plate III, fig. 4). 

The body consists of 13 segments and is seen at once to differ from 
that of a typical Cicindelid larva by the absence of a marked sigmoid 
flexure and by the absence of large dorsal tubercles armed with 
strong hooks on the eighth segment. The Collyris larva in fact 
“fits” its burrow much better than does the Cicindela larva, it is thus 
able to brace itself at the top of the burrow without pronounced 
curvature of the body ; the walls of its burrow being of a denser 
and harder texture than sand or earth accounts for the absence of 
long hooks on the eighth segment. The prothorax is as broad as the 
head ; the pronotum is trapezoidal with rounded posterior angles and 
is strongly chitinised. From the mesonotum backwards to the eighth 
segment, the segments increase in breadth. The eighth segment is 
swollen dorsally forming a hump and the hump carries two curved 
series of small hooks, each series being composed of three hooks ; the 
hooks are of a rather peculiar shape, which can best be understood 
by a reference to the Plate (fig. 5). In addition to the hooks are 
numerous stout setze; both hooks and sete are directed forwards, 
The three segments immediately behind the eighth are slightly 
narrower than it ; the twelfth segment is much narrower and shorter 
and the thirteenth segment is small and sucker-like with six short 
spines and numerous fine sete on its posterior margin. Segments 4 
to 12 bear on each side in a dorso-lateral position a mamilliform 
tubercle furnished with three setw#, and a minute mamilliform 
tubercle with two sete occurs on the ventral surface of these 
segments. These tubercles and sete together with the dorsal 
armature of the eighth segment doubtless serve to brace the larva in 
its burrow. 

Of the legs the following parts can be distinguished :—femur, 
tibia and tarsus. In the second and third pairs the femur is flattened 
and plate-like, with rounded angles; the tibia is rather slender, 
about two-thirds the length of the femur and with some sete along 
its lower border and at its distal end; the tarsus consists of three 
joints, the terminal hook or claw being included as one joint ; the 
first or basal point is ringed with sete, the second has some sete and, 
in addition, on its outer aspect a blunt tooth (Plate III, fig. 7). The 
first pair of legs is very different in shape; the femur is flattened 
and triangular with a row of setz along its outer aspect ; the tibia 
is short and very stout, broader distally than proximally, its lower 
anterior angle is produced to form a strong and acute tooth with 


&8 Mr. R. Shelford on 


secondary teeth on the upper border, a small blunt tooth also occurs 
at the upper anterior angle on the outer aspect; the tarsus is 
triangular, the basal joint is almost as broad as long with a blunt 
tooth on its outer aspect, the second joint also is furnished with a 
tooth on its outer aspect and both joints are beset with setae (Plate 
III, fig. 6). The second and third pairs of legs are carried with the 
femora straight out from the body, the tibia bent upwards; no 
doubt they brace against the sides of the burrow and serve to steady 
the larva when it catches some large or active insect. The front legs 
are plainly adapted for excavating the soft core of the twig in which 
the larva lives. 


In conclusion I would beg to express my thanks to Dr. 
Sharp, F.R.S., Canon W. W. Fowler, and Mr. V. E. 
Shelford of Chicago University, for the kind help and 
useful criticism that they have offered me in the prepara- 
tion of this account of a most interesting insect. 


EXPLANATION OF PuaTE III. 
[See Explanation facing the PLATE.] 


ADDENDUM. 


AFTER the foregoing account went to press, I received 
from Dr. D. Sharp a letter sent to him from Hongkong by 
Mr. F. Muir, in which Mr. Muir announces the discovery 
by himself and Mr. J. C. Kershaw of a wood-boring 
Cicindelid larva. Mr. Muir writes that the burrow “runs 
up the stem, the entrance being at the lower end. It [the 
larva] waits with its head at the entrance of the burrow 
and whenever an ant or a fly crawls up the stem within 
reach it quickly darts out its head and catches its prey.” 
Apparently only one specimen was secured, and this, with 
the piece of wood containing the burrow, Dr. Sharp has 
kindly handed to me forexamination. The larva is larger 
than that of Collyris emarginatus, measuring 12 mm. in 
length, but it can, I think, be referred to the genus Collyris 
without much doubt. There are only two pairs of ocelli; the 
legs are very similar in appearance to those of (. emargt- 


the Larva of Collyris emarginatus, 89 


natus; the eighth tergite pears on each side three small 
forwardly-directed hooks and its posterior margin is 
fringed with sete; the terminal segment is armed on its 
posterior margin above with eight short spines arranged 
in two groups of four on either side of the middle line. 
In fact, such ditferences as exist between the two larve 
may be regarded as specific rather than generic. In one 
feature the Hongkong larva differs markedly from C. 
emarginatus; the metathorax is bent down almost at a 
right angle to the mesothorax and the first abdominal and 
succeeding segments are again bent up at an acute angle 
to the metathorax, thus producing a very sharp flexure of 
the body in this region. I cannot be sure, however, that 
this is not due to the undue contraction of the specimen 
after being placed in alcohol. The burrow is 24 mm. 
long and about 3°5 mm. in diameter, it has been formed 
by the excavation of the central medulla of pith; the 
affected part of the stem is dilated, being 7 mm. in 
diameter, whereas above and below the burrow it is only 
4 mm. in diameter. This, I expect, is a pathological 
result of the injury caused by the larva. I have observed 
something very similar in the stems of a herbaceous plant 
tenanted by ants, that I found at the foot of Mt. Penrisen in 
Sarawak.* The consequence of this dilation of the stem 
is, that the burrow itself is relatively of much greater 
diameter than that made by the emarginatus larva; the 
dilation appears to be caused, not by a thickening of the 
wood, but by the expansion outwards with concomitant 
thinning of the walls, just as a bulb may be blown in the 
middle of a glass tube. It would be interesting to learn 
if this dilation of the stem and expansion of the burrow 
occurs synchronously with the growth in size of the larva. 
Mr. Muir’s observation that the larva, when seizing its prey, 
rushes a short distance out of its burrow, is of considerable 
interest in connection with the fact that the entrance to 
the burrow cannot be enlarged by the larva as it increases 
in size. The entrance to the burrow of a Cicindela larva 
is a miniature pitfall, the head of the larva being the 
bottom of the trap; when an insect stumbles into the 
pitfall it is seized and the captor falls down to the bottom 


* If this interpretation is correct it lends considerable support 
to the view that the enormous swellings on the stems of myrme- 
cophilous plants of the genera Myrmecodia and Hydnophytwm 
originated as pathological responses to irritant stimuli. 


90 The Larva of Collyris emarginatus. 


of its burrow with its prey. It is necessary that the head 
of the larva should always fit more or less accurately the 
entrance to its burrow, but the same necessity does not 
arise in the case of the Collyris larva, for here the burrow 
is a hiding-place or lair from whence the animal emerges 
to capture its prey; so long as the entrance to its lair 1s 
not too small it cannot particularly matter what size it is. 


ere) 


V. A preliminary revision of the Forficulide (sensu stricto) 
and of the Chelisochide, families of the Dermatoptera. 
By Matcotm Borg, B.A., F.ES., F.Z.8., F.LS., F.G.S. 


[Read March 6th, 1907.] 
Pian TV: 


A CAREFUL study of the genus Opisthocosmia, Dolyrn., as 
understood by de Bormans, has revealed a mass of incon- 
gruities and a number of new characters. A cursory 
examination has shown that very dissimilar species were 
ranged together, and that it was necessary to define the 
genus with greater precision and to reject many diverse 
forms which had been hitherto included. The develop- 
ment of this process soon showed that many allied genera 
were involved, until it became necessary to recast entirely 
that group of genera in which the second tarsal segment 
is cordiform. I regard this as a highly significant char- 
acter (differing in this point diametrically from Dr. 
Verhoeff), which neatly defines the Porficulidx, a name 
which I restrict to those earwigs possessing this character, 
regarding the group as a family of the order Dermatoptera. 

The task of revising the Augean stable will take so 
long a time, and so many years must elapse before the 
appearance of the final monograph, that I have resolved 
to publish this preliminary report as the result of a study 
of these genera. Dr. Verhoeff included them in his first 
“ Aufsatz,’ but lack of material rendered his work in this 
respect incomplete. 

Thus it will be seen that my use of the name for/i- 
culide does not coincide exactly with that of Verhoeff, 
for that author rejected the shape of the second tarsal 
segment as a valuable character; he included Spongiphora 
and Nesogaster and Sparatta, with their allies, which 
appears to me to be an eminently unnatural and artificial 
arrangement. ‘The German author distinguishes the forfi- 
culide from the Labiduride by the single development 
of the genitalia, which we do not employ, for reasons 
stated elsewhere, and by the presence of the stink-glands 
on the sides of the abdomen; he excludes Chelidura and 
its allies on account of their entire winglessness, but the 
lobed second tarsal segment appears to be such a strong 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 


92 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


character, that I prefer to employ it to define this family ; 
it does not seem likely that the shape of this segment has 
any direct influence upon the insects’ life or habits; it is 
probably a relic of some ancient specialisation, and there- 
fore unlikely to be so subject to fluctuation as an organ in 
activity, the lateral stink-glands for instance, which vary 
with the age of the individual. It is also by the rudi- 
mentary remains of once active organs that we may best 
hope to trace the natural affinities of the different species, 
which is the ultimate aim of all classifications. 

Dr. Verhoeff’s work is very valuable, and it is a pity 
that he marred it by such faults as the incorrect use of 
the name Sphingolabis, and the separation of Cosnviella based 
on the absence of wings, a character upon which Ortho- 
pterists and Dermapterists are agreed it is useless to found 
even a species. 

The synoptical tables for the determination of species 
must not be regarded with too critical an eye; they are 
offered with no attempts at dogmatism, but only as help- 
notes for entomologists who wish to determine earwigs. 

It will be observed that several new characters are 
used. Greater stress than previously is here laid upon 
the form and relative sizes of the first four or five segments 
of the antennz, and also on the form of the pronotum 
and legs. Verhoeff used the carina of the elytra in a 
few instances; in certain genera the slight fold, which 
roughly divides the elytra into a large dorsal and a small 
and narrow costal or lateral portion, is emphasised and 
strengthened into a sharp ridge or keel, which in some 
cases extends the whole length of the elytron, and in 
others dies out half-way down. More attention is also 
paid to the shape of the abdomen. 

The chief point which leads me to hope that this 
attempt at a new classification will be found to approach 
more nearly to the true natural arrangement is the fact 
that the groups are now divided more or less according to 
their geographical distribution. Formerly, Opisthocosmia 
was regarded as a characteristically Asiatic genus, until 0 
americana and O. amazonensis were described from South 
America; conversely, the discovery of Ancistrogaster yavana 
robbed that genus, in its old sense, of its peculiarity to 
America. But a glance at the tables proposed in the 
following pages will show that true Opisthocosmia, as now 
defined, is confined to the tropical regions of the Old World, 


Forficulide and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera. 93 


and all the Ancistrogastriny, sensu stricto, occur only in 
tropical America. 

But it takes more than a few years to mature an 
attempt at originality, and doubtless in the course of time, 
as our knowledge progresses, this proposed arrangement 
will be profoundly modified. Still, I do think it is worth 
while offering this system, as an improvement upon the 
old arrangement, when all kinds of earwigs from various 
regions were thrown together in a heterogeneous mass 
under the hitherto very elastic names of Opisthocosmia and 
Apterygida. De Bormans included no less than twenty- 
seven species in the latter genus, and various recently 
described forms have been included since. I now confine 
it to the single typical A. media. The other names in- 
cluded by de Bormans under the heading Apterygida, will 
be found scattered in numerous other genera, sub-families, 
and even families. Some will be found eventually placed 
near Labidura, others near Labia; others again near 
Spongiphora, and for others entirely new genera and 
sub-families must be formed. 

I hope that this attempt at revision approaches more 
nearly to the natural classification; it claims at least the 
merit of originality. 


I. FORFICULID. 
TABLE OF THE SUB-FAMILIES OF THE FORFICULID. 


Corpus apleruMls. ah eh iy st). sie) 1, CHELIDURINA, 
1.1. Elytra libera, perfecte explicata, vel 
rudimentaria; ale perfecte expli- 
cate vel abortive. 
2. Antenne segmentis 4 et 5 subconicis 2, ANECHURINA, 
2.2. Antenne segmentis 4 et 5 cylin- 
dricis. 
3. Antenne segmentis gradatim elon- 
gatis, 4 quam 3 longius, 5 quam 4 
etc. 
4, Antenne segmento primo valido, 
tricarinato . ... . . « 3% EUDOHRNIINA. 
4.4, Antenne segmento primo cylin- 
drico. 
5. Pedes breves; pygidium breve, 
latum, transversum. . . . 4. DIAPERASTICINA. 


94 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Levision of the 


5.5. Pedes longi; pygidium brevis- 
simum, angustum, obtu- 
sum, vel nullum. 
6. Abdomen apice attenuatum ; 
segmentum ultimum dorsale 
valde declive, attenuatum. 5, OPISTHOCOSMIINA, 
6.6. Abdomen apice vix atten- 
uatum, segmentum ulti- 
mum dorsale depressum, 
breve, latum, rectangu- 
lare, transversum . . . 6, ANCISTROGASTRINA. 
3.3. Antenne segmentis 3, 4 and 5 
inzequalibus. 
4, Antenne segmento 4 quam 3 
muito brevius, quam 5 dimidio 
brevius ; (elytra haud carinata) 7. FORFICULINA. 
4.4. Antenne segmentis 4 and 3 
subequantibus. 
5, Elytra carinata. 
6. Elytra per dimidium longi- 
tudinis carinata . . . . 8. SKENDYLINA. 
6.6. Elytra per totam longitu- 
dinem carinata. . . . 9. NEOLOBOPHORINA. 
5.5. Elytra haud carinata. 
6. Abdomen convexum, cylin- 


drictm: ¢4 9 a20ye yeu) si esite BO. UEARCHINGS. 
6.6. Abdomen plus minus de- 
pressum . 2s. . = 11. Donating: 


Sub-family 1—CHELIDURIN J. 


This sub-family has been rearranged by Verhoeff (Zool. 
Anzeiger, 1902, p. 187), He removed those species with 
free but rudimentary elytra to the Anechurinx, under the 
name of Pseudochelidura, and the remainder he subdivided 
into three genera based on the shape of the abdomen, 
namely, Chelidura, Mesochelidura and Chelidurella. Nothing 
has been added to our knowledge of these genera since 
that date. 


Sub-family 2.—ANHCHURIN 4. 


This group was first separated from the other genera of 
the Forficulidx, sensu stricto, by Verhoeff, but he discrimni- 
ated Allodahlia, for which, quite unnecessarily, he erected 


Forficulide and Chelisochidex, fanilies of Dermatoptera. 95 


a distinct sub-family; the characters, however, are marked 
enough to separate a genus. 

The Anechurine are distinguished by the sub-conical 
4th and 5th segments of the antennz, by the often short 
and broad pronotum, by the broad and flattened elytra, 
often with sharp humeral carine, by often short, and broad, 
pygidium, and by long and slender legs; also by the 
branches of the forceps in the male, which are remote 
at the base, not depressed nor thickened; they are 
often bent and bowed upwards and downwards, in and 
out, in a very characteristic manner. The last dorsal 
segment of the abdomen is shorter and narrower than the 
preceding segments, which are usually somewhat dilated ; 
the last segment is also short, and often armed with 
tubercles pointing in different directions. 

The members of this sub-family usually occur in 
mountainous countries; with the exception of A. elongata, 
a little known species recorded from Cuba, they appear to 
be confined to the Old World. 


TABLE OF GENERA. 


1, Abdomen depressum, fortius dilata- 
tum. 

2. Pedes longi, graciles ; abdomen 
apice latissimum, segmento 
ultimo brevissimo,transversum. 

3. Elytra carinata, rugosa. . . 1. ALLODAHLIA, Verhoef. 
3.3. Elytra haud carinata, laevia. 
4, Elytra et ale perfecte ex- 


plicate . - « « . 2 ANECHURA, Scudd. 
4.4, Elytra brevia ; ale nulle. 3. PSEUDOCHELIDURA, 
Verhoeff. 
2.2. Pedes breves, crassi ; abdomen 
medio dilatatum, apice for- 
titer attenuatum ; segmento 
ultimo angusto . . . . 4 CHAMAIPETES, n. 
1.1. Abdomen convexum, subcylin- 
dricum ; (femora robusta) . . 5, TIMOMENUS, n. 


Genus CHAMAIPETES,* noy. gen. 


Corpus robustum, depressum ; abdomen medio dilatatum, apice 
fortiter attenuatum; antennze segmentis validis, tertio quartoque 
subeequantibus, subcylindricis, ceteris longioribus, conicis ; pronotum 


* Gr, Xamomerhjs=creeping, 


96 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


margine antico recto, postico rotundato, prozona elevata, metazona 
depressa ; elytra aleeque perfecte explicate ; pedes breves, sat validi, 
femoribus sat incrassatis; segmentum anale breve, transversum ; 
pygidium haud perspicuum, 


Type.—Anechura hermes, Burr, Ann. Mag. N. H. ser. 7, 
vol. vi, p. 99, Pl. IV, fig. 1, la. (1900.) (Sarawak.) 

The female is unknown. 

I have erected this genus for the reception of the 
single species referred to which is allied to 7’. bicuspis, 
Stal, and its neighbours, but differs in the strongly 
depressed and dilated abdomen. 


Genus TIMOMENUS,* nov. gen. 


Statura minus gracili; antenne 12-segmentata, segmentis crassi- 
oribus, minus elongatis ; caput leave, margine postico recto ; pro- 
notum quam caput «que latum, sublatius quam longius, margine 
antico recto, postico rotundato, lateribus, subconvexis; prozona 
tumida, distincta, a metazona plana sejuncta: elytra ampla, levia, 
carinula humerali brevissima, apice truncata vel emarginata; ale 
longe ; pedes minus graciles, femoribus anticis incrassatis ; 
abdomen medio dilatatum, plicis distinctis ; lateribus acute recurvis, 
in modum generis Ancistrogastris, sed haud mucronibus deplanatis 
armatis ; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ angustatum, leeve, medio 
bituberculatum; forcipis bracchia sat valida, margine interno dentibus 


obsoletis. 


This genus will include a few medium-sized, stout, 
Asiatic earwigs, with thickened femora, strong forceps, 
and slightly dilated subcylindrical abdomen. 

Type.—Opisthocosmia: oannes, Burr, Ann. Mag. N. H. 
ser. 7, vol. vi, p. 85. (1900.) (India.) 

This genus will also include the following :— 

Onpisthocosmia komarowi, Semenov., Rev. russe d’Ent. 
vol. i, pp. 98 and 259. (1901.) (Corea.) 

Forficula bicuspis, Stal, in Eugenies Resa, Ins. p. 301, 
(f). (1860.) (Java.) 


TABLE OF SPECIES, 


1. Segmentum ultimum  abdominale 
supra medium spinis 2  fortibus 
verticalibus armatum . . . . . 1. bicuspis, Stal. 


* Gr. tyuduevos = respected. 


Forficulide and Chelisochidex, families of Dermatoptera. 97 


1.1. Segmentum ultimum abdominale 


inerme. 
2, Forceps prope medium dentatus . 2. oannes, Burr. 
2.2. Forceps prope apicem armatus . 3. komarowi, Semenov. 


Sub-family 3—HUDOHRNIIN 44. 


Genus EUDOHRNIA, nov. gen. 


Corpus cylindricum, elongatum ; antennze sat robusta; segmentum 
primum validum, robustum, quadratum, carinatum, inter carinulas 
sulculatum ; segmento 2 minimo, globoso ; 3 elongato, apice clavato ; 
4 elongato, valido ; 5 longiori ; ceteris gradatim elongatis et conicis ; 
caput globosum, leve, suturis obsoletis: pronotum quadratum, mar- 
gine antico recto, postico rotundato: elytra sat rugulosa, carinula 
humerali sat acuta, brevissima : alee longe ; pedes longi ; abdomen 
eylindricum, punctulatum ; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ levius, 
minus dense punctulatum, breve, latum, medio impressum, vix 
tuberculatum ; pygidium ? declive, angustum: pygidium ¢ breve, 
latum, bi-acuminatum: @ parvum, angustum, globosum : forcipis 
bracchia ¢ valde elongata, horizontalia, subrecta, gracilia, basi 


triquetra, dente uno parvo medio armata; @ recta, subcontigua, 
simplicia, inermia. 


The body is so differently shaped in the insect known 
as Anechura metallica, the forceps and the general colour 
so different, that I consider it generically quite distinct 
from true Anechura: this opinion is confirmed by the 
peculiar carinated first segment of the antennz, which is 
quite distinctive. 

Type.—Forjicula metallica, Dohrn, Stett. ent Zeit., 
vol. xxvi, p. 9. (1865.) (Himalayas, Burmah.) 


Sub-family 4—DIAPEHRASTICIN 4. 


The species which I range in this family are rightly 
separated from Apterygida by Verhoeff, but that author 
wrongly revived the name of Sphingolabis, Borm., which 
must be reserved for those species which are related to the 
type of Sphingolabis, namely, Sph. furcifera, Borm., which 
is the male of Sph. semifulva, Borm., which latter must 
stand, as I have shown elsewhere (1905, Ann. Mag. N.H., 
ser. 7, vol. xvi, p. 495). 

At present it only includes certain African earwigs 
which fall into the genus Diaperasticus, 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PARTI. (JUNE) 7 


98 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


Genus DIAPERASTICUS,* nov. gen. 


Corpus sat depressum; antenna segmentis 4 et 5 cylindricis, 
eradatim elongatis ; elytra et alee perfecte explicate: ; pedes breves, 
femoribus plus minus incrassatis; pygidium breve, latum, trans- 
versum, depressum, haud spinosum ; forcipis bracchia ¢ gracilia, sat 
elongata, 


Type.—Sphingolabis sansibarica, Karsch, in Berl. ent. 
Zeitschr., vol... xxx, p., 90; PL Al fig.-18)) ¢  aGliseoy 
(Zanzibar.) 

This genus will also include :— 

Apterygida mackindert, Burr, Ann. Mag. N. H., ser. 7, 
vol. vi, p. 88, Pl. IV, fig. 3a, 3. (1900.) (British East 
Africa). 

Apterygida bonchampst, Burr, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 317. 
(1904.) (Abyssinia.) 

Forficula erythrocephala, Olivier (nec Fabr.), Enc. Méth. 
vol, vi, p. 468. (1791.) (Africa and Madagascar.) 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 


1. Elytra flava, rufo-vittata. 
2. Forcipis bracchia ¢ margine interno 


haud dentato, crenulato . . . . 1. erythrocephala, Oliv. 
2.2. Forcipis bracchia apicem versus 
margine interno dentata . . . 2. bonchampsi, Burr, 


1.1, Elytra unicoloria, fusca. 
2, Corpus sat robustum; forceps in- 
crassatus, medio fortiter dentatus 3. mackinderi, Burr, 
2.2. Corpus gracile; forceps gracilis, 
dente medio parvo, fere obsoleto . 4. sansibarica, Karsch. 


Sub-family 5.—OPISTHOCOSMIIN 44. 


This sub-family is usedin a very restricted sense, as 
very many new genera must be formed for the reception 
of species which were formerly included in the cumbrous 
and very heterogenous Opisthocosmia, and many of the 
former members of that genus, in its widest sense, must 
be removed to other sub-families. 


* Gr. dSiamepaotixds = penetrating. 
+ Probably this species is a large light-coloured variety of D. 
sansibarica, Karsch, 


. 


Forficulide and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera. 99 


In its restricted sense, this sub-family includes the true 
Opisthocosmia and its immediate allies, genera, that is to 
say, in which the feet are long and slender, the pygidium 
very short, barely distinguishable nor even not visible, and 
the anal segment very strongly narrowed and sloping in 
both sexes ; the forceps are usually long, slender, and often 
armed with numerous teeth pointing in various directions. 


TABLE OF GENERA. 


1. Elytra haud carinata. 
2. Pronotum capite angustius ; (pedes 
eracillimi) . . . ae tee, +s 
2.2 Pronotum capite haud angustius. 
3. Segmentum ultimum ventrale 
inerme. 


—_ 


. OptstHocosMIA, Dohrn, 


4. Pygidium bifidum . . . . 2. Lipopss, n. 
4.4. Pygidium parvum, obtusum 3. Hypuraus, n. 
3.3. Segmentum ultimum ventrale 
processu utrinque armatum. 4. SARCINATRIX, Rehn, 
1.1. Elytra costa carinata. 
2. Pronotum capite angustius 5. EMBOROS, n 
2.2. Pronotum capite haud vel vix 
angustius. 
3. Als perfecte explicate ; genus 
americanum 6. KLETER, n. 


3,3, Ale abortive; genus javanum 7. Cosmrenia, Verhoeff. 


Genus 1.—OpistHocosmiA, Dohrn. 


Statura gracili ; antenna 10-12-segmentate ; segmentis omnibus 
tenuibus, cylindricis, gracilibus ; segmento 3 quam primum dimidio 
breviori ; 4 quam 8 longiori ; 5 quam 4 longiori: caput tumidum, 
suturis distincte impressis, pone oculos tumido-elevatum ; pronotum 
capite distincte angustius, longius quam latius, margine antico recto, 
postico ovato, postice subangustatum ; prozon atumida, metazona 
ampla, deplanata, lateribus reflexis ; elytra ad humeros lata, apicem 
versus subangustata, levia, margine exteriori distincta plicata, 

carinula humerali autem supra humeros ipsos haud producta ; mar- 
gine postico emarginata vel truncata; ale longe ; pedes longi, 
gracillimi ; femora vix incrassata ; tibize superne teretes, compress ; 
tarsi graciles, segmento primo cetera unita equanti vel superanti; 
abdomen basi gracile, medio subdilatatum, haud deplanatum, valde 
convexum, plicis lateralibus distinctis ; lateribus ipsis inermibus, 


100 Mr. Maleolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


tuberculis nullis instructis: segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ angus- 
tatum, declive; ? etiam angustius; pygidium ¢ haud prominens ; 
forcipis bracchia gracilia elongata: ¢ basi remota vel subcontigua, 
recta, vel sinuata ; a latere visa recta vel valde sinuata, dentata ; 9 
recta, simplicia, subcontigua, inermia, gracillima. 


Type of the genus.— Opisthocosinia centwrio, Dohrn, Stett. 
ent. Zeit., vol. xxvi, p. 79. (1865.) (Borneo.) 


This genus formerly included a large number of very 
different species, so that it is necessary to subdivide it to 
a considerable extent, and to confine it to those species 
which resemble the type, O. centwrio, in the extremely 
slender form and slender antenne, with regularly length- 
ening segments, and in the narrow elongate pronotum. 

In its restricted sense, this genus now includes the 
following species :— 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 


1. Elytra et alee rufo-maculatee. 
2, Forceps valde flexuosus et dentatus ; 
statura majore ; species borneensis . 1. centurio, Dorhn. 
2.2. Forceps subrectus, inermis ; statura 
gracili; species africana . . . 2. formosa, Burr. 
1.1. Elytra unicoloria vel vittata. 
2. Elytra unicoloria nigra. 
3. Forceps ¢ valde flexuosus ac dentatus 3. cervipyga, Kirby. 
3.3. Forceps ¢ contiguus, rectus, apice 
ipso arcuatus . . 4. erroris, Burr. 


2.2. Elytra testacea vel ee aha. 
3. Elytra testacea, fuscovittata ; statura 
parva (12.5 mm)... . .. 5. ceylonica, Dohrn. 
3.3. Elytra rufa, anguste nigrovittata ; 
statura majore(15 mm.) . . . 6. armata, Haan, 
Genus 2.—LIPODES,* nov. gen. 


Statura robusta ; abdomen sat depressum, medio valde dilatatum, 
apicem versus attenuatum ; caput per suturas profundas in tres 


partes divisum ; pyg Leena persicuum, profunde fissum; forcipis 
bracchia sensim arcuata, inermia. 


The erection of this new genus is necessary for the 


* Gr. Aurddns = fat, 


Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 101 


insect which I have described as Opisthocosmia vivax; in 
its general appearance it appears to be distinctly related 
to the genus Opisthocosmia but it differs in the depressed 
abdomen, in this respect affording a transition towards the 
Ancistrogastrine, but in other respects it appears to be 
referable to this group; the sutures of the head are 
very deep and well marked, dividing the head into 
three distinct divisions; the divided bifid pygidium is 
characteristic. 

The unique specimen, which is in the Calcutta Museum, 
is unfortunately broken, so that it is not possible to 
determine the sex with satisfaction; the well-marked 
characters point to a male, but perhaps the simple form of 
the forceps implies the opposite. In my original descrip- 
tion, I regarded it as a female, but upon further consideration 
I am inclined to consider it a male. 

It is unfortunate that further material has not come to 
hand since, in order to locate its position with accuracy. 


Type of the genus.—Opisthocosmia vivax, Burr, Journ. 
Proc. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, N.S. vol. 1, No. 2, p. 30. (1905.) 
(India. ) 

Genus 3.—HYpPuRGUS,* nov. gen. 


Antenne 12—13-segmentatee, graciles, segmentis gradatim elongatis 
cylindricis, 4 quam 3 sublongiori, 5 quam 4, etc. ; caput leeve, suturis 
obsoletis ; pronotum capite haud angustius, subquadratum, margine 
postico rotundatum, vel semilunare ; margine antico truncato ; pro- 
zona tumida, metazona plana, lateribus reflexis ; elytra ampla, lata, 
humeris latis, carina exteriori nulla ; ab humeris attenuata, margine 
postico truncata vel subemarginata ; ale perfecte explicate, long 
vel abbreviate ; pedes graciles, longi, femoribus haud incrassa- 
tis ; tibiis integris ; abdomen basi constrictum et angustum, con- 
vexum, medio plus minus dilatatum, tuberculis pliciformibus dis- 
tinctis, segmentis 5-6-7-8-inermibus, apice attenuatum ; segmentum 
ultimum dorsale angustatum, declive, margine postico incrassato, 
obtuse tuberculato; 2 angustatum, minus fortiter tuberculatum ; 
pygidium nullum vel vix perspicuum, minimum, brevissimum, 
obtusum ; forcipis bracchia ¢ elongata, paullo curvata, vix arcuata, 
sat fortia, basi subcontigua, dentibus nonnullis interdum margine 
interno armata, apicem versus seepe sat arcuata ; 2 typice, graciles, 
recta, inermia. 


In this genus are included those former species of 


* Gr, brovpyds = minister. 


102. Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


Opisthocosmia in which the pronotum is more or less square 
and not distinctly narrower than the head; the antennz 
are the same as in true Opisthocosmia, but perhaps a little 
less slender, and the segments proportionately shorter ; 
the forceps are simpler than in true Opisthocosmia and the 
feet are somewhat less slender and shorter. 


The type of the genus.—Opisthocosmia hwmeralis, Kirby, 
Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii, p. 528, 2. (1891.) (Ceylon). 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 
1. Pronotum subquadratum. 
2. Elytra et ale flavo-maculata . . 1. humeralis, Kirby. 
2.2. Elytra vittata, haud maculata. 
3. Alze perfecte explicatze ; species 


madecassa . aE uit 2. hova, Bormans. 
3.3. Alz deficientes; species ethi- 
Opica 4.) ke Ss) gi os eRe wan 


1.1. Pronotum semilunare. 
2. Rufo-testacea, rubro-variegata ; forceps 
rufescens . . . . e.s « % « 4 s@nplex, Bormane: 
2.2. Atra, nitida; forcipe pedibusque 
leete rubris 


i | 


. biroi, Burr. 


Genus 4.—SARCINATRIX, Rehn. 


Ab Opisthocosmia differt lamina subgenitali (segmento ultimo 


ventrali) ¢ angulis postico-exterioribus in processus tuberculiformes 
productis. 


Sarcinatrix sub-genus, Rehn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Phil, p. 308. 
(1903.) 

Rehn suggested this name for a sub-genus which he 
characterised by the processes of the subgenital lamina of 
the male, which is produced into a “recurved spiniform 
process, which flank the lateral base of the forceps 7 = Aten 
the typical species described by him, the forceps of the 
male are parallel throughout their entire length; but this 
is not a generic character, for in my collection I have a 
second species in which the forceps are distinctly bowed. 

Type of the genus.—Opisthocosmia (Sarcinatri) ano- 
malia, Rehn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Phil. p. 308. (1903.) (Costa 
Rica. ) 


Forficulide and Chelisochide, familres of Dermatoptera. 103 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 
1. Forcipis bracchia recta, parallela, haud den- 
tata, margine interno crenulato-dentata . 1. anomalia, Rehn. 
1.1. Forceps basi leviter divergentia, tum con- 
vergentia ; margine interno basi ipso 
dente armata: dehincteretia. . . . 2. rehivi,sp.n. 


Sarcinatruc rehni, sp. n. 


Colore fusco-testaceo ; antennze 12-segmentatee, typicee; caput lave, 
depressum, suturis obsoletis, margine postico medio incrassato ; 
pronotum quam caput ceque latum, subquadratum, sublatius quam 
longius ; margine antico recto, postico rotundato, lateribus rectis ; 
prozona tumida, sutura distincta ; metazona lata, plana; prozona a 
metazona distincte sejuncta ; lateribus late reflexis ; medio castaneum, 
lateribus pellicidis: ‘elytra levia, unicoloria, testacea: ale longe, 
fusco-testacez, basi indistincte pallido flavo-maculatz ; pedes tes- 
tacei: abdomen castaneum, sat latum, plicis lateralibus distinctis ; 
segmentis 5 et 6 lateribus subreflexis, subtuberculatis ¢@: seg- 
mentum ultimum dorsale ¢ transversum, magnum, postice quam 
antice angustius, margine postico recto, medio impresso, 9 valde 
angustatum, simplex : pygidium ¢ haud perspicuum ; ? minutum, 
conicum: segmentum penultimum ventrale ¢ rotundatum ; seg- 
mentum ultimum ventrale ¢ apice profunde fissum, angulis postico- 
externis in processum tuberculiforme acutum reflexum productis, 
d: 2 inerme ; forcipis bracchia ¢ basi haud contigua, sat incrassata, 
prope basin margine interno dente acuto armata ; primum leviter 
divergentia per tertiam partem longitudinis, deinde subangulatim 
incurva, subrecta, sensim convergentia, inermia, apice ipso mucronata, 
decussata ; ? subcontigua, recta, gracilia, inermia. 


MiomesreOrponiss)s ) Anes ni Or tems eee) eee ee SFO mm, 
eM OKeIpIsN Mw es 2). at 4:25 : 3 


Patria: SAN EsteBAN (Simon, iii, 83. 2% 9, types in 
coll. mea, ex coll. de Bormans). 
Differs from 8. anonalia in the non-parallel forceps. 


Genus 5.—HMBOROS,* nov. gen. 


Statura minore; antennz 10-segmentatee; segmento4 = 3; 5 quam 
4 et quam 3 longiori ; caput globosum, tumidum, nitidum: pronotum 
capite subangustius, longius quam latius, rectangulare, margine antico 


* Gr. éumopoc= merchant. 
Pemopoc 


104 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


recto, postico subconvexo, lateribus rectis ; prozona tumida, sutura 
distincta, lateribus reflexis: scutellum nullum; elytra brevia, 
carinula humerali ad apicem elytri attingenti, margine postico 
truncato; alee nulle; pedes longi, graciles, tarsorum segemento 
primo cetera unita superanti; abdomen subcylindricum, convexum, 
plicis lateralibus distinctis, integrum ; seymentum ultimum dorsale 
¢d angustatum, declive, margine postico medio impresso, utrinque 
tuberculato ; 9 angustius, inerme; forcipis bracchia sat valida, 
subrecta, basi remota, sensim convergentia, rotundata; 9 gracilia, 
attenuata, contigua. 


Type of the genus.—Opisthocosmia dubia, Borm., Ann. 
Mus. Civ. Gen. xxxiv, p. 399, 2. (1894.) (Burmah.) 

This genus removes from Opisthocosmia the wingless 
species described by de Bormans under the name dubia ; 
it resembles true Opisthocosmia in every respect except 
the form of the elytra, in which it approaches the large 
and stout Skendyle, from which it differs in the narrow 
and somewhat elongated pronotum; the elytra are broad, 
coriaceous, with a sharp keel on the outer edge running 
the whole length of the elytra; the general form of the 
forceps also recalls Skendyle. 

Verhoeff included this species with the other wingless 
forms previously included in Opzsthocosmia, in his genus 
Cosniella, characterised by the keeled elytra and absence 
of wings; but Kirby fixed 0. rebus, Burr, as the type of 
Cosmiclla, from which this species must be removed by 
its long and narrow pronotum, which approaches true 
Opisthocosmit. 


Genus 6.—KLETER,* nov. gen. 


Statura mediocri, gracili; pronotum capite vix angustius ; elytra 
tantum ad humeros carinata; alee perfecte explicate; pedes graciles, 
longi; abdomen vix dilatatum, subcylindricum ; segmentis lateribus 
4-7 plicis recurvis depressis instructis; segmentum anale haud 
angustatum, transversum; forcipis bracechia elongata, gracilia, 
spinata, 


Type of the genus.—Opisthocosmia amazonensis, Borm., 
and Burr, Ann. Mag. N. H. ser. 7, vol. 11, p. 164. (1899.) 
(Upper Amazons.) 

This genus is a transition between the Opisthocosmiine 


* Gr. cknrip= policeman, 


Forficulidx and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera. 105 


and the Ancistrogastring ; in the elongate forceps, slightly 
dilated body and scarcely keeled elytra it recalls the 
former, but in the incipient lateral folds of the abdomen 
and the form of the last dorsal segment, and also the 
form of the apex of the male forceps, it approaches the 
latter. 


Genus 7.—CosMIELLA, Verhoeff. 


Antenne 10-segmentatx, segmentis 3, 4 et 5 subsquantibus, 
longis, cylindricis ; pronotum caput latitudine subequans, haud 
longius quam latius, subquadratum ; elytra lata, carinula humerali 
sat distincta, per dimidium elytri percurrenti ; alee nulla ; abdomen 
convexum, medio dilatatum ; plicis lateralibus distinctis ; segmentis 
lateribus inermibus; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ angustatum, 
tuberculis duobus vix elevatis instructum ; forecipis bracchia ¢ basi 
contigua, valde elongata, a basi divergentia, tum arcuatim incurva, 
margine superiori dente armata; ? simplicia. 


This genus was erected by Verhoeff for the wingless 
species of Opisthocosmia which have a keel more or less 
pronounced on the elytra; Kirby fixed 0. rebus, Burr, as 
the type of the genus; 0. dubia was included by Verhoeff 
upon the strength of de Bormans’ description, but on 
account of its narrow pronotum, it must be removed ; in 
the shape of the pronotum and elytra this genus ap- 
proaches Ancistrogaster, but in the form of the body and 
forceps it resembles Opisthocosmia ; it is a passage between 
these two chief genera. 

It contains the single species O. rebus, Burr, fixed by 
Kirby as the type. C. aptera, Verhoeff, is removed to 
Skendyle, q.v. 


Sub-family 6.—ANCISTROGASTRIN 4. 


The essential character which distinguishes this sub- 
family from the preceding is the form of the anal segment, 
which is transverse, much broader than long. 

The sides of the abdomen are often recurved in the 
form of depressed sickle-shaped hooks, and the forceps of 
the male are frequently bowed into a characteristic lozenge- 
shaped area. In most genera. the elytra are strongly 
keeled. 

The genera are all American. 


106 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


TABLE OF GENERA. 
1. Elytra haud carinata . . . . . 1. SARAKAS, n. 
1.1. Elytra carinata. 
2. Elytra tantum per dimidium 


longitudinis carinata . . 2. OSTEULCUS, n. 
2.2. Elytra per totam lonaieuea 
carinata. 


3. Elytra trapezoidea; rudiment- 
aria ; ale nulle Pista) Oe L RAOS. ome 
3.3. Elytra perfecte explicate. 
4, Abdomen lateribus iner- 
mibus.iy ii eines 2. ives me 
4.4, Abdomen  lateribus in 
spinas et mucrones pro- 
ductis .. . . . . 5. ANcISTROGASTER, Dohrn. 


Genus 1.—SARAKAS,* nov. gen. 


Ancistrogastri vicinum genus, sed :—elytra haud carinata ; lateri- 
bus abdominis minus fortiter armatis, vix tuberculatis, vix 
mucronatis. 


Type of the genus. —Opisthocosmia _devians, Dohkrn., 
1865, Stett. ent. Zeit. vol. xxvi, p. 79. (Brazil.) 

The genus is characterised ‘by the absence of keels at 
the shoulder of the elytra; the sides of the abdomen 
are not strongly hooked but armed with tubercles. 

It includes also Opisthocosmia atervima, Borm., Ann. 


Soc. Ent. Belg. xxvii, p. 83 (1883), and perhaps 0. longipes, 
Haan. 


Genus 2.—OsTEULCUS,} nov. gen. 


Antenne gradatim elongate ; pronotum sublatius quam longius, 
planum: elytra punctulata, Spree ee brevia, margine postico 
oblique truncata ; costa humerali ad humeros carinata, carina in 
medio elytri evanescenti; ale null; pedes graciles, sat longi; 
abdomen basi angustum, medio fortiter dilatatum, sat depressum ; 
apicem versus attenuatum ; segmentum ultimum dorsale subangus- 
tatum, transversum, latum ; tuberculis lateralibus distinctis ; seg- 
mentis 5, 6 et 7 etiam tnberciilsta 5 pygidium haud perspicuum ; 
forcipisbracchia ¢ sat robusta, depressa, basi remota et divergentia, 


* gdpaxas = wood-eater. 
{ doreovAKés = forceps. 


Forficulide and Chelisochide, famalies of Dermatoptera. 107 


tum angulatim incurva, convergentia, in tertia parte apicali recta, 
apice mucronata; ? recta, simplicia. 


Type of the genus.—Ancistrogaster kervillet, Burr, Ann. 
Mag. N. H. ser. 7, vol. xvi, p. 490. (1905.) (Venezuela.) 

In appearance resembles Prwos, but the elytra are com- 
plete, the keel dies out half-way down the elytra, the 
abdomen is depressed and laterally hooked, and the 
forceps bowed strongly outwards and inwards in a lozenge 
form. 

In general appearance this genus has even all the aspect 
of a typical Ancistrogaster, but in the feeble carina of the 
elytra, in the attenuate abdomen and somewhat narrowed 
last dorsal segment, it approaches the Opisthocosmiine, but 
the depressed and dilated abdomen, and the form of the 
forceps are characteristic of Ancistrogastrine ; the last 
dorsal segment, although somewhat attenuated, is still 
much broader than long, distinctly transverse, and _rect- 
angular. 

The single species, recorded from Venezuela, is very 
distinct. 

It differs from Praos in the complete elytra, with a 
shorter costal carina, in the less sharply flattened abdomen, 
and the strongly bowed forceps, which include a lozenge- 
shaped area; from Ancistrogaster, Vlax and Sarakas it 
differs in the absence of wings and form of the carina of 
the elytra. 


Genus 3.—PRAOS,* nov. gen. 


Corpus depressum; antenne graciles ; caput leve, margine postico 
emarginato ; pronotum quadratum, marginibus omnibus rectis, sub- 
latius quam longius, deplanatum ; elytra rudimentaria, trapezoidea, 
margine externo usque ad apicem carinata, margine postico oblique 
truncata, margine interno quam externo multo brevius, scutellum 
sat magnum triangulare eflicientia ; ale null ; pedes longi, graciles, 
haud incrassati; abdomen valde deplanatum et dilatatum, plicis 
lateralibus distinctis ; lateribus segmentorum 3-6 tuberculis distinctis 
instructum ; segientis 7 et 8 lateribus acute recurvis ; segmentum 
ultimum dorsale ¢ breve, latum, valde transversum, medio impresso, 
bituberculato, angulis externis carinatis; forcipis bracchia basi valde 
remota, depressa, arcuatim incurva, intus dentata, apice mucronata. 


Type of the genus.—-Ancistrogaster perdita, Borelli, Boll. 


* Gr, mpdos=meek. 


108 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


Mus. Zool. Torino, vol. xxi, no. 531, p. 16. (1906.) (Costa 
Rica.) 

The only known species of this genus very closely 
resembles A. impennis, Borm., and under that name I 
received a specimen from de Bormans’ collection ; on com- 
paring, however, with the type of dmpennis, in the Biologia 
Centrali-Americana collection, it is obviously different ; it 
is remarkable for the flattened and dilated abdomen, and 
trapezoid elytra, which are cut away at the basal posterior 
angle, to show a small scutellum. It has since been 
described and discussed by Borelli (J. ¢.). 


Genus 4.—VLAX,* nov. gen. 


Statura minore ; corpus minus depressum et minus dilatatum ; 
abdomen ¢ lateribus in mucrones acutos recurvos haud productis sed 
integris, inermibus, vel paullo angulatis vel tuberculis instructis ; 
ceteris cum Ancistrogastre congruet. 


Type of the genus.—Ancistrogaster championi, Bormans, 
1893, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Orth., p. 10, Pl. I, fig. 13, ¢. 
(Panama.) 

This removes from <Ancistrogaster those small, pale 
species, with the abdomen but little dilated, and the sides 
of the abdominal segments not curved backwards into 
flattened and sharp hooks, but furnished with blunt 
tubercles. 

A. tolieca, Dohrn., and A.intermedius, Burr, will also fall 
into this genus. : 


Genus 5.—ANCISTROGASTER, Stil. 


Antenne 10-12 segmentate ; segmentis 3 et 4 subaquantibus ; 
ceteris elongatis, cylindricis ; caput subtumidum, margine postico 
emarginato ; pronotum caput latitudine wquans, antice truncatum, 
postice rotundatum ; elytra ad humeros rotundata, lata, margine 
postico truncato vel emarginato: carinula humerali acuta, usque ad 
marginem posticum elytri percurrenti: ale long ; pedes graciles; 
femora vix incrassata; tarsorum segmentum primum cetera duo 
unita longitudine squans: abdomen depressum, basi angustum, 
medio valde dilatatum, ante apicem iterum angustatum ; plicis later- 
alibus distinctis : ¢ segmentorum latera producta, in mucrones valde 
deplanatos, acutos et recurvos producta ; ¢ abdomen inerme, minus 
dilatatum, minus depressum : segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ breve, 


* Gr, BAd~=simpleton. 


Sn 


Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 109 


transversum, rectangulare ; @ valde angustatum: forcipis bracchia 
¢ basi subcontigua, primum divergentia, in dimidio longitudinis 
repente incurva; margine interno prope basin saepius dente forti 
armata, apice incrassata et bimucronata: @ recta, simplicia, 
gracilia, inermia. 


Type of the genus.—Ancistrogaster luctuosus, Stal, 1855, 
Ofv. Vet. Akad. Forh., vol. xu, p. 349, ¢. (Brazil.) 

I have retained this genus only for the typical species 
with the sides of the abdominal segments recurved into 
depressed sickle-like hooks. 


Sub-family 7.—FORFICULIN A. 


I use this sub-family in a very restricted sense, as includ- 
ing the typical genus Forficula, Linn., and the closely allied 
Apterygida, Westw., sensu stricto, It is characterised by 
the form of the antennz, in which the fourth segment is 
much shorter than the third, and only half as long as the 
fifth. 


TABLE OF GENERA. 
1. Forcipis bracchia ¢ basi dilatata et de- 


planata Se 5 1. Forricuna, Linn. 
2. Forcipis bracchia ¢ basi remota, gracilia, 
nec deplanata, nec dilatata... ... 2 AprERyYGIDA, Westw. 


Genus 6.—Forricuta, Linn. 


Corpus convexum ; caput cordiforme, globosum suturis ssepe in- 
distinctis ; antenne 10-15-segmentatz ; 1 magnum, incrassatum ; 2 
minimum, globosum ; 3 longum, primum subequans, apice paullo 
incrassatum ; 4 quam 3 dimidio brevius ; 5 sensim longius ; cetera 
gradatim longiora, subclavata ; pronotum szepius capite angustius, 
margine antico truncato ; marginibus lateralibus aut parallelis, aut 
convexis ; margine postico rotundato ; szepius subquadratum, necnon 
latius quam longius, aut dimidio postico toto late rotundato, arcuato ; 
prozona plus minus tumida, metazona deplanata ; marginibus later- 
alibus paullo reflexis: elytra perfecte explicata, sat longa, vel brevia, 
truncata ; carinula humerali inconspicua, carina ipsa nulla, sed elytra 
a humeris ad apicem sensim plicata; ale aut abbreviatie, aut long, 
seepius prominentes : pedes typici, femoribus haud valde incrassatis ; 
tarsorum segmentum 3 quam primum longius ; segmentum 2 latum, 
dilatatum, bilobum, cordiforme ; abdomen circa medium subdila- 
tatum, plicis lateralibus segmentorum 2 et 3 distinctis: segmentum 
ultimum dorsale ¢ magnum, quadratum, margine postico szepe 


110 Mr, Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


tuberculatum ; 9, angustius, simplicius: pygidium parvum, glo- 
bosom, vel valde productum, acuminatum, vel nullum ; forcipis 
bracchia ¢ in parte basali valde deplanata et dilatata, hac parte 
dilatata margine interno seepe crenulata et dente terminata, vel 
inermi ; dehinc attenuata, subrecta, aut arcuatim curvata et inermia ; 
2 subrecta, subcontigua, inermia. 


This large and homogeneous genus is well characterised 
by the forceps of the male, in which the branches are 
flattened and broadened in the basal portion, as in the 
familiar typical species, #. auricularia, Linn. It contains 
a large number of species occurring in various parts of the 
Old World. 

It is the typical genus of the Order, and in the typical 
species, F. awricularia, Linn., the characters are very well 
marked. The genus is represented in nearly every part of 
the globe, but the species are most numerous in the Old 
World. The discrimination of the species is often rather 
subtle, and the shape of the forceps must be employed with 
care and discretion ; these vary considerably in length, 
showing the two forms macrolabia and cyclolabia; the 
latter appears to be the normal form, and the former a 
more virile robust race ; in the common species, the macro- 
labia form appears to occur chiefly in islands and in moun- 
tains, and the ordinary form is more semi-domesticated in 
its habits. The elongation of the forceps is generally 
accompanied by the more robust build of body, and it also 
modifies the armature of the forceps, owing to the drawing 
out of this organ. The degree of curvature also varies, 
more especially in F. lwrida, which gives the different 
varieties a very different appearance, which is often mis- 
leading, 

The type of the genus is Porficula auricularia, Linn., 
Syst. Nat. (ed. x) i, p. 423 (1758). 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 


1. Pronotum latius quam longius, trapezoi- 
dale. 
2. Foreipis bracchia tantum in parte 
basali dilatata et deplanata. 
3. Foreipis bracchia fortiter extus ac 
intus flexuosa, inermia; (colore 
toto atro ; glabra; species Indiz 
borealis) . . . 6. p+ gy) J]. Schlagintweiti, Burr, 


Forficulide and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera. 111 


3. Forcipis bracchia subrecta, 

4, Forceps margine interno prope 
basin denticulatus ; elytra uni- 
coloria; alz long; species 
TAGE CA oe Pa iay, hah fa 4 ts 

4.4, Forceps margine interno crenu- 

latus ; elytra maculata ; alee 
breves; species hispanica et 
algerica . Stas airs 

2.2. Forceps bracchia saltem per quartam 

partem longitudinis dilatata ac 
deplanata ; species indice. 

3. Pronotum  semilunare, _ lateribus 
haud reflexis; pars dilatata for- 
cipis dente obtuso terminata 

3.3, Pronotum ovatum, tranversum, 

lateribus reflexis ; pars dilatata 

forcipis dente acuto terminata . 

1.1, Pronotum semilunare, subquadratum, 

margine postico rotundato, aque 
latum ac longum. 

2, Pronotum semicirculare, margine 
antico recto, postice semilunare, 
lateribus haud parallelis, (Statura 
minore ; elytra maculata.) 

3. Corpus valde pubescens ; forcipis 
bracchia paullo dilatata, parte 
basali in partem apicalem attenu- 
atam sensim transeunti . . . 

3.3. Corpus subglabrum ; forcipis brac- 

chia medio subito attenuata. 

4. Elytra fusca, macula humerali 
pallida ornata ; species ceylonica 

4.4. Elytra pallida, apicem versus 

infuscata; species Africee 

MUCTICIONALISe 7 i4)\ ye 5. ape 

2.2. Pronotum subquadratum, lateribus 

subparallelis, margine  postico 
rotundato. 

3. Pygidium valde prominens. 

4, Pygidium triangulare, apice acu- 
tum (alee abortive). 

5, Pygidium lateribus haud_ in- 
crassatis (colore nigrotestaceo, 


2. mogul, Burr. 


3. ruficollis, Fabr. 


4. beelzebub, Burr. 


5. acer, Burr. 


6. ornata, Borm. 


7. greeni, sp. n. 


8. picta, Kirby, 


112) Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


forcipe rubro ; species lombo- 
kiana) >.) a eee rae 

5.5, Pygidium utrinque ineras- 

satum (colore testaceo ; spe- 
cies Europe orientalis et 
Asie occidentalis). 

6, Abdomen punctulatum ; pars 
basalis forcipis longa, dente 
nullo terminata 

6.6. Abdomen vix punctulatum ; 
pars basalis forcipis bre- 
vis, angulo acuto denti- 
formi terminata 

4,4. Pygidiuim apice truncatum vel 
obtusum. 

5. Pygidium valde elongatum, 
linguzforme, apice haud trun- 
eatum ; pars dilatata forcipis 
longa ; ale abortive ; species 
Africa orientalis . . : 

5.5. Pygidium brevius; pars di- 

latata forcipis brevis ; al 
perfecte explicatze ; species 
sinenses et japonicie. 

6. Pars dilatata forcipis apice 
obtuso-dentata ; species 
Japonied el ah Ha 

6.6. Pars dilatata forcipis apice 
haud dentata; species 
sinensis . af tt 

3.3. Pygidium haud valde prominens. 
4, Forceps tantum basi ipso dila- 
tatus. 

5. Forceps valde arcuatus, brevis ; 

alee breves. 

6. Elytra longiora ; pedes uni- 
colores 59) Nev, be 

6.6. Elytra brevia, truncata ; 
pedes indistincte fusco- 
anni ies es Eee 

5.5. Forceps parum_ curvatus, 

longior. 


. 


9. miranda, Borm, 


. 10. extolica, Br. 


. 11. caucasica, Sem. 


—" 
to 


sjdstedti, sp. n. 


13. mikado, Burr. 


14. davidi, Burr. 


. 15. cireinata, Fin. 


16. cabrerex, Bol. 


6. Als breves ; species italica . 17. apennina, Costa. 
6.6. Alee long ; species indica 18. ambigqua, Burr. 


Forficulidx and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 118 


4.4, Forceps saltem per tertiam 
partem longitudinis dilatatus. 
5. Forcipis pars dilatata longa, 
per dimidiam longitudinem 
forcipis producta, parallela ; 
bracchiis dehinc minus 
arcuatis, 
6. Pronotum quadratum, lateri- 
bus rectis, parallelis, an- 
gulis posticis rotundatis ; 
alee abortive (species Asize 
DOLealis eee! a ANT. tomas Kole 
6.6. Pronotum postice totum 
rotundatum, lateribus 
subrotundatis. 
7. Elytra haud flavo-macu- 
lata. 
8. Ale abortive (species 
Africe orientalis) . 20. rodziankoi, Sem. 
8.8. Alze perfecte explicate. 
9. Pygidium obtusum ; 
pronotum parvum ; 
species africana . . 21. senegalensis, Serv. 
9.9. Pygidium  triangu- 
lare; = pronotum 
magnum ; species 
novorossica . . 22. pomerantzevi, Sem. 
7.7. Elytra flavo-maculata. 
8. Elytra et ale longe . . 23. lucasi, Dohrn. 
8.8. Elytra et alee breves . 24. barroisi, Bol. 
5.5. Forcipis pars dilatata brevior, 
bracchiis dehine fortius 
arcuatis. 
6. Pronotum magnum, longe 
super elytra productum 
(Elytra et ale longs, testa- 
cex ; species indica) . . 25. celer, Burr. 
6.6. Pronotum minus longum, 
vix super elytra pro- 
ductum. 
7. Elytra unicoloria. 
8. Pars dilatata  forcipis 
dente terminata. 
9. Pars dilatata forcipis 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—ParRT I. (JUNE) 8 


114 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


usque ad  secundam 
tertiam partem longi- 
tudinis producta ; (ale 
abortive ; statura 
minore) s/he jay ahs 26. pubescens, Géne: 
9.9. Pars dailatata forcipis 
vix ad dimidiam lon- 
eitudinem producta, 
10. Pars dilatata for- 
cipis paullo ante 
dentem terminalem 
jam paulloattenuata 27. vicaria, Sem. 
10.10. Pars dilatata for- 
cipis dente ipso 
terminata. 
11. Ale perfecte ex- 
pleate ; — pro- 
notum  postice 
rotundatum . 28. auricularia, L. 
11.11. Ala null; pro- 
notum postice 
truncatum . 29. silana, Costa. 
8.8. Pars dilatata foreipis 
inermis, dente nullo 
terminata, 
9. Ale nulla. 
10, Forcipis bracchia 
apice incurva, atque 
attingentia . . . 30. decipiens, Gene. 
10.10 Forcipis bracchia 
apiceincurva, sed 
haud attingentia. 
11. Elytra quadrata . 31. lesnei, Pinot. 
11.11, Elytra trape- 
zoidalia . . 32. canariensis, Burr. 
9.9. Ale longe. 
10. Forcipis — braechia 
apice fere recta, 
vix incurva, haud 
attingentia; (species 
indica) . . . . 33, interrogans, Burr 
10.10. Foreipis bracchia 
apice imeurva, 
attingentia. 


Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 115 


11. Caputet pronotum 
atra ; (stature 
minore ; species 
indica) . . . 34. planicollis, Kirby 
11.11. Caput rufum ; 
pronotum tes- 
taceum., 
12. Forceps  extus 
arcuatus. . . 3 
12.12. Forceps mar- 
gine externo 


Or 


. orientalis, Burr. 


recto, tum 
ineurva . . 386. lwrida, Fisch. 
7. Elytra maculata. 
8. Pars dilatata forcipis dente 


horizontali terminata . 37. smyrnensis, Serv. 
8.8. Pars dilatata forcipis 
dentibus parvis 2 erectis 
terminata. . . . . 38. redempta, Burr. 


Forficula greent, sp. nov. 


Statura minore ; fusco-castaneo, pallido-maculato ; antenne cas- 
tanex, 12-segmentatie; 3 sat longo; 5 = 3; 4 dimidio breviori, conico ; 
ceteris subcylindricis, sat validis: caput leeve, globosum, suturis ob- 
soletis, fusco-ferrugineum: pronotum semilunare, caput latitudine 
gequans, margine antico truncato, postice late rotundato, lateribus ro- 
tundatis ; latius quam longius ; fusco-castaneum, lateribus pallidis ; 
prozona vix tumida, sutura mediana brevi, fere obsoleta, punctis 
impressis lateralibus nullis; elytra lavia, longa, fusco-castanea, medio 
macula magna pallida flava ornata ; ale longs, leves, flavie, pallid, 
sutura et apice infuscate ; pedes breves, testacei; abdomen parallelum, 
plicis lateralibus distinctis, fusco-rufum vel rufo-fuscum, leve, 
nitidum; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ subquadratum, lieve, 
medio impressum, margine postico utrinque tuberculo obtuso 
instructum ; 9 minute punctulatum, minum leve, angustius tuber- 
culis minoribus : pygidium ¢ vix perspicuum, subglobosum ; ? haud 
perspicuum : forcipis bracchia ¢ basi dilatata et deplanata, hac parte 
margine interno crenulato; per tertiam partem longitudinis de- 
planata ; dehine attenuata, inermia, teretia, subrecta, apice sensim 
incurva; ? valida, depressa, subcontigua, subrecta, inermia, apice 
tantum paullo incurva. 


Long. corporis ¢ 9mm., 9 8mm. ; forcipis ¢ 2mm., 2 1°5 mm. 


116 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


Chelisoches pulchellus, Burr (nec Gerst.) Journ. Bombay 
N. H. Soe. xiv, p. 327 (1902). 

Patria, CEYLON: Punduloya and Ambegammoa, fairly 
common (Coll. mea). 

This species was confused by me with Chelisoches pul- 
chellus, Gerst., and recorded as such in a paper on the 
earwigs of Ceylon (/.c.); I sent some specimens to 
de Bormans, who also identified them as Ch. pulchellus ; 
but that is a West African species, and on comparing the 
Ceylon specimens with Gerstaecker’s description, my doubt 
as to its identity is confirmed; the head of the African 
insect appears to be tumid behind the eyes, with distinct 
sutures, a feature very characteristic of Chelosoches, 
whereas the Ceylon specimens have the head perfectly 
smooth as in true Forficula; Ch. pulchellus has the pro- 
notum “quadratisch,’ and not crescent-shaped; the 
organs of flight are yellowish with a dark brown band, 
whereas in the Ceylon specimens they are dark cas- 
taneous, with a large pale spot on the elytra, and the 
wings are pale yellow, with a brownish suture and apical 
speck; the form of the forceps seems to agree how- 
ever; Gerstaecker’s insect is only known to me from the 
description of that author. 

F. greeni, which I am pleased to dedicate to my friend 
Mr. Ernest Green, who has procured me such interesting 
material from Ceylon, more closely resembles in size and 
colour F. ovnaia, which also has the same shaped pronotum. 


Forficula sjostedti, sp. n. 


Statura mediocri, minus fortiori; antennze 12-segmentate, seg- 
mentis subconicis, fusco-testaceis ; 
quam longius; postice rotundatum ; elytra brevia, unicoloria; alz 
abortive ; pedes testacei ; abdomen typicum, castaneum, minutissime 
punctulatum ; segmentum ultimum rectangulare, punctulatum ; 
pygidium 2 elongato-productum, lingueforme, angustum, apice 
attenuatum et Poedenae g pees angustatum, apice truncatum ; 
forcipis bracchia ¢ gracilia, per tertiam partem basalem margine 
interno deplanato ac dilatato, margine ipso crenulato, hac parte 
dente parvo obtuso terminata, dehine attenuata, inermia, arcuata ; 
d, recta, simplicia. ¢@ 9. 

Long. corporis ¢ 8°5-9°75 mm., 2 85-9 mm.; forcipis ¢ 35-6 mm., 
® 1°75-2 mm. 


caput leve ; pronotum sublatius 


Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 117 


Hab. Hast Arrica: Kilimandjaro, Kiboscho, at the 
highest limits of vegetation. 

This species was discovered in great numbers by Dr. 
Yneve Sjéstedt, who has kindly given me permission to 
include its diagnosis in this paper. It will be more fully 
described and discussed in a work upon the results of Dr. 
Sjostedt’s travels in Hast Africa. 


Genus 2.—APTERYGIDA, Westwood. 


The older authors included a large number of diversified 
and highly heterogeneous forms in this genus, which I 
have reduced to its narrowest limits, including only 
albipennis Meg,* the typical species for which Westwood 
erected the genus. 

The genus Sphingolabis, Borm., I formerly pointed out 
coincided with Apterygida unless the two species S. fur- 
cifera and A. albipennis could be shown to be not 
generically related to each other (Ann. Mag. N. H. ser. 7, 
vol. iv, 1899, p. 255). Sphingolabis was wrongly revived 
by Verhoeff for S. sansibarica, which is very different in 
structure from S, furcifera. 

A. arachidis, Yers., has always been regarded as closely 
allied to A. albipennis, but the second tarsal segment has 
not that large and prominent lobe which is characteristic 
of this group of sub-families, from which it must con- 
sequently be removed. A. /inearis and the other forms with 
a spiny pygidium I have placed together in a new genus. 

The type is Forficula albipennis, Megerle apud Charp. 
Hor. Ent. p. 68 (1825), from Central Europe. 


Sub-family 8.—SKHNDY LIN Ai. 


It is necessary to separate the species aptera, Verhoef, 
from the genus Cosmiella, and as it does not fall naturally » 
into any other group it is necessary to make a separate 
sub-family for its reception. The only known species re- 
calls certain Ancistrogaster in appearance, and its affinities 
are undoubtedly with that genus, but the fourth antennal 
segment is somewhat shorter than the third, a fact which 
precludes it from that sub-family. 

The form of the antennz separates it from the Opistho- 
cosmuine. 

* The name Forficulu media is preoccupied by Marsham, Col. 
Brit. p. 5380 (1802) = Labia minor (1.). 


118 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


Genus 1.—SKENDYLE,* nov. gen. 


Antennx segmento quarto quam tertio subbreviori vel subequanti, 
nequaquam longiori ; elytra in parte humerali per dimidium costze 
carinata; ale abortivee; abdomen medio sat dilatatum, lateribus acute 
reflexis; segmentum anale breve, sat angustatum, transversum ; 
forcipis bracchia subcontigua, valida. 

This genus contains the single species described as 
Cosmiella aptera, Verhoeff, who, as we have seen, made a 
distinct genus for species of Opisthocosmia sensu lation, 
without visible wings; but this insect differs in structure 
from C. vebus, the type of Cosnviella. There seems to be no 
doubt that the insect described as Ancistrogaster javana, 
Borm., 1903, Ann. Mag. N. H. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 266, is 
identical, and therefore falls in favour of Verhoeff’s prior 
name. It is a native of Java. 

The type is Cosmella aptera, Verhoeff, Zool. Anz. xxv, 
p. 195 (1902). 


Sub-family 9.—NEHOLOBOPHORINL. 
The species formerly included in Nelobophora, though 
evidently allied to Opisthocosmia, are nevertheless sufti- 
ciently distinct to merit a separate group. The Asiatic 


forms are undoubtedly generically distinct from the 
American species. 


TABLE OF GENERA. 
1. Pygidium bifidum; genus america- 
num; segmentum anale quad- 1. NEOLOBoPHORA, Scudd 
ratum., 
1.1. Pygidium integrum; segmentum 
anale attenuatum,  declive ; 
genera asiatica. 


2. Costa elytrorum incrassata . . . 2. LIPARURA, n. 
2.2. Costa elytrorum carinata, sed 
haud inmcrassata . . . . . &. QOBELURA, 1: 


Genus 1.—NEOLOBOPHORA, Scudder. 


This genus is now restricted to the American forms. It 
has been recently dealt with by me in the Ent. Mo. Mag. 
1906, p. 112. 


* oxevddAy = pincers, 


Forficulide and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera. 119 


The type of the genus is NV. bogotenis, Scudd.; the other 
three described species are NV. bicolor, Borel, N. ruficeps, 
Burm., and J. berellii, Burr. 


Genus 2.—LIPARURA,* nov. gen. 


Pronotum latum, quadratum, lateribus subreflexis ; scutello 
patente; elytra costa carinata, carina sat incrassata ; abdomen 
punctatum ; pedes longi, graciles ; segmentum anale valde attenua- 
tum, declive ; forcipis bracchia ¢ subcontigua, gracillima, elongata, 
sinuata ; ? recta, simplicia. 


I form this genus for a pair in the Paris collection 
which I take to be Neolobophora asiatica of de Bormans, 
although the pair in question are from Northern India, 
and WN. asiatica was described from Madras; it differs 
from the following genus in its stouter build, longer legs, 
punctated abdomen, reflexed borders of the pronotum, 
and by the strong costal carine of the elytra. I have 
not seen the type of de Bormans’ species, but the pair in 
question agree perfectly with his description ; the male is 
from Dardjiling, and the female from Bhoutan. There is 
nothing in de Bormans’ description and illustration to 
show any generic distinction from NV. tamul (q. v.), but the 
pair which I take to be his species are undoubtedly 
generically distinct. 

The type is Neolobophora asiatica, Borm., Ann. Soc. Ent. 
Fr., 1897, p. 285, Pl. X, fig. 2, from Southern India. 


Genus 3.—OBELURA,} nov. gen. 


Statura minore, gracili; antennw 12-segmentatie, typice, graciles : 
caput leve, tumidum, margine postico recto ; pronotum quam caput 
seque latum, marginibus omnibus rectis, quadratum, lateribus reflexis, 
vix tumidum; elytra rudimentaria, trapezoidea, margine externo 
usque ad apicem carinata, margine interno quam externo distincte 
breviori, scutellum parvum eflicienti; margine postico oblique trun- 
eato ; ale nulla; pedes graciles; abdomen subdilatatum, plicis 
lateralibus distinctis, lateribus integris ; segmentum ultimum dorsale 
valde angustatum, lave, inerme ; forcipis bracchia ¢ valde eracilia 
et elongata, basi subcontigua et margine superiori per quartam 
partem longitudinis carinata, dehine valde attenuata, leviter arcuata, 
denticulata. 

* Niraods=fat ; odpa=tail. 

+ 6Bedds=spike ; o¥pa=tail. 


120 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


This is for the reception of Neolobophora tamul, Burr, 
Journ. Bombay Soc. N. H. xiv, p. 67 (1902), from Ceylon, 
which is therefore the type. 


Sub-family 10.—HPARCHIN A. 


This sub-family consists of five new genera formed for 
the reception of several forms hitherto included in Opis- 
thocosmia and in Apterygida, with the types of which they 
have little close relationship. 


TABLE OF GENERA. 


1, Abdomen segmento ultimo dorsali at- 
tenuato, declivi. 
9, /Pedes longi, graciles 2. 24. );.0 Wf) lp RRARCHUBS om 
22, Pedes breves; femora antica in- 
crassata Fo) Gets PL 
1.1. Abdomen segmento ultimo haud de- 
clivi, transverso. 
2. Tibise superne suleate . . , 
2.2. Tibize integree. 
3. Abdomen haud depressum; forceps 
prope basin dentatus, gracilis . 
3.3. Abdomen depressum; forceps 
propo basin subdilatatus ae basi 


ipso dentatus . «5 9s) 2: G48 SEAUNON, tn: 


bo 


. SKALISTES, n. 


iy) 


. RHADAMANTHUS, n. 


— 


. KOSMETOR, Nn. 


Genus 1.—EPARCHUS,* nov. gen. 


Antenne segmentis 3 et 4 subaequantibus ; pronotum quam caput 
subseeque latum; elytra et ale perfecte explicate ; elytra costa 
humerali haud carinata ; abdomen convexum, subcylindricum paullo 
dilatatum ; pygidium varium, sed haud spinosum ; forcipis bracchia 
¢ elongata, gracilia. Segmentum anale declive, vel attenuatum ; 
pedes longi graciles ; abdomen lateribus tuberculis instructum. 


This genus is made for the reception of a number of 
species formerly included in Opisthocosmia, with which it 
has undoubted affinities, but the pronotum is not notably 
narrow and the antenne are different. 

The type of the genus is Forficula insignis, Haan, Verh. 
Nat. Gesch. Orth., p. 243, Pl. XXIII, fig. 14 (1842), from 
Java. 

* Gr. grapyos =sub-prefect, 


Forficulide and Chelisochidex, families of Dermatoptera, 121 


TABLE OF SPECIES OF HPARCHUS. 


1. Forcipis bracchia supra processu verticali 
clavato-obtuso armata . . . . . . 1. insignis, Haan. 
1.1. Foreipis braechia ¢ supra dentibus 
acutis armata,®.vel inermia. 
2 Abdomen lete nitens. 
3. Corpus valde elongatum ; «neo-ni- 
tens ; forceps valde elongatus, vix 
APCHALUS Men als PAE. . 2. nevilli, Burr. 
3.3. Atra, haud seneo-nitens; forceps 


valde arcuatus . . . . . . 3. lugens, Borm. 
2.2. Corpus innitidum. 
3. Statura minore(6mm.) . . . . . 4. minuseula, Dohrn. 


3.8. Statura majore (10-13 mm.). 
4, Colore castaneo. 
5. Forceps inermis, valde curvatus 5. dux, Borm. 
5.6. Forceps valde dentatus. . . 6. asculapius, Burr. 
4.4, Colore atro. 
5. Pronotum albo-limbatum ; elytra 
innitida. 9.05.) 3) .) .)'.T) shelfordi, Burr. 
5.5. Pronotum totum atrum ; elytra 
Mitidw 8s ets). 8, emma, Burr: 


Opisthocosmia bogotensis, Rehn, will probably fall into 
this genus. 


Genus 2.—SKALISTES,* nov. gen. 


Pedes breves, femoribus incrassatis ; segmentum anale declive 
attenuatum ; abdomen lateribus haud tuberculatis, 


The type is Forficula lugubris, Dohrn., Stett. ent. Zeit. 
xxiv, p. 230, (1862), from Mexico. 

This is formed for F/. Jugubris, Dohrn., which was formerly 
placed in Yorficula in spite of its striking resemblance to 
certain species of Opisthocosmia; in the attenuate anal 
segment, it approaches that genus. 

F. metrica, Rehn, appears to be a macrolabia variety of 
FP. lugqubris. 


Genus 3.—RHADAMANTHUS, nov. gen. 


Abdomen subcylindricum, haud depressum; segmento ultimo 
transyerso, haud declivi; forceps elongatus, ¢ superne cristatus ; 


* Gr. ocadorns = weeder, 


122. Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


pedes longi, femoribus incrassatis, tibiis superne suleatis in dimidio 
apicali, 


The type is Forficula lobophoroides, Dohrn., Stett. Ent. 
Zeit. xxvi, p. 96 (1865). 

The only species falling in this genus is the rare and 
hittle known Jorficula lobophoroides of Stil, from the 
Philippines. In appearance somewhat resembling certain 
black Chelisochide, its affinities are undoubtedly with 
Forficula, while the long slender legs and forceps recall 
Opisthocosmia. I place it in this sub-family with some 
hesitation. It is curious that in the right antenna of a 
male in my collection, the fourth segment is noticeably 
shorter than the third, while in the left antennzx, the 
fourth is about the same length as the third, which is 
the case in both antennz of a female which I possess; 
in a male in the British Museum the segments are almost 
of the same length, if anything the fourth is slightly 
longer than the third, and the fifth than the fourth; 
perhaps when we can examine more material, we shall be 
obliged to place it nearer to Opisthocosmia. 


Genus 4.—KOSMETOR,* nov, gen. 


Abdomen cylindricum, vix dilatatum; segmentum anale trans- 
versum, vix declive; pedes graciles; forceps gracilis, attenuatus ; 
tibize integra, haud sulcatie. 


The species for which I have erected this genus were 
formerly placed in Opisthocosmia and in Apterygida, and they 
have certain superficial resemblances to the former, but in 
the form of the abdomen they more nearly approach to 
the typical form of /orficula, from which they differ m 
the long slender forceps and different antenne. 

The type of the genus Opisthocosmia annandalei, Burr, 
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 311, from Siam. 

All the species are from tropical Asia, and all have 
long slender forceps with one tooth. 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 
1. Abdomen lve, nitidum (caput, pedes, 
pronotum, alie flavee ; elytra castanea) . 1. poultoni, Burr. 
1.1. Abdomen punctulatum (caput et prono- 
tum castanea). 


* Gr. Koopijrwp = overseer, 


Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera, 128 


2. Pedes flavi, atro-geniculati ; ale flave ; 
antenne pallido-annulate . . . . 2. annandalei, Burr. 
2.2. Pedes unicolores sordide testacei ; 
alee fuses ; antenne haud annulate. 
3. Forceps ¢ intus unidentatus. 
4, Elytra nigra; ale nigra, apice 
flavo-punctatee ; forceps ¢ sub- 
rectus, subsinuatus . . . . . 3. brahma, Burr. 
4.4, Elytra fusca; alee fuscee, flavo- 
binotatee ; forceps elongato- 
ovatus, haud sinuatus . . . 4. vishnu, Burr. 
3.3. Forceps ¢ bidentatus . . . . 5. temora, Burr. 


Genus 5.—ELAUNON.* 


Cum genere precedenti congruet, sed, abdomen distincte depres- 
sum, parallelum, haud cylindricum ; forcipis bracchia ¢ basi ipso 
subdilatata atque intus dentata, 


This genus is for Apterygida bipartita, Kirby, which 
approaches true Forficula and Apterygida, but the fourth 
segment of the antenne is not sufficiently short to justify 
its being placed in the latter genus, and the dilatation of 
the forceps at the base is only incipient, being emphasised 
by the flattened triangular tooth there, so that the resem- 
blance to the typical Yorficula forceps is more apparent 
than real; but in the form of the abdomen and _ body 
generally, it is nearer to that group than to Hparchus. 

The type is Sphingolabis bipartita, Kirby, Linn. Soc. 
Journ. Zool., xxiii, p. 526 (1891), from India and Ceylon. 


Sub-family 11.—DORATIN 2. 


Genus.—Dorvu,t nov. gen. 


Antenne segmentis 4 et 3 subsequantibus ; elytra haud carinata ; 
abdomen subparallelum, sat depressum; segmentum anale trans- 
verstun, depressum, haud declive ; pygidium spinosum vel acutum ; 
forcipis bracchia ¢ gracilia, basi remota, haud dilatata. 


I have separated into this group those species of Apte- 
rygida with a sharp, pointed or spiny pygidium ; they all 


* Gr. eAadywy= driving. 
+ Gr. dop}=spear (cp. Latin genw and corn). 


124 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


have a strong family likeness, and are undoubtedly related 
to Apterygida. 

The type of the genus is Forficula linearis, Esch., 
Entomoer. p. 81 (1822), from Tropical America. 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 


1. Pygidium apice truncatum. 
2. Forceps inermis; ale long; species 


americana =. 9. 5) fw a se. Le pbimotata, Kirby; 
2.2. Forceps ¢ dentatus; ale abbreviate ; 
species australica . . . . . . 2. subaptera, Kirby. 
1.1. Pygidium apice acutum, conicum, vel 
spinosum. 
2. Pygidium triangulare, acutum, sed haud 
spinosum. 
3. Pygidium ¢ carinatum ; species afric- 
SHAN. ie os . » 3. protensa, Gerst. 


3.3. Pygidium ¢@ haud carinatum ; 
species americana . .. . . 4. exilis, Scudder. 
2.2. Pygidium ¢ spinosum. 
3. Forceps ¢ basidentatus. . . . . 5. spiculifera, Kirb. 
3.3. Forceps ¢ basi ipso haud dentatus. 
4, Forceps ¢,a latere visus, valde 
sinuatus (ale abbreviatw). . . 6. luteipennis, Serv. 
4.4. Forceps ¢, a latere visus, paullo 
sinuatus, vel fere horizontalis. 
5, Efytra unicoloria =. : = : 
5.5. Elytra maculata vel vittata. 
6. Elytra maculata. . . . . 8. bimaculata, Fabr. 
6.6, Elytra vittata . . . . . 9. linearis, Esch. 


=~J 


. luteipes, Seudd. 


II. CHELISOCHIDA. 


This family includes all those earwigs in which the second 
tarsal segment is produced into a narrow lobe beneath the 
third, that is, the two species of Awchenomus, Karsch, and 
some twenty odd species included in Chelisoches, Scudd. 

The former genus requires no treatment at present; its 
species are few and individuals are rare in collections. 

The twenty odd species of the Chelisoches are here divided 
for the first time into no less than nine genera, of which 
seven are new. I hope that all will stand the test of time. 

The Chelisochidg fall into two sub-families as follows :— 


Forficulidex and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera, 125 


1. Corpus valde depressum ; pronotum antice 

valde angustatum (forceps valde tenuis, 

elongatus) .. 2 2 oY oe Aon ENOMINA. 
1.1. Corpus subdepressum; pronotum sub- 

quadratum vel ovatum, haud valde 

angustatum . . . =... . . . . 2 CHELISOCHINA. 


The first sub-family includes only the genus Auchenomus, 
Karsch, which superficially strongly resembles Sparatta 
and its allies. It is with the Chelisochinew only that this 
paper deals. 


TABLE OF GENERA. 


1. Carina externa elytrorum longa, 
usque ad apicem elytri percurrens ; 
(pedes longi, graciles). 

2. Elytra quadrata, truncata; (statura 
mediocri; haud metallica; alee 
AUOTLEVES Me were we Pee fala os 

2.2. Elytraampla, lata; (statura max- 

ima; metallica; ale longe). 2. CHELISOCHELLA, Verh. 

1.1. Carina humeralis externa elytro- 

rum brevissima, tantum ad 
humeros ipsos situata. 

2. Tibiw superne in dimidio apicali 
deplanatze et sulcatee. 

3. Tarsi longi, graciles; tibie 
longe; (elytra et ala me- 
tallies Wega ere Oy 3d, ERY PNUS, Ub gs 
3.3. Tarsi tibiaque breves. 
4. Pronotum longius quam 
latius, vel saltem postice 
quam antice latius, tra- 
pezoidale. (Caput sapius 
tumidum et impressum.) 
5. Antennarum segmentum 4 
conicum vel clavatum ; 
(species majores ; colore 
nigro vel fusco). . . . 4. CHELISOCHES, Scudd. 
5.5. Antennarum segmentum 
4 cylindricum vel ova- 
tum, haud clavatum ; 
(statura mediocri vel 


1. KINESIS, n. g. 


126 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


parva ; colore brunneo, 
vel nigro, rufo varie- 
gato, vel testaceo). 

6. Alate; elytra angulo 
basali rectangulari, scu- 
tello nullo; corpus 
haud cylindricum, sat 
latum et depressum ; 
forceps validus, vel de- 
planatus, plus minus 
dentatus, et arcuatus . 5. PRORHUS, D. ¢.. 

6.6. Ale nulle;_ elytra 

angulo basali rotun- 
dato, scutellum par- 
vum liberantia ; cor- 
pus valde cylindri- 
cum et elongatum ; 
forceps gracillimus, 
elongatus, subrectus, 
haud dentatus . . 6. SOLENOSOMA, nN. g. 
4.4. Pronotum  subquadratum, 
latius quam _ longius ; 
caput globosum, leve . 7. ENKRATES, n. g. 
2.2. Tibize superne integres, teretes, 
in apice ipso tantum depla- 
nate. 
3. Statura valida; forcepsrobustus; 
colore metallico; (pronotum 
postice dilatatum, trapezoi- 
dale) jc)jarysaihie Ws. 4) 8. cADEATHERES tae 
3.3. Statura debilis ; colore haud 

metallico ; forceps tenuis ; 

pronotum subovatum, pos- 

tice haud dilatatum . . . 9. HAMAXAS, n. g 


oO 


Genus 1.—KINESIS,* nov. gen. 


Statura mediocri ; antennse segmento 3 sat brevi, quintum sub- 
cequanti; quarto paullo breviori, cylindrico; caput subleve, 
suturis indistinctis vix impressum; pronotum trapezoidale, longius 
quam latius, parallelum, margine antico recto, angulis humeralibus 
distinctis, rectangularibus ; lateribus rectis, reflexis, margine postico 


* Gr. xivnois =movement. 


a 


Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera., 127 


ubrotundato ; prozona sat tumida, sutura mediana distincta, 
utrinque impressa; elytra brevia, truncata, quadrata, carina 
laterali acuta, per totam longitudinem elytri percurrenti ; al 
abortivee ; abdomen punctulatum; segmentum ultimum dorsale 
¢ magnum, tumidum, transversum: ¢ declive, angustatum ; 
pygidium haud perspicuum ; forcipis bracchia ¢ basi remota, 
brevia, valida, incrassata, incurva, intus dentata; 9 recta, gracilia, 
inermia. 


This genus is well characterised by the form of the 
elytra which are almost square, with a sharp and very 
distinct carina along the edge, running throughout the 
length of the elytra; the wings are wanting in the only 
known species, which in general characters otherwise 
resembles Chelisoches. 

The type, and only known species, is Chelisoches punctu- 
latus, Burr, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xx, p. 315 (1897), 
from the Southern Celebes. 


Genus 2.—CHELISOCHELLA, Verhoef. 


Statura maxima, valida ; antennarum segmentis 4 et 5 aque longis, 
unitis 3 superantibus: caput valde impressum at tumidum; pronotum 
caput latitudine eequans, postice haud dilatatum ; elytra lata, ampla, 
dilatata, nitentia, levia, carina humerali per totam longitudinem 
pereurrenti ; als long, nitide ; abdomen validum ; pedes longi, 
graciles ; tibia compress, integres, nee deplanatie nec sulcate ; 
tarsi longi; segmentum ultimum dorsale magnum, leve, tubercula- 
tum ; pygidium parvum breve ; forcipis bracchia ae elongata, 
depressa, margine interno aide dentata, margine interno depresso, 
acuto, 


Chelisochella, Verhoeff, 1902, Zool. Anzeig., No. 665, 
pol96. 

This genus, very inaptly named by Verhoeff, for it con- 
tains the giant of the group, is characterised by the form 
of the elytra, which are broadened in the middle, and 
furnished with a lateral keel throughout their length. 
Verhoeff includes in it the species Chelisoches pulchripennis 
and ylaucopterus, Borm., but he was evidently not familiar 
with the species, for they do not possess the essential 
character mentioned by him, that is, the long keel of the 
elytra; in other respects, C. pulehripennis approaches to 
this genus, that is, in colour and in the form of the feet ; 


128) Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


I propose for it a new genus intermediate between this 
and Chelisoches properly so called. 

The type is Lobophora superba, Dohrn., Stett. Ent. Zeit. 
xxvi, p. 71 (1865), of which Ch. doriz, Borm., is probably 
the male. 


Genus 3.—EXYPNUS,* nov. gen. 


Colore fusco, eeneo-nitido ; antennz 20-segmentatee, segmento 3 
segmenta 4 et 5 unita equanti; 4=5; 6 sublongiori; 4 crasso, 
globoso ; caput tumidum, per suturas impressas divisum, margine 
postico excavato ; pronotum caput latitudine equans, margine antico 
recto, medio in collem perductum ; lateribus parallelis, postice haud 
dilatatum, margine postico rotundato-truncato ; elytra lata, apice 
truncata, carinula humerali brevissima; alie longie ; pedes longi, 
graciles; tibie antice et intermedi superne in dimidia apicali 
deplanatee et sulcatee ; pygidium breve ; forcipis bracchia depressa, 
margine interno acuto ; ¢ arcuatim incurva, intus dentata ; ? recta, 
gracilia, inermia. 


Ch. pulchripennis, Borm., is included by Verhoeff in the 
preceding genus, but as it does not possess the character- 
istic sharp edge to the elytra, it cannot be placed there ; 
it has, however, the broad elytra, tumid and impressed 
head, and long and slender feet of that genus, but the 
tibie are depressed and sulcate as in Chelisoches; the 
forceps of the female are simple as in Chelisoches, and 
not strongly toothed as in Chelisochella. It forms an 
intermediate genus between these two. 

The type and only known species is Chelisoches pulchri- 
pennis, Borm., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxvii, p. 78, Pl. HI, 
fig. 15, 1883, from the East Indies. 


Genus 4.—-CHELISOCHES, Scudder. 


Statura mediocri; antennz 15-20-segmentate ; segmento 3 sat 
longo, 4 et 5 unita subbreviori ; segmento 4 conico, subclavato; 4 
et 5 subsequantibus, ceteris longioribus; caput tumidum et im- 
pressum ; postice plus minus excavatum ; pronotum longius quam 
latius, postice paullo dilatatum, margine postico rotundato vel rotun- 
dato-emarginato; elytra angusta, carinula humerali brevi; hand 
metallica ; alee perfecte explicate ; abdomen sat depressum, plicis 
lateralibus distinctis; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ magnum, 
margine postico tuberculatum ; 2 angustatum ; pedes breves, tarsis 


* Gr, €urvos=brisk. 


Forficulide and Chelisochidx, families of Dermatoptera. 129 


brevibus ; tibize anticze et intermedia, necnon postice, superne in 
dimidio apicali deplanatz et sulcatz ; pygidium parvum ; forcipis 
bracchia ¢ elongata et gracilia, vel brevia, robusta, subrecta, vel 
arcuatim incurva; margine interno dentato depressa vel subtriquetra 
margine interno acuto ; ? subrecta, inermia, elongata, vix incurva. 


This genus contains the typical species allied to Ch. 
morio; the species are mostly dark in colour, if not quite 
black, though Ch. plagiatus, while agreeing in structural 
characters, ditfers in its bright and variegated uniform. 

The type is Forficula morio, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 270, 
No. 6, 1775. From the East Indies and Pacific Islands. 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 


1, Pronotum capite haud multo latius. 
2, Pronotum elytra alze lete metallica. 1. glaucopterus, Borm. 
2.2. Color haud late metallicus. 
3. Forceps tenuis ; pygidium bilobum. 2. ater, Borm. 
3.3. Forceps validus; pygidium inte- 
grum. 
4, Klytra et ale nigre; corpus ni- 
grum, tarsis exceptis pallidis ; 
antenn pallido-annulatee . . 3. morio, Fabr. 
4,4. Elytra colorata. 
5. Corpus nigrum ; elytra alzque 
auriantiace ; species australica 4. australicus, Gou. 
5.5, Colore rufo, testaceo, flavo et 
fusco leete variegato ; species 
africana . . . . . . . «5. plagiatus, Fairm. 
1.1. Pronotum capite multo latius . . . 6. malgachus, Borm. 


Chelisoches stratioticus of Rehn is probably only a finely 
developed variety of Ch. morio, with which I have always 
placed it in my collection. 

Chelisoches tenebrator, Kirby, may perhaps require another 
genus, as the feet seem to have a somewhat distinct 
structure. 


Genus 5.—PROREUS,* nov. gen. 


Statura mediocri; cum Chelisoche congruet; differt autem antennis 
gracilioribus, segmento 4 ovato, vel cylindrico, nec incrassato, nec 
clavato nec conico. 


* Gr. mowpevs = pilot. 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 9 


130 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


I have erected this new genus, of which P. simulans, 
Stil, may be regarded as the type, for those somewhat 
smaller species, generally brown or reddish in colour, 
though sometimes black and variegated, which are closely 
allied structurally to Ch. morio, and long regarded as 
congeneric with that species; they have, however, a 
different appearance, but I was long unable to find a 
satisfactory character common to all the species; in P. 
simulans, the antenne are noticeably thin and slender, but 
P. ritseme approaches nearer to Ch. morio. The shape of 
the pronotum is that of typical Chelisoches, as also that of 
the feet. 

The type is Forficula simulans, Stil, Eug. Resa. Ins., 


p. 302. (1858.) 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 


1. Forceps validus, deplanatus. 
2. Forceps inermis (colore nigro, rufo- 
variegato, pedibus annulatis) . 1. variopictus, Borm. 
2.2. Forceps dentatus. 
3. Pronotum sublatiusquam longius 2. sobrius, Borm. 
3.3. Pronotum sublongius quam 
latius, postice quam antice 
paullo latius. 
4. Unicolor fusco-testaceus. . . 3. ritsema, Borm. 
4.4. Versicolores, 
5. Elytra unicoloria testacea 
(statura parva; caput ni- 
grum). . . . . . . . 4. melanocephalus, Dohrn. 
5.5. Elytra vittata. 
6. Pronotum bicolor. 
7. Colore nigro; antenne 


pedesque rufescentes . 5, lextior, Dohrn. 
7.7. Colore rufo; antennz 
annulate . . . . 6. elegans, Borm. 


6.6. Pronotum unicolor flavam . 7. luwdekingi, Dohrn. 
1.1. Forceps tenuis, haud vel vix depla- 
natus. 
2. Elytra unicoloria fusca ; forceps 
rectus, tantum apice ipso cur- 
vwatus (5 3... Sse a 18s Fatscupenmis. aan: 
2.2. Elytra vittata. 
3. Forceps arcuatus. 


&,. 


Forficulide and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 131 


4, Pronotum rufum, nigrovarie- 
BARN vhs Tone! yf - +) © avn Gn elegans, Borm, var, 
4.4, Pronotum unicolor flavum. 7. ludekingi, Dohrn. var. 
3.3. Forceps rectus, tantum apice 
ipso curvatus . .. . . 9. similans, Stal. 


Genus 6.—SOLENOSOMA, noy. gen. 


Corpus gracile, cylindricum ; antennze segmento 3 quam primum 
tertia parte breviori, elongato, tenui; 4 ovato, cylindrico, quam 
tertium dimidio breviori ; ceteris elongatis, cylindricis ; caput sat 
planum, postice timidum, margine, postico recto : pronotum capite 
subangustius, dimidio longius quam latius, postice dilitatum, mar- 
gine antico recto, postico truncato, angulis rotundatis ; lateribus 
rectis, reflexis: elytra brevia, apice truncata, carinula humerali 
brevissima ; angulo humerali haud rotundato ; angulo basali rotun- 
data, scutellum parvum liberantia ; ale null : pedes sat graciles ; 
femora subincrassata, haud elongata; tibiz breves, in dimidio 
apicali superne deplanatz et subsulcatie ; tarsorum segmento secundo 
sub tertium in lobum angustum producto : abdomen cylindricum, 
elongatum, parallelum, gracile, minute punctulatum, plicis later- 
alibus distinctis: segmentum ultimum dorsale magnum, quadratum, 
margine postico rugoso ; pygidium parvum ; forcipis bracchia basi 
remota, gracillima, valde elongata, subrecta, margine interno basi 
crenulata. 


The unique species for which I have raised this genus 
was first ranged by de Bormans in Awchenomus, from 
which it differs in the form of the pronotum, and then in 
Chelisoches, from which it differs in the elongate and almost 
perfectly cylindrical body and the forceps, which recall in 
type those of Neolobophora. The pronotum has the form 
typical of Chelisoches and Proreus. 

The type is Auchenomus birmanus, Borm., Ann. Mus. 
Civ. Gen. (2), vi, p. 436, fig. $. (1888.) (Burmah.) 


Genus 7.—ENKRATES,* nov. gen. 


Statura mediocri ; antennz fortiores ; segmento 3 sat longo, quam 
4+ 5 subbreviori ; 4 et 5 subsequantibus, incrassatis, subclavatis ; 
ceteris longioribus ; caput leve, tumidum, haud impressum, suturis 
obsoletis ; pronotum caput latitudine squans, paullo dilatatum, 
latius quam longius, transversum, margine postico rotundato ; elytra 


* Gr. eyxparhs =temperate. 


132 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision of the 


angusta, apice truncata, carinula humerali brevissima ; ale longa ; 
pedes breves; tibice vix depressie, haud vel vix sulcate ; abdomen 
subdilatatum ; segmentum ultimum dorsale magnum, transversum, 
margine postico medio impresso, utrinque tuberculato ; pygidium 
parvum; forceps ¢ basi incrassatus, subtriquetris; margine in- 
terno dente acuto magno armatus, arcuatus; 9 subrectus, inermis. 


In its variegated colour and the armature and shape of 
the forceps, as well as in the broad and transverse pro- 
notum, this genus approaches more nearly to Forficula ; 
it has the head of typical Forficula, while the tarsi are 
clearly referable to the group of the Chelisochidx. 

The only known species is Enkrates flavipennis, Fabr., 
from West Africa, of which the synonymy is rather 
confused. 

Forficula flavipennis, Fabr., Ent. Syst., ii, p. 5. (1793.) 

Forficula flavipennis, Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 
xviii, p. 314. (1876.) 

Sphingolabis flavipennis, Kirby, W. F., Cat. Orth. 1, p. 46. 
(1904.) 

Sphingolabis variegata, Kirby, W. F., Linn. Soc. Journ. 
Zool., xxiii, p. 326. (1891.) id. op. cit. xxv, p. 529, Pl. XX, 
fig. 9. (1896.) 

Forficula variegata, Borm., Tierreich, Forf., p. 127. (1900.) 

Chelisoches vittatus, Burr, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), x1, 
p- 274. (1903.) 

Chelisoches limbatus, Borg. Arkiv. for Zool. Bd., i, p. 575, 
Pl. XXVI, fic. 7. (1904) 


Genus 8.—ADIATHETUS,* nov. gen. 


Statura mediocri vel magna; antennze 20-segmentate, seg- 
mento 3 longo, sed quam 4 + 5 unita breviori; 4 quam 3 dimidio 
breviori, clavato ; 5 clavato, 3 subequanti: ceteris elongatis, sub- 
conicis: caput tumidum, suturis sat distinctis, margine postico 
recto; pronotum subquadratum, postice haud vel vix dilatatum, 
margine antico recto, postico subrotundato, lateribus rectis, angulis 
posticis rotundatis; prozona tumida, sutura mediana distincta, 
utrinque puncto impresso instructa ; metazona plana, lata ; elytra 
carinula humerali brevi, levia vel granulosa, lete metallico-niten- 
tia; ale longs, eodem colore: pedes sat graciles, tibiis superne 
integris ; abdomen validum, convexum, parallelum ; plicis lateral- 
ibus distinctis; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ magnum, quadratum 


* Gr. adideros =indisposed. 


Forficulidx and Chelisochide, families of Dermatoptera. 133 


leve, tuberculatum ; 2 magnum, subquadratum, integrum: pygi- 
dium ¢ parvum; ? parvum, vel longe productum ; forcipis brac- 
chia g brevia, incurva, robusta, valida, depressa, denticulata ; 9 
elongata, gracilia. 


The species which I include in this genus was included 
by Verhoeff in his genus Chelisochella, but as that is char- 
acterised by the long keel of the elytra, a feature which is 
wanting in this species, they cannot be ranged in that 
genus. The German author appears to have been un- 
familiar with the insects themselves, and assumed from the 
metallic colour and somewhat broad elytra that they fell 
in his genus. 

The type and only known species is Chelisoches shelford, 
Bure Ann + Mage Wnt (7),° vi, phe) Pl TV, figs 4: 
(1900.) (Sarawak.) (Ch. hercules, Burr, l.c. is the male.) 


Genus 9.—HAMAXAS,* nov. gen. 


Statura minore; colore nigro, rufo-variegato; antenne 16- 
segmentatee ; segmento 3 sat brevi, subconico; 4 + 5 tertium super- 
antibus, ovatis, 5 quam 4 longiori; ceteris subconicis, elongatis ; 
caput leeve, depressum, suturis vix perspicuis, margine postico 
truncato : pronotum quam caput zque latum, paullo longius quam 
latius, subovatum, margine antico lateribusque convexis, postico 
rotundato, postice haud dilatatum ; prozona vix tumida, sutura dis- 
tincta ; elytra minute punctulata, apice truncata, lata, carinula hume- 
rali brevissima, valde pubescentia ; ale similes : pedes breves, valde 
pubescentes ; tibize superne teretes, integres ; abdomen valde pubes- 
cens, sat depressum, parallelum, plicis lateralibus distinctis ; seg- 
mentum ultimum dorsale ¢ magnum, quadratum ; 9 angustatum : 
pygidium ¢ brevissimum, quadratum, transversum ; ? vix per- 
spicuum, subglobosum: forcipis bracchia ¢ depressa, sat valida, 
vix incurva, brevia, valde pubescentia, intus dentata ;|? subcontigua, 
recta, brevia, inermia. 


The species of the genus have always appeared quite 
unnaturally associated generically with Chelisoches morio ; 
the brown and black uniform, the small size, very hairy 
body, all point to a different group; but the general char- 
acters of Chelisoches are present, except that the pronotum 
is shorter and broader, and more ovate, not dilated pos- 
teriorly, and also the tibize are smooth above, and not 
depressed nor sulcate. 


* Gr. dwatas=coachman. 


134 Mr. Malcolm Burr’s Preliminary Revision. 


The type is Chelisoches fev, Borm., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., 
Xxxiv, p. 383. (1894) 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 


1. Pronotum nigrum. 
2, Antenne segmentis 1-2 nigris, 3-7 
flavis, 8-9 brunneis, 10-11 flavis, 


12-15 fuscis, elytra fusco-brunnea . 1. variicornis, Borm, 
2.2. Antenne nigre, ante apicem pallido- 
annulate ; elytranigra. . . . 2, fex, Borm. 


1.1. Pronotum flavidum. 
2. Antenne segmentis 1-13 nigris, 14-15 
albis, apice fuscze ; elytra nigra. . 3. dohertyi, Burr. 
2.2. Antenne segmentis 1-4 flavidis ; 
5-10 fuscis ; elytra fusco-brunnea 4. semiluteus, Borm. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. 


[See Explanation facing the PLatE.] 


(11850) 


VI. Catalogue of the Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide ; 
with Descriptions of New Species. By ArtTour M. 
LxA, F.E.S., Government Entomologist, Tasmania. 


[Read March 6th, 1907.] 


THe Byrrhide are fairly numerous in Australia and 
Tasmania, although few species have been recorded thence. 
This is no doubt due to the small size and retiring habits 
of most of the species; and probably when moss and 
fallen leaves have been systematically examined in many 
parts of Australia, the number herein recorded will be 
more than trebled. “> 


MICROCH ATES. 


The Rev. T. Blackburn has recently described several 
species belonging to this genus and made remarks on 
others. The late Rev. R. L. King had previously remarked 
on the variation of species of the genus, and in all the 
species I have seen there is considerable variation in the 
size and clothing. In MZ. scoparius and sphxricus (and 
probably in others) the prothoracic fascicles have a decided 
tendency to degenerate into scattered sete, so that the 
prothorax is occasionally non-fasciculate ; the elytral sete 
and fascicles are also variable.* 


MICROCHETES AUSTRALIS, Boisd. (byrrhus, Boisd.), Voy. 
Ast. Col. p. 149; Blackb., Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 
1903, p. 174. 


Referred by Boisduval to Byrrhus, but evidently a 
Microchxtes. His description f is quite useless, as it would 
apply to every species of the genus, and without some 
definite information as to the type I think the name 
should be ignored. I wrote to Mons. Albert Bovie of 
Brussels about the type, but he informed me that it was 


* This to a certain extent may be accidental, as the scales and 
setze are liable to abrasion. Specimens are-also frequently heavily 
encrusted with mud, which is difficult to remove without at the 
same time injuring the clothing. 

+ “Niger, thorace elytrisque verrucosis.” 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 


136 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Catalogue of 


not in the Brussels Museum,* nor could he find it in the 
Paris Museum on a visit to that institution. 
Hab. AUSTRALIA. 


MIcROCHATES SPHZRICUS, Hope, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 
1838, p. 18, Pl. I, fig. 2; King, Trans. Ent. Soc. N. S. 
Wales, iy Peta; Blackburn, Trans, R. Soc. 8. Aust., 
1903, p. 174. coloratus, Blackb. /. ¢., p. 176. 


The Rey. T. Blackburn says this species “could cer- 
tainly not be identified with confidence except by 
specimens from the original locality.” This locality was 
the Swan River, where I have taken numerous specimens + 
which agree with both the description and figure. In all 
these the under-surface is reddish whilst the upper-sur- 
face is dark, except that sometimes the outer parts of the 
elytra are also reddish. The elytra have large punctures in 
the striae, but they cannot be seen in fresh specimens, and 
the punctures of the metasternum are much as in scoparius. 
On some of them there is a patch of greyish or obscure 
ochreous scales on each elytron towards the base, the patch 
usually commencing on the shoulders(where it is narrowest) 
and obliquely directed towards the suture, which, however, 
it does not reach. In one specimen it is again directed 
towards the base so that each appears to be supplied with a 
semicircle of pale scales. The clothing is lable to abrasion, 
but several of the specimens before me agree well with 
the description of coloratus, and I believe that name to 
be synonymous. 

Hab, W. and 8. AUSTRALIA—coastal. districts. 


MIcROCHEZTES SCOPARIUS, Er., Wiegm. Arch., 1842, p. 
153; King, Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S. Wales, ii, p. 72; 
Blackburn, Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 1903, p. 174. 


This species is very abundant in Tasmania, and is the 
common species in New South Wales and Victoria. On 
fence tops and stumps at dusk it may sometimes be taken 
in hundreds; it also occurs under logs (usually in dry 
situations) and occasionally in moss. As a rule Tasmanian 
specimens have more uniformly dark clothing than those 


* Boisduval’s types of Curculionidee of the Astrolabe are in that 
institution. 

+ Ihave taken specimens also on Rottnest, Garden, and Pelsart 
Islands and at Albany. 


Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide. 137 


from the mainland, and the under-surface is nearly always 
black. 

The punctures in the elytral strize are normally concealed 
by the clothing, but when this has been abraded they are 
seen to be rather coarse at the sides and practically absent 
from the disc. When the clothing of the metasternum 
has been abraded the punctures there are seen to be 
considerably larger at the base than at the apex. 

Hab. TASMANIA, Victoria, N. S. WALES. 


MicROCHETES MINOR, King, Trans. Ent. Soc. N. S. Wales, 
ii, p. 73; Blackb., Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust, 1903, 
p. 174. 


The Rev. T. Blackburn regarded this species * as pro- 
bably not being a true Microchxics. It has every appear- 
ance of being one however, despite the want of fascicles. 
My specimen (a co-type from the late Rev. R. L. King’s 
collection) is in rather bad preservation and I have been 
unable to examine its antenne and tarsi; but this (owing 
to their small size and the frequency with which they 
are covered with dirt) is not often: easy even in the 
larger species; so King may quite easily have been 
misled in describing the tarsi as tetramerous. 


Hab. N.S. WALES. 


MICROCHETES FASCICULARIS, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S. 
Wales, ii, p. 171; Blackb., Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 
1903, p. 174. 


The Rey. T. Blackburn mentions having received speci- 
mens from me under the above name and queries the 
correctness of same. I received the name originally from 
Mr. George Masters and subsequently compared my speci- 
mens with the type. On examining them again, however, 
in April 1905, I found that I had two species mixed 
together, one being scoparius and the other fascicularis; this 
latter was again and more carefully compared with the type 
and found to agree with it. Macleay’s remark, “Thorax 

. with a transverse series of five fascicles” 1s erroneous, 
as on the type there are only four. On abrasion the 
metasternum of my specimen is seen to be covered with 
very coarse punctures, becoming smaller (but still rather 
coarse) to apex; there are also a few minute punctures 


* Unknown to him except by description. 


138 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Catalogue of 


scattered about. The punctures are after the same style 
as in scoparius, only much larger. 
Hab, QUEENSLAND, N.S. WALES. 


MICROCHATES SOLIDUS, Blackb., Trans. R. Soc. 8. Aust., 
1903, p. 175. 
Hab, QUEENSLAND. , 


MICROCHETES NIGROVARIUS, Blackb., /. ¢., p. 175. 
Hab, 8. AUSTRALIA. 


MORYCHUS. 


To this genus have been referred many species, which 
structurally would appear to belong to several genera. 
The wingless species, however, have been regarded as 
belonging to the genus, or sub-genus Pedilophorus. 


MORYCHUS TORRENSENSIS, Blackb. (Byrrhus, Blackb.), 
Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 1889, p. 188; 1903, p. 173. 
Hab. 8. AUSTRALIA. 


PEDILOPHORUS. 


One species only has been referred to this genus from 
Australia, but Ihave now toadd seven more. Superficially 
these would appear to belong to several genera, but they 
are all evidently closely allied despite the fact that some 
are smooth, others are tuberculate and others hairy. I 
have not ventured therefore to propose new genera for 
their reception as the boundaries of Pedilophorus are rather 
vague. 

The natural groups appear to be :— 


. raucus and mixtus. 

. bryophagus and griffith. 
. simplicicornis. 

. multicolor. 

. carissinvus and dives. 


Oum 0 We 


Tn all the species the head is widely rounded in front 
with practically no clypeus, the antennz are widely separ- 
ated and close to the eyes and in repose would just pass 
the middle coxa. Their basal joint is large and about 


Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide. 139 


twice as long as the second, the third is variable between 
the species, the seventh is transverse, and the eighth to 
eleventh form a rather wide club. In simplicicornis, 
however, the antennz are otherwise. 

The third joint of the tarsi is lamellate beneath in all the 
species, but the lamellze are sometimes so thin that when 
closely pressed to the tarsi they cannot always be seen; in 
vaucus on one specimen I can see them clearly, in mixtus 
they are very thin, and except from the side and in a good 
light they appear to be absent, in multicolor they are in- 
distinct; but in all the others they can be seen clearly and 
from the sides are very conspicuous. 

In raucus and mixtus the epipleurs of the elytra are 
comparatively narrow and suddenly terminate at the hind 
coxe; in the others they are very much wider, and 
especially in simplicicornis ; in bryophagus they are strongly 
depressed at the hind coxee. 

In carissimus and dives the intercoxal process of the 
prosternum is wider than in the others, in mudéicolor it is 
considerably narrower. 

The species may be tabulated as follows :— 


Elytra tuberculate— 
Prothorax with punctures . : é : carissimus. 
Prothorax with ridges : : : dives. 


Elytra without tubercles— 
Upper-surface hairy. 


Upper-surface not uniformly coloured ‘ multicolor. 
Upper-surface uniformly coloured. 

Clothing uniform : ‘ : apd TUUCUS. 

Clothing not uniform . Z : : : nrictuse 
Upper-surface glabrous. 

Under-surface black . : 3 : F bryophagus. 


Under-surface reddish. 
Antennal joints gradually increasing in 


width . : : : : : simplicicornis. 
Antenne with terminal joints forming a 
distinct club . : : , é grifithi. 


PEDILOPHORUS RAUCUS, Blackb. (Byrrhus, Blackb.), Trans. 
R. Soc. 8. Aust., 1891, p. 183; 1903, p. 173. 


Two specimens from New South Wales (obtained in 
flood débris on the Hawkesbury River) were named by 


140 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Catalogue of 


Mr. Blackburn as this species, but they differ from the 

description in having the clothing of a reddish-brown; in 

all other respects, however, they agree with the description. 
Hab. Victoria, N.S. WALES. 


PEDILOPHORUS MIXTUS, n. sp. 


Bronze-black and shining; under surface dull red, appendages 
paler. Upper surface with long blackish hair mingled with shorter 
whitish hair ; under-surface with greyish pubescence. 

Head rounded in front, with fairly numerous but partially con- 
cealed punctures. Antenne with third joint almost as stout as 
second, and not much longer. Prothorax widely transverse, strongly 
but evenly convex, with numerous distinct but not quite evenly 
distributed punctures. Scutellwm very distinct. Hlytra strongly 
and evenly convex, punctures as on prothorax ; epipleure rather 
narrow and suddenly terminated at hind cox. Under-swrface with 
moderately dense but rather small and partially concealed punctures. 
Length 3 mm. 


Hab. TASMANIA: Hobart, Mount Wellington. 


The outline is a perfect oval. The whitish hair gives 
the upper-surface a faintly speckled appearance and from 
some directions appears to be in about five feeble bands 
across the elytra. Several specimens were taken dead at 
Sandy Bay whilst searching for blind sand-beetles, others 
were taken from moss on trees. 

In general appearance rather close to vawcus but smaller 
and narrower than that species, the under-surface paler 
and with much smaller and sparser punctures, the legs 
paler, the clothing different, and the punctures of the 
elytra smaller, sparser and less uniform. 


PEDILOPHORUS BRYOPHAGUS, n. sp. 


Of a bright metallic green with a slight coppery gloss; under- 
surface black, legs dull red, antennz and tarsi somewhat paler, 
Under-surface and appendages sparsely pubescent, elsewhere gla- 
brous. 

Head widely rounded in front, with fairly large and numerous 
clearly-defined punctures, Antenne with third joint distinctly 
thinner than and almost twice the length of third. Prothorax 
strongly convex, the sides almost vertical, with numerous compara- 
tively small but clearly defined punctures.  Sewlellwm minute. 
Elytra very strongly convex, punctures rather smaller than on 


Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide. 141 


prothorax, but almost as clearly defined ; epipleurs wide and some- 
what sinuous internally, strongly diminished towards but not 
suddenly terminated at hind cox. Under-swrface almost impunctate. 
Length 3-3; mm. 


Hab. TASMANIA: base of Mount Wellington, 

With the head as normally concealed the outline is a 
perfect oval. The elytral epipleurz, although not suddenly 
terminated at the hind coxe, are strongly depressed there 
for the reception of the apex of the femora, Mr. H. H. D. 
Griffith and myself have taken numerous specimens in 
moss, but always near the base of Mount Wellington ; the 
following species was always obtained at a considerably 
greater elevation. 


PEDILOPHORUS GRIFFITHI, 0. sp. 


Of a metallic green with a slight coppery gloss ; under-surface and 
appendages of adull red. Under-surface and appendages very sparsely 
pubescent, elsewhere glabrous. 

Head widely rounded in front, with fairly numerous punctures of 
moderate size and clearly defined in front, becoming smaller and less 
clearly-defined posteriorly. Antennx with third joint much thinner 
than and twice the length of second. Prothorax and elytra of the 
same shape as in the preceding species but with much less distinct 
punctures, especially on the elytra; the epipleura of these wide, 
rather strongly narrowed behind the hind coxe, and not depressed 
there. Under-surface with sparse and minute punctures, Length 
4-45 mm. 


Hab. TASMANIA: Mount Wellington. 

In general appearance close to the preceding species but 
larger, the under-surface not black, elytra with different 
punctures, and their epipleure different. The colour is 
sometimes almost as bright a green as the preceding 
species, but is usually not so metallic; the prothorax in 
some specimens is almost black. 

Dedicated to Mr. H. H. D. Griffith, in memory of many 
very pleasant excursions on Mount Wellington, where we 
have frequently taken this species in moss from old logs. 


PEDILOPHORUS SIMPLICICORNIS, n. Sp. 


Black or brown, and usually with a metallic greenish gloss, under- 
surface and appendages more or less reddish. Under-surface and 
appendages very sparsely pubescent, elsewhere glabrous. 


142 Mr, Arthur M. Lea’s Catalogue of 


Head widely rounded in front; with numerous clearly defined 
punctures of moderate size in front and on the sides sparser and 
smaller elsewhere. Antenne in repose extending to hind coxe, their 
first joint stout and more than thrice the length of second, second 
subglobular, third thinner than and twice the length of second, 
fourth the width of third and the length of second, the others 
regularly increasing in width, eleventh the length of ninth and tenth 
combined. Prothorax very strongly convex, sides almost vertical, in 
front with small indistinct punctures, elsewhere smaller and still less 
distinct. Scutellum extremely minute or absent. lytra very little 
longer than head and prothorax combined, almost as wide as long, 
outline not regularly continuous with that of prothorax, punctures 
very minute and indistinct ; epipleure very wide, strongly narrowed 
behind but not depressed at hind coxew. Abdomen with fairly 
numerous but small punctures, rest of under-surface almost im- 
punctate. Length 33-4 mm. 


Hab. TASMANIA: Mount Wellington (in very wet moss). 

There are seven specimens before me, and not two are 
exactly alike in colour. The colour of the upper-surface 
is more commonly black glossed with metallic green, but 
in three specimens whilst the greenish gloss is present 
the ground-colour is more of a reddish-brown especially 
towards the tip of the elytra; the tip, however, is always 
more or less reddish; the under-surface is of a more or 
less dark reddish-brown, sometimes paler at the sides 
and the appendages are usually paler, the legs and basal 
joints of the antennx being sometimes almost flavous. 
In some lights the elytra at the base appears to have very 
faint traces of striation. 

Although in many respects close to the preceding 
species the antenne differ from those of that species and 
from all the others here noted in not forming a distinct 
club, the four terminal joints are certainly larger and 
wider than the others, but the increase in width is quite 
regular from the fourth joint. It is also more convex 
than grifithi and the elytral epipleuree are very much 
wider and are otherwise different. 


PEDILOPHORUS MULTICOLOR, nN. sp. 


Upper-surface (except sides of prothorax and elytra) dark, with 
various metallic glosses, lower-surface reddish-flavous, appendages 
paler. Upper-surface with fairly long golden semi-decumbent hair ; 
elsewhere with fine pubescence, 


Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide. 143 


Head widely rounded in front, with dense and rather coarse clearly- 
defined punctures. Antenne stout, third joint thinner but no 
longer than second. Prothorax strongly convex, sides in places 
quite vertical, disc towards base almost flattened; densely and 
coarsely punctate. Scutellwm minute. Hlytra strongly convex, sub- 
cordate, punctures almost as on prothorax, epipleuree very narrow, 
strongly narrowed behind hind coxz and with sparse but rather 
large punctures. Under-surface with fairly numerous and distinct 
punctures. Length 2 mm. 


Hab, TASMANIA: Mount Wellington. 

The head is usually of a dark metallic green,the prothorax 
is usually also metallic green, but much brighter than the 
head, its sides are widely diluted with red, but the colours 
are not sharply limited; the elytra are black with a bronzy 
or greenish gloss, their apex and sides are widely diluted 
with red, the red being sometimes advanced along the 
suture; the meso- and metasternum are usually somewhat 
darker than the rest of the under-surface. One specimen 
has the dark parts of the head and elytra slightly bronzed, 
but the prothorax of a beautiful purple. 

A lovely little insect, all my specimens of which were 
obtained in moss on stones continually wet with spray, 
just above the Silver Falls. 


PEDILOPHORUS CARISSIMUS, N. sp. 


Of a bright metallic coppery green; tubercles coppery bronze ; 
under-surface and appendages black ; second joint of antenne, palpi, 
claws and trochanters of a more or less dull red. Under-surface and 
appendages with very fine pubescence, elsewhere glabrous, 

Head almost semicircularly rounded in front, with dense clearly 
defined punctures, rather smaller along middle than elsewhere, 
Antenne with third joint much thinner than and almost twice the 
length of second, seventh almost the width of eighth. Prothorax 
very strongly and almost regularly convex, densely but not very 
coarsely punctate. Scutellwum small. Hlytra very strongly convex, 
with rows of slightly elevated burnished tubercles, the whole surface 
with small evenly distributed punctures, the spaces between the 
tubercles finely shagreened ; epipleure rather narrow, and very 
narrow behind the hind cox. Under-swrface with fairly dense and 
very distinct punctures, becoming coarse on intercoxal process of 
prosternum. Length 6 mm. 


Hab, TASMANIA: summit of Mount Wellington. 


144 Mr. Arthur M. Lea’s Catalogue of 


The tubercles, of which there are about 386 on each 
elytron, may be regarded as being in five irregular rows 
on each, the rows being in places irregularly doubled and 
they appear to be always slightly different m disposition ; 
although very conspicuous they are not much elevated 
above the general surface; they have punctures as the rest 
of the elytra but are not shagreened. 

A lovely insect which has been obtained on the summits 
of several mountains in Tasmania. Mr. Aug. Simpson has 
one specimen probably from Ben Lomond. My own was 
obtained on the summit of Mount Wellington in January 
1904, under a deeply buried stone; fragments are numerous 
there, but although both Mr. Griffith and myself repeatedly 
searched for it there we never succeeded in taking more 
than one living specimen. For years we have been in the 
habit of referring to this species as “Simpson’s beauty.” 


PEDILOPHORUS DIVES, n. sp. 


Of a metallic coppery green, tubercles coppery purple, under- 
surface black, appendages dull red, tarsi paler. Under-surface and 
appendages with very fine pubescence, elsewhere glabrous. 

Head very widely rounded in front, immediately behind which is 
an irregular transverse impression; surface with short ridges and 
granules. -Antennx short, third joint thinner than and more than 
twice the length of second. Prothorax very strongly convex, densely 
covered with short ridges. Scutellwm minute. lytra strongly 
convex, with numerous small granules, and each with four somewhat 
irregular rows of strongly elevated tubercles, epipleura narrow and 
strongly narrowed at hind coxe. Sterna with dense and coarse 
punctures ; abdomen with sparser, smaller, and more irregular 
punctures. Length 4 mm. 


Hab, TASMANIA: Frankford (in moss). 

The prothoracic ridges on the sides are more or less 
parallel with the sides, but elsewhere they are very irregular 
in direction, except that from two points they appear to 
radiate like the spokes of a wheel. The elytral tubercles 
are usually somewhat elongated, those of the two sutural 
rows are largest, the sutural row extends almost to the 
apex where it joins in with the third row; the second row 
terminates at about one-third from the apex, the outer 
row consists of little more than tubercular swellings. of the 


Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhide. 145 


apparent margin*; between the second and third rows 
fo) > ; 

there are on the specimens before me from one to three 

tubercles. 


LIMNICHUS. 


LIMNICHUS AUSTRALIS, Er., Wiegm. Arch. 1842, p. 153. 
Hab, 'TASMANIA. 


ASPIDOPHORUS. 


ASPIDOPHORUS HUMERALIS, Blackb., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. 
Wales, 1894, p. 92. 


Hab. TASMANIA. 


ASPIDOPHORUS GLOBOsUS, Macl. (Z'rinodes, Macl.), Trans. 
Ent. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1871, ii, p. 171. 


I recently examined the type of 7'rinodes globosus referred 
by Macleay to the Dermestide ; it is certainly an Aspido- 
phorus. The original description is quite worthless and 
the specimen, when I examined it, was very greasy. There 
are two species before me, either of which may be globosus, 
but until they have been compared with the type, after 
this has been cleaned, it would be unsafe to describe one 
of them as new. 


SPECIES REFERRED IN ERROR TO THE 
BY RRHIDA. 


MIcROCHATES CosTATUS, Macl. 


Macleay states of this species that it “ought probably 
to constitute a new genus.” I recently examined the type 
and found that it belongs to the Histeridx and is Hpiechinus 
tasmani, Lewis.t The species therefore must now be 
known as Eprechinus costatus, Macl. 


LIMNICHUS FRONTALIS, Macl. 

This has already been referred to the genus Stictostix of 
the Histeridz by Lewis. 

* From above they appear to be on the extreme sides of the elytra, 


but these are incurved below them. 
T Of this species I have specimens named by Mr. Lewis. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 10 


146 Mr. A. M. Lea’s Catalogue of Byrrhide 


BIZENIA FORMICICOLA, King. 


This also belongs to the Histeridx,and is stated to be a 
synonym of Chliamydopsis striatella, Westw. 


MoryYCHUS HETEROMERUS, King. 

This belongs to the Zenebrionidx, and I have recently 
commented upon it in the Proceedings of the Linnean 
Society of New South Wales.* 


* 1906, p. 226. 


@y 147.) 


VII. Lntomology in N.W. Spain (Galicia and Leon). By 
T. A. CHapMAN, M.D., F.Z.S. (Lepidoptera), and 
G:C, CHAMPION, E.ZS. (Coleoptera and Hemi- 
ptera). 
[Read March 6th, 1907.] 


PEATES, V—X.1, 


DISTRICT VISITED, ITINERARY. 


For our sixth (fifth together) entomological excursion in 
Spain Mr. Champion and I agreed to visit Galicia, the 
north-west corner of the Peninsula. The choice was 
determined probably by a wish for an area new to us and 
a fear that our date was not early enough for a south- 
eastern district, where more interesting collecting could no 
doubt be done. Our visits to the Western Cantabrian 
Mountains, two years ago, left me with a distinct wish to 
see some of the more western ranges. One of the draw- 
backs of a visit to Spain is the long railway journey, the 
railways in Spain being often neither very quick nor very 
comfortable. To Galicia, however, one can go by R.M.S.P. 
Co.’s steamer to Vigo, and this also was not a small item in 
our selection. We left Southampton on the 15th of June 
by the steamer ‘‘ Amazon” on her first trip, a ship of 10,000 
tons and described in a newspaper notice as a “ floating 
electrical palace.” The Bay of Biscay was like a millpond, 
so that the comfort as compared with a railway journey 
was immense. We were also fortunate on our return 
journey to come by the “ Danube,” and to have a fairly 
calm sea. 

Vigo is a small town with considerable commercial 
activity and a large business in fish and especially in 
sardines. It is not always easy to escape the flavour of 
fish even by going some miles into the country. Our 
favourite excursion from Vigo was by small steamer across 
the fiord to Cangas. The ‘weather was warm enough to 
make an excursion to a sufficient distance, on the much- 
populated Vigo side, rather trying, whilst the half-hour on 
the water was always inviting. Cangas is a large fishing 
village, but close to it is open wild ground. Vigo is 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 


148 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on 


situated on a bay or inlet of the sea some mile and a half 
or two miles across, and some twenty miles long, the 
country is mountainous, but the elevations are low, 
cultivation reaching well to the tops. There are woods, 
including some of pine, but the rarity of pine species 
confirms their appearance of being planted and_ not 
indigenous. ‘T’o get more than scraps of waste ground one 
must go inland seven or eight miles, on towards Porriio, 
where we found open heath and woodland. The roads, 
however, are very dusty and not inviting either for walk- 
ing or driving, whilst cross-country footpaths, though more 
pleasant, go up and down hill in a most fatiguing way, and 
yet involve much longer routes, and many occasions for 
getting lost or having to turn back. A prominent feature 
of these excursions was the bullock-carts, with wooden 
axles and solid wooden wheels, which always made loud 
screeching noises, pleasing if at a sufficient distance and 
one were in a good humour, but otherwise at close quarters. 
Some ten miles up the bay we explored the very similar 
neighbourhood of Redondela (by train), and found some 
items of interest close to Vigo itself, as for instance the 
handsome larvee of Diplwia loti on the slopes of the forts. 

Our efforts to ascertain how we should best reach any 
of the higher ground of Galicia were unsuccessful and we 
ended by going to El Barco (de Valdeorras) by train, as 
being more amongst the mountains, and from here we 
went on mule-back some five or six hours’ journey to 
Casayo, about 3,500 feet up; the highest and furthest 
village in the valley of the Casoya, a stream running from 
the south into the main stream of the Sil. From here we 
could get up another 2,000 feet or so, but were still about 
a day’s journey from where we wished to be, amongst the 
ridges of over 7,000 feet. Nor was there any other village 
near them on the north side where we were. Possibly a 
nearer resting-place may be found on the south, starting 
from La Puebla de Sanabria, but we did not definitely 
ascertain this. I think for really good work in this region 
camping out will be a necessity. Unfortunately, both Mr. 
Champion and myself have a prejudice in favour of a roof 
over our heads, although our quarters at Casayo would 
prove to any one that we are far from being too particular 
beyond this. 

Thence we returned to El Barco, and went on to 
Brafiuelas, at the highest point attainable by railway. 


Entomology in N.W. Spain. 149 


Here, at 3,300 feet, we found we were in the middle of a 
wide plateau of which the highest accessible point some 
four or five miles off only gave us another 1,000 feet. 
Brafiuelas is some way beyond the boundary of Galicia in 
the province of Leon. 

At El Barco (de Valdeorras) we had an experience that 
was quite new to us in Spain, and though not altogether 
pleasant, was of considerable interest entomologically, 
anthropologically and probably in several other directions. 
We made a short excursion on the afternoon of our arrival, 
and on the next day tried a rather longer one to the ridge 
at the top of a side valley, with very similar country to 
that we afterwards more fully examined some twenty miles 
off (as the crow flies) at Casayo. We thought several of 
the people we met were less civil and: friendly than had 
been our universal experience previously, and at our 
evening meal one of the other guests asked us pointedly as 
to how we found the people disposed towards us. This 
seemed a very curious and unusual question, but that 
evening and the following day we had no difficulty in 
ascertaining from our landlord and from visitors at the 
inn what was alluded to, a remarkable delusion of a great 
majority of the inhabitants, a delusion of whose existence 
we had abundant evidence in the virulent abuse one lady 
bestowed on Mr. Champion on our excursion the next 
morning, which we purposely made a short one, and which 
was elucidated and explained to us in detail by Mr. 
Edward Jones, an English gentleman long settled in El 
Barco, of whose kindness to us we have most genial 
recollections, as well as by his brother, Mr. H. Jones, whom 
we remember with pleasure. It appeared that (twenty- 
five to thirty ?, I forget the exact date) years ago, the 
Phylloxera reached El Barco and caused widespread 
disaster amongst the vine-growers, more or less the whole 
population. Incidentally, it may be noted that Mr. E. 
Jonas was one of the largest of these, and that he made 
further sacrifices as a pioneer in ascertaining what remedies 
were available, and introducing American vine-stocks and 
otherwise restoring the vine culture of the district to 
prosperity. The natives, it appears, were convinced that 
the Phylloxera had been wilfully introduced by some 
Frenchmen with a view to their ruin, and to destroy 
Spanish competition in the wine trade. No doubt we did 
not hear all the history of this delusion, and what we did 


150 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr..G. C. Champion on 


hear was too long to repeat here. The delusion was, how- 
ever, very firmly established, and persists strongly te the 
present time. About ten years ago, some Italian workmen 
in search of employment passed through the district, and 
were taken by the natives to be Frenchmen (all foreigners 
are supposed to be Frenchmen) with a similar sinister 
exploit in view, and several of them were beaten and one 
or two seriously injured. Our position was that we also 
were Frenchmen come to El Barco with an identical 
purpose, an idea possibly suggested, certainly confirmed, 
by our manipulation of nets, satchels, pill-boxes, etc. As 
vineyards were everywhere, except on the higher ground, 
it seemed self-evident that we took out of our satchels 
Phylloxera spawn and by means of our nets scattered it 
broadcast over the country. 

It must be remembered that our real objects are wholly 
incomprehensible to the country people, and even when, 
as we had always before found them, most friendly and 
polite, it was always clear that they regarded our account 
of our proceedings as being obviously insincere. Their 
usual belief was that we were gathering materials for 
some potent and valuable medicine, at other times they 
seemed to think we were mining engineers unwilling to 
avow our explorations. 

Unfortunately, at El Barco, another explanation fell in 
at once with their prejudices, and there was no doubt much 
sincerity in the threats of what would happen to us, that 
we heard of a man going so far as to say he would 
certainly use a gun if he found us near his vines. Our 
informants, being more educated, regarded these popular 
views as nonsense, but had no doubt they were strongly 
held, and would be acted on by the small cultivators. 
Others of the peasant class with whom we talked clearly 
held the popular view, and found their innate politeness 
under an extreme strain when desiring to show their 
belief in our honesty. A very curious point was, that 
within thirty-six hours of our arrival not only were these 
opinions of us adopted, but everybody apparently for miles 
around was aware of our presence, and knew, and I fear 
usually accepted, this extraordinary view of the object of 
our visit. 

We could no doubt have claimed official protection and 
got some persons to go with us as guards, but as the 
immediate locality was not attractive, and the friendly 


Entomology in N.W. Spain. 151 


bearing towards us of the inhabitants was always an 
indisputable item in the enjoyment of our excursions in 
Spain, we decided to move on at once, proceeding to 
Casayo. 

El Barco is on the river Sil, and some five miles above 
the town (or village), some way beyond Sobradelo, the 
Casayo Valley opens to the south. Casayo is the highest 
village in the valley at an elevation approaching 4,000 feet. 
Its position is approximately 42° 16’ N., 6° 44’ W. We 
hoped to obtain fair quarters here, but on arrival were 
disappointed to find that the elevation was less than we 
had hoped, and that the promised accommodation was 
absolutely impossible. After for some time seriously con- 
sidering an immediate retreat, we finally discovered that 
the schoolroom of the village was for the time unused and 
at our service. It was infinitely rough and dirty, and 
none too large, but we could have it to ourselves, the 
neighbouring farmer’s wife could find us clean bedding 
aud cater for us, and it possessed a practicable balcony. 
So here we stayed for a week, and have been less 
comfortable under more conventional conditions. 

The different, branches of the Casayo valley presented 
considerable variety of conditions, generally steep and 
rocky slopes, clad with heath, Cistus, Cytisus, and often 
patches of scrub oak, and in one or two places moister 
wooded slopes. The roughness and steepness of the 
country rendered excursions to any distance impossible, 
except where there were regular tracks. One of these 
leading across a high plateau towards La Baiia passed the 
habitat of Lycena idas. Lycena argus, var. casaiacus, 
occurred everywhere, but commonly only along another 
road leading up the main valley, a little further up which 
at about 4,000 feet Hrebia palarica was not infrequent, 
but quite passée. There were other spots in view, but 
practically inaccessible, that we should like to have visited; 
the varied character of some of these makes it probable 
that not a few species as unexpected as L. idas may be 
found in this region by more enterprising explorers than 
we were. 

On our way back we stayed a day or two at Tuy and 
made an excursion to Valenca, on the Portuguese side of 
the Mifio. Then we went northwards to Pontevedra, 
and visited Santiago de Compostela. From Valenca to 
Pontevedra the country is very similar to that about Vigo, 


152 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on 


the Bay at Pontevedra very like that at Vigo or Carril; 
low, often, however, steep hills, more or less wooded, 
chiefly with oak and fir, cultivated valleys and _ slopes. 
The butterflies most abundant along all this region are 
Lampides betica and telicanus, imagines, eggs and larvae 
always common, wherever the showy Adenocarpus inter- 
medius grew, and that is by almost every wayside, on 
every slope and the margins of the woods. Cawnonympha 
dorus mathewi was frequent on all open grassy or heathy 
slopes, but rare before the middle of July. 

The following notes on some of the Lepidoptera ob- 
served may be of use :-— 


C@NONYMPHA DORUS MATHEWI, Tutt. 


(? prec. = var. bieti, Stdg.) 
(Plate V, figs. 1-12.) 


Canonympha dorus, var. mathewi, Tutt. 


We found this species at all localities visited, it was 
very rare at Vigo in the third week in June; in the third 
week in July it was much more frequent, but beginning 
to go over in condition. Here and at Pontevedra (July 
19th) as well as at Tuy (July 18th) it occurred down to 
nearly sea-level, and up to about 1,000 ft. (at Redondela). 
At Casayo it was frequent along our walk on the hill-side 
(first week in July) at about 3,500 ft. and at Brafiuelas 
a week later at 3,000 to 4,000 ft. At all these stations 
the form of the insect is much the same, perhaps the 
Brafiuelas specimens have more individuals with paler 
under-sides. Canonympha mathewi of Tutt is, in view of 
these specimens, only a local race of dorus, and there is 
probably no great difference between it and Staudinger’s 
iiett from North Portugal, though Staudinger does not 
mention as a character of dieti, the most striking difference 
between mathewi and dorus, viz. the dark hind-margin of 
the hind-wing beneath, narrowing the pale area to a band 
or line, barely reaching the ocelli, the outer dark margin 
of this however has a small pale patch, just beyond the 
middle ocellus. Mathewi is, like dorus, very variable on 
the upper-side. In the male the whole surface may be of 
a uniform deep or blackish-brown without trace of ocelli 


Entomology in N.W. Spain. 153 


or other marking. The absence of the apical ocellus is 
however very rare, occurring in only three specimens, 
though several others have it so faint, that one feels sure it 
is only shining through from beneath. More or less shad- 
ing of reddish or ochreous occurs on the upper wings of 
about half the specimens. As regards the hind-wing it is 
remarkable that the nearest approach to dorus (type) 
occurs in the Casayo specimens, those from Brafiuelas, 
though so much nearer central Spain, being very like 
those from Vigo. A majority of the Casayo specimens 
have red ochreous colouring in the hind-wing, but of the 
others only about half, in most of these the colour does not 
extend outside the ocelli, and in not more than three or four 
does it extend so far as to leave only a dark line between 
it and the marginal pale line. In dorus the pale hind- 
wing may be said to have a dark subterminal line, in 
mathewt this line is so wide, and so much part of the 
general dark colour of the wing, that one notes rather the 
pale subterminal line beyond it. This is often absent, 
but there is usually some trace of it, especially in the 
Casayo series. 

The ocelli vary much, on the fore-wing the apical eye 
is almost invariably present, occasionally double (beneath 
as well as on upper-side). In several specimens there is 
an ocellus between veins 2 and 3, those in the inter- 
mediate spaces are perhaps not so rare, but are usually 
when present faintly indicated points only. The hind-wing 
is never quite spotless, the spot between veins 2 and 3 
being however the only one present in several specimens. 
There may be 2, 3, or 4 spots, and these vary much in 
intensity and may be black spots faintly ringed or may 
have a bright yellow circle; these are very striking 
in the darkest specimens, when these yellow circles 
are all that remain of the pale area of the hind-wing 
(an dorus). 

The under-side is not very variable, many specimens 
have the leaden metallic line, but in none is it so broad 
and bright as in dorus, and in only one or two does it 
appear on the fore-wing, where its place is often taken by 
a dark line, or dark shade broadened into a patch at the 
anal angle. On the hind-wing the area outside the eye- 
spots is of the same tint as the basal area. The spots are 
always much smaller than in my Spanish dorus, but vary 
a good deal in size, and may be reduced to three in 


154 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on 


number, The costal spot is nearly always in the white 
band, in dorus it is usually largely or quite in the basal 
dark area. 

In dorus the fore-wing rarely has any rufous, but in 
mathewr it is not only frequent, but is usually more or less 
present on the fore-wing, when it appears on the hind 
one. 

The 2 is much darker than that of dorws, the hind-wings 
may be entirely dark except the eye-spots, and when 
rufous is present it is usually restricted much as in 
the ¢ f¢that have it. The fore-wings also have the rufous 
much restricted as compared with dorus, the dark hind 
margin is broader in all, often much broader, and the light 
colour may be restricted to a few patches. Additional 
ocelli are more frequent in the ? than the %, and indi- 
cations of 3 and 4 (upper-side of upper-wing) occur on 
several specimens. The under-side is perhaps paler than 
in the ¢, but the under-surfaces are practically identical in 
the two sexes. The expanse is f 27-35 mm., average 31; 
2 30-36, average 32 mm. There is one dwarf f only 
23m. Mathewi is thus smaller than any other (Spanish) 
dorus. The cilia are very pale, hardly perhaps white, and 
darker apically ; in dorus they are more nearly of the tint 
of the wing surface. 


Egg of Cenonympha mathewi, 0°84 mm. high; 0°7 wide. Has a 
hemispherical base and a flat top. The hemisphere is 0°7 mm. in 
diameter, from the margin of the hemisphere the sides rise for 0-4 mm., 
gradually narrowing (from 0°7) to 0°5 mm., here there is an almost 
angular margin, the nearly flat top further rising however to its 
centre about 0°09 mm. 

The central micropylar area has extremely fine cellular tracery of 
raised lines. Outside this the top nearly to its margin has large 
hexagonal cells, somewhat deeply impressed. These pass at the 
margin into longitudinal ribs running down the sides of the egg; the 
ribs are high and broad, the valleys between them flat and smooth. 
The secondary ribs are quite absent in the valleys but are indicated 
by beading or offsets of the primary ribs, which here and there project 
as fine ribs, just into the valleys, but never cross them. The ribs 
are not quite straight, occasionally branch, but more often end, 
between two others which approach beyond it. , 

The colour is an ochreous-yellow, with a small proportion of pink 
and darker to nearly black, in fine clouds and wisps, sometimes in 
little rings and streaks. 


Entomology in N.W. Spain. 155 


Mathewi LARVA NEWLY HATCHED. 


Almost exactly 2 mm. long, rather pale ochreous, head very pale, 
eye-spots and spiracles dark. Abdominal segments with six sub- 
segments. The tubercular hairs are colourless, very short curved and 
clubbed and lie down nearly flat to the larval surface, there are 
similar hairs on head, those on head and prothorax are directed 
forwards, the others backwards, and there are two tails extending 
beyond the pro-legs, carrying each a rather longer and straighter 
hair beneath it and another at its tip. The hairs on segments 
8 and 9 are rather longer than the others, but are equally curved, 
clubbed, and parallel with the surface. 

As to coloration the thorax is pale like the head, there is a darker 
dorsal line and a paler lateral, on the abdomen the interval between 
shows three reddish or flesh-coloured longitudinal bands, divided in 
separate blotches on each segment. 


September 19.—The little larva (only one remains, three 
others having disappeared whilst behaving like this one) 
has rested motionless on a grass-blade for the last seven 
weeks and has not only eaten nothing but has shown no 
wish to eat. It looks much the same as it did at first. 

This larva remained thus till found dead in the winter. 
It seems tolerably certain that the larva hibernates without 
eating anything as that of Argynnis paphia does. 


Lyc&NA IDAS, Ramb. (Plate V, figs. 18,14, 15.) 


Lycxna idas, Ramb., already referred to Ent. Proc. 1906, 
Dp. boo. 


Some 92 specimens were taken, unfortunately too large 
a proportion of them notin fine condition. As the species 
has hitherto had only ‘@ very limited known habitat in the 
S.E. of Spain, and this new station is not only over 400 
miles distant, but in the apparently very different climate 
of N.W. Spain, it may be well to note the facies of the 
Galician specimens, compared as well as one may with 
Rambur’s figures and description; the only specimens I 
have seen are those in the B. M. collection, they are rather 
small compared with mine and rather faded and differ from 
my specimens and equally from Rambur’s description in 
having much less of the white addendum to the discal spot. 
The Galician specimens are 26-30 mm. inexpanse. ‘They 
are not perhaps quite as black as astrarche, and when 


156 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on 


fresh they have a very distinct metallic or iridescent 
sheen. The discal spot has, I fancy, the white addition 
more frequently than the Andalusian specimens. No 
figures I have seen present it, so that it seems to be 
regarded an an aberration. Rambur says it is present 
“interdum” and “ souvent ;” of my 92 specimens only 6 are 
without it, and of these only one is in sufficiently fine 
condition to be trustworthy, the others may have had a 
few scales that have been lost, a good many of the 86 
that show it having it reduced to only a few scales. So 
that in my specimens to be without the white scalesis the 
aberration and not at all a common one. (Perhaps the 
greatest difference from astrarche isin the form of the wing, 
which is almost the same in both sexes, rounded, especially- 
towards the apex, without any trace of the produced sharp 
tip to the wing that often is seen in f astrarche and is 
indeed a sexual character of the species as in many 
coppers. ) 

The discal spot varies much in size and shape and in 
the amount of white addition. It is not often lunulate 
simply, usually it is angulated having a point directed to 
the hind margin and sometimes another directed basally 
giving the black spot asquare form. The white addition is 
on the inner and outer margin of the spot, usually both, 
and it is common for the outer portion to be divided in two 
by the outer point of the black spot above referred to; ina 
very few specimens the black spot is very large and the 
white abundant, in these both white and black are produced 
in a radiating manner both basally and towards the hind 
margins. The separation of the median row of ocelli on 
the under-side from the margin orange ones, which 
Rambur points out is very marked especially on the fore- 
wings, the ocelli between veins 4 and 5 are widely apart, 
in astrarche their white bodies are almost always in 
contact. 

Rambur describes the orange spots of the under-side as 
pale and sometimes wanting on the fore-wing and the 
apical one as being white instead of orange. In the 
Galician specimens the orange is just appreciably less 
bright than in astrarche but tending to fuscous rather 
than to being pale, the orange only a little reduced in the 
apical spot. The double spot at anal angle rarely shows a 
trace of orange, its place being taken by a fuscous extension 
of its dark inner margin, and the white outer margin being 


Entomology in N.W. Spain. 157 


rather wider. The alignment of the ocelli of the middle row 
is as described by Rambur; on the fore-wing, the three 
between veins 3 and 6 are nearly in line instead of in 
a curve as in astrarche and the 1 (or 2) above seem unduly 
moved basally. I have one or two $ specimens in which 
traces of orange spots are seen on upper-side of fore-wings, 
and several with considerable variations in size and form 
of ocelli beneath, but no decided radiated varieties. 

In two or three specimens there is a distinct discal spot 
on the hind-wing, with black and white scales. A close 
examination shows it to be present on a few others, but it 
is vague and indistinct when unaccompanied by any white 
scaling. 

The habitat was high up on open hill-slopes, but in 
little hollows of these, where a species of Hrodiwm with 
extremely large and dark marked flowers grew, and it was 
not found away from these. Several species of Helian- 
themum were abundant all about, but it was quite absent 
amongst these. Females were seen to lay eggs on the 
Erodium, selecting the smaller leaves and as near the 
ground as possible. The eggs gathered were unfortunately 
destroyed by the rotting of the succulent leaves, before 
they were properly examined, and no young larve were 
obtained. Several were however placed in formalin. 

LI. idas is of much the same size as astrarche, but the 
latter runs to a somewhat greater expanse in some of its 
varieties. This small difference is much exceeded by that 
which exists in the ancillary appendages, those of astrarche 
being more than half as large again as those of idas. The 
clasps are in astrarche 2°2 mm. long, in idas 1°3 mm., and 
the other parts in much the same proportion. The general 
scheme of construction is nearly identical (as it is in a 
number of allied Zycxnas). In my preparations the clasp 
seems broader in zdas, especially basally, but I think this 
is probably not the case. The difference is rather in some 
of the curvatures, that result in the clasp being spread 
open in das and somewhat folded in astrarche when 
pressed down on a slide. The greatest difference is in 
idas having the clasp quite free of the curious processes 
on its disc found in astrarche, and that do not occur in 
any other European Lycenas I have examined except in 
eumedon. The dorsal processes and their attendant hooks, 
besides being smaller, are shorter and thicker to a marked 
degree in idus (see Plates VI and VII). 


158 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on 


Egg of Lycena idas from a specimen preserved in formalin and 
so stained by colouring matter from the bit of leaf of Hrodiwm on 
which it is. Hence a dirty brownish, instead of the nearly white as 
when laid. The size is 056 mm. in diameter and about 0°3 mm. 
high. Edges rounded, top nearly flat. It has the usual network of 
white material rising into points at the intersections. At the margin 
of the top where the structure is most developed the pillars at the 
intersections are very thick, looking in some views like cones with 
rounded tops, in others like pillars as thick as the width of the spaces 
between them. In this situation they are arranged in triangles with 
five forming a pentagon (owing to curvature of egg), not six to a 
hexagon ; the connecting ridges are very narrow and sharp, and sag 
apparently nearly down to the true egg-surface. Taking a wider 
view, they are arranged in the usual “engine-turned” pattern. 
This sculpturing continues up to the micropylar area, a circle about 
0-07 mm. in diameter, with less than the usual dwindling, at least 
of the ribs, the columns nearly disappear, the ribs become more radial, 
and the cells between them more radially elongated. They change 
into the small cells of the micropylar area by the intermediation of 
a circle of rather square cells. The largest cells (marginal) are about 
0°05 mm. in their longest (radial) diagonal. Those of the micropylar 
circle are only about 0°01. 


Lycena argus caswiacus, a. var. 
(Plate V, figs. 16-19.) 


Lycxena argus was found at all the stations visited. At 
Vigo the specimens were about 26 mm. in expanse of very 
ordinary facies, but presenting traces of the peculiar 
character more marked in the Casayo specimens yet to 
be referred to. Such small specimens only occurred at 
Brafiuelas and Casayo as occasional aberrations. At these 
localities the form is a large one, up to 35 mm. in expanse, 
of a very brilliant blue above, reminding one of cordon, 
var. corydonius, and a uniform pale silvery tint below, 
fairly close to vars. hypochiona and bearensis. It differs 
from these further by a very fair proportion of specimens 
having on the hind margin of the hind-wing two or three 
of the red arches that are present in the 2; they are how- 
ever not orange or red-brown as in the female, but modified 
by the blue so as to be a rosy pink. I believe such ¢ 
coloration is recorded in an Asiatic form that otherwise 
differs, and the faintest traces of it may be seen even in 


Entomology in N.W. Spain. 159 


English specimens, if closely and sympathetically examined. 
I propose casaiacus as a varietal name for this race. 

At Brafiuelas Cenonympha iphioides was very abundant 
in all the swampy hollows that occurred on the frequent 
little streams; they were rather over at the time of our 
visit. 

At Casayo, at one point on a slope a little further on 
than the best locality for LZ. argus, var. casaiacus, a good 
many specimens of Hrebia palarica were seen, and they 
occurred less freely as far along that valley as we extended 
our excursions. They also were unfortunately in some- 
what bad condition (first week in July). They were 
therefore about a fortnight earlier than we found them at 
Pajares, and more close to the dates recorded by Mrs, 
Nicholl on the Picos de Europa. 

We saw no trace of Hrebia stygne. Casayo is about 130 
miles from the Picos de Europa, and about 100 miles from 
Pajares. It is moreover in Galicia, so that its discovery 
here gives a large extension to its known habitat, which 
is no doubt all suitable places in the Cantabrian mountains 
for something like 150 miles. These Galician palarica 
are a slightly larger, finer race than those taken at Pajares. 
Measured as set, which is 2 to 3 mm. less than the true 
expanse, in order to compare them fairly with measure- 
ments given in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1905, p. 33, 4 out of 
12 g¢ examples are respectively 61, 62, 68 and 65 
(accurately 67:4) mm. in expanse, to compare with the 
2 (out of 115) largest from Pajares of 61mm. The others 
range down to 53 mm., identical with the smallest from 
Pajares, the mean being 58°8 mm. as against 57:2 for the 
Leon specimens. Three 2 are 57, 57,58 mm., practically 
identical with Pajares specimens which average 57°25. 
So far as these rather poor specimens can be compared, 
there seems to be no difference in markings or coloration. 

We saw no other H7ebias except two very worn evias at 
Casayo, of 47 and 48 mm. expanse, probably very late 
specimens of the low-level form. 

Melitxa athalia was largely in very poor condition, so 
that only about a score were brought home. They vary 
in size from 37 mm. to 52 mm. Some are very dark 
and suffused, several vary in the tints of the bands of 
light brown, and look both in this respect and in wing 
outline so like phwbe, that they were so considered at 
first glance by entomologists who examined them, the 


160 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on 


under-sides however disproved such a suspicion; others 
Mr. Tutt pronounces to be deione. I can only say that I 
cannot think the whole series are other than all of one 
species. 

Altogether we met with some 69 or 70 species of 
butterflies, of which only one or two others call for any 
remark. Of the Cenonyinpha pamphilus taken, one or two 
might be ordinary British examples, most are well marked 
both as to border and ocelli, and especially as to the pale 
band of under-side hind-wing being well marked and 
sharply cut off by a dark line from the dark basal portion. 
These are no doubt the form that passes as lyllus, none of 
them have the pale, nearly uniform, ochreous tone beneath 
that characterises the specimens from the Cuenca district. 

Pyrametis cardui was common everywhere, in all stages. 
Several larvee were found on Lehiwm, an extraordinary food 
plant, already recorded, however, by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher. 
On July 9th, in descending the Casayo valley, we saw many 
specimens about the chestnut trees that were in flower. 
A few trees had none, most a dozen or so flying around 
them, but one tree, and one only, that to our senses did 
not differ from the others, had literally thousands flying 
about and settled on it. The sight was remarkable in 
itself, as a mass of butterflies, apart altogether from the 
curious selection of one special tree for the congregation. 

Aporia crategi was uncommon, but several were seen at 
Brafiuelas, and one was observed laying its eggs. She 
investigated several leaves (of hawthorn) before finding 
one that pleased her. So far as I understood her selection, 
it was necessary that she should secure a firm and satis- 
factory grip of the leaf, generally by the margin, so as to 
maintain her station without moving throughout the 
laying of the whole of the batch. The eggs are laid in as 
regular order as those of a Noctua, who keeps her ovi- 
positor in constant touch with the groups, and so appears 
to have quite an easy task in keeping the alignment. 

A. crategi does not do so. After laying an egg she 
raises her abdomen right away from the leaf as if the 
whole process was finished and remains so for several 
seconds, and then brings it down again on exactly the spot 
for laying the next egg. ‘To secure such accuracy it is 
obvious that her footing must be absolutely firm and > 
fixed. 


Other butterflies met with were Papilio machaon, not 


Entomology in N.W. Spain. 161 


very common; P. podalirius, rare; Colias edusa, abund- 
ant; Gonepteryx rhamni at Redondela, Leptidia sinapis, 
Pieris daplidice common everywhere, often abundant, much 
more so than all the other whites taken together, Pieris 
rapx, P. nap, P. brassicwe. Apatura iris, two large but- 
terflies, little more than glimpsed at Casayo flying about 
honeysuckle on a large sallow tree, were probably this, but 
possibly camilla, neither were seen on any other occasion. 
Grapta c.-album (and larva), Vanessa polychloros, V. urtice, 
V. to, V. antiopa, Pyrameis atalanta, Argynnis pandora, 
one only, A. lathonia, A. aglaia, common, A. adippe, rather 
chlorodippe than type form, but not so marked as in Cen- 
tral Spain, rare, Melitwa didyma, M. aurinia, Satyrus 
arcthusa (Pontevedra), semele, fidia, statilinus, alcyone, 
EHpinephile janira, marked hispulla forms, 4. lycaon, LE. 
tithonus, H. ida, Cenonympha arcania, Pararge mera, P. 
megera, P. exgeria, Arge lachesis, especially common, 
no cataleuca form seen. A. japygia, Thecla vicis, abundant. 
Thecla spini, Vigo. Zephyrus quercus, Chrysophanus 
virgauree, common, Ch. alciphron (gordius), common, 
Ch. phivas, common, Ch. hippothoé, rare, Casayo, Cyaniris 
argiolus, frequent, Lycena telicanus, L. betiea, both 
abundant in all stages (except pupa that seems to be 
hidden). Lycena baton, L. astrarche, L. amandus (Casayo), 
L. warus, L. melanops, L. arion (Casayo), Hesperia thaumas, 
Hf. actxon, H. comma, Syrichthus sao, S. alveus, S. carthama 
(? a worn example 2). 

The Heterocera observed present few species worth 
mentioning, except that a lst of Galician insects has still 
to be written. Perhaps the most interesting is Prothymnia 
sanctiflorentis, a species characteristic of the drier eastern 
and southern portions of Spain, and that would hardly be 
looked for in an Atlantic area. It occurred at Vigo and at 
Casayo. The handsome larve of Diplura loti on Helian- 
themum at Vigo and elsewhere, were always pleasant to see. 

The abundance everywhere of Crambus cratercllus, and 
at Braiiuelas of Acrobasis porphyrella on the wing, and of 
Acalla mixtana in the larva state at Brafiuelas, where in 
many places their nests were extremely abundant on the 
heath, may be mentioned. One hardly expected to meet 
with the latter so abundantly so far south. 

Heterogynis paradoxva occurred at Casayo, on a steep 
slope facing west at an elevation of about 4,000 ft., an odd 
specimen lower in the valley at about 3, 000 ft. amongst 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) ie 


162 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on 


broom of several species. It was however apparently rare, 
as I only obtained 5 males and 5 cocoons of females and one 
larva. The moths,so far as one may generalise from so few, 
are large, four being 26 mim. and one 28 mm. in expanse, 
averaging therefore 1 mm. more than var. predrahite, the 
largest of the forms taken at Bejar. They are also dark, 
quite as dark as var. piedrahitx. The cocoons are rather 
paler than the Bejar examples, a pale rose-pink, rather 
than the red of the Bejar forms. The 2 moth showed a 
broad series of dark dorsal markings, the subdorsal and 
spiracular lines united into one band, with pale included 
patches and dark subspiracular and ventral lines broad. 
To describe the larva almost the same terms would be 
used, but the dark lines were a little less pronounced. 
This habitat is by a long way the most extreme north 
spot yet recorded, indeed until I took it at Bejar, Andalusia 
and the neighbourhood of Madrid (La Granja, etc.) were 
its known habitats. 

At Branuelas, I met with another species of Heterogynis, 
which I must provisionally indicate as pened/a, var. weedinis 
(Ucedo, a village near Braiiuelas), though it may prove to 
be a distinct species; of this I found four 2 cocoons on July 

15th. They were on heath-stems two or three feet from 
the ground, I searched closely and could find no more, nor 
could I detect any leguminous plants within some hundred 
yards or so. From these cocoons emerged numerous 
parasites and some young larve; the larvee agreed with 
those of penella and not with paradoza, the cocoons, how- 
ever, were large for penella and too pale (nearly white) for 
paradona, they agreed with the latter however in an 
important point of structure e, viz. the outer cocoon was 
woven into a network of large openings like the work of 
paradova and not like penella, which has each thread 
independent in an equally distributed tangle. 

Callimorpha hera (quadripuncta), C. dominula, Endrosa 
irrorella, Coscinia siviata (abundant). Orgyia antiqua, Mala- 
cosoma castrensis, Heliothis peltigera, Dicycla oo (var. renago), 
Acontia luctuosa and lucida, Mamestra brassicx, Bryophila 
vavula, var. ereptricula, Sesia fuciformis, LZygena trifolia, 
Z. tr ansalpina, Z. scabiose, A glaope infausta, as usual when 
it oceurs, swarming near Brafiuelas (at La Granja), Jno 
glo iularie and geryon, Crambus pascuellus, culmellus, 
pinetellus, pratellus and var, alfacarellus, Cledeobia angus- 
dalis and moldavica, Pyrausta ferrugalis, P. purpuralis, 


ea EP CaTS 


~s mem y Ke Wey, ee 


Entomology in N.W. Spain. 163 


cespitalis, Heliothea atralis, Titanio pollinalis, Stenia 
punctalis, Myelois cribrella, Homeosoma sinuella, Ephestia 
mistralella. For the naming of this and of the following 
Trochiliums I am indebted to Sir G. Hampson: 7. wrocert- 
formis, Tr., 7. astliformis, Rett., 7. leucospidiformis, Esp., 7’. 
leucomelena, Zell. Cases of Fumea casta were found at 
Vigo, and an imago of F. crassiorel/a taken on the wing at 
Brafiuelas. Bactra lanceolana was common in marshes and 
Tortria viridana and leflingiana amongst oak trees. The 
few Tine sent to Lord Walsingham contained nothing 
of note. 

The Neuroptera are reported on in the Entomologist, 1906, 
pp. 275, 276, by Mr. K. J. Morton and Mr.W. J. Lucas; they 
include a new Trichopteron, Adicella meridionalis, Morton. 
The Geometre are in the hands of Mr. L. B. Prout. 

The Diptera have been presented to the British Museum 
at South Kensington. <A few Asilide with their prey are 
exceptions, and are noted in Ent. Trans. 1906, pp. 335, 
340, 357, 358. The larva of Microdon sp. was also found 
in an ants’ nest at Vigo. 

The Hymenoptera have been handed to Mr. E. Saunders. 

The Coleoptera observed during the present excursion 
were not, as a whole, of particular interest, at any rate in 
the neighbourhood of Vigo and Pontevedra, most of 
the species taken being well-known or widely-distributed 
forms. The heaths, pine-woods, and oak-thickets, covering 
the mountain slopes, where not planted with vines, maize, 
etc., looked rather suggestive of Scotland, and the heath- 
covered, well-watered moorland at Brafiuelasand Ucedo, 
also, was anything but productive. At Casayo, however, 
we got well amongst the mountains, and the slopes and 
valleys here afforded a varied beetle-fauna, though the 
highest summits reached (about 6,000 feet) scarcely repaid 
the climb, perhaps owing to the close grazing everywhere 
by goats and cattle. As might be expected, most of the 
insects observed in this last-mentioned district were 
similar or closely allied to those observed in previous 
years at Canales, Bejar, or Pajares, the most striking addi- 


tion, perhaps, being Lobonyx xneus, for the first time seen 


alive by us. Various species of Zonabris were of course 
much in evidence here, Z. dufowrt being the best. On 
the young oaks were to be found numerous Buprestids 
(Corabus, Agrilus), Clythrids, Cryptocephalus bimaculatus 
(wonderfully like a common Lachnxa, both on the wing and 


164 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on 


when at rest), Rhynchites sericeus, Athous godarti, Muls., and 
A, nigricornis, Bris., and on flowers in open places various 
Clytids, Lepturids, Malachiids, Mordellids, Cidemerids, 
Cryptocephalus globicollis, Omophlus ruficollis, Cerocoma, 
Coryna, Lobonyx, Trichius, Anisoplia betica, etc. In grassy 
places on the higher slopes one or two Lhizotrog. flew 
about freely in the hot sun (all males), and a Hymenoplia 
and a Henicopus were locally abundant. On the summits, 
Otiorrhynchus dentipes was almost the only species to 
be met with. Fresh horse-droppings attracted many 
Geotrupes coruscans, a brilliant insect in the sunshine, 
Sisyphus, ete, and on the banks of the mountain 
streams various Bembidia, Tachys, Stenus, Philonthus rufi- 
manus, Parnus, Pederus, etc. occurred. About Vigo and 
Pontevedra, a small hairy Lamellicorn, Chasmatopterus 
hirtulus, swarmed in flowers, on which also were to be 
seen Hxocosoma lusitanicum, Omophlus ruficollis, ete. A 
large Genista with woolly-pods, and an Adenocarpus, were 
the most attractive plants in the district, producing 
Creorrhinus ludificator and C. dispar ?, Pachytychius spar- 
sutus (in abundance), Apion flavofemoratum (commonly), a 
beautiful Husomus, Cryptocephalus vittatus and C. koyi, a 
Helops, Cardiophorus signatus, etc. ; and on the heath-clad 
hillsides a white-flowered Daphne (cenidiwm or near it) 
seemed to attract most of the beetles in the immediate 
vicinity * (Melanotus, Cardiophorus, Apion, various small 
Malachiids, etc.). On young oaks a Malthinus, Clythra 
leviuscula, and Cyphus nitens were found in numbers, and 
on young sallows a Stylosomus and a Luperus, both in 
abundance. Older oaks on the dry hillsides harboured 
various Balanini, Brachyderes lusitanicus, Xylophilus neg- 
lectus, a minute Malachiid, etc. At Cangas, in the bay of 
Vigo, an Hrodius abounded on the sand-dunes, and at the 
roots of grass, etc. Chrysomela diluta (in profusion), a very 
minute Malachiid (Colotes punctatus ?), and divers species of 
Harpalus, Anthicus, and Melanophthalma were captured. 
On the muddy tidal flats at Pontevedra Cillenus lateralis 
was not uncommon. In the pine-woods about Vigo and 
Redondela (all apparently planted) but little was obtained 
beyond Spondylis, Hylotrupes, Leptura stragulata, Hylastes 
ater and Lrnobius mollis. On the heath-covered moorland 
about Brafiuelas and Ucedo the fine Crytocephalus cynarx 


* On Moncayo, in 1893, a white-flowered Hrica was noticed as being 
very attractive in the same way. 


Entomology in N.W. Spain. 165 


was occasionally brushed up with the sweeping-net, and in 
the boggy valleys here many small beetles were beaten 
from sallow, ete. as Rhynchenus foliorwm (in profusion), a 
Malachius, ete., most of which were familiar British forms. 
The numerous small streams hereabouts teemed with 
small fish, and in consequence but few aquatic Coleoptera 
were obtainable. 

The following is a list of the species so far as at present 
determined :— 


[Cang. = Cangas ; Cas. = Casayo; Braii, = Braiiuelas ; Barco = El Barco 
de Valdeorras ; Pont, = Pontevedra. ] 


Cicindela campestris, L., var. funebris, St., one specimen, 
on the mountains, Cas. Carabus melancholicus, F., Vigo. 
Omophron limbatus, F., Barco, on the banks of the Sil. 
Tachypus pallipes, Duft, and 7. flavipes, L., Barco. 
Cillenus lateralis, Sam., common on the tidal mud, Pont. 
Bembidium hispanicum, De}j., B. tricolor, F., B. quadrigut- 
tatum, F., Barco; B. ibericwum, Pioch., B. mannerheime, 
Sahlb., Brah.; B. decorwm, Panz., Cas.; B. elongatum, De}., 
Cas., Barco; B. articulatum, Gyll., B. quadrimaculatum, 
L., Barco, Brat. Tachys parvulus, Dej., Brati., Barco, Cas.; 
T. sexstriatus, Duft., Cas. Ocys harpaloides, Serv., Vigo. 
Pogonus chalceus, Marsh., Pont. Pacilus cwrulescens, L., Braii. 
Abacetus salzmanni, Germ. Brafi., Cas. Amara lifrons, 
Gyll., Cas. Zabrus asturiensis, Heyd., one specimen, on 
the mountains, Cas. Harpalus neglectus, De}., H. attenu- 
atus, Steph., Cang.; H. honestus, Duft., Vigo, Cang., Cas. 
Anisodactylus binotatus, F., Vigo.  Stenolophus teutonus, 
Schr., Vigo, Pont. Acupalpus brunnipes, St. Vigo, 
Pont., common in damp places. Chlenius dives, Dej., 
rarely, on the mountains, Cas. Cymindis scapularis, 
Schm., Cas. 

Agabus guttatis, Payk., in the streams, Cas. 

Aleochara rufipennis, Er., Vigo. Polystoma obscwrella, 
Grav., Pont. Tachyusa balteata, Ey., Barco; 7. coarctata, 
Er., Barco, Vigo. Diglotta sinuaticollis, M. & R., El Marin. 
Mycetoporus brunneus, Marsh., Cas. Philonthus rufimanus, 
Er., on the banks of streams, Cas. Cafius xantholoma, 
Grav., swarming, and C. sericens, Holme, Cang. isnius 
procerulus, Grav., Cas. Lathrobiwm angustatum, Lac., 
Pont.; LZ. multipunctum, Grav., Barco, Braf., Vigo. 
Pederus caligatus, Er., and P. sangwinicollis, Steph., Vigo, 


166 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr, G. C. Champion on 


Bran., Barco, etc. Scopxus levigatus, Gyll., Vigo. Sunius 
uniformis, Duv., Vigo. Stenus ocellatus, Fauv., Braii., Cas. ; 
S. bipunctatus, Er. Barco; S. guttula, Miill., Cas.; 8. 
atratulus, Kr., Pont., Braii.; 8. tar salis, Ljungh, Braf.; 8. 
ossium, Steph., Pont. : S. declaratus, Er., S. pusillus, Er, 
Barco. Bledius grelisi, Fauv., Pont. : B. longulus, Er., 
Barco. 

Mastigus palpalis, Latr., Cas. Liodes nigrita, Schmidt, 
Bra. Olibrus millefolti, Payk., Brat.; O. bisignatus, Mén., 
Cas.; O. flavicornis, St., Cas. Melanophthalma distin- 
gquenda, Com., and M. fulvipes, Com., Cang. Brachypterus 
cinerus, Heer, Brafi. Meligethes fuscus, Oliv., Braii., Vigo. 
Attagenus trofasciatus, F., Vigo.  Pelochares versicolor, 
Walt], Barco. Limnichus pygmexus, St., Barco. Hister 
sinuatus, F., Vigo. Saprinus immundus, Gyll., S. mari- 
timus, Steph., on the sandy beach, Cang. 

Sisyphus schefferi, L., Vigo, Cas., Pont., not rare. Ontho- 
phagus tawrus, Schr., Vigo; O. schreberi, L., Vigo. Oniti- 
cellus fulvus, Goeze, Bran. Aphodius hemorrhoidalis, L., 
Cas. ; A. fetens, F., dark var. Vigo. Ammacius frigidus, 
Bris., Cas., rarely on the mountains. Plewrophorus cxsus, 
Panz., Vigo. Geotrupes hypocrita, Serv., rarely, and G. 
coruscans, Chevr., in abundance, on fresh horse-dung, Cas. 
Oryctes grypus, Ill, Cas. Rhizotrogus cantabricus, Heyd. 
(felicitanus, Reitt.), flying in the hot sun, on the mountain 
slopes, the ¢ in numbers, the ? singly, Cas., Bra. -Anoxia 
villosa, F., Vigo. Hymnenoplia, sp., in profusion, locally, on 
orass- stems, Vigo, Cas., etc. Chasmatoperus hirtulus, Ul., in 
abundance on flowers, Vigo, Cas. Anisoplia betica, Er., 
all its varieties, swarming in places, on plants by the del 
side, Cas., Brafi, Hoplia philanthus, Fiiss]., Brati., Vigo. 
Potosia morio, F., in thistle-heads, Cas. Leucocelis stictica, 
L., Vigo, Cas. TZvrichius gallicus, Heer, rarely, Cas. 

Anthazia funerala, Ul., and A. millefolr, F., in flowers, 
Cas., Brafi. Acmeodera teniata, F., and A. sp., Cas. 
Corebus xneicollis, Villers, in abundance on young oaks, 
Cas. Agrilus biguttatus, F., Cas.; A. cinctus, Oliv., Cas. ; 
A. roscidus, Kies., Brai.; A. derasofasciatus, Lac., Cas. ; 
A. angustulus, Ill., Cas.; A. hyperici, Cr., Vigo. <Aphanis- 
ticus emarginatus, Villa, and A. pusillus, Oliv., Brai., 
Vigo. 

Melanotus tenebrosus, Er., swarming on a white-flowered 
Daphne, on the hillsides at Vigo, also at Casayo. Cardio- 
phorus signatus, Oliv., with the preceding, also at Bratiuelas; 


sald nei AT a ol C8, eo Fe GaP ge OS a i OORT ON TN naa A aa “i 


Entomology in NW. Spain. 167 


C. atramentarius, Er. Vigo; C. equisetc, Herbst, Vigo. 
Athous godarti, Muls., A. angustulus, Cand., and others of 
the genus, Cas., etc. 

Hydrocyphon deflexicollis, Miill., on sallows, Brat. Cyphon 
variabilis, Thunb., with the preceding. Lampyris noctiluca, 
L., males attracted to light, Cas., Brafi., Barco. Telephorus 
bivittatus, Mars., Cas., 7. rufus, L., Brat. Malthodes forci- 
pyfer, Kies.?, Vigo, Cas. in plenty, Hbeus glabricollis, 
Rey, Vigo, Barco, Brafi. Malthinus sp., common on oaks, 
Vigo. Colotes punctatus, Er.?, in plenty at the roots of 
plants on the sand-dunes, Cangas. Antholinus amiclus, 
Er., Cas., Vigo, Bran. Charopus plumbeomicans, Goeze, 
Vigo, Brafi. Malachius barnevillei, Puton, and others 
of the genus, Cas.; M. viridis, F., Bran. Henicopus 
heydeni, Kies., Barco, Bran., Cas., swarming in places, on 
grass-stems, the two forms of the 2 occurring together 
with the a &f; A. hoplotarsus, Duv., Vigo. Dasytes 
subeneus, Schonh., Cas. Psilothrix cyanews, Oliv., Bran. 
Haplocnemus andalusicus, Ros.,Cas. Danacwa sp. n. ?, Cas. 
Lobonyx xneus, F., sparingly on Helianthemum-flowers, on 
the mountain-slopes, Cas. TZrichodes octopunctatus, F., 
Cas.; 7. lewcopsideus, Oliv., Cas.; 7. apiarius, L., Braii., 
Cas.; 7. ammios, F., Brah. Hrnobius mollis, L., on pines, 
Vigo. Xyletinus laticollis, Duft. 2, Cas. 

Hrodius tibialis, L., commonly, on the sand-dunes, 
Cangas. Tentyria sp., Cangas. Asida leonensis, Esc., 
Barco, a single specimen found in the road ; A. sabulosa, 
Goeze, Vigo. Heliopathes sp. n. ?, a very distinct form, Vigo, 
two specimens, on the hillsides. H. montivagus, Muls., 
ete, Cas. Micrositus sp., under stones, Barco, Cas. Calo- 
metopus clypeatus, Germ., Cas. Helops laticollis, Kiist., 

, Barco. Gonodera hispanica, Kies., Cas. Omophlus 
ruficollis, F., on flowers, etc., one of the commonest beetles 
in Spain., Cas., Vigo, ete. Lagria rubida, Graells, Cas. 
Scraptia dulia, Oliv., Cas. Xylophilus neglectus, Duv., on 
oaks, Vigo, Pont. Notowus trifasciatus, Rossi, and Jy. 
monoceros, L., Vigo, Brat.  Anthicws rodriguesi, Latr., 
A. fenestratus, Schm., and A. tristis, Schm., Vigo. Jor- 
della aculeata, L., common on flowers, Cas., etc. Oe 0coma 
schreberi, ¥., Cas. Zonabris dufowri, Graells, common on 
flowers, Cas., a very active species, readily taking to 
wing, and hiding away at the roots of plants immediately 
it drops from the flowers, of a pale straw colour when 
alive; Z. dejean, Gyll, Z. 4-punetata, L., Cas.,  ete., 


168 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on 


Z. hieracti, Graells, Vigo. Coryna billbergi, Gyll., Cas. 
Hdemera podagrarie, L., common and very variable, Cas. ; 
CH. flaviges, F., Vigo, Pont., Barco; @. barbara, F., Vigo ; 
(EZ. nobilis, Scop., and Gf. lwrida, Marsh., Vigo. 
Otiorrhynchus dentipes, Graells, on the mountains, Cas. 
Phyllobius tuberculifer, Chevr., common, Vigo, Cas., ete. 
Polydrusus setifrons, Duv., Vigo. Sciaphilus carinula, Oliv., 
Vigo, Pont., Cas., on Genistu. Barypithes sulcifrons, Boh., 
Cas. Strophosomus ovulum, Seidl., Vigo, Barco, Bran. (the 
type was from this locality); S. erinaceus, Chevr., Cas. ; 
S. retusus, Marsh., Vigo, Cas., etc. DBrachyderes lusitanicus, 
¥., a common species on oaks, pines, etc., Vigo, Pont., 
Cas., Barco; 2. incanus, L., Cas. Husomus smaragdulus, 
Fairm., an interesting form with metallic green scales, on 
Genista, Vigo. Sitones cambricus, Steph., Vigo. Cneorrhinus 
ludificator, Gyll., Vigo, etc., on Genista, not rare and easily 
abraded, Vigo, Cas., Pont.; C. dispar, Graells, Vigo, Cas. 
Cleonus tigrinus, Panz., Barco. Lizus spartii, Oliv., Cas., 
Pont. Larinus buccinator, Oliv., Vigo; L. planus, ¥F., Cas. 
Gronops lunatus, F., Vigo. Pachytychius sparsutus, Oliv., 
in profusion on a large Grenista, also bred from the 
woolly seed-pods of the same plant, Vigo, Pont.; P. sca- 
bricollis, Ros, Cas. Smicronyx sp. ?, Celiodes clicis, Bedel, 
Cas.; C. erythroleucus, Gmel., Pont.  Ceuthorrhynchus 
campestris, Gyll., Vigo; C. litura, F., erice, Gyll., Cas., 
Bran.; C. geographicus, Goeze, Vigo. Ceuthorrhynchidius 
dawson, Bris, Cangas. Phytobius waltoni, Boh., Brat. 
Balaninus turbatus, Gyll., common on oaks, Vigo, Pont. 
Balanobius ochreatus, Fihr., Vigo; &. pyrrhoceras, Marsh., 
Vigo, Cas. Anthonomus rubi, Herbst, Vigo, Bran. Sibinia 
potentille, Germ., Bra. Rhynghenus erythropus, Germ., Le. 
quercus, L., R. ilicis, F., and FR. avellane, Donov., on oaks, 
Cas.; 2. foliorwm, Miill., swarming on sallows, Bran. ; 2. 
sparsus, Fihr., in marshy ground, Brat. Fhamphus puli- 
carius, Herbst, Vigo. Gymnetron tetrum, F., Vigo. Miarus 
campanule, L., Brafi., Cas. Manophyes lythri, F., Vigo. 
Apion flavofemoratwm, Herbst,* im abundance, and A. 
argentatum, Gerst., sparingly, on Genista, Vigo, Pont.; A. 
elongatissimum, Desbr., on Genista, Vigo; A. wenckeri, Bris., 
Vigo; A. perrisi, Wenck., Vigo, Bran.; A. acwminatum, 
Schilsky, Vigo; A. cantabricum, Desbr., Vigo, Cas.; 4. 
eyanescens, Gyll., Vigo, Brat.; A. curtulwm, Desbr., on a 


* J am indebted to Herr J. Schilsky for the names of various species of 
this genus. 


Entomology in N.W. Spain. 169 


white-flowered Daphne, Vigo; A. levicolle, Kirb., A. 
immune, Kirb., A. lott, Kirb., A. ervi, Kirb., Vigo; A. 
desbrocherst, Kirsch, Brafi.; A. nigritarse, Kirb., Bran. ; 
A. sedi, Germ., Pont.; A. xthiops, Herbst, A. varipes, 
Germ., Brafi.; A. carduorum, Kirb., Vigo, Cas., A. 
striatum, Marsh., Cas., Barco; A. assimile, Kirb., Cas. 
Auletes pubescens, Kies., Braii., Vigo. Rhynchites sericeus, 
Herbst, on young oaks, Cas.; 2. cawruleocephalus, Schall., 
Vigo; F.nanus, Payk., Vigo. Cyphus nitens, Scop., common 
on oaks, Cas., Vigo. Hylastes ater, Payk., Vigo. Bruchus 
biguttatus, Oliv., var. fulvipennis, Germ., Cas. 

Spondylis buprestoides, L., in the pine-woods, Vigo. 
Leptura fontenayi, Muls., Brat. ; L.fulva, De G., commonly, 
and L. distigma, Charp., rarely, on Umbellifere, Cas.; L. 
stragulata, Germ., not rare in the pine-woods, Vigo; J. 
maculata, Poda, L. nigra, L., and L. melanwra, L., Cas. 
Stenopterus ater, L., commonly, on flowers by the roadside, 
Barco; S. flavicornis, Kiist., Cas. Hylotrupes bajulus, L., 
Vigo. Xylotrechus arvicola, Oliv., Cas., Barco. Clytanthus 
trifasciatus, F., Vigo, Barco, Brai.; C. figuratus, Scop., 
Cas.; C. massiliensis, L., Cas. Clytus rhamni, Germ., Cas. 
Agapanthia asphodeli, Latr., and A. cardi, L., Cas. 

Donacia versicolorea, Brahm, very small, and D. discolor, 
Panz., Bran. Crioceris lili, Scop, Cas. Lachnxa sex- 
punctata, Scop., L. tristigma, Lac., and L. pubescens, Duf., 
on oak, etc., Vigo, Cas. Brat. Labidostomis lusitaniea, 
Germ., Vigo, Cas. Clythra leviuscula, Retz., common on 
oak, Vigo, Brafi.; C. atraphaxidis, Pall. Cas.  Gynan- 
drophthalma concolor, F., Vigo, Cas. Cryptocephalus cynare, 
Suffr., Cas. Brafi., sparingly, on heath, ete.; C. sewmacu- 
latus, Oliv., C. bimaculatus, F., Cas.; C. bipunctatus, L., 
common, Cas., Braf., Vigo; C. lusitanicus, Suffr., on 
Genista, Cas.; C. crassus, Oliv., Cas.; C. koyi, Suffr., Vigo, 
Cas. ; C. vittatus, F., C. mystacatus, Suffr., Vigo ; C. globi- 
collis, Suffr., C. violaceus, Laich., Cas.; C. morexi, L., and 
vars., Cas., Brafi.; C. rufipes, Goeze, and vars., Bran. ; C. 
pygmeus, F., Cas. Brat. Pachybrachys hippophaés, Suttr., 
Cas., Barco, Braf.; P. viridissimus, Suffr., Cas., Braii. 
Stylosonus minutissimus, Germ., in profusion on sallows, 
Vigo. Chysomela diluta, Germ., in abundance at roots of 
grass, on the sand-dunes, Cangas; C. americana, L., Cas. ; 
C. rufoxnea, Suffr., Brafi.; C. sanguinolenta, L., Cangas; 
C. hyperici, Forst., Cas. Hydrothassa aucta, F., Bran. 
Plagiodera versicolora, Laich., Vigo. Exosoma lusitanicum, 


170 Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. G. C. Champion on 


L., abundant on flowers, Vigo, etc. Luperus nigrofasciatus, 
Goeze, Vigo, Brai.; Z. lividus, Joann., Brafi.; L. sp. 2, 
near niger, Goeze, in abundance on sallows, Vigo. Loch- 
mea capree, L., var. scutellata, Chevr., on sallows, Braii. 
Lpitriz pubescens, Koch, Vigo. Hispa atra, L., Vigo; H. 
testacea, L., Vigo, Cas. 

Subcoccinella 24-punctata, L., Vigo. Adonia variegata, 
Goeze, Brafi. Halyzia 16-guttata, L., Pont. Adalia oblite- 
rata, L., Vigo. Coccinella 14-pustulata, L., common, Braii.; 
C. congloblata, L., Cas. Hxochomus flavipes, Thunb., Vigo, 
Pont. Hyperaspis reppensis, Herbst, Vigo. Micraspis 16- 
punctata, L., Brai. Platynaspis luteorubra, Goeze, Pont., 
Vigo, Cas. Scymnus, spp., Vigo, ete. 

The Hemiptera-Heteroptera observed were as follows :— 

Lurygaster maura, L., Cas. Bra. Cydnus sp., at roots 
of grass, Cang. Ochetostethus nanus, H.-S., Vigo. Neotti- 
glossa infleca, Wolff, Bratt. Palomena viridissima, Poda, 
Vigo. Peribalus sphacelatus, F., Pont. Piezudorus litura- 
tus, F., Pont. Hurydema oleracewm, L., Cas; E. dominu- 
lus, Scop., Barco.  Syromastes marginatus, F., Vigo. 
Verlusia sulcicornis, F., Vigo.  Pseudophleus falleni, 
Schill, on the sand-hills, Cangas. Camptopus lateralis, 
Ger., Barco, Stenocephalus agilis, Scop., Vigo. Bothrostethus 
annulipes, Costa, var. sabulicola, Horv.?, Vigo, three 
specimens, Corews hirticornis, F., Cas. Corizus crassicornis, 
L., Bran., Barco, Cas.; C. subrufus, Gmel., Cas. Lygeus 
pandurus, Scop., Vigo; L. superbus, Poll., Bran. Lygexo- 
soma reticulatum, H.-S., Vigo. Cymus melanocephalus, Fieb., 
Vigo, Braii.; C. glandicolor, Hahn, Brah. Macroplax fasci- 
ata, H.-S., Braii., Vigo, Cas. Tropistethus holosericeus, Schtz., 
Pont. Plinthisus minutissimus, Fieb., Pont. Stygnocoris 
pedestris, Fall., Vigo. Aphanus pineti, H.-S.,Cas. Beosus 
maritimus, Scop., Braii. Hmblethis angustus, Mont., Cas. 
Serenthia lxta, Fall., Bran. Dictyonota fuliginosa, Costa, 
Vigo; D. strichnocera, Fieb., Vigo. Monanthia haumuali, 
F., Bran. Gerris najas, De G., Braii.; G. gibbifer, Schm., 
Brat. Harpactor iracundus, Poda, Brat, Cas., Vigo ; 
fT. erythropus, L., Vigo; H. sanguineus, F., Brait., Vigo. 
Coranus egyptius, F., Vigo.  Nabis ferus, L., Vigo; 
N. rugosus, L., Vigo; N. ericetorwm, Schtz., Braii., Vigo. 
Salda cocksi, Curt., Branh. Pithanus merkeli, H.-S., Bran. 
Miris calearatus, Fall., Bratt. Lopus sulcatus, Fieb., Cas. ; 
L. cingulatus, F., Vigo.  Monalocoris filicis, L., Vigo. 
Phytocoris tiliew, F., Pont.; P. exoletus, Costa, Brat. 


Entomology in N.W. Spain. Wee 


Miridius quadrivirgatus, Costa, Vigo.  Calocoris sex- 
guttatus, F., Cas.; C. roseomaculatus, De G., Cas., Pont., 
Brat. Grypidius noualhiert, Reut., Vigo. Brachycoleus 
scriptus, F., Cas. Lygus montanus, Schill, Cas. Cypho- 
dema wnstabile, Luc, Vigo. Peciloscytus untfasciatus, F., 
Braii. Capsus cordiger, Hahn, Braii., Cas., Vigo; C. ruber, 
L., Cas., Vigo; C. scutellaris, F., Brafi. Orthocephalus 
saltator, Hahn, Vigo. Strongylocoris obscurus, Ramb., Cas., 
Vigo, Pont., Brafi.; S. cicadifrons, Costa, Cas. Brafi. 
Globiceps sphegiformis, Rossi, Braii., Cas.; C. flavomacu- 
latus, F., Cas., Barco.  Halticus apterus, L., Vigo; H. 
luteicollis, Panz., Cas. Pachyxyphus lineellus, Muls., Vigo. 
Sthenarus ocularis, M. & R., Cas., Pont.; S. bicolor, Muls., 
Cas. Pelocoris marginatus, Latr., Barco. 


EXPLANATION OF PLates V—XI. 


[See Explanation facing the PLATES | 


iS Ge aoa 


VILL. On Some Teratological Specimens. By 'T. A, CHAP- 
MAN, M.D., F.Z.S. 


[Read March 6th, 1907.] 
Prare XM: 


Mr. KENNETH J. Morton recently sent me a specimen 
of Capnia atra with a three-fold tarsus on one hind-leg, 
and Mr. A. Bacot placed in my hands a specimen of Cato- 
cala nupta with a duplicate tarsus on the fore-leg. It so 
happens that a more unusual aberration of structure has 
occurred in a specimen of Hastula hycrana amongst those 
I have recently been rearing. Though the latter has 
probably nothing in common “with the other two, still as 
all are aberrations of structure they may be noted to- 
gether. I have illustrated them all in Plate XII; though 
somewhat diagrammatic, the outlines are fairly accurate in 
all important points, being from camera sketches. 

The specimen of Hastula hycrana is a pupa that pos- 
sesses jaws of the larval pattern. I have never before met 
with such a specimen, nor read of such an one, but this is 
possibly due to my defective literary explorations. 

It is perhaps necessary to make it clear that these 
mandibles are pupal structures. We see, and more often 
hear of, pupee, and even imagines with larval heads. Of 
these this description is accurate, the head is a larval 
head, ¢. e. the head of the larva, not cast at the moult but 
remaining 7 siéw and having within it the pupal and 
imaginal heads proper. 

These mandibles are not a persistence of larval man- 
dibles, but the pupal mandibles, failing to recede to the 
simple pupal form, but taking on one almost identical 
with that characteristic of the larva. 

On the plate Fig. 1 represents the head parts from the 
front of a normal pupa. The maxille and labial palpi 
below, the labrum with two hairs basally and the small 
triangular mandibles (in this and many other species, 
quadrangular, the apex being truncate), in the angle 
between the labrum above and the maxillxe below, the 
apex just touching the labium. Figs. 2 and 3 represent 
the specimen we are considering. Fig. 2 nearly in profile, 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 


174 Dr. T. A. Chapman on 


Fig. 3 nearly front view. The mandibles do not he flat 
as in Fig. 1, but project nearly at right angles to the 
surface. Whatever other causes there may be for this 
position, one is imperative, they are too large in every 
dimension to occupy the space provided for the normal 
pupal jaws. 

It is the empty pupa case we are examining, so that the 
hiatus in Fig. 3 between the face and the maxilla is pos- 
sibly due to opening on dehiscence, but even so, it was 
rendered easy by the size of the mandible preventing 
correct apposition. The space seen between this man- 
dible and the labium is however a hollow, into which the 
mandible ought to have folded down. This hollow existed 
before dehiscence. 

The jaws are conspicuous not only by their projection 
but also by possessing the black colour, quite dense along 
the margin, so common in larval jaws. It is indeed more 
intense than in the larva of H. hyerana, in which the 
darkness is only intense along the teeth and is there only 
deep brown. They appear to possess precisely the same 
teeth as those of the larva, viz. five, of which the lower is 
broad and flat. I say appear, because though the teeth 
are evident enough, they are somewhat less crisp and 
sharp than in the larva, and one might count them per- 
haps as four or six. This is due to the circumstance, that 
the mandibles are not smooth and polished like those of 
the larva, but have a finely wrinkled and sculptured sur- 
face, similar to the pupal surface generally. They are in 
no way articulated, but are continuous with the rest of 
the pupal surface, though they are in a sense well marked 
off from it. But on closer scrutiny, a definite suture line 
as in the normal pupa is not easily determined, for ex- 
ample in the figure 2, the near mandible shows a quasi- 
suture at the base of the blackest piece, this however is 
followed by a wrinkled base, marked off by a slighter 
possibly sutural line so that one cannot say certainly which 
is the one that divides jaw from face. 

I awaited the emergence of the moth from this pupa 
with some interest. It had some difficulty in emerging, 
it left a portion of one antenne in the pupa case, and more 
or less damaged all its wings, I imagine, in struggles to 
free itself, It succeeded, however, and expanded its. wings. 
These difficulties had no immediate relation to the ab- 
normal pupal jaws, but probably resulted from some 


some Teratological Specimens. 175 


defect arising from the same causes, whatever they were, 
that led to the mandibular aberration. The mouth parts 
of the imago presented no trace of difference from the 
ordinary typical specimen. 

I have given in Figs. 4 and 5 outlines of the larval jaws, 
Fig. 4 of the full-grown feeding larva, and Fig. 5 of the 
estivating larva, jaws that it uses for no other purpose 
than to eat the cast skin. The differences between the 
two jaws of each pair are not altogether due to bad draw- 
ing, and not of course to any differences between the jaws 
of either side, but simply to a difference of angle of the 
specimens under the camera, It will be noticed that the 
estivating jaws are smaller than the feeding ones, and 
the pupal ones smaller still (all are to same scale, a 
magnification of 22 diameters). 

Inthe Ent. Mo. Mag., 1896, pp.54—80, I related some cases 
of larvee of Agrotis comes that became larvee with some 
pupal characters on taking the moult that would normally 
have been that to pupa. The present is the only case of 
a similar sort I have since met with. In that case the 
active cause was some delay of development owing to 
irregular starvation. In this one I do not know the larval 
history, but the specimen was the very last to pupate out 
of some 430 examples. So that, if not starvation, some 
causes delaying the progress of development must have 
been active, but produced no visible effects except that on 
the mandibles and the difficulty of emergence from the 
pupa, whatever that may have been. 

The specimen of Catocala nupta was exhibited at the 
Entomological Society on December 5th by Mr. Bacot. 
The left fore-leg has a widened and thickened tibia, with 
one tarsus almost normal and a second of smaller size 
beside it. When it came into my possession, the super- 
numerary tarsus had lost the last two joints by some 
accident, the third joint showing plaimly that they had 
existed and were not absent congenitally. I have restored 
them conjecturally on the plate. The supernumerary 
tarsus is more slender than the normal one and of about 
two-thirds its length. 

The specimen of Capnia atra is somewhat similar. In 
this case the tarsus affected is of the posterior leg. The 
tibia is normal or nearly so, but the first tarsal joint 
is much widened and carries at its broad extremity three 
second tarsal joints, each with normal third joints, claws 


176 Dr. T. A. Chapman on some Teratological Specimens. 


and appendages. I have here placed a normal limb, as 
with the C. nupta, for comparison. The affected joints are 
apparently fractionally shorter than normal, but perhaps a 
little wider than the healthy one. The basal joint of 
course is much broader, and may be regarded as _ three 
joints fused side by side. 

My experiments in regenerations of limbs, of which I 
have not yet published a large number, performed some 
years ago, lead me to believe that these supernumerary 
limbs are all instances of regeneration, or if not all, at 
least a large proportion of them ; just as lizards occasion- 
ally regenerate two or even three tails. 

I picture the group of embryonic cells, which form the 
regenerative centre, broken up, by the injury by which 
the limb is lost, into two or more portions ; and each of 
these portions performs its functions of developing into a 
new limb without reference to the others. This result, is 
sufficiently rare to make it probable that injury rarely 
divides up this no doubt very minute portion of tissue, and 
that when it does, the divided portions succeed in most 
cases in reuniting, or all but one of the separated portions 
are mortally injured. 

All three specimens have been placed in the Natural 
History Museum, South Kensington. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII. 


[See Explanation facing the PLate.] 


IX. On a remarkable undescribed form of Moth belonging 


to the famely Tineide. By Lirut.-CoLoNEL 
CHARLES T. BinaHawm, F.ZS., F.ES. 


[Read February 6th, 1907.] 


PEATE XE 


Binsitta barvrowi, form. nov. 


g. Upper-side white with a shining silky gloss. Fore-wing with 
the following black markings :—a large square spot near the base of 
the costa, a larger rectangular patch just beyond, that extends trans- 
versely from the costa to the median vein, a border along the apical 
half of the costal margin, continued broadly from the apex of the 
wing along the anterior three-fourths of the termen and only slightly 
narrowed posteriorly ; at about two-thirds of the length of the wing 
from the base this black border is produced downwards in the form 
of an upper rounded discal patch. Looked at perpendicularly from 
above, the markings just described appear entirely black, but in a 
side light the scales, which are remarkably broad, densely packed and 
partially erect, take on beautiful metallic tints of blue and green of 
different shades and delicate lilac ; scattered over the medial area 
of the wing and along the edge of the apical half of the costa are 
curious erect little tufts of bright ferruginous scales. Hind-wing: 
apical third shaded with shining bronzy-brown that darkens out- 
wards and changes to metallic purple on the costal margin and apex 
of wing. Under-side white. Fore-wing: the black markings near 
base of wing somewhat as on the upper-side but more diffuse, no erect 
or semi-erect scaling; apical half of wing shaded with bronzy dark 
brown with a purple sheen in certain lights ; the dark shading con- 
tinued diffusely along the median vein towards the base. Hind- 
wing: apical third heavily shaded with metallic purplish-black scales. 
Cilia of the anterior two-thirds of the fore and of the anterior half 
of the hind-wing black with a metallic sheen, the rest white. An- 
tenn and the outer sides of the palpi near the base black, the front 
and inner side of the basal half of the palpi white, the apical half 
with tufts of bright ferruginous scales ; head, thorax and abdomen 
silky shining white, the apical segment of the latter black with a 
tuft of long white hairs ; beneath: the thorax and abdomen silky 
shining white, the latter with two rows of black spots on each side ; 
legs black with a few transverse white bars. 

Exp. ¢ 78 mm. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 12 


178 Lieut.-Col. Charles T. Bingham on 


fab. Upper Burma: Maymyo, 3000 ft; ? ANDAMANS. 

The only other form of the genus Binsitia described 
is niviferana, Walker, a much smaller insect (exp. ¢ f 
30-88 mm.) with the hind-wings of a buff-yellow colour, 
palpi white, and wing-markings which, though similar in 
character, are different in many ways. 

A single unnamed ¢ of a larger form from the Anda- 
mans is in the collection of the British Museum. This 
may possibly be conspecific with barrowi, but seems to 
differ in the colour of the palpi, which are white. The 
specimen, however, is very much rubbed, though otherwise 
in good condition. 

This very beautiful moth was discovered by Colonel 
Waller-Barrow, R.A.M.C. The specimen described had 
just emerged and was seated on the empty shell of the 
pupa, which was fixed, as shown in the plate, on the twig 
of a small silk-cotton tree (Bombax malabarica, D. C.). 
Colonel Barrow found two other similar pup on other 
branches of the same tree; one of these had unfortunately 
been parasitised, but the parasite (Ichnewmon or Bracon) 
had already matured and escaped. In colour the pupa is 
yellowish-brown, the head is blunt, and with the thorax 
and wing-cases broad and flattened. On the ventral side 
the 4th segment has two closely-approximate tubercles 
placed transversely, between which 1s a longitudinal short 
white streak; 5th to the 12th segments with transverse 
rows of small conical projections ; constrictions between 
the segments strongly marked ; 7th segment with a large 
conspicuous rounded black tubercle on each side, behind 
each of which is a larger pale yellow, or in one of the 
pupze white, tubercle; on the broad flattened truncated 
head, dividing the ventral from the dorsal side, is an im- 
pressed dark line. The pupa is fixed by its tail end ina 
semi-erect position to the twig on which it was found, and 
bears, as can be seen by the illustration, a striking re- 
semblance to the head of a snake and, strange to say, of a 
bird-eating tree-snake (Lycodon aulicus, Linn.) which is far 
from uncommon in Burma. 

At first I was inclined to think that this likeness might 
be protective, but the fact that the pups of Lepidoptera 
are often curiously, almost fantastically, like other natural 
objects is well known. I would instance the pupe of two 
forms of the little Lyczenid butterflies, Spalgis epius, West- 
wood, from India, and Spalgis s-signata, Holland, from 


aime ie at a i i a i Tl i et tee Ee i i eh ee 


ob a Pe eS 48 LV OS RE 


a remarkable undescribed form of Moth, Tineide. 179 


West Africa, figured in the Journal of the Bombay 
Natural History Society, vol. viii, 1893, p. 485. Carefully 
examined, these pupe are seen to be absurdly like monkeys’ 
faces, and in these two cases there can be no suggestion 
that the resemblance is protective, or that birds and lizards 
would see a likeness and be deterred from attacking them. 
The real fact is that we are entirely ignorant of the in- 
fluences in the environment (using the word in its widest 
sense) that mould the shapes of most natural objects 
around us, and to call strange resemblances such as those 
noted above “merely accidental” is only a confession of 
that ignorance. With regard to what are called “ pro- 
tective resemblances,” the only sure test as to whether 
they are really protective or not seems to me to lie not in 
experimenting with captured lizards and caged birds, but 
in patient watching and observations, repeated again and 
again in the field and in the forest, of the behaviour of 
bird and lizard—pre-eminent enemies of insects—when 
confronted in the course of their natural wanderings with 
cases of what we call protective mimicry. 

In conclusion, I have to thank Colonel Waller-Barrow 
for entrusting me with the specimens of the moth and its 
pupa described above. These he has now presented to 
the British Museum. I have also to express my great 
obligation to Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc., F.E.S., for the very 
beautiful photograph of the moth and pupa, from which 
the plate accompanying this paper has been reproduced. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. 


[See Hxplanation facing the PLars.| 


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€ CPB ING) 


X. On the remarkable resemblance between two species of 


Molippa. By E. DUKINFIELD JoNnES, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 
[Read 6th March, 1907.] 


PLATE XTYV. 


DuRiInG the many years I have lived in Brazil I have 
taken from time to time MJolippa sabina, Walker, which is 
a fairly common insect both in Sao Paulo and Parana. I 
found the larva in Sao Paulo feeding on Bauhinia, and in 
Parana on Bauhinia, Erythrina and Mimosa. 

In 1896 at Castro, Parana, I took some Saturniid cater- 
pillars on Mimosa that were new to me, and to my astonish- 
ment they produced moths that were apparently identical 
with JM, sabina, On sending specimens of the moth to 
Mr. W. Schaus, he gave me the species as JZ. sabina, and I 
came to the conclusion that this moth had a dimorphic 
larva. This conclusion was strengthened by my finding, 
on January 27th, 1899, a group of larve on AZimosa, some 
of which, just about to change skin (probably 3rd change), 
were of the normal form and colour, while others that had 
already changed were of the new form and colour. 

Since my return to England in 1902 I have shown the 
imagines of the two species, of which I have a good series, 
to several entomologists, and the opinion has invariably 
been that the two forms were the same species, so close is 
the resemblance between them. 

Last autumn it occurred to me that a comparison of the 
male genitalia might settle the question. The examina- 
tion proved satisfactorily that the two species are distinct, 
the form of the wncus being quite sufficient to establish 
this, all the males bred from what I have called the normal 
form of larva having the wacuvs as shown in Fig. 2a, and in 
those from the other larva as in Fig. lv. The finding of 
the larve of the two species associated in changing skin 
was fortuitous and misleading. 

The two species with dissections of the genitalia and 
photographs of the larve were exhibited at the meeting of 
the Society on Nov. 7th, 1906. 

On examining Walker’s type of sabina in the British 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (JUNE) 


182 Mr. E. D. Jones on two species of Molippa. 


Museum I found the wneus easily visible and agreeing 
with Fig. 2a. The other species I propose to name JM. 
smallima. The description of the new species may be left 
as that of JZ. sabina, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. vi, p. 
1345 (1855), for though the specimens vary considerably 
from the type of Jf. sabina, they do not do so more than 
the individuals of sabina do among themselves. The 
genitalia must be consulted for identifying the species. 

It is interesting to find both species of larva feeding on 
the same food plant at the same season of the year. Both 
species are gregarious. 

The coloration of the larvee in relation to their habits is 
worthy of note. J. sabina is in the last stage of a dull grey 
or slightly drab colour with black markings, the spines 
being grey (Fig. 20), and this larva rests during the day- 
time near the ground on the trunk of the tree on which it 
feeds, a cluster of them having a wonderful resemblance to 
a patch of a mossy lichen that is very common in the 
woods about Castro. JL simzilima, on the other hand, rests 
during the day on the twigs amongst the leaves and 
flowers of the A/imosa, and the colour is yellow with black 
marblings, the spines being yellow (Fig. 10). This colora- 
tion combines so well with the surroundings that the 
caterpillar, though a brilliant object, is well concealed 
from its enemies. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. 


[See Explanation facing the PLATE.] 


JUNE 20TH, 1907. 


#f8d>) 


XI. The Life History of Tetropium gabrieli, Ws. = T. 
fuscum, Sharp = T. crawshayi, Sharp, etc. By 
the Rev. G. A. CRawsuHay, M.A., F.E.S. 


[Read March 6th, 1907.] 


PLATES! X VX Xe 


I HAVE already stated (Ent. Mo. Mag., Sec. Ser., Vol. xvi, 
p. 223) how on comparing any original series of 180 speci- 
mens of a Zetropium, reared by myself May—June 1905, 
at Leighton Buzzard with the series of 7. luridum, L., in 
the British Museum, I was a little doubtful as to their 
identity with the latter species. 

Accordingly I submitted a specimen to M. Bedel for his 
opinion, who kindly drew my attention to a new species, 
T. gabrieli, lately described by Herr Weise, as follows :— 


Elongatum, nigrum, pedibus fulvis aut ferrugineis, fronte con- 
vexiuscula, haud canaliculata, prothorace disco nitido, crebre 
subtilius punctato, latera versus opaco, creberrime ruguloso-punctato 
et subtilissime granulato, elytris opacis, elevato-lineatis. 

Long. 95-14 mm. 

Var. a. Elytris obscure ferrugineis, femoribus nigris, tibiis tarsisque 
rufo-piceis. 

(Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1905, p. 136.) 


With this information I handed over my material to 
Dr. D. Sharp for determination as he was working at the 
genus at the time, with the result that he pronounced 
the Leighton Buzzard insect a new species, naming it 
T. crawshayt and describing it thus :— 


Fere angustum, subdepressum, nigrum; antennis, tibiis, tarsisque 
piceis ; vertice in medio haud, vel vix, depresso; prothorace vix 
transverso, ubique crebre, fere zequaliter punctato (i.e. areis levigatis 
fere nullis), margine basali obsolete elevata. 

Long 12-16 mm. 

(Ent. Mo. Mag., Ser. II, Vol. xvi, p. 271.) 


Dr. Sharp suggested the possibility of this insect 
ultimately proving identical with 7. gabrieli, but, in con- 
sideration of the entirely red legs of the single specimen 
of 7. gabricli communicated by Herr Weise, as compared 
with the black femora constant throughout my long series, 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907,—PART II. (SEPT.) 138 


184 Rey. G. A. Crawshay on the 


together with other slightly different characters, he decided 
to make the Leighton Buzzard insect distinct. 

Two years prior to this Mr. F. Bouskell had discovered 
a red-legged Tetropiwm in some numbers near Leicester, 
June 15, 1903 (Ent. Record, 1903, p. 288). 

These specimens were erroneously reported to be taken 
from Spruce Fir (Picea excelsa), I had taken crawshayt 
exclusively from Zaria ewropwa which is deciduous and 
bears a very different bark. 

Reasonable doubt existing as to whether these two 
British forms were one and the same species, I made it 
my object to clear up this point by a series of breeding 
experiments. 

In Nov. 1905 I reared my first few specimens of the 
red-legged form from a log of Larix ewropea which con- 
tained also the form with black femora (crawshayt). 

This afforded a probability that they were one species, 
though as yet there was no proof that two different species 
had oviposited on this log. 

By August 1906 I had succeeded in rearing the form with 
black femora (crawshayi) from two red-legged parents. All 
intergradations of colour in the femora from ferruginous 
to black occurred in this series. 

Accordingly I was able to pronounce these two, in their 
extreme forms, different-looking insects to be one species. 

Would this prove to be 7. gabrieli ? 

To clear up this point I forwarded Herr Weise a long 
series of 7. crawshayi, asking him for his opinion on the 
subject. JI have at length heard from him to the effect 
that he considers 7. crawshayi a form of gabricli and has 
kindly communicated his single example of gabriela for my 
inspection. 

I concur with Herr Weise in this opinion. 

T. crawshayi then becomes a synonym for 7’. gabrielt and 
may be allowed to stand for that form which so largely 
predominates in this country, viz. with black elytra and 
black femora. 

This I propose to name 7’. gabrieli, var. b. 


I append a description in English of the type form and 
vars. :— 


Type form. Elongate, rather depressed, black ; legs and antennze 
ferruginous, tawny, pitchy-red ; palpi tawny to pitchy-red ; apex 
of abdomen tawny, pitchy-red, black ; frons conyex, not canaliculate ; 


a ar 


Life History of Tetropium gabrieli. 185 


thorax, disc shining, closely and rather finely punctured, duller at 
sides which are punctate-granulate, basal margin obsoletely raised ; 
elytra black, dull, with three more or less raised longitudinal lines, 
golden or grey pubescence on basal third more or less pronounced : 
¢d with joints of front tarsi and femora broader, and antenne longer 
than 9°. T. gabrieli, Ws. 

Long. 10-16 mm. 

Var. a. Elytra obscurely ferruginous, femora black, tibiae and 
tarsi pitchy-red. 

Var. b (= T. crawshayi, Sharp). Elytra black, femora black, tibize 
and tarsi pitchy-red. 


In England, 7. gabrielit, type form, known by its red 
legs, is In my experience local. Var. a, described by Herr 
Weise as bearing obscurely ferruginous elytra and black 
femora, has not occurred; and var. b, distinguished by its 
black elytra and black femora, I have found wherever I 
have searched for it where there has been a reasonable 
amount of Larix europea. 

It seems likely that the species has been widely estab- 
lished in this country since Larch began to be generally 
planted for its economic value, about a century ago. 
At the same time, it may have established itself at an 
earlier date still, for Larch has been grown for ornamental 
purposes in England for over two centuries. 

T. gabrielt may be distinguished from 7’, luridwm both 
by the canaliculate frons of the latter and, as Dr. Sharp 
has pointed out, the more strongly-raised basal margin of 
its thorax. 

I observe, also, the head and thorax are considerably 
more shining in /wridwm owing to a more sparing punctu- 
ation, especially on the disc of the latter, a good character 
which has hitherto escaped notice. 

In this brightness of the thorax gabrieli is intermediate 
between fuscum and luridwm, fuscum being the dullest of 
the three. 

From fuscum, gabrielt may be known by the dull head 
and thorax of the former, due to a coarser punctuation, 
and also to granulation on the disc, which latter character 
is absent in gabriela and luridum. 

Also the thorax in jwsewm is always more coarsely 
pubescent than in gabrieli and luridwm, and its band of 
pubescence on the basal third of the elytra nearly always 
more clearly defined. 


186 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the 


CAPTURE AND DistriBpuTION.—In England 7. gabrieli 
has occurred as follows :— 


Near Bletchworth, Surrey, H. Saunders 1901 
Esher, Surrey, G. E. Bryant 1902 
Near Leicester, F. Bouskell 1903* 
King’s Lynn, EK. A. Atmore 1903 
Brockenhurst, M. A. Sharp 1903 
Leighton Buzzard, Rev. G. A. Crawshay 1905+ 
Elsfield, Oxon., J. J. Walker 1905 
Sandy, Beds, Rev. G. A. Crawshay 1905 
Brockenhurst, Rev. G. A. Crawshay 1905 


Fenny Stratford, Bucks, Rev. G. A. Crawshay 1905} 
Kings Langley, Herts, Rev. G. A. Crawshay 1906 


Enfield, Surrey, C. T. C. Pool 1906 
Near Romsey, Hants, Rev. G. A. Crawshay 1906 
Reading District, Dr. Norman Joy 1906 


Mr. G. C. Champion has communicated specimens taken 
by himself in 1899, “Simplon, Switzerland”; and another 
labelled : “ Mendel Pass, Austr. Tyrol, R.W.L., 1896.” 

The insect will doubtless occur in older collections 
confused with 7. luridum. 


I first saw 7. gabrieli, var. b, at Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, 
on May 25th, 1905, a single example crawling outside a timber-yard. 

On searching the yard on the following day I observed a second 
example on the wing. It settled on a log of ash and I secured it. I 
then traced these specimens to a log of Larix ewropea which had 
been felled in a neighbouring plantation the year before and now 
lay in the timber-yard. 

In the bark lay a considerable number of imagines and a few 
pup. No larve occurred, and subsequent search only revealed two 
backward ones in the whole log. I had all the bark stripped off 
and portions of it laid in boxes covered with perforated zine and 
partly also with glass, that I might observe the insects. 

A good number soon emerged, about 180 in all, including those I 
had taken in the timber-yard. They paired readily. On the chance 
of getting them to oviposit, and, in order to secure the breed, I had 


* The earliest occurrence, in England, of the species, type form, 


in the tree. 

+ The earliest occurrence, in England, of var. b in the tree. 

{ An abnormally large tree, from which I estimate some 6000 or 
7000 individuals must have been reared. 


Life History of Tetropiwm gabrielt. 187 


a larch tree felled, by the kindness of a friend, and delivered to me 
in the early morning before Tetropiwm was on the move. The tree 
was a perfectly healthy one, and therefore was not likely to have 
been infected by the beetle before it was felled, and certainly not 
in transit. 

On an 8-ft. length of this I sleeved about 12 9 9 and a few 
¢ g early in June. I watched oviposition take place, and from this 
log eventually I took, in all, about 300 larve and imagines of the 
form with black femora exclusively, the only form known to me at 
the time. The larve mostly established themselves in their pupa- 
cells by the following October, and emerged the following May and 
June. 


HABiTat.—Larix ewropxa exclusively im my experrence 
in the wild state. Mulsant gives, as the habitat of the 
kindred species 7. luridwm, L.: “Pins, sapins, chéne ” 
(Hist. Nat. Col. de France, Longicornes, p. 115). It 
would be interesting to know if this species affects Larix. 
Mulsant’s silence as to Larix does not necessarily exclude 
this conifer from the food-plants of 7. /uridwm which he 
isenumerating. According to some modern classification of 
the Conifers: (Veitch, Man. Conif.), the tribe ABLETINA 
is divided into the sub-tribes :— 

(1) Pinex or Pines, including our familiar Scots Pine, etc. 

(2) Laricex, including the common European Larch, etc. 

(3) Sapinex or Firs, including the well-known Spruce 
Fir, ete. 

Probably Mulsant adopted the old classification which 
would include the Larches in Sapinex or “ Sapins.” 


Desirous to ascertain whether the larva of 7. gabrieli would feed 
in any other species of conifer than Larix ewropexa, and if so 
whether this would affect its coloration, in May 1906 I tested my 
beetles with a log of Pinus laricio, var. nigricans, Par.,* enclosing 
many ? @ on it with muslin. Contrary to expectation, the log 
subsequently produced a small number of larve. 

As Tetropiwm was at this time reported, though in error, to have 
occurred in Picea (Spruce Fir), I tested my beetles with a log of 
Picea excelsa, Link, fully expecting that they would not lay on it, 
or if they did, that the larvee would not live in it. The log 
subsequently produced a considerable number of larve. 

I was greatly surprised at this, for I have repeatedly found 
standing Larix inhabited by 7. gabrieli mingled with sickly, dying 


* So returned to me from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, by 
the courtesy of the Director. 


188 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the 


and dead Picea and other firs, and these latter trees have always 
been untouched by the beetle. 

In timber-yards also I have observed piles of Larix, many of 
which contained the beetle, with Picea close by infested by Sirex 
and other insects, but free from any trace of Vetropiwm,and both 
trees coming from the same plantation. 

In the same way I have always found the species avoid Pinus 
sylvestris, Linn. I have examined hundreds of this conifer dying 
and dead in Tetropium localities and found them unaffected by 
Tetropium, though the work of Criocephalus, Asemum and Rhagiwm 
was visible. 

The 2 2 which I enclosed on Picea and Pinus were restless and 
tried to eat their way through the muslin, while those enclosed on 
Larix settled down at once and oviposited freely, the larve hatching 
out and spreading over the entire surface of the log, 

In confinement then, and under compulsion, 7’. gabrieli is capable 
of living in Pinus and Picea, but prefers Larix ewropexa, multiplying 
in this tree so fast that the second brood will completely kill a dying 
tree of average dimensions, using up all the inner bark. 

Lire Cyciz.—The egg is laid in the outer bark. The larva 
consumes the soft bast, the cambium layer itself, and sometimes grazes 
superficially the youngest sapwood. Thus destroying the vital juices 
it soon kills completely a sickly tree. 

When full fed it either excavates a pupa-cell under the surface of 
the outer bark, or burrows in the wood and pupates there. 

The life cycle occupies a year. Appended are data concerning 
this (p. 189). 

THE Imaco.—In a hot temperature the beetles are very active 
in their movements, running rapidly over the surface of the bark, 
chasing each other, or lying quite flat to it, basking in the sunshine. 


They have also a peculiar habit of standing motionless, 
almost on tiptoe, with the body well away from the bark. 
The hind-legs being longer than the fore-legs, that part of 
the body is slightly tilted up in the air. 


More generally they creep under the plates of the bark and hide 
themselves entirely. Pairs secrete themselves under the lamine of 
the bark in cop. The species is, on the whole, fond of seclusion, and 
doubtless this is why it has escaped notice so long. There may be 
many imagos on a tree but very few visible at a time. I have placed 
as many as a dozen on a foot of 9-in. larch-pole and it has been 
difficult to find one at times. 

They appear to be exclusively diurnal in their habits. I have 
kept numbers in large boxes and flower-pots out of doors, covered 


nT 


189 


Life History of Tetropium gabrielt. 


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190 Rey. G. A. Crawshay on the 


with muslin, perforated zinc and glass, and, about sunset, in a warm 
temperature they have all crept down and hidden themselves under 
the broken pieces of bark. On uncovered logs I have observed the 
same. They creep under the scales and remain in hiding till the 
morning. 

It is not a question of the lower temperature but the darkness that 
keeps them quiescent at night, for beetles which I have forced in 
the winter, placed in a warm temperature over a fire-place in 
a bright gas-light, have exhibited the same activity at midnight 
as in any June sunshine, darting about over the surface of the bark 
or even flying, as far as space allowed, in the large glass jam jars 
in which I kept them. 


In these jars these winter-bred imagines have lived the 
full span of their perfect existence when supplied with 
a little moisture—namely, about three weeks. I 
have watched them gnawing the bark, apparently eating 
part and rejecting the rest, where there has been no 
need of removing the bark to free themselves from too 
close quarters. 


They begin to emerge early in June under normal conditions, and, 
in my experience, are mostly dead by the end of the first week in 
July. The latest date I have seen one alive in the wild state was 
July 5th, 1906. They emerge earlier from felled timber which has 
lain from the time of oviposition in a spot exposed to an unusual 
degree of sunshine, as may occur in timber-yards, fences, etc. 


Thus, as early as May 4th, 1906, I was surprised to see 
a few holes of the first imagos of the season’s brood in the 
bark of logs which had stood in my garden in an unusually 
warm aspect for the greater part of the time since 
oviposition the previous June. 

With this stock I made some remarkable experiments.* 
On May 13th I enclosed some of these imagos with muslin 
on logs of Larix ewropea. The logs were placed in a still 
hotter situation than that of the previous summer. The 
imagines paired at once and duly oviposited. I expected 
that the larva would feed up, as those of the previous 
year, and establish themselves in their pupa-cells for the 


* In the case of all logs used for breeding experiments due 
precaution was taken to keep them isolated from the time of felling, 
and thus beyond the reach of oviposition from unexpected quarters. 
At the time of felling, this timber was perfectly healthy and such as 
Tetropium never, in my experience, affects. 


f 
F 
4 


+ Re SP GH 0 


Life History of Tetropium gabrielr. 191 


winter, without transforming to pups. ‘To my surprise, on 
August 10th I observed holes in the bark where the first of 
this second brood of the season had emerged, probably a 
few days previously, 7. ¢. within three months of the parent 
stock being put down on these logs. The 9? of this 
second brood coupled and oviposited from August 10th 
onwards, and of the next generation of larvae found in 
this log in October following some had already moulted 
four times. 

I had doubts whether these very small larvze would get 
through the winter, some being so near the surface of the 
bark, but I found them, in March following, after a severe 
winter, at different depths in the bark, in all stages of 
development from the first to fourth moults. 

The above-mentioned rate of development is probably 
the most rapid possible without running the risk of death 
from too high a temperature, for in some of these logs 
where the bark was not of considerable thickness some of 
the larvee had from time to time been scorched to death 
by the fierce July heat to which they had been exposed, 
the bark being very hot to the touch. 

The temperature may, of course, be so high as to impede 
development, for I observe that, subject to a very high 
temperature, the larve which are not killed lie limp, faint 
and prostrate during the warm hours of the day and 
cannot continue feeding. The breathing and fluctuations 
which are normally visible through the delicate transparent 
skin are suspended, and it takes some hours to revive the 
larva and restore its organs to their proper functions. On 
the other hand, after a night’s hard frost in the depth of 
winter, by applying warmth I have caused them to resume 
feeding in a couple of hours. 

The imagos also I have found killed by the heat 
in their cells in the bark. The days when this 
happened were remarkable for their high temperature, 
which ranged between 90°-96° Fahr. in the shade. The 
logs were exposed to the fierce heat of the midday sun. 

I found that to cover the logs with a sheet and water 
occasionally moderated the heat sufficiently to admit of a 
safe though rapid development of the insect in all its stages. 


Oviposition.—I have observed pairs remain coupled for about 
a day and a half and the ? 9 oviposit about a day and a half later, 
both ¢ and @ living on for about three weeks. 


192 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the 


The beetle deposits her eggs in the bark, in numbers varying from 
a single one to batches of five or six in the same spot. She then 
moves on to another spot. I have not found more than six ova 
together. 

These are put away under the plates, the beetle backing in as far 
as she can and then extending her ovipositor a considerable distance 
further to the junction of the plates with the surface of the bark 
from which they are peeling. Or they are inserted in any convenient 
fissure in the tender bark. 


Where this is superficial and the whole of the ovipositor 
is not buried, the operation may be closely watched without 
the beetle being disturbed. 

I have observed the ova, under the lens, passing, one by 
one, down the ovipositor, forced, a small distance at a time, 
with a fluctuating motion. 


By dissection I have found a healthy 2 to contain as many as 
130 well-formed ova. 

A © confined in a glass jar scattered about 30 ova in the wood- 
dust at the bottom of the jar, and on being supplied with a piece of 
bark, laid about 70 more in it before she died. 


I have watched oviposition in the wild state once only, 
when I came on a solitary ? on a newly-sawn strip of larch 
ovipositing on the narrow edge of bark in close company 
with Strex gigas, who was occupied in the same way. 

In confinement, Zetropiwm has laid on a very small 
piece of bark held in my fingers and watched under the 
lens. They will also, in confinement, oviposit on dead and 
exhausted bark which could not support life in the larve. 

The earliest date I have known oviposition take place 
under almost natural conditions was on May 17th, in the 
case of imagos which had emerged prematurely from a log 
that had stood out of doors in a warm aspect. 


Under ordinary conditions they lay early in June and onwards for 
a month. Under abnormal conditions I have obtained ova as late as 
the first week in September 1906, from a second brood reared out of 
doors. 

These autumn-emerged beetles, reared under such abnormal 
conditions as above mentioned, did not lay so freely as the June 
broods, as a rule, and many of the ova did not contain a healthy 
embryo, but shrivelled up in a few days. 


g 
f. 
‘ 


Iife History of Tetropiwm gabrielt. 193 


Of the autumn broods, ova continued to hatch out till the third 
week in September.* 

I also obtained ova in November 1905 by artificial heat, from 
imagines of another second brood forced in their latter stages over a 
fire-place in a high temperature. 

In the latter case the beetles laid with great effort, dragging the 
extended ovipositor over the bark for days, but only laying a few 


eggs, though they lived their whole span of life. These ova did not 
hatch out. 


In breeding Zetropiwm a good way to obtain eggs is to 
enclose several laying 2? on not more than a foot of small 
larch wood enclosed loosely in muslin, On removing the 
lamin of bark with a penknife the ova will be found to 
occur frequently over this small area, and thus much time 
be saved in searching for them. 

To date ova, enclose 2? on a log for a day, removing 
them each day to another log, dating each log and enclosing 
it again in muslin to prevent any further oviposition from 
other quarters. 

Great care should be taken each day to remove all the 
2° that were put on the log. 

Though one may mark the spot where a @ is laying on a 
tree, on searching for the ova it is not easy to find them, 
so securely are they hidden away as a rule. 

They are not sealed over, as I have observed is the case, 
for instance, with Metecus paradoxus. 

The egg is 141-14 mm. long, elongate, subcylindrical, 
sometimes slightly broader at one end, milky white. 

Another good way of obtaining ova is to place the fertile 
? in a large glass jar with wide neck, covered with muslin 
or the metal top perforated, with a good-sized piece of 
bark in it and small chips at the bottom to ensure a 
foothold, placing the jar in the open air, though taking 
care not to allow the direct rays of the sun to fall on it 
during the hot hours of the day, nor the rain. 


Hatcuinc.—In a warm June or July temperature the ova hatch 
out in 14-16 days from the time of oviposition. From the eighth day, 
approximately, the larva may be seen slowly forming within the shell. 
Cloudy rings of the different segments appear ; a yellowish tinge at 
the larger end where the head is forming ; then ferruginous, passing 
to brown, specks for the mandibles, which, for a few days prior to 


pe ee ee eee 


* The perfect insects emerged the following July. 


194 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the 


hatching, may be seen opening and closing within the shell, and the 
larva projecting its segments up and down within the little space at 
its disposal. 


A good way to hatch out the eggs is to remove them, in 
their batches on very small portions of the bark to which 
they are attached, with a penknife. Place them on a plate 
and cover them over with a flower-pot, moistened occasion- 
ally if the weather is very hot and dry. The pot should not 
be exposed to any fierce heat. With the aid of the lens 
the young larve may easily be seen when they hatch out, 
and each day’s hatch gathered up with a fine brush and 
placed on their food. 

Should ova become detached from the bark they may 
be reattached by very slightly moistening the bark with a 
weak solution of gum arabic and laying the ova on it. I 
have found these hatch out as well as others if they are 
very lightly touched. 

Left loose at the bottom of the jar they hatch out equally 
well. On one day in September 1906 I took upwards of 
40 healthy young larve from the bottom of a jam Jar, 
where the 2 had laid them in some wood-dust which 
adhered to the glass, the ova, with hardly an exception, 
hatching out successfully, a very unusual thing for late 
autumn eggs of a second brood. 


Tue Larva (Plate XX, fig. 1).—Fleshy, susceptible ; scantily 
clothed throughout with short hairs: with legs small and slightly 
corneous: scansorial prominences present on ventral surface of 
abdominal segments. 

Widest in front, a little wider than } of whole length. Pro- 
thoracic segment bearing scutum widest of all, capable of receiving 
the rather large head, which for the most part is retracted into it. 
Tapering from the prothoracic segment to the 6th abdominal: 7th 
and 8th explanate below the spiracles. Prothoracic segment slightly 
corneous above, equal in length to meso- and metathoracic segments 
together. First four abdominal segments subequal: 5th to 8th 
the longest. Spiracles present on mesothoracic and first eight 
abdominal segments as in Asemwm and Criocephalus ferus. Mandibles 
longer, in proportion to their size, and narrower on the biting surface 
than in Asemum. Two blunt corneous tubercles on the dorsal 
surface of the 9th abdominal segment, set closer together than the 
corresponding spines in Oriocephalus and Asemwm, and inclined 
slightly inwards (Plate XX, fig. 4). In asingle instance only I have 
known these absent in a full-fed larva. In this case the larva had 


pee 
a 


Life History of Tetropium gabrielr. 195 


been buried in a stump in the earth soon after hatching, and had 
remained so for six months. 

Colour white, pinkish white, or dirty white, according to food- 
supply. White before moulting, when it has evacuated all back 
food and ceased temporarily to feed, or when excavating wood. 
Yellowish prior to transforming to a pupa. 

Long. 10-24 mm, 


The newly-hatched larva is 1-1} mm. long, subparallel, 
the prothoracic segment being slightly the widest. 

The most striking character at this early stage is that 
of the legs which are produced into long seta, bent 
inwards and slightly hooked at the tip, very soft and 
flexible (Plate XX, fig. 3). These would possibly give 
the larva a better hold on the surface of the bark, always 


slightly sticky from the presence of exuded resin, until it 


enters it by its burrow. These setz are exchanged, at 
the first moult, for the usual short terminal claw. The 
body is sparingly clothed with long sete, which are 
shortened at the first moult. 


The larva moves with almost the same facility as the more active 
newly-hatched Lepidopterous larvee, as I have observed in Rhagium, 
and as is possibly the case with all Longicorn larvez of similar habits 
of life. I have seen it climb up and down bark or the surface of glass 
perpendicularly without falling. 

At this stage there is no sign of the corneous tubercles which are 
present in the mature larva on the dorsal surface of the last segment, 
but, from the egg, slight fleshy prominences take their place. 


On the first moult the larva assumes its final shape, 
becoming considerably wider in front. Directly after the 
moult the head stands out prominently (Plate IV, fig. @), 
but, in a few hours, it is for the most part withdrawn into 
the prothoracic segment and under the scutum, giving the 
larva, especially when full fed, the appearance of having 
a very small head for so destructive a work. 


It does not call for further notice till after the 3rd moult, when 
signs of the corneous tubercles appear. This is a useful character, 
distinguishing it from its near ally Asemwm and from Criocephalus, 
in both which the abdomen terminates in two spines, as has been 
pointed out by Dr. D. Sharp (“The Genus Criocephalus,” Trans. 
Ent. Soc. Lond., May 20th, 1905). 

The newly-hatched larva at once makes its way into the tender 


196 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the 


surface flakes of young bark, which it excavates superficially, not 
burrowing down at once into the inner and wettest bast, where it 
would be suffocated, except in the case of a dying tree containing 
little sap. It first moults two or three times and attains some size. 
In the case of trees recently felled, and healthy at the time of felling, 
I have not known the young larva penetrate entirely the inner bark 
and reach the surface of the wood-cylinder (Plate XV, fig. A.A.A.) 
under three weeks. It will then be found, for the rest of its life, 
feeding on this wettest part of the tree, consuming the soft bast, the 
cambium layer, and sometimes grazing superficially the youngest 
sapwood (Plate XV), though never excavating this as deeply or 
as clean as Callidiwm, L. 

As it excavates it keeps its burrow clear, for a short distance in 
front, throwing back the rejected bitten wood-fibre and ramming it, 
together with the excrementa mingled, into a solid cake with which 
it fills up the entire burrow behind it as it advances. It allows 
very little bitten fibre to accumulate at a time in front, but is 
continually cleaning up. 

For some time prior to, and especially during the excavation 
of the pupa-cavities in the bark a curious ticking sound 
proceeds from the tree, caused doubtless by the action of the 
mandibles, faint at first, but later becoming clearly audible at a 
distance of 15-20 paces on a calm day, when the larva is excavating 
dead bark immediately under the surface of the outer plates. 

I have detected the presence of larve in a standing tree by this 
sound alone early in August 1906. In a small tree where the 
brood is very numerous the ticking procéeds from the whole surface 
of the infected bark continuously. It is a double and sometimes a 
treble tick. As to the cause of this, it may be that the mandibles, 
having passed through the particle of dead bark which the larva is 
biting away, the resistance suddenly removed, meet with a snap, 
overlap, and, in overlapping, the margin of the innermost mandible 
passes across one or more of the ridges on the inner surface of the 
overlapping one, thus causing another “tick” or two to be heard. 

When the larva is feeding in the soft bast I observe no ticking 
sound but rather a squashy sound, from which I infer that it is only 
the greater force needed to bite through the more dead and dry bark 
of the outer plates which gives rise to the sound in question. 

Some pupate in the bark, while others prefer the wood, In the 
latter case, the larva, having bitten the surface of the wood heavily 
for a short distance, enters it suddenly by an elliptical hole, the 
ellipse lying perpendicularly to the circumference of the tree (Plate 
XV, B.z.). Ihave observed but few exceptions to this rule of the 
vertical ellipse in some thousands of holes examined. In these the 


q 


Snr rapes 


Life History of Tetropium gabrieli. 197 


ellipse was situated only slightly out of the perpendicular. In the 
ease of Callidiwm (violacewm, L., and variabile, L.) and other 
Longicornia I have observed the elliptical entrances to the burrows 
lie at all angles. In 6 ft. of a 7-in. wood-cylinder, in 240 holes 
of Tetropium examined, the ellipse, in three instances only, lay very 
slightly out of the perpendicular without any bend in the grain to 
influence the larva. 

I can assign no certain cause for this habit, unless it be a matter of 


convenience, which the arrangement of the wood-cells may account 
for. 


In Lari the latter are “ elongate, fusiform, with ends 
dovetailed between one another” (Veitch, Man. Conif., 
p. 82), and lie vertically to the circumference of the tree. 
From their formation the small bundles of these cells 
should be more easily picked up by the mandibles end- 
wise than across. If this is so the larva must needs work 
them in such an attitude as to cause the elliptical hole 
of entrance to lie vertically to the circumference of the tree. 

But this is not the case in the second and downward 
part of the burrow (Plate XVI, 0,¢, d), in excavating which 
the larva clearly lays hold of the wood-cells across. 

It may be that, having penetrated sufficiently far into 
the wood horizontally for its purpose, by the easiest 
method of biting the wood, at this point the strong instinct 
which impels the larva to pupate standing erect on the 
apex of the abdomen, necessitating the completion of the 
burrow and pupa-cell vertically to the circumference, or 
simply the greater convenience of a downward course, 
prevails, and the larva is content to lay hold of the wood- 
cells any way. 

It is interesting to note that in the only piece of wood 
(Scots Pine) by me at the time of writing infected by 
Criocephalus I observe that the elliptical holes of exit of 
the larva in the surface lie vertically to the circumference 
as the holes of eutrance of Tetropiwm. 

The normal burrow of Zetropiwm runs into the wood 
horizontally, or almost so, for about 1-2} in. (Plate XVI, 0), 
with generally a curve to the right or left or occasion- 
ally sinuating. It then takes a sharp turn downwards 
(Plate XVI, }), never upwards, for a distance of 1-24 in. 

At the bottom of this burrow is the pupa-cell. In the 
case of a tree which has been felled and is lying in a hori- 
zontal position at the time of the larva burrowing in the 


198 Rey. G. A. Crawshay on the 


wood, the second part of the burrow may run to the right 
or left (Plate XVI, a), or the entire burrow may run into 
the wood with a curve. 

The excavated wood-fibre the larva brings to the surface 
and with it fills in the remainder of the burrow in the bark, 
where it fed, up to the hole of entrance in the wood-cylinder. 

The work of excavation is carried on in the following 
way as I have observed under glass :— 


Biting away the wood-fibre before it, the larva sweeps it to one 
side with its mouth parts till a certain amount has accumulated, 
when, forming the first few segments into a curve J-shape, in which 
with the help of the side of the burrow it holds the wood-fibre 
(Plate XVIII, b—larva on extreme left), it backs along the burrow, 
drawing the wood-fibre with it. 

Having thus hooked the wood-refuse up the perpendicular and 
along the horizontal parts of the burrow, the larva backs out of the 
hole into the burrow in the sbark, still drawing the wood-fibre with 
it, and, by successive loads, fills up the burrow to the point of the 
hole of entrance in the wood, reversing its position and ramming the 
wood-refuse with its head. In other cases, when the larva has 
excavated a sufficient quantity to remove, it reverses its position in 
the bottom of the burrow at once and pushes all before it, advancing 
up the burrow head first. 

The burrow completed, the larva then excavates the bark opposite 
the hole in the wood-cylinder almost to the surface, leaving the 
imago very little to eat through to make its escape, and descends the 
burrow for the last time to pupate. 


While in process of excavating the wood, the larva 
swallows a certain portion of the wood-fibre, but it derives 
little if any nourishment from it, as is evidenced by the fact 
that if a larva which is not full fed be taken from its bark 
food and inserted in wood, it continues excavating rest- 
lessly and dissatisfied, till it wastes away and dies or 
makes a much-dwarfed imago. 


The burrow at this stage is clear from the entrance hole to the 
bottom. The larva then widens the bottom into a pupa-cavity about 
twice its own width and a little more than its length, using the 
excavated fibre to fill in the burrow behind with a good wad for 
about 3 in. Having bitten very smooth the walls of the cell it 
settles down, standing erect on the apex of the abdomen, and, with 
head pointing towards the future way of exit, now filled in, it awaits 
pupation (Plate XVI, b). 


Life History of Tetropium gabrielt. 199 


Normally, the imago takes about 10 days to mature in the pupa- 
cell after transforming. It then bites away the stopping of wood- 
fibre before it, scrapes it behind it with its fore and intermediate tarsi 
and treads it firmly into the bottom of the pupa-cavity with its hind 
tarsi. This obstacle removed, the beetle advances along the burrow 
to the opening, eats through the thin layer of outer bark and makes 
its escape. 

In the event of it choosing the bark to pupate in, it makes its way 
from the wet bast to the dead and drier outer bark, excavates a 
pupa-cell upwards and slightly outwards, reverses its position, fills in 
the hole beneath, reverses its position again, and, standing on its tail, 
transforms thus. 

As to the selection of wood or bark in which to pupate, Ratzeburg 
(Die Forst Insekt., vol. i, p. 237) says of the kindred species Ceram- 
byx lwridus, Fabr. (= T. luridwm, L.), that it pupates either in the 
bark in summer, or burrows (if compelled to hibernate) in the wood 
(“Und verpuppen sich entweder (in Sommer) auch in derselben, 
oder graben sich (wenn sie uberwintern miissen in das Holz”). It is 
probable that he was mistaken here, for in 7’. gabrieli the pupating 
larva is not influenced in its choice of wood or bark by the season. 

In the case of a brood reared from eggs laid in May, pupating in 
July and emerging in August, some of the larvee chose the wood and 
others the bark in which to pupate. Here the question of hiberna- 
tion was not involved, the weather being hot throughout from the 
time of oviposition to the time of emergence of the perfect insect. 
Moreover a large proportion of the larve may always be found 
established in their pupa-cells close to the surface of the outer bark 
during the winter, and others, not full fed, resting in the position in 
which the winter overtook them while feeding in the bast. 

Whether in wood or bark the larva excavates the pupa-cell in such 
a way as to admit of its always pupating standing erect on the ex- 
tremity of the abdomen, or, in a few cases, nearly so. In this position, 
after it has stiffened for pupation and also after it has transformed 
to a pupa, it is given to spinning round and round in the cell. 

Neither pupa nor imago has room to reverse its position in the 
pupa-cell, nor has the imago sufficient endurance to excavate more 
than a very little hard wood, so the beetle depends on the instinct of 
the larva to provide for its safe exit by facing in the right direction 
before transforming. I have not known this instinct fail in the 
standing tree in hundreds of burrows I have examined. 


The larve mutilate each other when they are very 
numerous in the bark. I have frequently found dead ones 
where the burrows cross each other much, On one occasion 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PARTII. (SEPT.) 14 


200 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the 


I took two dead larvee from under bark with apparently 
their mandibles locked together. 

This would account for a given surface of bark not pro- 
ducing more than a limited number of imagos, however 
many laying 2 were deposited on it. It is not that they 
run short of food, but they run foul of each other in 
their wanderings and inflict mortal wounds on the tender 
integument. 

On the other hand, when burrowing in wood to pupate 
they will alter their course to avoid contact with each 
other, and their galleries run alongside each other with 
only the thinnest possible partition of wood-fibre between 
through which I have seen daylight. 

Under glass they show that they are fully conscious of 
their close proximity to each other, and neither will broach 
the partition. I have known three larve enter the wood 
within a in. of each other and shape their respective 
courses so as to keep clear of each other, completing their 
burrows and all three emerging perfect insects. 

I have counted as many as 59 holes of burrows in the 
surface of 1 ft. of a 7-in. larchwood-cylinder, and probably 
15 more pupated in the bark. This was a portion of a log 
oviposited on in confinement by about a dozen fertile 29, 
6 ft. of this wood yielding about 300 full-fed larvae, pupee 
and imagos. 

In thick bark I have found as many as three pupa-cells 
occupied, with a very thin layer of bark separating them. 

When the tree is large and the bark thick the majority 
prefer pupating in the bark to excavating the wood. 


THe Moutts.—The larva moults seven or eight times before 
transforming to a pupa, the moults occurring at intervals of 8-14 
days. It ceases to feed about two days before the change, and the 
soonest I have known it resume feeding after a moult was 12 hours, 
by which time a very warm temperature had sufficiently restored it 
to activity. But the usual time is a day. Before each moult the 
larva carefully smoothes the walls of the burrow. 

Appended are data of moults of larvee reared from the egg (p. 201). 

Extreme care and the closest attention were necessary to obtain 
these results, 

Unfortunately I failed to bring any of them through to the pupa 
state. I attribute this to the unwholesome fumes arising from the 
gas over which they were placed for forcing, for want of better 
accommodation, from the beginning of October when the necessary 


201 


Life History of Tetropium gabrieli. 


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202 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the 


temperature failed out of doors, to the middle of November when 
the last one died. Up to the point of bringing them indoors they 
were very healthy. 

No. 5, the only one that moulted eight times, had attained an 
unusual size, and had established itself in the outer bark for pupation 
before it died, from which it would seem that eight moults is the 
limit in this species. At the same time I cannot be sure that in 
some instances they exceed seven. I brought four only through the 
7th moult. The long intervals between the 6th, 7th and 8th moults 
were due to a lowered temperature and asphyxiating atmosphere. 


Light has no injurious effect on larva or pupa, which 
thrive equally whether exposed to the full light of day or 
buried in the darkness in the tree. I have reared numbers 
exposed to light under glass. 


THe Pura (Plate XX, fig. 2)—The whole dorsal surface, the 
ventral surface of abdomen and apex of femora sparingly furnished 
with short spines which, on the dorsal surface of the abdominal 
segments, are arranged chiefly in small groups, one on either side 
of the median line. Apical segment of abdomen terminating in two 
strong spines curved inwards (Plate XX, figs. 5, 6). These provide 
the pupa with a firm hold on the wood and admit of an active rotatory 
movement as it lies vertically in its cell. 

The sexes may be distinguished by the length of the antenne, 
which, in the ¢, extend beyond the intermediate tibize further than 
in the ? by about a joint and a half: also by the formation of the 
under-side of the last segment of the abdomen which, in the ?, bears, 
close to one another, a pair of compound fleshy tubercles of con- 
siderable size (Plate XX, fig. 6). These, as I have ascertained, are 
rudiments of the appendices in the imago (Plate XX, fig. 7), which 
extend laterally from two small apical prolongations of the ovipositor. 
They are, I believe, sensory organs, for with them I have observed 
the imago, under the lens, feeling the bark when searching for a 
suitable spot in which to deposit her eggs. They are furnished with 
long set, and are soft and apparently sensitive. 


In the pupa these and other parts of the genitalia attain 
their perfect development outside what will become, in the 
imago, the apical margin of the last segment of the 
abdomen, the partially-developed tergite and sternite of 
this segment in the pupa gaping wide (Plate XX, 
A.A.A.A.), and the organs in question protruding in a 
compact body (Plate XX, B.B.B.B.). As these organs 


Life History of Tetropiwm gabrieli. 203 


develop in the pupa they gradually recede, and, by the 
time the pupa throws off its skin, have been entirely drawn 
up into the abdomen and the tergite and sternite of the 
last segment closed over them. 

T found it very difficult to verify what was, for some 
time, conjecture, the parts in question being so delicate 
and liable, at the touch of a needle, to become dissipated ; 
but ultimately I succeeded in removing the loose skin from 
the pupa and exposing to view the underlying organs 
while yet they protruded a little. 

The f# pupa also bears vestiges of these tubercles (Plate 
XX, fig. 5), but they are so small as to be almost imper- 
ceptible, and are differently situated, nor have I had time 
or material at the last moment to ascertain exactly what 
part, if any, of the genitalia they become. 

A most interesting feature in the transformation to the 
pupal state is the manner in which the antennz assume 
their final position in the pupa. 

Immediately on the head and thorax being freed from 
the larval skin the antennze curl forward somewhat after 
the fashion of a ram’s horns, though not so much curled, 
When they are full grown the pupa revolves on the 
extremity of its abdomen first in one direction, and, with 
the help of the sides of the cell, rubs one antenna into its 
place behind the projecting femora ; then, revolving in the 
other direction, similarly arranges the other and _ rests 
(Plate XVIII, e, 7). 


VARIATION : (1) IN Stze.—This is marked. In accounting for 
it some have suggested that large and small races of this Tetropium 
exist locally. This is not the case. The condition of the tree governs 
the size of the generation subsisting in it. 

If it be of luxuriant growth at the time of felling, with a thick 
covering of juicy inner bark, and if ova should be deposited on it at 
the most favourable time, i.e. within a few months of being felled, 
and not too thickly, abnormally large larvee and pup will occur 
(Plate XVIII). 

Tf, on the other hand, the tree is small and the bark thin, and if 
the eges should be laid thickly; or if the bark has been previously 
partially exhausted by another generation ; or the tree felled so long 
that much of the sap has dried, the occupants will be small. 


A very healthy tree, lately felled and oviposited on soon 
afterwards, affords more favourable conditions of nutriment 


204. Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the 


for the larva than the natural sickly tree standing in a 
plantation, in which the sap must have been gradually 
failing before the insect will attack it. 

The reason for this is that, in a tree of luxuriant growth, 
recently felled, the bark is full of sap, which, because it 
has ceased to flow, admits of the larva advancing in it 
without being smothered and so thriving. 

I have never found abnormally large individuals in a 
standing tree, but in a few instances in felled timber I 
have known the larva attain the size of 24 mm. and the 
brood average only a little less, while, under less favourable 
conditions, they frequently occur as small as 10 mm. 


VARIATION: (2) IN CoLour.—This is marked in the femora 
especially, some series in my possession embracing all intergradations 
of colour from red to black. What governs the variation I have 
failed to discover. 

At first I was incltned to seek the causes in the condition of the 
food-supply. It seemed possible that abundant and sappy bast 
might account for the black colour, and the scanty and drier food 
the red. This supposition was based on the fact of a very long series 
exclusively of the black form having been bred in sappy food. How- 
ever, experiment disproved this so far as any visible change taking 
place in the imago in one generation, for I subsequently reared series 
of the black form from logs in which the sap had been exhausted by 
a previous brood. 

Nor does temperature account for the variation, for, in the same 
glass tube and subject to the same temperature, I have reared both 
forms at the same time. 

Where the red-legged form comes from ; whether it is gradually 
asserting itself over the black, which, at present, largely predominates 
in Britain, or the black over the red, are interesting problems which 
will repay investigation. The following data bear on this subject. 


(1) Two gf and two 92, type form, taken from their 
pupa cells in Larix europea containing imagines with 
femora of all intergradations of colour from red to black, 
mingled, were isolated on a 4-ft. log of the same conifer 
on May 18th and 24th, 1906, and produced between 
August 13th, 1906, and May 1907, 65 of the type form 
and 31 var. 0. 

(2) Two $f, type form, and two 9, var. b, selected and 
treated the same way, May 18th and 25th, 1906, pro- 
duced between August 13th, 1906, and May 1907, 69 type 
form and 71 var. b. 


Life History of Tetropium gabrieli. 205 


(3) Several 22 and $2, var. d, selected and treated the 
same way, May 13th, 1906, produced between August 10th 
and September 6th, 1906, 123 imagines, ail of var. b, except 
two individuals in which the reddish tinge in the femora 
was so obscure as to be hardly perceptible. 

(4) A similar experiment in another log produced 60 
individuals of var. D. 

(5) I have besides reared three successive generations 
from var. b stock, each numbering about 200 individuals, 
without a single instance of the type form occurring, and 
only one or two at most in each generation in which the 
reddish tinge in femora was so obscure as to be hardly 
perceptible. 

(6) I have reared hundreds of other imagos from 
var. 6 stock taken from different localities with the same 
result. I conjecture from this that the type form (with 
red femora), is not likely to be produced from var. ) stock 
(with black femora) in Larix europea. And yet, as I 
have shown above, the most intense black form was in two 
different experiments produced from the brightest red 
parents. No instance of the fulvous-ferruginous elytra, 
visible in varieties of 7. fuscwum and T. lwridwm, have 
occurred in 7’. gabrielt in my experience, as might have 
been expected. 

(7) From my single log of Picea excelsa, on which ova 
were deposited by var. 6 stock June 1906, I reared about 
15 imagos of the var. 0. 

(8) From my single log of Pinus laricio, var. nigricans, 
oviposited on by var. b stock March 1906, I reared only one 
imago, and that of the var. form. Unfortunately the rest 
of the larvee perished in forcing over gas. From these latter 
food-plants I had rather anticipated obtaining, in some 
degree at least, the fulvous-ferruginous elytra of 7. 
fuscum and 7, luridum, or the pitchy red of Asemwm 
striatum, var. agreste. 


(3) STRUCTURAL AND ScuLprurAL VarRtiaTion.—Marked. Mul- 
sant’s description of Cerambyx luridus, L. (= T. lwridwm, L.), in 
respect of this applies in every detail to T. gabrieli :— 

“Le prothorax offre des différences sensibles sous le rapport de 
son développement en longeur et en largeur; de sa forme; de son 
rétrécissement plus ou moins sensible dans sa seconde moitié ; de 
la profondeur de son sillon; de sa ponctuation. L’écusson est 
ordinairement canaliculé; d’autres fois il le pairait a peine. Les 
nervures des élytres sont plus ou moins prononcées.” 


206 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the 


Ratzeburg has excellently illustrated the life habits of 
this latter kindred species in his “ Die Forst Insekten.” 
They appear similar to those of 7. gabrieli, with the 
one exception above mentioned (ante, p. 199). The pupa 
figured there differs in no respect from that of 7’. gabrieli, 
unless it be in the more pronounced spines on the femora 
and ventral surface of the abdomen. 

PARASITISM.—Though I have examined hundreds of 
larvee and pupz taken from trees infected in plantations 
and hundreds of burrows and pupa-cells besides, I have 
never observed any insect parasitic on this species. 

I have, however, once come on a full-fed larva of 
Malachius bipustulatus, L., in a pupa-cell of 7. gabrieli 
with a half-eaten pupa beside it. This individual pupated 
and duly emerged under observation. At about the same 
time I took an imago of this beetle on the bark of the 
same log. 

The Hymenopteron, Zrypoxylon figulus, Linn., with its 
parasite, Sfenodontus marginellus, Grav., kindly named for 
me by Col. Bingham, very commonly frequents the vacated 
burrows of Z. gabrieli both in bark and wood in the 
Leighton Buzzard district, as also do many other species 
of Hymenoptera. Found in the pupal chambers of gabrieli 
at the bottom of the burrows, these might at first be 
mistaken for parasites on the beetle larva by some. 


Disrase.—Small black specks and patches occur irregularly in 
the cuticle of the larva and pupa, indicating disease in these regions. 
Larvee so affected do not always die. I marked one to ascertain this 
point. In this instance I effected a rapid transformation by increased 
temperature, with the result that the larva threw off the black 
patches in the exuvie and became a clear white pupa, which duly 
emerged a perfect insect. In most cases, however, they die. 

In affected areas an asphalte-coloured chitinous substance forms. 
Sometimes a wound opens, or the affected area throws out a fleshy 
seta-like excrescence. In some cases the affection appears in the 
skin and spreads internally. In others a discoloured area is visible 
underneath an apparently healthy skin. I have been unable to trace 
the cause of this. The fact that it has occurred in larve reared by 
myself from the egg under glass excludes the possibility of injury 
by any but the most minute insect parasites. 

Mr. A. Gepp of the British Museum, in conjunction with Miss 
Lorraine Smith, has very kindly examined microscopic preparations 
made from an affected larva communicated by me, and informs me 


Life History of Tetropium gabrielt. 207 


that, in the single instance before them, there does not appear to be 
any fungal parasite. They incline to the opinion that the affection is 
due to malnutrition and subsequent ulceration, or to bacterial action. 

The affection has been most prevalent under the abnormal and 
unhealthy conditions of forcing over gas in a warm damp atmosphere. 
I have also observed it in larve taken from under bark of trees 
where the burrows were mildewed and several larvae had died. I 
have observed what is apparently the same disease in larve of 
Siricidx affecting larch and willow. 

PROPAGATION.—In timber-yards the species is propagated to a large 
extent, the beetles emerging and laying on adjacent timber felled in 
the current year. Much of this is cut up before the following 
summer, and a great many of the larve and pupe perish in passing 
through the saw-mills. But a large number remain in the slabs and 
posts, ete., after the logs are cut up. 

In cutting up timber of any considerable size, slabs are removed 
first from the logs, either one or more according to what the timber 
is required for. These slabs consist of bark and sapwood, and are 
sufficiently thick to take in many of the burrows containing pupating 
larvae (November—April). 

In these slabs and in smaller timber sawn in two or quartered for 
posts, the insect is transported in all directions to emerge in new 
districts and establish itself in the nearest plantation containing this 
conifer, 

This doubtless has been a potent factor in the spread of the beetle 
throughout the country ; but it is probable that it has been spread 
in a still greater degree in incoming timber, infected in the plantations 
and brought from long distances to the saw-mills. 


I have seen such logs brought in containing hundreds 
of larvee, and, where there is sickly Zarix in the neigh- 
bourhood of these saw-mills, little of it escapes oviposition 
and the species becomes abundant there. 

A large percentage of larvae remain in the timber-yard 
in uncut logs till the summer, when the perfect insects 
emerge and lay their eggs on incoming timber freely. To 
raise the bark of logs in timber-yards between September 
and the following summer is to find a large proportion of 
it affected. 

The LARCH CANKER, the LARCH APHIS (Chermes laricis, 
Hartig.), and unsuitable environment multiplying the 
number of sickly and dying trees * lend themselves to the 


* Tam indebted to Mr. G. Massee of the Royal Gardens, Kew, for 
this information. 


208 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the 


propagation of the insect. Another very important factor 
is the remarkably short life cycle. 

While one brood of the slower-developing Longicorns 
such as Criocephalus is being perfected, many generations 
of Tetropium will have emerged and spread among sickly 
trees, which they will quickly kill and desert. 

The GREEN WOODPECKER, Gecinus viridis, renders 
affected trees very unsightly by hammering innumerable 
large holes in the bark with its bill to extract the larva 
and pupee. 


DamacE To TimpeR.—lIt is quite certain that the species cannot 
injure healthy trees. Whether it lays upon these through lack of 
discrimination or not I cannot say. In the event of its doing so the 
newly-hatched larva must inevitably be smothered in its minute 
burrow by the flow of sap on eating into the surface of the tender 
bark. I have only found the larva in failing trees. 

From a commercial point of view the species injures the wood to 
a certain extent, but considerably less than Criocephalus and Sirex, 
which feed in the wood itself, excavating it more deeply and toa 
much greater extent. 


METHODS OF REARING THE Larva—The methods I 
adopted were as follow :— 

As the habit of the larva is to feed over the smooth, 
sappy surface of the wood cylinder and upon the inner- 
most lining of bast adjacent to it, it occurred to me to 
substitute glass for the wood surface, and, placing the 
inner surface of the tender and pliable bark against it, 
insert the newly-hatched larva between them. It might 
thus be induced to feed next the glass and admit of being 
observed continually. 

No. 1.—Accordingly I fitted a ring of fresh, tender bast, 
separated from the outer dead bark and therefore pliable, 
firmly and closely to the inner surface of a 3-in. corked 
glass tube of equal dimensions from the rim throughout 
(such as appear in Plate XIX, «a, b,c, d), and inserted the 
larva in a fine groove, little more than a pin-scratch, made 
by drawing the head of a small pin down the bark, and 
extending an inch or more downwards from the rim of 
the tube. A V-shaped opening to this tiny groove was 
made at the rim, to start the larva in, for it cannot be 
inserted in the very small groove itself without injury, but 
must make its way in. The cylinder of bark had previously 
been pressed tightly to the glass by filling in the empty 


Life History of Tetropium gabrieli. 209 


space in the middle of the tube with wads of tissue paper. 
If the groove was not made too deep for the larva it 
would follow it in its excavations readily, feeding along it, 
and thus be kept in sight. If made too deep the larva 
buried itself in the bark. 

The tube must not be with a neck and metal cap such 
as those used by Mr. G. Smith in rearing Criocephalus and 
_Asemum in their advanced stages (Plate XIX, ¢, /), for the 
neck being narrower than the body does not admit of the 
cylinder of bark being inserted close enough to the glass 
to keep the minute larva in the groove, and is in other 
respects impracticable. 

This corked glass tube method was fairly successful, 
and by it I brought larve through their first moult with 
considerable trouble. But the chief objection to it was 
the difficulty of removing the ring of bark from the tube, 
when changing the larva, without rubbing the latter 
against the glass and crushing it. 

No. 2.—Having thus lost several larvze, I devised the 
better plan of 2-in. squares of flat glass laid on to the 
inner surface of bark taken entire from the log and bound 
tightly to it with string, the larva, as before, being inserted 
between (Plate XVII). This answered admirably. 

Care, of course, must be taken (1) that too much 
moisture does not condense on the glass and drown the 
minute larva, and (2) that the bark is changed, at least, 
every third day to avoid mildew. 

Under the lens I have observed newly-hatched larvee 
consume the threadlets of freshly-formed mildew when 
excavating against the glass, but if they do so to any 
extent they become unhealthy and die. 

It is well to place the pieces of bark containing the 
larvee in a tin out of doors, covered over with a damp cloth 
to ensure their not drying up entirely. They must be 
kept from the direct rays of the sun and from the rain, 
but be given all the ventilation possible. 

In the late autumn, if it is desired to force them indoors, 
it is a good and simple plan to place them on a mantelpiece 
over the warmest fire-place accessible in a tin with a few 
holes in the lid to admit of a little ventilation and at the 
same time to retain sufficient moisture in the pieces of bark. 
They do best in a temperature of 80°-90° Fahr. A hothouse 
would probably answer the purpose as well. Prior to 
adopting these two methods of rearing the young larva 


210 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on the 


I had tried various others without success, and had little 
hope of ascertaining the number of moults the larva 
undergoes. I had, moreover, exhausted all my ova with 
the exception of one late batch, for I did not then contem- 
plate a second brood of beetles emerging and ovipositing 
as late as September. 

Early in July 1906 with eighteen newly-hatched larve 
I made my last experiment, by the flat glass method, and: 
of these I only succeeded in bringing six over the 8rd 
moult, four over the 7th, one over the 8th, and none to 
perfection (ante, p. 201). 


Hitherto I have dealt with the feeding up of the larva 
in bark. When full fed it is advisable to transfer them to 
wood. In November 1905 following the June of that 
year when I first discovered this beetle I was confronted 
with a number of larve apparently full fed in a tree on 
which my females had laid in June. Some of these 
appeared to me, in this incredibly short time for a 
Longicorn larva, to have actually established themselves 
in their pupa-cells and seemingly would hibernate thus. 

No. 3.—Accordingly I devised a method of bringing 
these through to perfection quickly in wood. In this way 
I obtained imagines almost at once, and was able to watch, 
for the first time, the transformation to the pupal and 
perfect states under glass. 

I used the ?-in. corked glass tube for the first time. 
Let into these were solid cylinders of fresh larchwood 
turned on a lathe exactly to fit the tube, leaving no space 
for mildew (Plate XIX, «a, b,¢,d). In the top of each piece 
of wood with a }-in. gouge I made grooves in the outer 
surface 14 in. long, extending downwards, large enough 
comfortably to take the larva and leave it space for packing 
away its rejected wood-fibre in forming the pupa-cell here. 

Placed in these grooves the larvae smooths down the 
interior walls, shaping them to its liking, and forming a 
pupa-cavity, as in the normal tree, except that the glass is 
used for one side. Sometimes it continues the burrow 
downwards, thus affording an excellent opportunity of 
observing the mode of excavation and the ramming 
process that takes place in the natural tree. 

Tn each tube four to five larvee were fitted up in adjacent 
grooves, and every movement could be observed through 
the glass. 


Life History of Tetropium gabrielt. 211 


I had, at times, as many as four dozen tubes occupied, and 
have reared as many as five imagos in one tube at the 
same time. 

The tubes were placed over a fire-place in a temperature 
of 76°-90° Fahr. In this temperature development was 
rapid, the pupal state only lasting seven or eight days in 
some instances. 

The cork should fit close down on the top of the wood 
to prevent the larvee wandering and invading each other’s 
cells. A very small groove may be cut down the side of 
the cork with a penknife, communicating with each larva 
to admit of ventilation and the escape of excessive 
moisture. 

Should too great moisture condense on the glass in the 
cells the cork must be removed for a while. The reason 
for using wood instead of bark for the final stages of the 
insect is that it is less liable to become mildewed. 

Mildew renders it almost impossible to bring a full-fed 
larva through to a healthy imago in tubes or bottles of 
bark, unless the larva be allowed to bury itself entirely in 
a thick piece and wad itself in, in which case, of course, it 
cannot be observed. 

After rearing one feeble beetle in bark in a metal-capped 
tube, inserted when pupating (Plate XIX, ¢, 7), I renounced 
the plan and used cylinders of wood with great success. 

Nor is it possible to bring them through healthily in 
bark by the flat glass method (No. 2) used for feeding up 
the larvee. Wood is, in all cases, the safest after the larva 
is full fed. 

No. 4.—Where turned wood-cylinders for the tubes are 
not procurable another method has suggested itself to me 
which answers well. It consists in substituting wood for 
bark in method No. 2. Small blocks of wood, about 2 in. 
square, by 1 in., must be cut with even surface, and pieces 
of glass to fit them (Plate XVIII, a, b,c, d). Insert the 
larva or pupa in grooves cut on the surface of the wood 
with 4-in. gouge (Plate X VIII, a), then apply the piece of 
glass and bind tight with string. Stand the pieces up on 
end so that the grooves lie perpendicularly with the 
openings above and do as in No. 2. In this case, as there 
is no cork to contain the larva in the groove when first 
inserted, put in a small stopper of cotton wool. 

I know of no other method by which the excavations of 
the larva in the wood, the establishment in the pupa-cell, 


212 Rev. G. A. Crawshay on Tetropium gabrielt. 


the transformations to the pupal and perfect state and the 
manner of emergence of the imago from the cell may be 
observed continuously and accurate knowledge arrived at. 

No. 5.—Where it is not desired to watch the insect in 
its latter stages very closely under glass the following 
method will be found useful. Split a piece of wood and 
with a 4-in. gouge make small hollows on the surface of 
one piece resembling pupa cells. Place the full-fed larvze 
or pups in these, replace the counterpart and bind tightly 
with string. The string can be untied and the progress of 
the insects watched as often as is desired. The wood 
must be moistened if it gets very dry. Wood with sap 
in should be used, and the pieces of wood placed in tins 
to preserve the moisture so far as possible. 

In conclusion [ would express my thanks to Mr. C. J. 
Gahan for his always ready assistance in connection with 
the subject of this paper; to my brother Mr. L. R. Craw- 
shay for his well-executed drawings on Plate XX, and also 
to Messrs. T. E. and W. R. Roland of Fenny Stratford for 
kindly affording me every facility for the observation of 
the species in their extensive saw-mills. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES XV—XX. 
[See Explanation facing the PLATES. | 


@) aie) 


XII. Studies of the Tetriginzee (Orthoptera) in the Oxford 
University Museum. By J. L. Hancocx, M.D., 
F.E.S. (Chicago). 


[Read 28th March, 1907.] 
PLATE XXI. 


THE following notes and descriptions relating to Orthoptera 
are based on the collection of 7Z'etriginx contained in the 
Hope Department of Zoology, University Museum, Oxford, 
England. The writer is indebted to Mr. R. Shelford, who 
generously supplied for determination the present collec- 
tion. Besides this material, the writer has drawn upon 
some examples of these insects in his own collection, which 
have not hitherto been recorded. 

This article forms a sequel to various published contri- 
butions by the writer bearing on the Z'etrigine, the last 
of which appeared in “ Genera Insectorum.”* 


Section TRIPETALOCERA, Bolivar, 
Genus TRIPETALOCERA, Westwood. 


1. 7. ferruginea, Westwood, Zool. Journ., vol. v, p 444, 
a EIS eh ies 


One male example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Dyak 
coll., R. Shelford; Oxford Museum. 


Section DISCOTETTIGLA, Hancock. 
Genus DIScoTETTIX, Costa. 
1. D. belzebuth, Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins. Orthoptera, p. 759, 
1839. 


Five examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Dyak. coll., 
R. Shelford. One of these, an immature specimen, pre- 
sented by the Sarawak Museum; Oxford Museum. 


* Genera Insectorum, 48me_ Fascicule, Orthoptera, Fam. 
Acridiidx, Subfam. Tetrigine, 4 Plates (P. Wytsman), pp. 79, 1906. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IL. (SEPT.) 


214 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


2. D. shelfordi, sp. nov. 


Cinereous or fuscous, body rugose, conspersed with coarse granula- 
tions ; superior ocelli placed between the middle of the eyes. 
Antenne inserted little below and anterior to the ventro-anterior 
margin of the eyes, not at all serrulate, from the sixth to the eighth 
articles moderately compresso-dilated, the sixth only a little so 
modified, the ninth oval, the two apical articles very small, the apex 
of last joint acute. Frontal costa distinctly protuberant between the 
antenne, and advanced much further than the eyes. Pronotum 
truncate anteriorly, the two prozonal carine behind the anterior 
margin parallel, dorsum rugose-subnodulose, strongly flattened, 
presenting sulcations anteriorly: humeral angles little produced 
laterally, behind the shoulders subfossulate, and subgibbose, with a 
pair of gibbose tubercles posteriorly about midway between the 
humeral angles and base of process ; the course of median carina 
serrulate, indistinctly and irregularly subtuberculose ; lateral mar- 
ginal carinz often bearing a number of small shining, somewhat 
obtuse tubercles, each humeral angle presenting one at the apices ; 
pronotal process rather stout, little depressed, lengthily extended 
beyond the apex of posterior femora ; lateral lobes little laminate 
outwards, the posterior angle excavato-truncate and angulate sub- 
acute, not at all serrulate or spinose. Elytra moderately large, 
distinctly acuminate towards the apices; wings fully explicate, as 
long as the process. Femora elongate, margins minutely serrulate ; 
anterior femora above somewhat subbilobate ; middle femora above 
subtrilobate, the posterior tibiz serrulate, but not at all spinose. 
Length of male and female, entire, 175-19 mm. ; pronotum 16-18°5 
mm. ; posterior femora 6-8°5 mm. 


Three examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Dyak 
coll, R. Shelford ; Oxford Museum. 

A very distinct species resembling, perhaps, D. seabridus, 
Stal, more than any other member of the genus.* 


Genus PHastus, Bolivar. 


1. P. msularis, sp. nov. 

Stature small, cinereo-fuscus. Body somewhat smoothly granulate. 
Head not at all exserted ; vertex narrowed forward, nearly equal 
in front to one of the eyes, anteriorly subtruncate, transversely lightly 
carinate, advanced about as far as the anterior fourth of the eyes, 


* Named in honour of Mr. R. Shelford, whose interest in the 
Oxford Museum is shown by the large series of Orthopteran speci- 
mens bearing his name as the donor. 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 215 


fossulate on each side of the feeble, abbreviated, median carina ; 
frontal costa strongly protuberant between the antennze and rather 
narrowly suleate ; superior ocelli placed between the submedian part 
of the eyes, visible in profile ; antenne inserted little anterior to and 
scarcely below the ventro anterior margin of the eyes, filiform, but 
the fifth and sixth articles little compresso-expanded, the seventh to 
ninth distinctly compresso-dilated, the two apical articles minute, 
the apices acute. Pronotum anteriorly little rounded produced, pos- 
teriorly acuminate, extended little beyond the apices of the posterior 
femora ; anterior prozonal carine behind the anterior margin want- 
ing, median carina little acute, percurrent, in profile substraight ; 
anterior sulci subobsolete, humeral angles wanting, the humero- 
apical carine percurrent backward, and forward extended as far as 
the point opposite and above the inferior sinus ; lateral lobes turned 
down, the posterior angles obtuse. Elytra small elongate, sub- 
lanceolate ; wings fully explicate, extended to or little beyond the 
apex of pronotal process. Anterior and middle femora elongate, the 
margins straight, entire ; the posterior femora little incrassate, the 
superior margin arcuate, minutely serrulate, posterior tibie pluri- 
spinose and minutely serrulate, the inner fourth part toward the 
apices unarmed, the three pulvilli of the first article of posterior 
tarsi equal in length, subacute. Length of body, female entire, 
95-10 mm. ; posterior femora 5-55 mm. 


Three examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo; two of 
these from the Sarawak Museum, No. 337 and 357, and 
the other Dyak coll., R. Shelford; Oxford Museum. 

The antenne in this species are more compressed than 
in P. mellerborgi, Stal, and the facial frontal costa is more 
narrowly sulcate. 


Section CLADONOT, Bolivar. 
Genus DELTonotus, Hancock. 


1. D. tectiformus, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. ii, p. 
111-112, Pl. I, figs. 2-2a, 1904. 


Two examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford 
Museum. 

These specimens have the pronotum less produced 
anteriorly than the type examples in the author’s collec- 
tion, from the same locality, and are provisionally con- 
sidered immature. It is however possible that they are 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.) 15 


216 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


distinct from ¢ectiformus, and two in my collection from 
Hantane, Ceylon, bear the label “‘D. cristatus, sp. nov.,” 
awaiting study of a larger series to settle the matter. 


Genus Portus, Bolivar. 


1. P. coronata, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. xxxi, 
p. 208, PL We tie. 9. Teer 
Four examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford; 
Oxford Museum. 


Genus EPITETTIX, nov. 


Stature small, body somewhat smooth but densely punctate. 
Vertex broad, little narrowed forward, much wider than one of the 
eyes, anteriorly not at all transversely carinate but on each side 
with a very small, though distinct elongate longitudinal carina, front 
margin convex, with an abbreviated somewhat thickened and pro- 
duced median carina ; face oblique ; superior ocelli placed between 
the lower third of the eyes; the face together with the crown 
of head forming an obtuse angulate profile, frontal scutellum not 
divided above the posterior ocelli, triangular, and the margins but 
little elevated, not produced in profile ; antennz inserted little 
forward and below the ventro-anterior margins of the eyes, the dis- 
tance between them much wider than that to the eyes. Pronotum 
anteriorly truncate, posteriorly cuneate, with subacute apex, not 
extended backward to the apices of the posterior femora ; median 
carina percurrent, distinct, and substraight, dorsum subtectiform, 
punctate, prozonal carinee behind the anterior border somewhat 
indistinct; humeral angles almost wanting; lateral lobes little 
reflexed outwards, the posterior angles obliquely truncate behind. 
Elytra and wings wanting ; margins of anterior and middle femora 
entire, posterior femora little incrassate and of ordinary form, the 
margins of posterior tibie plurispinose, and minutely serrulate, the 
first articles of the posterior tarsi strongly larger than the third, the 
three pulvilli about equal in length. Resembling Diotarus, Stal.* 
Type, Epitettix punctatus. 


1. HL. punctatus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 1.) 


Fuscous, with the posterior half of dorsum and upper distal half 
of hind femora flavo-ferruginous, the anterior and middle tibiae 


* This genus may be assigned to my Subsection II, under. 
Cladonotx, and next to Diotarus, Stal, as given in my key in Genera 
Insectorum. Vide p. 9, 10, 48me Fasc. Orthop. Subfam. T'etrigine, 
1906. 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 217 


light, annulate with fuscous. Apical articles of maxillary palpi little 
dilated, oval, Length of body entire, male, 10 mm, ; pronotum 
7 mm. ; posterior femora 5 mm. 


One example from Kuching, N. Borneo, R. Shelford ; 
Oxford Museum. 


Genus CLADORAMUS, nov. 


This genus differs from Pantelia, which it most resembles, in the 
anterior margin of pronotum being profoundly produced forward over 
the head, forming a process, in the suleation of the forward dorsal 
margin of crest, the presence of strongly carinate-crenulate humeral 
angles which are little produced outwards, and in the lateral lobes of 
pronotum bearing a superior or elytral sinus for the reception of the 
elytra, the latter being of ordinary form. 


1. C. crenulatus, sp.nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 2.) 


Greyish, body strongly rugose, somewhat sparingly provided with 
small subspiniform tubercles. :Face nearly vertical, viewed in 
profile wholly denticulate ; vertex very broad, on each side forward 
adjoining the eyes armed with an obliquely produced spine, the 
middle backward denticulate, and forward strongly armed with 
produced denticles between the eyes ; frontal scutellum with convex 
sides, the margins denticulate produced, the facial median carina 
below as well as face on each side denticulate ; eyes small and 
subsessile ; the three apical articles of the maxillary palpi compresso- 
dilated ; antennz inserted far below the eyes, the distance between 
them and that to the eyes nearly equal. Pronotum rugose, strongly 
tectiform and cristate, anteriorly profoundly produced beyond the 
head, in the form of a sublongitudinal process, posteriorly extended 
only little beyond the apices of the posterior femora ; the anterior 
process viewed from above presenting a strongly spinose margin 
below on each side, the apex bifid and the upper dorsal margin dis- 
tinctly sulcate ; viewed in profile the whole dorsal crest little elevated 
somewhat horizontally, but the anterior half undulato-crenulate, the 
process anteriorly little arcuate above, at the middle behind the 
shoulders somewhat angulate ; from here backwards strongly sinu- 
ato-dentate, the apex very little turned downward behind ; humeral 
angles strongly carinate, little produced outwards, and strongly 
crenulate ; lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly bisinuate, below 
widely laminate outwards subhorizontally, arcuate anteriorly, pos- 
teriorly often armed with three obtuse denticles or crenulate. Elytra 


218 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


of moderate size, elongate sublanceolate, where they rest at the sides, 
the inferior lateral margin of pronotum little arcuato-excavate for 
their reception; wings wanting. Anterior femora strongly compresso- 
foliate, scarcely longer than wide, the superior margin sinuate, below 
coarsely crenulate ; anterior tibiz strongly compresso-ampliate behind 
the middle, above canaliculate, with a spur midway on the margins, 
behind the inner margin toward the distal extremity armed with 
acute spines (about five), middle femora externally tuberculose, 
margin above strongly acute-sinuate and denticulate, below lobato- 
crenulate, middle tibiz ampliate at the middle, the superior inner 
margin furnished with denticulate lobes ; hind femora externally 
strongly rugose and armed with spinous tubercles, the outer carina 
below, as viewed from above bearing strongly denticulate lobes at 
the middle, and at the apical fourth similarly armed, though not so 
pronounced, knees denticulate on the sides and above, the lower 
margin of hind femora strongly lobato-denticulate, the posterior 
tibiz rather stout, the canthi crenulate and plurispinose, the inner 
canthus regularly spined, the third pulvilli of the posterior tarsi 
little longer than the first or second articles, straight below. Length 
of the body entire, female, 11 mm. ; pronotum 12°8 mm. ; anterior 
process of pronotum 2°5 mm.; posterior femora 5°5 mm. 


One female example from Rhodesia, East Loangwa, 
Africa, S. A. Neave; Oxford Museum. 


Section SCELIMEN ZA, Bolivar. 
Genus SCELIMENA, Serville. 
1. S. producta, Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins. Orthopt., p. 762, 
1837. 


One example from East, and three from West Java, 
H. Fruhstorfer ; Oxford Museum. 


2. S. sanguinolenta (Krauss), Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 
xxxi, p. 216-217, 1887. 
One example from East, and three from West Java; 
Oxford Museum. 
3. S. logani, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. ii, p. 120-122, 
figs. 5—5c, Pl. I, 1904. 
Two examples from Kelawaewa, N.C. Province, Ceylon ; 
Oxford Museum. 
4. S. gavialis, Saussure, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 485, 
1860. 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 219 


Three examples. One from Pundoluoya, and two from 
Kandy, Ceylon; Oxford Museum. 


5. S. india, sp. nov. 


Resembling S. producta but slightly stouter in stature. Body 
fuscous, pale variegated, the carine of dorsum flavo-maculate, the 
tibie with pale annuli. Vertex subequal in width to one of the 
eyes, the frontal carinz on each side little compressed and subacute. 
Pronotum anteriorly somewhat subangulate, posteriorly extended 
beyond the knees of the hind femora about as far as the tibial apices, 
but not so lengthily attenuate as in producta; dorsum conspersed 
with granules ; depressed and uneven, between the sulci forwards 
subfossulate on each side, between the shoulders bearing subelevated 
longitudinal costate protuberances, humeral angles unarmed, behind 
the shoulders bifossulate, and presenting a pair of rounded subele- 
vated nodules, again another pair somewhat fused together appear 
posteriorly opposite the middle of the hind femora which are indis- 
tinct ; posterior process stout at the base and acuminate toward the 
apex ; median carina rather incrassate, unevenly undulate, anteriorly 
at the margin little protuberant and subtuberculate :; lateral lobes at 
the anterior margin armed with small tubercles, the posterior 
margin little laminate outwards, and armed with a distinct, acute 
spine on each side, directed transversely but little curved forward. 
The posterior femoral margins entire, the posterior tibie armed with 
minute denticles, the margins dilated towards the apices ; the first 
article of the posterior tarsi dilated but not so widely as in producta. 
Length of body entire, male, 19°5 mm. ; pronotum 18 mm.; posterior 
femora 7 mm. 


Two examples from Cherrapunji, Assam; Oxford 
Museum. 


Genus CHTHONOTETTIX, Hancock.* 


1. C. palpatus, Stal, Ofv. Vet. Akad. Forh., p. 57, 1877. 
= Chthonius palpatus, Bolivar. (Plate XXI, fig. 3.) 


Body sparingly granulose, fuscous, obscurely variegated with 
flavous. Vertex distinctly narrower than one of the eyes, the anterior 
caring rounded oblique; eyes globose; frontal costa roundly 
protuberant between the antenne, narrowly sulcate and divided 
little above the posterior ocelli, the latter situated between the lower 
third of the eyes, conspicuous in profile ; antennz inserted scarcely 


* The name Chthonotettix was proposed by the present author 
(vide Genera Insectorum, 48me Fasc. Orthoptera, Subfam. Tetrigine, 
p. 26, 1906) to replace Bolivar’s preoccupied genus Chthenius. 


220 My. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


below and anterior to the ventro-anterior border of the eyes. 
Pronotum truncate anteriorly, posteriorly lengthily extended beyond 
the knees of the hind femora; median carina often interrupted, 
disappearing anteriorly behind the frontal margin and posteriorly 
on the apical process, in profile little gibbulous between the 
shoulders, posteriorly sinuate ; dorsum depressed, with abbreviate 
costa between the humeral angles, strongly fossulate behind the 
humeral angles, subnodulose in single order posteriorly, and the 
process toward the extremity smooth and cylindrical ; lateral lobes 
little laminate, the posterior angles armed with distinct transverse 
spine on each side, acute. Elytra moderately large, elongate sublan- 
ceolate ; wings fully explicate but not quite reaching to the pronotal 
apex. Femoral margins entire, anterior and middle femora very 
slender, nearly equal in length ; margins of posterior tibia moderately 
dilated, sparingly armed with small denticles, the inner canthus 
unarmed at the distal fourth ; the first articles of the posterior tarsi 
not at all dilated, the three pulvilli equal in length and straight 
below. Length of body entire, female, 22 mm. ; pronotum 20:5 mm. ; 
posterior femora 8°5 mm. 


One example, No. 2772, from Luzon, Manilla, Philip- 
pines, E. L. Meyer; Oxford Museum. 


Genus GAVIALIDIUM, Saussure. 


1. G. crocodilus, Saussure, Ann. Soc. Ent, France, p. 481, 
1860. 


Four examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon. Oxford 
Museum. 


Genus Oxynotus, Hancock. 


1. O. hastatus, Hancock, Occas. Mem. Chicago Ent. Soc., 
vol. i, No. 1, p. 12, 18, Pl. I, figs. 3-3a, 1900. 
One example from N.E. Madagascar, Bay of Antongil, 
Mocquerys ; Oxford Museum. 


Genus CRIOTETTIX, Bolivar. 


(. tricarinatus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, 
p. 224, 1887. 


Eleven examples from Pundaluoya, and other points in 
Ceylon; Oxford Museum. 
2. C. flavopictus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent, France, vol. xx, 
p. 582, 1902. 
Two examples from Cherrapunji, Assam; Oxford Museum, 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 221 


3. C. oculatus magnus, var. nov. 


This form nearly resembles the Sumatran species oculatus, Bolivar, 
but differs in being larger in stature. 


Length of body entire, male and female, 15-18 mm.; pronotum 
14-17°5 mm. ; posterior femora 5°5-7 mm. 


Five examples from West and Mid Java; Oxford 
Museum; numerous examples in the author’s collection. 


Genus ACANTHALOBUS, Hancock. 


1. A. rugosus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 228, 
1887. 


Five examples are referable to this species, they are 
from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ; Oxford Museum. 


2. A. saginatus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 225, 
1887. 


Seven examples, including specimens from Java and 
China; Oxford Museum. 


3. A. longinotus, sp. nov. 


This species is closely allied to A. rugosus, Bolivar, and might 
possibly be the long-winged form of the latter. It differs principally 
in the pronotum being strongly extended backward beyond the 
femoral apices, and in the body being somewhat stouter. It bears 
moreover a near resemblance to nexwosus also, but it is smaller in 
stature. Ferruginous or tending to fuscous. Vertex wider than 
one of the eyes, very little narrowed forward, very slightly marginate 
on each side anterior to the lateral supraocular lobes, median carina 
abbreviated ; frontal costa very sparingly compresso-elevated between 
the antenne, in profile scarcely sinuate below the median ocellus, 
above declivous. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly lengthily 
extended beyond the femoral knees; dorsum convex between the 
shoulders, subbifossulate behind them, the surface rugose, irregularly 
furnished with abbreviated rugz and tubercles, posterior angle of 
the lateral lobes triangular, somewhat acute, but not spinose. Wings 
little longer than pronotum in the female. Anterior and middle 
femora margins subentire, the posterior femoral margins minutely 
serrulate. Length of body entire, male and female, 165-19 mm. : 
pronotom 16-17°5 mm. ; posterior femora 6°5-7°6 mm. 


Seven examples from N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford; Oxford 
Museum. 


222 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


4, A. fuscus, sp. nov. (or var. ?). 


Similar in stature to longinotus, but entirely fuscous (as in nexu- 
osus), the vertex wide, and the frontal costa more roundly produced 
between the antennz, and sinuate below the median ocellus, the 
lateral margin of vertex with distinct lobes and marginate on each 
side forward. Dorsum of pronotum very strongly rugose, plentifully 
furnished with abbreviated rugze, and tubercles irregularly disposed ; 
in profile the median carina of pronotum strongly sinuate, little 
subnodulose forward, and distinctly depressed behind the shoulders ; 
lateral lobes little more reflexed outwards, the triangular posterior 
angle little more acute and somewhat spinose. Length of body entire, 
female, 18 mm. ; pronotum 16°8 mm. ; posterior femora 8 mm. 


One example from N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ; Oxford 


Museum. 


5. A. miliarius, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 226, 
1887. 


Two examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford 
Museum. 


6. A. miliarius cuneatus, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica ii, 
part vii, p. 133, 1904. 


Three examples from Ceylon; Oxford Museum. 
7. A. robustus, sp. nov. 


A stouter form than either longinotus or rugosus, and like the 
latter having abbreviated wings and pronotal process not at all or 
very little extended beyond the knees of the hind femora ; dorsum 
between the shoulders rather broader ; colour ferrugineous or 
fuscous ; the vertex distinctly wider than one of the eyes ; lateral 
lobes of pronotum decidedly reflexed outwards, the posterior angles 
triangular but not at all spinose ; dorsum of pronotum strongly 
rugose and tuberculose ; the third articles of the posterior tarsi (in 
the female) little longer than the first or the second. Length of 
body entire, male and female, 13°8-15°4 mm. ; pronotum 13-14 mm. ; 
posterior femora 7-9 mm. 


Two examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo. One of 
these from the Sarawak Museum, the other from R. 
Shelford; Oxford Museum. 


8. A. bispinosus, Dalman, Vet. Akad. Hand., p. 77, 1818. 


One example from Penang, Malacca, E. L. Meyer; 
Oxford Museum, No. 3452. 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 228 


Genus Lox1Losus, Hancock. 


1. LZ. assamus, sp. nov. 

A small form, with abbreviated wings and pronotal process, 
Cinereous or ferruginous, often infuscate on the sides and legs ; 
vertex subequal in width to one of the eyes, advanced as far as the 
eyes, narrowed forward, distinctly longitudinally suleate on each 
side ; frontal costa in profile convex. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, 
posteriorly cuneate, extended backward as far as the hind femoral 
knees ; dorsum tuberculose, subcostate between the shoulders, and 
here somewhat convex, deplanate posteriorly ; median carina of pro- 
notum sinuate in profile, sometimes little elevated forward, before 
the shoulders; lateral lobes little laminate outwards and sub- 
triangular, obliquely truncate; margins of anterior and middle 
femora entire, the third articles of the posterior tarsi, with the 
third pulvilli longest, the apices of the first and second acute. 
Elytra elongate, with rounded apices ; wings abbreviated, little 
shorter than the pronotal process. 


Three examples from Cherrapunji, Assam; Oxford 
Museum. 


2. L. truncatus, sp. nov. 

Resembling acutus, but having the lateral lobes of pronotum little 
dilated, and obliquely truncate behind, the posterior angles distinct, 
but not acute, the dorsum of pronotum lightly rugose, but without 
distinct lineate ruge or tubercles ; wings fully explicate and extended 
backward as far as the pronotal process. Length of body entire, 
female, 14 mm. ; pronotum 13 mm. ; posterior femora 6°2 mm. 


One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Dyak coll., 
R. Shelford ; Oxford Museum. 


3. L. insidiosus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 228, 
1887. (Criotettia insidiosus of Bolivar.) 


One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ; 
Oxford Museum. 


Genus BOLOTETTIX, nov. 


Body conspersed with granules or somewhat punctate. Vertex 
strongly narrower than one of the eyes, subacuminate forward and 
little ascendant, subsulcate on each side of the feeble median carina, 
the lateral margins anteriorly provided with suboblique carinsz open 
in front, and bear small indistinct supraocular lobes ; frontal costa in 
profile little compresso-elevated between the antennz, viewed in 


224, Mr, J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


front narrowly compressed and sulcate little above the posterior 
ocelli, the rami below moderately divergent toward the median 
ocellus ; eyes large and strongly globose, somewhat prominently 
elevated ; posterior ocelli placed near the lower third of the eyes ; 
palpi with the apical articles little compresso-dilated; antennez 
filiform and very slender, inserted scarcely below the antero-ventral 
border of the eyes. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly 
subulate, often extended little beyond the hind femoral apices ; 
dorsum anteriorly cylindrical, the prozonal and lateral carinz 
before the shoulders wanting; between the shoulders backward de- 
planate, and behind the shoulders often subbifossulate ; median carina 
forward behind the anterior margin wanting, in front of the shoulders 
somewhat compresso-arcuate ; lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly 
bisinuate, the posterior angles moderately laminate, and on each 
side strongly armed with a transversely produced spine, or rarely 
little produced. LElytra very small and lanceolate ; wings fully 
explicate, not extended so far as the apex of pronotal process or 
about as far, Anterior and middle femora narrow, elongate, carinz 
entire, posterior femoral margins serrulate, the genicular denticles 
moderately distinct, posterior tibize scarcely at all ampliate toward 
the apices, with the canthi compressed, spinose, and minutely 
serrulate, the first and third articles of the posterior tarsi subequal 
or the first little longest. Type Bolotettix validispinus. 


This genus is readily distinguished from Criotettiz, which 
it most resembles, in the very narrow subacuminate vertex, 
the absence of the anterior prozonal and lateral carinz 
on the dorsum of pronotum, the cylindrical character of 
the forward part of the pronotum, the strongly-produced 
spines arming the posterior angles of the lateral lobes, the 
very small elytra, and the insertion of the antennz barely 
below the eyes. 


1. B. validispinus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 5.) 

Dark ferruginous, the face and legs lighter, the lateral thoracic 
spines and borders of pronotum rufescent, posterior femora externally 
below longitudinally striated with fuscous, posterior tibize and under 
parts of body fuscous. Face oblique ; vertex ascendant forward, in 
front reduced to nearly one-half the width of one of the prominent 
and globose eyes, anteriorly subobliquely marginate on each side, 
in profile not at all produced, middle feebly carinate, very little 
longitudinally sulcate on each side, supraocular lobes indistinct ; 
frontal costa little compresso-elevated between the antenne. Pro- 
notum anteriorly cylindrical, subulate posteriorly, little concave 
backwards, and extended beyond the knees of the hind femora and 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 225 


slightly beyond the wings, the apical process little upturned at the 
tip, dorsum of pronotum nearly smooth, conspersed with granules, 
little bifossulate behind the shoulders ; median carina in profile un- 
dulate, before the shoulders compresso-arcuate, and forward behind 
the anterior margin obliterated, but distinct posteriorly ; lateral 
carine of pronotum wanting; the lateral margins of pronotum just 
above the elytra at sides longitudinally sulcate; lateral lobes with 
the posterior angles strongly produced outward on each side in a 
transverse acute spine, stout, and triangular. Elytra small and 
lanceolate ; wings largely concealed by the pronotum posteriorly. 
Anterior and middle femora rather slender, the margins entire; the 
apical denticles of posterior knees subacute, the ante-genicular den- 
ticles moderately distinct; the first articles of the posterior tarsi 
having the first pulvilli smallest and acute, the third barely longer 
than the second, subflattened below. Length of body entire, female, 
15 mm, ; pronotum 14:5 mm. ; posterior femora 7 min. 


One example from (Kuching ?) N.W. Borneo ; Sarawak 
Museum, No. 344; Oxford Museum. 


2. B. planus, sp. nov. 

Greyish fuscous, the face similarly coloured, but the legs lighter, 
the posterior femora externally light above, striated with fuscous 
below, posterior tibie fuscous. Vertex very narrow, in front barely 
more than half the width of one of the globose eyes, ascendant forward ; 
frontal costa barely compresso-elevated between the antenne, face 
oblique, scarcely sinuate. Pronotum anteriorly cylindrical, the pro- 
zonal caring very indistinctly indicated, posteriorly subulate and 
extended little beyond the knees of the hind femora ; the dorsum 
interspersed with coarse granulations, subpunctate posteriorly, 
between the shoulders bearing indistinct, abbreviated, secondary 
costa ; median carina subincrassate, but low, obliterated behind the 
anterior border, posteriorly straight, but little compresso-arcuate 
forward before the shoulders ; lateral lobes with the posterior angles 
on each side bearing a transverse spine, strongly narrowed acute. 
Elytra small, lanceolate, and black ; wings fully explicate but ex- 
tended only as far backward as apex of pronotal process, coloured 
black or fuscous. Anterior and middle femora elongate, narrow, 
margins entire ; posterior femora externally bearing strongly ex- 
pressed oblique costz ; the first and second pulvilli of posterior 
tarsi equal in length, acute, the third longer and flattened below. 
Length of body entire, female, 12 mm. ; pronotum 11 mm. ; posterior 
femora 5:7 mm. 


One example from Mt. Matang, 3000 feet, near Kuching, 
N.W. Borneo ; Sarawak Museum,No. 342 ; Oxford Museum. 


226 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


This species is readily distinguished from validispinus, 
by the smaller stature, being narrower between the 
shoulders, in the more coarsely granulate pronotum, the 
more slender thoracic spines, the less extended and 
straighter pronotum, and the black elytra and wings. 


3. B. perminutus, Bolivar, Ann., Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 227, 
228, 1887. 


This species occurs in the Philippines, and was described 
by Bolivar under the caption Criotettiz, It was in- 
advertently omitted from my list of the species of Criotettix 
in my article in Genera Insectorum (48me Fasc. Orthoptera, 
Subfam. Tetrigine, p. 28, 1906), but it is referred to 
there in a foot-note. Attention was called to the species 
as belonging to a new subgenus. I find it falls naturally 
under the new genus Bolotettiz above described. 


4, It is quite likely that Criotettix nigellus (Bolivar, Ann. 
Soc. Ent. Belg., p. 225, xxxi, 1887) belongs here also. It 
is from Gaboon (Bolivar). 


Genus OCYTETTIX, nov. 


Recalling Charagotettix, to which it bears a near resemblance, 
Body strongly rugose ; vertex wide, transverse, imperfectly carinate 
forward, on each side bearing a small compresso-acute carina, in- 
wardly interrupted, fossulate on each side of the small median 
carina; eyes small; face moderately oblique, strongly sinuate ; 
frontal costa roundly compresso-produced between the antenna, 
viewed in front sulcate little above the posterior ocelli, below the 
rami moderately subparallel to the median ocellus ; posterior ocelli 
placed between the lower third of the eyes; antenne inserted dis- 
tinctly before the eyes; maxillary palpi little compresso-ampliate 
apically. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, middle of the anterior 
margin often excavate, posteriorly acuminate, the apex spinose, often 
upturned and not extended backward beyond the knees of the hind 
femora ; dorsum strongly depressed, often unigibbose forward and 
transversely fossulate between the shoulders, backwards often 
quadrinodulose ; the humeral angles produced outwards laterally 
and strongly carinate, the lateral margins just before and behind 
the shoulders strongly elevated ; the lateral carine profoundly com- 
presso-sinuate ; median carina strongly compresso-gibbose in front 
of the shoulders, depressed and indistinct behind the anterior 
margin, anterior prozonal carine strongly expressed, fossulate be- 
tween them, lateral scapular area at the sides wide ; lateral lobes at 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Musewm 227 


the interior border often bearing a tubercle on each side, the pos- 
teror angles widely laminate, produced outwards and triangular 
acute, obliquely truncate behind. Elytra and wings wanting. 
Anterior femora elongate, lobate ; posterior femora above externally 
bearing a series of large subrounded tubercles, and at the middle 
bituberculate, margins serrulate, the genicular and antegenicular 
denticles stout, subtriangular, posterior tibe little ampliate towards 
the apices, the canthi plurispinose and minutely serrulate. 


1. O. latihumerus, sp. nov. (Plate XX1I, fig. 4.) 

Body obscure ferruginous, infuscated, legs fuscous and pale 
annulate. Pronotum dilated between the humeral angles, the dorsum 
having the anterior gibbosity distinctly elevated, convex forward and 
declivous backward, posteriorly provided with two pairs of low 
subacute nodules ; the posterior angles of the lateral lobes having the 
margin behind the thoracic spines somewhat serrulate. Anterior 
femoral margins above subbilobate, with a median denticle below ; 
the posterior femora having the first denticle situated at the middle 
of the external pagina little produced, the second smaller. Length 


of body entire, female, 12°5 ; pronotum 10 mm. ; posterior femora 
7 mm. 


One example from N.E. Madagascar, Bay of Antongil, 
Mocquerys ; Oxford Museum. 


Section METRODORA, Bolivar. 
Genus SYSTOLEDERUS, Bolivar. 


1. S. greent, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. lxx, 
p. 584, 1901. 


Six examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford Museum. 
2. S. parvus, sp. nov. 


A small species, smoothly granulate ; cinero-ferruginous, with 
black wings. Head little exserted; eyes globose and strongly 
approximate ; vertex narrowly accuminate; frontal costa between 
the eyes vertically declivous, not at all sinuate; antenne inserted 
distinctly before the eyes; posterior ocelli placed on a plane with 
the antero-ventral border of the eyes. Pronotum smoothly granu- 
late, anteriorly truncate, cylindrical forward, and behind the anterior 
margin slightly ascendant, posteriorly subulate; median carina of 
pronotum very thin, low, and indistinct; the posterior angles of the 
lateral lobes turned down, subobtuse. Elytra light, elongate, 
margins above substraight, below curvate, acuminate forward and 


228 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


apically, the external surface very lightly punctate; wings fully 
explicate. Legs light ferruginous, margins of anterior and middle 
femora little compressed, entire. Length of the body entire, female, 
11 mm. ; pronotum 10:2 mm. 


One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo; Sarawak 
Museum, No. 358; Oxford Museum. 


Genus RHYNCHOTETTIX, nov. 


Body smoothly punctate; face profoundly retreating; vertex 
strongly rostrate, viewed from above the rostrum very much longer 
than the length of one of the narrow eyes, the apex distinctly 
rounded, the middle longitudinally carinate; frontal costa very 
narrowly sulcate, the carina above compressed, percurrent forward 
underneath the process to the apex; eyes viewed from above nar- 
rowly subelliptical, in profile compresso-conoidal ; superior ocelli 
placed on a plane with the lower third of the eyes; the median 
ocellus placed far below the eyes; antenne inserted little before 
(below) the antero-ventral border of the eyes. Pronotum truncate 
anteriorly, the margin little convex produced, posteriorly acuminate, 
but not spinose, toward the apex little concave and extended back- 
ward little beyond the posterior femoral knees; dorsum narrow 
between the shoulders, cylindrical forward, the prozonal carine 
here obliterated ; median carina low deplanate forward, but little 
elevated and distinct posteriorly ; lateral carine low; lateral lobes 
with the anterior margin below obliquely excised, the posterior 
angles of the lateral lobes little laminate outwards, distinctly pro- 
duced in an acute spine on each side. Elytra and wings wanting. 
Middle femora elongate, margins little compressed entire ; genicular 
and antegenicular denticles moderately stout; the posterior tibie 
little ampliate toward the apices, the canthi spinose, the first article 
of the posterior tarsi distinctly longer than the third. Type Rhyn- 
chotettia rostratus.* 


1. BR. rostratus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 7.) 


Fusco-ferrugineous, with lighter longitudinal striation on each 
side of dorsum, posterior femora with the external faces below stri- 
ated with fuscous. Rostrum triquetrous, strongly produced and 
when viewed from above about one and a half times longer than the 
length of one of the narrow eyes, the base of process subequal in 
width to one of the eyes; frontal costa viewed in profile roundly 
excavate opposite the eyes, and below very slightly sinuate, between 


* This genus belongs to the second subsection under Metrodore, 
as given in my article Tetriginw, Genera Insectorum, p. 32, 1906. 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 229 


the antennz very slightly compresso-elevated. Pronotum with the 
dorsum finely punctate, frontal margin rounded-truncate, posteriorly 
acuminate, the apical process extended little beyond the knees of the 
hind femora, and little longitudinally concave ; posterior angles of 
the lateral lobes armed on each side with an acutely-produced spine, 
obliquely truncate behind ; the pulvilli of the posterior tarsi dis- 
tinctly flattened below, the first smallest, the second and third equal 
in length, and longer than the first. Length of body entire, female, 
14:8 mm. ; pronotum 11°8 mm. ; posterior femora 6 mm. 


One example from N.E, Madagascar, Bay of Antongil, 
Mocquerys ; Oxford Museum. 


Genus MITRITETTIX, Hancock.* 


1. AL. processus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 8.) 


Stature little larger than phyllocera, which it nearest resembles. 
Body finely punctate, granulate; grayish ferruginous. Vertex 
rostrate, flattened above, subnarrowed forward, horizontally pro- 
duced, about twice the length of one of the eyes, and at the base 
nearly twice the width of one of the eyes ; viewed from above the 
first half of the process with the sides subparallel, at the middle of 
the rostral margins angularly excavate on each side ; the apical half 
of process being little narrower than the first half, and little dilated 
at about the middle, forward the sides converge forming an obtuse 
angle in front, middle carinate, slightly longitudinally sulcate on 
each side ; head viewed in profile little convex above, the rostrum 
often little bent downward, face oblique ; frontal costa somewhat 
widely sulcate, dividing above the posterior ocelli, the carina above 
passing forward on the underside of the rostrum strongly compresso- 
elevated ; posterior ocelli placed between the submiddle part of the 
eyes, a little in advance of them; median ocellus situated far below 
the eyes ; maxillary palpi with the apical articles dilated ; antennz 
short, inserted scarcely below the antero-ventral border of the eyes; 
maxillary palpi with the apical articles dilated. Pronotum anteriorly 
truncate, little angulate produced at the middle of the front margin, 
posteriorly strongly acuminately produced beyond the knees of the 
hind femora, the process stout ; dorsum deplanate, smoothly punc- 
tate, sometimes slightly rugulose, narrow between the shoulders ; 
prozonal carine parallel, humeral angles widely obtuse ; median 
carina compressed, elevated before the shoulders subtectiform, 


* The name Mitritettix was proposed by the writer for Bolivar’s 
Mitraria, the latter name being preoccupied. Vide article in Genera 
Insectorum, 48me Fasc., p. 51, 1906. 


230 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


depressed between the shoulders and distinct behind the shoulders 
backward ; lateral carine indistinct, granulate ; lateral margins just 
above the elytra sulcate ; lateral lobes of pronotum little reflexed 
outwards, slightly laminato-rectangulate. Elytra small, elongate, 
rather narrow, subacuminate towards the apices ; wings fully expli- 
cate, not quite reaching to the apex of the pronotal process. 
Femoral margins minutely serrulate, anterior femora compressed, 
the superior carina distinctly compresso-arcuate ; middle femoral 
margins little compressed, in the male distinctly ampliate toward the 
base ; hind femora narrow elongate, the genicular and antegenicular 
denticles rather stout, acute; posterior tibie with the canthi 
minutely serrulate, plurispinose, and scarcely at all ampliate toward 
the apices ; the first and third articles of the posterior tarsi equal in 
length, the three pulvilli equal in length, somewhat flattened below. 
Length of body entire, male and female, 19-215 mm.; pronotum 
16-19 mm. ; posterior femora 6°8-7°5 mm. 


Four examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo. One from 
the Sarawak Museum, No. 340, the others from R. Shel- 
ford; Oxford Museum. 


Genus TETTICERUS, Hancock. 
1. Z. bigibbosus, Hancock, Occasional Mem. Chicago Ent. 
Soc., vol. i, No. 1, p. 5, Pl. I, figs. 1-10, 1900. 


Four examples from N.E. Madagascar, Bay of Antongil, 
Mocquerys; Oxford Museum. 


Genus CrYPTOTETTIX, Hancock. 
1. C. spinilobus, Hancock, Occasional Mem. Chicago Ent. 
Soc., vol. i, No. 1, p. 14, 15, Pl. I, figs. 6-60, 1900. 
Two examples from N.E. Madagascar, Bay of Antongil, 
Mocquerys; Oxford Museum. 


Genus MAZARREDIA, Bolivar. 


1. M. insularis, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 240, 
1887. 
Four examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford 
Museum. 


2. M. centrosa, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 242, 
1887. 
Two examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, Sarawak 
Museum, Nos. 352 and 355; Oxford Museum. 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 231 


3. WM. planitarsus, sp. nov. 


Resembling sculpta; stature rather slender; grayish fuscous ; 
head not at all exserted ; vertex flattened, slightly wider than one of 
the eyes, little narrowed forward, on either side with oblique carina, 
the middle carina obscure, indistinctly sloping forward ; frontal 
costa viewed in profile compresso-protuberant between the antenna, 
the face strongly sinuate below ; eyes globose, sessile, not higher 
than the dorsum. Pronotum gibbose forward, rather narrow be- 
tween the shoulders, very strongly produced backwards equal to 
the length of the hind femora beyond the femoral apices ; median 
carina elevated gibbose between the shoulders, abruptly declivous 
posteriorly and behind the shoulders depressed, posteriorly straight ; 
dorsum behind the prozonal carinze forward at the sulci constricted, 
humeral angles widely obtuse, bicarinate ; lateral carinz on process 
posteriorly serrulate ; anterior prozonal carine distinctly expressed, 
rather short and little divergent backward ; dorsum on each side 
bearing an abbreviated costa scarcely in front of the shoulders, and a 
pair of lineate tubercles or protuberances above the middle of the 
posterior femora ; lateral lobes little reflexed outwards, produced 
angulate. Elytra moderately large, oval, little narrowed toward the 
apices, externally strongly punctate ; wings fully explicate, extended 
backward as far as the pronotal apex. Anterior and middle femora 
elongate, the margins little compressed undulate, the superior carina 
of the anterior femora noticeably compressed ; the canthi of posterior 
tibiz minutely spinose and serrulate; the first articles of the 
posterior tarsi very slender, longer than the third, the pulvilli 
strongly deplanate below and almost obliterated, the apical pulvillus 
very small acute. Length of body entire, male and female, 
14°8-16°5 mm.; pronotum 14-15°5 mm.; posterior femora 5-5-8 mm. 


Four examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo. One of 
these specimens from Sarawak Museum, No. 847, the 
others from R. Shelford ; Oxford Museum. 


Genus XisTRA, Bolivar. 
1. X. stylata, sp. nov. 


Ferruginous. Head compresso-elevated, in profile sinuate. 
Vertex cornute, strongly concavely depressed forward, on each side 
the oblique carinula strongly elevated and formed into an acute, 
vertically-produced, cylindrical spine, which curves a little forward, 
extended above the eyes, equal to about four-fifths the height of one 
of the eyes ; eyes elevated and conico-rotundate, substylate ; posterior 
ocelli placed barely below the eyes ; antenne inserted far below the 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART Il. (SEPT.) 16 


232 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


eyes; the frontal costa rather widely sulcate, evenly divergent 
forward to the median ocellus, little compresso-elevated between the 
antenne. Pronotum granulate, posteriorly lengthily subulate, 
extended beyond the hind femoral apices ; dorsum little ascendant 
near the anterior margin, between the shoulders elevated, compresso- 
cristate, the top of crest subdentate, before and behind the crest the 
median carina often little compresso-dentate ; median carina low 
forward just behind the anterior margin and posteriorly on the 
process ; humeral angles widely obtuse, the lateral carine# continuous 
forward on the shoulders ; the anterior prozonal carine parallel ; 
posterior angles of the lateral lobes subangulate, slightly reflexed, 
subrounded-truncate. Elytra elongate, apices narrowly rounded, 
externally punctate, fuscous with light apices ; wings fully explicate, 
barely extended beyond the pronotal apex; anterior and middle 
femora elongate, the carinew distinctly compressed, undulate, the 
superior carine of the middle femora produced in an apical spine ; 
posterior femora elongate, genicular spine acute, little produced ; the 
three pulvilli of the first tarsal articles equal in length. Length of 
the body entire, female, 16°2 mm.; pronotum 15 mm,; posterior 
femora 5‘9 mm. 


One example from Putlam, Ceylon, in the Oxford 
Museum. 
This species is nearly allied to Yystra corniculata, Stal. 


Genus Notocerus, Hancock. 


1, V. cornutus, Hancock, Occasional Mem. Chicago Ent. 
Soc., vol. i, No. 1, p. 5, 6, figs. 2, 2a, 1900. 


Three examples from N.E, Madagascar, Mocquerys; 
Oxford Museum. 


la. Var. 


Similar to cornutus, but of smaller stature, the male and female 
measuring as follows: entire length 16-165 mm.; pronotum 
14-154 mm.; posterior femora 6-7 mm. In the male the wings 
extend beyond the pronotal apex, and in this sex the pronotum 
between the elevated humeral angles is transversely convex and 
little tumose ; the median carina here being low, but in the female 
little compressed, otherwise similar to cornutus. 


Two examples from the same locality as the preceding. 
Genus Hysorertrx, Hancock. 


1. H. humeralis, Hancock, Occasional Mem. Chicago Ent. 
Soc., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 9, 10, fig. 4, PL. I, 1900. 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 238 


One female example which measures as follows: entire length 
18 mm.; pronotum 17 mm.; posterior femora 8mm, From N.E 
Madagascar, Bay of Antongil, Mocquerys ; Oxford Museum, 


Genus CAMELOTETTIX, nov 


Resembling Notocerus and Hybotettia, but differing in the vertex 
bearing more perceptibly compresso-marginate carine laterally before 
the supraocular lobes, and distinctly fossulate on each side of the 
feeble median carina; the frontal costa but very little compresso- 
elevated between the antenne, the rami evenly divergent forward tc 
the median ocellus ; the eyes in profile globose instead of ovoid ; the 
pronotum at the shoulders slightly dilated, in profile the lateral 
carinated margins widely arcuato-elevated above the articulation of 
the hind femora, the dorsum smoothly deplanate, but transversely 
plurifossulate ; the lateral lobes of pronotum with the elytral sinus 
nearly as pronounced as the inferior one below. Type Camelotettix 
eurvinotus. 


1. C. curvinotus, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, fig. 6.) 


Grayish-ferruginous ; body smoothly granulate, quadrate in section 
or in front view ; vertex transverse, but not transversely carinate, 
flattened, anteriorly convex, nearly twice the width of one of the 
eyes, laterally compresso-marginate forward of the supraocular lobes, 
strongly fossulate on each side of the feeble median carina ; eyes 
sessile, not higher than the dorsum ; posterior ocelli placed between 
the submiddle plane of the eyes ; antennz inserted barely before the 
ventro-anterior border of the eyes ; apical articles of maxillary palpi 
little dilated. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, the dorsal front margin 
somewhat roundly excavate, posteriorly acuminate, extended back- 
ward beyond the knees of the hind femora, the shoulders widely 
rounded, carinate, and viewed in profile strongly arcuately elevated ; 
dorsum transversely trifossulate, sloping backward; the median 
carina strongly sinuate ; before the shoulders bearing an abbreviated 
parallel costa on each side; prozonal carine granulate, little converg- 
ent backward ; lateral lobes with the posterior angles little laminate, 
subacute produced, obliquely truncate behind : the lateral carinz on 
each side of the pronotum between the shoulders and elytra formed 
in a wide are far above the elytra (in Hybotettix it is sulcate). Elytra 
of moderate size ; wings fully explicate, extended backward nearly 
to the pronotal apex. Femora elongate, margins entire, the ante- 
genicular spines small, acute, the genicular spine little acute pro- 
duced ; posterior tibiz somewhat curvate, little ampliate toward the 


234 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


apices, the canthi armed with stout spines ; the first and third tarsal 
articles equal in length, the three pulvilli of the first tarsal articles 
equal in length, but the first more rounded below than the rest. 
Length of body entire, female, 16°5 mm.; pronotum 15:5 mm.; width 
between the shoulders 3°5 mm.; posterior femora 7 mm. 


One example from Bali, Doherty; Oxford Museum. 


Genus DASYLEUROTETTIX, Rehn. 


1. D. cwrriei, Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science, Philadelphia, 
p. 658, 1904. 


One example, a male, differs from the type in being less 
rugose on the pronotum, and in the frontal costa being 
narrower. From Natal, Africa; Oxford Museum. 

Notre.—This genus was formerly placed in the section 
Cladonotx, but an examination of type specimens, recently 
acquired, convinces me that it belongs in the section 
Tetrigiw, taking a place near 7'etrix. Indeed this species 
recalls Tetrix depressus, Bris., as its nearest relative. 


Genus ALLOTETTIX, Hancock. 


1. A. americanus, sp. nov. 


Ferruginous. Vertex little ascendant forward and distinctly 
narrowed, strongly narrower than one of the eyes, tricarinate; frontal 
costa sulcate above the posterior ocelli, the rami moderately diverg- 
ent forward to the median ocellus, in profile roundly compresso- 
elevated, produced, between the antenne ; eyes roundly conoidal in 
profile, little elevated above the dorsum of pronotum; posterior 
ocelli rather conspicuously showing in advance of the eyes on a 
plane little below the middle; antennz inserted distinctly before 
(below) the eyes, the articles strongly elongate, the first articles 
grossly compressed. Pronotum depressed, rugose, convex between 
the shoulders and somewhat narrow, the shoulders bicarinate, widely 
obtuse, posteriorly lengthily subulate, extended backward beyond 
the knees of the hind femora; median carina little compressed, 
lightly sinuate, little excavate behind the anterior margin ; anterior 
prozonal carinz distinctly expressed, slightly convex ; lateral lobes 
with the posterior angles turned downward, obtuse. Elytra narrow 
and somewhat acuminate posteriorly ; wings fully explicate, extended 
backward beyond the pronotal apex. Anterior and middle femoral 
margins entire ; hind femora of ordinary form, the hind tibiz rather 
stout, distinctly ampliate toward the apices, the margins armed with 
stout spines ; the first articles of the posterior tarsi stout and scarcely 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 235 


shorter than the third, the first two pulvilli of the first tarsal articles 
short and acute, the third pulvilli longer and somewhat flattened 
below but acute. 


One example from Cachabi, Ecuador, 8. America; 
Rosenberg ; Oxford Museum. 

Readily distinguished from the other members of this 
genus by the narrowed vertex, which is strongly narrower 
than one of the eyes and tricarinate, and also by the 
extended wings which pass beyond the pronotal apex. 


Genus OTumMBA, Morse. 


1. O. quadrata, sp. nov. 


Somewhat resembling scapularis. Pale ferruginous ; head little 
exserted, face oblique; vertex ascendant forward but very little 
narrowed, convex, advanced nearly as far as the eyes, the carine 
laterally little roundly compressed, at the front almost as wide as 
one of the eyes, middle carinate, sulcate on each side ; frontal costa 
declivous above, between the antenne little compresso-elevated, and 
sinuate below, between the posterior ocelli narrowly sulcate, evenly 
divergent forward to the median ocellus; eyes roundly conoidal, 
higher than the dorsum of pronotum ; posterior ocelli placed between 
the lower third of the eyes ; antenne inserted distinctly before the 
ventro-anterior border of the eyes. Pronotum rugose or often rugu- 
lose, depressed, deplanate between the shoulders; median carina very 
low and indistinctly sinuate, almost straight posteriorly and lengthily 
acuminate, extended beyond the knees of the hind femora; prozonal 
carinz distinct and parallel; humeral angles obtuse, bicarinate ; 
lateral lobes with the posterior angles strongly reflexed outwards, 
rectangulate, but convexo-truncate behind. Elytra small, acuminate 
toward the apices; wings fully explicate reaching just beyond the 
pronotal process. Margins of anterior and middle femora little 
compresso-undulate ; the posterior femora bearing a series of large 
tumose tubercles above on the outer faces, the antegenicular spine 
acute, but the genicular spine nearly wanting, posterior tibize very 
little‘ampliate toward the apices, the canthi sparingly spinose ; the 
first and second pulvilli of the first tarsal articles equal in*length; 
subacute, the third pulvilli little longer and more flattened below, 
Length of body entire, male and female, 12-13 mm.; pronotum 
11-12 mm.; posterior femora 5-6 mm. 


Five examples from Cachabi, Ecuador, S. America. 
Rosenberg; Oxford Museum. 


236 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


Section TETRIGIZ, Bolivar. 
Genus PARATETTIX, Bolivar. 


I recognize four Bornean species of Paratettiz, which 
may be distinguished by the following key *— 


1. Pronotum somewhat broad between the 
shoulders ; the lateral lobes conspicuously 
reflected outwards, triangular and acute ; 
first two basal pulvilli of the first tarsal 
articles spiculate ‘ : 

2. Pronotum narrower between the shoulders ; 
the lateral lobes little produced outwards, 
and angulate-subacute ; the first two basal 
pulvilli of first tarsal articles not spiculate angulobus, sp. nov. 

3. Posterior angles of the lateral lobes of pro- 
notum narrowly rounded ; vertex of head 
strongly narrower than one of the eyes; 
length of pronotum from 9 to 12 mm. . histricus? Stal, 

4. Posterior angles of lateral lobes subtriangular, 
indistinctly turned outward; vertex of 
head narrowed forward, subequal or little 
narrower than one of the eyes; pronotal 
process often extended as far as the wings; 
length of pronotum from 12 to 15mm. . lineatus, sp. nov. 


1. P. variabilis, Bolivar, Aun. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 276, 
1887. 


Three examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford; 
Oxford Museum. 


2. P. angulobus, sp. nov. 


A very slender-bodied species, with prominent globose eyes, fusco- 
or grayish-ferruginous; vertex ascendant forward, strongly narrowed, 
tricarinate, at the front much narrower than one of the eyes, occiput 
behind the eyes exposed; eyes higher than the dorsum of pronotum; 
frontal costa rather roundly compresso-elevated between the antenna, 

‘not at all sinuate; apical articles of maxillary palpi oval; the 
antenne inserted almost between the inferior border of the eyes. 
Pronotum often lightly rugulose, depressed, little ascendant behind 
the anterior margin, subdeplanate between the shoulders and bearing 


variabilis, Bol. 


* One of the common species of Tetrigine in Borneo is Paratettix 
contractus of Bolivar. This species is considered a T'etrix here, and 
will be so treated further on under that heading. 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 237 


an abbreviated costa on each side ; the shoulders indistinctly bicari- 
nate; median carina forward little sinuate, horizontally straight 
posteriorly, process lengthily acuminate, strongly extended beyond 
the knees of the hind femora; posterior angles of lateral lobes reflexed 
outwards and angulate-acute. Elytra oval; wings fully explicate, 
extended beyond the pronotal apex, caudate. The first and third 
articles of the posterior tarsi equal in length, the three pulvilli of the 
first tarsal articles nearly equal in length. Length of body entire, 
male and female, 13-14 mm.; pronotum 11-12 mm.; posterior femora 
46-5 mm. 

Five examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo; Oxford 
Museum. Two of these specimens from the Sarawak 
Museum, Nos. 353 and 351, the others from R. Shelford. 


3. P. histricus? Stal, Freg. Hiig. resa. Ins. Orthopt., p. 347, 
1860. 


One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo; R. Shelford, 
Oxford Museum. 


4. P. lineatus, sp. nov. - 


Ferruginous, legs lighter. Head not at all exserted; vertex 
narrowed forward, subequal in width to one-of the eyes; the frontal 
costa arcuate; eyes moderately small, globose; posterior ocelli 
unusually large and conspicuously showing just in advance of the 
middle of the eyes. Pronotum lengthily subulate, rather smooth, 
bicarinate at the shoulders, the dorsum convex between the shoulders 
and bearing abbreviated costa on each side forward ; lateral lobes 
not at all reflexed outwards, truncate ; elytra oblong ; wings fully 
explicate, extended backward just beyond the pronotal apex. Femoral 
caring entire ; the first tarsal articles having the second pulvilli very 
little smaller than the first and third, all the pulvilli flattened below, 
not spiculate. Length of body entire, male and female, 13'5-16 mm.; 
pronotum 12-15 mm.; posterior femora 5-6 mm. 


Six examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo. One of 
these specimens from Sarawak Museum, No. 345, the rest 
from R. Shelford; Oxford Museum. 

This species may possibly be a Coptotettix. 


Genus APOTETTIX, Hancock. 
1. A. proximus, sp. nov. 
A South American form of rather small stature, with subquadrate 


vertex, resembling Paratettix frey-gessneri, and dimorphic in wings 
length. Greyish, the tibie and tarsi fusco-annulate. Vertex little 


238 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


wider than one of the eyes, longitudinally fossulate on each side of 
the distinct. median carina, the front margin subtruncate ; frontal 
costa rather widely sulcate, in profile little arcuate produced between 
the antennx, subsinuate above and below; eyes of moderate size. 
Pronotum little rugose granulate, somewhat deplanate between the 
shoulders, acuminate posteriorly and extended to or beyond the 
knees of the hind femora; median carina percurrent, compresso- 
arcuate forward before the shoulders, little lowered and often sub- 
sinuate backward, but straight on the process; lateral lobes little 
reflexed outwards, the posterior angles distinctly rounded or obtuse. 
Elytra oblong ; wings fully explicate, abbreviated and not extended 
to the apices of the posterior femoral knees, or passing beyond the 
apex of pronotal process or even caudate. The first tarsal articles 
with the first and second pulvilli small and spiculate, the third 
much longer and flattened below. Length of body entire, male and 
female (short-winged form), 7°5-9 mm. ; pronotum 7-7'8 mm. ; pos- 
terior femora 45-5 mm. Long-winged form, male, 10 mm. ; pronotum 
8 mm. ; posterior femora 4°5 mm.. 


Five examples, from Cachabi and Paramba, Ecuador, 
S. America; Rosenberg. 


Genus EUPARATETTIX, Hancock. 


1. H. personatus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi 
p. 278, 1887. 


One example from West Java; H. Fruhstorfer. Two 
examples from N.C. Province, Ceylon; Oxford Museum. 


? 


2. H. mimus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 278, 
1887. 


One example from Penang Island, E. L. Meyer, coll.; 
Oxford Museum, No, 3451. 


3. H. indicus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, p. 281, 
1887. 


Four examples from (Assam ? ) India; Oxford Museum. 


4. HE. similis, sp. nov. 

A rather small form, with the head little exserted. Vertex hardly 
narrowed forward, nearly equal or subnarrower than one of the 
globose eyes, little ascendant forward; median carina distinct, 
suleate on each side; the frontal costa slightly compresso-arcuate 
between the antennz, declivous above; eyes barely higher than 
the dorsum. Pronotum lengthily acuminate posteriorly, little 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 239 


rugose, without supernumerary costa, convex between the shoulders, 
the humeral angles distinct and carinate; the anterior prozonal 
carine very small, subobsolete ; median carina percurrent, slightly 
incrassate, little compresso-elevated forward and there often 
subundulate, but straight posteriorly ; pronotal process strongly 
extended backward beyond the hind femoral knees; lateral lobes 
distinctly turned down, the posterior angles narrowly rounded. 
Elytra oval ; wings caudate. Anterior and middle femoral margins 
entire ; posterior femoral carinz above arcuate ; the first and third 
articles of the posterior tarsi equal in length, the first tarsal articles 
having the first and second pulvilli spiculate, the third nearly as 
long as the first and second united and flat below. Length of body 
entire, male and female, 11-12 mm. ; pronotum 9-10 mm. ; posterior 
femora 4-4°7 mm. 


Six examples from Banguay, and one from Kina Balu- 
Borneo, in the author’s collection. Examples are in the 
Oxford Museum from the Philippines, Nos. 2769 and 2770, 
and from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford. 


Genus TETRIX, Latreille. 


1. Z. contractus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, 
p. 281, 1887. 


Numerous examples in the collection of the Oxford 
Museum, from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford. 

This species seems nearer to Tetrix than Paratetti. 
The vertex is subwider than one of the eyes and rounded, 
not truncate; the frontal costa being distinctly sinuate, 
excavate between the eyes. It is apparently one of the 
commonest species in Borneo. This species was placed 
in the genus Paratettix by Bolivar. 


2. ZT. atypicalis, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica iu, p. 143, 
144, 1904. 
Two examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford 
Museum, 
3. ZT. a. ceylonus, Hancock, Spolia Zeylanica u, p. 143, 
144, 1904. 


Two examples from Pundaluoya, Ceylon; Oxford 
Museum. 
4. T. cuspidatus, sp. nov. 


: Resembling Tetrix contractus. Greyish, with the dorsum behind 
the shoulders often fusco-maculate. Vertex little depressed, not at 


240 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


all narrowed forward, anteriorly convex, tricuspidate, subequal 
in width to one of the eyes, the fronto-marginal carinz laterally 
little compresso-elevated and acute, viewed in profile the cusps often 
little elevated above the eyes, lateral margins of vertex not at all 
sinuate, median carina produced, in profile protuberant ; frontal 
costa in profile strongly sinuate, excavate between the eyes, little 
compresso-elevated between the antenne and excavate below, the 
rami moderately and evenly divergent to the median ocellus. 
Pronotum depressed, between the shoulders convexo-deplanate, the 
humeral angles distinct, carinate, and slightly produced laterally ; 
median carina percurrent but sinuate, little compresso-elevated before 
shoulders and little excavate just behind the anterior border, 
pronotal process strongly extended backward beyond the apices of 
the posterior femora ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes rounded, 
the inferior margins little reflexed outwards. Elytra oblong or 
somewhat oval with the apices subacuminately rounded ; wings 
caudate. Anterior and middle femoral margins distinctly compressed, 
the superior margins of the anterior femora distinctly compresso- 
elevated, the carinz undulato-arcuate ; middle femoral carinze above 
and below undulate ; the external paginse of the posterior femora 
rugose, the oblique costa strongly expressed and rugose-granulate; 
the first and third articles of the posterior tarsi about equal in 
length, the first and second pulvilli subacute, the third nearly as 
long as the first and second united and flat below. Length of body 
entire, male and female, 12°5-13 mm.; pronotum 105-11 mm. ; 
posterior femora 4—4°5 mm. 


Four examples from West Java, Pengalengan, 4000 ft. ; 
Oxford Museum. 


Genus HEpotertix, Bolivar. 
1. H. gracilis, Haan, Bijdr. Orthopt., p. 169 (= festivus). 


Six examples from Java, H. Fruhstorfer; Oxford Museum. 
Four examples from Ceylon and one from Chenapungi, also 
in Oxford Museum. 


2. H. guibelondoi, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, 
p. 285, 1887. 


One example referable to this species, from the Philip- 
pines, in the Oxford Museum, No. 2771. 


3. H. burri, Hancock, Occas. Memoirs Chicago Ent. Soc., 
vol. i, No. 1, p. 10, 11, 1900. 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 241 


Originally described from a male example from Mada- 
gascar under the genus Telmatetiiz. A second specimen 
in the Oxford Museum from the same locality, being a 
female, allows me opportunity of revising my opinion of 
this species. This species resembles Paratettix scaber from 
Africa, and it may be quite possible that it is this species. 
The antenne are inserted between the inferior part of 
the eyes, as in Hedotettix. 


4. HH. celebicus, sp. nov. 


A very slender-bodied species; greyish-cinereous or flavous, 
variegated with fuscous. Head little exserted ; vertex scarcely 
narrowed forward, narrower than one of the eyes, suleate on each 
side of the median carina, not at all ampliate toward the front; | 
frontal costa slightly arcuate, the face in profile not at all sinuate, 
rami divided distinctly above the posterior ocelli, moderately 
-sulcate. Pronotum truncate anteriorly, subtectiform between the 
shoulders, posteriorly lengthily acuminate, the process extending 
beyond the femoral apices; median carina percurrent, somewhat 
acute, little elevated between the shoulders; dorsum granulate ; 
the prozonal carinz parallel ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes 
turned down and narrowly rounded. Elytra with the apices some- 
what widely rounded ; wings strongly caudate. Anterior femoral 
carine straight ; intermediate femora, in the male, little ampliate 
toward the bases, in the female, subnarrowed ; the first tarsal articles 
with the first and second pulvilli acute-spiculate, the third much 
longer than the second, and straight below, the apices acute. Length 
of body entire, male and female, 11-14 mm.; pronotum 9-10 mm. ; 
- posterior femora 4-5 mm. 


Three examples from Macassar, Celebes, Doherty ; Oxford 
‘Museum. 


Genus CoproTeTTix, Bolivar. 


A. C. tuberculatus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxi, 
pe d7) 1887, 


Three examples from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. 
Shelford; Oxford Museum. 


2. C. rotundatus, sp. nov. 

Fuscous, the legs sometimes flavous or fusco-variegated ; vertex not 
produced beyond the eyes, strongly narrowed forward, about equal 
in width to one of the eyes, fossulate on each side, in profile little 
roundly elevated above the eyes ; the frontal costa strongly roundly 
produced in advance of the eyes, the rami dividing above the 


242 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of the 


posterior ocelli, moderately divergent forward to the median ocellus ; 
the posterior ocelli placed in advance of the upper third of the eyes. 
Pronotum lengthily subulate, the dorsum rugose, often conspersed 
with very slightly elevated and elongated ruge and coarsely granu- 
late ; median carina undulate, here and there slightly incrassate, 
but the other carine low and thin, the anterior prozonal carine 
very indistinct, granulate, and convergent backward ; posterior 
angles of the lateral lobes narrowed and rounded. Elytra oval, the 
apices rounded ; wings fully explicate and passing the pronotal apex. 
Anterior and intermediate femora elongate, the carine entire; the 
first articles of the posterior tarsi distinctly longer than the third, 
the first and second pulvilli of the first tarsal articles more acute 
than the third, the third being flat and longer than the second. 
Length of the body entire, male and female, 13-14'5 mm. ; pronotum 
11‘5-13 mm. ; posterior femora 5°5-6°5 mm, 


Four examples from Kina Balu in the author’s collection, 
and one from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ; Oxford 
Museum. 

In this species the antennz are inserted between the 
lower third or fourth of the eyes. The specific name 
rotundatus refers to the facial costa. 


3. C. parvus, sp. nov. 

This may be the short-winged form of Coptotettix tuberculatus. 
It isa small form with abbreviated wings and pronotum; the posterior. 
angles of the lateral lobes turned down, and slightly more obtuse ; 
the dorsum of pronotum rugose and bearing tubercles, some of 
which are abbreviated linear in form. The vertex resembles that of 
tuwberculatus. Length of body entire, male, 8 mm.; pronotum 7 mm. ; 
posterior femora 5°5 mm. 


One example from Kuching, N.W. Borneo, R. Shelford ; 
Oxford Museum. 


4, C. inflatus, Krauss, Denkschr. Naturw. Ges. Jena Bd. 8, 
1908, vol. iv, p. 745, Pl. LXVII, fig. 10, 1902. 


Six examples from Java; Oxford Museum. 


Section BATRACHIDE, Bolivar. 
Genus PHLa&oNOTUS, Bolivar. 
1. P. sinuatus, sp. nov. 


Similar to natalensis ; greyish, fusco-variegated. Vertex wide, 
completely covered, strongly produced; face in profile arcuate ; 


Tetrigine in the Oxford University Museum 248 


frontal costa strongly advanced beyond the eyes, the rami somewhat 
widely sulcate, divided above the posterior ocelli near the vertex, 
and slightly divergent forward. Pronotum anteriorly produced 
scarcely beyond the head, the front margin on each side straight, 
convergent forward, angulate, but with obtuse apex; dorsum strongly 
compresso-cristate ; the median carina forward between the shoulders 
strongly sinuate, posteriorly acuminate, extended little beyond the 
hind femoral apices. Elytra rather wide, oval, bearing a large black 
macula transversely intersected by a light fascia near the apices ; 
wings fully explicate and extended beyond the pronotal apex. 
Posterior femora somewhat incrassate ; the first and third articles of 
the posterior tarsi subequal in length, the three pulvilli of the first 
tarsal articles nearly equal in length. Length of body entire, male, 
14 mm.; pronotum 12°5 mm.; posterior femora 7 mm. 


One example from Natal or Orange River Colony, F. N. 
Brown; Oxford Museum, No. 3356. 


Genus TETTIGIDEA, Scudder. 


1. TZ. planus, sp. nov. 


This species has no spine at the termination of the superior carina 
of the middle femora, and the elytra are plainly coloured without 
macula ; it resembles Scudder’s species Tettigidea cuspidata. 

Body granulate; ferruginous, often fusco-variegated. Vertex 
distinctly wider than one of the eyes, somewhat depressed and 
smooth, narrowed forward, the supraocular lobes small, the front 
margin advanced about as far as the eyes, the median carina absent, 
the frontal carinule on each side very little compressed, little 
rounded-concave ; frontal costa narrowly sulcate, little compresso- 
elevated between the antenne; maxillary palpi yellow, widely 
compresso-dilated at the apices, the apical articles oval. Pronotum 
anteriorly acute spiniform produced nearly as far as the front of 
vertex, the spine nearly straight, the front margin on each side of the 
spine strongly concave ; posteriorly cuneate, extended backward 
nearly to the apices of the hind femoral knees ; dorsum granulate, 
between the shoulders somewhat tectiform; median carina little 
incrassate, subundulate, nearly horizontal, little compressed and 
pereurrent. Elytra elongate, acuminate toward the bases and apices, 
the external faces plain coloured and granulate; wings abbreviated. 
Hind femora elongate; the tibiee fuscous with pale annulation near the 
bases, the first and third articles of the posterior tarsi subequal, the 
first, second and third pulvilli respectively gradually increasing in 


244 Mr. J. L. Hancock’s Studies of Tetrigine 


length and subflattened below, not acute. Length of body entire, 
female, 12°8 mm.; pronotum 11'5 mm.; posterior femora 7°6 mm. 


One example from Paramba, Ecuador; Rosenberg. 


Genus ScaRIA, Bolivar. 


1. S. fasciata, sp. nov. 

This is a remarkably graceful species, narrow between the 
shoulders, and having the pronotum anteriorly only little ascendant. 
Body granulate, flavo-ferrugineous, on either side bearing a broad, 
black, longitudinal fascia, the face, lower part of lateral lobes of 
pronotum and sides flavous, legs flavous, often tinged with fuscous. 
Eyes strongly globose; face oblique; vertex subtruncate, nearly 
equal in width to one of the eyes, scarcely advanced so far as the 
eyes, little narrowed forward and smooth, the median carina wanting; 
the frontal costa starting at the vertex little lower than the eyes, 
divides between the posterior ocelli and is arcuately protuberant 
forward between the eyes; superior ocelli large, conspicuously 
showing in profile just in advance of the middle of the eyes. 
Pronotum anteriorly acute spiniform produced, the antero-dorsal 
margin on either side of the spine roundly excavate, posteriorly 
lengthily extended beyond the apices of the hind femoral knees ; 
dorsum between the shoulders convex, narrow; humeral angles 
bicarinate ; anterior prozonal carinze only little expressed, slightly 
divergent backward ; median carina somewhat undulate, often little 
compresso-elevated forward between the shoulders, nearly horizontal, 
and forward at the front margin with the spine little ascendant and 
uncinate. Elytra oblong, with a pale spot near the apices varying 
in intensity and size; wings fully explicate, extended beyond the 
pronotal apex. Posterior femora elongate, knees black, the superior 
carine forward black, with pale spots ; tibiae black but pale annulate 
toward the base and the apices, the canthi serrulate and rather feebly 
plurispinose ; the three pulvilli of the first tarsal articles equal in 
length. Length of the body entire, male and female, 13-15 mm.; 
pronotum 11-14 mm.; posterior femora 5:5-6°3 mm. 


A number of examples from Cachabi, Ecuador, Rosen- 
berg; Oxford Museum, and in the author's collection. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI. 
[See Explanation facing the Puate.] 


( 245) 


‘XU. The life-history of Spindasis lohita, Horsf. By 
Joun C. W. Kersnaw, F.ZS. 


[Read March 20th, 1907.] 
PLaTE XXII. 


Tuts pretty Lycenid, also known as S. zebrinus, Moore, is 
common in many localities near Macao and Hongkong, 
and no doubt occurs all over South China, within the 
range of the food-plants of the larva. It is on the wing 
from about March to November inclusive, sometimes 
appearing in dozens at the flowers of certain trees and 
shrubs, though it does not seem to care about other flowers, 
It has an exceedingly swift, erratic flight, and when settled, 
frequently head downwards, is continually working the 
large anal lobes of the hind-wings, hollowing and smoothing 
them, by rubbing the hind-wings together with a see-saw 
motion as it sits with closed wings. It frequents the out- 
skirts of woods and open, bushy ground, where the food- 
plants of the larva grow, and where the trees are in flower 
which attract the butterfly. 

The larval state is the most interesting and singular 
part of the life-history of this Lyczenid, and judging from 
that it would seem to be very nearly allied to the Australian 
genus Ogyris, a very interesting paper on which genus, 
entitled ‘A Monograph of the genus Ogyris,” appeared in 
the Trans, Ent. Soc. for 1905. Much of the information 
therein regarding the larval habits of species of Ogyris 
would apply without alteration to the larva of Spindasis 
lohita. 

The egg is hemispherical or domed, flattened on the 
under-side, strongly reticulated or honeycombed on the 
upper surface. It is laid singly, during the day, into the 
joints of bracts, stems or leaves of the food-plants of the 
larva, or even on adjacent parts of the host-plants. The 
usual food-plant is Henslowia frutescens, Champ. (Nat. Ord. 
Santalacex) a very common trailing or half-climbing shrub 
in this part of Kwangtung, a parasite on the roots of other 
vegetation. The larva also feeds on Loranthus chinensis, 
D.C., and Viscwm orientale, Willd., both Nat. Ord. Loran- 
thacex; the former a common bushy parasite on many trees, 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.) 


24.6 Mr. John ©. W. Kershaw on 


the latter not unlike the familiar British mistletoe, and of 
the same parasitic habits on various trees and shrubs, but 
it is not very common here. 

The general colour of the upper-side of the full-grown 
larva in the wet season is yellowish, with a double, in- 
terrupted dorsal line of dark brown. Most of the third 
segment is dark brown. An indistinct transverse dorsal 
reddish bar on each segment, each side, surrounded with 
dark brown. Below these markings uniform greenish- 
yellow, the whole body irrorated with light and dark specks, 
the whitish ones chiefly due to extremely short hairs or 
stubble. The second segment is covered with a dark brown 
shiny, chitinous shield, as is the last segment. On the 
twelfth segment are two dark brown chitinous tubulures, 
one each side, with a few hairs on the edges of the openings. 
From these tubulures the larva when irritated extrudes a 
white gland or stout filament which it vibrates rapidly 
and quickly withdraws again. The body is fringed laterally 
just above the legs with stiff white hairs.* Legs, prolegs, 
and under-side glaucous-green. Head nearly _ black. 
During the dry season the larve are very dark in general 
colouring, chiefly various shades of brown, with the wet 
season markings very obscure. 

When feeding, the Jarvee often secure two leaves slightly 
together with silk, forming a shelter but not entirely 
hiding the larve. The first lot of larve I reared, bred 
from eggs or captured between their leaf-shelters on the 
food-plants (where they occasionally seem to remain all 
day) arrived safely at full growth, ready to pupate, when 
though much distended they seemed soft and flabby, and 
burst at the lightest touch ; perhaps from the lack of ants 
to suck away superfluous juices; they all died, as I had 
kept no ants with them. But later I discovered larvae 
actually inside the nests of the ants, as well as pup, and 
thereafter kept ants with the larvee, which were successfully 
reared. They are, however, liable to a fungoid growth 
which kills many, especially in the dry season, where the 
larval stage lasts a long time and the larve feed very 
slowly. 

Apparently only one species of ant attends on the larva, 
at least in this district; small, and very dark red in colour, 
almost brown; but all three plants mentioned before swarm 


* All bristles on the larva are roughened, or minutely spined up 
the stems. 


the Infe-history of Spindasis lohita. 247 


with several kinds of ants, and are attractive to many 
other creatures, notably spiders. During the day the 
larve either remain in their leaf-shelters, as observed 
before, or more frequently in the ant-nests; especially in 
the latter, it would appear, in the dry season, when in 
January and February there is often much really cold 
weather. Some of these ant-nests are a fair size, but most 
of them very small; often made of one leaf with the edges 
turned up and roofed over with felted material; or two or 
three leaves are employed. Very often a succession of 
small nests encircle a slender branch, especially at the 
junctions of twigs; or they envelop a stalk and leaf or 
berry of the mistletoe—each little nest containing some 
aphides and ants, and occasionally a larva or two larvee of 
Spindasis. The ant-nests are built of masticated vegetable 
matter, rather like the ‘“‘ paper” of a wasps’ nest, but the 
material is much thicker and coarser. The ants seem to 
make use of anything handy, however, as my attention was 
once drawn to the peculiar blue tint of some nests; but an 
old blue rag torn from some coolie’s raiment was hanging 
close by in the shrub, which had been chewed up and used 
in the construction of the nests. 

The larvee issue forth from their shelters at night to 
feed, and are constantly attended by some of the ants, who 
often stand on the back of a larva, apparently caressing it 
with their antennz, and seeming to extract some juice 
from between the joints of the chitinous shields and the 
soft parts of the body; but chiefly they excite or irritate 
the larva by touching the tubulures with antenne and 
fore-legs, till the larva puts forth the filaments from the 
tubes, and the ants then seem to lick up some moisture 
left by the filaments on the edges of the openings.* The 
larva can extrude the filaments either together or in- 
dependently. Just before pupation the ants seem to tap 
the larva almost continuously, and the latter puts forth the 
filaments frequently and withdraws them more slowly than 
usual. The ants often crowd on the larva when the latter 
is feeding, and it is rarely left unattended for more than a 
few moments, even proceeding to its feeding-ground and 
returning home with ants on its back. 

And thus the larve spend their time till they pupate, 


* Tf the larva at first refuses to oblige the ant, the latter redoubles 
its attentions with its antennz, and strikes on the back of the larva 
with one of its feet. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART Ul. (SEPT.) 17 


248 Mr. John C. W. Kershaw on Spindasis lohita. 


which they generally do in a deserted leaf-nest of the ants ; 
or perhaps the latter kindly vacate their premises on 
purpose.* The nests used for pupation always seem quite 
new, though I have not found any ants actually inside the 
nests containing the pupze; they may make occasional 
visits, however, though my butterflies emerge in good 
condition when the pupz are isolated from ants. No 
doubt the safety of the pupa is well assured from the fact 
of its being concealed in what to all appearance is an in- 
habited ants’ nest; few creatures would willingly disturb 
it, except woodpeckers and some few habitual feeders on 
ants. There is but one fairly common species of wood- 
pecker here, and considering the abundance of large ants’ 
nests everywhere, it is not probable that these birds 
trouble about the small leaf and twig nests occupied by 
Spindasis. The only other animals here, so far as I know, 
which feed largely on ants are the Pangolin or Scaly Ant- 
eater, and the Hoopoe, the former scarce and probably 
feeding only on the ground, and the bird being of rare 
occurrence here. 

The pupa is dark shiny brown and yellow-brown, the 
tip of the abdomen blunt and rounded, and on the under- 
side is a roughened sub-circular patch, furnished with 
microscopic bristles, which aid the adhesion of the s lk by 
which the pupa is affixed to one of the walls of the leaf- 
nest. There is no girdle round the middle. The tubu- 
lures of the larva are represented by two slight scars in 
the pupa. 

The tubulures are really more distinct or conspicuous in 
the young than in the full-grown larve. The young larve 
generally eat away the under-side of the leaves in patches, 
leaving the thin upper skin. 

* Sometimes, if the larva can find a suitable leaf shrivelled into 


a small tube (as the thick, fleshy leaves of the food-plants often are), 
it lines the tube with a loose-textured web and makes its own shelter. 


EXPLANATION OF Pirate XXII. 
[See Explanation facing the PLatE.] 


( 249 ) 


XIV. On the egg-cases and early stages of some South China 
Cassidide. By J.C. KERsHAw and FREDERICK Muir. 


[Read March 20th, 1907.] 


THE four beetles mentioned in the following paper are all 
common in Macao. As their egg-cases or larve have not 
been previously figured or described, the following short 
description of the plate may be of interest to Coleopterists. 
Dr. David Sharp has kindly identified them for us, 


1.—Coptocycla circumdata, Herbst. 


The eggs of this species are laid singly, generally on the 
under-side of the leaf of its food-plant, a species of Zpomea. 
The egg, attached to a membrane similar in shape and 
texture to the egg-membrane of Aspidomorpha puncticosta, 
is fixed to the leaf, and the lower part of the membrane is 
turned back over the egg and pressed down. The edges of 
the membrane adhere to the surface of the leaf, and the 
shape and green colour of the egg can be distinctly seen 
through it. A double keel runs down the centre of the 
membrane, giving the egg-case the appearance of a double- 
keeled boat turned over. 

An examination of the lower oothecal plate shows 
that the thickening of the membrane forming the double 
keel corresponds to two indentations on the posterior 
edge of the plate. In Sasipta stolida the V-shaped 
membrane with a central keel, and in A. puneticosta the 
thickening of the lateral edges, corresponds to the shape 
of the oothecal plates ; the thickening of the lateral edges 
of the latter being due to the oothecal plates not quite 
meeting at this point. 

For these reasons we consider that the shape of the 
membranes of a Cassidid egg-case is determined by the 
shape of the oothecal plate. 

Sometimes in captivity a second egg is laid overlapping 
the side of the first. The egg-case 1s never covered with 
excremental matter. 

This species carries its cast skins during its larval and 
pupal life on a pair of long posterior spikes, in a similar 
manner to 4. puncticosta, and does not attach any excre- 
mental matter to them, thus falling into the same series 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART Il (SEPT.) 


950 Mr. J. C. Kershaw and Mr. Frederick Muir on the 


as the African species A, puncticosta and confinis. The bare 
ege-case also places it with these species, but its simple 
nature and the absence of any eggless membrane to act 
as attachment to the leaf indicate an affinity to the genera 
Cassida and Laccoptera. 

The larva and imago generally feed on the under-side of 
the leaves. If the pupz be kept in a light-proof box the 
bright or metallic colours do not appear in the imago. 


2.—Aspidomorpha micans, Fab. 


This species generally lays its eggs in batches of two, but 
sometimes three and even four eggs are placed together. 
Each egg is attached to the usual shaped Cassidid egg- 
membrane which has a slight thickening longitudinally, 
a midrib, and is doubled back over the egg. In captivity 
the first egg is sometimes attached direct to the leaf, but 
more often an eggless membrane is first attached to the 
leaf and the eggs laid in it. The second egg is placed to 
one side—+.e. the right—of the first, the third is placed 
upon and between the first and second, and the fourth, if 
present, to the leaf of the first. In captivity the egg-case 
is sometimes partly covered with excrement, but we have 
never found one so covered in the field. 

During the larval and pupal life the skins are carried on 
the long posterior spikes, but no excremental matter is 
attached to them; occasionally during the first instar 
small pieces of excrement are carried at the end of these 
posterior spikes. 

A pair in cop. at 10 a.m on the 5th September produced 
two egg-cases by 4 p.m. These remained in the egg state 
seven days, in the larval state nineteen days, and in the 
pupal state six days. 

Both by the egg-case and larval appendage this species 
falls into the African Aspidomorpha group. 


3.—Laccoptera chinensis, Fab. 

The egg-cases of this species contain two, three and 
sometimes four eggs, and are generally, but not invariably, 
covered with excremental matter. This covering is variable 
in size, sometimes covering the entire case, at other times 
being only a small patch in the middle of the membrane. 
The first egg is attached direct to the leaf and the 
membrane turned back in the usual way. 

Soon after the larva hatches it attaches a small piece of 


Lgg-cases and early stages of some S. China Cassidide. 251 


excrement to the tip of each of the long posterior spikes, 
a telescopic movement of the last two segments of the 
body enabling it to perform this operation. As its size 
increases these pieces of excrement coalesce and form a 
roughly triangular lump. The cast skins are worked into 
the mass and held to form the “shield.” Up to the last 
instar the larva is yellow, then it changes to black, the 
white sporacles showing up distinctly. The size of the 
shield varies: sometimes it entirely covers the larva, at 
other times it leaves it half exposed. 

Both by egg-case and larval “shield” this species falls 
into the same division as the African genera Cassida and 
Laccoptera. 


4,—Cassida obtusata, Boh. 


The egg-cases of this species contain two eggs attached 
to the ordinary-shaped Cassidid egg-membranes. The 
case 1s bare, no excremental matter being placed upon it. 
The imago feeds upon Citrus trees and injures them 
considerably. 

Unfortunately we were not able to observe the larva, so 
cannot state the shape and nature of its appendages, but 
we anticipate that it is similar to Coptocycla circwmdata. 

The study of these interesting egg-cases and larval 
appendages naturally suggests the questions as to their 
origin and use. That they are a protection to egg and 
larva brought about by natural selection is the first 
solution that suggests itself. Were A. puncticosta the 
only species under consideration this might appear an 
adequate explanation, but after studying several African* 
and these China forms the authors are not satisfied with it. 

In A. puneticosta, where the egg-case is carried to its 
highest perfection, the eggs are as heavily parasitised as 
any that we have observed, and in Mozambique, ants eat 
into the case and destroy the eggs. In a similar manner 
ants destroy the eggs of Mantide. It is not an absolute 
protection that we look for, but only a relative one. To 
argue that this species would be exterminated were its 
ego-case less perfect appears illogical, for other species are 
just as abundant although their egg-cases are much less 
perfect. The wide range of this species we consider 
due to the, practically, uninterrupted growth of its food- 
plant, Zpomexa spes-caprex, along the African coast. It is 


* Trans, Ent. Soc,, 1904, pp. 1-19, 


252 Egg-cases and early stages of some S. China Cassidide, 


possible that this ootheca may serve as a protection to 
dampness or drought, to spray or sand, in its exposed 
habitat, but in China Coptocycla cireuwmdata live upon the 
same food-plant and is exposed to the same conditions, 
It appears to be immaterial to the hatching of the larva 
of Laccoptera chinensis whether the egg-case be partly or 
wholly covered with excrement or left entirely uncovered. 

The larva and pupa of A. puncticosta, B. stolida and 
Laccoptera excavata have each a distinct style of larval 
appendages, and each is as heavily attacked by parasites 
as many beetles’ larvae not protected in such manner. 

As eggs and larve are scarce during October and 
November in Macao we were unable to collect enough 
material in the field to discover what parasites attack the 
species mentioned above and in what proportion. Several 
adults and larvee were found killed by a fungus growth. 

Until the structure of the egg-cases and larval append- 
ages of more species have been described, and the death 
factors that keep these beetles in check are better known, 
it were better not to insist that protection against enemies 
or drought is the “raison d’étre” of the development. 


( 253 ) 


XV. Life-history of Tessaratoma papillosa, Thunberg. 
By J. C. Kersuaw, F.Z.S. With Notes on the 
stridulating organ and stink-glands by FREDERICK 
Moir, F.E.S. 


[Read March 20th, 1907.] 
PLATE XXIII. 


As the early stages of the life-history of this Pentatomid 
have not been described, so Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy kindly 
informs me, it may be of interest to give a fairly complete 
account of the metamorphoses. The mature nymph, how- 
ever, says Mr. Kirkaldy, was figured by Gray in Griffiths’ 
“Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom,” xv, Plate XCIII, fig. 1 (1832). 
This bug is distributed from India to China, and is exceed- 
ingly common in South China, where it might well be called 
the “longan bug,” for it particularly infects the longan and 
- lichee trees, and seems to do them much damage, for the 
leaves of these fruit trees are to a great extent shrivelled, 
blackened and otherwise injured, as shown in the plate. 
No doubt part of this is due to other causes, but fungus 
probably attacks sooner or later the minute punctures 
made by the sete of the bug, and I believe the greater 
part of the injuries are caused by this insect ; it swarms on 
the trees all through the summer or wet season, tainting 
the air in the neighbourhood with its nauseous smell; and 
many may be found in a semi-torpid condition clinging on 
the foliage in the winter or dry season. 

On June 15th a f and $ were taken in the morning 
and put into a breeding-cage on a spray of longan. In 
the evening about 6 p.m. they were im cop. They separ- 
ated before 7 a.m. on the 16th. By 9 am. on the 21st 
the 2 had laid six green eggs on the under-side of a leaf 
(the usual locality for eggs of this bug) close together or 
actually touching one another. As each egg was deposited 
the bug took a step forward and felt with the tip of the 
abdomen where to place the next egg. By 10.15 a.m. it 
had laid fourteen eggs, and it then shifted slightly to one 
side of the batch and remained motionless for several days. 
The eggs hatched on the 30th, so that, roughly speaking, 
they hatch in about ten days. Some little time after the 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II, (SEPT.) 


254 Mr. J. C. Kershaw on 


eggs are laid they turn ochreous, and just before hatching 
become pink or purplish. Just emerged, the nymphs have 
the middle of the upper-side light green, the rest (including 
legs and antennz) light pink. In the next stage the 
general colour of the upper-side is pink, with blackish 
margins and a broad blackish marking in form of a cross; 
the antennz and legs are also nearly black. Like the 
adults, the nymphs in their youngest stages vibrate the 
antenne if disturbed, but apparently have not the power 
of using the stink-glands, even if they are developed in 
these stages. However, bugs in the third stage, shown at 
Fig. 4, have these dorsal glands quite distinct. This 
figure shows a specimen just after the first moult from the 
condition of Fig. 3. This stage continues the same in 
shape and colouring, though increasing in size and moult- 
ing several times, till the stage shown at Fig. 5 is reached. 
This figure shows a specimen just before the moult to the 
condition of Fig. 6, so that it will be seen that there is a 
great increase in size from the first to the final moult of 
the stage shown at Fig. 4, but no change in shape or 
colouring till the stage shown at Fig. 5 is reached ; in this 
stage also there are several moults and much increase in 
size to that of the specimen figured, but no change of 
shape or colouring till the stage shown at Fig. 6 is attained. 
In all the stages thus far, the head and thorax are practi- 
cally in the same plane with the abdomen, whilst the whole 
insect is very flat and thin in section. 

In the next stage, Fig. 6, the abdomen becomes more 
convex, and after the last moult the head and thorax 
deflect or bend downwards, the elytra come unsoldered 
and the wings appear, emerging in a folded and soft con- 
dition from beneath the elytra. For an hour or more 
after this final moult the insect is chiefly of a pale green 
and pink, and it remains in a soft state for about two 
days (apparently incapable of using the stink-glands), 
though gradually becoming harder. Finally, its colour is 
a beautiful purple-brown, but one or two days’ exposure 
brings the customary ochreous coloration seen in Fig. 8, 
the sexes scarcely differing. The bugs remain stationary 
for several days before each moult. The final moult to 
the adult condition is accomplished in about an hour, the 
whole insect being light green as it works its way gradually 
out of the old skin, but it almost immediately becomes 
variegated with pinkish-ochreous, 


the Life-history of Tessaratoma papillosa. 255 


On opening the wings of the adult as soon as the moult 
is accomplished and exposing the dorsal surface of the 
abdomen, the stink-glands appear to have atrophied. If 
the cast skin is examined these glands will be found as 
two yellow, soft masses enveloped by a thin membrane, 
and full of a clear yellowish fluid which has the character- 
istic smell if the little bags are ruptured. In the moulted 
skin these glands are on the under-side of the dorsal 
integument of the abdomen. The bug in the stage shown 
at Fig. 5, whether large or small, has the power of ejecting 
the spray of strong, evil-smelling fluid from the dorsal 
glands of the abdomen to a distance of several inches ; if 
received in the eye by mischance the smarting is almost 
intolerable. This liquid stains the skin yellow, much like 
a cigarette. In the adult bug the fluid is ejected from 
two glands near the third pair of coxze ; but a jet of liquid 
is also often shot from the anus; this liquid is of a darkish 
yellow-brown colour and appears to be scentless. The 
fluid ejected from the coxal glands is clear yellowish ; it 
immediately permeates (probably by capillary attraction) 
the abdominal articulations and spreads under the elytra 
on the dorsal surface. 

The adult bugs, both f and 9, are capable of stridulating 
if annoyed, but it seems probable they may use it as a 
means of signalling to each other. The under-side and 
legs of the adults become covered by degrees with a white, 
flocculent substance which becomes thicker with age. 
Those bugs which hatch late in the summer appear to 
winter in the stage shown at Fig. 5. 

The eggs of Tessaratoma papillosa are much parasitised 
by a Chalcid, and many batches of eggs may be found, 
each with the small round hole made by the exit of this 
parasite, which seems to be the main check on the increase 
of this already too numerous bug. 


( 256 ) 


Notes on the stridulating organ and stink-glands of Tessa- 
ratoma papillosa, Zrunb. By FREDERICK Muir, F.ES. 


The sound-producing organs of this insect are situated 
on the anterior dorsal part of the abdomen and upon the 
under-side of the wings, and consist of a movable striated 
surface, the file, which passes across strong chitinous teeth, 
the comb. A sclerite, spatulate at each end, runs across 
the abdomen between the metathorax and the first abdo- 
minal segment. Situated at each end of this sclerite, 
upon the spatulate part, is a round, convex and highly- 
chitinous spot finely striated transversely, the file. A 
strong muscular system is attached to the edge of this 
sclerite by means of which it is enabled to move backward 
and forward over an arc of about 35 degrees, having an 
imaginary axis passing from side to side of the abdomen ; 
the whole sclerite moves at once, so that the files act in 
unison and cannot move independently. This rotatory 
movement of the files makes it necessary that they should 
have a convex surface to keep them in contact with the 
comb situated upon the wing. The folding under of the 
wing along the claval suture brings the membrane between 
the file and the comb, and this membrane is often abraded 
at that spot, especially in old specimens. This membrane 
does not affect the sound at all, for it is of equal volume 
whether the membrane be cut off or not. If the wings be 
cut off and the insect irritated the files move rapidly, but 
of course no sound is produced ; the same thing happens 
if a female be placed near a male and watched for a little 
time. Figs. 1 and 2 show the position of these organs. 

In the later nymphal stages of this bug there are four 
stink-glands opening at the posterior margin of the second, 
third, fourth and fifth segments; the first and fourth of 
these glands are functionless, I cannot state if all four 
glands exist in the earliest stages as I have not been able 
to procure specimens, but it is interesting to note that, 
they are not able to secrete obnoxious fluid during these 
stages. This is not what I should have expected, as the 
presumably protective value of this fluid would be most 
valuable to the young. 


Mr. F. Muir’s Notes on the Tessaratoma papillosa, 257 


In the adult the dorsal glands atrophise and a ventral 
gland arises with two openings near the anterior edge of 
the metathorax lateral of the coxal cavity. The ducts 


“Inctathorax 
dodominat 


st. segment | — 
Ss ECS a 


Riad oes 


Ord. . 


an 


‘ 


deride f 
basal a of W md 


2 
| a 
on View as 


Ee nt | 
ek 
ae 3 ee : 
a oy ay ea 


| Ord, Coxalp <3 ‘)et.dba. oe ; ee stink: gland : 
i + < : : < 2 : 


: SK i200: 
| 

I 

| 


aa : 


fe ta 


G S 
Stink-gland 
Ve tral View 


[2s Se 1 Cie ES Po Re eR aE RE Be Reale dG se a LL ec A a a 


leading from this gland, after passing between chitinous 
processes for the attachment of muscles, open into chambers, 
or reservoirs, with strong muscular walls. A valve is 


258 Mr. F. Muir's Notes on the Tessaratoma papillosa. 


situated at the juncture of the duct and reservoirs. It is 
by the sudden contraction of the walls of these chambers, 
when full of fluid, that the insect is enabled to eject its 
obnoxious fluid six to ten inches. Fig. 3 shows the position 
of gland and the section gives a diagram of reservoir. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII. 


[See Explanation facing the PLATE. ] 


XVI. The structure and life-history of the Holly-fly. 
By Proressor L. C. Mraz, F.R.S., and T. H. 
TAYLOR. 


[Read March 20th, 1907.] 


I. INTRODUCTION. 


Occurrence.—Holly-leaves are often infested by a small 
Dipterous larva, which forms discoloured blisters upon 
them. When opened with a needle the blisters are found 
to contain yellowish-white larve with black heads and 
tails. In particular localities a large proportion of the 
leaves may be disfigured in this way, and it was the 
abundance of the insect near Leeds which caused us to 
undertake its investigation. 

Goureau * has published a slight notice of the holly-fly, 
to which he gave the name of Phytomyza aquifolu. We 
have not attended to the classification of Phytomyza, and 
express no opinion upon the validity of the species.+ 

Summary of Lrfe-history—The life of the holly-fly 
occupies about a year, and extends from one June to the 
next. In June the young leaves of the tree are expanding, 
and the eggs are laid in the midrib while it is still tender. 
The larva soon hatches out, and remains in the midrib for 
about two months, boring its way along the central vessel 
(fig. 1). Then it turns aside, and enters the blade of the 
leaf, feeding on the green cells beneath the upper epidermis, 
and producing a blister of irregular shape, which at first 
takes a pale colour in consequence of the contained air. 
More than one larva may attack the same leaf, and their 
blisters sometimes run together. The cuticle is too opaque 
for the larva to show through it, but it can be felt by 
gentle pressure with the finger-tip. When feeding it lies 
on either its right or left side, and mows down the cells 
with its mouth-hooks, leaving a track which, while fresh, 
is visible from without, and reminds one of the path made 


* Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. ii, p. 143 (1851). 

t+ There is a brief notice of the holly-fly in Réaumur’s “ Histoire 
des Insectes,” vol. 111, mém. 1 (1737). 

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (SEPT.) 


260 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the 


by the radula of a pond-snail among the microscopic alge 
of an aquarium. About the end of March the larva is 
full fed, and turns to a pupa, which, unlike that of many 
other leaf-miners, remains within the leaf. The flies 
appear about the end of May, and may be seen throughout 


ex A 


Transverse section of midrib of holly-leaf showing larval mine in central vein. (x 50.) 


June on infected holly-trees, usually alighting on the 
young green shoots. We have not met with them except 
on the holly, nor have we seen them fly except from one 
leaf to another. 


II. THE STRUCTURE OF THE LARVA. 


We shall begin by describing the larva in its first stage, 
and then notice the points of difference which mark the 
full-grown larva. 

The Exoskeleton. The body (fig. 2) consists of a head 
succeeded by three thoracic and nine abdominal segments, 
the two last of which are distinguished with difficulty.* 
Transverse bands of minute hooks make the junctions of 
the segments obvious, except where the 11th and 12th 
segments meet. The first band is restricted to the dorsal 
surface; the second is interrupted laterally; all the bands 
are interrupted along the mid-dorsal and mid-ventral 
lines. 


* Twelve is the usual number of post-cephalic segments in Muscid 
and Nemoceran larve. In one species of Chironomus we have found 
faint indications of a subdivision of the 12th larval segment, the 
part behind the bunches of sete being constricted off. 


261 


Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 


The head is sunk into the thorax so deeply that only 


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g and narrow, 
The ventral 


It is lon 


and reaches as far back as the metathorax. 


the extreme fore-end is exposed. 


262 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the 


surface of the exposed part is strongly chitinised, and 
serves for the prehension of food. In the young larva it 
is armed with three hook-like teeth, one median and of 
larger size, the other two smaller and further back. This 
chitinised ventral plate, which, although it is deeply cleft 
behind, is apparently singte, is replaced in older larve by 
two unequal oral plates, enclosing the mouth-opening 
between them, and each carrying two hook-like projections. 
Muscles pass from the body-wall to the oral plate or plates, 
and effect the movements necessary to mastication. In 
young larve, but not in older ones, a pair of curved 
chitinous struts, standing off on either side at right angles, 
probably serve to hold the plate in position (they are 
omitted from fig. 3). The upper-surface of the head is 
almost entirely concealed; on the minute exposed part 
are several small oblique sunk rods of chitin, of unknown 
function. The head-capsule, which answers to the wall of 
the head in more normal insects, consists of a delicate 
cuticle, lined by an epidermis. It is continuous with the 
oral plates, but otherwise completely immersed ; nothing 
can be seen of an invagination-cavity. Muscles pass from 
the body-wall to the head-capsule. There is also an 
endocranium, which we suppose to have originated in 
chitinous apodemes; it consists of an anterior median 
piece, deeply grooved on its upper-surface, and a posterior 
forked piece, divided into right and left halves, each of 
which gives off dorsal and ventral arms. The groove on 
the median piece lodges the pharynx. 

The Nervous System.—The central nervous system 
(fig. 3) is lodged in the thorax and the fore-part of the 
abdomen; it consists of cerebral ganglia and a ventral 
complex. From the latter paired nerves are given off to 
the head (three pairs), to all the thoracic segments, and to 
the first eight abdominal segments. A pair of large 
ganglia in front of the cerebral ganglia may represent the 
optic lobes of the blow-fly larva. The prothoracic and 
mesothoracic nerves have ganglia at their roots. No 
sense-organs have been clearly made out in the young 
larva, though in older larve minute structures, which are, 
probably sensory, appear on the exposed surface of the 
head (fig. 5). 

The Alimentary Canal—The mouth-opening leads into 
a small buccal cavity, which lies within the oral plate. 
The fore-part of the pharynx is strongly chitinised, and 


Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 263 


connects the oral plate with the endocranium ; the hinder- 


Fig. 3. 
g internal anatomy. g, gonad; sg, left salivary gland (the anterior end only of the right 


gland is shown) ; ve, ventral complex of neryous system. (x 145.) 


Larva of first stage, showin 


part lies in the concave median piece of the endocranium, 
and behind this in the space between the diverging 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—ParT 11. (sEPr.) 18 


264 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr, T. H. Taylor on the 


ventral arms. <A series of muscles, which are inserted 
into the dorsal wall of the pharynx, probably serve to 
dilate the cavity; when a live larva is placed in water 
charged with finely-powdered carmine the particles can 
be seen to enter the mouth at each contraction of the 
muscles. The cesophagus (fig. 3) passes between the 
cerebral ganglia. There is a cardiac chamber, with four 
czeca and an cesophageal valve. The stomach is long and 
convoluted. Two Malpighian tubules, each bifurcate, 
enter the beginning of the intestine. The whole alimen- 
tary canal is about five or six times as long as the body. 
The salivary-glands reach to the hinder-end of the body ; 
they are slightly dilated in front. Their ducts unite imto 
a single tube, which opens into the floor of the pharynx, 
perforating the median piece of the endocranium in order 
to do so; they show the usual cross-marking. It is hard 
to explain the large size of the salivary-glands, but as no 
pupal cocoon has to be made, their function is probably 
strictly alimentary. 

The Tracheal System.—A pair of longitudinal tracheal 
trunks run nearly the whole length of the larva (fig. 2). 
These trunks are connected with each other by transverse 
dorsal commissures, and give off segmental branches. 
Adjacent segmental branches are united by longitudinal 
connectives, from each of which arises a ventral trachea. 
There are ten pairs of closed spiracles, two thoracic and 
eight abdominal. The first and the last pairs occur re- 
spectively in the Ist thoracic and the 8th (spiracular) 
abdominal segment, and are placed near the mid-dorsal 
line ; the remaining spiracles are lateral in position, each 
being placed close behind one of the bands of segmental 
hooks. The anterior and posterior spiracles are often un- 
usually large in Dipterous larvee ; in the holly-fly they are 
closed like the rest in the young larva, but become 
functional in the later larval stages. The tracheal 
junctions which divide the longitudinal trunks into 
segmental systems are evident in the last larval stage. 

The Dorsal Vessel—The dorsal vessel or heart (fig. 3) is 
three-chambered, each chamber being provided with a 
pair of ostia. The fore-end of the dorsal vessel reaches 
the head-capsule and is attached to it, but actually opens 
into the thorax. 

The Fat-body.—Between the coiled strings of the fat- 
body are found bright refractive bodies of large size (fig. 4), 


Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 265 


which are calcareous concretions, each enclosed within 
a nucleated cell. They present a rough surface, and an 
internal concentric lamination resembling that of a starch- 
grain. Similar concretions are found in the proglottides of 
a tape-worm. 

The fate of the concretions of the holly-fly larva is 
interesting. They persist throughout the larval stage, 
gradually increasing in size, but disappear soon after 
upation. In an old puparium the internal tissues are 
devoid of lime-salts, but the cuticle effervesces strongly as 
soon as its inner surface is touched with acid. It seems 
likely that the substance of the concretions is absorbed 
and re-deposited in the cuticle.* Occasionally a few 
concretions persist and are carried over into the fly. 


Fig. 4. 


Cells of the fat-body. Two calcareous corpuscles are shown, 
one in surface-view, the other in optical section; the fat- 
globules have been omitted from one cell. (x 625.) 


The Gonads.—Two spherical bodies (fig. 3) lying between 
the coils of the intestine are the gonads; they remain 
practically unchanged throughout the larval period. 

Larval Stages.—The larva of the holly-fly moults twice 
before pupation ; there are thus three larval stages. The 
first lasts from July to December; the second from 
December to February, and the third from February to 
the middle or end of March. At times of moult the skin 
splits along the ventral side, which is unusual in insects. 
At pupation the larva is 35-4 mm. long. 

The peculiar features of later Larve.—A larva of the 
second or third stage differs from the larva which has just 


* A similar transference probably occurs in other Dipterous 
leaf-miners, ¢.g. in Acidia heraclei. 


266 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the 


been described in several particulars. There are now two 
oral plates, one on either side of the mouth-opening, the 
right plate being larger than the left. Each bears two 
hooks, which are probably used in dividing the food. The 
anterior hook of the right plate is the largest of the four, 
and the distortion which regularly occurs brings it exactly 
in front of the mouth-opening (fig. 5). The asymmetry 
of the oral plates may be connected with the circumstance 


Fie. 5. 


Head and prothorax of larva of 3rd stage, ventral 
view. lp, rp, left and right oral plates ; 7, oblique 
sunk rods; x, chitinous rings. (x 360.) 


that the larva lies on its side while feeding on the cells of 
the leaf. The endocranium is stronger and of darker 
colour, almost black. The anterior median piece has 
become distinct from the forked part (fig. 6) A new 
structure, the tentacle, now appears on the exposed surface 
of the head; what seems to be the labrum is produced 
into two pairs of lobes; there are also for the first time 
chitinous rings on the head and prothorax which resemble 
the bases of setze and are perhaps sensory (no true setz 
have been seen on any part of the cuticle); the oblique 
sunk rods are more conspicuous. The segmental bands of 


Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 267 


Fig. 6. 


Head and thorax of larva of 3rd stage, lateral view. jf, forked 
plate of endocranium ; m, median ditto; sp, anterior spiracle ; 
t, tentacle. (x 200.) 


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ree 7s 


Portion of segmental band of hooks from larva of 8rd stage, 
showing the muscular insertions (dotted); the hooks point 
backwards. (x 480.) 


268 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr, T. H. Taylor on the 


hooks become broader and the hooks more numerous. 
Areole, devoid of hooks, and answering to the attachments 
of segmental muscles, are found in the bands (fig. 7). In 
the third stage the 8rd—6th bands are continuous dorsally. 
The tracheal network is richer, and the anterior and 
posterior spiracles are functional, their initial threads 
having been replaced by open extensions of the main 
trunks (tracheal extensions). 

The spiracles have already been described as they appear 
in the first larval stage. We go on to describe the 
spiracles of the last larval stage, and then notice those of 


ex 


Fie. 8. 
Anterior spiracles of larva of 3rd stage. ap, earring-like appendage with filament ; 
ex, tracheal extension ; fch, ‘‘felted chamber” ; p, pit; st, closed spiracle with cord 


(‘‘ Narbenstrang’’). (x 280.) 


the second larval stage, which are intermediate in structure 
between the earlier and later ones. 

In the third stage the anterior and posterior spiracles 
project from the surface of the body. The anterior 
spiracle (fig. 8) is a compound structure (“compound 
spiracle” of De Meijere*) consisting of a functional 
and a closed spiracle, both carried on a cuticular process of 
the skin, The internal part of the functional spiracle 

* Zool. Jahrb., vol. xv, pt. iv, p. 623 (1902). 


Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 269 


consists of an air-containing cylinder (‘felted chamber”) 
which, arising from the end of the tracheal extension, runs 
up the stalk and terminates in an expanded “ end-plate.” 
The closed spiracle is attached to the side-wall of the 
stalk and connected by a solid cord (“ Narbenstrang”) with 
the end of the tracheal extension. The cavity of the air- 
containing cylinder is subdivided by chitinous trabeculz 
into minute spaces, and presents a dotted appearance when 
the air has been removed by alcohol. The end of the 
tracheal extension has the same structure. The end-plate 
of the spiracle is flattened from side to side, and carries 
on its inner and posterior faces six or more radiating pits 
(the number is not constant). Each pit has a thickened 


KW 


Fic. 9. 


Posterior spiracle of larva of 3rd stage. 
Lettering as in fig. 8. (x 330.) 


margin from which an oval appendage hangs down like an 
earring in the space outside the air-containing cylinder. 
From each appendage a delicate filament is given off, 
which, passing down the stalk, branches and ends in 
intricate beaded coils, resembling the termination of a 
nerve on a muscle-fibre. The structure of the posterior 
spiracles (tig. 9) is similar to that of the anterior ones, the 
felted chamber, pits, appendages and filaments, and the 
closed spiracle being all present. The pits are more 
elaborate, and resemble miniature spiracles; they are 
carried on prominences which are situated on the outer 
side of the end-plate, and vary in number from five to nine, 
the number being usually different in the two spiracles, 
Each pit apparently opens to the exterior by a slit. 


270 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the 


In the second larval stage the tracheal extensions are 
not dilated, but each is connected with an air-containing 
cylinder terminating in an end-plate, which forms a knob- 
like projection on the surface of the body. The pits with 
their appendages and filaments, if they are actually 
present, are difficult to demonstrate. 


III. Pupation. 


About the middle of March the larva is full grown and 
ready for pupation. It is still imprisoned within the leaf, 
but can move freely about in the blister, which is now a 
large open space lying between the leaf-veins and the 
epidermis. The palisade-cells are always the first to be 
attacked ; sometimes the spongy cells are excavated as 
well, but this comes later; in any case the epidermis with 
the cuticle is left intact. 

Before pupation the larva prepares an opening, through 
which it may afterwards emerge as a fly. To this end 
it pares down the epidermis in one place until only the 
external cuticle remains. This area, which may be called 
the “pupal blister,” is parabolic in plan, and although very 
small is easily distinguished from the rest of the larval 
blister by its different colour. The apex of the pupal 
blister is sharply defined, but the base gradually shades 
off. It now becomes possible to observe the movements 
of the larva through the transparent cuticle. The edge of 
the pupal blister is pierced; the larva turns over and lies 
on its back with the ventral surface pressing against the 
cuticle; the movements of the oral plates become slower 
and at length cease. Two short black rods now become 
visible in a strong light; these are the anterior spiracles 
projecting from the top of the prothorax. At first they 
lay behind the exposed part of the head, and pcinted 
upwards and backwards. The head is now completely 
retracted into the thorax, and the spiracles occupy the 
front extremity of the body, having swung round so as to 
point forwards. After a few preliminary trials they are 
passed through the slit in the cuticle, and become fully 
exposed to the outer air. They form a black speck on the 
apex of the pupal blister, and can easily be felt by the 
finger-tip. 


Structure and Life-history of the Holiy-fly. 271 


IV. THE PUPA AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE FLy. 
The pupa, shrouded in a delicate transparent membrane 


Seated 
coo OOF 


Fie. 10: 
Puparium, ventral view. The hinged plate has been removed ; the hooks and insertions of larval 
muscles are shown. (x 45.) 


(the true pupal skin), remains enclosed in the larval cuticle, 
which has become much thickened by calcareous deposit 


272 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the 


on its inner surface. By appropriate methods the thin 
larval cuticle can be separated from the later calcareous 
addition. The body of the puparium (fig. 10) is rusty in 
colour, with a smooth shining surface, and flattened dorso- 
ventrally. The larval head has been completely retracted, 
and the fore-part of the prothorax, sharing in the move- 
ment of retraction, forms a funnel-shaped depression on 
the front part of the ventral surface of the puparium. 
This depression is partly filled up with a waxy secretion, 
which appears at the mouth just before the movements of 
the larva cease. The spiracles, anterior and posterior, are 
now black and strongly chitinised. The fly escapes from 
the puparium by a hinged plate (fig. 11) which very 
nearly coincides in position and extent with that special 
part of the general blister which we have called the 


lies Tle 


Hinged plate of puparium. The oral and endocranial 
plates of the larva remain attached to the inner 
surface. (x 45.) 


“pupal blister.” When the fly is ready to emerge the 
plate 1s raised in front and pushed back (fig. 12), bringing 
with it the cuticle of the blister. The rupture is effected 
by the alternate swelling and contraction of the frontal 
sac of the fly, which is very distensible and roughened 
on the outer surface with numerous fine denticles. The 
ventral surface of the fly appears first with the legs. The 
wings are crumpled when they are withdrawn from their 
sheaths, but soon expand. 

Empty pupal cases in blistered holly-leaves can easily 
be identified by the raised hinged plate. Sometimes, 
instead of the raised plate, one finds in the pupal blister 
a small circular aperture; this marks the place through 
which a parasitic ichneumon has escaped, and it is interest- 
ing to notice that the ichneumon quits the puparium and 


Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 273 


leaf at the place of weakness which has been made ready 
for the escape of the fly. We have not attended to the 
ichneumon parasites of the holly-fly further than to note 
that there are two distinct species at least, one appearing 
early in June and the other later in the summer. We 
have found parasitic larve in holly-fly larve of all ages, 
but are unable to say when or how the eggs are deposited. 

Cyclorrhaphous and Orthorrhaphous Diptera.—The larval 
skin, which forms the wall of the puparium, is marked by 
prepared lines, which facilitate the escape of the fly. In 
the holly-fly one line begins on the prothorax, just below 
the spiracle, passes horizontally back to the fore-part of 


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Fie. 12. 
Fly emerging from puparium. (x 20.) 


the 1st abdominal segment, and there forks into a descend- 
ing and a slighter ascending branch. It will be convenient 
to speak of these lines as “lines of dehiscence.” * In the 
holly-fly the horizontal line of dehiscence, together with 
the descending one, marks out a triangular ventral plate, 
which can be turned back as on a hinge to allow the fly 
to escape. In Drosophila a similar horizontal line of 
dehiscence runs along the thorax, and then forks as in the 
holly-fly. Here, however, the ascending branch is the 


* Such lines have been called “sutures,” a term which is open to 
objection, because it suggests the line of union of distinct morpho- 
logical elements, as in the phrase “sutures of the skull.” They 
differ, on the other hand, from lines of fracture in being prepared in 
advance ; they can be traced in a puparium from which no fly has 
emerged. 


274 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the 


stronger and meets its fellow in the mid-dorsal line; the 
hinged plate is dorsal in position, and the descending 
branch does not aid in emergence. In the blow-fly the 
ascending and descending lines of dehiscence practically 
disappear, being represented by two minute diverging 
branches at the posterior end of the horizontal line. When 
the fly emerges the dorsal and ventral halves of the 
puparial thorax are pushed asunder, and a transverse 
rupture occurs on the dorsal or on the ventral half, some- 
times on both. Thus in the blow-fly the whole thorax 
often becomes completely detached from the puparium. 
In Oscinis frit the horizontal line of dehiscence forks into 
two branches, of which the ascending one, passing about 
half-way to the mid-dorsal region, is the stronger. At 
emergence the puparium splits open along the horizontal 
line, generally along the ascending branch and sometimes 
also along the descending one. 

In all these cases the horizontal line of dehiscence is 
constant and functional, while the transverse line may be 
slightly developed and functionally unimportant. It is 
not at all certain whether Brauer used the term “cyclo- 
rrhaphous” of the vertical or of the horizontal line of 
dehiscence, or of both. In some text-books the writers, 
evidently basing their statements on what they suppose 
Brauer to have meant, explain the term “cyclorrhaphous” 
with reference to what we have called the ascending and 
descending lines of dehiscence, making no mention of the 
horizontal one. 

The term “ orthorrhaphous ” is also at present ambiguous. 
It was originally used by Brauer * to describe a particular 
mode of dehiscence of the last /arval skin at pupation. In 
his later account + he modified his views, and it is not 
clear to us how his later definition is to be understood, 
and whether the orthorrhaphous dehiscence is a dehiscence 
of the larval integument, or of the pupal integument, or 
of both, or sometimes of one and sometimes of the other. 
It seems to us that further investigation is called for. 
Dipterologists may fairly be expected to say with some 
precision what they mean by the terms “ orthorrhaphous” 
and “cyclorrhaphous,” and to indicate the types which 
they have actually examined. 


* Monogr. der Oestriden, p. 33 (1863). 
{ Zweifliigler des kais, Museums, i, p. 7 (1880). 


275 


Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 


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276 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the 


V. THE FLy. 


External Features and Segments—The mature insect is 
about 24 mm. long, the females being rather larger than 
the males. The body is black in colour. When the 
abdomen is distended the successive tergal and sternal 
plates are separated by pale-coloured intervals, and there 
is also a similar lateral band on each side. The halteres 
are white.* The abdomen of the female fly consists of 
nine segments. The Ist is seen with difficulty on the 
dorsal side, and is represented ventrally by a small plate. 


Kia. 14. 


Transverse section through 7th segment. ex, conical extension, con- 
taining retractor muscles of ovipositor, and giving attachment to the 
oblique muscles of the segment; rs, ducts of sperm-receptacles, dorsal to 
which are the rectum and the ducts of the gluten-glands. (x 115.) 


The next five segments are distinctly visible both on the 
upper and under-surface. The 7th segment differs from 
the rest in having the sternum and tergum united to 
form a short tube, into which the ovipositor can be 
retracted. The upper-front border of this tube is drawn 
out into a chitinous sheet, which extends throughout the 
segment next in front; its sides are bent downwards and 


* The rest of the description relates to the female fly only. 


Structure and Infe-history of the Holly-fly. 277 


backwards, so that it forms an inner conical chamber 


BIGGS lp. 


Transverse section through 7th segment ; the plane of this section is posterior 
to that of fig. 14. d, ventral diverticulum of uterus ; ex, conical extension of 
7th segment, containing 8th and 9th segments (retracted), giving attachment 
laterally to the oblique muscles, and ventrally to the muscular tissue sur- 
rounding the uterus; ggl, ducts of gluten-glands; rs, fused ducts of sperm- 
receptacles; s, 9th segment enclosed in 8th; wu, uterus; wu’, thin-walled 
region of uterus. (x 140.) 5 


enclosed by the 6th segment (fig. 13). From the wall 
of this chamber and from its inner surface spring the 


RiGee Os 


Ovipositor of fly, lateral view. The 9th segment is partly retracted into the 
dentigerous 8th segment ; the posterior end of the 7thsegmentisshown. (xX 120.) 


retractor-muscles of the ovipositor, while to the outer 
lateral surface is attached a set of oblique muscles (figs. 


278 ~=Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the 


14, 15) which pass to the inner face of the tube (7th 
segment). They enclose between them a median portion 
of the hemoceele, in which lies the 
special muscular portion of the uterus. 
It is difficult to say whether these 
oblique muscles effect a change in the 
shape of the external wall of the 7th 
segment or in that of the conical ex- 
tension. It is possible that they serve 
to protrude the ovipositor by setting 
up an increased blood-pressure in the 
last segments of the body. The 8th 
and 9th segments are specially modified 
to form the ovipositor. The dorsal and 
ventral surfaces of the 8th segment 
bear an elaborate arrangement of 
denticles (figs. 16, 17) which facilitate 
the operation of boring into the tissues 
of the holly-leaf during feeding and 
oviposition. The 9th and last segment 
bears at its posterior extremity a pair 
Rea of short valves. The thin intersegmental 
Ovipositor of fly, dorsal CUticle between the 8th and 9th seg- 
ToT tay Cote ana ee is much enlarged, and permits 
not shown, (x 120.) the 9th segment to be completely 
telescoped into the 8th (figs. 18, 19). 


ez 


Fic. 18. 


Posterior abdominal segments of female fly, diagrammatic. The ovipositor is 
extended. The left ovary alone is shown; one tubule is complete; 7, rectum; the 
rest of the lettering as in fig. 13. 


The hinder-part of the 8th can be folded back into the 
fore-part. When fully retracted, the ovipositor is enclosed 


Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 279 


within the tube-like 7th segment. ‘The muscles effecting 
this retraction arise from the inner surface of the chitinous 
extension of the 7th segment, and are inserted into the 
9th segment, some at its beginning and some further back. 

Alimentary Canal.—The general arrangement is similar 
to that of the larva. The salivary glands (fig. 13) persist, 
but are much reduced in size. The posterior part of the 
cesophagus gives off a median ventral diverticulum. This 
passes back through the thorax as a narrow tube lying 
below the stomach, and dilates in the abdomen into a 
very distensible thin-walled sac, which corresponds to 
the sucking-stomach of other insects. As the pharyngeal 


‘Gao 
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sco USPS oe 5 Pag ee 


Fie. 19. 


Posterior abdominal segments of female fly, diagrammatic. The ovipositor is 
retracted into the 7th segment. 


pump no doubt serves to draw fluids into the mouth, it is 
rather uncertain what is the special function of the sucking- 
stomach. The rectum dilates near its beginning into a 
pyriform chamber, the wall of which is provided with 
four papille. 

The Heart.—The heart (fig. 13) lies in the dorsal part 
of the abdomen. It is widest in front, where it abuts upon 
the posterior surface of the mesothoracic wall. From its 
anterior end a fine tube passes downwards and enters the 
thorax, lying along the dorsal surface of the stomach (this 
thoracic portion is not represented in fig. 13). Ostia occur 
in the first five abdominal segments. 

The Ovary.—The paired ovary (fig. 13) consists of twelve 
to fourteen tubules, which are connected at their base with 
the oviduct. The two oviducts unite to form the 
uterus, which opens ventrally between the 8th and 9th 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PaRT Il. (SEPT.) 19 


280 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the 


segments. A pair of scoop-like plates, situated one on 
either side of the external aperture, perhaps serve to 
direct the egg as it emerges from the uterus. The uterus 
receives on its dorsal aspect the ducts of the receptacula 
seminis and of the gluten-glands. Both these organs are 
paired, and the ducts are lined by a chitinous intima which 
in the case of the ducts of the gluten-glands is spirally 
wound. Where they join the uterus the muscular wall 
of the latter is considerably thickened both dorsally and 
ventrally, giving rise to a conspicuous body of tissue lying 
in the 7th segment. Imbedded in the ventral portion 
of this muscular tissue occurs an unpaired hemispherical 
sac (d, figs. 18, 15, 18), which communicates by a short 
duct with the cavity of the uterus. The walls of both the 
sac and the duct are strongly chitinous. The floor of the 
sac as seen in sections strongly arches into the cavity, but 
as it is provided with muscles it can probably also be 
depressed ; we are unable to explain the function of this 
organ. Behind this special muscular region the uterus is 
thin-walled and much elongated to permit of the extension 
of the ovipositor. 


VI. EaG-LAYING AND Eaas. 


The eegs of the holly-fly are laid in June. At this 
time the young leaves are being put forth, while those of 
the past season are turning yellow. Some six or eight 
leaves are borne on each young shoot; the lower ones are 
the first to mature, and for about three weeks there is a 
constant succession of leaves fit for the operation of egg- 
laying. 

On examining holly-leaves at almost any time of the 
year a number of pits will often be remarked on both the 
upper and the lower surface. These first appear when the 
leaves are young and tender, but they persist in the fully- 
developed leaf without increasing in number. We used to 
think that these pits were caused by the spines of the old 
leaves, which pricked the young leaves at times of high 
wind, but we have now been led to adopt a different 
explanation. The pits do not actually perforate the leaf- 
blade; they commonly enter but do not pass through the 
mesophyll. Holly-trees which are not infested by flies do 
not show pits on the leaves, but those which are much 
blistered are also much pitted, Moreover we have seen 


Structure and Life-history of the Holly-fly. 281 


the female fly piercing the leaves with her ovipositor. 
She makes an incision with her pointed ovipositor, then 
steps backward and applies her tongue to the wound, as 
if she were extracting sap from the cells. Her movements 
at this time remind us of the way in which a fowl scratches 
the ground in search of a worm, and then steps back to 
examine the loosened soil. Egg-laying is a work of time 
with the holly-fly, for all the eggs are laid separately, and 
the female requires a regular supply of food. We have no 
reason to suppose that the male fly is able to draw sap 
from the cells of the leaf; it has to be content with what it 
finds on the leaf. Feeding-holes are made only in young 
and tender leaves; the ovipositor could not be made to 
penetrate an old leaf. Sometimes the fly fails to find the 
hole made by her own ovipositor, and then she makes 
another. While feeding the female is often visited by 
the male. When he is on the same leaf he seems to be 
guided to the spot by the working of the ovipositor; his 
movements become more alert as soon as he is aware of 
the presence of the female. Stealthily approaching while 
the female is absorbed in the act of feeding, he effects a 
secure embrace, from which he is not easily dislodged. 
The fertile female now proceeds to lay her eggs. She 
selects young leaves, but is now careful to pierce the 
under-side of the midrib, preferring a point near the base 
of the leaf. The piston-like ovipositor is repeatedly 
pressed up and down until the central vessels are reached. 
Then, by a contraction of the abdomen, an egg is passed 
into the hole. The fly tests the place with her tongue, 
and when satisfied goes off to another leaf. Thin sections 
through the place of oviposition show that a vertical shaft 
ascends from the hole; on reaching the vessels it makes 
a right-angled bend, and runs for a short distance along 
the vein; the egg is deposited in the horizontal part of 
the shaft. That the ovipositor is able to bend at a right 
angle can be made out by watching live flies. A captive 
female sometimes lays her egg, not in the midrib, but in 
the blade of the leaf, and this is, ina young leaf, sufficiently 
translucent to enable us to follow the action of the ovipositor. 
The wound made in the midrib is speedily closed by 
cork-cells. 

The egg (fig. 20) is of oval shape, and lies lengthwise in 
the midrib. One end is blunter than the other, and bears 
the micropyle; this end is turned towards the opening by 


282 Prof. L. C. Miall and Mr. T. H. Taylor on the 


which the egg was passed into the leaf. There are two 
egg-envelopes, an external chorion, which is yellowish, 
finely pitted, and prone to adhere to the vessels of the 
midrib, and a transparent vitelline membrane. The head- 
end of the embryo is at first adjacent to the micropyle, 
and therefore points to the mouth of the passage, but 
before hatching the embryo reverses its position, as if to 
facilitate the «travelling of the larva along the vessels 
towards the apex of the leaf. 


Egg with unhatched larva taken from midrib of holly-leaf. (x 165.) 


In the fresh-hatched larva segmentation is already 
complete, and the mouth-parts are well developed. The 
fat-body, which contains the residue of the fat-globules of 
the egg, is scanty. The tracheal system is filled with air, 
but does not as yet open to the exterior. Numerous fine 
denticles are already developed on the surface of the body, 
The alimentary canal contains no solid food. 

Very little change in the appearance of the larva can 
be noted so long as it remains in the midrib; the fat- 
body enlarges, and the fat-globules become more numerous. 


Structure and Lrfe-history of the Holly-fly. 283 


As soon as it begins to feed on the mesophyll-cells the 
calcareous concretions form in the fat-body, and these 
become conspicuous when the body is examined by trans- 
mitted light as large, brightly-refractive objects. 

The mode of life of the free larva has been related in an 
earlier part of the present paper (pp. 259, 260). 


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XVII. The Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). By ERNEST 
Ewarr Unwin, M.Sc. Communicated by Pro- 
fessor L. C. Mraz, F.R.S. 


[Read March 20th, 1907.] 


VINEGAR-FLIES, small brownish two-winged flies with 
bright red eyes, belong to the Muscid family. The 
commonest species is Drosophila funebrrs. 

Drosophila larve live in rotten and fermenting fruit ; 
they also frequent beer and vinegar casks. Dufour * men- 
tions finding them in marmalade, and between the layers 
of a decaying onion, and other records give mincemeat 
and poor butter as places where the larve have been 
found. Howard + includes Drosophila among the common 
excrement breeders. I have found the flies feeding on 
putrefying mussels, and an open decanter of claret will 
attract swarms of them in the summer time. The larve 
of another species have been found mining the leaf-stalks 
of swedes (see below). Slices of tomato, squashed plums 
or other fruit readily attracted the flies to the laboratory, 
and a large supply of all the stages was easy to obtain for 
examination. The flies are most abundant during the 
summer months, but in the laboratory they persist well 
into the winter, and eggs have been laid as late as the 
end of November. 

Outline of Life-history.—The fertilised female lays her 
eggs in the fruit-pulp, and after three days or so 
small whitish maggots can be seen crawling about the 
mass. These feed continually, grow rapidly, and become 
full grown in about three weeks. They then leave the 
pulp to find a convenient place for pupation. The natural 
place is the soil, but they readily pupate on the sides of 
vessels, or even upon a dryer portion of the pulp. The 
last larval skin is retained as a puparium, which turns 
brown and hard. The duration of pupation, as well as 
that of the other stages, varies at different seasons of the 
year; in summer it may be as short as a week, or it may 


* Dufour (1839 and 1845, 2). + Howard (1900). 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (SEPT.) 


286 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the 


last all the winter. In this latter case the larvee bury 
themselves in the soil, remain as pupe all through the 
winter, and reappear as flies in the early summer. The 
winter may be passed in the winged 
stage, the flies hibernating in some 
convenient place. 

It will be convenient to commence 
the detailed account with the larva. 


THE LARVA. 


The larva of Drosophila is a maggot, 
soft and white, about one-third of an 
inch long when full grown. There are 
apparently eleven segments behind the 
vestigial head, and between each seg- 
ment the body is roughened by a band 
of minute hooks. In general features 
it resembles the blow-fly larva (fig. 1). 
The anal processes are of two kinds: 
three pairs of small, conical, unjointed 
pseudopods arranged laterally, and a 
large dorsal retractile process, perhaps 
representing a united pair, which, pro- 
truding backwards and upwards, carries 
at its distal end the posterior spiracles 
(fig. 1). Professor Miall, in his account 
of the harlequin-fly,* refers to such 
appendages in the case of Nemoceran 
larvee. Like the prothoracic and anal 
feet of a Chironomus larva, these 
pseudopods of the Drosophila larva 
“may be the remnants of a series which 
once extended over many segments.” 
These pseudopods are covered with 
minute hooks. Their function is 
rather obscure. They may serve 
for locomotion by giving a better 
purchase to the body when moving 
through the food, and may also possibly enable the larva 
to keep its balance. The blow-fly larva has similar processes, 
which, according to my observation, are used in much the 
same way. 

Mouth-parts—The general structure of the mouth-parts 


* Miall (1900). 


‘Log 


‘(AQIA OPIS JJa]) BAIL'T 


(0% X) 


ee ce 


Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 287 


agrees very closely with that of the blow-fly larva.* Slight 
differences in the shape of the sclerites are noticeable, 
particularly in the parastomial sclerites, which in Droso- 
phila join together in front, and form a conspicuous knob 
to which muscles are attached (fig. 2). 

Alimentary Canal.—The alimentary canal exhibits the 
same parts and the same general structure as that of the 
blow-fly larva.t The anterior part is shown in fig. 2. 

The pharynx exhibits a well-developed straining appar- 
atus. It is more perfect in Drosophila than in the blow- 
fly, and approaches more closely to the arrangement found 
in the Eristalis larva, as described by J. J. Wilkinson, 
though it is not so large or efficient (fig. 3). 


, Ay 

ex 

SRT MM) VI AW! 
\\ w us 

alti As (Au 


2 Hires 2: 


Anterior segments of a late larva viewed as a transparent object. (x 50.) a.c., 
anterior connective ; a.sp., anterior spiracle; oes., cesophagus; ph., pharynx with 
straining appendage ; pr., proventriculus ; s.g., s.d., salivary gland and duct ; ¢r., main 
tracheal trunk of left side ; v.co., ventral complex. 


“The floor of the strainer bears nine parallel longi- 
tudinal ribs which are probably folds of the chitinous 
lining. They are long, narrow and deep, resembling 
planks set on their edges at equal distances. In front 
they begin abruptly, their lower-ends lying in one trans- 
verse line, and they are continued to the hinder-end of 
the chamber. While their lower-edges are attached to 
the floor, their upper-edges are free and bear fringes of 
numerous close-set barbules. The outermost rib on each 
side has only a single fringe, which projects inwards; 

* Lowne (1890-95), pp. 37-46. Lowne (1890-95), pp. 55-62. 


288 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the 


each of the remaining ribs has a pair of fringes, and in 
cross-section resembles the letter Y—the two arms being 
the fringes and the stem the supporting rib. The cavity 
of the strainer is thus divided into a series of eight lower 
compartments and a single upper one.” * 

The salivary glands in the Drosophila larva are not so 
large as those of the blow-fly. The intestine, too, is less 
coiled in the former larva. 

Nervous System.—The nervous mass, which corresponds 
to the brain and ventral cord of Chironomus, is situated in 
the metathoracic segment. It consists of a well-marked 


Gere: 


Transverse section through the pharynx of a late larva. (x 100.) 

a.sp., antérior digitate spiracle ; /., single filament of same ; 

stv., pharyngeal straining apparatus. 
“brain” and a “ventral complex”; I have to thank Pro- 
fessor Miall for this convenient name. The paired nerves 
indicate its segmental character, a pair of nerves being given 
off to each segment of the body. The cesophagus pierces 
the nerve mass lying between the hemispheres and the 
ventral complex + (fig. 2). 

Heart and Circulation—There is nothing worthy of 
special note in the heart and circulatory system of 
Drosophila.t In a living larva the pulsations of the 
posterior end of the dorsal vessel, the so-called heart, can 
be seen. The exact extent of the “heart” cannot be 


* Wilkinson (1901). + Lowne (1890-95), p. 68. 
{ Lowne (1890-95), pp. 87-91. 


Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 289 


defined, as there is no important difference between it and 
the rest of the dorsal vessel. 

Tracheal System.—The larva lives in semi-fluid sub- 
stances and burrows into its food. Naturally the anterior 
spiracles are not functional, while the posterior ones 
become large, and discharge the whole duty of renewing 
the air in the trachez. Two longitudinal tracheal trunks 
proceed forwards from the posterior spiracles to the anterior 
ones. ‘T'wo transverse connectives unite these main 
trunks: an anterior connective situated in the 3rd seg- 
ment, and a posterior one in the last segment. Branches 
are given off from the main tracheze 
to all parts of the body; those 
supplying the anterior segments are 
shown in fig. 2. 

In a young larva the anterior 
spiracles are solid oval bodies, which 
close the fore-ends of the main 
tracheal trunks. These are com- 
monly withdrawn into the body, but 
may be protruded by slight pressure 
(fig. 4). This simple structure of 
the anterior spiracles is only found 
in young larve. If older larve are 
examined, a very curious structure 
is seen. The simple solid spiracle 
is now replaced by a digitate struc- 
ture, the expanded extremity of the 
tracheal trunk sending out a number 
of finger-like processes, each of which | Anterior end of a young 
has its own epidermal investment anterior spiracles. (x 60.) 
(figs.2and 3). This digitate spiracle 
becomes functional in the pupa, and a further account of 
it will be given under that heading. 

The posterior spiracles of the old larva do not differ 
materially from those of the young one. They are carried 
at the distal end of a dorsal retractile process and are 
functional throughout the larval stage. They are very 
similar in general structure to those of many other 
Dipterous larvee, for instance Dicranota.* The tracheal 
trunks do not open directly to the exterior, but the cavity 
of each posterior spiracle ‘is closed by a spongy chitinous 
plug. In the centre of the plug is a flask-shaped cavity, 


* Miall (1893). 


Fic. 4. 


290 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the 


which seems to communicate with the exterior through a 
small aperture (fig. 5). A number of fine branched hairs 
form a rosette around the spiracle tip. They remind one 
of the hairs on the extremity of the respiratory tube of 
the Eristalis larva,* and have probably a similar function. 
The power of extending or retracting the spiracles, 
although not considerable, is of great service to such a 
larva as Drosophila. When the larva is burrowing deeply 
in its food, and is completely submerged, the process is 
retracted, and the spiracles become flush with the surface 
of the body. When the larva is 
near the surface the process can 
be extended, causing the spiracles 
to reach the air, or even to be 
protruded into it. At such times 
the head and the rest of the body 
may remain buried in the food, 
so that feeding and breathing take 
place simultaneously. If the 
larve are put into shallow water 
the spiracle-bearing process is 
protruded, thus carrying the 
spiracles above the surface of the 
water. If more water is added 
so that the larve are entirely 
submerged, the spiracles cannot 
reach the surface, and in time 
Fie. 5. the larvee drown. Several experi- 
Posterior spiray) ev ments were tried, using water, 
vinegar, fruit-juice, etc., but in 

every case the submerged larvae ‘perished. 


THE PUPA. 


The larva, when full grown, shows considerable anxiety 
to leave the food in which it has been living. It seeks 
out some dry spot on the sides of the vessel, and there 
pupates. The natural place of pupation is no doubt the 
ground, as with many other Muscide. The fall of the 
fruit to the ground would make it easy for the larva to 
enter the soil. When Drosophila larvee, about to pupate, 
are placed on loose earth, they quickly burrow into it, and 
if uncovered show great eagerness to get below the surface 


* Miall (1895), fig. 72. 


Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 291 


again. Some of the burrowing larve had already con- 
tracted the head segments in preparation for pupation, but 
when they were uncovered they seemed uncomfortable, 
protruded the head once more, and began to burrow 
vigorously, During pupation the head is finally retracted 
and the anterior digitate spiracles are thrust out. The 
larval skin is retained as a puparium, which at first is 
soft and light-coloured ; it soon becomes hard, and turns 
to a golden-brown colour. 

The puparium is slightly shorter than the larva. The 
segmental markings are still visible, and the anal pro- 
cesses can be made out (fig. 6). Anteriorly the dorsal 


Fie: 6: RIGS i. 


Puparium (right side view). (x 12.) Dorsal plate of the puparium 
(inner surface), 


surface is flattened to form an oval plate, from the front 
of which the two digitate anterior spiracles protrude. 
The general structure ot the digitate or pupal spiracles 
is shown in fig. 8. If one of the finger-like processes be 
examined with a high power, the epidermal lining can 
be seen with its characteristic spiral thickening, and at 
the apex there appears to be a bending-in of the wall 
(fig. 9). Whether there is an aperture or not at this point 
I have failed to ascertain, although several experimental 
ways of demonstrating minute apertures have been tried. 

Within the puparium the usual changes take place, and 
at the end of seven days, in the summer, the form of the 
imago can be seen through the puparial wall. 


bo 


92 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the 


The wings and legs of the fly can be made out, and the 
scarlet compound eyes are very conspicuous. 


THE FLY. 


The escape of the fly from the puparium is rendered 
possible by means of a special dorsal plate that opens like 


y 


pebidlap day 
AEN ities 


Fic. 8. 


Anterior end of puparium, showing the digitate spiracles. (x 50.) 


a lid (figs. 6 and 7). This plate can be observed upon 
an unopened puparium, for it is marked out by special 
lines of weakness along which the dehiscence takes place. 
On each side a longitudinal horizontal line extends from 
the anterior end of the puparium to the junction of the 
metathoracic and the Ist abdominal segments, where it 


Fic. 9. 


A single filament of the pupal spiracle, showing its epidermal investment. (x 200.) 


forks into a dorsal or ascending and a ventral or descend- 
ing branch. The ascending branch meets its fellow of the 
opposite side in the mid-dorsal line, but the descending 
one is very short and is not functional. Such a plate is 
a common contrivance in the Muscidae, although it is not 
always dorsal. Mr. T. H. Taylor informs me that it is 


Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 293 


ventral in the pupa of the holly-fly. A bladder-like swelling 
on the head of the fly, also a common feature in Muscidae, 
forces off this id, This bladder may also assist the newly- 
emerged fly to work its way to the surface of the ground 
by helping to displace the particles of earth in its way. 
When newly emerged the fly is of a light-yellowish 
colour, the eyes are bright scarlet, and the wings crumpled 
into small blackish masses. The wings gradually expand 
by blood-pressure, the fly meanwhile running to and fro. 
The fully-developed fly is a small brownish insect about 
one-fifth of an inch in length. The dorsal surface of the 
abdomen is marked by transverse bands of light and 
dark blackish-brown. These bands are more distinct in 


Fie. 10. 
Side view of the fly (female), (x 12.) 


the female because the abdomen is distended with eggs 
(fig. 10). 

Drosophila has a very distinctive flight. It flies very 
slowly and deliberately, changing its course every now 
and then by sudden jerks. When attracted by a fruit 
culture it flies aimlessly to and fro above the fruit for a 
time; then, as if it had just made up its mind, it suddenly 
alights in a very clumsy and abrupt fashion. It is very 
nimble on its legs, running about the surface of the food 
to look for the best feeding or egg-laying sites. 

The head of the Drosophila fly is very similar to that 
of the blow-fly in general structure;* the compound 
eyes, however, are bright red in colour. The bristle of 
the antenna is feathered completely on the upper-side, 
but only the distal half on the lower. The proboscis is 


* Lowne (1890-95), pp. 119-126. 


294 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the 


of the general Muscid character. Wesché* claims that 
the well-developed palps are not maxillary palps, as Lowne 
describes them, but labial palps, and that traces of the 
maxillary palps are often present in Diptera. He main- 
tains that in Muscidz, for instance, both labial and 
maxillary palps are represented (fig. 17 in Wesche’s 
paper). The structure of the proboscis of Drosophila 


Fie. 11. 
Head of fly (front view). ant., antenna; l.p., labial palps; mx.p., maxillary 
palps (abortive); oc., ocellus. (x 60.) 
bears out Wesché’s account. The chief part of the pro- 
boscis is formed from the labium, and well-developed 
labial palps are carried on its anterior surface. At the 
extremity is the labella, consisting of two symmetrical 
tracheated flaps. The flaps represent the paraglossz, 
and the chitinous transverse bands the ligule. Small 
abortive maxillary palps are clearly visible just below the 
attachment of the large labial palps (fig. 11). 
* Wesché (1904). 


Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 295 


The general structure of the fly (fig. 12) follows the 
typical Muscid type. 
The Reproductive Organs.—In their general features the 


¢ 


f 


Brie: 12: 
. Dorsal view of the fly (female). (x 12.) 


reproductive organs of both male and female Drosophila 
closely resemble those of the blow-fly, but there are 


Fig. 13. 
Fly (male), genital armature. (x 30.) 


differences in the external armatures of both sexes. In 
the male a pair of curious structures are seen just ventral 
to the rectum ; each resembles a cock’s comb. There are 
as well a pair of smaller processes with spiny teeth. All 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.) 20 


296 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the 


these are no doubt connected with copulation and serve as 
claspers (fig. 13). 

In the female we do not find a well-marked ovipositor. 
The parts which answer to an ovipositor are usually with- 
drawn into the 7th segment of the abdomen, but when 
protruded they are seen to consist of two valves between 
which the oviducal opening is situated. There are a 
number of small tubules situated in the 6th or 7th 
segments ventral to the oviduct into which they discharge. 
They may correspond in position to the collateral glands 
of the cockroach, but their function is not evident, as there 
is no cocoon secreted by Drosophila (fig. 14). 

When a male meets a female he follows her about the 


ww 
as <so 
Sm Se we 
» 
¥ 


Fie. 14. 
Fly (female) bisection of the terminal segments of the abdomen. (x 30.) c¢.g., so-called 
colleterial gland ; .¢., malphigian tubules ; 0, external opening of oviduct, od. ; 
r., rectum ; sp., spermatheca ; v., valve. 


surface of the food. The slight vibration of the wings and 
the short eager runs show how excited he is. He tries to 
get quite close to her, and now and then touches the tip 
of her abdomen with his proboscis. The male is repeatedly 
repulsed by a backward thrust of the female’s hind legs. 
To attract the attention of a female, the male will sometimes 
waltz rapidly round her two or three times, and then renew 
his attack at the rear. 

A fertilised female seeks out convenient spots for laying 
her eggs, preferring a part of the fruit that is not too 
moist. Although I tried the experiment repeatedly, I 
could not get a female to lay her eggs in a fluid. The 
method adopted was to imprison fertilised females under 


Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 297 


bell-jars, or in breeding-cages, with some suitable fluid, 
such as vinegar or fruit-juice. In every case the female 
laid no eggs, but if some fruit-pulp was substituted for the 
fluid, eggs were readily laid. 


THE Kaa. 


The eggs are whitish ovoid bodies about one-thirty-sixth 
of an inch in length, having at their upper ends four 
slender filaments, each about two-thirds the length of the 
egg. They are usually laid so that these filaments pro- 
trude into the air. At the upper-end of the egg is situated 


Egg of D. funebris (side view) showing the four filaments and the micropyle. (x 80. 


the micropyle, and below this the egg-shell is flattened to 
form an oval plate (fig. 15). This may be compared with 
the puparium lid; it renders the escape of the larva 
possible. The four filaments arise from the sides of this 
plate, two from each side. The function of these filaments 
may be twofold. Packard* quotes the following from 
Comstock :— 

“ The egg is inserted into the soft pulp of the decaying 
fruit ; these appendages leave the ovipositor last, and are 
spread out upon the surface of the mass. They, in this 


* Packard (1898), p. 518. 


298 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the 


way, serve to keep the egg in place, and thus insure the 
emergence of the larva into the open air instead of into 
the more or less fluid mass in which the egg is situated. 
The larva issues from the egg just above the base of these 
appendages.” 

The egg of Drosophila funebris has four of these append- 
ages; they are generally stretched out over the surface of 
the pulp, and would certainly keep the egg from sinking. 
Another probable function of the filaments is to supply 
the egg with air. The exceeding whiteness of both egg 
and filament led me to suspect the presence of air. The 
egg-shell or chorion shows an hexagonal pattern on the 
surface, and under the high power of the microscope 
exhibits a spongy or granulated structure. It is in this 
layer that the air is contained. The filaments are con- 
tinuous with the substance of this layer, having a spongy 
core surrounded by a compact wall. Air is also present in 
the spongy core of the filaments. The eggs of many 
Hemiptera have a similar contrivance. Some have a pair, 
others a greater number of filaments at the upper end 
of the egg. Korschelt * considers these filaments to be 
respiratory in function. The eggs of aquatic Hemiptera, 
such as Nepa or Ranatra, that are furnished with these 
filaments, are deposited in the stems of water plants, and 
the filaments protrude from the stem into the water. In 
the case of Capsid bugs the filaments project into the air. 
The eggs of Drosophila are inserted into fermenting fruit 
where respiration is impossible or very difficult; the fila- 
ments projecting upwards or lying on the surface of the 
mass will, however, be able to act as respiratory organs. 
The eggs after two or three days hatch into minute larve. 

Drosophila and Fermentation.—Drosophila flies feed upon 
fermenting fruit-masses. In consequence of this their 
bodies readily harbour bacteria and other germs, and the 
flies often act as infection-carriers from one fruit-mass to 
another. 

In his paper on “The Sorbose Bacterium” t Bertrand 
gives evidence that supports this view. He noticed that 
Drosophila flies were attracted to a dish containing fer- 
menting rowanberry-juice, and that they laid their eggs in 
the thick scum that had formed on the surface. After the 
visit of the flies the character of the scum changed, and at 
the same time a change took place in the liquid. The 

* Korschelt (1886). + Bertrand (1904). 


Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 299 


gelatinous scum was found to be composed of a bacterium, 
to which he gave the name of “sorbose bacterium ” (“la 
bactérie du sorbose”). The presence of the bacterium 
caused the formation of sorbose (a hexose sugar), 
Bertrand describes an interesting observation in support 
of his opinion that the bacterium is carried to the culture 
by Drosophila flies :— 

“Ayant placé dans une étuve, vers la fin du mois 
d’Avril, un cristallisoir contenant un liquide favorable 
(vin et vinaigre), j’y apercus, apres quelques jours, une 
culture d’aspect caractéristique, développée en _ ligne 
sinueuse & la surface. Une petite mouche du vinaigre, 
venue peut-étre de fort loin, était tombée dans le liquide; 
apres bien des efforts et du chemin parcouru a la nage, 
elle avait fini par mourir; je la retrouvai a l'une des 
extrémités de la ligne sinueuse, au milieu d’une sorte 
d’auréole beaucoup plus large, témoignant de ses dernieres 
luttes contre la mort. I] est manifeste que cette petite 
mouche, née au sein d’une culture antérieure, avait le 
corps recouvert de germes; partout, sur son sillage, elle en 
avait ensemencé le liquide.” 

No doubt Drosophila flies carry other bacteria and 
ferments besides the sorbose bacterium, One organism 
that is commonly carried by them is the ordinary vinegar 
ferment, Mycoderma aceti. When all vinegar was home- 
made Drosophila would thoroughly justify its name of 
vinegar-fly. It would visit the jar containing the sugar, 
treacle, vinegar and water, which were the ordinary 
ingredients employed, and in those cases where no vinegar 
plant had been introduced, it might infect the brew with 
both yeast cells and the vinegar ferment. Flies would 
also lay their eggs in the gelatinous cake that floated upon 
the new vinegar; thus new generations of flies would 
carry away with them the germs that cause fermentation. 
Nowadays, when vinegar is manufactured on a large scale 
and continuously, the presence or absence of Drosophila 
is immaterial. They swarm in vast numbers round 
the vats in vinegar factories, and unless their pre- 
sence becomes troublesome they are tolerated by the 
manufacturer. 

Another interesting example of the carriage of ferments 
by Drosophila flies has been noticed by Mr. 8. H. Davies, 
M.Sce., chemist to the Cocoa Works, York, to whom I am 
indebted for the following :—“ Cases have been observed 


300 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the 


of the Drosophila in Jamaica carrying large quantities of 
acetic organisms to cocoa beans fermenting in boxes, and 
also there is good reason to suppose that they are 
responsible for conveying cells of true Saccharomyces, 
and thus assist in regulating the fermentation of the 
beans.” 

Drosophila and Disease-—Drosophila flies may also be 
one of the means of spreading typhoid fever. They have 
been known to breed in human excrement and also to 
feed upon it. If this excrement contains typhoid bacilli, 
infection may be carried into houses. “As this fly 
(Drosophila ampelophila) is frequently found in houses in 
the?autumn about dishes containing fruit, and as it also 
affects canned fruits, pickles, raspberry vinegar and similar 
substances, this discovery that it will and does breed in 
human excrement makes this species and the following 
(D. funebris and D. busckii) very dangerous ones.” * 

Mr. T. H. Taylor has drawn my attention to some larvee 
living in the decaying crowns of swedes, and also mining 
the leaf-stalks. Upon examination I found that these 
larvee closely resembled those of Drosophila funebris, 
although they were smaller in size. Having procured a 
supply of diseased swede-crowns, I kept the larve alive 
until they pupated, and then obtained the flies, which 
proved to belong to a small brownish species, Drosophila 
JSenestrarum, Fall. 

Structure of the Larva of D. fenestrarum—In general 
structure this larva agrees with the /wnebris larva, but 
there are one or two interesting points of difference, which 
are connected with its habit of mining the leaf-stalks of 
swedes, instead of living in decaying fruit like D. funebris, 

The minute hooks, which in PD. funebris are arranged 
in eleven narrow bands, here almost completely cover the 
body. The anal pseudopods are conspicuous, and are 
covered with minute hooks. I have watched live larvee in 
their burrows, and the use of these anal pseudopods in 
giving a powerful purchase to the body was very evident. 
As would be expected from the circumstance that the larva 
of fenestrarum is not buried in its food, we do not find the 
posterior spiracles carried upon an extensible process, as in 
D. funebris, but protruding only a short way beyond the 
end of the body. The anterior spiracles exhibit the same 
digitate structure as in D. funebris; at pupation they are 

* Howard (1900). 


Vinegar-fly (Drosophila funebris). 301 


protruded, and become functional. Full-grown larve bite 
their way to the surface of the leaf-stalk, crawl through 
the aperture, fall to the ground, and there pupate. In the 
swedes that I kept in the laboratory a few pupz were 
found protruding from the ends of the burrows in the leaf- 
stalk ; this was probably accidental and due to artificial 
conditions, for the swedes in the field had no projecting 


upe. 

¥ The Pupa of D. fenestrarum—The pupa, although 
smaller, exhibits the same structure as that of D. funebris. 
Larve were collected at the end of October; they soon 
pupated, and in the course of ten or twelve days several 
flies emerged. In summer the duration of the pupal stage 
would be still shorter. The flies seem to persist late in 
the year; on November 24th a living one was captured 
upon swedes. 

The larve, as it has been stated, mine the leaf-stalks. 
A mine usually runs up the vascular tissue, extending 
from the leaf-base for a considerable distance up the leaf- 
stalk, The walls of the burrows exhibit signs of decay. 

Professor Potter of Newcastle-upon-Tyne has given 
attention to the decaying agents in the swede and turnip,* 
and has shown that it is due to bacteria. But these 
bacteria are “powerless to set up decay unless placed in 
contact with the parenchymatous cells of the cortex.” 
Although many other living things, such as caterpillars, 
slugs and snails, may be chief agents in giving the start to 
the decaying bacteria, the mining habits of such larve as 
Drosophila would provide the bactertum with a ready 
means of access to the underlying parts. As the larva 
eats its way up a leaf-stalk it gives access to bacteria, and 
may carry bacteria along with it as it travels from infected 
to sound parts. The tissues adjoining the burrows turn 
brown and decay, and in the end the whole leaf may 
shrivel and fall off. 

In much-decayed swede-crowns I have found blow-fly 
larvee feeding. 

In conclusion, I wish to tender my sincere thanks to 
Professor Miall for the interest he has shown and for the 
help and encouragement he has given me during the course 
of this inquiry. 

* Potter (1899 and 1903). 


302 Mr. Ernest Ewart Unwin on the Vinegar-fly. 


Libliography. 


Bertrand, G. (1904).—Etude biochimique de la bactérie du 
sorbose. Ann. de Chem. et de Phys., 8° Sér, t. ii, 
pp. 195 and 226. 

Dufour, Léon (1839).—Meémoire sur les métamorphoses de 
plusieurs larves fongivores appartenant a des Dipteres. 
Ann. Sci. Nat., xii, pp. 49-52. 

(1845, 1.)—Histoire des métamorphoses de la 
Drosophila pallipes. Ann. Soc. Ent., pp. 
321-326. 

(1845, 2.)—Histoire des métamorphoses de la 
Drosophila reaumurii et description de la larve 
de la D. maculata. Lille. Mém. Soc. Sci., pp. 
201-209. 

Howard, L. O. (1900).—A contribution to the study of the 
insect fauna of human excrement. (With especial 
reference to the spread of typhoid fever by flies.) 
Proc, Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. 11, pp. 541-604. 

Korschelt, #. (1886).— Uber die Entstehung und Bedeutung 
de verschiedenen Zellenelemente des Insekteno- 
variums. Zeit. wiss. Zool., xlii, p. 537. 

Lowne, B. T. (1890-95).—The anatomy, physiology, 
morphology and development of the blow-fly, vols. 1 
and i. 

Miall, LZ. C. (1893).—Dicranota: a carnivorous Tipulid 
larva. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 235-251. Plates 
X-XIII. 

(1895.)—The natural history of aquatic insects. 

Miall and Hammond (1900).—The harlequin-fly (Chiro- 
nomus),. 

Packard, A. S. (1898).—A Textbook of Entomology. 
Potter, M. C. (1899).—On a bacterial disease—white rot— 
of the turnip. Proc. Univ. of Durham Phil. Soc. 

(1903.)—On the brown-rot of the Swedish turnip. 
Journal Bd. Agric., vol. x. 

Wesché, W. (1904)—The labial and maxillary palpi in 
Diptera. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. ix, part iv, 
pp. 219-229, Plates VIII, IX, X. 

Wilkinson, J. J. (1901).—The pharynx of the Eristalis 
larva (privately printed). 


( 303 ) 


XVIII. Odonata collected by Lr.-COLONEL NURSE, chiefly 
in North - Western India. By KENNETH J, 
Morton, F.E.S. 


[Read April 10th, 1907.] 


PLATE XXIV. 


I Am indebted to Lieutenant-Colonel Nurse for allowing me 
to examine a collection of Odonata made by him chietly in 
North-Western India. The localities whence the insects 
came are Deesa in the province of Gujerat, Quetta, Kash- 
mir, and there is one species each from Simla and from 
Lahi in Arabia. The collection is of special interest on 
account of the presence, amongst the material from Quetta 
and Kashmir, of a number of species characteristic of the 
Mediterranean region, and even of some which are of more 

northerly type. ‘The species from Deesa are more tropical 
In character. 

In connection with the Lzbellulinw I have had the 
benefit of invaluable assistance from Dr. Ris, all the 
more important species in that sub-family having been 
determined or verified by him, and he also gave me much 
general information concerning them. 

In dealing with the smaller species I have thought it 
indispensable to give figures of the appendages of the 
species I have described as new. To these I have added 
figures of some others, which I have referred to Selysian 
species, in order that there may be no uncertainty about 
the identity of the species I had before me. 


LIBELLULIN&. 


Sympetrum fonscolombii, Selys—Quetta, July ; Kashmir, 
5000-6000 ft., June. A wide-ranging species which does 
not appear to ‘tend to split up into ; geographical races. 

S. decolorata, Selys——A very interesting series from 
Quetta in June. Dr. Ris assures me these conform to 
the types of decolorata in the Selys Collection, although 
it was there mixed with specimens of meridionalis and 
pale-coloured striolatwm. Quite distinct-looking from 
vulgatum, which it probably entirely replaces in the area 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.) 


304 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on Odonata 


which it inhabits, S. iméans from Amurland being another 
race. 

S. striolatum, Charp.—Quetta, July; Kashmir, 5000- 
6000 ft., May. Differing little from Central European 
specimens ; probably from its utmost south-eastern limit. 

S. commixtum, Selys.—Deesa, July, 1 ?. This takes the 
place of SS. stviolatwm in the warmer parts of India. 

Trithemis pallidinervis, Kirby. — Deesa, October. A 
rather common species in Ceylon, India, etc. Described 
by Kirby as a Diplax (Sympetrum). 

T. festiva, Rambur.—Quetta, June. A small form of 
this wide-ranging species. 

Crocothemis servilia, Drury.—Dr. Ris is disposed, chiefly 
as a matter of convenience, to reserve this name for the 
Eastern forms of this insect, 7.e. those from tropical India, 
Ceylon, South China and the Archipelago (and even those 
from Japan which are rather different), which have the 
wings somewhat longer and narrower and tipped with 
brown. In (. erythrea from Africa, Madagascar, Southern 
Europe to Asia and Kashmir, the wings are relatively 
shorter and broader and not tipped with brown. In 
Northern India intermediates occur. Specimens from 
Deesa, January, February, June, July and October, are to 
be referred to the Eastern type, while a f from Quetta, 
June, is Western. A somewhat teneral specimen from 
Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft., May. 

Libellula quadrimaculata, Lin.—Kashmir, 8000-9000 ft., 
June. Already recorded from Kashmir. In these speci- 
mens the nodal spots are small, and, as Dr. Calvert has 
pointed out in connection with 44 taken in Kashmir by 
Dr. Abbott, the black of the basal spot on the hind-wings 
does not extend into the triangle. 

Orthetrwm sabina, Drury—Deesa, February, June, July 
and October. Another wide-ranging species. Examples 
from India are as a rule small. 

O. chrysostigma, Burm. —Lahij, May, 3 ¢%. A difficult 
species running into geographical forms. Ris says these 
specimens are intermediate between Kast African specimens 
and the following :— 

O. chrysostigma, race luzonicum, Brauer.—Deesa, October. 
Brauer’s types are from the Philippines. 

O. brunneum, Fonse—Quetta, May; Kashmir, 5000- 
6000 ft., May. Hardly different from Swiss and South 
European specimens. 


collected by Lt.-Col. Nurse, chiefly in N.W. India. 305 


0. ramburit, Selys.—Recorded from the Mediterranean 
region, from Asia Minor, Transcaucasia and Syria; a series 
from Quetta (June) is very interesting. This species 
seems to take the place of O. cwrulescens in the countries 
where it occurs. 

O. teniolatum, Schn. — Deesa, January and August. 
Another interesting Mediterranean species recorded by 
Selys from Rhodes, Cyprus and Syria (Odonates de I’ Asie 
Mineure). Dr. Ris informs me that it is also the 0. anceps 
of Selys (Beyrout) and the O. hyalinum of Kirby. 

0. internum, McLach.—Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft., May. 

O. pruinosum, Burm., race neglectum, Ramb.—Murree 
Road, Kashmir, 4000 ft., June. Dr. Ris considers that 
the red Indian species of Orthetrum, pruinosum, clelia and 
neglectum are geographical forms of one species, neglectum 
being the form found in Ceylon and the Continent from 
India to South China. 

Diplacodes nebulosa, Fab.—Deesa, October. 

Acisoma panorpoides, Ramb.—Deesa, October. 


GOMPHIN&. 


Onychogomphus lineatus, Selys.—Quetta, June. Several 
females and mutilated males from Deesa, July, August, 
and October, probably appertain to the same species. 

Thecagaster brevistigma, Selys—Two ff, Simla, May. 


JESCHNIN At. 


Anax parthenope, Selys.—Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft., May. 
Well known from Kashmir. Calvert has pointed out that 
examples from that region agree rather with European 
than with Japanese individuals. 

Hemianax ephippiger, Burm.—Colonel Nurse says: 
“This species was in thousands at Quetta in June 1903. 
I never saw so many dragonflies anywhere.” A wide- 
ranging species of migratory tendencies, 


CALOPTERYGIN &. 


Epallage fatima, Charp.—Quetta, 2 2%, June. Smaller 
than examples I have from Asia Minor, but I can detect 
no material differences otherwise. 


306 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on Odonata 


AGRIONINA. 


Platycnemis latipes, Ramb., race dealbata, Selys.— Quetta, 
June. 

Ischnura elegans, Van der Lind.—Quetta, May and June. 

I, forcipata, n. sp. 


¢. Labrum blueish ; epistoma above black with metallic sheen ; 
frons including two basal joints of antenn greenish ; head above 
bronzed black, with small blue postocular spots. 

Prothorax bronzed black, broadly greenish laterally, with an 
irregular isolated green spot which runs to a point anteriorly ; 
posterior margin slightly elevated, the middle forming a moderate 
sub-acute lobe wider than high, narrowly outlined with green. 

Thorax above bronzed black with well-marked uninterrupted 
shoulder lines and a very short black line under anterior wings. 

Legs yellowish, femora black externally with a short black streak 
at the base of the tibiz. 

Abdomen with segments 1-7 bronzed black above, with narrow 
pale sutures ; segments 8-10 dark blue above, 10 with a large black 
sub-quadrate dorsal patch ; the raised lobe tinged with blue and 
distinctly excised. 

The superior appendages very large; seen from above, they are in 
the upper part sickle-shaped and black, the lower inner portion 
paler, clothed rather densely with hairs; beneath, these appendages 
are continued into long finger-shaped processes black at the apex. 
The inferior appendages are separated at the base where they are 
broadest ; they are regularly curved inwards, narrowing to the apex 
which is black ; seen from the side, they are strongly upturned. 

Wings hyaline ; fore-wing with 8 post-nodals ; pterostigma oblique, 
narrower in front than behind, hind-margin slightly curved, bright 
blue in outer half, black inwardly ; pterostigma in hind-wings much 
smaller, nearly diamond-shaped, pale yellowish. 

Length of hind-wing, 13 mm. ; of abdomen, 22 mm. 


Quetta, June 1902. 


I. delicata, Selys—Deesa, January, February, July 
and September. 
Ischnura? nurset, n. sp. 


¢. Epistoma above dark, bronzed; frons to the antenne pale, 
slightly reddish; 1-3 joints of antenne also pale; rest of head, 
above, bronzed black, 


collected by Lt.-Col. Nurse, chiefly in N.W. India. 307 


Prothorax with hind-margin regularly rounded, bronzed black, 
paler at sides which are slightly pruinose. 

Thorax bronzed black above, sometimes with narrow shoulder 
stripes. Legs reddish with black streaks on tibie of two anterior 
pairs. 

Abdomen short and rather stout; segments 1-4 above carmine 
(“dark reddish-purple,” Nurse), 2 darkly marked at the base, 3, 4 with 
slight transverse dark streaks before the apex which is also narrowly 
dark ; 5 lemon-yellow with similar dark markings ; 6 yellowish or 
reddish in anterior half; remainder of abdomen metallic violet, the 
posterior part of the last segment and the appendages reddish. 
Apex of last segment only very slightly raised, but seen from above 
there is a very distinct and wide excision bounded on either side by 
a small projecting process. 

Superior appendages seen from above, shorter than inferior, broad, 
obliquely truncate, posteriorly abruptly turned downwards and 
terminating in an acute point. Inferior appendages seen from the 
side, broad at the base, narrowing to the apex, upper margin nearly 
straight, inferior margin sinuous ; seen from beneath they are rather 
widely separated at the base, but there are pale inner processes 
which nearly meet ; viewed from above they are concave, curved 
inwards in their upper part which is armed with a small black 
dentate plate, 

Wings hyaline; neuration reddish. Pterostigma in fore-wings 
diamond-shaped, bright carmine inwardly, paler externally ; ptero- 
stigma in hind-wings small, yellow. 

Length of hind-wing, 12 mm. ; of abdomen, 16} mm. 


Deesa, October, November and January. 

This is not a true Jschnura, although referred provision- 
ally to the genus in the absence of the ?. It differs in the 
relatively short and stout abdomen, and in the absence of 
postoculars. 

There are 3 9? from Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft., May, which 
may belong to Ischnura rufostigma, Selys. They recall 
Pyrrhosoma tenellum, but the thorax is paler. In the 
meantime, in the absence of the ~¢, the determination is 
uncertain. 

Enallagma cyathigerwm, Charp.—Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft., 
May. 

Enallagma? parvum, Selys.—Deesa, June and October. 

Pseudagrion decorum, Ramb.—Deesa, June, July, August, 
October and November. 

P. hypermelas, Selys.—Deesa, January and February. 


308 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on Odonata. 
P, lidentatum, n. sp. 


¢. Discoloured ; colours very likely blue and bronzed black. 

Labrum reddish ; epistoma above black, frons reddish, vertex black 
with very large triangular bluish postocular spots connected by a 
distinct transverse line. 

Prothorax pale marked with black. 

Thorax above with a black line on either side of the median suture 
and black shoulder stripes, otherwise blue. 

Legs yellow; femora of anterior distinctly marked with black 
externally, others faintly marked. 

Abdomen above with black-bronzed markings margined with blue. 
1 with a large sub-quadrate spot; 2 with thistle-shaped marking 
connected with a black apical line; 3-6 with elongate markings 
broadest before the apex ; in 3 reaching the base, in 4, 5, 6 markings 
more lanceolate not reaching the base ; 7, 8, 9 probably all bronzed 
black with narrow blue sutures ; 10 black. 

Superior appendages seen from side nearly straight above, termin- 
ating in a black, slightly-down-turned hook, from the hook the 
posterior margin curves strongly inwards, the lower margin being 
produced into a strong tooth which from above is seen to be bifid. 
Inferior appendages short and rounded. 

Length of hind-wing, 16} mm. ; of abdomen, 23°75 mm. 


Deesa, February, 1 f 

Ceriagrion coromandelianum, Fabr.—Deesa, February, 
August and October. 

Agriocnemis pygmea, Ramb.—Deesa, July. 

Lestes barbara, Fabr—Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft., May. 

L. gracilis, Selys—Deesa, October; a single 2 referred 
here with slight doubt. 

Sympycna fusca, Eversm.—Quetta, June, 1 fg. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV. 
[See Explanation facing the PLATE.] 


( 309 ) 


XIX. Entomological Observations and Captures during the 
visit of the British Association to South Africa in 
1905. By F. A. Dixry, M.A. M.D., F.E.S., and 
G. B. LonestaFF, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.E.S. 


[Read June 5th, 1907.] 
PLATE XXV. 


CaPE Town. 
Lat. 34° S. Sea level. August 8th, 1905. 


SURELY no one who was on deck when the “ Kildonan 
Castle ” anchored in Table Bay will forget the impressive 
scene. Behind the town-lights which gleamed along the 
front the grand mass of Table Mountain, clear cut against 
a streak of dawn, lay under the Southern Cross and 
Magellanic Clouds, while in the opposite quarter Jupiter 
and Venus shone brilliant beyond our experience, the 
latter reflected in the sea, and Orion standing on his 
head demonstrated that we were indeed in a Southern 
land. These astronomical facts had a bearing on our 
entomological operations, since we had to grow accus- 
tomed to the fact that the most promising hunting-grounds 
were slopes with a north-east aspect. 

Faithful to our own science rather than to the associa- 
tion of which we were members, we had decided to go on 
to Durban by the same steamer, and put in as many days 
collecting as possible on the Natal Coast. This left us 
but a day and a half at Cape Town, in which to get a 
glimpse of its fauna and flora, and we were truly fortunate 
in that the Southern spring smiled upon us and provided, 
if indeed few insects, at any rate what Mr. Boswell would 
have termed “some fine prospects.” 

We were aware of the poverty of the Cape Peninsula in 
Rhopalocera, and Mr. L. Péringuey, the obliging director 
of the South African Museum, impressed the fact upon 
our minds, yet we were hardly prepared to find butterflies 
so scarce as in fact we did. 

The best scheme seemed to be to drive to Camps Bay, 
stopping on the way to collect on the slopes of the Lion’s 
Head, above Sea Point. While waiting for the carriage 

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.) 


310 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


we took in the garden of the Mount Nelson Hotel, on 
narcissus flowers, a few honey-bees, Apis mellifica, Linn., 
of the somewhat brighter race adansonii, Latr., that is 
common throughout South Africa, and with them their 
familiar mimic Hristalis tenax, Fabr. An Hmpis was also 
common in the garden.* 

The country had all the appearance of early spring, and 
it was evident enough that we were much too early for 
good sport. Below the Lion’s Head, by a little stream 
perhaps 200 feet above sea-level, we took two specimens 
of the brownish Lycenid Cacyreus palemon, Cram., quite 
unlike any “Blue” that either of us had previously seen 
alive; these and a Skipper that eluded us at Camps Bay 
were the only butterflies we saw that day. 

Turning over stones proved disappointing; besides 
sundry scorpions and myriapods the chief tenants were 
ants, a larger yellowish species, Camponotus maculatus, 
Fabr., and a smaller black species, Acantholepsis capensis, 
Meyr. With the ants were a few beetles, such as two 
specimens of Formicomus cwruleus, an Anthiid, Microlestia 
tabida, Fabr., another beetle not yet determined, and two 
larve of a Lampyris. 

Along with the beetles were sundry cockroaches, crea- 
tures we were afterwards to find numerous; among them 
were two Deropeltis juncea, Sauss., and immature examples 
of Blatta orientalis, Linn. 

The best harbour for insects appeared to be a species of 
Solanum, a medium-sized, prickly shrub bearing numerous 
seed-capsules. On this plant the red Lady-bird Chilomenes 
lunata, Fabr., was abundant, also a black species, Chilocorus 
sp., unrepresented in the National Collection, was fairly 
common. Several other Lady-bird-like beetles, as yet 
undetermined, were found on the same plant, as well as 
one specimen of Epilachna hirta, Thunb. (the sole phyto- 
phagous genus in a family otherwise carnivorous). On 
the leaves were also two examples of the tiny Abacetus 
minutus, De}. 

A dark-green, scarlet-striped bug, Lygwus festivus, Thunb., 
accompanied the Lady-birds, while immature specimens of 


* The original idea was to allude to every insect seen by usin our 
rush through South Africa, but at the time of going to press many 
species, especially among the Orthoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera- 
Heterocera, were still undetermined, and so for the most part are not 
mentioned. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 311 


the same were common inside the seed-vessels together 
with numbers of a fetid brown bug not yet named and 
what we took to be beetle larva. A third bug, of a pale 
scarlet colour when alive, frequented the same Solanwm. 

The few flowers that were out yielded nothing but a 
honey-bee and an Hmpis sp. 

At Clifton, Camps Bay, on the under-cliff above the 
dazzling white beach, we took off the flowers of a shrubby 
Senecto-like Composite the small green Longicorn, Promeces 
linearis, Linn., the small bronzy bee, Hulictus jucundus, 
Smith, 9, and Apis mellifica, 2 5. 

A small Carabid, Platynus rufipes, Dej., found under a 
stone, completed our short list. As we often experienced 
afterwards, the South-east Trade brought up clouds and 
gave us a dull afternoon, so that collecting was practically 
over at an early hour. 


Port EvizABeTH, ALGOA Bay, CaPE Cotony., 
Lat, 34° 5. Sea level. August 11th. 


The steamer did not give us a very long time at this 
place. After an early breakfast we took the train to 
ZWAARTKOPS, some seven miles to the northward. 

The coast here is flat and fringed with sand-hills; by 
the railway the country is sandy and heathy; on the south 
side of the river its delta forms a level plain perhaps a 
mile wide between the sand-hills and the railway, this is 
diversified by brackish swamps and intersected by streams. 
On the drier portions of this plain Termitaria are numerous, 
from 1 foot to 2} feet high, and 2 to 3 feet across; they 
are smooth and hard on the surface as if “ rendered ” with 
cement, many-chambered within. One long ridge of sand 
was covered with thorny shrubs. ‘The most conspicuous 
plant was a tall Aloe (?arborescens, ? ferox), 6 or 8 
feet high in full flower, but there were also at least two 
species of Cotyledon |Echeveria], and several species of 
Mesembryanthemum. Low growing Huphorbias were many 
and varied, one appeared to be absolutely stemless. There 
was also an ivy-leaved Pelargoniwm. A fresh easterly 
breeze swept over the open ground and added much to the 
difficulty of catching butterflies. 

The males of Syichloé hellica, Linn., were rather common, 
flying fast, but occasionally settling ; four specimens were 
secured. Of Lewceronia buquetii, Boisd., at least three 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (SEPT.) 21 


312 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


were seen, two were secured, both males, but a third 
managed to get out of the net; they flew strongly. The 
proboscis of this butterfly when fresh is of a bright green 
colour like its eyes. On the other hand, Colias electra, 
Linn., was more restrained in its movements, and two 
males were taken. Of Pinacopteryx charina, Boisd., 
several were seen, also two or three individuals of an 
orange-tipped Z'eracolus, probably omphale, Godt. 

On the lee side of bushes which afforded a slight shelter, 
the Lycenid, Leptomyrina lara, Linn., was common, taking 
short flights and settling on the ground or on low plants. 
Nearer the sea on a sunny bank under the lee of the sand- 
hills, the very beautiful and singular Lycenid Phasius 
thysbe, Linn., was not uncommon, though apparently very 
local; it has a quick skipping flight and time allowed the 
capture of but two males and a female. In the same 
locality a pretty little rose-coloured Geometer, Stervanthia 
plectaria, Guen., was fairly common, but unfortunately 
only two specimens were brought away. On the open 
plain the familiar and cosmopolitan Nomophila noctuella, 
Schiff., was often disturbed and two were taken, as well 
as a specimen of the scarcely less widely distributed 
Phiyctenia ferrugalis, Hiibn. 

A piece of rough heathy ground near the railway-station 
yielded two Satyrids, Psewdonympha sabacus, Trim., and 
others were seen near the same spot; the genus is 
characteristic of South Africa. Close by a small Blue 
Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., was netted, as well as a fine 
variety of Sterrha sacraria, Linn. 

Under some planks lying on the sand of the river bank 
we found among smaller bugs, our first specimens of 
Physorhynchus crux, Thunb. ‘his large Reduviid, whose 
wings are so closely appressed to the abdomen that we for 
some time took it to be apterous, is very conspicuous when 
alive, the pale testaceous thorax and margins of the 
abdomen showing up the black cross upon its back, but 
the pale portions soon darken and the insect is dingy in 
the cabinet. 

Turning over stones produced a few beetles: single 
examples of Lycanthropa synwcoides, Ques., Harpalus 
exiguus, Dej., and Blenosia [Llacodes] sp., as well as two 
Trigonopus sp., the last two both represented at South 
Kensington, but unnamed. With the beetles were several 
Blattidx, Deropeltis erythrocephala, Fabr., 2, an immature 


and Captures vn South Africa in 1905. 313 


Cosmozosteria sp., and three specimens of another Blaita 
which stands unnamed in the National Collection. 

An old termitarium, long abandoned by its builders, 
afforded asylum to a number of insects, among which the 
most numerous and most conspicuous was the large 
Carabid Microlestia rugoso-punctata, Thunb.; there was also 
a solitary weevil, Hipporrhinus appendiculatus, Gyll. 

The great spikes of Aloe proved attractive to flies and 
a bee, Prosopis sandaracata, Bingh. At the same flowers 
a long-tailed bird was very busy, but whether catching bees 
or eating honey could not be made out. 

The Hopliine beetle Gymnoloma atomaria, Fabr., was 
taken on a flower. Among flies the cosmopolitan genus 
Sarcophaga was represented, and what would appear to be 
a Dysmachus was noted to settle on the ground. 

While searching for beetles it was impossible to overlook 
the numerous empty spires of the large and handsome 
snail, Achatina zebra, Chem. [=/fulgurata, Pfr.]; one of 
them was tenanted by a stump-tailed lizard. A couple of 
tortoises added to the picture. 

[Among the small bees that we brought home was a 
small one (unfortunately not labelled) that was in all 
probability taken at Zwaartkops, though possibly at Cape 
Town, which turns out to be a new species, Halictus 
inornatus, Bingh, Its description, with those of other 
Aculeata taken by us in South Africa, will be included 
in a paper to be presented to the Society very shortly.] 


East Lonpon, Carr CoLony. 
Lat. 33° 8. Sea level. Augtist 12th. 


An eager reconnaissance from the deck before breakfast 
revealed a tempting spot a mile or two to the north-east 
of the town where hills of blown sand capped by scrub 
suggested many possibilities. Accordingly we landed at 
the earliest opportunity and took a carriage. The road 
from the quay in the inner harbour brought us in a very 
few minutes into the QUEEN’s PARK, through which we 
were to drive. Our attention was at first caught by the 
weird forms of gigantic tree-Kuphorbias, but these were 
soon forgotten, for as we passed the park gates we seemed 
to enter a very preserve of butterflies. To one of us the 
sight was new as it was beautiful, to the other it brought 
back vivid recollections of India and Ceylon; both agreed 


314 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


to dismiss forthwith the Kaffir driver, who doubtless, 
while he pocketed his easily-earned fare, pondered on the 
strange results of Huropean civilization and the increase of 
lunacy consequent thereon. 

The park is formed out of a piece of the primeval scrub 
of varied growth, filling a horseshoe-shaped hollow between 
the town and a tributary of the Buffalo. It is intersected 
with roads, footpaths, and streams; in parts are artificial 
shrubberies and flower-beds, which are gradually ousting 
the natural scrub. In the varied scene of insect life the 
most obvious characters were clouds of Mylothris agathina, 
Cram., of both sexes, their brilliant white and orange 
colouring showing clearly as they fluttered slowly and 
fearlessly over the large bushes of Poinsettia [Huphorbia 
pulchervima] glowing with their scarlet bracts. The males 
give out a strong scent very closely resembling that of 
sweet-briar. Amongst the agathina we took three speci- 
mens of the nearly allied riippellii, Koch, of both sexes, 
and in another part of the Park a single male of the 
delicate trimenia, Butl., with its pale yellow hind-wings. 

Less showy, but almost equally common, was Lelenois 
severina, Cram., the “common white” of this part of the 
world. Both sexes were well represented, the male having a 
distinct scent. All were of the dry-season form ; some were 
very small. Of B. gidica, Godt., a single male was taken, 
also strongly scented.* Of the more gaudily coloured 
B. zochalia, Boisd., two males and a female turned up. 

Terias was represented by a single brigitta, Cram., a 
male; Colias by two electra, Linn. also males; and 
Teracolus by two omphale, Godt., one of each sex. Last, 
but not least beautiful of the Piermes was Hronia cleodora,t 
Hiibn., of which five specimens were taken, while a male 
E. leda, Dbl., was netted, but it managed to get away. 

The widely-ranging Limnas chrysippus, Linn., of the 
typical African colouring, which, as is well known, is darker 
than in the Indian form, was flying slowly about in some 
numbers ; two females that were taken yielded the “ musk- 
rat” odour. 


! * On the subject of scents in South African butterflies, see DixEy, 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, pp. liv—lix, and ibid. 1906, pp. ii—vil. 

+ It is well known that the local races of H. cleodora show great 
differences in the amount of black bordering to the wings. This in 
the East London specimens is reduced toa minimum, See Drxey, 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. lxvi. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 315 


Another butterfly that was very common was the 
Nymphaline, Lurytela hiarbas, Dru. It has a curious slow 
gliding flight backwards and forwards about bushes, for 
flowers seem to have no attraction for it; but if the flight 
of this butterfly, and its coloration, brown with a trans- 
verse white band, remind one of the Neptis group, its 
general appearance and shade-loving habits suggest a 
Satyrid. ZH. hiarbas orients itself with tail to the sun, but 
not very accurately. Conspicuous amongst the Nympha- 
lines was our old friend Pyrameis cardui, Linn., mostly in 
poor condition, but one very fine. The large genus Precis 
was represented by three species, sesamus, Trim., archesia, 
Cram., and cebrene, Trim., the latter not uncommon. One 
specimen of each was secured, but we had our first lesson 
in the elementary fact that to see a Precis is not always 
the same thing as to catch it. 

A sunny bank cleared of scrub was grown over with a 
Senecio not unlike the Oxford squalidus, Linn. Amongst 
these flowers Byblia goetzius, Herbst, was rather common ; 
they often settled on the ground ; they were all females, 
one of “intermediate ” character, the rest “dry.” A single 
B. ilithyia, Dru., was “very dry.” This and a specimen 
taken at Ladysmith were all of this species that we saw 
in South Africa. 

One of the spots in the park where butterflies were 
especially numerous was a sunny bank close to an open 
drain whose black stream evolved so much sulphuretted 
hydrogen as to suggest pollution by a laundry. Some 
Poinsettia bushes (including one with the bracts pale 
yellowish instead of the more usual scarlet), growing where 
the smell was most sickening, proved quite as attractive 
to butterflies as others in sweeter situations.* 

A few fine blue and black Papilios dashed about to 
tantalize us (they were almost certainly P. nireus, Cram., 
f. lyeus, Dbl.), but the common South African P.demodocus, 
Esp., proved much easier to capture, and between the Park 
and the town two specimens fell victims to our nets; one 
of them seemed to have been injured by a bird. 

_* This reminded me of a part of “The Happy Valley” at Hong 
Kong (in 1904), so fouled with human excrement that collecting 
was difticult, yet clouds of butterflies fluttered about the flowers 
of Lantana camara, Linn., growing around. There was no evidence 
that the insects were attracted by the ordure, but they were certainly 
not repelled. It is well known that Charaxes is a foul feeder. 


—GQ. B. L. 


316 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


Satyrids were conspicuous by their absence. A single 
female specimen of the common dingy South African 
skipper, Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr. (=hottentota, Latr.) 
was the sole Hesperid seen, but the Lycznids were better 
represented by a solitary male of the far-ranging Zarucus 
telicanus, Lang, and several specimens of the ‘ amphis- 
baenoid” tailed and lobed Blue, Argiolaus silas, Westw. 
This has a rapid and jerky flight and is fond of settling 
high up, so that the observation of its “false head” and 
its attitude at rest was attended with difficulty, but a male 
and four females were easily taken off the red blossoms of 
a tall shrub. 

The only moth taken was the day-flying Lymantriad, 
Huproctis mesozona, Hmpsn., a male; this is a species 
represented in the National Collection solely by the type. 

Among other orders the Diptera were represented by 
an Jdia and another fly ; we did not take a single beetle, 
being indeed too busy with the butterflies. There were 
many small grasshoppers in the coarse grass by the foul 
stream, the most striking being the common South African 
Catantops melanostictus, Schaum, whose red tibiz and 
striped femora render it conspicuous. The only Aculeate 
taken was a worker Lelonogaster praunsi, Kohl, one of two 
seen on the same plant. This genus, very characteristic 
of the country, has an extremely long peduncle to the 
abdomen. A specimen of the Sawfly Athalia himantopus, 
Klug, a species that Col. Bingham says is widely spread 
over the African continent, was taken. The bug Atelocera 
stictita, Westw., was caught flying: during life its under- 
side is covered with a white waxy substance. 

Among the things that we saw that morning, but did 


not catch, were a Charaxes, an Amauris (probably) and 
Atella phalanta, Dru. 


DuRBAN, NATAL. 
Lat. 29° 50'S. Sea level. August 13-21. 


At Durban we had the great advantage of an introduc- 
tion to Mr. A. D. Millar. This gentleman and the 
members of his family are enthusiastic entomologists. It 
had been our intention to go northwards and explore the 
country about the mouth of the Tugela, but, acting on 
Mr. Millar’s advice, we decided to stay in Durban and so 


make the best use of our time, which was here, as 
elsewhere, all too short. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 317 


The Ocean View Hotel in the residential suburb called 
THE BEREA is perhaps 200 feet above the sea; its garden 
yielded a few of the commoner butterflies—Papilio dar- 
danus, Brown, a male, Precis clelia, Cram., Mycalesis safitza, 
Hew., both sexes, and Zizera lucida, Trim., a male. 

Lanes and bits of open ground near the hotel, still 
retaining much of the character of the primeval scrub, 
afforded fair collecting. It was in such a place that we 
were much excited at beating out our first Salamas 
anacardvi, Linn., a large greenish nymphaline very leaf-like 
on the under-side and with a peculiar satiny sheen that 
gives it a very tropical aspect. There we found late in the 
afternoon both sexes of Limnas chrysippus, Linn.; with 
them were less familiar butterflies, Acrwa terpsichore, Linn. 
(=buxtoni, Butl.) several (they feigned death in the net); 
A. cabira, Hopff., one ; a pair of Precis sesamus, 'Trim,; an 
example of Hurytela hiarbas, Dru.; also several specimens 
of Bybli« goetzius, Herbst, of both sexes, all more or less 
“dry” in character ; this butterfly flies rather quickly low 
down and settles usually on the ground under a bush, but 
is easily disturbed. We also took at the Berea two males 
of Belenois severina, Cram.; two males and a female of 
Mylothris agathina, Cram.; and one of each sex of ZLerias 
reguiaris, Butl. Of smaller things we took one each of 
Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., and Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr., and 
beating produced a Geometer, not yet identified. 

The glow-lights of the Hotel only yielded the Boarmid 
Tephrina arenosa, Butl., and two Noctus :—Ophiusa 
mejanest, Guen. (a moth that occurs in India, coming 
very near to Walker’s type of expedita, a species sunk by 
Sir George Hampson), and Hulaphygma micra, Hmpsn. 
A humble fly, Homalomyia canicularis, Linn., was an 
inmate of the Hotel. 

Sandy banks by the roadside were haunted by various 
Fossors, two of which, Liris hemorrhoidalis, Fabr., a male, 
and Pompilus diversus, Smith, a female, exhibit Lycoid 
coloration, the last-named more especially with its yellow- 
brown wings tipped with black. With these were two 
Dielis fasciatella, Hiibn., both males. The Syrphid fly, 
Hristalis teniops, Wied., was too handsome to be passed by. 

The first of his favourite localities to which Mr. Millar 
directed us was the old Cemetery at SYDENHAM. About 
three miles to the north of Durban, it lies on the north 
(sunny) side of a hill sloping very gradually towards the 


318 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


Umgeni River, and may be some 400 feet above sea level. 
The Cemetery itself is neglected and overgrown with 
coarse grass and herbage, which doubtless nourishes many 
larvee, while there are enough flowers to attract butterflies. 
The grassy lanes on either side afford excellent collecting 
ground, and, although most of the land around is cultivated, 
there is some scrub to the south. 

Here we found, besides our familiar friend Zimnas 
chrysippus, Linn., our first specimens of Amauris albima- 
culata,* Butl., both males. Single specimens of the 
beautiful dark red Acrea petrexa, Boisd., and of A. natalica, 
Boisd., a male, were taken. The fore-wings of the last- 
named are when the insect is fresh of a fine rose-crimson, 
the hind part of the abdomen (in the male) being banded 
above with pale rose-pink and white, but white beneath. 
Males of A. terpsichore, Linn., were fairly common, 
especially among dead grass. A. encedon, Linn., of which 
two examples were taken, was so successful in its mimicry 
of L. chrysippus, as at first to make one of us believe it to 
be that species. 

In the Cemetery a few males of Hypolimnas misippus, 
Linn., were sailing around, flying high and seldom flapping 
their wings, but no females were observed. In an open 
space within the enclosure, as well as in a cleared mealy- 
field adjoining, Precis clelia, Cram., was locally common, 
settling on the bare earth and on the grave-stones ; with 
them were a couple of P. cebrene, Trim., but that species 
was commoner in the dry bed of a spruit half-a-mile to 
the north; some of the specimens were very small. Three 
examples of P. natalica, Feld., were taken; P. sesamus, 
Trim., was not uncommon. Only two Catacroptera | Precis] 
cloantha, Cram., were seen, one of them in the dry spruit. 
Lurytela hiarbas, Dru., was very common about hedgerows. 
Single specimens of Pyrameis cardui, Linn., and Salamis 
anacardvi, Linn., turned up. Several male specimens of 
Byblia goetzius, Herbst, were taken, but it was hardly 
common. Charaxes varanes, Cram., required considerable 
negotiation to effect its capture, as its flight is both high 
and strong, but it has a habit of settling at the end of a 
prominent twig, and is then fairly easily detected in spite 
of the resemblance of its under-surface to a leaf. 

Of Mycalesis safitza, Hew., two females were taken, one 


* For the specific distinctness of this form from A. echeria, Stoll, 
see RoTHSCHILD AND JORDAN, Novit. Zool. x, 1903, p. 504, 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 319 


near the Cemetery, the other in the village of Sydenham 
(a mile nearer Durban), they were flying in full sunshine 
in the early afternoon. Of JL. perspicua, Trim., three 
males were taken among dry grass, etc., near the before- 
mentioned spruit, they were rather common there but of 
restless habits, so that it was very difficult to see them 
settle. It was interesting to find that on separation of the 
wings and stroking the patch near the costa of the hind- 
wings they gave out a very strong scent quite distinct in 
character from that of WZ. sajitza, Hew., which last has one 
of the strongest scents met with. 

Of Belenois severina, Cram.,a male was taken; but B. 
gidica, Godt., appears to have been commoner, since three 
males anda female were brought home. Three Pinacopteryx 
pigea, Boisd., two males and a female (near Sydenham 
village), and one P. charina, Boisd., were taken. We met 
with but one Mylothris agathina, Cram., a male, but Hronia 
leda, Dbl., was not uncommon, flying rapidly along a lane 
near the Cemetery, often in company with Teracolus auxo, 
Luc.; it was hard to catch, but three males and a female 
were secured. The genus Zevacolus was more dominant at 
Sydenham than at any other locality which we visited, the 
most abundant species (especially in fields) was 7. auxo, 
Lue. (the dry form called by Wallengren topha). The 
males appeared to outnumber the females by two to one. 
On one occasion a specimen of awxo and one of Hronia leda, 
both males, were in the net together, they were duly 
pinched and as the net was lying open on the ground 
another auwzo (sex not known) came and settled on it close 
to the dead butterflies! The next commonest species was 
T. anne, Waller. (dry-season phase, = wallengrenii, Butl.), 
of which thirteen males and one female were taken. On 
the other hand, of 7. omphale, Godt., we took but three 
males and one female, and of 7. achine, Cram., a like 
number, while of 7. phlegyas, Butl. [according to Trimen 
= tone, Godt.], we secured but a single male, of which it 
was noted that the purple tip was not apparent in flight. 
Butterflies of the genus Zerias were in abundance locally, 
the specimens brought home proved to be 7. regularis, 
Butl., four males (one of them “intermediate” in character, 
the rest dry), and 7. senegalensis, Boisd., one male (dry). 
The only other Pierine taken was Colias electra, Linn., on 
the road about a mile on the Durban side of the Cemetery ; ; 
the species was not common. 


320 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


One Papilio dardanus, Brown, was taken at Sydenham, 
but P. demodocus, Esp., was common; it flew fast but gen- 
erally not very high, twice at least it was observed to flutter 
its wings when feeding, as its congener P. erithonius, Cram., 
[ = demoleus, Linn,| has been observed to do in India. A 
specimen taken in Sydenham village was very small. 

A considerable variety of Lycznids was taken, though 
they cannot be said to have been abundant: Yonah 
antalus, Hopff., a male; Hypolycena philippus, Fabr., 
female ; Axiocerces harpax, Fabr., a male settled on a rose- 
bush in the Cemetery; Zycena betica, Linn., one; Zizera 
lucida, Trim., two females; Z. lysimon, Hiibn., one on the 
way; Lachnocnema bibulus, Fabr., four, in the Cemetery, 
this species sits with the abdomen turned up at an angle 
of 45° (like Huchloé); Catochrysops malathana, Boisd. 
(= asopus, Hopff.); while on the slopes of the spruit 
before mentioned was taken a single example of Alena 
amazoula, Boisd.,a female; this last was very cryptic when 
among the grass where it was found. In general appear- 
ance it so closely resembles a tiny Acrva that at first it 
was placed next to that genus. 

The Skippers again were varied rather than numerous, 
single specimens being taken of each of the following :— 
Sarangesa motozioides, Holland, almost invisible as it sat 
on a rock in the spruit with its wings spread out flat ; 
Netrobalane canopus, Trim., resting with expanded wings 
on the upper side of a Solanum leaf; Laoris fatuellus, 
Hopff.; Gomalia albofasciata, Moore; the large species 
Rhopalocampta pisistratus, Fabr., and RL. forestan, Cram. ; 
lastly Caprona adelica, Kirsch, a prettily marbled butterfly 
with a scaleless patch on the fore-wing, of which there are 
but two specimens in the British Museum. 

The Syntomids Pseudonaclia puella, Boisd.; Syntomis 
simplex, Walk., two, a metallic-blue thing easily caught ; 
and Euchromia JSormosa, Guér., were taken flying, the latter 
near the spruit. <A crippled specimen of the singular 
Geometer, Cenina pecilaria, H.-S., was taken in the 
Cemetery, a better one missed in the spruit, both among 
long grass. 

The following Hymenoptera were taken: Xylocopa divisa, 
Klug, a male; a grey wasp, Jcaria cincta, Lepel., 9; the 
ant Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., eight specimens under a 
stone; and an undetermined Ichneumon. 

The great order Coleoptera was very poorly represented 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 321 


by two Lady-birds, Ortalia sp., beaten out of a composite 
creeper (apparently a Senecio), the species is represented 
in the British Museum, but unnamed; three Haplolycus, 
apparently of two species [one possibly congener, Gerst.], 
were either beaten out of, or taken flying about the same 
creeper ; Acantholycus constrictus, Fabr., was caught flying 
slowly ; two specimens of Anomalipus porcatus, Sol., were 
found under a stone; and four specimens of a Heterome- 
ron were also found under stones, Opatrwin sp., apparently 
in the National Collection, but unnamed. 

The bugs, at least as regards individuals, were some- 
what more plentiful; beating the climbing composites 
(one with yellow, another with lavender flowers) revealed 
a number of the fetid Pentatomid <Antestia variegata, 
Thunb., at first taken by both of us to be Lady-birds; two 
other fetid Pentatomids, Holcostethus goiiodes, Dall., and 
H. scapularis, Thunb., were also taken. 

There were two as yet undetermined Acridians among 
our captures as well as the common Catantops melanostictus, 
Schaum, Also a Dragonfly, Orthetrum fasciolatum, Ramb. 


The BoTranicaAL GARDEN lies on the slope of the hill 
between the Berea and the Race-course, and comprises 
portions of the original scrub, so that it naturaliy harbours 
many butterflies. Amongst these was a small female of 
Limnas chrysippus, Linn., which was actually mistaken by 
one of us for its mimic Acrea encedon, Linn., of which 
three specimens were captured. A single specimen of 
Planema escbria, Hew., and two of Acrva cabira, Hopff., 
were netted, one of the latter settled on a leaf with wings 
closed was inconspicuous. Of Amauris albimaculata, Butl., 
a male and two females were taken, one of the latter 
settled near the ground before 9.0 a.m., at which time it 
was noticed that Skippers were especially active. 

Hurytela hiarbas, Dru., was common in the wooded parts 
of the garden, where also three Precis elgiva, Hew., were 
secured, together with two P. natalica, Feld., of the dark, 
or intermediate form (one very tattered), sitting on leaves 
with wings fully spread. The same bit of surviving 
scrub yielded two of the Satyr-like Crenis boisduvalit, 
Wallgr., one of each sex. Neptis agatha, Cram., was not 
uncommon, but as the garden is a good deal exposed to 
the prevalent south-east wind many of the specimens 
were worn. Salamis anacardii, Linn., was beaten out at 


322 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


4.45 p.m., it had a very slow flight. Of byblia goetzius, 
Herbst, we took a male of the dry form. In a shady spot 
were two Melanitis leda, Cram., the only specimens that 
we met with in South Africa.  Mycalesis safitza, Hew., 
with its janira-like flight, was not uncommon in the shade, 
the four specimens taken in the gardens were all females 
of the dry-season form (var. evenus, Hopff.). 

Belenois severina, Cram., was common; though the large 
majority were dry, amongst them was found a semi-wet 
male. It was noted of a pair 7 cop. that the male 
supported the female in flight. Only one S. gidica, Godt., 
a male, was taken. But if not quite the commonest white 
of the gardens, certainly Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd., was the 
most characteristic; a dozen specimens, both sexes about 
equally balanced, were secured, they were all of the dry 
form (= alba, Trim.); it appeared to be an earlier riser 
than many butterflies. A pair were observed 7 cop., the 
male supporting the female and when settled enclosing 
the female between his wings. Of P. charina, Boisd., two 
of each sex were taken, one of the females was less dry 
than the rest. Mylothris agathina, Cram., was scarcely 
common, males prevailing. In the more open grassy parts 
a few Teracoli were to be got: of TZ. speciosus, Wallgr., 
we took two males; 7’. omphale, Godt., was commoner, 
and we took five males and two females; of 7. achine, 
Cram., one of each sex. Of Hronia cleodora, Hiibn., we 
took but one; Zerias reqularis, Butl., was common enough, 
six specimens taken proved to be all females, of the dry 
form. We did not meet with this species outside Natal. 

Just outside the northern hedge of the Botanical Garden 
a fine Papilio morania, Ang., was taken flying low along 
with elenois severina, Cram., and settling on wayside 
plants; others of the genus were P. demodocus, Esp., a 
male; P..dardanus, Brown, two males, a species that does 
not fly as fast as many of its congeners ; P. nireus, Cram., 
f. lyeus, Dbl., a male and two females. 

The Lycenidxe were conspicuous by their scarcity, only 
two being met with—Hypolycena philippus, Fabr., a male 
taken as late as 5.0 p.m., and Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., two, 
one of them beaten out but little earlier (together with 
two P. pigea and two &. severina). 

But if Blues were scarce it was far otherwise with 
Skippers: of our old friend Gegenes zetterstedii, Wallgr., 
seven were taken, five being males, two females; this sits 


and Captures in South Africa wm 1905. 323 


in the familiar “skipper attitude” but the posterior third 
of the hind-wing is plaited; Baoris fatuellus, Hopftt., one ; 
Acleros nackeni, Trim., seemed to be common but was 
hard to catch, a male only was netted; of Pterygospidea 
[ Tagiades| flesus, Fabr. [= ophion, Dru.], five specimens 
were secured; it has a rapid darting flight, dashing wildly 
up and down the glades like a flash of silver, and suddenly 
settling with wings widely spread like a Boarmia, usually 
(so far as our experience went) on the wpper side of a leaf, 
though it was on at least one occasion seen to settle on 
the wnder side, which Mr. Trimen gives as its habit; the 
fine large skipper Rhopalocampta keithloa, Wallgr., rests in 
a singular attitude, the wings are raised above the back 
but do not meet, since both primaries and secondaries are 


Rhopalocampta keithloa. Position of wings 
in resting attitude, seen from behind. 
curved outwards somewhat spirally, moreover the pos- 
terior half of the secondaries is curiously plaited over the 
abdomen; a specimen of &. forestan, Cram., was beaten 
out as late as 4.45 p.m., darting away with a whirligig 
flight. 

The Lymantriad moths uproctis puncetifera, Walk., 
three males, and J. stel/ata, Dist., two males, were beaten 
out one afternoon, together with the Larentid Geometer, 
Epirrhoé subspissata, Warr., one; the Acidalids Craspedia 
pulverosaria, Walk., and Idea spoliata, Walk., one of each ; 
the Deltoids Hypena thermesialis, Walk. [= Ophiuche ma- 
surialis, Guen.| three; the Pyrales Bradina | Erilita] ad- 
mixtalis, Walk., one; b.[Physematia] atopalis, Walk., two ; 
and some others not yet determined. 

Two beetles only were captured, one the weevil Stramia 
anconifrons, Boh. ; the other, Cardiophorus sp., was found 
under an old tarpaulin. 

The sole Aculeate brought away was a beautiful light 
blue bee, Crocisa picta, Smith, 3, which with its rapid flight 
suggested a small dragon-fly. 


324 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


Three species of Diptera were met with: Hristalis teniops, 
Wied. ; Syrphus egyptius, Wied.; and Sarcophaga sp. 

A solitary Pentatomid bug, A gonoscelis versicolor, Fabr., 
was taken. 

Of dragon-flies we took one of a species not yet de- 
termined, and two that would appear to be Orthetrwm 
Jasciolatum, Ramb. 


In approaching Durban from the sea one first sights 
THE BuuFr, a ridge of high ground separating the harbour 
from the Indian Ocean. Access is obtained on the land- 
ward side by a steep path, the resort of many butterflies, 
being protected from the sea winds and lying fully open to 
the sun. It is at first hard to realize that south of the 
Equator hill-sides with northern aspects are the most 
likely hunting grounds for butterflies. At the eastern 
extremity, near the lighthouse, the Bluff is more or less 
bare ; but the path towards the west soon leads into the 
scrub, or natural forest, of mixed growth with a scarcely 
penetrable undergrowth of the coarse Acanthaceous plant 
called by the natives “u-Bomaan.” Through the scrub 
there has been cut a very wide road, grass-covered, which 
keeping parallel to the coast, runs up hill and down dale for 
at least a couple of miles, how much further we had not time 
to investigate. This road with its occasional glimpses of 
the sea, perhaps 150 or 200 feet below, afforded the most 
delightful collecting ground imaginable. One was con- 
stantly reminded of ridings through woods in Southern 
England, but rudely brought back by catching the net in 
the well-concealed thorns of the familiar “ fern-asparagus ” 
of our hot-houses and dinner-tables [Asparagus ? plumosus], 
or by a glimpse of the dusky form of a cryptically-coloured 
Kaftr in the gloomy shadow of the forest. But every- 
thing has its drawbacks; that of the Bluff was climatic, 
for all too soon after mid-day, on both our visits, the south- 
east Trade-wind freshened and great clouds rolling up from 
the Indian Ocean sent all well-regulated butterflies to bed. 

Limnas chrysippus, Linn., was very common, especially 
towards the more civilized end of the road. Planema 
escbria, Hew. (curiously enough the only species of the 
Acreine group that we saw there), has a flight of moderate 
rapidity, but two were easily caught. Several <Afedla 
phalanta, Dru., were seen and a few netted. Precis was 
represented by a single clelia, Cram. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 325 


Hurytela hiarbas, Dru., was present but not common ; 
of Byblia goctziws, Herbst, two were taken, one of them 
less “dry” than usual. Salamis anacardi, Linn., with its 
slow flight, looked strangely smaller than it is; it soon 
settled on a leaf and appears indeed to be a very sluggish 
insect. Two females of Mycalesis safitza, Hew., are 
recorded from the Bluff. 

By far the predominant butterfly was ZLelenois severina, 
Cram., which was very abundant; the males largely 
exceeded the females in numbers, but a good many of the 
latter were seen. ‘Though the very large majority were of 
the dry type, intermediate examples were also present. 
They appeared to be markedly gregarious, though this may 
have been due to the distribution of their favourite 
flowers. ‘Two pairs were observed im cop., in each case the 
female, hanging down impassive, was carried by the male. 
Of B. gidica, Godt., which was far less common, we took 
two males and three females. Most of this species were 
seen near the bottom of the path leading from the harbour 
up to the lighthouse. Of 5. thysa, Hopff., we took two 
males; when on the wing they were very like the male of 
Mylothris agathina, Cram., in flight and general aspect. 
Indeed even as seen in the net the Belenois so closely 
mimics the Mylothris that one of us though specially on 
the look-out was deceived, and this even when the two 
insects were taken the same morning. 

Pinacopteryx charina, Boisd., was decidedly common, 
but the sexes were very unequally distributed; we took 
17 males to 2 females. One male specimen had lost the 
anal angles of the hind-wings, probably from the bite of a 
lizard. Of Glutophrissa saba, Fabr.. a male was taken. 
The beautiful Hronia cleodora, Hiibn., was quite common ; 
we took 18 specimens which appear to be mostly males ; 
it flies fast. The Plate accompanying this paper gives a 
fair idea of the brilliance of the butterfly and the con- 
spicuous arrangement of its strongly contrasted colours, 
but it shows far more satisfactorily its cryptic coloration 
when resting, as it was several times observed by us, upon 
or close by yellow, blotched and perforated leaves of the 
u-Bomaan, as the Kaffirs call the shrub forming the bulk 
of the undergrowth on the Bluff. This plant, now known 
as Isoglossa woodit, Clarke [figured in J. Medley Wood’s 
“Natal Plants,’ vol. i, Plate XXII, under the name of 
Heternanthus origanoides, T.], belongs to the natural order 


326 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


Acanthacex, and is not the food plant of the larva.* The 
under-side of the hind-wing of the butterfly varies almost 
as much as the discoloured leaves, and the resemblance is 
general, that is to say, it is not a definite case of leaf- 
imitation. It should be noted that a coloured sketch of 
the leaves was made at the time, but in the absence of 
the butterfly, to avoid any tendency to exaggerate the 
resemblance. Mr. H. Knight’s drawing is quite admirable. 

Of TZeracolus achine, Cram., we took a male; of JZ. 
omphale, Godt., two of each sex; but we naturally paid 
more attention to the beautiful ‘“ Purple-tips,” Zeracolus 
speciosus, Wallgr. [Butler named the dry form of this 
butterfly jobina, and considered the wet form to be the 
zone of Godart.] This was not uncommon, and we secured 
six males and two females; during its flight, which is 
rapid, it looks like an ordinary white, the purple not 
showing on the wing. 

Of Terias reqularis, Butl., we took a male, and of 7, 
senegalensis, Boisd., a female, both dry. 

We managed to get two specimens of Papilio policenes, 
Cram., but one of them was sadly battered; also one male 
of P. dardanus, Brown, f. cenea, Stoll; a specimen of P. 
nireus, Linn., f. lyeus, Dbl., was easily secured flying low 
down when a cloud passed over the sun. 

Curiously enough we took but a solitary Blue, Virachola 
antalus, Hopff.+ 

Single specimens of the Skippers Gegenes zetterstedti, 
Waller, a female; Gomalia albofasciata, Moore, and 
Buoris fatuellus, Hopff., were taken, the last named settled 
on a leaf in the sun, with the wings fully expanded ; also 
two Kedestes macoma, Trim. 

We kicked up from grass, etc., two specimens of the 
exceedingly variable Noctua Ophiusa lienardi, Boisd., one 
of them settled upon the ground; in like manner we 
turned up a battered example of the restless Noctua 
Remigia repanda, Fabr., and found another at rest upon a 
leaf in the full sun. Here we took our first specimen of 
that beautiful Catocaline, the steel-blue and orange yellow 


* Some further particulars were given when attention was first 
called to the matter. See Lonestar, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, 
pp. 113, 114; but the Plate was not ready in time to be issued with 
that paper. 

+See Lonastarr, Some Rest-Attitudes of Butterflies, Trans, Ent. 
Soe. Lond. 1906, p. 108. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 327 


Lgybolia vaillantina, Stoll, known to the Colonists as the 
“ Peach Moth.” Also the Arctiid Rhanidophora cinctigutta, 
Walk., and the curious Geometer Cartaletis libyssa, Hopft., 
of which several were seen, but only one taken. It flies 
rather high with feeble fluttering action, and when on 
the wing somewhat recalls ZLimnas chrysippus, or an 
Acrexa, which last it also resembles by exuding a yellowish 
juice when pinched, the juice in this case being odourless, 
Another Geometer, allied to our “ Magpie-moth,” was 
Zerenopsis geometrina, Feld. 

The familiar Phlyctenia ferrugalis, Hiibn., completes the 
list of moths, so far as we have been able to assign them 
names. 

The yellow and chocolate-coloured Lamellicorn Macroma 
cognata, Schénh., was very conspicuous on the wing’; the 
Clavicorn Hypiscaphula aulacochiloides, Crotch, was taken 
under a log, associated with ants and fungi. Asida bi- 
costata, Fahr.,and Hister swhsulcatus, Mass., were also found 
under logs; a specimen was obtained of the Phytophagous 
Lady-bird, Epilachna infirma, Mulsant. The weevil Scio- 
bius pullus, Sparr., a female, was beaten out of a clematis- 
like creeper [? really a Senecio]. The Carabid Arsinoé 
quadriguttata, Castelnau, was taken on low herbage. 

Two crickets and several unnamed Acridians were 
captured, including one which made a loud snapping 
noise in leaping, whereas the very spiny-legged Acridium 
ruficorne, Fabr., sat on a bush and made no attempt to 
escape. From under a log was unearthed an immature 
female Blatta, which Mr. Shelford thinks may possibly 
be a new species. 

A blue wasp was taken, and several others seen ; it turns 
out to be a new species and has been named by Col. C. T. 
Bingham Notogonia dixeyt; while under a log were found 
a number of the big-headed soldiers and thin workers of 
Camponotus maculatus, Fabr. 

The conspicuous Reduviid bug, Physorhynchus crux, 
Thunb., was common under logs of wood, corrugated iron, 
etc., near the lighthouse ; it has a peculiar pungent odour. 

The sole fly brought home was apparently the cosmo- 
politan Sarcophaga carnaria, Linn, 


CONGELLA, some three miles to the west of Durban, is 
also a very pleasant locality. The ground rises gradually 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART I. (SEPT.) 22 


328 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


from near the level of the harbour for perhaps a mile to 
the large banana plantations from 200 to 300 feet above 
sea level, the slopes being covered with wild scrub 
traversed by a woodland track, while through the lower 
portions are cut wide grass-covered roadways foreshadow- 
ing the development of an eligible building estate. 

As usual, Limnas chrysippus, Linn., was to be had; we 
took five males and a female. We took a female of 
Amauris echeria, Stoll, and three females of A. albimacu- 
lata, Butl., the latter flew slowly and was easily caught. 
Acrexa was well represented, the commonest species being 
the black, yellow-spotted A. cabira, Hopff.; of this one 
specimen was taken on Lantana flowers, but as a rule it 
was seen flying about the tops of trees, in which situation it 
looked a much larger insect than it is; thirteen specimens 
were taken, one of these which reached the hotel alive, 
having survived pinching as Acrvz so often do, proved very 
resistant to chloroform. A. ¢erpsichore, Linn. [of which 
the southern form = buxtoni, Butl.], looks on the wing like 
a small British Argynnis; we took five. Of A. petrea, 
Boisd., which when alive is very rosy, both above and 
below, we took two. Of A. natalica, Boisd., we gut one 
among grass; its hind-wings have a rosy flush in life, 
indeed the beauty of many of these Acrwe cannot be 
appreciated from cabinet specimens; A. encedon, Linn., of 
which we took three, is a feeble insect, with slow flight, 
but it again succeeded in passing itself off (momentarily) 
as chrysippus. A single male Planema aganice, Hew., 
completed the group. 

Byblia goetzius, Herbst, flew over the grass like a 
“ Pearl-bordered”; one settled on a red path, another on 
dead grass, both with wings erect, both inconspicuous; we 
took a male and four females, one of the latter was “quite 
dry.” Two Neptis agatha, Cram., were taken flying slowly. 
Precis elgiva, Hew., a retiring insect, was found in the track 
through the wood, of four specimens one was much 
battered; of WP. clelia, Cram., several were seen; of 
P. natalica, Feld., two, of the dry form, one worn; of 
P. sesamus, Trim., one settled closely appressed to the 
ground ; also at the edge of the banana garden, on very red 
soil a Precis was seen three times quite clearly, but un- 
fortunately missed; this was either P. octavia, Cram. (the 
wet-season form of sesamus), or something uncommonly 
like it; it nearly matched the red soil in colour, but was 


and Captures in South Africa im 1905. 329 


somewhat more orange in tint. Of Salamis anacardiz, 
Linn., one of each sex was obtained; of Atel/a phalanta, 
Dru., a single example ; of Charaxes varanes, Cram., usually 
a high flier, a female was luckily netted off a shrub. 
Mycalesis safitza, Hew., was common; four males and nine 
females were taken. 

No specimens of Belenois severina, Cram., appear to 
have been brought back from Congella, but it was cer- 
tainly common there; of B. gidica, Godt., we took three of 
each sex, one had the hind-wings chipped symmetrically, 
apparently by a bird; of two specimens taken in cop, the 
male was dry, the female very dry. Of B. thysa, Hopff., 
we took six males, but we have no record of its model 
Mylothris agathina from that locality. Both these butter- 
flies have strong scents, which are distinct. Of Gluto- 
phrissa saba, Fabr., and Nychitona alcesta, Cram., single 
examples were taken; the latter has a slow, flapping flight. 
Of Hronia cleodora, Hiibn., we took two; of EF. leda, Dbl., 
a single female; of Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd., nine, four 
males and five females; of P. charina, Boisd., a solitary 
male. Congella is not the sort of locality that Zeracolus 
especially delights in, and the genus was represented by 
but single male specimens of 7’. achine, Cram., 7’. omphale, 
Godt., and three males of 7’. speciosus, Waller. Of Terias 
reqularis, Butl., we took four males and two females. 

Of Papilio demodocus, Esp., which frequents high and 
open ground, we took one in the cultivated region above 
the woods, but of P. nireus, Linn., f. lyxus, Dbl. we got 
four males by taking advantage of its habit of not in- 
frequently flying low and even settling on the ground. 

Of Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., we took two; of Tarucus teli- 
canus, Lang, five, of which at least four were females, one 
with the fore-wings injured apparently by a_ bird; of 
Lycena boetica, Linn., two ; of Castalius calice, Hopff., one, 
a tattered specimen, and of Virachola antalus, Hopff., one 
female, boxed off a plant close to the ground ; it was sitting 
head-downward, but the “false head ” had been bitten off, 
so that it could not deceive again. 

Among the Skippers were the familiar dingy Gegenes 
zetterstedtt, Wallgr., two; Baoris fatuellus, Hopff., one ; 
Sarangesa motoz, Wallgr., one ; Acleros mackenw, Trimen, 
one male and two females, this and other Skippers were 
more active on dull days than most butterflies; Hretzs 
djelele, Wallgr., one, settled with wings outspread ; 


330 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


and Pterygospidea flesus, Fabr., seven. Of the last species 
several were seen to settle on the wpper sides of leaves, 
with wings spread out like a Boarmid. 

The beautiful Hyybolia vaillantina, Stoll, was rather 
common, it is a slow feeble flier, the wings flapping much, 
so it was easy to catch six specimens. The Lymantriad 
Euproctis punetifera, Walk., of which we took three males 
and a female, was very common, it is one of those insects 
which look on the wing far larger than they are, an 
appearance that may be due to bright colour (in this case 
orange) or to the mode of flight. Of the small Syntomid 
Pseudonaclia puella, Boisd., and the Chalcosiine Anomotes 
levis, Feld., we took two each, this last looks surprisingly 
large on the wing.* Other moths taken were the Geometer 
Gracillodes caffra, Guen., one; the Pyrale Antigastra 
morysalis, Walk., one; Tinewgeria sp. one, and several 
other unnamed Micros. 

The Odonata were represented by two Orthetrum fasci- 
olatum, Ramb. f, and one Brachybasis rhomboidalis, Beauv. 
The Orthoptera by a Blatta, found under a log, Deropeltis 
autraniana, Sauss., immature; also an Acridian, 7'ry«valis 
stali, Boliv., which was very hard to see, being shaped and 
coloured like a piece of dead grass or straw. 

Near the reservoir, on a shrubby lavender-flowered 
composite, were taken together the South African form of 
Apis mellifica, Linn., and the Syrphid Hristalis txniops, 
Wied., which was noticed to be a fairly close mimic of 
the bee. 

The beetles found at Congella were the Clavicorn 
Megalodacne grandis, Fabr., and the Heteromerous 
Anthracias taurus, Fabr., both found under logs; also 
Endema nobilis, Klug, and the very distinct Carabid, 
Thyreopterus flavo-signatus, Dej., under the bark of a 
dead stump among numerous ants. 


From DURBAN TO JOHANNESBURG. 


August 22, 1905.—The first point of the journey over the 
Highlands of Natal at which we had a few minutes’ time to 


* Compare my observations on the Indian Chaleosiine, A glaope 
hyalina, Koll., in Trans. Ent, Soc, Lond, 1905, p. 68,—G, B. L. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 331 


leave the luxurious carriages of the Government Railway was 
INCHANGA, 2,470 feet above sea level. Here on some 
sandy ground near a stream bordered by rushes and coarse 
grass or on a bank with a few flowers (? Senecio sp.) we took 
a “dry” specimen of the Satyrid Psewdonympha cassius, 
Godt.; a wasp prettily marked with rich brown, black and 
white, Polistes fastidiosus, Sauss., 3; a handsome Braconid, 
Iphiaulax whitei, Cameron; and an apple-green Mantis 
larva; also by sweeping the Senecio, etc., two Apis mellafica, 
Linn., race adansonii, Latr., 8; an Asilid ? Dysmachus sp., 
and the grasshopper Catantops melanostictus, Schaum. 

We spent the night at the Falls of the Umgeni, at 
Howick, Lat. 29° 28’ S., 3,400 feet above sea level, and 
before dark turned over a few basalt stones, taking a number 
of ants, Pheidole irritans, Smith; two Blatte with a very 
strong, sweet, rather pleasant scent, suggesting pear-drops 
(or amyl acetate), they were immature, possibly of a new 
species (R. Shelford); a small beetle, Huleptus caffer, Boh., 
and an Acridian, at present unnamed. It was cold at 
night here. 

August 23, 1905.—At Moor River Station, Lat. 29° 
17 8., alt. 4,600 feet, we took a solitary Acridian only. 

At Estcourt, Lat. 29° 2’ S., alt. 3,800 feet, on an open 
grassy place near the Station we were rather more suc- 
cessful. Two males of Synchloé hellica, Linn., were secured ; 
they were noticed when at rest to withdraw the fore- 
wings completely between the hind-wings, and to raise 
the abdomen. We also took a small Syntomid (as yet 
unnamed), a Lady-bird, Hpilachna similis, Thunb.; two 
ants, Camponotus cosmicus, Smith, and a locust Z'rilo- 
phidia, sp.; this was discovered by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, 
and declared by Sefior Bolivar to be a new species, but it 
has not yet been named by him. 


CoLEnso, Lat. 28° 46’S., alt. 3,200 feet. The late after- 
noon was spent on the low ground south of the Tugela, 
between the river and the spot where Col. Long’s guns 
were abandoned. The only butterflies seen were Pyrameis 
cardut and Limnas chrysippus. Several moths were 
kicked up, the Boarmid Geometers Osteodes turbulenta, 
Guen., two; Zamarada pulverosa, Warr., one ; and Vassunia 
petavia, Stoll, a male; also two tiny Noctuz with yellow 
hind-wings, Pseudosterrha sperans, Feld.; a Crambus and 
two Micros, none of them yet named. Two immature 


332 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


Acridians of the colour of dry grass were taken, also a 
beetle Scaptobius natalensis, Boh., one, and the Hete- 
romeron Opatrum ? arenariwm, Fabr., six. Several speci- 
mens of the ant Pheidole irritans, Smith, were taken, also 
some Termites, two workers and two soldiers of the same 
community. The former when taken were carrying bits 
of grass and leaves, when brought back to the hotel they 
were dead and partly mutilated, ? by the soldiers in the 
same pill-box. The soldiers, on the contrary, reached home 
alive and pugnacious, for they would grasp the point of 
the forceps and allow themselves to be lifted off the 
ground without letting go. 

August 24, 1905——The next forenoon we ascended 
Hlangwane, the hill commanding the whole position, 
which unfortunately Buller did not occupy on December 
15th, 1899. Again we saw no butterflies, and this morning 
we did not even get a moth! Under cow-dung on the 
plain two specimens of a dung-beetle were found, Hrato- 
gnathus natalensis, Pér., and under stones, chiefly on the 
hill, we found an Omostropus, which M. Péringuey says 
is new; an immature bug and sundry ants, to wit, the 
small Pheidole irritans,Smith, of which the workers are very 
tiny ; P. megacephala, Fabr., well deserving its name, and 
the big black Mesoponera caffraria, Smith; also a Blatta, 
sp., and an Ant-lion. Near the top of the hill a large 
family of the Cockroach, Deropeltis erythrocephala, Fabr., 
was found under a stone. 

Under stones in and among the Boer trenches a number 
of large scorpions were found, olive-coloured, with testaceous 
rings, the large joint of the chele and tip of the tail pale 
testaceous, paler beneath. Other dwellers under stones 
were very young snakes, a nearly globular toad which 
squeaked piteously when taken up, and a gecko. 

A drive to Hart’s Hill in the afternoon made one realize 
completely what is meant by “carriage exercise,” for the 
road is probably the worst that we ever traversed. It 
proved more interesting from the point of view of Military 
History than that of Entomology, nevertheless at the 
bottom of the Hill we kicked up Sterrhanthia lineata, 
Warr., a brownish Geometer near Sterrha sacraria, Linn. ; 
on the slopes, we took under stones Harpalus capicola, 
Dej., $; Paderus crassus, Boh.; a “Staph” represented both 
in the General Collection at South Kensington and in the 
Sharp Collection, but in both unnamed; the big ant 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 333 


Acantholepis vestita, Smith; the tiny Pheidole irritans, 
Smith; and Zetramorium solidum, Emery. 

On the summit of the Hill, in an old Boer trench, looking 
down over the slopes on which many a brave soldier 
breathed his last, was Pyrameis cardui, Linn., the only 
butterfly that we saw that day. It may be remarked that 
it was bitterly cold when we reached Ladysmith a little 
before midnight. 

LapysmiTH, Lat. 28° 38’, 3,300 ft., August 25, 1905.— 
The next day was devoted to Spion Kop, and naturally 
enough disputed questions of strategy and tactics diverted 
our attention from the Arthropoda. A specimen of Precis 
sesamus, Trim., was taken close to a Boer’s grave near the 
farm-house below the Aloe Knoll, while a conspicuous 
Larentid, Ortholitha pudicata, Walk., with reddish fore- 
wings and orange hind-wings, was netted on the top of the 
Knoll. The beetle Zophosis caffer, Deyr., was found just 
below, running on the path. A small grasshopper was 
brought from the summit of Spion Kop, and a larger 
species from the lower slopes on the north side; this last 
was coloured like dead grass on the exposed portions, but 
the lower surface of the abdomen and the lower edges of 
the femora were of a deep bright red. On the road back 
to Ladysmith, near the half-way house, the conspicuous 
Graphipterus cordiger, Klug, was taken under a stone, as 
well as the dingy Zophosis caffer, Deyr. 

August 26, 1905.—On our walk out to Waggon Hill and 
Cesar’s Camp we found under a stone on the open veldt 
a Carabid, Polyhirma notata, Perond.; when touched it 
emitted from its mouth a quantity of dark brown fluid 
having no perceptible odour. The dingy Boarmid Sem- 
othisa brongusaria, Walk., was common on rough bushy 
ground. 

The famous work at the western end of Waggon Hill 
was garrisoned by Precis sesamus, Trim., while the variable 
Geometer ZTephrina catalawnaria, Guen., was taken close 
to the Earl of Ava’s grave. 

Within the trenches of Czsar’s Camp we took the 
Geometer Tephrina arenosa, Butl., as well as two Acridians. 

Returning to Ladysmith we found on the northern, 
reverse, slope of Czesar’s Camp, under large stones near 
the head of the (then) dry spruit, the curious cockroach, 
Homalodemas porcellio, Gerst. (= Derocalymna intermedia, 
Kirby). It is remarkably flat and sits closely appressed 


334 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


to the stones; it appeared to be extremely local. Between 
this point and the bridge over the Klip River just outside 
the town we found insects much commoner. ‘The scrub is 
intersected with deep gullies, for the most part dry, but 
evidently conveying at some time much water to the Klip; 
in these gullies Precis cebrene, Trim., and P. sesamus, Trim., 
were not uncommon, also Synchloé hellica, Linn., of which 
a male and four females were taken. A male of Colias 
electra, Linn., and a female of Teracolus eris, Klug, were 
taken near the river. Single examples of Vphthima 
asterope, Klug, Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., and Tarucus sybaris, 
Hopff., 2, were secured, while other Lycznids were scen, 
as also Pyrameis cardui, and Limnas chrysippus. 

The Quadrifid Noctua Acanthonyx pretoriv, Dist., 
was taken resting in the dry bed of a spruit; the dingy 
Boarmid, Osteodes turbulenta, Guen., and other Geometers 
were kicked up, including a beautiful green one (with 
somewhat the look of Huchloris vernaria, Hiibn.) which 
got away in the undergrowth. An ichneumon and a 
common honey-bee were also taken. A small bug, 
Pododus sp. (not in the National Collection), was seen 
running on the sand; on being pinned it exhaled a strong 
odour of acetate of amyl. The beetle Zophosis caffcr, Deyr., 
while running swiftly over the sand was occasionally blown 
over by the wind. 

The electric lights about the town and railway-station 
attracted a fair number of insects, the commonest being 
the large flying ant, Vorylus helvolus, Linn., 3, a yellowish- 
brown insect with very flexible abdomen, whose position 
in the insect world was at the time a puzzle to us. When 
pinned, the thorax cracked and emitted a puff of white 
powder. The largest insect at light was the Lamellicorn, 
Oryctes boaz, Fabr., a rotten-wood feeder, of which two were 
taken. With these were the Noctuids Audea variegata, 
Hmpsn., Borolia [Leucania] melianoides, Moschl., Homo- 
ptera canescens, Walk.; the Syntomid, Thyretes caffra, 
Waller., 2; three Phycids, Microthria inconspicuella, Rag. 
(1) and M. insulsella, Rag. (2), and several other moths not 
yet named. 

Two moths, Plusia limbirena, Guen., and a Micro, were 
taken in the bedroom of the hotel. 

August 27, 1905.—An afternoon was spent on the north- 
eastern defences, “The King’s Post,” and “The Devons’ 
Post,” which were on low rocky bills with a little low scrub. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. Bs) 


At the latter, which runs out towards Lombard’s Kop, 
exposed to the cross-fire of two “Long Toms,” the works 
were more solid and better built than any that we came 
across, and showed pretty plainly that there must have been 
skilful wallers among the Men of Devon. Single specimens 
of Precis archesia, Cram., Acrea neobule, Dbl. and Hew. 
(semi-transparent), and Byblia ilithyia, Dru., were taken 
at the King’s Post, but the commonest butterfly there was 
Pyrameis cardwi, for the most part small and rather 
worn specimens ; flying with it was Utetheisa (Deiopew) 
pulchella, Linn. Lizards were numerous, but although 
some time was given up to watching them, they were not 
seen to make any attacks on buttertlies. 

At the Devons’ Post Synchloé hellica, Pyrameis cardu, 
Precis cebrene, and Zizera lysimon, were taken. By a 
stream separating the two hills Yphthima asterope, Klug, 
was rather common, looking not unlike a Blue on the 
wing; futile attempts were made to see the butterfly 
settle, but it was restless. At the flowers of Aloe ? ferox 
were ylocopa hottentota, Smith, 2, the wasps Lelonogaster 
distinguendus, Kohl, 3 9, and Humenes dimidiatipennas, 
Sauss., 2, a large red and black, brown-winged insect, as 
well as the Phytophagid Ortalia pallens, Muls., taken flying 
near the same flowers. 

Anywhere along the ridge that strange locust Phymateus 
leprosus, Serv., might be seen. This is of a grey- or 
yellowish-green, tinted with yellow, orange and pink. 
Its hard thorax though strongly tuberculate shines with an 
enamel-like texture. It is very sluggish, and unlike most 
locusts does not readily take flight, but when it does so 
makes a rattling noise. When touched it emits copiously 
a dark olive-green very fetid fluid, which dries up as a 
sticky varnish ; this accidentally tasted was found to be 
bitter and unpleasant. 

August 28, 1905.—At INGAGANE Station, Lat. 27° 56’ S., 
altitude 3,900 feet, a specimen of the Geodephagous beetle, 
Acupalpus natalicus, Pér.. was found under a lump of 
hard earth. 

At Newcastle, Lat. 27° 48’ S., altitude 3,900 feet, a 
specimen of Precis sesamus, Trim., was found in a tiny 
dark kloof, its love of darkness was also noted on subse- 
quent occasions. Several Acridians, whose determination 
is postponed, were taken. Also an immature Blatta, 
Cosmozosteria sp., was found under a flat piece of iron, 


336 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


together with a community of the ant, Acantholepis vestita, 
Smith. The Heteromerous beetle, Zophosis caffer, Deyr., 
was caught running swiftly over sand. 

At INKWELO, under the shadow of Amajuba (Lat. 27° 
32’8., about 4,500 feet above the sea), a fly, Sarcophaga sp., 
was taken, but on this day at these altitudes the conditions 
were decidedly wintry, and the night of August 28th was 
cold. 


JOHANNESBURG, TRANSVAAL. 
Lat. 26° 10'S. Altitude 5,700 feet. Aug. 30th—Sept. 2nd. 


The weather during our short stay was chilly and almost 
sunless, while the time available only permitted of two 
short afternoon walks in the outskirts just beyond West 
Cliff. 

But three butterflies were seen, Pyrameis cardui, Linn.; 
Papilio demodocus, Esp.; and the Skipper Baoris ayresw, 
Trim., a species that does not appear to be widely spread. 
Moths were about as poorly represented by the cosmo- 
politan Nomophila noctuella, Schiff., by Sterrha sacraria, 
Linn., of the dingy South African form, and by that obscure 
Phycid, the almost cosmopolitan Htiella zinckenella, Treit. 

The most promising mode of collecting appeared to be 
turning over stones, old tins, etc., on the veldt ; this back- 
aching process yielded ants in great plenty, the commonest 
species being the big-headed Camponotus marginatus, Latr., 
which turned up in this locality only; close by, the more 
generally distributed C. maculatus, Fabr., was found, while 
the long black Plectroctena caffra, Spinola, the smaller 
Philodole megacephala, Fabr., and two Cremastogaster 
sordidula, Nyl. var., were also met with. There were in 
addition to the ants plenty of Termites. 

The beetles included several Carabids, viz.: Chlenius 
sellatus, Dej., two; another Chlenius that may possibly 
be new; Harpalus deceptor, Pér., nine specimens; H. 
angustipennis, Boh., two; Macrochilus dorsalis, Klug, one ; 
Trechus rufipes, Boh., one; then there were two of a 
Trigonopus that may possibly be new; the very distinctly 
marked Graphipterus cordiger, Klug; ‘an Opatrum that is 
probably arenarium, Fabr., six specimens; an unnamed 
Psaryphis; a Lamellicorn of the genus Aphodius that is 
not represented in the National Collection ; two weevils, 
Hipporhinus corniculatus, Fahy. ; and Brachycerus severus, 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 337 


Fahr.; also a Lady-bird, Lxzochomus nigromaculatus, Goez., 
which is occasionally found in Britain. 

Under stones were two Pentatomid bugs, Dalsiva modesta, 
Fabr., and the lance-head-shaped Gonopsis angularis, Dall., 
also Lygvus rivularis,Germ.; there were also several other 
bugs that are not yet named. Along with the bugs were 
several Llatt# and a black and red scorpion. A number of 
as yet undetermined Acridians were also taken. 

By far the most interesting insect met with at Johannes- 
burg was a Homopteron, Gyaria walkeri, Stal., allied to 
Flata, a genus well known from its alleged resemblance 
when at rest to a spike of flowers. It is of a creamy-white 
colour with eyes of a beautiful pinkish hue, which is 
unfortunately soon lost after death by cyanide. The insects 
are gregarious, and sit in rows of from three to five each 
near the base of the stems of a shrubby herb which 
attains the height of about two feet. Sitting for the most 
part with their heads up, they cannot be said to look in 
the least like flowers, the larvee indeed look more like a 
Coccus, or even a luxuriant growth of Penicillium. When a 
plant harbouring the Gyariv is approached the insects jurap 
off and then fly away a short distance much like moths. 
They were only found within a very circumscribed area. 

Settled on rocks basking in what little sun was to be 
had several flies were captured, all males, of a species of 
Dichextometopia allied to tessellata, Macq., but probably new 
to science. 


PRETORIA, TRANSVAAL. 
Lat. 25° 53’. Altitude 4,500 feet. August 31st. 


The British Association paid a mere flying visit to the 
political capital, but this just permitted a carriage-drive to 
the Wonderboom,* which stands at the foot of the northern 
slope of a range of hills about 3$ miles to the north of 
the city. So far as results were concerned the time and 
trouble, and more particularly the dust, might as well 
have been saved. Insects were very scarce save at the 
sweet-scented white flowers of Dombeya densiflora, which 
proved very attractive. There was however an incommen- 
surability between the height of the trees and the length of 
the net-stick which was tantalizing in the extreme. A 
few white butterflies were scen as well as Limnas chrysippus, 
and a Lycenid. The pedunculated wasp Belonogaster 


* A sineular tree of wide-spreading growth. 
to) fol o} 


338 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


griseus, Fabr., was abundant, and four males were with 
difficulty secured; the South African form of Apis mellifica, 
was also busily at work together with two smaller bees 
(2 2). These last Col. C. T. Bingham has described as a 
new species under the name of Ovratina vittata, so an 
otherwise disappointing day was redeemed. <A specimen 
of the Chafer Oxythyrea marginalis, Schonh., was taken on 
the lavender flowers of a Buddleia near the river, and close 
by a single example of Spindasis mozambica, Bert. On the 
veldt below the big tree, the common but pretty locust 
Catantops melanostictus, Schaum, was very active and 
difficult to secure; in the same place we netted two 
specimens of Teri ias brig igitta, Cram., a species we had not 
met with in Natal. 


RAILWAY JOURNEY FROM JOHANNESBURG TO 
KIMBERLEY. 


September 4th, 1905. 
GLEN SIDING. Lat. 28° 55’ 8. 


On the flowers of a low-growing Senecio (not unlike the 
Oxford squalidus, L.) a wasp was taken, Ammophila 
2 argentea, Brullé, 2, which Col. C. 'T. Bingham says is not 
typical, but possibly a local form of the species ; with this 
was a honey-bee, Apis adansonit, Latr., 9. At this place 
Pyrameis cardui and Colias electra were noted. 


BLOEMFONTEIN. Lat. 29° 7’; alt. 4,500 feet. 


In the station-yard here the last named two butterflies 
were again seen, and a female Synchloé hellica was taken. 


NorvVAL’S Pont, CAPE Cotony. Lat. 30° 38’; 4,000 ft. 


The cosmopolitan Plutella cruciferarum, Zell., came to 
our lights. 


CoOLESBERG JUNCTION. Lat. 30° 44’; alt. 4,370 feet. 


At this station, which one naturally associates with the 
exploits of General French, several moths visited the lights 
of the train. They were the pretty silver-striped Geometer 
Conchia nitidula, Cram.; a Noctua (unnamed); our old 
friend of many lands Nomophila noctwella, Schiff.; and 
three Phycids, two of them being the dingy Microthrix 
insulsella, Rag. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 339 


KIMBERLEY, GRIQUALAND WEST. 
Lat. 28° 43'S. Altitude 4,010 feet. Sept. 5-7, 1905. 


The Diamond City with its white dust (in striking con- 
trast to the red of the Golden City) did not impress one as 
a good locality, moreover we had but little spare time, and 
the weather, for the most part cloudy, was unfavourable. 

At KENILWORTH the weevil Cleonus mucidus, Gerst., was 
beaten from Senecio, and two dead Heteromera, Psammodes 
vialis, ? Burch., and P. scabricollis, Gerst., as well as an ear- 
wig were taken under stones. Under one stone a large 
dark short-legged spider with globular abdomen was found 
in the midst of copious remains of beetles, ete. 

On the veldt in the outskirts of the town, beyond the 
Old Kimberley Mine, the following were found by turning 
over stones, old tins, ete.:—The Lamellicorn, 7rox denti- 
culatus, Oliv.; the Heteromeron, Psammodes vialis, ?Burch., 
two dead specimens; the Weevils, Brachycerus globosus, 
Fabr., one; Hpisus boheman, Auriv., one; Sparticerus sp., 
four; and S. rudis, Fihr., nine. None of the last three 
species were represented in the British Museum; for 
weevils their integuments are but moderately hard, but, 
on the other hand, in the red sandy soil under the old tins, 
or among the roots of composite plants, their rough surface 
as well as their colour make them difficult to see. Hight 
specimens of the Carabid, Beoglossa melanaria, Boh., were 
found in holes in the ground under stones or tins; they 
ran fast when disturbed. It was noted that under the 
South African sun even large stones, not to speak of the 
omnipresent rusty tins, afford so little protection that in 
many cases insects were found lurking in holes in the 
earth beneath, so that they were doubtless often passed 
over. Besides the above beetles the stones and tins 
harboured a number of the Ant Monomoriwm subopacum, 
Smith, race australe, Emery. 

Under an old calf’s foot and pastern were three speci- 
mens of Necrobia rufipes, Fabr., a British insect; two of the 
cosmopolitan Dermestes vulpinus, Fabr., and another beetle 
not yet named. The fly Agria nuba, Wied., was captured 
in the same locality. 

At the DurorrspaAN MINE we saw Pyrameis cardui, and 
took two Synchloé hellica, one of each sex, as well as the 
Locust Acrotylus sp. A Longicorn, Tetradia lophoptera, 


340 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


Guér., was seen on the wing, it settled on the light grey 
road of the Compound and disappeared, being so exactly 
the colour of the dust that it was most easily found by 
feeling with the hand! 

At the WESSELTON MINE, on a weedy piece of waste 
ground, two specimens of a Lycenid, so worn as to be 
scarcely recognizable, were netted ; as well as two of a very 
elegant Bombylius, Systwchus sp., which was only to be 
seen on the wing as the light caught its long white 
pubescence. 

A dull, cheerless morning was spent on the GoLr LINKs, 
in sight of the Memorial to the Honoured Dead. There 
seemed to be nothing to do but turn over stones, which, 
though doubtless an annoyance to the golfers, afforded 
shelter to a number of Arthropoda. The most interesting 
beetle was Graphipterus cordiger, Klug, a quite soft insect 
of a drab colour bearing a black mark upon its elytra which 
has been variously compared to a heart, a fiddle and a tennis- 
racquet; of this we secured eight examples. Of the weevil 
Sparticerus rudis, Fahr., which was very common, we took 
seven specimens, again noticing its resemblance to the 
red soil of the veldt. It may be here mentioned that the 
general colour of the soil at Kimberley, as at Johannes- 
burg, Pretoria, Durban, and indeed most of the places that 
we visited, is red; the white dust that is so disagreeable 
in the town is derived from the mining refuse, and a very 
similar dust is met with near the gold mines of the Rand. 
Among the common 8. rudis, Fahr., was found another 
Sparticerus which shammed death, this species is not 
represented in the British Museum collection; we also took 
two Hpisus bohemani, Auriv. The Carabide were repre- 
sented by one Bwoglossa melanaria, Boh., three Harpalus 
hybridus, Boh., all females, and five H. affinis, Peér. 
Dead examples of the Heteromera, Psammodes scabricollis, 
Gerst., and P. vialis, 2? Burch., with other remains showed 
that it was not the season for that genus, and a large 
beetle-larva which was unearthed pointed to the same 
conclusion. 

With the beetles were several bugs and an ant, Apheno- 
gaster barbara, Linn., var. capensis, Mayr., accompanied by 
a number of “silver fish” (Zhysanwra). 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 341 


RAILWAY JOURNEY FROM KIMBERLEY TO BULAWAYO. 
September 7th and 8th, 1905. 


TAUNGS, BRITISH BECHUANALAND. Lat. 27° 33'S. Alt. 
3,090 feet. 


The very distinct Catocaline Noctua Chalciope rivulata, 
Hmpsn., and a Tinea, not as yet determined, came to light 
in the train. 


MocuuDI, BECHUANALAND. Lat. 24° 22’S, Alt. 3,100 feet. 


Two flies which would appear to be the too familiar 
Musca domestica, Linn., were taken near the station, as 
well as an obscure beetle found under a stone. 

It was somewhere near this place that we entered the 
forest characteristic of this part of Africa, an open or easily 
penetrable growth, with deciduous trees of moderate size 
having a tendency to be flat-topped. 


ARTESIA, Lat. circa 24° 5S. Alt. 3,100 feet. 


A female of the very African-looking Lycenid, Zeritis 
damarensis, 'Trim., as well as a specknen of the wide- 
ranging Lycxna betica, Linn., also a female, were netted ; 
the hasty turning over of a few stones yielded the penta- 
tomid bug Diploxys acanthura,W estw.; four ants, Camponotus 
maculatus, Fabr.; also a dead beetle with a very hard 
carapace, Anomalipus sp., represented in the British 
Museum collection, but without a name; as well as a 
weevil, Sparticerus sp. 


MAHALAPYE. Lat. 23° 3’S. Alt. 3,300 feet. 


Here we entered the tropics, an event that was signalised 
by the capture of a male Catopsilia florella, Fabr., and the 
determination of its sweet scent. 


PALAPYE RoaD Station. Lat. 22° 44’ S. Alt. 3,010 feet. 
The beetle Xenitenus dilucidus, Pér., was taken in 
the train. 


SEpuL . Lat, 22°°27°S: 


The electric lights of the train attracted a number of- 
insects while stopping at this station, among those that 
were secured were the very small drab Noctua, Entlemma 


342 Drs, Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


sp. (near fadosa, Guen.), a Quadrifid Noctua, Homoptera sp., 
an Acontiid Noctua, Arcyophora rhoda, Hmpsn., a flying 
ant, Mesoponera caffraria, Smith, a female; and several 
moths not yet determined, comprising some other Noctue, 
a Geometer, a Phycid and a Crambus, 


BULAWAYO, SouTH RuHopestA. Lat. 20° 9’S, Alt. 4,470 
feet. September 9-11, 1905, 


The most promising spot near the Matabili Capital was, 
we were told, the Waterworks situated a few miles to the 
westward, at an altitude of perhaps 4,600 feet. 

Two shrubs in full flower proved very attractive to 
insects: one with white sweet-scented flowers, Dombeya 
? rotundifolia, Harv. [Nat. Ord. Sterculiacex], was fre- 
quented by Acrxa doubledayi, Guer., though these but- 
terflies seemed shy of actually settling upon the flowers, 
Altogether we took seven specimens, three about the 
Dombeya. On these flowers we also took the slender 
Scoliad Myzine capitata, Smith, f, and the long-bodied 
wasp Lelonogaster griseus, Fabr., 8; there were also two 
beetles of the genus Mylabris (or perhaps Ceroctis), a 
Cantharid of very similar colouring to the Longicorn 
Hylomela sexpunctata, Fabr., a species that we met with at 
Ladysmith and East London, but not nearer; two of the 
Cetoniid, Lhabdotis [Pachnoda] sobrina, G. and P., were 
also taken on the Dombeya; it is an active insect easily 
alarmed and taking flight. This dark olive-brown beetle 
is less conspicuous on the white flower than might be 
expected owing to the small white spots with which it 
is relieved breaking up the mass of its ground-colour, 
Another entomologist had discovered the attractive powers 
of the Dombeya before we did—the yellowish-grey, yellow- 
marked Chameleon dilepis, Leach, 2; it was surprising 
that so large an animal could be so inconspicuous. 

The other attractive shrub was a species of Combretum 
[Nat. Ord. Combretacex] with spikes of yellowish-green 
flowers having the superficial appearance of catkins. This 
was especially attractive; it was frequented by <Acrvxa 
doubledayi, Guér.; but the Lycenid <Aiocerces harpax, 
Fabr., settled on it in large numbers, and seven specimens, 
five of them males, were secured; they closely resembled 
when so settled the curiously formed old dry seed-vessels 
of the Combretum of which many remained on the bush. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 343 


Other Lycznids at the same flowers were Crudaria 
leroma, Wallgr., of which only two were obtained, together 
with single specimens of Zarucus telicanus, Lang, 2, and 
Alocides? taikosama, Wallgr., . With these butterflies 
were a number of other insects, conspicuous among them 
the bright coral-red Braconid, [phiaulax whiter, Cameron, 
its smoky-black wings bearing a scarlet (or yellowish) 
triangle on the costa, and the large blue-winged peduncu- 
lated wasp Humenes dyschera, Sauss., var. f. Less striking 
hymenoptera were Jcaria cincta, Lepel., 3, and the new 
species Myzine rufo-nigra, Bingh., §. The Sphex Chalico- 
doma celocera, Smith, 9, was taken at a flowering shrub, 
whether Combretum or some other is uncertain, but be 
that as it may, the Combretum certainly produced an 
unnamed bug and sundry flies: Rhynchomyia sp., Kxoprosopa 
sp., and L. ? lar, Fabr. 

Apart from those found on or about flowers, insects were 
scarce, and it took a good deal of work to secure the 
following butterflies :—TZeracolus topha, Wallgr., a female; 
T. antigone, Boisd., a female which flew slowly near the 
ground without settling; 7’. annx, Wallgr., a female; 7. 
achine, Cram., two males, and Terias brigitta, Cram., a male 
and two females, the former less “dry” than the latter. 
Certain dark, yellow-striped orthopterous larvae were seen 
on the stems of Combretwm and other shrubs ; they were 
very gregarious and were observed to advance and halt 
together as if drilled. 

On a stretch of somewhat lower flat country covered 
with coarse dead grass we saw many individual specimens 
of the Red Locust, Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv., but no 
swarms; we spent much time in endeavouring to catch 
these, for they are extremely wary and took to flight when 
approached within four or five yards, The general colour 
ot the living insect is dark mahogany-red, with some 
greenish-brown shading, but the wings shine brightly in 
the sunlight, so that the insects a good deal resemble small 
flying-fish. 

On September 10th we had a delightful excursion to 
THE Martopos, a wild group of granitic hills about forty 
miles to the 8.S.W. of Bulawayo. The veldt may be from 
4,500 to 5,000 feet above sea level, the kopjes rising from 
100 to 800 feet higher. In the wider valleys are stretches 
of coarse grass, but for the most part the country is covered 
by somewhat open scrub and forest, not especially tropical 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907—PART Il. (SEPT.) 23 


344 Drs. Dixey and Longstaft’s Observations 


in aspect. Some of the hills are wooded, others mere 
bosses of almost smooth granite. Such a cotntry was 
most attractive, but the length of the drive to and from 
the terminus left little time for collecting. 

The commonest butterfly was Acrwva doubledayi, Guér., 
which was taken flying among long grass as well as at the 
flowers of Combretum and Dombeya, altogether eight speci- 
mens were taken ; a single example of A. calderena, Hew., 
was taken among long grass, together with Yphthima 
asterope, Klug, var. norma, Westwd., and the Blue Hveres 
cissus, Godt. 

The catkin-like racemes of the shrub Sclerocarya caffra, 
Sond. [Nat. Ord. Anacardiacex], were also very attractive, 
yielding the Lycenids Hypolycwena caculus, Hopft, a 
female, and the very beautiful and distinct Stugeta 
bowkert, Trim., a male, also the now familiar Apis 
adansonii, Latr., @; but far more startling than any of 
these was the beautiful long-beaked Sun-bird with blue 
throat surmounting a breast of crimson shot with violet. 

On the branches of the Sclerocarya were a number of 
Polyrachis schistacea, Gerst., a dull black ant with nearly 
globular abdomen. 

A small tree with sweet-scented, viscid, yellow-green 
flowers, a species of Gardenia* [Nat. Ord. Ruliacee], 
was extremely attractive to insects, and it was 
interesting to watch the Sphinx Cephanodes hylas, Linn., 
hovering amidst the numerous Carpenter - bees, the 
commonest of which, Aylocopa caffra, Linn., 9, var. 
mossambica, Grib. (with two white rings on the abdomen), 
it appeared to mimic; of the other species 1. olivacea, 
Fabr., and X. divisa, Klug, var., single examples only were 
secured, females; the former species is very handsome, 
its thorax being of a beautiful “old gold” colour, A 
Bombyliid fly, Systwchus sp.,as well as a male of Catopsilia 
Jlorelia, Fabr. (by no means the only one seen), were taken 
on the same tree. 

The Combretum attracted besides Acrva doubledayt, the 
Lycenid Aatcerces harpax, Fabr., a male, and the fine 
wasp Lelonogaster griseus, Fab., 8, which has a conspicuous 
yellow spot on the side of the abdomen, also a number 
of the brilliantly coloured Braconid Jphiaulax whiter, 
Cameron. On the same plant was found a Lady-bird, 

3 possibly Tricalysia’ jasminiflora, Hook., of the same natural 
order. 


and Captures in South Africa im 1905. 345 


Chilomenes sp., which is in the National Collection, but 
without a name. 

On Dombecya flowers, besides ants, three specimens of the 
Cetoniid Rhabdotis sobrina, G. and P., were taken. 

Certain Aculeates were taken at flowers of one sort 
or another which it is not now possible to distinguish :— 
Belonogaster guerini, Sauss., 3, var. dubius, Kohl, Elis 
(Dielis) fasciatella, Hiibn., f; also the long-waisted, black, 
red and yellow wasp, Humenes lucasia, Sauss., 2. This last 
is the third specimen known to Col. C. T. Bingham, the 
type being at Paris and the co-type in the British Museum 
from Bab-el-Mandeb (2,500 miles away); lastly a small 
slender, black, white-ringed solitary wasp, Labus ravus, 
Bingh., 2, a new species said by Col. Bingham to come 
very near the Javan species that is the type of the genus. 
It would appear to be the first notice of this genus in 
Africa. 

Other things that were picked up on that memorable 
day were a worn specimen of the pale fawn-coloured 
Mycalesis simonsit, Butl., one of two or three that were 
seen at one partially shady spot; a large “dry” Terias 
brigitta, Cram., 2; a Tryzxalis sp.; a fly, Anthrax sp.; and 
a beetle, Zophosis angusticollis, Deyr., found running rapidly 
over the ground at the “ World’s View,” close to the grave 
of C. J. Rhodes. 

The account of the expedition would not be complete 
without mention of the swarms of the Red Locust, 
Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv., which during the drive back 
to the train rose in glittermg clouds on every side. It 
was, however, not without repeated efforts that a few 
specimens were netted out of the many thousands seen. 

In the town of BuLUWAYO, Zophosis caffer, Deyr., was 
taken running over the ground, while by turning over 
stones many things were obtained, including the curious 
hairy beetle, a Heteromeron, Usagaria australis, Pér., four 
specimens ; Psaryphis sp., which is not represented in the 
British Museum; the Geodephagid, Omostropus consangut- 
neus, Pér., three; the “Staph,” Myrmedonia procax, Per. ; 
a weevil; and the small dingy bug, Pododus depressus, 
Walk. 

About the filter-beds near the Railway Station the 
Lycenids Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., one, and Aloeides taiko- 
sama, Wallgr., two males, were taken. 

The two beetles, Meligethes sp. and Pseudocolaspis sp. 


346 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


(the last mentioned in the National Collection but un- 
named), and the small dingy bug Agonoscelis puberula, 
Stal. were taken either at or near Buluwayo, or at the 
Matopos; the beetle Pogonobasis sp. (unnamed in the 
British Museum) was taken somewhere in South Rhodesia 
prior to our arrival at the Falls, but the locality cannot be 
now designated, for the notes concerning these insects are 
unfortunately defective. 


THE RAILWAY JOURNEY FROM BULUWAYO TO THE 
VICTORIA FALLS. 


September 11th, 1905. 


Rep BANK SraTIoN (19 miles from Buluwayo). 


We took alongside the train Z'eracolus achine, Cram., a 
male; 7’. antigone, Boisd., a male; and two fine specimens 
of Papilio angolanus, Goeze [ = ? corinneus, Bert.], which 
had probably been disturbed from the drippings of the 
water-tank. 


Saw-Mitts SraTion, near Umguzi (57 miles from 
Buluwayo). 


A male of Belenois mesentina, Cram., was netted, also a 
Noctua flying in the sun. The Red Locust, Schistocerca 
peregrina, Oliv., was abundant. By great exertions we 
succeeded in catching two. 


Gwaal (89 miles from Buluwayo). Lat.19°7’S. Altitude 
3,240 feet. 


Towards evening the train stopped in a stretch of flat, 
bare country beside areedy pond to take in water. A fine 
specimen of Charaves saturnus, Butl. (the only one we saw 
in our travels), was taken flying about a low tree. We 
also took the brilliant cardinal-red dragonfly, Crocothemis 
erythreva, Brulleé. 

Sweeping the rank vegetation by the pond yielded a 
multitude of small insects, amongst them a number of the 
singular fly Diopsis afinis, Adams, which carries its eyes 
and antennae upon long rigid stalks or horns projecting on 
either side of the head. The appearance of these little 
black and red flies forcibly suggests a “ Watkin Range 
Finder ” in miniature, the eyes being so far separated as 
to afford an appreciable base-line; if the imsect were 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 347 


resting on the under-side of a stalk it would be able to 
see its enemies or prey above it without exposing itself. 
With the Diopsis were Musca? domestica, Linn., Sepedon 
sp. and other small flies; two small Scoliads, Myzine sp., in 
too bad condition to name; and other insects, including 
the Phytophaga, Haltica pyritosa, Erich., Hispa spinulosa, 
Boh. [not H. spinulosa, Schonh.], Chetocnema sp., and 
a small moth, Zinxgeria sp. 

An unnamed Geometer, the cosmopolitan Tineid Plutella 
cruciferarum, Zell., and the Blatta Cirphis [Paraplecta] 
pallipes, Stal., all came to light in the train on the night 
of Sept. 11th between Gwaii and Wankie. 


THE VICTORIA FALLS OF THE ZAMBESI. 
Lat. 18° 0'S. Altitude 3,000 feet. September 12-19. 


This was our furthest point and the locality from which 
we expected most. 

Apart altogether from the magnificence of the Falls 
themselves and the geological puzzles that they afford, 
the locality presents certain peculiarities to the botanist 
and entomologist. 

Picture a rolling sandy plateau a little over 3,000 feet 
above sea level. Low distant hills bound the view, though 
the characteristic South African kopje is for once absent. 
Above the Falls the banks of the Zambesi are low and 
almost flat, the country on either side of the river 
resembling much of that passed through in the railway 
journey from Buluwayo. ‘The forests of South Rhodesia 
are chiefly composed of deciduous trees of moderate size, 
for the most part tending to be flat-topped and so 
harmonising with the horizontal strata and giving the 
landscape a character of its own. The undergrowth of 
scrub is, as a rule, scanty and easily traversed, while the 
coarse grass and other herbage was so sparse as to leave 
much burning sand quite bare; though it must be borne 
in mind that our visit was towards the end of a very dry 
season. Doubtless during the rains much of this sand 
would be covered with vegetation and gay with flowers, 
but as it was we found loose dry sand extending to within 
a very few feet of the Papyrus growing at the water’s edge. 
The banks above the Falls are fringed with a narrow belt 
of shady wood in which (especially on the right bank) the 
small date-palm, Phenix reclinata, is the prevailing tree, 


348 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


and a shrubby Jpomwa was at the time of our visit the 
most striking flower. Here and there towered the monstrous 
Baobab tree, Adansonia digitata, with stem like an inverted 
carrot. The first leaves on the commoner forest trees 
spread an emerald tint suggestive of spring and affording 
a refreshing contrast to the parched herbage and scorching 
sand. 

Opposite to the Falls is the “Rain Forest,” poetically 
called by the Barotse “The place where the rain is born.” 
This stretches along the cleft for three-quarters of a mile, 
not counting the similar growths on the “ Knife-Edge.” 
Between the Rain Forest proper and the edge of the 
chasm, where the spray is most drenching, is a strip of 
coarse boggy grass and herbage looking for all the world 
like a bit of Exmoor into which the bright blue flowers of 
Lobelia erinus have escaped from some parterre. The forest 
proper, from 50 to perhaps 300 yards wide, is of varied 
growth, in which large specimens of Ficus with their 
characteristic stems are a prominent feature; but towards 
the Falls it is bounded by a dense hedge of very bright 
green trees, Hugenia cordata, an evergreen of the myrtle 
tribe. The amount of spray, or “ Rain,” naturally varies 
with the height of the water and the force and direction 
of the wind. A sound that one soon learns to associate 
with the ceaseless roar of the cataract and the pattering 
of the spray-drops on the forest leaves is the musical cry 
of the “emerald-spotted dove ” (Chaleopelia afra).* 

We saw the Falls at a period of low water, but if this 
detracts from their grandeur, and above all from their 
characteristic mystery (by the shrinking of the spray 
columns), it enables one to see them better and so better 
comprehend their weird topography. But though the 
most absorbed collector cannot fail to be impressed by 
such unwonted surroundings, this is not the place to 
dwell upon the majesty of the Falls themselves, or the 
airy beauty of the brilliant rainbows that attend them 
by day or their more ghostly representatives in the 
moonlight. 

Two pre-eminent impressions remain graven upon the 
memory—a vast river over a mile in width, dotted with 


* For an excellent account of the botany of Southern Rhodesia, 
with a good description of the Matopo Hills and the country about 
the Falls, see a paper by Miss L. 8. Gibbs, F.L.S., Journal Linnean 
Soe, 1906, pp. 425-494, 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 349 


wooded islets, glides noiselessly through the burning sand, 
coming one knows not whence; and again the same 
mighty river, with scarce a warning rapid or even swirl 
upon its peaceful waters, suddenly draws a veil of spray 
over its face as with a mighty roar it flings itself down 
350 feet into a chasm athwart its channel, and emerging 
thence, one can scarce see how, pursues its long mysterious 
course between grim basaltic crags through the incredible 
zigzags of the Batoka. 

The hotel is situated close to the railway-station, in the 
open forest, about a mile from the Falls, and perhaps 100 
feet above them, though geographically speaking below. 
The first insect to attract notice was a large Acrwa flying 
about the tops of the trees, occasionally as many as a 
dozen together. After the exercise of some patience a fair 
series of specimens and a stiff neck were secured. These 
butterflies proved to be very beautiful, with pinkish fore- 
wings and white hind-wings; they were new to Mr. Marshall, 
but previously known to Mr. Trimen by two specimens 
only and then considered by him to be a variety of A. 
anemosa, Hew., to which Aurivillius gave the name of 
alboradiata. A long series amply proves this form to 
be a new species, which should consequently bear the 
name given to the supposed variety by Aurivillius. If, 
tired of gazing up at these beauties, the eyes were turned 
with relief to the ground, ants might be seen running 
swiftly over the sand with their abdomina borne high in 
the air. They were Camponotus fulvopilosus, De Geer, 
dull grey-black with pale brown hairy abdomen, very 
cryptic in their sandy home. The species was common 
about the hotel and on the way to the Falls. Also running 
swiftly over.the sand a small beetle was taken, a Zophosis 
not in the National Collection. A flowering tree close to 
the hotel produced the widely spread Apis mellifica, Linn., 
race adansonit, Latr., as well as two other bees not yet 
determined. 

The irrigated kitchen-garden of the proprietor attracted 
numerous insects, the most striking being Acrava atolmis, 
Westw., of which about a dozen, all males, were secured ; 
it is a beautiful insect looking blood-red when alive ; with 
them were taken three A. atergatis, Westw.; three male 
A, anemosa, Hew., one of them a dwarf, and two A. 
alboradiata, Auriv., f and 2. With the Acraas were two 
females of Zerias brigitta, Cram., of the dry form, also one 


350 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


Aphnxus erikssoni, Trim. In the same garden were taken 
the steely-blue-winged wasp, Discolia ebenina, Sauss., four 
males and a female; also another somewhat fly-like wasp, 
the handsome black and yellow Bembex capicola, Handl., a 
male—only the second specimen known to Col. C. T, 
Bingham, the type being at Vienna. 

The electric lights of the hotel attracted a considerable 
number of insects, but they were for the most part small 
and insignificant in appearance :— 


NOctTUINA. 


Xanthoptera opella, Swinh. (8), a common Indian species. 

Homoptera scandatula, Feld. (1), a Catocalid, 

Homoptera ? n. sp. (1). 

Arcyophora tu. sp. (1). An Acontiad not in the British 
Museum. 

Entelia polychorda, Hmpsn. (1), a variable Quadrifid. 

Metachrostis (Ozarba) snelleni, Wallgr., a very small 
Quadrifid. 


GEOMETRINA. 
Comibena leucospilata, Walk. (1). A pretty emerald. 


PYRALINA. 

Argyractis, sp. (2). 

Stemmatophora chloralis, Hmpsn., n. sp. (5). A very 
distinct and pretty little insect, whitish-green with 
black central band. [Its description will shortly be 
published. ] 

Parthenodes scotalis, Hmpsn., nu. sp. (5). A somewhat 
dingy Hydrocampid. See Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 
1906, p. 470. 

Platytes, n. sp. (5). A beautiful Crambid which Sir 
George F. Hampson has kindly promised to describe. 

Microthrix insulsella, Rag, (2). A dingy Phycid. 

Hivella zinckenella, Treit. (1). An almost cosmopolitan 
Phycid. 


Several other small moths not yet determined. 


NEUROPTERA. 


Halter ? glaumrigi, Koll. Three specimens of this very 
singular insect came to the lamps. Its very long, 
slender and spirally twisted hind-wings make it more 
like a flying machine than an insect. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 351 


¢ Gstropis, sp., and ? Blymorphanismus sp. two green 
Trichoptera, together with other caddis-flies more 
like European forms. 


ORTHOPTERA. 
A cricket, 


HEMIPTERA. 


Acanthaspis nugax, Stal., a Reduviid bug with a peculiar 
fetor. 


COLEOPTERA. 


Apate monacha, Fabr. (2 2). 

Himatismus, sp. (3). Not in the British Museum. 
Trochalus, sp. (1). In the National Collection, unnamed. 
Aylopertha, sp. (1). 


Two Longicorns, Plocederus melancholicus, Gahan, and 
Tetradia lophoptera, Guen. (= fasciatocollis, Thomps.), also 
came to light; the latter was captured by one of us on his 
bed, clinging closely to the sheet, and making a curious 
creaking noise when disturbed.* 

Lastly a male Acrea alboradiata was taken fluttering 
on the floor below an electric light at 9.0 p.m. ! 


While one of us was busy with the electric lights a 
waiter excitedly called out that there was a “ Tarantula ” 
under the Stoep. He was most anxious that it should be 
secured, but declared that its bite was deadly. It proved 
very fleet of foot and doubled like a hare; other waiters 
joined in the chase, which turned out most exciting, 
especially when it ran over the neck of the ardent ento- 
mologist. When the fierce creature yielded at last to the 
soothing influence of cyanide it was seen to be of a pale 
reddish-brown, with pale grey abdomen, but armed with 
most formidable-looking red-brown mandibles, tipped with 
black. Black eyes added to its ferocious aspect. Ulti- 
mately a second specimen was bottled—together with one 
of another species. 

Above the Falls the Ricut BANK of the river (here 
the south-western) was the most readily accessible collecting 
ground, and perhaps for that reason received an undue 


* “The voice no doubt proceeds from the mesonotum.”—G. J. 
Arrow, in litt. 


352 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


amount of attention. There our familiar friend Zimnas 
chrysippus, a female somewhat small and dark, was busy 
with the flowers of Combretum. The genus Acrea was well 
represented : A. alboradiata, Auriv., though not so common 
as close to the hotel, was frequently seen, especially near the 
cascade at the western extremity of the Falls, locally known 
as the Leaping Waters; with this were several A. anemosa, 
Hew., all males, one very small; we also took three A. 
encedon, Linn.; a single specimen of A. caldarena, Hew., 
a male; A. rahira, Boisd.; an A. atergatis, Westw., 
stunted, and close to the Falls a female A. atolmis, Westw. 
Ina way the most striking buttery was Hamanwmida 
dxdalus, Fabr., for it was the first time that either of us 
had seen it alive. It was very common, flying close to 
the ground, and settling on the grey sand or dust with 
wings spread out flat, in which position it was curiously 
inconspicuous. Precis clelia, Cram., and P. cebrene, Trim., 
were both fairly common, but of P. natalica, Feld. and 
P. archesia, Cram., we took but one apiece, the former of 
the “dry” the latter of the moderately dark, or inter- 
mediate form. P. sesamus, Trim., was seen though not 
taken.  Neptis agatha, Cram., graceful as always, was not 
uncommon; Afella phalanta, Dru., was there also, with its 
fearless sailing flight, returning again and again to the 
same spot. T'wo male Byblia goctzius, Herbst, were taken 
playing together, but Charaxes varanes, Cram., was more 
often seen than netted. The Satyrids were represented 
by the restless little Yphthimas; of these Y. asterope, 
Klug, was common enough in the half-shade, and with 
them were taken a couple of the var. norma, Westw., also 
two VY. itonia, Hew. 

The ‘common white” of the Zambesi appeared to be 
Belenois gidica, Godt., and very dry they were; the dry 
form of B. severina, Cram., was also quite common, Of 
the Zeracoli we took five species, by far the commonest 
being 7. omphale, Godt., the males predominating; of 
T. achine, Cram., we took four males, of 7. antigone, Boisd., 
one. Near the Leaping Waters we got a single female 
specimen of 7. phlegyas, Boisd., and two 7. eris, Klug, 
both males. Many of the genus fly quickly, but the flight 
of 7. evis is specially rapid and erratic, so that in all proba- 
bility more were seen than taken. Terias brigitta, Cram., 
both sexes, was fairly common, it was especially attracted 
by a small low-growing, lavender-flowered labiate, four or 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 353 


five flying together over a patch of it. This butterfly has 
a jerky flight, so that it proved to be not so very easy to 
catch as one at first imagined. Of TZ. senegalensis, Boisd., 
two males were taken. The Terias were by no means so 
markedly “dry” as the Zeracoli. A single Papilio corinneus, 
Bert. [? angolanus, Goeze], was secured. 

The Lycenid# were not very prevalent, and no species 
was abundant. Of the handsome Stwgeta bowkeri, Trim., 
and of Avxiocerces amanga, Westw., we took single ex- 
amples, but A. harpax, Fabr., was commoner, especially 
among reeds and sedges at the water’s edge. Of Hypo- 
lycena cocculus, Hopft., Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., and Liptena 
[= Durbania] pallida, Trim., we took but one each, the 
latter at flowers of [pomea. 

The Skippers were represented by solitary male indi- 
viduals of Gegenes occulta, Trim., and Parnara mathias, 
Fabr. (= mahopaant, Trim., = tnconspicua, Boisd.). 

In addition to the butterflies already named the follow- 
ing may be mentioned as being taken while drinking at 
the mud of small inlets and backwaters of the right bank 
of the river :— 

Both sexes of Acrwa alboradiata, Auriv., and A. atolmis, 
Westw., of which latter the bright coppery-red looks on the 
wing almost blood-red. Belenois gidica, Godt., and Belenois 
mesentina, Cram., both males. Of Zerias brigitta, Cram., 
contrary to the usual rule with Pierines at water, a female 
was taken, but this species, though certainly attracted by 
water, is of a restless habit like Vphthima, and seldom 
settles. Of Papilio leonidas, Fabr., three specimens were 
taken at mud and others seen; lastly a specimen of 
Axiocerces wmanga, Westw. 

So much for the butterflies found on the right bank, 
The moths were far less numerous, and the only things 
brought home were a Geometer, G'racillodes caffra, Guen. ; 
a Crambus sp. and another a small, and as yet unnamed 
Pyrale, Argyractis sp. 

As might have been expected Dragonflies were fairly 
numerous, especially a species with a full “cardinal-red ” 
body, Crocothemis erythrea, Bruallé, which has a very wide 
range in Africa. Some of these were taken at mud 
puddles in the back-waters, others about the rocks which 
extend far into the river above the Falls, rocks on which 
one often saw the Snake-bird, Plotus levaillanti, sitting 
absolutely still and giving an appropriate finish to the 


354 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


peaceful landscape. Another large and handsome species, 
Pseudomacromia torrida, Kirby, with a pair of sapphire- 
like spots behind the eyes, was common, as was also the 
smaller Pseudagrion deckeni, Gerst. Besides these were 
other Dragonflies not yet named. 

A Myrmeleon sp. was noted as being the colour of dried 
grass, Some “white ants” were taken, but, so far as our 
observations went, Termites are not as common at the Falls 
as in other parts of South Africa that we visited. 

Very little attention was paid to Diptera, partly perhaps 
because, fortunately, they did not pay the usual amount of 
attention to us; only two were brought home, Sarcophaga 
sp. and Hxmatopota sp., the latter taken on the “topi” of 
the captor. 

Of the Aculeates the most striking were the Carpenter- 
bees, of which the commonest was X ylocopa divisa, Klug, 
found at Combr etum, or other flowers, though one, a male, 
was noted as hovering persistently about a tree overhanging 
the river, The male of this bee is of a beautiful “old- 
gold” colour ; of this sex only two were taken, but females, 
of the variety with the band on the back of the thorax 
white in place of “old-gold,” were commoner, and four or 
five specimens were secured. Of 1. caffra, Linn., we took 
two specimens, both females of the variety mossambica, 
Grib., with a white ring in place of the usual two yellow 
rings. Of YX. olivacea, Fabr., we got but a single female. 
We met with three species of the very slender-waisted 
wasps of the genus Ammophila, viz. :—A. ludovica, Smith, 
a female, and A. beniniensis, Pal. de Beau., a male, both at 
wet mud, while a female of A. ferrugineipes, Lepel., was 
taken at flowers. Of the large and handsome black and 
yellow Sceliphron spirifex, Linn., we only secured a single 
female, also at flowers. Of the long-waisted grey wasp 
Belonogaster guerini, Sauss., var. dubius, Kohl, a single 
worker was taken at mud. We also took single examples 
of Salius [ = Hemipepsis] vindex, Smith, a male; the 
Scoliad Myzine capitata, Smith, a male, and the small red 
wasp Odynerus carinulatus, Sauss., a female, the last-named 
at wet mud. The integuments of two males of Rhynchiwm 
rupeus, Sauss., proved of a truly rocky hardness. Running 
over damp mud three specimens of a notable ant were 
taken, Paltothyreus tarsatus, Fabr., notable for its powerful 
bite, but still more for its evil odour, which is very strong 
and pungent, suggesting a mixture of formic acid and 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 355 


bisulphide of carbon.* Running along the branches of the 
tree-/pomexa, near the Leaping Waters, were a number of 
another ant, Polyrachis schistacea, Gerst., which we had 
seen at the Matopos on Sclerocarya caffra. 

The Coleoptera met with were not very numerous, but 
comprised Pogonobasis sp. (in the National Collection, but 
without a name), which was taken on the ground by Miss 
L. 8. Gibbs; two specimens of Scymnus sp.; three weevils, 
Bagous cxnosus, Gyll., which Mr. G. A. K. Marshall had 
previously seen from Uitenhage, Cape Colony, only; 
Ehabdinocerus brachystegixv, Mrshl. (i litt.) and Xenorrhinus 
incultus, Fst., the first specimen of the latter that Mr. 
Marshall had seen; also a Eumolpid, Pseudocolaspis 
chrysitis, Gerst.; and two Heteromera of the genus 
Opatrum, under dead wood. Two specimens of Adesmia 
intricata, Klug, a Heteromeron only represented in the 
National Collection by specimens from Mozambique, were 
found crawling on the ground near the Leaping Waters. 

The “Red Locust,” Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv., was 
by far the most common and most conspicuous of the 
Orthoptera; as usual it was chiefly found among coarse 
grass, but could not be said to be gregarious. 

In shallows in the river just above the Falls, a small 
banded water-snail, Cleopatra morrellt, Preston (described 
as n. sp. in April 1905), was to be found, together with a 
spotted species with sinuated lip, Mclania victoriv, Dohrn. 

The Lerr Bank of the river differs somewhat from the 
right. The ground does not lie quite so low in reference 
to the water, there is more wood and scrub but less grass 
and fewer palms. <A female Limnas chrysippus, Linn., was 
seen at water; of the Acrwx the commonest was A. encedon, 
Linn., males predominating, while single female specimens 
of A. atolmis, Westw., and A. anemosa, Hew., turned up. 
Precis clelia, Cram., was fairly common, and P. sesamus, 
Trim., was seen, as is its wont, fluttering about and settling 
under the shade of a dark bank. 

The Whites were represented among our captures by 
two male Belenois gidica, Godt. Teracoli were far less 
common than on the right bank, probably because there 
was less of the open grassy country in which they delight ; 
single specimens only of 7’. omphale, Godt., a male, and 
T. eris, Klug, a female, the latter at Combretum flowers, 


* For Dr. 8. Schonland’s observations on the odour of this insect 
in Bechuanaland, see Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. xl. 


356 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


were secured. TZerias was represented by a female 
senegalensis, Boisd., of the usual dry form, but also by a 
male brigitta, Cram., of distinctly wet character—a notable 
exception among so many very markedly dry butterflies.* 
A male and two females of Catopsilia jlorella, Fabr., were 
secured while feeding on the large-tlowered species of 
Combretum that grows in the Zambesi scrub; this butterfly 
was almost certainly seen more than once on the right 
bank, but eluded capture, for Catopsilia is very swift of 
flight and hard to net save when busy honey-gathering. 
Papilio demodocus, Esp., was taken on the “ Knife Edge” 
near the eastern extremity of the Falls. 

Axiocerces amanga, Westw., at Combretum flowers, Zizera 
lysimon, Fabr., and Liptena |[Durbania| pallida, Trim., 
were the only Lyceenids brought home, the last taken near 
the top of the Palm Kloof. Between the last-named place 
and the railway bridge large Libellulid dragonflies were 
especially common, and comparatively easy to catch as they 
hovered over the path head to wind, like hawks. The 
commonest would appear to be Pseudomacromia torrida, 
Kirby; but there was also a species of Macromia as well 
as the slender /’seudagrion ? deckent, Gerst. 

Speaking of the railway bridge, perhaps one may be 
allowed to congratulate the engineer who designed it (Mr. 
G. A. Hobson, of the firm of Sir Douglas Fox and Partners) 
on a structure which seems as well fitted to its position 
alike in form and colour as such a thing can be; one 
shudders to think what might have been placed there by 
less sympathetic hands. 

The only Hymenoptera taken on the left bank were two 
small bees, one at Jpomea, the other Podalirius rapidus, 
Smith, 2, hovering at Combretwm flowers, also the coral-red 
Braconid Jphiaulax whitei, Cameron, and a long-waisted 
wasp, Belonogaster guerini, Sauss., var. dubius, Kohl, §. 

Beetles were few and far between: a Mzylabris sp. (or 
? Ceroctis sp.), found (here, as well as on the other bank) in 
the flowers of Jpomxa, appears to mimic the Longicorn 
Hylomela sexpunctata, Fabr., a beetle that we met with 
only at East London. In the same flowers was another 
beetle, a long narrow purple fellow, not yet named. 

A fly that attracted the attention of one of us by 


* See Dixny, Proe, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, pp. lxi-lxii, and ibid. 
pp. Ixvitxvii. Compare Lonestarr on 7. hecube, L., Trans. Ent. 
Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 144. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 357 


biting his hand, Hxmatopota sp., was the only Dipteron 
taken. 

If the left bank yielded us but a small bag it was some 
considerable consolation, at all events to the fortunate 
observer, to have the opportunity of contemplating from 
a distance of not more than 100 yards a family of 
Hippopotami disporting themselves in the water. 

By the kindness of the Chartered Company’s Forester, 
Mr. C. E. F. Allen, one of us was enabled to land on two 
of the wooded islands some miles above the Falls. Ento- 
mologically the results were disappointing, but here again 
Hippopotami came to the rescue, for the thicket on one 
of the islands was traversed in all directions by their paths, 
while in an open space lay the fairly recent bones of one 
of the uncouth monsters. The ubiquitous Limnas chrysip- 
pus was represented by a male fly, but no Acrwa was taken, 
and the only Nymphalines were Precis natalica, Feld., with 
ocellated under-side, and a Neptis which eluded capture. 

The common white of these islands was Lelenois severina, 
Cram., of which five “dry” males were taken; but B. 
gidica, Godt., was nearly as common, and two of each sex 
were brought home. All the gidica from the Zambesi 
were of extreme dry type, drier than its congener. No 
Terias were taken and but three Zeracoli, all males, two of 
T. antigone, Boisd., one of evenina, Wallgrn. Of Hronia 
leda, Dbl., a female of dry type was taken. The only 
Satyrids were four VYphthima asterope, Klug, var. norma, 
Westw. The Lycznids were even scarcer, as a solitary 
Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., was the only Blue, 

A Geometer, an “ Emerald” with red chequered fringes, 
Comibena leucospilata, Walk., was the only moth taken, 
while as unfortunately “other orders” would appear to 
have been even more than ordinarily neglected, the 
captures were limited to a single individual of the evil- 
smelling ant, Paltothyreus tarsatus, Fabr., and a pretty 
black and white two-winged fly, Zabanus sp. 

Mr. Allen was good enough to give us four insects taken 
in a druggist’s shop at Livingstone, five miles above the 
Falls: they were two flies, one of them a large, fierce- 
looking fellow, Zabanus sp., a red-bodied wasp Odynerus 
carinatulus, Sauss., 2, and a Malacoderm beetle, Melyris 
nobilis, Gerst. 

The easiest way down to the river at its lower level, 
below the Falls, is by the gorge known as the Pam KLoor, 


358 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


which is separated by the “ Knife Edge ” from the eastern 
portion of the chasm. The path leads rapidly down into 
a wood of singularly tropical aspect, bounded on either 
hand by walls of basalt, and thence to the water's edge. 
The collecting ground is very restricted and difficult, being 
almost co-extensive with the steep path, so that the ratio 
of things taken to things seen was a low one. 

The butterfly that was most characteristic of the Kloof 
was Neptis marpessa, Hopff. ; it was distinctly common, and 
we took it nowhere else. It has the graceful sailing, stbylla- 
like flight of the genus, but is smaller than the more 
generally distributed agatha, Cram. Several males of 
Leuceronia thalassina, Boisd., were seen, all out of reach. 
They flew rather high, among the tops of the trees, and 
seemed to avoid the path.  elenois gidica, Godt, B. 
severina, Cram., and the wide-spread 3. mesentina, Cram., 
were all met with in the Kloof; the latter, a male, flew 
fast. The path through the dark wood looked the very 
place for Satyrids, but only three were met with, two 
Yphthima asterope, Klug, one typical, the other of the var. 
norma, Westw., and a shade-loving IMycalesis, of which 
Mr. Trimen says : “ near campina, Auriv., also like anynana, 
Butl., but the under-side very red.” Our old friend Papilio 
demodocus, Esp., put in an appearance. <A small, worn 
Lycenid, probably Cacyreus lingens, Cram., a male; a tailed 
blue, ? Dewdoryx sp., 2, which may possibly be new, and a 
male Zurucus telicanus, Lang, represented that group. 
Three large Geometers, two of them Conolophia conscitaria, 
Walk., the third a “Thorn” not yet determined, were dis- 
turbed from the herbage. 

The Phytophagous beetle Monolepta vincta, Gerst., was 
abundant by a spring near the bottom of the Kloof, flying 
in the sun, but might also be taken by sweeping shrubs. 

Of all the collecting grounds at the Victoria Falls, one 
naturally anticipated most from the Rarn Forest; it 
was accordingly the first, as it was the last place that we 
visited. One caution is necessary in limine: the area of 
the forest is so small, and the driest of sandy areas are so 
near, that it cannot reasonably be expected to yield valu- 
able evidence as to seasonal forms, for a butterfly captured 
within its ambit may well have gone through all its early 
stages outside and have merely entered the spray-bedewed 
area to quench its thirst. Human experience points in this 
direction; for it is difficult to imagine anything more 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 359 


refreshing than after some hours’ collecting in the drouth 
to allow oneself to get wet through by the spray, which was 
truly grateful and comforting (especially in a thirsty land 
where beer is two shillings a small bottle). Repeated care- 
fully-timed experiments showed that ten minutes in the hot 
sun and dry wind sufficed to dry one’s garments thoroughly. 
The chief drawback to these natural “Rain baths” was 
the difficulty of manceuvring a sopping net, and the condi- 
tion of some of the“ very dry” B. gidica, when taken out 
of the net under such circumstances was deplorable. 

One butterfly did not appear to appreciate the delicious 
smell of the damp vegetation, at all events our old friend 
LIimnas chrysippus failed to put in an appearance. The 
Acrex too were surprisingly scarce, only single examples 
of A. alboradiata, Auriv., 2, A. anemosa, Hew., f, and A. 
atolmis, Westw., 2, were taken. Only one Precis is recorded, 
a ragged natalica, Feld., but Neptis agatha, Cram., was 
frequently seen sailing about the Hugenia trees. Vphthima 
wtonia, Hew., was common enough, a specimen of Y. 
asterope, Klug, var. norma, Westw., was also taken, Another 
specimen was obtained of the Mycalesis (as yet unnamed), 
taken in the Palm Kloof, also one IZ. sajitza, Hew. Belenois 
severina, Cram., was the commonest white; all taken 
were males; but extremely dry specimens of &. gidica, 
Godt. (males predominating), were fairly common, especi- 
ally where the spray was heaviest. Three females of 
Leuceronia thalassina, Boisd., were taken, also a female 
Glutophrissa saba, Fabr., which was so extremely “dry” as 
to have lost all trace of mimicry of Nyctemera. Of Terias 
senegalensis, Boisd., 9, 7. brigitta, Cram., 2, and Teracolus 
antigone, Boisd., 2, single examples were secured. That 
only one Yeracolus was taken is not surprising, since the 
genus especially haunts very dry and open places. 

Papilio leonidas, Fabr., flew slowly about the Hugenia, 
with the manner of a Danaid, but the model, if such there 
be, was not seen ; * two specimens were secured. 

Zvzera lysimon, Hiibn., met with occasionally in all the 
Zambesi hunting grounds, was really common in the Rain 
Forest only, probably the other places were too dry for it. 
Of other Lyczenids single examples only were taken, to 


* In North-East Rhodesia, on the Chambezi, some 700 miles 
away, it flies with and appears to mimic Tirwmala petiverana, Dbl. 
and Hew. See also Trimen, “South-African Butterflies,” vol. III, 
1889, p. 213.—F. A. D. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907,—PART I, (SEPT.) 24 


360 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


wit, Tarucus telicanus, Lang, ¢; Everes cissus, Godt., and 
Catochrysops malathana, Boisd. (= asopus, Hopff.), the last- 
named sitting head downwards. 

Somewhat unexpectedly we found Skippers commoner 
within the range of the spray than outside, the following 
presenting themselves: Parnara mathias, Fabr., a male 
and two females; Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr. (= hotten- 
totu, Latr.), three; Parosmodes morantii, Trim., one, a 
species represented in the National Collection by a single 
specimen from Mashonaland presented by Mr. G. A. K. 
Marshall; and one baoris fatuellus, Hopttf. 

It is curious that two Humming-bird Moths of different 
species were taken close together, and within a minute or 
two, Macroglossa trochilus, Hiibn., and Aellopus commassix, 
Walk. It is also curious that no smaller moths were 
brought from the Rain Forest. On the other hand Diptera 
were numerous ; of these the most striking were two species 
of the strange stalk-eyed genus Diopsis ; one, near to dubia, 
Bigot, was to be got in abundance by sweeping in the drier 
parts of the Forest, the other Mr. G. H. Verrall thinks 
may be ichnewmonea, Linnzeus’ long-lost type of the genus. 
Of another fly, distinguished by its apple-green abdomen, 
Odontomyia sp., several were obtained by sweeping in 
moister places. The same method produced other flies, 
among them a specimen which Mr. Verrall thinks may be 
a local race of Syrphus balteatus, Deg., and four Sepedon sp. 

A species of Plecia, with a reddish thorax, was flying 
lazily about the Hugenia trees in large numbers, with its 
legs trailing bebind just as Bibio marci, Linn., does in 
English woods in April. Then there was a pretty black- 
and-white Zabanus sp.; a pair in cop. of another Plecia ; 
two specimens, a f and a 9, of an Asilid that is perhaps 
Promachus riippelli, Liv., but may be new, unfortunately 
taken without prey; a Syrphid, Helophilus sp., near to but 
not identical with africanus, Verrall; lastly, something 
extremely like Musca domestica, Linn., was taken! 

As might have been expected Dragon-flies were fairly 
numerous, prominent amongst them the large and hand- 
some Pseudomacromia torrida, Kirby, flying in the open 
swampy space between the belt of Hugenia trees and the 
edge of the chasm; other species were Phyllomacromia 
trifasciata, Ramb., and (by sweeping) the Agrionid, 
Brachybasis rhomboidalis, Beauv., which appears to have 
a wide distribution in Africa. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 361 


Two wasps were taken, Humenes tinctor, Christ, and 
Ammophila beniniensis, Pal. de Beau., both females, while 
sweeping produced anIchneumon. Ants were represented 
by a solitary Camponotus sp., of which Col. C. T. Bingham 
writes, “ New, but as a single specimen I cannot venture 
to describe it: allied to C. sericeus, Fabr.” 

The Orthoptera if not numerous were variously repre- 
sented by a Mantis larva obtained by sweeping; four 
latte of the genus Ischnoptera un. sp. (near to bimaculata, 
Gerst.), found under stones and running very rapidly away 
when disturbed ; sweeping yielded also many grasshoppers, 
one of which had head and thorax conspicuously marked by 
two lateral yellow stripes. The locust Prototettix impressus, 
Stal., was taken on a tree. 

Two very active little bugs were found under stones or 
leaves when looking for beetles, another was adorned with 
ared abdomen. Sweeping as usual yielded sundry Homo- 
ptera. The same operation produced a few beetles: 
a Lagria sp., in the collection at South Kensington, but 
unnamed, of which five specimens were obtained ; a single 
Cryptocephalus callias, Suff.; two of the Phytophagid Lesna 
chaleoptera, Lac. ; six Haltica indigacea, Ilig.; two Hispa 
sp., also one H. bellicosa, Guér., of which the National Collec- 
tion has specimens from the Gold Coast only. Lastly three 
Staphs, Osorvus rugiceps, Boh., were found under dead wood. 

In such a spot it was but seemly to find an Amphibian, 
accordingly we may note that a toad-like frog was abun- 
dant among the marshy spray-drenched grass between the 
Rain Forest and the Chasm. Many of these were ex- 
tremely small, hardly larger than blue-bottles. A large 
specimen evacuated a mass of elytra, etc., of small beetles, 
apparently mostly geodephagous but some perhaps 
phytophagous ; this was interesting, in so far as it bore 
out our experience that the Coleoptera of the Forest were 
very small. 

Three species of land-snails were found in the Rain 
Forest; two turreted forms, Opeas octona, Chem., under 
stones, and the transparent 0. mamillata, Craven, in like 
situations, both gregarious. Sweeping grass yielded 
the delicate, transparent, horny Succinea ? badia, Mor., 
very near to the British S. putris, Linn. 

A Barotse boy, a servant of Mr. Allen’s, collected for us 
a number of Paludina capillata, Frauenfeld, but exactly 
where he found them is not on record. 


362 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


INSECTS TAKEN ON THE RAILWAY JOURNEY FROM 
THE VICTORIA FALLS TO EAST LONDON. 


September 20th, 1905. 


MATEtTsI STATION. 230 m. from Bulawayo. 


Precis cebrene, Trim., seen. 

Lycena (Castalius) hintza, Trim., Z, one. 

Pseudagrion ? deckeni, Gerst. A small dragonfly, the 
colonr of dead grass. 


KATUNA STATION. 
Precis cebrene, Trim., one, 9. 


NortH OF DEKA STATION. 


Glyphodes negatalis, Walk., a Pyrale of very wide distri- 
bution (of the sub-genus Dysallacta, Led.), taken in the 
train by Mr. D. Gunn. 


DEKA STATION. 


Limnas chrysippus, Linn., 9. 

Lycxna osiris, Hoptt., , at water. 

Lycxna asopus, Hopft., 3, — do. 

Humenes lepeletieri, Sauss., 2, at water, a yellow wasp 
with a black cross on the abdomen. 


WANKIE STATION. 212 m. from Bulawayo. 2,450 feet. 
Teracolus antigone, Boisd., f. 


Lukos!i Station. 196 m. from Bulawayo. 
Anisodactylus nitens, Pér., Carabid beetle, under a stone. 


INYANTUE STATION. 177 m. from Bulawayo. 


Sphingomorpha chlorea, Cram., a Noctua that truly 
deserves its generic name, caught at light in the train by 


Mr. D. Gunn. 


S. oF INYANTUE. 


A Dipteron, Argyrameba sp. in the British Museum 
unnamed. 


MALINDI STATION. 147 m. from Bulawayo. 
An Ant-lon, Myrmeleon sp., at light in the train. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 363 


September 21st, 1905. 


BuLAwayo. Lat. 20° 9’ S. Alt. 4,470 feet. Near the 
railway station. 


Acrea doubledayi, Guér.; also the widely distributed 
Lady-bird Exochomus nigromaculatus, Goeze, a bug, and 
some unnamed Orthoptera, all taken by sweeping. 


PLUMTREE STATION. S. RHODESIA. 4,560 feet. 65 m. 
S. of Bulawayo. 


Acrea doubledayi, Guér., 9, fluttering close to the 
ground. 

Axiocerces harpax, Fabr., on the flowers of a yellow 
composite. 


September 22nd, 1905. 
TSESSEBE STATION. 94 m.8. of Bulawayo. 3,900 feet. 


The ant Camponotus fulvoyilosus, De Geer, running on 
the ground. 


SHOSHONG RoapD Station. Near the tropic. 3,250 feet. 


A number of the ant Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., under 
the bark of a log. 


ARTESIA STATION. BECHUANALAND. Lat. circa 24° S. 
3,100 feet. 


Teracolus antigone, Boisd., 3. 

Zeritis simplex, Trim., g. 

Spindasis ella, Hew. 

Stugeta bowkeri, Trim. 

Syrichthus [Pyrgus| sataspes, Trim. 
Gomalia albofasciata, Moore, a dwarf. 


The two Skippers were taken at water, as well as the 
wasp Humenes lepeletieri, Sauss., 2, and the common bee 
Apis mellifica, of the usual S. African form. 


MocHuDI STATION. BECHUANALAND. Lat. 24° 22’ S. 
3,100 feet. 


Acrea anemosa, Hew., ?, drinking at the drip of a tap. 

Zeritis molomo, Trim., 9. 

Hesperia spio, Linn., at the flowers of a small yellow 
Mibiscus. 


364 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


CrocopDILE Pooxts Station. About Lat. 24° 40’ S. 
3,300 feet. 


A beetle, Zophosis sp., not in the British Museum 
Collection, was taken running rapidly over the sand, which 
when alive it exactly matched in colour.* 


Ootst STATION. Lat. 25° 0’S. 3,620 feet. 


Axiocerces harpax, Fabr., a female taken and another 
seen at a shrub with flowers forming yellow tails. A bug 
and a small Lady-bird, Scymnus sp., taken at Combretum 
flowers. 


Pirsant Station. Lat. 25° 26'S. 4,420 feet. 


Semiothisa brongusaria, Walk., a boarmid, at light in 
the train. 

The two beetles Lyctus sp. and Bostrychus brunneus, 
Murray, a Malacoderm, were taken this day somewhere 
in British Bechuanaland, but the exact locality was not 
recorded. 


MAFEKING. Lat. 25° 56'S. 4,190 feet. 


Sterrha sacrarta, Linn. (1), Crambus tenurstriga, Hmpsn. 
(1), and two other moths, taken at lamps in the town. 
The S. African specimens of the first-named are much less 
beautiful than the European, as they lack the crimson. 


WARRENTON STATION. 28° 11'S. 3,930 feet. 
Sept. 28, 1905. Hesperia (Syrichthus) spio, Linn. 
= vindex, Cram.], one at water. 


PoKWANI. 28° 43'S. 3,650 feet. 
The ubiquitous Utetheisa (Deiopeia) pulchella, Linn. 


Sept. 23,1905. ORANGE RIVER STATION, Cape Colony, 
lat. 29° 38’, S.; alt. 3,540 feet, an ichneumon, and at 
KRANSKUIL, lat. 29° 51’ S.; alt. 3,700 feet, a number of 
Phycids were taken at the train lights. 


* Many black beetles cover themselves with fine particles of the 
sand on which they live, and so easily escape observation. This I 
frequently noted in 1905 among the many /eteromera that are found 
on the outskirts of the Sahara at Biskra. Whether the fine particles 
merely fill in the interstices of the sculpture, or are attached by a 
secretion, I was not able to determine, but in any case they were 
easily rubbed off in the killing-bottle, or when handled.—G. B. L. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 365 


Sept. 24, 1905. SHanxs Sration (EK. of Steynsburg 
Junction), c. 5,000 feet; a cricket was found under a stone, 
and in like situations six beetles, Zrigonopus, sp., not in 
the National Collection; the Carabids, Harpalus xantho- 
graphus, Wied. and H. sub-aéneus, Dej.; and the 
Chrysomelid, Polysticta 24-signata, Thunb., three speci- 
mens ; as well as a number of the pungent ant, Acantholepis 
vestita, Sraith. 

HANNINGTON STATION,, alt. 5,170 feet; the same 77igo- 
nopus, another Polysticta 24-signata, Thunb., and Harpalus 
Jusco-aéneus, De}j., were found under stones. 

CONTAL STATION, a few miles Kast of Hannington, alt. 
c. 5,200 feet; under an old sleeper, three beetles were taken: 
the same Zrigonopus that had been met with earlier in 
the day, Harpalus rufo-cinctus, Chaud., and a Carabid near 
to Percus, not in the British Museum. 

STORMBERG JUNCTION, lat. 31° 28’S.; alt. 5,300 feet; a 
few hundred yards from the station we saw swarms of a 
purplish-grey locust with yellowish-drab wings and yellow 
hind tibie, Acridiwum pardalinum, Walk. We had seen 
several flights shortly before reaching the station, but now 
we got amongst them. They did not fly very far, and the 
swarms were many rather than excessively large. The 
wings of those captured were much frayed, presumably by 
long flight and knocking against obstacles, but it is quite 
possible that individuals with damaged wings were more 
easily caught than the sounder specimens. 

Turning over stones was fairly productive, as it yielded 
Harpalus rufo-cinctus, Chaud. ( = rufo-marginatus, Boh.), 
seven; H. natalensis, Boh., four; H. clavipes, Boh., two; 
H. sub-aéneus, Dej., two; H. fusco-aéneus, De}j., three; the 
red and black ister cruentus, Erichs., four under one 
stone; two other Carabids not yet named; Polyhirma 
gracilis, Dej., one; the two weevils, Rhytirrhinus litura- 
tus, Fahr., and Stramia ? fahrai, Fst., one each, as well as 
an immature female of Blatta orientalis, Linn., and two 
very large ants, Acantholepis vestita, Smith. A specimen 
of Pyrameis cardut, Linn., was taken on the hill-side, but 
the day was scarcely fitted for butterflies. 

Lower INCLINE STATION, c. 4,500 feet; five or six speci- 
mens of Polysticta 24-signata, Thunb., were found close 
together under a stone. 

QUEENSTOWN, Cape Colony, lat. 31° 50’ S.; alt. 3,500 
feet. In the Public Gardens just before dark a large 


366 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


? Plusia, or small ? Sphinw was seen at Verbena flowers, 
but missed. Shortly after leaving the station two of the 
widely distributed Crambid, Hromene ocellea, Haw., flew to 
the lights of the train. 


East Lonpon. Lat. 33°S. Sea level. 
SECOND VISIT. Sept. 25-29. 


Six weeks had elapsed since our first flying visit to this 
place. After an unusual drought it had rained the day 
before our arrival, and it was blowing a violent gale when 
early in the morning we came to the end of our long rail- 
way journey of six days and six nights. The gale ter- 
minated with heavy rain that greatly damaged the condition 
of the butterflies. One victim of the flood, a female 
Saturnid, Avina jforda, Westw., was rescued from 
drowning. 

A good deal of our time was spent on our old ground in 
the QUEEN’s ParK. The Poinsettia flowers were over: 
energetic sanitary reformers had nearly completed the 
covering in of the unsavoury stream, but the operations of 
the Kaffir workmen had wrought sad havoc in some of the 
best collecting ground. 

Mylothris agathina, Cram., did not appear to be nearly 
so common as before, but perhaps this was owing to the 
absence of Poinsettia flowers to assemble them. There 
was however no doubt that the closely allied I, riippellit, 
Koch., was common enough. The males of both these 
allied species have a strong and seemingly identical sweet- 
briar-like scent. The very local and singularly elegant 
M. trimenia was quite common, both sexes being well 
represented. 

Belenois severina, Cram., and B. zochalia, Boisd., were 
both very common; of the latter the females seemed to be 
more numerous than the males, perhaps because more 
distinctly coloured. 

The beautiful Lronia cleodora, Hubn., was quite common. 
A few Pinacopteryx charina, Boisd., were taken, all “ dry”; 
a male Byblia goetzius, Herbst, significantly a very fresh 
specimen, was distinctly of the wet form, but, with this 
possible exception, there was no evidence that the recent 
rains had produced any change of type, probably there had 
not been sufficient time. The only Zeracoli noticed in the 
park were a male achine, Cram., and several omphale, 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 367 


Godt., of both sexes. These Z'eracoli, with one exception 
that was intermediate, were decidedly “dry,” but not so 
extremely so as our Rhodesian specimens. Colzas electra, 
Linn., was seen but not taken. 

Of Papilio nireus, Linn., form lywus, Dbl., we secured 
two males, but we met with both sexes of P. demodocus, 
Esp. Of P. dardanus, Brown, perhaps the commonest of 
the three Papilios, two males and one female were taken, 
the latter of the form cenea, which mimics Amauris echeria, 
Stoll. Of the last-named species four specimens were 
taken, also three of the closely allied A. albimaculata, 
Butl. Both forms are very hard to kill. Limnas chry- 
sippus, Linn., was fairly common. 

Lyczenids were not so numerous as might have been ex- 
pected in the Park,either as regards species or individuals. 
Of Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., and Cacyreus palemon, Cram., 
single specimens were taken; females of Argiolaus silas, 
Westw., were fairly common, they flew high and settled on 
the tops of trees, but also visited flowers. A few of the 
widely ranging Tarucus telicanus, Lang, were to be seen, 
two of them whilst at rest were observed to move the 
hind-wings alternately backwards and forwards in their 
own plane. 

On the occasion of our former visit we saw no Satyrids, 
but this time two specimens of Psewdonympha cassius, 
Godt., turned up, as well as two females and a male of 
Mycalesis safitza, Hew. 

With the exception of Charaxes varanes, Cram., which 
was fairly common, though worn, the Nymphalines were 
not very prominent. Hurytela hiarbas, Dru., was less 
plentiful and in less good condition than on our first visit; 
of Byblia goetzius, Herbst, only a single male was seen, 
while a Precis archesia, Cram., was taken settled on the 
ground. Several fine Pyrameis cardwi, Linn., were 
observed. 

Among the flowers introduced into the garden portion 
of the Park, and tending to run wild, was the “ Pride of 
Madeira,” Lehiwm fastwosum, a remarkable plant of the 
natural order Boraginacev, whose small white or blue 
flowers form solid spikes, often six feet high or more, the 
apparently simple spikes being made up of innumerable 
densely packed scorpioidal cymes. This proved very 
attractive to insects of all orders; among the numerous 
butterflies that fed upon the flowers was a single example 


368 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


of the pretty Vanessid, Hypanartia hippomene, Hiibn. The 
following insects were also taken on the spikes :—Apis 
mellifica, Linn., race adansonit, Latr., as was only to be 
expected; a Longicorn Syssita vestigialis, Pascoe; the 
Cetoniids Oxythyrea marginalis, Schonh., Comythovalgus 
Jasciculatus, Schonh., and Strengophorus flavipennis, 
G. and P.; the first was abundant, the creamy white 
spots on a dark ground-colour greatly aiding its con- 
cealment.* In addition there were on the same flowers a 
fly of the genus Catabronta, three of the genus Jdia, and 
another fly, the latter held in the clutches of a green spider 
with red-brown markings, which was practically invisible 
among the crowded flowers ; the very small bee Prosopis 
sandaracata, Bingh., was abundant, as was also the prettily 
marked P. 5-lineata, Cameron; but of Prosopis simples, 
Bingh., n. sp., unfortunately only a unique example was 
secured ; finally there was a sawfly, Athalia himantopus, 
Klug, 9. 

Two specimens of Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr., were the 
only Hesperids noted; this species settles with the fore- 
wings raised, the hind-wings nearly horizontal, like several 
of our English Skippers. 

The following moths were taken, but doubtless the list 
might easily have been lengthened especially if we had 
worked at night :—Macroglossa trochilus, Hiibn., at flowers 
in the late afternoon; Syntomis kuhlweini, Lefebr.; the 
day-flying Lymantriads Laelia punctulata, Butl., and Aroa 
discalis, Walk., males of the latter species were very common 
on the outskirts of the Park; the Geometers Zerenopsis 
leopardina, Feld., fluttering near the ground; Craspedia 
internata, Guen. (= strigulifera, Walk.), and the variable 
Semiothisa brongusaria, Walk.; we also kicked up a 
Pyrale, Pyrausta incoloralis, Guen., and two specimens 
of the Boarmid Obocola inconclusaria, Walk., one of each 
Sex. 

As usual the most obvious representatives of the 
Hymenoptera were the handsome Carpenter-bees, Yylocopa 
caffra, Linn., 2; X. fraterna, Vachal, a male said by Col. 
Bingham to be not typical; XY. divisa, Klug, 2; and X. flavo- 
rufa, De Geer, four females; the last two species were 
practically confined to the purple flowers of a Legumina- 
ceous shrub ; flavo-rufa has a strong odour like our English 
Bumble-bees. Other Aculeates taken were the long- 

* See Lonesrarr, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 91-93. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 369 


pedunculated wasps Belonogaster praunsi, Kohl (said by 
Col. C. T. Bingham to be not typical); the slender dark- 
blue-winged Huwmenes tinctor, Christ, of both sexes, one 
male specimen, very starved, of Saussure’s variety; the 
dull grey Icaria cincta, Lepel., 2; Pompilus ruficeps, Smith, 
a female; a male Pompilus which is possibly new ; Polistes 
marginalis, Fabr., 3; Larra agilis, Smith, a female, taken 
on a bank of dry earth; a Scoliid, Chalicodoma celocera, 
Smith, a male, taken at the purple flowers along with the 
Xylocope. To these must be added ants from a commu- 
nity of Camponotus maculatus, Fabr., and a fine specimen 
of the coral-red Braconid Jphiaulax whiter, Cameron. 

The handsome Hristalis tentops, Wied., was conspicuous 
among the flies, which were not very numerously repre- 
sented ; another fly to which Col. Yerbury has been able to 
assign a name is Chwxtolyga dasyops, Wied. Other flies 
were ? Syrphus sp., [dia sp., and two Bibio-like Plecia sp., 
which floated in the air almost stationary with their long 
legs hanging down; sweeping yielded a Diopsis, but in 
this case only a solitary example which Mr. Verrall thinks 
distinct from the others. 

The wide-ranging grasshopper Catantops melanostictus, 
Schaum, was abundant. On the leaves of “Pride of 
Madeira” were marshalled a number of immature specimens 
of a gregarious dark orange-striped Acridian, the same 
species that was seen at Bulawayo. 

Although beetles were not numerous in the Park, we 
took, in addition to the Cetoniids previously mentioned, 
the following species:—Macroma cognata, Schonh., a 
handsome dark olive and yellow Cetoniid, flying at 
flowers; a Lycoid, Haplolycus, sp., a Cetoniid, Gametis 
balteata, De Geer, with similar colouring to the last, taken 
flying around or settled on the flowers of the same tree, 
together with a similarly Lycoid-coloured Braconid, Zombrus 
sp.; the Longicorns, Promeces wis, Pascoe, and Alphitopoda 
maculosa, Pascoe, var., by beating; Zrigonopus marginatus, 
Wied., several under stones ; also under a stone the Staph 
Xantholinus hottentotus, Sachse; a Phytophagid not in 
the National Collection, Atechna inenxrabilis, Vogel, var. ; 
Apoderus nigripennis, Fabr. ; the metallic green Colaspo- 
soma flavipes, Har.; the Cassid Aspidomorpha silacea, 
Boh. [ =¢ecta, var. Boh.]; and a weevil, Balaninus apicalis, 
Fahr, var. B., was obtained by beating. 

Two bugs complete the list of insects taken in the Queen’s 


370 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


Park :—a black Pentatomid with red-tipped antenna, 
Aspongopus lividus, Dist. and a large Coreid, Carlisis 
wahlbergi, Stoll, dark brown with red-ringed antenne, 
a very striking thing on the wing, but very stinking in 
the net. 

On Sept. 27, by the kindness of Mr. John Wood, 
accompanied by Mr. Rattray we spent a very pleasant 
afternoon on the NAHOON RIVER, a few miles to the north- 
east of the town. We were somewhat late in the day and 
a strong wind was another adverse condition, so that we 
got very few butterflies. 

On the island where we lunched Belenois severina, Cram., 
was abundant, and Mylothris riippellii, Koch, the only 
representative of the genus, was common ; Pinacopteryx 
charina, Boisd., Hronia cleodora, Hiibn., and Atella phalanta, 
Dru., also occurred. A geometer, Ectropis spoliataria, 
Walk.,a small Noctua, Metachrostis corniculans, Wallgr.,and 
a very handsome <Agaristid, Xanthospilopteryx africana, 
Butl., taken off a tree-trunk, completed the Lepidoptera on 
the island. Sunning itself on another tree-trunk close by 
was a beautiful green Hymenopteron, Ampulex mutilloides, 
Kohl, 2. Mr. Rattray caught a specimen of the scarlet 
Braconid, Jphiaulax whitei, Cameron, which appears to be 
common in South Africa. 

Mr. Wood set a stalwart Kaffir to work with an axe to 
hack to pieces dead trees. This did not prove a very 
productive operation ; moreover of the creatures found but 
a small proportion have yet been named. Among the 
beetles were single specimens of the Longicorn, Promecidus 
chalybeatus, White; the Sternoxid Alaus merens, Germ., 
and a species of Votiophygus. latte were numerous, Mr. 
R. Shelford has named for us Hypospheria stylifera, Burm., 
immature ; Derocalymna ? brunneriana, Costa, several ; also 
Pseudoderopeltis albilatera, Stal, two specimens, and P. 
wahlbergi, Stal, a male. Bugs were represented by a 
singularly flat form, well adapted to its life under bark. 
It goes without saying that woodlice were plentiful. 

Taking a boat the Kaffir pulled us a mile or two down 
the river and we landed on the eastern bank, where rich 
flowery meadows promised great things, but the rising of 
the wind and the lateness of the hour led to disappointment. 
A single Zeracolus achine, Cram., $, a Boarmid moth, 
Osteodes turbulenta, Guen., and a Pyrale, <Antigastra 
morysalis, Walk., were the only Lepidoptera that we brought 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 371 


away from a spot which under more favourable conditions 
should swarm with them. Beetles are somewhat less 
susceptible, and we took on flowers the pretty Cetoniid 
Oxythyrea hemorrhoidalis, Fabr., together with the com- 
moner 0. marginalis, Schon., also the Longicorn /Hylomela 
sexpunctata, Fabr., which closely mimics a species of Mylabris 
(or ? Ceroctis) that we met with in South Rhodesia. 

Sweeping added to the list the Lady-birds Atechna hebe, 
Clk., and Cryptocephalus flavago, Suff., the Weevil Zilli- 
menistes squamifer, Bob.; and the Phytophaga, Ootheca 
levipennis, Jac., Gynandropthalma malvernensis, Jac., var. ; 
TIuperus tneonspicuus, Jac., as well as a rather pretty bug 
Veterna sanguineirostris, Thunb., the common erasshopper 
Catantops melanostictus, Schaum, and the locust Prototettix 
ampressus, Stal. 

We took two pedunculated wasps, Belonogaster prawnsi, 
Kohl, and Ammophila ferrugineipes, Lepel., a male; also 
an Ichneumon, and a number of ants, Cremastogaster sordt- 
dula, Nyl., var., and Pheidole irritans, Smith, of which last 
the soldiers alone have big red heads. 

Turning over stones yielded the beetles Zrigonopus 
marginatus, Wied., and Lissogenius conspersus, Burm., as well 
as the common South African Reduviid bug Physorhynchus 
crux, Thunb., and two scorpions. 

A specimen of the Scarab Syrichthus spurius, Burm., was 
picked off the ground, while Mr. Rattray found a specimen 
of the large thick-legved Coreid bug Rhyticoris terminalis, 
Burm., also a large” weevil with very hard integuments, 
Mecorhy ynus loripes, Schonh., and two millipedes w whose in- 
teguments turned the point of a No. 16. pin. Mr. Wood 
found lying dead on the left bank of the Nahoon a Cara- 
bid beetle, Haplotrachelus sp., which is not in the National 
Collection. 

The Kaffir boatman caught several of a Psammodes un- 
represented at South Kensington, they were crawling over 
the rocks by the lower landing-place, nearly opposite the 
Boat Club House. 

Lastly, on the west bank when it was quite evening a 
Hesperid was netted, Sarangesa motozi, Wallgr. (= pato, 
Trim. ). 

An old termitarium on the high ground above the Club 
House yielded, besides sundry ants, Cremastogaster weitze- 
chert, Emery, a “night-adder,” a small serpent said to be 
very poisonous. 


372 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


Since our return to England, we have been much con- 
cerned at hearing of a disastrous flood at East London, 
which seems to have devastated the island in the River 
Nahoon where some of our collecting was done, and to 
have caused the death by drowning of several natives, 
including our Kaffir boatman and his family. Much 
damage has been done on the banks of the Nahoon and 
Buffalo rivers, and part even of the Queen’s Park is 
reported to have been washed away. 

Acting on the advice of Messrs. Wood and Rattray, we 
spent the next day, Sept. 28, on the “SECOND CREEK” 
of the Burrato River, a delightful locality. It is 
approached by a pleasant walk over open downs where we 
met our old friends Synchloé hellica, Linn., Colias electra, 
Linn., and Zeracolus omphale, Godt.; after a mile or so the 
path enters a wood, and descends rapidly to a brawling 
stream, which follows an impetuous course to a fall into a 
tidal pool, beyond which is a flowery meadow forming the 
delta of the creek. The wider tracks through the upper 
part of the wood had a home-like feeling, and one almost 
expected to see “Pearl-bordered fritillaries” disporting 
themselves about the flowers, but instead of these we found 
in moist places the pretty Satyrid, Psewdonympha cassius, 
Godt. These butterflies were of less “dry” form than 
most that we had met with, the majority of them might 
be better described as “intermediate.” The more generally 
distributed and dingy Mycalesis safitza, Hew., was also 
common; a female exhibited a supplementary ocellus on 
the fore-wing. 

_ The commonest White was Pinacopteryx charina, Boisd., 

but Hronia cleodora, Hiibn., Belenots zochalia, Boisd., and 
Mylothris agathina, Cram., were all present in some 
numbers, and one J. trimenia, Butl., was taken. Teracolus 
omphale, Godt., and 7’ achine, Cram., occurred in the more 
open places. 

The Acrwine were conspicuous by their absence, but the 
Danainx were represented by Amauris echeria, Stoll, and 
A, albimaculata, Butl., as well as by Limnas chrysippus, 
Linn. 

The only Nymphalines taken were Syblia goetzius, 
Herbst; <Atella phalanta, Dru. and a solitary Precis 
archesia, Cram.,a species which according to Mr. Brooking 
of Kast London frequents dark holes in rocks. 

Lycznids were not common, a solitary Z’arwcus telicanus, 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 373 


Lang, and a couple each of Axtocerces harpax, Fabr., and 
Phasis chrysaor, Trim., one settled head downwards, were 
taken. 

We took four Hesperids, viz. one each of Hesperia spio, 
Linn. (= vindex, Cram.), Hretis djvlele, Waller., Gegenes 
zetterstedti, Wallgr., and Pterygospidea jflesus, Fabr. The 
last named after dashing about wildly settled on the wpper 
side of a leaf. 

But few moths were seen, and two specimens of Osteodes 
turbulenta, Guen., and the Syntomid mentioned below were 
all that we took. 

Beetles, on the other hand, were fairly numerous. Two 
species of Heterochelus (Hopliine) were common on yellow 
composite flowers, buried head downwards so as to leave 
the hypertrophied hind-legs alone protruding like the 
mandibles of an ant-lion, the resemblance being increased 
in that by their adduction they could inflict a very respect- 
able pinch.* 

The greenish-white flowers of a climbing composite 
(? Senecio sp.) that spread in dense mats over some of the 
bushes by the stream were very attractive to insects. 
Two Aculeates, XYylocopa divisa, Klug, 2, and Hwmenes 
tinctor, Christ, ?, 2, one of them a starved dwarf; the moth 
Syntonis kuhlweini, Lefebr. (one found to be in the tender 
embraces of a spider); the fly Hristalis teniops, Wied.; the 
Reduviid bug Harpactor erythrocnemis, Germ.; two Lycoid 
beetles, Acantholycus sp. and Haplolycus sp., the latter 
numerous,t and clearly mimicked by the Cetoniid Gametis 
balteata, De Geer, were all taken off this plant, together 
with a Mantis that was presumably attracted by the insects 
rather than the flowers. { 

A soft-skinned Cantharid, Decatoma lunata, Pallas, 
looked conspicuous enough on a pale straw-yellow lilia- 
ceous flower. 

The meadows by the estuary yielded a different lot of 


* See Lonesrarr, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 93-95. 

t A pair remained in cop. for at least six hours. 

{ Another small Mantis, taken on a tree, bright leaf-green in 
colour, was kept alive for over a week. It was seen to catch a fly by 
a motion of lightning-like quickness and eat it, rejecting the wings 
and abdomen. When approached it would smartly assume the 
“‘praying” attitude, sometimes also turning its head in the direction 
of the visitor. It used to clean its eyes by passing its fore-legs over 
them, with an action like that of a cat cleaning its face. It also 
cleaned its antenne in its mouth, bringing them down by its fore- 
legs.—F. A. D. 


374 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


things, especially Phytophaga and Weevils. Thus Mala- 
cosoma wpolita, Jac., was abundant in the flowers of an 
Iris, while sweeping yielded Ootheca lxvipennis, Jac., 
Cryptocephalus polyhistor, Suff., Trochalus sp., 2, and the 
Cetoniid Oxythyrea hemorrhoidalis, Fabr., as well as the 
following small Weevils:—Hremnus gyrosicollis, Boh., 
Sciobius o'neili, Mrshl., 2, S. pullus, Sparr., Strophosomus sp., 
and two new species which Mr. G. A. K. Marshall has 
described* under the names Li/liministes callosicollis, Mrshl. 
(4), and Myorrhinus longstafi, Mrshl., the latter in 
abundance. With the beetles in the sweeping net was a 
Bombylius Systachus sp., and two bugs, a black yellow- 
spotted Stenozygum that is possibly new, and the large 
pale ochreous fetid Pentatomid, Basicryptus distinctus, 
Sign. 

‘Other beetles taken in the same locality were the 
Lady-birds Chilomenes lunata, Fabr., and Polysticta macu- 
laris, Dej.; Melyris ciliatus, Oliv., Thysodactyla africana, 
Chap. ; a Z'rochalus apparently undescribed ; a Telephorus ; 
a Lagria; and a Scarabeid, Syricthus spurius, Burm., the 
last found in rotten wood. 

Among Orthoptera were the big locust Phymateus 
leprosus, Serv., the common Catantops melanostictus, 
Schaum, Prototettix <«mpressus, Stal., the handsome 
Acridium ruficorne, Fabr., so named from the red tips 
to the double row of white spines on its black tibie, and 
two unnamed grasshoppers, one grass-green, the other a 
curiously soft species, black with scarlet rings and blotches. 

The only flies taken were two Bombylids of the genus 
Systechus, one at flowers, the other by sweeping. 

A few <Aculeates complete the list, viz. :—<ylocopa 
flavo-rufa, De Geer, a male; X. divisa, Klug, a female ; 
the prettily variegated Polistes jJastidiosus, Sauss., a 
female; the grey Jcaria cincta, Lepel., 8; two small black 
bees Halictus deceptus, Smith, females; lastly a_ fine 
distinct. red, yellow and black wasp, which Col. C. T. 
Bingham has described as Odynerus longstafi, from a 
specimen in the National Collection from Natal, hitherto 
unnamed, making our specimen a co-type. Lastly an 
example of the blue-green Chrysid Hexachrysis simillimus, 
Grib., was taken settled on a bare rock. 

On our return walk we kicked up a Noctua in the 
wood, and as we reached its upper edge at about 3.0 p.m., 

* MarsHALL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 922 and 932. 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 375 


we found Termites on the wing in swarms; five specimens 
were brought home alive in separate pill-boxes, on 
reaching the hotel it was found that one had cast off a 
wing, another all four wings. Later in the afternoon 
Syntomis kuhlweini, Lefebr., was found in some numbers 
flying about, or settled upon a particular species of tree. 
The large Reduviid bug Physorhynchus cruz, Thunb., was 
also taken on the wing. This insect usually carries its 
wings so closely appressed to the abdomen that when first 
seen it was thought to be apterous. 

On the morning of sailing, Sept. 29, a somewhat 
hurried visit was paid by one of us to the scrub-crowned 
SANDHILLS seen from the ship that August morning when 
we first anchored at East London, but this expedition did 
not add much to our list. 

Two ants turned up, Camponotus cosmicus, Smith, also 
taken at Estcourt, and Polyrachis gagates, Smith, of which 
but a single specimen was met with in this land of ants; 
there were also the following Aculeates: Polistes margin- 
alis, Fabr., 3, Belonogaster gquerini, Sauss., 9, var. dubius, 
Kohl (a very large specimen), Hwmenes tinctor, Christ, @, 
Icaria cincta, Lepel.,9, the big Carpenter bee Xylocopa 
flavo-rufa, De Geer, 2%, and two of the pretty little bees 
Prosopis 5-lineata, Cameron, taken at a red flowering shrub. 
The only other Hymenopteron was an Ichneumon with 
Lycoid colouring. 

A fly that seemed to mimic a pedunculated wasp Col. 
Yerbury says may be the g of baccha picta, Wied., of 
which that author has only described the 2 from the 
Congo and Guinea. Another fly taken would appear to 
be Sarcophaga ? carnaria, Linn. 

Beetles proved less numerous than might have been 
expected : two tiger-beetles, the first we had seen in 
S. Africa, Cicindela candida, Dej., and C. capensis, Fabr., 
were common close to the sea on the bare sand, which 
they so closely resembled in colour as to be scarcely visible 
save when on the wing. Also running on the sand was a 
nameless Zophosis and an equally nameless Anoplochilus, 
The flowers of a species of Iris produced, besides abundance 
of Malacosoma polita, Jac., Camptolenes fastwosa, Lac. 

Lissogenius conspersus, Burm., was taken flying in the 
sun, as was also Scarabwus converus, Hausm., and the 
Cassid Aspidomorpha tecta, Boh., the latter looking like 
a golden spangle floating in the light. The Hopliine 

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART II. (SEPT.) 29 


376 Drs. Dixey and Longstaff’s Observations 


Khoina bilateralis, Thunb., was found on flowers, and 
Eurynotus muricatus, Kirby, under bark. 

The Coreid bug Serinetha amista, Germ., seems to mimic 
a Lycus. Another bug taken was the Reduviid Harpactor 
segmentarius, Germ. 

Locusts were rather common, conspicuous among them 
was a very fine specimen of the large, heavy and sluggish 
Phymateus leprosus, Serv., more glaucous than those taken 
at Ladysmith, so as to match more closely the light- 
coloured sand. The beautiful apple-green Z'ryxalis stil, 
Boliv., darker above, paler beneath, as is so often the 
case, was found at the verge of vegetation, while an 
abundant grasshopper found on the bare sand was highly 
cryptic. A curiously formed small Hemerobiid Neuropteron, 
Mantispa ? tenella, Erichs., was taken on the wing; when 
seen for the first time its resemblance to a Mantis is very 
striking. 

Perhaps the locality was too much exposed for butterflies, 
at all events they were neither numerous nor remarkable :— 
Amauris albimaculata, Butl., 2; Hurytela hiarbas, Dru., 
within 100 yards of the sea; Byblia goetzius, Herbst, 2, 
dry ; Pseudonympha cassius, Godt.; Argiolaus silas, West., 
2; Mylothris riippellii, Koch, 9; Pinacopteryx charina, 
Boisd.; Colias electra, Linn.; Teracolus omphale, Godt., §, 
and the Skipper Hretis djzlxlex, Wallgr. A Geometer, 
Obocola inconclusaria, Walk., 2, and the Lymantriad Aroa 
discalis, Walk., which was common flying about the scrub, 
were the only moths, 

The lights at the hotel yielded only Dorylus helvolus, 
Linn., $f; the very widely distributed Acidaliid daa 
fibulata, Guen., and one or two moths not yet named. 

The cosmopolitan Dermestes vulpinus, Fabr., shared the 
hotel accommodation with us, while Acanthia lectularia, 
Linn., was even more intimate! 

Thus ended our delightful collecting at East London, a 
place less known entomologically than many others in 
South Africa. 


Port ELIZABETH, CAPE CoLONY. SECOND VISIT. 
Lat. 34° 0'S. Sept. 30, 1905. 


The stoppage on the return voyage gave us a long 
morning’s collecting ; but an accident separated us, so that 
while one visited Humewood, about a mile and a half to 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 377 


the south-east, the other spent his time, more profitably 
as it turned out, on the more sheltered slopes of the left 
bank of Baaken’s River, just north of Fort FREDERICK. 
At this spot butterflies were plentiful. The males of 
Oolias electra, Linn., were common, as were both sexes of 
Synchloé hellica, Linn., while Pyrameis cardui, Linn., was in 
abundance, some worn, but many in fine condition. The 
Skipper Cyclopides metis, Linn., was fairly common, but 
only two were taken; one Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgr., a 
female, was taken ; but out of many Lycenids seen flying 
about only a single specimen of Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., was 
secured. This blue was found by us over a wide range of 
country, but nowhere in any numbers except in the Rain 
Forest, Victoria Falls. 

A grasshopper, Zpachromia thalassina, Fabr., with head, 
thorax and jumping legs green, otherwise yellowish-brown, 
was also taken. 

On the north wall of the Fort itself, or on the ground 
close by, considerable numbers of the red and brown bug 
Scantius forsteri, Fabr., were found, for the most part paired. 
Many of them exuded a drop of clear liquid when pinned, 
and in one or two a slight, somewhat offensive odour was 
detected. 

The swampy heath-like waste beyond HumMEwooD and 
the woods at the back of it proved very barren of insect 
life, perhaps partly from the uniformity of the vegetation, 
partly from exposure to the sea-winds. A few Synchloé 
hellica, of both sexes, and three or four Pyrameis cardwi, 
were the only butterflies seen. 

Stone-turning yielded a small beetle which Mr. L. 
Péringuey believes to be a new species of Anaulacus, but 
possibly a Microus; four Hurynotus muricatus, Kirby ; 
another species of the same genus that may be new; 
one larva of Luceola sp.; also the Cockroach Deropeltis 
erythrocephala, Fabr., which, as is so common with the 
group, was very local and markedly gregarious. 

Five specimens of an undetermined beetle were found 
on composite flowers. Sweeping produced a red-winged 
Homopteron, two dragonflies, Sympetrum sanguineum, 
Miill. (a common species), and the large and beautifully- 
coloured Anax mauricanus, Ramb.; all took some catching. 
A common-looking “ Greenbottle,” Lucilia sp., was taken, 
but the species, or others like it, was abundant throughout 
our journey, 


378 Drs. Dixey and Longstaft’s Observations 


The flowers of a yellow Chrysanthemum in the garden 
of the Humewood Hotel attracted a certain number of 
insects: Apis adansonit, Latr.,3; the active green Longicorn 
Promeces linearis, Linn.; and the Hopliine Dieranocnemus 
Ssquamosus, Burm., the last-named in abundance buried in 
the flowers (and in other Composite); but it was noted 
that their hind-legs did not mimic jaws. 


CarE Town. SECOND VISIT. 
Lat. 34° 8. October 2, 3. 


One day was devoted to the ascent of TABLE MOUNTAIN 
by way of The Gorge. 

Most of the collecting was along the road at about 1,200 
feet above the sea. Very few butterflies were seen, a few 
Pyrameis cardut, Linn., also a few Pseudonympha vigilans, 
Trim., and a few of the Lycenid Cacyreus palemon, Cram. 

The fine black and white Carabid, Anthea 10-guttata, 
Fabr., was not uncommon running on the path;* when 
handled it emitted a very pungent odour (one specimen 
of this beetle was taken in a pine wood just above the 
outskirts of the town). Under stones five specimens of 
Microlestia tabida, Fabr., were taken. But the greatest 
numbers of beetles were found on, or actually 7m composite 
flowers, especially those of a species of Senecio. The 
most abundant species was the Hopliine Heterochelus 
forcipatus, Burm., a species in which the posterior legs 
are enormously developed in the male sex; no females 
were seen. With these were a few (3 th 1 2) of the 
allied Dichelus dentipes, Fabr., of which the males have 
large posterior legs. There were also a number of Hneyo- 
phanes sp. (unnamed in Brit. Mus.) of both sexes. All 
these were buried in the disks of the flower with only 
the hind-legs protruding.t A specimen of the hairy 
Hopliine Anison, yx lynz, Fabr., was taken in another 
composite flower (? Gazania sp.). 

By shaking the flowers of a Senecio (2) into the net the 
following were obtained: Ootheca tricolor, Fabr., two; 
? Hedy bins sp., Six; a very small weevil, an Erirrhinid of 
uncertain genus, one; Oosonvus sp., seven; several Telephort 
and a Cricket. 

* Not so swift in its movements as the Biskra species A. sea- 
maculata, Fabr. Probably the struggle for existence is not so severe 


on the Cape Peninsula as on the Sahara.—G. B. L. 
+ See Lonestarr, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 93-95 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 379 


At the flowers of a yellow leguminous shrub two 
workers of Apis adansonii, Latr., were taken, together with 
three bees of the genus Megachile, all males, all distinct 
species and all apparently new! However, Col. C. T. 
Bingham says that it is useless in that genus to name or 
describe males without females. It was noted with sur- 
prise that the beautiful strong-scented golden yellow 
blossoms of the Protea, a shrub characteristic of the Cape 
Peninsula, attracted nothing but a few flies. At about 
1,400 feet Bombylius lateralis, Fabr., was met with, and 
the Satyrid Pseudonympha vigilans, Trim., up to 1,500 feet. 

The summit, 3,600 feet, was in dense cloud, for the 
“table-cloth”’ was spread, and the only insects taken at 
that altitude were hairy Hopliines; two Anisonyx lyna, 
Fabr., and one A. wrsus, Fabr.; of these two were on 
flowers, one on the wing. 

Turning over stones at the foot of the Lion HI, 
c. 300 feet, yielded two ants, Acantholepsis capensis, Mayr. ; 
the beetle Oncotus tardus, Sol.; a larva of Luciola sp. ; and 
the cockroach Temnopteryx phalerata, Sauss. 

The next day we took the train to Simon’s Town, 
which lies about fifteen miles to the south of Cape Town. 
Here our collecting was confined to a strip of sandy 
ground with eastern aspect, close to the shore and at the 
foot of the line of hills capped with sandstone crags 
perhaps 3,000 feet in height, which overlook Simon’s Bay. 

As we came out of the station a large blue-black 
Carpenter bee, Xylocopa capensis, Lepel., dashed at the 
head of one of us; forthwith his companion made violent 
efforts to catch the bee, and for some time the bewildered 
entomologist was in considerable peril between the swoops 
of the net and the assaults of the Aculeate! 

The Heteromerous beetle, Opatrwm ? arenariwm, 
Fabr., was common in a very sandy place under stones, 
and in like situation were single specimens of Harpalus 
fuscipennis, Wied., and the black and red Reduviid bug 
Acanthaspis lythrodes, Germ., of which the British Museum 
possesses but a solitary example. 

The dry sandy soil, scorched by the sun and exposed to 
the sea winds, is thoroughly suited to the taste of a 
Mesembryanthemum, which grew luxuriantly, its handsome 
flowers attracting many insects. Among these was a 
Hopliine beetle, Lepitrix lineata, Fabr., which was very 
abundant at one spot close to the railway-station, Unlike 


380 Drs. Dixey and Longstaft’s Observations 


the Dicheli and Heterocheli they do not bury themselves 
among the stamens of the flowers, but are as active as 
bees, flying very readily. A few specimens were also 
found in the spathes of the white arum, these curiously 
enough did not attempt to fly. On the other hand, some 
small black bees with white-ringed abdomen, Halictus 
albofasciatus, Smith, ¢, did bury themselves in the 
Mesembryanthemum, but nevertheless were so active as 
to be difficult to catch; associated with them, closely 
mimicking them, and almost equally hard to catch, were 
some flies, ? Ploas sp. and ? Prorachthas sp. The mimicry, 
especially in habits, was very striking during life, yet in 
the cabinet the insects look distinct enough. 

On other flowers such small things were found as six 
green beetles, ? Hedybius sp., the tiny Hurysthenes balyt, 
Chap., a Hutrapela sp., which stands without a name 
at South Kensington; Adtagenus sp.; Harpalus xantho- 
raphus, Wied.; Telephorus sp.; the Hopline Pachycnema 
obscurepurpuria, De Geer, a 9, also one of each sex of a 
small bee, Dasypoda sp., which Col. Bingham says is near 
to betica, Spin., but distinct, and the little Halictus 
terminalis, Smith, 2. A yellow lihaceous flower was 
tenanted by a small beetle, Notoxus inconstans, Lafert. 

The black and yellow Ceroctis capensis, Linn., was found 
in the yellow flower of a prickly composite, while in the 
flowers of Senecio ? concolor (a species with purple ray- 
florets) were numbers of a small Heteromeron, Notoxus sp. 

Close to the beach, running swiftly over the sand and 
taking the short flights so characteristic of the genus, were 
several Cicindela brevicollis, Wied. An Asilid, ? Dysma- 
chus sp., was also fond of settling on the bare sand. The 
Elater Gdistoma cuprea, Linn., was also taken on the 
sand; during life it was of an iridescent bronze colour, 
which proved very fugitive. 

On a tuft of grass, above the ground, a semi-papyraceous 
nest was found to be tenanted by a numerous community 
of ants, Cremastogaster stadelmanni, Meyyr. 

Lastly, on the heathy scrub on the hillside at Glencairn 
two Lycenids were taken, Phasis thero, Linn., and Cacyreus 
thespis, Linn, With them was a fly, Heematopota sp. 

Just before embarking we drove down to THE FLATS, 
near Claremont, but the weather conditions were un- 
favourable and the results wholly disappointing. Pyrameis 
cardui and Pseudonympha cassius were the only butterflies 


and Captures in South Africa in 1905. 381 


obtained ; the latter was worn and appeared to be of the 
wet-season form. An as yet undetermined moth (? Psewdo- 
sterrha sp.), a2 grasshopper and a few very ordinary flies, 
Eristalis tenaz, Fabr., Catabomba sp. and Calliphora 
vomitoria, Linn., were the only other things taken. 


Thus ended our eight weeks in Africa, resulting in the 
capture of some 2,500 specimens of all orders. So ex- 
tensive is the fauna and so far from being exhausted that 
even in this scamper (for our journey may well be so 
designated), several new species were taken, while there 
remain a number of insects not yet worked out which 
almost certainly include several other novelties. 

Our sincere thanks are due to Professor E. B. Poulton, 
F.R.S.; to the assistants of the Hope Department; to Mr. 
C. O. Waterhouse and all the staff of the Entomological 
Department of the Natural History Museum; to Com- 
mander J. J. Walker, Colonel J. W. Yerbury, Mr. W. L. 
Distant, Mr. R. Trimen, F.R.S., Mr. M. Jacoby, Mr. G. H. 
Verrall, and Mr. L. Péringuey, for their assistance in 
naming our specimens. ‘To Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., 
Col. C. T. Bingham, Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, and Mr. R. 
Shelford, our special thanks are due for describing new 
species. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX/V. 


[See Explanation facing the PLATE. ] 


SEPTEMBER 26TH, 1907. 


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& 38309 


XX. A List of the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. By 
Matcotm CAMERON, 'M.B., R.N., and A. CARUANA 
GatTrTo, LL.D. 


[Read March 20th, 1907.] 


In publishing this contribution we trust that it may be of 
some service to collectors and those interested in the 
distribution of species. 

We must acknowledge our indebtedness to the following 
gentlemen, who have been good enough to examine some 
of the species:—MM. Fanvel, Reitter, Pic, Régimbart, 
Desbrochers des Loges, Dr. David Sharp, and Mr. E. A. 
Newbery; also to Mr. G. C. Champion, who has kindly 
allowed us to see many species from the collection of 
Commander J. J. Walker, R.N., which had not been 
obtained by us, and which in the list are noted as Coll. 
J.J. W., or teste J.J. W. Names of species in brackets 
are those which have not come under our notice, although 
recorded by others. 

The order and nomenclature adopted throughout is 
that of the “Cat. Col. Europe” of Heyden, Reitter, and 
Weise (1891 edition). 

The figures refer to the months. 


GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS. 


The group of the Maltese Islands consists of the two 
islands of Malta and Gozo, and of the small islets of 
Comino, Cominotto, and Filfola. 

Malta, which is the main island, is 174 miles in length 
and 83 miles in breadth, its area being 95 square miles; 
Gozo is 9 miles in length, 44 in breadth, and has an area 
of 20 square miles; Comino has an area of about 1 
square mile, and Cominotto and Filfola are even smaller. 

They are situated almost at the centre of the Medi- 
terranean; the distance from Capo Passero in Sicily is 
about 60 miles, and from the nearest point in Africa about 
200 miles. Close to the African shore lies the island of 
Lampedusa, and further west, midway between Sicily and 
Africa, the islands of Linosa and Pantelleria. Both with 

TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART III. (NOV.) 26 


384 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of 


regard to the flora and fauna all these islands bear a great 
affinity to the Maltese group, but, as may be supposed, the 
productions of the latter are even more allied to those of 
Sicily. As a matter of fact, the Maltese Islands, in their 
general appearance, are very much like the southern part 
of Sicily and the country about Syracuse, the only difference 
being the greater flatness of the land in Malta, and the 
want of trees and water-courses. 

The climate, as lately well described by Mr. T. B. 
Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S.,! may be divided roughly into a wet 
and a dry season, the former beginning in October and 
ending in March, the latter including the remaining 
months. Showers of rain occur also in April, May, and 
September, but in June, July, and August they are much 
rarer. The average rainfall is over 20 inches, and the 
mean annual temperature is 65°6° Fahy. 

The appearance of the islands in summer is extremely 
sterile and barren, mainly because, even where the soil is 
cultivated, the small fields are enclosed by numberless 
stone walls of loose stones, and the rocky wastes are 
almost devoid of all vegetation. The heat is then almost 
tropical, the temperature ranging from 75° to 90° in the 
shade. 

In Malta there are no mountains, rivers, or marshes. 
The highest point in the islands is 758 feet above sea-level ; 
the limestone cliffs on the west and south very often rise” 
abruptly from the sea to a height of 300 or 400 feet. In 
Malta the land slopes gradually on the east to the water 
edge, forming numerous bays and harbours, and drops 
suddenly on the other side by a large “ fault,” which crosses 
the island from end to end at right angles to its long axis. 

The place of rivers is taken by deep valleys, called 
“ Wieds” in the Maltese language; and in these “ wieds” 
during the rainy season water runs at the bottom, and pools 
of water may be found even afterwards, but in summer 
they are perfectly dry. 

Some of these valleys, particularly those which are less 
cultivated, are very good collecting-grounds, and in the 
proper season trips to such valleys as L’Imtahlep, Jneina, 
Inquisitor’s Palace, Bishop’s Garden, Ta Baldu, Encita, 
Babu, El Ghasel, in Malta, and Migiarro, Xlendi, Ducira, 
in Gozo, besides affording a good harvest in insects and 
plants, are always very interesting and pleasant excursions. 

1 “Entomologist,” vol. xxxvil, pp. 274-5. 


the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 385 


One of the most noteworthy features of the islands is 
the want of trees. There must have been a time at some 
remote epoch in which trees and shrubs were not so scarce, 
and a certain amount of “bush,” of which traces are still 
left, must have existed. At present the only indigenous 
trees and shrubs to be seen in some of the valleys just 
mentioned, not to speak of the rarer species, are the 
following :—Crategus oxyacantha and azarolus, on which 
feeds Lhamphus pulicarius, Herbst; Populus alba, Salix 
alba and pedicillata, from which we obtained Smicronyx 
cyaneus, Gyll., a few Quercus lex, Pistacia lentiscus, Rosma- 
rinus officinalis, Vitex agnus-castus, Tamarix africana, 
(these two latter in Gozo), Euphorbia dendroides, Erica 
multiflora, Rhamnus oleoides, and Cineraria maritima, and 
Inula erithmoides on rocks near the sea. Rubus fruticosus, 
Smilax aspera, Loniceru vmplexa, Clematis cirrhosa, Hedera 
helix, and Asparagus acutifolius represent the climbing 
shrubs. Of cultivated trees, the Carob, Ceratonia siliqua, 
is generally spread, and with its dark evergreen foliage 
and low spreading branches marks in a characteristic 
way every Maltese landscape. Fig trees (Ficus carica) in 
several varieties and prickly pears (Opuntia vulgaris) are 
also widely grown by the walls in fields and country 
tenements. ‘The cultivation of orange trees, which used 
to yield the finest and most luscious fruit in the world, is 
at present much neglected, on account of the scale-insect 
disease, and of the extensive free importation of oranges 
to Malta from Sicily and elsewhere. Vines are very 
abundant, and so are almond trees in some places, but 
though vineyards are to be met with in some places, 
woods, parks, and extensive groves are absolutely 
wanting. 

The obvious result of this want of trees on Coleoptera, as 
may be seen in the list which follows, is the small number 
of Longicorns, other tree-borers and dendrophilous species. 
Considering that rivers, lakes, or any other permanent 
water-courses or open reservoirs are absolutely wanting, the 
presence of water-beetles may appear a puzzle. They are 
certainly not very numerous, but until the pools or 
streamlets at the bottom of the valleys dry up, the collector 
may successfully work for them among the Charx, Nitellz, 
and the fresh-water Al/gx which then grow, or under 
stones at the water’s edge. Chadwick’s Reservoir or Wied 
el Klia, Fiddian, Marsa, Jneina, S. Martin, Boschetto, 


386 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of 


Ghirghenti, may be pointed out as good localities for 
water and for water-loving beetles. 

Cicindele, Scarites, Dyschirius, Bembidia, Pogonus, Aniso- 
dactylus, Acupalpus, Dichirotrwhus, LBledius, Phaleria, 
Trachyscelis, Opatrum, Clitobius, and several Anthici are 
found in sandy and marshy places lke Marsa, Salina, 
Melleha Bay, Marsa Scala, Birzebuggia, and Jneina. 
Umbellifers, Chrysanthemum coronarium and other com- 
posites, the Sulla (Hedysarum coronariwin) yield a good 
harvest of Anthrenus, Attagenus, Colotes, Hbxus, Attalus, 
Dasytes, Psilothrix, Haplocnenus, Dasytiseus, Sitones, Ceu- 
thorrhynchus, Labidostomus, and Mylabiis ; whilst on Cynar a 
horvida the Larini, Tillus transversalis, and the Cetonix 
may be collected. On Asphodel Agapanthia asphodeli is 
found; on Rumer, Apion xneum and meridianum ; on 
Asparagus, Crioceris paracenthesis. Podagrica and Apion 
malve are found on Mallows, Amenadia on Crithmum, 
Chrysomela grossa on Nigalla, C. bicolor on Thymus capitatus, 
C. americana on Rosmarinus, C. quadrigemina, Suff., on 
Hypericum crispum, Epilachna on Kebalium, Longitarsus 
strangulatus on Cineraria maritima,and Eypicometis squalida 
and Leucocelis funesta on all sorts of flowers. | 

A great number of species lke Pimelia, Tentyria, 
Stenosis, Akis, Scaurus, Asida, Phylax, Pentodon, Hy pera, 
Gonocephalum, Silpha and others are found in the country 
by the road-sides, and on waste ground, crawling about 
or under stones. 

Every one knows where to look for Ateuchi, Aphodi, 
Onthophayi, Histeride, Saprini, and many Staphylinide. 
The best time for collecting is, for autumnal species, 
from September, after the first rains, to the middle of 
November, and for spring species from February to June. 

From February to April vegetation is at its best; 
Pheasant’s-eye, Asphodel, Ranunculi, Helianthemi, Chrysan- 
themums, Poppies, Mallows, the introduced but abundant 
Oxalis cernua, and the Hedysarum coronarium in fields are 
in full bloom. A great nuisance in sweeping plants and 
beating the small bushes is the extraordinary abundance 
of young snails to which beetles are found to be sticking 
in the net or on the tray. 

By July all herbage is dried up, and on account of the 
burning sun and the parched-up soil, the collector has to 
limit himself to beating trees in some shady valley, or in 
gardens and cultivated fields. Awlacophora abdominals is 


the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 387 


then found on melon and cucumber plants. Longitarsus, 
Aphthona, Phyllotreta, Spheroderma, Demetrias atricapillus, 
and many Apions may thus be obtained. 

In autumn, besides stone-turning and looking in the 
débris washed down by rains, a ready way to obtain some 
good species is by beating or shaking on the tray the 
bundles of Znwla and other plants which are bound together 
to dry, and left by the country people on the ground in 
fields or rocky places. 

The distribution of species is very irregular; some of 
the most interesting and special forms are quite common, 
others have a very limited area of distribution, being local 
and very rare. Thus there is no difficulty in getting at 
the proper season—Dasytiscus melitensis, Tentyria lxvi- 
gata, v. leachi, Asida melitana, Phylax melitensis, while 
Lemosthenes yreicorms, Bruchus duvali, Thylacites beloni are 
harder to obtain, and Hurynebria complanata, Zuphium 
olens, Drypta distincta, Calosoma madere, Anthaxia 
umbellatarum, Saperda punctata, Callidiwm violacewm, 
Lhopalopus clavipes have been found only in single 
specimens. 

Very little information has been published about the 
Maltese Coleoptera. 

George Waring, in his “ Letters from Malta and Sicily” 
(1843), refers to a collection of beetles which in 1833 
was being made in Malta by Dr. Leach, but it appears 
that unfortunately nothing was ever published about it. 

In 1857 Prof. Gavino Gulia delivered a course of ento- 
mological lectures at St. Antonio, which were published in 
1858; the determination of all species mentioned, however, 
is so doubtful, to say the least, that the list of species 
cannot be taken into any account. 

One of us contributed to “ The Mediterranean Naturalist,” 
in 1893, an article on “The Common Beetles of the 
Maltese Islands,” in which mention is made of about 135 
species. 

The only other published information which we know 
of is scattered through various entomological works, and 
consists mainly of the descriptions of several endemic 
species. 

Far from pretending that the following is a complete 
list of Maltese beetles, we are sure that further researches 
and studies will brmg out more species, especially among 
the Micro-Coleoptera; we believe, however, that we may 


388 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of 


state that the bulk of the Maltese Coleopterous fauna is 
very fairly represented in our list, the more so considering 
that this is the first attempt to give a list of the beetles. 


LIST OF COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN THE 
MALTESE ISLANDS.! 
CICINDELID&. 


Cicindela (campestris, L., teste Gulia) littoralis, F.*, Marsa, 
Mistra, Birzebuggia, Marsa Scala, Marsa Scirocco, Melleha, 
Ramla, Gozo, 4-9; melancholica, F., Marsa, 7, sunrise till 
8 A.M. 


CARABID. 


Calosoma maderx, ¥., Marsa, 7, Valletta, 7, two only. 
Carabus morlillosus, ¥.*, general throughout the year. 
Eurynebria complanata, L., Melleha, 11, one only. Nebria 
andalusiaca, Ramb., general, 1-4, 11. Notiophilus gemi- 
natus, De}.*, general throughout the year. Scarites aren- 
arius, Bon., St. George’s Bay, 4-11, rare; buparius, Forst., 
Melleha, Marfa, 3, 4, 5, 11, not common; planus, Bon.*, 
Marsa, Fiddian, Melleha, Jniena, 4-11. Dyschirius witidus, 
Schaum, Melleha, 11, common; m«croderus, Chaud., Marsa 
Scala, 6, rare ; cylindricus, Dej., St. George’s Bay, 8, one 
only; apicalis, Putz, Marsa, Birzebuggia, 8, common. 
Siagona europea, Dej., Melleha, 5, one only. Lembidion 
ambiguum, De}.*, general throughout the year; preustum, 
Dej.*, Marsa, L’Imtahlep, Jniena, Marsa Scala, 5, 6, 
not common; xormannum, Dej., Marsa Scala, Marsa 
Scirocco, St. George’s Bay, 8, 9, common; obéuswum, 
Sturm*, general, 3-10; guttula, L., Jniena, Gnien el 
Gbir, 5, common; diguttatwm, F¥.*, Melleha, 4, 11, com- 
mon. Ocys harpaloides, Serv., Gbir, Makluba, Attard, 
5, 10, 11, common. TZachys hemorrhoidalis, Dej.*, El 
Klia, Gozo, 6, common; v. socius, Schaum, with type; 
unicolor, Ragusa, El Klia, 6; parvulus, Dej., Valletta, 
spring ; v. quadrinavus, Reitt., with preceding ; fulvicollis, 
Dej.*, Marsa, Ghirghenti, 6-10, common; bistriatus, Duft, 
Marsa, 8, 9, 10, common; v. gregarius, Chaud., Marsa, 
9, 10, common ; scwtellaris, Steph.*, Marsa, Marsa Scala, St. 
George’s Bay, Melleha, 4, 5, 9,10; algiricus, Luc.*, Jniena, 

1 The species marked with an asterisk, as well as those specially 


noted, were obtained in Malta by Mr. J. J. Walker in 1874-5-6, 
almost exclusively between the months of October and March. 


the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 389 


11. Trechus subnotatus, Dej., Marsa, 5, common. Pogonus 
chalceus, Marsh., Marsa, Fort Manoel, Melleha, St. George’s 
Bay, common all the year. Agonum atratwm, Duft., Gbir, 
Jniena, 4-11, common. Olisthopus fuscatus, De}.*, common 
throughout the year. Bedelius cireumseptus, Germ., general, 
4-10. Calathus mollis, Marsh., common throughout the 
year. Lemosthenes picicornis, Dej., Valletta, Wied Encita, 
Marsa, Boschetto, Melleha, Zurico, Gozo, 11-3, not com- 
mon; barbarus, Luc., ex. Coll. J. J. W. Amara wxnea, 
De G., Coll. Walker; eurynota, Panz., Gbir, 10, one ex- 
ample; dalmatina, Dej., Jniena, Ricasoli, Melleha, 10, 11, 
rare. Acinopus ambiguus, Dej.*, Corradino, Tigné, Fort 
Manoel, Binjemma, Salina, Ricasoli, St. George’s Bay, 
Attard, Gozo, not common, 4, 5,9, 10,11. Avzstus clypeatus, 
Rossi*, Corradino, El Klia, Naxaro, Marsa Scirocco, 4, 5, 
10, not common. Ditomus cordatus, Dej.*, San Martino, 
11, two specimens; calydonius, Rossi*, Jniena, L’Imtahlep, 
Encita, Wied Dalam, 1—4, 11, not common; ¢ricuspidatus, 
F.*, Ghirghenti, Gbir, 5, rare. Carterus fulvipes, De}j., 
Imtarfa, L’Imtahlep,7, common. Scybalicus foblongiusculus, 
Dej., Jniena, 11, Gbir, 7, 9, rare. Ophonus meridionalis, 
Dej.*, everywhere, 3-6, 10, 11; pubescens, Miill., Gbir, 6, 
7,9; griseus, Panz., Gbir, 6, 8. Harpalus tenebrosus, De}., 
Jniena, Attard, Ricasoli, Salina, Notabile, 5, 8, 10, not 
common. Anisodactylus peciloides, Steph.*, Marsa, Melleha, 
3-6, not common. Dvichirotrichus obsoletus, De}j.*, St. 
George’s Bay, Marsa Scirocco, Jniena, Melleha, 1, 4, 9, 10, 
11, not rare. Bradyceilus verbasci, Duft., Coll. Walker. 
Stenolophus teutonus, Schr., everywhere, 2-11; shrimshi- 
ranus, Steph., Gozo, 7, one example; marginatus, De}.*, 
Marsa, El Klia, St. George’s Bay, 7, 8, rare. Acupalpus 
brunnipes, Sturm, Salina, 6, one example ; (distriga, Rttr., 
“Cat. Col. Europ.”) ; dorsalis, F.*, Jniena, 10; v. discus, Rttr., 
El Klia; immundus, Rttr., Iniena; lucasi, Gaubil*, damp 
places everywhere, 8; jlavipennis, Luc., Marsa, 10, one 
example. Amblystomus levantinus, Rttr., Melleha, Marsa 
Scirocco, 11, not common ; cephalotes, Rttr., Jniena, 11, one 
example. Licinus brevicollis, De}.*, common throughout 
the year. Chlenius azureus, Duft.*, Marsa, 6, 7, 8, rare ; 
variegatus, Foure., general, 2-10; festivus, F.*, Ta Baldu, 
11; velutinus, Duft.*, E] Klia, 7; circumseptus, Duft., El Khia, 
7, rare. Metabletus exclamationis, Mén., Gbir, 5, 6, rare. 
Blechrus glabratus, Duft.*, everywhere throughout the year ; 
plagiatus, Duft.*, Marsa, Melleha, El Klia, 7, 8, 11, not un- 


390 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of 


common. Dromius linearis, Ol., Fort Manoel, St. George’s 
Bay, 10; quadrimaculatus, L., Jniena, rare. Demetrias 
atricapillus, L.*, everywhere, 4-11. Cymindis suturalis, 
Dej., Fort Manoel, 5, one only. Zuphium olens, F., Jniena, 
11, one only. Drypta dentata, Rossi, Ta Baldu, 11, rare; 
distincta, Rossi, Jniena, 11, one only. 


DYTISCIDA. 


HHaliplus lineatocollis, Marsh., Marsa, St. George’s Bay, 
El Klia, Gozo, 3, 4, 9, common. Calambus confluens, F., 
El Klia, 10, common. Deronectes ceresyi, Aubé, Salina, 7, 
common. Hydroporus varius, Aubé, St. Paul’s Bay, El 
Klia, Fidian, Gozo, 6, 8, 11, common ; ¢essellatus, Drap., v. 
humilis, Klug, general, 1-5, 10. Laccophilus interruptus, 
Pz., v. testaceus, Aubé, El Kha, 10. Agabus nebulosus, 
Forst., El Klia, Melleha, 4. Cymatopterus fuscus, L., El 
Khia, 6. Jeladema coriaceum, Lap., El Klia, St. Paul’s 
Bay, 5, 8,10, common. Dytiscus circumflexus, F., a single 
specimen was found alive in the Grand Harbour in 1890. 


HYDROPHILID. 


Helochares dilutus, Kr., El Khia, common, 6-10. Anacena 
ovata, Reiche, Jniena, Melleha, Gozo, 5, 6. Laccobius bipunc- 
tatus, F., El Klia, Gozo, 7,10. Berosus affinis, Brull., El 
Kha, Mistra, St. George’s Bay, common, 6,9, 10. Cereyon 
depressus, Steph., Marsa Scala, 7, 8, common ; ustulatus, 
Preyss., Coll. J. J. W.; flavipes, F., Coll. J. J. W.5 quisqui- 
lius, L.*, everywhere, 3, 4, 6,75; centrimaculatus, Sturm, 
Coll. J. J. W.  Spheridium bipustulatum, F.*, general, 1, 
3,7. Colostoma orbiculare, F., Gozo, Migiarro, 6, 7, com- 
mon. Dactylosternum insulare, Lap., Ghirghenti, 10, rare. 
ITelophorus rugosus, O1.*, El Klia, 3, not common ; porculus, 
Bedel, Gbir, 4, 5, 6, rare; alternans, Gené*, El Kha, 3; 
aquaticus, L.*, general, 3-11; dorsalis, Marsh.*, v. emaciatus, 
Kuw., St. Paul’s Bay, 10,11, rare; algiricus, Bach., St. 
Paul’s Bay, 11; pallidipennis, Motsch., v. reitteri, Kuw., 
Wied Ghormor, Gbir, L'Imtablep, 8-5. Ochthebius quad- 
vicollis, Muls., L’Imtahlep, 5, common; swhinteger, Mauls., 
L’Imtahlep, 5, rare; j/oveolatus, Germ., Marsa Scala, 8, 
common; exaratus, Muls., Jniena, 11, rare; /anuginosus, 
Reiche, one example ; maculatus, Reiche, ex. from J. J. W. ; 
impressicollis, Lap., Ta Baldu, 10, common; vy. imperfectus, 
Kuw., Boschetto, 7, rare. Hydrena nigrita, Germ., Ta 
Baldu, 11, rare. 


-_—. =. 


the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 391 


PARNID. 


Parnus algiricus, Luc., L’Imtahlep, Ghirghenti, Fiddian, 
Gbir, 3, 4, 10, 11, not common. 


HETEROCERIDZ. 
Heterocerus melitensis, Rttr.*, general, 5, 6, 7. 


STAPHYLINIDA. 


Chilopora longitarsis, Er., Salina, 5. Calodera hieroso- 
lymitana, Saule.*, Jniena, Ta Baldu, 3. Phlwopora corti- 
calis, Gray. var., Coll. J. J. W. Ocyusa nigrata, Fairm., Coll. 
J.J.W. Oxypoda ambigena, Fauvel, Coll. J.J. W.; wnbrata, 
Gyll., L’Imtahlep, 5, not common; sericea, Heer, Coll. 
J.J. W.; recondita, Kr., Coll. J. J. W. ; hemorrhoa, Sablb., 
Melleha, 11, rare. Aleochara clavicornis, Redt.*, Melleha, 6, 
not common ; ia Hoe puberula, Klug, Coll. 
Desa W.. 5 hipunctata, OL.*, Marsa, 5; crassa, Baudi, Jniena, 
6, not common; morion, Gane. Coll. ae alt W.: ; crassvuscula, 
Sahlb.*, general, 10; tristis, Grav., Coll. J. J. W. 5; ngerrima, 
Kr., Jniena, 6; masta, Grav. var. ?, ? locality; nztida, 
Grav.*, general. Myrmacia rigida, Ev., Ta Baldu, Jniena, 
Ghirghenti, rare, 5, 6. Alianta plumbea, Wat., Jniena, 6. 
Halobrectha atricilla, Er.*, Melleha, 11; algwv, Hardy, 
Melleha, 11. Co lpodota sordida, Marsh.* , Melleha, 11, com- 
mon ; aterrima, Gr., ? locality ; nigerr Roh Aubé, J niena, 7 ; 
Jungt, Grav.*, v. orbata, Er., general, 2-5, 9-11. aie 
analis, Gray., El Klia, 10, not common. Creostiba plicatella, 
Fauv.*, Jniena, 11, not common. <Atheta pertyi, Heer*, 
general, 10; oraria, Kr., Coll. J. J. W. ; canthopus, Thoms., 
Coll. J. J. W.: oblita, Er, Melleha, 11, rare; meridionalis, 
Rey, Jniena, 11, common; atramentaria, Gyll, general; n2- 
gricornis, Thoms.*, teste i J.W.; zostere, Thoms., Ta Baldu, 
5, one example; amicula, Steph.*, Binjemma, Jniena, 10, 
11, common; ldongula, Heer, Jniena, 6, common. <A/oco- 
nota gregaria, Kr.*, everywhere. Zomoglossa lutewornis, 
Er., L’Imtahlep, 6, rare. Dilacra luteipes, Er., Ta Baldu, 5. 
Gnypeta labilis, Er., Concessione, 5, El Kha, 6. (Zachyusa 
cingulata, Jek.) Myrmecopora lesa, Er., Marsa, Marsa 
Scala, 6; wvida, Er., Marsa Scala, 6; swlcata, Kies., Jniena, 
6. Falagria sulcata, Payk.*, Boschetto, 6; obscura, Grav.*, 
everywhere. Actocharis marina, Fauy., Jniena, 9. Pronomexa 
rostrata, Er., Ghirghenti, 6, rare. Myllxna kraatzi, Sharp, 
LiImtahlep, Ta Baldu, 5, Jniena, 10. Oligota pusillima, 


392 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of 


Grav.*, Gbir, Jniena, Binjemma, 10, common. Hypocyptus 
seminulum, Er., St. Paul’s Bay, Boschetto, 6, common. 
Leucoparyphus silphoides, L.*, St. Paul’s Bay, 6, rare. 
Tachyporus hypnorum, ¥.*, general ; v. meridionalis, Fairm., 
general ; nitidulus, F.*, general. Conwrus pubescens, Payk.*, 
Fort Manoel, Marsa, 5; pedicularius, Grav.*, Binjemma, 
10, not common. M, ‘ycetoporus nanus, Er., Gbir, 10, rare; 
punctipennis, Scriba, Coll. J. J. W.; reichet, Pand.*, ex 
Coll. Walker. Quedius molochinus, Grav.*, Gbir, Ghirghenti, 
6, 9, common ; obliteratus, Er.* general, 9, 10. Creophilus 


a =) 
mascillosus, ine general. Ocypus olens, Miill., everywhere ; 


> 
eneocephalus, Deg., general, 4, 10, 11 ; edentulus, Block, Gbir, 
10, common. Cafius xantholoma, Grav., Marsa Scala, 6, 
Melleha, 11 ; sericews, Holme, Marsa Scala, 6. Philonthus 
politus, L., Gbir, 6, rare; sordidus, Grav.*, Boschetto, 5, 
common; ventralis, Grav.*, Melleha, 6, not common; 
discoideus, Grav.*, Fiddian, 10; corruscus, Grav., not 
common ; ebeninus, Grav., everywhere ; fimetarius, Grav.*, 
Coll. J. J. W.; nigritulus, Gray., everywhere ; thermarum, 
Aubé*, v. maritimus, Motsch., Jniena, Marsa, 10, not com- 
mon ; laticollis, Fauv., Boschetto, 6, Gbir, 10, common; 
longicornis, Steph.*, Boschetto, L’Imtahlep, 5, 6, common ; 
varians, Payk.*, not common ; «gilis, Grav., Boschetto, 6, 
not common. Othius leviusculus, Steph., here and there, 
not common. Leptacinus parumpunctatus, Gyll., St. Paul’s 
Bay, El Klia, 6, rare; batychrus, Gyll.*, Marsa, 7, rare. 
Eulissus fulgidus, F.*, general, 3-10. Xantholinus punctula- 
tus, Payk., general ; hesperus, Er., Zurico, 12, two examples. 
Lathrobium lusitanicum, Er.*, Jniena, 10, not common. 
Achenium striatum, Latr., Jniena, 10,not common; tenellum, 
Er., Jniena, not common ; brevipenne, Qued., teste J. J. W. 
Medon piceus, Kr., Coll. J. J. W.; nigritulus, Er.*, general; 
ochraceus, Grav.*, general. Scopeus gracilis, Sperk, El Khia, 
10, Marsa, 8, rare; debilis, Hoch., El Klia, 10, rare; levigatus, 
Gyll.*, Ghirghenti, 6, rare. Domene stilicina, Er.*, Jniena, 
11, not common.  Stilicus orbiculatus, Payk., general. 
Sunius, n. sp.. Ta Baldu, 11, one example ; wniformis, Duv., 
Coll. J. J. W.; bimaculatus, Er., common, 7; melanurus, 
Kiist.*, not common, 9; walkeri, Fauv.*, Binjemma, 10, Fort 
Manoel, 10, very rare  angustatus, Payk.*, common, 5, a 1: 

Stenus melanopus, Marsh. * Marsa, Melleha, 4, 5, 10, 1 
common; nigritulus, Gyll.*, v. lepidus, Ws., common, 6; 
languidus, Er.*, common, 6, 10. Platystethus cornutus, 
Gyll., Coll. J.J. W.; spinosus, Er.*, Jniena, 10, not common ; 


ee 


the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands, 593 


nitens, Sahlb.*, Jniena, 11, Marsa, 10, common. Oxytelus 
sculptus, Grav.*, Boschetto, 5, Marsa, 11; inustus, Grav., 
common; sculpturatus, Grav., Coll. J. J. W.; nitidulus, 
Grav., common ; complanatus, Er.*, Jniena, 10 ; speculifrons, 
Ky.*, common. Bledius fureatus, Ol. St. George’s Bay, 
8, not common; graellsi, Fauv., Coll. J. J. W.; tricornis, 
Hbst., Marsa, 9, 10, not common ; corniger, Rosenh., Salina, 
6, common; wnicornis, Germ.*, common; debilis, Er., 
Melleha, 11, one example. TZvrogophleus riparius, Lac., 
L’Imtahlep, Jniena, 6; bilineatus, Er., Coll. J. J. W.; 
memnonius, Er.*, Marsa, 7, common; corticinus, Grav.*, 
Gbir, 9, common; ¢roglodytes, Er.*, Melleha, 11, rare; 
punetipennis, Kies., L’Imtahlep, Marsa, 6, 7, common ; 
alutaceus, Fauv., Marsa, 7, common; pusillus, Grav., El 
Khia, 5; n. sp., El Klia, 5, Melleha, 11, two examples. 
Omalium allardi, Fairm., Coll. J.J.W. Pycnoglyptarufula, 
Er.*, Valletta, Zurico, Gozo, 1, 11,12. Protinus atomarwis, 
Er.*, here and there. Megarthrus afinis, Mill.*, Encita, 
4, rare, 


MICROPEPLID&. 


Micropeplus porcatus, Payk.*, Encita, 4, rare. 


PSELAPHID. 


Bryaxis cameroni, Rttr., 5-9, common; globulicollis, 
Rey, Salina, 6, Marsa Scala, 6, common ; opuntix, Schmidt, 
Jniena, 11, common. Luplectus brunneus, Grim., Coll. 


Jed. WwW: 
ScYDMANIDA. 


Cyrtoscydmus, n. sp.*, Fort Manoel, 10, rare. Seydmenus 
tarsatus, Miill.*, Gbir, 5, rare; antidotus, Germ.*, Marsa 
Scala, 11, rare; ?sp. n., Marsa, one example. 


SILPHID. 


Catops morio, F*, Marsa, rare; Ptomophagus sericatus, 
Chaud., Fort Manoel, 5, one example. Stlpha oliviert, 
Bedel*, general, 1-6, 11, 12. 

ANISTOMID&. 


Hydnobius demarchii, Rttr., one example. Agathidiwm 
levigatum, Er., Coll. J. J. W. 


394 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of 


CLAMBID2. 


Calyptomerus dubius, Marsh., Binjemma,10. Cybocephalus 
politus, Germ., Boschetto, 5, Gozo, 6, common. 


CoRYLOPHID. 


Parmulus nanus, Rey, general; densatus, Rttr., general. 
Sericoderus lateralis, Gyll., L’Imtahlep, 5. 


TRICHOPTERYGID&. 
Ptenidium pusillum, Gyll., Ghirghenti, St. Paul’s Bay, 6, 


common. Actidium aterrimum, “Motsch. , Birzebuggia, 7. 
Actinopteryx fucicola, Allib., Marsa Scala, M. Scirocco, 8, 
common. T'richopteryx brevipennis, Er., L’Imtahlep, 5; 
sericans, Heer, Melleha, 7, common. 


PHALACRID. 


Phalacrus fimetarius, F., general, 3-11; v. minor, Guill. 
Coll. J. J. W.; substriatus, Gyll., Marsa Scala, 7, rare. Olibrus 
bimaculatus, Kiist., general, 5, 9, 10; liquidus, Er., Marsa 
Scala, 8, common; afinis, Sturm*, common; pygmeus, 
Sturm*, not common. Sti/bus testaceus, Panz.,* very 
common. 


ENDOMYCHIDA. 


Myrmecoxenus picinus, Aub., St. Paul’s Bay, 6, common. 
Symbiotes gibberosus, Luc.*, Gbir, 10. 


CRYPTOPHAGIDA. 


Cryptophilus integer, Heer*, Boschetto, 6. Lewcohimatium 
elongatum, Kr., Coll. J. J Weer yptophagus thomsoni, Rttr., 
Jniena ; scanicus, L., Ta Baldu, 6; vin1, Panz., Ghirghenti, 
6. Atomaria wnifasciata, Er., Valletta: scutellaré iS, Motsch, 
Melleha, 11. Hphistemus globulus, Payk., Jniena, 9. 


LATHRIDIIDA. 


Merophysia formicaria, Lue., Fort Mamoel, 5, rare. 
Holoparamecus bertouti, Aub., Marsa Scala, 6, common ; 
niger, Aub.*, Melleha, 11, common ; caularum, Aub., Coll. 
J.J. W.5 singulare ae Beck, on board in Grand Harbour. 
Enicmus minutus, Coll. J. J. W.; transversus, O1.*, 
common ence ihe year. Ci artodere eles gans, Aubé, 
Gbir, 5, one example. Melanophthalma sericea, Mann., 


the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 395 


Fort Manoel, 10; distinguenda, Com.*, common through- 
out the year; fulvipes, Com.*, common throughout the 


year. 


TRITOMID®. 


Litargus coloratus, Rosh.*, common throughout the year. 
Typha fumata, L., Fort Manoel, 5. 


NITIDULID. 


Cercus rufilabris, Latr., Ta Baldu, 5, common. Brachy- 
pterus glaber, Newm.*, common, 5; ?n. sp., one example. 
Carpophilus immaculatus, Luc.*, Boschetto, 6; mutilatus, 
Er., common throughout the year ; hemipterus, L., common 
throughout the year. Nitidula flavomaculata, Rossi, Marsa, 
10, one specimen. Pria dulcamare, Scop., Gozo, 7, not 
common. Meligethes picipes, Sturm*, Boschetto ; lh: qubris, 
Sturm, Jniena,6. Lhizophagus bipustulatus, ¥.*, Zurico, 2. 


TROGOSITID ©. 


Tenebrioides mauritanicus, L., common near granaries 
throughout the year. 


CoLyYDIID. 


Ditoma crenata, ¥., Coll. J. J. W.  Aglenus brunneus, 
Gyll., Jniena, 10. 
CucuJID-. 


Lemophiwus ferrugineus, Steph.*, very common through- 
out the year; hypobori, Perr., L’Imtahlep, St. Paul’s Bay, 
3, 4,5, common. Hypocoprus quadricollis, Rttr., St. Paul’s 
Bay, 6, common. <enoscelis costipennis, Fairm.*, Jniena, 
10, not common. Silvanus surinamensis, L., common 
throughout the year. Cathartus advena, Waltl, Coll. J. J. 
W. Monotoma spinicollis, Aub.*, St. Paul’s Bay, 6, not 
common; picipes, Herbst*, one example. 


DERMESTIDA. 


Dermestes frischi, Kug.*, very common, 4-10; undulatus, 
Brahm, Gozo, Encita, 3, 4, rare. <Attagenus piceus, O1.*, 
v. dalmatinus, Kiist. ‘Valletta, 5, not common; mar ginicollis, 
Kiist., not common; bifasciatus, Rossi *, common, 3-6. 
Anthrenus fasciatus, Ubst., common, 3-6 ; biscrensis, Rttr., 
very common, 6, 7, 8; verbasci, L.*, Boschetto, 6, not 
common ; /uscus, Latr., Boschetto, 6, rare. 


396 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of 


CISTELIDE (= ByRRHID&, olim). 
Syncalypta, ?n. sp., Coll. J. J. W. 


THORICTIDZ. 
Thorictus grandicollis, Germ.*, general, 


HISTERIDA. 


ister major, L.*, here and there; ventralis, Marsh., 
Marsa, 5; bimaculatus, L., v. morio, Schmidt, here and 
there. Carcinops minima, Aub.*, Marsa, 6; 14-striata, 
Steph., St. Paul’s Bay, 6. Saprinus semipunctatus, F., 
Melleha, Marsa Scala, 6; chalcites, Ill., Marsa Scala, 8 ; nit2- 
dulus, Payk.*, Marsa Scala, 8; pulcherrimus, Web.*, Salina, 
3; algericus, Payk., rare; spretulus, Kr., rare ; cribellaticollis, 
Duv., Marsa, 7; rubripes, Er., Melleha, 11; apricarius, Er., 
rare; dimidiatus, Ill., rare. Onthophilus exaratus, Il, 
Valletta, 11. Acritus seminulum, Kiist.*, St. Paul’s Bay, 6. 


SCARABAIDA. 


Scarabeus semipunctatus, F., Melleha, 10-12, 1-8; vario- 
losus, F., general. Copris hispanus, L., not uncommon. 
Bubas bison, L., Marsa, Ghirghenti, Melleha, early months 
of year; bubalus, Ol., Coll. J. J. W.  Chironitis hungaricus, 
Hbst., Corradino, Wied el Klaja, 6,8. Onthophagus taurus, 
Schreb., not uncommon, Jniena, 10; andalusiacus, Waltl, 
not uncommon, Jniena, 10. Oniticellus fulvus, Goeze, 
not uncommon, Jniena, 7. Aphodius fimetarius, L., 
Attard, 10, Jniena, 6; granarius, L.*, common; hydro- 
cheris, F.*, Marsa; nitidulus, F.*, Jniena, Zibbih; 
longispina, Kiist., Marsa, 9, Jniena, 6; ¢ersus, Er., Marsa, 
4; lineolatus, Il]).*, Marsa, Corradino, 2; consputus, Creutz., 
Coll. . J. J. W.; wnicolor, Ol, Marsa, 5; lividus, Ol., 
Notabile, 8; quadriguttatus, Hbst., Coll. J. J. W. Pleuro- 
phorus cesus*, Panz., general. Lhyssemus arenarius, Costa, 


Coll. J. J. W. Psammodius sulcicallis, Il., Fort Manoel, 10; 


poreicollis, Ill., Melleha, 10. Diastictus vulneratus, Sturm, » 


Coll. J. J. W. Trou hispidus, Pont.*, v. asiaticus, Fald., here 
and there. Greotrupes dover, Gory *, general; levigatus, F.*, 
general. Pentodon punctatus, Villers *, general. Phyllo- 
gnathus silenus, F., Attard, 9. Oryctes grypus, Ill., Attard, 
Marsa Scirocco, 10. Hpicometis squalida, Scop.*, general. 
Leucocelis funesta, Poda*, general. Potosia metallica, F., 
v. cuprea, Gory, flowers of Cynara horrida, common, 6; 


, 


the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 397 


angustata, Germ.*, flowers of Cynara horrida, rare. 
Aithiessa floralis, ¥., flowers, 6. 


BUPRESTIDA. 


Capnodis tenebrionis, L.*, Ghirghenti, 6, rare. Anthawxia 
umbellatarwm, F., Gozo, 6. Acmeodera discoidea, F., Coll. 
J.J. W. Agrilus obscwricollis, Kies., Musta, Boschetto, 6. 


ELATERIDA. 


Drasterius bimaculatus, Rossi, Marsa, 10, 11, common. 
Cardiophorus argiolus, Gené*, Ta Baldu, 6, common ; 
maculicrus, Desbr.*, v. beloni, Desbr., Gozo. <Athous 
castaneus, Fairm., Attard, Gbir, Salina, 9, 11. Jsidus 
moreli, Rey, Melleha, 6, rare. 


CEBRIONID&. 
Cebrio gigas, F., Ghirghenti, Attard, Melleha. 


CANTHARIDA. 


Lampyris lareyniet, Duv., general, 6. Malthinus scapu- 
laris, Mars, not uncommon, St. Paul’s Bay, 4. Mal- 
thodes malcolmi, Pic, Boschetto, 5; sp, Ta Baldu, 6; 
ragus%, Fiori*; cameroni, Pic, Gbir, 5, rare. Drilus 
flavescens, Rossi*, Gozo. Charopus apicalis, Kiesw., Salina, 
5.  Colotes maculatus, Lap., general; punctatus, Er., 
St. Paul's Bay, 6. Hypebeus flavicollis, Er.*, Ta Baldu, 
Boschetto, 5. (Hbeus cyaneus, Lap.) Attalus melitensis, 
Peyr., general, 5; var. with all femora testaceous,! Marsa, 
Ghirghenti, 5, 6; erythroderus, Er., Ta Baldu, 5. (Mala- 
chius dissimilis, Baudi.) Henicopus scutellaris, F., Salina, 
6; v. rufotestaceus, Salina, 6. Dasytes xvrosus, Kiesw., Bar- 
racca, 4. Psilothrix cyaneus, Oliv.*, Ghir, 4,5; melanostoma, 
Brull.*, Gbir, 4, 5. Haplocnemus melitensis, Schilsky, Ta 
Baldu, 6. Dasytiscus melitensis, Bourg.*, El Klia, Fiddian, 
3,6. Danacea pallipes, Panz., Boschetto, 6. 


CLERID&. 


Tillus transversalis, Charp., L’'Imtahlep, 5. Mecrobia 
ruficollis, F.*, here and there, 6, 10; rufipes, Degeer *, 
general, 10. 

BRUCHID (= PTINID&, olim). 
Gibbium boreldiewit, Levr., Valletta, 4, 5. Niptus 


1 This is the var. testaceipes, Pic, Ech, 1903, 169. 


398 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of 


(Microptinus) reitteri, Pic, L’Imtahlep, 5. Bruchus (Ptinus) 
spitzyi, Villa, Jniena, 11; affines, Desbr., Valletta, 3; 
varvegatus, Rossi*, Valletta; duvalz, Lareyn., Coll. Gatto ; 
brevipilis, Desbr., Boschetto, 6, Attard, 9; reichet, Boield., 
Jniena, 10. 


BYRRHIDEH (= ANOBIIDZ, olim). 


Byrrhus nitidus, Hbst., Boschetto, 6; Adrtus, Ill., Coll. 
Gatto; paniceus, L.*, Valletta. Oligomerus reyi, Bris.*, 
Valletta. Metholcus cylindricus, Germ., St. Paul’s Bay, 6. 
Lasioderma hxemorrhoidale, Il.*, Ta Baldu, 6; bicolor, 
Schauf., L'Imtablep, 6; dubalus, Fairm., general; sp., 
Boschetto, 6; testacewm, Duft, Binjemma, 10. 


LyYctTIpD&. 
Lyctus brunneus, Steph., Valletta. 


BostRYCHID. 
Xylopertha pustulata, F., Coll. Gatto. 


TENEBRIONIDA. 


Erodius neapolitanus, Sol., Melleha, 10-12, 1-3. Tentyria 
sardoa, Sol., Fort Manoel, Ricasoli; /evigata, Stev.*, v. 
leachi, Bandi, everywhere. Stenosis melitana, Rttr.*, pretty 
general. Dichillus pertusus, Kies.*, Porto Reale, 3, very 
rare. Helenophorus collaris, L.*, here and there. Akis 
melitana, Rttr., common. Scaurus striatus, F.*, common. 
Blaps gigas, L., not uncommon; mucronata, Latr.*, not 
uncommon; (foveicollis, All.) Asida melitana, Rttr.*, 
Valletta, Notabile, 10,12. Pimelia sardoa, Sol., v. subscabra, 
Sol.*, general. Ocnera angustata, Sol.*, 5—9, here and there. 
Crypticus cameroni, Rttr., Melleha, 10-12, 1-2. Dendarus 
carinatus, Muls., Ta Baldu, 10. Phylax littoralis, Muls., v. 
melitensis, Baudi*, common. Scleron ablreviatum, Reiche, 
Coll. J. J. W. Opatrum melitense, Kiist., Melleha, 11. 
CGonocephalum setulosum, Fald.*, Marsa Scala; rusticwm, 
Ol., Marsa, 8. Penthicus punctulatus, Brull., Ricasoli, 10. 
Ammobius rufus, Luc., Melleha, 7,11. Zvachyscelis apho- 
dioides, Lat., Melleha, 11. Phaleria acuminata, Kiist., 
Jniena, 6. Pentaphyllus testaceus, Hellw., Coll. J. J. W. 
Tribolium ferrugineum, F., Valletta, 10. Corticeus castaneus, 
F., Coll. J. J. W.; bicolor, O1., Coll. J. J. W. Phthora 


crenata, Germ.*, Marsa, 8. Hchocerus cornutus, F., seneral. 
5 ? ? ? ts) 


the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 399 


Alphitobius diaperinus, Pana.*, Coll. Gatto. Clitobius ova- 
tus, Er.*, Fort Manoel, 10. Cossyphus insularis, Lap., 
Jniena, 11. Tenebrio molitor, L., Imtarfa, 7, 8. Calcar 
elongatum, Hbst., Jniena, 11. Helops pygmeus, Kiist., Gbir, 
Jniena, 10, 11. Gonodera nitidula, Kiesw., Ta Baldu, 6. 
Omophius melitensis, Baudi (championi, Rttr.), pretty 
general, 4, 
MorRDELLID 4. 


Mordellistena micans, Germ., 4, 5, 6, general. Anaspis 
varians, Muls., Jniena, 6. 


RHIPIPHORID. 
Limenadia flabellata, F., 8. Giorgio, 8, 9. 


MELOID#. 


Meloé violaceus, Marsh.*, here and there, 4, 5; purpui'- 
ascens, Germ.*, Musta, Marsa; tucciws, Rossi*, here and 
there, 1, 2, 3, 5; rugosus, Marsh.*, here and there, 2, 3. 
Hapalus bimaculatus, L., v. caruane, Rttr.*, Marsa, Marsa 
Scirocco, Attard, 1, 2. 


ANTHICIDA. 


Huglenes populneus, Panz.,Ta Baldu, 10. Anthicus rodri- 
guesi, Latr.*, Melleha, 11; humelis, Germ.*, Marsa, 8; v. 
lameyt, Marsh., Marsa,8; minutus, Laf.*, Marsa, 8 ; form- 
carius, Goeze *, Fort Manoel, 10; cstabilis, Schm.*, general; 
opaculus, Woll., Ghirghenti, 8, Fort Manoel, 10; velox, Laf., 
general, 5; 4-quttatus, Rossi*, Marsa, St. Paul’s Bay, 8; 
hispidus, Rossi*; Marsa, Gbir, 10; fenestratus, Schm., 
Melleha, 7. Aulacoderus melitensis, Pic, flowers, 5, 6. 
Ochthenomus tenwicollis, Rossi*, Jniena, Melleha, 10. 


CEDEMERIDA. 


Nacerdes melanura, L., here and there. Gdemera simplex, 
L., general, 6; wunicolor, Schm., district uncertain, 6; 
barbara, F., L’Imtahlep, 5. Stenostoma melitense, Cam.,! 
Jniena, 6. 

CURCULIONID&. 

Otiorrhynchus affaber, Boh., Jniena, rare; lugens, Germ.™, 
general ; cribricollis, Gyll., general. Sciaphilus siculus, Boh., 
ex. Coll. J.J. W. Barypithes mollicomus, Ahr.  Stropho- 
morphus porcellus, Sch., Jmiena, Binjemma, 10, 11, rare. 

1 Ent. Mo. Mag. 1907, p. 226. 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART III. (NOV.) 27 


400 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of 


Sttona cachecta, Gyll., v. setulifer, Fahrs., Melleha ; inter- 
medius, Kiist., Ta Baldu, 6; cambricus, Steph., Gbir, 55 
ocellatus, Kiist., Melleha, 5; crinitus, Hbst., locality un- 
known; seriesetosus, Fahrs., pretty general, 4,5; tibialis, 
Hbst., Melleha, 5; jlavescens, Marsh., v. cinnamomeus, All., 
Jniena, 6; humeralis, Steph., v. descoideus, Gyll., common ; 
virgatus, Fahrs., Jniena, 5; lineatus, L.*, common. Trachy- 
phleus laticollis * , Bok, St. Paul's Bay, 8; n.sp., Floriana. 
Thylacites bellont, Desbr., Marsa, 8. Brachycer us algirus, 
F.*, general ; albidentalus, Gyll., here and there; wndatus, 
F.*, general. Cleonus maculicollis, Chev.*, Melleha, 5, not 
common ; mendicus, Gyll, Fort Manoel, 10; excoriatus, Gyll., 
general ; cinereus, Sch., Zibbih, 10; madidus, Ol.*, Birze- 
buggia, 7. Lovus anguinus, L.*, Coll. Gatto; algurus, L.*, 
general, 7; jwnct, Boh., Marsa, 8. Larinus vittatus, F., 
Boschetto, 5; cynare, F., v. glabrirostris, Sch., general 
on Cynara horrida; flavescens, Germ., general. Lhino- 
cyllus conicus, Frol., LImtahlep, 5. Gronops lunatus, 
H*, Marsa, 10. Rhytidoderes plicatus, Oliv.*, general. 
Hypera philanthus, Oliv.*, pretty general, 7, 8; crindta, 
Boh., pretty general, 7, 8; pastinace, Rossi, Melleha, 10; 
murind, F.,TaBaldu, 10; variabilis, Hbst.*, pretty general, 
7,8; nigrirostris, ¥.*, Jniena, 6; jucunda, Cap., Coll. Gatto. 
Limobius borealis, Payk., Ta Baldu, 5. Pachytychius squa- 
mosus, Gyll., Salina, 5. Smicronyx cyaneus, Gyll., Gbir, 
10; jungermannix, Reich.*, general. Orthochxtes setiger, 
Beck, Coll. J. J. W. Cherorrhinus squalidus, Fairm., 
Coll. J. J. W. 9 Mesites pallidipennis, Boh., Valletta, 6; 
curvipes, Boh., Ghirghenti, 8. Codiosoma, spadia, Hbst.*, 
Boschetto, 6. Acalles ptinoides, Marsh, Coll.»J. J. W.; 
diocletianus, Germ., Jniena, 10. Cwliodes cardui, Hbst., 
rifle range, 5. Ceuthorrhynchidius troglodytes, ¥.*, rifle 
range, 5. Ceuthorrhynchus peregrinus, Gyll., L’Imtahlep, 5; 
rugulosus, Hbst.*, rifle range, 5; melanostictus, Marsh., rifle 
range, 5; quadr idens, Panz.* , rifle range, 5; melitensis, 
Schultze* , rifle range, 5. Baris timida, Rossi, Coll. J.J. W.; 

spoliata, Boh.*, Marsa, 5, Melleha, 11; cwrulescens, Scop., 
Coll. J. J. W.; picturata, Mén., Marsa, 7, one example. 
Sphenophorus piceus, Pall., here and there; abbreviatus, F., 
Ghirghenti, 3, El Klia, 6. Calandra granaria, L., general, 
oryze, L.*, general. Anthonomus ornatus, Reiche, Zibbih, 6. 
Tychius grenicri, Bris., Coll. J.J. Walker ; nvelilote, Steph.*, 
general ; ¢omentosus, Hbst., Ta Baldu, 6. Sibinia primta, 
Hbst.*, Boschetto, 6; arenaria, Steph.*, Marsa, 6 ; attalica, 


the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 401 


Gyll., ex J. J. Walker’s Coll. Rhamphus pulicarius, Hbst., 
Ta Baldu, 5. Mecinus pyraster, Hbst.*, Floriana, rifle range, 
5; eorculatus, Marsh., an example in Mr. E. A. Newbery’s 
Collection obtained by P. de la Garde. Gymnetron simum, 
Rey *, Coll. Gatto. Nanophyes hemisphericus, O1.*, El Klia, 
7; nitidulus, Gyll., Boschetto, 6. Apion cardworwm, Kirb., 
v. galactitis, Wenck.*, common everywhere; v. meridianwn, 
Wenck., common everywhere; penetrans, Wenck., Boschetto, 
7; detritum, Rey, Gozo, 6; robusticorne, Desbr., Coll. J. J. W.; 
brisoutt, Bed., Jniena, 6; semivittatum, Gyll.*, everywhere ; 
rufescens, Gyll., everywhere; vnewm,F., Coll. Gatto; radiolus, 
Marsh., Gozo, 7, Ta Baldu, 5; pubescens, Kirb., Ghirghenti, 8 ; 
rufirostre, F.*, LiImtahlep, 5, Marsa, 6; dentipes, Gerst., 
Jniena, 5; apricans, Hbst.*, everywhere ; pis, F., Boschetto, 
5; vorax, Hbst., Boschetto, 5; frumentarium, L., near Val- 
letta, one example; malve, F.*, Gbir, L’Imtahlep, 5; viola- 
coum, Kirby*, Jniena, 6. Lhynchites preustus, Boh., Ta 
Baldu, 6. 
ANTHRIBID. 


Urodon canus, Kiist.*, L’Imtahlep, 5; Cercomorphus 
duwvali, Perris, Ghirghenti, 5, one example. 


MYLABRIDZ (= BRUCHIDA, olim). 


Mylabris (Bruchus) pisorum, L.*, general; pallidicornis, 
Boh., Coll. J. J .W.; wlicis, Rey, L’Imtahlep, 4 ; ¢ristis, Boh., 
LiImtahlep; sertata, Ill., Jniena, 6; rufipes, Hbst., general ; 
rujimana, Boh.*, general; v.velutina, Rey, Coll. J. J. W.; 
laticollts, Boh., L’iImtahlep, 5; chinensis, L., Coll. Gatto ; 
5-guttata, Ol., Ghirghenti, Salina, 6; v. meleagrina, Gené, 
Ghirghenti, Salina; seminaria, L., v. picipes, Germ.*, 
Boschetto, L’Imtahlep, 5, 6; albolineata, Blanch., Coll. 
Gatto; biguttata, Ol., Jniena, Concessione, 6; v. fulvipennis, 
Germ., Jniena, Concessione, St. Paul’s Bay, 6; v. mendicans, 
Ws., Jniena, Concessione, 6; murina, Boh., Ghirghenti, 8; 
bimaculata, Ol.*, Marsa Scala, 8; imbricornis, Panz., every- 
where; anxia, Fahrs.,? district, 5; pygmexa, Boh., Coll. 
J. J. W.; ovalis, Blanch., L’'Imtahlep, 5. Spermophagus 
cardui, Boh., Ghirghenti, Marsa, 8. 


ScOLYTIDA. 


Hylesinus fraxini, Panz.*, Ghirghenti. Scolytus scolytus, 
F., Coll. J. JW. Philaotribus searabeoides, Bern., Marsa 
Scirocco, 8, 9. Hypoborus ficus, Er.*, Marsa Scirocco, 9. 


402 Mr. M. Cameron and Dr. A. C. Gatto’s List of 


CERAMBYCID. 


Cerambyx cerdo, L., dockyard; miles, Bon.*, Marsa 
Scirocco, Jniena, 6. Hesperophanes cinereus, Villers, Nota- 
bile, Marsa Scirocco, 9. Callidium violacewm, L., very rare. 
Hylotrupes bajulus, L., dockyard, 5. Rhopalopus clavipes, ¥., 
very rare. Liagrica timida, Mén., here and there. Clytan- 
thus varius, F., Boschetto, 6. Parmena solieri, Muls., Marsa 
Scala, 11. Niphona picticornis, Muls., Marsa Scala, 8. 
Calamobius filum, Rossi, Ta Baldu, Ghirghenti, L’Imtahlep, 
5. Agapanthia asphodeli, Lat.*, common, 1, 2; cynare, 
Germ., Fort Manoel, Corradino, 2,3; cardi, L., L’Imtahlep, 
6. Saperda punctata, L., Valletta. (Oberea erythrocephala, 
Schr., v. melitana, Reiche). 


CHRYSOMELID®. 


Lema inclampa, L.*, pretty general. Crioceris paracenthesis, 
L., Marsa Scirocco, 6. Labidostomis taxicornis, F.*, pretty 
general. Cryptocephalus signaticollis, Suff.*, Jniena, 6; ochro- 
leucus, Fairm., Marsa Scala,8. Pachnephorus impressus, Rosh., 
Jniena, 10; cylindricus, Luc., Jniena, 11. (Timarcha meli- 
tensis, Ws.) Chrysomela banksi, F., here and there, 10, 11; 
variolosa, Pet.*, here and there, 10; erythromera, Lue.*, 
Melleha, 11, rare ; guadrigemina, Suff., Gbir, 11; didymata, 
Scrib., Zibbih, 10; bicolor, F., Coll. Gatto; americana, L.*, 
here and there, 8,6; grossa, F.*, Notabile, 9. Prasocuris 
distincta, Lue., v. marginicollis, Suff., Jniena, 11. Aula- 
cophora abdominalis, F¥.*, general. Podagrica semirufa, 
Kiist.*, general. Crepidodera impressa, F., Jniena, 6, 
Ochrosis ventralis, Ill., general. Chetocnema tibialis, IIL, 
Melleha, 10, 11; aridula, Gyll.*, Gbir, 10.  Psylliodes 
inflata, Reiche*, Fort Manoel, 10; chrysocephala, L., L'Im- 
tahlep, Boschetto, 5; v. nucea, Ill., Coll. J. J. W.; ine Hz 
Jniena, 6; pallidipennis, Rosh.*, Binjemma, 10. Phyllotreta 
rugifrons, Kist., Ta Baldu, 6; /ativittata, Kiitsch.*, Ghir- 
ghenti, 9; cruciferx, Goeze, Ta Baldu; consobrina, Curt., 
Gozo, L’Imtahlep, 5; procera, Redt.*, general. Aphthona 
flaviceps, All.*, Marsa Scala, 8; nigriceps, Redt.*, Ta Baldu, 
10; pygmea, Kiitsch.*, general; ewphorliw, Schr., Ghir- 
ghenti, 8. Longitarsus echii, Koch*, 5; xneus, Kiitsch. ; 
corynthius, Reiche*, 5; brunneus, Duft., St. Paul’s Bay, 
4; luridus, Scop., St. Paul’s Bay, 11; stragulatus, Foudr.*, 
Coll. Gatto; lateripunetatus, Rosh., Ta Baldu, 10; exoletus, 
L., L’Imtahlep ; lycopi, Foudr.*, Jniena, 6; pratensis, Panz., 


the Coleoptera of the Maltese Islands. 403 


Gbir, 10; v. minima, Kiitsch., Gbir; tabidus, F., Bir- 
chicara, 7; xruginosus, Foudr., L’Imtahlep, 6 ; ochroleucus, 
Marsh., L'Imtahlep, 5; pellucidus, Foudr., Birchicara, 7 ; 
membranaceus, Foudr., general, 5; cerinus, Foudr., Gbir, 5. 
Inboiia occultans, Koch, L’Imtahlep, 6.  Sphexroderma 
testaceum, F., Boschetto, 10; ocularia, All., Ghirghenti, 8. 
Cassida vittata, Vill. on Atriplex, 5,6; hemispherica, Hbst., 
Ghirghenti, 8. 
COoccINELLID. 


Epilachna chrysomelina, F.. common. Coccinella 7- 
punctata, L.*, common; 11-punctata, L., Barracca, 5; 10- 
punctata, L., Boschetto, Ta Baldu, 10. Chilocorus bipus- 
tulatus, L., pines, Boschetto, 6. Hxochomus 4-pustulatus, 
L., Floriana, 10. Rhizobius litura, F., general; v. discomacula, 
Costa*, Jniena, 10. Scymnus subvillosus, Goeze, v. pubescens, 
Panz., and pallidivestis, Muls., general; arcwatus, Rossi, 
v. hausmanni, Gredl., Gozo, 6, rare; pynctillum, Ws., 
Gbir, 9; interruptus, Goeze, everywhere, 7; v. basalts, 
Redt., Salina, Gozo, 6; kiesenwetteri, Muls., here and there, 
rare; pulchellus, Hbst., St. Paul’s Bay, 8; dipunctatus, 
Kugel., Binjemma, 10, 


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XXI. Life History of Cydimon (Urania) leilus, L. By 
L. GUPPY, jun. 


[Read April 10th, 1907.] 
Puates XXVI, XXVII. 


In “ A Handbook to the Order Lepidoptera,” by W.F. Kirby, 
vol, ili, p. 45 (“Lloyd’s Natural History”), it is stated, 
“The earlier stages are unknown, for it is not possible 
that the larva figured by Madame Merian, with long 
branching spines as hard as iron wire, can belong to a 
Cydimon, in view of MacLeay’s description, etc, of C. 
boisduvalit.” 

This statement is correct, as my description and figures 
of the early stages will show. 

I have observed C. lei/ws carefully for years past, 
especially in 1901, when they swarmed all over the 
island, and I have netted numbers of females in a fresh 
and immaculate condition, and from their appearance it 
would seem they had not come from far; however, it 
always occurred to me, whatever the larvae fed upon, 
if they were properly established on this island, from their 
numbers there would surely be some indication from the 
state of the vegetation to betray their whereabouts, in the 
shape of trees, creepers, ete., denuded of their leaves. 

1 may here observe, however, that as the creeper on 
which they do feed is often so much concealed by other 
similar and parasitic plants, that the destruction of this 
particular creeper might pass unnoticed; and the lofty 
trees in the forests on which these grow are not sufficiently 
under observation anyhow, especially as the season in 
which I discovered the eggs and larve is the wettest and 
stormiest time of the year. 

In a spot about eight miles inland (due east from the 
town of Port of Spain), situated at the foot of the northern 
hills of Trinidad, on the southern side, there are a few big 
trees, the remnant of the virgin forest which was cut 
down to form the present cacao plantation, overgrown, as 
is always the case with our forest trees, by parasites and 
creepers, till there is hardly anything to be seen of the 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART III. (NOV.) 


406 Mr. L. Guppy, Junr., on 


trees themselves. Amongst this tangled growth Omphalea 
megacarpa, Hemsley, holds a prominent place ; it is known 
locally as the “ Hunterman’s Nut,” the fruit being very 
palatable, in flavour somewhat like a Brazil nut. ‘This 
creeper climbs from the ground and clings to the trunk of 
the trees, growing over the topmost branches and hanging 
down in festoons, 

In September 1901, numbers of the imagines of C. cilus 
were observed by my brother, Mr. Eric Guppy, flying up 
and down these trees, and his statement that he saw some 
of them depositing eggs on the creeper during the day was 
subsequently verified. 

On the 15th of September I made a thorough search, 
and was rewarded by finding about eighteen eggs; they 
were deposited under leaves within six feet of the ground, 
and the majority were found on small creepers that grew 
on a thick hedge near by, evidently seedlings of the large 
ones. The eggs are usually laid singly or in pairs on the 
underside of a leaf, though I found subsequently one lot of 
seven and another of eight, laid irregularly, fairly close 
together but not touching. 

I was not able to examine to any height up these trees, 
both on account of the masses of foliage that grew on 
their trunks, and the ants, scorpions, tarantulas, ete., that 
make their homes in the hidden recesses of the bark. 


DESCRIPTION OF Eaa. 


Egg spherical, and when freshly laid nearly white, suffused with 
a pale yellowish tint, and there are twenty about longitudinal ribs or 
ridges. Two or three days before hatching the eggs turn yellow. 


LARVA. 


The newly-hatched larva, which has sixteen legs, consumes the 
greater part of the egg-shell. Head in proportion, black and 
shining, like a small bead. Body white with a faint bluish tint ; 
there are eleven black transverse lines or belts, and a sparse down 
which is only evident on close examination, 

At this stage and after the first moult they are particularly active, 
and spring madly about when touched. 

After the first moult the head becomes yellowish-red with black 
dots, and a few fine hairs. Eight long black hairs appear on the 
body, rising fine but becoming slightly clubbed towards the tip, 
which ends in a fine white point. These long hairs are situated as 


the Life History of Cydimon (Urania) leilus. 407 


follows : —two on the 2nd, four on the 3rd, and two on the 10th, 
segment. The legs are black, and the white on the body shows up 
distinctly in contrast with the black transverse lines. The 3rd and 
10th segments are almost entirely black. 

After the second moult two more long black hairs appear; they 
are situated on the 11th segment and incline backwards. The 
general appearance is much the same as after the first moult, black, 
however, predominating. The segments appear to be divided by 
transverse white lines when viewed laterally. 

After the third moult two more long hairs appear on the 12th 
segment, projecting over the anal portion like a pair of tails. There 
is a lateral row of eight or nine white spots from the 3rd to the 11th 
segments, those just over the first pair of abdominal legs being 
larger, those on the other segments being mere specks; these spots 
appear on all the larve after the third moult. There are also from 
two to four reddish spots on the 1st segment, which is otherwise 
black ; sometimes there is more of a pattern than decided spots. 


As will be seen from my illustrations, the larvee are apt 
to vary a good deal after the third and fourth moults. 


The body generally is black and white, but irregularly and 
differently placed in different larvee. Generally there is a transverse 
wavy black line about the middle of each segment edged with white 
anteriorly; sometimes there are irregular white areas edged with 
black, and occasionally the ground colour is greyish-lilac with broad 
black transverse lines, with white spots. The thoracic legs are 
yellowish-red, the same colour as the head, and the others whitish 
or flesh-coloured. The number of long black hairs on the body may 
differ in many larvee at the fourth moult ; two long hairs appear 
generally on each of the segments from the 4th to the 9th, hitherto 
only covered with a few fine hairs, in addition to the others on the 
other segments—these are straighter and finer and project laterally, 
the others are inclined to curl at the tips. 


PUPA. 


The pupa is light yellowish-brown, glossy, with black dots and 
lines ; the lines on the thorax just where the wings of the future 
insect are encased are in imitation of neuration marks. It lies inside 
a roomy cocoon of yellowish-red silk, which is like a network and 
through the meshes of which it can be seen. Two leaves of the creeper 
are fastened one above the other, and the cocoon formed between. 


The transformations from the egg to the imago occupy 


408 Mr. L. Guppy, Junr., on 


a period of nearly six weeks, of which two are in the pupa 
state. 

The imago as a rule emerges during the night or early 
morning. 


HABITS OF THE LARVA. 


They are solitary, and consume cast-off skin after each 
moult, which takes place generally during the night or 
early morning. 

They feed as a rule from the underside of a leaf, more 
often by eating a hole somewhere near the centre, and are 
very active, dropping immediately on being alarmed, 
suspended by a silken thread, and they remain suspended 
until the alarm is over, when they swarm up again 
quickly. To get from one place to another, if they discover 
any obstacle to their movements, or that their position is 
not satisfactory, they cast themselves off after making fast 
by a silken thread, and lower themselves until an object 
is reached from which it is possible to explore further. 


HABITS OF THE IMAGO. 


I am of opinion that although this moth may be seen 
here throughout the year, its real home is in the forests of 
Venezuela, from whence it migrates here annually, more 
or less according to favourable seasons, during the months 
of July, August and September; a few females here and 
there, however, do deposit their eggs in an erratic manner 
in favourable places in Trinidad, but the majority return 
to the continent. 

In the spot where I discovered their larvee, judging by 
the appearance of the creepers they were found on, there 
could not have been many of the larve about, as, though 
there were leaves slightly eaten here and there, there was 
nothing to draw attention to the fact that there were any 
larvee of such a plentiful insect as C. leilus, especially when 
one considered the immense numbers that appeared in the 
year I made this discovery. 

I am indebted to Mr. Edgell Johnstone, of Messrs. 
Tennants’ Agency, San Fernando, for the following informa- 
tion in connection with their movements in the southern 
parts of this island :— 

“ As far as my observation of the ‘Green Page’ moth 
(local name of C’ /eilus) is concerned, I noticed them flying 


the Life History of Cydimon (Urania) leilus. 409 


both eastward and westward, and I have seen them a mile 
or so out tosea.... 

“From the early part of September we had them here 
by the thousands, lasting for about five weeks. My boys 
said they were specially numerous about the hospital 
way, myriads being on or about some trees there... .” 

The hospital is situated on an elevated piece of land on 
the sea-coast, in the town of San Fernando. 

Mr. Potter, the warden of La Brea, where is situated the 
famous ‘‘ Pitch Lake,” states that they flew in thousands 
past the pier at La Brea, and that they congregated in 
numbers in the woods around there. 

Might not these immense flocks that collect at these 
points, being suitable meeting-places on the sea-coast, 
assemble there to return to the continent ? 

It would seem that they have suitable meeting-places 
along the coast, from whence they return homewards, 
congregating in vast numbers till, like swallows, they 
homeward fly, in a similar manner to C. fulgens, which, 
Kirby writes, “is remarkable for its migratory habits.” 

They are very fond of the blossoms of a plant known 
locally as “ Black Sage,” which grows in abundance on all 
the waste lands in the island, and also another white 
flowering plant which grows in similar situations and 
flower at the same-period, from July to September, when 
the moths are most numerous. 

The remarks that apply to C. sloanus, as quoted by 
Kirby in “Lloyd’s Natural History,” in respect to their 
habits when feeding and sporting around, are also ap- 
plicable to C. leilus: “When one alights, unless it is to 
suck the blossom, it chooses a leaf or other surface that is 
nearly vertical and instantly turns head downwards, and 
rests with the wings expanded in the plane of the body, 
the anterior pair, however, inclined backwards, so as to 
form an angle with each other, and partly covering the 
posterior.” 

They chase each other about playfully, half-a-dozen or 
more sometimes joining in the gambols. 

I have never observed a pairing, though there has been 
a lot of gambolling, and I have often observed pairs 
pursuing one another about most perseveringly. 

In the month of September the greatest number appear, 
though they are plentiful in July and August; and while 
not very easy to capture, yet by waiting for them on a 


410 Mr. L. Guppy, Junr., on the Life History of Cydimon. 


savanna or open field, as they fly low down and all in one 
direction, and somewhat leisurely, until alarmed, it is 
possible by standing up quietly, as each one comes within 
reach of the net, by a rapid swoop, to catch and kill them 
as fast as possible. 

They do not fly in flocks, but singly, and rise over all 
obstacles, generally in an easterly direction, and vice versa. 

In October only solitary specimens are seen here and 
there. I found three eggs in the latter part of October 
1901, which gave me the same number of imagines early 
in December 1901. 

Since 1901 these moths have not been plentiful. I 
have seen single specimens here and there, and this may 
be the case for a few years to come, when quite un- 
expectedly they will again invade us in immense numbers. 

Mr. J. H. Hart, F.L.S., was kind enough to identify the 
creeper on which they feed—Omphalea megacarpa, Hemsley. 

I regret not having been able to obtain any more larve 
since 1901, as I shall be anxious to continue observations, 
especially in regard to the reasons for such a variety in the 
ground colour of the larvee, ete. 


[A very brief description of the early stages of Urania leilus, 
communicated by Herr Kappler, was published by Dr. E. Hoffman 
in Stett. Ent. Zeit. xli, p. 487 (1881). The larva of the Mada- 
gascan Urania rhipheus has been described by Camboné, Report 
Int. Congress of Zoology, 1892, II, p. 180.] 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXVI, XXVII. 
[See Explanation facing the PLATEs.] 


Cran *) 


XXII. Lhe Hibernation of Marasmarcha. By T. A. 
CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S. 


[Read October 2nd, 1907.] 


PuaTE XXVIII. 


I HAVE found a good deal of interesting matter in trying 
to work out the less-known items in the life histories of 
our British Plume Moths, with a view to assisting Mr. Tutt 
in making as complete as possible his account of that group 
in his “ British Lepidoptera.” Amongst these points, the 
question as to how each species passed the winter was one, 
to which the answers varied somewhat in each species and 
made the research very attractive. 

With regard to a good many species much was already 
known, though often in a rather vague way, such as the 
hibernation of the imago of monodactylus, of the full-grown 
larva of microdactyla, and of the half-grown larvee of most 
of the Aciptiliines. 

Amongst the additions to our information, we have found 
that most of the Platyptilids hibernate (in the interior of 
the food-plant usually) in the second instar. The hibern- 
ation of lithodactylus as an egg, or more accurately, perhaps, 
of the young larva within the egg-shell, was something of 
a surprise, and so on. 

There is not much difficulty in following out such 
observations, if sufficient material can be obtained, but 
Marasmarcha lunedactylus (pheodactyla), a fairly common 
species, of which plenty of material was available, defied 
our (Bacot and others as well as myself) efforts to discover 
how it passed the winter. I got moths to lay their eggs 
on growing plants, and afterwards found the empty egg- 
shells, but no traces of their larve. I placed the newly- 
hatched larvee on living plants and tried to follow them in 
their travels, without success; only this summer I placed 
a number of larvee in a sleeved plant, and later found that 
egos had been laid and larve hatched, but a careful dis- 
section of the plant and examination of it, above and below 
the soil, was without result. This seemed, however, to 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART III. (NOV.) 


412 Dr. T. A. Chapman on 


quite disprove the suspicion that the larva followed 
Platyptiliid habits and reached the second instar in 
autumn, but, except for this guess, it left us in the 
position stated at length in Tutt’s “ British Lepidoptera,” 
Vol. V, pp. 391-3. 

It has given me, therefore, great satisfaction to have 
succeeded at length in solving this problem, which had 
puzzled us so much, and the satisfaction is the greater 
in that the solution is rather unexpected and certainly 
somewhat extraordinary; nor is it much diminished that, 
the clue to it was afforded in an almost accidental 
manner. 

Marasmarcha tuttidactyla (or agrorum, var. tuttidactyla) 
was found commonly at Gavarnie, and a 9 laid some eggs. 
These were placed in a glass tube quite alone, under a sort 
of general idea that something might be done with them 
if they would refrain from hatching till I got home. 
However, when I got home they had not only hatched, 
but most of them had made their arrangements for the 
winter. Having no better place in which to do it, they 
had wedged themselves between the glass and the paper 
covering the cork and spun themselves small cocoons of 
white silk, several together. The latter circumstance is 
no doubt accidental, as naturally the eggs are laid singly, 
and is therefore due to there being practically only these 
spots available to them. [Pl XXVIII, fig. 5.] 

I was naturally anxious to ascertain whether ph.vo- 
dactyla had precisely the same habit. This seemed 
almost certain from the similarity of the species, and 
that the larva of phwodactyla certainly hibernates very 
small. I therefore examined with great care the potted 
plant of QOnonis already referred to, on which I had 
left sleeved a number of larve of phwxodactyla on 
leaving home. The experiment was so far successful 
that I found a number of empty egg-shells on the plant, 
but I failed utterly to find the young larve in their 
cocoons, although they were almost unquestionably there 
somewhere. 

Very luckily I picked up about mid-August on our 
downs a very belated 2 phwodactyla, who very kindly 
supplied me with a moderate store of eggs. These I 
divided into two portions. One I placed in a glass tube 
with a dead leaf or two of QOnonis and some portions 
of glass slide covers; the other I put on a comparatively 


the Hibernation of Marasmarcha. 413 


small piece of Ononis with a bit of root, which I put in a 
glass jar in clean sifted sand. 

These hatched in due course. About August 29th those 
in the tube spun themselves cocoons exactly like tuttz- 
dactyla, between the slide covers and bits of leaf and 
between the glass of the tube and bits of leaf. A bit of 
leaf seemed much more to their taste than two glass 
surfaces. 

On September 6th I examined the piece of plant in the 
sand, and at first was very unsuccessful. By searching on 
the plant above ground I could find nothing, then on that 
below I was equally unsuccessful. I finally, however, 
succeeded in finding half-a-dozen cocoons. These were 
found, as regards at least four of them, in the sand, 
with some attachment to dead leaves of Ononis that were 
on or partially buried in the sand; the two others were 
probably in similar places, as, though free in the sand 
when I found them, it was at the same time as I found 
the others, and a search in the sand all round the plant 
afforded no others. [Pl. XXVIII, figs. 1, 2, 3.] 

Later, however, having waited till the sand was quite 
dry, I carefully sifted it, and obtained by so doing eight 
further little cocoons, minute aggregations of sand particles 
on that side with the cocoon in the midst. [Pl. XXVIII, 
fig. 4. ] 

These cocoons had sand attached to them, so that the 
contents were not easily seen. But those built against 
glass were so thin on that side that the glass formed 
practically the wall of the cocoon. The cocoon is of course 
very small, and the larva is coiled up in it, so that it 
occupies hardly more space than it does in the egg. 

The larvee of Marasmarcha (pheodactyla, fauna, tutti- 
dactyla) always occur ov. plants that form a considerable 
mass, and I imagine that the young larve form their 
hibernating cocoons amongst the dead leaves and other 
material of the plant close to the ground, and not on the 
plant itself, but have, owing to the density of the plant, 
little difficulty in finding a growing point when they come 
out in the spring. 

The examination of the piece of Ononis pianted in 
sand, as well as the futile searches made on previous 
occasions, make me feel certain that the little cocoon is 
never made in touch with the living plant, but somewhere 
sufficiently close by. It is so small that one might easily 


414 Dr. T. A. Chapman on Hibernation of Marasmarcha. 


go on for years experimenting on plants growing in an 
ordinary way in a flower-pot without being able to discover 
it, and easily explaining our previous want of success. 

This habit of hibernating as a newly-hatched larva, 
without feeding, is quite new amongst the Plume Moths; 
it is extraordinary, indeed, that such a minute larva should 
be able not only to pass the winter before eating, but 
should also be able to afford to secrete silk and spin a 
cocoon. I cannot remember, indeed, any other similar case 
amongst the Lepidoptera. The Argynnids and Satyrids 
afford some larve that hibernate before feeding, but they 
spin no cocoon. Many young larvee, however, are fully 
formed before winter within the eggs, and pass the winter 
there before hatching. We may assume that an egg- 
shell is a better protection for the winter, under most 
conditions, than a cocoon, or the habit of hibernating 
within it would not be so much more frequent than the 
one I have just related as occurring in Marasmarcha. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII. 


See Hxplanation facing the PLATE. 
y Hf] 


November 201i, 1907. 


( 415) 


XXIII. The Life History, and Occurrence as British, 
of Lomechusa strumosa, F. By H. Sr. J. 
DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


[Read November 6th, 1907. ] 


THE life history of this remarkable beetle, which has been 
worked out by Father Wasmann, is of the greatest interest 
both to the student of insect bionomics as well as the 
scientific entomologist. 

Lomechusa strwmosa is a dweller in the nests of the 
blood-red robber-ant Formica sanguinea (our most inter- 
esting indigenous species of ant both on account of its 
practice of making slaves and its highly intelligent habits), 
of which the beetle is a guest in the truest sense of the 
word, as it is both fed and licked by its hosts. Lomechusa 
possesses short aborted labial palpi, and patches of golden 
hairs on the abdomen whence the ants obtain a sweet 
secretion, of which they are very fond. I may here 
mention that I kept some Lomechusas in small plaster 
nests with glass tops, in which were also ants and other 
insects found in various ants’ nests, including several 
Myrmetes piceus, a small Histerid found with Formica rufa. 
These artful little beetles discovered that Lomechusa pos- 
sessed this secretion, and would frequently climb up the 
legs of the beetle on to its back, where they would remain 
sucking at these patches for some time, often to the evident 
discomfort of the Lomechusa, which appeared somewhat 
agitated. ; 

In studying living specimens of Lomechusa one may con- 
tinually see the ants both feed the beetle and also lick 
it on these patches. If the plates of the abdomen be 
removed and put under a high power, the orifices under 
the hairs, whence the secretion exudes, can be well seen. 
The beetles also ask to be fed, by tapping the ants with 
their antennz. I find, however, that they can also feed 
themselves. I have seen them suck at honey given to the 
ants, and bite at dead ants, and larve given to, or killed 
by, the latter. One beetle sucked for a long time at a 
cut-up Hryzx ater larva, another attacked and sucked a live 
caterpillar. When a lot of ants are feeding at the honey 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PaRT IV. (FEB.’08) 28 


416 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Life History, 


given to them, Lomechusa will come and sit amongst, and 
crawl over, them. In fact, the beetle is always to be found 
where the ants are thickest, and then it becomes practically 
invisible; the reason being, as pointed out by Father 
Wasmann, that the light which is reflected from the 
concave sides of the thorax appears to the eye like the 
narrow back of an ant, and the rolled-up abdomen of the 
beetle reflects the light in the same way as the rounded 
abdomen of a fat ant. 

I was fortunate enough to observe the courtship of 
Lomechusa; as it has not been recorded before I took 
careful notes, and it is here described for the first time. 
I first saw it on the evening of May 19th this year, and 
subsequently noticed it on many occasions till June 9th. 
The and ? faced each other, touching their antennz and 
mouths together, and tapping each other quickly. The 
@ slowly sidled round to the back of the 9, touching her 
all the time with his antennz, the 2? moving convulsively 
the posterior part of her body ; the f tapped the posterior 
parts with his antennze and mouth, then pushing his 
head under the body of the ?, he raised himself on the 
tips of the front legs, and nearly standing on his head he 
bent the body right over his back and made desperate 
endeavours to meet the end of the female’s body, when 
she put up her tail, the posterior part of his body opened 


Fie. 1, Lomechusa strwmosa, in cop. 


and clasped hers like a hand and coition took place. The 
fis then carried hanging back in the air, or walking on 
the tips of his front pair of legs. They separated, and 
after caressing each other for a short time, the same 
process was repeated and copulation resumed. The pro- 
cess of copulation lasts about half-an-hour. I introduced 
several pairs in cop. into the bowl which contains my 
observation nest of Formica sanguinea ; when they separated 
the 2? at once entered the nest, where the eggs are laid. 
The only external difference in the sexes is that the 
antennz are slightly longer in the #; as the legs are not 


and Occurrence as British, of Lomechusa strwmosa, 417 


used in any way to grasp or hold the 9, it can be under- 
stood why they are simple in both sexes, and not modified 
in the &. 

The perfect insects appear to die off about the middle of 
June. I took my first specimen this year on April 27th ; 
I exhibited it at the Royal Society on May 8th, and it 
died on May 30th. I was able to account for all the 
beetles in my observation nest, as they either came out of 
the nest to die, or were brought out by the ants; the last 
died on June 21st. 

On September 8th I noticed two new Lomechusas out, 
and have since counted seven specimens altogether ; these 
must have hatched from pupe, or full-grown larvee, already 
in the nest. Of course my study is much warmer than 
out of doors, and in nature these specimens would hibernate 
with the ants in their winter quarters by the end of 
September. 

T introduced specimens of Formica rufa, fusca, and exsecta, 
Lasius fuliginosus, and Formica sanguinea from different 
nests at different times into the plaster nests with Zome- 
chusa, as all my experiments * have shown that true ants’- 
nest dwellers are protected from the ants even of another 


%. 


Fie. 2. Glands of Lomechusa. N.B.—The position of the glands is 
disturbed through dissection. 
» 3 Labium. 
, 4. Dorsal segment of Abdomen. 


species, and | found that, though attacked ai first, the 
beetles were able to protect themselves. They shook 
themselves, stamping with the feet and putting up their 


* Cf. Ent. Record, 1901, pp. 349-353; 1908, pp. 11-12; 1906, 
p. 288, and 1907, p. 256. 


418 Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe on the Life History, 


tails, and the ants left them alone. I have discovered 
that when seized Lomechusa gives off the same smell as 
the species of Myrmedonia, and having dissected both 
under the microscope I found they possessed similar 
glands, which lie in the posterior part of the abdomen 
underneath the genitalia and alimentary canal, and contain 
the product which causes this smell. 

The larva of Zomechusa is very like an ant-larva in 
appearance, and although it possesses six legs it does not 
use them, but mimics the attitudes of an ant-larva. The 


Ji. 
Fia. 5. Larva of Lomechusa. 


ants value it very much, and on any danger threaten- 
ing the nest they carry it first into safety. That the ants 
feed it has been proved by giving them coloured sugar, 
when the colour can be traced in the digestive canal of the 
beetle-larva through the delicate white skin. They also 
place it on their own larvae, of which it devours large 
numbers, and Wasmann has shown that its voracity causes 
the production of ‘ Pseudogynes,’ or false females, in 
the nest. These are neither perfect females nor perfect 
workers, but of an intermediate form which does not work 
or bite. They are brought about in the following way : 
The numbers of worker-larvee consumed by Lomechusa 
causes a decrease in the workers produced in the nest. 
Now, as is well known, ants can create females by feeding 
their larve on special food, and to make up for the loss of 
workers they try to turn larvee which they have started 
to bring up as females into workers, the result being 
these “ Pseudogynes.” 

“ Pseudogynes ” only occur in nests where Lomechusa has 
been for some years, and they will not be found in all 
nests where Lomechusa is present, though of course the 
beetle will be found where “ Pseudogynes ” occur, and these 
nests are the centres from which the beetle spreads to 
other nests. 

At first the beetle is kept in check by the ants digging 
up its pupa and carrying it about as they do their own, 
which of course kills a delicate beetle pupa, but as more 


and Occurrence as British, of Lomechusa strumosa. 419 


“ Pseudogynes”” are produced fewer pupz are dug up, till 
at last the destruction of the colony is brought about. 

In North America a beetle, Xenodusa cava, closely 
related to ZLomechusa, occurs with Formica rubicunda, a 
race of Formica sanguinea. Father Wasmann stated that 
“ Pseudogynes” must occur in those nests; at first they 
could not be found, but after some time his correspondents 
succeeded in finding them in nests which contained the 
beetle, a veritable triumph for his theory. 

The distribution of Lomechusa strwmosa embraces the 
whole of Europe, North and Central Asia as far as Tibet. 


took is 
Ad ee Ol 
lo. 1. 


& go 3g 
pes 
Fic. 6. Formica sanguinea, 9. 
6 
mt G » Pseudogyne. 


” 


” ” . 
A. Pronotum. B. Mesonotum. co. Scutellum. 
D. Post-scutellum. £. Propodeum. 


The history of ZLomechusa asa British species is as 
follows :—In Stephens’ “ Illustrations, Mandibulata, Vol. iv, 
p. 108 (1832), we read: “ Very rare: I have hitherto seen 
two specimens (which are in the British Museum) only, 
one of which, I was informed by Dr. Leach, was taken by 
Sir H. Sloane, on Hampstead Heath in 1710; the other 
was captured by himself while travelling on the mail- 
coach between Cheltenham and Gloucester about twenty 
years since.” These two specimens are still in the 
Museum at South Kensington. It is given as British in 
G. R. Waterhouse’s catalogues of 1858 and 1861, and 
Rye’s of 1866. In Crotch’s catalogue of 1863 it is 
“reputed British,’ and in his second edition, 1866, as 
“doubtfully indigenous.” After this it is altogether 


420 The Life History of Lomechusa strumosa. 


omitted from all our catalogues and books on Coleoptera. 
On May 25th, 1906, it was re-discovered by me at Woking. 
I was collecting with the Rev. F. Morice at the time, and 
we were looking for nests of Formica sanguinea, Mr. 
Morice having asked me to show him how I took beetles 
in ants’ nests. My companion found a nest under an old 
boot, which drew blank. I subsequently found two more 
nests near together, on another part of the common, and 
whilst examining one of them I met with the first specimen 
of this very fine beetle. On the 29th I went down again 
and dug up the other nest, when seven more of the beetles 
were taken. These nests were in a bank, and the ants 
had covered them with short cut grass, a type of nest very 
difficult to be found by the uninitiated. These are summer 
quarters ; in the winter the ants go deep down under the 
ground. The beetle was again found sparingly in the 
autumn. 

This year diligent search in the spring for nests was 
rewarded, a large number being found, and the beetle was 
turned up in numbers; indeed in one nest alone over 
sixty specimens were taken, plenty of material being thus 
obtained to supply other Coleopterists with examples for 
their collections, as well as for my own observations and 
experiments. Several nests were established on suitable 
private ground near at hand, where I had previously found 
both the ant and the beetle, and where they would be 
undisturbed for future observation. One nest with eight 
queens was brought home to my study and fixed up in a 
large glass vessel to act as an observation nest. J may 
mention that Lomechusa was found again this autumn, 
though not in such numbers as in the spring. The only 
other species of beetles I found in these nests were 
Dinarda dentata in plenty (a new locality for it) and 
Myrmedonia limbata. 

In conclusion I should like to express my best thanks 
to Sir Charles Dilke for his kindness and courtesy in 
allowing me to make use of his property at all times for 
the observation and study of this beetle in nature, as well 
as for a natural preserve for the ants and their nests; to 
Father Wasmann for his kind encouragement of my studies 
in Myrmecophilous Entomology ; to my friend Dr. H. Armit 
for kind assistance in dissecting and chemical experiments ; 
and to my friend Mr. Hereward Dollman for his admirable 
drawings. 


(aera) 


XXIV. On alarge series of Nycteribiide, parasitic Diptera, 
from Ceylon. By Hueu Scort, B.A. (Cantab). 
Communicated by J. E. Contin, FES. 


[Read November 6th, 1907.] 


THE main object of this paper is to state to what extent 
variation occurs in a series of 100 specimens of Cyclopodia 
sykesi, Westwood. One of the chief difficulties in the study 
of Nycteribiide has arisen from the fact that they are 
usually found only in small numbers, and consequently 
uncertainty as to the limits of species has often arisen. 
For the opportunity to examine the specimens under 
consideration, I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. T. 
Bainbrigge Fletcher, Paymaster of H.M.S. Sealark. They 
were all obtained by him from 11 male specimens of 
Pteropus medius Temminck * at Barberyn Island, off the 
west coast of Ceylon, on February 23rd, 1907. 

The series, consisting of 57 males and 43 females, is 
sufficiently large to enable one to form some opinion of 
the amount of individual variation exhibited by these 
insects. As an example of the difficulty which has arisen - 
in previous cases from the smallness of the number of 
specimens obtained, the following words, written by Dr. 
Enderlein,+ in describing a Cyclopodia from the Maldive 
Islands, may be quoted : “Ob die vorliegenden Verschieden- 
heiten aus individuellen Schwankungen hervorgegangen 
sind, kann ich nicht entscheiden. Dazu wiire ein grosseres 
Material nothwendig.” Dr. De Meijere ¢ also, in describing 
C. horsfieldi and speaking of Westwood’s species of the genus, 
expresses some uncertainty as to whether he is dealing 
with specific, or only with varietal, differences; saying: 
“., . thut sich die Frage auf, ob wir es nicht vielleicht 
mit Varietaten einer Art zu thun haben. Doch ist zur 
Entscheidung dieser Frage zuniichst mehr Material 
nothig.” 

For comparison with these specimens I have had West- 
wood’s original type female of C. sykesi, described by him 
in his paper §; also a male and a female of C. horsjieldt, 

* Pteropus medius (Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. I, 1827, p. 176) 
= Vespertilio gigantea (Briinnich, Dyrene’s Historie, I, 1782, p. 45). 

t+ Arch. Naturg. 67. 1 (1901), p. 176. 


{ Tijdschr. Ent. 42. (1899), p. 157. 
§ Tr. Zool. Soc. London, 1. (1835), p. 275. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IV. (FEB. 08) 


4.22 Mr. Hugh Scott on a large series of 


de Meij., the property of the Cambridge Museum, which 
were obtained by the Skeat expedition to the Malay 
Peninsula, and determined by Dr. Speiser. I owe my 
best thanks to Professor Poulton for kindly lending the 
type of C. sykest from the Oxford Museum. 

A close comparison of the Ceylon female specimens with 
Westwood’s type has left no doubt that they are C. sykesz. 
(The male sex was described by Westwood (op. cit.) as a 
separate species, C. hopei.) They are distinctly larger and 
darker than the type; the latter has the long bristles on 
the end of the abdomen conspicuously reddish, whereas in 
the Ceylon specimens these are more fuscous. Neverthe- 
less, investigation has revealed no clear character separating 
the Ceylon females from the type of C. sykesi. It must be 
mentioned, too, that all the Ceylon specimens are pre- 
served in spirit, while the type is in a dried condition. 
Though the species 1s not new, a description of the Ceylon 
series may not be out of place. 


FEMALE.—Dark reddish-brown ; cox somewhat lighter ; femora 
much lighter, testaceous, except at the apices, where they are dark ; 
the three cross-furrows of the tibia lie in its proximal portion. 
Head bearing short bristles, palps with long bristles. Thorax 
dorsally greyish-white at the sides ; the central part darker. Under- 
side of the thorax covered with short, not very strong, bristles. 

Basal abdominal segment. Dorsal plate with its extreme base 
whitish and bearing a group of very short black bristles ; remainder 
of the plate dark red-brown, more anteriorly without bristles, the 
posterior portion with 3 or more irregular rows of rudimentary 
dark bristles at some distance from one another; hind margin of 
the plate with + 6 conspicuous moderately long bristles, on either 
side of the body, at the lateral angle. Ventral plate with a few 
rudimentary bristles at its extreme base; posterior to these, 3 
irregular rows of short dark bristles (the bristles become longer 
towards the hind margin of the segment); margin of the plate 
bearing the characteristic ctenidium of strong black teeth. 

Penultimate abdominal segment. Whitish, covered with black 
tubercles (“Dornenrudimenten”). On the ventral and_ lateral 
surfaces these tubercules bear short bristles. The mid-ventral part 
of the hind border of the segment bears + 7 long bristles. On the 
dorsal surface, the tubercles of the anterior two-thirds bear only 
exceedingly minute rudimentary bristles ; in the middle is a bare 
space, having a group of much larger tubercles, of the number of 
which I shall speak later ; on the posterior one-third the tubercles 


Nycteribiide, parasitic Diptera, from Ceylon. 423 


are large, and bear the very long and strong fuscous-reddish bristles. 
It appears that Enderlein* had some doubt as to the number of 
these bristles, as Westwood’s Fig. 3+ does not show clearly whether 
one or several rows are present. It may be stated that there are 
5 or 6 rows, not very regularly arranged, and behind them a narrow 
part of the segment without either bristles or tubercles. There is 
no apparent arrangement of the tubercles in definite transverse 
lines, such as is mentioned by Westwood. 

Terminal segment. The chitinous plates on either side of the 
anus are smooth, dark, and shining; each one bears on its free 
margin a row of 8 long and very strong dark bristles, and 
immediately within this outer row is an inner row of very fine short 
bristles. The plate covering the genital opening is slightly broader 
than long ; smooth, brown and chitinous, bearing short bristles ; the 
centre of its basal portion is whitish, and of the same soft consistency 
as the penultimate segment. The margin of this plate has a slight 
median emargination, on either side of which it bears a row of about 
8 short black teeth, forming a kind of ctenidium.§ 


The females vary greatly in appearance according to 
the period of gestation, as often noticed previously. ‘Those 
in a less advanced stage have the abdomen greatly con- 
tracted, the posterior bristles lie together projecting back- 
wards, the black tubercles on the integument are crowded 
together, and the ctenidium can be seen from above widely 
projecting on either side of the body. Such females 
sometimes measure only 44mm. in length. Those in an 
advanced stage have the penultimate abdominal segment 
much swollen, with a marked constriction just behind its 
base; the long posterior bristles are erected, the black 
tubercles at some distance from one another owing to 
expansion of the integument; and the ctenidium is hardly 
visible at the sides of the body from above, since the 
hardness of the basal ventral plate prevents it from sharing 
in the expansion of the rest of the abdomen. Gravid 
females such as these measure 5 mm., or over, in length. 

VARIATION IN THE FEMALE. When allowance is made 
for difference in appearance due to difference in the stage 
of gestation, the 43 females are remarkably constant in 
almost all their characters. The only appreciable variation 
which has been found, is in the number and arrangement 


* loe, cit. al ft op. cit. £ op. cit., p. 283. 
§ These ctenidia are present also in our 9 specimen of 0. 
horsfieldi. 


424 Mr. Hugh Scott on a large series of 


of the large tubercles on the bare space in the centre of 
the dorsal surface of the abdomen. Westwood described 
and figured them as being 4 in number, arranged as at 
the corners of a square. This is the most usual con- 
dition, and is found in some allied species. Sometimes, 
however, one tubercle is out of place, and the grouping 
irregular; and the number is not constant. Thus out of 
the 43 Ceylon females (see Text-fig. 1) :— 
34 females have the big tubercles 4 in number (Fig. 1, 
a), in some cases irregularly arranged. 
4 females have 5 big tubercles (Fig. 1, 0), with a more 
or less regular pentagonal arrangement. 
1 female has 6 big tubercles (Fig. 1, ¢), irregularly 
arranged. 
1 female has 7 big tubercles (Fig. 1, @), very irregu- 
larly placed, in an anterior group of 4 and a 
posterior group of 3.* 


Fia. 1.—Diagrams of the dorsal surface of the penultimate abdominal segment, ? 
of C. sykesi Westw. to show variation*in the arrangement of the large black tubercles. 


These varying specimens show no departure from the 
normal condition, except in regard to the number and 
position of these tubercles. The result of the investigation 
is important, since it shows that the number of the 
tubercles cannot be relied on as a specific character. 
Enderlein has described the only female out of 7 speci- 
mens from the Maldive Islands. According to his descrip- 
tion, it corresponds closely to a typical female of C. 
sykest, except in having 5 tubercles instead of 4 on the 


* The number of big tubercles is also sometimes reduced by 
variation to below the normal. I have examined 7 other specimens 
of C. sykesi now in the Cambridge Museum, collected in Ceylon in 
1877. Three are females, and while 2 of them have the normal 
4 tubercles, the third has only 2 big tubercles, placed transversely. 


Nyeteribiide, parasitic Diptera, from Ceylon. 425 
y » 2 if , ‘ 


bare patch.* But since out of the 43 Ceylon females, 
6 are abnormal with respect to these tubercles ; and since 
4 out of those 6 exhibit the condition found in the 
Maldive female; it is possible that the latter is merely 
a specimen of the 5-tuberculated variety of C. sykeso. 

It seems that some writers, judging from Westwood’s 
figures t of C. sykesi, have supposed that there are 3 
large tubercles on either side of the abdomen, in addition 
to the 4 in the middle of the dorsal surface. Kolenati, 
in his writings on the subject (Hore Soc. ent. Ross., I, 
pp. 1-109), speaks (p. 85) of the female C. sykesi as 
having 10 large tubercles, of which 4 are in the middle 
of the dorsal surface of the abdomen, while the other 6 
‘drei jederseits am Aussenrande stehen.” Enderlein also, 
in describing the female from the Maldives, states that 
“Die in der Westwood’schen Figur bei C. sykesi angege- 
benen seitlichen grdsseren Dornenrudimenten fehlen 
vorliegendem Thier.” But Westwood’s type of C. sykest 
has no large lateral tubercles on the abdomen, neither 
have the Ceylon females. Moreover Westwood (op. cit., 
p. 283) only says of the abdomen that “its coriaceous 
part... is covered ... with minute shining black 
tubercles, 4 of which, on the centre of the abdomen, are 
of a larger size.” But though he makes no mention of 
3 large tubercles on either side, yet he has in his figures 
drawn the 3 spiracles of each side in such a manner that 
they exactly resemble the large tubercles in the centre. 
This is the case in his Figs. 3, 17, and 18 (op. cit.). He 
says of the abdomen that “at each side above, between 
the basal corneous articulation and the setose terminal 
portion, 3 circular spiracles are to be observed.” Again, 
in his Fig. 20, similar objects are shown, and these in the 
explanation of the figures are called spiracles (“ Fig. 20, 

. showing ... the two posterior pairs of spiracles.” 
p. 293, op. cit.). 

Now Kolenati, at the time of writing his paper referred 
to above, appears not to have seen actual specimens of 
C. sykesi, but states (op. cit., p. 82) with regard to his 
figures of that species, that they are “ Alles copien aus 
Westwood’s On Nycteribia” (that is, Westwood’s paper 
referred to here). It appears to be almost certain, there- 
fore, that Westwood’s figuring of the spiracles has given 

* op. cit., p. 176, Text-fig. 1. 
T op. cit. 


426 Mr. Hugh Scott on a large series of 


rise to the erroneous conception that C. sykesi has 3 large 
lateral tubercles on either side of the abdomen in addition 
to the 4 central ones. 

One may say, then, that the females of this series are 
remarkably constant, except with regard to the large 
dorsal tubercles. There is no variation sufficient to 
cause hesitation in referring all the individuals to the 
same species. When a distinct species, C. horsfieldi, is 
compared with the specimens, it is at once seen to be 
separated from them by perfectly well-marked characters. 
These are, the different arrangement of the long bristles 
on the posterior part of the abdomen: and the presence 
of a group of conspicuous moderately long bristles, 
placed ventro-laterally on either side of the penultimate 
abdominal segment, and extending backwards some way 
from its base;* the bristles in this region are not con- 
spicuously elongated in C. sykesi. 


Maue.—Length 43-42 mm. Head dark red-brown, bearing 
short bristles ; palps with long bristles. Sides of the thorax whitish, 
the central portion darker posteriorly. Under-side of the thorax 
reddish-brown, covered with short bristles. Coxe, trochanters, and 
femora distinctly lighter in colour; the femora dark apically, as 
in the female. Some immature specimens have the integument in 
a soft condition, and are very light-coloured, the legs and under-side 
of the thorax being especially pale. 

Dorsal surface of abdomen. Very dark red-brown (excepting 
base of first segment), the anal segment slightly lighter and more 
shining. Extreme base of the basal segment whitish, bearing a 
group of dark rudimentary bristles ; behind this a portion of the 
segment free from bristles; posterior portion with 4 rows of 
very short bristles at some distance from one another. Second 
and third segments almost equally long, the third often slightly 
more stretched out, their surfaces bearing scantily-distributed very 
short bristles. Fourth and fifth segments short, their surfaces free 
from bristles. Anal segment described below. Hind margin of the 
first segment without bristles except at the lateral angles, where 
there are on either side about 7 long bristles. Hind margins 
of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th segments bordered with long bristles 
at the sides, free from bristles for a considerable space in the 
middle. 

Ventral surface of abdomen. First segment bearing a short 
basal row and 3 long rows of short bristles, and bearing the 


* De Meijere, op. cit., Text-fig. 1. 


Nycteribiide, parasitie Diptera, from Ceylon. 427 


strong black teeth of the ctenidium on its hind margin. 2nd and 
3rd segments each bearing on its surface 3 rows of somewhat 
longer bristles, and on its hind margin a row of moderately long 
bristles quite continuous across the body, 4th segment somewhat 
elongated, its median portion without bristles, the lateral parts 
bearing bristles; in the middle of its hind margin is the small 
ctenidium of about 10 short, blunt, black teeth; on either side 
of this the margin bears long bristles. At the sides of the body, 
on segments 2, 3, and 4, are some stiff bristles projecting outwards, 

Anal seqment (Text-fig. 2). Narrow, long, tapering towards 
apex. Length 14, or more, times as great as breadth at base ; 
breadth at apex } as great as that at base. Median part of dorsal 
surface bare; lateral portions with bristles, which extend on to 
the ventral surface ; apical angles bearing longer bristles. Claspers 
long, narrow, narrowly-pointed ; reaching back almost, or quite, to 
the hind margin of the penultimate segment ; bearing long bristles 
on their basal parts. The median portion of each clasper is slightly 
curved away from the body, so that a small space is sometimes left 
between the claspers and the abdomen; their apices rest on the 
surface of the abdomen. 


b. 
a. 


Fria, 2.—(a) Dorsal view of anal segment of ¢@, (+) ventral view. In 6, owing to 
curvative of the segment, the latter looks shorter than it really is. 


AMOUNT OF VARIATION. The 57 males exhibit no 
appreciable variation in size, structure, or colour; except, 
in the case of colour, that due to differences in the degree 
of maturity. It can therefore be said, in summing up, of 
the whole series of males and females, 100 specimens, 
that the characters are remarkably constant. There is 
only one striking variation, which is that already described 
in the female. 


428 Mr. H. Scott on a large series of Nycteribiide. 


In the study of (C. sykesi and its near allies, an im- 
portant point long remained undecided ; that is, whether 
C. hopei, Westw., and C. sykesi are male and female of 
the same species or not. The former was originally 
described from 2 males from Bengal, the latter from 3 
females from East India,* and Westwood then asserted 
the possibility of their being the same species. The 
characters of the males of the series discussed in this 
paper agree with those of (. hopei as given by Speiser 
(Arch. Naturg. 67. 1 (1901), p. 50 and Text-fig. 20). He 
states that the characteristic feature of C. hopei lies 
in the form of its anal segment and claspers; the former 
being slender, tapering towards the apex, and some 1? 
times to twice as long as it is broad at the base; and 
the latter being especially long and narrow, and slenderly 
pointed. I have since been informed by Dr. Speiser, that 
as a result of his more recent investigations, C. hopei and 
C. sykesi are shown to be certainly the two sexes of a 
single species. 

In the bottle with the Cyclopodia were also a large 
number of mites. Mr. N. D. IT. Pearce, of Christ’s College, 
Cambridge, who has kindly examined these, states that 
they are Dermanysside, of the genus Leiognathus, Canestr. : 
and very closely allied to Z. arcuatus, Berlese (Ac. Myr. 
Scorp. It. 53, 8), which is common on bats, especially on 
V. noctula, The mites are parasitic on the Pteropus 
medius, and are not, except by accident, on the 
Cyclopodia, 


* Westwood, op. cit. 


; ( 429 ) 


XXV. The Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. By 
Lirut.-CoLONEL N. MANpDERS, F.ZS., F.ES, 


[Read October 4th, 1907.] 
PLATE XXIX. 


It is now more than forty years since Mr. Trimen published 
his paper on the butterflies of Mauritius in the Transactions 
of this Society, and as far as I know nothing has been 
written on the subject in the interval. It is perhaps as 
well that the lst of butterflies occurring in Mauritius 
should be brought up to date, and if some forty years 
hence another entomologist should add his experiences, 
the Society would be in possession of an entomological 
history extending over a hundred years, and of some 
valuable facts regarding the constant ebb and flow of 
butterfly life in that island. In the present paper I add 
five insects to Trimen’s list, namely Papilio demodocus, 
Cacyreus lingeus, Zizera antanossa, Zizera gaika and Naca- 
duba mandersi, Druce. The specimen of Libythea cinyras 
still remains unique, and another species, Salamis auqus- 
tina, is extinct or virtually so. One of Trimen’s insects, 
Catopsilia rhadia, | have removed as being a synonym of 
C. florella, thus making the total number of Mauritius 
butterflies thirty. Changes of nomenclature are somewhat 
frequent, and I have mostly followed Aurivillius (“ Rhopa- 
locera Aithiopica,’ 1898). I have at the same time given 
the names and the number of the insects used by Trimen in 
the above mentioned paper, as it is still used by local 
entomologists who might otherwise be puzzled by my list. 
Trimen’s list was admittedly incomplete, as his stay in the 
island was short and quite at the most unfavourable season 
of the year for collecting; it is therefore a matter of 
surprise that he managed to obtain as many species as he 
did. The investigations of the last forty years show con- 
clusively that the whole of the butterfly-fauna of these 
islands is entirely African, and probably mostly derived, as 
we should expect, from Madagascar. 

As Mauritius, and even more so Bourbon (or Réunion, 
as it is invariably called by the inhabitants), are but little 

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IV. (FEB. ’08) 


430 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the 


known to English entomologists, I may perhaps give a few 
details, which may not prove uninteresting, regarding their 
physical characteristics in which they differ very materially. 
Mauritius is about the size of the county of Dorset, being 
about thirty-six miles from north to south and almost 
the same from east to west. It is comparatively flat, the 
large plateau known as Plain Wilhems at the approximate 
elevation of 700 feet, occupying the whole central portion 
of the island, and gradually spreading outwards towards 
the north at a decreasing elevation. The whole of this 
plain was covered with forest at the beginning of the last 
century, so thick in parts that on one occasion the 
Governor of the island and his party were lost for four 
days before making their exit. Now the forest has entirely 
disappeared, its place being taken by sugar-cane, which is 
of not much interest to an entomologist. The hills, which 
nowhere exceed 2,300 feet in elevation, are of volcanic 
origin, and mostly the remains of the walls of extinct 
craters. Their sides are consequently steep, frequently 
precipitous, and are usually covered with jungle, portions 
of it no doubt being the remains of the original forest. 
The only extensive tract of the primeval forest remaining 
is in the south-west portion of the island ; this covers the 
sides and summits of the hills overlooking the sea, and 
spreads northwards to join the central plain in the neigh- 
bourhood of Curepipe, 1,800 feet, becoming more open and 
of smaller growth as it approaches the more inhabited 
districts. It is difficult of access and disappointingly un- 
productive. I have found no butterflies peculiar to it, 
and in fact butterflies are very distinctly scarce init. For 
a considerable portion of the year it is subject to deluges 
of rain, the ground becomes water-logged, and immediately 
off the few narrow paths increasingly difficult or impassable. 
It is interesting, profoundly so, to a naturalist, as it is the 
final refuge of the few remaining indigenous birds. The 
climate varies, but is usually considered to be six months cool 
and dry from June to November, and hot and moist from 
December to May. Unlike Bourbon, Mauritius is entirely 
surrounded by a coral reef, which at places comes within 
a few hundred yards of the shore, at others is two or even 
three miles out. It is a paradise for the marine zoologist, 
and for those with no natural history tendencies, its calm 
seas, transparent water, and lovely bays with their glorious 
sands, can scarcely be surpassed for exquisite beauty in 


Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 431 


any tropical island. Bourbon is altogether different, deep 
water and heavy breakers come straight on to the beach 
without any natural breakwater, and the shore is covered 
with huge water-worn boulders and rounded pebbles, with 
an entire absence of marine life. In the one case we have 
quiet seas and intense natural beauty, in the other the 
whole coast, so far as I saw it, is subject to the full and 
eternal swell of the Indian Ocean. 

In physical features Bourbon is also different to 
Mauritius; though very much of the same’size or rather 
smaller, it is distinctly mountainous, and evidences of 
voleanic action are even more marked. One can get a 
good idea of the country by placing three circles in a 
triangle and touching each other, with the base to the 
west. These three circles, each about five miles in 
diameter, represent three extinct volcanoes; place another 
circle to the south of these but separated from them and 
this will mark the position of the present active crater 
which is on the coast. The centre of the easternmost 
crater is exactly the centre of the island, and the part 
where the three circles meet forms the main mountain 
range running north and south, the highest point, the 
Piton des Niéges, being over 10,000 feet above the level 
of the sea and covered with snow for a considerable portion 
of the year. This trend of the hills gives a very different 
character to the climate on either side of it. The trade- 
winds striking the cold eastern flanks of these mountains 
deposit their moisture in heavy rain, the western portion 
only receiving occasional showers on their hill-sides, the 
coast rarely receiving any rain at all. It is a country 
where I fully hoped to find species of Teracolus and Acrea, 
if illness had not put a very decided veto on any exploration 
Thad contemplated. The chief villages, I cannot call them 
towns, are built at the bottom of the aforesaid three craters, 
the eastern one being Salazie, the western Cilaos, and the 
northern Mafitte. It is a peculiar experience living in 
such a situation, and though very beautiful from the 
verdure of the numerous smaller hills scattered over the 
floor of the crater, and the fantastic appearance of the 
cliffs forming its edge, one’s view is limited to the sur- 
rounding rugged cliffs, and after a short residence I had an 
almost irresistible desire to climb up and peep over the 
other side, much like a kitten at the bottom of a basket. 
There is but one road to each of these craters, that up the 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IV. (FEB. 08) 29 


432 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the 


gorge of Salazie being a good coach road for some twenty 
miles. This is the tinest gorge it has been my good 
fortune to visit in any part of the world. It is a rift in 
the crater, and a geologist would have no difficulty in 
tracing the course of the erupting lava from the volcano to 
the sea. Now ariver occupies the bottom of the rift, and 
the jungle-covered precipices, mostly almost perpendicular, 
with innumerable waterfalls of over a thousand feet in 
height, makes the drive out of great interest and beauty. 
I did not netice many butterflies here. The gorge is so 
extremely narrow that there is very little sunshine, and I 
was disappointed, as, although I did not expect many 
species, I fully anticipated a great number of individuals. 

Cilaos is at a higher elevation, 4,000 feet, and access is 
difficult. One is usually carried up in a chair on the 
shoulders of a succession of stalwart porters, for a distance 
of something like thirty miles. The road or rather track 
is cut out of the steep hill-side, which being composed of 
shale is constantly slipping down, with the result that it is 
not at all uncommon for large portions of it to be carried 
away. It is far too narrow for wheeled traffic, and indeed 
one’s chair frequently overhangs a clear drop of several 
hundred feet in a manner distinctly alarming. Con- 
sequently in Cilaos horses and cattle are unknown, life is 
primitive and I should think deadly monotonous, the only 
diversion so far as I could judge being a stroll to the 
neighbouring chalybeate spring for a draught of water. 
The forests, once so extensive as to cover the whole central 
area, are being rapidly destroyed. Dr. Jacob, who has 
resided in the island for fifty years, told me that he 
remembered when the whole of the Salazie district was a 
beautiful forest, and when the Bourbon starling (Fregilupus 
varius) was quite common. ‘This bird has now been extinct 
for five and twenty years, and the forests are following it. 
The flora is im many respects different from that of 
Mauritius, and I should say that a Microlepidopterist 
would make most interesting discoveries at the higher 
elevations. Unfortunately illness almost entirely ruined 
any chances I had in this direction. 

The late Dr. Vinson, Curator of the Natural History 
Museum, St. Denys, made two lists of the buttertlies of 
Bourbon, one in 1891, the other in 1896; both are out of 
print and difficult to obtain. They contain many interest- 
ing notes, and I have made them the basis of the present 


Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 433 


list. The number of butterflies recorded is twenty-two, 
but there are probably a few more species remaining to be 
discovered. 


Danaida chrysippus, L. 
8. Danais Chrysippus, Linn. 


Maovritivs. Common in the low country and some- 
times abundant, scarcer above 1,000 feet. It has been 
noticed as being particularly common after a cyclone, the 
rain and consequent dampness probably bringing the pupa 
to rapid maturity. The form aleippus, Cram., has not 
been hitherto recorded. It is exceedingly rare, and I 
believe I am the only individual who has noticed it ; this 
was at Curepipe 1,860 ft., March 12th, 1907. D. dorippus, 
Klug., does not occur, and this is the more interesting 
as H. misippus, form imaria, does occasionally appear. 
Flies I-XII. 

Bourson. I found this common at St. Denys, and saw 
in the museum specimens of alczppus which had been 
taken in the neighbourhood. The transformations are 
well known. 


Amauris phedon, Fabr. 
7. Danais Phedone, Fabr. 


Peculiar to Mauritius aud Madagascar (Mabille) and 
locally known as the “ Banyan butterfly.” Rare in the 
higher elevations, locally abundant on the coast, con- 
gregating in numbers after the manner of the Danaids, 
usually under the shelter of “filao” trees (Casuarina 
equisetifolia). Frequently it flies high among the trees 
and is then difficult to take; at other times it flies low 
and is easily captured. I found it abundant at Morne 
Brabant in the extreme south-west corner of the island, 
in August; also at Blue Bay on the east coast and 
elsewhere. Flies nearly all the year round. The female 
is distinctly uncommon; the male is variable more _par- 
ticularly on the fore-wing, all variation can be found from 
a well-developed spot in the cell to a complete absence ; 
the spot also in the first median interspace is very variable 
in size; the band on the hind-wing varies also in breadth. 
The larva is unknown. 


434 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the 


Euplaa ewphone, Fabr. 
6. Huplea Euphone, Faby. 


Abundant everywhere, except in the cold weather. Of 
slow flight and easily captured. J have frequently found 
the eggs of this and the following species on “ Alamanda” 
(Alamanda cathartiea), but have never succeeded in rearing 
the larva on this plant, neither have I found the full-grown 
larva at large on it, though I have frequently found and 
reared it on Ficus repens. On Alamanda the larva invaria- 
bly dies when quite small, apparently from starvation, and 
I am rather under the impression that the female mistakes 
the food plant. The egg is undistinguishable from Z. 
goudoti, it is of the usual Eupleeid shape, pale yellow with 
perpendicular ridges. It is laid on the under margin of 
the smaller leaves, the young larva spins a slightly woven 
silken pad, and eats the under surface of the leaf in a 
semi-circular manner round it. The full-grown larva is 
pale grey with narrow black lines dividing the segments. 
Flies I-V.; VI-VIII, scarce; IX, becomes common; 
X-XIi, abundant. It does not occur in Bourbon. 


Kuplea goudoti, Boisd. (Pl. XXIX, fig. 1). 


Not a Mauritius butterfly; but I have one specimen, the 
only one recorded, which was captured by Mr. J. A. de Gaye, 
at Post de Flacq on the north-east side of the island in 
August 1905. The specimen, which is in very bad 
condition, was probably conveyed from Bourbon by a 
favouring wind. Through the kindness of Mr. de Gaye 
this specimen is now in my collection. See “ Entomologist,” 
vol. xl, p. 185. Bourson. Abundant on the coast, pre- 
ferring hot steamy shade, where it flies slowly and is 
captured with ease. I found it common at St. Denys in 
the Botanical Gardens, and it was by no means rare in the 
town itself. It scarcely extends above 1,000 feet elevation. 
At Hell-Bourg, 3,000 feet, I saw only one specimen, 
evidently a straggler. The insect in its manner of flight 
and general appearance reminds one very much of the 
Indian Luplwa core. 

Its transformations have been described. The typical 
species has on the forewing a small white spot on the 
costa at the end of the cell and another in the second 


Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 435 


median interspace. Some specimens have the wings 
entirely unspotted and others with an additional spot in 
the first median interspace, and I have one specimen with 
faint but decided indications of a submarginal row; the 
number and size of the spots also vary on the underside. 


Melanitis leda, L. 
16. Cyllo Leda, Linn. 


Abundant everywhere, particularly at sunset in leafy 
lanes and at the corner of cane-fields. The peculiar habit 
of its near Indian ally JZ. ismene, of tilting to one side after 
settling and thus reducing the tell-tale shadow was, if I 
remember correctly, first brought to notice by Mr. Ernest 
Green. The same habit is also adopted by this insect, but 
it is by no means confined to the hours of sunshine, it 
frequently performs thus after sunset. The transforma- 
tions are in all respects similar to those of JZ. ismene, and, 
judging by a written description of the larva, it would 
. appear that the two are indistinguishable. I have given 
an account of its seasonal changes as they occur in Mauri- 
tius. (Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., Feb, 1905.) Flies I-XIL. 

Bourson. The same remarks apply. It is described 
by Vinson as C. fulvescens, Guenée. 


Mycalesis (Henotesia) narcissus, Fabr. 
17. Mycalesis Narcissus, Fabr. 


Abundant everywhere, and perhaps the commonest 
butterfly in the island. It is very partial to shady lanes 
and bamboo hedges, and is on the wing, fluttering close to 
the ground, even in the drenching rain and heavy squalls 
which are the forerunners of a cyclone. Seasonal dimor- 
phism is decidedly noticeable in the colour of the under 
surface of both fore and hind wings, which changes from 
the light yellowish-brown of the hot and dry weather to a 
deep purplish-grey in the cold and wet; the size of the 
ocelli are not markedly affected. The species is equally 
abundant in Bourbon. Fles I-XII. The life history has 
not, so far as I can ascertain, been recorded. The female 
I observed ovipositing was in cabinet condition; she 
basked for a few minutes in the sun, and then fluttered on 
to the smaller leaves of the bamboo growing close to the 
ground; on the under-surface of these she deposited a 


436 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the 


single egg. She then flew off and basked again, returning 
in a few minutes to almost the same leaf, where she again 
went through the egg-laying process. 


The egg laid 27. x. ’06 is globular, pale yellow and slightly pitted 
and is distinctly large for the size of the butterfly. 

The larva hatched 3. xi. and on emergence was very pale yellow- 
ish-green with shiny black head, tail bifid, no other markings could 
be made out. 12. xi. length 6 mm., head black, body pale glistening 
green, under a lens two small prominences on either side of the top 
of the head can be made out, also a green dorsal line and yellowish 
spiracular lines; with a bifid tail, of the same colour on the last 
segment. 20. xi. length 10 mm., head brown, body rather glistening 
greenish-white ; dorsal line well-marked posteriorly, greenish-red ; 
sub-dorsal and spiracular lines yellowish ; all the legs same colour as 
the body. Under a lens the whole body and head is seen to be 
covered with short whitish hairs, and to be minutely transversely 
striated. The bifid tail beneath, and its base above, the same colour 
as the body, remainder reddish-brown. 10. xii. Full fed, length 
26 mm.; pale pinkish-brown tinged with green, head darker. A 
dorsal catenulated line, much more pronounced posteriorly, brown, 
fading to greenish-brown towards the head. A waved sub-dorsal 
line and straight sub-spiracular line, light brown. Spiracles black, 
legs and prolegs the same colour as the body. 

Pupa, light green with straight narrow black transverse line across 
the mouth parts, another similar line at base of wing-covers. Of the 
usual Satyrid shape. 


The transformations of this insect take longer for their 
completion than those of the much larger Melanitis leda, 
though both are very sensitive to meteorological conditions. 


Atella phalanta, Drury. 
9. Atella Phalanta, Dru. 


This is another abundant butterfly both in Mauritius 
and Bourbon, particularly on the sea-coast, where it some- 
times swarms among the food-plant (Flacourtia). The 
life-history is well known. 

Flies I-VII, abundant; VI, scarce; VIII—XII, abundant. 

I have observed on more than one occasion that for 
twenty-four hours after shedding the larval skin the pupa 
hangs free like that of Vanessa, and afterwards by a con- 
traction of the abdominal segments it appresses itself along 


Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 437 


the twig from which it is suspended, and becomes attached 
to it by I presume some glutinous material. The usual 
plan, however, is for it to assume this position immediately 
after its release from the larval skin. 


Antanartia mauritiana, Manders, s. sp. n. (Pl. X XIX, fig. 2). 


11. Pyrameis Hippomene, Boisd. 


With the exception of Salamis augustina, quite the 
rarest butterfly in Mauritius and verging on extinction. 
It is probably a local race of the continental A. hippomene, 
Hiibn., but is quite distinct from that insect. It 1s, how- 
ever, very close to A. borbonica, Oberth., which is also a 
well-marked race of A. hippomene. The distinctions 
between the Mauritian and Bourbon races, though slight, 
are sufficiently defined to justify a separation of the 
insects. The difference, as M. Charles Oberthiir has 
remarked to me, is more in the general facies than in any 
marked character, A borbonica being a larger and far more 
robust-looking butterfly than A. mauritiana, 


Expanse 47 inm., average of 20 specimens (A. borbonica 55 mm., 
average of 4 specimens), the females rather larger than the males. 
Forewing.—The tranverse orange band on its inner edge is outwardly 
angled or waved at the median nervure forming the lower portion of 
the cell. In A. borbonica this is always straight. The outer edge 
of the band is also more distinctly angled or waved at the same place 
than is A. borbonica. Hindwing. There is a great diminution, 
generally an almost total absence, of the blue scales between the 
angle and the tail ; this deficiency is particularly noticeable below 
the ocellus. Hindwing under side. The green scaling between the 
anal angle and the tail and below the ocellus is confined to a narrow 
marginal line. In A. jborbonica this area of the wing is thickly 
sprinkled with green scales on a black ground, and these scales also 
cover the adjoining portion of the space beyond this. 


The difference in size, and more particularly the greater 
robustness of the Bourbon insect, is, I believe, primarily 
due to climatic conditions. A. borbonica is never found 
below 2,000 feet. A. mauritiana maintains a precarious 
existence at 1,800 feet, there being very little of the island 
of this elevation and only a few hills rising above 2,000 
feet. The climate is not favourable to the development of 
the butterfly, and what is probably more important, is too 


438 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the 


hot for the food plant. I was much struck in Bourbon 
with the far greater luxuriance, larger leaves and stronger 
growth of the Pilea urticefolia and its great abundance. 
In Mauritius all the plants I have seen, and it is not 
a particularly common one, are more slender, straggly and 
the leaves noticeably thinner and less juicy; and this 
diminished growth would tend to the production of a 
smaller and weaker insect. Consequently in Bourbon the 
butterfly is large, strong and abundant; in Mauritius, 
small, weak and very rare. I endeavoured to prove this 
by feeding Mauritius larvae on Bourbon plants, but I had 
only two larvee to experiment with, and it is not surprising 
that the results were unsatisfactory ; but it is probable 
that investigations on a larger scale would yield interesting 
results. 

The only known locality is Curepipe, 1,800 feet. Per- 
sonally I have only once seen it on the wing, this was a 
dilapidated female which flew into the verandah of my 
house. Captain Tulloch has taken it on the summit of 
the Trou-aux-cerfs, where it flies between 9 am. and 
11 am. I have, however, for three consecutive years 
found eggs, larva and pupz on the same plant in the 
Botanic Gardens, Curepipe. There appears to be a suc- 
cession of broods ‘during the hot weather; in some seasons 
the butterfly appears as early as the end of September 
and occasionally lasts until May; but the usual months 
are February and March. I have found the eggs in 
October and March and the larvee in October, January, 
March, and May. 

The egg is laid on the under surface of the larger leaves 
of Pilea urticefolia. It is smooth, conical, dark olive-green 
with flattened top and base. The segments are marked 
with narrow but distinct perpendicular yellow lines, nine 
in number, converging towards the summit but not 
meeting. It has an exact resemblance to a water-melon. 
Egg laid ? hatched 8. x. "05; larva full-fed 28. x.; sus- 
pended before 7 a.m. 5. xi.; shed its larval skin 4 p.m. 
5. x1.; emerged 16. xi. When first hatched the larva is 
uniform yellowish-green, with black spines and shining 
black head. When half-grown, it is uniformly black with 
a glistening appearance, with spines bright yellow or some- 
times white. The full-grown larva is very variable and 
its colour is influenced by its surroundings. I have given 
a description of this in the “ Entomologist.” 


Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 439 


None of the larve I have seen agree with Dr. Vinson’s 
figure and description of the larva of A. borbonica (Oberth. 
“Etud d’Ent.” 12, p. 17, t. 4, 1888), except that the spines 
are yellow with black points, set on bright yellow or dull 
ochreous bases. The pupe are similar in shape, but, as I 
have shown elsewhere,* the colour is markedly influenced 
by its environment. 

The larva is very easily detected by its habit of forming 
a tent for itself by making two scimitar-shaped incisions 
in a leaf right down to the mid-rib, and then bending over 
the tip and attaching it to the under surface of the leaf 
with a few silken threads. The full-fed larvee frequently 
discard this method of concealment and feed openly, but 
invariably rest on the under surface of the leaf. 1 have 
found eggs, larve and pupz on the same plant at the 
same time. 


Antanartia borbonica, Oberth. 


Common in Bourbon above 2,000 feet, abundant at 
Hell-bourg, Salazie, 3,000 feet. I never saw the perfect 
insect, but evidences of the larva were everywhere abun- 
dant on the food-plants. My only captures were one 
empty egg-shell and one cast larval skin, which was 
aggravating, but illness was responsible for my non-success. 
It was considered to be peculiar to Bourbon, but Mabille 
has lately recorded it from the interior of Madagascar. 


Pyrameis cardui, L. 
10. Pyrameis Cardui, Linn. 

Mauritius. Rare and local. Its chief and almost only 
locality is the Trou-aux-cerfs, 2,000 ft. where I have 
occasionally found it in December, though it occurs 
sparingly in other months. It differs in no way from 
European specimens. 

Bourznon. Rare, and only in the hill districts. I saw 
a beautifully fresh specimen at Hell-Bourg, 3,000 ft. in 
April, 

Precis rhadama, Boisd. 


12. Junonia Rhadama, Boisd. 


Mauritius. Common everywhere and_ frequently 
abundant on the coast. It is perhaps the most strikingly 


* « Entomologist,” vol. xxxix, p. 41. 


44.0 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the 


beautiful butterfly in Mauritius, the brilliant sapphire-blue 
of the freshly emerged male being exquisite. I have 
noticed dozens at a time on the steep hill-side at Port 
Louis leading up to the Citadel. It has the habits of our 
small Tortoiseshell, and its gorgeous colouring can easily 
be watched and admired. Pairing takes place in the 
hottest sunshine, all the females being freshly emerged. 
It was introduced into the island about the year 1857 or 
1858, and soon established itself (Trimen). ‘The species 
is very constant on the upper wings, though the female 
is slightly prone to vary in the amount of blue, which is 
sometimes partially replaced by fuscous ; but on the under 
surface it varies much in accordance with the climate, the 
under surface of those from the Black River district on the 
western portion of the island which is very dry, have all 
the markings indistinct and blurred, and the ground colour 
varying shades of grey. 

Flies I—VI, abundant; VII—IX, scarce; X—XII, 
common. 

Bourson. The same remarks apply generally. Vinson, 
1891, says “that it is a recent importation due to chance.” 
It would appear to have been introduced some thirty years 
later than into Mauritius, and this may be due to more 
irregular and infrequent communication with the outside 
world in the case of Bourbon. The larva feeds on Barleria, 
and is well figured and described by Vinson (“ Etudes 
d’Ent.” Oberthiir, 1888). 


Salamis augustina, Boisd. (Pl. X XIX, fig. 3). 
13. Junonia Augustina, Boisd. 


This butterfly is one of exceptional interest, as it is 
almost certainly extinct, no specimen having been taken 
for twelve years. So far as I can ascertain from extensive 
inquiries in this country and abroad, there are only two 
specimens extant; one in Mr. Trimen’s collection given to 
him in the year 1865 by the late Mr. Colville Barclay 
taken in the Moka district and the other, here figured, in 
the Port Louis Museum. It is well therefore to put on 
record all that I have learnt regarding the latest captures 
of this rare insect. It was getting very scarce when Mr. 
Trimen was in the island in 1865, and it is strange that 
an insect whose larva feeds on the sugar-cane which covers 
the greater portion of Mauritius should not rather be over- 


Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 441 


abundant than otherwise. JI attribute its disappearance to 
the depredationsof the Indian Mynah* (Aeridotheres tristis), 
which was introduced some hundred years ago for the 
purpose of keeping in check the field-crickets and other 
insects which were destroying the canes. The bird is 
protected and is consequently over-abundant, flying in 
small flocks of twenty to thirty all over the country, and 
making themselves a general nuisance. The bird was 
also brought into Bourbon, but fortunately for S. awgustina 
so frequently finds its way into the cooking-pots of the 
natives, that the butterfly survives though in greatly 
diminished numbers. In Madagascar where the ‘“ Mynah” 
is unknown, S. augustina is not uncommon. Man therefore 


Salamis augustina; the specimen in the Port Louis Museum. 


is responsible for the extinction of the butterfly. The 
Port Louis specimen came from the collection of the late 
M. Réynard, who some five-and-twenty years ago bred 
some half dozen specimens from larvee found in his garden 
on Trianon estate in the Moka district. At his death 
they came into the possession of the Port Louis Museum 
authorities, but only the one specimen could be preserved, 
the remainder being in fragments. In August 1895 Dr. 
Bolton captured two within a few minutes of each other, 
at Souillac on the east coast. He tells me that he had no 
difficulty in catching them, as they were hovering over 
some vanilla plants. Unfortunately during his absence in 
England his collection became mouldy, and offending the 
esthetic tastes of his relations was cast into the dust-heap. 
This is the last capture I have been able to ascertain. I 
* By destroying the larve. 


4.42 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the 


almost hesitate to record that at 9.30 a.m. March 19th, 
1906 (I am particular as to the date) at Curepipe Railway 
Station, a butterfly flew past me which I am satisfied in 
my own mind was this particular insect. I was near 
enough to see distinctly the peculiar shape of the forewings 
—but I refrain from further harrowing details! let it 
suffice I did not capture it. 

Bourzon. In this island it is becoming very rare; I saw 
five specimens in the museum at St. Denys, which seemed 
to be slightly different from the Mauritius form. Dr. 
Vinson says that it flies between 9 am. and I0 am., in 
April and May and again in September. Unfortunately 
M. Réynard’s coloured drawings of the larvee have been 
lost. I am greatly indebted to Captain Stammers, 
R.A.M.C., for the photograph from which the figure is 
made, giving an accurate representation of the appearance 
of the specimen in the Port Louis Museum. Also to Mr. 
Roland ‘Trimen, F.R.S., for the loan of his specimen above 
referred to, and figured on Plate XXIX. 


Hypolimnas misippus, L. 
15. Diadema Bolina, Linn. 


Mauritius. Not by any means a common insect, but 
widely distributed. Three forms of the female occur, the 
most frequent being the mimic of JD. chrysippus, the 
form inaria I have rarely seen, and of the form alcippoides 
one specimen only in the Port Louis Museum. I have 
found it at Curepipe, Quatre Bornes, 500 feet, and. at 
Mahébourg on the coast. It occurs also at Pamplemousses 
and in the Moka district it Flies IX—X1I. 

Bourson. Rare, and only found on the coast. I saw 
either this or the next species in April settled on the 
flowers of the Zantana in an inaccessible spot in the bed 
of the river at St, Denys. 


Hypolimnas bolina, L. 

I have only seen two specimens of this insect in 
Mauritius, one, a female, in the Port Louis Museum, which 
was captured somewhere in the Moka district about five 
miles from Port Louis, and the other, a male, taken near 
the harbour of Port Louis by Mr. de Gaye in February 
1906.* This specimen is now in my collection; it 1s in 


* There is a third specimen in the British Museum collection 
captured by Capt. Tulloch. 


Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 443 


very bad condition, and I have little doubt it was imported. 
Vinson records this from Bourbon, but I have no doubt he 
has misnamed the species, the insect occurring in Bourbon 
being H. misippus. 


Neptis (Rahinda) frobenia, Fabr. 
14. Neptis Frobenia, Fabr. 


Usually common in the more wooded parts of the island, 
but difficult to take in good condition as it soon tatters 
itself from its habit of flying in and out of the bushes. 
It has a floating flight very similar to LZ. sibylla. I have 
never found the larva. Flies, I-VI, common; VII, VIII, 
scarce; IX, uncommon; X—XII, common, 


Neptis (Rahinda) dumetorum, Boisd. 


This differs from the above chiefly by the presence of 
several small dots of white on the fore wings which 
give it a speckled appearance. It is far more common 
than NV. frobenia, being very abundant, sometimes almost 
swarming on the loquot trees. It feeds on Zragia. The 
larva and, pupa have been figured and described by 
Vinson (“ Etudes d’Ent.” Oberth. 1888). It is an extremely 
pretty insect, with a most elegant flight, and is almost 
the first butterfly one notices in the woods. It is only 
found in the moister portion of the island where there 
is plenty of forest. Mabille reports it from Madagascar 
also; but for many years it was considered one of the few 
butterflies peculiar to Bourbon. 


14, Libythea cinyras, Trimen (Plate X XIX, fig. 4). 


Tam unable to add anything to Mr. Trimen’s remarks 
on this species. His specimen was given to him by the 
late Mr. Barclay, who informed him that the insect came 
from the Moka district, and was “ very scarce in Mauritius,” 
which implies that Mr. Barclay knew of other specimens. 
If it were not for this remark I should have been inclined 
to look upon Mr. Trimen’s specimen as a casual importa- 
tion. The whole of the Moka district is now under sugar 
cultivation, and no species of this genus is now known to 
occur in Mauritius; it is also absent from Bourbon. Mr. 
Trimen has very kindly lent me his single example for 
figuring. 


44.4 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the 


Cupido (Cacyreus) lingeus, Cram. 


Not hitherto recorded, and quite a recent introduction. 
I found it commonly in the Botanical Gardens, Curepipe 
on Coleus hybrida, on which the larva feeds. The Super- 
intendent told me that these plants came from Madagascar, 
and there is no doubt the insect was brought with them. 
It was not captured by Captain Tulloch up to the year 
1902, though he was constantly in the gardens for two or 
three years. It is now quite common, but seldom wanders 
far from the food plant. The males are by no means so 
numerous as the females. It is quite one of the most 
confidential butterflies I know, I have frequently boxed 
them off the food plant. It is of enormously wide dis- 
tribution, being recorded from Sierra Leone to Delagoa 
Bay and Madagascar, and now still further east to Bourbon 
and Mauritius. The transformations do not appear to 
have been recorded. 


The egg is laid in bright sunshine during the hottest hours of 
the day ; it is of the usual echinoid shape, pale whitish green, and 
usually laid on its edge at the base of a flower on a spike of Coleus. 
The full-fed larva is shaped like a wood-louse, length 12 mm., pale 
pinkish-green with pink dorsal line and deeper pink spiracular 
line ; between the two are two diagonal pink lines, the upper and 
shorter passing from before backwards and downwards, the other 
backwards and upwards. Body covered sparingly with short whitish 
hairs bending forwards. Head very small and black. 

Pupa same colour as the larva but paler, covered with minute 
scattered hairs; dorsal and spiracular lines light reddish-brown, 
a row of minute dots, the posterior the larger, between the two. 
A conspicuous black mark of irregular shape on either side of dorsal 
line at the base of the wing covers. 


The larva usually feeds on the flowers, and is admirably 
protected when resting on the similarly coloured stem of 
the food plant. It usually pupates head downwards on 
the stem of the Coleus, but sometimes on the upperside 
and centre of the leaf. I have frequently seen ants 
crawling over the larva, but they appeared to pay no 
particular attention to it. Flies I-XII. 

Bourson. Not hitherto recorded, though I found it 
quite common in the Museum Gardens fluttering’ about 
the food plants, which were I believe brought from 


Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 445 


Madagascar. I believe its advent to be quite recent, as 
I can scarcely credit such an excellent observer as the late 
Dr. Vinson overlooking it. 


Cupido (Tarucus) telicanus, Lang. 
20. Lycena Telicanus, Herbst. 


Very abundant in both islands. Flies, I-V, abundant ; 
VI-VIII, none; IX—XII, abundant. All my specimens 
appear to me to be remarkably dark. 


Cupido (Lampides) beticus, L. 
19. Lycena Betica, Linn. 


More common in some years than in others, sometimes 
abundant. The larva fecds in the interior of pea-pods, 
and not unfrequently gets cooked and brought to table, 
on which occasions it may be regarded as a nuisance. I 
have known it to be so abundant as to cause a serious 
diminution in the pea crop, and in some seasons to be 
quite scarce. In Bourbon it is likewise of irregular 
occurrence. Fhes all the year round. The larva and 
pupa have been described frequently. 


Cupido (Zizera) gaika, Trimen. 


Not recorded hitherto from Mauritius, but widely dis- 
tributed and usually very common, fluttering about short 
herbage or settled on the flowers of Lantana. It varies 
greatly in size, and the female, as is so frequently the 
case in this genus, varies very much in the amount of 
blue on the upperside. Fles, I-IV, common; VI, scarce ; 
VII, VIII, scarce or absent; I[X=XII, very common at all 
elevations. 

Bourbon. Not previously recorded, but I found it very 
common on the racecourse at St. Denys, and it doubt- 


less occurs elsewhere. The transformations have been 
described. 


Cupido (Zizera) lysimon, Hiibner. 
21. Lycena Lysimon, Godt. 


Very abundant both in Mauritius and Bourbon. The 
specimens are usually very fine, and larger than the 
general run of Indian specimens. It is found in more 


446 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the 


or less profusion all the year round in gardens and waste 
lands. The transformations are well known. Lycena 
mylica has been recorded by Guenée from Bourbon and 
is incorporated in Vinson’s list without remark. By the 
figure given in Melville it is very close to and perhaps 
identical with /ysimon. 


Cupido (Zizera) antanossa, Mabille. 


Mabille, “Bull de la Soc. Ent. de France” (1877), p. 101. 
Not previously recorded from Mauritius, and apparently 
absent from Bourbon. I think it is a recent arrival, as 
it was not taken by Captain Tulloch, who collected in the 
island until three or four years ago. It is widely dis- 
tributed and not uncommon, but is quite likely to be 
overlooked, as it flies with gaika and lysimon and might 
be readily mistaken for either. It has a great resemblance 
to the Indian Z. maha, and undergoes the same seasonal 
changes. It has the same habits as the rest of the genus, 
flying low about the herbage and never resorting to bushes 
or trees. I give the various localities where I have taken 
it. I first took it at Quatre Bornes in November 1905, 
when it was worn. In the following month (8rd and 11th) 
it was in good condition and more common, On Trianon 
estate one specimen, XII. At Le Réduit in the Governor's 
Garden, iv. ’06, a few. At the Citadel, Port Louis, 
7. xi. 06, numerous, and one specimen in the garden of 
my house at Curepipe. It occurs therefore at all elevations 
from the coast to 1,800 feet. It is rare in Madagascar, 
but has a wide range in Natal and Central Africa. 


Nacaduba mandersi, Druce (Plate XXIX, figs. 5, 5a). 


Described and named from specimens collected by 
me by Mr. Hamilton H. Druce, (‘‘Ann. and Mag. Nat. 
Hist.” Ser. 7, vol. xx, p. 219, September 1907). 

It is surprising that it has not been previously discovered 
in Mauritius, as it is abundant at Blue Bay, Mahéburg, a 
noted place for picnics; but it is never found away from the 
food-plant, which being of an abominably prickly nature is 
naturally avoided. The manner of flight is quite different 
from any other Lycenid found in the island, and it was 
this peculiarity which first attracted my attention. It flies 
very much like the “ Holly-blue,” well above the ground 
and sometimes to a considerable height, and indulges in 


Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 44:7 


frantic combats with others of its kind. With few excep- 
tions all the other Lycznids belong to the genus Zizera 
which never fly far from the ground, and usually within a 
few inches of it. 

There is a certain amount of seasonal dimorphism 
observable, the specimens in the cold weather having a 
more or less well-marked submarginal band on the under- 
side of the hind-wing, pale grey or whitish. It is probably 
abundant wherever the food-plant occurs. I found it at 
Blue Bay commonly, at Morne Brabant in the extreme 
south-west of the island also commonly, and it occurs also 
at Flacq on the north-east coast. It is never found above 
the seacoast. 


The female lays her eggs during the hottest hours of the day on 
the under surface of the young leaves of Cexsalpinia bonducella, 
called Cadoque by the natives. The egg is of the usual Lycenid 
shape, but flatter, pale green. The larva when first hatched is 
uniform greenish-white, head black, under a lens the body is seen 
to be covered with white hairs. During the day it rests concealed 
beneath the leaves of the food plant. When half-grown it is pale 
apple-green with a yellowish line on either side of dorsum and a 
spiracular line of the same colour. Full fed length 10 mm. varies 
from pale green to brownish-green with a pink tinge. On either 
side of the dorsum, which is darker than the ground colour, is 
a pale pink line and a spiracular line of the same colour; each 
segment is further marked by short diagonal lines rather darker 
than the ground colour. Legs same colour as the body, which 
under a lens is seen to be covered with white hairs five-rayed. 
Head black. 

Pupa pale greyish-purple with narrow purple dorsal line and 
a broader but shorter line on either side most prominent on the 
last two segments; two deep purple circular spots in line with these 
at the base of the wing covers, and two other much smaller spots 
on either side between them and the head. Ale pale green. 


Egg hatched, 26. viii; pupa, 14. ix; imago, 24. ix, ’05. 
The butterfly probably flies all the year round. 


Catopsilia florella, Fabr. 
2. Callidryas Florella, Fabr. 


3. Callidryas Rhadia, Boisd. 


Introduced into Mauritius probably with the food plant 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—ParT Iv. (FEB.’08.) 30 


448 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the 


(Cassia) which is not a native. It is usually scarce in 
the hill districts, but common lower down, and would be 
extremely abundant if it were not for the tremendous 
destruction of eggs and larve. I doubt whether one egg 
in five hundred ever comes to maturity. I have noticed 
a plant fairly covered with eggs and two days afterwards 
they were comparatively scarce. Ants carry them off by 
hundreds, and the young larve are eaten by a small green 
spider. The larve in the last stadium vary considerably. 
In many, perhaps the majority, the lateral white line is 
tinged with orange and the black lateral line is continued 
as a black collar behind the head; the last two or three 
segments are also more or less crossed by extensions of 
the black lateral lines. I may say that the sex of the 
perfect insect is in no way indicated by the different 
markings of the Jarva. There are two broods in the hot 
weather, at the beginning of December, and another in 
February and March; the pupe from the majority of this 
brood remain over the cold weather and emerge the 
following December. 

Bourson. I did not meet with this insect, and Vinson 
says it is rare. 


Terias floricola, Boisd. 
5. Terias Floricola, Boisd. 


Mauritius. Scarce above 1,000 feet; common and fre- 
quently abundant below this level, and widely distributed. 
The dry-weather form, Z'erias ceres, Butl., occurs sparingly, 
but so far as I have observed, in the low country only. 
Flies all the year round except in the coldest month, July. 
The same remarks apply to the species in Bourbon. 


Terias pulchella, Boisd, 
4, Terias Rahel. Fabr. 


If it were not for the opinion expressed by Trimen 
(“S. Afr. Butt.,” 3, p. 18, note 1 [1889]), that this is dis- 
tinct from Zerias brigitta, I should certainly consider it to 
be the same species, as I have specimens from Mauritius 
which are indistinguishable from 7. brigitta, or rather 
T. zoé, from Natal. , 

It can, I think, be considered as at most a geographical 
race of that species. The wet-season form (7. zoé) is far 
more frequently met with than the dry (7. brigitta), and 


Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 4.49 


indeed I have not personally met with the latter, but am 
under the impression that I have seen one or two 
specimens in the Port Louis Museum. Its absence can 
be readily understood in the damp climate of Mauritius. 
It is not common, but is found at Moka and in the 
Botanical Gardens at Pamplemousses almost at sea-level, 
always in the neighbourhood of its food plant Tephrosia. 
It is absent, or very rare (once at Curepipe) above 1,000 
feet, and disappears in the cold weather. It is very 
variable in size, those found in October being usually 
larger than those captured in April. The transformations 
of 7. brigitta are well known, but those of 7’. pulchella 
have not been described. 


The egg laid April 9th; hatched April 11th. Spun up April 19th, 
and the butterfly emerged May 2nd. The larva when first hatched 
is uniform pale yellowish-green, and when magnified is seen to be 
covered with whitish reversed hairs, which, however, disappear 
when the larva is full grown. The full-fed larva is green, with thin 
yellow spiracular, and broader purplish-brown dorsal, lines. Pupa 
pale apple-green, wing covers streaked with purplish-brown; dorsum 
and sides thickly sprinkled with small spots of the same colour. 
Spins up on the stem of the food plant. Larva and pupa of the 
usual Pierine shape. 


It does not occur in Bourbon. 


Papilio manlius, Godt. 
1. Papilio Phorbanta, Linn. 


This beautiful buttery is common everywhere and 
excites the admiration of the least observant. It flies 
all the year round, though the specimens seen in the cold 
weather are usually tattered individuals of longer life than 
their fellows. The female can easily be distinguished on 
the wing by the absence of the white band which is such 
a conspicuous feature on the undersurface of the hind 
wing of the male. The larva feeds on citron, but I am 
unable to say in what respect it differs from the Bourbon 
species P. phorbanta. Dr. Vinson, writing on the butter- 
flies of Bourbon in 1896, makes the following interesting 
remark. He says that in 1669 the Count of Mont de 
Vergne arrived with ten vessels and sowed Madagascar 
and afterwards “Mascareigne” and Mauritius with the 
seeds of various citrons which he had brought from 


450 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the 


Brazil; and he suggests that possibly these green Papilios, 
or more probably their common ancestor, were thus intro- 
duced. He inclines to the view, however, that the citron 
is indigenous to all these islands. I should say that the 
Madagascar, Bourbon, and Mauritius green Papilios are 
probably derived from some African ancestor closely allied 
to P. nereus. 


Papilio phorbanta, L. (Pl. XXIX, figs. 6, 6a). 


Confined to Bourbon, where it is known as P. disparilis, 
Boisd. Common, not to say abundant, on the coast and 
up to about 2,000 feet. I never saw a single specimen at 
3,000 feet, and its distribution is no doubt determined by 
the food plant. It feeds on citron, and the larva has been 
figured and described by Vinson. It is no doubt un- 
palatable in the larval stage. The female is aberrant, 
and is an admirable example of what Scudder calls 
“colourational antigeny” in which it is the female that 
departs from the normal colouring of the group to which 
the species belongs. It is presumably a mimic of Huplea 
goudoti, and in such a small island as Réunion the exciting 
cause should not be difficult to discover. I may say fairly 
confidently, that there is no bird now existing which makes 
any marked ravages among the butterflies. Indeed birds 
are conspicuous by their absence, and are as rare in Réunion 
as they are in France and Italy, and for the same reason ; 
affording a marked contrast to Mauritius, where they are 
protected and consequently abundant. 

I was informed, however, by Dr. Jacob, who has resided 
for some fifty years in Réunion, that at one time the now ex- 
tinct “starling” (Pregilupus varius) was decidedly common, 
especially in those parts more particularly frequented by 
P. phorbanta, and, judging by the stuffed specimen in the 
St. Denys Museum, I should say that the bird was entirely 
insectivorous. I throw out the suggestion that it was this 
bird that was the main cause of this case of mimicry. 
We have therefore in these two islands two cases of the 
marked effect of birds on butterflies. In Mauritius, which 
had no indigenous starling, the introduction of the Indian 
siarling caused the extinction of Salamis auqustina, and 
in Réunion the presence of the Réunion starling gave rise 
to a remarkable case of mimicry. 

As habit, manner of flight and so forth is now regarded 


Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 451 


as of high importance in deciding questions of mimicry, I 
put on record my observations regarding P. phorbanta and 
ELuplea goudoti. 

St. Denys, where I chiefly collected, is a town on the 
outskirts of which the houses are situated in the midst of 
gardens of considerable size, and both species are common 
flying about the roads. I secured all my specimens in the 
Botanic Gardens, which comprise an area of three or four 
acres laid out with avenues of palms, and extensive shrub- 
beries of Alamanda, Hibiscus, and other shrubs growing to 
a height of ten or fifteen feet. These were intersected by 
narrow paths, which were consequently shady, and at the 
same time very hot and steamy from the fountains which 
were pretty numerous, 

In these shady groves the Zuplwa was abundant, with a 
more lazy flight than is usual even with an Huplaa; many 
were busy ovipositing on the Alamanda shrubs. Other 
parts of the gardens were laid out in flower-beds and were 
more open, but Huplwa certainly preferred the shade. 
P. phorbanta was also common in the garden. It was not 
difficult to catch, as it flew about ten feet from the ground 
across the broader drives. I should not call the flight 
particularly rapid for a Papilio, but when frightened it 
made off at a considerable pace. Numerous females were 
flying about in a similar manner to the males. I noticed 
two or three females at different times in the shrubberies 
fluttering close to the ground, and from the manner of 
their flight I think they were contemplating oviposition, 
but they did not do so, though I followed them assiduously 
from one citron tree to another. Under these circum- 
stances they were on Huplea ground, and I can imagine 
an unobservant person passing through the gardens and 
being under the impression that he had seen only one 
kind of brown butterfly. 


Papilio (Orpheides) demodocus, Esp. 

This abundant and conspicuous insect could scarcely 
have escaped Mr. Trimen’s notice, so I conclude that it 
has been introduced into the island since he was there in 
1865. It occurs all over the island in every month in the 
year. The larva is well known. 

It is equally abundant in Bourbon, and was introduced 
into that island some thirty years ago by Dr. Vinson, who 


452 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on the 


imported larve from Madagascar. Unfortunately at the 
very time of its arrival a Coccid attacked and destroyed 
large numbers of the orange trees, but the damage was 
not unnaturally attributed by the natives to the more 
conspicuous larvee of demodocus, which increased alarm- 
ingly and no doubt did considerable mischief. The 
butterfly was consequently given the name of “ Le papillon 
Vinson,” which it still retains, and at the time of my visit 
the name of Vinson in this connection was still regarded 
with some feelings of bitterness by the more ignorant, 


Rhopalocampta forestan, Cram. 
25. Ismene Florestan, Cram. 


Common on the sea-coast, where its food plant Zer- 
minalia grows. Stragglers may be found pretty constantly 
at the higher elevation, and it is not at all uncommon at 
Curepipe, 1,800 feet. It has a quick darting flight, but 
the conspicuous white band on the undersurface of the 
hind wing makes it easy to follow. Flies I-IV, IX—XU. 
The same remarks apply to the insect in Bourbon. Vinson 
writes in 1896, “Introduced about fifty years ago with 
some botanical plants into the Botanic Gardens when 
M. Claude Richard was director.” 


Eagris sabadius, Boisd. 
24. Nisoniades Sabadius, Boisd. 


Widely distributed and not uncommon. It has a wild 
rapid flight and soon tatters itself. It has a habit of 
resting with widely-expanded wings on the upper side of 
a leaf. The upper-surface is variable both in colour of 
the wings and in the size of the spots; but this is not, so far 
as I have observed, in any way seasonal, The larva feeds 
on Hibiscus. Flies all the year round except VII and 
VIII. It is recorded from Bourbon, but I did not myself 
meet with it. 


Parnara borbonica, Boisd. 
22. Pamphila Borbonica, Boisd. 


Abundant both in Mauritius and Bourbon near sugar- 
cane and bamboos; the larva feeds on Paniscwm. The 
insect settles with closed wings, but is quick and active 
like all Hespertide and soon tatters itself. Flies I-VI, 


Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 453 


abundant; VIII, scarce; [IX—XII, abundant. It is not a 
variable insect. 


Parnara marchalli, Boisd. 
23. Pamphila Marchallz, Boisd. 


Known in Mauritius, but erroneously, as Hesperia poutiert, 
a Madagascan species. It is usually very common, and 
is the most “confidential” skipper of my acquaintance; I 
have not infrequently captured it in my fingers when 
basking in the sun. The larva feeds on sugar-cane. Flies 
I-V, common; VI-VIII, scarce; I[X—XII, common. It 
has not been recorded from Bourbon. 

A long series shows considerable variation on the fore 
wing, the spots, though never more than two in number, 
are frequently reduced to mere points and in some 
specimens are completely absent, the entire wing being 
an uniform yellowish brown, In the female the spots are 
larger and altogether more pronounced. 


Note.—Precis rhadama. My remark as to the date of 
its iMtroduction into Bourbon being later than into 
Mauritius must be modified or withdrawn. Guenée, in 
Maillard, “ Notes sur Vile de la Réunion 1863,” states that 
it was introduced “about twelve years previously,” 7.¢. 
about 1851. 

Catopsilia florella—When I wrote that the different 
markings on this larva were not indicative of the sex of 
the future butterfly, 1 was unaware of Vinson’s different 
conclusion quoted by Guenée in the above work. Vinson 
says that all the caterpillars which produce the yellow 
variety have the “first segment of the neck” entirely 
black, while the larvee without the black collars produce 
the white butterflies. Guenée adds, “this curious observ- 
ation ought to be repeated.” I do not know whether in 
this long interval of nearly fifty years any one has carried 
out Guende’s suggestion, but I append my results which 
show that Vinson’s opinion was founded in error—not an 
error due to carelessness but to a curious chance. 

Two pup from larve with “black collars” (pupated 
22 I, emerged 3 IL) were both males, of course white. 

Two pup from larvee without “black collars” (pupated 
28 I, emerged 4 IT) were one male, one yellow female. 


454 Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders on Butterflies of Mauritius. 


One pupa from larva without black collar (emerged 
12 II), white female. 

Two pupe from larve with incomplete collar (emerged 
6 I1), two yellow females. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX. 
See Explanation facing the PLatE. | 


XXVI. Studies of the Blattide. By R. SHELForD, M.A., 
F.LS. 


[Read December 4, 1907.] 


VIII. Toe BLATTIDE DESCRIBED BY LINN#ZUS, DE GEER 
AND THUNBERG. 


SrA published in 18738, 1874, and 1875 the three parts 
of his “Recensio Orthopterorum. Revue critique des 
Orthopteres décrits par Linné, De Geer et Thunberg.” 
The families treated in this memoir, which is not only 
a critical review but a revision of genera also, are the 
Acridiidse, Locustide, Gryllide and Phasmide. Stal re- 
linquished the idea of treating the Mantide and Blattide 
in the same way, though in 1877 he published his 
“Systema Mantodeorum,” and this contains all the in- 
formation necessary for the correct determination of the 
scanty number of species described by the older Swedish 
entomologists. The Blattidee have long been neglected, 
and since the exact determination of the species described 
by the older authors is, in any systematic work on any 
group of insects, a matter of first-rate importance, if 
not an actual necessity, I made it the first object of 
a visit to Sweden last summer to examine in detail the 
Blattide in the collections of De Geer at Stockholm 
and of Thunberg at Uppsala. The collection of Queen 
Louisa Ulrica now at Uppsala contains only three species 
of Blattide described by Linneus, and I assumed that 
the remainder of his types were in the possession of 
the Linnean Society of London. However, on looking 
over this collection recently I found that such was by no 
means the case, and for reasons given below I believe 
that with one exception those types of Blattidee described 
by Linneus, which are not at Uppsala nor in London, are 
in De Geer’s collection at Stockholm. In my investigations 
I have received the kindest assistance from Dr. Daydon 
Jackson, Prof. Chr. Aurivillius, Dr. Y. Sjéstedt and Dr. 
Ivar Tragardh, to all of whom I beg to offer my cordial 
thanks. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IV. (FEB. ’08.) 


456 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


i. SPECIES DESCRIBED BY LINNZUS. 


The Linnean species are twelve in number, viz. :— 


1. Blatta gigantea, Syst. Nat. (ed. x) i, p.424, No. 1 (1758). 


2 4, wgyptiaca, op. cit. No. 2 
3. ,, surinamensis, ,,_,, No. 3. 
4,  , americana, , 4 No. 4, 
5. , =nivea ahr No. 5. 
6. , ,afriwana aie a No. 6. 
7. 4, ortentalrs, By roles No. 7. 
8.  ,, lapponica, ee No. 8. 
9), oblongata, shed Aah No. 9. 

10. Cassida petwvertand, yy p. 364, No. 18. 

if, Cee Syst. Nat. (ed, x11) 1 (2), p. 577, 

No. 19 (1767). 
12. Blatta germanica, op. cit. p. 668, No. 7. 


With the exception of nivea and oblongata all the 
species have been determined with accuracy by subsequent 
authors.*  Petiveriana and 7-guttata, originally described 
as Coleoptera, are synonymous. As regards the types, 
gigantea, xegyptiaca and africana represented by unique 
male specimens are in the Queen Ulrica collection at 
Uppsala. The Linnean Society’s collection of insects 
contains a number of Blattide, but only five of these can 
be identified by the labels in Linnzus’ handwriting as his 
types, viz., lapponica (1 2, 1 2), germanica (1 f), orrentalis 
(did); petiveriana (dais) and 7- -quttata (2). The other 
species were added subsequent to the purchase of the 
Linnean cabinet and bear labels in various handwritings ; 
moreover the collection includes no species that can pos- 
sibly be identified with oblongata and nivea. The types 
of four species ‘have still to be accounted for, viz. 
surinamensis, americana, nivea and oblongata. I have 
some reason for believing that these are in De Geevr’s 
collection. De Geer in his “Mémoires pour servir a 
histoire des insectes,” vol. iii (1773), enumerates twelve 
species of Blattidee, six of which he describes as new and 

* Brunner however in his ‘Nouveau Systéme des Blattaires,” 


p. 357 (1865), identifies Polyphaga wrsina, Burm., with africana T., 
which is incorrect, for the species are very different, 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex. 457 


six of which are Linnzan species, Linnzus’ descriptions in 
full bemg prefixed to his own descriptions. Of these six 
Linnean species he records two as occurring in Russia, 
Finland and Sweden, viz. orventalis and lapponica; the 
other four correspond with the missing Linnwan types, 
viz. surinamensis, americana, nivea and oblongata. The 
coincidence is arresting, and I have looked into the 
matter more closely to see if it is something more than 
mere coincidence, In the first place we may assume 
with some degree of confidence that the two local species 
of Blattidee, lapponica and orientalis, were the first to 
attract the attention of Swedish naturalists and formed the 
nucleus of collections of these insects; consequently to find 
specimens of them in the cabinets both of Linnzeus and 
De Geer is not surprising. De Geer received, as he states 
in his book, insects from Surinam, sent to him by his 
correspondent Rolander: is it not probable that at first he 
lent these for description to his friend Linneus who he 
knew to be preparing new editions of his “Systema 
Nature,” but that when later he wrote his own work 
on entomology he kept the specimens that arrived from 
Rolander and described them himself? Thus we find in 
De Geer’s collection two common local species, ten exotic 
species, four of which were described by Linnzeus in 1758, 
six by himself in 1773. The supposition that Linnzeus 
described specimens from De Geer’s collection becomes 
almost a certainty when we read in De Geer’s description 
of Blatia oblongata (1. ¢., p. 541), “Cette petite Blatte que 
M. Rolander m’a encore envoyée de Surinam... ,” and 
on turning to the Linnzan description of the species see 
that it ends with “ Habitat in America. Rolander.” It is 
possible but not very probable that Rolander sent specimens 
of this species both to Linnzeus and to De Geer, and as a 
matter of fact Dr. Daydon Jackson tells me that Linnzeus 
somewhere laments that Rolander never gave him any- 
thing. That Linnzeus and De Geer were on the most 
friendly terms is shown by the series of fifteen letters to 
Linneus from De Geer, now in the possession of the 
Linnean Society. Dr. Daydon Jackson has also drawn 
my attention to a passage in a translation of Linneeus’ 
diary printed in Morton’s edition of Pulteney’s Linneus : 
“ Rolander collected in the islands near America a great 
many plants, which he gave to M. de Geer, Chamberlain of 
the Household, who made me a present of every one of 


458 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


them.” Whether my supposition that De Geer lent some 
of the specimens in his collection to Linnzeus for description 
is correct—and it must be admitted that there is a degree 
of probability in its favour—or not, I would venture to 
suggest that the specimens of swrinumensis, americana 
and nivew now in the De Geer cabinet be selected as 
the types of the Linnzean species; otherwise these species 
must remain without typical specimens, for if these 
specimens are not the actual types then the actual types 
are irrevocably lost. The specimen of oblongata in 
De Geer’s cabinet cannot be chosen as the type of the 
species, for, though it is ina fragmentary condition, enough 
remains to show that it does not in the least correspond 
with the Latin diagnosis of Linnzeus or with De Gee's 
description in French or with his figures. In other words, 
this is not the actual specimen on which both Linnzus and 
De Geer based their descriptions; that specimen must 
have been lost or destroyed accidentally, and the existing 
specimen subsequently placed under the same name, either 
by De Geer or perhaps still later by some one else. The 
discrepancy between the descriptions of oblongata and the 
existing specimen does not invalidate my view as to the 
identity of the Linnzean types, for the diagnosis of Linnzeus 
tallies perfectly not only with De Geer’s description but with 
his figure. It is noteworthy too that in the case of the 
other three species the Linnzan diagnoses agree perfectly 
with De Geer’s specimens, figures and descriptions ; the 
Latin diagnoses are of course much shorter than the French 
descriptions, which are therefore not mere translations, but 
additional and amplified diagnoses. 

As to oblongata there seems nothing for it but to regard 
the species for the present as uncertain; it has not been 
recognised with accuracy since it was described, for the 
Blatta oblongata of Serville and the Thyrsocera oblongata 
of Brunner and de Saussure is quite a different insect, 
to be identified probably with the Blatta intercepta of 
Burmeister. The species described by Walker as Pseudo- 
mops inclusa (= amena Sauss.) is evidently closely allied 
to oblongata L., and a long series of specimens might show 
that Walker’s species was merely a varietal form of 
oblongata. 

The other Linnzan species which had not been recog- 
nised with certainty by later authors, Blatta nivea, will 
be discussed in the next section of this paper. 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 459 


ll. DE GrER’s COLLECTION. 
As already stated, De Geer in his “ Mémoires pour servir 
a histoire des insectes,” vol. 111 (1773) enumerates twelve 


species of Blattidze, six of which are described as new, 
VIZ. :— 


blatta pensylvaniea. 
Blatta abdomen-nigrum. 
Blatta livida. 

blatta rufa. 

Llatta grisea. 

hlatia minutissima. 


The remaining six species are Linnzean species, but new 
names are given to two, even though De Geer fully recog- 
nised the specific identity of his species with those of 
Linneus. 

The collection is now at Stockholm in the Riks Naturhis- 
toriska Museum, and with the exception of one specimen 
is in a good state of preservation. I am indebted to Dr. 
Y. Sjostedt for permission to make a careful examination 
of this very interesting collection. The following is a 
catalogue of the specimens with annotations :— 


1, blatta culinaris, De Geer, op. cit. p. 530, pl. 25, ff. 1-7. 
This is the Blatta orientalis of Linneus; 2 ~2,1 ¢, 
and also 1 larva of Pycnoscelus surinamensis, L. 
2. Blatta lapponica, De Geer, op. cit. p. 533, pl. 25, ff. 8-12. 
= Ketobius lapponicus, L. 
agg. 
3. Blatta kakkerlac, De Geer, op. cit. p. 535, pl. 44, ff. 1-3. 
= Periplaneta americana, L. 
ee L2. 
From 8. America (Rolander.) 


4. Blatia pensylvanica, De Geer, op. cit. p. 537, pl. 44, f. 4. 
= Ischnoptera pensylvanica, De Geer. 


Ig: 


The species has been recognised and correctly deter- 
mined by all subsequent authors. 
From ‘“ Pensylvania” (Acrelius). 


460 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattida. 


5. Blatta abdomen-nigrum, De Geer, op. cit. p. 537, 
pl. 44, f. 5. 

= Epilampra abdomen-nigrum, De Geer (syn. Epi- 

lampra brevis, Brunner, P.Z.S. Lond., 1892, p. 2038, 
plo; 3): 


i. 


The species is omitted in Kirby’s “Synonymic Catalogue 
of Orthoptera.” 


Description of the type :— 


?. Rufo-testaceous shading to rufo-castaneous. Head with vertex 
between the eyes castaneous, rest of head rufo-testaceous with a few 
scattered brown points; width between the eyes slightly greater than 
length of first antennal joint. [Antenne mutilated.] Pronotum 
trapezoidal, anteriorly truncate, posteriorly produced, sides deflexed ; 
smooth, rufo-testaceous but densely covered with fine castaneous dots, 
lyrate markings faintly indicated. Tegmina just failing to reach 
base of supra-anal lamina, rufo-castaneous with a few scattered 
castaneous points; anal field with slight indications of seriate 
punctures ; the part of the right tegmen overlapped by the left, 
dark castaneous ; mediastinal vein forked at apex, radial vein 
bifurcate, dark castaneous at base, 12 costals from upper branch of 
radial, the lower branch multiramose. Abdomen above heavily 
mottled with castaneous, supra-anal lamina produced, triangular, 
apex notched, (slightly mutilated during life and regenerated on the 
right side), projecting beyond the sub-genital lamina. Spiracular 
tubes prominent. Abdomen beneath castaneous, sub-genital lamina 
produced, ample, posterior margin sinuate. [Cerci mutilated.] Coxe 
rufo-testaceous, spotted with castaneous ; femora rufo-testaceous with 
a castaneous line along the outside and lower aspect; tibize with 
apex and a line down the outer aspect castaneous. Front femora with 
a series of 5 spines on the anterior margin beneath, succeeded distally 
by a row of piliform sete, 2 spines on the posterior margin, mid- 
femora with 4 spines on anterior margin and also on posterior margin 
beneath, hind-femora with 3 on anterior margin and 4 on posterior 
margin beneath. Formula of apical spines ?, +, 4, no genicular 
spines on front femora. Posterior metatarsus [one absent] has been 
regenerated and is composed of 4 joints only. 

Total length 25% mm.; tegmina 18:1 mm.; pronotum 7 mm, X 
84 mm. 


The species is recorded from Surinam by De Geer; 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidx. 461 


there are examples in the Oxford Museum from Demerara, 
Guadeloupe and I. of St. Vincent. 


6. Blattia livida, De Geer, op. cit. p. 538, pl. 44, f. 6. 
= Hpilampra abdomen-nigrum, De Geer. 


hee 


One example with the abdomen missing. From a 
comparison with specimens in the Oxford Museum, I am 
convinced that this species of De Geer’s is merely the 
male of H. abdomen-nigrum. The differences between the 
two specimens are, irrespective of size, very trifling, e.g. 
in Slatia livida, the mediastinal vein is triramose, there 
are only 10 costals, the legs are testaceous, and there are 
only 4 spines on the anterior margin beneath of the front 
femora and 3 on both margins beneath of the other pairs. 

Total length 19 mm.; tegmina 15 mm.; pronotum 
5mm. X 69 mm. 


Also recorded from Surinam. The unique specimen 
bears a label in Stal’s handwriting “ Epilampra brasiliensis, 
Burm. var.” 


7. Blatta rufa, De Geer, op. cit. p. 539, pl. 44, f. 7. 
(syn. Ischnoptera rufa, Brunner.) 


ie 


This species also is omitted in Kirby’s Catalogue. 


Description of the type :— 


?. Uniform rufo-castaneous. [Head missing.] Pronotum trape- 
zoidal, anteriorly truncate, sides deflexed, posteriorly very obtusely 
angulated, smooth, with two oblique obsolescent impressions. Scu- 
tellumexposed. Tegmina and wings extending considerably beyond 
the apex of the abdomen ; mediastinal vein simple, radial vein not 
bifurcate, 16-18 costals, 11 longitudinal discoidal sectors, both the 
ulnar veins being ramose, the sectors connected by numerous trans- 
verse venulz. Supra-anal lamina triangularly produced, its apex 
hyaline, exceeding the sub-genital lamina in length, sparsely 
fimbriate. Abdomen beneath castaneous, sub-genital lamina semi- 
orbicular, ample. [Cerci mutilated.] Legs testaceous, tibie rather 
darker than femora. Front femora with 4 spines on anterior margin, 
succeeded distally by piliform sete, one spine on posterior margin 
beneath; mid and hind femora with 4 spines on both margins 


462 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


* 


beneath. Formula of apical spines 2, 1, }, no genicular spines on 
front femora. 

Total length 21 mm.; body-length 13°5 mm.; tegmina 17 mm.; 
pronotum 4:1 mm. x 5°5 mm. 


From Surinam. 


8. Blatta surinamensis, L., De Geer, op. cit. p. 539, 
pl. 44, f. 8. 


= Pycnoscelus surinamensis, L. Type. 


One example with the abdomen missing. 
From Surinam. 


9. Blatta grisea, De Geer, op. cit. p. 540, pl. 44, f. 9. 
= Epilampra grisea, De Geer. 
(syn. Blatta maculicollis, Serv. 


? Phyllodromia burmeisteri, Guér. 
Epilampra brasiliensis, Brunner (nec Fab.) .) 


1 f with label in Stal’s handwriting, “ Zpilampra 
burmeisteri, Sauss. 


Description of the type :— 


3. Testaceous. Head with sparse castaneous mottlings on the 
vertex and frons. Eyes converging slightly on frons which is 
slightly depressed and faintly wrinkled between lower part of eyes; 
least distance between eyes greater than breadth of 1st antennal 
joint but less than its length. Pronotum sprinkled with minute 
castaneous points, but almost devoid of the lyrate markings character- 
istic of the genus, these being represented by two triangular castaneous 
points near base of the disc. Tegmina testaceous, a few scattered 
castaneous dots along the radial vein and at apex, mediastinal vein 
with 2 short branches, 11 costals, radial bifurcate, 10 longitudinal 
discoidal sectors. Abdomen beneath sprinkled with castaneous ; 
supra-anal lamina produced, bilobed, exceeding in length the sub- 
genital lamina which is rather narrow, slightly asymmetrical and 
furnished with 2 slender styles. Cercirather long. Legs testaceous, 
front femora with 5 spines on anterior margin, 3 on posterior margin 
beneath, mid-femora with 4 on both margins, hind-femora 3 on 
anterior margin, 4 on posterior margin ; formula of apical spines 
?, 4, 4, no genicular spines on front femora. Posterior metatarsus 
longer than remaining joints ; all the tarsal joints biseriately spined 
beneath. 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 463 


Total length 24-1 mm.; body-length 20°-4mm.; tegmina 20°5 mm. ; 
pronotum 5 mm. x 6 mm. 


Recorded from Surinam. 


10. Blatta nivea, L., De Geer, op. cit. p. 540, pl. 44, f 10. 
= Panchlora nivea, L. Type. 
(syn. Panchlora virescens, Thunb.) 


Wy: 


The genus Panchlora includes several species described 
by the older authors, e.g. viridis Fab., hyalina Stoll, 
virescens Thunb., exoleta Burm., viridis Burm., chlorotica, 
Pall.; to determine these with accuracy or to fix their 
synonymy is a matter of impossibility unless all the types 
are critically examined. De Saussure and Zehntner 
in the “ Biologia Centrali-Americana. Orthoptera,” vol. 
i, p. 90-92, have drawn up a synoptical key to the species 
of Panchlora without consulting any of the older types; 
such a key certainly enables the student to give a name 
to his specimens, but by no means does it follow that 
these names are correct, in fact it must be a matter of 
pure chance if the use of such a key enables the system- 
atist to identify any one of his specimens with accuracy. 
A good example of this is shown in the species under 
notice, P. nivea, L.; the key of de Saussure and Zehntner 
accidentally is correct in diagnosing P. virescens 'Thunb., 
but P. nivea, L. is situated in another part of the key; 
yet these two species are the same, as I have discovered 
from an examination of De Geer’s specimen which I 
accept as the Linnean type and of Thunberg’s type. The 
identification of the species of Panchlora is most difficult, as 
they resemble each other very closely and present scarcely 
any characters that do not vary to such an extent that 
they are practically useless for purposes of discrimination. 
One character however appears to be of some importance, 
viz. the form of the cerci, and the size of their apical joints 
when viewed from below. In a species which I identify 
provisionally as P. antillarum Sauss., the cerci are broad, 
somewhat spatulate and with the last two joints much 
enlarged ; in P. viridis Fab., the cerci are lanceolate with 
the last two joints enlarged ; in P. nivea, L., the cerci are 
lanceolate with the last joint only enlarged. This charac- 
ter. occurs in both sexes, and taken in conjunction with 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PaRT Iv. (FEB.’08) 31 


464 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


the general size of the insect and the distance apart of 
the eyes is of considerable help in discriminating the 
species. In P. nivea, L., the eyes almost touch on the 
vertex of the head, and the male type has the following 
dimensions :—Total length 16 mm.; length of body 12 
mm.; length of tegmina 13°5 mm.; pronotum 3:°9 mm. x 
4-1 mm. The antennz are unicolorous, and the tegmina 
are immaculate. This is the commonest species of the 
genus, and will eventually be proved, I am sure, to have 
been described over and over again; it frequently finds its 
way to England, lurking in imported fruit, and has been 
recorded in the lists of Natural History societies as 
P. exoleta Burm, and as P. virescens Thunb. ‘The type is 
recorded from Surinam. 


11. Blatta oblongata, L., De Geer, op. cit. p. 541, pl. 44, 
fad. 


= Pseudomops oblongata, L. 


The specimen in De Geer’s cabinet is much mutilated, 
consisting of the head and the two thoracic segments only ; 
the tegmina also are missing. The head is piceous, 
with first and basal half of second joint of maxillary palpi 
flavo-testaceous, the rest of the palpi fuscous. Pronotum 
flavo-testaceous with a complex fusco-castaneous design 
on the disc. As already pointed out, this does not 
correspond with Linnzeus’ description “thorace punctis 
duobus lunulaque nigris” nor with De Geer’s figure and 
description. The species is most nearly allied to 
Pseudomops angusta, W1k. 


12. Blatta minutissima, De Geer, op. cit. p. 542, pl. 44, 
ff. 13, 14. 
= Holocompsa minutissima, De Geer. 
(? syn. Holocompsa cyanca, Burm.) 
One specimen in bad condition, the abdomen missing. 


Description of the type :— 


Head fuscous with a sparse rufous pubescence, clypeus and labrum 
testaceous; antenne (mutilated) fuscous. Pronotum fuscous with a 
recumbent rufous pubescence. Tegmina with basal half coriaceous, 
castaneous, apical half membranous, hyaline, marginal area with 
rufous pubescence 6 to 7 costal veins anal vein impressed and bent 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 465 


at aright angle. Wings not longer than tegmina; marginal area 
with a castaneous “‘stigma” formed by the incrassated branches of 
the mediastinal vein and by the five incrassated costal veins, the 
internervular spaces also being castaneous. Coxz castaneous. 

Total length 5 mm.; length of tegmina 4 mm. 


From Surinam. 


Brunner was the first to suggest that this species should 
be placed in the genus Anaplecta, and every other author 
has followed this lead without question. De Geer’s figures 
are certainly too small and ill-defined to enable one to 
guess correctly at the systematic position of the species. 


lil. SPECIES DESCRIBED BY THUNBERG. 


The papers in which Thunberg described new species of 
cockroaches are :— 


1. Dissertatio Entomologica novas Insectorum species 
sistens. Part iv, pp. 76-78, Uppsala, 1784. 

2. Nagra nya species af Blattae—sligtet beskrifna. 
Vetensk. Acad. nya Handl. vol. 31, pp. 185-189, pl. 5, 
1810. 

3. Blattarum nove species descriptee. Mém. Acad. St. 
Pétersb., vol. 10, pp. 275-293, pl. 14, 1826. 


The second of these two papers containing the 
descriptions of seven new species has entirely escaped the 
notice of every subsequent authority on the Blattide ; 
this neglect is rather remarkable, seeing that the paper 
was published in a well-known scientific journal, was 
furnished with a plate, and was referred to by Thunberg 
in a later memoir which is well-known to every ortho- 
pterist, viz., * Hemipterorum maxillosorum genera illustrata. 
Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb., vol. 5, pp. 211-801, pl. 3, 1815. 
It affords me considerable satisfaction to bring about the 
resurrection of this forgotten memoir, especially as this 
involves no startling changes in nomenclature. In his 
Dissertatio Entomologica de Hemipteris maxillosis Capen- 
sibus, Uppsala pp. 1-8, 1822, Thunberg enumerates four 
species of Blatta, but all of these have been described 
previously, either by himself or by Fabricius, and as the 


* A manuscript copy of this memoir from the library of Audouin 
is in the Hope Library, Oxford Museum. 


466 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


descriptions add nothing to those already published this 
paper will not be quoted below. 

The Thunbergian collection of insects, which in its day 
must have been one of the largest in Europe, is still at 
Uppsala and is very much as Thunberg left it. Stal 
overhauled the Orthoptera, and though he published 
nothing concerning Thunberg’s Blattide, nevertheless 
attached to most of the specimens the names of more 
recent authors. It is quite evident from a study of the 
collection that Thunberg was by no means a “splitter,” 
even if judged by the standard of scientific accuracy of 
his day, and as a result it is frequently the case that more 
than one species in his collection stands under the same 
specific name. To take one example :—under the name 
Llatta grossa stand three species of the genus Monachoda, 
and the question arises, which of these is to be selected as 
the type? Thunberg’s description affords no help. The 
simplest course is to regard that specimen as the type 
which most closely approximates to the description of the 
species drawn up by later authors from specimens which 
they imagined to be identical with Thunberg’s specimen. 
A certain definite species of Monachoda stands in all 
collections under the name JM. grossa Thunb., it is 
recognised presumably not by Thunberg’s description 
but by Serville’s, Brunner’s or that of some other authority; 
since in Thunberg’s own collection there is an example of 
this species, that example, in the absence of all evidence 
to prove the contrary, may be selected as the type of his 
species WZ, grossa. The following is a list of the species 
described by Thunberg, taken m the order of their 
publication. 

In the first column the Thunbergian name is given, in 
the second the correct name of the species, and in the 
third column some synonyms :— 


467 


of the blattide. 


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Mr. R. Shelford’s Stud 


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‘qunyy, ‘vasnf nad 

‘qe ‘nynydooouyjphua sryjado.wag 


(08 *d ‘410 *do) nssouh myn 

(626 “d “10 do) nqqoh mympg 

(61z ‘d -410 ‘do) warupurjha nyng 
(62z °d :310 -do) wxaau0s nyng 

(614 ‘d ‘410 do) mynpnjsndiq 0770)7 
(82g ‘d 410 ‘do) suassavia 170) 

(1g ‘d ‘410 ‘do) naxajlan myn) g 

(922 ‘d ‘410 do) nauunig nym) g 

(926 *d -410 ‘do) nyoquiny nip 

(112 ‘d ‘410 ‘do) + nasaur nym). g 

(oT ‘1d ‘21% °d ‘410 do) snqjasn myynjg 
(FL ‘1d ‘97z ‘d “410 do) wynjouwas vymg 
(FL ‘1d ‘org -d “410 ‘do) suaonpjad nyo 


(FL ‘Id ‘91g ‘d “410 ‘do) wsoppdnd nynig 
(a 3G ‘[d “6g d ‘410 do) nynr709 wywrg 
(68L ‘d 410 ‘do) mauy ny) 


(get ‘d ‘410 ‘do) nuquas ny) 7 
(gst d ‘y10 do) nynynh oynjg 
(187 -d “410 ‘do) myngnovoqgng vyD)g 


vy ‘¢ Td ‘ZgT “d ‘410 do) woj0n9 nyorg 
(2Z8t ‘d 410 ‘do) nawbnswal nynjg 

(, 4d "y10 -do) mysnap mymjg 

(12 ‘d ‘410 ‘do) wasnf njynrg 

(11 *d ‘410 ‘do) saswadna nyympg 


“ENVN LOMYUOO 


“HAVN 8S SUTANOAL 


VG 
“6G 
CG 
‘TG 
0G 
‘6L 
ST 
“LT 
‘OE 
cit 
VI 
“éL 
“él 


We 
‘OL 
6 


BAAaOdHig oN 


. 


(981) 


468 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


I append a description of Parahormetica bipustulata, as 
it is the only Thunbergian species which has not been re- 
described by subsequent authors, and which in consequence 
cannot be recognised without a more detailed description 
than the original one. 


@ Dark castaneous. Pronotum almost smooth, no impressions, 
only a very few punctuations, a pair of small orange spots in the 
posterior half of the disc, widely separated. Tegmina lobiform, of 
the same shape as in P. bilobata, Sauss., extending to apex of second 
abdominal tergite. Supra-anal lamina rounded, surpassed by sub- 
genital lamina into which it fits. Cerci blunt, short. Abdomen 
below with disc rufous. Legs rufous. Total length 29 mm.; length 
of tegmina 9 mm,; pronotum 9°56 mm. x 13 mm. 


IX. SYNONYMICAL NOTES. 


The following Fabrician species have been omitted by 
Kirby from his Syn. Cat. Orthopt. vol. 1 :— 


Blatta occidentalis, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 1, p. 7 (1798) to 
genus Naupheta. Rhyparobia rufipes, Kirby is sy- 
nonymous. Type in Copenhagen Museum. Fabricius 
gives the locality as “in Americe insulis,” and on the 
label borne by the type is written “St. Thomas Is.” 
The species is characteristic of W. Africa, and it is 
possible that Fabricius confused the Island of San 
Thomé with the West Indian island. 

Blatta palliata, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 186 (1798) 
to genus Hemithyrsocera. H. nigra, Brunner is 
synonymous. Type in Copenhagen Museum. 

Blatta reticulata, Fabricius, op. cit. p. 186 to genus 
Phyllodromia. Type in Copenhagen Museum. 

Blatta ruficollis, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. i, p. 226 (1787) to 
genus Ischnoptera. Type in Copenhagen Museum. 


I was unable to find the type of Blatta longipalpa, Fab. 
The following notes result from an examination of 
Stal’s types :— 


Blatta pumila, Stal, is a species of Anaplecta probably 
conspecific with A. lateralis, Burm. 
Blatta misella to genus Hololampra. 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 469 


Blatta tenella is a synonym of Huthyrrhapha pacifica, Coq. 

Thyrsocera (= Pseudothyrsccera) cireumclusa, Stal, is 2 of 
P. circumeincta, Stal, and P. semicincta is 2 of P. 
rufiventris, Stal. 

Epilampra tagalica, E. trivialis and . caliginosa are 
conspecific. 

Cutilia tartarea is a synomym of Platyzosteria nitida, 
Brunner. 

Periplaneta wahlbergi to genus Deropeltis; D. atra, Brunner, 
is a synonym. 

Periplaneta albilatera to genus Pseudoderopeltis. 

Pollusca and Homalodemas are synonyms of Derocalymma, 
Burm. 

Blabera monstrosa is a synonym of Monastria biguttata, 
Thunb. 

Blabera luctuosa is not synonymous with BS. atropos, Stoll. 


The following corrections should be made in the list of 
Blattidz from the Transvaal given in Mr. Distant’s “Insecta 
Transvaaliensia.” 


Phyllodromia delta, Kirby, is synonymous with P. supel- 
lecttlium, Serv. 

Apotrogia, Kirby, is founded on a larva of the genus Gyna, 
and .A. angolensis, Kirby, is probably the same as 
Gyna cafrorum Stal. 

Deropeltis distanti, Kirby, is synonymous with Slatia 
meridionalis, Sauss. 

Naupheta aspersata, Kirby, is a species of Oxyhaloa 
possibly conspecific with O. ferreti, Reiche. 

Elliptoblatta uniformis, Kirby, is a species of Hypospheria.* 

Pilema saussuret, Kirby, described as a female, is in reality 
an immature male and probably the same as P. 
clypeata, Sauss. 

Derocalymma intermedia, Kirby, is a synonym of D. 
versicolor, Burm. 

Derocalymma clavigera, Kirby, is a species of Hostilia. 


Dr. G. W. Miiller of the Greifswald Museum having 
kindly lent me some of Gersticker’s types, I am able to 
make the following corrections in nomenclature :— 


-*T do not think that Melanosilpha, Stal, is distinct from 
Hypospheria, Lucas. 


470 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattida. 


Phyllodromia patricia to be transferred to Theganopteryx. 


Mn pulchella a3 a Theganopteryx. 
mn cinnamomea ,, e Ischnoptera. 
basalis i fe Ischnoptera. 
” punctifrons _,, x Ischnoptera. 
“i egrota ee 4 Ischnoptera. 
€ relucens ie . Ischnoptera. 


hemerobina, centralis, pustulosa, and obsoleta are true species 
of Phyllodromia ; the type of P. amplicollis is lost. 

Panchlora adusta and P. vitellina are true species of 
Panchlora, 


(eA) 


XXVIL Notes and Descriptions of Pterophoride and 
Orneodide. By E. Meyrick, B.A., E.RB.S., F.Z.S. 


[Read December 4th, 1907.] 


THE following notes may be regarded as materials 
towards the study of the geographical distribution of these 
curious families, which is likely to prove eventually of 
much interest. 


PTEROPHORID &. 
DIACROTRICHA, Z. 


Having become acquainted with D. fasciola, the species 
to which Zeller attached this generic name, I find it agrees 
with my genus Cosmoclostis in essential characters, and 
therefore propose to adopt Zeller’s name for that genus. 
Including Zeller’s, four species have been described, 
ranging from Ceylon to Queensland, and I now add a fifth. 


Diacrotricha fasciola, Z. 


Described from Java; I have it also from Ceylon, India, 
and the KeilIslands. Bred by Mr. H. Maxwell-Lefroy from 
pupe found on leaf of Averrhoa bilimbi (2), a tree of 
cultivation, so that it may be artificially spread. 


Diacrotricha auxtlewea, n. sp. 


¢ G@. 14-18mm. Head and thorax white partially suffused with 
whitish-yellow. Palpi and antenne ochreous-whitish. Abdomen 
whitish-yellow, irregularly marked with ferruginous, with three 
silvery-white transverse bands, beneath wholly white. Legs white, 
indistinctly banded with ferruginous-ochreous, anterior and middle 
tibia lined with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from 3, segments 
linear ; snow-white ; costa slenderly ferruginous-brown from base to 
cleft, and anterior half of first segment more or less entirely suffused 
with ferruginous-brown; dorsum also partially ferruginous ; first 
segment with a dark fuscous dot at base of its lower margin, two 
dark fuscous marks on costa before and at middle, suffusedly con- 
nected beneath, a bar at 3, and a dot at apex ; second segment with a 
ferruginous bar mixed with dark fuscous almost at base, a narrow 
dark fuscous bar beyond middle, and a dot at apex : cilia ochreous, 

TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND, 1907.—PART IV. (FEB. ’08) 


472 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


at apex of seginents suffused with fuscous. Hind-wings cleft firstly 
from +1, secondly almost from base ; grey more or less mixed with 
whitish, sometimes with distinct white subapical bands on segments ; 
cilia ochreous, tinged with grey. 


AssaAM (Khasi Hills), in March; three specimens. 
Allied to D. aglaodesma, but easily distinguished by the 
different markings of second segment of fore-wings. 


TRICHOPTILUS, Wals. 


I am indebted to Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher for calling 
my attention to the fact that in my published description 
of this genus I have misinterpreted the neuration of the 
fore-wings; owing to the slenderness of the segments the 
veins are difficult to follow out to their termination, but I 
am now satisfied that 7 is always present (not absent as 
stated), 9 absent, 10 out of 8 or absent, 11 short, separate 
or out of 8 near base. Unfortunately I am not acquainted 
with the type of this genus, 7. pygmexus, though I 
possess all the other described species. 


Trichoptilus pelias, n. sp. 

dg @. 12mm. Headand thorax pale greyish-ochreous. Palpi pale 
greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with whitish and dark grey. Antenne 
white lined with black. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous dorsally 
suffused with fuscous, base white, third segment with a pale ochreous 
arrow-head on back, mixed with blackish on sides, fourth seg- 
ment much mixed with blackish. Legs white lined with black, 
posterior pair white banded with greyish-ochreous. Fore-wings 
cleft from before middle, segments linear; pale whitish-ochreous 
irrorated with ochreous-grey ; a small black dot beneath costa near 
base, one in disc at 4, and one above base of cleft; narrow distinct 
white bands on first segment at about + and 2 of length: cilia grey 
somewhat mixed with white scales, on first segment with several 
small groups of black scales on posterior half of lower margin, on 
second with some black scales towards middle of upper margin, and 
two or three black scales near and beyond middle of dorsum. Hind- 
wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly from near base, segments linear ; 
dark grey ; cilia grey, on dorsum with a well-marked black scale- 
projection in middle, and a very small one almost at apex. 


CoorG (3,500 feet), in January (Wewcome); ASSAM 
(Khasi Hills), in November; two specimens. 


Descriptions ‘of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 473 


Trichoptilus congrualis, Walk. 


(Pterophorus congrualis, Walk. 948; P. oxydactylus, ib. 
944: Trichoptilus centetes, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 
1886, 16 ; ? Z. compsochares, ib. 16; T. ralumensis, Pag., 
“ Zoologica,” xxix, 239; 7. ochrodactylus, Fish, Can. Ent. 
xiii, 142.) 

This very wide-ranging species occurs freely in South 
and East Africa, from India and Ceylon to New Guinea 
and N.E. Australia, and in the West Indies and Southern 
States of North America (I have several specimens from 
Florida). 


DEUTEROCOPUS, Z. 


Deuterocopus rubrodactylus, Pag. 


I have this from South Africa, Ceylon, India, New 
Guinea and the surrounding islands. 


Deuterocopus planeta, n. sp. 


¢. 10-11 mm. Head and thorax deep ferruginous, sprinkled 
with yellow-whitish. Palpi ferruginous, with several whitish rings. 
Antenne whitish, with a biserrate fuscous line. Abdomen whitish- 
yellow, above with three suffused stripes and several transverse bands 
ferruginous, third segment with a semicircular silvery-white spot 
on posterior margin, anal valves and tuft very long and slender. Legs 
ferruginous ringed with whitish, posterior pair with whorls of ex- 
panded scales at origin of spurs and apex of tarsal joints. Fore-wings 
cleft firstly from 2, secondly from 3, first segment narrow, second and 
third linear; deep ferruginous, sprinkled with whitish-yellowish ; 
undefined slender irregular white bars on first segment before 4 and 
beyond %, before base of second cleft, and on middle of second 
segment : cilia pale ferruginous, on costa mostly dark fuscous, 
with dark fuscous bars at apex of segments, and dark grey patches or 
bars on lower margin of first segment towards apex, upper margins 
of second and third segments towards apex, and lower margins of 
second and third segments about middle. Hind-wings cleft firstly 
from 4, secondly from near base, segments linear ; ferruginous, first 
two segments suffused with dark fuscous posteriorly ; cilia light 
ferruginous, third segment with a dot of one or two black scales on 
dorsum before its middle, and a moderate apical scale-tooth of black 
and ferruginous scales extending above and beneath. 


Coorc (Kuti) (Newcome), ASSAM (Khasi Hills); in 


474 Mr. KE, Meyrick’s Notes and 


October and November; two specimens. Very similar to 
rubrodactylus, but the silvery-white spot on abdomen is an 
easy distinction. In D. ritsemx, Wals., the abdomen is 
also marked with white, but differently, according to 
the description. 


Deuterocopus Tengstrama, Z. 


Described from Java; I have it also from Assam and the 
Kei Islands; specimens from the latter group are much 
more suffused with ferruginous than those from Assam, in 
which the white colouring is more extensive, but they 
do not seem otherwise distinct. 


Deuterocopus famulus, n, sp. 


9.15 mm. Head, palpi, and* antenne dark coppery-fuscous 
with afew white scales. Antenne dark fuscous. Abdomen blackish- 
fuscous, first segment white except a dorsal stripe, second segment 
wholly ochreous-white, third ochreous-white on sides, ventral surface 
wholly ochreous-white. Legs dark coppery-fuscous, anterior and 
middle pairs lined! and sprinkled with white, posterior tibiee banded 
with white, with expansible whorls of scales on origin of spurs 
(tarsi broken), Fore-wings cleft firstly from before 2, second segment 
cleft from its middle; dark prismatic coppery-fuscous; a few 
irregularly scattered white scales: cilia fuscous, towards apex of 
segments suffused with dark fuscous, beneath apex of first and second 
segments with a slender white bar, on dorsum with a white space 
extending from middle to ?, including a central fuscous bar. Hind- 
wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly from 4, segments slender ; dark 
fuscous ; a pellucid streak in disc; two or three white scales in 
middle of third segment; cilia pale prismatic purplish-fuscous, 
darker towards tips of segments, apex of third segment with a small 
projection of black scales above and beneath. 


Kerr ISLANDS, in May ; one specimen. 


TETRASCHALIS, Meyr. 


Tetraschalis ischnites, n. sp. 


6 ¢@. 14-15mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white, sprinkled with 
brownish and dark fuscous. Antenne whitish. Abdomen white, 
streaked with brown and sprinkled with blackish. Legs white, 
Jined and barred with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from 3, seg- 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 475 


ments very slender, tornus almost obsolete ; brown irrorated with 
white, strewn throughout with small white spots or bars, basal 2 
more or less wholly suffused with white ; costa more or less irrorated 
with black, more broadly posteriorly ; a blackish dot in disc at $; a 
small black spot on base of lower margin of first segment, and a black 
dot below base of cleft; white patches on costa at middle and 4 of 
first segment, separated by a blackish patch, and a corresponding 
blackish patch on second segment: cilia white, irregularly barred 
with pale ochreous, with scattered black scales, at tornus with a 
grey bar mixed with stronger black scales. Hind-wings cleft firstly 
from 4, secondly from near base, segments linear; grey-whitish 
irrorated with dark fuscous ; cilia grey with irregular whitish patches, 
apex of each segment with a small black scale-projection, third seg- 
ment with a large triangular black dorsal scale-projection at 3. 


AssAM (Khasi Hills), in October and November ; two 
specimens. 


Tetraschalis ochrias, n. sp. 


¢. 21-22 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous sprinkled with 
whitish, crown sprinkled with grey, face irrorated with blackish. 
Palpi whitish, second joint with a streak of blackish irroration, ter- 
minal joint banded with blackish irroration. Antennz ochreous- 
whitish with a dark fuscous line. Abdomen whitish streaked with 
dark fuscous irroration. Legs whitish lined with blackish, posterior 
pair banded with fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from before middle, 
segments very slender, apex of second long-produced, subfalcate, very 
acute ; echreous-whitish, irregularly tinged and sprinkled or suffused 
with brownish ; some dark fuscous irroration towards dorsum ante- 
riorly ; adark fuscous dot beneath costa near base, and another at + ; 
an oblique blackish mark at base of cleft ; blackish marks on costal 
edge before and beyond middle of first segment ; a dark fuscous dash 
on first segment at about 3, followed by a white bar ; posterior half 
of second segment mostly suffused with blackish : cilia ochreous- 
whitish, on lower margin of first segment with some scattered black 
scales, a grey posterior patch, and a black subapical scale-tooth, on 
upper margin of second segment mostly suffused with grey, with 
scattered black scales, on dorsum with grey patches towards middle 
of wing and before tornus, between these mixed with black scales, 
with a black scale-projection at tornus and a small one at apex. 
Hind-wings cleft firstly from #, secondly from near base, segments 
linear ; dark grey, first and second segments sometimes partially 
suffused with whitish ; cilia grey, on costa with a whitish patch 


476 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


towards middle, on upper margin of third segment with a few black 
scales, on dorsum irregularly mixed with black scales from base to 
apex, with broad irregular black scale-projections at 4 and beyond 3. 


AssAM (Khasi Hills), in November; Ker ISLANDS, in 
March ; two specimens. 


Tetraschalis lemurodes, n. sp. 


3d 2. 23-24 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark reddish-fuscous 
sprinkled with blackish and whitish. Antenne grey, above dotted 
with black and white scales. Abdomen very long and slender, 
dark reddish-fuscous sprinkled with whitish. Legs dark reddish- 
fuscous lined with white. Fore-wings very narrow, cleft from 
3, segments almost linear, second segment with tornus slight but 
distinct, its apex extremely slender and elongate ; dark reddish- 
fuscous sprinkled with whitish ; first segment with a broad band of 
whitish suffusion beyond its middle, and a narrow fascia towards 
apex, sometimes also much suffused with whitish anteriorly : cilia 
dark fuscous, on costa whitish with several dark fuscous patches, on 
lower margin of first segment with some scattered white and black 
scales, on both margins of second segment irregularly mixed with 
black scales. Hind-wings cleft firstly from $, secondly from near 
base, segments linear ; dark fuscous ; cilia dark fuscous, on upper 
margin of third segment with scattered black scales, on dorsum 
much mixed with black and white scales from base to apex, forming 
a rather longer and more conspicuous accumulation beyond middle. 


Ket IsLanps, in April and May; two specimens. 


OxyPpTiLus, Z. 
Oxyptilus epidectes, n. sp. 

g @?. 11-13 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous sprinkled with 
whitish, metathorax suffused with white. Palpi whitish, banded with 
dark fuscous irroration. Antenne white, lined with dark fuscous. 
Abdomen reddish-fuscous, sprinkled with whitish and mixed on 
sides with dark fuscous, third segment with a cloudy white arrow. 
head on back. Legs white, tibia and sometimes posterior tarsi banded 
with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from about middle, segments 
very narrow, apex of second long-produced, very slender; dark 
reddish-fuscous, sprinkled with whitish ; an oblique white mark in 
disc about 4, sometimes indistinct ; a white mark on base of cleft, 
edged internally with dark fuscous, extended as a white spot on lower 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 477 


margin of first segment ; a white band or costal spot on first segment 
about middle, preceded and followed on costa by some blackish 
scales ; sometimes a whitish bar at ? of first segment: cilia within 
cleft grey mixed with black and a few white scales, at base of cleft 
ochreous-whitish, beneath apex barred with white, on termen of 
second segment whitish except towards angles, on dorsum ochreous- 
whitish with a grey posterior patch, with a strong blackish scale- 
projection opposite base of cleft, and three rather smaller ones 
posteriorly, last tornal. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly 
from near base, segments linear ; dark fuscous; cilia fuscous, third 
segment with a small black dorsal scale-tooth beyond middle. 


Burma (Mone) (Manders); Coora, 3,000 feet (New- 
come); NILGIRIS, 3,500 feet (Andrewes) ; CEYLON (Maske- 
liya) (Alston); in August, October, January and May ; 
four specimens. I have also a specimen taken by myself 
at Port Louis, Mauritius,in May. The strong black median 
scale-tooth of fore-wings is characteristic. 


Oxyptilus pelecyntes, n. sp. 


¢ 2. 11-15mm. Head dark fuscous.. Palpi white banded with 
blackish. Antennze white lined with black. Thorax dark fuscous, 
with an ochreous-white posterior spot. Abdomen ochreous-brown 
streaked with blackish, margins of segments mixed with white, with 
an ochreous-white basal patch. Legs white, anterior and middle 
pairs lined with black, posterior pair banded with black. Fore- 
wings cleft from middle, segments narrow, apex of second long- 
produced, slender, termen concave ; dark reddish-fuscous, sprinkled 
with whitish-ochreous ; first segment with a small white spot on base 
of lower margin,and two slender undefined somewhat inwardly oblique 
white bars at 4 and 3; second segment sometimes with a few white 
scales at + and }: cilia on costa ochreous-whitish with black scales 
at base and blackish patches before and between bars, in cleft grey 
with scattered black scales, on dorsum ochreous-white with a black 
scale-tooth before cleft, others at } of second segment and apex, and 
a grey patch mixed with black midway between these. Hind-wings 
cleft firstly from about 4, secondly from near base, segments linear ; 
dark fuscous ; cilia dark grey, on dorsum with two or three scattered 
black scales, and a moderate black scale-projection at + of third 
segment, marked with some black scales on upper side also. 


AssaM (Khasi Hills) in April and September; three 
specimens. 


478 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


Oxyptilus raptor, n. sp. 


2.19mm. Palpi whitish, spotted with dark fuscous, Abdomen 
brown mixed with dark fuscous, segmental margins mixed with 
white. Legs white, lined and banded with dark fuscous. Fore- 
wings cleft from beyond middle, segments narrow, first pointed, 
second somewhat dilated, its apex long, acute, termen concave ; 
ferruginous-fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous; a small dark 
fuscous spot on base of cleft ; first segment crossed by two inwardly 
oblique whitish bars at 4 and 3, former rather broad, latter slender ; 
a similar bar crossing second segment at 2: cilia dark fuscous, on 
costa more blackish, and barred with whitish on costal markings, 
beneath apex with two whitish bars, on termen of second segment 
whitish except towards angles, on dorsum mostly whitish with dark 
fuscous bars before and beyond cleft, and a dark fuscous patch 
towards tornus. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 3, secondly from }, 
segments very slender; dark fuscous, third segment brownish- 
ochreous from base to near 3 and at apex; cilia fuscous, on both 
margins of third segment with a patch of blackish scales extending 
from before 2 of segment to ¢. 


CoLoraAbo, U.S.; one specimen. 


Oxyptilus caminites, n. sp. 


g. 21mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, lower margin of face 
with a white bar. Palpi dark fuscous, lower edge white. Antenne 
dark grey, with two series of white dots. Abdomen blackish, three 
basal segments orange-fulvous above except on lateral and posterior 
margins, apical scales pale ochreous, beneath with an elongate pale 
fulvous ventral patch extending over first two segments, and two 
spots on third. Legs dark fuscous, anterior and middle pair lined 
with white, posterior pair with indications of whitish bands. Fore- 
wings cleft from 2, segments moderately broad, termen nearly 
straight, oblique ; dark bronzy-fuscous, costal third sprinkled with 
whitish from base to beyond cleft; a very fine white line crossing 
first segment and upper half of second not far from termen : cilia 
whitish, on termen grey with white base and black spots at angles of 
segments, within cleft and on dorsum with dark grey patches on 
posterior half of segments, on dorsum with three black scale- 
projections. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly from 3, seg- 
ments linear; blackish; cilia grey, on first segment and upper 
margin of second whitish-ochreous except towards tips, third segment 
with a rather small triangular black dorsal scale-tooth at about ¢ of 
wing. 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 479 


Assam (Khasi Hills) in September; one specimen. The 
unusual coloration of the abdomen, combined with the 
general superficial appearance, is so suggestive of some 
of the fossorial Hymenoptera, that I think it may be 
protective. 


Oxyptilus peltastes, n. sp. 


¢. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax ferruginous-brown mixed with 
dark fuscous, sometimes pale-sprinkled, metathorax pale yellow. 
Palpi sickle-shaped, acute, ferruginous, terminal joint and apex of 
second somewhat whitish-sprinkled, anterior edge blackish. Antennze 
blackish, whitish-sprinkled. Abdomen deep chestnut-bronze-brown, 
basal segment and apical margin of second and third whitish, fourth 
segment with two pale or whitish dorsal patches, Legs golden- 
bronze, spurs and tarsi suffused with dark fuscous, posterior tibice 
with whorls of dark fuscous spines near base and on origin of spurs. 
Fore-wings cleft from 3, first segment rather narrow, second pos- 
teriorly dilated, its apex produced, termen concave, oblique ; deep 
chestnut-brown, thinly sprinkled throughout with white; costal 
edge dark fuscous; whitish-ochreous dots or small spots on first 
segment at base and on costa before its middle and towards apex : 
cilia ochreous-whitish, with blackish patches at angles of both seg- 
ments, black bars on dorsum at middle and ?, and some grey suffusion 
towards base of cleft. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly from 
near base, segments linear ; dark fuscous, towards base and on third 
segment suffused with ferruginous; cilia light yellowish, suffused 
with grey towards apex of first two segments, third segment with a 
small black apical scale-tuft. 


QUEENSLAND (Cairns), in October (Dodd); four 
specimens. 


XYROPTILA, 0. g. 


Head with appressed scales, on back of crown with erect-scales, 
Palpi moderately long, slender, curved, sickle-shaped, smooth, ter- 
minal joint somewhat longer than second, acute. Antenne in ¢ 
simple. Posterior legs with small whorls of scales at origin of spurs 
and apex of tarsal joints. Fore-wings cleft from about 2, segments 
moderate, rather dilated posteriorly ; 2 from middle of cell, 3 and 
4 from angle, 5 and 6 very short, 7 from near 8, long, 9 apparently 
absent, 8 and 10 stalked, 11 from near 8. Hind-wings cleft firstly 
from 4, secondly from near base, segments linear, without black 
scales in cilia; 2 and 3 absent, 5 and 6 very short, 7 to apex. 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IV. (FEB.’08) 32 


480 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


Allied to Oxyptilus, especially to O. peltastes, but dis- 
tinguished by the entire absence of the black scales in 
cilia of hind-wings. Type 1. wnophanes. 


Xyroptila marmarias, n. sp. 


gd @. 11-12mm. Head golden-bronze, mixed with dark fuscous. 
Palpi golden-ochreous, anterior edge blackish. Antenne dark grey. 
Thorax coppery-bronze, mixed with white posteriorly, anterior half 
bright golden. Abdomen bright golden-bronze, base of first segment 
yellowish-white, margins of second and third segments more or less 
whitish, towards middle and apex more or less suffused with dark 
coppery-fuscous. Legs golden-bronze, spurs and tarsi suffused with 
dark fuscous, posterior tibize with whorls of spines near base and at 
origin of spurs. Fore-wings cleft from 3, first segment rather narrow, 
second posteriorly dilated, its apex produced, termen concave, oblique ; 
very deep ferruginous, costal edge dark fuscous ; markings deep 
yellow, more developed and larger in 9 ; some irregular small spots 
or strigule anteriorly, and a larger spot before middle ; first segment 
with a transverse mark at base, a costal spot in middle, and a trans- 
verse mark near apex ; second segment with a spot towards base and 
a transverse mark near termen: cilia yellowish tinged with rosy, 
with blackish patches at angles of both segments, and two blackish 
bars on dorsum. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly from near 
base, segments linear; dark fuscous ; anterior part of disc and most 
of third segment in ¢ deep ferruginous, in @ bright golden ; cilia 
pale shining rosy, tinged with purplish-grey on costa and towards 
apex of first two segments. 


QUEENSLAND (Cairns), in October (Dodd); two 
specimens. 


AXyroptila enophanes, n. sp. 


¢ @. 10-11 mm. Head and thorax fuscous irrorated with dark 
fuscous. Palpi whitish lined with black. Antenne white with 
blackish dorsal line. Abdomen rather dark fuscous, base ochreous- 
white, beneath whitish. Legs dark fuscous, anterior and middle 
pairs streaked with whitish, posterior pair with indications of whitish 
bands. Fore-wings with apex of second segment produced, acute, 
termen concave ; dark ferruginous-fuscous, somewhat sprinkled with 
whitish ; a whitish bar parallel to termen crossing both segments 
before their middle: cilia pale ochreous tinged with crimson, with a 
black bar at apex, and blackish-grey posterior patches on lower 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 481 


margin of first segment and both margins of second. Hind-wings 
dark fuscous ; cilia pale ochreous tinged with crimson. 


BomBay (Bandora), in September ; four specimens. 


KOREMAGUIA, Hamps. 


This is a good genus, with distinct neuration. 


Koremaguia alticola, Feld. 


(Cnemidophorus alticola, Feld., Reis. Nov. pl. CXL, 59 ; 
Koremaguia aurantidactyla, Hamps., Ill. Het. Brit. Mus. 
VIII, 142, pl. 156, 20.) 

I think Felder’s figure undoubtedly represents this 
species, which varies in extent of dark suffusion; I have 
it from the Andaman Islands, and it is recorded from the 
Nilgiris and Himalaya. 


PLATYPTILIA, Hb. 
Platyptilia ignifera, n. sp. 


dg. 20 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous, partly 
tinged with blackish and ferruginous. Palpi and antenne ferru- 
ginous, sprinkled with whitish and dark fuscous. Legs dark fuscous 
partly mixed with ferruginous, posterior coxe with a small silvery- 
white spot, apex of all tibice, centre of middle and posterior tibia, 
and apex of three joints of posterior tarsi with large dense expanded 
whorls of scales, spurs thickened with rough scales. Fore-wings 
cleft from about #, segments broad, termen sinuate, little oblique ; 
purplish-fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous, and somewhat mixed 
with brownish or ferruginous-brown ; indications of an undefined 
bent blackish-fuscous bar near termen: cilia light grey, basal 2 
ferruginous-fuscous edged with a black line, sinuate-coneave in 
middle of termen of each segment. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 
middle, secondly from 4, third segment very short ; deep orange ; 
first segment posteriorly suffused with dark fuscous ; third segment 
somewhat mixed with dark fuscous; cilia fuscous tinged with 
crimson, on dorsum of third segment with several scattered short 
dilated black scales, and a large projection of dark purplish-fuscous 
scales tipped with black oceupying apical fourth. Fore-wings 
beneath with dise deep orange. 


Assam (Khasi Hills), in August; one specimen. Allied 


482 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


to the African species described by Lord Walsingham as 
Crocydoseelus ferruginewm, but I do not consider the genus 
Crocydoscelus suticiently distinct from Platyptilia. 


Platyptilia donatella, Walk. 


This South American species is the type of the genus 
Sochchora, Walk., but it appears to differ in no important 
particular from Platyptilia, of which I therefore regard 
Sochchora aS a synonym. 


Platyptilia taprobanes, Feld. 


(Amblyptilia taprobanes, Feld., Reis. Nov. pl. CXL, 54; 
Platyptilia Sythoffi, Snell. Tayd. v. Ent. XLVI, 54, pl. V, 
15, 16.) 

Felder’s figure is very poor, but notwithstanding can 
only be this species. CEYLON (Madulsima, Pattipola, 
Maskeliya, Peradeniya) (Green, Pole, Alston); S. INDIA 
(Palni Hills) (Campbell); Assam (Khasi Hills); from 
April to January, a hill species, received in plenty. 
Described by Snellen from Java, 


Platyptilia citropleura, n. sp. 


é @. 15-18 mm. Head blackish, sides, a frontal row of dots, and 
lower part of face pale yellow. Palpi black, beneath spotted with 
pale yellowish. Antenne blackish. Thorax dark ferruginous- 
uscous, central third blue-black on anterior half, beneath and on 
sides of metathorax pale clear yellow. Abdomen dark ferruginous- 
fuscous, on dorsum blue-blackish, beneath with a series of pale 
yellow spots. Legs blackish dotted with white, posterior tarsi with 
three apical joints mostly white. Fore-wings cleft from ?, segments 
broad, termen oblique, on second segment bowed ; dark ferruginous- 
fuscous becoming blackish posteriorly ; a series of minute white 
costal and subcostal dots, last four larger and costal ; sometimes a 
few scattered white scales in disc ; a very fine white line near termen 
on first segment and upper half of second: cilia on termen blackish 
spotted with white, whitish on inner half of cleft and blackish-grey 
on outer half, on dorsum whitish with black scale-teeth before and 
beyond 3, and a small grey posterior patch. Hind-wings cleft firstly 
from 4, secondly from 4, apex of second segment slenderly produced, 
third segment short ; blackish ; cilia grey, third segment with a very 
sma]] triangular black dorsal scale-tooth almost at apex. 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 483 


Assam (Khasi Hills); CeyYLoN (Maskeliya) (Alston) ; in 
March, and from June to October; twelve specimens. 
Very similar to taprobanes, but smaller and blacker, fore- 
wings cleft from ? only (instead of from 3), without dark 
costal blotches, cilia at base of cleft clear white, narrower 
white bars in terminal cilia, and scale-tooth of hind-wings 
all but apical, whereas in taprobanes it is a little before 
apex. 


Platyptilia brachymorpha, Meyr. 


Amblyptilia Seeboldi, Hofm. (Iris, xi, 33), from Syria, 
is a synonym of this species; the description is very 
accurate and unmistakable. The species ranges from 
S. Africa through India to the Hawaiian Islands. 


Platyptilia pusillidactyla, Walk. 


Platyptilia hemimetra, Meyr., Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 
1886, 18, is a synonym of this species. I could not deter- 
' mine this identification from Walker’s type, but have 
lately received specimens from his locality (Jamaica), 
which are conclusive. This is another wide-ranging 
insect, known from Réunion, Ceylon, India, and the West 
Indies. 


Platyptilia charitopa, n. sp. 


¢. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax orange-ochreous sprinkled with 
fuscous, frontal tuft very short. Palpi orange-ochreous sprinkled 
with blackish, above’ and beneath mixed with whitish. Antenne 
grey, above blackish with two series of white dots. Abdomen orange- 
ochreous variably mixed or sprinkled with blackish, on back some- 
times mixed with white or pale yellow. Legs orange-ochreous 
sprinkled with dark fuscous, anterior and middle pairs lined with 
black beneath, posterior pair banded with whitish and blackish. 
Fore-wings cleft from 2, segments moderate, posteriorly dilated, 
termen of first indented-concave, of second rounded-prominent in 
middle, sinuate-concave above and below this, rather strongly 
oblique ; orange-ochreous, posterior } and dorsum anteriorly more or 
less sprinkled irregularly with dark fuscous ; costa narrowly black 
dotted with white; acloudy spot of blackish suffusion towards 
dorsum at }, and one in disc at 4; a large triangular blackish blotch 
on costa before cleft, its apex reaching beyond cleft; a broad fascia 


484 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


of blackish suffusion covering nearly anterior 2 of both segments, 
edged posteriorly by a fine white line and anteriorly by a less distinet 
one ; a black terminal line: cilia whitish-ochreous, on costa suffused 
with dark fuscous, on termen with basal half dark fuscous on angles 
and prominence, beneath lower angle of first segment with a biackish 
patch, on dorsum with some scattered black scales anteriorly, a 
blackish scale-tooth beyond middle, and two blackish bars posteriorly. 
Hind-wings cleft firstly from before middle, secondly from 4, third 
segment short; dark fuscous, more or less orange-tinged towards 
base, third segment orange-ochreous mixed with dark fuscous ; cilia 
ochreous, at apex of first two segments dark grey, third segment with 
some scattered black scales on both margins, anda large black 
triangular scale-projection beneath occupying apical fourth. 


Botivia (Songo); three specimens. Belongs to the 
group of brevipennis, in which it is characterised by its 
bright colouring. 


Platyptilia paraglyptis, n. sp. 


d 14 mm. Head brownish, frontal tuft very short. Palpi 
fuscous, apex of joints whitish-ochreous. Antennz fuscous dotted 
with whitish. Thorax pale ochreous mixed with brownish. Abdo- 
men whitish-ochreous, mixed with brownish on sides. Legs whitish- 
ochreous, anterior and middle femora and tibiew lined with dark 
brown. Fore-wings cleft from 3, segments moderately broad, termen 
of first sinuate beneath apex, of second very obliquely bowed ; 
brownish-ochreous, indistinctly transversely striated with brown 
irroration ; costal edge suffused with dark fuscous from near base to 
blotch ; a spot of dark fuscous suffusion on dorsum at 4+, and one 
beneath costa at $; a triangular dark fuscous blotch on costa before 
cleft, its apex reaching to below cleft ; costal edge beyond this dark 
fuscous, interrupted by four dots of whitish suffusion, third giving 
rise to a whitish line crossing first segment and obscurely indicated 
on second ; segments sprinkled with dark fuscous and whitish, 
darkest posteriorly : cilia whitish, on termen with a dark fuscous 
subbasal line becoming blackish towards tornus, indented once on 
first and twice on second segment, within cleft fuscous-tinged, with 
some scattered dark fuscous scales, on dorsum with about five small 
teeth of dark fuscous scales. Hind-wings cleft firstly from before 
middle, secondly from 3, segments moderate, first dilated, termen of 
second very obliquely sinuate; dark fuscous; cilia grey, round 
termen of first segment with dark grey subbasal shade, on dorsum 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 485 


with moderate triangular black scale-projection beginning at }, and 
scattered blackish scales between this and base. 


ARGENTINA (Parana); one specimen, 


Platyptilia direptalis, Walk. 


(Oxyptilus direptalis, Walk., B. M. Cat. 934.) 


dg 9. 19-21 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brown sprinkled with 
whitish, face with short cone of scales. Antennz white spotted with 
dark fuscous. Abdomen brownish, streaked with whitish and 
‘sprinkled with dark fuscous. Legs whitish banded with brownish, 
apex of joints dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from before }, seg- 
ments moderately broad, apex of first produced, subfalcate, termen of 
second bisinuate, oblique ; light yellow-ochreous, irregularly mixed 
with ferruginous-brown and in dise with white ; some dark fuscous 
scales towards dorsum about}; costal edge more or less dark 
fuscous ; a triangular dark fuscous blotch, posteriorly edged with 
white, resting on costa just before cleft and reaching % across wing ; 
a slender white bar crossing both segments near termen but not 
reaching dorsum, preceded on second segment and lower edge of 
first by a patch of blackish irroration or suffusion ; cilia whitish, on 
termen with basal half brownish edged with blackish-grey and 
barred with whitish, in cleft grey except on a posterior patch 
enclosing a dark grey bar, on dorsum with an elongate-triangular 
projection of black scales about 3, two or three scattered black scales 
before this and a bar beyond it. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 
before middle, secondly from }; dark grey; cilia grey, third seg- 
ment on dorsum with some scattered black scales anteriorly, an 
elongate-triangular projection of black scales extending from middle 
to 3, and some black scales beneath apex. 


CEYLON, Pattipola, 6,000 feet, (Alston); S.Inp1A, Palni 
Hills, 6,000 feet, (Campbell); Nilgiri Hills, 6,000 feet 
(Andrewes); Simla, 8,000 feet (Indian Museum); also 
known from Cape Colony and the Congo. This is identi- 
fied by Lord Walsingham with the European cosmodactyla, 
but is in my judgment quite distinct, though nearly allied ; 
it differs markedly in the colouring, and also especially by 
the narrower segments of hind-wings, of which the second 
has the apex obviously more produced, and the different 
form of the principal dorsal scale-projection on each wing ; 
in cosmodactyla the one on the fore-wings is narrower, with 


486 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


its posterior edge much more abrupt and obviously con- 
cave, and the one on the hind-wings is rather longer and 
rather narrower, so as to appear distinctly more abrupt. I 
do not observe any difference between Walker’s type and 
my Indian specimens, but it is noticeable that all the 
latter are from high altitudes. 


Platyptilia epidelta, n. sp. 


36 ¢. 17-21 mm. Head ferruginous-ochreous, partially infus- 
cated, with moderate frontal cone of scales. Palpi moderate, whitish- 
ochreous, basal and second joints irrorated with dark fuscous except 
apex of second. Antenne light brownish, towards base mixed with 
black above. Thorax rather dark brown or fuscous, with transverse 
pale brownish-ochreous band behind middle, metathorax with lateral 
ochreous-white stripes edged above with black. Abdomen brown 
irregularly mixed with ochreous-whitish, third segment with a 
suffused oblique dark fuscous lateral mark. Legs whitish, suffusedly 
banded with ferruginous-ochreous, apex of joints suffused with dark 
fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from ?, segments broad, termen of first 
sinuate, of second prominent on vein 3, very obliquely sinuate below 
it; ferruginous-ochreous mixed with dark fuscous, transversely 
striated with whitish ; indistinct spots of dark fuscous suffusion in 
dise at 4, and on dorsum obliquely before this, latter followed by a 
whitish spot ; a triangular dark fuscous blotch on costa before cleft, 
its apex reaching to below cleft ; a blackish triangular costal blotch 
about middle of first segment, more or less edged with white 
suffusion, its apex connected with posterior extremity of a blackish 
dash beneath it ; a very small dark fuscous costal spot before apex ; 
some dark fuscous suffusion before middle of second segment, some- 
times followed by an oblique white transverse line ; termen marked 
with dark fuscous: cilia ochreous-whitish partially tinged with 
fuscous, on termen with an ochreous-fuscous antemedian shade more 
or less marked with blackish, extending round tornus, on dorsum 
with scattered dark fuscous scales, and two strong dark ochreous- 
fuscous teeth. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 3, secondly from }, first 
two segments dilated, termen of second sinuate ; dark fuscous ; cilia 
whitish-fuscous, on termen with a darker fuscous antemedian shade, 
on dorsum with scattered blackish scales, and a strong elongate- 
triangular blackish scale-projection commencing at 3, and a smaller 
one at apex. 


ARGENTINA (Parana); nine specimens. Varies to some 
extent, but recognisable by the conspicuous sharply-defined 
second costal triangle, which is darker than first. 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 487 


Platyptilia cretalis, n. sp. 


¢. 21-22 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and legs whitish 
(abdomen broken) ; face without tuft ; antenne with blackish line 
above towards base ; palpi with dark fuscous lateral streak ; anterior 
and middle femora and tibie and basal joint of tarsi lined with dark 
fuscous, posterior tibize infusecated beneath towards middle and apex. 
Fore-wings cleft from 3, segments moderately broad, termen concave 
so that apex of each segment appears faleate ; ochreous-whitish, on 
segments slightly tinged or sprinkled with pale brownish ; some 
fuscous scales forming a cloudy dot in disc at 4, and two transversely 
placed close before cleft ; minute dark fuscous dots on costa at } and 
2 of first segment; termen and posterior half of lower margin of 
both segments narrowly suffused with fuscous, and edged with a 
dark fuscous line: cilia ochreous-whitish, with dark fuscous spots at 
both angles of both segments, some fuscous suffusion a little before 
lower angle of both segments, and small blackish scale-teeth on 
dorsum beyond middle and at ?. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 
middle, secondly from 4, segments moderate, apex of second long- 
falcate ; grey; cilia whitish-fuscous, with traces of darker scales 
beyond middle. 


JAPAN ; two specimens. These are not in good order, 
and possibly the dark dorsal scales may be naturally better 
expressed, but the species is a very distinct one. 


Platyptilia empedota, n. sp. 


6 ¢. 20-21 mm. Head brownish, face with moderate roughly 
projecting scales, Palpi dark fuscous, white above and beneath. 
Antennz whitish with a blackish line above. Thorax ochreous- 
whitish, suffused anteriorly and posteriorly with light red-brownish. 
Abdomen whitish-ochreous longitudinally lined with dark brown, 
base whitish, anal valves in ¢ elongate, white, with a brownish line 
on sides. Legs white, banded with brownish, and longitudinally 
lined with blackish. Fore-wings cleft from beyond 3, segments 
moderately broad, termen of first slightly sinuate, rather oblique ; 
red-brown sprinkled with silvery-whitish, suffused with whitish- 
ochreous on costal half anteriorly, and on a streak extending from 
this along middle of second segment to near termen ; a dark reddish- 
fuscous dot in disc beyond 3, and two transversely placed before 
cleft : costal cilia dark fuscous throughout ; remaining cilia grey, on 
termen white with strong black basal line, on dorsum with some 
small scattered black scales. Hind-wings cleft firstly from middle, 


4.88 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


secondly from 4, segments moderate ; reddish-fuscous ; cilia grey, 
on dorsum with a few scattered brownish and blackish scales from 
base to ?. 


TRANSVAAL (N.E. Pretoria district), in January (Janse) ; 
five specimens. 


Platyptilia xylopsamma, un. sp. 


9.28mm. Head light yellow-ochreous sprinkled with whitish, 
frontal tuft moderate. Palpi 24, pale yellow-ochreous sprinkled 
with fuscous, white beneath and at apex. Antenne whitish- 
ochreous, above with a dark fuscous line. Thorax brownish- 
ochreous sprinkled with whitish, especially on patagia, which are 
somewhat expanded towards apex. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, 
faintly streaked with brownish. Legs whitish, lined with dark 
fuscous (posterior pair broken). Fore-wings cleft from $, segments 
broad, termen of first somewhat sinuate, of second very slightly 
bent, oblique ; brownish-ochreous, slightly sprinkled with whitish, 
dorsal half suffused with pale whitish-ochreous from base to cleft ; 
costal edge very shortly strigulated with dark fuscous on basal 
third ; a small round dark fuscous spot in dise at 4, and another 
tending to form a transverse mark close before and beneath cleft; a 
mark of dark fuscous suffusion along costa above cleft, followed by 
a white mark mostly in costal cilia: cilia pale greyish-ochreous, on 
termen with basal half rather dark fuscous, on dorsum with a 
greyish bar beneath cleft. Hind-wings cleft firstly from before 
middle, secondly from 4, first segment considerably dilated, second 
moderate ; ferruginous-fuscous; cilia pale greyish, within cleft 
mostly suffused with very pale ochreous, on termen of first segment 
darker grey on basal half, on dorsum with a series of short dark 


fuscous scales from base to 2. 


CoLorapo, U.S., 7,000 feet ; one specimen. 


ATUCTTALE 


In the fore-wings the principal vein remaining in the 
first segment should be regarded as vein 7, not 8. 


Alucita lacteipennis, Walk. 
(Aciptilus lacteipennis, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 949.) 


3 ?. 24-28 mm. Head, antenne, and thorax white, collar 
sometimes sprinkled with grey. Palpi white, sometimes slightly 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 489 


sprinkled with dark grey towards apex. Abdomen white, with a 
few black lateral scales posteriorly. Legs white, anterior femora 
and tibiz streaked with blackish, middle tibiz with fine oblique 
median bar and apical dot blackish, posterior tibize with internal 
fringe of projecting scales on basal half, with a few black specks, 
and black dots on origin of spurs, posterior tarsi somewhat roughened 
with scales, third and fourth joints tufted above and with apical 
black dots (in Australian form nearly obsolete). Fore-wings cleft 
from before 4, segments linear; white, with some scattered black 
specks ; black dots on costa before and beyond middle and about ? 
and on lower margin of first segment towards apex ; a minute black 
dot before middle of second segment, and a round black dot at ?: 
cilia white, with three grey bars (faint in Australian form) on lower 
margin of each segment, and on upper margin of second segment 
at 4 of length. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly almost 
from base, segments linear ; white, with some black specks, especially 
at base of first cleft, and along costa from } to middle; second 
segment with small black dots at 4, 2, and before apex ; cilia white, 
on costa with a grey space before middle and bar at 3, on lower 
margin of second segment with grey bars on first two dots. 


Burma; Borngo; New GuINEA, Woodlark Island ; 
SoLomon IsLANDS; QUEENSLAND, Cairus (Dodd) ; Walker's 
type, recorded as from Hindostan, is really from Burma. 
The closely allied melanopoda, Fletcher, which ranges from 
Ceylon to Assam, has the tufts of posterior tarsi mainly 
black; in Walker’s type the tips of the tarsi are broken, 
but enough remains, in conjunction with other characters, 
to show the identity of the species, which I have thought 
it best to redescribe here. 


Alucita rhyparias, n. sp. 

g. 19-20 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, face fuscous. 
Palpi short, whitish, terminal joint very short. Antenne whitish, 
above with a grey line near base. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, with 
fuscous dorsal line, and some black lateral dots. Legs whitish, 
anterior and middle femora and tibize dark grey anteriorly. Fore- 
wings cleft from 2, segments very slender; ochreous-grey-whitish, 
base of cleft and lower margin of both segments grey ; cilia ochreous- 
grey-whitish, with a faint grey median shade, with two minute 
black dots on costa at about 4 and ? of first segment, and three on 
dorsum of second segment near its base and about } and 3. Hind- 
wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly from 4, segments linear; pale 
grey ; cilia pale grey, becoming grey-whitish towards base. 


490 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


TRANSVAAL, Pretoria, from February to April (Janse); 
three specimens. 


Alucita elaeopa, n. sp. 


3 2. 21-26 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, sprinkled with dark 
fuscous. Palpi and antenne whitish. Thorax and abdomen whitish- 
ochreous. Legs whitish, anterior and middle tibiz blackish beneath, 
posterior legs whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings cleft from 2, segments 
linear ; pale ochreous ; minute black dots on costa at about 2 and 2 of 
first segment: cilia whitish-ochreous, within cleft with scattered black- 
tipped scales, on dorsum with four small equidistant projections of 
black-tipped scales, first before cleft, fourth at ? of second segment. 
Hind-wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly from near base, segments 
linear ; ochreous-whitish tinged with grey, base of cleft grey ; cilia 
ochreous-grey-whitish, at base with minute scattered grey scales 
especially on first segment. 


AssAM (Khasi Hills), in November; three specimens. 


Alucita candidalis, Walk. 


(Aciptilus candidalis, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat. 948; 
A, lewcadactylus, ib. 948.) 


After examining a considerable number of specimens, 
I am satisfied that these represent only one species, 
ranging from South Africa through India to the Philip- 
pines, New Guinea, and North-East Queensland, varying 
in the development of the minute black dots which are 
more or less apparent at the base of the cilia, but always 
recognisable by its pale yellowish colour (though described 
as white by Walker in each instance) from the following 
species, to which it is otherwise closely allied. A. aptalis, 
Walk., is much broader-winged. 


Alucita niveodactyla, Pag. 


(Alucita mniveodactyla, Pag. “Zoologica” xxix, 240; 
A. nivea, Snell. Tijd. v. Ent. xlvi, 56, pl. V, 17.) 


Differs from the preceding in being pure white; it 
ranges from Ceylon to the Philippines and Solomon 


Islands. 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 491 


PSELNOPHORUS, Waller. 


Gypsochares, Meyr., cannot be regarded as sufficiently 
distinct from this. The neural characters of fore-wings 
are in part incorrectly given by me; there are however 
differences between some of the species as stated below, 
but I think they should be treated as specific only. The 
neuration of Psel/nophorus should then be defined thus: 
7 present, 8 absent, 9 sometimes absent (in catharotes, 
hemiargus, and baptodactylus) or out of 7, 10 out of 7, 
11 out of 7 or separate (in vi/is). 


Pselnophorus hemiargus, n. sp. 


d¢d. 14mm. Head whitish-ochreous, between antennz white, face 
fuscous. Palpi short, white. Antennze whitish-ochreous. Thorax 
whitish-ochreous, anteriorly suffused with white. Abdomen whitish, 
longitudinally streaked with pale ochreous. Legs white, lined with 
dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from before middle, segments narrow, 
very acute ; 9 absent, 10 and 11 out of 7 ; whitish-ochreous ; a moder- 
ate streak of white suffusion along costa from base to middle ; costal 
elge finely mixed with dark fuscous for a short space above cleft ; 
first segment sprinkled with white posteriorly ; second segment 
wholly suffused with white except at base: cilia whitish-ochreous, 
on costa white, on second segment white towards apex above. Hind- 
wings cleft firstly from before 4, secondly from 4, segments slender ; 
grey ; cilia light greyish-ochreous, at apex of segments whitish. 


Syria (Beirut); one specimen. Allied to Hedemanni, 
Reb., which has similar neuration. 


Pselnophorus catharotes, n. sp. 


¢ @. 12-15 mm. Head fuscous, with a white frontal line, face 
somewhat sprinkled with white. Palpi short, grey sprinkled with 
white. Antenne white, above with a dark grey line. Thorax 
fuscous, anterior margin more or less suffused with white irroration. 
Abdomen brown, with several white lines. Legs white lined with 
blackish, last four joints of posterior tarsi wholly white. Fore-wings 
cleft from 3, first segment moderate, second narrow, both acutely 
pointed ; 9 absent, 10 and 11 out of 7; light brown, irrorated with 
dark fuscous ; costa from base to 2 irrorated with white; a small 
blackish spot above middle at 4, and another beneath base of cleft ; 
a blackish mark on costa beyond cleft, followed by a white patch 
mainly in costal cilia ; second segment more or less irrorated or 


492 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


obscurely suffused with white: cilia dark fuscous-grey, on costa 
white towards apex, on second segment with a white spot above 
apex. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly from %, segments 
very narrow ; dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous-grey. 


AssAM (Khasi Hills), from August to November and 
in April; about eighty specimens. It is nearly allied to 
baptodactylus, which however differs from catharotes by 
absence of dark fuscous irroration, the presence of distinct 
black dots at apex of wing and extremity of vein 7, and 
clear white streak along upper half of second segment, 
dark-edged beneath; the extensive material obtained shows 
catharotes to be constant in these particulars. Alucita 
albitarsella, Wals., must be referable to this genus and 
closely allied to these two species; I have not seen it, 
but from the description it must agree very nearly with 
baptodactylus, having the characteristic white streak of the 
second segment, but being apparently without the black 
dots. Probably Zeller’s quotation of India as a locality for 
baptodactylus is founded upon a/bitarsella, the distinction 
of which must be at present regarded as doubtful, as Lord 
Walsingham makes no comparison with baptodactylus. 


Pselnophorus vilis, Butl. 
This name supersedes amurensis, Christ., having one 
year’s priority. The species occurs in Eastern Siberia 
and Japan. 


MARASMARCHA, Meyr. 
Marasmarcha bonaespei, Wals. 


(Lioptilus bonaespei, Wals., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, 
281, pl. XIII, 46.) 

This species, which I have from Weenen, Natal, is a 
true Marasmarcha. 


Marasmarcha hodias, n. sp. 


¢. 13mm. Head ochreous, anterior half of crown white. Palpi 
rather short, white. Antenne white, rather shortly ciliated. Thorax 
ochreous-whitish. Abdomen whitish, with rather broad dark brown 
dorsal stripe. Legs white, anterior and middle femora and tibiz 
and basal joint of tarsi lined with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 493 


from middle, segments narrow, acute ; ochreous-whitish, somewhat 
sprinkled with light brown; some dark fuscous scales on base of 
cleft, continued as a dark fuscous line along basal fourth of lower 
margin of first segment ; a dark fuscous dot on lower margin of first 
segment at #, and less definite dots at extremities of veins 2-4: 
cilia whitish, on dorsum and towards base of cleft tinged with 
brownish, on posterior dot of first segment with a brownish bar. 
Hind-wings cleft firstly from 4, secondly from +, segments slender ; 
grey ; cilia pale grey. 


BraziIL, Sao Paulo; one specimen. Belongs to the 
microdactyla group, 


Marasmarcha invida, n. sp. 


dg ?. 12-13 mm. Head light brownish, between antennz white. 
Palpi moderately long, white. Antenne whitish, in ¢ rather shortly 
ciliated. Thorax ochreous-whitish, dorsally tinged with brownish. 
Abdomen whitish, with brown dorsal line. Legs whitish, anterior 
and middle femora and tibiz and basal joint of tarsi lined with dark 
fuscous, Fore-wings cleft from before 2, segments rather narrow, 
acute ; ochreous-whitish, somewhat sprinkled with brown ; a curved 
oblique dark brown mark crossing base of cleft ; a dark brown dash 
along costa a little beyond this; a dark brown dot on costa at 2 of 
first segment, and others on extremities of veins 2, 3, and 7: cilia 
whitish-ochreous, on costa whitish, beneath apex with a patch of 
brown suffusion. Hind-wings cleft firstly from }, secondly from 1, 
segments slender; grey ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous. 


BRAZIL, Sao Paulo; two specimens. The longer palpi 
and dark brown costal mark distinguish this species from 
the preceding. 


PTEROPHORUS, Geottr. 


Pterophorus pavidus, n. sp. 


?.18 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown anteriorly suffused 
with whitish. Palpi long (24), white, terminal joint long, with 
whitish-ochreous median suffusion. Antenne whitish, above with a 
dark fuscous line, Thorax whitish-ochreous. Abdomen whitish- 
ochreous, obscurely lined with dark fuscous. Legs whitish, anterior 
and middle femora and tibize lined with dark fuscous. Fore-wings 
cleft from before 3, segments moderate, acute-pointed, termen of 


494, Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


second sinuate, not falcate ; whitish-ochreous, partially tinged with 
whitish ; costa towards middle of first segment and termen of second 
segment somewhat infuscated : cilia ochreous-whitish, on apex of 
each segment with blackish dots, at extremities of veins 2 and 3 
with small dark fuscous dots. Hind-wings cleft firstly from middle, 
secondly from j, first segment moderate, second narrow, its apex 
long-produced, termen sinuate; grey, somewhat whitish-suffused 
towards base and on third segment; apex of first segment with a 
dark grey dot; cilia whitish-grey, on dorsum with scattered whitish 
scales. 


TRANSVAAL, Pietersburg, in December (Janse); one 
specimen. 


Pterophorus timidus, n. sp. 


@.19 mm. Head pale ochreous, between antennze whitish. 
Palpi short (1), slender, whitish, terminal joint short, ochreous. 
Antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs whitish, anterior and middle 
femora and tibiz lined with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from 3, 
segments moderate, acutely pointed, second rather falcate ; whiti=h, 
partly faintly tinged with pale ochreous, sprinkled with grey towards 
anterior half of dorsum and before cleft ; two dark grey dots above 
and below base of cleft; indistinct grey dots at extremities of 
veins 2, 3, and 7: cilia whitish. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 
middle, secondly from 4, first segment moderate, second narrower, 
acutely pointed, rather falcate ; ochreous-whitish partially suffused 
with light grey ; cilia whitish, with grey dots at extremities of veins, 
more apparent on under-surface. 


Natat, Northdene (Spzller); one specimen. Easily 
separated from the preceding species by the very different 
palpi. Compared with ¢riadias, the tore-wings are less 
deeply cleft, the segments shorter-pointed. 


Pierophorus triadias, n. sp. 


¢ @. 20 mm. Head deep ochreous, with a white frontal band. 
Palpi whitish, upper edge blackish. Antenne whitish. Thorax 
white. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs whitish, anterior tibie 
and tarsi lined with black (others imperfect). ore-wings cleft from 
beyond middle, segments moderate, gradually pointed ; ochreous- 
white, with more or less faint traces of pale ochreous longitudinal 
streaks: black dots on first segment at 3 of its upper and ? of its 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 495 


lower margin, and on second segment at 3 of its lower margin ; 
sometimes a blackish dot at apex of second segment: cilia whitish- 
ochreous, with a grey bar at apex of second segment. Hind-wings 
cleft firstly from beyond 4, secondly from 3, segments narrow ; pale 
grey, apex of segments with more or less distinct blackish dots; third 
segment ochreous-whitish towards base, in ¢ with an ochreous-whitish 
hairpencil from base resting on it ; cilia whitish-ochreous. 


Assam (Khasi Hills), in September; three specimens. 


Pterophorus harpactes, n. sp. 


¢. 21mm. Head ochreous-brown, lower edge of face and anterior 
halt of crown white. Palpi fuscous, beneath white. Antenne and 
thorax white. Abdomen whitish longitudinally streaked with brown. 
Legs white, anterior and middle femora and tibiz lined with blackish. 
Fore-wings cleft from middle, segments moderate, gradually pointed, 
apex of second narrowly produced, subfaleate ; ochreous-whitish, 
largely suffused with pale brownish-ochreous ; a black dot in disc 
at +, another at base of cleft, and some scattered black scales between 
them ; first segment with a blackish mark along costa at 4, a black 
dot at %, and an irregular black line round apex and apical fourth 
of lower margin ; second segment with a short blackish-fuscous dash 
ending in middle of termen, and an irregular blackish-fuscous 
marginal line round apical half: cilia ochreous-whitish, outer 3 
brownish on lower margin of both segments except beneath apex 
of second, with a patch above apex of second segment dark grey 
except at base. Hind-wings cleft firstly from about 4, secondly 
from 4: grey, apex of segments blackish ; cilia brownish, becoming 
ochreous-whitish towards base. 


AssaM (Khasi Hills), in September; one specimen. 


Pterophorus palinatus, n. sp. 

¢ ¢. 19-20 mm. Head ochreous, between antenne whitish. 
Palpi whitish, with an ochreous lateral line. Antenne whitish, 
with a dark fuscous line above towards base, in ¢ minutely ciliated. 
Thorax and abdomen yellow-whitish, faintly ochreous-tinged. Legs 
whitish, femora dark fuscous beneath, anterior and middle tibie and 
first joint of tarsi lined with dark fuscous, posterior tibize with a 
dark grey apical dot. Fore-wings cleft from 2, segments moderate, 
acutely pointed, subfaleate; yellow-whitish, partially tinged or 
sprinkled with pale fuscous, before cleft and towards anterior half 
of dorsum suffused with fuscous ; a minute dark fuscous dot in disc 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907.—PART IV. (FEB. ’08.) 33 


496 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


at 4; a short oblique transverse dark fuscous mark or dot at base of 
cleft ; costal edge narrowly dark fuscous for a short distance above 
this; conspicuous blackish dots at extremities of veins 3 and 7: 
cilia ochreous-whitish. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 3, secondly 
from 4, segments rather narrow, second very long-pointed ; light 
fuscous ; cilia ochreous-whitish slightly tinged with fuscous. 


BRAZIL, Sao Paulo; three specimens. 


Pterophorus procontias, n. sp. 


¢ @. 18-20 mm. Head deep ochreous, lower edge of face and 
anterior half of crown white. Palpi deep ochreous. Antenne 
whitish. Thorax whitish, tinged or sprinkled with pale ochreous. 
Abdomen whitish, longitudinally striped with ochreous. Legs 
white, anterior and middle femora and tibiz lined with blackish. 
Fore-wings cleft from beyond middle, segments moderately broad, 
acute, apex of second produced, subfaleate; white, irregularly 
suffused with pale ochreous; a narrow dark fuscous streak along 
costa from base to 3; an indistinct blackish dot in dise before }; a 
larger blackish dot beneath base of cleft; a black dot on costa 
at, 8, one on lower margin of first segment at } of its length, and 
two on dorsum at $ and ? of second segment: cilia whitish-ochreous, 
becoming fuscous on outer half except on costa and beneath a blackish 
bar at apex of second segment. Hind-wings cleft firstly from + 
secondly from 4; grey, third segment whitish-ochreous; cilia 
whitish-ochreous, becoming light fuscous on outer half. 


Assam (Khasi Hills), from April to September ; twenty 
specimens. 


Pterophorus sematias, n. sp. 

9.21 mm. Head ochreous-brown, lower edge of face and 
anterior half of crown white. Palpi fuscous, beneath whitish. 
Antenne grey. Thorax ochreous-whitish. Abdomen whitish, with 
traces of pale ochreous streaks, a dorsal series of minute black dots, 
and a rather dark fuscous ventral streak. Legs whitish, middle 
tibie and first joint of tarsi lined with blackish (others broken). 
Fore-wings cleft from beyond middle, segments moderately broad, 
pointed, apex of second acutely produced ; ochreous-white, partially 
suffused with pale ochreous, with a few scattered black scales, especially 
along costa anteriorly and on second segment; a slender dark 
fuscous streak along costa from base to cleft ; a black dot in disc 
before 4; a strong curved oblique black mark running round base 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 497 


of cleft and extending shortly into first segment; a strong black 
mark along costa immediately beyond this, followed by two black 
costal dots; a black dot on lower margin of first segment 
at ? of length ; some grey and black irroration round apex of second 
segment: cilia ochreous-whitish, on costa with two dark grey spots, 
on lower margin of first segment with broad grey patch beyond 
middle and blackish subapical patch, towards apex of second 
segment dark grey on both margins, otherwise on dorsum pale 
fuscous. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 3, secondly from 4; rather 
dark grey; cilia grey. 


CEYLON (Maskeliya), in October (Alston) ; one specimen. 


Pterophorus lrenigianus, Z. 
P. serindibanus, Moore (“ Lep. Ceyl.” 11, 527, pl. CCIX, 


14) is a synonym of this species; it is common in India and 
Ceylon, and though the specimens show a little individual 
variation in intensity of marking, I am unable to find any 
specific difference between European and Indian examples. 


Pterophorus chlorias, n. sp. 


gd ¢. 22-25 mm. Head pale yellow-ochreous, a band below fore- 
head, and crown between antennz and collar fuscous. Palpi pale 
yellow-ochreous, apex infuscated. Antenne pale ochreous, shortly 
ciliated. Thorax and abdomen pale yellowish-ochreous. Legs 
yellow-whitish, anterior and middle femora and tibize dark fuscous 
beneath. Fore-wings cleft from 2, segments moderately broad, first 
pointed, termen of second straight, very oblique ; light brownish- 
ochreous, often more or less suffused with whitish-ochreous, 
especially along costa, sometimes sprinkled with fuscous in disc 
anteriorly and towards base of first segment ; a small dark fuscous 
spot on base of cleft ; cloudy dark fuscous dots on first segment at 
apex and extremity of 7, and on second at extremities of veins 2-4: 
cilia whitish-ochreous. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly 
from }, segments narrow, long-pointed ; grey: cilia whitish-grey- 
ochreous. 


CoLoraDo, U.S., 5,000 feet; three specimens. 


Pterophorus glaphyrotes, n. sp. 


¢ 2. 19-23 mm. Head light ochreous-brown, between antennz 
ochreous-white. Palpi whitish, with an ochreous lateral streak. 


498 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


Antenns# and thorax ochreous-whitish. Abdomen whitish, with 
more or less indicated fine ochreous dorsal and other lines. Legs 
white, anterior and middle femora and tibie lined with dark 
fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from 4%, segments rather broad, first 
acutely pointed, second with termen very oblique; ochreous- 
whitish, more or less partially tinged with pale yellowish-ochreous, 
sometimes sprinkled with deeper ochreous ; a more or less defined 
streak of pale brownish-ochreous suffusion beneath costa from near 
base, slender anteriorly, wider on first segment and becoming 
obsolete towards apex: cilia pale whitish-ochreous. Hind-wings 
cleft firstly from #, secondly from 4, segments moderate, first 
pointed, second acutely pointed ; rather light grey ; cilia whitish- 
ochreous, sometimes partially tinged with grey. 


Brazit, Sao Paulo; ARGENTINA, Parana; _ four 
specimens. 


Pterophorus stadias, n. sp. 


3 9. 20-23mm. Head ochreous-brown, between antenne white. 
Palpi white, with a brown lateral stripe. Antenne ochreous- 
whitish, with a dark fuscous line, in ¢ rather strongly ciliated. 
Thorax and abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs whitish, anterior and 
middle femora and tibize lined with blackish, posterior tibice with 
grey dots at origin of spurs. Fore-wings cleft from 3, segments 
broad, first pointed, termen of second rather strongly oblique ; pale 
whitish-ochreous, in 9 more whitish, more or less sprinkled with 
dark fuscous; some brownish suffusion towards costa posteriorly, 
in ? more ochreous and forming a distinct sub-costal streak ; a 
conspicuous blackish-fuscous dot at base of cleft beneath ; a small 
fuscous mark on costa somewhat beyond this, in 9 obsolete; two 
blackish-fuscous dots on costa between this and apex, and a third 
almost at apex ; blackish dots at extremities of veins 1b, 2, 3, and 7: 
cilia whitish-ochreous, with patches of fuscous suffusion on vein 7 
and beneath apex of first segment, and at apex of second. Hind- 
wings cleft firstly from beyond 2, secondly from $3, segments 
moderate, first pointed, second long- pointed ; pale ochreous-grey ; 
cilia whitish-ochreous. 


BRAZIL, Petropolis; four specimens. 


Petrophorus oxyntes, 0. sp. 


4 9. 16-21mm. Head ochreous-brown, between antenne white. 
Palpislender, white, with an ochreous-brown lateral stripe. Antenne 
whitish, with indistinct dark line above, in ¢ shortly ciliated. 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 499 


Thorax whitish, sometimes more or less tinged with ochreous. 
Abdomen whitish-ochreous, base sometimes whitish, with dorsal 
and lateral series of blackish dots on edges of segments. Legs 
whitish, anterior and middle femora and tibiw and basal joint of 
tarsi lined with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from 3, segments 
rather broad, first pointed, termen of second very oblique ; whitish- 
ochreous, partially tinged or sprinkled with brownish, and strewn 
with scattered blackish-fuscous scales, usually more or less mixed 
with whitish suffusion; a blackish-fusccus dot on costa beyond 
middle of first segment, one just before apex, and one on lower 
margin of segment between these ; minute blackish-fuscous dots at 
extremities of veins 1b and 2-4: cilia whitish-ochreous, beneath 
apex somewhat infuscated. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 3, secondly 
from 1, segments moderate, first pointed, second very acute, 
subfalcate; pale ochreous-grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous. 


BRAZIL, Sao Paulo; seven specimens. 


Pterophorus spermatias, 0. sp. 


¢. 16-17 mm. Head ochreous-brown, between antenne whitish. 
Palpi whitish, with dark fuscous lateral line. Antenne whitish, 
towards base with dark line above, moderately ciliated. Thorax 
ochreous-whitish, tinged or sprinkled with brownish. Abdomen 
ochreous-whitish, with dorsal series of blackish dots on segmental 
margins. Legs whitish, anterior and middle femora and tibize and 
basal joint of tarsi lined with dark fuscous, posterior tibize with dark 
grey apical dot. Fore-wings cleft from 2, segments broad, first 
pointed, termen of second very oblique; whitish-ochreous mixed 
with whitish and brownish, and irregularly sprinkled with dark 
fuscous; traces of a small cloudy dark fuscous spot in disc 
at 4, and a more distinct one above base of cleft; two small 
dark fuscous costal spots about middle and } of first segment, 
a dark fuscous dot on its lower margin near apex, and one at apex; 
dark fuscous dots at extremities of veins 3 and 4: cilia whitish- 
fuscous. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly from 3, segments 
moderate, first pointed, second long-pointed, acute ; grey ; cilia light 
grey. 


BrAZIL, Sao Paulo; three specimens. 


Pterophorus nivalis, n. sp. 


gd Q. 22-24 mm. Head ochreous sprinkled with whitish, upper 
half of face brown edged beneath with whitish. Palpi ochreous- 


500 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


fuscous, becoming whitish towards base. Antenne ochreous. 
Thorax brownish-ochreous, anteriorly more or less suffused with 
whitish. Abdomen brownish-ochreous, base and an interrupted 
lateral streak white. Legs white banded with ochreous. Fore- 
wings cleft from %, segments moderate, first pointed, termen of 
second very oblique ; brownish-ochreous, irregularly and variably 
sprinkled and mixed with white, and sprinkled with dark fuscous ; 
an irregular undefined streak of dark fuscous suffusion beneath 
middle from base almost to cleft, where it is sharply limited by 
an oblique white mark on base of cleft, upper edge of this streak 
with a projection at } of wing ; a small white spot on costa above 
base of cleft, and a larger spot at 4 of first segment, obliquely 
directed towards and tending to be connected with the white mark 
on cleft ; costa between these spots suffused with dark fuscous, and 
a similar patch beyond second spot; a white streak along lower 
margin of first segment from about 4 to near apex, edged above 
anteriorly by a dark fuscous dash; a narrow white streak along 
lower margin of second segment from beneath cleft to near apex, and 
one or two short white streaks towards termen running into this: 
cilia whitish-ochreous, on costa whitish towards apex, on lower 
margin of first segment mixed with grey, beneath apex with a 
blackish-grey patch edged beneath with white, on second segment 
grey on upper margin and at tornus, and with blackish-grey patches 
at apex and middle of termen separated with white. Hind-wings 
cleft firstly from 3, secondly from }, segments moderate, long- 
pointed ; grey ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous, more whitish towards 
tips. 


Jamaica, Newcastle; four specimens. 


Pterophorus acrias, v. sp. 


¢ 9. 24-27 mm. Head white, irrorated with dark fuscous 
except between antenn. Palpi white irrorated with dark fuscous. 
Antenne white ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax white, thinly 
sprinkled with fuscous. Abdomen brownish mixed with dark 
fuscous. Legs white, femora and tibie irrorated with dark fuscous, 
tips of tarsal joints dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from before 3, 
first segment rather narrow, acute, second much broader, acute- 
pointed ; brownish, sprinkled with dark fuscous, costal half more or 
less suffused with white irroration, dorsal half somewhat sprinkled 
irregularly with white ; a suffused white spot above dorsum at 4; a 
suffused white spot on base of cleft, edged anteriorly by a curved 
oblique mark of dark fuscous suffusion ; an elongate blackish mark 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 501 


along costa above base of cleft, and two shorter blackish costal marks 
posteriorly : cilia white, on costa dark fuscous on markings, and on 
an apical patch except at tips, on lower margin of first segment 
wholly dark fuscous except a white bar on vein 7, on upper margin 
of second segment fuscous, round its apex dark fuscous except at 
tips, on dorsum and termen with three undefined patches of pale 
fuscous suffusion. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly from }, 
segments moderate, long-pointed ; rather dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous, 


with an ochreous gloss. 


CoLorabDo, U.S., 5,000-7,000 feet; three specimens. 
Very similar superficially to inquinatus, but larger, with 
the first segment of fore-wings much narrower in pro- 
portion to second, the white iroration chiefly on costal 
half (in inguinatus distributed evenly throughout), no 
apparent dark spot in disc anteriorly, and two distinct 
similar dark marks on costa posteriorly, whereas in 
inquinatus there is only one conspicuous posterior mark 
and sometimes a minute additional dot. 


Pterophorus chionastes, 1. sp. 


g¢ 2.2427 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and 
legs white; thorax sometimes with a broad whitish-ochreous central 
stripe ; abdomen sometimes mostly suffused with whitish-ochreous, 
Fore-wings cleft from 3, first segment moderate, long-pointed, second 
obviously broader, shorter-pointed ; pale fuscous, mostly suffused 
with white, less strongly towards costa, with some scattered dark 
fuscous scales; a small cloudy dark fuscous spot in dise at }; an 
oblique dark fuscous mark before cleft, preceded by some fuscous 
suffusion, a dark fuscous mark along costa above base of cleft, and 
sometimes a small dark fuscous mark between these; a short 
undefined dark fuscous mark beneath cleft ; a suffused dark fuscous 
mark along costa at §; sometimes traces of dark fuscous dots at 
extremities of veins 2-4, 7, and 8: cilia white, within cleft and on 
dorsum more or less suffused with brownish. Hind-wings cleft 
firstly from 2, secondly from 4, segments rather narrow, second long- 
pointed ; grey, third segment paler ; cilia grey or pale grey, with a 
brassy tinge. 


CoLorADOo, U.S., 5,000-—7,000 feet; four specimens, 
Pterophorus glochinias, n. sp. 


6 9. 26-28 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, more or less irrorated 
with fuscous or dark fuscous except on anterior half of crown. 


502 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


Palpi ochreous-whitish, sprinkled with dark fuscous except towards 
apex. Antenne ochreous-whitish, with a cloudy fuscous line above. 
Thorax pale whitish-ochreous finely sprinkled with fuscous. Abdo- 
men ochreous-whitish, more or less sprinkled with fuscous on sides, 
sometimes with dark lateral stripes towards base. Legs ochreous- 
whitish, anterior and middle pairs obliquely banded and lined with 
dark fuscous, posterior pair narrowly banded with dark fuscous 
suffusion. Fore-wings cleft from 2, segments moderate, first pointed, 
second with apex slightly produced, termen very obliquely sinuate ; 
pale whitish-ochreous slightly tinged with brownish, more or less 
thinly and finely sprinkled with dark fuscous ; an indistinct dark 
fuscous dot in disc beyond }; a triangular dark fuscous spot resting 
on base of cleft, its angles shortly produced on each side of cleft ; 
a cloudy dark fuscous dot beyond upper angle of this, and a dark 
fuscous mark on costa beyond this dot, preceded and followed by 
some whitish suffusion ; a blackish dot on costa beyond middle of 
first segment, one at apex, and one on lower margin midway between 
these : termen of first segment suffused with whitish, with a suffused 
dark fuscous mark beneath costal dot; more or less irregular dark 
fuscous suffusion towards apex ; second segment with more or less 
dark fuscous suffusion on upper margin towards apex, and suffused 
dark fuscous dots on extremities of veins 2-4: cilia pale whitish- 
ochreous, partially tinged with brownish, beneath apex of each 
segment suffused with dark fuscous. Hind-wings cleft firstly 
from 2, secondly from 4, segments narrow, long-pointed ; grey ; 
cilia ochreous-grey. 


BraZiL, Petropolis; foar specimens. Much like Jitho- 
dactylus, but segments of hind-wings much narrower; 
distinguished from both lithedactylus and Constanti by 
the dark fuscous mark on lower margin of first segment 
opposite costal dot. 


Piterophorus citrites, n. sp. 

do 2. 24-27 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, face and back of erown 
more ochreous-tinged. Palpi and antennze whitish-ochreous. Thorax 
whitish-ochreous, patagia sometimes more whitish. Abdomen 
whitish-ochreous, sides more ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish, 
anterior and middle femora and tibiz ochreous. Fore-wings cleft 
from 3, first segment moderate, long-pointed, second much broader, 
shorter-pointed; ochreous, partially tinged with whitish; an un- 
defined patch of light brownish suffusion with a few dark fuscous 
scales towards dorsum about +; a small spot of similar suffusion in 
dise at 4}; an oblique dark fuscous mark a little before base of cleft, 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide, 508 
preceded by some yellow-brownish suffusion which is extended 
upwards as an indistinct oblique streak to costa above base of cleft, 
posteriorly edged with white suffusion ; a short longitudinal streak 
of yellowish-brown suffusion sprinkled with dark fuscous in apex 
of second segment, and another less distinct and sometimes obsolete 
beneath apex of wing: cilia whitish, beneath apex with a pale 
ochreous patch, within cleft tinged with ochreous and on upper 
margin of second segment with fuscous, on dorsum tinged with 
whitish-ochreous. Hind-wings cleft firstly from before middle, 
secondly from 4, segments rather narrow, second long-pointed ; 
grey, sometimes much suffused with whitish-ochreous ; cilia whitish- 
ochreous-grey or whitish-ochreous. 


Cotorapo, U.S., 5,000—7,000 feet; three specimens. 


Pterophorus balanotes, n. sp. 


¢. 31mm. Head light ochreous-brown, space between antennie 
ochreous- whitish. Palpi ochreous- whitish. Antenne whitish. 
Thorax ochreous-whitish. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous with 
some dorsal and lateral blackish dots. Legs ochreous-whitish, 
(anterior pair broken,) middle femora infuscated and tibie streaked 
with dark fuscous, posterior coxze with a blackish dot near base. 
Fore-wings cleft from $, segments moderately broad, first pointed, 
termen of second nearly straight, very oblique ; whitish-ochreous, 
brownish-tinged in disc; some blackish irroration somewhat suffused 
with brown forming a fine subcostal streak from near base to middle, 
a very undefined broad median streak from 2 to near cleft, a broad 
cloudy submedian streak from base to 3, a small spot on base of cleft, 
and indications of a short dash in middle of first segment; cloudy 
dark fuscous dots at extremities of veins 2-4 and 7: cilia ochreous- 
whitish. Hind-wings cleft firstly from before middle, secondly from 
z, Segments moderate, pointed; pale ochreous-grey ; cilia whitish- 
grey-ochreous. 


S. FLoripa, U.S., Titusville, in August; one specimen. 


Pterophorus aquila, n. sp. 
dg. 42 mm. Head ochreous-brown, space between antenne 
ochreous-whitish. Palpi whitish, becoming ochreous towards apex. 
Antennz whitish-ochreous. Thorax brownish-ochreous, patagia 
ochreous-whitish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish, an- 
terior and middle femora and tibia fuscous beneath. Fore-wings 
cleft from %, first segment moderate, pointed, second broad, termen 


504 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


straight, oblique ; pale brownish-ochreous ; a fine dark fuscous line 
on vein 1b from near base to near middle; a small suffused dark 
fuscous spot on base of cleft, and a dot obliquely before and beneath 
it ; extremities of all veins with dark fuscous dots: cilia whitish- 
ochreous, broadly barred on veins with a faint brownish tinge, 
Hind-wings cleft firstly from before middle, secondly from about 3, 
segments moderately broad, pointed; fuscous, third segment 
whitish-fuscous ; cilia whitish-fuscous, base tinged with pale 
ochreous. 


TEXAS, U.S.; one specimen. Much the largest species 
of the genus, exceeding grandis by 8 mm. 


STENOPTILIA, Hb. 


Stenoptilia petrea, n. sp. 


¢. 20-21 mm. Head and thorax greyish-ochreous, with a white 
line above eyes, thorax sometimes white-sprinkled. Palpi whitish- 
ochreous sprinkled with fuscous and whitish, base white beneath. 
Antenne grey. Abdomen greyish-ochreous with suffused streaks of 
white irroration, becoming more defined towards base. Legs grey, 
anterior and middle pair white internally. Fore-wings cleft from 
3, segments moderately broad, first evenly pointed, without lower 
angle, second with termen straight, very oblique ; brownish-ochreous, 
becoming browner posteriorly, more or less sprinkled irregularly 
with whitish ang blackish ; a cloudy dark fuscous dot in dise at 4, 
and a more distinct one on base of cleft: cilia light brownish- 
ochreous, base mixed with whitish in cleft and on termen, with 
traces of dark fuscous dots at angles of segments and in middle of 
termen of second segment. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 2, secondly 
from near base, first and second segments acutely pointed, apex of 
second produced ; rather dark grey ; cilia light greyish-ochreous. 


S. Inpra, Palni Hills, 6,000 feet (Campbell); Nilgiri 
Hills, 6,000 feet (Andrewes) ; two specimens. Much like 
bipunctidactyla, but certainly distinct by shape of first seg- 
ment of fore-wings, which is narrower and with lower 
margin straight to apex, so that there is no lower angle, 
which in bipunctidactyla is distinct. 


Stenoptilia zophodactyla, Dup. 


I have recently recorded this species as occurring not 
uncommonly in India, Ceylon and Eastern Australia, and 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 505 


have since obtained several specimens from Parana, Argen- 
tina, which I regard as certainly identical. Mr. T. Bain- 
brigge Fletcher has bred the Ceylon form from Sopubia 
trifida (Scrophulariacex), and has sent me bred examples 
which appear quite normal. Doubtless it has more 
food plants than are at present known. 


ORNEODID. 


ORNEODES, Latr. 


Orneodes nephelotoxa, n. sp. 


dg. 15-16 mm. Head, antenne, and thorax white, face slightly 
sprinkled with grey. Palpi moderate, ascending, somewhat loosely 
scaled, terminal joint somewhat over half second ; white, second 
joint somewhat sprinkled with grey. Abdomen whitish, sprinkled 
with dark fuscous on sides, Legs white, anterior tibiz suffused with 
dark fuscous. Fore-wings white, faintly tinged with fuscous ; 
anterior half of costa dark fuscous interrupted several times with 
white, posterior half with several indistinct fuscous marks ; segments 
2-6 crossed by a moderate fascia before middle and narrow one 
before {, whose margins only are indicated by blackish irroration ; 
cilia white, on fascie light fuscous. Hind-wings white, faintly 
tinged with fuscous ; a moderate grey fascia at 1, irrorated with 
blackish ; a narrower fascia at $, indicated by margins of blackish 
irroration, on first segment dilated and suffused with blackish ; dots 
of blackish irroration near tips of segments; cilia white, on fascize 
more or less tinged or mixed with fuscous. 


Assam (Khasi Hills); two specimens. 


Orneodes pluvialis, n. sp. 


¢. 13mm. Head white, with grey bar on face, and bar of 
blackish- grey irroration on crown. Palpi moderate, ascending, with 
appressed scales, terminal joint about # of second ; white, second 
joint externally grey. Antenne whitish-ochreous. Thorax white. 
Abdomen white, with a blackish lateral mark on second segment, 
and some dots of dark fuscous irroration on sides, Legs white, 
anterior femora and tibize dark fuscous externally. Fore-wings 
white ; first segment with about ten moderately broad fuscous bars 
edged with black irroration ; segments 2-5 with six more or less 
broad fasvize of fuscous irroration edged with black irroration, leav- 


506 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


ing narrow interspaces and a basal area ; sixth segment with a black 
dot at 3, a black fascia beyond middle, and two fascie of fuscous 
irroration edged with black on posterior fourth : cilia white, on 
fascize whitish-fuscous, Hind-wings as fore-wings, but first segment 
similar to 2-5, sixth with central black mark smaller. 


Assam (Khasi Hills), in September; one specimen. 


Orneodes tricausta, n. sp. 


3 2. 14-16 mm. Head, palpi, antennez, thorax, abdomen, and 
legs white ; face with a dark grey spot on each side beneath antenne ; 
palpi moderate, curved, somewhat rough anteriorly, second and 
terminal joints each with basal and median dark grey spots, terminal 
joint rather shorter than second ; abdomen sprinkled with blackish 
near base and towards apex; anterior tibie and tarsi mostly 
suffused with grey. Fore-wings white, thinly and irregularly 
sprinkled with dark grey ; first segment with five small fuscous 
dark-edged spots on costa, a blackish bar before apex, and small 
dark fuscous apical spot ; other segments crossed by slender median 
and subterminal pale ochreous fasciee edged with dark fuscous irrora- 
tion, subterminal broadened and suffused with blackish on second 
and third segments, angulated inwards on third: cilia white, with 
grey bars on fascia. Hind-wings white, with scattered dots of dark 
fuscous irroration ; narrow or very narrow pale ochreous median 
and subterminal fasciee edged with dark fuscous irroration, median 
broader and more suffused with dark fuscous on sixth segment ; 
cilia white, more or less barred with grey on fascie. 


AssaM (Khasi Hills), in October, November, and June ; 
s1x specimens. 


Orneodes pinalea, n. sp. 

3 @. 13-18 mm. Head white, crown more or less mixed with 
dark fuscous. Palpi moderately long, ascending, loosely scaled 
anteriorly, terminal joint half second ; white, second joint externally 
more or less sprinkled with grey, terminal joint with a dark grey 
median band. Antennz pale whitish-ochreous. Thozvax white. 
Abdomen white, second segment with small blackish subdorsal spots, 
anal tuft of ¢ whitish-ochreous. Legs white, anterior tibiz suffused 
with dark grey. Fore-wings white; first segment with about ten 
pale yellowish spots partially edged with dark fuscous irroration, 
alternate ones more strongly suffused with dark fuscous ; other 
segments crossed by six moderately broad pale yellowish fascie 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodidx. 507 


edged with blackish irroration, fourth broadest, represented on sixth 
segment by a blackish spot: cilia white, on fascize pale yellowish. 
Hind-wings white ; fascize mostly reduced to single dots of blackish 
irroration, but postmedian fascia faintly yellowish ; sixth segment 
with three posterior dots only. 


CEYLON (Madulsima, Wellawaya), in November (Pole, 
Green, Vaughan); four specimens. 


Orneodes niphostrota, n. sp. 


¢ @. 21-22 mm. Head and thorax white tinged or sprinkled 
with pale ochreous. Palpi moderate, ascending, loosely scaled, 
terminal joint } of second; grey, terminal joint white towards apex. 
Antennz pale whitish-ochreous. Abdomen whitish, with subbasal 
and subapical bands and lateral stripes of fuscous irroration. Legs 
whitish, anterior femora and tibiee suffused with dark fuscous ex- 
ternally. Fore-wings white ; basal half tinged with ochreous and 
partially sprinkled with dark fuscous, especially on base of costa 
and towards base of lowest cleft ; segments crossed by four fuscous 
fasci sprinkled with blackish, and an additioual blotch on first two 
segments between third and fourth fascice, the blotch and upper half 
of second fascia darker than the rest, first three fascia moderate, 
angulated on fourth segment, first obsolete towards costa, third 
narrow on fourth and fifth segments, fourth narrow throughout, sub- 
apical, all widely separated on sixth segment: cilia ochreous-whitish, 
slightly tinged with fuscous on fasciz. Hind-wings white ; basal 
third irrorated with dark fuscous except at base ; segments crossed 
by four rather narrow curved or angulated fuscous fasciz sprinkled 
with blackish ; cilia as in fore-wings. 


Cryton (Maskeliya), in October and January (de 
Mowbray, Alston); two specimens. 


Orneodes chloracta, n. sp. 


2.16 mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpilong, whitish, second 
joint somewhat rough-scaled above and towards apex beneath, 
sprinkled with grey, terminal joint porrected, hardly over half 
second, with grey median ring. Thorax and abdomen ochreous- 
whitish sprinkled with dark fuscous. Fore-wings ochreous-whitish, 
sprinkled with fuscous except on first segment ; basal area sprinkled 
with dark fuscous; three small semi-oval fuscous spots on anterior 
half of costa ; segments 2-6 crossed by two broad slightly curved 
fascise of fuscous irroration before middle of wing and about 3, and 
a slender fascia before apex of segments, these fascise edged with 


508 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


indistinct whitish dots ; fourth segment with an apical dark fuscous 
dot: cilia ochreous-whitish, more or less mixed irregularly with 
fuscous, on margins of fascize dark fuscous mixed with whitish, on 
first segment ochreous-whitish with dark fuscous patches on lower 
margin opposite fasciz. Hind-wings ochreous-whitish sprinkled 
with blackish ; moderate curved fasciz of fuscous irroration at + and 
3, edged with white dots, and slender indistinct subapical fascia ; 
dark fuscous dots at apex of segments except first ; cilia ochreous- 
whitish, mixed with fuscous, and on fasciz with dark fuscous. 


BENIN (Wari), in September ; one specimen. 


Orneodes mesolychna, n. sp. 


d 2. 9-11 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, crown suffusedly mixed 
with blackish-grey. Palpi moderate, curved, ascending, transverse- 
flattened, terminal joint somewhat shorter than second ; whitish, 
with apical band of second joint and median band of terminal joint 
blackish-grey. Antenne ochreous-white. Thorax ochreous-whitish 
mixed with blackish-grey. Abdomen rather dark fuscous, third 
segment ochreous-white, segments 4-6 edged posteriorly towards 
middle with white, towards sides with black, ventral surface ochreous- 
white. Legs whitish, anterior femora and tibize suffused with dark 
grey externally, apex of middle femora with a dark grey dot. Fore- 
wings ochreous-yellow; basal area irrorated with blackish ; a 
moderate fascia of blackish irroration edged with white before }; 
first segment with three, other segments crossed by two rather broad 
fascize of blackish irroration edged by white lines margined with 
two rows of black scales ; a slender blackish subapical fascia, and 
tips of segments also blackish : cilia dark grey, barred with whitish 
on white markings. Hind-wings whitish, with about ten irregular 
transverse bars of blackish irroration, alternate interspaces ochreous- 
yellowish ; cilia as in fore-wings, but whitish bars wider. 


Assam (Khasi Hills) ; Ceyton (Maskeliya), (Pole): from 
November to March, seven specimens. Much like spilo- 
desma, but smaller, and immediately distinguished by the 
conspicuous white third segment of abdomen. 


Orneodes spilodesma, 0. sp. 


¢ @. 14-16 mm. Head pale yellowish, with three transverse 
bars of blackish irroration on crown and two on face, Palpi moder- 
ately long, curved, second joint rough-scaled towards middle above 


Descriptions of Pterophoride and Orneodide. 509 


and towards apex beneath, terminal joint rather thick, 3 of second ; 
whitish-ochreous, second joint with two sometimes confluent bands of 
blackish irroration, terminal joint with extreme base and a median 
band blackish. Antenne ochreous-whitish, towards base with some 
black scales above. Thorax pale yellowish, with two transverse 
bands or sometimes wholly suffused with dark fuscous irroration. 
Abdomen pale yellowish suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous, 
segmental margins ochreous-whitish towards middle, spotted with 
blackish on each side of this. Legs white, anterior pair more or 
less grey externally, apex of middle femora grey. Fore-wings 
ochreous-yellow, sometimes sprinkled or wholly irrorated with dark 
fuscous ; basal third more or less irrorated and spotted with dark 
fuscous ; costa with six moderately broad dark fuscous spots edged 
by oblique white marks, and a seventh at apex; segments 2-5 
crossed by two irregular fascize of dark fuscous irroration, edged by 
white lines margined with black irroration, first median, rather 
curved inwards in middle, broadest on fifth segment, second sub- 
terminal, curved inwards in middle, broadest on segments 2-4 ; 
blackish dots at tips of segments: cilia whitish, barred with dark 
fuscous, with broader dark fuscous bands on fascize. Hind-wings 
pale yellowish ; basal area irrorated with dark fuscous ; segments 
with about eight bars of blackish irroration, alternate interspaces 
more whitish ; fifth segment with two remote and sixth with two 
approximated bands of dark fuscous irroration ; cilia whitish, barred 
with dark fuscous, with broader dark fuscous spots on bands of fifth 
and six segments. 


S. Inp1a, Gooty (Campbell); Assam, Khasi Hills; 
from June to November, sixteen specimens. The variation 
in development of the dark fuscous irroration causes some 
diversity of appearance. 


Orneodes huebnert, Waller. 


TRANSVAAL, Pretoria (Janse); KASHMIR, 6,000 feet. 
The length of terminal joint of palpi varies somewhat, and 
in both of these forms is usually somewhat shorter than in 
Kuropean specimens, and perhaps rather more thickly 
scaled, but there appears to be no constant or definable 
difference, either in structure or markings. In one 
Transvaal specimen (out of six) the subterminal fascia is 
simple on costa and not furcate as usual, certainly an 
abnormality only, but noticeable. 


510 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Notes and 


Orneodes magadis, n. sp. 


Jd @. 14-16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous-whitish mixed 
with fuscous and dark fuscous ; palpi long, porrected, second joint 
long, with projecting scales above and towards apex beneath, terminal 
joint about half second, porrected, mostly concealed in tuft of 
second joint, white with dark fuscous median ring. Antenne 
fuscous. Abdomen whitish mixed with dark fuscous, segmental 
margins white. Legs ochreous-whitish suffusedly banded with 
fuscous. Fore-wings fuscous-whitish, suffusedly irrorated with 
fuscous, sometimes tinged with ochreous; basal area irrorated 
with dark fuscous; six dark fuscous slenderly white-edged sub- 
quadrate spots on costa, last five crossing first segment, last two 
united beneath as continuation of subterminal fascia ; segments 2-6 
crossed by median and subterminal moderately broad dark fuscous 
fascize slenderly edged with white, both sinuate inwards on third and 
fourth segments, median broadest on fifth segment, subterminal on 
third and fourth; all segments with an apical black dot: cilia 
fuscous, with whitish bars on margins of fascize, Hind-wings whitish 
irrorated throughout with dark fuscous, with several more or less 
defined white bars, sometimes edged with blackish irroration ; apex 
of all segments with black dots ; cilia whitish, with about ten grey 
bars on each segment, pairs before middle and about { enclosing 
lighter grey fasciz. 


Assam (Shillong), in March ; six specimens. 


Orneodes cancellata, n. sp. 


¢ 9. 15-16 mm. Head ochreous-white. Palpi long, curved, 
second joint with projecting scales above and strong projecting tuft 
beneath, terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute; white, 
second joint pale ochreous sprinkled with fuscous except on margins. 
Antenne white ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax ochreous-white, 
with twosmall dark fuscous spots behind collar. Abdomen ochreous- 
whitish, with two series of small dark fuscous spots on margins of 
segments, those on second segment larger and blacker. Legs 
whitish. Fore-wings white ; four subquadrate fuscous spots edged 
with black on anterior half of costa, with smaller indistinct fuscous 
spots between these, basal third of wing otherwise irregularly spotted 
with fuscous, with some dots of blackish scales; irregular post- 
median and subterminal fascie of suffused fuscous irroration edged 
with blackish, both sinuate inwards on third segment, subterminal 
bifurcate on first segment; between these a small semioval fuscous 


Descriptions of Pterophoridz# and Orneodide. 511 ~ 


black-edged spot on costa, and a faint fuscous-tinged dark-edged 
narrower fascia on other segments, attenuated or obsolete on fourth 
segment ; a blackish dot at apex of each segment, and on segments 
3-6 a fuscous dot a little before it: cilia white, barred with fuscous 
on dark markings. Hind-wings white ; basal area ochreous-tinged 
and spotted with dark fuscous ; three fasciz as in fore-wings, but 
intermediate one darker and entire; all segments with blackish 
apical and preceding fuscous dots ; cilia as in fore-wings. 


Syria (Alma Dagh); two specimens. 


ADDENDUM. 


Pterophirus orchatias, n. sp. 


¢. 21mm. Head brownish, between antenne ochreous-white. 
Palpi whitish, with a blackish lateral line. Antenne pale greyish- 
ochreous, above white, towards base with a blackish line. Thorax 
whitish-yellow. (Abdomen broken.) Legs yellow-whitish, femora 
and tibiz lined with dark fuscous. Fore-wings cleft from 3, segments 
moderate, pointed ; light ochreous, in disc with a few scattered dark 
fuscous specks; a small irregular blackish spot on base of cleft, 
emitting a short oblique strigula upwards ; groups of black scales 
at extremities of veins 8, 10, and 11, and strong black marks at 
extremities of veins 7 and 2-4: cilia light ochreous, more whitish 
at tips. Hind-wings cleft firstly from 3, secondly from 4; grey ; 
cilia light grey, tinged with ochreous. 


Narat, Durban, in October (Leigh) ; one specimen. 


FEBRUARY 14, 1908. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1907,—PART Iv. (FEB. 08.) 34 


ain a ie i , af “) ere " iH i i “& 


| Piatt ry iat’ Hovegahdvelustcain ly diet vig ‘bik 1 a, mers 
mee Sh a i biichie TN" Fada toate ta ntti ASI 
A Cy Hit) a Pid Arye ne ab tia te tah hi kenid 
dake booth ibe Poveda ts aebliloe RL oa wins hoa. AL thei: Ag cRdan 
Dasa ibidere crisatpaliven dyna heel ‘notin nant het ab lait 
be Sotit hi? ake is} Hy ON F wit PBN ney s dose iS ue ‘a 
Aa, es Neh 


in el Hef Mae 
| . Thal bGty BAT Hn np - 
- a" oth ath Racer 
hes ‘) | m™ ay Kew at Matting 1 PM UaU Nh A ul 
we SUE FM) RTL AN IP Vk ED a Me RE wf ‘fai why Wh > det ce tit, oe 
hae peaiel anys Care. Oauttleates fy Ar AeA Rahat id A diver mony. 
Ps | Pe, ie ck OM a OG REE: kal Alfa el RE We wilthd 


Ps a ae RL NARS ahh aia ited ag Cola Ay bl Baas (Be 
A ee Page ee me ee CTA 9 shui fowigitn 
¢ ry Hy iA atnite at fi Gy a ity Hi Neal’ ts ah Tigh heag id 


—- 


(Me A ui { ite. ey \ Ad a ar i yt ile iy Terai, aie oy * hong 
it | ; Seman Mon a a al Ne fit) tite atl 
a i aint oul xR Bit: Sei Hue od Mg dntou PE Bi 
- PTR Dy wat ie pT da yaya NREL Sirah Oa ae he 
Hy 4 erty ie Ss i Cit a one ¢ otwttoet hela al hatte 

} | ; f 4, ea qe ihe wa AE Lee my ie a 


hie) EN) q MAethee 6 lan) 
fice 


\ Mme Cue hy, cans i tw Pletal Mi bib 


Oi 


hy Fig. 1. Papilio aegialus, ‘Dist. eS 
“ PaaS | gibt oe Sm. 


Trans. int. Soc. Lond.1907 Pll. 


E.C.Knight del. 


West, Newman chromo. 


INDO-AUSTRALIAN PAPILIOS. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. 


Neocxnyra cooksoni, sp. nov. 
Telipna rogersi, sp. NOv. 
Mimacrexa skoptoles, sp. nov. 
” neokoton 4, 
Spindasis menelas x 
Stugeta maria, Suffert. 


. Epamera mermis, H. H. Druce, 2. 


5 mirabilis, H. H. Druce. 
Kedestes rogersi, sp. nov. ¢. 


” ”? Ped ae 


Tivans, Ent Soc. Lond. 1907. Plate Ti. 


H. Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 


TROPICAL AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES. 


, teins cole ate 
SS x alii ok 
‘tele EG 

is ot will Rtas) 


Syd Srtind raion] Teily tr ‘3 oti a? 


p ihieog TP oe Belay 5. dashh aemid Ya Pe eee 
PVF iecete 8) TEES 2p rat hi Vete ty be 


if Sat : 
> das md (itod elalis HF rT Ah pai 
: 


, sk 


‘7 dyetoh fay fieri 4 ies Le fondggprtns cor ite Gat’ if 
We-oticolas (sevol) saifea, AY poled te iar) of: 


Mia Py & 7) bey ry 


25 at eet Oy. eeiey liethewy 


Fie. 


oR ow he 


~I o& 


oo 


10. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. 


. Larva, side view x 8. 


Larva, dorsal view x 8. 


. Head of larva, dorsal view ; /.p., labial palps x 33. 

. Labium, ventral view x 33. 

. One of the hooks from the 8th segment x 33. 

. Front leg ; ¢. tarsus, tib. tibia x 33. 

. Second leg Pe 5 x 32. 

. Genital apparatus of adult female, side view; 1—4, 


numbers of segments, s, spoon-shaped sclerite borne by 
2nd segment and bearing at apex one pair of decurved 
spines, c, crotchets, s.p. setigerous plate borne by 3rd 
segment x 16. 


. Apex of above, the spoon-shaped sclerite removed, dorsal 


view ; lettering as before. d, median dorsal sclerite of 
3rd segment x 52. 
Ditto. ventral view, f. flange x 52. 


Trans. Lint. Soc. Lond.1907 Pt. HT. 


Fig.6. Fig.7. 
R.S.del Fig. 
H.F. Knight lith. West, Newman imp. 


LARVA OF COLLYRIS EMARGINATUS. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. 


Timomenus oannes, Burr, ¢. (India.) 


. Opisthocosmia erroris, Burr, ¢. (Sarawak.) 
. Forficwa mogul, Burr, g. (India.) 
. Forficula planicollis, Kirby, ¢. (India.) 


Kosmetor brahma, Burr, ¢ forceps. (India.) 


3. Anechura harmandi, Burr, ¢ forceps. (Japan.) 
. Forficula interrogans, Burr, ¢ forceps. (India.) 
. Forficula davidi, Burr, ¢ forceps. (China.) 

. Forficula mikado, Burr, ¢ forceps. (China.) 

. Kosmetor temora, Burr, ¢ forceps. (India.) 


Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate IV. 


G. Arnold, del. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 
NEW SPECIES OF DERMAPTERA, 


‘ete Wevath 
Stet Peete dulei: 
AS: 


> >F q 
rOh? Gita, 


y diy) bad re 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VY. 


All figures natural size. 

Figs. 1-12. Canonympha dorus mathewi. 

These show sundry variations, but as hardly any two 
specimens are quite alike, 100 figures would hardly 
exhaust the several forms in my moderate series. 

Figs. 1-4, Various forms of darker males, fig. 1 perhaps the least 
common, with no ocellus on upper wing. 

Figs. 5 and 6. Two males of lighter forms. There are one or two 

specimens (not figured) that are a little nearer to 

dorus (type) than these. 

¢ under-side. The under-sides differ much in the 

leaden line, sometimes nearly as clear as in dorus, 

frequently quite wanting, oftener more or less 

intermediate. 

Figs. 8-11. Several forms of 9s. Fig. 10 is perhaps the form to 
which most specimens are nearest. 

Fig. 12. 2 Under-side. 

Figs. 13, 14, 15. Lycena idas. 

13. Form with discal spots most developed. This 
form is mentioned but not figured by Rambur. 

14. Form with least discoidal marking. 

15. Under-side. 

Figs. 16-19. Lycena argus, var. casaiacus. 
16-17. Two ¢ upper-sides. 
18. Q upper-side. 
19. ¢ under-side. 


I 


Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate V. 


E. C. Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh, Lid. 


BUTTERFLIES FROM NORTH-WEST SPAIN. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. 


1. Ancillary appendages of Lycwna idas x 25. 
2. One clasp with Gideagus supports x 45. 


Photo, by F. N. Clark. 


In 1, the distal margins of clasps are incurved. 

In 2, it is straightened out, the latter shows the structure better, 
the natural attitude is intermediate. During life these parts 
are movable, the interior of clasps containing muscles. In 


comparing fig. 1 with Pl. VII, fig. 1, note the different 
amplifications. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907, Plate VI. 


Ancillary appendages Lycena idas, Rmb. 


EXPLANATION OF PuaTE VII. 


1. Ancillary appendages, LZ. astrarche x 18, by F. N. Clark. 
2. de AS - xO 
3. 5 L.idas x 10 
These give the relative form and sizes, being to same scale, 
4-5. Two views of egg of ZL. idas on leaf of Hrodiwm x 10. 
Figs. 2-5, photo by A. E. Tonge. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate VII. 


Ancillary appendages Lycena astrarche and L. idas, 
and eggs of L. idas. 


ve A Th Ty 


b 


weenie sey entenriv tn 


EXPLANATION OF Piates VIII—XI. 


VIII. View looking up Casoya Valley. 


IX. Another view looking up Casoya Valley. The hill left centre 
of picture is opposite Casayo, and is same as point to left 
in VIII, and whose shoulder we look over to in XI. 


X. View in Casayo, showing school-house where we lodged. 


XI. View from school-house over roofs below us, to opposite 
shoulder, across which our path went to locality for 
L. argus, var. casaiacus, Erebia palarica and Heterogynis 
paradoxa. 


‘J99} OOS‘Z yNOQv WO Yo] 94} 0} puv aspla ssoIDv OALSED 
‘oAvser) 0} Avm Jey SeAosed jo AaleA ul 


TITA 8Pd “LO6GL “puotl “90S "yy “supa TL 


*(399} OOO‘ }noqe wWwOIJ) OAvSsET 
ausoddo auo ay} SI }ea] 94} 0} JUIod ysaysiy oy 
‘dn sulyoo, ‘oAvsed Mojaq soylul Maj v ‘AaT[eA vAOsed aul 


Xai VI d “LO6L “puo'T ‘90S “Ua “SUDA T 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate X. 


Casayo. The School House. 
(ctrca 4,000 feet.) 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate 


Outlook from School House, Casayo, 
over roofs of Village. 


(The slabs of stone in the light portion of the foreground are 
the roofs of the houses.) 


ATS 


EXPLANATION OF PiaTE XII. 


Jaws of larval structure on a pupa of Hastula hyerana, Mill. 
Figures x 22. 


Fic. 1. Face of a normal pupa, front view. 
2. Face of a pupa with larval jaws, view nearly from left side. 
3. Face of a pupa, view nearly from front. 
4, Jaws of larva in last-feeding instar. 
5. Jaws of larva in post-feeding eestivating instar. 


Additional tarsus in Catocala nupta, x 7. 


Fic. 6. Tibia and tarsus, normal, first leg right. 
7. Tibia and tarsus, normal, first leg left, with extra tarsus, 
x last two joints lost by some accident to specimen. 


Abnormal (triplicated) tarsus of hind (right) leg of Capnia atra 9 
x 65, 


Fig. 8. Portion of tibia, with abnormal tarsus. 
9. Portion of tibia, with normal tarsus, for comparison. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate XII. 


TERATOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. 


Binsitta barrowi, Bingham. 


Fies, 1,2. Pupe. 
Fie. 3. Imago. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate XIII, 


Seo UT AER RENEE 


Hugh Main, Phot. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 


BINSITTA BARROWIL. 


PAO) Mek) Par 


f pop > 


vw 


Say Bans abe Ve 


(al) Lane 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. 


Fie. 1. Molippa simillima, Jones, t. 


la. ss FF 3 uncus x 10. 
1b. 5 A *s larva 4, 
Qa. »  sabina, Walk., uncus x 10. 


1 
2b. 5 i - larva 4. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate XIV. 


Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 
la 2a 


MOLIPPA SIMILLIMA AND M. SABINA. 


de 


teh sty 
> 


14 
4 ar) UWE 


}) Gg ull, 


: “a 
Pda Al 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. 


Section of wood cylinder from which the bark has been 
removed all but a thin layer of young bast, showing the course of 
the larva through the latter from the point when, having penetrated 
the entire bark from the outside where the egg was laid, it reaches 
the surface of the wood cylinder (a.4.A.). Continuing to feed 
upon the soft bast and cambium layer, and grazing superficially the 
sapwood, finally, if it does not pupate in the bark, it enters the wood 
for pupation by an elliptical hole (B.B.). 

Nat. size. 


Plate XV. 


Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907. 


, Lid. 


& Sleigh 


Anare 


G.A.C. Photo. 


iS 
= 
cm 
fea) 
< 
O 
= 
= 
o 
O 
4 
a 
ix 
H 
tx 
(oe) 
“al 
ry 
O° 
4 
ae 
[ea 
oy 
4 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI. 


(a) Abnormal. Larve established in pupa-cells excavated in felled 
tree lying in a horizontal position. 

(b) Normal. Larva resting in pupa-cell excavated in standing 
tree. 

(c) Normal. Pupa ditto 

(d) Normal. The same individual transformed to imago. These 
pieces of wood were split and the insects photographed 
without having been disturbed from their natural positions. 


Nat. size. 


Plate XVI. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907. 


PRR oo oe 
PAS ce 
Sper SAE. = 


Andre & Sleigh, Lta. 


LIFE HISTORY OF TETROPIUM GABRIELI. 


G.A,C. Fhoto, 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII. 


Process of feeding larva in bast under glass. 


(a) Larva one day old in bast of Picea excelsa. 
(b) Full-fed larva in bast of Larix europea. 
(c) Immediately prior to 4th moult. 


(d) Immediately after 4th moult. 
Nat. size. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907. Plate XVII. 


a 


Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 


G A.C. Photo. 


LIFE HISTORY OF TETROPIUM GABRIELI. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII. 


Process of rearing the full-fed larva and pupa in blocks of 
wood under glass. 


(a) Larve immediately after insertion in artificial grooves in 
wood blocks, 

(b) The same in process of establishing themselves in pupa-cells. 

(b') Showing larva’s method of drawing wood refuse out of the 
burrow. 

(c) Larve forming pupa-cells. 

(d) Showing pupa-cells completed containing larva and imagines. 

(e) Pups, with glass removed. Ventral view. 

(f) Ditto ditto Dorsal view. 


Plate XVIII. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907. 


Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 


. Fhoto. 


G.A.C 


LIFE HISTORY OF TETROPIUM GABRIELI 


i Ry 
a ant cule ilv% 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. 


Process of rearing full-fed larva and pupa in glass tubes. 


(a) Larva on point of transforming to pupa in wood cylinder in 
glass tube. 

(b) Larvee established in pupa-cells in wood cylinder in glass tube. 
(c) Pupa in act of transforming in wood cylinder in glass tube. 
(d) Pupa lately transformed in wood cylinder in glass tube. 
(e) Pupa in pupa-cell in tube of bark. 
(f) The same individual transformed to imago. 

Nat. size. 


Plate XIX 


Lond. 1907. 


Photo. 


G.A.C. 


3 
= 
re 
jaa) 
< 
O 
= 
= 
ay 
O 
rm 
Et 
i) 
= 
fy, 
e) 
> 
eZ 
O 
= 
x 
a0) 
i) 
By 
4 


“—e 
ry 


o 


PLY Ei pnyane Wik 


Ah PO washes Saueets 
; ; 


2. okt SU) Lehin ae 
RED MLE EY ee 
rr , id 


ttt Ab AL ALOHA 


Teaiharkiony 


HOO BMA! 


Fra. 1. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX. 


Full-grown larva of 7’. gabrieli. 


. Pupa of T. gabrieli. 
. Leg of newly-hatched larva, highly magnified. 
. Terminal segment of abdomen of larva, dorsal view, showing 


corneous tubercles on median line, distinguishing the sp 
froin Criocephalus and Asemwm. 


. Terminal segment of abdomen of ¢.pupa, ventral view, x 8. 
. Terminal segment of abdomen of @ pupa, ventral view, 


showing fleshy tubercles, rudiments of appendices at apex 
of ovipositor in the imago, x 8. 


. Apex of ovipositor showing appendices, x 30. 
. Terminal segment of abdomen of ? pupa, viewed transversely, 


showing what, in the imago, will become the tergite and 
sternite of the last segment of the abdomen gaping 
(A.A. A.A.) and rudiments of genitalia protruding in 
process of formation (B.'B. B. B.). 


Trans. Fint. Soc. Lond.1907. Pl. XX. 


L.R.Crawshay del. West, Newman lith. 


TRANSFORMATIONS OF TETROPIUM GABRIELI. 


a 


ru 


ire: 


CONIA fF WN 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI. 


. Epitettix punctatus, gen. et sp. n. 

. Cladoramus crenulatus, gen. et sp. n. . 
. Chthonotettiz palpatus, Stal. 

. Ocytettia latihumerus, gen. et sp. n. 

. Bolotettix validispinus, gen. et sp. n. 

. Camelotettia curvinotus, gen. et sp. n. 

. Rhynchotettia rostratus, gen. et sp. n. . 
. Mitritettix processus, sp. 0. 


PAGE 
216 
217 
219 
227 
224 
233 
228 
229 


Trans. fint. Soc. Lond.1907 PL. XXT. 


H. Knight del.et lith. West,Newman imp. 
NE Wise Ene TES. OH Wisi RG EN Ay 


=9 


wre 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII. 


Spindasis lohita, egg, much enlarged. 


. Larva, much enlarged, in dry season colouring, on Loranthus 


chinensis. 


. Pupa, much enlarged. 
. Ants’ nest containing pupa, in Henslowia frutescens ; part 


of covering torn away ; a small ants’ nest on lower part 
of stem. 


. Imago of Spindasis lohita, Horsf., on Visewm orientale. 


Trans Ent Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate XAT. 


Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 
LIFE HISTORY OF SPINDASIS LOHITA. 


{ 


seine PAA Ms MORTAS 


> =. 


> 


a aid " pbk divin: OLE rt), 4 


a iia 
qe’ hia Peat 
it 


ae id as 


Hier ayant 


ee 
ee te 
Sy" 


oA seare BL 


Sloe tee 


me tieati ies t ni 95 Sih eb lb : 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII. 


Fic. 1. Tessaratoma papillosa, eggs in different stages of maturity :— 
Green, just laid ; ochreous, usual colour; purplish, just 
before hatching. 

2. Nymphs just hatched. 


2a. ” ” ” 

3: A second stage, 
4, . third ys, 

5. 3 fourth ,, 

6. a fifth x 


. Adult just after final moult. 
? several days after final moult. 


= 


” 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907. Plate XXIII. 


3 2a, 


TESSARATOMA PAPILLOSA, THUNB. 


Andre & Sleigh, Lid. 


, nea Hetty ‘coi Aare | :) ae Se 


Va a epreees 
¥ 


twin dicta oy hy se arate 

; baat a oan . | 

" oN cas ANS ; . 1, ics ig etiol 
ah i, . 4 


ae 


ae on 


ric aghast , ‘ ‘ ne 


ae : 
Sb prin yoiaabiedl eo 
vee ee: tom dot! 
he a clea jioipiaieih with 


ot ee 


° i ate FVIKY a il i 
Hite. $e 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV. 


Fie. 1. Ischnura forcipata, ¢.—Apex of abdomen from beneath. 


2. ” ” ” ” above. 

3. e _ Ps és side, 

4, Ischnra nursei, ¢. ss 5 above. 

5. ia ~; 6 side. 

6. a ee Inner view of app. seen obliquely 

from above. 

7. Pseudagrion decorum, ¢.—Apex of abdomen from above. 

8. ” ” ” ” side. 

9. Pseudagrion hypermelas, ¢. 4 + above. 
10. - - a4 side. 
ll.a Pseudagrion bidentatum, g. _ ,, 5 above. 
12. 3 5 “ = side. 
13. Enallagma parvum, ¢. AS 5 above. 
14. Bs 7 rf 3 side. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907. Plate XXIV. 


Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 
INDIAN ODONATA. 


ve 


-_ 


a3 


ee 


Mee 


roy 


ri 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV. 


Eronia cleodora, Hiibn. 


Upper and under sides, also two specimens at rest on discoloured 
leaves of “u-Bomaan,” Jsoglossa woodii, Clarke. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907. Plate XX V. 


Horace Knight, del. Witherby & Co., imp. 


ERONIA CLEODORA, HUBN. 
ON THE WING AND AT REST. 


= = ~ 


- 
- 


Fic. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI. 


Larve taken in September 1901. 


1. Egg, view from above showing ribs. 
2. Dark type of larva. 
3&4, ; 5 before last: moult. 
5, 6, 7. Back, front, and side view of pupa. 
8 & 9. Recently-hatched larva, side and back view. 
10. After first moult. 
11. After second moult, 
12. After third moult; lilac-tinted variety. 
13. Pattern on a larva after the third moult. 
14, The same larva just before pupating. 
15. Lilac-tinted variety full grown. 
16, 17, 18. Sections showing situation of hairs on various 
segnients. 
19. Front view of head, showing slightly enlarged dots. 


Trans. int. Soc. Lond. 1907 Pl. XX VI. 


AV LLLLLLEE 


L.Guppy jr.del. West, Newman chromo. 
ILS, SEES WORN C1 CYADINMOIN JIE US: 


’ { 
ta gin) pant 


WOU ER DT) COLE 
0. ek hie ys 
Aye 
meat he ae gas Wh jritod oeeny MAE a rk 
NK en ea! eRe feisive Ne fal 
aft. fells scale itt? 
sian bron dora P Wedd) nied Liao Te 
duh Legbid rid, oon elo FFs. ae i 
Pittiaonwathy sho} wrssh funy n 


+0 (eel pews ite i 
oy Storied il bu ‘ Ne) a 


ah otal aeiaiia De, Wy arale. 2 ab 8 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVILI. 


Larva taken in October 1901. 


Fic. 1. A reddish-brown type, the only specimen I obtained. 

2 & 2a. Side and back view of pupa, showing black lines 

absent. 

3&4, The same form of larva as Figs. 3 & 4, Plate XXVI, 
after second moult; as will be seen, it turned 
reddish-brown after the last moult. 

5 & 5a. Usual type (back view) at second moult ; three seg- 

ments are enlarged to show pattern. 

6 & 6a. Young larva just after second moult. 

6b. Long white-pointed hairs, 

7. Usual type after third moult. 

8. Lilac-tinted variety. 

9 & 9a. Back view, with sections enlarged, showing pattern 

on segments. 

10. A mature larva, 


Trans. Ent.Soc.Lond.1907 PLXXVIL 


fe 


ia 
uN 
Uy 


thi 


ei 


{ 
> 


(i) 


FF 
e 
1 


L.Guppy jr.del. West, Newman chromo 


Pie SHS LORY Or CVbIMON ikinUs: 


ar || HUA 


Lon} wee uh yt 
; ee Cie i a i Ae 
ON} aonty oh ng we 
13) vy 


tr? 


“e s _ Ps *\3 
ee tay 
Tr . = % 
Pas, Or USHA RE 


BeTLOn Say ie 3 


trot fey Gui ae 
1* aft}. 4 Le y 


4 


2 coma tist ys Yay) a 
. i . F s al Ve 
, q 4 ’ ’ oF 4 

Ty ‘Whine tie (SA TE bith 


erraeuitm ity 434 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII. 
From Photograph by A. E. Tonge. 


Winter cocoons of Marasmarcha. 


1. Cocoons, showing contained larvee of Marasmarcha lunedactylus, 
x 26 diameters. The cocoons are between a dead leaf (background) 
and a thin glass (in front); the contained larve are consequently 
very easily seen, the silk against the glass being very thin. 

2. Same as No. 1, except that two empty egg-shells appear in the 
field, permitting a comparison of the size of the egg and of the 
hibernating larva (x 26). 

3. Three cocoons on glass (background), x 26. The silk on the 
free surface is dense enough to hide the larva; these give some 
measure of the amount of silk spun. 

4. A cocoon found in sand, all the grains of sand (except one) 
removed, mounted in Farrant’s medium, x 26, The medium renders 
much of the silk transparent, and invisible in the photograph. 

5. Cocoons of Marasmarcha tuttidactyla, between glass (in front) 
and paper (background), with three empty egg-shells on black 
background. N,B,—This is only magnified x 10 diameters. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907, Plate XXVIII. 


Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 


3 nes 


A. E. Tonge, Photo. 


HIBERNATING LARVA OF MARASMARCHA. 


FIGS. 1—4, M. LUNAXSDACTYLA * 26. FIG. 5, M. TUTTIDACTYLA ™ 10. 


Fia. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX. 


1. Euplea goudoti, Boisd. 

2. Antanartia mauritiana, Manders. 
3. Salamis augustina, Boisd. 

4, Libythea cinyras, Trimen. 

5. Nacaduba mandersi, Druce, 2. 
Ba. 33 A as OF 
6. Papilio phorbanta, L., ¢, #. 

Gale Tas e Co: 


Trans. Ent, Soc, Lond., 1907, Plaie XXIXG 


Horace Knight del. Andre & Sleigh, Lid. 


Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon. 


IBRARIES 


: ; ‘e ; as Pry . i | 
; ‘ : ; 3 9086 0084 


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