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TRANSACTIONS 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF 


LONDON 


Me 


ee 


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, F THE 
TRANSACTIONS 


‘'HENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF 


LONDON 


SAS 


4 t of Con 
OB S21 YG \ 
= — | FOLD? Iso 


LONDON: 
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET 
CAVENDISH SQUARE, W., 
AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CoO.,, 
PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.; AND NEW YORK. 


1915-1916. 


DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS. 


eae I. (Trans., p. 1-176, Proc. i-xlviii) was published 26 June, 1915 
Fs iD Dae Ge he £77256... 9 2 xix) OES 4, 
PALL AV: £0 ats 257-430, ,, lxv—cxil) ,» w2 dune, 1916 


a3 in a) | exili_exea) a wevune. 


_ 


pli VW becr S , 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON 


FOUNDED, 1835. 


INCORPORATED BY RoyaL CHARTER, 1885. 


PATRON: HIS MAJESTY THE KING. 


OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the SESSION 1915-1916. 


President, 
Toe Hon. N. C. ROTHSCHILD, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. 


Vicc=Presidents, 


G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.LS., F.ZS. 
E. E. GREEN, F.ZS. 
G. B. LONGSTAFF, M.A., M.D. 


Treasurer, 
ALBERT HUGH JONES. 


Secretarics, 
CommManDER JAMES J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.L.S. 
Rev. GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S. 


Librarian. 
GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S8., A.L.S. 


Otber Members of Council, 


E. A. BUTLER, B.A., B.Sc. 
E. A. COCKAYNE, M.A., M.D. 

JAS. E. COLLIN, F.Z.S. 

H. ELTRINGHAM, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S8. 
C. J. GAHAN, M.A. 

GILBERT W. NICHOLSON, M.A. M.D. 
G. MEADE-WALDO, M.A. 

H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A. 

A. E. TONGE. 


Resident Librarian. 


GEORGE BETHELL, F.R.Hist:8. 


HeyES") 
Susiness and Publications Committec. 


ROBERT ADKIN. 

G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER. 

JAMES E. COULIN. 

JOHN HARTLEY DURRANT. 

A, E. GIBBS. 

REV. F. D. MORICE. 

And the Executive Officers of the Council. 


British ational Committee of Entomological fomenclature. 


G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER. 

DE C.J. CALAN: 

DR. K. JORDAN. 

mB. PROUT. 

CHAS. 0. WATERHOUSE. 

REV. GEORGE WHEELER. 

JOHN HARTLEY DURRANT, Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


List of Fellows _... 
Additions to the Library .. 


VI. 


MEMOIRS. 


. New Species and Subspecies of Pierinae. ae F. A. Dixy, 


M.A., M.D., F.R.S. 


. Revision of the Mexican and Central een elenone inae 


(Fam. Te/ephoridae), with descriptions of new Suse By 
GEORGE CHARLES CHampion, A.L.S., F.Z.S. ; ae 


. Descriptions of New Species of the Pierine genera Catasticta 


and Daptoneura. By J. J. Joicry, — F.Z.8S., and 
W.F.H. RosEnperG, F.Z.8. .. he 


. Further Observations on the Structure of the Soait pee in 


certain male Danaine Butterflies. By H. E:rrincuam, M.A., 
Disc, EZ. 


. New Butterflies and a Moth Re Biak, By 3. 7. Sorex, 


F.L.S., F.E.S., and A. Noakes, F.E.S. 


. The larva and pubes of nee memnon, Feld. By F. L. . Davis, 


M.R.C.S:, L.R.C.P 


. Descriptions of South leaerieaks Mee: “Lepidoptera, By E. 


Meyrics, B.A., 


ale Ganon me the Cease in fn Dermapters a. 


By Matcoim Burr, M.A., D.Sc., Erc. 


. Note on the Manubrium of the Ninth Sternite in the Male 


Earwig. By Matcoim Burr, M.A., D.Sc., ere. 


. Some Palaearctie species of Condulegaster. By eas J. 


Morton, F.E.S. 


. What the larva of i, ee arton does during its ieee instar. 


By T. A. Cuarman, M.D., F.Z.S. 


. Observations completing an outline of the Life aes of 


Lycaena arion, L. By T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.Z.8 


. Further observations on the last stage of the tee of Lycaena 


arton. By F. W. Frowawk, M.B.O.U., F.ES 


. Experiments on some Carnivorous Tse. ie the 


Driver Ant Dorylus; and with butterflies’ ges as prey. y 
C. F. M. Swynnerton, F.L.S., F.E.S.. a5 


. Some new forms of Parnassius (Lepinopter a Blopalocer) By 


A. AVINOFF, F.E.S. 


New Lepidoptera from oan Ney rte By J.J. Teen 
TERM Sie HieZien CEES ey eANs ane gaa and G. TALBor, 


F.E.S. 


PAGE 


("wi : ) 
PAGE 


XVII. Record of some species of the Genus Teracolus occurring in 
the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, W. Africa. Ey 


G. C. DupcEon, F.E.S._... . 387 
XVIII. A New Micropteryyid from eeiane, By x Jenene 
TurRNER, M.D., F.E.S. : 391 


XIX. Glossina morsitans, Westw..: Sone nee on the Par acteentien 
of its Pupae. By Hrerewarp C. Dotiman, F.E.S , Ento- 


mologist to the British South Africa Company Be .. 394 

XX. On the early stages of Latiorina eee pyr endaica, Boisd. 
By T. A. Cuapman, M.D. 397 

XXI. A Contribution to the Life History of grinds esher Hb. 
By T. A. Coapman, M.D. 411 

XXII. Notes on the early ssapee of Scolitantides orion, Pall, By 
T. A. CuapmMan, M.D. ... bc 424 

Further Notes on ses Eggs of Butterflies. ‘By c. F. M. 
SwyNNERTON, F.L.S.,F.E.S. ... bo —- 428 


Proceedings for 1915 


i-cxxiil 
Annual Meeting CXxXiv 
Balance Sheet C@XX1Xx 
President’s Address CXXXx1 
General Index cliv 
Special Index elx 


Report of the British National Committee on “Entomological Nomenclature . 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES, TRANSACTIONS. 


Plates I, II. See pages 15 Plates XLVII-XLIX. See pages 312 
Plates IIJ-IX. Bs 146 Plates L, LI 3 316 
Plate X. 5s 151 Plates LII-LIV. bs 360 
Plates XI-XX. és 176 Plates LV-LXII. 5 386 
Plates XXI-XXVIII. 33 197 Plate LXIII. Re 390 
Plate XXIX. . 200 Plate LXIV. 396 


Plates XXX-X XXIII. - 272 Plates LXV-LXXXII. __,, 409, 410 
Plates X XXIV-XXXVILI.,, 290 Plates LXXXIII-CIII.  ,, 421-423 
Plates XXXVIII-XLI. _,, 297 Plates CIV-CXVII. 3 427 
Plates XLII-XLVI. ss 297 


PROCEEDINGS. 
Plate A. See page xcix. 


(iia 5. 


Vist of Fellotvs 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


HONORARY, (REL EOWS. 
Marked * have died during the year. 


Date of 
Election. 


1900 AvRIVILLIUS, Professor Christopher, Stockholm. 

1915 Berruesu, Professor Antonio, via Romana, 19, Firenze, Italy. 

1905 Bottvar, Ignacio, Museo nacional de Historia natural, Hipodromo, 

17, Madrid. 

1911 Comsrocxk, Professor J. H., Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 

U.S.A. 

1901* Fasre, J. H., Séerignan, Vaucluse, France. 

1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland 

1912 Frey-Gessner, Dr. Emile, La Roseraie, Genéve, Switzerland. 

1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome. 

1915 Howarp, Dr. L. O., National Museum, Washington, U.S.A. 

1914 Lamenre, Professor A., Bruxelles. 

1908 OBERTHUR, Charles, Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, France. 

1913 Tran-SHanskl, A. P. Semenoff, Vassili Ostrov, 8 lin., 39, Petrograd, 
Russia. 


1911 Wasmany, Fr. Erich, 8.J., Valkenburg (L.) Ignatius Kolleg, Holland. 


FELLOWS. 
Marked * have died during the year. 
Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions. 


Date of 
Election, 


1914 Anpair, E. W., B.A., Turf Club, Cairo, Egypt. 

1913 Apams, B. G., 15, Fernshaw-road, Chelsea, 8. W. 

1877 Apvams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.8., 50, A shley-gardens, Victoria 
street, S.W. 

1902 ADKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent. 

1885 ApxKin, Robert, (CounciL, 1901-2, 1911-13), Wellfield, Lingards- 
road, Lewisham, 8.E. 


Cet) 


1904 Agar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. W. Indies. 

1915 Aryar, K. 8. Padmanabha, Trivandrum, Travancore, India. 

1914 Aryar, T. V. Ramakrishna, B.A., F.Z.S., The Agricultural Colleye, 
Coimbatore, S. India. 

1912 Aen, T. W., M.A., 266, Wiliesden-lane, London, N.W. 

1911 Awnperson, T. J., Entomological Laboratory, Kabeti, British East 
Africa. 

1910 | ANDREWES, H. E., 8, North Grove, Highgate, N. 

1899 AnpreEws, Henry W., Shirley, Welling S.O., Kent. 

1901 Awnnine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C. 

1908 ft ANTRAM, Charles B., Somerdale Estate, Ootacamund, Nilgivi Hills, 
S. India. 

1913. Armyrace, Edward 0O., Geelong, Victoria, Australia. 

1907 Arnowp, G., M.Sc., A.R.C.S., Curator, Rhodesia Museum, Bulawayo, 
S. Africa. 

1899 + Arrow, Gilbert J., (CuunctL, 1905-7), 9, Rossdale-road, Putney, 
S.W.; and British Museum (Natural History),Cromvwell-road, 8.W. 

1911 Asupy, Edward Bernard, Brooklands, 36, Bulstrode-road, Hounslow, 
Middlesex. 

1907 + AsuBy, Sydney R., 119, Greenvale-road, Eltham-park, Kent. 

1886 Armorg, E. A., 48, //igh-street, King’s Lynn. 

1913 Avinorr, André, Liteyny, 12, Petrograd, Russia. 

1914 Awart, P. R., Medical Entomologist, c/o Grindlay & Co., Bankers, 
Calcutta. 


1901 Bacor, Arthur W., York Cottage, York-hill, Loughton, Essex. 

1904 | BaGNnaLL, Richard 8., Penshaw Lodge, Penshaw, Durham. 

1909 Baewetu-PurEroy, Capt. Edward, Hast Farleigh, Maidstone. 

1912 Batiarp, Edward, Govt. Entomologist, Agricultural College and 
Research Institute, Coimbatore, Madras, S. India. 

1886 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A. 

1890 Barcuay, lrancis H., F.G.8., The Warren, Cromer. 

1886 BarGaGui, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1, 
Florence, Italy. 

1895 Barker, Cecil W., The Bungalow, Escombe, Natal, South Africa, 

1902 Barraup, Phlip J., Chester Cottage, Benhill-road, Sutton, Surrey. 

1911 Barrer, J. Platt, Westeroft, South-road, Forest Hill, 8.E. 

1907 Barrierr, H. Frederick D., 1, Myrtle-road, Bowrnemouth. 

1894 + Bareson, Prof. William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College, 
Cambridge, The Manor House, Merton, Surrey. 

1908 Bayrorp, E. G., 2, Rockingham-street, Barnsley. 

1904 Bayne, Arthur F., c/o Messrs. Freeman, Custle-street, Framlingham, 
Suffolk. 

1912 Baynes, Edward Stuart Augustus, 120, Warwick-street, Eccleston- 
square, S.W. 

1896 | BraRg, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc. F.R.S.E., (V.-Pres., 1910; 
CounciL, 1909-11), 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh. 


1908 
1905 
1912 


1913 
1899 
1914 
1904 


1915 


1906 
1913 
1885 


1895 
1891 
1904 
1904 
1885 


1904 


1912 
1903 
1911 


1891 
1902 
1913 
1888 


1894 + 
1912 + 


1910 
1905 
1904 


1877 


1912 


1870 


1894 
1909 


vat) 


Breck, Richard, Red Lodge, Porchester-road, Bournemouth. 

Beprorp, The Duke of, K.G., Pres. Z.8., etc., Woburn Abbey, Beds. 

Beprorp, Gerald, Entomologist to the Union of South Africa, 
Veterinary Bacteriological Laboratory, Ondestepoort, Pretoria, 
Transvaal. 

Beprorp, Hugh Warren, Church Felles, Horley. 

BrepweE tL, Ernest C., Bruggen, Brighton-road, Coulsdon, Surrey. 

BENDERITTER, Eugene, 11, Rue St. Jacques, Le Mans, France. 

Benatsson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ; 
Curator, Entomological Collection of the University. 

BenuHaM, Prof. William Blaxland, M.A,, D.Sc., F.R.S., University 
of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 

3ENTALL, E. E., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex. 

Brst-GARDNER, Charles C., Rookwood, Neath, Glamorgan. 

BetHUNE-BakeR, George T., F.LS., F.Z.S., Vick-PREsIDENT, 
(PrEs., 1913-14; V.-Prus., 1910-11; Councrt, 1895, 1910- ), 
19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 

Bevan, Lieutenant H. G. R., R.N., 38, The Common, Woolwich. 

BuaBer, W. H., F.L.S., 34, Cromivell-road, Hove, Brighton. 

Brack, James E., F.L.S., Nethercroft, Peebles. 

Buair, Kenneth G., 23, West Hill, Highgate, N. 

Buatuwayt, Lt.-Col. Linley, F.L.S., Hagle House, Batheaston, 
Bath. 

Buss, Maurice Frederick, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Coningsburgh, Mont- 
pelier-road, Haling, W. 

Bopxin, G. C., Govt. Entomologist, Georgetown, British Guiana. 

Boeus, W. A., The Bank House, Watchet. 

BortEav, H., 99, Rue de la Cdte St. Thibault, Bois de Colombes, 
Seine, Fiance. 

Boorn, George A., Whalley Range, Longton, Lancashire. 

Bostock, E. D., Oulton Cross, Stone, Staffs. 

Bowater, William, 20, Russell-road, Moseley, Birmingham. 

Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst. 

Bowtgs, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross. 

Bowrtina, C. Talbot. 

Boyp, A. Whitworth, The Alton, Altrincham, Cheshire. 

BrackEN, Charles W., B.A., 5, Carfrae Terrace, Lipson, Plymouth. 

BRIDGEMAN, Commander The Hon. Richard O.B., R.N., 44, Lowndes- 
square, S.W.; and ¢/o Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope 
Station, c/o G.P.O. 

Briaes, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth S.O., N. Devon. 

Briaas, Miss Margery H., B.Sc., 7, Wainterstoke-gardens, Mill 
Hill, N.W. 

Brices, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth 8.O., 
N. Devon. 

Bricut, Percy M., Cheriton, Porchester-road, Bournemouth, 

Britten, Harry, Myrtle View, Windmill-road, Headington, Oxon. 


Crem”) 

1902 Broventon, Major T. Delves, R.E., Swiss Cotlage, Great Mongeham 
Deal, Kent. 

1878 Broun, Major Thomas, J/ownt Albert, Auckland, New Zealand, 

1904 Brown, Henry H., Tower House, 8, Brintsfield-terrace, Edinburgh. 

1910 Browne, Horace B., M.A., Park Hurst, Morley, Yorks. 

1911 BrutzEr, Rey. Henry William, Great Bowden Vicurage, Market 
Harborough. 

1909 Bryant, Gilbert E., Fir Grove, Esher, Surrey. 

1898 | BucHan-Heppurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeuton- 
Hepburn, Prestonkirk. 

1907 Buuuerp, Arthur, F.S.A., Wimboro, Midsomer Norton, Somersetshire. 

1896 + Burr, Malcolm, D.Se., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S., A.R.S.M., (V.-PREs., 
1912, Councrn, 1903, 4, 1910-12), The Dutch Cottage, Woking. 

1909 Burrows, The Rev. C. R. N., The Vicarage, Mucking, Stanford-le- 
Hope, Essex. 

1868 | Butter, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.LS., F.Z.8., (Sec., 1875; Councit, 
1876), The Lilies, Beckenham-road, Beckenham. 

1883 Burier, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc., (Councin, 1914— ), 56, Cecile- 
Park, Crouch End, N. 

1902 Buruer, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading. 

1905 BurrErFievp, Jas. A., B.Se., O:mesby, 21, Dorville-road, Lee, S.E. 

1914 + BurreRFIELD, Rosse, Curator, Corporation Museum, Keighley, Yorks. 

1912 + Buxton, Patrick Alfred, M.B.0.U., Fairhill, Tonbridge ; and Trinity 
College, Cambridge. 

1904 Byarr, Horace A., B.A., The Palace, Malta. 


1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., 7, Blessington-road, Lee, S.E. 

1885 CampBELL, Francis Maule, F.LS8., F.Z.8., ete, Brynllwydiwyn, 
Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire. 

1898 CanpbkzeE, Léon, Mont St. Martin 75, Liége. 

1880 CanspaLE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.E. 

1889 Cant, A., 33, Festing-road, Putney, 8.W.; and c/o Fredk. Du Cane 
Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 45, Pont-street, S.W. 

1910 Cartier, E. Wace, M.D., F.R.S.E., Morningside, Granville-road, 
Dorridge, and The University, Birmingham. 

1892 CaRpPENTER, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, 8,W. 

1910 Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., D.M., B.Ch., Ugunda Medical Service, 
Uganda Protectorate. 

1895 CarprreNnveER, Prof. George H., B.A., B.Sc., Royal College of Science, 
Dublin. 

1898 CarPENTER, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead. 

1915 Carr, Professor John Wesley, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.8., Professor of 
Biology, University College, Nottingham. 

1915 Carr, William, B.Sc., Station-road, Bentham, Lancaster. 

1868 CaRRINGTON, Charles, Meudowcroft, Horley, Surrey. 

1911 Carson, George Moffatt, Entomoloyist to the Government of New 
Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua, vid Australia. 


1895 


1912 


1906 


1913 
1900 


(ox .) 


Carter, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., Greycliffe, Lower Warberry-voad, 
Torquay. 

CarteR, Henry Francis, Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in 
Medical and Economic Entomology, Liverpool School of Tropical 
Medicine, University of Liverpool. 

Carter, H. J., B.A., Ascham, Darling Point, Sydney, N.S. Wales. 

CarTER, J.8., Warren Hill Cottage, Eastbourne. 

Carter, J. W., 15, Westfield-road, Heaton, Bradford. 


1889 | Cave, Charles J. P., Ditcham Park, Petersfield. 


1900 
1871 


1914 
1891 
1910 
1897 
1913 
1902 
1889 
1914 
1909 
1909 


1908 
1914 


1914 


1908 
1908 


1904 


1914 


1899 


CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Westbowrne, Hdgbaston, Birmingham. 

CuHampion, George C., F.Z.8., A.L.S., Liprartan, 1891— (CovuncIit, 
1875-7); Heutherside, Horsell, Woking ; and 45, Pont-street, S.W. 

Cuampion, Harry George, B.A., Assistant Conservator of Forests 
Kheri, Lakhimpur, U.P., India. 

CHApMAN, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.S., (V.-PREs., 1900, 1904-5, 
1908 ; Councr1, 1898-1900, 1903-5, 1907-9), Betula, Reigate. 

CHARNLEY, J. R. 

CHAWNER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst S.0., Hants. 

CHEAVIN, Harold S., F.R.M.S., F.N.P.S., The Glenroy Hotel, 22, 
Woburn Place, Russell-square, W.C. 

CHEESMAN, E. M., Kendal Grove, Wallands-crescent, Lewes. 

Cuaristy, William M., M.A., F.L.8., Watergate, Emsworth. 

CarystaL, R. Neil, B.Sc., Birk’s Buildings, Ottawa, Canada. 

Cuuss, Ernest C., Curator, Durban Musewm, Natal, South Africa. 

CuaRK, C. Turner, F.Z.S., Hillcrest, St. Augustine’s-avenie, 
S. Croydon. 

CiarK, Edgar L., Laureston, Ridge Road, Overport, Durban, Natal. 

Cieave, I. D., Dept. of Science and Agriculture, Georgetown, 
British Guiana. 

CLEGHORN, Miss Maude Lina West, F.L.S., 5, Alipore-road, 
Calcutta, India. 

CLUTTERBUCK, Charles G., Heathside, 23, Heathville-road, Gloucester. 

CLuTTERBUCK, P. H., Indian Forest Department, Naini Tal, United 
Provinces, India. 

CockayngE, Edward A., M.A., M.D., (Counctn, 1915- ), 16, Cam- 
bridge-square, London, W. 

CoLEMAN, Leslie C., Dept. of Agriculture, Bangalore, Mysore, 
India. 

Coutin, James E., F.Z.S., (V.-Pres., 1913; Councit, 1904-6, 
1913— ), Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. | 
CoLuincE, Walter E., M.Sc, F.LS., Marine Laboratory, The 

University, The Gatty, St. Andrews, Scotland. 
Coney, Miss Blanche A., The Poplars, Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire. 
Corton, Sidney Howard, 1A, Chesterfield-street, Mayfair, W. 
Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.8., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Upcott House, 
Taunton. 
CowarpD, Thomas Alfred, F.Z.S., 36, George-street, Manchester. 


b] 


1895 
1913 


1909 
1890 


( xiv ) 


Craprren, Benjamin Hill, Cringle Lodge, Levenshulme, Manchester. 

Oraaa, Capt. F. W., M.D., LM.S., King Institute of Preventive 
Medicine, Saidapet, Madras, India. 

Craw ey, W.C., B.A., 29, Holland Park-road, W. 

Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire. 


1880 + Crisp, Sir Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P. 


1907 
1908 
1908 


1901 
1900 
1907 
1886 
1911 


1913 


1905 
1912 


1910 
1903 
1898 
1912 
1913 
1875 


1887 


1909 
1905 
1912 


1906 
1903 
1906 


1891 


1913 
1910 


Crort, Edward Octavius, M.D., 28, Clurendon-road, Leeds. 
Cuupin, Millais, M.B., F.R.C.S., 7he Palace Hotel, Shanghai. 
Curtis, W. Parkinson, Aysgarth, Poole, Dorset. 


Dapp, Edward Martin, pon 19, Zehlendorf, bei Berlin. 
DaueuisH, Andrew Adie, 7, Keir-street, Pollokshields, Glasgow. 
Dames, Felix L., 10, Lor AER AN Berlin-Lichterfelde. 

Dannart, Walter, 54, Leyland-road, Lee, 8.E. 

Davey, H. W., Inspector of Department of Agriculture, Geelong, 
Victoria, Australia. 

Davinson, James, M.Sc., Imperial College of Science and Tech- 
nology, South Kensington, S.W. 

Davipson, James D., 32, Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh. 

Davis, Frederick Lionel, J.P., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Belize, British 
Honduras. 

Dawson, William George, Manor House, Upper Wik, Worcester. 

Day, F. H., 26, Currock-terrace, Carlisle. 

Day, G. O., Sahlatston, Dunean’s Station, Vancowver Island, British 
Columbia. 

Dewirz, Dr. John, Director German Govt. ape Station, 
Devant-les-Ponts, Metz, Lorraine. 

Dickinson, Barnard Ormiston, B.A., Beech Hill, Newport, Salop. 

Distant, William Lucas, (V.-PRreEs., 1881, 1900; Src. 1878- 
80; Councit, 1900-2), Glenside, 170, Birchanger-road, South 
Norwood, S8.E. 

Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D.. F.R.S., Fellow and Bursar 
of Wadham College, (PREs., 1909-10; V.-PREs., 1904-5, 1911; 
CounciL, 1895, 1904-6), Wadham College, Oxford. 

Dosson, Thomas, 399, Plodder-lane, Farnmouth, nr. Bolton. 

Dopp, Frederick P., Kuranda, vid Cairns, Queensland. 

Dote, Capt. Kenneth Alan Crawford, R.A.M.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 
c/o Messrs. Holt & Co., 3, Whitehall-place, London, S.W. 

Douiman, Hereward, Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W. 

Dotuman, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W. 

Doncaster, Leonard, M.A., The University Museum of Zoology, 
Cambridge. 

DonistHORPE, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S8., (V.-Pres., 1911; 
Se ae 1899-1901, 1910-12), 19, Reged road, Heute, 

Dow, Walter James, 5, Great College-strect, Westminster, S.W. 

Downes-SuHaw, Rey. Archibald, Gt. Horton Vicarage, Bradford. 


1884 


1900 
1894 


1913 


1906 
1883 


1910 
1912 
1865 


1902 
1911 
1886 
1884 


1913 
1900 
1900 


1886 
1903 


1878 


1914 


1886 


1903 
1908 
1909 


1907 
1900 
1861 
1910 


1889 


ieeeve' ) 


Druck, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., (Councit, 1903-5), Trefisis 
Lodge, 3, Norfolk-road, N.W. 

Drury, W. D., Clarendon, Laton-road, Hastings. 

Dupceon, G. C., Director General of the Dept. of Agriculture, 
Meadi, Cairo. 

DuFFIELD, Charles Alban William, Stowting Rectory, bo and 
Wye College, Kent. 

DUKINFIELD JonES, E., Custro, Reigate. 

Durrant, John Fiabe: (V.-Prus., 1912-13 ; Councrn, 1911-13), 
Merton, 17, Burstock-road, Putney, 8.W.; and British Museum 
(Natural History), Cromavell-road, South Kensington, 8.W. 


Eaugs-Weite, J. Cushny, 47, Chester-terrace, Euton-square, S.W. 

Ear, Herbert L., M.A., 35, Leicester-street, Southport, Lanes. 

Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., (Councin, 1877-9), Rich- 
mond Villa, Northam S.O., N. Devon. 

Epetsten, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex. 

Epwarps, F. W., Kingswear, Cornwall-road, Harrow. 

Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham. 

Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.8., F.Z.S., (Councin, 1912-14), 15, St. 
Germans-place, Blackheath, S.E. 

Epwarps, William H., Natwral History Dept., The Musewm, 
Birmingham. 

Exxiorr, E. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W. 

Exuis, H. Willoughby, 3, Lancaster-place, Belsize Parl, N.W. 

Evuis, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool. 

ELTRINGHAM, Harry, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.8., (V.-Pres., 1914; 
CounciL, 1913-— ), Woodhouse, Stroud, Gloucestershire ; and Hope 
Department, University Museum, Oaford. 

Ewes, Henry John, J.P., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (PRes., 1893-4 ; 
V.-PrEs., 1889-90, 1892, 1895 ; CounciL, 1888-90), Colesborne, 
Cheltenham. 

Emmett, Lieut. Charles P., c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 16, Charing 
Cross, W.C. 

Enock, Frederick, F.L.8., 54, St. Mary’s-terrace, West Hill, 
Hastings. 

EruHeERIpDGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S.W. 

Evustacg, Eustace Mallabone, M.A., Challacombe, Crowthorne, Berks. 

Evans, Frank J., Superintendent of Agriculture, Calabar, Eastern 
Province, S. Nigeria. 


FEATHER, Walter, 10, Station-qrove, Crosshills, near Keighley, Yorks. 

Feiruam, H. L. L., P. O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal. 

Ferny, Charles, Hversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E. 

Fenyres, A., M.D., 170, North Grange Gvrove-Avenue, Pasadena, 
California, U.S.A. 

FERNALD, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A. 


1900 
1905 


1900 


1898 


(tev |") 


Firra, J. Digby, F.L.8., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds. 

Freer, Wilfred James, F.H.A.S., F.C.S., Imatra, King’s-road, 
Bournemouth. 

FriemyneG, The Rey. Canon W. Westropp, M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw, co. 
Waterford. 

FietcHer, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., Agricultural Research Institute, 
Pusa, Bihar, India. 


1883 + Fuercuer, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor. 


1905 
1885 
1914 
1913 
1900 
1898 
1880 
1908 
1896 
1888 
1910 


1908 


1891 


FLOERSHEIM, Cecil, 16, Kensington Court Mansions, 8.W. 

Foxxer, A. J. F., Zierihzee, Zeeland, Netherlands, 

ForpuHam, William John, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Villa, Bubwith, 
Selby, Yorks. 

Foster, Arthur H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.(Eng.), M.B.0.U., Susses 
House, Hitchin, Herts. 

Fourkes, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultural College, 
Newport, Salop. 

FounTaINnE, Miss Margaret, Myola, via Cairns, N. Queensland, 
Australia. 

FowueEr, The Rev. Canon, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., (PRes., 1901-2 ; 
V.-Pres., 1903 ; Src., 1886-96), Harley Vicarage, near Reading. 
Fraser, Frederick C., Capt., M.D., I.M.S., c/o The Ent. Soc. of 

London. 

FREKE, Perey Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone. 

FRrEMLIN, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 1st London Sanitary Co., 
Duke of York’s Headquarters, Chelsea, and The Elms, Kingsbury, 
NW? 

Frissy, G. E., 40, Windmill-street, Gravesend: 

Froaeatt, Walter W., F.L.S., Government Entomologist, 138, George- 
street, Sydney, New South Wales. 

Frouawk, F. W., Stanley House, Park-road, Wallington, Surrey. 


1906 + Fry, Harold Armstrong, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal 


1900 
1907 


1876 


1898 


1887 


1910 
1890 


Colony. 

Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs. 

Fryer, John Claud Fortescue, M.A., Board of Agriculture and 
Fisheries, Craven House, Northumberland-avenue, W.C. 

FuuiEer, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill, 
Sydenham, 8.E. 

FULLER, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg, Natal. 


GauANn, Charles Joseph, M.A., D.Sc., (Sxc., 1899-1900 ; Counctt, 
1893-5, 1901, 1914- ), 8, Lonsdale-road, Bedford Park, W.; and 
British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W. 

GaRcKF, Emile, M.I.E.E., Witton House, Maidenhead. 

GARDNER, John, Lawrel Lodge, Hart, West Hartlepool. 


1901 | GaRDNER, Willoughby, F.L.S., Deganwy, N. Wales. 


1913 


DE GAYE, J. A., King’s College, Lagos, S. Nigeria. 


1899 GeELpaART, William Martin, M.A., 10, Chadlington-road, Oxford. 


(va) 


1913 Gipp, Lachlan, 38, Blackheath Park, Blackheath, S.E. 

1906 + Gres, Arthur Ernest, F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Councin, 1912-14), Hownds- 
path, Upper Marlborough-road, St. Albans. 

1915 Gipson, Arthur, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, 
Ottawa, Canada. 

1908 GrrFraRD, Walter M., P.O. Box 308, Honolulu, Hawaii. 

1907 Gites, Henry Murray, Head Keeper of Zoological Gardens, South 
Perth, W. Australia. 

1902 GritanpERs, A. T., Maiden Bradley, Bath. 

1904 GrbutAtT, Francis, B.A., Combe House, Baulcombe, Sussex. 

1914. Goprrey, E. J., Education Dept., Bangkok, Siam. 

1865 + Gopman, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.8., (PREs., 
1891-2 ; V.-PrEs., 1882-3, 1886, 1889-90, 1902; CouncIL, 1880- 
1, 1900), Sowth Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; and 45, Pont- 
street, S.W. 

1886 ¢ GoopricH, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Brislington House, near 
Bristol. 

1904 Goopwiy, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent. 

1898 Gorpon, J.G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill S.O., Wigtownshire. 

1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. MeH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill S.O., Wigtown- 
shire. 

1855 Gorunam, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., (Councrt, 1882-3), High- 
croft, Great Malvern. 

1913 Gouau, Lewis, Ph.D., Entomologist to the Govt. of Egypt, Dept. of 
Agriculture, Cairo. 

1909 Gowpry, Carlton C., B.Sec., ¢/o Dr. A. Gowdey, The Grange, 
Maitland Park, Haverstock Hill, N.W. 

1914 Gravetry, F. H., The Indian Musewn, Calcutta. 

1911 Graves, P. P., Turf Club, Cairo, Egypt. 

1891 | Green, E. Ernest, F.Z.S., Vicr-Presipent; (Councin, 1914- ), 
Way's End, Beech-uvenue, Camberley. 

1910 Green, Herbert A., The Central Fire Station, Durban, Natal. 

1894 GreEEN, J. F., F.Z.S., 38, Pont-street, London, S.W. 

1893 | GREENWOOD, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Whitsbury House, Salisbury. 

1888 GrirFitHs, G. C., F.Z.8., Penhurst, 3, Leigh-road, Clifton, Bristol. 

1894 GrRimsHAwW, Percy H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. 

1905 Grist, Charles J., Higin House, Knockholt, Sevenoaks. 

1906 GurRNEY, Gerard H., Keswick Hall, Norwich. 

1910 Gurney, William B., Asst. Govt. Entomologist, Department of 
Agriculture, Sydney, Australia. 


1912 Hacker, Henry, Bowen Bridge-road, Brisbane, Queensland: 

1906 Hatt, Arthur, 7, Park-lane-mansions, Croydon. 

1890 t Hatt, Albert Ernest, Cranfield House, Southwell, Notts. 

1885 Hatt, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon, 

1912 Hauierr, Howard Mountjoy, 64, Westbourne-road, Penarth, 
Glamorganshire. 


b 


1898 


1915 
1891 


1891 


ante) 


Hamuyn-Harris, R., D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Director of the 
Queensland Museum, St. Ronans, Wilston, Brisbane, Australia. 

Hamm, Albert Harry, 22, Southfield-road, Oxford. 

Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., (V.-PREs., 1898 ; 
CouNnciL, 1896-8), 62, Stanhope-gardens, 8.W. 

Hanpory, Frederick J., F.L.S., Brockhwrst, E. Grinstead. 


1905 | Hancock, Joseph L., 5454, University-avenue, Chicago, U.S.A. 


1903 
1904 
1910 
1910 


Hare, E. J., 4, New-square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C. 
Harris, Edward, St. Conan’s, Chingford, Essex. 
Harwoop, Philip, 23, Northgate End, Bishop's Stortford. 
HawksuHaw, J. C., Hollycombe, Sussex. 


1913 + Hawksuaw, Oliver, 3, Hill-street, Mayfair, W. 


1910 
1910 


1898 
1903 


1908 


1913 


1913 


Hepees, Alfred van der, Stoke House, Stoke Mandeville, Bucks. 

HeEnpERSON, J., c/o Messrs. Osborne & Chappel, Ipoh, Perak, 
Federated Malay States. 

Heron, Francis A., B.A., 9, Park House, Highbury Park, N. 

Herrop-Hempsatt, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road, 
Luton, Beds. 

Hewirt, C. Gordon, D.Sc., Dominion Entomologist, Dept. of 
Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. 

Hewitt, John, B.A., Director, Albany Museum, Grahamstown, 
S. Africa. 

Hitt, Gerald F., Govt. Entomologist, Port Darwin, Northern 
Territory, South Australia. 


1876 + Hituman, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes. 


1907 


1914 


1912 
1888 


1902 
1910 
1887 
1898 


1910 
1901 


1897 
1903 


Hoar, Thomas Frank Partridge, Mercia, Albany-road, Leighton 
Buzzard. 

Hopasr, The Rev. Prebendary Edward Grose, The Vicarage, Pad- 
dington. 

Hopas, Harold, St. James’ Mansions, 54, Piccadilly, W. 

Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive, 
Lytham. 

Hots, R. 8., c/o Messrs. King and Co., Bombay. 

Hourorp, H. O., Elstead Lodge, Godalming, Surrey. 

Houttanp, The Rey. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pittsburg, 
Penn., U.S.A. 

Hortman-Hunt, C, B., Asst. Entomologist, Department of Agri- 
culture, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. 

Hotmegs, Edward Morrell, Ruthven, Sevenoaks. 

Horson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.LS., 64, Harley- 
street, W. 

Horne, Arthur, 60, Gladstone-place, Aberdeen. 

Hoveuton, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop. 


1907 + Howarp, C, W., Entomological Division, College of Agriculture, 


1900 
1907 


St. Anthony Park, Minn., U.S.A. 
Howes, W. George, 432, George-street, Dunedin, New Zealand. 
How.ert, Frank M., M.A., Wymondham, Norfolk, 


ee 


. ‘ 
a 2 


(exci | ) 


1865 +| Hupp, A. E., 108, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol. 

1888 Hupson, George Vernon, Hill View, Karori, Wellington, New 
Zealand, 

1914 Hupson, H. Baldwin, The Ferns, Upper Highway, Kings Langley, 
Flerts. 

1907 Huacuss, C. N., 3, Wyndham Place, Bryanston-square, W. 

1912 Huis, Miss Lily, Hollywood, Colinton-road, Edinburgh. 


1897 Imac, Prof. Selwyn, M.A., (Counctn, 1909-11), 29, HFitzroy- 
street, Fitzroy-square, W. 

1912 + Imus, A. D., D.Sc., B.A., F.L.S., Entomological Dept., The Uni- 
versity, Manchester. 

1908 Irsy, Major Leonard Paul, Evington-place, Ashford, Kent. 

1891 IsapeLL, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen S.O., Cornwall. 


1907 Jack, Rupert Wellstood, Government Entomologist, Department 
of Agriculture, Salisbury, Rhodesia. 

1907 Jackson, P. H., 112, Balham-park-road, S.W. 

1907 Jacopi, Professor A., Ph.D., Director of the R. Zoological and 
Anthrop.-Ethnographical Museum, Dresden, Saxony. 

1911 Jacoss, Capt. J. J., R.E., Framsden, Tring, Herts. 

1910 Jacoss, Lionel L., P.O. Box 445, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, 
Canada. | 

1914 Jawnwnines, Rev. Frederic 8. F., Warmsworth Rectory, Doncaster. 

1914 Jansz, A. J. T., 1st-street, Gezina, Pretoria, S. Africa. 

1869 Janson, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44, 
Great ussell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 

1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N. 

1912 Jarpine, Nigel K., Le Syndicat des Fabricants de Sucre, L’Isle de 
Réunion. 

1912 Jemmert, C., Withersdane House, Wye, Kent. 

1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, Hast Gate House, Lewes. 

1899 Jennines, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N. 

1909 JxEpson, Frank P., Department of Agriculture, Suva, Fiji Islands. 

1886 Joun, Evan, Llantrisant S.0., Glamorganshire. 

1907 Jonnson, Charles Fielding, West Bank, Didsbury-road, Heaton 
Mersey. 

1889 JoHNson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass, 
co. Armagh. 

1908 Jotcry, James J., The Hill, Witley, Surrey. 

1888 Jones, Albert H., TREasuRER, 1904— , (V.-PrREs., 1912, CounciL, 
1898-1900), Shrublands, Eltham, S.E. 

1894, Jorpan, Dr. K., (V.-PREs., 1909; Councit, 1909-11), The 
Museum, Tring. 

1910 Josrpn, E, G., 23, Clanricarde-gardens, W. 

1910 Joy, Ernest Cooper, Eversley, Dale-road, Purley. 

1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading. 

1913 Junk, Wilhelm, 68, Sachsische-strasse, Berlin, W. 15. 


1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds. 

1896 + Kaye, William James, (Councin, 1906-8), Caracas, Ditton Hill, 
Surbiton. 

1907 Kutiy, Albert Ernest McClure, Division of Entomology, Department 
of Agriculture, Pretoria, S. Africa. 

1890 Kenrick, Sir George H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Hdgbaston, 
Birmingham. 

1904 KersHaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside. West Wickham, Kent. 

19065 Keynes, John Neville, M.A., D.Sc., 6, Harvey-road, Cambridge. 

1900 Krys, James H., 7, Whimple-street, Plymouth. 

1911 Kuounayn, Kunui, M.A., Asst. Entomologist to the Govt. of Mysore, 
Bangalore, South India. 

1912 Kine, Harold H., Govt. Entomologist, Gordon College, Khartown, 


Sudan. 

1889 Kine, James J. F.-X., 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvinside, 
Glasgow. , 

1913 Kirey, W. Egmont, M.D., /Tilden, 46, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick, 
W. 


1889 KLAPALEK, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia. 
1887 | Kuen, Sydney T., F.LS., F.R.AS., Hatherlow, Raglan-road, 
Reigate. 


1910 Lakin, C. Ernest, M.D., F.R.C.S., 2, Park-crescent, Portland- 
place, W. 

1911; LamBorn, W. A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Zomba, Nyasaland, LE. 
Africa. 

1868 Lane, Colonel A. M., C.B., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford. 

1912 Larour, Cyril Engelhart, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West 
Indies. 

1895 Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming. 

1899 Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Musewm, Adelaide, 
S. Australia. 

1914 LrrcuMan, Alleyne, M.A., F.L.S., F.C.S., Corpus Christi College, 
Oxford; and St. Hubert’s, Main-street, Georgetown, British 
Guiana, 

1910 Leicu, H.S., The University, Manchester. 

1909 LricH-CharE, Reginald L., Golf Club, Hadley, Barnet. 

1900 LertcH-Puriiips, Rev. W. J., Burtle Vicarage, Bridgwater. 

1903 ¢ Lever, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks. 

1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., (Councin, 1878, 1884), 30, Shorneliffe-road, 
Folkestone. 

1908 + Lewis, John Spedan, Grove Farm, Greenford Green, South Harrow ; 
and 277, Oxford-street, W. 

1892 Licurroor, R. M., Bree-st., Cupe Town, Cape of Good Hope. 

1914 Lister, J. J., St. John’s College, Cambridge; and Merton House, 
Grantchester. 

1903 Lirrier, Frank M., Box 114, P.O., Launceston, Tasmania. 


( xxi) 


1865 | Liewetyy, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart, M.A. F.LS., 
Peullergare, Swansea. 

1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., Zhe Dome, Bognor. 

1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, (Councrt, 1900-1), I, 5 and 6, Albany, 
Piccadilly, W. 

1903 Lorraouss, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. 

1908 Lonaspon, D., The Flower House, Southend, Catford, S.E. 

1904+ Lonestarr, George Blundell, M.A., M.D., Vick-PRESIDENT, 
(V.-PREs., 1909; CounciL, 1907-9, 1915- ), Highlands, Putney 
Heath, S.W. 

1899 Lounspury, Charles P., B.Se., Government Entomologist, Box 513, 
Pretoria, S. Africa. 

1894 Lower, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey. 

1893 Lower, Oswald B., Argent-street, Broken Hill, New South Wales. 

1901 Lower, Rupert S., Argent-street, Broken Hill, N.S.W. 

1909 Lucas, Dr. T. P., Wakefield-buildings, Adeluide-street, Brisbane, 
Australia. 

1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., (CounciL, 1904-6), 28, Knigh?s Park, 
Kingston-on- Thames. 

1880 Lupton, Henry, Couwrtlands, Chelston, Torquay. 

1903 Lygtt, G., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia. 

1912 lLy1x, George Trevor, Bank House, Brockenhurst. 

1909 Lyon, Francis Hamilton, 89, Clarence Gate-gardens, Upper Baker- 


street, N.W. 

1887 M‘Dovaaut, James Thomas, Dunolly, JMlorden-road, Blackheath, 
S.E,. 

1910 Macpovueatt, R. Stewart, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Edinburgh Uni- 
versity. 


1900 Macxkwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon. 

1899 + Main, Hugh, B.Sc., (Counctn, 1908-10), Almondale, Buckingham- 
road, South Woodford, N.E. 

1914 Mattock, J. Russell, State Entomologist’s Office, Urbana, Illino’s, 
U.S.A. 

1905 Matty, Charles Wm., M.Sc., Dept. of Agriculture, Cape Town, 
S. Africa. 

1887 * Manpers, Col. Neville, A.M.S., D.D.M.S., F.Z.S., Army of Occu- 
pation Headquarters, Cairo, Eqypt. 

1892 MawnssrinGe, William, 4, Norwich-road, Wavertree, Liverpool. 

1894 + MarsHatt, Alick, 18, Hazeldene-roud, Chiswick, W. 

1895 MarsHatL, Guy Anstruther Knox, F.Z.S., (Councit, 1907-8), 
6, Chester-place, Hyde Park-square, W. 

1896 Marswatt, P., M.A., B.Sc, F.G.S., University School of Mines, 
Dunedin, New Zealand, 

1856 | MarsHaty, William, V.M.H., F.R.H.S., Auchinraith, Bexley S.O., 
Kent. 

1897 MartInEAv, Alfred H., 54, Holly-lane, W. Smethwick. 


( xxi) 


1910 + Mason, C. W., St. Denis, Shaftesbury, Dorset. 


1913 
1895 
1865 


1887 
1912 


1900 


1904 


1913 
1872 * 


1885 
1914 
1887 


1905 
1912 
1880 
1894 


1883 
1913 
1905 
1914 
1879 
1902 
1899 


1907 
1886 


Mason, Lowell, 22 and 23, Club Arcade, Durban, Natal. 

Massey, Herbert, Ivy-Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Manchester, 

MaruHew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., (CouNcIL, 
1887), Lee House, Dovercourt, Harwich. 

Marttuews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, 8. Devon. 

Mavuik, Samarenda, c/o Messrs. T. Cook & Son, Ludgate-circus, 
E.C. ; and Fitzwilliam Hall, Cambridge. 

Maxwett-Lerroy, H., Imperiul College of Science and Technology, 
South Kensington, S.W. 

Meapg-Watpo, Geoffrey, M.A., (Counctn, 1914— ), Edenbridge, 
Kent; British Musewm (Natural History), Cromwell-road, 8.W., 
and Hever Wurren. 

MeabDeEN, Louis, Melbourne, Dyke-road, Preston, Brighton. 

Meupona, Professor Raphael, Hon. D.Se. Oxon, Hon. LL.D. St. 
Andrews, F.R.S., F.C.S., F.LC., F.R.A.S., ete. (PRES., 1895-6 ; 
V.-Pres., 1881, 1884, 1897, 1903, 1908 ; Sxc., 1876-80 ; CouNncIL, 
1874-5, 1884-5, 1889-92, 1903, 1907-8), 6, Brunswick-square, W.C. 

MELVILL, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury. 

Menon, J. R., B.A., Vrichur, Cochin State, S. India. 

MrerriFIELD, Frederic, (Pres., 1905-6 ; V.-PRes., 1893, 1907 ; SEc., 
1897-8 ; Councrn, 1894, 1899), 14, Clifton-terrace, Brighton. 

Merry, Rev. W. Mansell, M.A., St. MJichael’s, Oxford. 

Metcatre, Rev. J. W., The Vicarage, Ottery St. Mary, Devon. 

Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough. 

Mratr, Louis Compton, F.R.S., (Counctin, 1903, 1908), Norion Way 
N., Letchworth. 

Mines, W. H., c/o E. Step, Esq., Oakwood House, Ashstead, 
Surrey. 

Miter, F. V. Bruce, Livingston, N. Rhodesia, Africa. 

Mirrorp, Robert Sidney, C.B., Thornlea, Weybridge. 

Mriyakh, Dr. Tsunekata, The Agricultural College, Tokyo Imperial 
University, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan. 

Monteiro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar, 

Lisbon. 

Monrcomery, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shalimar Gardens, Pembridge- 

road, North Acton, W. 

Moore, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe. 

Moors, Mrs. Catharine Maria, Greyscliff, Newquay, Cornwall. 

Moreay, A. C. F., F.LS., 185, Oakwood-court, Kensington, W. 


1889 + Moricr, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford, 


(PRES., 1911, 1912, V.-PREs., 1902, 1904, 1913 ; Councin, 1902-4), 
Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking. 


1895 + Mortey, Claude, F.Z.8., Monk Soham House, Suffolk. 


1912 
1907 
1893 


Morre.t, R. D’A., Authors’ Club, 1, Whitehall-court, 8.W. 
Mortimer, Charles H., Royton Chase, Byfleet, Surrey. 
Morron, Kenneth J., 18, Blackford-road, Edinburgh. 


( xxiii) 


1910 Mosety, Martin E., 21, Alewandra-court, Queen’s-gate, S.W. 

1900 Moser, Julius, 59, Bulow-strasse, Berlin. 

1882 Mostey, 8. L., The Musewm and Technical College, Huddersfield. 

1911 Moss, Rev. A. Miles, Helm, Windermere. 

1907 + Movuron, John C., Sarawak Museum, Sarawak, 

1911 Mounsny, J. Jackson, 24, Glencairn-crescent, Hdinburgh. 

1901 f Murr, Frederick, H.S.P.A. Hauperiment Station, Honolulu, Oahu, 
Ji bd he 

1912 + Muay, Jal Phirozshah, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.8., Professor of Biology, 
St. Xavier’s College, Lamington-road, Great Road Post, Bombay, 
India. 

1869 | Mtuuer, Albert, F.R.G.S., (Councin, 1872-3), c/o Herr A. Miiller- 
Mechel, Grenzacherstrasse 60, Basle, Switzerland. 

1914 Murray, George W., Dirimu Estate, Binaturi River, Daru, Papwa. 

1909 MusuHam, John F., 48, Brook-street, Selby, Yorks. 


19038 Neave, S. A., M.A., B.Sc., 24, de Vere-gardens, Kensington, W. 

1901 Nevinson, E. B., Jorland, Cobham, Surrey. 

1907 Newman, Leonard Woods, Bexley, Kent. 

1913 Newman, Leslie John William, Bernard-street, Claremont, 
W. Australia. 

1909 NewsreaD, Alfred, The Grosvenor Museum, Chester. 

1890 Newsrean, Robert, M.Sc., A.L.S., Hon. F.R.H.S., Dutton Memorial 
Professor of Entomology, The School of Tropical Medicine, Univer- 
sity of Liverpool. 

1914 NicHonson, Charles, 35, The Avenue, Hale-end, Chingford, N.E. 

1909 NicHotson, Gilbert W., M.A., M.D., (Councrin, 1913— ), Oxford 
and Cambridge Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. 

1886 NicHouson, William E., School Hill, Lewes. 

1906 Nix, John Ashburner, Tilgate, Craivley, Sussex, 

1912 Noaxus, Alfred, The Hill, Witley, Surrey. 

1914 Norris, Frederic de la Mare, The Agricultural Department, Kuala 
Lumpwr, Federated Malay States. 

1915 Norrscots, Dr. A. B., Blenheim House, Monkgate, York. 

1878 Norrimer, Thomas, Ashford, Kent. 

1895 Nurse, Lt.-Colonel C. G., Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds. 


1877 OBeERtTHUR, René, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France. 

1893 + OaiE, Bertram 8., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire. 

1910 OxpakeERr, Francis A., M.A., The Red House, Haslemere. 
1913 Ormiston, Walter, Kalupahani, Haldumulle, Ceylon. 


1895 Pager, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine’s Park, S.E. 
1912 Parerson, Edward J., Fairholme, Crowborough. 

1907 Prap, Clement H., Box 252, Bulawayo, South Africa. 

1911 Pearson, Douglas, Chilwell House, Chilwell, Notts. 

1915 PrttE, Major Harry Diamond, I.M.S., Bannu, N.W.FP., India. 


( xxv) 


1914. PENDLEBURY, Wm. J. von Monté, Broadlands, Shrewsbury, and ° 
Keble College, Oxford. 

1883 PéRINGUEY, Louis, D.Sc., F.Z.S., Director, South African Museum, 
Cape Town, South Africa. 

1903 f Perkins, R. C. L., M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.8., Park Hill House, Paignton, 
Devon; and Board of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, 
Honolulu, Hawaii. 

1879 PERKINS, Vincent Robert, Wotton-under-Edge. 

1907 + PERRINS, J. A. D., 3rd Seaforth Highlanders, Davenham, Malvern. 

1897 Puiiips, Capt. Hubert C., M.R.C.S., L.S.A., 37, Princes-square, 
Bayswater, W. ; 

1903 + Puitiies, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., Devonshire House Prepara- 
tory School, Reigate. 

1891 Prerce, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool. 

1903 PincuEr, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133, Gloucester. 
road, Kensington, 8.W. 

1913 Pratt, Ernest Edward, 408, Essenwood-road, Durban, Natal. 

1885 Poun, J. R. H. Neerwort van der, Driebergen, Netherlands. 

1870 f Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.S., (Councin, 1887), Him Lea, Dalton, 
Huddersfield. 

1913 Porter, Prof. Carlos, C.M.Z.S., Professor of Zoology, Agriculturai 
Institute, Santiago, Chile. 

1884 + Poutton, Professor Edward B., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., 
F.Z.8., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford, 
(PRES., 1903-4 ; V.-PREs., 1894-5, 1902, 1905 ; Counci1, 1886-8, 
1892, 1896, 1905-7), Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford. 

1905 PowetL, Harold, 7, we Mireille, Hyéres (Var), France. 

1908 Prarr, William B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey. 

1878 Prick, David, 48, West-street, Horsham. 

1908 PripEAux, Robert M., Woodlands, Brasted Chart, Sevenoaks. 

1904 PriskE, Richard A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Haling. 

1893 Prout, Lonis Beethoven, (Councin, 1905-7), 84, Albert-road, 
Dalston, N.E. 

1910 Punnett, Professor Reginald Crundall, M.A., Caius College, 
Cambridge. 


1900 Ratnsow, William J., The Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W. 

1912 Rair-Surry, W.,Abertillery, Monmouthshire. 

1913 Rao, H. Ananthaswamy, Curator of the Government Museum, 
Bangalore, India. 

1907 Raywarp, Arthur Leslie, Rockford, Beechwood-road, Sanderstead. 

1898 Retron, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland. 

1898 Reuter, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland. 

1910 DE Ruk-PHiuiPL, G. W. V., c/o Grindlay & Co., Hastings-street, 
Calcutta. 

1912 Ritry, Norman Denbigh, 94, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting, S.W. ; 
and British Musewm (Natural History), S. Kensington, S.W. 


(  ¢exs-_) 


1908 Rippon, Claude, M.A., 28, Walton-street, Oxford. 

1905 Roprnson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpur 
Selangor. 

1904 Rosrnson, Lady, Worksop Manor, Notts. 

1869 + Ropinson-Doverias, William Douglas, M.A., F.LS., F.R.GS., 
Orchardton, Castle Douglas. 

1908 Rocers, The Rev. K. St. Aubyn, M.A., Church Missionary Society 
Mombasa, British Hast Africa. 

1886 Ross, Arthur J., 1, Harewood-road, S. Croydon. 

1912 Rosen, Kurt, Baron, Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich. 

1907 Rosrnpere, W. F. H., 57, Haverstock-hill, N.W. 

1868 Roruney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper 
Norwood, 8.E. 

1894 + Rotuscaiip, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 
PRESIDENT, (V.-PRes., 1914; CouncinL, 1904, 1913— ), Arwndel- 
house, Kensington Palace Gardens, W. 

1888 + Roruscuitp, The Right Honble. Lord, D.Sc., F.R.S., P.L5., F.Z.8., 
(CounciL, 1900), Zoological Museum, Tring. 

1890 RovurtiepeE, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle. 

1913 Rownpen, Alfred Oliver, 3, Archibald-road, Exeter. 

1887 Rowx.anp-Brown, Henry, M.A., (V.-Pres., 1908, 1910; Szc., 
1900-10 ; CounciL, 1914- ), Oxhey-qrove, Harrow Weald. 

1910 Rupes, Charles Henry. 

1898 Russet, A., Wilverley, Dale-road, Purley. 

1892 RussE.1, 8. G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C. 


1905 Sr. Quintin, W. H., Scampton Hall, Rillington, York. 

1906 Sampson, Colonel F. Winn, 74, Vineyard Hill-road, Wimbledon 
Park. 

1910 Saunpers, H. A., Brookfield-house, Swanage. 

1901 Scuaus, W.,F.Z.S.,U.S. National Musewm, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 

1907 ScumassMann, W., Beulah Lodge, London-rcad, Enfield, N. 

1912 ScHunck, Charles A., Hwelme, Wallingford. 

1881 Scouuick, A. J., 8, Himswood, Malden-road, New Malden. 

1911 Scorer, Alfred George, Hill Crest, Chilworth, Guildford. 

1909 Scorr Hugh, M.A., F.L.S., Curator in Entomology, University 
Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. 

1911 Scorr, Perey William Affleck, Chinese Imperial Customs Service, 
Hangchow, China. 

1912 Serrz, Dr. Adalbert, 59, Bismarckstrasse, Darmstadt, Germany. 

1911 Sous, Cuthbert F., M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Agra, Barton-on- 
Sea, New Milion, Hants. 

19117 Sennert, Noel Stanton, 32, Bolton-gardens, &. Kensington, 
S.W. 

1862 Suarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., (Pres., 1887-8 ; 
V.-PREs., 1889, 1891-2, 1896, 1902-3; Sxc., 1867; CounctL, 
1893-5, 1902-4), Lawnside, Brockenhurst, Hants. 


(oiseuvn’ ‘) 


1902 Saarp, W. E., (Councin, 1912-13), Charterlea, Wokinghum-road, 
Crowthorne, Berks. 

1915 Suaw, Dr. A. Eland, c/o R. Kelly Esq., Solicitor, 59, Swanston- 
street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 

1886 SHaw, George T. (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library), 
William Brown-street, Liverpool. 

1905 SuHeLpon, W. George, Youlgreave, South Croydon. 

1900 | SHEPHEARD-Watwyn, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey. 

1887 + Stcu, Alfred, (Councrtn, 1910-12), Corney House, Chiswick, W. 

1911 Simes, James A., Mon Repos, Monkham’s-lane, Wood ford-green, Essex. 

1904 Simmonps, Hubert W., 12, Gray’s Chambers, Court House-lane, 
Auckland, New Weaken 

1913 SrrweEwy, Capt. F., Wooler, Northumberland. 

1902 SrapeEn, Frederick William Lambart, Dept. of Agriculture, Central 
Experimental Farm, Ottaiva, Canada. 

1902 Stover, Gerard Orby, F.ZS., J.P., Badminton Club, Piccadilly, W. 

1907 Sty, Harold Baker, Mupledean, Ringley-avenue, Horley. 

1906 Smatiman, Raleigh 8., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle-road, Beckenham, 
Kent. 

1915 Smrrx, Adam Charles, Horton, Mornington-road, Woodford Green. 

1901 Swmirx, Arthur, County Museum, Lincoln. 

1911 Smirs, B. H., B.A., Edgehill, Warlingham, Surrey. 

1912 Surry, Roland T., 131, Queen’s-road, Wimbledon, 8.W. 

1898 Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 34, Ferndale-road, Hove. 

1885 Sours, Richard, (Counocrn, 1890-1), 4, Mapesbury-court, Shoot-wp 
Hill, Brondesbury, N. 

1908 SpryER, Edward R., Ridgehurst, Shenley, Herts. 

1889 SranpEN, Richard 8., F.L.S., (Councin, 1906), Newlyn, Romsey, 
Hants. 

1910 Sranuey, The Rev. Hubert George, Marshfield Vicarage, Cardiff. 

1898 Srarss, C. L. B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Zhe Limes, Swanley Junction, 
Kent. 

1898 Srespine, Henry, Chasewood, Round Oak-road, Weybridge. 

1910 Srenton, Rupert, St. Hdward’s, St. Mary Church, Torquay. 

1910 SronrHam, Hugh Frederick, Lieut. 1st Batt. E. Surrey Reet., 
Stoneleigh, Reigate. 

1913 Srorey, Gilbert, Dept. of Agriculture, Cairo, Bante 

1915 Srorv, Gharies Ernest, Woodcroft, Eglington-road, Chingford, Essex. 

1896 SrrRicKkLanp, T. A. Gerald, Southcott, Poulton, Fairford. 

1900 Srupp, K. A. C., P.O. Box 906, Vancouver, British Columbia. 

1895 Srupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter. 

1908 Swierstra, Corn. J., lst Assistant, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. 

1884 SwinHor, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (V.-PREs., 1894 ; 
CounciL, 1891-3 ; 1902-4), 6, Gunterstone-road, Kensington, W. 

1894 SwiynHog, Ernest, 6, Gunterstone-road, Kensington, W. 

1876 Swinton, A. H., Oak Villa, Braishfield, Romsey, Hants. 

1911 Swynnerton, C. F. M., Gungunyana, Melsetter, S.-H. Rhodesia. 


1910 
1908 
1911 


1893 
TSIM 


1903 
1914 


1909 
1910 
1901 
1892 
1907 


1911 
1897 


1907 


1914 


1907 


Gr yxzyil~) 


Tart, Robt., junr., Roseneath, Harborough-road, Ashton-on-Mersey. 

TaBot, G., Witley Village, Surrey. 

Tautz, P. H., Cranleigh, Pinner, Middlesex. 

Taytor, Charles B., Gap, Lancaster County, Penn., U.S.A. 

Taytor, Frank H., Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine, 
Townsville, Queensland. 

Taytor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds. 

TEMPERLEY, Reginald, Trevena, Harlow Oval, Harrogate, and 
PP Aurore, Vevey-la-Tour, Vaud, Switzerland. 

Trriey, Alfred, M.A., 22, Avenue-road, Scarborough. 

THEOBALD, Prof. F. V., M.A., Wye Court, Wye. 

THompson, Matthew Lawson, 40, Gosford-street, Middlesbrough. 

THoRNLEY, The Rey. A., M.A., F.L.S., “ Hughenden,” Coppice-road, 
Nottingham. 

TittyarpD, R. J., M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow in 
Zoology, Kuranda, Mount Errington, Hornsby, New South Wales. 

Topp, R. G., The Limes, Hadley Green, N. 

Tomuty, J. R. le B., M.A., (Counc 1911-3), Lakefoot, Hamilton- 
road, Reading. 

Toner, Alfred Ernest, (Counctr, 1915- ), Aincroft, Reigate, 
Surrey. 

DE LA TorRE Bueno, J. R., Dasenbury Place, White Plains, New 
York, U.S.A. 

TRAGARDH, Dr. Ivar, The University, Upsala, Sweden. 


1859 + Trimen, Roland, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., (PRes., 1897-8; V.-PREs., 


1906 


1895 
1910 
1898 
1893 


1906 
1915 


1893 


1896, 1899; Counctn, 1868, 1881, 1890), 33, Croftdown-road, 
Highgate-road, N.W. 

Tuxtocu, Col. B., The King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, ¢/o 
Messrs. Cox & Co., 16, Charing Cross, S.W. 

Tunatey, Henry, Castleton, Searle-road, Farnham. 

Turati, Conte Emilio, 4, Piazza S. Alessandro, Milan, Italy. 

Turner, A. J., M.D., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia. 

Turner, Henry Jerome, (Counctt, 1910-12), 98, Drakefell-road, 
St. Catherine's Park, Hatcham, 8.E. 

TuRNER, Rowland E.,(Councrn, 1909-10). 

Tytier, H. C., Vacoas, Mawritius. 


Uricu, Frederick William, C.M.Z.S., Port of Spain, Trinidad, 
British West Indies. 


1904 + Vauauan, W., The Old Rectory, Beckington, Buth. 


1914 


1909 
1911 


1895 


VertcH, Robert, Entomologist, c/o Colonial Sugar Refining Co., 
Rarawai Mill, Fiji Islands. 

Vivier, Leopold A., The Curmelite Stone House, Rye, Sussex, 

VITALIS DE Sauyaza, R., Vientiane, Laos, Indo-China. 


WacHER, Sidney, F.R.C.8., Dane John, Canterbury. 


( ‘sve ) 


1897 WarnwriGut, Colbran J., (Counctn, 1901, 1912-14), 45, Handsworth 
Wood-road, Handsworth, Birmingham. 

1878 Walker, James J.. M.A. R.N., F.LS., Secretary, 1905- 
(Councrt, 1894; Sec. 1899), Aorangi, Lonsdale-road, Summer- 
town, Oxford. 

1912 Watuacz, Henry S., 6, Kayle-road Villas, Sunderland. 

1914 Wats, Mrs. Maria Ernestina, Soekaboemi, Java, Dutch Last 
Indies. 

1866 + WatstncHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, (PREs., 1889-90 ; V.-PREs., 
1882, 1888, 1891-2, 1894-5; CounciL, 1896), British Museum 
(Natural History), Cromwell-road, 8.W. 

1910 Warp, John J., Riusinurbe House, Somerset-road, Coventry. 

1908 Warren, Brisbane C. §8., le Chatagny, Territet, Switzerland. 

1869 WarerHouss, Charles O., I.8.0., (PRES., 1907-8 ; V.-PREs., 1900, 
1909 ; CouncrL, 1873, 1882-3; 1898-1900), Ingleside, Avenue- 
gardens, Acton, W. 

1901 +} WaTERHOUSE, Gust avus A., B.Sc., F.C.S., Milonit ie, Stanhope-road, 
Killara, New South W ithe Australia. 

1914 Waterson, Rey. James, B.D., B.Sc., 22, Blandford-road, Bedford 
Park, W. 

1914 Warr, Morris N., St. John’s Hill, Wanganui, New Zealand. 

1893 Wess, John Cooper, 218, Upland-road, Dulwich, 8.E. 

1876 | WesterRN, E. Young, 27, Pembridge- square, Notting Hill 
Gate, W. 

1906 WuertEerR, The Rev. George, M.A., F.Z.S., (SecrerarRy, 1911- ; 
V.-PREs., 1914), 37, Gloucester-place, W. 

1910 Watrr, Edward Barton, M.R.C.S., Cardig’ City Mental Hospital, 


Cardiff. 

1911 . Warrenouss, H. Beckwith, M.S., F.R.C.S., 52, Newhall-street, Bir- 
mingham. 

1913 + Wuirtry, Percival N., Brantwood, Halifax; and New College, 
Oxford. 


1913 + WuHirraKER, Osear, Ormidale, Ashlands, Ashton-uwpon-Mersey. 

1911 Wauutrrrycuam, Rev. W. G., Knighton Rectory, Leicester. 

1906 Wickwar, Oswin 8., Charlemont, Gregory-road, Colombo, Ceylon. 

1903 Wiaerns, Clare A., M.R.C.S., Entebbe, Uganda. 

1896 Wireman, A. E., Thatched House Club, St. James’-street, 8.W. 

1910 Wrutucocks, Frank C., Entomologist to the Khedivial Agricultural 
Society, Cairo, Hqypt. 

1911 Witutams, C. B., The John Innes Horticultural Institute, Mostyn- 
road, Merton, Surrey. 

1915 WrtaMs, Harold Beck, 82, Filey-avenue, Stoke Newington, N. 

1915 Winn, Albert F., 32, Springfield-avenue, Westmount, Montreal, 
Canada. 

1894. Wo.iEy-Dop, F. H., Millarville P. O., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada. 

1881 Woop, The Rev. Theodore, The Vicarage, Lyford-road, Wandsworth 
Common, S.W. 


1905 


1914 


1912 


1888 


1892 


(| xxix ) 


WooperinGk, Francis Charles, South Mead, The Common, Gerrard’s 
Cross 8.0., Bucks. 

WoovrorDE, Francis Cardew, B.A., 19, Friar’s Entry, Oxford. 

WoopruFFE-Pracock, Rev. E. Adrian, F.L.S, F.G.S., Cadney 
Vicarage, Brigg, Lincolnshire. 


YerRBurRY, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S., (CouncriL, 1896, 
1903-5), 2, Ryder-street, St. James’s, S.W. 
Youpats, William Henry, F.R.M.S., 21, Belle [sle-street, Workington. 


ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 


DurRiInG THE YEAR 1915. 


Agar (W. E.). Experiments on inheritance in parthogenesis. 
[Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., Series B, Vol. 205, 1914. ] 
By Exchange. 


Apricu (J. M.). The Dipterous genus Symphoromyza in North America, 
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIX, 1915.] 
The Smithsonian Institution. 


ALEXANDER (C. P.). Description of new species of Crane-flies from Central 
America. 
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVIII, 1915.] 


—-— On a collection of Javanese Crane-flies (Tipulidae, Diptera) in the 
United States National Museum. 
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIX, 1915.] 
The Smithsonian /nstitution. 


ANNUAL Report of Division of Entomology, Pretoria, 1913-14. Issued 
June 10th, 1915. The Division of Entom., Pretoria, 


ARNOLD (G.). Monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa (Ponerinae, 
Dolichoderinae and Dorylinae). 
[Ann. South African Mus., Vol. XIV, Part I, 1915.] 
The Author. 


Awati (P. R.). The mechanism of suction in the Potato Capsid Bug, 
Lygus pabulinus, Linn. 
[Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Sept. 1914. ] The Author. 


Back (E. A.). The Mediterranean Fruit Fly in Bermuda (Ceratitis capitata, 


ied.). 
U.S. Dept. Agric,, Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 161, 1914. 
Pp 


—- and Pemserron (C. E.). Life History of the Melon Fly (Bactrocera 
cucurbitae, Coq.). 
[Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. III. No. 3, 1914. ] 


Susceptibility of Citrous Fruits to the attack of the 
Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratit’s capitata, Wied.). 
[Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. III, No. 4, 1915. ] 


Life History of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratzt7s 
capitata, Wied.) from the standpoint of parasite introduction. 

[Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. III, No. 5, 1915.] 

U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Bacor(A. W.). Observations on the length of time that fleas (Cerataphyllus 
fasciatus) carrying Bacillus pestis in their alimentary canals are 
able to survive in the absence of a Host and retain the power 
to re-infect with plague. 

Further notes on the mechanism of the Transmission of Plague by 
fleas. Notes on the development of Bacillus pestis in bugs 
(Cimex lectularius) and their power to convey infection. 

[Journ, Hygiene, Plague Suppl. IV, Jan. 1915.] = Lhe Author. 


( ‘x ) 


Baker (A. C.). The Woolly Apple Aphis. 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Report No. 101, 1915. ] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
——— [See Quarnrance (A. L.).] 


Batiarp (B. A.). Mango-hopper control experiments (Jdiocerus niveo- 
sparsus). 


[Agric. Journ. India, Vol. X, Part 4, 1915.] India Office. 


Bation (H. A.). Insect Pests of the Lesser Antilles. 
[Imp. Dept. Agric. W. I., Pamphlet Series, No. 71, 1912. ] 
Imp. Dept. Agric. W. I. 


Bertrse (A.) Intorno allo riproduzione ed al dimorfismo sessuale negli 
insetti. 
[Redia, Vol. X, Fasc. 1, 1914.] G, C. Champion. 


BetuuneE (C.J.8.). Bibliography of Canadian Entomology for the year 1913, 
[Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Ser. III, Vol. VIII, 1914. | 
The Royal Society, Canada. 


Bezzt (M.). The Syrphidae of the Ethiopian Region, based on the material 
in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History), 
1915. By Exchange. 


Bisnorp (F. C.). Fleas. 
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 248, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


BLAKESLEE(E. B.), American Plum Borer (Euzophera semifuneralis, Walk.). 


[U. 8S. Dept, Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 261, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


[See Brooks (F. E.).] 


Bo.ivar (C.). Eumastacinos nuevos 6 poco conocidos (Orth., Locustidae). 
[‘Trabajos del Mus. Nac. Cienc. Nat., Ser. Zool., Num. 16, 1915.] 
The Author. 


Brooks (F. H.). Apple Root Borer (Agrilus vittaticollis, Rand.). 
[Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. III, No. 2, 1914.] 


—— The Parandra borer as an orchard enemy. 
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 262, 1915.] 


and BLaKESLEE (EH. B.). Studies of the Codling moth in the Central 
Appalachian Region. 
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 189, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Bruce (Sir David) and others. Scientific Commission of the Royal Society, 
Nyasaland, 1912-14. 
Glossina brevipalpis as a Carrier of Trypanosome Disease in 
Nyasaland. 
Trypanosoma pecorum. Development in Glossina morsitans. 
Trypanosomes found in wild Glossina morsitans. 
The food of Glossina morsitans. 
Infectivity of Glossina morsitans in Nyasaland during 1912 and 1913. 
The Trypanosome causing disease in Man in Nyasaland. 
[Proc. Roy. Soc., Biol. Sciences, Ser. B, Vol. 88, Nos. B 600, 602, 
Aug. and Sept. 1914. ] By Exchange. 


Brunner (J.). The Sequoia Pitch Moth, a menace to pine in Western 
Montana (Vespamima sequoia). 
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 111, 1914.] 


——-— Douglas fir pitch moth (Ses¢a novaroensis). 
LU. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 255, 1915. ] 


———— The Zimmerman pine moth (Pinipestis zimmermani, Grote). 
LU.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 295, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


(Giee.8- 0-20. 


Burcess (A. F.). Report on the Gipsy Moth work in New England. 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 204, 1915.] 


———— and Cottins (C. W.). The Calosoma Beetle (Calosoma sycophanta) 
in New England. 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 251, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric, 
Buscx (A.). The European Pine-shoot Moth (Hvetria buoliana, Schiff.); a 
serious menace to pine timber in America. 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 120, 1915. ] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Cameron (A. E.). A contribution to a knowledge of the Belladonna Leaf- 
miner, Peyomyia hyoscyami, Panz., its life-history and biology. 
[Annals Applied Biol., Vol. I, 1914.] 
Dept. Agric. Ent., Manchester. 


———— Potato spraying and dusting in New Jersey, U.S.A. [A method for 
controlling the potato flea-beetle, Epitrix cucumeris, Harr. | 
[Bull. Ent. Research, Vol. VI, 1915.] The Author. 


Carrer (H. F.). On some previously Undescribed Tabanidae from Africa, 
[Ann. Tropical Med. and Parasitology, Vol. IX, No. 1, 1915.] 
The Author. 


Caszy (T. L.). Memoirs on the Coleoptera, Vol. VI, 1915. 
The Author. 


Caupett (A. N.). Notes on some United States Grasshoppers of the family 
Acrididae. 
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIX, 1915.] 
The Smithsonian Institution. 


CuAmpion (G. C.). The Xylophilidae of Ceylon. 
[Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. XVI, 1915.] 


——— On some new XAylophili from Borneo and Penang. 
[Ent. Monthly Mag., Ser. 3, Vol. I, 1915.] The Author. 


CuapMAN (T. A.) An analysis of the species of the genus Curetis, chiefly 
based on an examination of the specimens in the Zoological 
Museum, Tring. 
[Nov. Zool. XXII, Feb. 1915.] The Author. 


CHATTERJEE (N. C.). [See Imus (A. D.).] 


CutrTEnvEN (F. H.). The Violet Rove-beetle (Apocellus sphaericollis, Say). 
LU. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull, No. 264, 1915.) 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Ciausen (C. P.). Mealy Bugs of Citrus trees. 
[Coilege Agric. Exper. Station, Berkeley, California, Bull. No. 258, 
1915.] G. C. Champion. 


Crieare (L. D., Junr.). <A note on the recent attack of Brassolis sophorae. 
(Journ. Board Agric, Brit. Guiana, Vol. VIII, 1915.] : 
The Board of Agric. 
Coan (B. R.). Recent studies of the Mexican Cotton boll weevil. 
LU. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 231, 1915.] 
——— Relation of the Arizona Wild Cotton Weevil to cotton planting in 
the arid West. 
LU. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 233,1915.] 
U. S. Dept. Agric. 
CockeErE.t (T. D. A.). British Fossil Insects. 
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIX, 1915.] fi 4) 
The Smithsonian Institution. 
—— | PEGMACK ARDEA S5):l 


(| xxxiii ) 


Corts (C. W.). Dispersion of Gipsy-moth larvae by the wind. 
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Hntom., Bull. No. 273, 1915. ] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
———— [See Burasss (A. F.).] 


Coox (F. C.). Further experiments in the destruction of Fly larvae in horse 
manure. 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 245, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


CRAIGHEAD (F. C.). Larvae of the Prioninae. 
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Report No. 107, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Crawrorp (D. L.). A Monograph of the jumping Plant-lice or Psyllidae 
of the New World. 
[Smithsonian Inst. U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. No. 85, 1914. | 


———— (J.C.). Descriptions of new Hymenoptera. No. 9. 
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVIII, 1915. ] 
The Smithsonian Institution. 
Crippte (N.). The Hessian-fly and the western Wheat-stem Saw-fly in 
Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. 
[Dominion Canada, Dept. Agric., Ent. Branch, Bull. No. 11, 1915. ] 
Canad. Dept. Ayric. 
Crosspy (C. R.) and Lronarp (M. D.). The Tarnished Plant-bug (Lygus 
pratensis, Linn.). 
[Cornell Univ., Agric. Exper. Station College Agric., Dept. Entom., 
Bull. No. 346, June 1914.] Cornell College Agric. 
Crorcn (G. R.). List of all the Coleoptera described a.p. 1758-1821, 
referred to their modern genera. Carabidae and Dytiscidae. 
Cambridge, 1871. Hugh Scott. 
CusHMan (R. A.). Descriptions of six new species of Ichneumon-flies. 
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVIII, 1915. ] 
The Smithsonian Institution. 


Dayipson (W. M.). Walnut Aphides in California. 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 100, 1914.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Dayis (J. J.). The Cyrus Thomas collection of Aphididae, and a tabulation 
of species mentioned and described in his publications. 
_ [Bull. Illinois State Laboratory Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Article II, 1913. ] 
G. C. Champion. 
—— —— The Oat-Aphis (Aphis avenae, Fab.). 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 112, 1914.] 


The Yellow Clover Aphis (Cal/ipterus trifoliz, Monell). 
[U.8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser. No. 25, Part II, 
1914.] 
———— The Pea Aphis with relation to forage crops. 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 276, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Dz (M. N.). How to improve Silk-reeling in Bengal. 
[Agric. Research Inst., Pusa, Bull. No. 44, 1915. ] 
——— First Report on the Experiments carried out at Pusa to improve 
the Mulberry Silk Industry. 
[Agric. Research Inst., Pusa, Bull. No. 48, 1915.] 
The Institute. 
DonistHorPE (H. St. J. K.). British Ants, their life history and their 
classification. Plymouth, 1915. Purchased. 


C 


(/ xxiv ) 


Draxe (C. J.). [See Ossorn (H.).] 


Duckett (A. B.). Para-dichlorobenzene as an insect fumigant. 
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 167, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Du Porte (HK. Melville). On the Nervous System of the Larva of Sphida 
obliqua, Walk. 
[Traus. Roy. Soc. Canada, Ser. III, Vol. VIII, 1915.] 
Royal Soc. Canada. 
Escatera (M. M.). Los Coléopteros de Marruecos. 
[Trabajos del Mus. Nac. Cienc. Nat., Ser. Zool. Num. 11, 1914.] 
The Author. 
Fett (E. P.). New Genera and species of Gall Midges. 
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVIIT, 1915.] 
The Sinithsonian Institution. 
Ferris (G. F.). [See Kertoae (V. L.).] 


Finx (D. E.). The Egg plant Lace-bug (Gargaphia solani, Heidem.) 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 239, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Foret (A.). Hinige amerikanische Ameisen. 
[Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1914. ] 
Formicides d’Afrique et d’Amérique nouveaux ou peu connus, 
[Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat., 5, Ser., Vol. L, No. 184, 1914.] 
Formicides d’Afrique et d’Amérique nouveau ou peu connus. 
II° Partie. 
[Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat., 5° Ser., Vol. L, No. 185, 1915.] 
—— Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg’s Swedish Scientific Expeditions to 
Australia, 1910-13. II. Ameisen. 
[Arkiv for Zool., Band IX, No. 16, 1915.] 
- —---— Fauna Simalurensis. Hymenoptera Aculeata, Fam. Formicidae. 
(Tijdschr. voor Ent., Deel LVIIT, 1915.] The Author. - 
Fostrr (8S. W.) and Jones (P. R.). The life history and habits of the Pear 
Thrips in California. 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 173, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Fracker (8. B.). The Classification of Lepidopterous larvae. 
[Illinois Biol. Monographs, Vol. II, No. 1, 1915.] 
G. C. Champion. 
Froecart (W. W.). Australasian Hispidae of the genera Bronthispa and 


Promecotheca which destroy coconut palm fronds. 
[ Bull. Entom. Research, Vol. V, 1914. ] 
A descriptive Catalogue of the Scale insects (Coccidae) of Australia, 
Part I. 
[Dept. Agric. New South Wales, Science Bull. No. 14, 1915.] 
Sheep-maggot Flies. 
[Dept. Agric. New South Wales, Farmer’s Bull. No. 95, 1915.] 
Dept. Agric. NSW, 
FULLER (C.). A new sugar-cane pest (Se¢rpophaya auriflua.) 


Transvaal Dept. Agric. 
Futon (B. B.). [See Parrott (P. J.). ] 


Ganan (A. B.). A Revision of the North American Ichneumon-flies of the 
Subfam. Opiinae. 
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIX, 1915. ] 
The Smithsonian Institution. 
GaicE (F. M.). Results of the Mershon Expedition to the Charity Islands, 
Lake Huron. The Formicidae of Charity Island. 
[Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 5, Dec. 1914.] 
University Michigan. 


(ey: 3) 


Gates (B. N.). The Temperature of the Bee Colony. 
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 96, 1914. ] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
GuosuH (C. C.). Bee-keeping. 
[ Agric. Research Inst., Pusa, Bull. No. 46,1915.] The Institute. 


Gipson (A.). The Entomological Record for 1914. 
[Forty-fifth Ann. Report Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1914.] 
Ent. Soc. Ontario. 
———— A new Elachistid Moth (Heliodines nyctaginella) from Manitoba. 
[Canad. Entom., Vol. XLVI, 1914. ] 
—-— The Control of Locusts in Eastern Canada. 
[Dominion Canada, Dept. Agric., Ent. Branch, Circular No. 5, 1915. | 


——— The Army-worm, Cirphus (Leucania) unipuncta, Haw. 
[Dominion Canada, Dept. Agric., Ent. Branch, Bull. No. 9, 1915. ] 
———— Cutworms and their control. 
{Dominion Canada, Dept. Agric., Ent. Branch, Bull. No. 10, 1915.] 
Canad. Dept. Agric. 
——— (HE. H.). The sharp-headed grain Leafhopper (Draeculacephala 
mollipes, Say). 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 254, 1915.] 
U. S. Dept. Agric. 
GLAsER (R. W.). Wilt of Gipsy-moth Caterpillars. 
(Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. IV, 1915.] U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana, Pts. CCXIV, CCXV, 1915: 


Introductory Volume, by F. D. Godman. Insecta [Lepido- 
ptera, Vol1V.], by Lord Walsingham. [Whole series completed 


in June 1915. ] The Editor. 
GRAYHILL (H. W.). Repellents for protecting Animals from the attacks of 
Flies. 


(U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 131, 1914.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
GREEN (H. E.). Observations on British Coccidae in 1914, with descriptions 
of new species. 
[Ent. Monthly Mag., 3rd series, Vol. I, 1914. ] 


————- On a new species of Lecanium from Northern Nigeria. Notes on 
‘ Coccidae collected by F. P. Jepson, Government entomologist, 
Fiji. New species of Coccidae from Australia. 

[ Bull. Ent. Research, Vol. VI, 1915. | The Author. 


Hatrerr (H. M.). Entomological Notes. 
[Reprinted from Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., Vol. XLVII, 1914.] 
The Author. 
Hampson (Sir George F.). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the 
British Museum. 
[Suppl]. Vol. I (Plates). Amatidae and Arctiadae (Nolinae and 
Lithosianae). | By Exchange. 
Hecu (E.). Notice sur les Glossines ou Tsétsés. 
[Etudes de Biologie agricole: No. 1, London, 1915. ] 
The Publishers. 
Hewitt (C. G.). Applied Entomology in Canada: its rise and progress. 
[Forty-fourth Ann. Report Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1914.] 
Ent. Soc. Ontario. 
———— Observations on the feeding habits of the Stable-fly (Stomoxys 
calcttrans, L.). 
[Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Series IIT, Vol. VIII, 1914.] 
Royal Society, Canada. 


( xxv 


Hewirr (C. G.). House-fly control. 
[Agric. Gazette Canada, Vol. II, No. 5, May 1915. ] 
The Author. 


Notes on the pupation of the House-fly (Jfusca domestica) and its 
mode of over-wintering. 


[Canad. Entom., Vol. XLVII, 1915.] Canad. Dept. Agric. 
Hic (M. M.). Cactus Solution as an adhesive in arsenical sprays for 
Insects. 


[U.S8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 160, 1915.] 


The Huisache girdler (Oncideres putator). 
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 184, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Hopextss (H.E.). Susceptibility to spraying mixtures of hibernating Psy/la 
adults and their eggs. 
{New York Agric. Exper. Stat., Bull. No. 387, 1914.] 
The Exper. Station. 


—_——— [See Parnorr (P. J.).] 


Hoop (J. D.) and Witttams (C. B.). New Thysanoptera from Florida and 
Louisiana. 
(Journ. New York Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII, 1915. ] 
The Authors. 


Hopkins (A. D.). Preliminary classification of the superfamily Scolytoidea. 
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser. No. 17, Part II, 
1915. ] 


———— Classification of the Cryphalinae, with descriptions of new genera 
and species. 
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Ent., Report 99, 1915. ] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Horn (W.). [See Wytsman (P.).] 


Horton (J. R.) and Pemperton (C. E.). Katydids injurious to oranges in 
California. 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 256, 1915. ] 
U. S. Dept. Agric. 


Hupson (H.F.). Lucilia sericata, Meigen, attacking a live calf. 
{Canad. Entom., Vol. XLVI, 1914.] 
Canad. Dept. Agric. 


Hunter (W. D.). The Pink Bollworm (Gelechia gossypiella, Saund. ) 
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular issued Aug. 7, 1914. | 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Hurcuison (R. H.). A Maggot Trap in practical use; an experiment in 
house-fly control. 
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 200, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Hystor (J. A.). Wireworms attacking cereal and forage crops. 
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 156, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Imus (A. D.). Observations on the Homopterous Insect Phromnia (Plata) 
marginella, Oliv., in the Himalayas. 
{[Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc., Vol. LVIII, 1913- 
1914.] 


——— The Isle of Wight bee disease. 
[Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc. Engl., Vol. LX XV, 1914. ] 


——-~— The scope and aims of applied entomology. 
[ Parasitology, Vol. VII, 1914. ] The Author. 


(ev } 


Imus (A. D.) and Cuarrerser (N.C.). On the Structure and Biology of 
Tachardia lacca, Kerr, with observations on certain insects 
predaceous or parasitic upon it. 

[Indian Forest Memoirs, Forest Zool. Series III, Part 1, 1915.] 
India Office. 


Instructions to importers of trees, plants and other nursery stock into 
Canada. 
[Includes scheduled list of Insects. 
[Dominion Canada, Dept. Agric., Ent. branch, Circular No. 4, Revised 
edition, 1914. ] Canad. Dept. Agric. 


Jackson (A.). [See Macsrive (H. W.).] 


Janse (A. J. T.). Two new South African species of Striphnopterygidae. 
[Ann. Transvaal Mus., Vol. V, No. 1, 1915.] 


—-— Contribution towards our knowledge of the South African Lyman- 


triadae. 
[Ann. Transvaal Mus., Vol. V, No. 1, 1915.] The Author. 


Jounston (F. A.). Asparagus-beetle egg parasite. 
[Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. IV, No. 4, 1915, ] 
U. S. Dept. Agric. 
Jones (P. R.). [See Foster (S. W.).] 


———— (T.H.). Insects affecting vegetable crops in Porto Rico. 
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 192, 1915. ] 
U. S. Dept. Agric. 


Ketioce (V. L.). Mallophaga from birds of the South Atlantic. 
(Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sciences, Science Bull., Vol. II, 
No. 4, 1914.] The Museum. 


———— and Ferris (G. F.). The Anoplura and Mallophaga of North 
American Mammals. 
[Leland Stanford Jun. Univ., Pub!. Univ. Series, 1915.] 
The Authors. 


Ketty (E. O. G.). A new Sarcophagid parasite of Grasshoppers. 
[Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. II, No. 6, 1914. ] 


———— The Southern Corn Leaf-beetle (Myochrous denticollis, Say). 
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 221, 1915. ] 


———— A new Wheat Thrips (Prosopothrips coynatus, Hood). 

(Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. IV, No. 3, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
——— [See Wzsster (F. M.).] 


Kennepy (C. H.). Notes on the life history and Ecology of the Dragon-flies 
(Odonata) of Washington and Oregon. 


[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIX, 1915. ] 
The Smithsonian Institution. 


Knap (F.) and Yoruers (W. W.). Papaya Fruit Fly (Torotrypana curvi- 
cauda, Gerst.). 


[Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. II, No. 6, 1914. ] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Lronarp (M.D.). [See Crossy (C. R.).] 
Lyett (G.). [See WATERHOUSE (G. A.).] 


MacsripE (E. W.) and Jackson (A.). The Inheritance of Colour in the 
Stick-Insect, Carausius morosus. 


[Proc. Roy. Soc., Series B, Vol. 89, Biol. Sciences, 1915.] 
By Exchange. 


( xxvii) 


MacGitirvray (A. D.). The Immature stages of the Tenthredinoidea. - 
[Forty-fourth Ann. Report Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1913 (1914).] 
Ent. Soc. Ontario. 
Mattocn (J. R.). Notes on North American Diptera, with descriptions of 


new species in the collection of the Illinois State Laboratory of 
Natural History. 


[Bull. Illinois State Laboratory Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Article IV, 1914. ] 


——— The Chironomidae, or midges, of Illinois, with particular reference 
to the species occurring in the Illinois River. 
[Bull. Illinois State Laboratory Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Article VI, 
1915.] G. C. Champion. 
——— Notes on the flies of the genus Pseudodinia, with description of 
a new species. 
[Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIX, 1915. ] 
——— Flies of the genus Agromyza, related to Agromyza virens. 
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIX, 1915.] 
The Smithsonian Institution. 
Meyrick (E.). Exotic Microlepidoptera. Vol. I, Parts 9-12, Dec. 1914— 
Sept. 1915. The Author. 
Mippieron (W.). Notes on some Saw-fly larvae belonging to the genus 
Dimorphopteryx. 
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVIII, 1915. ] 
The Smithsonian Institution. 
Mitrer (J. M.). Cone Beetles: injury to sugar pine and Western yellow 
pine. 
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 243, 1915. ] 
U, S. Dept. Agric. 
Morey (Claude). Ichneumonologia Britannica. V. The Ichneumons of 
Great Britain. Ophioninae, 1914. Purchased. 


——— Revision of the Ichneumonidae, based on the collection in the 
British Museum (Natural History). Part 1V. Tribes Joppides, 
Banchides and Alomyides, 1915. by Exchange. 


Mosuer (F. H.). Food plants of the Gypsy Moth in America. 
U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 250, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Mouton (J. C.). A List of the Butterflies of Borneo. Part IV. 
Papilionidae. 
{Journ. Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Soc., No. 67, 1914. ] 


—— —— The Butterflies of Borneo, with notes on their geographical distri- 
bution, and keys for identification. 
{Sarawak Museum Journ., Vol. II, No. 6,1915.] The Author. 


Narcissus Flies. Leaflet issued by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. 
No. 286, July 1914. Board of Agric. 
New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. Bull. No. 393, 
Dec. 1914. Director’s Report for 1914. W.H. Jordan. 
The Station. 
State Museum. Twenty-ninth Report of the State Entomologist on 
injurious and other insects of the State of New York, 1913. 
[Bull. Univ. State New York, No. 589, Albany, 1915. ] 
The Museum. 
Norman (Howard). Coleoptera Illustrata, Vol. I, No. 1, Carabidae. 
‘ Brooklyn, N.Y., 1915. The Author. 


OBERTHUR (Charles), Etudes de Lépidoptérologie. Fase. X (Text and 
Plates), 1914-1915. The Author. 


(CP SExrx j*) 


OPINIONS rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- 


clature. Opinion 66. 
[Smithsonian Inst., Publication No. 2359, Feb. 1915.] 
The Smithsonian Institution. 


OspBorn (H.). Leafhoppers of Maine. 
[Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 238 (Entom. Paper, No. 78), 
1915.] 


——~——- Entomological Work in Ohio. 
[Ohio Naturalist, Vol. XV, 1915. ] The Author. 


and Drake (C. J.). Records of Guatemalan Hemiptera-Hetero- 
ptera, with descriptions of new species. 
[Ohio Naturalist, Vol. XV, 1915.] 


———— -———— Additions and Notes on the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of 


Ohio. 
[Ohio Naturalist, Vol. XV, 1915.] 


Packard (A. 8.). Monograph of the Bombycine Moths of North America, 
including their transformations and origin of the larval mark- 
ings and armature. Part III. Families Ceratocampidae (ex- 
clusive of Ceratocampinae), Saturniidaé, Hemileucidae, and 
Brahmaeidae, Edited by T. D. A. Cockerell. 

[Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., XII, Part 1, First Memoir, Washington, 1914.] 
The Academy. 


Paine (J. H.). A new genus of Mallophaga from African Guinea Fowl in 
the United States National Museum. 
[Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. LXI, No. 23, 1914.] 
The Smithsonian Institution. 


—_- [See Scorr (E. W.).] 


PaRkER (R. R.). Sarcophagidae of New England: males of the genera 


Ravinia and Boettcheria. 
[Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXXV, 1914.] The Society. 


Parker (W. B.). Quassiin as a contact Insecticide. © 
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 165, 1914.] 


— -— Control of Dried-fruit Insects in California. 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 235, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Parks (T. H.). [See Wesster (F. M.).] 


Parrotr (P. J.) and Furron (B. B.). Tree Crickets injurious to orchards 
and garden fruits. 
[New York Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 388, 1914.] 


———— and Hopexiss (H. E.). The Status of Spraying Practices for the 
control of Plant Lice in apple orchards. 
[New York Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 402, 1915.] 
The Exper. Station. 


ParsHLey (H.M.). List of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Maine. 
[Psyche, Vol. XXI, No. 5, 1914.] 


——— Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Maine. 
[Psyche, Vol. XXII, No. 1, 1915.] The Author. 


Parcu (Edith M.). Maine Aphids of the Rose family. 
[Univ. Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Orono, Bull. No. 233, 1914.] 
The Station. 


— -—— Two Clover Aphides. 
[Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. III, No. 5, 1915.] 
UWS. Dept. Agric. 


Coal) 


PayneE (Olga G.M.). Notes on Telephorus rufus, L., and its varieties. 
{Journ. Econ. Biol., Vol. IX, 1914.] 
Dept. Ayric. Ent. Manchester. 


PEMBERTON (C. E.). [See Back (E. A.).] 
— [See Horton (J. R.).] 


PETERSEN (Hsben). Australian Neuroptera. Parts I, II. 
[Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Vols. XX XIX, XL, 1914, 1915.] 
Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 


Puituies (W. J.). Further Studies of the Embryology of Toxoptera 
graminum, Rondani. 
[Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. IV, No. 5, 1915. ] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Pierce (W. D.). Descriptions of some Weevils reared from cotton in 
Peru. 


[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Report No. 102, 1915.] 


-——— Some Sugar-cane root-boring Weevils of the West Indies. 
(Journ, Agric. Research, Vol. IV, No. 3, 1915. | 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
PROCEEDINGS of the Third Meeting of the General Malaria Committee held 
at Madras, Nov. 18, 19, 20, 1912 (issued 1913). 


India Office. 


Quarntrance (A. L.) and Baker (A. C.). Classification of the Aleyrodidae. 


Part. IT. 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser. No. 27, Part II, 
1914. | U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Quayte (H. J.). Citrous Fruit Insects in Mediterranean countries. The 
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[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 134, 1914.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Reports, Division of Entomology, Dept. of Agriculture, Pretoria, 1912- 
1914. Transvaal Dept. Agric. 


Rocers (Rev. K. St. Aubyn). Some Hast African Butterflies. 
(Journ. East Africa and Uganda Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol, I, 1910.] 
The Soctety. 


Rouwer (S. A.). Synopsis of the species of Saw-flies belonging to the genus 
Dimorphopteryx. 
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVIII, 1915.] 


Descriptions of new species of Hymenoptera. 
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLIX, 1915.] 
The Smithsonian Institution. 


Scammett (H. B.). The Cranberry Rootworm (Rhabdopterus picipes, Oliv.). 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 263, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
ScHAEFFER (C.). Collembola, Siphonaptera, Diptera and Coleoptera of the 
South Georgia Expedition. 
[Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sciences, Science Bull., Vol. II, 
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Scorr (E. W.) and Paine (J. H.). The Lesser Bud-moth (Recurvaria 
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[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No, 113, 1914. ] 


———— and Sieeurr (HK. H.). Miscellaneous Insecticide Investigations. 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 278, 1915. ] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


( xi ) 


SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKIJ (P. P.). Consacré 4 la mémoire de. Discours 
prononcés dans la séance commémorative de la Société Entomo- 
logique de Russie le 80 Mars 1914 (with Portrait), 

The Society. 


SHELDON (W. G.). Expedition in search of Russian Butterflies. 
[Reprint from Entomologist, Sept. 1914. | The Author. 


SIEGLER (H. H.). [See Scorr (E. W.).] 


———— and Srmanron (F. L.). Life-history of the Codling Moth in 
Maine. 
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 252, 1915. ] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Smranton (F.L.). [See Srzrarer (EH. H.).] 


SmirH (H. E.). The Grasshopper outbreak in New Mexico during the 
summer of 1913, 
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 293, 1915.] 
U. S. Dept. Agric. 
SMITHSONIAN InsTITUTION, Annual Report of the, for 1914. Issued 1915. 
The Institution. 


Snyper (T. E.). Biology of the Termites of the Eastern United States, 
with preventive and remedial measures. 
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 94, Part IT, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric, 


TowNnsEND (C. H. T.). New Neotropical Muscoid Flies. 
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The Smithsonian Institution. 


Uricu (F. W.). A preliminary list of the Mosquitos of British Guiana. 
(Journ. Board Agric., Brit. Guiana, Vol. VIII, 1915.] 
The Board of Agric. 


Vesrat (A. G,). An associational study of Illinois Sand Prairie. [Includes 
notes on many insects. | 
[Bull. Illinois State Laboratory Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Article I, 1913.] 
G. C. Champion. 


Wapswortu (J. T.). Some observations on the Life-history and Bionomics 
of the Knapweed Gall-fly (Urophora solstitialzs, Linn.). 
[Annals of Applied Biol., Vol. I, 1914.] 


—-—— Notes on some Hymenopterous parasites bred from the pupae of 
Chortophila brassicae, Bouché, and Acidia heraclez, L. 
[Annals Applied Biol., Vol. II, 1915.] 


-——_—— On the Life-history of Aleochara lilineata, Gyll., a Stapbylinid 
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[Journ. Econ. Biol., Vol. X, 1915. ] 
Dept. Agric. Ent., Manchester. 
Watker (J.J.). Fourth Supplement to the Preliminary List of Coleoptera 
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[Report Ashmolean Nat. Hist. Soc. Oxfordshire, 1914. ] 
The Author. 


Watsineuam (Lord). [See Gopman (F. D.).] 
Warernouse (G. A.) and Lyrrn (G.). Butterflies of Australia. A 


monograph of the Australian Rhopalocera. Sydney, 1914. 
The Authors. 


Wess-WarkE (F. C.). Locusts in Baluchistan. 
[Agric. Journ. India, Vol. X, Part II, 1915.]. India Office. 


( xlii_) 
Wesster (F. M.) and Kerry (E. O. G.). The Hessian Fly situation in 
1915 


[U.8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 51, 1915.] 


——— and Parxs(T.H.). The Serpentine Leaf-miner (Agromyza pusilla, 
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(Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. I, No. 1, 1913.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


WHEELER (G.). The genus Melitaea. 
[Proc. 8. Lond. Ent. Soc., 1914.] The Author. 
WuiteE (A.). The Diptera-Brachycera of Tasmania. Part II. Families 
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[Reprint from Papers and Proceedings of Royal Society of Tasmania, 
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Wivpermurs (V. L.). The Alfalfa Caterpillar (Hurymus eurytheme, Boisd.). 
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 124, 1914.] 


Three-cornered Alfalfa Hopper (Stictocephala festina). 
[Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. III, No. 4, 1915.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Wittiams (C. B.). The Pea Thrips (Kakothrips robustus). 
[Ann. Applied Biology., Vol. I, Nos. 3 and 4, 1915.] 
The Author. 
——_— [See Hoop (J. D.).] 


Witiramson (E. B.). Notes on Neotropical Dragon-flies or Odonata. 
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLVIII, 1915.] 
The Smithsonian Institution. 


Woops (W.C.). A note on Rhagoletis pomonella in blueberries. 
[Journ. Econ. Entom., Vol. VII, 1914. ] The Author. 


Wytsman (P.). Genera Insectorum, Fasc. LXXXIIs, LXXXIIc, 1910, 
1915. 
[Cicindelidae, by Dr. Walther Horn. ] 


| Fasc. LX XXII, issued by the Netherlands Entomological Society, 
The Hague. | A. E. Elliott. 


Yoruers (W. W.). [See Knas (F.).] 


( xliii ) 


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TRANSACTIONS 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


LONDON 


FoR THE YRAR, 1915. 


I. New Species and Subspecies of Piermae. By F. A. 
Drxety, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Fellow of Wadham 
College, Oxford. 


[Read May 6th, 1914.] 


Puatres 1 Ei 


Tue following forms, some of which appear to be of specific 
and others of subspecific rank, have been presented at 
various times to the Hope Collection at Oxford. The 
types in every case are in the Hope Collection. 


1. Teracolus rogersi, sp.n. (Plate I, figs. 1-4.) 


g. Exp. al. 35 mm. Upperside creamy white; fore-wings with 
a deep orange apical patch, separated from the rest of the wing 
by a nearly straight narrow dark band with blurred edges; this 
band leaves the costa at a point just opposite the outer termination 
of the cell, and reaches the hind margin at the termination of the 
first branch of the median vein. Costa and hind margin with a black 
border, broadened from the termination of the third subcostal to that 
of the first median vein, elsewhere narrow. The veins within the 
apical orange patch are black, and the dark broadened border is 
prolonged inwardly upon them for a short distance. There is a 
minute black spot at the apex of the re-entrant angle at the outer 
end of the cell, and a small black patch at the base of the wing, 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PaRTI. (MAY) B 


2 Dr. F. A. Dixey on 


somewhat prolonged along the inner margin. Fringe darkish 
opposite the apical patch; elsewhere pale. Hind-wings narrowly 
bordered with black, a blackish patch at the marginal termination 
of each branch of the median, of the radial, and of the two subcostal 
veins, the latter three patches being more or less fused together. 
A minute blackish streak, representing a submarginal spot, near 
the border; running between, and parallel with, the third median 
and radial veins. Base of the wing with a blackish patch, rather 
larger and more diffused than that of the fore-wing. Fringe pale. 

Underside. Fore-wings white; the apical area, which corresponds 
in size with that on the upper surface, divided into an outer ochreous 
and inner pale orange band by a series of four minute dusky spots, 
elongated in a direction parallel with the veins. Discoidal spot 
somewhat larger and more distinct than on the upper surface. 
Hind-wings reddish ochreous with a slight dusky clouding in the 
precostal space, along the posterior half of the cell, and between 
the median and submedian veins. A bright orange-yellow streak 
along the costa, and a submarginal series of six diffused dusky spots, 
each occupying one of the interspaces from the costal to the second 
median; of these the first (in the costal interspace) is the largest, 
and the third (in the second subcostal interspace) is almost obsolete. 
A small squared black spot at the re-entrant angle terminating the 
cell, bounded internally by a slight diffusion of orange-yellow. 

Q. Exp. al. 36-39 mm. Upperside pale creamy white; fore- 
wings with an orange apical patch of nearly the same shade and 
relative size as inthe male. This patch is separated from the rest 
of the wing by an irregular dark bar, narrow in the middle of its 
course, but expanding anteriorly into a triangular blotch with its 
base resting on the costa, and posteriorly becoming fused with a 
curved submarginal band of dark spots, increasing in size from 
before backwards, and traversing the middle of the orange patch 
from the second subcostal to the second median interspace. ‘The 
costa as far as the apical patch is narrowly bordered with grey, 
the patch itself is bounded anteriorly and posteriorly with black, 
the black posterior margin being much thicker than in the male, 
and less markedly prolonged along the veins, but being similarly 
narrowed as it leaves the patch and approaches the anal angle. As 
in the male, the veins crossing the apical patch are black. The 
black discoidal spots are larger and more conspicuous than in the 
male; the base of the wings shows a greyish diffusion, and a well- 
marked dark grey bar runs in the median and submedian interspaces, 
parallel with the inner border, and ending near the anal angle 
in a fairly definite dark patch which appears to be in series with the 
submarginal spots. The fringes are pale reddish, taking a darker 


New Species and Subspecies of Prerinae. 3 


tinge in the region of the apical patch. Hind-wings narrowly bor- 
dered with black, a marginal row of dark spots as in the male, the 
anterior three being fused into a marginal band; a submarginal 
series of dark spots occupying the interspaces, that in the radial 
interspace (between the radial and third median veins) being the 
largest and darkest. The base shows a greyish clouding, which 
is slightly prolonged towards the anal angle. A minute black 
discoidal spot present. Fringes pale reddish. 

Underside. Fore-wings white; inner four-fifths of cell washed 
with pale lemon-yellow. Apical patch divided by a row of dark 
submarginal spots, corresponding to those on the upper side but 
more discrete, into an outer reddish-ochreous and inner orange- 
ochreous portion, the contrast between the two tints being much 
less marked than in the male. The black discoidal spot is not larger 
than on the upper surface. A pale greyish bar runs parallel with 
and close to the inner border, ending near the anal angle in a fairly 
definite dark patch. Hind-wings as in the male, but slightly darker 
and with a somewhat more pronounced dusky suffusion. The 
submarginal spots are much larger than in the male. The discoidal 
dot is very slightly touched with orange. There is an orange streak 
along the costa, and a pale Indian-red patch at the origin of the 
median vein. 

In both sexes the row of submarginal spots in the median and 
submedian interspaces of the hind-wing (in the male visible only 
on the under surface) conforms more nearly to the curved margin 
of the wing than is usual in this group of T'eracolus. 


13,329 (Taveta), in Hope Collection, Oxford. The male 
and one of the females were bred by the Rev. K. St. A. 
Rogers, emerging on August 6, 1905. A second female was 
captured on August 7, 1905, and a third female on July 16, 
1910, both by Mr. Rogers. 

The species may be an Hast African representative of 
T. halyattes, Butl., the type of which came from Natal. 
T. halyattes is regarded by Butler as the dry-season phase 
of his Teracolus lais, the type of which also came from South 
Africa. The representative of 7. lais in the Nile district 
is doubtless 7. ephyia, Klug, and the present form, inter- 
mediate between 7’. lais and TL. ephyia in geographical 
position, is in some respects intermediate also in character. 
One feature that serves to distinguish it from the type of 
T. halyattes is that the submarginal series of spots on the 
hind-wing tends to form a curve more or less conformable 
to that of the wing-margin, whereas in 7’. halyattes, as gener- 


4 Dr. F. A. Dixey on 


ally in members of the achine group of Teracolus, the sub- 
marginal series of the hind-wing is sharply bent to a right 
angle at the level of the third median branch. In those 
specimens that I have examined, the males of 7. lais and 
T.. rogers can be distinguished by their plume-scales. These 
are nearly of the same size in the two forms, but in 7. las 
the sides of the lamina proximally to the apex are almost 
parallel, whereas in 7’. rogersi they tend to converge towards 
the spring of the fimbriae. The plume-scales of 7’. ephyia 
have their sides usually parallel, as in 7. laws, but they 
are smaller, and generally much narrower in proportion to 
their length. 


ay ra 
/ : 


| i 


Fia. 1. Fie. 2. Fig. 3. 
T. lais, Butl.x 310. . rogersi, n.sp.x 310. 7. ephyia, Klug. x 310. 


SCENT-SCALES. 


2. Belenois victoria, sp. n. (Plate II, figs. 5-8.) 


g. Exp. al. 55mm. Upperside white; a slight greyish dusting 
close to the body. Costa of the fore-wing very narrowly edged 
with black. A black apical patch, continued as an irregular black 
border along the hind margin. The irregularity of the border is 
chiefly due to a marked projection inwards between the second and 
third median branches, the border at this point fillmg about the 
outer two-fifths of the interspace indicated. The marginal ends of 
the first median branch and of the submedian vein are marked by 
black spots, prolonged for a short distance inwards. The former of 
these spots is large, and fuses with the black border. The latter spot 
is smallerand may remain distinct, or may be connected with the dark 
border by an intermediate dusting of grey. At the outer end of the 
cell is a large roundish black spot, covering the second discocellular 
vein. This spot may be entirely isolated, or may be connected 
with the dark edging of the costa by a dusky curved band, more or 


New Species and Subspecies of Pierinae. 5 


less developed, following the outer and anterior margin of the cell, 
and so having its concavity directed towards the root of the wing. 
Some or all of the interspaces between the veins which traverse the 
dark apex and hind border are marked by a powdering of white 
seales, generally very indistinct, but in the space between the 
fourth subcostal branch and the first radial vein assuming the appear- 
ance of a definite white spot. The hind-wing may be entirely 
immaculate, or may have the marginal ends of the veins marked 
with black points. 

Underside. Fore-wing white; the costa slightly edged with 
greyish yellow. Apical patch, corresponding in extent with that 
of the upper surface, of the same greyish yellow, bordered inwardly 
with a slightly festooned streak of pale fawn-colour. A dark spot 
more or less developed, in the second median interspace, corresponds 
in position with the inward projection of the dark hind border 
above. The spot on the second discocellular vein corresponds with 
that on the upper surface, but is of a less intense black; there may 
or may not be a trace of the curved dusky band connecting it with 
the costa. In some specimens there is a slight yellow shade at the 
root of the wing. 

The hind-wing is of a greyish yellow like the apex of the fore-wing. 
There is a streak of vivid orange along the whole length of the costa, 
broadest near the body, and reaching as far as the marginal end of 
the first subcostal branch; a short streak of the same colour occupies 
the root of the interspace between the median and submedian veins. 
The remaining marks are of the same pale fawn-colour as that 
bordering the apical patch of the fore-wing. They consist of a slight 
accentuation of the veins with their branches, broadening into a 
patch on the second discocellular, and including the vestigial vein 
between the median and submedian and that within the cell; in- 
cluding also a patch between the origins of the first and second 
median branches and another patch adjoining it internally; a 
series of submarginal spots in the interspaces, those from the 
second subcostal to the submedian vein taking an arrow-head form 
with the points directed inwards; and, finally, a series of linear 
spots at the marginal ends of the veins and their branches, parallel 
with the margin, and occasionally fused into a narrow marginal 
band. 

Q. Exp. al. 53 mm. Upperside. Fore-wing white; hind-wing 
varies from white through primrose yellow to deep yellow ochre. 
Dark markings as in the male, but more pronounced. Fore-wing, 
costal edging broader, apical black continued along hind margin as 
far as anal angle; no separate marginal spots; no white dusting 
in interspaces; the black spot on the second discocellular joined to 


6 Dr. F. A. Dixey on 


the costa by a broad dusky band which may occupy the anterior half 
of the cell. Marginal spots of the hind-wing much larger than 
in the male. 

Underside as in the male, but with a conspicuous orange flush 
at the base of the fore-wing, extending over the proximal two- 
thirds of the cell, and showing faintly through on the upper surface. 


29 og, 4 2° (Tink, Victoria Nyanza; and Toro, W. 
Uganda), in the Hope Collection, Oxford. 

Fourteen of the males and all four females were captured by 
Mr. C. A. Wiggins in the Tinki Hills, N.E. of the Victoria 
Lake, during February and March 1903. Fifteen males (also 
presented by Mr. Wiggins) were taken by native collectors 
in the Toro country, on the eastern slopes of Ruwenzori, 
in November and December 1900. These are all recorded 
by Mr. S. A. Neave, under the head of Belenois zochala f. 
formosa, Butl., in Novitat. Zoolog. vol. xi, 1904, p. 358. 

This is a very distinct form of the Belenois zochalia group. 
It is easily distinguished from crawshayi, Butl., tanganyikae, 
Lanz (formosa, Butl.), and demnuta, Butl., by the darker 
apex and border of the fore-wing, from which the white 
spots have almost disappeared in the male and have entirely 
vanished in the female; the nearly immaculate white or 
yellow of the hind-wing; but especially by two features of 
the under surface, viz. the great prolongation of the orange 
costal streak, and the general character of the dark markings 
on the hind-wing. In the other forms of the B. zochala 
group, these latter markings are linear, looking as if they had 
been drawn with a pencil or stiff brush. When they become 
faint or disappear, as in B. diminuta, they do so by attenua- 
tion and curtailment. In B. wictoria they look as if they 
were made with a soft brush, and they become faint by 
gradually melting, without diminution of size, into the 
ground-colour of the wing. 

In the National Collection there are three males of this 
form, two from Mount Elgon and one from Toro. They 
are ranked as B. formosa, but differ in the points stated from 
the type of formosa beside them. 


New Species and Subspecies of Prerinae. if 


Among the African forms of the genus Nychitona, Butl., 
(Leptosia, Auriv.), there is a race or subspecies first known 
to me by four specimens from the region of the Victoria 
Nyanza, presented to the Hope Collection by Mr. C. A. 
Wiggins. The series consists of two males from the Toro 
country on the eastern slopes of Ruwenzori, captured by 
natives in November or December 1900 ; and two females, one 
captured by Mr. Wiggins at Entebbe on the N.W. shore of 
the lake on April 8, 1903, and the other caught by a native 
in the Ugaia country, south of the Kavirondo gulf, in January 
1903. These specimens differ in some respects from all 
forms of Nychitona hitherto described, but may be considered 
as a subspecies of NV. medusa, Cram. 


3. Nychitona wigginsi, subsp. n. (Plate III, figs. 9-12.) 


gd. Exp. al. 46 mm. Upperside dead, opaque white, with a 
very faint greenish-yellow tinge; not semi-translucent as in some 
other forms of Nychitona. Fore-wings with slight fuscous mottling 
along the costa, reaching from the body to a point opposite the 
origin of the first branch of the subcostal. A dark fuscous apical 
crescentic patch, slightly waved on its inner aspect but not indented 
as in most other forms of Nychitona, beginning at a point on the 
costa nearly opposite the origin of the second subcostal branch, and 
ending on the hind margin in the interspace between the first and 
second median branches. Hind-wings bordered with a very narrow 
dark line, the centre of each interspace marked on the border by 
a minute dark spot. There is no other marking on the upper 
surface of either fore or hind-wing, but the mottling of the under 
surface shows faintly through. 

Underside white; a dull green mottling filling the basal half 
of the cell, and prolonged on the costa as far as the termination of 
the first subcostal branch. A similar mottling on the apical area 
corresponds to the dark crescentic patch on the upper surface, and 
is also found over the whole of the hind-wing. This mottling of 
the hind-wing is scattered generally over the surface of the wing, 
and shows little or no tendency to fall into the parallel streaks 
which are conspicuous in some other forms of Nychitona. 

2. Closely resembles the male in size and aspect. In both sexes 
the tint and texture of the upper surface give an aspect which 
is conspicuously different from that of other forms of Nychitona. 


The marked resemblance of this form to the curious 
Leuceronia pharis, Boisd., which also occurs in the Ugaia 


8 Dr. F. A. Dixey on 


country, and probably in the Toro district, was commented 
on by me in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1908, p. 569. I may 
here be allowed to mention that the statements there made 
had reference to the present form of Nychitona only, and 
not, as has been supposed, to other forms, such as that 
named immaculata by Aurivillius, more or less closely 
resembling it. 


4. Hesperocharis longstaffi, subsp. n. (Plate II, figs. 1-4.) 


6. Exp. al. 52 mm. Upperside. Fore-wings very pale 
chrome yellow, passing gradually into pale ochreous at the apex. 
Fuscous scales form a very narrow edging to the costa, and are 
collected about the marginal terminations of the subcostal and 
median branches, and of both radial veins, appearing in this situation 
as a series of small ill-defined triangular spots, fused at the apex 
of the wing by their bases, and diminishing in size along the posterior 
border; a fuscous line, belonging partly to the fringe, extends 
from the apex to the termination of the first median branch. Hind- 
wing, pale ochreous like the apex of the fore-wing, becoming lighter 
towards the costa and deepening slightly towards the hind and 
inner margin. Anal angle somewhat prolonged. 

Underside. Fore-wings dead white; apex pronounced yellow 
ochre. A very slight fuscous edging to the outer two-thirds of the 
costa, prolonged for a short distance round the apex. A small, 
ill-defined fuscous spot on the costa, just proximal to the origin of 
the second branch of the subcostal. Hind-wings, rich yellow ochre, 
deepening on the costa, which is narrowly edged with fuscous through- 
out its whole extent except a very small portion near the body. 
A series of four fuscous spots runs almost parallel with the costal 
and hind margin, the first two actually on the costa, the third 
barely touching it, and the fourth a little distance inwards from 
the hind border. These spots, which have a purplish tinge from 
contrast with the general yellow of the wing, are situated respectively 
on each side of the costal vein, in the interspace between the two 
branches of the subcostal, and in that between the lower subcostal 
and radial. The first two are the most intense in colour, the fourth 
distinctly fainter, the second and third are the largest. There is a 


New Species and Subspecies of Pierinae. 9 


fifth spot, similar to the fourth of the preceding series, but smaller, 
just internal to the origin of the first median branch. The ventral 
part of the thorax shares in the rich ochreous colour of the hind- 
wings. 


9. Exp. al.60 mm. (Another 9 in Coll. Hope, 57mm.) Upper- 
side of both wings a bright canary yellow, somewhat deeper on 
the hind-wing and at the apex of the fore-wing. A narrow fuscous 
edging and apical spots as in the male. Underside as in the male 
except that the dead white of the fore-wing is replaced by canary 
yellow, and that the fuscous spots on the fore-wing and between 
the second subcostal and radial of the hind-wing may be absent. 

In the male the fore-wing has asharp apical angle, and the posterior 
margin is slightly concave. In the female the apex is more rounded, 
and the posterior margin is nearly straight. The hind-wing in 
the female has the anal angle slightly prolonged, but less so than in 
the male. 


1g, 229 (Venezuela), in Hope Collection, Oxford. 

All three specimens were captured by Dr. G. B. Longstaff ; 
the male and one female on January 9, 1913, at an altitude 
of about 1300 ft., below Zigzag Station, La Guaira, Venezuela ; 
the second female on January 11, 1913, at about 1000 ft., 
between Curatici and Zigzag. 

The present is the Venezuelan form of the group containing 
H. jaliscana, Schaus (Mexico), H. lenoris, Reak. (Mexico), 
H. «dotica, Butl., and H. crocea, Bates (Costa Rica). The 
earliest-named of the group appears to be H. crocea, which 
is probably indistinguishable from H. lenoris, as remarked 
by Godman and Salvin (Biol. Centr.-Amer., Rhopalocera, 
vol. 11, pp. 127-8). H. wdiotica may be the same; the 
locality of the type is unknown. 

H. longstaffi is distinguished from H. crocea by the absence 
of orange suffusion on the upper surface of the hind-wing; 
Dr. Longstafi’s specimens differ from co-types of H. jaliscana 
by the deeper colour in both sexes, by the fainter develop- 
ment of the fuscous markings at the apex of the fore-wing, 
and by the much greater prominence of the dark costal 
spots on the under surface of the hind-wing. 


10 Dr. F. A. Dixey on 


A male Pieris was captured by Dr. G. B. Longstaff, at an 
elevation of about 1300 ft., between Zigzag Station and the 
port of La Guaira, Venezuela, on March 29, 1907. This 
capture is recorded in his book, “ Butterfly Hunting in 
Many Lands,” 1912, p. 320, and the specimen is well figured 
on Plate III, figs. 1, 2 of the same volume. At the same 
place, on January 11, 1913, Dr. Longstaff caught, together 
with specimens which appear to be referable to P. sevata, 
Feld., a female Pierine which I believe to be conspecific 
with the male above mentioned. These two specimens 
were referred to by me in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913, pp. 
cxiii, cxiv, and are here described under the name of Pieris 
janeta. 


5. Pieris janeta, sp.n. (Plate II, figs. 5, 6.) 


6. Exp. al. 62 mm. Upperside white with a slight but 
distinct greenish tinge. A slight fuscous edging to the costal and 
posterior margin, expanding somewhat at the apex, and prolonged 
nearly to the anal angle. A somewhat paler fuscous streak fills 
the space between the costa and costal vein for about two-thirds 
of the distance from base to apex. Fore-wing otherwise im- 
maculate. Conspicuous streaks of roughened texture, dead white 
in colour, accompanying both sides of the submedian vein, of 
the median trunk from the origin of its first branch to that of its 
third, and of the median branches themselves. They are also 
found on both sides of the lower, and on the inner, or posterior, 
side of the upper radial and of that part of the subcostal trunk from 
which the upper radial originates, on the outer side of the two disco- 
cellular veins, and finally as a small patch in the upper and distal 
angle of the cell. The streaks generally fuse together at the root of 
each interspace, but in the interspace between median and sub- 
median they remain distinct, neither streak reaching inwards as far 
as the median trunk. Hind-wing immaculate; roughened streaks 
like those on the fore-wing accompanying the subcostal and median 
veins. Third branch of subcostal in fore-wing very short. 

Underside: fore-wings generally dull white; dead white where 
the roughened streaks show through from the upper surface. Apex 
and costa pale ochreous. Hind-wings uniformly ochreous, of a 
somewhat deeper shade than the apex of the fore-wing; a fuscous 
spot, like that in the female, occupying the angle between the lower 
discocellular and third branch of the median vein. The costa 
thinly edged with bright yellow; a minute spot of the same at the 
root of the subcostal vein. 


New Species and Subspecies of Pierinae. 11 


9. Exp. al. 60mm. Upperside dull creamy white; not tinged 
with greenish, as in the male. Fore-wing with a fuscous shade 
along the costa, filling the space between the costa and the subcostal 
vein at the base, and for rather more than half the length of the 
cell. This shade is continued distally as a narrowing line along the 
costa as far as the apex, where it fuses with a fuscous apical patch, 
small in extent and prolonged as a narrow tapering band along 
the posterior margin as far as the first branch of the median vein. 
A few fuscous scales on the lower discocellular vein. Hind-wing 


Fia. 4. Fia. 5. 
P. janeta, n. sp. 120. P. sevata, Feld. x 120. 


SCENT-SCALES. 


immaculate. Anal angle slightly prolonged. The third branch of 
the subcostal in the fore-wing appears to be absent. 

Underside: fore-wing dull white, apex and costa pale greyish 
ochreous. Hind-wing pale ochreous with a slight pinkish shade; 
a fuscous spot 1-2 mm. in diameter, close to the lower discocellular 
vein, in the interspace between the third median branch and the 
radial. The costa edged with deep yellow; a minute spot of the 
same at the root of the subcostal vein. 


The male of P. janeta is easily distinguishable from the 
male of P. sevata by the character and distribution of the 
scent-scales. These in P. janeta are on an average more 
than half as long again asin P. sevata. Moreover, in P. sevata 
the mealy streaks formed by these scales fuse along the 


12 Dr. F. A. Dixey on 


inner or posterior side of the median vein proximally to 
the origin of the first median branch; in P. janeta the area 
indicated is free from scent-scales (see Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 
loc. cit., where “ submedian ” should be read for “‘ internal ”’). 

P. jganeta may perhaps be a subspecies of P. sincera, 
described by Weymer (Reiss und Stiibel, Reisen in Sud.- 
Amerika, 1890, p. 123; Taf. III, fig. 19), from a male 
specimen captured on the sea-level at Guayaquil, Ecuador. 
But it differs in several particulars from Weymer’s figure 
and description. 


6. Pieris howarthi, sp. n. (Plate II, figs. 7-10.) 


6: Exp. al. 583mm. Upperside dull white very slightly tinged 
with green. Fore-wing with pale fuscous spots on the apex and 
along the hind-margin, at the extremities of the branches of the 
subcostal (except the first), of the two radials and of the branches 
of the median; the first and last of these spots being represented 
only by a few fuscous scales. A conspicuous dark fuscous spot on 
the lower discocellular. Conspicuous streaks of roughened texture, 
dead white in colour, accompanying both sides of the first and second 
median branches and of the submedian vein; also the inner side of 
the third median and of the median trunk from the origin of the first 
branch to that of the third. Beneath, the fore-wing is dull white, 
the apical region pale fuscous. The discocellular spot is larger than 
on the upper surface, and of a less deep fuscous shade. The rough- 
ened areas of the upper surface show through as dead white streaks. 
There are traces of a pale fuscous discal spot on each side of the third 
median, and above the second median, in each case about half-way 
between the cell and the margin of the wing. 

The hind-wing is immaculate above, and shows no roughened 
streaks. Beneath, it is of a pale yellow ochre, plentifully besprinkled 
with pale fuscous scales like those of the fore-wing. These are more 
closely set in some places than in others, forming a brownish shade 
over the base of the wing; this shade occupies most of the space 
between the costal and first subcostal branches, a quarter or more 
of the subcostal interspace, and nearly the whole of the cell, stopping 
just short of the lower discocellular. Outside the cell it accom- 


New Species and Subspecies of Prerinae. 13 


panies the inner side of the median trunk and first median branch, 
but leaves free the greater part of the course of the submedian vein. 
In the angle between the median trunk and the first median branch, 
it passes into a curved band which takes its course round the end of 
the cell, turns forward, and becomes lost on the lower aspect of 
the second subcostal. The fuscous shade is somewhat deeper just 
anteriorly to the third median branch than elsewhere, but it does 
not form a definite spot. A much paler fuscous infusion forms a 
broad marginal shading to the wing. There is a minute dark fuscous 
spot on the lower discocellular, close to the origin of the radial; 
the costa is edged with rich orange, prolonged along the margin 
as a narrowing streak as far as the end of the first subcostal. A spot 
of the same colour occupies the root of the subcostal at its junction 
with the body. 

Q. Exp. al. 52mm. (Another 2 measures 54mm.) Upper- 
side white tinged with greenish yellow. Fore-wing with a slight 
duskiness along the costa, which opposite the end of the cell passes 
into a definite dark streak reaching to the apex. The extremities 
of the veins along the hind margin marked, as in the male, with 
fuscous spots; these diminish from before backwards; no spot on 
the submedian vein. A dark fuscous spot, larger than in the male, 
occupies nearly the whole of the lower discocellular vein; and dark 
discal spots, similar in character and situation to those on the lower 
surface in the male, but more pronounced, occur in connection with 
the second and third median branches. ‘The series is continued by 
another smaller spot internal to the first median branch. Hind- 
wing immaculate except for a minute dark spot on the lower 
discocellular vein. 

Beneath, the fore-wings are white, tinged with the same greenish 
yellow as on the upper surface; but even paler, especially towards 
the inner margin. The apical area is ochre yellow dusted with 
yellowish brown. The same brownish dusting is continued inwardly 
as an ill-defined streak along the costa, but dies out before reaching 
the body. Within the apical area it collects chiefly at the marginal 
ends of the veins, forming indistinct spots which are prolonged as a 
diminishing series as far as the termination of the first median. A 
further condensation of brownish or fuscous scales forms a patch 
at the inner end of the apical area where this meets the costa. This 
patch is in series with dark discal spots occupying corresponding 
situations with those on the upper surface; the last of them is 
marked only by a few brown scales. A dark oval spot, larger 
than the corresponding spot on the upper surface, occupies the 
lower discocellular vein. The ground-colour of the hind-wings 
is the same as that of the apical area of the fore-wings, viz. 


14 Dr. F. A. Dixey on 


yellow ochre. Like the latter area it is plentifully dusted over 
with yellowish brown scales. These form a deep shade over the basal 
half of the wing, terminating distally by a curved edge running 
nearly parallel with the wing-margin, and leaving a small area of the 
yellow ground-colour at and beyond the end of the cell. Broad 
rays of a paler shade of yellowish brown accompany the distal por- 
tions of the veins as they traverse the yellow marginal area. The 
veins themselves, with their branches, share in the ochre yellow of 
the ground-colour. There is a conspicuous dark brown spot, larger 


Fig. 6. Fia. 7. 
P. howarthi, n. sp. 120. P. josepha, Godm. & Salv. x 120. 


SCENT-SCALES. 


than that of the upper surface, on the lower discocellular vein, close 
to the origin of the radial. The costa is edged with rich orange, 
and the same colour is prolonged round the base of the wing as far 
as the origin of the subcostal vein. 

The third subcostal branch of the fore-wing is present in a rudi- 
mentary form on the right side of the male type and both sides 
of the female type. It appears to be absent from the left side of the 
male type, and from both sides of another female in the Hope 
Collection. 


1g, 2 22 in Hope Collection, Oxford. These were 
captured on the sea-level, at Tembabichi Bay, Lower 


Trans.Eint. Soc. Lond., 1915. Pt. 


D> 
v 
Q 


Aaah tee yA Da ia Ee Ne teleas Ban ie  a  a ea S E S aE SaBOD B se ea eee oS aris SE it sD LED Rt ESL EN ot SE nals > 


EXPLANATION OF PuaTtE I. 


Fic. 1. Teracolus rogersi, mi Spin’, Taveta. 

2. 5 AS ;, underside, os 

3 33 39 o 39 

4. a 3 ,, underside, 5 

5. Belenois victoria, Pf 3; Tiriki. 
6. ss 3 ;» underside, ,, 

i ” +) Se oF) 

8. a a » underside, ,, 

9. Nychitona wigginsi, n. subsp., 3, Toro. 
10. <5 es » underside, .,, 
11. en - Q, Entebbe. 
12° Pe + ,, underside, a 


Notse.—Fic. 2. The type has two minute subapical spots not 
shown in the figure; in the hind-wing the relative size of the 
first and second submarginal spots should be reversed, and the 
spot nearest the anal angle should be omitted. 

Figs. 2 and 4. The discocellular spot in the hind-wing of each 
type is touched proximally with orange. 

Fic. 6. The costal orange streak in the type is not prolonged 
beyond the termination of the first subcostal branch. 

Fig. 8. The marginal spots of the hind-wing are in the type of 
the same colour as the remaining spots of the hind-wing. 


EXPLANATION OF PuatE II. 


Fic. 1. Hesperocharis longstaffi, n. subsp., 3, Venezuela. 
2. a Fe Bs », underside, - 
3. 39 29 29 2 29 
4. 99 * 2 »» underside, fe 
5. Pieris janeta, nw sp-, }> Es 
6. ” 29 2; 2” 
7. Pieris howarthi, A 3; Lower California. 
8. a es », underside, ,, 
9, 99 9 o> 9? 
10. ¥ “ », underside, ,, 


Notr.—Fic. 2. A small fuscous spot on the costa of the fore- 
wing, present in the type, is not shown in the figure. 

Fig. 5. A minute yellow spot at the root of the subcostal vein 
in the hind-wing underside is omitted from the figure. 


Trans. Fint.Soc.Lond.,1915. PL. 1. 


New Species and Subspecies of Pierinae. 15 


California, Lat. 26°5 N., by Mr. Osbert H. Howarth, so long 
ago aS March 21, 1898. They have hitherto remained 
undescribed, but were mentioned by me in Proc. Ent. Soc. 
Lond., 1913, p. exiv. 

P. howarthi belongs to the same section of Pieris as 
the preceding species. Its nearest relatives are P. josepha, 
Godm. & Salv., P. yosephina, Godt., and P. amaryllis, Fabr. 
(Central America and West Indian Islands). It is quite 
distinct from all of these, being much smaller, and 
differmg markedly on the underside. It resembles P. 
josepha and P. josephina in the character of its plume-scales, 
which are some of the longest known to me in the whole 
sub-family of Pierines. 


Norre.—Owing to a prolonged absence from England, 
the author was unable to superintend the printing of the 
Plates which have been prepared from Mr. H. Knight’s 
admirable drawings. A few very slight inaccuracies have 
resulted, attention to which is called at the foot of the 
Explanation of each Plate. 


EXPLANATION OF Puatss I, II. 
[See Explanation facing the PLATEs.] 


( 16 ) 


II. Revision of the Mexican and Central American 
Telephorinae (Fam. Telephoridae), with descriptions 
of new species. By GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, 
F.ZS. 


[Read November. 18th, 1914.] 
Puates IIJ—IX. 


THis paper concludes the revision of the Mexican and 
Central American Telephoridae. The Chauliognathinae 
were dealt with in Part I of the Transactions of our Society 
for the present year. The abundant additional material 
received from Mexico since 1885 has of course greatly 
increased our knowledge of these insects, and the dis- 
section of the males of Discodon, Photinomorpha, Polemius, 
etc., has revealed an extraordinary genital armature. 
These structures, however, are much more difficult to 
describe from dried specimens than those of the Chau- 
liognathinae, the rigid median and lateral lobes in the 
latter being easily seen. In Discodon and its allies there 
are no corresponding lobes present, and the complex 
armature of spines and hooks is usually in part or wholly 
withdrawn into the internal sac, and is only visible when 
the insects have died with the armature evaginated. 
Fortunately, amongst the specimens dissected some have 
been found in this condition (Plate V, figs. 16, 22, 23a), so 
that we are able to give figures of several of them. In the 
males of all the Silini the polished glabrous ventral segment 
covered by the divided exposed terminal one (seventh) 
is assumed to be the eighth and the smaller following one 
the ninth. Both are really flattened tubes, usually with 
a longer ventral and a shorter dorsal surface, the latter 
often divided at the apex into two short, broad lobes or 
claspers. In a few cases a very long, slender, chitinous 
flagellum has been detected, this piece doubtless remaining 
in most cases in the body after the aedeagus has been 
extracted. It is impossible, therefore, to compare the 
various structures satisfactorily from the dried insects; 
but sufficient differences have been found to show the 
important characters (such as are well known to occur in 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PaRT I. (MAY) 


Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of Telephorinae. 17 


Malthodes) present in the g armature. In Podabrus there 
is an additional exposed ventral segment, the ninth segment 
has symmetric lateral lobes, and the membranous internal 
sac, when seen evaginated (Plate IV, fig. 2), is apparently 
free from hooks or spines. In Maronius and Belotus, genera 
with greatly abbreviated elytra and tubuliform processes 
along the margins of the abdomen, the genital armature 
is highly developed and asymmetric, and very like that 
of the Chauliognathinae. 

The Silini may be grouped by the form of the tarsal 
claws, and the position of the lateral incisions of the pro- 
thorax, in the males. The species mimicking Lampyrids 
and Lycids are, as usual, difficult to locate till their 
structural characters have been examined. 

The consecutively numbered illustrations on Plates 
IV-VII, figs. 1-49, show the evaginated and non-evagin- 
ated condition of the g genital armature—the tips only 
of two or four spines being visible in the distal opening of 
the internal sac in most specimens of the dried insects— 
the form of the seventh, eighth, or ninth ventral segment, 
etc. The descriptions of the armature are taken from 
dried examples, and are therefore incomplete. With one 
exception, the whole of the species of the subfamily 
Telephorinae recorded by Gorham from Central America 
in 1881-1885 were described as new. The 183 species 
now enumerated from the same region include 72 novel- 
ties and 11 forms added by Pic during recent years. 
Three new genera are also characterised. 


Subfam. THLEPHORINAE. 


Group TELEPHORINI. 


The group including Telephorus, Rhagonycha and allied 
forms is represented in Mexico by the genus Podabrus, which 
is characterised by the undivided, exposed terminal ventral 
segment of the male, the symmetric genital armature, and 
the toothed or cleft tarsal claws and simple prothorax 
in both sexes. Discodon is closely related to Polemius 
and S¢lis, and must be placed in the same group. Plectono- 
tum, included in the Silini by Gorham, has the thickened 
lateral margin of the prothorax abbreviated before the 
base, but it agrees in other respects with the Telephorini, 
and seems best placed here. It is probable that nearly 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PART I. (MAY) Cc 


18 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


all the Tropical American species described under Tele- 
phorus * are referable to Chauliognathus, Discodon, or 
Polemius. 


PODABRUS. 


Podabrus, Westwood; Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Coleopt. 
ill, 2, p. 284 (1885). 

Gorham described a single species of this holarctic genus 
from N. Mexico, his types of which are males. A second, 
from Durango, was subsequently received from Hoége. 
Two Miocene forms from Florissant have recently been 
named by Wickham. In Podabrus eight ventral segments 
are exposed, the eighth being oval and uncleft in g. The 
evaginated membranous internal sac of the aedeagus 1s 
shown on Plate IV, fig. 2. 


1. Podabrus mexicanus. 


Podabrus mexicanus, Gorh., loc. cit.; Schaeff., Journ. 
N. York Ent. Soc. xvi, p. 62. 


§. Eighth ventral segment rather large, oval; ninth segment 
broadly semicircularly excavate, divided towards the apex into 
two rather broad, sinuous, concave subacuminate lobes, the 
corresponding dorsal segment also bilobate, the two lobes broadly 
rounded at the apex. (Fig. 1.) 


Hab. NortH America, Huachuca Mts., Arizona; 
Mexico, Chihuahua. 


2. Podabrus caliginosus, n. sp. 


Elongate, narrow (3), broader (2), black, the base of the mandi- 
bles, the sides of the head in front, and the prothoracic margins 
obscure testaceous or rufo-testaceous. Head together with the 
prominent eyes broader than the prothorax in g, narrower than 
the much broader prothorax in 9, coarsely, closely punctate ; 
antennae nearly reaching the middle of the elytra in g, shorter 
in 9. Prothorax subquadrate and very little wider than one of 
the elytra in 3, much larger and strongly transverse in 9, irregularly 
punctate, the dise with an oblique groove on each side of the median 
sulcus at the base. Elytra parallel, long, much broader in Q, 


* T.. monticola, Gorh., from Ecuador, if the intermediate and 
posterior tarsi really have one of the claws cleft in g, must be a 
Discodon. The cleft seventh ventral segment of 3 shows that it 
is not a T'elephorus. 


te 


and Central American Telephorinae. ug 


roughly sculptured and distinctly costate. Tarsal claws with a 
sharp tooth which is much shorter than the claw itself. 

6. Eighth ventral segment moderately large, oval; ninth seg- 
ment semicircularly excavate, divided into two lobes, the apices 
of which are shorter, narrower, and more sinuate than in P. meqi- 
canus, the lobes of the corresponding dorsal segment narrower and 
shorter, obliquely subtruncate externally. (Fig. 2.) 

Length (excl. head) 9-11, breadth 23-3 mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Ciudad in Durango (Hége). 
~ One pair. Less elongate than P. mexicanus, the pro- 
thorax of the male much smaller and narrower, the antennae 
($) shorter, the head black in front, the terminal abdominal 
segments somewhat differently shaped in ¢. 


PLECTONOTUM. 


Plectonotum, Gorham., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, 
p- 306 (1885) (sine descr.); in Whymper’s Great 
Andes, Supp. App., p. 51 (1891). 

Gorham’s type of Plectonotum, P. mgrum, was from 
Keuador, and his P. labiale is presumably congeneric with 
it. The seventh ventral segment of the latter is undivided 
in the male and the genus therefore cannot be very nearly 
related to Silis. The ¢ tarsal claws are uncleft. The 
prothorax has a thickened bead-like margin extending 
backward to near the acute hind angles, and it is very 
similarly shaped in the two sexes. Asilis (Aclytia) tenw- 
culus, Broun, from New Zealand, is very like P. labiale. 
Several species of Plectonotum from South America have 
recently been described by Pic and one from Arizona by 
Schaeffer. 


1. Plectonotum labiale. (Plate VIII, fig. 50, prothorax, ¢.) 


Plectonotum labiale, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111, 
2, p. 307. 


3. Eyes large; antennae very long, as long as or longer than 
the body, closely set with rather long projecting hairs; last ventral 
segment transverse. 

9. Eyes smaller; antennae much shorter, about reaching the 
middle of the elytra, clothed with shorter hairs. 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui. 
A long series seen, females as usual preponderating. 


20 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


Group SILINI. 


The genera here placed under the Silini agree in the 
following characters: Seventh ventral segment of g com- 
pletely divided down the middle, the eighth polished and 
covered by the seventh; genital armature symmetric, con- 
sisting (at least in Discodon and Polemius) of several pairs of 
hooks or spines, which can be withdrawn within the internal 
sac; last joint of maxillary palpi securiform or cultri- 
form; prothorax (except in a few species) notched at sides 
in g, and often to a less degree in 9; elytra long. This 
group is abundantly represented throughout Tropical 
America, and includes the following genera—Discodon, 
Polemius, Silis, Parasilis, Malthaster, etc. 


DIScODON. 


Discodon, Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 2, pp. 78 
(1881), 285 (1885) (part.); Schaeffer, Journ. N. York 
Ent. Soc. xvi, p. 61 (1908). 


The principal characters given for Discodon are the cleft 
external tarsal claws, the feebly notched sides of the pro- 
thorax, and the bilobed or divided seventh ventral segment, 
of the male. This definition applies to most of the species 
included in the genus by Gorham, but, on examination, 
six of them (serricorne, lugubre, difficile, photinoides, 
flaccidum, and bivittatum) prove to have the corresponding 
tarsal claws simply lobed at the base and undivided at the 
tip, and one of them (serricorne) wants the prothoracic 
notch. As Discodon (type, D. erosum, Gorh.) can only be 
separated from Polemius, Lec. (type, Cantharis laticornis, 
Say), by the cleft claw of one or more of the ¢ tarsi, the six 
species above mentioned must be transferred to Leconte’s 
genus. Numerous forms, too, placed by Gorham under 
Silis, in his Supplement to the “ Biologia,” have one or 
more of the 3 tarsal claws cleft, and they are here included 
under Discodon; some of these insects are closely related 
to D. tenue and D. cinereum, others, D. serrigerum and its 
allies, all of which have broad, serrate, tapering antennae, 
mimic Lycids. D. lampyroides, normale, and luridum, 
on the other hand, have the general facies of Lampyrids. 
Schaeffer has recently described four species of Discodon 
from the Southern United States,* and Polemius planicollis, 


* D. telephoroides must be a Polemius. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 21 


Lec., also belongs here. The Mexican and Central American 
forms are divisible into three groups according to the 
number of cleft tarsal claws—3, 2, or 1—in g. The other 
characters given in the following table are also taken from 
the same sex.* 


J. Anterior, intermediate, and posterior tarsi 
with one of the claws cleft: species 
Telephoriform. 
a. Anterior tarsi with the cleft claw tri- 
angularly dilated or lobed at base; 
prothoracic margins notched at or 
behind middle .. . . Species 1-10. 
b. Anterior tarsi with the cleft bre more 
feebly dilated at base: species small or 
of moderate size. 
a1. Prothoracic margins obliquely com- 
pressed at middle and notched in 
front of the hindangles . . . . Species 11. 
b!. Prothoracic margins notched at or 
behind middle, the basal notch 
wanting . . . Species 12-25. 
II. Anterior tarsi with one vt he) ona broadly 
lobed at base and the intermediate and 
posterior tarsi with one claw cleft. 
c. Ventral segment 7 divided into a pair of 
claspers; prothoracic margins notched 
at middle: speciessmall . . . . Species 26. 
d. Ventral segment 7 simply divided down 
the middle. 
cl. Antennae slender or moderately ser- 
rate; prothoracic margins notched 
at or behind middle: species Tele- 
phoriform, Cig: or Lyci- 
foun, .« . - . . Species 27-50. 
d', Antennae biosder aad more tapering, 
strongly serrate: species Lyciform. 
a*, Prothoracic’ margins notched at 
middle or at some distance before 
the base « «2.2, a (- i jo USpectes/b1—5b. 


* Except in species 6, 13, 19, 21, 54, 55, 57, 60, the females 
only of which are known to me. 


22 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


62. Prothoracic margins compressed at 
middle and notched in front of 


the hind angles . . . Species 56-58. 
III. Anterior and TPermeiate ei aah one 


of the claws broadly lobed at base, and 
the posterior tarsi with one claw cleft; 
prothoracic margins notched at or be- 
hind middle: species large, Lampyri- 
form or Telephoriform . . . . . Species 59-64. 


Section I. 


1. Discodon erosum. 


Discodon erosum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iti, 2, 
p- 79 (¢Q) (excl. the var. from Cuernavaca, 3) (nec 
: 


p. 285 


Elongate, shining, finely pubescent; black, the head (eyes 
excepted), the base of the mandibles, the prothorax, scutellum, 
coxae, and trochanters, and the femora to near the apex, flavous 
or flavo-testaceous. Eyes moderately large and prominent in 3, 
smaller in 9. Antennae very long, filiform... Prothorax trans- 
verse, bicallose on the disc behind, with strongly reflexed, sinuate 
margins; the latter with an oblique notch near the base in 3, and 
an abrupt arcuate emargination at the basal third in 2. Elytra 
very long, subparallel, wider than the prothorax. Inner claw of 
anterior tarsi cleft at tip and broadly, acutely triangularly dilated 
at base, and the outer claw of the other tarsi deeply cleft, in 3. 

6. Eighth ventral segment broad, short, produced on each side 
at the apex into a long, oblique, inwardly-directed, stout, spiniform 
process, the tips of the two processes nearly meeting (fig. 3); [ninth 
segment injured by dissection] the evaginated internal sac disclosing 
numerous spines and a pair of stout, elongate hooks (fig. 3a), two 
other long, stout hooks remaining within the cavity. 


Hab. Mexico, Toxpam and Cordova in Vera Cruz. 

Redescribed from the pair from Vera Cruz named by 
Gorham, who did not observe the double modification of 
the inner anterior tarsal claw, etc., of the male. D. erosum 
must be taken as the type of Discodon, one claw of each 
tarsus being cleft in ¢; but the fissure of the claw of the 
anterior pair 1s not easily seen till the tarsus is removed. 
The so-called variety from Cuernavaca is a very different 
insect. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 23 


2. Discodon incisum. 


Discodon incisum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ui, 2, 
ps 12: 


Elongate, narrow, shining, finely pubescent; testaceous, the 
eyes, antennae, legs (the base or greater part of the femora, and 
sometimes the tibiae also, excepted), and in one specimen (from 
Cerro Zunil) the suture and outer limb in part, black or piceous 
Antennae very long, subfiliform. Eyes large and prominent in 4, 
smaller in 9. Prothorax transverse, with explanate strongly re- 
flexed margins, bicallose on dise behind; in ¢ (type) deeply an- 
gularly notched at the sides at about the basal third and slightly 
hollowed thence to the prominent hind angles (in immature examples 
with the sides abruptly arcuato-emarginate from about the middle 
and the hind angles, in consequence, more acute); in ¥ broader, 
narrowing from about the basal third, and with the margins tri- 
sinuate. Elytra very elongate, wider than the prothorax, sub- 
parallel. Inner claw of anterior tarsi triangularly dilated at base 
and cleft at tip, and outer claw of the other tarsi cleft at tip, in ¢. 
Last dorsal segment (= pygidial plate of Gorham) of ¢ greatly 
developed, extending beyond the comparatively short cleft seventh 
ventral segment. 

6. Eighth ventral segment very short, broad, broadly subtruncate 
at the apex, two stout hooks visible within the internal sac [ninth 
segment not examined]. 


Hab. GUATEMALA. 

Amongst the six males of this species before me, one 
only (the type, from San Gerénimo) has the sides of the 
prothorax definitely notched, the notch in the others 
(which are all more or less immature) being lost in the 
broad arcuate emargination of the lateral margin. It is 
just possible, therefore, that there are two species still 
confused under D. incisum. The form of the tarsal claws 
was not mentioned in the original description, a character 
separating the present species from D. nigripes. D. 
abdominale, Schaeff., from Nogales, Arizona, is said to be 
an allied form. 


3. Discodon marginatum. (Plate VIII, fig. 51, prothorax, 3.) 


Discodon marginatum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iu, 
2, p. 80 (nec p. 286). 


Elongate, rather shining, finely pubescent; testaceous, the eyes 
black, the head with a spot on the vertex, the antennae (the base 


24 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


excepted), the prothorax with a median vitta, and the elytra (the 
sutural and outer margins excepted) fuscous. Eyes large and 
prominent in g, smaller in 9. Antennae long and slender. Pro- 
thorax (3) narrow, a little broader than long, binodose on the dise 
before the base, deeply and abruptly sinuato-emarginate from 
about the middle to the sharp hind angles, and with a shallow 
oblique groove above at the point of interruption of the lateral 
margin; (2) broader and more transverse, narrowing from near the 
base, the margins reflexed throughout, sinuate at the middle and 
near the hind angles. Elytra long, considerably wider than the 
prothorax, subparallel, distinctly costate on the disc. Inner claw 
of anterior tarsi cleft and with a sharp triangular tooth at base, and 
outer claw of the other tarsi cleft, in ¢. 

6. Ninth ventral segment broad, widened outwards, the apex 
angularly dilated on each side and produced in the middle into a 
broadly rounded, decumbent flap. 


Hab. GUATEMALA, Pacific slope and Baja Vera Paz. 

Twelve specimens seen, of which five are males, varying 
very little in colour. The Mexican examples subsequently 
referred to this species by Gorham have differently formed 
tarsal claws in the male, and they are here separated under 
the name Polemius fuscovittatus. The fissure of the inner 
anterior claw is not easily seen in the present species : 
D. marginatum is related to D. erosum, incisum, and 
emarginatum. 


4, Diseodon emarginatum, n. sp. 


Narrow, piceous or black, the anterior portion of the head in 
part or entirely, the base of the mandibles, and the prothorax (a 
median vitta excepted) pale flavous. Antennae (3) long, sub- 
filiform, sparsely pilose; (2) shorter. Eyes large and prominent — 
in 3, much smaller in 9. Prothorax (¢) broader than long, arcuate 
in front, the sides abruptly constricted at the middle and gradually 
obliquely dilated thence to the acute hind angles; (2) wider, 
narrowing forwards, the sides sinuate and rather broadly explanate. 
Elytra long, wider than the prothorax in both sexes, subparallel, 
sinuate at the sides in 2. Inner claw of anterior tarsi cleft at tip 
and with a triangular tooth at base, and outer claw of the other 
tarsi cleft at tip, in g. 

6. Eighth ventral segment short, broad, broadly subtruncate at 
the apex; ninth segment widened towards the tip, which is obliquely 
subtruncate on either side of the middle, two strongly curved hooks 


and Central American Telephorinae. 25 


projecting from the internal sac on each side and the tip of a serrated 
flagellum visible in the centre (figs. 4, 4a). 
Length (excl. head) 7-93, breadth 2}-3 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Mexico (Truqui: 3°), Xucumanatlan in Guerrero 
(H. H. Smith: 3), Oaxaca (Sallé: 3). 

Three males and one female. The Oaxaca example 
was found in the “ Biologia ”’ collection placed under the 
long series of D. plicatum. In the male of this insect the 
marginal notch of the prothorax is replaced by a deep 
arcuate emargination extending from the middle to the 
base (the hind angles thus appearing acute and prominent), 
and the inner claw of the anterior tarsi is cleft at the tip 
as in D. erosum. The genital armature, so far as visible, 
is also different from that of D. plicatum. D. incisum, 
Gorh., is an allied form. D. bipunctatum, Schaeff., from 
Arizona, seems to have a similarly shaped prothorax in 
the male. 


5. Discodon carbonarium. 


Discodon carbonarium, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 
iii, 2, pp. 80, 285. 


Very elongate, narrow, shining, finely pubescent; nigro-piceous 
or black, the anterior portion of the head in part, the base of the 
mandibles, and sometimes the prothorax (an oblong spot or median 
vitta excepted) also, testaceous or rufescent. Eyes very large and 
prominent in g, much smaller in 9. Antennae slender, as long as 
the body in 3, shorter in 9. Prothorax (3) narrow, nearly as long 
as broad, abruptly sinuato-emarginate from about the middle to 
the prominent hind angles, binodose on the disc behind, the broad 
space between the callosities flattened and often carinate; (2) 
broader and more transverse, narrowing from near the base, the 
margins narrowly reflexed and bisinuate. Elytra very elongate, 
wider than the prothorax, subparallel. Inner claw of anterior 
tarsi cleft and with a sharp triangular tooth at the base, and outer 
claw of the other tarsi cleft, in 3. 

3d. Ninth ventral segment broad, widened outwards, angularly 
dilated on each side at the apex and with the central portion broadly, 
subangularly produced. 


Hab. GuATEMALA, Quiché Mts. and Cerro Zunil. 

Seven specimens seen, three having the prothorax in 
part or almost wholly red. The male has the prothorax 
and tarsal claws formed very much as in D. marginatum 


26 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican | 


and D. emarginatum. D. imcisum and D. oppositipunctum 
are also allied forms. 


6. Discodon melanopterum, n. sp. 


9. Very elongate, narrow, shining, finely pubescent; deep black, 
the prothorax and mandibles rufo-testaceous. Antennae slender, 
about reaching the middle of the elytra. Prothorax narrow, 
broader than long, bicallose on the disc, arcuate in front, narrowing 
from about the basal third forwards, the margins reflexed and bisinu- 
ate, the hind angles projecting laterally, the surface comparatively 
smooth. Elytra much wider than the prothorax, very elongate, 
parallel; densely, rugulosely punctate and obsoletely costulate. 

Var. a. Head, prothorax, scutellum, and anterior coxae rufo- 
testaceous. 9. 

Length (excl. head) 7-83, breadth 23,-24 mm. (9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Omilteme [types] and Chilpancingo [var.] 
in Guerrero 4600-8000 ft. (HZ. H. Smath). 

Four females, the variety represented by a single example 
from Chilpancingo. This species is closely related to 
D. carbonarium, Gorh., from the Quiché Mountains, ete. 
of Guatemala. The prothorax of the female of that insect 
is similarly shaped, but more transverse, not so smooth, 
and more or less infuscate. The variety is very like Stlis 
haematodes, Gorh. (2), from Guatemala; but it has the 
sides of the prothorax much less sinuate. The male of the 
present species, if correctly placed near D. carbonarium, 
should have one of the claws of each tarsus cleft at the 
tip. 

7. Discodon oppositipunctum. 


Discodon oppositipunctum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 


i, 2, p. 87; Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom., fasc. ii, p. 14 


(1912). 
Discodon schneideri, Pic, Le Naturaliste, 1910, p. 48. 


Narrow, rather shining, finely pubescent; testaceous, the antennae 
in part or entirely, a small spot on the vertex, another on the front 
of the prothorax, the elytra entirely, and the knees, tibiae, and tarsi, 
fuscous or nigro-fuscous. [Eyes large and prominent in g, smaller 
in 9. Antennae long and slender. Prothorax (3) nearly as long 
as broad, binodose on the dise behind, deeply sinuato-emarginate 
at the sides from about the middle to the acute, laterally prominent 
hind angles; (2) transversely subquadrate, the margins feebly 


om 


and Central American Telephorinae. 27 


trisinuate. Elytra broader than the prothorax, parallel, distinctly 
costate. Inner claw of anterior tarsi cleft at tip and triangularly 
dilated at base, and outer claws of the other tarsi cleft, in 3. 


Hab. Mexico, Cordova, Toxpam and Jalapa in Vera 
Cruz, Durango. . 

Redescribed from the immature fragmentary types 
($2), and from a female from Durango from the Fry 
collection. Pic’s specimens of D. schneideri were from 
Jalapa. The present species is allied to D. marginatum 
and D. wncisum, having similarly formed tarsal claws, etc., 
in the male. 


8. Discodon geniculatum, n. sp. 


6. Moderately elongate, narrow, shining, finely pubescent; the 
head, palpi, base of antennae, prothorax, scutellum, femora and 
tibiae (except at their respective apices) testaceous; the elytra 
and under surface fuscous, the sutural and outer margins of the 
former and the outer margins of the latter whitish. Head dull, 
densely, finely punctate; eyes rather small, prominent; antennae 
slender, about reaching the middle of the elytra. Prothorax 
slightly broader than long, subquadrate, the margins narrowly 
reflexed, plicate and interrupted at the middle by a long angular 
excision (appearing angularly dilated anteriorly), the hind angles 
inconspicuous. LElytra rather long, parallel, finely sculptured. 
Inner claw of anterior tarsi cleft at tip and with a sharp angular 
tooth at base, the outer claw of the other tarsi cleft at tip. 

Length (excl. head) 4, breadth 14 mm. 


Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo in Guerrero (Hége). 

One male. This species is not very closely related to any 
of the others here enumerated. It has one of the tarsal 
claws of each foot distinctly cleft at the tip, as in the male 
of D. coarclatum, simplex, melanaspis, etc. The pallid head, 
prothorax, femora (the knees excepted), and tibiae, how- 
ever, separate D. geniculatum from D. melanaspis and its 
alles, and the comparatively smooth, differently coloured 
elytra, etc., from D. coarctatum. 


9. Discodon cinereum. 


Discodon cinereum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 
2, p. 286 (part.); Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom., fase. i, 
p. 15 (1912). 


28 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


Moderately elongate, narrow (3), broader (2), somewhat shining, 
thickly clothed with rather coarse cinereous pubescence; black, 
the head on each side in front, and the sides of the prothorax broadly 
(leaving a large, anteriorly dilated, broad black median vitta), 
or at least narrowly at the base, flavous or rufescent. Eyes small. 
Antennae subfiliform, rather stout, shorter in 9, sparsely pilose. 
Prothorax (¢$) subquadrate, binodose on the disc towards the base, 
the sides deeply, angularly emarginate at about the middle, the 
hind angles prominent; (2) broader, strongly transverse, the sides 
trisinuate, the hind angles acute and still more prominent. Elytra 
moderately long, wider than the prothorax, parallel, rugosely 
sculptured. Inner claw of anterior tarsi cleft at the tip and with 
a large triangular tooth at base, and the outer claw of the other 
tarsi cleft, in 3. 

Length (excl. head) 43-6, breadth 13-2 mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. GUATEMALA, Calderas on the slope of the Volcan 
de Fuego, Quiché Mts., San Gerénimo. 

Gorham confused two perfectly distinct species under 
D. cinereum, but the localities quoted and the specific 
name adopted could only apply to the present insect, 
the other, from the Quiché Mts. only, D. nigropilosum, 
having black pubescence, very long, dilated, subserrate, 
bristly antennae in the male, etc. The colour of the pro- 
thorax varies according to the development of the black 
median vitta, this latter being sometimes so extended as 
to leave a small space at the hind angles only flavous. 
Fourteen specimens seen, three of which were found 
placed under Silzs dilacerata in the “ Biologia ”’ collection. 


10. Discodon tenue. 


Discodon tenue, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 1, 2, . 
p. 286. 


Narrow, slender, shining, cinereo-pubescent; nigro-piceous or 
black, the anterior portion of the head, the base of the antennae, 
the prothoracic margins (a space beyond the middle of the lateral 
margin in ¢ excepted), the coxae and trochanters, the basal half of 
the femora, and the abdomen in part, flavous or testaceous. Eyes 
small. Antennae slender, long. Prothorax transverse, binodose 
on the disc behind, abruptly constricted behind the middle in g, 
the lateral margins narrowly reflexed, the hind angles prominent; 
broader and with the margins strongly trisinuate in 9. Elytra long, 
a little wider than the prothorax, subparallel. Inner claw of anterior 


and Central American Telephorinae. 29 


tarsi cleft at tip and with a sharp triangular tooth at base, and 
outer claw of the other tarsi cleft at tip, in ¢. 

§. Ninth ventral segment small, oblong, subtruncate at the tip, 
a single spiniform process projecting from the internal sac. 


Hab. GUATEMALA, Quiché Mts. 

Three males and five females seen, showing no variation 
in colour. The structure of the ¢ anterior tarsal claws 
was not observed by Gorham, who gives the outer claw of 
the middle and hind tarsi only as cleft. A narrow, slender 
insect related to D. carbonarium, which came from the 
same locality; but much smaller, and also differing from 
it in the shape of the prothorax in both sexes, the small 
eyes of the male, etc. The Mexican D. subtenue is very 
like D. tenue. 


11. Diseodon maurum, n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 52, 
prothorax, ¢.) 


Discodon melancholicum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 
ll, 2, p. 81 (part.). 


$. Narrow, finely pubescent, somewhat shining, wholly deep 
black. Eyes somewhat prominent. Antennae very long, filiform. 
Prothorax small, transverse; the sides strongly reflexed, deeply 
sinuate and feebly obliquely notched at about the middle, and with 
an abrupt notch immediately before the dentiform hind angles 
(these being formed by the reflexed basal margin); the disc broadly 
suleate down the middle behind, appearing bicallose. Elytra 
wider than the prothorax, very elongate, subparallel. Inner claw 
of anterior and outer claw of the other tarsi cleft at tip. 

Length 8, breadth 3 mm. 


Hab. Mexico, Parada in Oaxaca (Sallé), Oaxaca (Mus. 
Brit.). 

Two males—one included by Gorham under D. melan- 
cholicum (= D. triste), the other acquired by the British 
Museum in 1858. In the male of the present species one 
claw of each tarsus is cleft (not easily seen), the prothorax 
is small, with strongly upturned margins, and the sides 
abruptly notched immediately before the base, and the 
antennae are long and filiform, characters readily dis- 
tinguishing D. maurum from D. melancholicum. 


12. Diseodon nigropilosum, n. sp. 


Moderately elongate, shining, nigro-pilose; black, the sides of 
the prothorax narrowly (¢) or rather broadly (Q) flavous, the very 


30 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


broad black median vitta sometimes extending along the anterior 
margin to the lateral notch in g. Eyes small. Antennae (3) about 
as long as the body, dilated, subserrate, and densely clothed with 
short projecting hairs; (2) much shorter and moderately stout, more 
sparsely pilose. Prothorax (3) transverse, deeply, angularly, 
abruptly emarginate at the sides at about the middle (the lateral 
margins thus appearing dentate at the apical third), the hind angles 
subrectangular ; (2) shorter and more transverse, the sides somewhat 
rounded, narrowly reflexed, and feebly sinuate. Elytra wider than 
the prothorax, moderately long, slightly rounded at the sides in 9, 
finely punctate and costulate. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and 
outer claw of the other tarsi cleft at tip, in 3. 

¢. Eighth ventral segment narrowed to the apex, the apex itself 
cleft in the middle, appearing bilobed. 

Length (excl. head) 5-53, breadth 13-2 mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. GUATEMALA, Quiché Mountains, 7000-9000 ft. 
(Champion). 

Five males and two females. The black pubescence, 
the very long, stout, subserrate, densely pilose antennae 
of the male, the less parallel elytra, and the rounded, much 
less sinuate sides of the prothorax in the female, readily 
distinguish the present species from D. cinereum, under 
which the specimens described were left in the “ Biologia”’ 
collection. 


13. Diseodon comptum. 


Q. Telephorus comptus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 
2, p. 90. 
»?p 


Hab. GUATEMALA, San Geronimo in Baja Vera Paz. 

Described from two females. 7’. comptus, in the absence 
of the male, is best placed near Discodon nigropilosum, also 
from Guatemala, it having a feebly developed head, small 
eyes, long, serrate antennae, and rugose elytra, much as 
in the female of that species; the prothorax, however, in 
T. comptus is wider than the base of the elytra, and strongly 
rounded and broadly explanate at the sides from near 
the acute hind angles. The species obviously bears no 
relationship to the genus Telephorus, s. str. 


14. Diseodon sinuatum, n. sp. 


Moderately elongate, rather narrow (¢), broader (2), opaque, 
finely pubescent; nigro-piceous or black, the prothorax sometimes 


and Central American Telephorinae. 31 


with two transversely placed reddish spots on the disc ; the mandibles 
rufescent. Head short; eyes rather small; antennae (¢) long, 
slightly tapering outwards, densely set with short projecting hairs ; 
(2) shorter and more sparsely pilose. Prothorax (3) transverse, 
densely punctulate, bicallose on the disc towards the base, the 
margins broadly, deeply, angularly excised behind the middle, the 
hind angles subrectangular; (2) broader, with the margins simply 
sinuate, uninterrupted, and somewhat thickened. Elytra wider 
than the prothorax, subparallel in 3, broader and distinctly explanate 
in 9; densely, rugulosely sculptured, costulate in g. Inner claw 
of anterior tarsi angularly dilated at base and cleft at tip, and outer 
claw of the other tarsi cleft at tip, in 3. 

Var. a. Prothorax with a sharply defined oblique yellow streak 
on each side of the disc. ¢ 9. 

6. Last dorsal segment simple; seventh ventral segment narrowly 
cleft throughout; eighth segment broad, transverse, notched in the 
middle and sinuato-truncate at the apex (fig. 5); ninth segment 
oblong, subtruncate at the tip, a stout hook visible on each side of 
it beneath and two minute hooks projecting from the internal sac. 

Length (excl. head) 43-53, breadth 13-24 mm. (4 9.) 


‘Hab. Mexico (Lruqui in Mus. Brit.; Coffin mm Mus. 
Ozon.), Tula in Hidalgo (Hége). 

Numerous examples of both sexes of the dark form, three 
only of the variety. Very like D. (Silvs) anale, Gorh., but 
broader and less shining; the antennae of the male more 
densely pilose and the pygidium (or last dorsal segment) 
simple in this sex; the hind angles of the prothorax of 
the female not projecting laterally. The ¢ characters of 
the present insect are very similar to those of D. nagro- 
pilosum. The sexes might be mistaken for different 
species. Two males have been dissected. 


15. Diseodon subtenue, n.sp. (Plate ILI, fig. 1, ¢.) 


Narrow, slender, shining, cinereo-pubescent; black, the anterior 
portion of the head, the base of the antennae, the prothorax (a broad 
median vitta or spot excepted), the coxae and trochanters, the basal 
half of the femora, the tibiae in part, and the margins or more of the 
abdomen, flavous or testaceous; the elytra (except in one 9 example) 
each with an oblique discoidal stripe of variable extent (sometimes 
leaving only the suture and base black), and often the outer limb 
also, dilute testaceous; the antennae, tibiae, and tarsi (and in one 
immature example the anterior and intermediate femora also) rarely 
testaceous, the femora black in one specimen. Eyes small, prominent 


32 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


in g. Antennae slender. Prothorax (3) a little broader than long, 
binodose on the disc behind, abruptly, angularly constricted just 
beyond the middle and with the sides subparallel thence to the 
prominent hind angles; (2) more transverse, and with the sides bi- 
or trisinuate. Elytra long, a little wider than the prothorax, 
subparallel. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of the 
other tarsi, cleft in 3. 

3g. Ninth ventral segment somewhat oval, a single spiniform 
process projecting from the middle of the internal sac. 

Length (excl. head) 5-64, breadth 14-2 mm. (¢ 9). 


Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo and Omilteme in Guerrero, 
4600-8000 ft. (H. H. Smith). 

Thirteen specimens, females predominating, varying in 
colour, according to the development of the oblique flavous 
stripe on each elytron. Very like the Guatemalan D. tenue, 
but with the sides of the prothorax broadly testaceous, and 
the lateral notch of the g placed further forward and so 
abrupt as to form a dentiform prominence in front; the 
inner anterior tarsal claw (3) also wants the sharp triangular 
tooth at the base. The single specimen (2) with the femora 
and elytra black superficially resembles D. carbonarium. 


16. Discodon anale. (Plate VIII, fig. 53, prothorax, 3.) 
Stls analis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, p. 304. 


Elongate, narrow, somewhat shining, finely cinereo-pubescent ; 
nigro-piceous or black, the anterior margin of the head, the base 
of the mandibles, and the last abdominal segment in 3, flavous. 
Head short, the eyes small; antennae long, sparsely pilose, and 
with a stout basal joint, in 3, slightly shorter in 9. Prothorax (3) 
transverse, bicallose on the dise posteriorly, deeply, angularly excised 
on each side behind the middle, the margins obliquely diverging 
thence to the rather prominent hind angles, thickened and reflexed 
in front of the emargination, and gradually converging thence to 
the apex; (2) somewhat rounded and feebly sinuate at the sides, 
and constricted before the sharp outwardly-directed hind angles, 
the margins reflexed throughout, sometimes subangulate at about 
the apical third. Elytra long, subparallel. Inner claw of anterior 
tarsi, and outer claw of the other tarsi, perceptibly cleft at tip, in ¢. 

3. Last dorsal segment (= pygidium of Gorham) stout, long, 
tubulate, bent downward at the apex; seventh ventral segment 
long, broadly cleft down the middle, the lateral portions forming 


and Central American Telephorinae. 33 


two long narrow lobes; [eighth segment not examined;] ninth 
ventral segment widened outwards, sinuato-truncate at the tip. 
Length (excl. head) 44-5}, breadth 1 mm. (¢ 8.) 


Hab. Mexico (Truqui in Mus. Brit. ; Coffin, in Mus. 
Ozon.), Puebla (Sallé: types), Chilpancingo in Guerrero 
(Hoge). 

A long series of this species is now available for examina- 
tion, including a pair still “in copula.” Various other 
extremely closely allied Mexican forms are known, and a 
fuller description is therefore required, D. anale being 
recognisable by the peculiarly shaped last dorsal segment 
(pygidium) of the male. Gorham seems to have over- 
looked the close affinity of the present insect with his 
Discodon cinereum, under which, however, he confused 
various species. 


17. Diseodon alticola, n. sp. 


Elongate, narrow, shining, finely cinereo-pubescent; nigro- 
piceous or black, the sides of the head in front and the base of the 
mandibles testaceous. Head together with the eyes as wide as the 
prothorax in 3, narrower in 9; eyes rather large and prominent in 
6, smaller in 9; antennae (¢) long, reaching to about the apical 
third of the elytra, much shorter in 2. Prothorax (¢) slightly 
broader than long, bicallose on the disc posteriorly, deeply, angularly 
excised on each side at about the middle, the margins obliquely 
diverging thence to the sharp hind angles, narrowly reflexed in 
front of the excision, and gradually converging thence to the apex; 
(2) broader, strongly transverse, with the margins thickened and 
reflexed to near the base and apex, obliquely converging anteriorly 
and subparallel or converging behind, the hind angles rather pro- 
minent. Elytra long, parallel. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and 
outer claw of the other tarsi, apparently cleft at tip, in d. 

¢. Eighth ventral segment (apex only examined) carinate down 
the middle, the apex narrow, feebly emarginate. 

Length (excl. head) 5-54, breadth 13-2 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Ciudad in Durango 8100 ft. (Forrer, Hége). 

Three specimens. The two females captured by Forrer 
were found placed under Discodon cinereum and carbonarium 
respectively in the “ Biologia” collection; the male was 
taken many years later by Hoge at the same locality. The 
male approaches D. carbonariwm, from Quiché, the denti- 
form lateral projection of the prothorax being much more 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTI. (MAY) D 


34 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


narrowly reflexed than in D. anale; the female, however, 
is extremely like the same sex of the last-named insect. 
The tarsal claws of the male appear to be simple, but in 
certain aspects one of them seems to be feebly cleft at the 
tip. In one of the females the prothorax is distinctly 
carinate between the dorsal callosities. D. simplex has 
duller elytra and shorter antennae. 


18. Diseodon simplex, n. sp. 


Moderately elongate, narrow, somewhat shining, finely cinereo- 
pubescent; nigro-piceous or black, the anterior margin of the head 
(at the sides only in 9), the bases of the palpi and mandibles, and 
the tip of the last ventral segment in g, testaceous. Head short, 
the eyes small; antennae moderately long, rather slender, sub- 
equal in length in the two sexes, the basal joint not much thickened 
in g. Prothorax (3) transverse, bicallose on the disc posteriorly, 
gradually dilated from the apex to the deep, angular post-median 
excision, and again dilated thence to the subrectangular hind angles, 
the margins callose and reflexed in front of the excision (the tooth 
thus formed truncate behind); (2) transversely subquadrate, the 
margins sinuate, armed with an oblique dentiform callosity at about 
the apical third, and obliquely converging thence to the apex, the 
hind angles acute and laterally projecting. Elytra moderately 
long, parallel, a little broader in 9. Inner claw of anterior tarsi 
angularly dilated at base and cleft at tip, and outer claw of the 
other tarsi cleft at tip, in 3. 

Var. a. Prothorax with the sides broadly to near the apex, and 
the anterior legs in part, rufo-testaceous. 9. 

Var. 8. Larger and more elongate; the entire anterior portion 
of the head, the palpi, the outer limb of the elytra, and the margins 
of the abdomen, testaceous. 9. 

3g. Seventh dorsal segment moderately long, simple, the eighth 
narrow and angularly excised at the tip; seventh ventral segment 
broadly cleft, the lateral portions bluntly rounded at the apex. 

Length (excl. head) 34-53, breadth 14-1? mm. (¢ 2.) 


Hab. Mexico, Xucumanatlan and Amula in Guerrero, 
6000-7000 ft. (H. H. Smith). 

Described from two males and six females, the varieties 
being each represented by a single example; all the forms 
were obtained at Amula. The non-tubulate, shorter last 
dorsal segment of the male separates the present species 
from D. (Szlis) anale, Gorh., the female, too, has a some- 


and Central American Telephorinae. 35 


what differently shaped prothorax. The var. a approaches 
D. cinereum, Gorh. 


19. Diseodon bicallosum, n. sp. 


9. Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; black, the 
sides of the head before the eyes, a sharply defined oval spot on the 
front, the base of the mandibles, the basal joint of the antennae 
beneath, and the margins of the prothorax posteriorly, pale flavous. 
Head short, the eyes small; antennae moderately long. Prothorax 
transversely subquadrate, bicallose on the disc, feebly sinuate at 
the sides, the latter armed with a stout, oblique, laterally projecting, 
dentiform callosity towards the apex, the hind angles sharply 
rectangular. Klytra moderately long, parallel, much wider than the 
prothorax, rugulosely sculptured and subcostulate. 

Length (excl. head) 43, breadth 12 mm. 


Hab. GuaTEMALA, San Gerénimo in Baja Vera Paz 
(Champion). 

One specimen, placed in the “ Biologia” collection 
under D. cimereum, a Guatemalan insect with a very 
differently shaped prothorax in the female. D. bicallosum 
is Closely related to the Mexican D. simplex, from which 
it may be known by the peculiarly coloured head and pro- 
thorax, the latter with a stout, oblique, marginal callosity 
on each side towards the apex and sharply rectangular 
hind angles. 


20. Discodon coarctatum. 


Silis coarctata, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, 
p. 303 (J). 

Silts hilara, var.?, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 306 (part.) (specim. 
with black legs) (9). 

Hab. Mexico, Cordova. 

Described from five males, four of which are now in the 
British Museum. This insect has the prothorax of the male 
shaped very much as in D. (Silis) anale, Gorh., from which 
it differs in the rufo-testaceous head, prothorax, and 
scutellum, the less thickened lateral prominences of the 
prothorax, and the simple seventh dorsal segment, of the 
male, etc. Two examples have the head infuscate at the 
base. One of the two females placed by Gorham under 
Silis hilara must belong here; it is very like the same sex of 
the nearly allied D. melanaspis, but has shorter antennae, 
a red head, etc. The tarsi have one of their claws cleft 
at the tip in the male. 


36 =©Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


21. Diseodon erythroderes. 


2. Silis erythroderes, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 
2, p. 94 [nec S. erythrodera, Fairm. 1893]. 
2. Silis jalapana, Pic, L’Echange, xxvi, p. 6 (1910). 

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa. 

A shining, sparsely pubescent insect, with a bright red 
head and prothorax, and black elytra, legs, and antennae. 
The prothorax (2) is subquadrate, with the narrowly re- 
flexed lateral margins interrupted at the middle by a broad 
arcuate emargination (thus appearing angulate before and 
behind the emargination) and the hind angles prominent. 
Four specimens are contained in the “ Biologia ”’ collec- 
tion, two of them having the head more or less infuscate 
at the base. Szlis yalapana has the scutellum red, a 
character of no great importance. JD. erythroderes resembles 
Silis haematodes, Gorh., in colour; but it has a very 
differently shaped prothorax, the latter beimg formed 
somewhat as in the male of D. coarctatum. The male of 
the present species remains to be discovered. The similarly 
coloured Silas melanocephala, Gorh., known from a single 
male, has a shorter prothorax, more roughly sculptured 
elytra, etc. 


22. Diseodon melanaspis, n. sp. 


Moderately elongate, shining, finely and closely cinereo-pubescent ; 
nigro-plumbeous or black, the base of the mandibles, the sides of the 
head in front, and the prothorax testaceous or rufo-testaceous. Eyes 
rather small in 3, still smaller in 9. Antennae long and slender in 
both sexes. Prothorax (g) subquadrate, bicallose on the disc 
posteriorly, the margins narrowly reflexed, notched and obliquely 
plicate at the middle (appearing broadly subangularly dilated in 
front of the excision), the hind angles obtuse; (2) broader and more 
transverse, the lateral margins wider, thickened throughout, feebly 
sinuate, constricted before the sharp hind angles, and sometimes 
feebly angulate towards the apex. LElytra parallel, long and broader 
than the prothorax in 3, shorter in 9, finely sculptured. Inner claw 
of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of the other tarsi, distinctly cleft 
~ at tip, in 3. 

Length (excl. head) 41-53, breadth 14-1} mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.: 62; Mus. Oxon. : 
Q), Chilpancingo (H. H. Smith: 9). 

This is a form of D. coarctatum with the head (except at 
the sides in front) and scutellum black, and the elytra 


and Central American Telephorinae. 37 


rather finely sculptured and comparatively smooth. The 
description is taken from fourteen examples (three of which 
belong to the Oxford Museum), including a pair still “in 
copula.” A larger female, also found by Truqui, with 
a broader, narrowly fusco-vittate prothorax may belong 
here. The fine cinereous pubescence of the elytra gives 
a greyish appearance to the surface. 


23. Diseodon hilarum. (Plate VIII, fig. 54, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis hilara, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, p. 306 
(part.) (g and ° with legs in part red). 

Hab. Mexico, Cordova. 

The types of Sclis hilara, $ 9, are very like D. (Silis) 
coarctatum ; but the male has broader and more thickened 
lateral prominences, and acute hind angles, to the pro- 
thorax, and smaller eyes than in the corresponding sex of 
that species; the femora to near the apex, and the basal 
half or more of the tibiae, are testaceous; and the elytral 
punctuation is as coarse and distinct as in D. pauaillum, 
the cinereous pubescence, too, being long and conspicuous. 
The black-legged specimen (Q) placed by Gorham under the 
same species is here referred to D. coarctatum. The three 
tarsi have one of their claws cleft at the tip in the male. 


24. Discodon pauxillum. (Plate VIII, fig. 55, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis pauailla (incl. vars.), Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 
il, 2, pp. 304, 305 (excl. Zunil specimens). 

Hab. GuaTEMALA, Cubilguitz, Senahu, and San Juan 
in Alta Vera Paz; Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui. 

The types of Stlis pauaxilla, Gorham, were from Chiriqui, 
and the Guatemalan examples [excluding those from Cerro 
Zunil, which are females with bent mandibles and are here 
treated as a var. of his Salis oblita] evidently belong to the 
same species. One of the varieties, that with the basal 
half of the femora testaceous, represented by two females, 
is from Vera Paz; the other, with the head (the base or a 
spot on the vertex excepted), the basal half or more of the 
antennae, and the legs in great part (the outer half of the 
posterior femora excepted), testaceous, is represented by 
numerous females from Chiriqui. The type is shining, 
black, with the front of the head, the base of the antennae 
beneath, and the prothorax (except along the anterior 


38 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


margin) rufo-testaceous. The prothorax of the male is 
broad and transverse, and dilated at the sides into a broad, 
thickened, blunt tooth in front of the deep median notch; 
that of the female has the lateral margins feebly sinuate, 
and angularly dilated anteriorly, and the hind angles 
acute. The elytra are parallel and rather coarsely, densely 
punctate. The three tarsi have one of the claws cleft at 
the tip in the male. The second antennal joint is a little 
longer than usual. The eyes are small, slightly larger in 
the male. 


25. Discodon minusculum. 


Silis minuscula, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 1m, 2, 
p. 305. 

Hab. GUATEMALA, Pacific slope. 

This is a form of D. pauaxillum with a sharply and broadly 
nigro-vittate prothorax, the front of the head whitish, 
and the basal half of the femora testaceous. The male 
characters are similar, and the secofd antennal joint is 
rather long. D. minusculum comes very near the var. 1 
of D. pauxillum, from the Atlantic slope; but as the insect 
seems confined to the opposite side of Guatemala, it is 
here retained as distinct. D. minusculumis represented by 
three males and five females in the “ Biologia” collection. 


Section II. 
26. Discodon podabroides. 


Discodon podabroides, Pic, Melanges exot.-entom., fase. 1, 
p. 15 (3) (1912). 


Elongate, narrow (3), broader (Q), rather shining, finely cinereo- 
pubescent; nigro-piceous or black, the sides of the head in front, 
the base of the mandibles, the margins of the prothorax narrowly 
(except at the middle), the outer limb of the elytra below the 
shoulder, the outer margins of the abdomen, and the tarsal claws 
testaceous or yellow. Head in ¢ broad, subtriangular, exserted, 
and with large, very prominent eyes, in 9 less developed and with 
much smaller eyes; antennae slender, very long in g, shorter in 9. 
Prothorax (3) nearly as long as broad, bicallose on the dise towards 
the base, notched at the sides behind the middle, the notch limited 
in front by an obtuse oblong callosity, the hind angles acute and 
prominent; (2) shorter and more transverse, narrowly excised 


and Central American Telephorinae. 39 


behind the dark marginal callosity, the sides obliquely converging 
anteriorly. Elytra considerably wider than the prothorax, long, 
subparallel. Inner claw of anterior tarsi lobed, and outer claw of 
the other tarsi cleft at tip, in . 

3g. Ventral segment 6 very broadly, subtriangularly emarginate ; 7 
drawn out laterally into a pair of long, stout, curved forceps, the 
acuminate apices of which overlap; 8 short, polished, glabrous, 
tridentate at the apex (the compressed cariniform median portion 
forming a prominent tooth between the two apical notches) (fig. 6); 
9 narrow, produced into a long, spoon-shaped lobe on each side, the 
exposed median process (flagellum) finely serrate laterally and the 
tip of a sharp spine visible on each side of it (figs. 6a, 60). 

Length (excl. head) 53-6, breadth 13-2 mm. (4 2.) 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion). 

Redescribed from two males and two females. Pic’s 
type (3), from the same source, was found by him in the 
Gorham collection placed under Discodon cinereum. The 
male of this insect is superficially very like a small Podabrus, 
which has differently formed tarsal claws, etc. The extra- 
ordinary ventral structure of the male was not noticed by 
Pic. The forcipate ventral segment is assumed to be the 
seventh (the first being hidden beneath the coxae) and 
homologous with the normally cleft last exposed segment. 
D. podabroides should perhaps be taken as the type of a 
separate genus. 


27. Discodon plicatum. 


Discodon plicatum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 
2, pp. 79, 285 (part.). 


Narrow (3), broader (2), elongate, moderately shining; clothed 
with rather long brownish or cinereous pubescence; nigro-piceous 
or black, the head on each side in front, the base of the mandibles, 
and the prothorax (a median vitta, oblong patch, or small spot on 
the disc excepted) straw-yellow, the humeri usually, and sometimes 
the scutellum also, testaceous. Eyes large and prominent (3), 
smaller (2). Antennae slender, long, sparsely pilose in both sexes. 
Prothorax (3) transverse, rounded in front, deeply excavate on each 
side of the disc, anteriorly, the sides abruptly, angularly notched 
at the middle, the hind angles rectangular; in 2 broader, with the 
sides simply sinuate and the hind angles obtuse. Elytra long, a 
little wider at the base than the prothorax in both sexes, not ex- 
planate laterally, feebly costulate on the disc. Inner claw of anterior 


40 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


tarsi broadly lobed, and outer claw of the other tarsi cleft at the tip, 
in 3. 
Var. a. Prothorax, epistoma, and scutellum straw-yellow. 


Discodon flavicolle, Gorh., loc. cit., pp. 81, 287 (excl. 
Panama specimens). 


¢g. Eighth ventral segment oval, rather broad, feebly notched in 
the centre at the tip; ninth segment somewhat broadly produced 
and subtruncate at the apex, two curved hooks projecting from the 
internal sac (fig. 7). 


Hab. Mexico, Nuevo Leon, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Mexico 
City, etc.; GuaTEMALA; Costa Rica. 

A variable insect, recognisable amongst its allies by the 
position of the prothoracic notch of the male, and from 
D. normale, etc., by the form of the tarsal claws of the 
same sex. In the long series examined the black mark 
on the disc of the prothorax (which is never dilated into 
a cruciform patch posteriorly) becomes gradually evanes- 
cent, till it entirely disappears. The length (excluding 
head) varies from 8-11 mm. Five males have been dis- 
sected, three of D. plicatwm and two of D. flavicolle. 


28. Discodon stramineicolle, n. sp. 


Discodon flavicolle, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 
2, p. 287 (part.). 


Elongate, shining, sparsely pubescent; black or pitchy-black, 
the anterior half of the head, the base of the mandibles, the anterior 
coxae, prothorax, and scutellum pale flavous. Eyes very large in g, 
smaller in 9. Antennae long, filiform, sparsely pilose. Prothorax 
transverse, arcuate in front; the lateral margins abruptly, obliquely 


notched at about the basal third (a dentiform projection being thus — 


formed in front of the emargination) in g, and feebly sinuate in 9; 
the entire basal margin strongly reflexed ; the hind angles rectangular 
in g, obtuse in 2. Elytra very long, broader at the base than the 
prothorax, and gradually widening from the base, faintly costulate 
on the disc, the margins not explanate. Inner claw of anterior 
tarsi broadly lobed, and outer claw of the other tarsi deeply cleft 
(the outer portion of the claw shorter than the inner), in ¢. 

3g. Eighth ventral segment narrowly arcuato-emarginate in the 
middle and upturned at the apex, and produced into a dentiform 
projection on each side of the emargination (fig. 8); ninth segment 
broad, lobed towards the sides posteriorly, a stout, oblique, com- 


and Central American Telephorinae. 41 


pressed hook projecting on each side at the apex from beneath the 
prominent outer apical portions of the segment (fig. 8a). 
Length (excl. head) 10-114, breadth 3-44 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba. 

Two males and five females. Gorham correctly surmised 
that the Panama examples referred by him in his “‘ Supple- 
ment” to D. flavicolle (= plicatum, var.), were not con- 
specific with those from Mexico. In the Chiriqui insect 
the oblique lateral notch of the prothorax is placed nearer 
the base, and the outer claw of the middle and posterior 
tarsi is more deeply cleft (the two portions differing con- 
siderably in length), in the male, the basal margin of the 
prothorax is more reflexed, the elytra are more shining, etc. 


29. Diseodon fuseipenne, n. sp. 


g- Elongate, somewhat shining, clothed with rather long pubes- 
cence; nigro-piceous, the legs paler (due to immaturity), the points 
of insertion of the antennae, the base of the mandibles, the pro- 
thorax, and the anterior and middle coxae straw-yellow. Anterinae 
long, slender, sparsely pilose. Eyes large, prominent. Prothorax 
transverse, arcuate in front, the sides subparallel behind, and with 
a narrow, oblique notch at about the basal fifth. Elytra long, sub- 
parallel, wider than the prothorax. Inner claw of anterior tarsi 
broadly lobed, and outer claw of the other tarsi cleft at tip, in g. 

Ninth ventral segment narrow, a stout curved hook projecting 
from the internal sac on each side and a central process also visible 
(digs 9), 

Length (excl. head) 83, breadth 3 mm. 


Hab. GuaTEMALA, Cerro Zunil, Pacific slope (Champion). 

One male, included by Gorham under the series of 
D. plicatum, an insect also occurring at Cerro Zunil. The 
juxta-basal position of the prothoracic notch in the male 
readily separates D. fuscipenne from the same sex of D. 
plicatum, var. flavicolle; and the parallel-sided prothorax, 
with narrow notch near the base, distinguishes it from the 
southern D. stramineicolle, 3. The prothorax is small and 
the elytra are very elongate, as in the last-named insect. 


30. Diseodon planicolle. 


Polemius planicollis, Lec., Journ. Acad. Phil., iv, p. 17 
(1858); Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, p. 55 (nec 7. 
planicollas, Kies.). 


42 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


Discodon planicolle, Schaeff., Journ. N. York Ent. Soc., 
V1, p. Gl) 

Telephorus platyderus, Gemm., Col. Hefte, vi. p. 120 (1870). 

Discodon vitticolle, var.?, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 
ili, 2, p. 286. 


Narrow (3), broader (2), moderately elongate, rather shining, 
fusco-pubescent, nigro-piceous or black, the head on each side in 
front, the base of the mandibles, and the prothorax (a broad median 
vitta excepted), testaceous or straw-yellow, the humeri usually (to a 
greater or less extent), and sometimes the knees also, testaceous 
or flavous. Antennae long, slender, and densely pilose in g, shorter 
and sparsely pilose in 9. Eyes rather large in g, smaller in 9. 
Prothorax (3) transverse, the sides notched at the middle, the hind 
angles rectangular; in 9 broader, with the sides simply sinuate and 
the hind angles obtuse. Elytra moderately long, a little wider than 
the prothorax. Inner claw of anterior tarsi broadly lobed, and outer 
claw of the other tarsi cleft at tip, in ¢. 

3g. Highth ventral segment oval, carinate; a pair of stout hooks 
projecting from the internal sac. 

Length (excl. head) 63-72, breadth 2-3} mm. (dd 9.) 


Hab. Norta America, New Mexico, Texas; MeExico, 
Villa Lerdo in Durango, Monterey in Nuevo Leon (Hoge), 
Monclova and Parras in Coahuila (Dr. Palmer). 

This is one of the numerous forms allied to D. plicatum, 
Gorh., from which it is separable by its smaller size and less 
elongate shape (this being especially noticeable in the 
females), and by closely pilose antennae of the male. JD. 
filicorne, from Durango, has similarly hirsute, but much 
longer, antennae in the same sex. Mr. Wickham has 
recently sent me a pair, and Mr. Falla female, of the present 
species from Texas or New Mexico. 


31. Diseodon filicorne, n. sp. 


Narrow (3), broader (9), dull, finely cinereo-pubescent; black, 
the anterior portion of the head wholly or in great part, the base 
of the mandibles, and the prothorax (a broad, anteriorly dilated 
median vitta excepted) flavous. Antennae (3) slender, filiform, 
longer than the entire body, densely clothed with projecting hairs ; 
(2) much shorter and not so slender, sparsely pilose. Eyes moder- 
ately large and somewhat prominent in g, smaller in 9. Prothorax 
transversely subquadrate and angularly notched at the sides a 
little behind the middle in 3, broader, narrowing forwards, and with 


and Central American Telephorinae. 43 


the sides narrowly explanate and feebly sinuate in 9. Elytra wider © 
than the prothorax in both sexes, faintly costulate on the disc. 
Inner claw of anterior tarsi broadly lobed, and the outer claw of the 
other tarsi cleft at the tip, in 3. 

§g. Eighth ventral segment rapidly narrowed to the rounded apex, 
carinate down the middle; ninth segment (so far as visible) appar- 
ently shaped as in D. plicatum. 

Length (excl. head) 74-74, breadth 2}-3 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Ventanas in Durango (Hége). 

One pair. This insect is very closely allied to D. plicatum, 
which also occurs in Durango; but the extremely long, 
slender, densely pilose antennae, the much smaller eyes, 
and the narrow general shape of the male forbid any associa- 
tion with that species. 


32. Diseodon inconstans, n. sp. 


Discodon dubvum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 
2, p. 85 (part.). 


Elongate, rather narrow (3), broader (2), moderately shining, 
finely cinereo-pubescent, the prothorax with longer hairs; black, 
the head in front, the basal joint of the antennae in part or wholly, 
the base of the mandibles, the prothorax (a median vitta or spot 
excepted), and often the sutural and outer margins of the elytra, 
and the apex or outer margin of the abdomen, flavous, the disc of the 
prothorax in some specimens rufescent on either side of the median 
vitta. Eyes rather small in both sexes. Antennae rather stout, 
subserrate, tapering towards the tip, sparsely pilose, shorter in 9. 
Prothorax transverse, as broad as, or broader than, the base of the 
elytra; the sides angularly notched at about the basal third in 3, 
and explanate and deeply sinuato-emarginate at the same place in 9, 
in fully developed specimens arcuato-ampliate before the middle. 
Elytra long, not explanate at the sides. Sixth ventral segment 
deeply triangularly emarginate at the apex in g, the seventh 
segment long, with the median fissure widening anteriorly. Inner 
claw of anterior tarsi broadly lobed, and the outer claw of the 
other tarsi cleft at tip, in ¢. 

Var. a. Prothorax, and usually the scutellum, humeri, sutural 
and outer margins of the elytra, the femora at the base or entirely, 
and the tibiae in part, testaceous or flavous. 


Discodon erosum, var., Gorh., loc. cit. p. 79 (3). 


3. Eighth ventral segment raised at the apex and notched in the 
middle, the two portions appearing broadly, conjointly rounded, 


44 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


the dorsal portion of the same segment truncate on each side of the 
median fissure (fig. 10, profile view); ninth segment subtrilobate 
at the tip, the pairs of long spines or hooks appearing longer or 
shorter according to the extent of evagination of the internal sac 
(fig. 10a.) 

Length (excl. head) 83-11, breadth 23-41 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Durango, Vera Cruz, Morelos, Guerrero, 
Oaxaca; GUATEMALA, San Gerénimo; Costa Rica. 

The numerous examples received from Durango and 
Guerrero connect the various forms of this insect. Speci- 
mens of it were found in the “ Biologia ”’ collection under 
D. erosum, plicatum, normale, and dubium. From D. 
normale and D. dubium the present species may be separated 
by the form of the tarsal claws of the male, and the abruptly 
sinuato-emarginate sides of the prothorax i in the female; 
from D. plicatum by the broader prothorax, and the 
different position and shape of the lateral incision, as well 
as by the smaller eyes, in the male; and from D. erosum 
by the more dilated prothorax, with less upturned margins, 
the differently formed ¢ tarsal claws, etc. D. inconstans, 
too, is extremely like D. photinoides, Gorh., an insect 
occurring at the same locality in Guatemala (San Geré- 
nimo), but differs from that species in its larger size and 
more elongate shape, and in having the tarsal claws of the 
male otherwise formed. Eleven males have been dis- 
sected, the internal sac of the aedeagus being partly or 
wholly evaginated in some of them. 


33. Diseodon biolleyi, n. sp. 


Elongate, shining, testaceous, clothed with long pubescence, 
which is especially conspicuous on the prothorax; testaceous, the 
eyes, palpi, antennae (the base excepted), apices of the femora, 
tibiae in part, and tarsi infuscate or black. Eyes very large and 
prominent in g, a little smaller in 9. Antennae very long and 
slender. Prothorax broader than long, arcuate in front, transversely - 
excavate on each side anteriorly, and depressed and carinate down 
the middle towards the base; obliquely notched on each side just 
behind the middle, and with the basal portion narrowed and parallel- 
sided, in 3; broader and with the margins trisinuate in 9. Elytra 
long, wider than the prothorax, subparallel, the sculpture rather 
coarse. Inner claw of anterior tarsi broadly lobed, and outer claw 
of the other tarsi cleft at tip, in 3. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 45 


Var. a. Elytra and abdomen (the apical margin of each segment 
excepted) black or piceous, the tibiae testaceous at the base. 9. 


Discodon erosum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, 
p- 285 (2) (nec p. 79). 


¢g: Eighth ventral segment long, bluntly rounded and cleft in 
the middle at the tip; ninth segment long, broadly sub-bilobed at 
the apex, two pairs of stout hooks projecting from the internal 
sac (figs. 11, 11a). 

Length (excl. head) 10, breadth 3}-4mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. Costa Rica, Cariblanco in Sarapiqui (Brolley: 
types, 6 2); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion: 8, 
var.). 

Described from the pair from Costa Rica; the female 
with black elytra referred to D. erosum by Gorham in his 
“Supplement ”’ almost certainly belongs to the same 
species. D. biolleyi approaches D. plicatum and D. strami- 
neicolle; the male has the anterior tarsal claws differently 
formed from those of D. eroswm, and the prothoracic notch 
placed further forward. 


34. Discodon vitticolle. 


Discodon vitticolle, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. in, 2, 
pp. 81, 286 (excl. var. from Coahuila) ; Kirsch, Abhandl. 
Mus. Zool. Dresden, 1888-1889, No. 41, p. 8. 


Rather narrow (3), broader and with the elytra somewhat ex- 
planate (2), shining, clothed with fine pallid pubescence; fuscous 
or nigro-fuscous, the head on each side in front, and sometimes the 
epistoma also, the base of the mandibles, the prothorax (an in- 
complete median vitta, often widened posteriorly, excepted), the 
elytra with a humeral spot or streak—in some specimens continued 
obliquely down the disc to near the inner apical angle—and usually 
the suture and outer margin also, the femora and the tibiae in part 
or entirely, stramineous or testaceous. Antennae slender, long, 
sparsely pilose, shorter in)?. Eyes large and prominent in 4, 
smaller in 9. Prothorax with the sides angularly notched at or 
just behind the middle in 3, simply sinuate in 9. Elytra a little 
wider at the base than the prothorax. Inner claw of anterior tarsi 
broadly lobed, and outer claw of the other tarsi cleft at the tip, 
in 6. 

g. Highth ventral segment emarginate in the middle at the apex, 
thus appearing broadly bilobed; ninth segment gradually narrowed 


46 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


towards the tip, two stout hooks projecting from the internal sac, 
the latter, when seen evaginated, armed with various sharp back- 
wardly-directed spines (figs. 12, 12a). 


Hab. Mexico, Durango, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca; GUATE- 
MALA; Costa Rica; Panama; CoLomsta, Pasto. 

A common insect in Guatemala and Panama, separable 
from D. plicatum by its more shining surface, and the 
testaceous femora and tibiae; the suture and outer margin 
of the elytra are frequently flavescent, and the palhd 
humeral streak is often continued as a narrow oblique 
stripe down the disc. Gorham described the prothorax 
as bright red, but not one of the long series before me 
shows this coloration. The three examples from Juquila 
in Oaxaca (j 9) are larger than the rest. Five males have 
been dissected. The aedeagus is very similar to that of 
D. plicatum. 


35. Discodon chiriquense. 


Discodon photinoides, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 10, 
2, p. 288 (nec p. 84). 

Discodon triste, Gorh., loc. cit. pp. 82, 287 (part.). 

2. Discodon chiriquense, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom., fase. i1, 
pp. 14, 15 (Feb. 1912). 


Narrow (3), broader (2), opaque, the head and prothorax shining, 
finely pubescent; nigro-fuscous or black, the anterior margin of 
the head, the base of the mandibles, the prothorax (a triangular 
patch of variable extent, sometimes extending to near the margin, 
excepted), the explanate outer margin of the elytra, and often the 
suture also, flavous, the humeri, the femora and tibiae in part, 
and the last ventral segment testaceous in some specimens. Eyes 
rather small in both sexes. Antennae widened, serrate, tapering 
outwards, very longin g,shortin?. Prothorax transverse ; narrow, 
subquadrate, and with a narrow, deep notch on each side just behind 
the middle; very broad, widely and abruptly explanate, and with 
the sides rounded and not or scarcely sinuate in 9. Elytra in ¢ 
about as wide as, and in 9 narrower than, the prothorax at the base, 
moderately explanate from a little below the shoulder. Inner claw 
of anterior tarsi broadly lobed, and outer claw of the other tarsi 
cleft at the tip, in ¢. 

Var. ? Elytra wholly black. 39. 

§. Eighth ventral segment cleft at the tip, appearing broadly 
bilobed ; the evaginated internal sac, as seen from the dorsal aspect 
of the ninth segment, disclosing a long, slender, curved flagellum, 


and Central American Telephorinae. 47 


which is truncate at the apex, and three pairs of long, slender, 
curved hooks (figs. 18, 13a). 
Length (excl. head) 61-74, breadth 23-3} mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Hoge), Juquila (Sallé); Guats- 
MALA, Sabo in Vera Paz (Champion: 2); Costa Rica, La 
Palma (Biolley: 3), Rio Sucio, Irazu (Rogers: 39); 
PanaMA, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion: 3). 

The above diagnosis is taken from the Costa Rica and 
Panama specimens, and various females from Juquila and 
Jalapa, Mexico, and Vera Paz, Guatemala, no doubt belong 
to the same species. The description of D. chiriquense is 
inadequate, but it seems to apply to the female of the 
present insect. The two sexes are so dissimilar that they 
might be taken for different species, the Lampyriform 
female having an unusually broad, strongly explanate 
prothorax, with the margins simply rounded. Three of 
the six males seen have been dissected. 


36. Diseodon sinuaticolle, n. sp. 


Discodon triste, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, 
pp. 82, 287 (part.). 


Moderately elongate, rather broad, clothed with fine cinereous or 
brownish pubescence; nigro-fuscous, the anterior portion of the 
head, the base of the mandibles, and the prothorax (a triangular 
space on the disc excepted) pale flavous, the legs in part and the 
humeri testaceous. Eyes somewhat prominent in g. Antennae 
rather stout, tapering towards the tip, subserrate, moderately long 
in g, short in 9, sparsely pilose. Prothorax strongly transverse, 
as wide as the base of the elytra, a little broader in 9; the sides 
sinuate and feebly notched behind the middle in 3, deeply sinuate 
in 2. Elytra moderately long, feebly explanate, the disc obsoletely 
costulate. Inner claw of anterior tarsi broadly lobed, and outer 
claw of the other tarsi split at the tip, in ¢. 

6. HKighth ventral segment long, abruptly narrowed from about 
the middle, rounded and feebly cleft at the tip; ninth segment 
gradually narrowed, somewhat lobed on each side at the apex, a 
pair of long spines visible beyond it (fig. 14). 

Length (excl. head) 6-72, breadth 23-3 mm. (¢ 9.) 

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van 
Patten); Panama, Bugaba (Champion). 

Hight females and two males, placed by Gorham (but 
not quoted) under D. photinordes. A little less elongate 


48 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


than D. chiriquense, the prothorax of the male with a 
shallower lateral notch, and that of the female more 
deeply sinuate at the sides than in the same sex of D. 
photinoides, the antennae of the male less elongate and 
less widened. Two males have been dissected. 


37. Discodon amplipenne, n. sp. 


Moderately elongate, broad, shining, finely pubescent; nigro- 
piceous or black, the base of the mandibles and prothorax (a median 
vitta excepted) flavous, the elytral humeri sometimes testaceous. 
Eyes rather small in both sexes. Antennae moderately long, 
tapering slightly towards the tip. Prothorax transverse, arcuate 
in front; angularly notched on each side at the middle and narrower 
and parallel thence to the base in 3, explanate and with the sides 
feebly sinuate in 9. Elytra at the base about as wide as the pro- 
thorax, moderately long, broadly arcuato-ampliate from a little 
below the shoulder, costulate on the disc. Inner claw of anterior 
tarsi broadly lobed, and outer claw of the other tarsi deeply cleft, 
in 6. 

Var. a. Prothorax entirely flavous. 9. 

$. Eighth ventral segment long, oval, rounded and slightly 
reflexed at the tip; ninth segment oblong, subparallel-sided, the 
apex produced in the middle, subtruncate on each side, and angulate 
externally, two hooks projecting from the internal sac (fig. 15). 

Length (excl. head) 9-93, breadth 33-45 mm. (¢ 2.) 


Hab. Mexico, Cuernavaca in Morelos, Juquila in Oaxaca 
(Sallé). 

Described from two pairs from Cuernavaca and a female 
of the variety with immaculate prothorax from Juquila, 
the former included by Gorham under D. plicatum and 
the latter under D. difficile. The dilated elytra, and the 
small eyes and differently-shaped ninth ventral segment 
of the male, distinguish D. amplipenne from D. plicatum, 
the prothorax of which varies in colour in a similar way. 
From similarly-coloured D. luridum, 3, the present species 
may be separated by the narrower prothorax, with 
differently placed median notch, and the cleft outer 
intermediate tarsal claw. 


38. Discodon cleroides. 


Discodon cleroides, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt, i, 2, 


p. 84 ($9) (part.) (nec p. 287). 
Telephorus cleroides, Gorh., loc. cit. pl. 5, fig. 18 (). 


and Central American Telephorinae. 49 


Rather broad, black, the anterior margin of the head, the mandibles 
in part, a broad oblique submarginal stripe on each side of the 
prothorax, and sometimes the last two ventral segments, yellow. 
Eyes not prominent. Antennae short, stout, serrate, tapering 
towards the tip. Prothorax strongly transverse ; in g¢ subquadrate, 
widened posteriorly, and with a deep, narrow, abrupt notch on 
each side just behind the middle; in 2 broader, explanate, the sides 
rounded, sinuate at about the middle. Elytra more or less explanate 
from a little below the shoulder. Inner claw of anterior tarsi 
broadly lobed, and outer claw of the other tarsi split, in 3. 

dg. Internal sac, as seen evaginated, disclosing an extremely long, 
acuminate, bisinuate flagellum, a shorter, stout, curved tube beneath 
it, and three very long, hook-like processes on each side. (Figs. 16, 
16a.) 


Hab. Guatemata, Duefias and Purula. 

In the pair from Duefias the last two ventral segments 
are flavescent, the smaller example (2) from Purula having 
the abdomen black. The intermediate tarsal claws are 
now wanting in the unique male, but Gorham says the 
outer one is not lobed. The Mexican Polemius nagro- 
marginatus and P. nigrolimbatus are similarly coloured 
forms, but the males of these insects have one of the 
claws of each foot simply lobed at the base, and none of 
them cleft. 


39. Discodon melancholicum. 


Discodon melancholicum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 
i, 2, p. 81 (excl. Parada specimen). 

Discodon triste, Gorh., loc. cit. pp. 82, 287 (specimens from 
Guanajuato and San Luis Potosi only). 


Rather shining, black, the prothorax usually in part flavous or 
rufescent at the sides (leaving a large cruciform black patch or 
median vitta on the disc black), in some specimens entirely black. 
Antennae (3) long, subserrate, closely set with short bristly hairs, 
slightly tapering towards the tip; (2) shorter and more slender, 
sparsely pilose. Prothorax of g with the sides slightly notched 
at about the middle and subparallel thence to the rectangular hind 
angles, of 2 moderately explanate and very feebly sinuate, and 
with the hind angles obtuse. Elytra about as wide as the pro- 
thorax at the base, and at most very feebly explanate. Inner claw 
of anterior tarsi broadly lobed, and outer claw of the other tarsi 
cleft at the tip, in ¢. 

g. Eighth ventral segment carinate, rounded and feebly cleft at 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTI. (MAY) E 


50 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


the tip; ninth segment subtrilobate at the apex and deeply excavate 
anteriorly on each side of the convex central portion, two stout 
hooks projecting from the internal sac (fig. 17). 


Hab. Mexico, San Luis Potosi, Durango, Guanajuato, 
Michoacan, Puebla, Guerrero, and Mexico City. 

Gorham correctly surmised that his D. triste, which is 
an abundant insect on the highlands of Mexico, was not 
specifically distinct from D. melancholicum (from Guana- 
juato and Michoacan), the latter simply having the lighter- 
coloured portions of the prothorax obscurely rufescent or 
wanting, the characteristic cruciform black patch on the 
dise being, however, clearly visible in the example marked 
“type.” The specimens quoted by him under D. triste 
from all the localities south of Mexico belong to other 
species, as well as the one from Parada, Oaxaca, placed 
under D. melancholicum. Fresh examples of the male 
have the antennae densely setulose as in D. nigropilosum. 
Five specimens of this sex have been dissected, showing 
the peculiar shape of the ninth ventral segment. A 
long series of the form described as D. triste has been 
received from the neighbourhood of the city of Mexico; 
the typical D. melancholicum, with darker prothorax, is 
apparently rare. Schaeffer (Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. 
xvi, p. 61) incorrectly refers this species to Polemius. 


40. Diseodon atronitens, n. sp. 


Rather broad, shining, finely pubescent; black, the sides of the 
head in front, the base of the mandibles, the anterior and lateral 
margins of the prothorax, and sometimes the explanate margins 
of the elytra in part, the humeri, and the last two ventral segments 
(in both 3 and Q), flavescent or reddish. Head rather broad, the 
eyes somewhat prominent in ¢; antennae short in 9, longer in dg, 
rather stout, subserrate, tapering towards the tip, joint 3 as long 
as 4. Prothorax transverse, broadly rounded at the apex; the 
sides subparallel towards the base, deeply, obliquely notched at 
about the basal third in 3, simply sinuate and narrowly explanate 
in 9, the hind angles rectangular; the surface uneven, closely, finely 
punctate, smoother on the dise. Elytra wider than the prothorax, 
coriaceous, moderately explanate from a little below the base in 
both sexes. Inner claw of anterior tarsi broadly lobed, and outer 
claw of the other tarsi deeply cleft, in 3. 

dg. Eighth ventral segment oblong, broadly rounded at the apex, 


and Central American Telephorinae. 51 


and with a minute projection on each side of the longitudinal median 


groove at the tip. 
Length (excl. head) 9-104, breadth 33-43 mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. W. Mexico, Xucumanatlan and Amula in Guerrero, 
6000-7000 ft. (H. H. Smith). 

Kleven specimens, all females but two, varying in the 
development of the flavous margin to the prothorax and 
elytra, which may be almost wholly wanting, and in the 
colour of the apex of the abdomen, the latter being usually 
black. Very like D. melancholicum, Gorh., but with the 
prothorax of the male deeply and abruptly notched at 
the sides at about the basal third, and the elytra explanate 
at the sides in both sexes. 


41. Discodon funereum, n. sp. 


Elongate, opaque, wholly black, nigro-pilose. Eyes moderately 
large and prominent in 3, small in 9. Antennae very long, some- 
what dilated, and subserrate in 3, comparatively short and tapering 
outwards in 9. Prothorax (3) narrow, subquadrate, bicallose on 
the disc behind, the margins with a deeply-cut angular notch at 
the middle and parallel thence to the rectangular hind angles; 
(2) strongly transverse, broad, the margins reflexed and feebly 
bisinuate, the hind angles obtuse. Elytra much wider than the 
prothorax, subparallel, and unusually elongate in 4, explanate 
laterally and not much wider than the prothorax in 9, roughly 
punctate and feebly costulate. Inner claw of anterior tarsi lobed 
at base, and outer claw of the other tarsi cleft, in 3. 

¢- Eighth ventral segment oblong, parallel-sided, rounded and 
reflexed at the tip; ninth segment feebly trilobed at the apex. 

Length (excl. head) 8, breadth 3-33 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Ciudad in Durango, 8000 ft. (Hége). 

One pair. The male of this insect is not unlike the same 
sex of D. carbonarvum, Gorh., from which it may be known 
by its larger size and rougher sculpture; the widened, 
subserrate antennae and the differently-shaped prothorax 
and tarsal claws of the male, etc. The female is very 
dissimilar in appearance. Polemius niger, Schaeft., from the 
Huachuca Mts., Arizona, described from a single female 
example, seems to come very near D. funereum and D. 
melancholicum ; but in the absence of the male it is impossible 
to speak with any certainty. 


52 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


42. Discodon nigropiceum, n. sp. 


Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, finely cinereo-pubes- 
cent, the head and prothorax shining, the elytra dull; nigro- 
piceous, the sides of the head in front and the base of the mandibles 
flavous. Eyes small. Antennae very long, somewhat widened, 
and subserrate in g, shorter and tapering in 9. Prothorax (3) 
subquadrate, the margins with a deeply-cut angular notch at the 
middle and parallel thence to the rectangular hind angles; (2) 
strongly transverse, semicircular, wider than the base of the elytra, 
the margins broadly explanate and reflexed. Elytra moderately 
long, at the base in g much wider than, in 9 not quite so broad as, 
the prothorax, feebly explanate laterally in g, broadly so in Q, 
roughly punctate and faintly costulate. Inner claw of anterior 
tarsi lobed at base, and outer claw of the other tarsi cleft (the 
outer section of the claw shorter than the inner), in ¢. 

Length (excl. head) 53-74, breadth 27,-4 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Ventanas in Durango (Hége). 

One pair, the female Lampyriform and very different 
from the male, but almost certainly belonging to the same 
species. Much less elongate than D. funerewm, the head 
and prothorax smoother and shining, the pubescence finer 
and not black, the elytra of the male less parallel and 
that of the female dilated (much as in D. amplipenne), 
the sides of the prothorax of the female broadly reflexed. 
The elytra of the latter have been flattened in some way 
and appear broader than they really are. 


43. Diseodon divisum, n. sp. (Plate III, fig. 2, 3.) 


Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; testaceous or 
flavo-testaceous, the basal half of the head, the eyes, the antennae 
(except the basal joint wholly or in part), a large elongate patch at 
the apex of each elytron (sometimes extending over nearly the apical 
half), the sterna, abdomen (the margins excepted), and legs in part 
or almost entirely (the base of the anterior femora excepted) black. 
Eyes large and prominent in g, smaller in 9. Antennae long and 
subserrate in g, shorter and slender in 9. Prothorax (3) trans- 
verse, the sides notched at the basal third, rounded anteriorly, and 
parallel from the notch to the base ; (2) broader and with a shallower 
lateral notch, the hind angles obtuse. Elytra moderately long, 
wider than the prothorax, subparallel in 3, slightly explanate from 
a little below the shoulder in 9. Inner claw of anterior tarsi broadly 
lobed, and outer claw of the other tarsi cleft, in ¢. , 


and Central American Telephorinae. 53 


¢. Eighth ventral segment rapidly narrowed outwards, the apex 
narrow and cleft at the middle. 

Length (excl. head) 74-84, breadth 24-34 mm. (3 9.) 

Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo in Guerrero (Hége, H. H. 
Smith), Cuernavaca in Morelos (Hége). 

Hight males and five females, varying a little in the 
colour of the legs and apices of the elytra, according to the 
development of ‘the black portions of the surface. D. rufipes, 
from Oaxaca, is a nearly allied form. 


44. Discodon nigripes. 


Discodon nigripes, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, 
p. 80. 

Elongate, a little widened posteriorly, shining, clothed with rather 
long pubescence, this being conspicuous at the sides of the pro- 
thorax in 3; reddish-ochraceous or testaceous, the antennae, eyes, 
legs, and under surface, and the head in great part or entirely in 
the Mexican examples, black. Eyes large in 3, smaller in 9. An- 
tennae long and slender. Prothorax transverse, the margins with 
a narrow oblique notch at about the middle in 3; broader and 
simply sinuate at the sides in 9. Elytra elongate, wider than 
the prothorax, somewhat widened posteriorly, distinctly costate. 
Inner claw of anterior tarsi with a broad triangular lobe, and outer 
claw of the other tarsi cleft at tip, in ¢. 

Var. a. Prothorax with an abbreviated median vitta, and the 
elytra with a common, broad, gradually narrowed, sutural stripe 
extending from the base to near the apex nigro-piceous, the head 
wholly black. 9. 

6. Ninth ventral segment narrow, produced in the middle at 
the apex, two stout hooks visible within the internal sac. 


Hab. Mexico, Tepetlapa and Chilpancingo in Guerrero 
(H. H. Smith), Cuernavaca in Morelos (Hége, H. H. Smith), 
Capulalpam and Panistlahuaca in Oaxaca (Sailé); GuaTE- 
MALA, Las Mercedes [type], Volcan de Atitlan (Champion). 

A good series of this species is now available for examina- 
tion, including numerous specimens from Mexico, one of 
which was labelled (but not quoted) by Gorham. The 
black legs and under surface, the position of the pro- 
thoracic notch, and the form of the anterior tarsal claws 
of the male, separate D. nigripes from D. incisum. The 
variety is represented by a single éxample from Panistla- 
huaca. A wholly testaceous female from Oaxaca (Sallé) 
may belong here. 


54 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


45. Diseodon rufipes, n. sp. 


Discodon rufipes, Gorh., in litt. 


Moderately elongate, finely pubescent; nigro-piceous or black, 
the anterior portion of the head, the basal joint of the antennae, 
the prothorax and scutellum, the sides of the elytra to near the 
apex, and in one specimen nearly the basal half of the disc also, 
and the legs (the tarsi and apices of the tibiae excepted) testaceous 
or flavo-testaceous. Antennae long and slender in both sexes. 
Eyes rather small, a little larger and more prominent in g. Pro- 
thorax (3) slightly broader than long, arcuate in front, the sides 
narrowly and somewhat deeply notched at about the basal third, 
and parallel thence to the rectangular hind angles; (2) broader 
and more transverse, narrowing from near the base, the sides 
explanate, reflexed, and strongly sinuate. Elytra wider than the 
prothorax, subparallel in 3, slightly dilated from a little below the 
shoulder in 9. Inner claw of anterior tarsi broadly lobed, and 
outer claw of the other tarsi cleft, in ¢. 

g. Eighth ventral segment oblong, broadly rounded at the tip. 

Length (excl. head) 74-8}, breadth 3-35 mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Juquila in Oaxaca (Sallé). 

One male and two females. This species looks like a 
form of D. dwisum with the black portion of the elytra 
showing a tendency to extend forwards to the base. The 
male, however, has the prothorax more rounded at the 
apex and the lateral notch much deeper, the antennae 
more slender, and the eighth ventral segment differently 
shaped; the female, too, has the prothorax narrowed from 
near the base, with the margins reflexed and bisinuate, 
instead of notched as in the same sex of D. divisum. 


46. Disecodon duplovittatum, n. sp. 


Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, finely pubes- 
cent; the head between the eyes, the antennae, two vittae on the 
disc of the prothorax, the legs (except the anterior and intermediate 
coxae, trochanters, and femora to near the tip in g), and under 
surface black, the rest of the surface testaceous. Antennae long, 
slender. Eyes large in J, smaller in 9. Prothorax (3) nearly as 
long as broad, subquadrate, arcuate in front, the sides shallowly, 
obliquely notched at about the middle and slightly divergent 
thence to the subrectangular hind angles; (2) broader, with the sides 
feebly sinuate at the basal third and gradually convergent thence to 


and Central American Telephorinae. 55 


the apex. Elytra wider than the prothorax, moderately explanate 
from a little below the shoulder, roughly punctate and distinctly 
costate. Inner claw of anterior tarsi broadly lobed, and outer claw 
of the other tarsi cleft at tip, in 3. 

Length (excl. head) 7-74, breadth 3-3} mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. Mexico (Truqui, ex coll. Fry, Mus. Brit.). 

One pair. Not unlike D. lwridum, Gorh., but much 
smaller and narrower, the prothorax bivittate (as in D. 
bivittatum), the elytra distinctly costate and much less 
explanate, the outer claw of the intermediate and posterior 
tarsi cleft at the tip in 3, the prothoracic notch of the J 
placed at the middle. From the similarly-coloured variety 
of D. bivitiatum the present species may be known by the 
differently-shaped prothorax, with less reflexed margins, 
the form of the tarsal claws, etc. 


47. Diseodon testaceipenne, n. sp. 


3d. Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, finely 
pubescent; black, the sides of the head in front, the base of the 
mandibles, the prothorax (a median vitta excepted), and elytra 
testaceous. Eyes rather small. Antennae nearly as long as the 
body, somewhat widened, serrate, slightly tapering outwards. 
Prothorax nearly as long as broad, arcuate in front; the sides 
abruptly, obliquely notched just behind the middle, and gradually 
divergent thence to the prominent hind angles, appearing obtusely 
dentate in front of the emargination. Elytra wider than the pro- 
thorax, gradually widened from a little below the shoulder, costate 
on the disc. Inner claw of anterior tarsi broadly lobed, the outer 
claw of the other tarsi cleft. 

¢g. Ninth ventral segment oblong, trilobed at the apex, the central 
portion narrowly produced, leaving a slender, obliquely projecting 
spine visible on each side. 

Length (excl. head) 63, breadth 23 mm. 


Hab. Mextco, Ventanas in Durango (Hége). 

One male. Very like the same sex of D. duplovittatum, 
but with a single vitta on the prothorax and the lateral 
notch deeper (appearing angulate in front of the emargina- 
tion), the head and eyes smaller, the antennae broader and 
more distinctly serrate. It 1s much smaller and narrower 
than the similarly coloured D. luridum, Gorh., and has 
the prothoracic notch placed further forward and the 
outer claw of the intermediate tarsi cleft. 


56 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


48. Discodon calidum. 


Discodon calidum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. in, 2, 
p. 285 (g 9). 


Rather broad, shining, clothed with long pubescence; ochreo- 
testaceous, the antennae (joints 8-11 excepted), eyes, a triangular 
mark on the vertex of the head, a narrow median vitta on the 
prothorax, the knees, tibiae, tarsi, and abdomen black. Antennae 
long, serrate, rather stout, much narrowed towards the tip. Eyes 
moderately large in g, smaller in 9. Prothorax transverse, arcuate 
in front, somewhat widened towards the base; the sides obliquely 
notched a little behind the middle in g, and emarginate in the same 
place in 2. Elytra long, at the base slightly wider than the pro- 
thorax, moderately explanate from a little below the shoulder, 
feebly costulate on the disc, the colour somewhat modified by the 
close ochreous pubescence. Inner claw of anterior tarsi broadly 
lobed, and outer claw of the other tarsi deeply cleft, in 3. 

¢g. Eighth ventral segment broad, rather long, broadly rounded 
and distinctly dentate on each side at the apex (fig. 18); ninth 
segment subtrilobed at the tip, a long, stout, compressed hook 
projecting from it on each side at the apex (fig. 18a). 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui. 

One male and two females seen. Larger and broader 
than D. nigripes, the prothorax vittate, the terminal three 
joints of the antennae, and the femora to near the tip, 
testaceous. D. calidwm has the general facies of a Lycid. 
It is closely related to D. purpurascens, a fact not observed 
by Gorham. 


49. Discodon purpurascens. 


Discodon purpurascens, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 
iii, 2, p. 87. 
Silis (?) purpurascens, Gorh., loc. cit. pl. 5, fig. 23 (9). 
Broad, widened posteriorly, closely pubescent, the pubescence 
partaking of the ground-colour; black, the head (except a large 
triangular patch on the vertex, which extends outwards to the eyes) 
and prothorax (a median vitta excepted) testaceous or rufo-testa- 
ceous, the elytra bright red. Eyes rather small, prominent in 3. 
Antennae moderately long, dilated, serrate, tapering outwards. 
Prothorax (3) transverse, arcuate in front, parallel-sided at the base, 
the margins abruptly notched behind the middle; (2) broader, 
narrowing from the base, the margins sinuate at about the basal 


and Central American Telephorinae. 57 


third. Elytra at the base slightly wider than the prothorax, some- 
what explanate from a little below the shoulder, rather coarsely 
sculptured. Tarsi dilated, the anterior pair broader in 3; inner 
claw of anterior pair broadly lobed, and outer claw of the others 
cleft, in 3. 

g- Eighth ventral segment emarginate in the middle at the apex, 
the latter appearing broadly bilobed; internal sac, as seen partially 
evaginated, disclosing a long, acute, backwardly projecting spine 
on each side, and various other slender spines in the centre. (Fig. 
19.) 


Hab. Costa Rica. 

Redescribed from the types, the male, as stated by 
Gorham, being discoloured and completely abraded, the 
female, on the contrary, is in perfect condition. The 
wholly black legs and antennae, the basally widened pro- 
thorax of the female, and the genital armature of the 
male, separate D. purpurascens from D. calidum. The 
female might easily be mistaken for a Lycid; it has the 
elytral pubescence scarlet. 


50. Diseodon histrio. 


Discodon histrio, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, 
p. 86, pl. 5, fig. 22 (Q, not Jas quoted) (nec p. 288). 


Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, finely pubes- 
cent; black, some markings on the front of the head, the base of 
the mandibles, the sides of the prothorax broadly, and an elongate 
humeral patch on the elytra, ochreous or rufo-testaceous. Eyes 
rather small, a little larger and prominent in gj. Antennae moder- 
ately long, subserrate, tapering towards the tip. Prothorax (3) 
subquadrate, arcuate in front, obliquely notched on each side at 
the middle; (2) broader and more transverse, the sides sinuate and 
converging from near the base. Elytra considerably wider than 
the prothorax, widened from a little below the shoulder, rugosely 
punctured and distinctly costate. Inner claw of anterior tarsi 
broadly lobed, and outer claw of the other tarsi cleft, in 2. 

§. Eighth ventral segment oblong, narrowing outwards, rounded 
and notched in the middle at the apex, the dorsal portion of the 
same segment short, broadly bilobed at the tip, two stout hooks 
projecting from the internal sac. (Fig. 20.) 


Hab. GuAaTEMALA, Capetillo and Duefas. 
Redescribed from two females and one male. The 


58 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


specimen figured by Gorham is a female, not a male as 
stated. A Lyciform insect, very like some of the species 
placed by him under Silas, e.g. S. lycoides, varians, ete. 
It is perhaps nearest allied to D. purpurascens, which has 
broader tarsi, red elytra, etc. The male from Coahuila, 
Mexico, quoted on p. 288 of the “ Biologia,” which cannot 
now be found, must have belonged to a different species. 


51. Diseodon eardinale, n. sp. (Plate III, fig. 3, 3.) 


Elongate, narrow (¢), broader (2), opaque, thickly pubescent ; 
black, the sides of the head in front, the base of the mandibles, 
and the tarsal claws testaceous or rufo-testaceous, the prothorax 
(a narrow median vitta excepted) and elytra (except along the 
sutural margin anteriorly) brick-red, the vestiture of the latter 
similarly coloured. Head rather small, obliquely narrowed behind 
the eyes, the latter prominent; antennae about reaching the middle 
of the elytra, very broadly dilated from joint 3 in both sexes, 7-11 
rapidly narrowing outwards. Prothorax (g) transversely sub- 
quadrate, very gradually narrowed from the base forwards, and 
with the margins shallowly notched at about the basal fourth; 
(2) broader, more rounded at the sides, and more rapidly narrowed 
from the base, the margins conspicuously hollowed at the basal 
fourth. Elytra long, a little wider than the prothorax, broader in 
Q, flattened on the disc, faintly tricostate, the sculpture hidden by 
the vestiture. Inner claw of anterior tarsi broadly lobed, and outer 
claw of the other tarsi cleft at tip, in 3. 

$. Eighth ventral segment oblong, narrowed outwards, rounded 
and cleft in the middle at the apex, two stout hooks projecting from 
the internal sac. 

Length (excl. head) 73-94, breadth 25-3 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz (H. H. Smith). 

One pair. A Lyciform insect related to the Costa Rican 
D. purpurascens, Gorham, but much smaller and narrower, 
and with the antennae as broadly dilated in both sexes 
as in various species placed by that author under Silas, 
e.g. S. serrigera, plateroides, etc. These latter are here 
placed under Discodon, their respective males having one 
of the claws of the intermediate and posterior tarsi cleft. 


52. Diseodon subulicorne, n. sp. (Plate III, fig. 4, 3.) 


Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, rather dull, finely 
pubescent; nigro-piceous or black, the sides of the head in front, 


and Central American Telephorinae. 59 


the base of the mandibles, the sides of the prothorax broadly, and 
about the basal third of the elytra (3), or a humeral streak (9), 
ochreous or rufo-testaceous. Eyes small. Antennae moderately 
long, broadly dilated and subserrate, rapidly tapering outwards. 
Prothorax (3) strongly transverse, arcuate in front, parallel-sided 
from the narrow oblique lateral notch, which is placed at about 
the basal fourth, to the rectangular hind angles; (2) simply sinuate 
before the base, and with the sides arcuately converging thence to 
the apex. LElytra moderately dilated from a little below the 
shoulder, rugulosely sculptured and conspicuously costate. Inner 
claw of anterior tarsi broadly lobed, and outer claw of the other 
tarsi cleft at tip (the outer section of the claw shorter than the 
inner), in ¢. 
Length (excl. head) 83-9, breadth 3-33 mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. GUATEMALA, Capetillo and Duefias (Champion). 

One pair, the female with the elytra infuscate, the 
humeral streak excepted. These insects were left by 
Gorham under D. histrio, which was from the same localities 
in Guatemala, and labelled by him Dzscodon sp. The 
broadly dilated, rapidly tapering antennae, the short pro- 
thorax, with the lateral excision of the male placed much 
nearer the base, etc., readily separate D. subulicorne from 
D. hastrio. The elytra vary in colour, as in the species 
described by Gorham under the names Stlis varians, 
serrigera, etc. 


53. Diseodon eombustum. (Plate VIII, fig. 56, 
prothorax, 3.) 


Silis combusta, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, 
p- 293 (g 9). 

Silis varians, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 92 (2) (part.). 

Polemius (?) combustus, Schaeff., Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. 
Xv, p. 62. 


6. Eyes large; antennae long, joints 3-11 moderately dilated, 
subserrate, tapering towards the tip; prothorax a little broader 
than long, arcuate in front, obliquely compressed on each side of 
the disc anteriorly, the margins deeply notched at the middle, and 
subparallel and scarcely reflexed thence to the subrectangular hind 
angles; anterior and intermediate tarsi dilated; inner claw of an- 
terior tarsi strongly lobed at base, the outer claw of the other tarsi 
cleft at tip. 

Q. Eyes smaller; antennae with joints 3-7 much broader, 8-11 


60 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


rapidly narrowing, 9 and 10 narrow; prothorax broader, strongly 
transverse, narrowing from near the base, the margins notched in 
front of the prominent hind angles. 


Hab. GuaTEMALA, Teleman and Chacoj in the Polochic 
valley. 

Four males and seven females seen, varying in the colour 
of the prothorax and elytra, the latter wholly ochraceous 
or with the apical half black, the black extending forwards 
in one specimen so as to leave only the shoulders pale. 
The prothorax is always vittate. The male has the pro- 
thorax shaped as in many species of Discodon; the female 
is very hike that of D. serrigerum, but it has a slightly 
shorter prothorax and the antennae not quite so long. 


54. Diseodon plateroides. 


Q. Salis plateroides, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111, 
2, p. 291. 


Hab. Panama, Bugaba. 

Described from three females. The two reserved for 
the “ Biologia ”’ collection are very like the corresponding 
sex of the Mexican D. cardinale, and also have broadly 
dilated tapering antennae; but in the present insect 
the prothorax, scutellum, elytra, femora, and basal half 
of the tibiae are ochraceous, the prothorax is broader, 
more dilated at the sides, and has the shallow emargina- 
tion in front of the hind angles more extended forwards 
(the margins being bisinuate before the base in D. cardinale), 
and the elytra are more dilated posteriorly. The male of 
D. plateroides will doubtless prove to have the general 
structure of the same sex of D. cardinale. Gorham notes 
the close resemblance to the Lycid Plateros rubricatus. 


55. Discodon diversum. 


Silis diversa, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, 
p. 292 (9). 

Hab. Panama, Bugaba. 

Described from two females. Broader, more widened 
posteriorly, and more shining than D. serrigerum (2), the 
apical three joints of the antennae, the prothorax, and 
femora ochraceous; the prothorax smoother and broader, 
less narrowed anteriorly, and feebly bisinuate at the sides 


and Central American Telephorinae. 61 


posteriorly; the elytra smoother at the base, granulate 
towards the apex. 


56. Diseodon varians. (Plate VIII, fig. 57, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis varians, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, 
pp- 92, 291 (part.) (excl. fig.). 


g. Kyes rather small; antennae moderately long, joints 3-11 
dilated, serrate, and canaliculate, rapidly tapering outwards; 
prothorax transverse, subcampanulate, obliquely compressed on 
each side of the disc anteriorly, the margins narrowly reflexed and 
obliquely notched just in front of the prominent hind angles; elytra 
about as broad at the base as the prothorax, more or less widened 
posteriorly; inner claw of anterior tarsi with a broad angular 
lobe at the base, the outer claw of the other tarsi cleft at tip. 

Q. Eyes less prominent; mandibles curved; antennae with 
joints 3-8 very broadly dilated, subserrate, 9-11 rapidly narrowing ; 
prothorax broader, arcuately narrowing anteriorly, the sides with 
a longer and shallower notch in front of the hind angles. 

6. Ninth ventral segment elongate, produced in the middle at 
the tip, two pairs of stout hooks projecting from the internal sac. 
(Fig. 21.) 


Hab. Mexico, Cordova [9], Jalapa [9], Teapa [9], 
Juquila [var. ¢]; GUATEMALA, San Joaquin in Alta Vera 
Paz [type, g], Duefias [¢ 9], San Isidro [dg]. 

Gorham originally included, as he himself states (loc. 
cit. p. 291), several species under his Silzs varians (mainly 
owing to the absence of males of some of the forms); but 
in his “‘ Supplement ”’ he fixes as type a male from San 
Joaquin, and says that the true S. varians has shorter 
antennae than S. serrigera, and (on p. 92) he notes that 
the prothorax is minutely notched immediately before 
the hind angles in both sexes. These characters bring 
D, (Silis) varians very near D. serrigerum, from which it 
may be separated by its relatively shorter prothorax, the 
shorter antennae and the more broadly lobed inner anterior 
tarsal claw of the male. The ten examples before me 
vary in the development of the ochreous basal portion of 
the elytra, this being reduced to a humeral spot in the 
var. from Juquila and in one specimen from Zapote. The 
examples from the other localities quoted by Gorham 
belong to different species. 


62 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


57. Discodon mexicanum. 


Silas mexicana, Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1909, p. 346. 
Hab. Mexico, (coll. Pic). 


Pic describes this insect as near Silis praemorsa, Gorh. 
(= 3 of S. lycoides), differmg from it in having the pro- 
thorax but little incised laterally and the head more 
broadly black: elongate, rather shining, black; the head 
in part, the sides of the prothorax, and the humeral callus 
flavous; antennae moderately long, slghtly thickened at 
the base, attenuate at the apex; prothorax transverse, 
with the sides subarcuate anteriorly, almost straight 
posteriorly, and feebly emarginate behind; elytra broader 
than the prothorax, long, dilated towards the middle, 
densely, rugulosely punctate. 

The sex is not stated, and as the colour of the elytra is 
variable, and of no value as a specific character, in these 
Lyciform insects, it is impossible to certainly identify 
Silis mexicana from the incomplete description: it may 
be a male of D. (Silis) varians, or of an allied form of which 
we have various females from Mexico, etc., left doubtfully 
placed by Gorham under S. varians, lycoides, and nodicollis. 
Five of these females (from Toxpam, Jalapa, Cordova, 
San Juan, and San Gerénimo) have the apical half or more 
of the elytra, and the suture thence to the base (in part or 
entirely), a dorsal vitta on the prothorax, and the head 
in part, black; the mandibles long and abruptly bent; 
the antennae rather short, stout, greatly dilated from the 
third joint, tapering towards the apex; the prothorax 
transverse, subquadrate, uneven, the margins dilated, 
reflexed, and trisinuate (appearing subangular anteriorly), 
the hind angles prominent; the elytra broader than the 
prothorax, dilated posteriorly, rugose, and distinctly 
costate. Till these 9 forms can be obtained with their 
respective males from their special localities it is impossible 
to locate them correctly. 


58. Diseodon serrigerum. (Plate VIII, fig. 58, 
prothorax, 3.) 


Silis serrigera, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, 
_p. 292 (3.9). | 

Silis varians, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 92 (part.). 

Silis varians, var., Gorh., loc. cit. pl. 6, fig. 1 (9). 


and Central American Telephorinae. 63 


6. Eyes rather small; antennae long, flattened, broadly serrate, 
and lineate from the third joint, becoming rapidly narrower from 
the seventh onwards, 10 and 11 narrow and often flavous; pro- 
thorax about as long as broad, rather narrow, subcampanulate, 
obliquely compressed on each side of the dise anteriorly, the margins 
narrowly reflexed, and narrowly obliquely notched immediately 
in front of the laterally-projecting hind angles; elytra long, usually 
more or less dilated posteriorly; inner claw of anterior tarsi with an 
abrupt narrow dentiform lobe at the base, and outer claw of the 
other tarsi feebly cleft at tip. 

Q. Eyes smaller; antennae with the intermediate joints still 
broader; prothorax a little broader at the base, the notch in front 
of the hind angles shallower and longer. 


Hab. Mexico, Tuxtla [9], Teapa [$9]; GUATEMALA, 
Panima in Alta Vera Paz ($9); Panama, Bugaba, Volcan 
de Chiriqui, Caldera [¢ 2, types]. 

This species has the antennae and prothorax (except 
that the notch in front of the hind angles is shallower in @) 
very similarly formed in the two sexes, and the inner 
anterior tarsal claw of the male armed with an abruptly 
projecting dentiform lobe. The elytra are often wholly 
ochreous, except along the basal portion of the suture, 
but in some specimens the apical half and the suture thence 
to the base are black; the prothorax always has a black 
median vitta, extending forwards on to the head; and the 
femora are sometimes testaceous to nearthe apex. Gorham 
figured a pallid female from Panima as a variety of S. 
varians. His selected types of D. (Silis) serragerum were 
from Chiriqui. 


Section III. 


59. Discodon lampyroides. 


Telephorus (Discodon ! lampyroides, Gorh., Biol. Centr.- 
Am., Coleopt. iti, 2, p. 89, pl. 6, fig. 15 (2): 

Discodon lampyroides, Gorh., loc. cit. p- 288 (¢$ §). 

Telephorus picticollis, Gorh., loc. cit. pp. 79, 83, 84, 287 
(sine descr.). 


Elongate, broad, shining, finely pubescent; varying in colour 
from black, with the prothorax (an oblong patch on the disc ex- 
cepted) and the abdomen in great part (the last ventral segment 
excepted) testaceous to almost entirely testaceous (a spot at the 


64 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


base of the prothorax excepted), the elytra in the type fusco- 
bivittate on the disc and for the rest pale testaceous. Eyes moder- 
ately large. Antennae very long, slender, and sparsely pilose in 
both sexes. Prothorax transverse; the sides in § subparallel, and 
with a narrow, deep, oblique notch at about the basal third, in 9 
broadly explanate, and sinuate or, at most, feebly rounded. Elytra 
very long, moderately explanate from a little below the shoulder. 
Inner claw of anterior and outer claw of intermediate tarsi broadly 
lobed, and outer claw of posterior tarsi deeply cleft, in 3. 

¢§. Highth ventral segment short, rapidly narrowed, arcuato- 
carinate down the middle at the apex, the apex itself rounded; 
internal sac, as seen evaginated, with a long, greatly developed, 
wing-like, acuminate process on each side, a pair of stout, laterally- 
projecting hooks at the base, and two long spines on each side of 
the central tube. (Fig. 22.) 


Hab. GuatemMaLa, Las Mercedes [¢] and Cerro Zunil, 
Pacific slope; Costa Rica; Panama, Chiriqui. 

One male and eight females seen, the two from Chiriqui 
almost wholly testaceous, and one of those from Cerro 
Zunil with the legs and elytra black. The tarsal claws 
of the male are formed as in D. normale, perplecum, and 
luridum. This is one of the largest known species of 
Discodon. The genital armature of the male, as seen with 
the internal sac evaginated, is very remarkable. 


60. Diseodon albolateris, n. sp. 


Cantharis albolateris, Sturm, in litt. 
Discodon sp.? (No. 2a), Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 
iii, 2, p. 285 (9). 


Q. Elongate, broad, opaque, finely pubescent; brownish-black, 
the anterior portion of the head and the prothorax (a broad median 
vitta excepted) pale flavous. Head broad; antennae rather 
slender, not reaching the middle of the elytra. Prothorax strongly 
transverse, wider than the base of the elytra, truncate at the apex 
(as seen from in front), explanate at the sides, the latter sinuate, 
rounded anteriorly, and gradually converging from near the base. 
Elytra extremely elongate, moderately explanate from a little 
below the shoulder. 

Length (excl. head) 153, breadth 64 mm. 


Hab. Mexico (Sturm, ex coll. Sallé). 
Gorham having quoted Sturm’s MS. name for this 
species, a description is appended, though a single female 


and Central American Telephorinae. 65 


specimen only is known. JD. albolateris is as large as the 
same sex of D. lampyroides, from Guatemala, etec., but has 
a broader prothorax, which is narrowed from near the 
base, etc. It can be placed near the latter for the present. 


61. Discodon normale. 


Discodon normale, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, 
pp. 82, 287, pl. 5, fig. 20 (9). 

Telephorus normalis, Gorh., loc. cit. pl. 6, fig. 20 (3). 

? Discodon flavomarginatum, Schaefi., Journ. N. York Ent. 
Soc. xvi, p. 65. 


Black or piceous, the head on each side in front, and sometimes 
the epistoma also, the base of the mandibles, and the prothorax 
(a broad median vitta, or a triangular or cruciform patch on the 
disc, and sometimes a small spot on each side in 3, excepted) 
flavous or rufo-testaceous. Antennae ($) moderately long, rather 
stout, subserrate, tapering towards the tip, closely pilose; (9) 
shorter, sparsely pilose. Eyes rather small in both sexes. Pro- 
thorax transverse, with a narrow, deep, straight incision on each 
side at about one-third from the base in g; wider in 9, with the 
margins broadly explanate and feebly sinuate. Elytra at the base 
about as wide as the prothorax, in 2 usually more or less explanate 
at the sides. Anterior tarsi dilated in g. Inner claw of anterior 
tarsi and outer claw of intermediate tarsi broadly lobed, and outer 
claw of posterior tarsi deeply cleft (the outer portion of the claw 
submembranous, and shorter and broader than the other), in 3. 
Sixth ventral segment of ¢ very deeply, triangularly emarginate, 
the seventh long, and with the two lobes compressed and sub- 
angularly raised posteriorly, the median fissure becoming rather 
broadly open anteriorly, leaving a portion of the smooth, shining 
eighth segment exposed. (Fig. 23, profile view.) 

Var. a. The sutural and outer margins of the elytra, and some- 
times the apical third indeterminately, the margins and apex of the 
abdomen, and the femora and tibiae in some specimens, testaceous 
or flavous. 4. 


Discodon normale, var., Gorh., loc. cit. pp. 82, 287. 
Discodon dubium, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 85 (part.). 


Var. 8. Prothorax, scutellum, and the anterior and intermediate 
femora, flavous or rufo-testaceous. 9. 


Discodon difficile, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 288 (nec p. 86) (specim., 
Q, from Cuernavaca). 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PaRT I. (MAY) F 


66 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


Var. y. Elytra wholly testaceous, the black median vitta of the 
prothorax well developed. ¢ 9. 

3g. Eighth ventral segment long, raised and much narrowed 
towards the apex, and produced on each side of the medium notch 
into an oblique elongate-triangular plate (as seen in profile), which 
is somewhat hooked at the base above (lower portion of fig. 23); 
ninth segment long, narrowed towards the base and apex, the 
internal sac, as seen evaginated, armed with four pairs of long, 
curved hooks (the pair nearest the base longer and stouter than 
the others), the central tube very long and enclosing a slender, 
hooked flagellum (fig. 23a). 


Hab. Mexico, Morelos, Jalisco, Vera Cruz, Guerrero, 
Oaxaca, Mexico City, etc.; GuATEMALA, Totonicapam, 
Capetillo. 

One of the commonest species of the genus in Mexico, 
the form with wholly black elytra being more abundant 
than the variety with flavous suture and outer margin 
(= dubium, Gorh.). The var. 6 is represented by three 
females from Chilpancingo and one from Cuernavaca, and 
the var. y by six specimens (¢ 9), five of which are in the 
Hope collection at Oxford. Two species from Oaxaca 
were included by Gorham under D. dubiwm, his type and 
description applying to the var. a of D. normale. An 
interesting series connecting the various forms was obtained 
by Mr. H. H. Smith at Omilteme, in the mountains of 
Guerrero, females, as usual, predominating. The pecular 
genital armature and the form of the intermediate tarsal 
claws of the male distinguish D. normale from most of its 
allies. The species is nearly related to D. lampyrocdes, 
Gorh. Eleven males have been dissected, showing con- 
siderable variation in the development of the produced, 
raised, apical portions of the eighth ventral segment. D. 
flavomarginatum, Schaeft., from the Huachuca Mts., 
Arizona, seems to be a form of D. normale. 


62. Discodon perplexum. 


Discodon perplecum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111, 
2, p. 83 (3) (nec p. 287). 


6. Broad, black, the sides of the head in front, the base of the 
mandibles, the prothorax (a rather narrow median vitta excepted), 
and the apical two segments or more of the abdomen, flavous or 
testaceous, the femora obscure testaceous. Antennae very long, 


and Central American Telephorinae. 67 


slender, subfiliform, closely pilose. Prothorax strongly trans- 
verse, with a narrow, deeply-cut, oblique notch on each side just 
before the base, the hind angles obtuse. Elytra long, at the base 
of the same width as the prothorax, broadly arcuato-explanate 
from a little below the shoulder. Sixth ventral segment deeply, 
triangularly emarginate; seventh segment long, the two lobes 
scarcely raised posteriorly, the median fissure somewhat open, 
leaving a portion of the eighth segment exposed. Inner claw of 
anterior tarsi and outer claw of middle tarsi broadly lobed; outer 
claw of posterior tarsi deeply cleft, the outer portion of the claw 
much shorter than the inner. 

Var. 9. Prothorax wholly testaceous, broadly explanate at the 
sides, arcuately narrowing forwards, the margins feebly sinuate. 


Discodon difficile, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 288 (nec p. 86) (specim., 
2, from Yolos, Oaxaca). 
Telephorus photurinus, Gorh., loc. cit. pl. 6, fig. 19 (&). 


¢. Eighth ventral segment simply cleft at the apex; ninth 
segment produced on each side into a long, dentiform process, two 
broader, compressed, abruptly-pointed hooks projecting from the 
internal sac and two spines visible between them (fig. 24, profile 
view). 


Hab. Mexico, Misantla in Vera Cruz [g@], Yolos in 
Oaxaca [9]. 

Redescribed from Gorham’s types—two males. The 
females he subsequently referred to D. perplexum are 
colour-varieties of his D. luridum, but his D. difficile, Q, 
from Yolos, which has slender antennae, almost certainly 
belongs here. Differs from D. normale in the broadly 
explanate, posteriorly attenuate elytra; the longer, 
slender, subfiliform antennae; the more oblique, juxta- 
basal incisure of the prothorax; and in the genital 
armature. 


63. Discodon luridum. 


Discodon luridum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 1, 
2, p. 85. 


Broad, black or piceous, the sides of the head in front, the base 
of the mandibles, the prothorax (a broad median vitta or triangular 
patch excepted), and the apex and sides of the abdomen flavous, 
the elytra uniformly brownish-ochraceous. Antennae (¢) moderately 
long, rather stout, subserrate, tapering outwards, closely pilose; 
(2) shorter, sparsely pilose. Prothorax with a narrow, deep, 


68 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


straight incision on each side at about one-third from the base in 3; 
wider in 2, with the margins broadly explanate and at most feebly 
sinuate. Elytra broadly arcuato-explanate from a little below the 
shoulder. Tarsi and sixth and seventh ventral segments of ¢ as 
in D. normale. 

Var. a. Elytra nigro-fuscous, with the margin broadly flavous. 
é: 
Discodon perplecum, var.?, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 287. 


Var. B. Elytra with the margin and suture ochraceous, the disc 
fuscous. Q. 

Var. y. Elytra wholly, and sometimes the abdomen also, nigro- 
fuscous or black. 4 9. 


Discodon perplecum, var.?, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 287. 


g. Eighth ventral segment raised and bilobed at the tip (fig. 25a), 
the lobes (seen in profile) oblique and triangular at the apex, and 
armed with a sharp tooth above (lower portion of fig. 25); ninth 
segment broad, the apices of the hooks enclosed within the internal 
sac visible (fig. 25). 


Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz and Oaxaca. 

The insect described by Gorham under the name D. 
luridum has been received in numbers from Juquila in 
Oaxaca, the var. a occurring at the same locality and at 
Playa Vicente in Vera Cruz; the var. y has been found at 
Misantla in Vera Cruz, and there are three others (¢ 9) 
in the Oxford Museum labelled “‘ Mexico”’; the var. B 
is represented by a single 2 in the Oxford Museum. The 
variations in colour, therefore, correspond with those of 
D. normale, of which D. luridum is perhaps no more than 
a form with broadly explanate elytra, the genital arma- 
ture of the male being very similar in the two insects. 
From D. perplezum the position of the prothoracic incision, 
the stouter and more tapering antennae, and the genital 
armature, sufficiently distinguish D. luridum, at least in 
the male sex. 


64. Diseodon nigrifrons, n. sp. 
Telephorus nigrifrons, Chevr., in litt. 
Elongate, rather robust, thickly clothed with long, coarse, cinereous 
pubescence; nigro-piceous or black, the head from between the 
eyes to the apex (the black basal portion produced into a dentiform 


projection in the middle anteriorly), the base of the antennae, the 
prothorax (a subcordate spot on the disc excepted in two speci- 


and Central American Telephorinae. 69 


mens), the sutural and outer margins of the elytra, the coxae, 
trochanters, femora, and tibiae, and the abdomen in part, testaceous 
or rufo-testaceous. Antennae long and slender. Eyes small. 
Prothorax (3) transverse, somewhat rounded at the sides, the 
latter angularly notched at some distance behind the middle, the 
hind angles obtuse; (2) broader, the sides rounded anteriorly and 
bisinuate between the middle and the base. Elytra long, wider 
than the prothorax, subparallel in 3, slightly dilated from a little 
below the shoulderin 9. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw 
of the other tarsi, lobed in g, the lobe on the posterior pair denti- 
form. Sixth ventral segment very deeply triangularly emarginate, 
and the seventh raised on each side of the median fissure towards 
the apex, in 3. 
Length (excl. head) 9-10, breadth 3-4 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Juquila in Oaxaca (Sallé). 

One male and two females (one of the latter with the 
prothorax immaculate), left undetermined by Gorham. 
The form of the ¢ tarsal claws (except that the shorter 
portion of the outer posterior one is less acute) brings this 
species near D. normale, from all the varieties of which 
D. ngrifrons may be separated by the basally narrowed 
prothorax of the male, and the peculiarly marked head. 
The female is extremely like the same sex of certain varieties 
of D. inconstans and D. rufipes, but it has the prothorax 
differently shaped and the head otherwise coloured. The 
aedeagus has not been dissected, but the form of the cleft 
seventh ventral segment (9) is very like that of D. normale. 


PHOTINOMORPHA, 0. gen. 


Head short, vertical, completely invisible from above; antennae 
rather short, stout, serrate, joint 2 more than half the length of 3; 
prothorax semicircular, explanate laterally and anteriorly, without 
trace of marginal notch in either sex; elytra long, broadly dilated 
from a little below the humeri; seventh ventral segment divided 
down the middle in g; tarsi each with one claw broadly lobed at 
base in g, the penultimate joint a little longer than the third. 


Type, P. semulans, n. sp. 

The two species placed under the above generic name 
bear an extraordinary resemblance to various Lampyrids 
inhabiting the same region. They were at first included 
by me under Polemius, P. (Discodon) serricornis and 
lugubris, Gorh., being to some extent intermediate; but 


70 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


in these latter the prothorax is more or less truncate in 
front (leaving a portion of the head exposed from above) 
and has a faint oblique notch towards the base, at least 
in g, and the second joint of the antennae is small. P. 
dilaticornis, of which the 2 only is known, was placed 
doubtfully by Gorham as a variety of P. serricornis; it 
can be included under Photinomorpha for the present. 
Photurocantharis, Pic,* based upon four or five species 
from Tropical South America, has the prothorax similarly 
produced anteriorly; but it differs from the present genus 
in having the head subrostrate, and the penultimate tarsal 
joint so deeply cleft as to appear strongly and narrowly 
bilobed. These southern insects were supposed by Pic 
to belong to the Lampyrid-genus Photuris and were sent 
by him to Olivier as such for determination. 


1. Photinomorpha simulans, n.sp. (Plate ITI, figs. 5, 3; 
6; O var.) 


Broad, opaque, finely pubescent; black, the prothorax (a large 
subtriangular or transverse patch on the disc excepted), the base 
of the mandibles, the explanate margins of the elytra, and the last 
ventral segment wholly in 3 and at the sides in 9, flavous. Antennae 
stout, serrate, gradually tapering towards the tip, short in 9, longer 
in g, joint 2 stout, rather more than one-half the length of 3, 3 a 
little shorter than 4. Prothorax transverse, semicircular, broadly 
explanate laterally, the margins very feebly sinuate anteriorly and 
before the base, without trace of notch in g. LElytra elongate, at 
the base parallel and narrower than the prothorax, the margins 
broadly arcuato-explanate from a little below the humeri, the disc 
obsoletely costulate. ¢ 9. 

Var. The elytra and abdomen wholly, and sometimes the ex- 
planate portions of the prothorax also in part or almost entirely, 
black. 9. 

3g. HKighth ventral segment broad, short, carinate down the 
middle posteriorly, feebly emarginate and subcrenulate at the 
apex, the short dorsal portion of the same segment deeply cleft 
and armed at the apex on each side with two short, curved teeth ; 
on either side of the partially evaginated internal sac a very long, 
stout hook is extruded, and the apices of several shorter hooks are 
also visible beyond the tip of the ninth segment. (Figs. 26, 26a.) 

Length 13-16, breadth 6-7} mm. (3 9.) 


* Mélanges exot.-entom., fasc. x, p. 3 (Oct. 1914). 


and Central American Telephorinae. 71 


Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero 8000 feet (H. H. 
Smith). 

Twelve specimens, all females but one, four (g 9) 
belonging to the form selected as typical, and two of 
the others having the prothorax in great part or almost 
wholly black. The flavo-marginate form closely resembles 
Photinus nigridorsis, Gorh., from Oaxaca, except that the 
dilatation of the elytral margin starts from below, instead 
of at the shoulder; the dark form was sent with a similarly- 
coloured Photinus from the same locality. 


2. Photinomorpha dilaticornis, n.sp. (Plate III, fig. 7, 2.) 


Discodon serricorne, var.?, Gorh. Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 
iii, 2, p. 288 (2). 

®. Broad, opaque, finely pubescent; black, the prothorax 
orange, with or without a dark patch on the disc, the mandibles 
rufescent. Head not visible from above, rather broad, the eyes 
not prominent ; antennae short, stout, subserrate, gradually narrowed 
towards the tip, joint 2 stout, fully one-half the length of 3. Pro- 
thorax transverse, ample, semicircular, truncate at the base, broadly 
explanate at the sides, the hind angles prominent, obtuse. Elytra 
long, flattened and obsoletely costulate on the disc, at the base 
parallel and not wider than the prothorax, abruptly and broadly 
explanate from a little below the humeri. 

Length 112-123, breadth 5-5} mm. 


Hab. Mexico, Parada in Oaxaca (Sallé), Oaxaca (Mus. 
Brit.). 

Two females, distinguishable from the same sex of 
Polemius (Discodon) serricornis, Gorh., by the wholly 
black head, the shorter and less tapering antennae, with 
larger and stouter second joint; and the broader pro- 
thorax, with more regularly rounded, strongly explanate 
margins, and rather prominent hind angles. The specimen 
in the British Museum was acquired in 1858. 


POLEMIUS. 


Polemius, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Phil. v, p. 338 (1851), and 
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, p. 55 (1881); Lacordaire, 
Gen. Coleopt. iv, p. 359 (1857); Schaeffer, Journ. 
N. York Ent. Soc. xvi, p. 61 (1908). 


Leconte referred three N. American species to this 
genus, Cantharis laticornis, Say (= Telephorus dubius, 


72 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


Melsh.), being taken as the type, and others from Arizona 
have since been added by Fall and Schaeffer. Its essential 
characters, 3, are the simply incised lateral margins of 
the prothorax (the notch sometimes wanting), the un- 
divided tarsal claws, and the cleft seventh ventral segment. 
The type, like that of Szlis, has stout, serrate antennae 
and small eyes. Polemius laticornis appears to have been 
unknown to Gorham, but there are males of it from 
Texas in the British Museum and others have been sent 
me by Mr. Fall. The genus as here understood includes 
various forms described under Discodon and Silis by 
Gorham; P. basalis, Waterh., from Borneo, must belong 
elsewhere. A Miocene species from Florissant (P. crassi- 
cornis) has recently been named by Wickham. 

The Central American species may be grouped by their 
¢$ characters thus * :— 


I. Prothorax with or without a shallow notch 
on each side near the base, semicircular, 
or with the margins feebly sinuate, more 
or less truncate in front, leaving a portion 
of the head exposed from above; an- 
tennae serrate; tarsi each with one claw 
broadly lobed at base: species Lampyri- 
£25) 4 MMOS De eIte OR ICON Siecle allel. 

II. Prothorax with a conspicuous, rarely sub- 

obsolete, notch on each side, the margins 
usually more or less angulate, lamellate, 
or subdentate in front of the incision; 
anterior tarsi and sometimes the others 
also, with one of the claws lobed or 
dilated at base: species Lampyriform 
or Telephoriform. 

a, Antennae stout, serrate . . . . . Species 6. 
61. Antennae more slender, serrate in some 
of the ispeciese s/h. han pee 
Species of doubtful position, females only 

known, 2) (ee BM Peon Sines ecniew Guin 


Species 7-35. 


1. Polemius serricornis. 


Discodon serricorne, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 
2, p. 288, pl. 6, fig. 18 (Q) (excl. var.). 


* Females only known of species 10 and 17. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 73 


Broad, opaque, black, the anterior portion of the head, the base 
of the mandibles, the prothorax (a patch on the disc excepted), 
and sometimes the outer limb of the elytra indeterminately, flavous 
or reddish-yellow. Head almost invisible from above, eyes somewhat 
prominent in Jj; antennae serrate, rapidly tapering towards the tip, 
short in 9, longer in J, joints 3-6 considerably widened in both sexes. 
Prothorax strongly transverse, semicircular, truncate in front, broadly 
explanate in both sexes; the sides feebly obliquely notched near 
the base in gj and slightly sinuate in 2. Elytra in 3 narrower than, 
and in 9 as broad as, the prothorax, broadly explanate from a little 
below the shoulder. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw 
of the other tarsi, broadly lobed in 3. 

g:- Ninth ventral segment rather convex, narrowed towards the 
apex, the two spines projecting from the internal sac strongly 
hooked at the tip. 


Hab. Mexico, Morelos, Oaxaca. 

This species mimics Photuris cyathigera, Gorh., and other 
Lampyrids. One male and two females seen. It is dis- 
tinguishable by the semicircular prothorax, which is feebly 
notched just before the base in the male, the flavous anterior 
portion of the head, the broadly explanate elytra, and the 
stout, serrate, rapidly tapering antennae. The two spines 
projecting a little beyond the tip of the ninth ventral 
segment correspond to those mentioned under P. lugubris 
as projecting at right angles from the evaginated internal 
sac, but they are more hooked at the apex. The variety 
(2) from Parada described by Gorham (loc. cit.) is referred 
to a different species, Photinomorpha dilaticorms. 


2. Polemius lugubris. 


Discodon lugubre, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. in, 
2) p. 80. 


Broad, opaque, black, the anterior portion of the head, the base 
of the mandibles, and the flanks of the prothorax yellow, the disc 
of the latter sometimes with two faint reddish marks. Eyes not 
prominent. Antennae subserrate, stout, rapidly tapering towards 
the tip, short in 9, longer in g, joint 2 small. Prothorax large, 
strongly transverse, rugulose, broadly explanate in both sexes; 
the sides rounded anteriorly, deeply, obliquely notched a little 
before the base in J, and slightly sinuate in 2. Elytra about as wide 
as the prothorax at the base, broadly explanate from a little below 
the shoulder. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of the 
other tarsi, broadly lobed in ¢. 


74 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


Var.? Head wholly black; prothorax smoother and more 
abruptly explanate; elytra distinctly costate. 9. 

6. Eighth ventral segment cleft and bilobed at the tip; ninth 
segment polished, rather convex, narrowed towards the apex, the 
internal sac (as seen evaginated) armed with several small and four 
long spines—one projecting at right angles on each side, stout, 
hooked at the tip, one on the ventral aspect directed vertically, cleft 
at the apex, and another on the dorsal aspect, pointed at the tip. 


Hab. Mexico, Morelos and Durango. 

There are four specimens of this species in the “ Biologia” 
collection, one of which (2), from Las Peras in Oaxaca, 
with the head wholly black, may belong to a different 
species. The spines projecting from the evaginated 
internal sac of the aedeagus are long and stout, and another 
pair of stout spines are visible beneath the eighth ventral 
segment after the ninth segment has been extracted, 
corresponding to the long hooks present in Photinomorpha 
sumulans. Gorham describes the outer hind tarsal claw 
of the male as “ vix fissis,’ whereas it has a rounded 
lobe similar to that on the corresponding claw of the 
intermediate and anterior tarsi. 


3. Polemius integer, n. sp. 


Moderately elongate, rather broad, dull, finely pubescent; black, 
the sides of the head in front, the base of the mandibles, and the 
sides of the prothorax broadly (leaving a broad, black, posteriorly 
dilated vitta or triangular patch), yellow. Antennae (3) moderately 
long, subserrate, tapering outwards, with joint 3 shorter than 4; 
(2) much stouter and shorter, with joints 3 and 4 equal in length. 
Eyes rather small in both sexes. Prothorax (3) strongly transverse, 
subtruncate in front, gradually narrowing from the base, the margins 
broadly explanate, entire, plicate at about the basal fourth above; 
(2) wider and with the sides more rounded. Elytra moderately 
long, about as wide at the base as the prothorax, more or less ex- 
planate from a little below the shoulder, feebly costulate on the disc. 
Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of the other tarsi, broadly 
lobed in 3. 

6. Eighth ventral segment long, acuminate, carinate down the 
middle, feebly cleft at the tip; ninth segment oblong, rounded at the 
apex, a stout, feebly curved, flattened tube partly extruded (fig. 27, 
dorsal aspect). 

Length (excl. head) 8-104, breadth 33-5 mm. (¢ 9.) 


and Central American Telephorinae. 75 


Hab. Mexico, Omilteme and Xucumanatlan in Guerrero 
(H. H. Smith: 3), Oaxaca (Sallé: 3). 

Described from one male and six females from Guerrero. 
The two males from Oaxaca, left unnamed by Gorham, are 
smaller and narrower, and have more slender antennae; 
but there can be little doubt that they belong to the same 
species, the genital armature being similar. A Lampyri- 
form insect, with the lateral margins of the prothorax 
entire in the male. 


4. Polemius nigrolimbatus, n. sp. 


Discodon cleroides, var., Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 
ili, 2, p. 287 (3). 


Rather broad, dull, clothed with fine brownish or cinereous 
pubescence; black, the base of the mandibles, and a rather broad, 
anteriorly widened, oblique, submarginal stripe on each side of the 
prothorax (the two stripes usually connected along the apical 
margin) flavous. Eyes not prominent. Antennae subserrate, 
rather stout, tapering towards the tip, short in 9, longer in 3. Pro- 
thorax ample, as broad as or broader than the base of the elytra, 
subtruncate in front, broadly explanate laterally; the sides gradu- 
ally, arcuately converging forwards from near the base, at most 
very feebly sinuate, without trace of notch in g. Elytra more or 
less explanate from a short distance below the base, coriaceous, 
obsoletely costulate. Inner claw of anterior and outer claw of the 
other tarsi lobed in ¢. 

§- Ninth ventral segment oblong, gradually narrowed towards 
the apex, the extruded flagellum acuminate and simply curved. 
(Fig. 28). 

Length (excl. head) 74-10, breadth 3-44 mm. (4 9.) 


Hab. Mexico (Trugqui, Sallé; Mus. Oxon.), Mexico City 
(Hoge, H. H. Smith), Toluca (Sallé). 

Apparently not rare in the vicinity of the city of Mexico, 
whence six examples have been received. This species 
and P. mgromarginatus differ from Dviscodon cleroides in 
having the prothorax unnotched and somewhat rounded 
at the sides in the male, and the tarsal claws otherwise 
formed in that sex, the head black to the anterior margin, 
and the prothorax relatively very broad in both sexes. 
The less rounded sides of the prothorax and the broader 
yellow submarginal stripes separate P. nigrolimbatus from 
P. mgromarginatus. 


76 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


5. Polemius nigromarginatus, n.sp. (Plate III, fig. 8, g.) 


Discodon cleroides, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 
2, p. 287 (2) (nec p. 84) (excl. var.). 


Rather broad, dull, clothed with fine blackish pubescence; deep 
black, with the base of the mandibles, and a sharply defined sinuate 
submarginal stripe on each side of the prothorax (leaving a very large 
triangular patch on the dise and the outer margins black), pale 
flavous. Eyes somewhat prominent in g. Antennae subserrate 
and tapering towards the tip in Q, a little longer and with joints 3-7 
less widened in g. Prothorax broad, transverse, widely explanate 
laterally, the margins somewhat rounded, feebly sinuate, and with- 
out trace of notch in 3, the hind angles obtuse. Elytra a little 
wider than the prothorax, very feebly explanate in 9, coriaceous, 
subcostulate. Inner claw of anterior and outer claw of the other 
tarsi broadly lobed in ¢. 

g- Eighth ventral segment broad, sharply carinate down the 
middle posteriorly; ninth segment rather broad, parallel-sided, 
abruptly, obliquely narrowed towards the apex, the extruded 
flagellum bent and sharply acuminate (fig. 29). 

Length (excl. head) 64-9, breadth 24-3} mm. 


Hab. Mexico, Ciudad in Durango, 8100 ft. (Forrer: 9; 
Hoge: ¢§ ). 

The three females from Durango referred by Gorham 
in his “Supplement” to Discodon cleroides belong to the 
present species, of which a long series was subsequently 
received from Hége from the same locality. The females 
of the two insects, it is true, are very similar, that of the 
present species being recognisable by the wholly black 
head, the rounded sides of the prothorax, and the less 
dilated margins of the elytra. The males have a very 
differently shaped prothorax, and the tarsal claws other- 
wise formed. 


6. Polemius spissicornis, n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 59, 
prothorax, 3.) 


Moderately elongate, rather broad, dull, finely pubescent; black, 
the base of the mandibles and the prothorax (a broad patch on the 
disc excepted) testaceous or flavo-testaceous. Head short; an- 
tennae serrate, stout, about reaching the basal third of the elytra, 
slightly tapering towards the tip. Prothorax (3) very short, broad, 
suleate down the middle posteriorly, the lateral margins reflexed, 
and narrowly, deeply, obliquely excised towards the base, appearing 


and Central American Telephorinae. be 


dentate in front of the excision, and arcuately converging thence to 
the apex, the hind angles acute; (2) broader, more rounded at the 
sides, the latter bisinuate towards the base. Elytra moderately 
long, much wider than the prothorax, somewhat dilated at the sides 
in 9, costulate and rugosely sculptured. Inner claw of anterior 
tarsi, and outer claw of the other tarsi, lobed at base. 

Length (excl. head) 53-7, breadth 2-24 mm. (J 9.) 


Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit. ; Coffin, in Mus. 
Oxon.). 

Two pairs. This insect 1s very like the N.-American 
Polemius laticornis (Say), but has shorter and stouter 
antennae, a shorter and more equally dilated prothorax, 
and the margins of the latter deeply obliquely excised 
near the base in the male, much as in P. (Discodon) 
lugubris, Gorh. P. spissicornis has the facies of a small 
Lampyrid. The antennae scarcely differ in form in the 
two sexes. 


7. Polemius difficilis. 


Discodon difficile, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 
2, p. 86 (nec p. 288, and fig. of 7. photurinus, pl. 6, 
fig. 19, 2) (Guanajuato examples only, ¢ ). 

Polemius difficilis, Schaeff., Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. 
xvi. py Ol. 


Comparatively short and broad, dull, finely pubescent; black, 
the anterior portion of the head, base of mandibles, basal joint of 
antennae externally, and prothorax flavous or testaceous. Head 
broad; eyes moderately large and prominent in 3, smaller in 9. 
Antennae rather short, comparatively stout, subserrate, tapering 
outwards. Prothorax very broad in both sexes, subtruncate at the 
apex (as seen from in front), rounded at the sides anteriorly; the 
margins narrowly notched towards the base in 3, and abruptly 
emarginate at the same place in 2. Elytra rather short, of the same 
width as the prothorax at the base, blunt at the tip, somewhat or 
moderately explanate at the sides from a little below the humeri, 
the sculpture rather coarse. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer 
claw of other tarsi, broadly lobed in ¢. 

Var. a. Prothorax with a black anteriorly dilated median vitta. 


$2. 


Discodon triste, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 287 (part.) (Ventanas 
specimens, Q). 


Var. 8. Anterior half of head, basal joint of antennae, scutellum, 


78 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


sutural and outer margins of elytra narrowly, coxae, trochanters, 
and femora in part or entirely, and base of tibiae, flavous or 
testaceous. 9. 
¢g. Highth ventral segment long, oval, carinate down the middle, 
rounded, cleft and upturned at the tip; ninth segment narrow, two 
pairs of stout spines projecting from the internal sac. (Fig. 30.) 
Length (excl. head) 73-95, breadth 3-45 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Mexico (Truqui), Ventanas in Durango (Forrer), 
Durango City, Iguala and Chilpancingo in Guerrero (Hége), 
Jalisco (coll. Fry: 3), Guanajuato (Sallé: types, 5 9). 

Redescribed from the types (a pair from Guanajuato), 
a similar pair from Jalisco in Fry’s collection, and a female 
from Durango City; the other specimens (Q) referred to it 
by Gorham, one of which was figured by him under the 
name Telephorus photurinus and quoted under Dzscodon 
difficile (p. 288), belong elsewhere. The var. a is repre- 
sented by six examples (from Ventanas and Chilpan- 
cingo), and the var. 6 by a single female from Iguala. A 
comparatively short form, with the prothorax broad and 
very similarly shaped in the two sexes, the elytra more or 
less explanate at the sides. The var. a may have to be 
separated when more males are available for examination. 
The uncleft 3 tarsal claws separate this and the next two 
species from Dvscodon. 


8. Polemius photinoides. 


Discodon photinoides, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 
2, p. 84 (nec p. 288). 
Telephorus photinoides, Gorh., loc. cit. pl. 5, fig. 19 (9). 


Rather narrow (3), broader (2), moderately shining, clothed with 
fine brownish pubescence; nigro-fuscous or black, the anterior 
portion of the head, the base of the mandibles, the prothorax (a 
triangular patch on the disc excepted), and the sutural and outer 
margins of the elytra flavous, and the humeri and knees often 
testaceous. Eyes large in g. Antennae rather stout, serrate, 
tapering outwards, long in g, shorter in 9. Prothorax strongly 
transverse; subquadrate and with a deep, narrow, oblique notch 
on each side towards the base in g, broader and with the more 
rounded sides deeply sinuate at about the basal third in 9. Elytra 
moderately elongate, as wide as or wider than the prothorax at the 
base, gradually explanate at the sides from a little below the 
shoulder. Inner claw of anterior tarsi broadly, and outer claw of 


and Central American Telephorinae. 79 


the other tarsi feebly, lobed in g. Anterior tarsi rather broad in 
both sexes. 

§. Eighth ventral segment oblong, rounded and notched in the 
middle at the tip, carinate; ninth segment produced at the apex, 
an extremely elongate, slender flagellum and a stout curved hook 
projecting from the internal sac (fig. 31). 


Hab. GuATEMALA (Mus. Brit.), San Gerénimo, Dueifias, 
Capetillo, Quiché Mts. 

The specimens seen of this species, including a pair 
still “in copula” from San Gerénimo and two females 
acquired by the British Museum in 1855, are all from 
Guatemala, those from Chiriqui added by Gorham in his 
“Supplement ”’ belonging to species with the tarsal claws 
of the males differently formed, etc. The two males 
dissected have the genital armature very different from 
that of Discodon chiriquense and the other species confused 
by Gorham under P. photinoides. 


9. Polemius flaccidus. 


Discodon flaccidum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 
2, p. 88; Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom., fasc. 11, p. 14 
(1912). 


Elongate, narrow, moderately shining, finely pubescent; piceous, 
the sides of the head in front, the base of the mandibles, the basal 
joint of the antennae externally, the prothorax (a spot on the disc 
or an anteriorly evanescent median vitta excepted), the sutural 
and outer margins of the elytra, and the legs in great part, 
stramineous or testaceous. Eyes very large and prominent in dg, 
small in 9. Antennae moderately long, rather slender, shorter in 
9. Prothorax ($) subquadrate, the margins with a narrow, deep, 
transverse notch at about the middle, the hind angles sharp; (9) 
broader and more transverse, narrowing from near the base, con- 
stricted at the middle (the margins thus appearing strongly sinuate), 
the hind angles obtuse. Elytra long, subparallel, broader than the 
prothorax in and of about the same width in 3. Inner claw of 
anterior tarsi somewhat broadly, and outer claw of the other tarsi 
feebly, lobed in 3. 

$. Eighth ventral segment narrowing outwards, emarginate 
in the middle at the apex, the tip of the flagellum exposed. 


Hab. GuateMAta, Alta Vera Paz. 
Gorham was in some doubt as to the identification of the 
sexes of this species. It has been redescribed from two 


80 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


males and three females. The prothorax of the female is 
widened posteriorly, and in the male the lateral notch is 
sharply cut; the eyes, too, in the last-mentioned sex are 
much enlarged. 


10. Polemius fleximargo, n. sp. (Plate III, fig. 9, 9.) 


9. Elongate, dull, finely pubescent; nigro-fuscous, the sides of 
the head in front, the base of the mandibles, the prothorax (an 
elongate-triangular patch on the disc excepted), and the humeri 
and outer margins of the elytra flavous, the legs fusco-testaceous 
with the tarsi blackish. Antennae moderately long, subserrate, 
rather stout, slightly tapering towards the tip. Prothorax trans- 
verse, arcuate in front; the sides rounded posteriorly and rapidly, 
sinuously converging thence to the apex, the abruptly explanate 
margin becoming much narrower anteriorly. Elytra long, not 
wider than the prothorax at the base, distinctly costulate on the 
disc and arcuato-explanate at the sides just below the humeri, the 
dilated margin rapidly narrowed thence to the apex, the basal 
portion of the epipleura broad and somewhat thickened. 

Length (excl. head) 7-83, breadth 2}-3 mm. 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion). 

Two females, left unnamed by Gorham. This species 
has the prothorax shaped as in the corresponding sex of P. 
(Discodon) flaccidus, Gorh., differimg from it in the sinuato- 
explanate elytral margin and the anteriorly widened 
epipleura. P. flecemargo can be placed near P. photinoides 
and P. flaccidus for the present, these latter having one of 
the claws of each tarsus simply lobed at the base in the 
male. 


11. Polemius tristiculus, n. sp. 


Discodon triste, var., Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 
Za hoa 


Narrow, black, the mandibles testaceous, the sides of the pro- 
thorax (leaving a large cruciform black patch on the disc) yellow 
or reddish-yellow; clothed with rather long blackish pubescence. 
Antennae comparatively short and stout, serrate, slightly tapering 
towards the tip. Prothorax transverse, in g subquadrate and with 
a narrow transverse notch on each side at about one-fourth from the 
base, in 2 with the sides more rounded and deeply sinuate behind the 
middle. Elytra a little wider than the prothorax at the base, 


and Central American Telephorinae. 81 


subparallel or very feebly dilated at the sides. Inner claw of an- 
terior tarsi, and outer claw of the other tarsi, broadly lobed in 3. 
6. Ninth ventral segment oblong; the partially evaginated 
internal sac disclosing the tips of several pairs of spines and that 
of a central flagellum, and dilated into a sharp tooth on each side 
at the base. (Figs. 32, 32a.) 
Length (excl. head) 63-7, breadth 2-23 mm. (4 9.) 


Hab. GuatEMALA (Mus. Brit.), Quiché Mts. and the 
slopes of the mountains above Duejias (Champion). 

Six males and one female. Very like Discodon melan- 
cholicum (= triste), and with a similar large cruciform 
black patch on the dise of the prothorax, but differing 
from that species in the shorter and stouter antennae in 
both sexes; the male with one claw of each tarsus broadly 
lobed at the base, and the narrow lateral notch of the pro- 
thorax placed nearer the hind angle; the female with the 
sides of the prothorax deeply sinuate behind the middle. 
D. nigropilosum is also very like the present species, but it 
has a differently-shaped prothorax, cleft ¢ tarsal claws, 
etc. Two males of P. tristiculus have been dissected, one 
having the genital armature partly exposed. 


12. Polemius lineatocollis, n. sp. 


Moderately elongate, black, the base of the mandibles, and the 
sides of the prothorax broadly (leaving a sharply-defined broad 
black median vitta), yellow or reddish-yellow; clothed with fine 
greyish-brown pubescence. Antennae rather stout, serrate, moder- 
ately long, slightly tapering towards the tip, sparsely pubescent in 
both sexes. Prothorax transverse, subquadrate; in g with an 
oblique notch on each side just behind the middle, in 2 with the 
sides distinctly sinuato-emarginate at the middle. Elytra slightly 
wider than the prothorax at the base, moderately long, not or very 
feebly (2) explanate at the sides. Inner claw of anterior tarsi 
broadly, and outer claw of the other tarsi more feebly, lobed in ¢. 

3g. Eighth ventral segment feebly cleft, and the ninth rounded, 
at the tip, a very elongate, extremely slender, straight flagellum 
projecting from the internal sac. 

Length (excl. head) 54-7, breadth 2-23 mm. (¢ @.) 


Hab. Mexico (Truqui), Amula, Xucumanatlan, Chilpan- 
cingo, and Tepetlapa in Guerrero (H. H. Smith), Acapulco 
(Hoge), Oaxaca (Mus. Brit., Sallé), Etla (Salle). 

Sent in plenty from various places in Guerrero and 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PART I. (MAY) G 


82 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


sparingly from Oaxaca. Extremely like Discodon melan- 
cholicum (= triste), but with the outer claw of the inter- 
mediate and posterior tarsi of the male lobed at the base 
(instead of cleft), the median vitta of the prothorax not 
dilated into a cruciform patch, the margins usually dis- 
tinctly sinuate in the female, the antennae of the male 
shorter, and sparsely pubescent as in the female. Three 
males dissected, one only showing the slender flagellum. 


13. Polemius bivittatus. (Plate III, fig. 10, 9, var. f.) 


Discodon bivittatum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 101, 
Zip. Sie 

Polemius bivittatus, Schaeff., Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. 
xvi, p.61. 


Elongate, dull (shining, when immature), finely pubescent; 
nigro-piceous or fuscous, the anterior portion at least of the head, 
the basal joint of the antennae in some specimens, the prothorax 
(two black sinuous vittae or spots on the disc excepted) and 
scutellum, the suture and outer margin of the elytra, the coxae, 
trochanters, and femora in some examples, and the abdomen in 
part or entirely, testaceous. Eyes rather small, a little larger in 
g. Antennae very long, slender and subfiliform in 9, still longer, 
subserrate, and closely pilose in g. Prothorax (¢) transverse, 
arcuate in front, binodose on the disc posteriorly, the margins 
explanate and reflexed, at most feebly notched or sinuate at about 
the middle; (2) broader, subtruncate at the apex, the margins more 
or less rounded. Elytra subparallel, wider than the prothorax, 
rather finely sculptured. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer 
claw of the other tarsi, broadly lobed at base in 3. 

Var. a. Prothoracic vittae united into a large, laterally emarginate 
black patch; legs black. 9. 

Var. 8. Elytra flavous, with the sutural and outer margins, and 
a narrow oblique stripe extending down the disc from the shoulder 
to very near the apex, black; femora testaceous. 9. (Fig. 10.) 

Var. y. Elytra and femora testaceous. ¢. 

$. Highth ventral segment shortly trilobed at the apex; ninth 
segment rather short, oval, subtruncate, the tips of two pairs of 
stout hooks and that of a central flagellum visible (fig. 33). 

Length (excl. head) 8-124, breadth 22-5mm. (3 @.) 


Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Guerrero (Chilpancingo and 
Omilteme), Oaxaca; GuaTEMALA, Quiché Mts., Calderas 
(Champion), Capetillo (Rodriguez). 


and Central American Telephorinae. 83 


This insect varies in colour according to the amount of 
development of the flavous or black portions of the surface, 
some examples having the sterna, abdomen, antennae, 
and legs almost entirely pale. Immature specimens, too, 
are more shining than the others. The var. a was included 
by Gorham under Discodon normale. The other forms have 
all been found at Chilpancingo or Omilteme. The pro- 
thoracic notch is sometimes wanting in the males. P. 
bivittatus is mainly recognisable by the bivittate pro- 
thorax and the uncleft 3 tarsal claws. A long series from 
Guerrero and Oaxaca has been examined. Two males 
dissected. 


14. Polemius fuscovittatus, n. sp. 


Discodon marginatum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 1 
2, p. 286 (nec p. 80). 


Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; testaceous, the 
eyes, the basal half of the head, and the abdomen in part infuscate 
or black in some examples, the prothorax rarely with a small trans- 
verse dark mark on the disc, the elytra each with a broad fuscous 
vitta of variable length on the disc, sometimes interrupted or con- 
stricted below the base and always reaching to near the apex. Eyes 
large and prominent in 3, smaller in 9. Antennae long and slender. 
Prothorax (3) narrow, broader than long, binodose on the disc 
behind, the margins narrowly reflexed and notched at about one- 
third from the base, the hind angles obtuse; (2) broader, narrowing 
from the basal third, the margins bisinuate. Elytra wider than the 
prothorax, subparallel. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw 
of the other tarsi, angularly dilated at base. 

g. Eighth ventral segment broad, the short dorsal portions of 
the same segment hooked at the tip; ninth segment oblong; two 
curved spines visible within the internal sac, and two long, stout 
truncated hooks projecting from beneath them. (Figs. 34, 34a.) 

Length (excl. head) 7-73, breadth 21-3 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Playa Vicente and Jalapa in Vera Cruz. 

Four males and two females. Less elongate and more 
shining than the Guatemalan Discodon marginatum, Gorh., 
the prothorax of the male not hollowed at the sides behind 
the middle, and with a definite notch, the tarsal claws not 
cleft in this sex, the genital armature different. 


84 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


15. Polemius maculifrons, n. sp. 


Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; rufo-testaceous, 
the eyes, a spot on the vertex, the antennae (the basal joint excepted), 
an interrupted transverse streak on the disc of the prothorax 
towards the apex in 4, the base and the apical half of the elytra (the 
sutural and outer margins excepted) indeterminately in 3, or their 
entire surface (the margins excepted) in 9, the tarsi in part or en- 
tirely and sometimes the knees also, and the under surface in part, 
fuscous or black. Eyes small. Antennae long and slender. - Pro- 
thorax ($) transverse, binodose on the dise towards the base, the 
sides strongly reflexed, somewhat rounded, and angularly notched 
at about the basal fourth, the hind angles obliterated; (2) broader 
and more transverse, narrowing from near the base, the margins 
sinuate at the middle and before the obtuse hind angles, the space 
between the callosities sharply carinate in one specimen. Elytra 
long, much wider than the prothorax, subparallel, finely punctate 
and distinctly costulate. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer 
claw of the other tarsi, lobed at base in . 

Length (excl. head) 7-83, breadth 24-3 mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Real del Monte [g type] and Zacualtipan 
[2], both in Hidalgo (Hége). 

One male and two females, the latter having the elytra 
entirely (the sutural and outer margins excepted) black. 
Near P. (Discodon) bivittatus, Gorh., but with the lateral 
notch of the prothorax of the male placed nearer the base 
and the hind angles obliterated; the prothorax in the female 
narrowed from near the base and with the margins more 
sinuate, in this respect approaching the same sex of Discodon 
erosum, Gorh. The sexes of P. maculifrons are so dis- 
similar that they might be mistaken for different species. 
The elytral sculpture is fine, as in P. bivittatus. 


16. Polemius breviusculus, n. sp. 


Comparatively short and broad, finely cinereo-pubescent, shining ; 
black, the anterior portion of the head, the prothorax (except two 
oval spots on the disc, which are confluent in ¢), the scutellum, 
coxae, and trochanters, the femora to near the tip, base of the tibiae, 
and the abdomen in part, rufo-testaceous. Head broad; eyes 
small; antennae slender, moderately long. Prothorax (3) strongly 
transverse, rounded at the sides, the latter strongly reflexed and 
with a deeply-cut angular notch at the middle, the hind angles 


and Central American Telephorinae. 85 


obliterated ; (2) broader, the sides sinuate just beyond the middle. 
Elytra broader than the prothorax, comparatively short, sub- 
parallel in 3, slightly explanate from a little below the shoulder in 9, 
roughly punctate. Inner claw of anterior tarsi and outer claw of 
intermediate tarsi with an angular lobe at base in ¢. 

g. Ventral segment 6 feebly emarginate in the middle behind, 
7 cleft and comparatively short, 9 short, broadly produced in the 
centre at the apex, a stout hook visible on either side of it. 

Length (excl. head) 6-74, breadth 23,-3 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Ciudad in Durango (Hége). 

One pair. A comparatively short, broad form, with 
the prothorax rounded at the sides behind, the lateral 
notch in the male deep, the outer posterior tarsal claw 
almost simple in this sex. In the unique male (after the 
genitalia have been extracted) an extremely long, slender, 
curved rod is visible in the fissure of the seventh ventral 
segment, arising from beneath the apical margin of the 
sixth, its apex being a little thickened and set with several 
setae. The prothorax of the gis notched as in P. binotatus, 
Fall, but it is more transverse, and more rounded at the 
sides posteriorly. 


17. Polemius bimaculatus, n. sp. 


9. Comparatively short and broad, shining, cinereo-pubescent ; 
black, the anterior portion of the head, joints 1-3 of the antennae 
and the base of each of the following joints, the prothorax (two oblong 
streaks on the disc excepted) and scutellum, the sutural and outer 
margins of the elytra, the coxae and trochanters, the anterior 
femora and tibiae, and the bases or more of the other femora and 
tibiae, and the abdomen in part, flavous or testaceous. Head 
broad; eyes small; antennae rather short, slender. Prothorax 
strongly transverse, the sides scarcely reflexed, rounded anteriorly, 
and constricted just before the base, the hind angles obtuse. Elytra 
comparatively short, a little wider than the prothorax, feebly widened 
from below the shoulders, roughly punctate. Legs rather stout. 

Length (excl. head) 6-64, breadth 23-25 mm. 


Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo in Guerrero (H. H. Smith: 
type), Ventanas in Durango (Hoge). 

Two females, the one from Durango somewhat immature 
and with the antennae entirely testaceous. This species 
comes near P. breviusculus, but the shape of the prothorax 
(2) is so different in the two forms that it is impossible to 


86 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


treat P. bimaculatus as a colour variety of the former. 
P. binotatus, Fall, from the Chiricahua Mts., S. Arizona, 
a male of which has been sent me by its describer, is an allied 
form with wholly black, less rugose, more shining elytra, 
uniformly testaceous femora, etc. P. arizonensis, Schaeff., 
has the antennal joints 3-5 shorter and wider than in 
P. binotatus, the prothorax immaculate, ete. 


18. Polemius megalophthalmus, n.sp. (Plate III, fig. 11, 3.) 


Elongate, narrow, shining, cinereo-pubescent ; black or piceous, 
the base of the mandibles, the anterior portion of the head wholly 
(3) or at the sides (2), the prothorax and scutellum, the abdomen 
in part, and the base of the femora in 3, testaceous. Head together 
with the eyes very much broader than the prothorax in 3, of about 
the same width in 9, the eyes enormously developed in J, small in 9; 
antennae serrate, in ¢ longer than the entire body, in 2 very much 
shorter. Prothorax (3) almost smooth, nearly as long as broad, 
narrow, arcuate in front, the margins narrowly reflexed, and 
obliquely compressed and feebly incised at about the basal third, 
the hind angles subrectangular; (2) transverse, less rounded in 
front, the margins shallowly notched at the basal third. Elytra 
long, parallel, wider than the prothorax, rugosely sculptured and 
feebly costulate. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of 
the other tarsi, lobed at base in ¢. 

g. Ninth ventral segment truncated at the apex, the corresponding 
dorsal portion of the same segment narrower and also truncate ; 
two pairs of long, stout hooks projecting from the internal sac. 
(Fig. 35.) 

Length (excl. head) 6-7, breadth 2-23 mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Ventanas in Durango (Hége). 

Five males and four females. This species is not unlike 
one of the varieties of Discodon inconstans, except that it is 
smaller and very much narrower. The male has enormously 
developed eyes and greatly elongated, serrate antennae, 
characters separating P. megalophthalmus from most of 
its allies. The prothorax is shining, almost smooth, and 
without definite callosities on the disc towards the base. 
The apically undivided, simply lobed tarsal claws of the 
male distinguish the present species from Discodon incisum 
and others; and the non-callose prothorax, larger eyes in g, 
etc., from P. (Silis) longecornes, Gorh. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 87 


19. Polemius cephalotes. (Plate VIII, fig. 60, prothorax, 3.) 


Telephorus (Silis) cephalotes, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., 
Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 289 (¢ ). 


3§. Head large, broad; eyes large; antennae very long, feebly 
subserrate, tapering towards the tip; prothorax fully as long as 
broad, narrow, the margins reflexed, obliquely plicate, deeply 
angularly notched just behind the middle (appearing bluntly dentate 
in front of this), and slightly hollowed before the hind angles; 
elytra much broader than the prothorax, widening to the apex; 
inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of the other tarsi, angu- 
larly dilated at base. 

Q. Head, eyes, mandibles, and antennae much as in g, the eyes 
a little less prominent; prothorax transverse, the margins tri- 
sinuate, and thickened into a small blunt tooth at the middle, the 
hind angles acute and prominent. 


Hab. PANAMA, Bugaba. 

One male and two females seen. A moderately elongate, 
posteriorly widened form; shining, piceous, with the head 
(except on the middle of the vertex), the last two joints of 
the antennae, the sides of the prothorax, the humeri, and 
sometimes the base of the femora also, testaceous or yellow, 
the elytra finely sculptured, the head large in both sexes, 
the prothorax elongate and with the sides deeply angularly 
notched at about the middle in the male, the legs slender. 
P. cephalotes bears some resemblance to Discodon plicatum, 
Gorh., but the latter has two of the tarsal claws cleft in 
the male. 


20. Polemius sallaei. 


Silis sallaei, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 2, p. 303. 


3. Eyes large; antennae elongate, slender; prothorax nearly as 
long as broad, obliquely grooved on each side anteriorly, the margins 
narrowly reflexed, angularly dilated at about the middle and sub- 
parallel thence to the acute hind angles; inner claw of anterior 
tarsi, and outer claw of the other tarsi, angularly dilated at base. 

Q. Eyes smaller; antennae a little shorter; prothorax more 
transverse, more narrowed anteriorly, the margins simply trisinuate. 


Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Sallé: 39); GUATEMALA, 
Senahu in Alta Vera Paz (Champion: 9). 


88 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


Described by Gorham from two pairs from Cordova. A 
female from Vera Paz found placed under P. (Discodon) 
bivittatus, with the prothoracic vittae more strongly sinuate, 
seems to belong here. P. sallaec has the front of the head, 
a spot on the vertex, the prothorax (a sharply-defined, 
sinuous submarginal stripe on each side excepted), and the 
femora to near the tip, pale testaceous, and the rest of the 
body piceous. 


21. Polemius albibucea. 


Silis albibucca, Pic, Le Nat. 1910, p. 44 (¢ Q). 


Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; nigro-piceous 
or piceous, the head in front, the prothorax, and the femora to rear 
the tip, testaceous or pale testaceous. Head together with the eyes 
broader than the prothorax in 3; eyes large in 3, smaller in 9; 
antennae long, slender, and sparsely pilose in g, shorter in 9. Pro- 
thorax (3) broader than long, obliquely bicallose on the disc, and 
with a short carina in the middle before the base, the margins 
broadly, subangularly dilated anteriorly and parallel thence to the 
acute hind angles; (2) more transverse, the margins more broadly 
reflexed and simply trisinuate. Elytra much wider than the 
prothorax, subparallel, moderately long, roughly sculptured and 
obsoletely costate. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of 
the other tarsi, angularly dilated at base in 3. 

Length (excl. head) 43-53, breadth 14-2 mm. (4 9.) 


Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.: 9), Teapa (H. H. Smith: $9). 

Two males and three females, agreeing nearly with Pic’s 
description, except in the paler colour of the prothorax, 
possibly due to immaturity. This species is very closely 
related to P. (Silis) sallaei, Gorh., of which it would appear 
at first sight to be a form with an immaculate prothorax, 
differing from it in the broader and more prominent tooth- 
like dilatation of the latter in the male, and in the more 
transverse prothorax of the female. Pic says his Silis 
albibucca is probably near S. haematodes, Gorh., the lateral 
prothoracic prominence of which is very differently shaped 
and placed behind, instead of at about, the middle in ¢. 
The two examples in the British Museum were acquired in 
1856. Discodon oppositipunctum, Gorh., is not unlike the 
present species, but it is larger and has one of the claws 
of each foot cleft at the tip in @. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 89 


22. Polemius pauperculus. 


Sihs paupercula, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2 


p. 299 (exclud. specimen from Vera Cruz, and var. 2). 


Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; piceous or fuscous, 
the anterior and post-ocular portions of the head, the last two or 
three joints of the antennae in some specimens, the sides of the 
prothorax broadly, the sutural and outer margins of the elytra, and 
the legs in part or almost entirely (the base of the femora excepted), 
testaceous. Eyes very large in 3, smaller in 9. Antennae long in 
6, shorter in 9. Mandibles simply curved in both sexes. Pro- 
thorax (3) broader than long, strongly, obliquely grooved on each 
side anteriorly, the sides feebly notched at the middle, parallel 
thence to the acute, prominent hind angles, and broadly sub- 
angularly dilated in front of the median constriction, the base 
sinuate; (2) broader, less narrowed behind, the shallow lateral 
notch wanting, and the ante-median projection thickened. Elytra 
moderately elongate, subparallel, wider than the prothorax, rather 
finely sculptured. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of 
intermediate tarsi, with an angular lobe at the base in ¢. 

Length (excl. head) 3$-5, breadth 145-13 mm. (¢ 2.) 


Hab. Panama, Chiriqui. 

Redescribed from sixteen examples, half of which are 
males. Very like P. (Silis) oblata, Gorh., some of the 
specimens having the last three joints of the antennae 
flavous; but differmg from it in the angularly dilated, 
obliquely grooved sides of the prothorax in both sexes, 
the more sparsely pilose antennae of the male, and the 
simply curved mandibles of the female. The var. ? 
mentioned by Gorham is referable to his Stlis ardua 
and the Vera Paz specimen to S. oblita. 


23. Polemius longicornis. 


Stlis longicornis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, 
p- 303 (3) (nec Leconte, 1851). 


Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca. 

Described from three males, another specimen of the 
same sex having since been detected in the British Museum. 
In this insect ($) the antennae are unusually elongate 
and serrate; the eyes are moderately large; the prothorax, 
the sides of the head in front, and the base of the mandibles 
are testaceous, and the rest of the body black; the elytra 


90 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


are subgranulate and closely cinereo-pubescent; the pro- 
thorax is transverse, rounded-subquadrate, with the re- 
flexed margins feebly notched behind the middle; and 
one of the claws of each foot is angularly dilated at the 
base. P. megalophthalmus, from Durango, is not unlike 
P. longicorms, but it has very large eyes, a longer pro- 
thorax, and still more elongate, serrate antennae, in the 
male, the scutellum yellow, ete. 


24. Polemius albimargo, n. sp. 


35. Moderately elongate, very shining, sparsely pubescent; nigro- 
piceous, the anterior margin of the head, the mandibles, antennae, 
prothorax, scutellum, coxae, and legs (the base of the posterior 
femora excepted), testaceous, the sutural and lateral margins of the 
elytra whitish. Head together with the enormously developed eyes 
wider than the prothorax, smooth, hollowed in the middle; antennae 
slender, as long as the body, joints 3-7 elongate (8-11 missing), 
2 very small. Prothorax broad, transversely subquadrate, with 
narrowly reflexed margins, which are dilated into a rather broad, 
prominent, subangular tooth beyond the middle (appearing obliquely 
convergent thence to the apex) and gradually widened posteriorly 
to the subrectangular hind angles. Elytra considerably wider than 
the prothorax, moderately long, subparallel, rather sparsely, finely 
punctate. 

Length (excl. head) 43, breadth 2 mm. 


Hab. Costa Rica (Mus. Brit., ex coll. Fry). 

One male, with the legs and antennae imperfect. A 
remarkably distinct form, having the general facies of 
Silas ocularis, Gorh., and the elytral coloration and sculpture 
of Stilts jocosa; the prothorax, however, is very differently 
shaped from that of the male of either of these species. 
P. albimargo approaches P. (Silis) amicula, Gorh. (8), 
but it is broader, the eyes are still larger, the antennae 
are longer and wholly testaceous, and the lateral promi- 
nence of the prothorax is wider and not followed by an 
oblique plica. 


25. Polemius amicula. 


Silis amicula, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111, 2, p. 299 
($9). 


g. Eyes enormously developed; prothorax subquadrate, arcuate 
at the apex, narrowly margined laterally, the margins obliquely 


and Central American Telephorinae. 91 


plicate behind the stout, blunt, tooth-like, median prominence, the 
hind angles acute. 

Q. Eyes much smaller; prothorax shorter, more narrowed an- 
teriorly, the tooth-like lateral prominence smaller. 


Hab. Panama, Bugaba and Caldera in Chiriqui. 

Represented in the “Biologia” collection by seven 
specimens, two only of which are males, one of these (the 
type) having very large eyes, the other doubtless belonging 
to the next species. In this insect the sutural and outer 
margins of the elytra, the scutellum, and the basal margin 
of the prothorax are whitish, the rest of the prothorax 
being testaceous, and the disc of each elytron wholly or 
in part nigro-piceous; the front of the head, the base of 
the antennae, and the femora and tibiae are testaceous, 
the rest of the head black. There is less difference than 
usual in the general shape of the prothorax in the two sexes. 
The enormous eyes of the male were not mentioned by 
Gorham. 


26. Polemius nigroplectrum. 


Silis nigroplectrum, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, 
p- 300 (9). 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui. 

Smaller than P. amicula, the prothorax with the entire 
dise and the lateral tubercles black, the margins whitish, 
the antennae infuscate to the base. Described from two 
females. An immature male from Bugaba, with the legs 
and antennae slender and wholly testaceous, the fuscous 
dorsal stripe of the elytra reduced to a streak on the apical 
half, and the eyes much smaller in the male than in the 
same sex of P. anucula, probably belongs here. This pallid 
specimen was labelled Szles amicula, 3, by Gorham. 


27. Polemius basalis. 


Silis basalis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111, 2, p. 94 


3 9). 
ee (?) basalis, Schaeff., Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. 
XVl, p. 62. 
Hab. GuaTEMALA, Purula in Vera Paz [types: ¢ 9], 
Quiché Mts. [9], Calderas [4]. 
In the typical form of this species, of which a good series 
was captured at Purula, the head and prothorax, the base 


92 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


of the elytra, the two basal joints of the antennae, the 
femora, tibiae, and under surface are testaceous, the legs, 
antennae and under surface being infuscate in the other 
examples. The male is described as having the prothorax 
subquadrate, with the margins (which are rather broadly 
reflexed) minutely excised behind the middle; but this 
definition is misleading, the narrow notch being straight 
and deep. The female has a broader, posteriorly widened 
prothorax, with trisinuate margins. The eyes of the male 
are smaller than in many of the allied forms ; and the inner 
claw of the anterior tarsi is triangularly dilated at the base 
in this sex. 


28. Polemius proximus. 


2. Sits proxima, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ui, 2, 
p. 298 (excl. J). © 


Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; nigro-piceous, 
the head in front (¢) or at the sides before the eyes (9), the basal 
joint of the antennae beneath, and the prothorax (a complete median 
vitta excepted, which is absent in one of the Chiacam types), strami- 
neous or pale testaceous, the under surface and legs fuscous, the 
femora and base of the tibiae more or less testaceous. Eyes moder- 
ately large in g, smaller in 9. Antennae (3) long, stout, serrate, 
tapering outwards, and with joints 3-10 distinctly lineate or canali- 
culate, 2 very small; (2) shorter and less dilated, moderately stout, 
tapering towards the tip. Mandibles curved in both sexes. Pro- 
thorax (3) strongly transverse, feebly binodose near the base, the 
sides with a narrow, deep, straight notch a little behind the middle, 
parallel thence to the sharp hind angles, and abruptly converging 
at the apex, the explanate thickened margin forming an oblique 
dentiform prominence in front of the notch; (2) broader and more 
explanate, the margins obsoletely plicate, bi- or trisinuate, converging 
from about the basal third forwards, the hind angles prominent. 
Elytra moderately long, at the base not or very little wider than 
the prothorax, parallel, densely sculptured, obsoletely costulate. 
Inner claw of anterior tarsi distinctly, and outer claw of the other 
tarsi more feebly, dilated at base in ¢. 

Length (excl. head) 4-5, breadth 13-1? mm. (4 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith: 39); 
GUATEMALA, Chiacam in Alta Vera Paz [types, ©]. 

A long series of this insect from Teapa is now available 
for examination, showing that the single male from Chiacam 
doubtfully referred by Gorham to Silis proxima belongs to 


and Central American Telephorinae. 93 


a different species, P. dentimargo; the numerous Mexican 
females agree perfectly with the specimen labelled type. 
The six males seen all have the antennae distinctly 
canaliculate. Both localities are on the Atlantic slope. 


29. Polemius medianus, n. sp. 


Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; nigro-piceous, the 
head in front (3) or at the sides before the eyes (2), the basal joint 
of the antennae beneath, and the prothorax (a median vitta ex- 
cepted), stramineous or testaceous, the legs piceous, the femora 
and base of the tibiae, at least in 3, often testaceous. Head to- 
gether with the eyes much wider than the prothorax in 3, narrower 
in 9; mandibles curved in both sexes; eyes enormously developed 
in g, small in 9; antennae in $ about as long as the body, sub- 
serrate, clothed with short hairs, in 2 much shorter and slightly 
tapering towards the tip. Prothorax (3) transverse, arcuate in 
front, the sides with a straight, narrow notch at the middle and 
parallel thence to the rectangular hind angles; (Q) a little broader, 
with the sides somewhat rounded and rather narrowly explanate. 
Elytra moderately long, a little wider than the prothorax in both 
sexes, densely sculptured. Tarsal claws as in P. proximus. 

Length (excl. head) 34-41, breadth 14-1? mm. (¢ 2.) 


Hab. Mexico, Teapa [types] (H. H. Smith: $9); 
GUATEMALA, Cubilguitz [g] and San Juan [9] in Alta 
Verz Paz (Champion). 

Three males and several fovhales! Extremely like P. 
proximus, and sent with that insect from Teapa, from which 
it may be distinguished by the enormously developed eyes, 
the non-canaliculate antennae, and the narrower and less 
transverse prothorax of the male. The various females 
somewhat doubtfully referred to P. medianus are only 
separable from the same sex of P. proximus by their 
relatively narrower prothorax and darker legs. The single 
male from Cubilguitz was found placed under P. (Silas) 
nmigrita, Gorh., in the “ Biologia” collection; Sclis ocularis, 
Gorh., g, has similar eyes. 


30. Polemius hirticornis, n. sp. 


6. Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; nigro-piceous, 
the front of the head, the prothorax (a narrow median vitta ex- 
cepted), and legs (the outer joints of the tarsi excepted) stramineous 
or testaceous, the elytra piceous. Eyes enormously developed. 


94 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


Antennae longer than the body, densely clothed with rather long 
projecting hairs, joints 3-11 very elongate, 2 extremely short, 3-7 
gradually widened to the apex, 8-11 narrower. Prothorax trans- 
verse, arcuate in front, narrowing from the obtuse hind angles 
and obliquely sulcate on each side towards the apex, the groove 
impinging on the narrowly reflexed margin. Elytra wider than 
the prothorax, parallel, roughly sculptured. Tarsal claws as in 
P. proximus. 
Length (excl. head) 4, breadth 11 mm. 


Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion). 

The above description is taken from a male from Bugaba 
in perfect condition found placed in the “ Biologia” 
collection under P. (Silas) nigrita, Gorh., a very different 
Guatemalan insect. The greatly developed eyes in the 
male bring P. hirticornis near P. medianus, from the same 
sex of which it differs in its still longer, more serrate, and 
densely pilose antennae, and the much less quadrate pro- 
thorax, the sides of which are strongly and obliquely plicate 
towards the apex, instead of at the middle. A dissected 
female from the same locality placed (but not quoted) by 
Gorham under P. (Szlzs) proximus, with the antennae formed 
as in that insect, probably belongs to the present species, 
the prothorax being plicate laterally much as in the type 
of P. hirticornis. 


31. Polemius dentimargo, n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 61, 
prothorax, 3.) 


Silis proxzima, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, 
p. 298 (3, nec 9). 

36: Moderately elongate, shining, clothed with long pallid hairs; 
piceous or fuscous, the sides of the head before and behind the eyes, 
the base of the mandibles, the prothorax (a narrow median vitta 
excepted), the sutural and outer margins of the elytra, the humeri, 
and the legs in great part (the anterior and intermediate tibiae and 
tarsi excepted), pale testaceous. Antennae long, slender, sparsely 
pilose. Eyes very large. Prothorax transverse, the sides ex- 
planate and feebly reflexed, dilated into a broad subangular tooth 
before the middle, angularly notched behind this, and constricted 
at the base, the hind angles acute, the base sinuate. Elytra long, 
subparallel, wider than the prothorax, roughly sculptured. Inner 
claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of the other tarsi, angularly 
dilated at the base. 

Length (excl. head) 43-43, breadth 14 mm. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 95 


Hab. GUATEMALA, Chiacam and Cubilguitz in Alta Vera 
Paz. 

Two males, agreeing perfectly inter se. Gorham’s de- 
scription of Szlis proxima, from Chiacam, was taken from 
the female, the male provisionally referred to it by him 
proving to belong to a different species now that both 
sexes of P. proximus are definitely known. P. dentimargo, 
in fact, comes very near P. (Silis) pawperculus, Gorh., from 
Chiriqui ; but it has the prothorax (of the male) less narrowed 
behind, with the margins more distinctly notched at the 
middle, and the deep oblique lateral sulci shallower and 
straighter. 


32. Polemius minutus. (Plate VIII, fig. 62, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis minuta, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, p. 305 
(3). 


Hab. GUATEMALA, Zapote, on the slope of the Volcan de 
Fuego. 

P. (Silis) minutus is represented in the “ Biologia ” 
collection by two males from Zapote, mounted by their 
captor on the same piece of card, and labelled “type” 
by Gorham. They belong to different species, but the 
description can only have been made from one of them, 
that with the whole of the anterior portion of the head 
whitish and the femora testaceous to near the tip. This 
specimen, the actual type, has the prothorax rufo-testaceous, 
with a black median vitta and sharply defined whitish 
margins, interrupted at the middle by an outward exten- 
sion of the reddish coloration. It has the eyes small, but 
prominent; the antennae moderately long, with very short 
second joint; the prothorax strongly transverse, hollowed 
down the centre, with the reflexed margins plicate and 
narrowly excised behind the middle, the lobe in front of 
it rounded externally and not very prominent, the hind 
angles rectangular; the elytra parallel and roughly sculp- 
tured. The somewhat similar Discodon (Silis) minusculum, 
Gorh., from the same locality, has the sides of the pro- 
thorax of the male dilated anteriorly into a broad angular 
lobe and the lateral excision broader and placed further 
forward, the second antennal joint longer, the three tarsal 
claws cleft, etc. 


96 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


33. Polemius xanthoderes, n. sp. 


3g. Comparatively short, shining, clothed with rather coarse 
cinereous pubescence; black, the sides of the head in front, the 
mandibles, the two basal joints of the antennae beneath, the pro- 
thorax, the tibiae to near the apex, and the tarsal claws, testaceous 
or rufo-testaceous. Eyes small. Antennae rather stout, about 
reaching the middle of the elytra. Prothorax short and broad, 
transversely subquadrate, the margins narrowly reflexed, angularly 
notched at the middle, and slightly thickened in front of the 
emargination. Elytra rather short, subparallel, roughly sculptured. 
Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of the other tarsi, 
simply dilated at base. 

Length (excl. head) 3-31, breadth 12;-14 mm. 


Hab. Mexico, Tierra Colorada in Guerrero (H. H. 
Smith). 

Two males. A very small shining insect, with a broad, 
transversely subquadrate, mesially notched prothorax in 
the male, and comparatively short elytra, the prothorax 
and the tibiae in part testaceous, the rest of the surface 
almost entirely black. Amongst the species described by 
Gorham P. wxanthoderes is perhaps nearest related to P. 
(Sclas) minutus. 


34. Polemius cavicollis, n. sp. 


3g. Comparatively short, shining, thickly pubescent; black, the 
points of insertion of the antennae, the mandibles, and prothorax 
(a transverse patch on the disc at the base excepted) testaceous. 
Eyes moderately large. Antennae long, nearly reaching the apex 
of the elytra, closely pilose. Prothorax small, transverse, hollowed 
down the middle behind, rounded at the sides, the margins explanate, 
reflexed, obliquely plicate, and deeply sinuate before the prominent 
hind angles. Elytra rather short, subparallel, and roughly sculp- 
tured. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of the other 
tarsi, feebly dilated at base. 

Length (excl. head) 34, breadth 14 mm. 


Hab. Mexico, Rincon in Guerrero, 2800 ft. (H. H. 
Smith). 

One male. A little more elongate than P. xanthoderes 
(g), the eyes larger, the antennae much longer, the legs 
wholly infuscate, the prothorax rounded at the sides, the 
latter hollowed and obliquely plicate behind the middle, 
the hind angles prominent, the disc deeply excavate pos- 
teriorly. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 97 


35. Polemius ornaticollis, n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 63, 
prothorax, 3.) 


Rather short, shining, finely pubescent; black or piceous, the 
sides of the head in front, the mandibles, and sometimes the base 
of the antennae and the femora in part, testaceous, the prothorax 
rufo-testaceous, with a black median vitta of variable breadth and 
interrupted whitish margins, the lateral prominences of ¢ blackish 
in one specimen. Eyes small and antennae long in both sexes, 
joint 2 of the latter very short. Prothorax (3) transversely sub- 
quadrate, bicallose on the dise posteriorly, notched at the middle 
on each side and with a small blunt tooth in front of the emargina- 
tion, the narrowly dilated margins gradually becoming a little 
wider towards the rectangular hind angles; (2) broader, more 
widened posteriorly, the margins more expanded, plicate, and 
simply sinuate before and behind the middle. Elytra comparatively 
short, slightly widened posteriorly, roughly, densely sculptured and 
obsoletely costate. 

Length (excl. head) 3-4, breadth 14-1} mm. (¢ 2.) 


Hab. Mexico, Tapachula (Hége: 9), Teapa (H. H. 
Smith: 3); GuareMata, Zapote, Pacific slope (Champion : 


Described from four examples, the pair from Zapote 
(including the male left by Gorham under his Szlis minuta) 
being taken as the types, varying in the development of 
the black median vitta of the prothorax, this being dilated 
towards the base and apex in the Zapote male. The dark 
head and legs, and the very differently shaped prothorax 
of the male, separate P. ornaticollis from P. minutus. The 
tricoloured prothorax is common to various allied forms. 
One of the smallest species of the group. 


The following species cannot be definitely located till 
the males are discovered. 


36. Polemius mimetus. 


Q. Telephorus (Silis?) mimetus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., 
Coleopt. 11, 2, pp. 90, 289. 


Moderately elongate, narrow, finely pubescent; opaque, black, 
the entire anterior portion of the head, the sides of the latter behind 
the eyes, the sides of the prothorax, and the humeri flavous; head 
large; eyes small; mandibles curved; antennae short, rather 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTI. (MAY) H 


98 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


slender, joint 2 about half the length of 3; prothorax transversely 
subquadrate, uneven, the margins narrowly reflexed, trisinuate, 
dilated into a blunt tooth anteriorly, and with acute projecting 
hind angles; elytra moderately long, wider than the prothorax, 
subparallel, finely sculptured and obsoletely costate; legs slender. 


Hab. GuatEmMaLa, Zapote, Cerro Zunil, both on the 
Pacific slope. 

Three females seen. This insect can be provisionally 
placed under Polemius; it has obviously nothing to do 
with Telephorus sensu stricto. 


37. Polemius rugipennis. 


Telephorus rugipennis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 
2, p. 90. 


@. Anterior portion of head, base of antennae, reflexed margins of 
prothorax, and a large subquadrate space on each side behind, 
coxae, and femora to near the tip, flavous or testaceous, the rest 
of the body in great part nigro-piceous. Eyes small; mandibles 
curved; apical joint of palpi stout; antennae long, rather slender, 
joints 3-11 flattened, slightly tapering towards the tip; prothorax 
transverse, the margins rounded, feebly sinuate, reflexed throughout, 
the hind angles acute, the disc excavate down the middle pos- 
teriorly; elytra rather coarsely, densely, granulato-punctate and 
feebly costulate. 


Hab. GUATEMALA, Zapote, on the slope of the Volcan 
de Fuego. 

Gorham was unable to identify the sex of the three 
specimens he described under the name TZ. rugipennis : 
they are certainly females. The rough elytral sculpture 
is suggestive of that of Salis sicula, Gorh., approaching 
that of Parasilis. 


SILIS. 


Silis, Latreille, Régne Anim., ed. 2, iv, p. 47 (1829) ; Leconte, 

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. v, p. 60 (1874), and ix, p. 56 

(1881); Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111, 2, p. 91 

(1881) (part.). 

Ditemnus, Leconte, Class. Coleopt. N. Am. p. 189 (1861); 
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1x, p. 57. 


The heterogeneous forms here placed under Szlis, after 


and Central American Telephorinae. 99 


the elimination of all those included in it by Gorham with 
one or more of the tarsal claws cleft in male, should perhaps 
be referred to more than one genus; but I am unable to 
find any structural characters upon which to divide them. 
There is every gradation in the form of the armature of 
the margins of the prothorax, from long lobes to short 
teeth, and the species here included under Section II 
would be equally well placed under Polemius, in which 
the lateral margins are, at most, simply notched or inter- 
rupted in the male, 7. e. as in Discodon. Ditemnus (type 
Silis lepida, Lec. = Cantharis bidentata, Say) is nearly 
related to the Kuropean Stlis ruficollis, F., and the Mexican 
S. longidens to the European S. nitidula, F. The single 
species referred to Section III, S. chalybecpennis, Gorh., 
will doubtless, sooner or later, have to form the type of a 
separate genus. Svzlis, as understood here, may be defined 
thus: prothorax with the lateral margins incised or con- 
stricted at or towards the base, and sometimes (Ditemnus) 
deeply incised at about the middle also, the margins more 
or less lobed, lamellate, or dentate, the lobes often imbricate, 
the tarsal claws uncleft, and the seventh ventral segment 
divided down the middle, in g. The typical forms have 
small eyes and rather stout serrate antennae, but this 
definition does not apply to many species placed under 
Section IT. Weare indebted to Mr. H. C. Fall for specimens 
of several of the described N.-American representatives of 
the genus for comparison. 


The Central American species of Silis may be grouped 
by their ¢ characters thus * :— 
Silas. 
I. Prothoracic margins deeply bi-incised, and 
also strongly bi- or trilobed. 
a. Lateral lobes long, convergent: species 
elongate, black, Telephoriform . . . Species 1. 
b. Lateral lobes lamelliform, directed back- 
wards or imbricate : species smaller and 
less elongate. 
a+, Inner anterior tarsal claw with a stout 
angular lobe at base : species Malachii- 
feovmmns blacks}. <n) asd} 5: ms hs, =». Species 2. 


* Females only known of species 18, 34. 


100 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


b'. Inner anterior tarsal claw simply di- 
lated at base. 
a, Species Telephoriform [= Ditemnus, 
Lec.) ¥ : 
b*. Species Lyciform : 
II. Prothoracic margins with a aaa medion 
or post-median incision. 

c. Prothorax subcampanulate, the margins 
with a very deep post-median notch 
limited in front and behind by a sinu- 
ous dentiform process; eyes large: 
species Lyciform . F 

d. Prothorax transversely artnubiculites the 
margins with a deep oblique notch at 
middle, limited in front and behind by a 
backwardly-curved lamella; eyes large : 
species small, Lyciform di te 

e. Prothorax small, transverse, shes margins 
with a narrow deep oblique notch to- 
wards base, limited in front by a long 
backwardly directed process and_be- 
hind by a short sub-bidentate lamella ; 
eyes small: species small, Lyciform 

f. Prothorax transversely orbiculate, the 
margins notched or plicate at or behind 
middle and more or less dentate : species 
small, Lyciform or Telephoriform 

g. Prothorax with the margins dilated into 
a backwardly-directed lobe or blunt 
tooth before base: species small, 
Telephoriform . sna bert 

III. Prothoracic margins very deopty ‘apse 
at base, and also notched at middle; 
elytra metallic: species Telephori- 
form 

Species of dowbefal Seaton, eet aie 
known 


Species 3-14. 
Species 15. 


Species 16. 


Species 17, 18. 


Species 19. 
Species 20-32. 
Species 33, 34. 


Species 35. 


Species, 36-38. 


1. Silis longidens, n.sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 64, prothorax, 3.) 


g. Elongate, shining, finely cinereo-pubescent; black, the head 
on each side in front, the base of the mandibles, the prothorax 
with the reflexed margins and the tips of the lateral teeth, the 
anterior trochanters, and the tarsal claws, testaceous or whitish. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 101 


Head closely, minutely punctate; eyes moderately large; antennae 
long and slender (joints 8-11 missing). Prothorax transverse, bi- 
callose on the disc posteriorly ; the margins narrowly reflexed, dilated 
laterally into two very long, prominent, convergent teeth, the one 
in front of the deep median excision narrow, obliquely curved out- 
wards, the other broader, flattened and lobiform, curved forwards, 
obliquely truncate at the tip, and armed with a small tooth on its 
anterior edge towards the base; the reflexed basal margin dilated 
laterally into a sharp tooth; the surface sparsely, very minutely 
punctate. Elytra long, parallel, wider than the prothorax, sparsely, 
finely punctate. Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of 
the other tarsi, with a dentiform lobe at the base. 
Length (excl. head) 74, breadth 24 mm. 


Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero, 8000 ft. (H. H. 
Smith). 

One male, wholly unlike any of the Mexican forms 
described by Gorham. S. longidens is of about the size 
and shape of the insect here described under the name of 
Discodon melanopterum, from the same locality; but it 
could not possibly be the male of that species, which is 
known from females only, these latter having much more 
densely sculptured elytra. The two convergent lateral 
teeth of the prothorax are very long and prominent, and 
separated by a deep incision, much as in the European 


S. nitidula, F. 


2. Silis laticollis. (Plate VIII, fig. 65, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis laticollis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 2, p. 97, 
pio, fig. 17 (4). 

Hab. Mexico, Jacale [ ? = Jacala in Hidalgo]. 

Two males of this remarkable Sclzs are contained in the 
“ Biologia’ collection. It is a broad, robust, shining, 
cinereo-pubescent, black insect, with the apex of the 
abdomen and the base of the mandibles testaceous. The 
prothorax is much broader than the elytra, and has the 
two long, convergent, lateral, post-median lobes separated 
by a very deep oblique excision. The elytra are parallel, 
short (not covering the abdomen), and coarsely punctured. 
The legs and antennae are rather stout, the latter closely 
pilose. The inner claw of the anterior tarsi is strongly 
lobed, and the outer claw of the other tarsi angularly dilated, 
at the base. Schaeffer has described an allied form, S. 
nigerruma, from Arizona. 


102 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


3. Silis distorta. (Plate VIII, fig. 66, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis distorta, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 95 
(oot 

Hab. GUATEMALA, Pacific slope and vicinity of the capital. 

This species, of which a long series was obtained, may be 
known from S. dilacerata by the larger and broader pro- 
thorax of the male, the lateral lobes of which are broad, 
imbricate, and directed backward; the prothorax of the 
female, too, is less transverse than in S. dilacerata, and in 
both sexes it is much suffused with black on the disc, the 
space between the dark patch and the flavous outer and 
anterior margins being partly red. The outer limb of the 
elytra is sometimes testaceous at the base. The mandibles 
of the female are curved. 


4. Silis torticollis. (Plate VIII, fig. 67, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis torticollis, Gorh., Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 301 
(3 9). 

g. Prothorax short, as broad as, or broader than, the elytra, 
narrow at the base, excavate down the middle, strongly trilobate 
laterally—the anterior lobe curved backward, rounded in front, 
and deeply excavate behind, the others oblique and contiguous (the 
anterior one narrow, the other broad); elytra rather shining, with 
an elongate space on the disc beyond the middle impressed with 
irregular rows of coarse punctures, the rest of their surface very 
finely sculptured; inner claw of anterior tarsi angularly dilated at 
the base. 

9. Prothorax narrower than the elytra, the margins deeply 
excised at the middle and with a stout blunt in front of the emargina- 
tion; elytra opaque, finely sculptured throughout; mandibles 
bent; eyes smaller than in 3; antennae shorter and less serrate 
than in 3. 


Hab. PANAMA, near the city [¢] and San Miguel in the 
Pearl Islands. [3 9, types.] 

A small nigro-fuscous insect, with the anterior portion 
of the head, the mandibles, and the prothorax wholly or 
with the lateral portions broadly, testaceous. Six males 
and three females seen, one pair only having the prothorax 
immaculate. The sexual differences in the elytral sculpture 
were not noticed by Gorham. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 103 


5. Silis trilobata, n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 68, prothorax, ¢.) 


Silis dilacerata, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, 
p. 96 (part.). 


Comparatively short, the head and prothorax shining, the elytra 
dull, thickly pubescent; nigro-piceous, the mandibles and prothorax 
(a broad median vitta excepted, this being dilated at the base and 
apex in ¢) rufous or testaceous, the outer limb of the elytra obscure 
testaceous. Eyes small. Mandibles curved. Antennae stout, 
moderately long, tapering outwards. Prothorax (g) strongly 
transverse, as broad as the elytra, narrow at the base, very deeply 
excavate on the disc, trilobate at the sides—the anterior lobe rather 
long and narrow, reflexed and somewhat rounded externally, and 
truncate behind, the posterior lobe longer, oblique, and cleft into 
two, the upper portion broad and laminiform, the lower (posterior 
portion) longer and narrower, both truncate at the apex; (2) simply 
sinuato-emarginate at the sides before the hind angles. Elytra 
rather short, widened posteriorly in 3, subparallel in 9, rather finely 
sculptured. 

Length (excl. head) 41-5, breadth 2-2;, mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.: 9), Juquila in 
Oaxaca (Salle: 3 9). 

One male and two females, the pair from Juquila quoted 
by Gorham under S. dilacerata. The lateral armature of 
the 3 prothorax is very different in these two species, the 
oblique posterior lobe in S. trilobata being divided into two 
laminiform truncated processes. The two females have 
the disc of the prothorax broadly vittate and deeply 
excavate. 


6. Silis dilacerata. (Plate VIII, fig. 69, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis dilacerata, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, 
p. 96, pl. 6, fig. 4 (g) (part.). 


3g. Eyes small; antennae subserrate, rather stout, moderately 
long, tapering outwards; prothorax as broad as the elytra, narrow 
at the base, deeply excavate on the disc, with two long lobes project- 
ing outwards on each side, the anterior lobe rounded externally and 
(as seen from behind) subtruncate posteriorly, the posterior lobe 
oblique, unarmed in front, and more or less cleft at the tip. 

Q. Prothorax simply emarginate at the sides before the base. 

3g. Ninth ventral segment transverse, the partially evaginated 


104 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


internal sac disclosing a stout hook on each side and a pair of long, 
slender, strongly curved hooks in the middle. (Fig. 36.) 


Hab. Mrextco (Mus. Brit., Truqui), Orizaba, Jalapa, 
Vera Cruz, Frontera, Teapa; GUATEMALA, Capetillo [type], 
Guatemala City, San Gerdnimo. 


Var.? Anterior lateral lobe of the prothorax of g extending 
further backward, sinuate externally, and drawn out at the apex 
into a blunt tooth, the posterior lobe broader, apparently arising 
from nearer the base, cleft at the tip. 


Hab. Mexico, Cuernavaca. 


Var.? Anterior lateral lobe of the prothorax of ¢ curved back- 
ward, its posterior margin oblique, the posterior lobe cleft as in 
typical S. dilacerata; prothorax of 9 simply emarginate on each 
side before the hind angles. 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui. 

Various species were included under S. dilacerata by 
Gorham, including one from San Gerdnimo with a pale 
elytral suture and very large eyes in the male, S. biauri- 
culata. The type (9) figured by him was from Capetillo. 
The specimens from Chontales, Chiacam, Purula, etc., have 
an erect spine on the posterior lobe of the prothorax of the 
male, and conspicuous whitish lateral margins to the elytra : 
they are here separated under the name acantholobus. 
The Juquila insect, again, S. trilobata, has the lateral 
armature of the ¢ prothorax differently formed. The 
varieties of S. dilacerata from Cuernavaca and Chiriqui, 
the former represented by a single male, and the latter (not 
mentioned by Gorham) by two males and one female, may 
have to be separated when more material is obtained. 
The black median vitta of the prothorax is often obsolete 
in both S. dilacerata and S. acantholobus. The outer limb 
of the elytra is usually pale testaceous in the present species. 
In one female of the latter the prothoracic depression is 
wanting. 


7. Silis acantholobus, n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 70, 
prothorax, ¢.) 


Silis dilacerata, var., Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 
2, p. 96. 

Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; nigro-piceous or 

black, the anterior margin of the head, the base of the mandibles, 


and Central American Telephorinae. 105 


the basal joints of the antennae beneath, the margins of the pro- 
thorax, and the outer limb of the elytra flavescent or whitish, the 
rest of the prothorax rufous or rufo-testaceous, often with a complete 
or abbreviated black median vitta. Head transversely depressed 
or flattened between the eyes, the latter small in both sexes ; antennae 
not very stout, extending to beyond the middle of the elytra in 3, 
shorter in 9. Prothorax (3) transverse, as wide as or wider than the 
elytra, narrow at the base, deeply excavate and often sulcate on 
the disc, the lateral lobes broad—the anterior one curved backward 
and ciliate, the posterior one oblique, truncate at the apex, pointed 
at the outer angle, and armed on its anterior edge near the base 
with a slender erect, dentiform process, which is obliquely truncate 
or bidentate at the tip; (2) simply notched on each side before the 
hind angles, the dorsal excavation shallower and often divided into 
two. Elytra subparallel, finely sculptured. 
Length (excl. head) 44-54, breadth 13-23, mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit., Mus. Oxon.), Orizaba, Cor- 
dova, Atoyac, Jalapa, Teapa, Capulalpam, Tehuantepec ; 
? HonpuRAS; GUATEMALA, Purula and Chiacam in Alta 
Vera Paz; Nicaraacua, Chontales. 

Gorham separated the Chontales and some other speci- 
mens from S. dilacerata as a variety on account of their 
wholly red prothorax (a character of no value); but he 
did not notice the slender erect dentiform process on the 
anterior margin of the posterior lateral lobe of the pro- 
thorax of the numerous males before him, which is perfectly 
constant in the large number of specimens of this sex from 
Teapa and other places examined by me. S. acantholobus, 
too, is a more elongate insect than S. dilacerata, the elytra 
are more shining and have a more definite whitish lateral 
margin, and the antennae of the male are longer and not 
so stout. The Jalapa female mentioned by Gorham under 
S. ludicra (loc. cit. p. 302) belongs here. 


8. Silis biauriculata, n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 71, 
prothorax, ¢.) 


Silis dilacerata, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, 
p. 96 (part.). 


3. Moderately elongate, narrow, shining, somewhat thickly 
pubescent; nigro-piceous, the anterior portion of the head, the 
prothorax and scutellum, the sutural and outer margins of the 
elytra narrowly, and the extreme base of the tibiae, testaceous or 


106 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


rufo-testaceous. Eyes very large; antennae long, distinctly 
serrate, rather slender. Prothorax strongly transverse, as wide as 
the elytra, narrow at the base, broadly excavate and canaliculate 
on the disc, with strongly developed, overlapping, oblique lateral 
lobes—the anterior lobe broad, emarginate and ciliate behind, the 
inner imbricate portion triangular, the posterior lobe truncate 
externally. Elytra long, subparallel, finely sculptured. Inner 
claw of anterior tarsi angularly dilated at base. 

Length (excl. head) 5-54, breadth 13-14 mm. 


Hab. GUATEMALA, San Gerdénimo in Baja Vera Paz. 

Two males, included by Gorham under 8S. dilacerata. 
The only other Central American species of this section 
with greatly enlarged eyes in the male is S. festiva, from 
Chiriqui, which has posteriorly dilated elytra, pale legs 
and antennae, etc. The longer elytra, with pale suture, 
and the emarginate anterior lateral lobe of the prothorax 
and the large eyes of the male, separate S. biauriculata 
from S. dilacerata, etc. 


9. Silis bilamellata, n.sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 72, prothorax, 3.) 


3. Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; nigro-piceous, 
the anterior portion of the head, the base of the mandibles, the 
reflexed edges of the prothorax in part, the scutellum, and the 
sutural and outer margins of the elytra, whitish, the rest of the pro- 
thorax rufo-testaceous (in the Pearl Island example fuscous, with 
an oblong reddish patch on the middle of the disc), the knees tes- 
taceous. Eyes moderately large. Antennae long, distinctly serrate. 
Prothorax strongly transverse, not wider than the base of the 
elytra, excavate on the disc, with two rather broad, overlapping 
lateral lobes, the anterior lobe directed backward and rounded 
externally, the posterior lobe directed straight outward and truncate 
at the apex. Elytra moderately long, subparallel, finely sculptured. 

Length (excl. head) 43-5, breadth 13 mm. 


Hab. GuatEeMALa, San José on the Pacific coast [type]; 
PanaMA, San Miguel in the Pearl Is. 

Two males, the one from Guatemala mentioned by 
Gorham in his remarks on S. ludicra, the other from the 
Pearl Is. labelled by him as Silis n. sp. near torticollis. 
These two examples agree perfectly in the form of the 
lateral lobes of the $ prothorax, but the Panama specimen 
has less elongate elytra, the disc of the prothorax infuscate 
on each side, and the eyes slightly smaller. 8S. biauriculata, 


and Central American Telephorinae. 107 


S. albicincta, and S. ludicra are similarly coloured forms, 
but they differ in the shape of the 3 prothorax, the first- 
mentioned also having much larger eyes in the male. 
S. bilamellata may be confined to the sea-coast. 


10. Silis ludiera. (Plate VIII, fig. 73, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis ludicra, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 302 
(3). 

Stlis ludicra, var. nigroscutellaris, Pic, Le Nat. 1910, p. 44 
(J). 


Hab. Mexico, Presidio in Durango [type]. 

This species was described from a single male example. 
It is a comparatively broad, robust, rather coarsely pubes- 
cent insect, with the pallid anterior portion of the head 
extending angularly upwards in the middle, the prothorax, 
the basal joints of the antennae beneath, the scutellum, 
and the femora to near the tip, testaceous, the rest of the 
head and the elytra, the pallid sutural and outer margins 
excepted, nigro-fuscous or black. The antennae are 
moderately long and stout, tapering outwards; the eyes 
are small; the prothorax is wider than the elytra at the 
base, broadly excavate and bifoveate on the disc, and has 
two broad overlapping lateral lobes, the anterior lobe 
ciliate and curved inward, the posterior lobe extending 
further outward, and truncate at the tip; and the elytra 
are comparatively short, and moderately explanate at the 
sides. The female from Jalapa mentioned by Gorham as 
possibly pertaining to S. ludicra is here referred to S. 
acantholobus, and the male from San José on the Guate- 
malan coast, to S. bilamellata. Pic has described a variety 
of S. ludicra, from Mexico, under the name nigroscutellarts— 
‘““Kcusson et pattes foncés, pour le reste coloration du 
ludicra, Gorh. Robuste, avec le prothorax fortement et 
longuement bilobé latéralement, a lobe antérieur denti- 
forme, postérieur subtronqué au sommet.”’ 


11. Silis albicincta. (Plate IX, figs. 74, 75, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis albicincta, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. in, 2, 
p. 96, pl. 6, fig. 5 ($) (excl. var. from Chiriqui). 


Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu [¢ Q]. 


a 


Var. Prothorax (3) broader, the anterior lateral lobe wider, 
rounded externally, the posterior lobe directed outwards beneath the 


108 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


anterior one (as in the type) (fig. 75); elytra (¢) slightly shorter and 
less broadly explanate posteriorly. 


Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.), Cordova, Toxpam, Teapa 
[S 2]. 7 
The type of this insect, a male from Irazu, has a small, 
feebly developed prothorax, with a narrow bent anterior 
lateral lobe, and the elytra long and somewhat broadly 
explanate posteriorly. The Mexican examples seen (44 9 
and | 9) are slightly different and may have to be separated. 
The head (except along the anterior margin) and elytra 
are black, the latter with the sutural and outer margins 
white or pale testaceous, the prothorax and scutellum are 
testaceous, and the legs, antennae, and under surface are 
infuscate. The female has the sides of the prothorax 
simply notched before the hind angles and convergent 
thence to the apex. The prothorax of the male has a very 
deep fovea in the centre of the median excavation. 


12. Silis jocosa. (Plate IX, fig. 76, prothorax, J.) 


Silis albicincta, var., Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111, 
2, p. 96 (part.). 
Silis jocosa, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 301. 

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba. 

Differs from S. albicincta in the testaceous head, antennae, 
and legs; the less elongate shape, with the elytra still 
more dilated posteriorly; the smaller eyes in the male; 
and the broader prothorax in both sexes, that of the male 
being much wider than the elytra and with longer and 
stouter overlapping lateral lobes, the anterior lobe hollowed 
above and obliquely sagittiform and ciliate behind, leaving 
a minute window-like opening visible between them. The 
female has a broader head and the prothorax narrowly 
notched at the hind angles. Of the twelve specimens seen, 
three only are males. 


13. Silis festiva. (Plate LX, fig. 77, prothorax, ¢.) 


Suis albicincta, var., Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 
2, p. 96 (part.). 

Silis festiva, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 301 (¢ Q). 

Silis albicincta, var. testaceipes, Pic, L’Echange, xxvi, p. 6 
(1910). 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 109 


Differs from S. albicincta in the testaceous antennae and 
legs, the very large eyes of the male, and the broader 
prothorax in both sexes, that of the male with longer 
lateral lobes, the anterior lobe angulate externally (as in 
S. ulbicincta), the posterior lobe narrow as seen from above 
and strongly smuate. The black head, and the large eyes 
and less dilated prothorax of the male, the latter with 
narrow, differently shaped lobes, separate S. festiva from 
S. jocosa, an insect occurring at the same locality. Fifteen 
specimens seen, four of which are males. 

As stated by Gorham (loc. cit. pp. 801, 302), S. festiva 
and S. jocosa were originally recorded by him as varieties 
of S. albicincta. 


14. Silis erythrodiseus, n. sp. (Plate IX, fig. 78, 
prothorax, 3.) 


Silis sp. no. 24, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, 
p- 306 (3). 


6. Comparatively short, rather broad, the head and prothorax 
shining, the elytra opaque, closely fusco-pubescent; black, the pro- 
thorax with the entire disc or two transversely placed spots, and 
the base of the mandibles rufous or rufo-testaceous. Eyes small. 
Antennae stout, feebly serrate, moderately long. Prothorax short, 
strongly transverse, feebly canaliculate and broadly, deeply ex- 
cavate on the disc posteriorly, the space on either side of the cavity 
tumid, the margins reflexed, bilobate towards the base—the anterior 
lobe oblique, stout, rounded externally, the posterior lobe narrow, 
curved, arising from just in front of the sharply reflexed basal 
margin, and armed with a short slender hook near the apex an- 
teriorly. Elytra comparatively short, blunt at the tip, somewhat 
explanate laterally from a little below the base, finely sculptured. 
Legs stout. 

_ Length (excl. head) 4-43, breadth 12—2 mm. 


Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.), Ciudad in Durango 
(Forrer), Cuernavaca (Hége). 

Three males, including the one from Durango left 
unnamed by Gorham, the rufescent portion of the dise of 
the prothorax in the latter reduced to two spots. In this 
insect the lateral lobes of the prothorax are narrowly 
separated and placed further back than usual, and the legs 
and antennae are stout. The black-margined rufescent 
prothorax is suggestive of the Guatemalan Stlis sicula 


110 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


(known from females only), but the latter has rugosely 
punctate elytra, etc. SS. erythrodiscus, therefore, has no 
near known ally amongst the species here enumerated. 


15. Silis laciniosa, n. sp. (Plate IX, fig. 79, prothorax, 3.) 


g. Silts eroides, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. in, 2, 
p. 296 (part.) (nec p. 94). 


3. Moderately elongate, flattened, opaque, thickly pubescent; 
black, the anterior portion of the head, the mandibles, the sides of 
the prothorax broadly, and the sides of the elytra to near the apex, 
to a greater or less extent (leaving a large, anteriorly-narrowed, 
common black apical patch, which extends broadly up the suture 
to the base), ochreous. Eyes large (together with the head not so 
wide as the prothorax); antennae long, dilated and strongly serrate 
from the third joint, slightly tapering outwards, thickly set with 
short projecting hairs. Prothorax strongly transverse, about as wide 
as the basal portion of the elytra, uneven on the disc, broadly arcuate 
in front, narrow and parallel-sided at the extreme base, the margins 
reflexed, plicate, and with two overlapping lobes, the anterior one 
long, backwardly-directed, the posterior one narrow, oblique, 
arising from near the base, and clubbed at the tip. Elytra moder- 
ately long, hard, flattened on the disc, gradually widened to the 
apex, densely sculptured and obsoletely costate. Inner claw of 
anterior tarsi, and outer claw of the other tarsi, feebly dilated at 
the base. 

Length (excl. head) 43-5, breadth 14-2 mm. 


Hab. Panama, Bugaba. 

Described from three precisely similar males. Gorham 
called attention to the deeply laciniate edges of the pro- 
thorax, and the long hind lobe, of these 3 specimens from 
Bugaba, and says that both sexes were captured there. 
No female from that locality is now to be found in the 
“ Biologia” collection. S. laciniosa has obviously nothing 
to do with the similarly coloured S. eroides from Guatemala, 
the smaller eyes, sharply serrate antennae, and the broader, 
very differently shaped prothorax readily distinguishing 
the present species, at least in the male sex. 


16. Silis lyeoides. (Plate IX, figs. 80, 81, prothorax, Gees) 


Q. Silis lycoides, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, 
pp. 91, 290, pl. 5, fig. 21 (2, not 3) (part.). 
3g. Suis praemorsa, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 93. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 111 


6. Eyes large; antennae long, feebly subserrate, rather slender, 
scarcely narrowed towards the apex; prothorax (fig. 80) narrow, 
subcampanulate, with a rather broad, very deep, abrupt notch on 
each side towards the base, the dilated margins drawn out into a 
long, curved, oblique dentiform prominence in front of the excision 
and an oblique subtriangular lamella behind it, the latter sub- 
truncate and feebly emarginate at the tip, the hind angles obliter- 
ated; inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of the other tarsi, 
somewhat dilated at the base. 

9. Eyes much smaller; mandibles curved; antennae short, 
very stout, joints 3-11 broadly dilated, becoming gradually narrower 
towards the apex; prothorax (fig. 81) broader, transverse, narrowing 
from the base, the margins strongly trisinuate, the hind angles 
prominent. 


Hab. GUATEMALA, San Gerénimo [type of 9], Purula [9], 
Cerro Zunil [9 and type of 3]. 

Gorham (loc. cit. p. 290) correctly surmised that S. 
praemorsa was the male of his S. lycoides, more especially 
as the two sexes were obtained at the same locality, Cerro 
Zunil. This Lyciform insect is separable from its allies 
by the posteriorly dilated, strongly costate elytra, and 
opaque upper surface, the peculiarly notched prothorax, 
uncleft tarsal claws, and large eyes of the male, etc. The 
ochreous humeral patch of the elytra, and the median 
vitta of the head and prothorax, varies in development, 
the rest of the body being black. One male and three 
females seen. A female from Cordova, Mexico, with more 
feebly costate, almost wholly ochraceous elytra, treated by 
Gorham as a variety of S. lycoides, probably belongs to a 
different species. 


17. Silis eroides. (Plate IX, fig. 82, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis eroides, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, p. 94, 
pl. 6, fig. 6 (3) (part.) (nec p. 296). 


6. Eyes very large (together with the head broader than the 
prothorax); antennae long, joints 3-11 moderately dilated, subser- 
rate, slightly tapering outwards, densely set with short projecting 
hairs; prothorax transverse, small, uneven, rugose, the margins 
reflexed, plicate, abruptly dilated at the middle into a curved, back- 
wardly-directed lobe, very narrowly and obliquely notched behind 
this, and with the inferior edge dilated into a narrow subtriangular 
lamella exterior to the obtuse hind angles; elytra much wider than 


112 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


the prothorax, widened posteriorly; inner claw of anterior, and 
outer claw of the other tarsi, feebly dilated at the base. 


Hab. GuATEMALA, Las Mercedes, Pacific slope. 

The type of this species is stated to be the male from Las 
Mercedes figured. The other examples from the Pacific 
slope of Guatemala were retained by the author; those 
quoted by him from Cordova, San Geronimo, and Bugaba 
(loc. cit. pp. 94, 296) belong elsewhere. The two males of 
S. erovdes before me are opaque above, and have the black 
apical portion of the elytra extending angularly forwards 
along the suture nearly or quite to the base, and the rest 
of their surface, like the sides of the prothorax, ochreous. 
The elytra are hard and flattened, separately rounded at 
the tip, and faintly costate on the disc. S. eroides is ex- 
tremely like a Lycid. It has the prothorax shaped very 
much as in S. ocularis (cf. fig. 94). 


18. Silis nodicollis. 


Q. Salis nodicollis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, 
p. 291 (excl. var.). 


An elongate Lyciform insect, black, with the head (except at the 
sides), prothorax, and elytra, ochraceous and opaque, the disc of 
the prothorax and the anterior portion of the suture slightly infuscate. 
Antennae moderately long, closely pubescent, broadly dilated from 
the third joint, tapering outwards, joints 3-10 rounded at the inner 
apical angle; mandibles bent; eyes rather large; prothorax small, 
rugose, transversely subquadrate, the margins reflexed and angularly 
dilated anteriorly and bisinuate thence to the sharp hind angles; 
elytra elongate, much broader than the prothorax, widened pos- 
teriorly, separately rounded at the apex, with distinct smooth raised 
lines on the disc, the interspaces not very densely punctate. 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui. 
Gorham placed S. nodicollis near his S. lycoides, where it 
must remain till the male is discovered. 


19. Silis sepulehralis. (Plate IX, fig. 83, prothorax, ¢.) 


Silis sepulchralis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, 
pp. 293, 294 (¢ 9). 
Silis nigrita, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 93 (Quiché specimen, 3). 


$. Eyes moderately large; antennae nearly reaching the apex of 
the elytra, thickly clothed with long projecting hairs; prothorax 


and Central American Telephorinae. mS), 


with the lateral margins obliquely, angularly projecting in front of 
the very deep, narrow, sub-basal notch, the short basal lamella 
behind the latter hollowed in the middle, thus appearing bidentate. 

Q. Eyes small; mandibles bent; antennae short, not reaching 
the middle of the elytra, more sparsely pilose; prothorax with the 
lateral margins simply trisinuate, slightly constricted in front of 
the sharp hind angles. 


Hab. GUATEMALA, Totonicapam and Quiché Mts. 

The types of this mountain-insect were from Totoni- 
capam, the female being very different from the male. 
The Quiché male (at first placed by Gorham under S. nigrita) 
has the sides of the prothorax more broadly, and the basal 
lobe, testaceous, and the humeri similarly coloured. The 
rest of the body is deep black; the prothorax is strongly 
transverse in both sexes; the elytra are widened posteriorly, 
densely punctate, and distinctly costate. 


20. Silis nigrita. (Plate IX, fig. 84, prothorax, ¢.) 


Silis nigrita, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, p. 93 
(Chiacam specimens only) (nec p. 293). 

Polenwus (%) mgritus, Schaefi., Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. 
XV1, p. 62. 


Moderately elongate, shining, clothed with rather long fuscous 
pubescence; nigro-piceous or piceous, the head down the middle and 
in front, the sides of the prothorax, the humeral callus, and the 
coxae and the base of the femora in one specimen (3), pale testaceous. 
Antennae in ¢ reaching to near the apex, and in 2 to about the 
middle, of the elytra. Eyes large in g, smallerin 9. Prothorax (3) 
rather small, transverse, bicallose on the disc behind, the margins 
plicate, sinuate, and reflexed, and tridentate towards the base, the 
backwardly-directed anterior projection separated from the others 
by a very narrow, oblique, deep notch, the hind angles not promi- 
nent; (2) broader behind, with the margins trisinuate and the 
hind angles acute. Elytra broader than the prothorax in both 
sexes, somewhat widened posteriorly, roughly sculptured and 
obsoletely costate. Inner claw of anterior tarsi distinctly, and 
outer claw of the other tarsi feebly, dilated at base in ¢. 

Length (excl. head) 5, breadth 2mm. (4 9.) 


Hab. GuaTEMALA, Chiacam in Alta Vera Paz, Atlantic 
slope. 

Redescribed from the original pair from Chiacam, the 
¢ being marked type. The single example of the same sex 
' TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PaRT I. (MAY) I 


114 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


from Quiché (described by Gorham in his diagnosis as a 
? Qof S. mgrita) was subsequently referred by him (loc. cit., , 
p- 293) to S. sepulchralis; and the specimens from the 
other localities quoted in his “Supplement ”’ also belong 
to other species, S. panamensis and S. fissicollis. In the 
two examples seen of S. nigrita the testaceous coloration 
of the head extends angularly upwards to the vertex. Two 
other females from Guatemala (one acquired long ago by 
the British Museum, the other from Purula), both in bad 
condition, may belong here. 


21. Silis fissicollis, n. sp. (Plate IX, figs. 85, 86, 
prothorax, 3, 9°.) 


Silis ngrita, Gorh., Biol. Centr. Am., Coleopt. 11, 2, p. 293 
(part.) ( nec p. 93). 


Moderately elongate, shining, nigro-piceous or piceous, the head 
in front, a spot on the vertex, the sides of the prothorax broadly, 
the coxae, the femora to near the apex, and the tips of the tarsi, 
testaceous; clothed with rather long fine pubescence. Antennae 
(3) long, closely set with short projecting hairs; (2) a little shorter 
and more sparsely pilose. Mandibles curved in both sexes. Eyes 
large in 9, smaller in 9. Prothorax (¢) transverse, obliquely 
bicallose on the dise behind, and with a short carina in the inter- 
vening space, the margins plicate, sinuate, and reflexed, strongly 
bidentate towards the base (the two dentiform projections separated 
by a narrow deep notch, the anterior tooth oblique, angular, the 
other straight, rounded at the apex), and constricted anteriorly 
and immediately before the acute hind angles (fig. 85); (2) more 
rounded at the sides, less narrowed in front, the margins thickened 
anteriorly, and constricted before the prominent hind angles (fig. 86). 
Elytra in ¢ about as wide as, in 2 broader than, the prothorax, 
subparallel, roughly sculptured. Inner claw of anterior tarsi with 
a prominent angular lobe, and outer claw of the other tarsi, with 
a smaller lobe, in ¢. 

Length (excl. head) 5-6, breadth 14-13? mm. (¢ 2.) 


eae GUATEMALA, San Isidro and Las Mercedes, Pacific 
slope. 

A pair from San Isidro (labelled S. nigrita, var., by 
Gorham) and two females from Las Mercedes. In the 
male of this insect the lateral prominences of the prothorax 
are more developed than in S. nigrita and 8. panamensis, 
and the dentiform lobe of the inner anterior tarsal claw is 


and Central American Telephorinae. 115 


very conspicuous. The prothorax of the female is not 
widened posteriorly as in S. nigrita, and it is less transverse 
than in S. panamensis. The antennae of the male are 
densely pilose, as in S. panamensis. An abraded male 
from Calderas with the prothorax and legs darker probably 
belongs to the present species. 


22. Silis panamensis, n. sp. 


Silis mgrita, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. in, 2, p. 293 
(part.) (nec p. 93). 


Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; nigro-piceous or 
piceous, the anterior portion of the head, the base of the mandibles, 
the sides of the prothorax broadly, the elytral humeri, and some- 
times the femora in great part, testaceous. Mandibles abruptly 
bent in 9. Eyes moderately large in 3, smaller in 9. Antennae (3) 
as long as the body, closely pilose, joint 2 very small; (2) much 
shorter, about reaching the middle of the elytra, more sparsely 
pilose, joint 2 stouter. Prothorax (¢) transverse, narrowed in 
front and behind, bicallose on the disc towards the base, somewhat 
rounded at the sides, the margins rather broadly explanate, and 
obliquely plicate at about the basal third, appearing more or less 
distinctly toothed in front of the fold; (2) broader, transversely 
subquadrate, with the hind angles more distinct and the margins 
thickened towards the apex. Elytra moderately long, broader 
than the prothorax, somewhat widened posteriorly, roughly 
sculptured. 

Length (excl. head) 4-44, breadth 1 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Panama, Bugaba, Boquete, Volcan de Chiriqui 
(Champion). 

- Five males and one female, the former quoted under S. 
mgrita by Gorham and the latter left by him under S. 
dilacerata, 2. Smaller than the Guatemalan S. oblita, the 
head differently coloured; the prothorax (g) more feebly 
plicate and less distinctly dentate at the sides, that of the 
© transversely subquadrate; the mandibles of the 2 
abruptly bent (as in S. oblita), instead of curved. 


23. Silis ardua. 


Silis ardua, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 298 


__ (3d $)- 
Silis paupercula, var.?, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 299. 


116 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; piceous or 
fuscous, the head in front and at the sides behind, the mandibles, 
the sides of the prothorax narrowly, the sutural and outer margins 
of the elytra, the femora to near the apex, and the intermediate and 
posterior tibiae in part or entirely, testaceous. Eyes very large in 
3g, much smaller in 9. Mandibles abruptly bent in 9. Antennae 
rather closely pilose in both sexes, long in 3, a little shorter in 9, 
joint 2 small. Prothorax (g) transverse, narrowed behind, the 
margins reflexed, plicate, and shallowly notched at the middle, the 
hind angles not prominent; (2) widened posteriorly, the margins 
feebly sinuate and explanate to the base, the hind angles prominent. 
Elytra long, subparallel, wider than the prothorax, roughly sculp- 
tured. 

Length (excl. head) 43-5, breadth 14-14 mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Panama, slopes of the Volean de Chiriqui. 

Redescribed from three males and six females. The 
mandibles of the female are incorrectly described by Gorham 
in his diagnosis, as “‘ fortiter curvatis,’’ as shown by the. 
2 of S. ardua dissected by him and his comparative remarks 
on that species under S. sicula, the organs in question being 
abruptly bent, as in the same sex of the last-named insect 
and S. oblita. S. ardua is a little more elongate than 
S. oblita; the antennae are infuscate, or have at most the 
apical joint paler; and the prothorax has the lateral 
margins, and the elytra the sutural and outer margins, 
testaceous. 


24. Silis bugabensis. 


2. Silis bugabensis, and var. apicipennis, Pic, Mélanges 
exot.-entom. fase. v, pp. 4, 5 (March 1913). 

Silis lineata, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, p. 296 
(nec p. 95). 

Silis lineola, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 296 (part.) (Panama speci- 
men). 


Moderately elongate, rather shining, somewhat thickly pubescent, 
the pubescence ochreous on the flavous portions of the surface; 
nigro-piceous or black, the antennae with from 14 of the outer 
joints, the head and prothorax (a broad continuous median vitta 
excepted), the elytra (except the suture to a greater or less extent, 
and often the apical half also [var. apicipennis]), and usually the 
base of the femora, flavo-testaceous. Eyes large in 3, smaller in 9. 
Antennae slender and nearly reaching the apex of the elytra in 3, 
shorter in 9. Prothorax (3) a little broader than long, rather 


and Central American Telephorinae. 117 


narrow, bicallose on the disc posteriorly, the margins somewhat 
rounded, plicate, narrowly notched behind the middle, dilated 
before and behind this into a moderately prominent dentiform 
projection, and constricted in front of the acute hind angles; (2) 
subquadrate, with the margins angularly dilated and thickened an- 
teriorly, and sinuate thence to the acute hind angles. Elytra long, 
wider than the prothorax, parallel or widened posteriorly, flattened 
on the disc, roughly sculptured and costulate. 
Length (excl. head) 41-63, breadth 13-24 mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. Panama, Chiriqui. 

Separable from the Mexican and Guatemalan S. lineata 
(= lineola) by the less orbicular prothorax, with the two 
dentiform lateral projections more feebly developed, in the 
male, and by the yellow tip to the antennae in both sexes. 
The thirteen examples in the “ Biologia” collection vary 
greatly in the colour of the elytra, more than half of 
them belonging to the var. apicipennis, one having the 
elytra almost entirely testaceous. Pic, to judge from his 
description of the prothorax, had females only before him. 
S. bugabensis has the general facies of certain species of 
the Hispid genus Chalepus. 


25. Silis lineata. (Plate IX, fig. 87, prothorax, ¢.) 


Silis lineata, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, p. 95 
($2) (nec p. 296) [nec S. lineatus, Gorh., Ann. Soc. 
Ent. Belg. 1895, p. 315]. 

Silis lineola, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 296 (g) (exclud. Panama 
specimen). 

Polemius (?) lineola, Schaeft., Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. 
XVl, p. 62. 


Moderately elongate, shining, sparsely pubescent; nigro-piceous, 
the head and prothorax (a continuous median vitta excepted), the 
basal third half, or more of the elytra (except along the suture), 
or the humeri only in some of the Guatemalan specimens, and the 
basal half or more of the femora, flavo-testaceous. Eyes very large 
in g,smallerin 9. Antennae sparsely pilose, long in 3g, shorter in 9. 
Prothorax (Jj) much narrowed anteriorly and strongly constricted 
before the base (the general outline thus appearing suborbicular, 
as described by Gorham), the margins dilated into two prominent 
teeth, which are separated by a deep median notch, the hind angles 
also acute and prominent; (2) broader, transversely subquadrate, 
the margins hollowed at the middle and thickened and angularly 


118 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


dilated anteriorly, the hind angles prominent. Elytra subparallel, 

roughly sculptured and distinctly costate. Inner claw of anterior 

tarsi, and outer claw of the other tarsi, angularly dilated at base. 
Length (excl. head) 44-53, breadth 14-14 mm. (¢ 2.) 


Hab. Mexico, Jalapa, Atoyac, Teapa; GUATEMALA, 
Alta Vera Paz. 

Gorham (loc. cit. p. 297) states that S. lineola is perhaps 
not quite satisfactorily distinguished from S. lineata; there 
is, in fact, no difference between them, the specimens 
of the latter (from Cahabon) labelled by him as types are 
females and those of S. lineola (from Chiacam) are males. 
The Chiriqui examples mentioned, however, in each case, 
belong to a different species, S. bugabensis, Pic. The flavo- 
testaceous coloration of the elytra often extends to beyond 
the middle, leaving the suture and apex nigro-piceous, 
a long series ($2) captured by Hoge and H. H. Smith at 
Teapa being thus coloured. The author’s remarks on the 
typical male of S. lineata apply to the Chiriqui specimens 
added in the “ Supplement ” (loc. cit. p. 297) = S. buga- 
bensis, Pic. 


26. Silis oblita. (Plate IX, fig. 88, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis oblita, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, p. 297. 
Silis paupercula, Gorh., loc. cit. p. 299 (specim. from Vera 
Paz). 


Moderately elongate, shining, clothed with long pallid pubescence ; 
fuscous or piceous, the points of insertion of the antennae, and 
usually from 3-5 of the outer joints of the latter, the mandibles> 
the post-ocular portions of the head, the prothorax (a median vitta 
or triangular patch on the disc excepted), the elytra usually with the 
humeri or the sutural and outer margins, and the legs in great part, 
or the femora at the base, pale testaceous. Eyes very large in 4, 
smaller in 9. Antennae slender, long in 3, shorter in 2. Mandibles 
curved in 4, abruptly bent in 9. Prothorax ($) transverse, con- 
stricted before the base and apex (thus appearing rounded at the 
sides), the margins plicate, reflexed, and feebly notched, the base 
sinuate, the hind angles sharp; (2) more transverse, broader behind, 
the margins trisinuate, the hind angles more prominent. Elytra 
moderately long, subparallel, broader in 9, roughly sculptured. 
Inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of the other tarsi, feebly 
widened at base in 3. 

Length (excl. head) 4-53, breadth 14-275 mm. (¢ 2.) 


and Central American Telephorinae. 119 


Hab. Mexico, Jalapa, Tapachula; GuaTEMALA, San Juan 
in Alta Vera Paz, Zapote, Cerro Zunil; Costa Rica, Irazu; 
Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui [types], Boquete, Bugaba. 

A widely distributed variable insect, occurring on both 
the Atlantic and Pacific slopes. It may be separated from 
S. ardua (at least in the typical form) by the narrowly 
fusco-vittate prothorax, which is more rounded at the sides 
and more constricted before the base in the male, and the 
pale apical joints to the antennae; and from Polemius 
pauperculus by the abruptly bent mandibles of the female 
and the differently shaped prothorax of the male. In 
S. oblita the antennae and elytra are variable in colour, 
being sometimes wholly fuscous or piceous, and the pro- 
thorax is occasionally immaculate. Gorham’s description 
is contradictory as it stands: the mandibles of the female 
are said to be strongly curved in the diagnosis and bent in 
the general description; the male labelled by him as type 
has the sutural and elytral margins testaceous, of which 
nothing is said in the description. The types were from 
Chiriqui, the examples from the more northern localities 
not being quoted. ‘Thirty-eight specimens are before me, 
including many males. Two of the three females from 
Cerro Zunil, those with immaculate prothorax and dark 
antennae, were enumerated by him under S. pauailla, an 
insect here referred to the genus Discodon. 


27. Silis seabripennis, n. sp. (Plate IX, fig. 89, 
prothorax, 3.) 


Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; black, the 
anterior portion of the head, the mandibles, and prothorax testaceous 
or flavo-testaceous. Eyes very large in dg, a little smaller in 9. 
Antennae long and slender, slightly shorter in 9. Prothorax (3) 
small, much broader than long, rounded at the sides, constricted 
anteriorly and before the base, the margins reflexed, plicate, and very 
narrowly, obliquely excised behind the middle (the margin in front 
of the notch acute or toothed and the portion posterior to it tri- 
angular), the hind angles obtuse ; (2) broader, less narrowed behind, 
the margin sinuate, thickened, and subangularly dilated anteriorly, 
the hind angles acute and prominent. Elytra wider than the 
prothorax, moderately long, subparallel, roughly sculptured and 
faintly costate. Inner claw of anterior tarsi angularly, and outer 
claw of the other tarsi more feebly, dilated at base in 3. 

Length (excl. head) 43-43, breadth lf mm. (¢ 9.) 


120 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


Hab. Mexico (Truqui, ex coll. Fry). 

Two males and one female. Very like Discodon melan- 
aspis, but with the front of the head testaceous, the eyes 
much larger in both sexes, the prothorax of the male smaller, 
shorter, and rounded and narrowly incised at the sides 
(much as in S. oblita and its allies), and the tarsal claws 
uncleft at the tip. 


28. Silis haematodes. (Plate [X, fig. 90, prothorax, ¢.) 


Silis haematodes, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 1, 2, 
pp. 93, 294 (3 9). 

Hab. GuatEeMALA, Pacific slope. 

The types of this species, from Capetillo (1 g and 3 Q 9), 
are very shining and sparsely pilose, and have unusually 
coarsely, somewhat sparsely punctured, wholly black 
elytra; the others before me (3 9), from various localities, 
have more densely punctate, nigro-piceous elytra, with 
the humeri in some of them testaceous, the base of the 
femora being also of that colour in three examples. The 
eyes are moderately large in g, smaller in 9. The pro- 
thorax in both sexes is strongly transverse, and has a 
broad reflexed margin; that of the male has a narrow deep 
notch at about the basal third, preceded by a sinuous very 
prominent tooth and followed by a smaller straight tooth; 
that of the female is broader, with the margins strongly 
trisinuate and the hind angles acute. The inner claw of 
the anterior tarsi, and the outer claw of the middle tarsi, 
have an angular tooth at the base in the male. 


29. Silis melanocephala. (Plate IX, fig. 91, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis melanocephala, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 
2, p. 294 (3). 

Hab. GUATEMALA, Capetillo. 

This species is based upon a single male example. It is 
a form of, and perhaps not really distinct from, S. haema- 
todes, which occurred at the same locality, with still longer 
antennae, a black head and scutellum, and the tooth in 
front of the lateral notch of the prothorax not curved out- 
wards. According to Gorham the notch is placed nearer 
the hind angle than in S. haematodes, but this is not obvious.* 


* He also compares S. melanocephala with S. atripennis ( ? erythro- 
deres), a nomen nudum. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 121 


30. Silis transfixa. (Plate IX, fig. 92, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis transfixa, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, 
p. 299. 

Polemius (%) transfixus, Schaeff., Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. 
xvi p. 62: 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui. 

Recognisable by the rufo-testaceous head, palpi, antennae, 
prothorax, and scutellum, and black elytra, the legs partly 
or almost entirely infuscate, the anterior femora at the base 
and the tibiae and tarsi at most testaceous. Eyes ex- 
tremely large in g, smaller in 9. Mandibles curved in 
both sexes. Antennae slender. Prothorax of the male 
plicate and angularly dilated at the sides, with a slender 
outwardly-curved tooth in front of the very narrow, 
oblique, deep, post-median notch; that of the female 
angularly dilated at the sides beyond the middle and with 
the hind angles acute, the margins thus appearing strongly 
trisinuate. Represented in the “ Biologia ”’ collection by 
two males and one female. 


31. Silis fulvipes. (Plate IX, fig. 93, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis fulvipes, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 2, p. 295. 
Polemius (?) fulvipes, Schaefi., Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. 
Xvi, p. 62. 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, 4000-6000 ft. 

An elongate, narrow, finely pubescent insect, with 
testaceous head, palpi, antennae, prothorax, scutellum, 
and legs, and plumbeous elytra; the eyes large (3); the 
prothorax (3) rounded at the sides, the reflexed margin 
with a very narrow, straight notch behind the middle, 
thus appearing angulate in front of the excision; the 
elytra finely sculptured; the eighth dorsal segment 
(= pygidium of Gorham) (3) divided into two long narrow 
lobes. The less angulate, more sharply notched sides of 
the prothorax, and the smaller eyes, etc., of the male 
separate S. fulvipes from S. transfiza. The nine examples 
placed by Gorham under the present species are all of this 
sex, but a single female left by him under S. transfixa 
probably belongs here: it has the intermediate joints of 
the antennae and the femora infuscate, the mandibles bent 
(instead of curved), the margins of the prothorax thickened, 


122 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


rounded and very feebly sinuate, and the hind angles 
prominent. 


32. Silis ocularis. (Plate [X, fig. 94, prothorax, ¢.) 


Silis ocularis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, 
p. 293 (J). 

Hab. GuaTEMALA, El Reposo and Paraiso, Pacific slope. 

In this species, based upon two males, the eyes are very 
large; the antennae are about as long as the body, slender, 
and closely pilose; the prothorax is very short and broad, 
the lateral margins explanate, plicate, and with a very 
deep, narrow, oblique notch behind the middle, the dilated 
space in front of it appearing broadly hooked; the elytra 
are piceous, like the basal portion of the head, shining, 
and comparatively short, the anterior portion of the latter, 
the prothorax, scutellum, and femora (the tip excepted) 
testaceous. Length (excl. head) 3-33 mm. 


33. Silis appendicularis. (Plate IX, fig. 95, prothorax, ¢.) 


Silis EE an Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 
2, p. 304 (§ $). 


Hab. PanaMaA, Volcan de Chiriqui, above 4000 ft. 

A small, shining, sparsely pubescent insect, with the 
anterior portion of the head, the mandibles, and prothorax 
rufous or rufo-testaceous, the head and prothorax almost 
smooth, and the elytra roughly sculptured. The pro- 
thorax has the narrowly reflexed margins abruptly and 
strongly dilated posteriorly in both sexes, the dilated 
portion deeply, narrowly incised in the male (a curved 
backwardly-directed lobe being thus formed in front of it) 
and feebly emarginate in the female. The tarsi have one 
of the claws lobed at the base in the male. The mandibles 
are curved in the female. One male and three females seen. 


34. Silis aurita. (Plate IX, fig. 96, prothorax, 9.) 


Q. Salis aurita, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, 
p. 295. 
Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu. 
The type of S. aurita (@) superficially resembles S. 
haematodes and S. erythroderes, Gorh., 7. e. it is a shining 
black insect, with a red head, prothorax, and scutellum. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 123 


The general shape of the prothorax, however, approaches 
that of the same sex of S. appendicularis, it being small, 
strongly transverse, much narrowed anteriorly, and dilated 
into a prominent thickened blunt tooth at some little 
distance before the obtuse hind angle. The two other 
specimens (9), from the same locality, doubtfully referred 
- by Gorham to S. aurita, probably belong to his S. pauailla, 
a variable insect ranging from Vera Paz to Chiriqui, and 
(like S. erythroderes) here placed under Discodon. 


35. Silis chalybeipennis. (Plate IX, fig. 97, prothorax, 3.) 


Silis chalybecpennis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 
2, p. 300, pl. 12, fig. 18 (9). 
Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, 4000-8000 ft. 
Recognisable by the testaceous head, antennae, palpi, 
prothorax, and scutellum, the metallic blue elytra, and the 
black under surface and legs. The prothorax has a very 
deep abrupt notch in front of the acute, dentiform hind 
angles in each sex, and the broadly explanate lateral 
margins are also hollowed or constricted behind the middle, 
this being more noticeable in the female than in the male. 
The inner claw of the anterior tarsi, and the outer claw of 
the intermediate tarsi, are dilated at the base in the male. 
Six examples seen. S. chalybeipennis should perhaps 
form the type of a new genus. 


The following species cannot be definitely placed till 
the males are found. 


36. Silis sicula. 


Silis sicula, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, p. 298 
(2). 

Hab. GuatTEMALA, Purula in Vera Paz. 

This species, described from two females (one now without 
antennae), may be known, at least in 9, by its rather 
coarsely, densely, subseriately punctate elytra; the small, 
strongly transverse prothorax, with testaceous disc and 
nigro-piceous margins, and the lateral margins sinuate 
and reflexed; the rather stout, tapering antennae; and 
the abruptly bent mandibles. 8S. sicula will probably 
prove to belong to Polemius as here understood. 


124 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


37. Silis omiltemia, n. sp. 


9. Elongate, rather shining, black, the mandibles and prothorax 
(a narrow median vitta and the outer and anterior margins excepted) 
rufo-testaceous; somewhat thickly clothed (the antennae included) 
with fuscous pubescence, the hairs on the rufescent portion of the 
prothorax yellowish. Head broad; mandibles stout, abruptly 
bent; antennae rather slender, subfiliform, about reaching the basal 
third of the elytra. Prothorax short, strongly transverse, depressed 
down the middle behind, somewhat dilated posteriorly, the margins 
rather broadly explanate, reflexed, sinuate, and constricted at the 
base, the hind angles prominent. Elytra very elongate, wider than 
the prothorax, sinuate at the sides (perhaps due to shrinkage after 
death), rather roughly sculptured and obsoletely costate. 

Length (excl. head) 7, breadth 25 mm. 


Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero, 8000 ft. (H. H. 
Smith). 

One example. Larger and broader than the Guatemalan 
S. sicula, Gorh.; the mandibles bent as in the female of 
that species, but stouter; the elytral sculpture not nearly 
so coarse and more confused; the antennae subfiliform. 
The prothorax is very short and has a dark reflexed margin 
as in S. sicula, a median vitta, however, being present in 
S. omiltenia. Till the male is discovered the Guerrero 
insect is perhaps best placed under Silas. 


38. Silis lissoderes, n. sp. 


9. Moderately elongate, shining, fusco-pubescent; black, the 
front of the head, the mandibles, and the sides of the prothorax 
broadly (leaving a basally and apically dilated broad black patch 
on the disc), testaceous. Eyes small. Mandibles abruptly bent. 
Antennae rather slender, short, barely reaching the basal third of the 
elytra, pilose. Prothorax short, strongly transverse, gradually 
narrowed anteriorly, the margins moderately explanate, thickened, 
and constricted in front of the acute hind angles, the surface almost 
smooth. Elytra moderately long, wider than the prothorax, 
parallel, densely, rather finely sculptured and obsoletely costate. 

Length (excl. head) 43-5, breadth 1} mm. 


Hab. Mexico, Cuernavaca in Morelos (H. H. Smith). 

Two females. This insect seems to be allied to S. 
sepulchralis, Gorh., from the Guatemalan mountains, 
differing from the corresponding sex of that species in the 


and Central American Telephorinae. 125 


broader and much smoother head, with the anterior portion 
testaceous, the almost smooth prothorax, with more 
thickened margins, the parallel elytra, and the less thickened 
antennae. 


DITEMNOMORPHUS, n. gen. 


Tarsi each with one claw cleft at tip in g; prothorax 
with the lateral margins bi-incised, and strongly bilamellate 
and unispinose in 3, deeply notched at base in 2; the other 
characters as in the section Ditemnus of Silis. 

Type, Salis rufifrons, Gorh. 


1. Ditemnomorphus rufifrons. (Plate IX, figs. 98, 3, 99 9, 
prothorax.) 


Silis rufifrons, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iti, 2, p. 97 
(3 $). 

Hab. GUATEMALA, Chiacam in Alta Vera Paz. 

One male and three females of this species are available 
for examination. The prothorax of the male has two long, 
backwardly-directed lobes on each side, the posterior lobe 
narrow, hooked at the tip, and armed at the base above 
with a still longer, slender, acute, oblique spine; that of 
the female has a deep oblique notch in front of the acute 
hind angles. The head, prothorax, and scutellum are 
rufo-testaceous, and the rest of the surface is piceous or 
black. The mandibles are bent in the female. 


PARASILIS. 


Parasilis, Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111, 2, p. 307 
(1885). 

This genus is based upon two allied forms from Chiriqui, 
Panama. The diagnosis and remarks on the structural 
characters must have been taken from the females of P. 
colyphoides (the specimens marked “ ? male” by Gorham 
being also of that sex); there are, however, five males in 
the “ Biologia” series before me. The males of both 
species have one of the tarsal claws of each foot cleft, the 
sides of the prothorax obliquely plicate and angularly 
notched at the middle, the eyes a little larger and more 
prominent than in the female, and the last ventral segment 
divided to the base. The very slender filiform antennae, 
with elongate second joint, the coarsely punctured, parallel- 


126 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


sided, firm elytra, and the above-mentioned characters of 
the male, separate Parasilis from the allied genera. The 
terminal joint of both palpi is long, stout, and securiform 
in each sex. The genital armature is symmetric. There 
is an unnamed species of Parasilis from Ecuador in the 
British Museum. 


1. Parasilis colyphoides. (Plate III, fig. 12, 3.) 


Parasilis colyphoides, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111, 
2, p. 308. 


3g. Eyes moderately large, prominent; prothorax as long as broad, 
narrow, deeply transversely excavate across the disc anteriorly and 
hollowed down the middle thence to the base, arcuate in front, the 
margins obliquely plicate and angularly notched at the middle, 
dilated into a blunt tooth in front of this, and reflexed and slightly 
sinuate thence to the apex, the space between the notch and the 
base rounded, convex, and almost immarginate; tibiae somewhat 
curved; inner claw of anterior tarsi, and outer claw of the other 
tarsi, cleft at the tip; seventh ventral segment long, divided into 
two lobes; last dorsal segment drawn out into a long, curved, 
attenuate lobe on each side, the two lobes meeting at the tip and 
extending far beyond the seventh ventral segment. 

Q. Eyes smaller; prothorax a little shorter, the excavations 
shallower, the margins somewhat rounded, feebly trisinuate, and 
reflexed throughout; sixth ventral segment shorter, triangularly 
emarginate in the middle at the apex. 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiniqui. 

Twenty-two specimens seen, five of which are males, 
one of the latter with an oblique pallid stripe on each 
elytron. The appendages of the last dorsal segment of 
the male form a pair of forceps, a somewhat similar structure 
having been noticed by Gorham in the same sex of P. 
vittata. The terminal segments of the abdomen and the 
evaginated genital armature are figured on Plate VI, 
figs. 37, 37a. 


2. Parasilis vittata. 


Parasilis vittata, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, 
p. 308. 


6. Eyes a little larger than in 2; prothorax as long as broad, the 
margins obliquely plicate and angularly notched at the middle, 


and Central American Telephorinae. 127 


. dilated into a blunt tooth in front of this, and rounded, convex, 
and almost immarginate from the notch to the base; tibiae curved ; 
tarsal claws as in P. colyphoides. 

Q. Prothorax smaller and shorter, rounded and feebly bisinuate 
at the sides, the margins narrowly reflexed throughout. 


Hab. PanaMA, Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriqui. 

Redescribed from the types, male and female. Smaller 
than P. colyphoides, the legs more slender, the head between 
and behind the eyes, the prothorax across the middle, and 
the apices of the femora, tibiae, and tarsi piceous or black; 
the elytra coarsely punctate, piceous or nigro-piceous, with 
an oblique stripe running down the disc, and the outer 
margin and apex also in the male, testaceous. The tip 
of the abdomen of the male is injured, but the last dorsal 
segment appears to be drawn out in a lobe on each side 
beneath (as described by Gorham), much as in P. coly- 
phoides. 


MALTHASTER. 


Malthaster, Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 2, p. 311 
(1885). 

This genus is based upon a single species, M. suturalis, 
from the mountains of Chiriqui. To the characters given 
by the author, the following may be added :—Prothorax 
obliquely grooved on each side before the middle, the 
margins triangularly notched in ¢ and sinuate in @ (as in 
Parasilis, etc.). The tarsal claws and mandibles are 
simple. The elytra are very long, soft, and completely 
cover the wings and abdomen. The cleft seventh * 
ventral segment and the notched margins of the prothorax 
of the male bring Malthaster near Parasilis, Discodon, 
Polemius, ete. 


1. Malthaster suturalis. (Plate III, fig. 13, 9.) 
Malthaster suturalis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 
2, p. dll. 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, 8000 ft. 

The symmetrical genital armature of the male is figured 
on Plate VI, figs. 38, 38a, b, and the prothorax of a specimen 
of this sex on Plate IX, fig. 100. 


* Described by Gorham as the sixth. 


128 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


Group I[cHTHYURINI. 


This group may be characterised thus :—Apical joint of 
the maxillary and labial palpi stout, securiform or cultri- 
form; prothorax subquadrate, entire; elytra greatly 
abbreviated, leaving the wings in large part exposed; 
abdominal segments 1-8 each with a small circular orifice 
at or beneath the outer apical angle (Ichthyurus, etc.), 
the orifice in 1-7 sometimes placed at the tip of an oblique 
tubuliform process arising from the space between the two 
surfaces (Maronius and Belotus), 8 forcipiform or bilobed 
in one or both sexes; genital armature asymmetric; tarsal 
claws lobed or toothed at base, or simple, uncleft at tip. 

The following known genera belong here :—Ichthyurus, 
Trypherus, Lobetus, Maronius, and Belotus. The circular 
orifice at or near the tip of each process of the chitinous 
eighth dorsal segment of the abdomen is conspicuous in 
all these insects, but that on each side of the preceding 
segments (except in Maronius and Belotus) is often hidden 
beneath the lateral fold in dried specimens. The genital 
armature of Maronius and Belotus is very similar to that 
of the Chauliognathinae. 


IcHTHYURUS. 


Ichthyurus, Westwood, Cabinet Orient. Ent. p. 83 (1848); 
Lacordaire, Gen. Coleopt. iv, p. 361. 

Biurus, Motschulsky, Etudes Ent. i, p. 13 (1853). 

Diurus, Gemminger et Harold, Cat. Coleopt. vi, p. 1684 
(1869). 


Various Eastern Ichthyuri are now known with the femora 
and tibiae simple in the two sexes, as in certain Tropical 
American forms, and these latter cannot therefore be 
separated from Westwood’s genus. The stout, vertical 
head, the very large, oval or reniform, somewhat narrowly 
separated eyes (as seen from in front), between which the 
antennae are inserted close together, the forcipiform or 
bilobate eighth dorsal segment of the abdomen (usually 
differing greatly in form in the two sexes), and the feebly- 
developed asymmetric genital armature of the males, are 
characteristic. Lobetus mirabilis, Gorh., from Mexico, its 
extraordinary g antennae and maxillary palpi notwith- 
standing, must be provisionally included in Ichthyurus, 
the general structure of the head, abdomen, etc., agreeing 


and Central American Telephorinae. 129 


perfectly with that of the present genus, and differing 
greatly from that of Lobetus, Kies., type L. torticornis, from 
Colombia. Trypherus, Lec., type Malthinus latipennis, 
Germ., from N. America, two females of which are avail- 
able for comparison, has a broader, flatter, basally narrowed 
head, more widely separated eyes, and a less developed 
terminal segment to the abdomen.* Amongst the seven 
Mexican or Central American Ichthyuri before me, five are 
represented by females only. Males of the EH. African 
I. forcipiger, Gestro (= apicalis, Motsch.), and the Mexican 
I. dichelifer have been dissected for comparison, and they 
prove to be very closely related. Malthinus (Biurus) 
elegans, Guér., from Brazil, is obviously an Ichthyurus, &. 


1. Ichthyurus dichelifer, n. sp. (Plate III, figs. 14, 14a, 9.) 


Nigro-piceous or piceous, the base of the antennae, the basal half 
or more of the femora, the margins of the abdomen, and the abdominal 
forceps in part, flavous or testaceous; the prothorax and elytra 
yellow, the prothorax with a small oval spot on the disc and a 
curved streak on each side of it, the latter often with a ramus 
extending outwards, and the elytral suture rather broadly, piceous. 
Head (fig. 14a) almost smooth, hollowed between the eyes above, 
the latter very large in dg, a little smaller in 9; antennae (¢ 9) 
slender, about reaching the apex of the elytra, joint 2 one-half 
the length of 3. Prothorax transverse, arcuate in front, the basal 
and apical margins reflexed; closely, minutely punctate, the disc 
arcuately depressed towards the base, and usually with a small 
oblong tubercle in the centre of the depression. Elytra about twice 
the length of the prothorax hollowed on their outer margin and 
dehiscent from a little below the base, finely punctate, obliquely 
grooved below the humeri and subcostate on the disc. 

6. Terminal abdominal segment, dorsal and ventral, produced 
on each side into a long, stout, somewhat curved, chitinous process, 
the processes of the dorsal segment very stout, subconical, convex 
above, and mucronate at the tip inferiorly, that of the ventral 
segment shorter, narrower, and curved upwards (the two on each 
side, as seen laterally, forming a pair of forceps); a long narrow 
median rod, terminating in two slender, straight laciniae, protruding 
between the two pairs of forceps (Plate VI, figs. 39, 39a); the two 
segments preceding the terminal one somewhat elongated, and 
rounded externally. 


* Numerous 8. American species have recently been described by 
Pic under Trypherus. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTI, (MAY) K 


130 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Meaican 


Q. Terminal dorsal abdominal segment only produced on each 
side into a long, flattened, subtriangular process (Plate III, fig. 14). 
Length 7-8 mm. (4 9.) 


Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo in Guerrero (Hége, H. H. 
Smith). 

Nine males and eight females, the males readily dis- 
tinguishable by the double pair of abdominal forceps. 


2. Ichthyurus forficulinus. 


Q. Trypherus forficulinus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 
m2, p, 98, pl. 6, feet. 
Hab. GuaATEMALA, Quiché Mts. 
The unique type of this species is a female. There is a 
very similar form, 9, from Sarayacu, Peru, in the British 
Museum, too imperfect to describe. 


3. Ichthyurus trimaculatus. 


Trypherus trimaculatus, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom., fase. xi, 
p- 9 (Nov. 1914). 


“‘ Grandis, elongatus, fere opacus, niger, infra corpore pro majore 
parte, capite antice, luteo-testaceis, thorace luteo-testaceo, in disco 
nigro trimaculato (macula mediana minuta, externis arcuatis), 
elytris nigris, apice late luteo-testaceo notatis. Long. 10-11 mill.” 
Différe, 4 premiére vue, de 7’. forficulinus, Gorh., par le prothorax 
orné de 3 macules noires. 


Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (coll. Pic). 

Apparently a close ally of the Guatemalan I. forficulinus, 
and evidently belonging to the same genus. Included by 
Pic amongst the species placed under the heading “ De- 
scriptions abrégées,” the sex, etc., not being mentioned. 


4, Iehthyurus fuscus. 


2. Belotus fuscus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, 
p. 99 (excl. var.). 


Hab. Mexico, Yolos in Oaxaca. 

Represented in the “ Biologia” collection by three 
imperfect females; the so-called variety from the same 
locality is a dark male of Belotus abdominalis. In these 
examples the yellow apical patch on the elytra extends 
forwards along the outer margin to near the humeri, the 


and Central American Telephorinae. 131 


rest of the body being piceous or nigro-piceous (the 
lateral margins of the first three or four abdominal 
segments excepted), and the legs and antennae are also 
infuscate. The terminal processes of the last dorsal 
segment are long and subconical, longer than in J. sallei 
and I. fuscwentris. 


5. Iehthyurus fusciventris, n. sp. 


. Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; nigro-piceous, 
the apices of the elytra broadly yellow, the two basal joints of the 
antennae and the base of the femora testaceous. Head minutely 
punctate, transversely depressed between the eyes above, the latter 
large; antennae slender, about reaching the apices of the elytra. 
Prothorax transverse, minutely punctate, and with a very small, 
smooth, oblong tubercle on the middle of the disc. Elytra nearly 
twice the length of the prothorax, obliquely plicate, and closely 
punctate. Terminal dorsal segment of the abdomen produced on 
each side into a triangular process. 

Length 34 mm. 


Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo in Guerrero (H. H. Smith). 

Two females. A small form near J. semzflavus, with the 
apices only of the elytra yellow, the prothorax and abdomen 
infuscate, the abdominal appendages flatter. The small 
tubercle on the prothorax is similar to that present in 
I. semiflavus and f. dichelifer. Compared with J. fuscus, 
Gorh., 2, the present species is much smaller and has the 
yellow portion of the elytra restricted to the apex and the 
terminal processes much shorter. 


6. Iehthyurus semiflavus, n. sp. 


®. Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent; piceous, the 
elytra with an obliquely cut-off outer space yellow (leaving a very 
large, subtriangular, common, dark scutellar patch), the head 
between the eyes, the basal joints of the antennae, some irregular 
sinuous markings on the prothorax, the terminal dorsal abdominal 
segment (except at the tip), and the base of the femora, testaceous 
or flavous. Head minutely punctate, broadly depressed between 
the eyes above, the latter large; antennae moderately slender. 
Prothorax transverse, closely, minutely punctate, arcuately de- 
pressed on the disc towards the base, and with a small, smooth, 
oblong tubercle in the middle of the depression. Elytra about 
twice as long as the prothorax, closely punctate and distinctly 


132 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


costate. Terminal dorsal segment of the abdomen produced on 
each side into a rather broad subconical process. Legs stout. 
Length 44 mm. 


Hab. GUATEMALA, near the city, 5000 ft. (Salvin). 

One specimen, found placed under Belotus abdominalis 
in the “ Biologia ”’ collection. Smaller and less elongate 
than I. dichelifer, 2, the fuscous portion of the elytra 
extending outwards to the humeri, the subconical pro- 
cesses of the last dorsal segment much shorter. Three 
smaller immature females with the prothorax wholly 
flavous, from Capetillo and Duejias, must also belong to 
the same species. Allied S. American unnamed forms are 
contained in the Fry collection at the British Museum. 


7. Ichthyurus sallei. 


Trypherus saller, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom., fasc. vil, 
p. 19 (Sept. 1913). 


“Elongatus, nitidus, griseo-pubescens, nigro-piceus, elytris 
brunnescentibus, capite antice, antennis ad basin pedibusque 
pallidis. Long. 5 mill. 5.” 


Hab. Mexico, Cordova and Toxpam (Sallé), Atoyac 
(H. H. Smith). 

Three females seen, two of which were found placed as a 
variety of Belotus abdominalis in the “ Biologia ”’ collection. 
These have the head and prothorax reddish or rufo-piceous 
and paler than the elytra, the apical margin of the latter 
being yellowish in one of them, and the tibiae more or less 
infuscate in their outer half; the upper surface closely, 
very minutely punctate; and the produced lateral portions 
of the terminal dorsal segment of the abdomen triangular, 
much as in the same sex of I. (Lobetus) mirabilis, Gorh. 


8. Ichthyurus mirabilis. 


Lobetus mirabilis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, 
p. 99, pl. 6, figs. 10 (3), 11 (9). 


Hab. Mexico, Cordova, Toxpam. 

Described by Gorham from two males and two females, 
and now represented in the “ Biologia” collection by a 
dissected g and the abdomen and hind legs of a 9. The 
extraordinary antennae of the male were noticed and 
figured by him; but he does not mention the equally 


and Central American Telephorinae. 133 


peculiar structure of the maxillary palpi, the third joint 
in this sex being produced on the inner side into a very 
long slender straight process, which is nearly as long as 
the stouter, sinuous, outwardly-directed fourth joint 
(Plate IX, fig. 101). 


MARONIUS. 


Maronius, Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, pp. 100 
(1881), 309 (1885). ; 


The type of this genus is M. dichrous, and various other 
Tropical American forms have been described by Pic. Its 
chief characters are the short, broad, posteriorly constricted 
head, the large eyes, the securiform apical joint of the palpi, 
the simple antennae and tarsal claws, the toothed mandibles, 
the quadrate prothorax, the greatly abbreviated elytra, the 
broad, bilobate penultimate dorsal segment of the abdomen, 
and the greatly developed asymmetric genital lobes of the 
male, these being covered ventrally by an oval convex 
cap. The species are larger and more robust than those 
of the closely alhed genus Belotus. In both these genera 
segments 1-7 of the abdomen have an oblique tubuliform 
process on each side arising from the space between the 
two surfaces and a circular orifice at the tip of the conical 
lateral protuberance of the penultimate dorsal segment, 
see Plate III, fig. 15. The males have the terminal 
segment broad and somewhat twisted, so that a portion of 
the ventral aedeagal cap is often visible from above. 


1. Maronius dichrous. 


Maronius dichrous, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 
Zap. LOO, pl. 6, fig..9:(¢). 

Hab. Mexico; GUATEMALA; NICARAGUA. 

The specimens from Chiriqui added by Gorham in his 
“Supplement,” p. 309, must be separated. The genital 
armature of M. dichrous is figured on Plate VII, figs. 40, 
40a, and the 3 abdomen on Plate III, fig. 15. 


2. Maronius longicollis, n. sp. 


Maronius dichrous, var., Gorh., loc. cit. p. 309, pl. 12, 
He. 17 (2). 

Very like M. dichrous, but with the prothorax, except at the 

anterior or hind angles, or along the sides posteriorly, infuscate or 


134 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


black, the prothorax itself less transverse, the securiform apical 
joint of the maxillary palpi broader in both sexes, the terminal 
dorsal segment of the abdomen of the male larger, and the genital 
armature very different, see Plate VII, figs. 41, 41a. 


Hab. Panama, Chiriqui. 


Two males and two females seen. 


BELOTUS. 


Belotus, Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iu, 2, pp. 99 
(1881), 308 (1885) (sine descr.). 

Lobetus, Leconte, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, pp. 58, 59 (nec 
Kiesenwetter). 


The type of this genus is Malthinus abdominals, Lec., 
a species ranging from the Southern United States to 
Panama and perhaps further southward, and various other 
allied Tropical American forms belong here. Its principal 
characters are the simple antennae and tarsal claws, the 
toothed mandibles, the stout subsecuriform apical joint of 
the palpi, the oreatly abbreviated elytra, the emarginate 
penultimate dorsal segment of the abdomen, the subquad- 
rate prothorax, the moderately developed head, and the 
asymmetric genital armature, the various lobes covered 
ventrally by an oval convex cap, as in Chauliognathus. 
In two of the species the penultimate dorsal segment of 
the abdomen is formed much as in the females of various 
Ichthyurt. Pic has described several species of Belotus 
from South America. 


1. Belotus abdominalis. 


Malthinus abdominalis, Lec., Proc. Acad. Phil. v, p. 347 
(1851). 
Lobetus abdominalis, Lec., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1x, p. 59. 
Belotus abdominalis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 
2, pp. 99, 308, pl. 6, fig. 8 (Q) (part.). 
Belotus fuscus, var., Gorh., loc. cit. 
Belotus abdominalis, var. obscurior, Pic, Mélanges exot.- 
entom., fasc. vii, p. 19 (Sept. 1913). 
Hab. SouTHERN UNITED States; Mexico; GUATEMALA} 
Honpuras, Ruatan Island; PANAMA. 
Sent in abundance from Teapa in Tabasco. The variety 
with the prothorax infuscate to near the base has been 


and Central American Telephorinae. 135 


named obscurior by Pic. Four species were found mixed 
under the name B. abdominalis in the “ Biologia ”’ collec- 
tion, two of them belonging to Ichthyurus and two to 
Belotus. Leconte recorded the species from Panama in 
1851. The aedeagus of numerous males has been dissected, 
showing that one of the two long right lateral lobes is 
usually retracted and not always visible, see Plate VII, 
fig. 42. I have seen specimens from Texas, etc. 


2. Belotus acuminatus, n.sp. (Plate III, figs. 16, 2; 16a, 3.) 


Shining, finely pubescent, nigro-piceous or piceous, the apices of 
the elytra yellow, the mandibles, the anterior half of the head in J, 
the prothorax, a faint attenuate space down the middle of the dise 
of each elytron, the abdomen (the last two segments excepted), and 
the anterior legs in great part, testaceous. Head somewhat flattened 
anteriorly, obsoletely punctate, the eyes small; antennae slender, 
moderately long in the two sexes, joint 3 twice the length of 2. 
Prothorax transversely subquadrate, obsoletely punctate, the disc 
transversely excavate laterally. Elytra about twice the length 
of the prothorax in g, longer and more acuminate in Q, closely 
punctulate. 

g- Penultimate dorsal segment of abdomen produced into a small 
conical prominence on each side at apex, the last segment broad 
and exposed (fig. 16a). 

Q. Penultimate dorsal segment of abdomen feebly triangularly 
produced on each side at apex, the last segment small and narrow. 

Length 4-54 mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. Panama, Volean de Chiriqui (Champion: J ), 
La Chorrera (Dolby-Tyler: 3 9). 

Eleven specimens, six of which are males. Separable 
from B. abdominalis by the more acuminate elytra, this 
being particularly noticeable in the female, and the very 
different asymmetric genital armature of the male, see 
Plate VII, fig. 43. The elytra always have a more or less 
distinct testaceous or yellowish space extending down the 
middle of the disc from the base. The Chiriqui examples 
were left by Gorham under B. abdominalis. 


3. Belotus maculatus. 


Belotus maculatus, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, 
pp. 99, 309. 


Hab. Panama, Chiriqui. 


136 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


This species must be nearly related to B. (Malthinus) 
chevrolatt, Guér., from Brazil, to judge from the author’s 
figure of the latter. The abdomen is entirely testaceous, 
and the emarginate penultimate dorsal segment of the male 
has the outer angles deflexed. The head is more narrowed 
behind the eyes than in B. abdominals and the eyes them- 
selves are more convex. The genital armature is very 
different from that of the other two species of the genus 
here enumerated, see Plate VII, fig. 44. 


[ LoBETUus. 


Lobetus, Kiesenwetter, Linn. Ent. vu, p. 244 (1852); 
Lacordaire, Gen. Coleopt. iv, p. 362 (1857) (nec 
Leconte). 


The type, g, of this genus L. torticornis,* Kies., from 
Venezuela, has the antennae peculiarly formed, the terminal 
joint of the maxillary palpi long and cultriform, the head 
broad, and narrowed posteriorly, the eyes prominent and 
widely separated, the posterior coxae much enlarged, the 
tarsal claws simple, the penultimate dorsal segment of 
the abdomen broadly emarginate, leaving a small terminal 
segment exposed, the seventh ventral segment cleft, and 
the genital armature asymmetric and greatly developed. 
The female, subsequently described by Lacordaire, has 
slender filiform antennae, with a much smaller basal joint 
and the second and third joints more elongate. There is 
a pair of this species in the Oxford Museum, apparently 
received from the traveller A. Sallé, ticketed “‘ Guatemala ” ; 
but there must have been some mistake made in labelling, 
due to Sallé having visited both Venezuela and Guatemala. 
It is very doubtful whether the various 8. American and 
Antillean Lobeti described by Pic in 1906 are really 
congeneric with L. torticornis.] 


PSEUDOLOBETUS, 0. gen. 


Head broad, obliquely narrowed behind the eyes, the latter 
prominent and widely separated; apical joint of the labial palpi 
stout, securiform, that of the maxillary pair long and cultriform ; 
mandibles sharply toothed towards the apex within; antennae 


* This name was incorrectly printed torticollis in the diagnosis of 
the species, but it was correctly given on pp. 322, 323 of Kiesen- 
wetter’s work. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 137 


inserted near the inner margin of the eyes, long, slender, similar 
in the two sexes, joint 2 short; prothorax narrow, subquadrate ; 
elytra abbreviated, obliquely attenuate; penultimate dorsal seg- 
ment of abdomen truncate or broadly emarginate behind, leaving a 
small terminal segment exposed, the latter bidentate in 3; legs 
slender; tarsal claws toothed at the base; genital armature of 3 
asymmetric. 


Type, Malthinus major, Gorh. 

This genus includes Malthinus major and M. championa, 
Gorh., both of which may be at once separated from . 
Malthinus by the stout palpi. The rapidly and obliquely 
narrowed head, the very short second antennal joint, the 
feebly developed prothorax, and the slender legs, dis- 
tinguish Pseudolobetus from Trypherus, Lec. (type Malthinus 
latupennis, Germ.); and the simple antennae, toothed 
mandibles, and basally toothed tarsal claws separate it 
from Lobetus, Kies. 


1. Pseudolobetus major. (Plate III, figs. 17, $; 17a, 9.) 


Malthinus major, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. i, 2, 
p. 102. 


dg. Penultimate dorsal segment of abdomen subtruncate, the 
outer angles deflexed, the small terminal segment strongly bilobed 
at apex; anterior tibiae bowed inwards towards the apex. 

Q. Penultimate segment feebly subconically produced on each 
side behind, the small terminal segment feebly emarginate. 


Hab. PanaMa, Chiriqui. 

Highteen specimens seen, six of which are males. A 
figure of the genital armature is given on Plate VII, figs. 
45, 45a. 


2. Pseudolobetus championi. 


Malthinus championi, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 
2: p, 102 
aap. 102. 


3g. Penultimate dorsal segment feebly subconically produced on 
each side behind, the outer angles not deflexed, the small terminal 
segment armed with two long narrow spiniform processes. 

Q. Penultimate dorsal segment as in g, the small terminal segment 
simple. 


Hab. Panama, Chiriqui. 


138 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


Ten specimens seen, including three males. Separable 
from P. major by the strongly hirsute legs, a character not 
mentioned in the original description, and the immaculate 
rufo-testaceous prothorax. The genital armature, too, is 
very different, see Plate VII, figs. 46, 46a. 


Group MAtrHtnt. 


Gorham included all the genera with abbreviated elytra 
under this group, but as there are various Chauliognath 
- with the elytra incompletely covering the wings (as in 
many species of Malthinus) it is obvious the character is 
of little value. The species of the three genera here placed 
under it agree, however, in having a small, acuminate- 
ovate apical joint to the maxillary palpi, and, so far as at 
present ascertained, symmetric genital armature. 


THINALMUS. 


Thinalmus, Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, pp. 101 
(1881), 309 (1885). 


The two species of this genus, which so far as at present 
known is peculiar to Central America, have the antennae 
strongly flabellate in the male and sharply serrate in the 
female. To the characters given for Thinalmus, the 
following may be added: mandibles sharply dentate 
within; apical joint of the maxillary palpi small, 
acuminate-ovate; terminal ventral segment cleft in ¢; 
genital armature symmetric. No fresh material has come 
to hand since 1885, and there is therefore nothing to add 
to Gorham’s enumeration; but the opportunity is taken to 
figure the peculiar genital armature of 7’. centrolineatus, see 
Plate VII, figs. 47, 47a. A male of 7. pectinicornis was 
figured by Gorham. These insects have the general facies 
of Malthodes and Malthinus, but the $ abdominal structure 
is suggestive of Polemius, Silas, etc. 


MALTHINUS. 


Malthinus, Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins. 1, p. 261 (1806); 
Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 2, pp. 102, 309. 


The numerous Mexican or Central American species of 
this genus now known may be grouped thus :— 


and Central American Telephorinae. 139 


Elytra short, vaguely punctulate. 
Antennae slender, the apical joints not 
paler than those preceding; elytra 
usually with a yellow apical spot . . Species 1-5. 
Antennae stouter, the apical one or two 


joints yellow; elytra wholly infuscate . Species 6, 7. 
Elytra much longer, nearly covering the wings, 
coarsely striato-punctate . . . . . . Species 8-14. 


1. Malthinus ingens, n. sp. 


Belotus sp. no. 4, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. in, 2, 
p. 309. 


Elongate, comparatively broad, finely pubescent, shining; rufo- 
testaceous, the eyes black, the tips of the antennae and the elytra 
fusco-testaceous, the apices of the latter with a darker spot, the 
wings smoky. Head extremely large, rapidly narrowed behind 
the moderately developed prominent eyes, closely, excessively 
minutely punctate; antennae slender, filiform, longer than the 
body, joints 2-5 increasing in length, 5-9 very elongate. Pro- 
thorax transversely subquadrate, sharply margined, uneven, 
canaliculate down the middle, sparsely, very minutely punctate. 
Elytra extending to a little beyond the middle of the wings, vaguely 
punctate and subcostate. Tibiae straight. 

Length (excl. head) 7mm. (3 ?.) 


Hab. Mexico, Jalapa. 

Gorham mentioned two specimens of this species, the 
one sent by Mr. Flohr having been retained by him. 
M. ingens seems to possess all the structural characters of 
Malthinus, and as it 1s very different from any of the other 
known species of this section there can be no risk in naming 
it. It is larger and broader than any of the described 
American Malthini, and has extremely elongate antennae. 


2. Malthinus subulatus, n. sp. 


Testaceous, the eyes black, the antennae (except the basal joint 
beneath) and elytra nigro-piceous, the convex apices of the latter 
fusco-testaceous, the wings, and the femora and tibiae in part, 
fuscous. Head very large, transversely convex, arcuately narrowed 
behind the moderately developed prominent eyes, densely, very 
minutely punctate, subopaque; antennae slender, not reaching 
the tips of the wings, joints 2-4 increasing in length. Prothorax 
shining, transversely subquadrate, somewhat flattened and obso- 


140 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


letely canaliculate down the middle of the disc, closely, very minutely 

punctate. Elytra short, rapidly narrowed from near the base, 

about reaching the middle of the wings, rather coarsely, confusedly 

punctate and distinctly costate, the apices minutely punctate. 
Length 54 mm. (9 ?.) 


Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.). 

One specimen. This species has the head and pro- 
thorax shaped very much asin M. ingens, but the antennae 
are formed as M. brevipennis and its allies, and the elytra 
are very short and rapidly narrowed posteriorly. M. 
subcostatus, Schaeff., from Arizona, must be an allied form 
with the head black, except in front. 


3. Malthinus laticeps. 


Malthinus laticeps, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iii, 2, 
p. 103, pl. 6, fig. 14 (3). 


Hab. GUATEMALA, Calderas on the slope of the Volcan 
de Fuego. 

The type of this species is the unique male figured, the 
others quoted from San Géronimo, etc., belonging else- 
where. It has the basal joint of the antennae, the palpi, 
mandibles, and legs, the outer margins of the prothorax, 
the sides of the body beneath, and the abdomen in part, 
testaceous, a large spot at the apex of each elytron yellow, 
and the rest of the body piceous. Antennae much larger 
than the body, comparatively stout; head broad, the eyes 
very large; prothorax small; elytra extending to a little 
beyond the middle of the wings, vaguely punctulate and 
subcostate. 


4. Malthinus melanocerus, n. sp. 


3g. Nigro-piceous, the points of insertion of the antennae, the 
mandibles, the margins of the prothorax, the legs, and the abdomen 
in part, testaceous, the elytra fuscous, with a large yellow spot at 
the apex. Head together with the moderately large prominent 
eyes about as wide as the elytra, obliquely narrowed posteriorly, 
densely, very minutely punctate, thus appearing subopaque; an- 
tennae slender, longer than the body. Prothorax small, gradually 
narrowed anteriorly, shining, sparsely, very minutely punctate. 
Elytra reaching to about the middle of the wings, vaguely punctu- 
late. Penultimate dorsal segment of the abdomen truncate at 


and Central American Telephorinae. 141 


apex, the terminal one shallowly emarginate. Posterior tibiae 
straight. 
Length 43 mm. 


Hab. GUATEMALA, San Gerénimo. 

Two specimens, assumed to be males, left by Gorham 
under M. laticeps, but difiering from that insect in the 
less widened, subopaque head, the much smaller eyes, and 
the more slender, less elongate antennae (formed much as 
in the male of M. brevipennis, Gorh.), with dark basal 
joint. The elytra are a little longer, and the prothorax 
narrower, than in M. brevipennis. 


5. Malthinus brevipennis. 


Malthinus brevipennis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 
ii, 2, p. 104. 

Hab. GUATEMALA, near the city and Duefas. 

The specimens of this species before me apparently 
include both sexes. It has much smaller eyes than M. 
laticeps, the head pale in front and at the sides behind, the 
elytra shorter, etc. 


6. Malthinus terminalis. 


Malthinus terminalis, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 11, 
2, pp. 103, 309. 


Hab. Panama, Chiriqui. 

Found in plenty in Chiriqui. The comparatively stout, 
pubescent antennae (which have the apical one or two 
joints yellow), the short prothorax, the very short, wholly 
infuscate, vaguely punctulate elytra, etc., give this insect a 
different facies from the typical species of the genus. The 
mandibles are toothed within. The peculiar genital 
armature of the male is figured on Plate VII, fig. 48. 


7. Malthinus diversicornis, n. sp. 


Malthodes pallipes, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111, 2, 
p. 310 (nec p. 105) (part.). 


Opaque, the elytra slightly shining ; piceous, the front of the head, 
the mandibles, and legs testaceous or obscure testaceous, the last 
two joints of the antennae pale yellow; head and prothorax alu- 
taceous, minutely punctate, the elytra vaguely punctulate. Head 
broad, transversely convex, comparatively short, obliquely narrowed 
behind the eyes in 3, the eyes moderately large; mandibles sharply 


142 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


toothed within; antennae (3) not so long as the body, stout, serrate, 
pubescent, joints 2-5 gradually increasing in length. Prothorax 
transverse, short, nearly as wide as the elytra, rounded at the sides 
anteriorly, conspicuously margined, and finely canaliculate down 
the middle of the disc. Elytra not quite reaching the middle of the 
wings, without trace of costae. Penultimate dorsal segment of 
abdomen (¢) truncate at apex, the terminal one emarginate. 
Length 23-3 mm. (3 9.) 


Hab. Panama, Bugaba, Tolé. 

Three males and one female, the latter now wanting the 
antennae, treated by Gorham as a form of his Malthodes 
pallipes. The present insect is nearly related to Malthinus 
terminalis, Gorh., both having sharply toothed mandibles, 
differing from that species in its much smaller size, opaque 
surface, stouter antennae, and short, broad prothorax. 


8. Malthinus semirufus, n. sp. 


Shining, finely pubescent; head, prothorax, and scutellum rufo- 
testaceous, the head flavous in front, the eyes, antennae (except 
the basal joints beneath), elytra, wings, under surface in part, and 
dorsal surface of abdomen piceous or nigro-piceous, the legs and rest 
of under surface pale testaceous. Head extremely large, obliquely 
narrowed behind the moderately developed prominent eyes, closely 
punctate, somewhat tumid on the middle of the vertex; antennae 
slender, moderately long (outer joints broken off). Prothorax 
broader than long, a little narrower than the elytra, constricted 
and much narrowed anteriorly, and sinuate at the sides before the 
base; sparsely, finely punctate, canaliculate down the middle and 
transversely depressed on the disc behind. LElytra long, incom- 
pletely covering the wings, closely, coarsely striato-punctate, the 
smoother apical patch vaguely punctulate. Tibiae straight. 

Length 5 mm. 


Hab. Mexico (Mus. Oxon.). 

One specimen, assumed to be a male. A large, exagger- 
ated form of the Guatemalan M. cruenticeps, Gorh., with an 
enormous head and a greatly developed prothorax, both of 
which are rufo-testaceous in colour. 


9. Malthinus cruenticeps. 


Malthinus cruenticeps, Gorh., Biol. Centr. Am., Coleopt. 
il, 2, p. 104 (excl. var., p. 310). 


Hab. GuatTEMALA, Cubilguitz in Alta Vera Paz, 1050 ft. 


and Central American Telephorinae. 143 


Unique. This species may be known by its red head, 
with the anterior portion flavescent, black prothorax and 
elytra, and infuscate tibiae and tarsi; head very large, 
closely punctate, much narrowed behind the prominent 
eyes, the antennae slender, moderately long; prothorax 
strongly constricted before the middle and narrow thence 
to the apex, sparsely punctate, canaliculate on the disc; 
elytra long, incompletely covering the wings, coarsely 
striato-punctate. The type is apparently a male. The 
Chiriqui specimens subsequently referred to the same 
species must be separated. The localities for these two 
insects are wholly dissimilar in character and widely 
distant. 


10. Malthinus flavipes. 


‘Malthinus flavipes, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iui, 
2, pp. 105, 310. 


Hab. GuaTEMALA, San Gerénimo in Baja Vera Paz. 

Gorham in his “ Supplement ”’ (loc. cit. p. 310) expressed 
some doubt as to his M. flavipes being distinct from M. 
cruenticeps, the latter having the basal half of the head 
black, the prothorax densely punctate and with the 
tubulate narrow anterior portion still more pronounced, 
and the legs wholly testaceous. They must be retained as 
distinct. The type seems to be a male. 


11. Malthinus montivagus, n. sp. 


Malthinus cruenticeps, var., Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., 
Coleopt. ii, 2, p. 310. 


Shining, piceous or nigro-piceous, the head (except a dark spot 
or transverse space towards the base in some examples) rufescent 
or testaceous, yellowish-white in front, the basal joint of the an- 
tennae, the margins of the prothorax, the abdomen and under 
surface in part, and the legs testaceous, the elytra in one example 
with the smooth apical space yellow and an indeterminate streak 
down the disc testaceous. Head large, obliquely narrowed behind 
the prominent eyes, sparsely, minutely punctate; antennae slender, 
moderately long, shorter than the body in both sexes. Prothorax 
small, moderately constricted before the middle and gradually nar- 
rowed thence to the apex, sparsely, minutely punctate, canaliculate 


144 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of the Mexican 


on the disc. Elytra long, not quite covering the wings, closely 
striato-punctate. Legs long; tibiae straight. 
Length 44mm. (¢ 9.) 


Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui 8000 ft. 

A long series, showing no approach towards M. cruenti- 
ceps or its near ally M. flavipes. The smaller, testaceo- 
marginate prothorax, the sides of which are much less 
constricted before the middle, the smoother head, and 
the wholly testaceous legs readily distinguish I. monti- 
vagus from M. cruenticeps. The variety with a pale 
streak down the disc and a yellow apical spot to the elvtra 
approaches the Mexican M. luteolineatus, Pic, from which 
it may be known by the more polished head, etc. The 
genital armature is figured on Plate VII, figs. 49, 49a, b. 


12. Malthinus luteolineatus. 


Malthinus luteolineatus et var. notatipes, Pic, L’Echange, 
1910, p20: 


Hab. Mexico (Truqui, in Mus. Brit.), Jalapa. 

Three specimens from the Fry collection, one with the 
posterior knees infuscate, doubtless belong to this species, 
the types of which were from Jalapa. They have long, 
closely striato-punctate, pale testaceous elytra, with the 
sutural half more or less infuscate and a spot at the apex 
vellow; the head, except in front, and the disc of the pro- 
thorax, piceous or reddish; the basal joint of the antennae 
testaceous. The head is large and much narrowed behind 
the prominent eyes, and the prothorax is constricted and 
much narrowed anteriorly. Length4}mm. This Mexican 
insect is very like the European M. fasciatus, Schénh., but 
differs from it in having the second joint of the antennae 
more or less infuscate, the head and prothorax duller and 
less distinctly punctate, the prothorax more strongly 
sinuate at the sides before the middle, and the elytra more 
elongate. 


13. Malthinus schneideri. 


Malthinus schneideri, Pic, L’Echange, 1910, 79:0: 
Malthinus sp. no. 8, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111, 
2, p. 310. 


Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (coll. Pic, Hoge). 
This insect is almost wholly testaceous, with the excep- 


and Central American Telephorinae. 145 


tion of a patch on the vertex and a broad space down the 
middle of the prothorax, which are infuscate, and a yellow 
spot at the apex of each elytron. Head very large and 
exserted, rapidly narrowed behind the prominent eyes, 
shining, and densely punctate; prothorax about as long 
as broad, abruptly constricted and narrowed anteriorly, 
shining, very sparsely punctate; elytra long, closely, 
coarsely striato-punctate; posterior tibiae feebly bowed 
inmale. Length 6 mm. 


14. Malthinus jalapanus. 
Malthinus jalapanus, Pic, L’Echange, 1910, p. 6. 


“Trés voisine de schneidert, d'une coloration analogue (et dont 
je ne connais qu’un 3) que je désigne sous le nom de jalapanus, est 
de taille plus petite avec les élytres moins fortement ponctués, la 
macule foncée de la téte est moins nette, les tibias postérieures sont 
droits et abdomen est distinctement entaillé 4 son extrémité. 
Long. 4 mm.” 


Hab. Mexico, ? Jalapa (coll. Pic). 
Apparently not represented in the Mexican collections 
before me. 


MALTHODES. 


Malthodes, Kiesenwetter, Linn. Ent. vu, p. 265 (1852); 
Gorham, Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. 111, 2, pp. 105, 310. 


The three Central-American species described by Gorham 
are each represented by a single example in the “ Biologia ”’ 
collection, and I have not ventured to soften them so 
that the mouth-parts could be examined. It is probable 
that one or more of them belongs to Malthus. M. 
gorhami, Pic, however, has the mandibles unarmed. There 
is in the same collection an unnamed species from Chihuahua 
closely related to M. sanguineicollis, Gorh., from Chiriqui. 


1. Malthodes pallipes. 


Malthodes pallipes, Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. ii, 2, 
p- 105 (nec p. 310). 


Hab. GuatEMaLa, Zapote and El Tumbador, Pacific 
slope. 

Three dissimilar forms were placed under this name by 
Gorham, one of which has since been described by Pic, 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PART I. (MAY) L 


146 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Revision of Telephorinae. 


the other is a Malthinus. The type (9), from Zapote, is a 
small, shining, nigro-piceous insect, with slender antennae, 
the last two joints of which are yellow, and rather small 
eyes. 

1 (A). Malthodes gorhami. 


Malthodes gorhami, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom., fase. vii, 
p- 10 (1913). 

Hab. GuatEMALA, Zapote; Panama, Bugaba [type], 
David. 

Found by Pic mixed with WM. pallipes in the Gorham 
collection. The five specimens before me include the two 
sexes. The stout, dark, antennae, which are considerably 
elongated in the male, and the much larger eyes, separate 
M. gorhami from M. pallipes. The mandibles are thickened 
in their basal half, but there is no definite tooth on their 
inner edge. The abdomen is elongated and not wholly 
covered by the wings in the male. 


EXPLANATION OF Piates IJI—IX. 


|See Explanations facing the PLATEs. | 


EXPLANATION OF Pirates III. 


Fie. 1. Discodon subtenue, n. sp., 3. 
2 s divisum, n. sp., 3. 
3 a cardinale, n. sp., 3. 
4. se subulicorne, n. sp., 3. 
5. Photinomorpha simulans, n. sp., 3. 
6 3 _ var., 9. 
7 a dilaticornis, n. sp., 2. 
8. Polemius nigromarginatus, n. sp., 3. 
9 ae fleximargo, n. sp., 9. 


LORE es bivittatus, Gorh., var. B, 2. 

He * megalophthalmus, n. sp., 3. 

12. Parasilis colyphoides, Gorh., 3. 

13. Malthaster suturalis, Gorh., 9. 

14. Ichthyurus dichelifer, n. sp., 9. 

14a. AD se head from in front, 9. 

15. Maronius dichrous, Gorh., abdomen, dorsal aspect, 3. 
16. Belotus acuminatus, n. sp., 9. 


16a. A 2 tip of abdomen, dorsal aspect, 3. 
17. Pseudolobetus (Malthinus) major, Gorh., 3. 
17a. * 3 - » tip of abdomen, 


dorsal aspect, § 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. I11. 


ont 
tat 
vu 


i 
i 
i 
tj 


Ida 


Horace Knight, del 


MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN TELEPHORINE. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 4025, Plate LV: 


H. Knight, del. 


MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN TELEPHORINAE. 


EXPLANATION OF PuaATE IV. 


3. TERMINAL SEGMENTS AND GENITAL ARMATURE. 


The figures on this and the following three plates (all x 30, 
except the few enlarged to x 60 specially noted) show one or more 
of the terminal abdominal segments—in their natural position or in 
profile, or the portions of the genital armature exposed in the dried 
specimens examined. In some of them the armature is completely 
evaginated, in others it is partly or entirely withdrawn into the 
internal sac; but the selection given shows the general arrangement 
and position of the various pieces, both in the evaginated and 
non-evaginated condition, in Discodon, Polemius, etc. 


Fic. 1. Podabrus mexicanus, Gorh.: terminal segments, ventral 


2. 


aspect. 


caliginosus, n. sp.: terminal segments, with the 


membranous unarmed internal sac partially 
extruded. 


3, 3a. Discodon erosum, Gorh., 3: 3, eighth ventral segment ; 


4, 4a. 


3a, genital armature [injured by dissection 
and perhaps incorrectly placed]. 
emarginatum, n.sp.: 4, ninth ventral segment 
and a portion of the genital armature; 4a, 
ditto, x 60. 
sinuatum, n. sp.: eighth ventral segment. 
podabroides, Pic: 6, ventral segments 6-8, 
7 developed into a pair of forceps ; 6a, ninth 
segment and a portion of the genital arma- 
ture; 6b, ditto, x 60. 
plicatum, Gorh.: ninth ventral segment and 
a portion of the genital armature. 
stramineicolle, n. sp.: 8, eighth ventral seg- 
ment; 8a, ninth ventral segment and a 
portion of the genital armature. 
fuscipenne, n. sp.: ninth ventral segment and 
a portion of the genital armature. 
inconstans, n.sp.: 10, eighth ventral segment, 
in profile, the dorsal portion of the same 
segment visible; 10a, ninth segment, and a 
portion of the genital armature, in profile. 
biolleyi, n.sp.: 11, ninth ventral segment 
and a portion of the genital armature; 
lla, ditto, in profile. 
vitticolle, Gorh.: 12, genital armature; 
12a, ditto, x 60. 
chiriquense, Pic: 13, genital armature; 
13a, ditto, in profile. 
sinuaticolle, n. sp.: ninth ventral segment 
and a portion of the genital armature. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. 


6. TERMINAL SEGMENTS AND GENITAL ARMATURE. 
Fie. 15. Discodon amplipenne, n.sp.: ninth ventral segment and 
a portion of the genital armature. 
16,16a. ,, cleroides, Gorh.: 16, genital armature, com- 
pletely everted; 16a, ditto, in profile. 
We »  melancholicum, Gorh.: ninth ventral segment 
and a portion of the genital armature. 
SaeltScraes calidum, Gorh.: 18, eighth ventral segment; 
18a, ninth ventral segment and a portion of 
the genital armature. 


Wo 5 purpurascens, Gorh.: eighth and ninth ventral 
segments and the partially evaginated genital 
armature. 

20. »  histrio, Gorh.: eighth and ninth ventral seg- 


ments, and a portion of the genital armature, 
in profile, the dorsal portion of the eighth 
segment visible. 


21. *3 (Silis) varians, Gorh.: ninth ventral segment 
and a portion of the genital armature. 
22. - lampyroides, Gorh.: genital armature, com- 


pletely evaginated. 

23, 230. 5, normale, Gorh.: 23, terminal segments, in 
profile, the lower portion showing one of the 
two angulate lobes of the eighth ventral 
segment; 23a, genital armature, completely 
evaginated. 

24. As perplecum, Gorh.: ninth segment and a portion 
of the genital armature, in profile. 

DAS PAT en luridum, Gorh.: 25, terminal segments, in 
profile, the lower portion showing one of the 
angulate lobes of the eighth ventral segment ; 
25a, eighth ventral segment. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate V. 


Hf. Knight, del. 


MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN TELEPHORINAE. 


2 


- ; ye a Cate a 
a —— y ‘ - A 
P ia 
Tt :1 js eA eee 
“a , r ae hie 
® - « <a a 
= a. or 


Ee 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate VI. 


rea 


H. Knight, del. 


MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN TELEPHORINAE. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. 


3. TERMINAL SEGMENTS AND GENITAL ARMATURE. 


Fic. 26, 26a. Photinomorpha simulans, n.sp.: 26, genital arma- 
ture, partly evaginated, seen from the dorsal 
aspect, showing the bidentate apical portions 
of the eighth segment and the long, stout 
hook on each side of the internal sac; 26a, 
ditto, in profile. 

27. Polemius integer, n.sp.: ninth segment and a portion 
of the flattened central tube, dorsal aspect. 


28. a nigrolimbatus, n.sp.: ninth ventral segment, 
in profile. 

29. e nigromarginatus, n. sp.: ninth ventral segment, 
in profile. 


30. o (Discodon) difficilis, Gorh.: eighth and ninth 
segments, and a portion of the genital arma- 
ture, in profile. 

31. 3 (Discodon) photinoides, Gorh.: ninth segment 
and a portion of the genital armature, show- 
ing the very long flagellum, in profile. 

SPANO PHT ton tristiculus, n. sp.: 32, ninth ventral segment 
and the partly evaginated genital armature ; 
32a, ditto, x 60. 

33. 3 (Discodon) bivittatus, Gorh. : ninth ventral seg- 
ment and a portion of the genital armature. 

34, 34a. ,, fuscovittatus, n.sp.: 34, eighth and ninth 
segments, and a portion of the genital 
armature, in profile; 34a, ditto, « 60. 


35. a megalophthalmus, n. sp. : ninth ventral segment 
and a portion of the genital armature, in 
profile. 


36. Silis dilacerata, Gorh.: ninth ventral segment and a 
portion of the genital armature. 

37, 37a. Parasilis colyphoides, Gorh.: 37, ventral segments, 
5-7, and the forcipate last dorsal segment; 
37a, eighth ventral segment and the genital 
armature. 

38, 38a, b. Malthaster suturalis, Gorh.: 38, ninth ventral 
segment and a portion of the genital arma- 
ture; 38a, ditto, x 60; 380, profile, x 60. 

39, 39a. Ichthyurus dichelifer, n. sp.: 39, terminal segments, 
from above; 39a, ditto, in profile. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. 


G. TERMINAL SEGMENTS AND GENITAL ARMATURE. 


Fic. 40, 40a. Maronius dichrous, Gorh.: 40, asymmetric genital 
armature; 40a, ditto, in profile. 
41, 4la. mA longicollis, n. sp.: 41, asymmetric genital 
armature; 4la, ditto, in profile. 
42. Belotus (Lobetus) abdominalis, Lec.: asymmetric genital 
armature, in profile. 
43.  ,, acuminatus,n.sp.: asymmetric genital armature. 
44, ,, maculatus, Gorh. : asymmetric genital armature. 
45, 45a. Pseudolobetus major, Gorh.: 45, asymmetric genital 
armature; 45a, ditto, in profile. 


46, 46a. + championi, Gorh.: 46a, asymmetric 
genital armature; 46, ditto, in 
profile. 


47, 47a. Thinalmus centrolineatus, Gorh.: 47, genital arma- 
ture; 47a, ditto, in profile. 
48. Malthinus terminalis, Gorh.: genital armature, in profile. 
49, 49a, b. Malthinus montivagus, n. sp. : 49, genital armature ; 
49a, ditto, x 60; 4906, in profile, x 60. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1975, Plate VII. 


H. Knight, del. 


MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN TELEPHORINAE, 


oR Ree 


mitcaes ahaa Ae 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate VIII. 


H. Knight, del. 


MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN TELEPHORINAE. 


EXPLANATION OF PuateE VIII. 


PROTHORAX: all x 20. 


Fig. 50. Plectonotum labiale, Gorh., 3. 
51. Discodon marginatum, Gorh., 3. 
52. sy mMaUuruUum, ND. Sp., o- 
53. = (Silis) anale, Gorh., 3. 
54. rr, (Silis) hilarum, Gorh., 3. 
55. 33 (Stlis) pauxillum, Gorh., 3. 
56. 55 (Silis) combustum, Gorh., 3. 
57. 55 (Stilts) varians, Gorh., 3. 
58. ss (Silis) serrigerum, Gorh., 3. 
59. Polemius spissicornis, n. sp., 3. 
60. 5 (Telephorus) cephalotes, Gorh., 3. 
61. ry, dentimargo, Nn. sp., 3- 
62. i (Silis) minutus, Gorh., 3. 
63. rr ornaticollis, n. sp., 3. 
64. Silis longidens, n. sp., 3. 
65. ,,  laticollis, Gorh., 3. 
66. ,,  distorta, Gorh., 3. 
67. .,  torticollis, Gorh., 3. 
68. .,  érilobata,n.sp., 3g. 
69. ,,  dilacerata, Gorh., 3. 
70. ,,  acantholobus, n. sp., d- 
71. ., biauriculata, n. sp., 3g. 
72. .,,  bilamellata, n. sp., d. 
73. ,,  ludicra, Gorh., 3. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. 


PROTHORAX, etc.: all x 20. 


Fic. 74. Stilts albicincta, Gorh., ¢. 

Osan. .s Aa LaNielaete 

76.5, jocosa, Gorh., 3. 

Ti. 4, festiva, Gorh., ¢. 

78. 4, erythrodiscus, n.sp., 3. 

79. ,, laciniosa, n. sp., ¢. 

80. ,, lycoides (= praemorsa), Gorh., 3. 

ro) ile in orb 

82. .,, erodes, Gorh., ¢. 

83. ,, sepulchralis, Gorh., 3. 

84. ,, nigrita, Gorh., ¢. 

85. ,, fissicollis, n. sp., dg. 

86. 29 ”? 9 2. 

87. ,, lineata (= lineola), Gorh., 3. 

88. ,, oblita, Gorh., 3. 

89. ,, scabripennis, n.sp., 3. 

90. ,, haematodes, Gorh., 3. 

91. ,, melanocephala, Gorh., 3. 

92. ,, transfixa, Gorh., ¢. 

93. ,, fulvipes, Gorh., 3. 

94. ,, ocularis, Gorh., 3. 

95. ,, appendicularis, Gorh., 3. 

96. ,, aurita, Gorh., 9. 

97. ,, chalybeipennis, Gorh., 3. 

98. ,, Ditemnomorphus (Silis) rufifrons, Gorh., 3. 
99. ,, 5 * $5 ms 
100. Malthaster suturalis, Gorh., 3. 
101. Ichthyurus (Lobetus) mirabilis, Gorh., g: joints 2-4 of 

maxillary palpus. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate IX. 


1. Knight, del. 


MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN TELEPHORINAE. 


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IIL. Descriptions of New Species of the Pierine genera Catas- 
ticta and Daptoneura. By J. J. Jorcey, F.LS., 
F.Z.8., and W. F. H. Rosensere, F.Z.S8. 


[Read October 7th, 1914.] 


PrarE 2X. 
Catasticta rosea, sp.n. (Plate X, fig. 7.) 


Near C. uricoecheae, Feld., but wings emarginate. 

Upperside :—Fore-wing smoky brown. A spot in the cell at its 
end; a median band of 6 spots from cellule 5 to the inner margin, 
the two first being the smallest; a submarginal row of 8 spots 
which are proximally sagittate. All these spots are yellowish- 
white, not pure white as in C. wricoecheae. 

Hind-wing smoky brown at extreme base, then pale rose pink, 
with a longitudinal yellowish-white streak in the cell. A median 
band of smoky brown which crosses the end of the cell, where it is 
broken by the pinkish colour which cuts off a spot in the cell end. 
The proximal edge of this band is straight and does not extend to 
the bases of cellules 3 and 5. A marginal band of smoky brown 
narrowly separated from the median band, the space between being 
pinkish with ill-defined narrow yellow spots placed longitudinally 
in 10 to 6, and invading the median band. A marginal row of 
rose-coloured spots. 

Underside :—Fore-wing as above but spots reduced and yellower, 
and with a marginal row of pale yellow streaks joining the sub- 
marginal sagittate spots; the points of these latter are tipped with 
black. Hind-wing light chocolate-brown, with a narrow pale pink 
median band cutting the cell beyond the middle, and an ill-defined 
submarginal band of the same colour. Primrose-yellow streaks as 
follows :—one bordered with black and running the entire length 
of the centre of the cell and with a black spot before its end, two 
in lc and one each in 2 to 7 all joining the marginal rosy spots; 
these streaks are bordered and tipped with black; a thick streak 
in la and one in 10, joining the margin. A primrose-yellow spot 
lying at the end of a larger and quadrate black spot near the base 
of cellule 7. The yellow streaks in Ic, 6 and 7, cross the median 
band. Costal margin rosy near the base. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTI. (MAY) 


148 Messrs. J. J. Joicey and W. F. H. Rosenberg’s 


Antennae, head and thorax black. Abdomen brownish-black 
with ventral surface yellow. Length of fore-wing 28 mm. 


Type, 3, Colombia, in the collection of Mr. J. Joicey, 
ex. coll. Grose-Smith. 


Catasticta fulva, sp.n. (Plate X, fig. 3.) 


Allied to incerta, Dogn., but differs above in the deeper yellow 
colour and reduction of the markings. On the fore-wing a spot at 
the end of the cell; the spots of the discal band somewhat smaller 
than in incerta, the marginal spots vestigial. On the hind-wing the 
basal yellow of incerta is here reduced to a narrow band crossing 
the cell at its middle, the base being dark brown as the ground- 
colour. <A distinct spot at the end of the cell. The submarginal 
spots are a little smaller than in incerta and the spot at the base 
of cellule 2 in incerta is here reduced to a slight powdering. The 
marginal spots are smaller than in incerta. 

Underside :—Colour as in incerta. On the fore-wing a large 
double spot at end of cell, and a narrow yellow streak running from 
it to the base. Discal and marginal spots smaller than in incerta. 
On the hind-wing the dark band which crosses the cell at its end is 
darker than in incerta, its proximal edge being well defined. The 
apices of the submarginal silvery spots are shorter than in incerta, 
being much shortened in le and 2, the marginal spots are smaller. 
Length of fore-wing 23 mm. 


Type, a 3, in Collection Joicey, from Pozuzo, Peru, 
5000-8000 ft. Adams Collection (British Museum), 4 speci- 
mens from Peru. Collection Rosenberg, 2 from Huanca- 


bamba, N.E. Peru. 


Catasticta huancabambensis, sp. n. (Plate X, fig. 4.) . 


6. Upperside :—Dark-brown, discal band and submarginal spots 
tawny-yellow powdered with brown scales. Near C. reducta, Btl., 
from which it differs in the deeper yellow of the discal band and 
spots, in the narrower discal band of the fore-wing which is reduced 
to a row of oblong spots, in there being no yellow scaling within the 
cell, except an indistinct tawny-yellow spot at the distal end. The 
band of the hind-wing is reduced to a somewhat narrow discal 
band which crosses the cell at its middle; in C. reducta the yellow 
colour extends to the base of the wing. The submarginal spots of 
the hind-wing are sagittate as in C. seitzi, Lathy and Rosenberg, 
instead of round as in reducta, and there is a well-defined spot at 
end of cell. 


Descriptions of New Species of the Pierine. 149 


Underside :—Much as in reducta, but the discal band on the 
fore-wing is again reduced and of a deeper yellow, which latter 
distinction applies also to the submarginal spots. A narrow yellow 
streak runs the length of the cell, when it joins a yellow spot corre- 
sponding to that on the upperside; this yellow streak is much 
obscured by brown scaling in some specimens. On the hind-wing 
the dark discal band is wider than in C. reducta and the submarginal 
white spots are reduced in size, otherwise there is little difference. 
Length of fore-wing 23 mm. 


Type in Joicey Collection from Huancabamba, N. Peru. 
A series in Joicey Collection, 1 in Rosenberg Collection 
from the same locality; in Adams Collection (British 
Museum), 3 from Huancabamba, and 1 from La Merced, 
Peru, 2500 ft., 1904 (Watkins and Tomlinson). 


Catasticta grisea, sp.n. (Plate X, fig. 5.) 


This strikingly distinct species comes near C. strigosa, Btl., but 
smaller and may be at once distinguished above by the absence of 
the submarginal row of streaks on the fore-wing, by the ground- 
colour of the wings above being dull black instead of brown, and 
by the colour in the cells and the striations or rays between the 
veins being bluish-grey instead of greenish-grey. The rays of the 
hind-wing are rounded distally in this species, but pointed in 
strigosa. 

Underside :—Fore-wing dull black, no streak in the cell, but a 
double yellowish-white spot at the end. A median row of white 
spots, increasing in size towards the hind margin. A submarginal 
row of small sagittate markings, of which the four nearest the 
costa have the apices tipped with yellow. A marginal row of 
short yellow streaks. Hind-wing much as in strigosa, but ground- 
colour darker and yellow spots reduced. A well-marked median 
band of white spots crossed by yellow streaks. Two red spots at 
base as in C. strigosa. Length of fore-wing 22 mm. 


Type, a 3, Pozuzo, Peru, in the collection of J. J. Joicey. 
Two specimens in the Tring Museum from Chanchamayo 
and Cushi, Peru. 


Catasticta talboti, sp. n. (Plate X, fig. 6.) 


Near C. philone, Feld., but ground-colour above lighter brown. 
Median band and submarginal spots on both wings white with a 
slight yellowish tinge, and slightly powdered with brown scales, 
especially on submarginal spots of hind-wing, these latter being 


150 Messrs. J. J. Joicey and W. F. H. Rosenberg’s 


larger than in philone, wedge-shaped, and almost obscured by the 
brown scales. Submarginal spots on fore-wing rounder than in 
philone. 

Below the spots on fore-wing are whitish instead of yellowish, 
and the submarginal row is straighter and closer to the discal spots 
than in philone. On the hind-wing the discal band is narrower 
and the submarginal silvery spots are less heavily margined with 
brown distally. Length of fore-wing 25 mm. 

Abdomen more thickly scaled with whitish than in philone. 


Type, without locality, in Joicey Collection, ex. Grose- 
Smith Collection. There are two specimens of this species 
in the Felder Collection under C. philone, bearing this 
name in Felder’s writing and labelled “ Bogota,” but they 
do not agree with his type of philone, which is from Ecuador. 


Catasticta noakesi, sp. n. (Plate X, fig. 1.) 


3g near C. fliza, H.-S., but median bands on both wings broader 
and more clearly defined, and these bands as well as the sub- 
marginal and marginal rows of spots are pale yellow instead of 
white. The marginal spots are larger than in C. fliza, and there 
is a pale yellow spot at the end of cell in fore-wing. 28°5 mm. 

Underside :—Median band of fore-wing white as in C. fliza, but 
spots composing it somewhat larger and more defined. A white 
triangular spot at end of cell, larger than the corresponding spot 
on upperside. Submarginal and marginal spots as in C. fliza but 
larger. Hind-wing, ground-colour somewhat darker than in fliza, 
so that the dark streaks between the nervules are not so apparent ; 
the white median band is much wider and sharply defined, and the 
yellow streaks on that band are broader, the yellow colour pre- 
dominating over the white. Length of fore-wing 28 mm. 

Q. Upperside :—The median band and all spots deeper yellow 
than in the g, and submarginal spots on the fore-wing and the 
submarginal and marginal spots on the hind-wing are larger and 
rounder. The median band on both wings broader and the yellow 
spot at end of cell in fore-wing much larger. 

Underside :—Fore-wing differs from the ¢ in median band and 
all spots being pale yellow and larger. Hind-wing as in g, but 
median band rather wider and submarginal and marginal spots 
rounder and somewhat larger. Shape of wings rounder than in ¢. 
Length of fore-wing 28 mm. 


Types of § and @ in the collection of J. J. Joicey, from 
Valdevia, Colombia, 1897 (Pratt). 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. 


Fic. 1. Catasticta noakesi, 3, p. 150. 
2, a >» Sepatat. 
3 »  fulva, p. 148. 
4 »  huancabambensis, p. 148. 
5. » grisea, p. 149. 
6. A talbott, p. 149. 
7 »  vrosea, p. 147. 
8. Daptoneura nigricosta, p. 151. 


Descriptions of New Species of the Pierine. 151 
Daptoneura nigricosta, sp.n. (Plate X, fig. 8.) 


Allied to lysimnia, Crm., but differing from all the species in this 
genus in the costal streak on fore-wing below. 

Upperside :—Fore-wing white, apex and outer margin brownish- 
black, the basal half of costa powdered with black to before the 
end of cell. Hind-wing white with a brownish-black distal border 
2 mm. wide which is slightly produced at the intraneural folds. 

Underside :—Fore-wing white, apical area paler than above and 
bearing a round yellow spot in cellule 6 and a smaller one in 8, 
three indistinct whitish spots in 3, 4 and 5. An oblong brownish- 
black patch at end of cell, joining the costa and produced along it 
to its base and entering the cell for its entire length. Hind-wing 
lemon yellow with a brownish-black distal margin 4 mm. wide from 
vein 7 to the inner margin ending at a point beyond the first sub- 
median. Length of fore-wing 31 mm. 


Type, a 3, with no locality, in the collection of J. J. 
Joicey. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. 


[See Explanation facing the PuatE.] 


ans 


IV. Further Observations on the Structure of the Scent 
Organs in certain male Danaine Butterflies. By 
H. Evrrincuam, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S. 


[Read December 2nd, 1914.] 


Pirates XI-XX. 


On a former occasion * I described at some length the 
structure of the scent-glands and brushes in the Danaine 
butterfly Amauris niavius, Linn. I am greatly indebted 
to my friends Mr. W. A. Lamborn, Mr. J. C. Moulton, 
Lieut.-Col. Manders, Mr. 8. A. Neave, Mr. C. A. Rogers, 
and Mr. C. A. Wiggins for further material in the form 
of butterflies suitably preserved, enabling me to cut 
sections and investigate the structure of similar glands 
in other species. I am also much indebted to my friends 
Prof. E. B. Poulton and Dr. F. A. Dixey for kindly looking 
over the proofs of the present paper. It may be useful 
to recall that in the case of A. miavius the scent-glands 
were found to be located in the patch on the hind-wing 
submedian nervure. Each gland consisted of several cells 
communicating on the upper surface of the wing with a 
projection which I called a “scent-cup.” This structure 
was provided with a cover pierced in the centre by a 
minute pore. Each scent-cup was also protected by a 
small scale, differing from the normal wing-scales in size 
and shape. 

The two brushes situated in the hinder end of the abdo- 
men consisted of tufts of chitinous hairs arising from tri- 
chogenic cells in a membranous sac, the eversion of which 
by fluid pressure causes the extrusion of the brush. In 


* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 399 et seq., 1913. 

+ It has been pointed out to me that the insect structures com- 
monly referred to as hairs are not hairs in the true morphological 
sense, and of this I am, of course, aware. At the same time, when 
speaking of hairs in connection with insects, we mean insect hairs 
or the hair-like structures (setae, modified scales, etc.), which are 
found on insects, and I do not think that any confusion need arise 
on this point. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PART I. (MAY) 


Dr. H. Eltringham on Danaine Butterflies. 153 


addition to these structures it was found that a certain 
area of the brush-bag contained cells which produced 
numerous delicate chitinous filaments, these having the 
property of breaking up transversely into innumerable 
tiny particles, thus forming a kind of dust, the suggestion 
being that these particles assisted in the diffusion of the 
scent.* Reference was also made to the fact that these 
butterflies are known to apply their brushes to the patches 
on the wings. 

Having thus briefly reviewed the conclusions already 
attained in my previous paper, I propose to describe the 
corresponding structures in certain other species of butter- 
flies, and it will be seen that complicated as is the arrange- 
ment in A. niavius, differentiation has reached an even 
higher development in other forms. Neither wing-glands 
nor dust-producing devices are invariably present; the 
brush itself and not the wing may produce the scent 
material, or at least exhibit a glandular structure, whilst 
the dust may be produced by the wing and not by the 
brush, and in the pupal instead of in the imaginal state. 

I propose to describe each species separately, after which 
the results may be considered. 


Amauris psyttalea, Plotz. 


Of this species I have had only one body to examine. 
It was sent to me by Mr. C. A. Wiggins, who did not then 
understand that I required the wings as well. I am thus 
unable to describe the wing-brands except from such 
information as can be gathered from the examination of 
dried examples. From these, however, it is clear that the 
arrangement is very similar to that in A. meavius. Regular 
rows of “‘scent-cups ’ are seen, each covered by a small 
scale arising from a socket placed between two of the 
scent-cups in the adjacent row. The scales resemble 
those in niavius, though they are slightly less rounded. 
The glands are probably similar to those in mavius. From 
the single abdomen available I was able to make both 
transverse and longitudinal sections of the brushes, and 
these proved extremely interesting. From the base of 
the brush there arises a pencil of hairs corresponding in 


* This idea of the function of the dust particles was in part due 
to the suggestion of my friend Dr. Karl Jordan, a fact which I 
regret I omitted to acknowledge in my previous paper. 


154 Dr. H. Eltringham’s Further Observations on the 


every way with the “ yellow hairs” * in the brush of 
niavius. Pl. XI, fig. 1, is a photograph of a section of 
the brush near the base. It will be noted that there are 
a few small dark-coloured hairs near the middle. These 
resemble similar hairs in the brush of A. whytei, but they 
are fewer in number and much shorter. A little further 
from the base the brush-bag becomes deeply convoluted 
on its inner side and bears great numbers of small cells, 
from which arise delicate filaments similar to the ‘“ dust- 
hairs” in A. navius. Pl. XI, fig. 2, is a photograph of 
a section across this area. In the latter species these 
dust-hairs, though numerous, are almost insignificant 
compared with their development in psyttalea. In the 
latter they form the most conspicuous feature of the 
brush, and are produced in enormous quantities. They 
arise from cells all round the brush-bag, and in section 
they forma dense ring enclosing the yellow pencil. Pl. XI, 
figs. 3 and 4, show the appearance of sections of the 
brush near the middle, and towards the outer end, re- 
spectively. The dust-hairs extend to the end of the 
brush, where they show the same tendency to break up 
into particles. From an area some little distance from 
the basal end of the bag there arise the black hairs similar 
to those in niavius. ‘These can be seen in figs. 3 and 4. 

The prolific production of dust material in A. psyttalea, 
as shown by microscopic examination, is interesting when 
considered in conjunction with Dr. Carpenter’s observa- 
tions on the courtship of the species. Dr. Carpenter’s 
note was read by Prof. Poulton at the meeting of the 
Society on December 2nd, 1914, at which I exhibited photo- 
graphs of sections of Danaine scent-organs illustrating the 
present paper. His remarks were as follows :— 

“On July 21 [1914] at the edge of the forest here on 
Kome Island, about 5 p.m. I saw the courtship of Amauris 
psyttalea, Plétz. I noticed two flying about, obviously a 
male pursuing a female. Presently the latter settled on 
an erect dead flower-spike of an aromatic Labiate, about 
two feet above the ground. She sat with head upwards 
and body perpendicular, wings outspread at right angles. 


* I have referred throughout to these hairs as the “ yellow 
hairs,” since they are of that colour in all my preserved specimens. 
As Dr. Carpenter, in the observation quoted below, speaks of them 
as ‘‘ quite white ” in the living insect, I conclude that they become 
yellow after immersion in preservatives. 


Structure of Scent Organs in Male Danaine Butterflies. 155 


The male hovered flutteringly about four inches over her 
head, rising and falling a little, but on the whole at about 
the same level. His abdomen hung down a little, and 
every now and then at intervals of a few seconds the two 
flaps [the male claspers, especially large in Danaines] at 
the end of the body were widely separated (so as to stand 
out at right angles to the long axis of the body), and the 
brush was quickly protruded and as quickly drawn in 
again. I was surprised to see what a large structure it 
was, being quite white and visible at a distance of several 
yards. In fact, I first noticed it at that distance and went 
closer to see what was going on. The female sat quite 
still except for an occasional slight movement of the 
wings. I watched for a minute or so, and it was im- 
possible to doubt that the male was endeavouring to excite 
the female. Just as I thought I would catch them as 
records, the female suddenly flew away and the male 
followed. I have, however, no doubt of the species. 

“ The very sudden protrusion of the brush might easily 
cause the peculiar fine hairs of stellate section, described 
by Eltringham, to break into sections which would float 
hke dust in the air.” 

There can be no doubt that the dust material plays an 
important part in the courtship of these insects. Pl. XI, 
fig. 5, is a photograph of a very small area of a slide which 
has been dusted with a brush taken from a dry specimen. 
The filaments which form the dust are very similar to those 
found in A. niavius, but in transverse section whilst pre- 
senting an irregular outline, appear less distinctly stellate. 
They arise from very deep sockets, and communicate with 
their respective hypodermal cells through fine canals which 
traverse the chitinous membrane of the bag. They seem 
not to break into such very short pieces as the niavius 
filaments. 


Amauris egialea, Cram. 


The structure of the wing-brands in this species differs 
in several] details from that found in A. niavius. Pl. XVIII, 
fig. 3, shows the shape of the normal scales as compared 
with those found on the scent-patch. The latter, one of 
which is shown in the figure, are considerably elongated 
instead of rounded as in niavius; moreover, they do not 
closely cover the glandular area. Pl. XVIII, fig. 4, shows a 
semidiagrammatic view of a portion of the brand viewed 


156 Dr. H. Eltringham’s Further Observations on the 


from above, from which it will be seen that the rows of 
scent-cups, indicated by dotted circles, are separated by 
glandular areas without cups, whereas in niavius there were 
no such intermediate rows. As a result of this formation, 
a transverse section of the scent-patch taken parallel with 
the general direction of the nervures has a quite different 
appearance from a section taken at right angles to this 
direction. Pl. XVIII, fig. 1, shows a section parallel with 
the nervures. On the upper wing surface the scent-cups 
are seen, each with its gland consisting of a few more or 
less vacuolated cells with prominent nuclei. The scales 
are rather thick and apparently solid. It should be 
noted that the glandular cells are short and do not reach 
to the ventral or lower wing-surface, thus leaving a space 
which is possibly filled with fluid during hfe. Alternating 
with these cupped glands are what may be termed “ blind 
glands,” formed of cells resting on a mass of material 
which is preserved in the section and presents a horizontally 
striated appearance. That this is really a mass of material, 
and not a membrane, is proved by the fact that its appear- 
ance is continuous in consecutive sections in whatever 
direction they may be cut. It presents the same appear- 
ance in sections cut in planes at right angles to each other. 

Pl. XVIII, fig. 2, shows a section transverse to the 
nervures and through a row of the cupped glands. The 
difference in wing thickness is due to the section having 
been taken nearer to the edge of the patch. Also, the 
glands being somewhat flattened, they appear broader in 
this section. In all other respects the structure of the 
glands appears to be the same as in fig. 1. 

The abdominal brushes are situated as in A. niavius, 
and are similar in so far as they consist of chitinous hairs 
arising from the lining of a membranous bag. They are 
everted by fluid pressure in the body cavity of the insect, 
and withdrawn by means of a muscle attached to the 
proximal end of the bag and to one of the ventral abdo- 
minal plates. The structure of the brush is, however, 
very different. When dissected out it is found to be of a 
fairly uniform thickness up to within about 1 mm. of the 
proximal end, where it is somewhat sharply constricted 
and, for the remainder of its length, considerably narrowed. 
From this constricted portion there arise structures which 
are very different from the well-rounded hairs more com- 
monly found in these brushes. They are presumably in 


Structure of Scent Organs in Male Danaine Butterflies. 157 


a more primitive condition, resembling thick scales of 
irregular section and comparatively great length. They 
arise from cells with chitinous sockets quite similar in 
appearance to those giving rise to the other hairs or scales, 
but above the stalk they are abruptly expanded so that 
their mean diameter is much greater than that of the 
sockets from which they arise. The base of the brush is 
composed of these structures only, and in the retracted 
condition they form a central cone, lying in the heart of 
the brush and ending in a point at about two-thirds of 
the distance from the base of the brush to its extremity. 
These bodies readily take stains such as haematoxylin and 
carmine, and are not chitinised to anything like the same 
extent as other portions of the brush. Pl. XVIII, fig. 5, 
shows a section of one of these structures as seen under a 
very high power. It is evident that the shape is such as 
to increase as much as possible the surface area. More- 
over, I am inclined to think, after careful examination, 
that numerous pores exist in the surface, so that it is 
reasonable to suppose either that some secretion is dis- 
charged therefrom, or that they serve as a store for the 
secretion extracted from the wing-glands. There is, 
however, no direct evidence of their function. 

Pl. XII, fig. 1, is a photograph of a section of the brush, 
where it consists solely of these structures. The membrane 
of the brush-bag is here very thin and contains many small 
nuclei. Pl. XII, fig. 2, shows a section taken a little above 
the constricted portion of the brush. Here the outer 
membrane has become thicker, and the large nuclei are 
those of the ordinary hair-producing cells. Two new 
structures are now seen to have arisen. 

(1) Forming a ring round the central bodies already 
described are structures whose walls are evidently thin, 
and present in section an irregular and _ considerably 
convoluted appearance. These bodies enclose and thicken 
the cone in the heart of the brush, dying out to a point a 
little nearer its distal end. A highly magnified section of 
one of these is shown on Pl. XVIII, fig. 6. Inside the thin 
wall is an exceedingly delicate tissue with distinct dots 
scattered through its substance, and showing a more or 
less radiate striation. The walls of these bodies do not 
show signs of the presence of pores. 

(2) Outside these “ first-ring ”’ bodies we see the ordinary 
brush-hairs—not, at this level, very well rounded in sec- 


158 Dr. H. Eltrmgham’s Further Observations on the 


tion, but still recognisable as corresponding to the hairs 
in the mavius brush. Pl. XII, fig. 3, is a section a little 
further towards the distal end. Here the central bodies 
occupy a reduced area. They are still surrounded by the 
first-ring bodies, but what may now be called the normal 
hairs occupy a greater space. It should be particularly 
noted in this figure that the outer layer of the normal 
hairs includes relatively many having a flattened section. 
Pl. XII, fig. 4, is a section still further outwards. The 
central bodies have almost come to a point, and are sur- 
rounded by a fairly thick mass of first-ring structures. The 
normal hairs, or “second-ring,’”’ occupying a large area, 
are those of the yellow tuft of the brush, corresponding 
with the yellow hairs of nzavius. One of these hairs is 
shown in section at Pl. XVIII, fig. 7. The central lumen 
is small, the medullary substance presents a more or less 
radially striate appearance, and the outer surface is longi- 
tudinally ribbed. 

(3) The black hairs have now begun to arise from the 
bag membrane. They are of variable diameter, and are 
separated from the yellow hairs by those of flattened 
section which occupied the extreme outer layer in fig. 3. 
We may call these the third-ring bodies. In Pl. XII, fig. 5, 
the central cone has finally disappeared, the first-ring bodies 
are coming to a point, whilst the normal hairs, yellow and 
black, occupy nearly the whole of the area. In Pl. XII, fig. 6 
the normal hairs remain, divided, however, by the third-ring 
bodies, which are larger and flattened towards the end of 
the brush, and are here seen to be distinctly differentiated. 
In some species the hairs which thus become terminally 
flattened eventually break up into small fragments, and 
thus provide the “dust”? which so frequently occurs in 
connection with these organs. 

In A. egialea this breaking up does not seem to occur, 
nor do any of my sections show that dust is produced at 
all in this species. 

The structure of the organs in A. egialea differs from that 
in A. niavius in the following manner. The cupped glands 
of the wing-patch are not continuous, but have rows of 
blind glands between them. The scales are of a different 
shape, and do not provide a complete protection for the 
cups. The gland-cells do not occupy the whole space 
between the wing-membranes, and those of the blind glands 
rest on a substructure which presents a horizontally 


Structure of Scent Organs in Male Danaine Butterflies. 159 


striated appearance. The brush does not consist solely 
of the yellow and black hairs, but is provided in addition 
with a core of curiously modified structures of which those 
occupying the centre are but little chitinised, whilst the 
yellow and black hairs are separated by a laver of bodies 
of irregular section extending to the outer end of the brush, 
where they become much flattened. There is apparently 
no apparatus for producing dust. 


Amauris ochlea, Boisd. 


In this species the wing-patch, whilst differing slightly 
from that of A. egialea, resembles it closely in its main 
features. The scales of the wing-brand are very similar in 
shape, and in the same way they fail to cover the glands. 
The cupped glands are in rows which, as in egialea, 
alternate with rows of blind glands. In section the 
appearance is also similar, but though the gland-cells are 
of about the same size, the whole wing-patch is somewhat 
thinner; hence in the cupped glands there is much less 
space between the cells and the underside of the wing; 
whilst beneath the cells of the blind glands there is but a 
trace of the horizontally striated tissue. 

The abdominal brushes of A. ochlea are also very similar 
in structure to those of egialea. ‘There is a core of central 
bodies surrounded by first-ring structures, and the black 
and yellow hairs are separated by a layer of third-ring 
bodies. These latter, however, are flatter near their 
origin, after which they become more rounded, and finally 
again flattened towards their extremities. These bodies, 
together with the yellow hairs, have, however, a different 
structure from those of egialea. Instead of being regularly 
striated their surface is studded by immense numbers of 
what may be termed chitinous nodules, which are very 
conspicuous both in transverse and longitudinal section, 
and towards the distal end of the brush undoubtedly 
become detached, forming a kind of dust which serves 
the same purpose as the dust produced in various ways by 
other species. Pl. XVIII, fig. 8, shows a transverse section 
of one of the hairs, whilst fig. 9 shows the appearance 
in a longitudinal view. Not only is the outer surface 
covered with nodules, but similar particles appear to 
be formed within the hair. It may be noted that these 
nodules are rather readily stained by haematoxylin. They 


160 Mr. H. Eltringham’s Further Observations on the 


are not the dried granules of a secretion, since they are 
unaffected by prolonged immersion in eau-de-javelle, 
although particles of secretions which I have observed in 
other species, however fully they may resist the action of 
the various solvents used in preparing the sections, dis- 
appear more or less readily when a drop of eau-de-javelle 
is placed on the slide. The dust produced in this manner 
in A. ochlea must be very small in amount as compared 
with that formed in such species as niavius and psyttalea. 
I have not reproduced photographs of sections of the 
brush in A. ochlea, nor drawings of the wing-glands, since 
compared with the same organs in A. egialea the differences 
are so small as scarcely to warrant separate illustration. 


Amauris heeate, But. 


The wing-patch presents alternate rows of cupped and 
blind glands, as may be seen in Pl. XVIII, fig. 12, showing a 
section parallel with the nervures. The gland-cells differ 
considerably from those of A. egialea, in that they occupy 
nearly the whole space between the wing-membranes. 
The structure may be regarded as somewhat intermediate 
between that of neavius and egialea. The scales on the 
wing-patch, of which one is shown in fig. 10, are also inter- 
mediate in shape. They cover the glands very incom- 
pletely, though more effectively than those of egialea. 

The structure of the brush in A. hecate is also of an inter- 
mediate character. Pl. XIII, fig. 1, shows a section near 
the base, from which it may be seen that there is a small 
core of modified scales presenting in large part the char- 
acters of both the central and first-ring bodies of egzalea. 
These die out rapidly and the greater part of the area of 
the section is taken up by the yellow hairs, as shown in 
Pl. XIII, fig. 2, in which will also be noticed, on the side, 
where the bag membrane is thinnest, a somewhat obscure 
mass, unfortunately not very clearly in focus. This 
represents certain flattened hairs which arise on that side 
and become at higher levels (figs. 3 and 4) somewhat in- 
vaginated on one side so as to present a reniform section. 
These structures may perhaps be regarded as corresponding 
with the third-ring bodies of egialea. In fig. 4 they 
occupy a large area of the section and are obviously tending 
to break up, a condition shown still better in fig. 5. They 
arise from cells in the bag membrane, and in longitudinal 


_ Structure of Scent Organs in Male Danaine Butterflies. 161 


section are not at first distinguishable from the yellow 
hairs. They soon, however, begin to present a nodulated 
appearance similar to that in ochlea, and their disintegration 
towards the distal end of the brush produces a considerable 
quantity of dust corresponding with that of other species. 
It will be noticed from the sections that the black hairs in 
this species are of comparatively small diameter, and that 
they arise from an area of the brush-bag which is greatly 
thickened by the aggregation of small trichogenic cells. 
Pl. XIII, fig. 6, is a longitudinal section of this area. 
Pl. XVIII, fig. 15, shows a section of a yellow, and of a black 
hair, and fig. 11 represents the appearance of one of the flat- 
tened and nodulated hairs which ultimately break up to 
form the dust material. This disintegration occurs through 
the gradual decrease in the lumen and the thinning down 
of the bases of the nodules, until the latter become de- 
tached. A longitudinal view of one of these hairs presents 
much the same appearance as that of the corresponding 
structure in A. ochlea. 


Amauris whytei, But. 


The wing-patch in this species is provided with scales 
which closely resemble those of A. egialea, both in shape 
and in the fact that they do not form a continuous pro- 
tection for the upper surface of the glands. The structure 
of the wing-patch differs from all those previously described 
in not showing any definite differentiation into separate 
glands. The cup-like structures occur in fairly definite 
rows, separated by rather wide spaces representing the 
blind-gland areas described in other species. It will be 
seen from the section shown on Pl]. XIX, fig. 14, that the 
glandular area is very thin and that the gland-cells are 
rather irregularly placed between the wing-membranes. 
Strands of connective tissue joining the two surfaces of 
the wing presumably exist, although they are but little 
evident. In this species the wing-patch is either in a 
more primitive condition or is, so far as thickness and 
differentiation of structure are concerned, degenerate. 

The abdominal brushes are also in some respects different 
from those already described. Pl. XIV, fig. 1, shows a 
section of the brush near its base. The brush-bag is seen 
to be comparatively thick. Large hair-producing cells are 
present, and in at least two instances the central lumen of 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1915.—PARTI. (JUNE) M 


162 Dr. H. Eltringham’s Further Observations on the 


these is plainly visible. The first to arise are the small 
dark-coloured hairs seen near the middle of the section. 
These form a core continued throughout the length of the 
brush, and, unlike the components of the core in the egialea 
brush, are heavily chitinised from their origin. Surround- 
ing these are hairs of large diameter, less chitinised, and 
corresponding with the yellow hairs of other brushes 
described. The remainder of the section is seen to be 
occupied by hairs of relatively small diameter and less 
distinct outline. These at their origin are scarcely dis- 
tinguishable from the yellow hairs, though they soon 
become differentiated by their granular appearance. In 
Pl. XIV, fig. 2, the black hairs have begun to appear at 
one side and the cuticle of the brush has become thin. 
Figs. 3 and 4, representing the same structures at higher 
levels, show an increasing diameter in the hairs of the core. 
In fig. 5, still higher, the black hairs have become less 
numerous and those of the core smaller, whilst the granu- 
lated hairs now betray their purpose as dust producers, 
breaking up and forming small nodules as in A. ochlea. 
Fig. 6 is a section taken still nearer the end of the brush. 
The black hairs have nearly died out, the core hairs are 
much reduced in diameter, and the dust hairs are con- 
tinuing to disintegrate. On Pl. XIX, fig. 15, I have 
endeavoured to show the appearance of one of the yellow 
hairs as seen under a high power. The outline is very 
irregular, and the wall seems to be pierced by minute 
pores occurring here and there, not on the longitudinal 
ribs, but between them. I am not really certain of the 
existence of these pores, but careful examination of sections 
strongly suggests their presence. On Pl. XIX, fig. 16, I 
have shown one of the granulated hairs as it appears when 
breaking up. In a section taken near the end of the brush 
the whole field is strewn with the separated particles. 

The principal peculiarities of the scent-organs in A. whytei 
are, then, the thin and simplified wing-patch, and the central 
pencil of fine stiff hairs in the brush. 

So far the organs examined have all been taken from 
species of one genus, viz. Amauris. It will now be profitable 
to investigate the structure of the scent-apparatus in other 
Danaine butterflies. 

As an example of a small but important genus we may 
take Tirumala petiverana, Doubl. 

In this genus the alar scent-organs do not form a patch, 


Structure of Scent Organs in Male Danaine Butterflies. 163 


but consist of a fold or pocket of the wing. As the brushes 
are of a less complicated structure than the scent-pocket, it 
will be convenient to describe them first. They consist of 
the usual membranous bag from which arise the hairs of 
the brush, which in this species are all of one form and 
strongly chitinised. It is unnecessary to give a photograph 
of more than one section of the brush. Pl. XV, fig. 4, 
represents the general appearance of any transverse section 
of that organ, whilst Pl. XIX, fig. 23, shows one of the hairs 
in section as seen under a high power. I am inclined to 
think that these hairs are pierced by minute pores. At 
any rate a very thin section shows a number of pale radial 
lines between the low ridges which longitudinally traverse 
the surface. Within the hair-wall is a delicate medullary 
substance pierced by a longitudinal canal of irregular 
section, and often of very eccentric position. P!. XIX, 
fig. 21, shows a longitudinal surface view of one of 
these hairs. The structure is very faint, and only visible 
under a high power, which shows that the fluting or 
ribbing is not, at least, in the greater part of the hair 
parallel with the long axis, but takes an undulating 
course. With regard to the presence of pores in these 
hairs, it is curious that their existence should be rather 
strongly suggested in a species in which their utility is 
least obvious, for the production of a scent-secretion as 
well as of a dust material appears, as will be seen later, to 
be amply provided for by the wing-pocket. One other 
feature remains to be noted. A considerable portion of 
the interior of the brush-bag, especially towards the open 
or distal end, is not smooth as in most of the other species 
examined, but thrown into a great number of minute 
irregular folds, giving it on a surface view the appearance 
of being covered by a mass of tiny excrescences. This 
feature, which is not accompanied by any glandular develop- 
ment, occurs also in Danaida chrysippus. So far its signifi- 
cance 1s obscure. 

Pl. XV, fig. 5, is a photograph of a section of the scent- 
pocket in 7. petiverana. It consists of an outer chitinous 
layer bearing large scales, and morphologically part of the 
underside of the wing. Next to this is a layer of irregular 
cells, followed by a second layer, from which arise the small 
dark scales seen in the photograph. Within the cavity of 
the pocket masses of thread-like bodies may be seen lying 
loose. Pl. XIX, fig. 19, shows more accurately the structure 


164 Dr. H. Eltringham’s Further Observations on the 


of the various layers of the pocket. The inner layer exhibits 
numerous vacuolated cells more or less separated by 
strands of chitinous material, and associated with scale- 
sockets from which arise the scent-scales. These are in 
the form of flattened elongated bags, having a central 
cavity which almost certainly opens by a pore at the outer 
end of the scale. Beneath this layer is a second stratum 
of cells also showing large vacuoles. This layer is highly 
developed at the closed end of the pocket and becomes 
greatly attenuated towards the mouth, where it opens on 
the upper surface of the wing. 

It seems convenient here to refer to the notes of Mr. 
J. C. Kershaw on the structure of the scent-pocket in the 
very closely allied species 7’. limniace, occurring in the 
Oriental Region. Mr. Kershaw made, but did not publish, 
numerous observations on the scent-glands and genital 
apparatus in certain Oriental Danaines, together with some 
excellent line drawings. The notes and drawings were 
handed over to Prof. Poulton at Oxford, and I have his 
and Mr. Kershaw’s kind permission to make use of them. 
Speaking of lamniace he says :— 

“The interior of the pocket or sac on the underside of 
the hind-wing (with the opening thereto on the upper 
side of the wing) is lined with scales entirely different to 
those overlying the rest of the wing. These scales are 
bottle-shaped and filled with fluid, but I was unable to 
detect any special scent. Many of these scales are reduced 
to powder which lies in the cavity of the sac.” 

In a subsequent note the same author says :— 

“The oily nature of the scent-scales, or rather the oily 
nature of the liquid contents of the flask-shaped scent- 
scales, is easily seen when a batch of scales is scraped off 
and crushed on a slip under a moderate power; or if a 
single scale is crushed with a needle under a fairly high 
power, especially if a drop of water is placed on the slip, 
when the liquid from the scent-scales behaves exactly like 
oil, floating on the surface in minute globules. The scent- 
scale liquid is also greasy to the touch, but, of course, a 
large batch of scales must be crushed to get enough material 
to test by touch.” 

The above observations were, of course, made on fresh 
examples, and my specimens, which had been treated with 
preservatives and then kept in spirit, do not show the oily 
contents of the scales. Mr. Kershaw’s notes are therefore 


Structure of Scent Organs in Male Danaine Butterflies. 165 


of the greatest value in enabling us to learn something of 
the function of the scent-pocket. We may, I think, fairly 
assume that the vacuolated cells form the glands which 
produce the oily secretion, and that this is accumulated in 
the scales and discharged thence into the wing-pocket. 
There remains then the dust material which occurs in such 
large masses in the pocket, and can also be observed en- 
tangled in the hairs of the anal brush. I was for some 
time at a loss to discover the true origin of the dust fila- 
ments. In my sections of the scent-pocket they were 
invariably found loose in the cavity and already much 
broken up. I found the same substance, but in a still 
more disintegrated condition, amongst the hairs of the 
abdominal brush. In the brush there was no evidence of 
dust production, whilst its presence in larger quantities 
and in a less pulverised condition in the scent-pocket 
strongly suggested the latter as its place of origin. 
Probably the truth of the matter would still have re- 
mained a mystery, but for my having been fortunate 
enough to secure, through the kindness of my friend 
Prof. Poulton, a pupa of 7. lumniace, the oriental form 
of this species, in which the imago was almost com- 
pletely formed. The specimen had been sent to the 
Hope Department from Ceylon by Lieut.-Col. N. Manders. 
The pupa was not preserved in any way, being merely 
dried, and I had small hope that sections of any value 
could be cut from it, but the inspiring optimism of my 
friend above mentioned was quite justified. A prolonged 
evaporative embedding in celloidin resulted in my being 
able to cut sections which revealed the highly interesting 
fact that the dust filaments are produced beneath the 
pupal covering, and that, by the time emergence takes 
place, the cells from which they arose have become prac- 
tically atrophied. The examination also showed that up 
to the time of emergence there is no scent-pocket at all. 
The area which subsequently becomes a pocket is, as in 
the Amauris imago, a patch on the hind-wing. In Tiru- 
mala, however, the expansion of the wing after emergence 
causes an invagination of the patch, which thus becomes 
a pocket. In dissecting out the wing from the dried pupa 
already mentioned I found that the patch was covered 
with a rather thick mass of material, which in its dry state 
scaled off and fell to pieces at the least touch. This sub- 
stance mounted in clove oil proved, as was expected, to 


166 Dr. H. Eltringham’s Further Observations on the 


be entirely composed of the dust filaments, some of them 
being of surprising length. They break with such facility, 
and are so inextricably interwoven, that it was impossible 
to separate out a single filament. Pl. XV, fig. 6, shows a 
photograph of a few particles lying at the edge of a mass 
of the material, whilst Pl. XIX, fig. 22, shows small pieces 
of the filaments as seen under a high power. Pl. XIX, 
fig. 20, shows a section of the dried wing before emergence 
from the pupa. Cell structure is of course absent, as the 
soft parts have not been preserved, but sufficient remains 
to show that in the unexpanded wing, the scent-patch, as 
it then is, contains cells which produce the filaments, 
forming a mass of dust material, the latter becoming 
enclosed in the pouch as it is formed by invagination. 
The little filaments shown in fig. 20 are merely the un- 
broken basal ends of threads of much greater length. 
Careful examination of many sections leads me to suppose 
that the cells which produce these filaments alternate 
with those which give rise to the scent-scales. The thread- 
producing cells cannot be recognised in the imaginal wing, 
and I can only suppose that, having produced the dust 
material, their function ceases and they become crowded | 
out by the increased development of the vacuolated oil- 
producing cells. 

In T. petiverana we have therefore a curious contrast 
with the structure in A. mavius. Instead of the dust 
material being produced in the brush, it is formed by the 
wing-patch, although only by that organ in the pupal 
state. 


Danaida chrysippus, Linn. 


So much is now known of the bionomics of this abundant 
species that it is interesting to be able to add something 
to a knowledge of its structure. The male possesses a 
small scent-pocket in the hind-wing and the usual pair of 
abdominal brushes. The scent-pocket is not formed quite 
like that of ZT. petiverana, since it is really a projection 
from the wing surface subsequently folded over to form a 
kind of recess. Thanks to my friend Lieut.-Col. Manders, 
I have been able to make preparations from the pupa of 
this species, sent to me in a properly preserved condition, 
so that something of the final development of the scent- 
organs has been disclosed. 

The brush contains hairs of one kind only and of simple 


Structure of Scent Organs in Male Danaine Butterflies. 167 


structure. Both transverse and longitudinal sections 
show that there are, entangled in the hairs, large numbers 
of minute spherules—apparently a coagulated secretion. 
They are certainly not chitinous particles of dust material, 
since they dissolve fairly readily and not slowly in eau-de- 
javelle. From the appearance of these granules in a longi- 
tudinal section, one is tempted to believe that they are 
extruded from the hairs themselves, since they adhere 
thereto very closely in many places. The absence, how- 
ever, of any glandular structure in the cells of the brush-bag 
lends greater support to the theory that they are in fact a 
product of the secretion produced in the wing-pocket. 
The brush-hairs are round in section for part of their 
length, but become much flattened towards their distal 
extremities. Pl. XIX, fig. 26, shows a section of one of 
these hairs; fig. 27 a longitudinal surface view. The 
surface of the hair is seen to be traversed by longitudinal 
curved ridges, each of which bears two rows of small 
projections arranged alternately on each side of the crest. 
As in T. petiverana there is no pocket in the unexpanded 
wing, but the portion which afterwards becomes invagin- 
ated consists of a diverticulum. Pl. XVI, fig. 1, 1s a photo- 
graph of a section of a wing before emergence. On the 
right may be seen the outgrowth from the wing-surface 
covered on its outer side by a layer of small thick scales. 
The double row of delicate structures in the centre of the 
section represents the ordinary scales of the upper surface 
of the wing. Pl. XX, fig. 28, is a drawing of a small portion 
of that part of the unexpanded wing which will form the 
scent-pocket in the imago. The cells which produce 
scales are highly vacuolated, and alternate with cells 
attached to cup-like projections somewhat similar to those 
already described in other species. The cup-cells at this 
stage seem mainly to produce those long processes described 
by Mayer,* which ultimately form the fibres holding to- 
gether the upper and lower surfaces of the wing during 
expansion. Nevertheless some of them ultimately develop 
into cells which appear to differ but little from those 
attached to the scale-sockets. The cause of the folding 
in of the diverticulum during expansion may be easily 
discerned by comparison with Pl. XIX, fig. 25, which shows 
in section a part of the ordinary unexpanded wing-mem- 
brane. Here the chitin is thrown into deep folds which 


* Bull. Harvard Mus., vol. xxix, p. 209 e¢ seq., 1896, 


168 Dr. H. Eltringham’s Further Observations on the 


will become flattened during expansion. The patch is 
already flat, and being incapable of extension, becomes 
covered by a fold. Pl. XIX, fig. 24, shows a cup and a 
socket-cell from the imaginal wing. These cells are highly 
vacuolated, finely granular, and occasionally provided 
with more than one nucleus, especially the socket-cells. 
Mayer (loc. cit.) describes the nuclei of the scale-producing 
cells in the wing of D. plexippus as occasionally undergoing 
amitotic division, so that we may suppose this process 
also to take place in the present species (a broken scale is 
shown arising from the right-hand cell). The “cups” 
have no relic of a scale-stalk as in D. lotis, but appear to 
possess a central pore, though this is scarcely so obvious 
as in some species of Amauris. The scales lining the 
pocket have an appearance which suggests that they are 
traversed by pores, though the structure is less easily 
discernible than in lotis. There is no evidence in either 
pocket or brush of the production of any dust material. 

A longitudinal section of the brush within the pupa 
shows the hairs arising from highly vacuolated cells, each 
with a large nucleus. The cytoplasm is finely granular, 
and stains less readily towards the extremity from which 
the hair arises. 


Danaida lotis, Cram. 


In this species there is a fold in the hind-wing resembling 
that of D. chrysippus, and a pair of abdominal brushes, the 
latter presenting no special features. The hairs are of one 
kind and strongly chitinised. In general their sections 
resemble those of chrysippus, and small spherical particles 
of a dried secretion may be observed entangled amongst 
them. Some hairs are flattened for a portion of their 
length or depart in other ways from the more truly circular 
section usually exhibited. Their functions are probably 
merely mechanical. Pl. XVI, fig. 2, is a photograph of a 
section of the brush not far from the distal end. Pl. XVI, 
fig. 3, shows a photograph of a transverse section of the 
wing-pocket, which is seen to be a more or less spiral fold 
of the wing. The pocket contains no dust material, and 
as none is found in the brush it is evidently not produced 
in this species. A surface view of the membrane with 
which the pocket is lined shows that alternate scale- 
sockets are modified into structures resembling scent-cups, 
whilst the remaining sockets present a more or less normal 


Structure of Scent Organs in Male Danaine Butterflies. 169 


appearance. A section through a portion of the pocket 
is shown at Pl. XX, fig. 29. The cupped glands contain a 
comparatively small cell, finely granular and possessing 
a large nucleus. From each arises a delicate projection 
which is doubtless a degenerate scale. From each un- 
modified socket arises a scale, and they are sufficiently 
numerous to form a complete lining to the pocket. These 
scales are porous, the minute openings lying along the 
striations of the surface mainly in the central area of the 
upper side. In connection with each scale is a large cell, 
the upper part of which is densely packed with large and 
conspicuous granules having a deep brown colour in un- 
stained examples. These coarse granules usually obscure 
the nucleus which is also present in the upper half of the 
cell. They do not dissolve in ether, alcohol, or xylol, and 
are only very slowly affected by eau-de-javelle. The 
remainder of the cell is occupied by a delicate and highly 
vacuolated reticulum, presenting a finely granulated 
structure. Whether the hair-like vestigial scales arising 
from the cupped cells are open tubes or not I have been 
unable to decide. The covers of the cups have, however, 
rather the appearance of being minutely perforated, though 
this point is also extremely difficult to decide. 

It should be noted that the structure described above, 
in so far as it consists of special scales alternating with 
delicate stalks, is similar to that described by Miiller as 
occurring in D. ercppus.* 


Parantica eryx, Fab. 


This species bears on the hind-wing a scent-patch of 
considerable size and presenting a somewhat pear-shaped 
outline. In surface view it shows regular rows of scent- 
cups alternating with normal scale-sockets from which 
arise scales much resembling those of Amauris niavius in 
shape, though rather larger. They form a continuous 
covering for the scent-patch of which a section is shown 
at Pl. XIX, fig. 17. Perhaps the most striking features of 
the patch are its comparative thinness and the large number 
of nuclei observed in each gland. In some cases I have 
counted as many as seven. Whether this number indicates 
the presence of seven cells, or whether some cells have 
more than one nucleus, has not been determined. There 


* See my previous paper, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 403, 1913. 


170 Dr. H. Eltringham’s Further Observations on the 


are no intermediate or blind glands. The portion of the 
patch from which the drawing is made represents its 
maximum thickness. A considerable area is not any 
thicker than the rest of the wing, the upper and lower 
membranes being in close juxtaposition, and the glands 
so reduced as to occupy merely the interior of the scent-cup 
projecting from the upper-wing surface. The brush is of 
simple structure containing but one kind of hair. Pl. XV, 
fig. 1, is a reproduction from a photograph of a section 
of the brush near the base of the bag, showing that the 
sections of the outer hairs are not circular but irregular in 
outline. Fig. 2 represents a section taken at about the 
middle of the brush, and fig. 3 one near the end. In the 
latter it will be observed that the hairs have rather obscured 
outlines, due to the fact that they produce a certain amount 
of dust material by the breaking off from their surface of 
small projections. Pl. XIX, fig. 18, shows a longitudinal 
view of a portion of one of the hairs bearing small leaf- 
like projections which readily break off, and thus form 
detached particles. The dust produced is of very small 
volume. 


Trepsichrois mulciber, Hubn.* 


The scent-organs in this species consists of a pair of 
abdominal brushes and perhaps a large patch of special 
scales near the costa of the hind-wing, though in the case 
of the latter there is some reason to suppose that, if it 
has to do with the scent-apparatus at all, the function is 
mechanical. As compared with the brushes in the species 
already described, those of 7. mulciber differ in their distinct 
connection with the actual seat of production of the scent. 
The brush-bag differs from that of the only other related 
species which I have been able to examine, in being pro- 
vided with a peculiar accessory vessel at its base, though 
I would at once state that I have unfortunately had only 
a single example from which to make preparations, and the 
possibility, however remote, must be borne in mind that 
this structure may have been an abnormality. When 
dissecting out the brushes this accessory vessel became 
visible to the eye and appeared as a small vesicle attached 
to the proximal end. Pl. XVI, fig. 4, represents a photo- 
graph of a longitudinal section passing through the vesicle ; 
fig. 5 a transverse section at the point where the vesicle 


* Better known as Huploea midamus. 


Structure of Scent Organs in Male Danaine Butterflies. 171 


opens into the base of the brush-bag proper, in which latter 
a few of the hairs can be seen cut across. Fig. 4 
shows that the vesicle consists of an outer layer of cells 
with conspicuous nuclei. From these cells arise narrow 
funnel-like structures somewhat chitinised and homo- 
logous with hair-sockets. From these, again, spring very 
delicate tubes of irregular section which more or less fill the 
cavity. Pl. XX, fig. 31, shows one of these funnel-sockets 
arising from the deep layer of vacuolated cells, the latter 
being partly seen in section. The delicate tube arising 
from the socket bulges out and overhangs the latter. ~The 
socket shows a core of cytoplasm which, judging from 
stained preparations, appears to divide at the distal end. 
The whole structure strongly suggests that some secretion 
is discharged from the funnel-sockets into the vesicle, 
through the delicate tubes, and passes thence into the 
cavity of the brush-bag proper. Pl. XVI, fig. 6, represents 
a photograph of a longitudinal, and Pl. XVII, fig. 2, a trans- 
verse, section of the brush-bag. The latter is distinctly 
glandular, many more cells being present than are found 
in species of Amauris. The hair-sockets are long and more 
or less funnel-shaped as in the vesicle, though somewhat 
less constricted at the middle of their length. Pl. XX, 
fig. 30, shows one of the hair-sockets under a higher power. 
Several cells are seen to form a basal gland in connection 
with a single hair, and at one side appears the lumen of a 
trachea, many of which are found in intimate connection 
with the brush-bag in this species. Pl. XX, fig. 32, shows 
a transverse section of one of the brush-hairs at a point 
towards its extremity, whilst fig. 33 represents the appear- 
ance of a longitudinal view of the same portion of the same 
hair. Near their origin and for a considerable portion of 
their length these hairs are either comparatively smooth 
or only faintly striated, but towards the distal extremity 
they develop more of less regular lines of projections. I 
have been unable actually to see pores in these hairs, but 
that there are openings to the exterior seems a reasonable 
conclusion from the glandular nature of the brush-bag. 
One other point should be noticed. The wall of the bag 
is glandular and gives rise to hairs along nearly its whole 
length, so that the appearance on eversion must be that 
of a test-tube-brush instead of a spherical tuft as in 
Amauris. I have found no evidence of any dust-apparatus 
in this species. 


172 Dr. H. Eltringham’s Further Observations on the 


We have now to consider the special area on the hind- 
wing. On the upper side, extending over a large portion 
of the discoidal cell, and from the third median to the sub- 
costal is an area covered by long scales which give it a 
furry appearance. One of these scales is shown at Pl. XX, 
fig. 34a. It consists of a long narrow section culminating 
distally in a spatulate formation which bears numerous 
small hair-like projections. In the discoidal cell of the 
hind-wing there is in addition a somewhat quadrate patch 
of greyish brown scales, which also differ from those 
covering the rest of the surface. One of these scales, also 
shown at Pl. XX, fig. 346, is seen to be broad, with a length 
of about three times the width, and apparently somewhat 
thickened in the central area. 

The function of these specialised scales is obscure. 
They are supposed to be, and possibly are, scent-scales, 
though sections through the wing at points where they 
occur do not show any special cells, or indeed any cells at 
all, in connection therewith. If the insect can by any 
means transfer scent material from its brushes to the fur 
patch, the latter might serve as a distributing apparatus, 
but we require greater knowledge of the living butterfly 
in its natural surroundings before the function of these 
patches can be established. Kershaw mentions the species 
in the notes above referred to, and of the use of the brushes 
he speaks as follows :— 

“ Whilst flying up and down some shady pathway the 
butterfly often everts and retracts the glands, sometimes 
partially and sometimes fully: both when solitary and 
when in company with others of its kind. I could never 
be quite certain that the glands emitted any scent, though 
doubtless they do so. A powerful odour which would 
attract the attention of an insect might, I suppose, be 
imperceptible to human olfactory organs. In any case, 
the bright golden hairs of the glands are plainly discernible 
many yards away as the insect is constantly thrusting the 
glands out and withdrawing them.” 

The only other Euploeine butterfly I have examined is 
Tronga brookei, Moore. This species has no brands or 
patches of special scales on the wing, and the brushes must 
therefore perform their scent-producing functions unaided. 
I have not thought it necessary to photograph any of the 
sections, as they could scarcely be distinguished from those 
of T. mulciber. The brush-bag possesses the same glandular 


Structure of Scent Organs in Male Danaine Butterflies. 173 


structure, though the hairs are far more irregular in trans- 
verse section. Whether owing to actual divergence in 
structure or to some difference in the condition of the 
specimen or method of preparation, the hairs in longi- 
tudinal view seem to show their structure more distinctly 
than in 7. mulciber. Over a large part of their length 
they are covered with projections, the form of which I 
have endeavoured to show in Pl. XX, fig. 35. There is no 
dust-apparatus and no accessory vesicle attached to the 


brush-bag. 
Hestia lyneeus, Drury. 


The species of the genus Hestia do not possess either 
scent-patch or pocket on the wings. They are, however, 
remarkable in having four abdominal brushes instead of 
two. Whilst the purpose of this modification is obscure, 
its origin is at least suggested by the condition of the 
brushes in such a species as Amauris mavius, where a 
separate tuft of stiff black hairs arises from a limited area 
of the brush-bag. The auxiliary brush in Hestia seems 
to represent a modification of this special tuft lying in a 
separate bag. It lies parallel with the main brush and 
rather above it. It is much shorter and more slender, the 
basal end being less deeply placed in the abdomen. It is 
of simple structure, contains but one kind of hair, and the 
containing bag appears to have a slightly glandular struc- 
ture confined to one side. Pl. XVII, fig. 2, shows a section 
of one of these brushes beyond the glandular level of the 
bag. Near their origin the hairs are occasionally in- 
vaginated along one side, giving the section a reniform 
appearance. Under a high power the hairs present a 
close resemblance to those of the larger brush in the same 
species. Pl. XVII, fig. 3, shows a section of the large brush, 
close to the basal end. It will be observed that the brush- 
bag is formed of a mass of small cells, differing entirely in 
appearance from those found in the same situation in, 
species of Amauris, but resembling the glandular cells in 
the brush-bag of 7. mulciber. Pl. XVII, fig. 4, is a section 
taken rather further from the base, and shows much the 
same structure, which continues for some distance (fig. 5). 
Finally, the glandular structure disappears and the bag 
towards its mouth becomes a mere membrane (fig. 6). 

The hairs of which the brush is composed, though well 
rounded at their origin, become somewhat flattened and 


174 Dr. H. Eltringham’s Further Observations on the 


of irregular section towards their distal extremities. Some 
hairs contain particles of a brown secretion, which appears 
in the photographs as a blackening of the section. Pl. XX, 
fig. 38, is a section of one of the hairs at about the middle 
of its length, showing the contained granules, whilst fig. 39 
taken nearer the distal end is without these. Fig. 37 is a 
surface view of one of the hairs somewhat beyond the 
middle of its length. The hair is covered with projections 
having a curious form, their outer surfaces bearing delicate 
ridges and their extremities produced to fine points. 
Pl. XX, fig. 36, shows the appearance of the glandular cells 
of the main brush-bag. It is scarcely possible to decide 
how many cells belong to each hair-socket. Possibly the 
number may vary. I have here shown three, since in the 
preparation from which the drawing was made three cells 
could be recognised with some certainty as attached to 
this particular socket. Beneath the entrance of the hair 
is a rod of protoplasm usually staining rather darker than 
the rest, and surrounded by vacuoles. The cells are very 
finely granulated and contain large and conspicuous nuclei. 
There is no dust material in Hestia lynceus. The absence 
of wing-glands and the glandular structure of the brush 
indicate that the scent-material is produced by the latter, 
being apparently secreted by the cells and discharged into 
the interior of the hairs. Thence it must make its way 
to the exterior, and doubtless openings exist, although I 
have not been able to discern them. It is possible that 
the passages, which must be very minute, may be hidden 
by the projections on the hairs. 


Summary. 


In the foregoing pages I have endeavoured to describe 
as concisely as possible the actual structure of the remark- 
able organs associated with the production of scents in a 
few species of tropical butterflies. It may be objected 
that in no case is there any direct evidence that a scent 
is produced at all. Such evidence cannot, however, be 
expected from examples which, for histological purposes, 
have been subjected to the chemical action of preservatives. 
It is furthermore to be admitted that Mr. Kershaw working 
in the field could detect no actual scent in T. mulcaber. 
Nevertheless, we know from the observations of Fritz 
Miiller, Dixey, Longstaff, and others that very many 
Lepidoptera do produce scents perceptible to the human 


Structure of Scent Organs in Male Danaine Butterflies. 175 


olfactory organs, and further that such odours can be 
definitely associated with wing-brands, tufts, scales, and 
other specialised portions of the anatomy of these insects. 
In the case of the Danaine brushes and brands we can have 
no doubt as to the function, or the association of that 
function with sexual purposes. Throughout the animal 
kingdom we are familiar with an infinite variety of elaborate 
devices providing for the continuance of the species, and 
in insects the olfactory sense seems pre-eminently chosen 
as the agent whereby the species may attract and find its 
mate. Perhaps the most remarkable feature of the organs 
here described is the elaborate development of friable hairs 
producing quantities of dust which almost certainly plays 
a very important part in the distribution of the scent, 
an interpretation strongly supported by the observed 
behaviour of A. psyttalea, and it is further remarkable that 
the dust may arise from either the brush or the wing 
according to the species. As I pointed out in my previous 
paper the dust material is no new discovery. The late 
Dr. Fritz Miiller, whom little seems to have escaped, 
described such hairs in the wing-folds of Hesperidae and 
called them ‘‘ chain-bristles,” since they took the form 
of long hairs constricted at regular intervals and liable 
to break at each constriction. My friend Mr. A. H. Hamm 
has lately called my attention to large masses of yellow 
“fluff? occurring on the hind-wing of the male moth 
Erebus macrops. I find this to consist mainly of “ chain- 
bristles ”’ of an exceedingly beautiful form. 

The studies described in the present paper show how a 
modest equipment of technique applied to suitable material 
may disclose much that is interesting in the mere structure 
of the organs in question, but of their physiology we know 
little or nothing. If the simple brush of D. chrysippus can 
perform its function efficiently what is the significance of 
the five different structures found in the complicated brush 
of A. egialea? The granules in the wing-cells of D. lotis 
are not of the same chemical nature as the secretion 
granules subsequently deposited in the brush. In what 
does the change consist? Do some of these brushes 
secrete a substance which combines with another stable 
compound provided by the wing patch to form a volatile 
oil? In A. niavius the wing-glands are neatly covered by 
a layer of scales which seem precisely adapted for the 
purpose of protection. Hence we might suppose that the 


176 ~=Dr. H. Eltringham on Danaine Butterflies. 


secretion of the wing is easily evaporated and must be 
protected, yet in A. egialea the scales cover the glands so 
imperfectly as to be probably useless for such a purpose. 

It is to be feared that the study of the chemistry of these 
secretions is only possible in those countries where the 
insects may be obtained in large numbers and in fresh 
condition. Meanwhile I would proffer one or two sug- 
gestions to those collectors abroad who may take an 
interest in the subject. In detecting delicate odours and 
locating their origin it would seem that some success might 
be attained by using a glass tube one end of which would 
fit the human nostril the other being drawn out to a com- 
paratively narrow diameter. The narrower end being 
applied to suspected centres of emission the odour might 
reach the human olfactory epithelium in a less diluted 
form than it necessarily does under ordinary circumstances. 
Furthermore, a number of crushed wing-brands might be 
placed in a small phial and warmed so that the scent might 
become sufficiently concentrated to be perceptible. Again, 
assuming a plentiful supply of material, might it not be 
possible to apply the principles of perfume manufacture 
to the extraction of any scent that may be present in certain 
organs? Large numbers of the scent-brands of some com- 
mon species could be crushed and mascerated with a very 
small quantity of clarified lard and the product distilled 
with alcohol.* Or by means of a tube with a tightly 
fitting screw, and a minute aperture at one end, an appreci- 
able quantity of the scent material might be expressed from 
a mass of the brands. 

Finally, whilst fully recognising the excellent contri- 
butions already made to our knowledge of the subject by 
the authors mentioned in the course of this paper, it would 
seem that there still remain opportunities for compre- 
hensive researches covering an interesting field, which it 
is to be hoped will attract the attention of our many 
capable workers in the tropics. 


* Dr. Dixey has already shown that in the case of certain Pierines 
there may be made from the wings an alcoholic extract possessing 
the characteristic odour of the species from which it was prepared. 
See Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. lix, 1905. 


EXPLANATION OF PLatTEs XI-XX. 


[See Explanations facing the PLATES. | 
JUNE 26, 1915 


Socata "4 aa é : ame é fe —. t a 
ree outies oti SAT Bio fe, 
ae dp ese ach as | Invi ii on 


a +. — 
be ale au ou Mat <4 ye set SL : f i a 
ra ie ae tise ' es * Penal : ’ 
be: ie Le ee ee 


Pewite: : 
= ait) Waren + hat 


' F 
_ Nii s © rT | « 
hs ea Te yes . 
thy > 
TAT 3 nee a E ey = 
ers) 7 Bee hen Pt V hey »« - 
u Ng ne un wi ui i ; , : ; 
- 
. 
hy 
‘ 
vir 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. XT. 


puis 


eo 


ey a 


pean 


“Se 


H. Eltringham, Photo. Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd, 


AMAURIS PSYTTALEA, BRUSH, &e: 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI. 


Fig. 1. Amauris psyttalea. Section of brush near base of same 
showing “‘ yellow’’ hairs, thick cu- 
ticle and a few fine stiff hairs in 
centre. 

2. oe be Section at origin of dust hairs showing 
modification of cuticle where these 
arise. 

3: = fe More distal section, showing black 
hairs arising, and “yellow” hairs 
surrounded by dense mass of dust 


hairs. 

4. 95 - Portion of a section still nearer distal 
end. Black hairs are now more 
numerous. 

D: Fe a3 Small area of a slide showing dust pro- 


duced by breaking up of dust hairs. 
(All x 50.) 


EXPLANATION OF PLatTEe XII. 


Fie. 1. Amauris egialea. Section of brush near base showing 
central bodies. 

2: ‘ a More distal section. Central bodies are 
now surrounded by “first ring” 
structures, and these again by the 
‘* yellow ” hairs. 


3. a - Ditto. Outside the “yellow” hairs, 
structures of irregular section can now 
be seen. 

4, “fi 5 Ditto. The central bodies have almost 


disappeared. The black hairs are now 
arising separated from the “ yellow ” 
hairs by those of irregular section seen 
in section 3. 


5. ¥s pee Ditto. The “ first ring*” structures are 
now disappearing. 
6. 5 - Ditto. The black and yellow hairs 


remain, separated, however, by the 
irregular structures already referred 
to. 


(All x 50.) 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. XII. 


H, Eltringham, Photo, Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd 


AMAURIS EGIALEA, BRUSH. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. XIT1. 


Andre, Sleigh & Anélo, Ltd, 


to. 


ham, Pho 


ltring 


Bl 


ier 


AMAURIS HECATE, BRUSH. 


Fic. 1. Amauris hecate. 


3, 4, 5. 


EXPLANATION OF PuatTe XIII. 


29 


29 


Section of brush near base. Central 
bodies, surrounded by “ yellow ’’ hairs, 
are seen. 

More distal section. Central bodies have 
almost disappeared. At upper right 
side are seen rather indistinct structures. 
These are the hairs which ultimately 
form the dust. 

Further sections showing the arising of 
the black hairs and the development of 
the dust hairs, many of which, in figs. 4 
and 5, show a reniform section. 

Longitudinal section of cuticle of brush 
bag at origin of black hairs. 


(All x 50.) 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. 


Fic. 1. Amauris whytei. Section of brush near base. Note central 
core of stiff fine hairs. 


2. a _ More distal section. Central core con- 
tinued, and black hairs arising. 
3-6. ,, 8 Further sections showing gradual de- 


velopment of the granulated or dust- 
producing hairs. 


(All x 50.) 


i SONA 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, 


Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd. 


Andre, 


H. Eltringham, Photo. 


BRUSH. 


AMAURIS WHYTEI, 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. XV. 


Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd. 


Photo 


- H, Eltringham, 


P, ERYX AND T. PETIVERANA, BRUSHES, &e. 


Fic. 1-3. Parantica eryx. 


4. Tirumala petiverana. 


on 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. 


Sections of brush. In this species the 
brush contains but one kind of hair. 
(x 50.) 

Section of brush. There are no 
complications in this species, and 
any section shows much the same 
appearance. (> 50.) 

Section of scent pocket of wing show- 
ing contained dust material. 
(x 75.) 

Dust material from wing pocket. 
(xX 75.) 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI. 


Fic. 1. Danaida chrysippus. Section of wing before emergence 
from pupa. On the right is the 
diverticulum which, when invagi- 
nated after emergence, forms the 
scent pocket. (x 75.) : 

2. x lotis. Section of brush near distalend. The dark 
spots here and there are particles of a 
dried secretion. (x 50.) 


3h aS » Section of wing pocket showing its spiral 
formation and deep glandular cells. 
(x 50.) 


4, T'repsichrois mulciber. Longitudinal section through ac- 
cessory vesicle of brush bag. 
Note epithelium with many nuclei 
and funnel-like sockets from which 
arise delicate membranous tubes. 
( x 50.) 

5. 3 3 Transverse section at base of brush 
bag. At lower right-hand side is 
seen passage from same to acces- 

‘ sory vesicle. (x 50.) 

6. = ~ Longitudinal section at base of brush 
bag showing glandular cells and 
funnel-shaped sockets of hairs. 
(x 50.) 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. X V1. 


OR ees 

kata) cares eanece 
Seat, ie 

is Gt - 

COURS Cus 


H. Eltringham, Photo. Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd. 


DANAINE SCENT-ORGANS. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. XVII. 


Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd. 


HA. Eltringham, Photo. 


DANAINE SCENT-BRUSHES. 


EXPLANATION OF PLatTe XVII. 


Fic. 1. Trepsichrois mulciber. Transverse section of brush bag, 
corresponding to the longitudinal 
section shown at Pl. XVI. fig. 6. 
2. Hestia lyncaeus. Section of small brush. 
3-5. 5, Bs Sections of large brush showing glandular 
nature of brush bag (3-5) and appear- 
ance of hairs which arise therein. 


(All x 50.) 


Fic. 1. 


EXPLANATION OF PuatEe XVIII. 


Amauris egialea. Section of wing patch parallel with 


29 29 


rhe 29 


ae 99 


. ,, ochlea. 


De) 99 


. 5» hecate. 


direction of nervures. (x 175.) 
Ditto transversely to same. (x 175.) 
Comparative appearance of ordinary scales of 
wing and those in scent patch. (x 212.) 
Semidiagrammatic surface view of part of wing 
patch showing “ cupped” and blind glands 
and position of scales. (x 250.) 

Transverse section of one of central bodies of 
brush. (x 400.) 

Ditto of one of the “ first ring” bodies. (> 400.) 

Ditto of one of the “yellow hairs.” (x 600.) 

Transverse section of one of the “ third ring ” 
bodies showing nodules. (x 700.) 

Longitudinal surface view of same. (x 600.) 

One of the scales of wing patch. (x 230.) 

Transverse section of a dust hair. (x 700.) 

Section of wing patch parallel with nervures. 
(x 160.) 

Transverse section of a “‘ yellow” and a black 
hair from brush. (x 700.) 


‘ 


Trans. Ent. Soc.Lond.,1915. Pl. XVI. 


West, Newman lith. 


H.Eltringham del. 


DANAINE SCENT-ORGANS. 


1915. Pl. XIX. 


Trans.Ent. Soc.Lond 


West, Newman lith. 


H.Eltringham del. 


SCENT-ORGANS. 


DANAINE 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. 


Fia. 14. Amauris whytei. Section of wing patch. (x 200.) 


15. 


16. 


39 


be) 


5 Transverse section of one of the 
“yellow” hairs. (x 350.) 
- Ditto of one of the granulated hairs break- 


ing up to form dust. (x 350.) 


-17. Parantica eryx. Section of wing patch. (x 250.) 


18. 


29 


oe Longitudinal surface view of part of one 
of the brush hairs. (x 700.) 


19. Tirumala petiverana. Section of part of wing pocket show- 


20. 


21. 


22. 


23. 


”? 


ing scent scales and double layer 
of cells. (x 150.) 

limniace. Section of alar scent organ, made from 
a dried pupa, showing remains of 
filaments which form the dust. 
(x 75.) 

petiverana. Longitudinal surface view of part of 
a brush hair. (x 450.) 


limniace. Fragments of the dust filaments. 
(x 750.) 

petiverana. ‘Transverse section of a brush hair. 
(x 850.) 


24. Danaida chrysippus. Two cells from lining of alar scent 


25. 


26. 


27. 


pocket. (x 120.) 

+ Section of unexpanded wing showing 
folds of chitin, scale-forming cells, 
ete. (x 120.) 

3 Section of brush hair. (x 850.) 

x Longitudinal surface view of part of 
same. (x 850.) 


Fia. 28. Danaida chrysippus. 


29. 


30. Trepsichrois mulciber. 


ol. 


38. 


39. 


. Hestia lynceus. 


+”? 


»”? 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX. 


lotis. 


brooket. 


Section of part o unexpanded wing 
taken through area which will 
form scent pocket in the imago. 
(x 500.) 


Section of part of alar scent pocket show- 


ing scent scales with large cells 
alternating with small cells and 
rudimentary scales. (x 150.) 

Section of hair socket from brush 
bag showing gland cells associ- 
ated with hair. (x 125.) 

Epithelium, funnel socket, and part 
of membranous tube from acces- 
sory vesicle. (x 125.) 

Transverse section of a_ brush 
hair. (x 750.) 

Longitudinal surface view of part 
of same. (xX 750.) 

Seale from fur patch of hind-wing. 
(75s) 

Seale from discoidal cell patch of 
ditto. (x 75.) 


Part of a brush hair showing projec- 


tions. (x 500.) 


Gland. cells of one of the hairs of large 


brush. (x 125.) 


Surface view of part of a hair from large 


brush. (x 500.) 


Section of a hair near middle of its length. 


(x 500.) 


Ditto near distal end. (x 500.) 


Teahs Hae Soc.Lond.,19/5.Pl. XX. 


39 


Eltringham del. West, Newman lith. 
DANAINE SCHENT-ORGANS. 


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V. New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak. By J. J. 
Joicey, F.L.S., F.E.S., and A. Noaxss, F.E.S. 


[Read February 3rd, 1915.] 


Pirates XXI—XXVIII. 


Tue Island of Biak is the largest of the Schouten or Misory 
Islands which lie outside Geelvink Bay, North New 
Guinea. It was first explored entomologically by Mr. W. 
Doherty, who visited it in 1892. He was only able to 
stay a short time, and in the bad season. His collection 
was therefore a small one, but it contained several new 
and distinct forms. The island was not again visited by 
collectors till Messrs. A. C. and F. Pratt went there during 
the year 1914. They were able to remain over two months 
and make extensive collections. The island seems pecu- 
liarly rich in specialised forms, and the species show as 
much affinity with those inhabiting the Moluccas and 
Bismarck Archipelago as with New Guinea forms. 

The present paper contains thirty-one forms which we 
regard as new, and several of these are quite distinct; in 
addition, we record the other sex of four species which 
had not previously been known in both sexes. 

We are indebted to the Lord Rothschild and Dr. K. 
Jordan for much kind help, and the opportunity afforded 
of examining specimens in the Tring Museum. 

The specimens were all collected in May and June, 
1914, and obtained in the southern part of the island 
called Bosnik. 

We hope to be able to publish later a complete list of 
the butterflies known from this island. 


PAPILIONIDAE. 
1. Papilio othello obscurata, 2 forma nov. 


(Plate XXI, fig. 1.) 


Near melia, Roths., from Mefor. Differs from this in the much 
reduced red spots on the hindwing above. On the underside the 
discal spots are washed out and the red submarginal spots reduced, 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PART II. (AUG.) N 


178 Messrs. J. J. Joicey and A. Noakes on 


more lunate and typical of aegeus forms, whereas in melia they 
are bar-shaped. On the forewing there is only a faint light scaling 
beyond the cell towards the apex. 


Five examples. 


2. Papilio euchenor comma, subsp. nov. 


3g. Forewing with the two upper apical spots larger and more 
rounded, the one near the margin smaller than in euchenor. On 
the hindwing near apex there is a well-defined curved bar which 
crosses cellule 7. This is represented below by an orange bar also 
present in the typical form, but it is larger than in that. The sub- 
marginal lunules are more lunate than ~-shaped and are separated 
at the veins; the first in cellule 4 is orange like the others. 

Q. Apical spots of forewing asin g. The patch at inner margin 
much smaller than in euchenor, the one above it reduced to a 
streak. On the hindwing the mark in cellule 7 is not so well defined. 
Hindwing below as in ¢ and all blue scaling reduced. The edge 
of the discal prong in cellule 6 is scaled with orange and to a less 
extent the lower of the two prongs in 5. 


One ¢ differs from the others in having two spots out- 
side cell at its end; these are indicated as dots in another 
specimen. Also, the band is deeply incised proximally 
on veins 2 and 3. The mark in apex of hindwing is absent, 
but the underside of hindwing is typical of the subspecies. 

A small series of ¢ g and 2 9 9 obtained. 


3. Papilio felixi, sp. nov. 
(Plate XXI, fig. 2.) 


Nearest to thule, Wall., but quite distinct. ¢g. Upperside of 
forewing black with greenish-white markings. A dot in cell 
near base, a curved streak beyond it, a larger similar streak 
in middle of cell, a curved streak beyond and opposite vein 
4, its middle forming a triangular spot only slightly connected 
with a spot at each side. A short streak near lower angle of cell 
opposite vein 5, a round dot near upper angle of cell. Beyond cell 
an elongate spot at base of cellule 8 with a dot distally of it, a 
double spot below it in 6, 3 discal spots in 5-3 with a smaller spot 
opposite each near cell, similar spots in 2 joined to form astreak. 
A double streak in 1b and Ic, the upper the longer and joined to a 
round spot at the base. A submarginal row of spots as in thule. 
Hindwing with a longitudinal streak in cell obscured by dark 


New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak. 179 


scaling except at end of cell where a spot is formed. Five discal 
streaks close to cell in 2-6, all widely separate, that in 6 the longer, 
those in 3 and 4 the shorter. A streak in lc joined to the anal 
spot. A submarginal row of 7 spots as in thule but larger. 

Underside similar to upper. On forewing the cell-folds divide 
the two upper streaks into three spots. The discal spots are faintly 
connected with spots near the cell. On hindwing a streak in 
cellule 7 defined at base and becoming obsolescent. Cell streak 
broader and better defined than above. 

Q with wings more rounded. Markings enlarged and _ paler, 
submarginal spots white. 

Length of forewing: j 44:5 mm., 2 45°5 mm. 


A small series obtained. 


PIERIDAE. 
4, Elodina biaka, sp. nov. 
Allied to umbratica, Gr.-Sm., from the Solomons. 


6. The black margin of the forewing is more irregular on its 
edge than in wmbratica. Below, the apex is washed with yellowish- 
white and proximally of this the black above shows through as a 
narrow band. 

Q. Similar to g. The hindwing below is yellowish. 

Length of forewing: 3 22 mm., 9 25 mm. 


A series of both sexes. 


5. Delias maudei, sp. nov. 
(Plate XXIII, figs. 3, g, 4, 9.) 


This fine species 1s intermediate between enniana, Obth., 
and waterstradtt, Roths. 


6. Upperside white. Forewing with a narrow black apical and 
outer margin ending below the first submedian and having its 
inner edge deeply serrate, being invaded by triangular projections 
of ground-colour between the veins. An oblique patch of black 
scaling from vein 6-3 where it joins margin, cutting off 3 spots 
of ground-colour, the one in 5 being the larger. Lower disco- 
cellular scaled with black. Hindwing with a_brownish-black 
marginal border from middle of cellule 4 to first submedian, narrow- 
ing at each end and being 4 mm. wide in cellule 2; its inner border 
is nebulous and greyish from band below showing through, and a 
spot of this colour invades the band in 3. 


180 Messrs. J. J. Joicey and A. Noakes on 


Underside of forewing with white ground-colour. Cell pale 
yellow at base. A curved black band on discocellular, lying mostly 
outside cell, narrowing along its upper part and continued within 
it as dark scaling to the base. This band does not join costa and 
space between it and costal vein is yellowish. A subapical black 
band, narrowing posteriorly, from costa to just below vein 2, its 
edges irregular. A black apex and narrow margin as above. Two 
yellow apical spots. Costa black, white towards base. Hind- 
wing with basal two-thirds yellow. A brownish-black margin 
extending from costa above vein 7 to anal angle, its inner edge 
well-defined, curved to vein 4 where it is 2 mm. from cell, and 
thence is nearly straight to inner margin. A marginal row of 7 
conspicuous yellow spots, the two at anal angle being much smaller 
than the others. 

Q. Upperside smoky-brown, paler in the basal half. Forewing 
with apical and submarginal white spots decreasing in size pos- 
teriorly, those at the apex being elongate. Hindwing yellowish- 
white at costa, greyish below the cell. A marginal row of ill- 
defined yellowish spots. 

Underside of forewing with basal part of cell yellow, a white 
inner-marginal area to beyond vein 3, and white submarginal spots 
as above but more distinct and larger, the two nearest apex being 
tinged with yellow. Costa, outer margin, and discal area with 
upper part of cell brownish-black. Hindwing with yellow basal 
half to near end of cell, distal half brownish-black. Marginal 
spots as in the g. 

Length of forewing: 3 35°5 mm., 9 34 mm. 


A small series obtained. 


6. Delias multicolor, sp. nov. 


(Plate XXIII, figs. 1, 3, 2, 2.) 


Allied to gabia, Bdv. 3. Upperside white. Forewing with black 
apical and marginal area ending in a point at vein 2 and bearing 
3 white spots at the apex. These spots are joined to the margin 
by a streak-like prolongation of their outer edge. Costa black 
to the base. Hindwing with a narrow black margin, indented on 
intraneural folds, extending from vein 4 to first submedian. Red 
spots of underside show through. 

Underside. Forewing similar to upperside, apical spots yellow, 
first spot much larger than above. Extreme base yellow. Hind- 
wing with basal half yellow to end of cell. Anal area to vein 
4 bright orange, fainter in 3. The costal area, part of cellule 6, 


New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak. 181 


and outside end of cell is washed with orange. A black marginal 
band as above but twice as wide and bearing 3 large somewhat 
heart-shaped spots of bright orange, their apices resting on the 
margin. Three small marginal spots of same colour in 4-6. 

2. Upperside white. Forewing blackish at base. Costa, apex, 
and outer margin black with a well-defined inner edge. A marginal 
row of white spots decreasing in size from cellule 6—2, those in 4-2 
being close to margin ; a dot before the first spot near costa. Hind- 
wing with basal part including cell, pale yellow. A black marginal 
border 3 mm. wide, from apex to first submedian, its inner edge 
crenulate. Three yellowish marginal dots in cellules 2-4. 

Underside similar to 3. Forewing with increased apical and costal 
black, and yellow apical spots smaller than in 3. Basal yellow fills 
half the cell. Hindwing with distal area from centre of cellule 7 to 
inner margin, bright orange, basal half yellow. Marginal band 4mm. 
wide bearing spots of bright orange as in J, the spots in 4-6 well 
developed, the last being outside the band. 

Length of forewing: ¢ 29°5 mm., 2 26°5 mm. 


A series. 


7. Delias bosnikiana, sp. nov. 
(Plate XXIV, fig. 1.) 


This species bears a superficial resemblance to the 
preceding one, but we think it belongs to the poecilia 
group. 

§. The forewing is more produced at the apex than in multicolor. 
It differs above in the much narrower black margin which only 
reaches just below vein 4, and in the consequent absence of apical 
spots. The hindwing bears some black scaling around the ends 
of veins 2,3, and 4. The underside differs from multicolor in the 
increased costal and apical black, and the larger apical spots all of 
which are white. The inner-marginal orange area is more strongly 
defined and extended basally. The marginal black is broader and 
the spots smaller, those in 5 and 6 being absent. 

2. Upperside black, basal half sparsely powdered with white. 
Forewing with three large white apical spots prolonged basad, a faint 
white subcostal streak, a rounded spot in 3, a small spot in 2, and 
a dot in le. Hindwing with costa white. A submarginal row of 
pinkish-white spots in 2-6, somewhat heart-shaped, their apices 
directed to the margin. 

Underside of forewing with basal half white, tinged with lemon- 
yellow in cell and outside its lower edge. Costa black to base. 


182 Messrs. J. J. Joicey and A. Noakes on 


Apical and submarginal spots large and better defined. Hind- 
wing with outer half black, including apex of cell; basal half 
greenish-yellow, its outer edge tinged with orange at abdominal 
margin and a patch of orange on costa. Submarginal spots as 
above, bright orange, larger and more rounded than on upperside, a 
double spot in Ic. 

Length of forewing: ¢ 30 mm., 2 26°5 mm. 


A small series of both sexes. A figure of the 9 will be 
given in a succeeding paper. 


We may here note that five of the seven Delias now 
known from Biak have 92 with dark upperside and 
prominent submarginal spots. 


+ 


8. Delias dohertyi knowlei, subsp. nov. 
(Plate XXII, figs. 5, 3, 6, 9.) 


3g. Upperside white with very narrow black costal and outer 
margin to forewing. Underside of forewing white. Apex lightly 
scaled with black, filling interspace 8 and extending outwardly to 
below vein 6; costa black, whitish towards base. A dark yellow 
spot at apex, traversed by the black veins and reaching below 6. 
Hindwing black. A red costal streak edged with black at margin. 
The margin from apex to base is sprinkled with grey-white scales 
forming a band 3-4 mm. broad. 

2. Upperside grey-black. Forewing with basal half scaled with 
grey-white. Hindwing with basal part including cell and inner 
marginal area, and extending to vein 6 between cell and margin, 
grey-white. Underside similar to ¢. Forewing with increased 
apical black, hindwing with a somewhat wider grey-white margin. 

Length of forewing: 9 2 32 mm. 


A series. D. dohertyi, Ob., is wrongly placed by Fruhs- 
torfer in Seitz’s “ Macrol.” in the genus Huphina. 


9. Delias talboti, sp. nov. 
(Plate XXII, figs. 1, g, 2, 9.) 


g. Upperside white. Forewing with narrow black apex and 
outer margin ending in a point at vein 2. Underside black. Fore- 
wing with basal half to near end of cell, base of 3, part of 2, most 
of lower median area, and inner margin white. Basal two-thirds 
of cell tinged with yellow. Four apical white spots and a faint 
spot in 3 near margin. Hindwing with costa yellow at base. A 


New Butterflies and a Moth from Burak. 183 


marginal row of square-shaped grey-white spots in cellules lc-6. 
Inner margin faintly scaled with grey-white anteriorly and with 
dark yellow at the base. 

9. Wings rounded. Upperside black; basal area greyish-white 
with some yellow scaling, rendered dark by the underlying ground- 
colour. Forewing with a submarginal row of 6 white spots which 
are larger towards apex. Hindwing with a similar row of smaller 
spots of nearly equal size. Inner margin grey-white. 

Underside black. Basal three-quarters of cell to below median 
yellow. Submarginal spots as above but larger and better defined. 
A distinct spot touching margin, on first submedian fold. Hind- 
wing with costa yellow at base and yellow scaling extending to 
inner margin. A submarginal row of 7 well-defined white spots 
much larger than those above; those in 6 and 7 tinged with 
yellow. 

Length of forewing: ¢ 35°5 mm., 2 32°5 mm. 


A series. 


10. Delias biaka, sp. nov. 
(Plate XXII, figs. 3, 3, 4, 9.) 


Allied to dorimene, Cram. 3. Upperside. Forewing paler than 
in the allied species, costa and apex black, outer margin narrowly 
so to below vein 2. Apical black proximally bordered by 4 well- 
defined white apical spots, and a dot in 2 and 3 close to margin. 
Upper edge of cell streaked with grey-white. Hindwing creamy- 
white with a black outer marginal band which is paler distally and 
broader than in dorimene; the veins crossing it are black from their 
ends to a little proximal of the band. Four marginal white dots, 
the two first in 5 and 4 the largest. A greyish suffusion at the 
base. 

Underside of forewing with basal half suffused with grey. Apical 
spots larger and better defined than above. Hindwing with yellow 
ground-colour paler than in dorimene. Areas 1c, 2, and 3 shaded 
with orange. Black marginal band as above and veins only black 
within it. A marginal row of 4 elongate white spots separated by 
the veins. The ground-colour invades the band in cellule 5. 

Q. Upperside black, greyish at the base. Forewing with 4 white 
apical spots and a dot before the first. Hindwing with 4 rounded 
white submarginal spots in 2-5, and an indistinct one in 6. 

Underside ground-colour black. Forewing with a submarginal 
row of 7 white spots from costa to outer angle, the second and third 
the largest, the last an indistinct dot. Basal half greyish-white. 
Hindwing with costa, base, and inner margin yellow. A sub- 


184 Messrs. J. J. Joicey and A. Noakes on 


marginal row of 7 large rounded spots, the first two the larger, pale 
orange, in 6 and 5, others white. 
Length of forewing: ¢ 2 31 mm. 


A series. 
Since the descriptions of the sexes of this species were 
written, we have received a pair taken an cop. 


11. Appias albina pulverobasalis, subsp. nov. 
(Plate XXIII, figs. 5, g, 6, 9.) 


¢d. The base of forewing and less so the base of hindwing is suf- 
fused with dark scaling above. Costa of forewing much more 
thickly scaled. 

9. There are five forms in the series sent. Of the typical white 
forms there is principalis, Fruh., and semiflava, Fruh. The yellow 
forms comprise flava, R6b., and two which seem to be intermediate. 
One of these is similar to flava but larger and base of forewing more 
scaled with yellow. The other is similar but darker at base of 
forewing, no apical spots, and a wider marginal band on hindwing. 


We figure this form. The latter and the form semzflava 
were taken in cop. with the g form above described. A 
long series of both sexes, but only a few of the yellow 
© forms. 


12. Appias ega faleidia, Fruh. ¢. 
(Plate XXYV, figs. 1, 3, 2, 2.) 


Seitz, “‘ Macrol.” ix, p. 156. 9. Smith, Nov. Zool. 
1, p. 337, as saina 9. 


Similar to saina, Sm., which has not yet been properly described, 
as Smith’s “g” is a 2. Apex and costa narrowly margined with 
black, veins at apex black at ends and a certain amount of black 
suffusion between them. Some dark scaling along costal margin 
increasing at base. The black spots which occur in 3 and 4 as in 
ega are sometimes quite absent or the one in 2 is much enlarged; 
there is a tendency for the spot in 4 to become obsolete. 
Underside with apex, base of forewing and whole of hindwing 
sulphur yellow. : 

A 2 specimen differs from the others in the absence of apical 
spots on forewing above, a narrower margin on hindwing, and 
below with apex and distal margin of hindwing brown without any » 
yellow suffusion. 


A series of both sexes. 


New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak. 185 


In Seitz, “ Macrol.” ix, pp. 155-156, Herr Fruhstorfer 
has not correctly identified Appias melania, F., and sinks 
ega, Bdv. as a synonym. The type of melania, Fabr., is in 
the Banksian cabinet in the British Museum. It is a 9 
specimen and represents the altogether different asteria, 
Misk., so that this name must sink. The group of races 
which Fruhstorfer, loc. cit., treats as one species, consist 
probably of two; these would be represented by paulina, 
Cram., and ega, Bav. , respectively. 

We have received a pair of this species taken im cop. 
The 9 is much smaller than ¢ in this case. 


13. Appias ada solis, subsp. nov. 


(Plate XXIV, figs. 2, 3, 3, 2.) 


Near thaszs, Fruh., but has reduced apical and marginal 
black above. 


6. Upperside of forewing with costa and outer margin to vein 3 
narrowly black, the margin being proximally dentate; some dark 
scaling at costa near apex. Hindwing with margin black from 
vein 6 to first submedian, invaded by ground-colour between veins, 
very narrow to vein 4, widening to nearly 3 mm. on vein 3 and 
ending in a point. 

Underside of forewing with upper edge of cell and costa except 
at base, black to near apex, limited by vein 6. Apex narrowly 
black and some black scaling along margin to vein 4, intervening 
space in 6 tinged with yellow. Hindwing bright yellow over cell 
and costal area. A brownish-black marginal band 7 mm. broad 
from 6 to anal angle, edged with orange proximally. The inner 
marginal area, cellules 2 and 3 proximally of the band, and an apical 
spot in 6, is orange. 

©. Upperside of forewing with base scaled with black, including 
two-thirds of cell. Costa and apex black, extending along margin 
and narrowing to vein 2, being deeply serrate between 6 and 3. 
Hindwing tinged with yellow. A black marginal border 4 mm. 
wide. 

Underside of forewing as in 3 but base lightly scaled with black 
and apical spot orange yellow. Hindwing with basal half yellow 
to end of cell, distal half blackish-brown. An orange spot at apex 
in 6 and an orange patch at inner angle. 


A series of both sexes. 


186 Messrs. J. J. Joicey and A. Noakes on 


14. Pareronia chinki, sp. nov. 
(Plate XXIV, figs. 4, gy 5, 9.) 


A very distinct species which we have pleasure in 
naming after the collector, who will forgive us for taking 
his nickname. 


Nearest jacobea, Bdv. 3. Upperside of forewing greenish-white, 
leaving a narrow black margin extending from base, round apex 
where it is 5 mm. broad, to just below vein 2 where it narrows to 
a point. Some greyish scaling at base of costa. Hindwing 
greenish-white with androconial patch extending from above vein 
7 to below 6 and reaching apex. <A black marginal border 3 mm. 
broad from apex to inner angle; white streaks at its proximal edge 
on intraneural folds in Ic, 2-4. 

Underside with narrower black costal margin and two thin 
short streaks in apex, a streak in 6 and marginal black dentate on 
the veins. Hindwing brownish-black with a submarginal row of 
rounded white spots each traversed by a short vivid white line on 
the intraneural fold. In le two streaks broadened distally, a 
similar streak in 6, and another in 7 without scaling at sides of 
fold. Some light sparse scaling proximally of the spots from inner 
margin to cellule 6. 

Q. Upperside ground-colour brownish-black with white markings. 
A streak through centre of cell narrowing towards base, a much 
thinner streak almost fused with it anteriorly, and a streak 
below it showing mostly as an elongate spot at end of cell. 
Beyond the cell a subcostal streak, a larger one below it in 
angle of 6, a longer one in 5, one in 4, an oblong spot in 3, 
an elongate spot in 2; two streaks in lower median area extending 
from terminal spot to base and scarcely separated by a thin 
line of ground-colour; below submedian a marginal streak not 
reaching outer angle. At apex 3 short streaks followed by a row 
of submarginal spots, those in 4 and 5 smaller than the others 
and the one in 3 the larger. Hindwing with cell white except its 
lower edge, and traversed by a faint streak of dark scaling. <A 
subcostal streak and 4 elongate discal spots round cell, a thick 
streak in 2, two streaks in lc divided by submedian fold, their 
pointed outer ends joined each to a submarginal white spot. Inner 
margin white along both sides of lower submedian. A sub- 
marginal row of 6 rounded white spots. 

Underside with all white markings much increased. Cell-streaks 


New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak. 187 


and inner marginal streaks confluent, and discal patches only 
separated from cell by the veins. 
Length of forewing: 3 40 mm., 2 42 mm. 


A series. 
EUPLOEINAE. 


15. Euploea tripunctata, sp. nov. 
(Plate XXVI, fig. 1, 3; Plate XXV, fig. 3, 9.) 


3g. Upperside deep purplish-brown shot with blue in a side-light. 
A thin stripe of androconia in the lower median area of forewing. 
Hindwing with 3 bluish-white apical spots, the one in cellule 4 a 
mere dot. 

Underside paler than above. Forewing with a blue gloss round 
the cell and partly invading it. Some bluish-white spots,—one 
at end of cell, a curved series of 5 beyond cell in 2-6, the one in 
5 being a dot, a dot near costa in 10, a dot in 6 near margin. Inner 
margin grey. Two thin greyish though somewhat obscured stripes 
which converge basally in lower median area. Hindwing with a 
spot at end of cell, 6 round the cell in 1c—6, the first being a short 
streak, 3 apical white spots, a few marginal dots. 

Q. Upperside coffee-brown, paler at the margins. Forewing 
shot with blue over the disc and hindwing faintly so. Hindwing 
with 3 white apical spots. 

Underside paler than in ¢ and with similar markings. The 
marginal dots on hindwing extend from 1b-6, in pairs in each cellule 
except in 1b. 

Length of forewing: 3 39 mm., 2 42 mm. 


A series. 

This species is nearest lacon, Sm., but has a longer sexual 
stripe and is much darker. It shows no variation above, 
but Jacon varies in amount of blue gloss, in the spots being 
present or absent, and the sexual stripe may be quite 
wanting. 


16. Euploea incerta, sp. nov. 


(Plate XXV, fig. 4.) 


Allied to obscura, Pag. 3. Upperside dark coffee-brown, fore- 
wing a little paler at apex and outer margin, hindwing with only 
the disc darker than the rest. The pale costal area of hindwing 
reaches vein 6. , 

Underside paler than upperside. Forewing with two broad 


188 Messrs. J. J. Joicey and A. Noakes on 


greyish stripes in lower median area, dilated basally as almost to 
touch. <A spot at end of cell, 3 beyond it in 2-4, the one in 4 being 
a streak, a small spot in 3 near margin. Hindwing with a spot at 
end of cell, 5 spots round cell in 2-6, 3 apical spots in 4-6, an outer 
marginal row of dots in pairs in each cellule. 

Length of forewing: 43 mm. 


Nine examples. 


17. Euploea albicosta, sp. nov. 
(Plate XXVI, fig. 2.) 


gd. Forewing narrow, inner margin rounded. Hindwing short 
and narrow. Upperside of forewing deep brown, paler at the 
apex and outer margin. Hindwing deep brown in lower part of 
cell, paler round the cell and merging into a pale distal area. An 
oval costal patch of cream-coloured scales from vein 8 to the cell, 
invading its upper part and filling base of cellule 6; distally of this 
patch some white scaling, costal edge grey. 

Underside paler. Disc of forewing and disc and costal area of 
hindwing darker than the rest. On forewing a spot in cell near 
origin of vein 3, three spots outside cell in 2-4, a small spot in 
6 near margin. Inner margin white nearly to base, and some 
white terminal scaling above submedian. Hindwing with a spot 
at end of cell, a series of 6 spots round cell in 2-7, a smaller spot 
in 7 near margin, 3 apical spots in 4-6, a pair of marginal dots in 5 
and a pair in 6. 

Length of forewing: 42 mm. 


Two specimens only. 
This has apparently no near ally, but belongs to the first 
section of Huploea. 


NYMPHALIDAE. 
18. Cynthia arsinoe bosnikensis, subsp. nov. 


Nearest to rebeli, Fruh., but smaller, paler, and forewing 
less produced at apex. 


3. Upperside of forewing with reduced markings which are less 
defined than in rebeli. Discal spots smaller, the one in 4 obsolete. 
There is no subcostal spot in 6. Hindwing with discal line absent, 
the two eye-spots and submarginal spots smaller, submarginal line 
thinner, and marginal border very thin. Underside much paler 
than in rebeli, markings similar. On forewing the discal dot in 2 
and the one below 2 obsolete. 


New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak. 189 


Q. Upperside with well-defined white band and darker ground- 
colour than in rebeli. Discal spots smaller and first submarginal 
line is less undulate. Hindwing with white costal patch suffused 
by dark scaling between the two discal lines which are distinct. 

’ Underside paler than in rebeli 9 and without any reddish tint. 
Forewing with the discal dot in 5 and the one below vein 2 obsolete. 
Hindwing with the pale discal band much lighter, eye-spots smaller, 
and submarginal lines closer together. 

One @ shows the white band darkened distally. 

Length of forewing: 3 47 mm., 2 43 mm. 


A series. 


19. Cirrochroa imperatrix, Sm. 9. 
Nov. Zool. 1, p. 348, 3. 


Similar to the g, basal blue not so bright. Underside paler at 
base, discal blue line a little wider as is also the proximal blue 
bordering of the submarginal brown band. 

Length of forewing: 40 mm. 


A small series from Biak, June 1914. 


20. Cethosia chrysippe schoutensis, subsp. nov. 
(Plate XXVII, figs. 1, 3, 2, 2.) 


Nearest to lucina, Fruh., from Jobi. Outer margin of 
wings less strongly undulate than in other chrysippe 
forms. 


3. Upperside shot with deep blue except at margins. The white 
subapical patch extends from subcostal 4 to vein 2, is rounded on 
its outer edge, and is 9 mm. broad between veins 4 and 6. A short 
subcostal streak before the band. The red at base of cellule 2 is 
more reduced than in allied forms. Submarginal white dots are 
only faintly indicated and this in a very few specimens. There is 
a tendency to develop a dot in 2 on forewing and to reduction in 
size of spot in 2. 

Underside darker than in damasippe, Feld. The submarginal 
spots on hindwing larger and somewhat produced proximally. A 
reddish suffusion between the discal bands and distally of the outer 
band, the red spot at end of cell brighter. 

@ differs as in the allied forms. 


A series. 


190 Messrs. J. J. Joicey and A. Noakes on 


21. Symbrenthia hippoclus nigroapiealis, subsp. nov. 
(Plate XXVI, fig. 3, g, 4, 9.) 


g. Forewing with the spot in 4 enlarged and narrowly joined 
to the spot at base of 3. No spot in apex. The submarginal spot 
in 4 represented by a dot. The inner marginal band is reduced to a 
triangular spot reaching vein 2 which separates its apex from a 
spot in cellule 2 placed distally of it. 

Q. On the forewing resembling the 2 of hylaeus, Wall. There is 
a short black streak in the band between veins 3 and 5 in the type 
specimen. 


4 3 3, 2 29 obtained. 


22. Mynes geoffroyi aureodiseus, subsp. nov. 
(Plate XXVII, fig. 3, 3.) 


Allied to semperi, Stgr. 4 differs above in having an ill-defined 
apical streak, some dark scaling at base of wing, and some greyish 
scaling at terminal margin of white area. On hindwing the black 
margin is broader and occupies half the costa. The light central 
patch is square-shaped and much reduced distally and costally, 
being limited by vein 7 and separated from a light stripe at inner 
margin of the greyish discal colour. 

Underside of forewing similar to semperi; costal spot directed 
basally, yellow apical spots larger, and extended black in cellule 4. 
Hindwing with reduced discal patch as above, limited anteriorly 
by vein 7 and posteriorly by first submedian, being separated by 
some yellow scaling from inner marginal yellow border. The distal 
edge of the patch is nebulous and there is some yellow scaling in the 
space between it and an outer yellowish discal line which represents 
the limit of the discal patch in semperv. 

Q. Upperside black with basal half suffused with yellow scaling. 
Forewing with a yellow patch at base of cell, and a creamy apical 
band. Hindwing with basal half of cell yellow, base of costa and 
inner margin whitish. A narrow creamy marginal band. 

Underside of forewing yellowish in and around cell. Black area 
enlarged posteriorly, reaching below 3 and thence narrowing to 
outer angle. Costal spot divided and apical spots forming a band. 
Hindwing with yellow discal area much enlarged, reaching sub- 
costal, extended to the base, and merged in the inner marginal 
area which is extended posteriorly. Red costal streak more 
extended. 


A series of both sexes. 


New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak. 191 


In the ¢ the yellow discal patch on hindwing below varies 
from a breadth of 455 mm. to 95mm. Two 2Q have a 
creamy scaling over disc of forewing. 

A small series of the dark form doryca, Butl., was 
received. There are no intermediates. 


23. Hypolimnas pithoeka fumosus, subsp. nov. 


3g. Upperside of forewing a deep smoky-brown which is darker 
than in pithoeka; paler at apex and along outer margin where the 
marginal line is distinct. Hindwing with dark basal area same 
colour as forewing, distal area much paler. 

Underside markings as in pithoeka. Ground-colour pale oliva- 
ceous-brown except the darker posterior area of the forewing. 
Marginal line much thinner and closer to margin. 

9. Upperside paler than 4, discal area and band of forewing 
coloured as in pithoeka and with some reddish-brown scaling. Hind- 
wing light olivaceous-brown, a white discal dot in 6. 

Underside as in 3 but a little paler. White fringe dots between 
veins on hindwing. 


A series. 


24. Doleschallia bisaltide nigromarginata, subsp. nov. 
This form is allied to nasica, Fruh., from Waigeu. 


¢. The wings are widely margined with black. The discal area 
of forewing extends to vein 4, filling base of cellule 3. The costal 
patch varies in size and in one specimen is reduced to two small 
spots; the space between it and the cell is in another specimen 
almost filled in with brown. Another specimen is much nearer 
nasica in the narrower black margins, and hindwing with only 
costa and apex black. The outer margin of forewing is more con- 
cave, and of hindwing more straight than in other specimens. 

Q. Similar to g. Discal area of forewing more extended, costal 
patch larger. 


6 3 3, 1 2 obtained. 


25. Dolesehallia noorna fulva, subsp. nov. 


3g. Upperside of forewing with apical and outer margin narrower 
than in typical form. The lower three apical spots are obsolete, 
and the discocellular spot enlarged. On the hindwing the dark 
apical margin only reaches vein 4; discal spots obsolete; sub- 
marginal and marginal lines much less heavily marked. 


192 Messrs. J. J. Joicey and A. Noakes on 


Underside with more uniform ground-colour and reduced white 
markings. 

Q. Upperside paler than in noorna; outer marginal border of 
forewing narrower, being about 3 mm. broad. Discocellular spot 
evanescent posteriorly. Hindwing without any dark suffusion 
along outer margin except a faint scaling at apex. 

Underside marked as in noorna but paler. 


A series obtained. 
Specimens in collection of Joicey from Mefor agree with 
the above form. 


26. Acca venilia albopunctata, subsp. nov. 
Nearest pseudovenilia, Fruh., from Dutch N. Guinea. 


o. Upperside of forewing with blue median area reduced, the 
two upper spots being narrowly margined. The edges of median 
spots are straight instead of rounded. Submarginal dots smaller 
than in venilia. Band on hindwing narrowly margined with 
blue. Underside of hindwing with band not edged with grey 
distally, and marginal spots absent. 

9. Upperside with dead white markings without any trace of 
blue, the place of this colour being taken by a slight grey scaling. 
On forewing the median spots are larger, and on hindwing the 
band is broader with a straighter distal edge. 

Underside with white markings and similar to 3. 


344, 6 2 9 obtained. 


27. Neptis shepherdi gregalis, subsp. nov. 
(Plate X XVI, fig. 5, 3.) 


Allied to the form damia, Fruh., from N. Guinea, late 
German Territory. 


3. Upperside with all spots on the forewing larger than in damia. 
On the hindwing the discal band narrows posteriorly and all the 
spots are separated by the black veins. A postdiscal row of 6 
white spots and parallel to them a submarginal row of faint white 
dots. 

Underside with darker ground-colour than in damia, spots as 
above. Hindwing with a pale subcostal streak; a small spot in 6 
forming anterior end of discal band; a pale but distinct discal 
line; postdiscal spots larger than above; a well-marked sub- 
marginal line and a thin marginal one. 


New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak. 193 


2 similar to the g. A narrow discal band on hindwing composed 
of more widely-separated spots above. 


’ A series. June 1914. 


28. Euthalia aeropus angustifascia, subsp. nov. 
(Plate XXVII, figs. 4, J; Plate XXVIII, fig. 1, 9.) 


Near eutychius, Fruh., from N. Guinea. 3. Upperside with bands 
narrower than in eutychiws. On the forewing the lower median 
and inner marginal spots are broadened. Outside cell at its upper 
end a single dot instead of two asin N. G. form. On hindwing the 
band does not narrow posteriorly but is of a uniform breadth of 
3°5 mm., and is straight on both edges. A curved mark joining 
the band posteriorly on outer edge, encloses a semicircular spot. 
Underside as in eutychius. Forewing with increased black area 
reaching vein 3. The cell-spot not so well defined, and median 
spots smaller. 

9. Bands much narrower than in other forms. Upperside with 
pale yellowish-brown bands. No spot in cell but a faint dot at 
upper end in angle of 5. Spots of the band more widely separate 
than in allied forms, and the three subapical ones are tinged with 
white, the two apical also white. Band on hindwing of a uniform 
breadth, about 5 mm. broad. 

Underside of forewing with the band white. A trace of a discal 
spot in 2, a small one in 3. Eye-spot in cell less well-defined than 
in eutychius form. Hindwing not paler basally, band as above. 


A series obtained. 


29. Prothoe australis satgeii, subsp. nov. 
(Plate XXVIII, fig. 2, 3.) 


3g. Upperside of forewing as in australis, Guér. Hindwing with 
discal patch rounded and only reaching anteriorly to middle of 
cellule 6. This patch consists of a creamy-white part placed 
distally, rounded outwardly, and proximally indented on veins 
4 and 5. This is surrounded by greenish-grey which broadens 
proximally and adjoins a darker bluish area which forms the inner 
edge of the discal patch and is merged in the basal scaling. 

Underside darker than in australis. Forewing with a sub- 
marginal row of 7 white dots, a white dot outside end of cell in 
interspace 4, and a similar curved dot within the cell at its end. 
Hindwing with reduced white discal patch consisting of 3 spots: 
the first nearly square in cellule 5, the second adjoining it in 4 is 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PART II. (AUG.) fe) 


194 Messrs. J. J. Joicey and A. Noakes on 


larger and oblong, with straight edges, and fills breadth of cellule, 
the third in 3 is smaller than the first and rounded. <A white dot 
in cell near base, a curved white mark near end of cell, a narrow 
white spot outside end of cell in 4, and a white dot above it in 5. 
Inner marginal streaks as in australis but much fainter, darker, 
and interrupted. The yellow tail spot is round, and there is a 
smaller marginal lunate spot in 2 which is greenish and tinged 
with yellow proximally. The margin outwardly of the discal patch 
and extending inwardly to the base of inner margin is much darker 
than rest of wing. 

Q similar to g but larger. Underside of forewing with the sub- 
marginal spots fainter and the two lower ones absent. The third 
and smaller spot of the white hindwing patch is still further reduced. 

Length of forewing: 3 40 mm., ? 48 mm. 


A series. 


30. Charaxes latona marcia, subsp. nov. 
(Plate XXVIII, fig. 3, 2.) 


This rather distinct form is nearest diana, Roths., from 
N. Hanover. 


g. Resembles diana, Roths. Upperside: forewing with the 
black area extending to apex of cell and to a third of inner margin. 
The basal brown extends as a small spot beyond cell at lower 
angle, and along two-thirds of costa. Hindwing with the marginal 
black extending to near the middle and narrowing posteriorly 
from costa to middle of cellule 3, its inner edge being very slightly 
convex. Veins 6 and 7 are black nearly to their bases. Two 
submarginal brown spots in 6 and 7, followed by obscure dark- 
brown lunules in 5, 4, and 3, the last cutting off a round black 
spot, a similar spot in 2. Margin brown to vein 5. . 

Underside of a bronzy-green tint, markings as in 9. The outer 
lunulate line on forewing bordered distally by blurred dark rufous 
spots, forming a band which becomes obsolete anteriorly. The 
median black bars edged with pinkish-white distally and broadly 
so in the lower median space, the white area merging into the 
similarly coloured inner margin. The basal median area has a 
pinkish tint. Hindwing: the discal black bars extend to cellule 2. 
The outer lunulate band is filled in with rufous-brown. 

Length of forewing: 41 mm. 

9. Smaller than diana 2 and the white band not divided as in that 
species. The outer row of lunate spots which form the distal half of 
the band in diana, are here reduced to vestiges; the white costal spot 


New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak. 195 


of the band is broader. The base of both wings is paler than in 
diana. On hindwing the white costal spot is narrower and prolonged 
to form a discal band which is obsolete below vein 3, the space 
between this band and the submarginal spots being as dark as 
base of wing. 

On underside the light band is wider on forewing and straighter 
on hindwing than in the allied form. On forewing the post-discal 
lunulate line is bordered distally by a row of dark blurred spots 
which in diana are placed nearer the margin and are paler. On 
hindwing the white band fills the space between the two discal 
lines, and the yellowish margin of outer line is much narrower 
than in diana. 

Length of forewing: 46 mm. 


1 g, 3 29 obtained. 


AMATHUSIIDAE. 
Taenaris seylla, Stgr. Q. 


Tenaris scylla, Stgr. (u. Schatz), Exot. Schmett., vol. 1, 
p. 193, 200 (1887). 
Tenaris doherty, Sm., Novit. Zool., vol. 1, p. 358 (1894). 


Q. Larger and more rounded wings. Forewing with apex broadly 
smoky-brown and costa narrowly so; rest of wing pure white. The 
dark basal area below shows through above on both wings. Hind- 
wing as in ¢ but with a broader marginal border from base of costa 
to anal angle. 

Underside similar to 3. The white patch on forewing broader 
and reaching vein 10. On the hindwing the white band is broader 
between the eye-spots. 


A series of both sexes was obtained. 


SATYRIDAE. 
31. Elymnias cybele umbratilis, subsp. nov. 


g. Allied to the form holofernes, Butl., but larger and darker, 
being sooty-brown above. Underside of forewing with 4 sub- 
marginal spots in 2-5, the one in 4 placed a little proximal of the 
spot above and below, the spot in 2 smaller and nearer the margin. 
Hindwing with the submarginal spots placed more proximal than 
in holofernes, and larger and more bluish. 

Length of forewing: 42 mm. 


5 3 3 obtained. 


196 Messrs. J. J. Joicey and A. Noakes on 


32. Elymnias viridescens cinereomargo, subsp. nov. 
(Plate XXV, fig. 5, g.) 


g. Outer margin of both wings straighter than in the type 
form. Upperside of forewing with margins more bluish and darker 
than in viridescens, Sm. Hindwing with a much narrower band. 
Underside of a uniform dark olivaceous-brown. Forewing with 
no light apical suffusion. Hindwing with no light distal border 
but a margin of short white and intermixed striae. 

Q. Larger than the g and coffee-brown in colour. Upperside of 
forewing with the costa and a submarginal area paler than the 
ground-colour. Hindwing with basal area including cell of same 
ground-colour as forewing, distal area much paler. 

Underside pale coffee-brown with broader marginal striation. 
Forewing with a small blue spot near the margin in cellule 4 and 
one above it in 5. 

Length of forewing: 33 mm. 


6 3, 1 obtained. 


The 2 is apparently mimetic. It bears on both sides 
a resemblance to the Hypolimnas pithoeka, and to the 9 
of Huploea cerberus, Butl., on the upperside. 


A single specimen received which we hope to figure in a 
succeeding paper. 


33. Melanitis amabilis angulata, subsp. nov. 


©. The white band does not reach below the submedian, is 
sharply angled just before, and ends in a point along the vein. 
Below, the angle is less pronounced. 


Three specimens. 


ERYCINIDAE. 
34. Dicallaneura princessa, Sm., 3. 
(Plate XXVI, fig. 6.) 


Nov. Zool., vol. i, p. 544, 9. 


Upperside similar to g of pulchra, Guér., the band being a little 
shorter and wider than in that species. The ground-colour is 
darker and more strongly shot with blue. Underside as in the 9. 
A smaller dark discal patch on the forewing, the 3 spots within it 
being slightly larger. 

Length of forewing: 21 mm. 


A series of both sexes was obtained. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. XXT. 


ndre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd 


NEW BUTTERFLIES AND A MOTH FROM BIAK. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI. 


Fie. 1. Papilio othello ° f. obscurata. 


2 » jean, 3. 
3. Asota intermedia, 3. 


EXPLANATION oF PLATE AXE, 


Fie. 1. Delias talboti, 3. 
2. 99 9° o 


3. 4, ~ biaka, 3. 
reese So catsee 
5. 5, knowlei, 3. 
6. 39 29 SE 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, Jk, 2.00. 


Horace Knight, del 


NEW BUTTERFLIES FROM BIAK. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. XXTTI. 


hare, Sleigh « 


NEW BUTTERFLIES FROM BIAK. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII. 


Fig. 1. Delias multicolor, 3. 


2. “4 f Q. 

3. » mauder, 3. 

4. ¥ is o: 

5. Appias pulverobasalis, 3. 

6. 2 form. 


39 th) 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV. 


Fic. 1. Delias bosnikiana, 3. 
. Appias solis, 3. 
29 2°? 9. 
. Pareronia chinki, 3. 


os 


mH oo bo 


on 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. XXIV. 


NEW BUTTERFLIES FROM BIAK. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., LTS Je XOX 


NEW BUTTERFLIES FROM BIAK. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV. 


Fie. 1. Appias falcidia, Fruh., 3. 


2. 39 99 2? & 
3. Huploea tripunctata, 2. 
4. incerta, 3. 


5. ar cinereomargo, 3. 


EXPLANATION OF PLaTE XXVI. 


Fie. 1. Huploea tripunctata, 3. 
Qe ,  albicosta, 3. 
3. Symbrenthia nigroapicalis, 3. 
4, Me " 2 
5. Neptis gregalis, 3. 
6. Dicallaneura princessa, Gr.-Sm., 3. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. XX VI. 


NEW BOM TEIN EEE Sma riIN@ Mies BIPAVKS 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. XX VII. 


Ce en’ 


i“ 
As Vis 


NIE We Ba ES RUE 1s ES sbune @)lV me eAikee 


EXPLANATION OF Pirate XXVII. 


Fie. 1. Cethosia schoutensis, 3. 


2. 99 29 26 
3. Mynes aureodiscus, 3. 
4, Kuthalia angustifascia, 3. 


EXPLANATION OF PLate XXVIII. 


Fig. 1. Huthalia angustifascia, 9. 
2. Prothoe satgeit, 3. 
3. Charaxes marcia, 9. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. XX VIII. 


NEW. eBiUIUEER PEIES “HROM > BRAK: 


New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak. 197 


HYPSIDAE. 


30. Asota intermedia, sp. nov. 
(Plate XXI, fig. 3.) 


Resembles orbona, Voll., in general appearance but is linked 
with australis, Bdv., in the presence of the arrow-head mark at 
base of forewing. Ground-colour deep brown striped with ochre- 
yellow between the veins; the discal stripes are joined to the round 
yellow discal spot, the two lower median stripes to the basal patch. 
The inner marginal streak is not interrupted. Hindwing ochre- 
yellow, 2 dark spots at apex and 4 smaller ones on the margin. 

Underside of forewing with apex broadly smoky-brown extend- 
ing along costa nearly to base, forming a patch in the cell, and a 
broad distal margin ; rest of wing and hindwing ochre-yellow. Outer 
margin of hindwing to vein 2 smoky-brown; a darker costal spot. 

Palpi differ from all other forms of Asota in that the second joint 
is traversed by a black lateral line. 

Length of forewing: 29 mm. 


A single g example. 


EXPLANATION OF PLates XXI-XXVIII. 


[See Explanations facing the PLATES. ] 


( 198 ) 


VI. The larva and pupa of Caligo memnon, Feld. By 
F. L. Davis, M.R.C.S8., L.R.C.P. 


[Read May 5th, 1915.] 
Prats XXIX. 


So little has been published about the earlier stages of this 
insect that the following notes of observations made at 
Belize, British Honduras, may be worth placing on record. 

The larvae, almost full grown and three in number, were 
found on the 22nd and 24th of December 1914, on the brick 
wall of a church in close proximity to a banana plant, a 
few of the leaves of which touched the wall. This faced 
north and was well shaded by tall shrubs. It appears to 
me that the larvae crawled from the banana leaves, escap- 
ing daylight as much as possible by placing themselves in 
dark corners of this wall. I surmise that they returned 
to their food-plant about sundown each evening, though 
how they could find their way to it 1s a mystery to me. 
During the day I found these larvae very lethargic, remain- 
ing in the same postion for hours together, and refusing 
food; but at night they became very active and ate vora- 
ciously the banana leaves supplied to them. They were 
nearly full fed, for on the 24th December one of them got 
in position for pupation by suspending itself head down- 
wards, the body hanging free, and only the anal extremity 
attached to a small web on the lid of the box. The pupa 
appeared on the 26th December, but unfortunately, I 
suppose during the active movements necessary to cast 
off the larval skin, the pupa had become detached and 
fell a few inches to the bottom of the box. Here it lay on 
one side, and this side was imperfectly developed, being 
flattened out while the opposite side was normally deve- 
loped. The larva was photographed on the 22nd Decem- 
ber, and the photograph accompanies this communication. 
The second larva began to show signs of a change on the 
27th December. Like the first one, it also constructed a 
small web on the lid of the box but did not succeed any 
better in attaching itself, for on the 29th December I 
found the larva itself at the bottom of the box in a very 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PART Il. (AUG.) 


Mr. F. L. Davis on larva and pupa of Caligo memnon. 199 


advanced stage towards pupation. The fall was not more 
than four inches. I placed a piece of soft lint under it, 
thinking in this way to lessen the pressure, but on the 30th 
I found the pupa flattened out on the side it lay on in the 
same way as the first. This one died. The third larva 
died when it appeared to be getting ready to pupate. 


The length of the fully-grown larva is 4} inches and the diameter 
through the thickest part of the body about } inch. The body 
gradually tapers towards the head and tail, the central portion being 
the thickest. The general colour is a light fawn varied with darker 
fawn; the whole body covered with small fine hairs of a somewhat 
lighter colour closely set. Along the sides of the body are obliquely 
placed and parallel streaks at short intervals of a darker fawn than 
the general ground-colour, with a direction from the head down- 
wards and backwards. At their lower extremities these streaks 
are connected together by a line of the same colour extending from 
the head to the anal extremity. The whole gives the appearance 
of a zigzag. Along the centre of the back a thin black line extends 
from the head to the tail. Half an inch from the head this line 
divides into two, enclosing a very narrow space about half an inch 
long, of a paler tint than the general ground-colour. From the 
central longitudinal black line run oblique streaks of the same colour 
as the oblique streaks on the sides of the body, and parallel with 
them, in a direction from the head downwards and backwards. 
A little in front of the centre of the body this longitudinal black 
line is interrupted by an oval patch of a buff colour which shows 
up very conspicuously. This patch is about one-third of an inch 
in length and one-eighth of an inch in width. The longitudinal 
dorsal line runs through the centre, but its colour is changed to dark 
brown within the patch. Springing from the central dorsal black 
line are what appear to be very sharp and thin pointed black spines 
standing vertically upwards. They are all very small, the longest 
of them scarcely more than one-eighth of an inch is always 
situated immediately in front of the oval buff-coloured patch before 
mentioned, and they spring from each junction of the segments of 
the body and gradually diminish in length as the head and tail are 
approached. On touching these formidable-looking spines I found 
them to be quite soft and easily bent. The head is of a lighter 
fawn colour than the rest of the body with darker markings and is 
covered thickly with short whitish hairs. Eight “ horns ” surround 
its edge, three on each side which are quite small at the lower part 
but gradually increase in length as the upper portion of the head is 
reached; and two on the summit of the head. These last two are 


200 Mr. F. L. Davis on larva and pupa of Caligo memnon. 


the longest and measure one-fifth of an inch in length. They are 
directed backwards, as are the others, and gradually diverge from 
each other, producing a V-like figure, the point of the V being at 
the attachment to the head. The anal extremity terminates in a 
forked appendage about half an inch in length, and closely covered 
with short whitish hairs. The prolegs are a bright reddish brown. 

The pupa is 1} inches in length; colour a yellow drab with 
blotches of grey irregularly scattered over it. The wing cases are 
rather strongly angled and stand out at right angles to the rest 
of the body. In the centre of the wing case, at its upper part is 
a double silver spot (!.) both parts of which are of small size but the 
upper is the larger. There is a well-marked thoracic hump on the 
dorsal surface. A thin dark brown line extends the whole length 
of the dorsum, and from this line and on each side of it spring tufts 
of very short small and fine black bristles. 


Both pupae were photographed, and the photos accom- 


pany this Paper. 
One imago emerged on the 12th January, 1915, but was, 


as I expected, malformed. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX. 
Fias. 1,2. Larva of Caligo memnon. 
3,4. Pupa - s 


"d14i NONWAW ODITVOD JO VdNd GNV VAUYVI 


PY] ‘OLFUY 9 TFre1g ‘apy OLOME BESS Le al 


DOD. OCA EASE, 4 HWHOT, DON “VUAT “SUDA. 


(© 20+) 


VII. Descriptions of South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 
By E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S. 


[Read May 5th, 1915.] 


I HAVE here described a further selection of new forms 
from my collection, principally obtained by Mr. H. S. 
Parish. These include some examples of the high fauna 
of the Andes, collected at an elevation of over 12,000 feet, 
the only Micro-Lepidoptera yet described, I believe, from 
such an altitude, though I have in my hands for study 
some others obtained by the French explorers, MM. Alluaud 
and Jeannel, on Mt. Kenia in Africa at an elevation of 
over 13,000 feet. The Andine forms here described include 
the familiar European genera Depressaria, Gracilaria, 
Bucculatrixz, and Nepticula, all found at the highest level. 
The further proposed exploration of these mountains was 
unfortunately interrupted by the outbreak of war. 

Altogether in the present instalment 8 genera and 124 
species are described as new. 


GELECHIADAE. 
Oecia oecophila, Staud. 


PERv, Lima, in August (Parish). Oecia maculata, Wals., 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897, 111, is a synonym of this 
species, which is widely distributed (doubtless artificially) ; 
I have it also from India. It is a curious insect, of quite 
uncertain affinity at present, but probably allied to Sym- 
moca; certainly not to Hndrosis, which is Oecophorid. 


Zelosyne olga, n. sp. 


3 9. 8-10 mm. Head white. Palpi white, second joint with 
dark fuscous basal and median bands, terminal joint with slender 
fuscous basal and median rings. Thorax bronzy-brown, with a 
white spot at posterior extremity. Abdomen dark grey, beneath 
yellow-ochreous with white segmental margins, anal tuft in g 
whitish. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, 
strongly bent at #, apex rounded-obtuse, termen extremely 
obliquely rounded; 7 and 8 stalked (not coincident as in poeci- 
losoma); bronzy-brown; two broad snow-white fasciae edged 
with black, first extending on dorsum from near base to middle, 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PART II. (AUG.) 


202 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


gradually narrowed upwards, second about %, narrowed on costa, 
anterior edge convex on upper half, posterior somewhat irregular; 
a suffused orange patch on lower part of termen; three or four 
dashes of blackish irroration on veins above this, confluent on 
apical margin; a fine oblique white strigula from costa at ?: cilia 
grey, on costa and apex with basal half fulvous-orange and a fine 
whitish basal line, beyond this with two or three rows of black 
points opposite apex. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate; grey, 
darker on veins and towards apex and termen, basal half hyaline 
except veins and a streak through middle of cell; cilia grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from January 
to March (Parish); ten specimens. I had unhesitatingly 
identified this conspicuous insect with poecilosoma, Wals., 
from Panama, regarding the neural differences as varietal ; 
but having received through the kindness of Mr. A. Busck 
two fine examples of the latter species, I find that the 
characteristic distinctions of marking are unfortunately 
omitted in Lord Walsingham’s description and not shown 
in the figure (Biol. Centr. Amer. IV, p. 51, pl. ui, f. 11); 
I therefore redescribe it beneath. The genus is a good 
one, though the two points on which stress is laid are the 
very two which are shown by the above species to be 
unreliable; it is allied rather to Glyphidocera. 


Zelosyne poecilosoma, Wals. 


6. 11 mm. Head white. Thorax fulvous, with waved white 
transverse line before middle and white posterior spot edged an- 
teriorly with blackish. Forewings with termen obliquely rounded 
(much less oblique than in olga); 7 and 8 coincident; fulvous- 
brown, towards tornus fulvous-ochreous; two broad snow-white 
fasciae as in olga, but black margins stronger, anterior convexity 
of second below middle; an elongate suffused white patch, resting 
on termen below middle; an oblique white strigula on costa at , 
whence a narrow streak of very fine black and white transverse 
striation runs to termen below apex, costal space above this deep 
ferruginous: cilia as in olga. Hindwings rather dark grey, basal 
half hyaline except veins; an oval prismatic-hyaline tornal patch 
forming in reflected light an eye-shaped violet-crimson spot edged 
with pale blue; cilia grey. 


PanaMA. The distinctive characters of the transverse 
thoracic line, the white subapical spot of forewings (indi- 
cated inaccurately in figure), the praeapical striated streak, 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 203 


and beautiful coloured hyaline eye of hindwings are omitted 
in the original description. The terminal joint of palpi is 
considerably (not slightly) thickened with scales. 


COSMOPTERYGIDAE. 


Cosmopteryx pentachorda, n. sp. 


$@. 9-10 mm. Head dark bronzy-fuscous, crown with three 
white lines, face bronzy. Palpi white lined with black. Antennae 
blackish, dotted and lined with white, two apical joints blackish, 
then two white, three blackish, one white, one blackish, one white. 
Thorax dark bronzy-fuscous with three white lines. Abdomen 
rather dark fuscous, segmental margins sometimes whitish. 
Posterior tibiae dark fuscous, with white lateral line from base 
to beyond middle, and white apical ring. Forewings narrow- 
lanceolate, apex very long-produced, caudate; dark bronzy- 
fuscous; fine white subcostal oblique and median lines from base, 
and subdorsal from beneath middle of these, all these nearly reach- 
ing band; costal edge white for some distance before band; dorsal 
edge white from base to near band; a broad ochreous-yellow post- 
median transverse band, marked with four pale golden-metallic 
spots, first on anterior edge above middle, followed by a black dot, 
second on dorsum posterior to first, just touching it at angle, thus 
cutting off a yellow spot, third and fourth within posterior margin, 
opposite, upper preceded by two or three black scales; from middle 
of yellow margin of band a white sinuate line runs to apex: cilia 
light grey, with white dash at apex and whitish costal spot on 
posterior margin of band. Hindwings and cilia light grey. 


Kcouavor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June; Perv, Lima, 500 
feet, and Chosica, 2800 feet, in July and August (Parish) ; 
Six specimens. 


Cosmopteryx tetragramma, n. sp. 


39. 89 mm. Head dark bronzy-fuscous, with very fine white 
lines above eyes, face silvery. Palpi white lined with blackish. 
Antennae blackish lined with white, four apical joints white, then 
five black, one white, one black, four white with dark fuscous 
basal spots. Thorax dark bronzy-fuscous. Abdomen rather dark 
bronzy-fuscous. Posterior tibiae dark fuscous with fine white 
lateral line on basal half and whitish apical ring. Forewings very 
narrowly lanceolate, apex slenderly long-produced, caudate; dark 
bronzy-fuscous; a very fine white somewhat oblique subcostal line 
from base to }; a very fine white median line from near base to 3; 


204 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


a very fine white subdorsal line from beneath apex of subcostal to 
rather near band; a very fine white subcostal line from } to near 
band, and costal edge whitish for a short space before band; a 
broad ochreous-yellow postmedian transverse band, somewhat 
narrowed downwards, anterior edge marked with two golden- 
metallic spots, upper followed by a black dot, lower posterior, 
posterior edge marked by two golden-metallic opposite spots, with — 
a broad irregular projection between them, from which a sinuate 
white line, yellow at base, extends along termen to apex: cilia grey, 
with white apical dash and whitish costal spot on posterior edge of 
band. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey. 


BritisH Guiana, Bartica, Mallali, and Georgetown, from 
January to April (Parish); ten specimens. Nearest to 
manipularis. 

Cosmopteryx citrinopa, n. sp. 

9.9 mm. Head dark fuscous, crown with three fine white 
lines, face bronzy. Palpi white lined with black. Antennae 
black, dotted and lined with white, four apical joints white, then 
five black, one white, one black, one white. Thorax dark fuscous, 
with three fine white lines. Abdomen dark fuscous. Posterior — 
tibiae blackish, with white oblique basal dash and median, sub- 
apical, and apical rings. Forewings narrow-lanceolate, apex long- 
produced, caudate; dark fuscous; a fine white subcostal line from 
base to +; rather short fine white median and subdorsal lines 
beneath apex of this, not nearly reaching base or band; costa 
slenderly white for a short space before band ; a broad pale ochreous- 
yellowish postmedian transverse band, narrowed downwards, 
margined anteriorly by two silvery-metallic spots, upper followed 
by a black dot, lower posterior, and posteriorly by a rather inwards- 
oblique silvery-metallic fascia preceded by a few blackish scales, 
interrupted above middle by a slender projection of band, whence a 
fine sinuate white line runs to apex: cilia dark grey, with white 
apical dash and white costal spot on posterior margin of band. 
Hindwings and cilia dark grey. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); one specimen. 


Cosmopteryx venefica, n. sp. 


69. 9-11 mm. Head dark bronzy-fuscous, crown with three 
fine white lines, face pale silvery-bronze. Palpi white lined with 
black. Antennae blackish, dotted and lined with white, four apical 
joints white, then five blackish, one white, one blackish, one white. 
Thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, with three fine white lines. Abdomen 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 205 


light orange, sides and segmental margins shining grey, last two 
segments grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Posterior tibiae blackish, 
with white basal, median, and apical rings. Forewings very 
narrowly lanceolate, apex long-produced, caudate; dark bronzy- 
fuscous; a fine oblique white subcostal line from base to about 4, 
and rather short fine white median and subdorsal lines beneath 
apex of this, not nearly reaching base or band; costal edge white 
for a short space before band; a broad ochreous-yellow transverse 
postmedian band, narrowed downwards, margined anteriorly by a 
vertical golden-metallic fascia not quite reaching costa, followed by 
a black subcostal dot, and posteriorly by two golden-metallic spots 
preceded by two or three black scales, lower somewhat anterior, 
with an ochreous-yellow long projection between these continued 
as a gradually attenuated and whitening line to apex: cilia dark 
grey, with white apical dash and whitish costal patch on posterior 
edge of band. Hindwings and cilia dark grey. 


Preru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); twelve 
specimens. 
Cosmopteryx mimetis, Meyr. 


BritisH GuIANA, Bartica, from December to February 
(Parish); four specimens. Apparently cosmopolitan in 
warm regions, and easily recognisable amongst its near 
allies by having the two apical joints of antennae black. 
The four preceding species are yellow-banded; this and 
the five following are orange-banded. 


Cosmopteryx isotoma, n. sp. 


362.9 mm. Head dark bronzy-fuscous, with fine white lines 
above eyes, face lighter. Palpi white lined with black. Antennae 
black lined with white, four apical joints white, then five (in 2 four) 
black, four (in @ five) white. Thorax dark fuscous, with three fine 
white lines. Abdomen darkfuscous. Posterior tibiae dark fuscous, 
with white basal, median, and apical rings, and silvery-metallic 
subapical. Forewings very narrowly lanceolate, apex long-pro- 
duced, caudate; blackish; a fine oblique white subcostal line from 
base to +; short fine white median and subdorsal lines beneath 
apex of this, widely remote from base and band; a broad light 
orange postmedian transverse band, margined anteriorly by a 
vertical golden-metallic fascia followed by a black subcostal dot, 
and posteriorly by two golden-metallic spots preceded by some 
blackish scales, lower slightly anterior, with a moderate pointed 
orange projection between them, whence a fine somewhat inter- 
rupted silvery-white line runs to apex: cilia dark fuscous, with a 


206 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


white apical dash, and white costal spot on posterior margin of 
band. Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in December and February 
(Parish); two specimens. Much lke the following species, 
but larger, and distinguished from all by the broad ante- 
penultimate white band of antennae. 


Cosmopteryx erasmia, n. sp. 


39. 7-8 mm. Head dark fuscous, crown with three fine white 
lines, face bronzy. Palpi white lined with black. Antennae 
blackish lined with white, four apical joints white, then five black, 
one white, one black, two white. Thorax dark fuscous, with three 
fine white lines. Abdomen dark fuscous. Posterior tibiae black, 
with silvery-metallic basal, median, and subapical rings, and white 
apex. Forewings narrow-lanceolate, apex long-produced, caudate ; 
blackish; dorsal edge very finely white towards base; a fine oblique 
white subcostal line from very near base to +; short fine white 
median and subdorsal lines beneath apex of this, widely remote 
from base and band; a broad orange transverse postmedian band, 
margined anteriorly by a vertical golden-metallic fascia not quite 
reaching costa and followed by a black subcostal dot, and posteriorly 
by two golden-metallic rather oblique spots edged anteriorly with 
blackish, lower rather anterior, with a narrow pointed orange pro- 
jection between them, whence a more or less interrupted slender 
silvery-white streak runs to apex: cilia dark fuscous, with a white 
apical dash, and a white costal spot on posterior margin of band. 
Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous. 


British Guiana, Bartica, from February to April 
(Parish); four specimens. Extremely similar to mimetis, 
but rather smaller, and immediately distinguished by 
white apex of antennae. 


Cosmopteryx thrasyzela, n. sp. 


369. 7-8 mm. Head dark bronzy-fuscous, crown with three 
fine white lines, face metallic-bronze. Palpi white lined with black. 
Antennae blackish lined with white, four apical joints white, then 
five black, one white, one black, one white. Thorax blackish, with 
three fine white lines. Abdomen dark fuscous. Posterior tibiae 
black, with silvery-metallic basal, median, subapical, and apical 
rings. Forewings narrow-lanceolate, apex long-produced, caudate ; 
blackish; a fine oblique white subcostal line from near base to 3; 
short fine white median and subdorsal lines beneath apex of this, 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 207 


widely remote from base and band, median shortest; a short 
extremely fine white dash just below costa near band; a broad 
orange transverse postmedian band, margined anteriorly by a vertical 
violet-golden-metallic fascia followed by a black subcostal dot, and 
posteriorly by two prismatic-golden-metallic transverse spots edged 
anteriorly with blackish, lower wholly anterior to upper but just 
touching it at angle; a very short violet-white mark midway 
between this and apex, and a short silvery-white dash at apex: 
cilia dark fuscous, with a white apical dash, and white costal spot 
on posterior edge of band. Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous. 


British Gurana, Bartica, from February to April 
(Parish); five specimens. Most like belonacma, but 
without orange posterior projection of band. 


Cosmopteryx teligera, n. sp. 


39. 8mm. Head dark bronzy-fuscous, crown with three fine 
white lines, face bronzy. Palpi white lined with black. Antennae 
blackish, dotted and lined with white, four apical joints white, then 
five black, one white, one black, one white. Thorax dark bronzy- 
fuscous, with three fine white lines. Abdomen dark fuscous. 
Posterior tibiae blackish, with silvery-white basal dash and median, 
subapical, and apical rings. Forewings very narrowly lanceolate, 
apex long-produced, caudate; blackish; a fine oblique silvery- 
white subcostal line from near base to about }, and short fine 
silvery-white median and subdorsal lines beneath apex of this, 
not nearly reaching base or band; a broad orange transverse post- 
median band, narrowed downwards, margined anteriorly by a 
vertical violet-golden-metallic fascia followed by a black subcostal 
dot, and posteriorly by two violet-golden-metallic rather oblique 
spots edged anteriorly with blackish, lower anterior but just touching 
upper at angle; a short fine silvery-white apical dash: cilia dark 
fuscous, with white apical dash and white costal spot on posterior 
margin of band. Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous. 


Cotomst, Cali, 500 feet, in May (Parish); two specimens. 


Cosmopteryx tenax, n. sp. 


g. 10 mm. Head dark bronzy-fuscous, with fine white lines 
above eyes, face pale silvery-bronze. Palpi white lined with black. 
Antennae dark grey, towards base blackish dotted and lined with 
white, four apical joints and tenth and twelfth obscurely mixed with 
whitish. Thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, with three fine white lines. 
Abdomen dark fuscous. Posterior tibiae blackish, with silvery- 


208 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descrvptions. of 


metallic basal, median, and subapical rings, and white apex. Fore- 
wings very narrowly lanceolate, apex long-produced, caudate; 
dark bronzy-fuscous; a very fine oblique white subcostal line from 
base to beyond 4; short fine white median and subdorsal lines 
beneath apex of this, widely remote from base and band; costal 
edge white for a short space before band; a broad orange trans- 
verse postmedian band, narrowed downwards, margined by entire 
violet-golden-metallic fasciae, anterior vertical, followed by a black 
subcostal dot, posterior inwards-oblique, preceded by a few blackish 
scales; a very fine interrupted silvery-white line in apical fifth, not 
nearly reaching band : cilia dark fuscous, with white apical dash and 
white costal spot on posterior margin of band. Hindwings and cilia 
dark fuscous. 


Cotompia, La Crumbre, 6600 feet, in May (Parish); 
one specimen. 


Cosmopteryx nyctiphanes, n. sp. 


62. 7-8 mm. Head bronzy-blackish, with fine whitish lines 
above eyes, face bronzy-whitish. Palpi white lined with black. 
Antennae blackish, towards base lined with white, with a whitish 
band at #. Thorax bronzy-black. Abdomen blackish. Posterior 
tibiae black banded with bluish-silvery-metallic, bristly tufts con- 
siderably longer than usual. Forewings very narrowly lanceolate, 
apex long-produced, caudate; black; three narrow pale prismatic- 
violet-golden metallic fasciae, first at 4, slightly oblique, tending 
to be broken up, followed by a fine subdorsal dash, second median, 
direct, third at ?, rather inwards-oblique, forming a white spot on 
costa, sometimes slightly interrupted in disc; a short violet-silvery- 
white dash on termen midway between third fascia and apex: cilia 
dark grey, with a white spot or dash at apex, and a white costal 
spot on third fascia. Hindwings and cilia dark grey. 


Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); eight 
specimens. In this species the metallic margins of the 
band are in their usual positions, but the band is black 
just as the ground-colour. 


OECOPHORIDAE. 
Erysiptita, Meyr. 


Head smooth-scaled, sidetufts roughly spreading; ocelli absent; 
tongue developed. Antennae ?, in ¢ moderately ciliated (1), 
basal joint moderately elongate, flattened, with thin pecten. Labial 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 209 


palpi long, recurved, second joint considerably thickened with 
scales, with dense rough projecting brush or short tuft of scales 
beneath, terminal joint somewhat shorter than second, thickened 
with scales, posteriorly prominent towards apex, pointed. Maxillary 
palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Anterior tarsi 
somewhat thickened with scales; posterior tibiae with long fine 
hairs above, and rough-scaled beneath. Forewings with tufts of 
raised scales; 2 from #4, 3 from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 
11 from beyond middle. Hindwings 1, elongate-trapezoidal, 
cilia #; 3 and 4 stalked, 5 somewhat approximated at base, 6 and 7 
parallel, cell and area immediately beyond and beneath it hyaline, 
with veins fringed with long projecting scales. 


By the kindness of Mr. A. Busck I have received a fine 
example of the type of this genus, Clevelandi, Busck, and 
am therefore enabled to give the full characters of the 
genus, which is in fact very distinct from Borkhausena; 
the structure of palpi, scale-tufts of forewings, form and 


neuration of hindwings all indicate a nearer relationship 
to the New Zealand Izatha. 


Machimia entaphrota, n. sp. 


g. 12 mm. Head ochreous-grey-whitish. Palpi white, lower % 
of second joint grey irrorated with dark fuscous. Antennal cilia- 
tions 6. Thorax grey mixed with grey-whitish. Abdomen grey. 
Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently 
arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; grey sprinkled 
with whitish; a streak of blackish irroration along basal fourth of 
costa; stigmata blackish, plical beneath first discal, these two 
placed on anterior edge of a darker antemedian fascia sprinkled | 
with blackish and without whitish irroration; a strongly curved 
subterminal series of blackish dots from ? of costa to tornus, and 
an additional dot on dorsum towards tornus: cilia pale greyish- 
ochreous. Hindwings pale grey, darker posteriorly; cilia pale 
greyish-ochreous. 


Cotoms14, La Crumbre, 6600 feet, in May (Parish); one 
specimen. Nearest to speculatrix. 


Filinota rhodograpta, n. sp. 


9.17 mm. Head pale grey-yellowish, crown crimson. Palpi 
whitish-yellowish. Antennae whitish, basal half suffused with 
rosy, with a grey band above middle and another before apex. 
Thorax pale grey-yellowish, anterior margin and shoulders dark 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PART II. (AUG.) P 


210 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


grey, patagia with a crimson strigula behind this. Abdomen white. 
Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex 
obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; 4 absent, 7 to apex; dark grey; 
a brassy-golden-yellow streak along costa interrupted by ground 
colour at 4, its lower edge with a projection in middle terminated 
by a crimson dot, continued round apex and termen to below middle 
and then curved in along vein 3 to angle of cell; beyond cell an 
elongate silvery-white patch edged with crimson; erect triangular 
silvery-white blotches edged with crimson on dorsum at $and before 
termen, reaching more than half across wing; between these an 
irregular-oval yellow blotch in disc, edged beneath by a crimson 
mark: cilia yellowish, tinged with rosy towards tornus. Hind- 
wings and cilia white. 


BritisH Gurana, Mallali, in March (Parish); one speci- 
men. The genus Lwpercalia, Busck, cannot be maintained 
as distinct from Fvlinota. 


Depressaria mesosceptra, n. sp. 


g. 21 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-ochreous. Abdo- 
men whitish-ochreous-grey. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, 
costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; 
2 and 3 stalked; whitish-ochreous, with a few scattered blackish 
specks; a narrow somewhat irregular-edged median fuscous streak 
irrorated with blackish almost from base to apex but not quite 
reaching either: cilia ochreous-grey-whitish. Hindwings whitish- 
grey; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish. 


PERU, Oroya, 12,200 feet, in July (Parish); one specimen. 


Depressaria significa, n. sp. 


3 9. 19-20mm. Head fuscous somewhat sprinkled with whitish. 
Palpi whitish sprinkled with pale ochreous, grey, and dark fuscous, 
with subapical band of second joint, and subbasal and supramedian 
bands of terminal joint of dark fuscous suffusion, in 9 little marked. 
Thorax brownish mixed with fuscous, somewhat sprinkled with 
dark fuscous and whitish. Abdomen fuscous mixed with darker, 
apex pale ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa 
gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; 2 and 
3 stalked; brownish mixed with grey, tips of scales very finely 
whitish, with scattered blackish scales tending to form blackish- 
grey strigulae, costa and dorsum distinctly strigulated with blackish ; 
first discal stigma black, just beyond and beneath it is a short black 
dash edged above with whitish, second discal white ringed with 


‘South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 211 


blackish, plical very small, black, beneath first discal: cilia light 
brownish, towards base mixed with fuscous, all scales finely whitish- 
tipped. Hindwings light grey, darker towards apex, veins darker ; 
cilia whitish-ochreous tinged with grey, with greyish basal and 
postmedian lines. 


Ecuapor, Alausi, 9450 feet, in June (Parish); two 
specimens. 


Depressaria lusciosa, n. sp. 


g. 20-21 mm. Head pale brownish irrorated with whitish. 
Palpi brown-whitish, sprinkled with blackish towards base, with 
blackish subapical ring of second joint, and basal and supramedian 
rings of terminal joint. Thorax light brownish suffusedly irrorated 
with whitish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, suffusedly banded with 
grey. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, 
apex rounded-obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; 2 and 8 stalked ; 
brownish or fuscous, tips of scales whitish, with scattered dark 
fuscous scales tending to form strigulae, costa more or less strigu- 
lated with blackish; first discal stigma blackish, with a less marked 
dot of brown and blackish scales somewhat beyond and beneath 
it, second discal white, without dark edging: cilia light brownish 
or greyish, irrorated with whitish. Hindwings pale grey; cilia 
ochreous-grey-whitish. 


Peru, Jauja, 11,900 feet, in July (Parish); two speci- 
mens. Alhed to segnifica. 


Cryptolechia loxobathra, n. sp. 


g. 8 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, sidetufts mixed with dark 
fuscous. “Palpi whitish, second joint suffusedly irrorated with 
dark fuscous except towards apex. Thorax dark fuscous. Abdo- 
men grey, anal tuft pale ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa 
gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; 8 and 9 
out of 7; whitish-ochreous; a dark fuscous basal fascia, narrow on 
dorsum, widest on costa, where it extends to 1; discal stigmata 
dark fuscous, first minute, second moderate; a few dark fuscous 
scales towards dorsum at +; a dark fuscous spot on costa beyond 3 ; 
a dark fuscous fasciaform blotch extending along termen from apex 
to below middle : cilia whitish-ochreous, towards tornus tinged with 
grey. Hindwings light grey; cilia grey-whitish. 


British Gutana, Mallali, in March (Parish); one 
specimen. 


212 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


HELIODINIDAE. 


PERCNARCHA, 0. g. 


Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae #, 
stout, scaled, in ¢ moderately strongly ciliated, in 2 fringed with 
rough projecting scales above, basal joint moderate, without pecten. 
Labial palpi very long, recurved, with appressed scales, terminal 
joint longer than second, acute. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior 
tibiae smooth-scaled, with whorls of expanded bristly scales at 
origin of spurs, spurs roughened with scales above, tarsi thickened 
with scales, with short bristles at apex of joints. Forewings with 2 
from towards angle, 3 and 4 approximated from angle, 7 and 8 
stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hindwings 1, elongate- 
trapezoidal, somewhat dilated posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen 
rounded, cilia +; 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 
7 approximated towards base. 


Type trabeata, Meyr., from Bolivia, wrongly attributed 
to Tinaegeria, which belongs to the Sesiadae. 


Perenarcha rhodosoma, n. sp. 


9. 23 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax deep glossy 
indigo-purple-blue, antennae with rough scales longest between 
middle and 3, apical fourth simple, white. Abdomen rosy-crimson, 
two basal segments, apical, and most of praeapical deep indigo- 
purple, ventral surface of two basal segments blotched with pale 
ochreous. Posterior tibiae red, basal and apical bands and tarsi 
deep indigo-blue, tarsi fringed above with rough projecting scales. 
Forewings elongate, very narrow anteriorly, moderately dilated 
posteriorly, costa somewhat sinuate, posteriorly gently arched, 
apex obtuse-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; deep glossy 
indigo-bluish-purple; submedian fold and dorsum suffused with 
fuscous anteriorly: cilia dark purplish-grey. Hindwings pale 
whitish-ochreous, with a hyaline patch extending along termen 
from base to about vein 4, and a dark purple-grey patch occupying 
apical fourth, and sending a streak inwards in middle to cell; veins 
2-4, and terminal edge from near base to apical patch dark fuscous : 
cilia dark grey, becoming whitish-ochreous towards dorsum. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one 
specimen. 
Heliodines choneuta, n. sp. 


32. 8-10 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark shining bronzy- 
grey. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings lanceolate, apex somewhat 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 213 


produced, acute; 3 absent, 6 and 8 stalked; deep shining bronze, 
largely suffused with dark shining leaden-grey, but without defined 
markings: cilia dark grey. Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous; 
3 absent. 


CotomsrA, Cali, 500 feet, and Caldas, 4400 feet, in May 
(Parish); eight specimens. Vein 3 is absent in both 
wings, as well as the other veins normally absent in the 
genus, but the species is a true Helsodines. 


Lamprolophus obolarcha, Meyr. 


Cotompra, Cali, 500 feet, and Caldas, 4400 feet; 
Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet; in May and June (Parish), 
common. Varies remarkably in size, down to 7 mm.; 
basal half of forewing sometimes much suffused with 
blackish. EHmbola dentifera, Wals., Biol. Centr. Am., IV, 
p- 4, pl. i, £. 6 (1909), from Mexico, is clearly a synonym ; 
the genus Hmbola does not seem properly distinguishable 
from Lamprolophus. 


CYPHACMA, N. g. 


Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue short. Antennae j, in 3 
simple, basal joint elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi long, 
slender, filiform, curved, ascending, terminal joint somewhat shorter 
than second, pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiae 
with rough projecting bristly hairs above, tarsi with very short 
bristles at apex of joints. Forewings with apex strongly bent down 
as though deformed; 16 simple, 2 from angle, 3-5 absent, 6 and 8 
stalked, 7 absent, 9 out of 8 near base, cell open between 9 and 10, 
11 from middle. Hindwings }, linear-lanceolate, cilia 6; 3-5 
absent, cell open between 2 and 6, 6 and 7 connate. 


Cyphacma chalcozela, n. sp. 


39. 5-6mm. Head and thorax shining metallic-bronze. Palpi 
grey-whitish. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings lanceolate, apex 
caudulate; brilliant metallic bronze: cilia dark grey, base scaled 
with metallic-bronzy. Hindwings and cilia dark grey. 


Corompra, Cali, 500 feet, in May; Ecuapor, Huigra, 
4500 feet, in June; Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August 
(Parish); fourteen specimens. This is a very singular 
little insect ; the deflexed apex of forewing (giving a bluntly- 
rounded convex aspect very different to its real shape as 
seen when denuded and flattened out) and metallic brilliance 


214 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


suggest that in life there must be considerable resemblance 
to a small Phytophagous Coleopteron. 


ENCAMINA, 0. g. 


Head smooth; ocelli conspicuous; tongue developed. Antennae 
(apex broken) thickened with scales, in 3 shortly ciliated, basal 
joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, 
curved, ascending, with appressed scales somewhat roughened 
anteriorly, terminal joint longer than second, pointed. Maxillary 
palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiae somewhat loosely scaled above, 
tarsi rather densely scaled, with very short bristles at apex of 
joints. Forewings with 2 from near angle, 3 and 4 closely approxi- 
mated from angle, 7 to termen, 11 from before middle. Hindwings 
+, elongate-ovate, cilia }; 2 remote, 3 and 4 connate from angle, 
5 parallel, 6 and 7 nearly approximated towards base. 


Encamina phlegyropa, n. sp. 

3. 24 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax glossy dark indigo-fuscous, 
patagia deep ferruginous-reddish. Abdomen deep red, apical third 
dark indigo-fuscous. Posterior tibiae red, apex and tarsi dark 
indigo-fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow, somewhat dilated 
posteriorly, costa somewhat sinuate, slightly arched posteriorly, 
apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded; dark indigo-fuscous; 
an irregular crimson-red basal spot, not quite reaching costa or 
dorsal edge : cilia purplish-fuscous. Hindwings dark violet-fuscous ; 
an orange-red basal patch occupying = of wing but not reaching 
termen except at base, included hairs of 1b dark fuscous; cilia 
violet-fuscous. 


British GuIANA, Bartica, in February (Parish); one 
specimen. 


CREMBALASTIS, N. g. 


Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae 
almost 1, stout, simple, basal joint short, without pecten. Labial 
palpi moderate, curved, porrected, with appressed scales, terminal 
joint longer than second, pointed. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. 
Posterior tibiae loosely scaled above, basal joints of tarsi with very 
short apical bristles. forewings with 2 from angle, 7 absent, 11 
from middle. Hindwings %, elongate-lanceolate, cilia 2; 2 remote, 
3 from angle, 4 absent, 5 absent, 6 and 7 rather approximated 
towards base. 

Crembalastis erythrorma, n. sp. 


¢9. 10-18 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, and abdomen 
glossy dark violet-fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 215 


somewhat sinuate, posteriorly slightly arched, apex tolerably 
pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; glossy dark violet- 
fuscous; a variable irregular orange-red subbasal fascia, often 
reduced to a costal spot: cilia dark grey, towards base dark violet- 
fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia dark grey. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); ten specimens. 


GLY PHIPTERYGIDAE. 


Ordrupia fabricata, n. sp. 


g. 31 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous. Palpi brownish- 
ochreous. Abdomen pale ochreous suffused with grey. Forewings 
elongate-triangular, costa straight, apex obtuse, termen straight, 
rather oblique; light brownish-ochreous; posterior end of cell 
clouded with fuscous, and a semioval blotch of fuscous suffusion 
extending over posterior half of dorsum; a fuscous dot in cell 
before its middle, one on lower angle, and a transverse mark on 
upper angle; terminal edge infuscated : cilia light ochreous-fuscous,. 
Hindwings ochreous-grey-whitish ; cilia whitish. 


British Guiana, R. Demerara; DutcH Guiana, R. 
Saramacca, in May; two specimens. 


Imma prasinospora, n. sp. 


6. 28 mm. Head fuscous, orbits marked with white. Palpi 
stout, obtuse, rather dark fuscous, base and apex of second joint 
white. Antennal ciliations 1. Thorax fuscous mixed with llac- 
grey, shoulders with a light brownish spot surrounded with blackish 
suffusion. Abdomen fuscous, beneath whitish. Thorax and femora 
beneath clothed with white hairs. Forewings somewhat elongate- 
triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen 
rather obliquely rounded; 7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa; rather dark 
brownish, somewhat sprinkled irregularly with whitish-green and 
blackish; a subcostal series of four or five black dashes from base 
to 2; blackish marks on costa at + and before middle, and three 
together about ?; curved interrupted blackish lines crossing disc 
about 7 and 3, space between these suffusedly mixed with light 
green, extended below middle to base; an oblique white mark 
beyond lower angle of cell, with a black spot above it; an irregular 
black spot towards termen in middle; some light green irroration 
above tornus; a nearly continuous series of black marks just before 
termen, and terminal obscure whitish-tinged dots between these : 
cilia rather dark fuscous, on termen with some indistinct light 


216 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


brownish bars. Hindwings dark fuscous, lighter anteriorly ; dorsum 
white, folded over beneath, fold clothed inside with long ochreous- 
yellowish hairs; cilia whitish-fuscous, with dark fuscous subbasal 
shade. 


Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in January (Parish); one 
specimen. 


Simaethis ophiodesma, n. sp. 


3. 20-21 mm. Head fuscous. Palpi with appressed scales, light 
yellowish-grey, white internally. Thorax fuscous, edges of patagia 
anteriorly suffused with whitish. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings 
triangular, costa slightly arched, apex pointed, termen sinuate 
beneath apex, bowed, hardly oblique; fuscous; some whitish 
irroration at base; two narrow transverse fasciae of whitish irrora- 
tion, first about 4, hardly curved, second slightly beyond middle, 
straight, well-defined anteriorly but suffused posteriorly; a third 
less-developed similar fascia from #? of costa to tornus repre- 
sented only by dorsal half and a spot on costa; an ochreous-orange 
S-shaped streak in disc posteriorly, sending a slender streak from 
its upper curve to costa before apex, thence round apex and termen 
to tornus, where it almost joins an oblique-longitudinal subdorsal 
dash, upper half of terminal portion edged anteriorly by a silvery- 
leaden-metallic line: cilia metallic leaden-grey, with black basal 
line, on costa fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly; a 
longitudinal patch of ochreous-yellow suffusion or irroration in 
disc above middle; a slender orange streak along termen throughout ; 
cilia light grey, towards tips white, with dark fuscous basal and 
whitish subbasal lines. 


Peru, Contamano, R. Ucuyali, in December, and 
Chanchamayo, in January (Mounsey); two specimens. 


Simaethis brachymorpha, n. sp. 


g. 11mm. Head brown speckled with dark fuscous, face yellowish- 
tinged. Palpi ochreous-yellowish sprinkled with fuscous except 
towards base. Antennal ciliations 3. Thorax and abdomen dark 
fuscous. Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, 
termen somewhat bowed, little oblique; dark brown mixed with 
dark fuscous; six indistinct fasciae of whitish irroration, first basal, 
second at 4, third at 2, slightly curved, fourth and fifth forming 
white spots on costa, fourth curved outwards in disc, so as to coalesce 
with fifth, fifth from ? of costa to tornus, sixth terminal, widest at 
apex, attenuated to just above tornus: cilia fuscous, with dark 
fuscous basal line, mixed with whitish on costa and on patches 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 217 


above and below middle of termen. Hindwings with tornus promi- 
nent; dark fuscous; a fine short irregular whitish line from dorsum 
before tornus parallel to termen; cilia whitish-fuscous, with dark 
fuscous basal line. 


Bortvra, Songo, 6500 feet; one specimen. Allied to 
fabriciana, but much shorter-winged. 


Brenthia acmogramma, n. sp. 


3 2. 13-14 mm. Head dark fuscous, white before and behind 
eyes. Palpi white, with subapical ring of second joint, and base 
and an anterior streak of terminal joint blackish, in ¢ with blackish 
seale-tuft from basal joint beneath. Antennal ciliations of ¢ 1. 
Thorax dark fuscous, with a whitish mark on inner side of shoulder. 
Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa gently 
arched, apex rounded, termen slightly rounded, hardly oblique; 
rather dark fuscous; base and a subbasal shade lighter, sometimes 
whitish-tinged; a slightly curved transverse lighter shade at 1, 
more or less mixed with whitish suffusion; moderately broad 
partially confluent transverse fasciae of whitish irroration in middle 
and at #, between which in disc is a narrow-transverse spot of 
ground colour outlined with white, preceded by a dark fuscous 
spot and followed by two small ones, second fascia forming a small 
whitish spot on costa beyond ?; patches of pale violet-blue-metallic 
irroration on costa at } and 3, and beneath costa at 2; a black 
marginal band round apex and termen, anterior edge irregular, 
deeply indented near upper end and sometimes in middle also, 
including a pale violet-blue-metallic praemarginal continuous line 
with eight or nine fine acute projections inwards : cilia fuscous with 
dark fuscous subbasal line, above tornus with a small whitish spot 
on outer half. Hindwings dark fuscous; an oblique-oval lighter 
fuscous spot in disc before middle; an inwardly oblique whitish 
mark from costa at $; a short indistinct whitish transverse line 
from tornus; a transverse white streak towards termen in middle; 
a transverse violet-blue-metallic streak across apex, and a dot near 
termen below middle; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous subbasal 
line, and broad oblique white apical, median, and tornal patches. 


Bottvra, Songo, 6500 feet; four specimens. Finding 
that my series of supposed South American examples of 
pavonacella was assuming a heterogeneous aspect, I made 
a more critical examination, and conclude that I have no 
reason to believe that pavonacella occurs in South America 
at all, being represented there by a group of closely allied 
similar species, mistaken for it by myself and others. 


218 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


Brenthia monolychna, n. sp. 


3 9. 11-12 mm. Head dark fuscous, orbits white except above. 
Palpi white, with subapical ring of second joint, and base and an 
anterior streak of terminal joint dark fuscous, in g with fine dark 
fuscous projecting scale-pencil from basal joint beneath. Antennal 
ciliations in g¢ 14. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings 
elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen 
slightly rounded, hardly oblique; dark fuscous; a slightly curved 
transverse lighter shade at 4, sometimes partially whitish-tinged, 
marked with violet-blue-metallic on costa and in middle; a violet- 
blue-metallic streak just below costa in middle; three irregular 
transverse lines of whitish irroration on dorsal half of wing between 
middle and tornus; a narrow transverse spot of ground colour 
outlined with white in dise beyond middle; a violet-blue-metallic 
dash running from top of this to terminal fascia; a white dot on 
costa at #; a broad black terminal fascia, in middle occupying } of 
wing but rounded off to extremities, including a conspicuous white 
dot or transverse mark in middle and a deep golden-violet-metallic 
praemarginal streak bearing uneven triangular projections inwards, 
finely interrupted below apex: cilia rather dark fuscous, with 
darker subbasal line, and white spots on outer half at apex and above 
tornus. Hindwings dark fuscous; a small cloudy whitish spot 
in dise towards base; an oblique-oval whitish-fuscous spot in dise 
before middle; an inwardly oblique whitish mark from costa at 
?; a short indistinct whitish transverse line from tornus; a trans- 
verse white streak towards termen in middle, its lower end touching 
termen; a golden-violet-metallic streak across apex; cilia dark 
fuscous, with oblique white apical, median, and tornal patches. 


British GuraNna, Bartica, in January and February 
(Parish); four specimens. 


Brenthia ceutholychna, n. sp. 


$9. 9-10 mm. Head bronzy-fuscous, orbits white except above. 
Palpi white, with two rings of second joint, and base and an anterior 
streak of terminal joint dark fuscous, in g with short fine dark 
fuscous projecting scale-pencil from basal joint beneath. Antennal 
ciliations of ¢ 1. Thorax dark fuscous, with very fine whitish lines 
on shoulder and inner edge of patagia. Abdomen dark fuscous. 
Forewings elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded- 
obtuse, termen slightly rounded, hardly oblique; dark fuscous; 
base and a fascia at 1 lighter, whitish-sprinkled; a transverse-oval 
spot of ground colour outlined with whitish irroration in dise beyond 
middle, preceded and followed by very indefinite fasciae of scanty 


South American Muicro-Lepidoptera. 219 


whitish irroration, obsolete on costa, posterior one often making 
a whitish spot on dorsum; a longitudinal streak of violet-blue- 
metallic irroration extending above discal spot from before middle 
to terminal band; a moderate black terminal band, in middle 
occupying less than } of wing, anterior edge acutely indented 
opposite apex of wing, edged on upper half by a whitish irregular 
line from ? of costa, and enclosing a violet-golden-metallic prae- 
marginal toothed line tending to be broken into spots and always 
strongly interrupted beneath apex: cilia light fuscous, with dark 
fuscous subbasal line, without white patches. Hindwings dark 
fuscous; a whitish-fuscous oblique-oval spot in disc before middle ; 
an inwardly-oblique white mark from costa at #; a short indistinct 
obliquely curved whitish mark from tornus; a white transverse 
streak towards termen in middle, its lower end touching termen ; 
a golden-violet-metallic streak across apex; cilia dark fuscous, 
with obscure oblique grey-whitish apical, median, and tornal 
patches. 


BritisH GuIANA, Bartica and Mallali, from January to 
April (Parish); Prru, Pacaya, in July (Mounsey); twenty 
specimens. Easily known from pavonacella by the absence 
of white patch in apical cilia of forewings. 


Brenthia stenorma, n. sp. 


g. 13mm. Head rather dark fuscous, orbits white except above. 
Palpi white, with subapical ring of second joint, and base and an 
anterior streak of terminal joint dark fuscous, with short rough 
tuft of dark fuscous scales from basal joint beneath. Antennal 
ciliations 14. Thorax dark fuscous (injured). Forewings elongate- 
triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen slightly 
rounded, hardly oblique; dark fuscous; base and an irregular 
curved fascia at } lighter, slightly whitish-sprinkled; a transverse- 
oval spot of ground colour outlined with white in disc beyond 
middle, preceded by a darker fuscous spot and followed by two 
small ones, and also preceded and followed by very undefined 
fasciae of whitish irroration obsolete towards costa, posterior more 
whitish-suffused towards dorsum ; some pale blue-metallic irroration 
on both these fasciae beneath costa, and a streak of pale blue- 
metallic irroration from top of discal spot to terminal band; a 
narrow black terminal band, only occupying 4 of wing in middle, 
anterior edge irregular, acutely indented opposite apex and in 
middle, preceded on upper half by an irregular whitish line from 
2 of costa sending projections into indentations, and enclosing a 
golden-violet-metallic praemarginal line with narrow wedgeshaped 


220 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


projections inwards, interrupted beneath apex: cilia light fuscous, 
with dark fuscous subbasal line, without white patches. Hindwings 
dark fuscous; a lighter fuscous oblique-oval spot in disc before 
middle; an inwardly-oblique white mark from costa at 3; an 
indistinct transverse whitish mark from tornus; a white transverse 
streak towards termen in middle, its lower end touching termen; 
a golden-violet-metallic streak across apex: cilia dark fuscous, 
with oblique whitish apical, median, and tornal patches. 


Brazit, Parana; one example received from Mr. A. 
Busck as pavonacella. Recognisable by the narrow terminal 
band and absence of white patches in cilia of forewings. 
The true pavonacella has the terminal band almost equally 
narrow, edged anteriorly by a small distinct white spot in 
middle, and a white apical patch in cilia of forewings; 
the discal spot of hindwings is more or less suffused with 
white; it is a small species, 10-11 mm. 


Choreutis lapidaria, Meyr. 


Peru, Huancayo, 10,650 feet, and Lima, 500 feet, in 
July and August; common (Parish). This range in eleva- 
tion is curious, but the specimens are certainly the same 
species. 

Choreutis cydrota, n. sp. 


dg: 13 mm. Head and thorax grey finely irrorated with white. 
Palpi white, mixed with dark grey except towards base. Antennal 
ciliations 2}. Abdomen dark grey, segmental margins sprinkled 
with whitish. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, costa gently 
arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; grey, 
tips of scales whitish, posteriorly bronzy-tinged; a basal patch 
finely irrorated with white, edge on costal half rather oblique, 
well-defined, followed by a silvery-metallic streak from costa edged 
with blackish suffusion, on dorsal half suffused into ground-colour ; 
a ferruginous-bronzy blotch on middle of costa, edged with two 
silvery-metallic spots anteriorly and a curved streak posteriorly, 
and including a silvery-metallic costal dot, all these edged with 
some dark fuscous suffusion; a silvery-metallic dot in disc beneath 
middle; some dark fuscous suffusion towards middle of dorsum; 
a tuft (probably erectile) of fulvous-tinged scales in dise beyond 
middle, followed by two or three silvery-metallic dots surrounded 
with blackish suffusion; a prismatic silvery-metallic submarginal 
somewhat interrupted streak running round posterior third of costa 
and termen to tornus, edged with blackish suffusion, costal edge 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 221 


above this suffused with deep ferruginous: cilia dark grey, basal 
third irrorated with whitish and spotted with black. Hindwings 
rather dark bronzy-grey; cilia grey, with dark fuscous basal line. 


CotomptA, La Crumbre, 6600 feet, in May (Parish); one 
specimen. 
Glyphipteryx cestrota, n. sp. 


39. 7-8 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous. Palpi 
with appressed scales, white, second and terminal joints each with 
two blackish bands. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, 
apex obtuse-pointed, termen sinuate, rather strongly oblique; dark 
fuscous, sometimes posteriorly bronzy-tinged; five slender whitish 
streaks from costa, anteriorly darker-edged, first from middle 
oblique, reaching half across wing, second rather less oblique, united 
at a very obtuse angle with a similar streak from dorsum before 
tornus, silvery-metallic in disc, last three shorter, direct; two 
silvery-metallic dots on lower portion of termen, one towards 
termen above middle, and one on subapical indentation; a black 
apical dot: cilia grey-whitish, basal half fuscous or whitish-fuscous 
limited by a blackish line indented with whitish beneath apex, 
with projecting blackish hook above apex. Hindwings elongate, 
tolerably pointed; dark grey; cilia grey. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); fourteen 
specimens. Allied to refractella. 


Glyphipteryx syndecta, n. sp. 


3 2. 6-7 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen bronzy-grey. Palpi 
with loosely appressed scales, white, second joint with two dark 
fuscous bands, terminal joint with dark fuscous basal band and 
anterior streak on apical half. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, 
costa gently arched, apex obtuse-pointed, termen slightly sinuate, 
very oblique; glossy bronzy-grey, more or less suffused with bronzy- 
ochreous on apical third; five white wedgeshaped streaks from costa, 
anteriorly margined with dark fuscous, first from beyond middle, 
oblique, reaching half across wing, second approximated, silvery- 
metallic in disc, third short, direct, fourth and fifth short, near apex, 
approximated; a narrow slightly curved or almost straight pointed 
very oblique white streak from middle of dorsum, anteriorly edged 
with dark fuscous, its apex almost reaching apex of first costal ; 
a fine direct whitish dark-margined streak from dorsum before 
tornus, almost reaching apex of first costal; a violet-silvery-metallic 
dot on tornus, and a minute one on subapical indentation; two or 
three fine longitudinal blackish lines are sometimes perceptible in 


222 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


disc towards termen; a small black apical spot: cilia grey-whitish, 
basal half greyer, limited by a dark fuscous line indented with 
whitish beneath apex, with projecting blackish hook above apex. 
Hindwings lanceolate, dark grey; cilia grey. 


Peru, Matucana, 7780 feet, in July, twenty specimens, 
and also one from Chosica, 2800 feet (Parish). 


GRACILARIADAE. 


Lithocolletis oxygrapta, n. sp. 


36: 6 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax silvery-white. Abdomen 
white, with lateral series of dark fuscous crescentic marks. Fore- 
wings lanceolate; pale ochreous-yellowish sprinkled with dark 
fuscous; very acutely angulated silvery-white fasciae before and 
beyond middle, narrow towards costa but rather broader towards 
dorsum, edged posteriorly with blackish irroration, basal area up 
to first fascia wholly suffused with silvery-white and only separated 
from it by some dark scales towards costa; a white streak along 
lower half of termen, united at a somewhat acute angle with a 
slender white obscurely dark-edged streak from ? of costa; a small 
white triangular spot on costa near apex, and another at apex, 
edged beneath by a short fine black linear mark: cilia whitish, 
round apex with basal third tinged with ochreous-yellowish and 
limited by a blackish-grey line. Hindwings grey; cilia whitish- 
grey. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); one specimen. 


Lithocolletis clerotoma, n. sp. 


®. 7 mm. Head and thorax bronzy-ochreous, face and palpi 
whitish. Abdomen grey. Forewings lanceolate; bronzy-fulvous- 
ochreous; narrow very obtusely angulated transverse silvery-white 
fasciae beyond } and at }, edged posteriorly with a few black scales 
except towards dorsum; a similar fascia at ?, interrupted above 
middle, edged posteriorly with black scales throughout; a white 
wedgeshaped spot on costa before apex, apex beyond this sprinkled 
with black: cilia pale greyish, basal third ochreous-bronzy. Hind- 
wings rather dark grey; cilia grey. 

Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); one 
specimen. 

Lithocolletis antitoxa, n. sp. 


3. 5 mm. Head whitish (partially rubbed). Thorax bronzy- 
ochreous. Abdomen grey. Forewings lanceolate; bronzy-golden- 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 223 


ochreous, tips of scales fuscous; two narrow hardly outwards- 
curved silvery-white fasciae beyond } and at 4, edged posteriorly 
with black, slightly nearer base on dorsum than on costa; a similar 
moderately inwards-curved fascia at ?; a short inwardly-oblique 
white strigula from costa near apex, edged posteriorly with black : 
cilia light greyish, round apex and upper part of termen with basal 
third bronzy-golden-ochreous limited by some blackish-grey points. 
Hindwings and cilia grey. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); one specimen. 


Lithocolletis iriphanes, n. sp. 


6 2. 6mm. Head and thorax bronzy-orange, frontal tuft mixed 
with whitish. Palpi whitish. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings 
lanceolate; shining bronzy-orange; markings pale violet-golden, 
edged posteriorly with black; narrow hardly curved nearly direct 
transverse fasciae at 4 and beyond middle, second often followed 
in dise by a spot of blackish irroration; small direct transverse 
wedgeshaped exactly opposite costal and terminal spots at +, more 
or less margined anteriorly also with black; a similar spot at apex 
extending into costal cilia: cilia pale bronzy-greyish, basal third 
bronzy-orange. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); twelve speci- 
mens. Alhed to desmodiella, but considerably larger and 
less deeply coloured. 


Lithocolletis epispila, n. sp. 


9. 6-7 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-whitish. Thorax ochreous. 
Abdomen grey. Forewings lanceolate; bronzy-ochreous, apex of 
scales infuscated; narrow silvery-white transverse fasciae beyond 
¢ and at 4, obtusely angulated above middle, margined posteriorly 
with some black scales; a similar fascia at ?, more or less interrupted 
in disc; a silvery-white spot in disc beyond this, edged beneath 
with black; a silvery-white apical spot, edged on termen with black 
irroration: cilia pale greyish, with scattered black scales round 
apex. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey. 


Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); two 
specimens. Allied to clerotoma. 
Phrixosceles paragrapta, n. sp. 


32. 9mm. Head ochreous-whitish, neck with some dark fuscous 
scales. Palpi whitish, with apical band of second joint and median 
band of terminal joint dark fuscous. Thorax ochreous-white, 


224 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


with an irregular dark fuscous band on anterior margin. Abdomen 
fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow, parallel-sided, apex shortly 
and obtusely pointed; pale brownish-ochreous, from base to beyond 
middle crossed by about eight somewhat oblique irregular blackish 
striae, alternate interspaces mostly suffused with white; tornal 
area narrowly suffused with whitish, above which are two very 
oblique black lines in dise and a blackish mark on costa; apical 
area with three direct transverse blackish lines, first somewhat 
irregular: cilia whitish, with basal area pale violet-ochreous limited 
by a blackish line, towards tornus grey. Hindwings and cilia dark 
grey. 


British GurIANA, Bartica, in December and April 
(Parish); two specimens. 


Acrocercops xystrota, n. sp. 


9. 8 mm. Head whitish. Palpi long, white, second joint with 
scales roughened at apex beneath. Thorax pale yellow-ochreous. 
Abdomen grey. Forewings very narrow, parallel-sided, short- 
pointed; light yellow-ochreous, costal area transversely strigulated 
with blackish; five slender parallel somewhat oblique white fasciae 
edged on costal half with blackish, first at 4, last at $; a narrow 
reversed-oblique black streak between fourth and fifth, and a black 
mark from fifth to apex: cilia pale ochreous, towards tornus grey. 
Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey. 


British Guiana, Mallali, in March (Parish); one 
specimen. 


Acrocercops soritis, n. sp. 


6. 7 mm. Head white. Palpi long, slender, white. Thorax 
white, patagia fuscous. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings very 
narrowly elongate-lanceolate; ochreous-fuscous; markings snow- 
white, black-margined; fasciae at + and 4, broad on dorsum, each 
narrowed almost to a point on costa; a dot on costa at ?; an un- 
defined dot of mixed whitish and black scales on tornus; a very 
fine oblique transverse line near apex; an apical dot: cilia grey, 
at apex with black basal and median lines, white between these. 
Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey. 

Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); one 
specimen. 

Acrocercops stalagmitis, n. sp. 


2.9 mm. Head white. Palpi long, slender, white. Thorax 
fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings very narrow, short-pointed ; 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 225 


rather dark fuscous; markings snow-white, black-margined; a 
fascia towards base, very broad on dorsum, narrowed to only 
moderate on costa; a moderate median fascia, narrowed towards 
costa; a slightly oblique wedgeshaped spot from costa beyond }, 
reaching 3 across wing; a smaller transverse wedgeshaped spot 
from costa near apex: cilia fuscous, at apex with black basal and 
median lines, whitish between these. Hindwings dark grey; cilia 


grey. 
British Guriana, Bartica, in December (Parish); one 
specimen. 
Acrocercops argocosma, n. sp. 


6. 89mm. Head white. Palpi long, slender, white. Thorax 
fuscous, patagia white. Abdomen grey, towards base and apex 
light greyish-ochreous. Forewings very narrowly elongate-lanceo- 
late; light ochreous-fuscous; markings snow-white, edged with 
blackish scales; a rather broad fascia at 4, slightly broader dorsally ; 
a broad median fascia, distinctly broader towards dorsum; an 
elongate spot on tornus; an oblique fascia from costa above this, 
narrowed almost to a point on termen; a slender rather oblique 
transverse line before apex; an apical dot: cilia light ochreous- 
grey, opposite apex with black basal and median lines. Hindwings 
grey; cilia light grey. 


Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); three 
specimens. 
Acrocercops nolekeniella, Zell. 


British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali (Parish); several 
specimens. A. sanctae-crucis, Wals., from the West Indies, 
is only a synonym of this. 


Acrocercops chrysocosma, n. sp. 


$92. 8mm. Head shining metallic-bronze, face whitish-tinged. 
Palpi very long and slender, bronzy-whitish. Thorax golden- 
metallic, anteriorly suffused with bronzy. Abdomen dark grey, 
towards apex ochreous-bronzy. Forewings extremely narrow, 
parallel-sided, short-pointed; orange; a golden-metallic patch 
extending on dorsum almost from base to near middle, above with 
extremities silvery and touching costa (especially anterior), top 
semiovally excavated between these and strongly black-edged, 
or with costal space wholly blackish, posterior margin slightly 
oblique, blackish-edged; a silvery-metallic blackish-edged spot on 
middle of costa; a larger subquadrate golden-metallic blackish- 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PART II. (AUG.) Q 


226 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


edged spot on dorsum before tornus, reaching half across wing; 
a violet-golden-metallic blotch occupying apical fourth of wing: 
cilia grey. Hindwings and cilia grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to 
March (Parish); twenty-four specimens. 


Acrocercops melanactis, n. sp. 


3. 8 mm. Head shining metallic-bronzy, face whitish-tinged. 
Palpi very long and slender, yellow-whitish. Thorax golden- 
bronzy-metallic. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings extremely 
narrow, parallel-sided, rather short-pointed; orange; costal edge 
black throughout; a brassy-yellow blotch extending on dorsum 
from base to 2, above touching costa at extremities, semiovally 
excavated between these and strongly blackish-edged, posterior 
margin oblique and blackish-edged; an elongate blackish mark 
on costa before middle, containing an obscure silvery-whitish dot 
anteriorly; a triangular brassy-yellow blackish-edged spot on 
dorsum before tornus, dorsal edge blackish between this and basal 
blotch; a bronzy-golden blotch suffused with greyish-purple 
occupying apical fourth of wing, more extended dorsally: cilia 
dark grey. Hindwings and cilia dark grey. 


British Gurana, Mallali, in March (Parish); one 
specimen. 


Acrocercops trimetalla, n. sp. 


3 2. 8-9 mm. Head shining metallic-bronzy, face whitish-tinged. 
Palpi very long and slender, ochreous-whitish. Thorax violet- 
bronzy-orange. Abdomen grey, base and apex ochreous-tinged. 
Forewings extremely narrow, parallel-sided, moderately pointed ; 
bright orange; a brassy-metallic blotch extending along dorsum 
from near base to ?, upper edge sinuate and marked with a few 
blackish scales, anterior angle connected with costa by a silvery 
dot edged posteriorly with black, posterior angle only reaching 
half across wing; an elongate silvery-metallic mark on costa before 
middle, edged with a few blackish specks; a triangular brassy- 
metallic spot on dorsum before tornus, reaching half across wing; 
a narrow elongate golden-metallic patch extending along termen 
to apex: cilia grey. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia grey. 


British Gurana, Bartica, in December and January 
(Parish); two specimens. 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 227 


Acrocercops encentris, n. sp. 


$9. 9-10 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax shining ochreous-whitish, 
crown more or less tinged with bronzy-ochreous, labial palpi very 
long and slender, maxillary rudimentary. Abdomen whitish- 
ochreous. Forewings extremely narrow, moderately pointed; 
shining white; markings ochreous-fuscous; a narrow elongate spot 
along dorsum from near base to } of wing; sometimes a small spot 
on costa at 2; a moderate spot on costa beyond middle, sometimes 
divided into two, and two or three small spots on dorsum before and 
opposite to it, variably connected with it; two transverse marks 
from costa posteriorly; a moderate darker fuscous spot occupying 
apex: cilia greyish, on termen suffused with ochreous-whitish on 
basal half, on costa white. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica, from December to February 
(Parish); seven specimens. 


Acrocercops hastigera, n. sp. 


g. 8mm. (Head and thorax damaged.) Abdomen grey. Fore- 
wings very narrow, parallel-sided, shortly and obtusely pointed ; 
brown, along dorsal streak and on posterior half of wing suffused 
with fuscous, becoming orange towards apex; a strong snow-white 
streak along dorsum from base, terminated by a fine slightly- 
curved violet-silvery line crossing wing at 3; a very oblique violet- 
silvery strigula from costa before 3, nearly reaching transverse line 
in middle: cilia white, towards tornus greyish, round apex with 
base grey within a black line, with a dark grey spot on costa at 
extremity of this line, and a dark grey patch at apex containing 
two oblique projecting blackish hooks. Hindwings rather dark 
grey; cilia grey. 


Ecuapor, Duran, in June (Parish); one specimen. 
Allied to piligera; except for the injury to head, the 
example is in fine condition. 


Acrocercops piligera, n. sp. 


g. 8mm. Head pale bronzy-ochreous, crown becoming whitish 
posteriorly, collar white. Palpi long, slender, white, apex of second 
joint infuscated. Thorax ochreous-bronze, with whitish dorsal 
stripe. Abdomen grey. Forewings very narrow, parallel-sided, 
shortly and obtusely pointed; ferruginous-fuscous, dorsal third 
from base to tornus ferruginous; a white dorsal streak from base 
to middle of wing, its extremity emitting an oblique strigula; a 
slender irregular white streak from near beyond this along dorsum 


228 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


to tornus, ending in another oblique strigula terminated by a fine 
transverse leaden-metallic line rising from a white costal dot; an 
oblique white strigula from costa beyond middle; a short black 
apical dash, its posterior extremity enlarged into a dot: cilia white, 
towards tornus grey, round apex and termen with base greyish 
within a black line, at apex with two projecting oblique blackish 
hooks. Hindwings and cilia grey. 


CoLomsia, Cali, 500 feet, in May (Parish); one specimen. 


Acrocercops luctuosa, n. sp. 


3g. 7mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous; palpi 
moderate, with appressed scales. Forewings very narrow, parallel- 
sided, shortly and obtusely pointed; dark fuscous; a fine irregular 
oblique white streak from middle of dorsum reaching half across 
wing; a minute indistinct whitish dot on costa opposite origin of 
this; a very fine irregular very oblique white strigula from dorsum 
before tornus; an indistinct transverse leaden line at §: cilia dark 
grey, at apex with two oblique projecting blackish hooks. Hind- 
wings and cilia dark fuscous. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in January (Parish); one 
specimen. 


Acrocercops charitopis, n. sp. 


36 2.7-8mm. Head grey. Palpi moderate, with appressed scales, 
white, with more or less developed subapical band of second joint 
and subbasal band of terminal joint blackish. Thorax dark fuscous. 
Abdomen dark grey, with lateral oblique blackish and white bars. 
Forewings narrowly elongate-lanceolate ; dark fuscous; a fine white 
dash along costa beyond 4, and elongate dots before and beyond 3; 
some white scales along dorsal edge, an irregular white mark from 
dorsum before middle, a very oblique white strigula from beyond 
middle of dorsum, and another longer one from tornus; an inwardly 
oblique white strigula from costa before apex in a line with tornal 
strigula; apex bronzy-tinged, apical edge finely black: cilia grey, 
round apex white with black subbasal line and two blackish oblique 
projecting hooks at apex. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); three 
specimens. 
Acrocercops caementosa, n. sp. 


2. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax whitish mixed with grey. Palpi 
somewhat roughened anteriorly, white, second joint blackish above 
towards apex, terminal joint with black median ring. Abdomen 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 229 


grey, sides whitish with oblique blackish-grey marks. Middle 
femora with blackish apical tuft of scales beneath. Forewings 
very narrowly lanceolate; grey-whitish, anterior half irregularly 
sprinkled with dark fuscous, posterior half irrorated with dark 
fuscous; markings white, strongly edged anteriorly with black 
suffusion or irroration; an oblique wedgeshaped mark from costa 


2 


before middle; an oblique triangular spot on dorsum at 2, and two 
smaller ones between this and tornus; an oblique white streak 
from costa at 3, almost meeting a triangular spot on tornus; an 
incurved transverse line near apex: cilia pale greyish-ochreous, 
round apex white with two lines of blackish points. Hindwings 


light grey; cilia pale greyish-ochreous. 


Peru, Huancayo, 10,650 feet, in July (Parish); two 
specimens. 
Acrocercops crotalistis, n. sp. 


369. 8-9 mm. Head whitish. Palpi with scales somewhat 
roughened anteriorly throughout, white, second joint sometimes 
blackish-mixed towards apex, terminal joint with blackish basal 
and median rings. Thorax whitish, sprinkled with fuscous. Abdo- 
men light grey, anal tuft white. Middle femora with an expansible 
tuft. of blackish scales beneath. Forewings narrow-lanceolate ; 
ochreous-whitish, more or less sprinkled with dark fuscous and 
sometimes with ochreous, posterior half more suffusedly irrorated 
with dark fuscous; white oblique wedgeshaped marks, edged 
anteriorly with blackish irroration, from costa before middle, at 3, 
and %, last reaching termen; similar marks from dorsum before 
middle and towards tornus, and a dot at tornus, sometimes con- 
nected with second costal, but all these are ill-defined and suffused 
posteriorly : cilia white, with three rows of blackish points, on 
upper part of termen with two greyish-ochreous bars, towards 
tornus whitish-grey. Hindwings grey; cilia whitish-grey. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, and Chosica, 2800 feet, in July and 
August (Parish); eight specimens. 


Acrocercops hapsidota, n. sp. 


3g 9. 7-8 mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi with scales of 
second joint somewhat rough at apex beneath, whitish, with sub- 
apical band of second joint and subbasal of terminal joint fuscous. 
Thorax ochreous-whitish sprinkled with grey. Abdomen light grey, 
apex ochreous-whitish. Forewings very narrow, parallel-sided, 
short-pointed; whitish-ochreous irrorated with grey; some white 
suffusion towards base of dorsum ; three narrow white fasciae edged 


t 


230 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


with grey irroration, first at +, direct, furcate on dorsum, second 
before middle, rather inwards-oblique, connected with first on 
dorsum, third about 2, outwards-oblique, more or less double; 
dorsum between second and third more or less suffused with white ; 
a fourth outwards-oblique fascia of two lines from costa at + to 
termen, blackish-margined anteriorly, confluent in disc with an 
inwards-oblique white posteriorly blackish-margined mark from 
costa just before apex: cilia light grey, round apex whitish with 
two blackish lines. Hindwings grey; cilia light grey. 


British GuIANA, Mallali, in March (Parish); six 
specimens. 


Acrocercops obversa, n. sp. 


3. 7mm. Head white, slightly sprinkled with grey. Palpi with 
scales somewhat projecting at apex of second joint beneath, white, 
second joint irrorated with dark fuscous except apex, terminal 
joint with dark fuscous median ring, and some black specks at 
base and beneath apex. Thorax white mixed with grey anteriorly. 
Abdomen whitish-grey. Forewings very narrow, parallel-sided, 
short-pointed ; brownish, costal and dorsal edges shortly strigulated 
with blackish; some white suffusion above dorsum towards base; 
three slender white fasciae edged with blackish, first at 4, rather 
outwards-oblique, second before middle, inwards-oblique, connected 
with first on dorsal edge and by black suffusion above this, third 
at 3, outwards-oblique, partially double, connected with second 
on costa by thick black suffusion; a white elongate spot with some 
black scales on dorsum between second and third, and a dot on 
tornus; a fourth fascia of two fine white lines at 3, parallel to third, 
connected with it on costa by strong black suffusion; a white dot 
on costa near apex, edged with black posteriorly; a very fine white 
line on upper part of termen: cilia grey, round apex with blackish 
basal and median lines, with a white basal dot at apex, and one 
beyond median line beneath apex. Hindwings and cilia grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in April (Parish); one speci- 
men. Allied to hapsidota. 


Acrocercops fasciculata, n. sp. 


9. 8 mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi with appressed scales, 
white, with fuscous subapical ring of second joint and subbasal 
ring of terminal joint. Thorax white, patagia greyish-ochreous. 
Abdomen grey. Forewings very narrow, parallel-sided, short- 
pointed; pale ochreous-yellowish suffusedly mixed with grey, 
towards costa suffused with dark grey; base narrowly white 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 231 


sprinkled with dark grey; four transverse fasciae each made up of 
three appressed irregular white lines edged with dark fuscous scales, 
expanded dorsally and connected on or near dorsal edge, fourth 
just before apex, leaving a dark fuscous apical dot: cilia grey, 
round apex with blackish subbasal line edged with whitish. Hind- 
wings dark grey; cilia grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in January (Parish); one 
specimen. 
Acrocercops cirrhantha, n. sp. 


3. 9 mm. Head silvery-whitish, crown yellowish. Palpi with 
appressed scales, white. Thorax ochreous-yellow. Basal joints 
of middle and posterior tarsi with bristly hairs above, but middle 
tibiae smooth. Forewings very narrow, parallel-sided, short- 
pointed; deep ochreous-yellow; from base to 3 of wing indistinct 
whitish striae crossing dorsal 3, with some blackish specks on 
margins of these ; three elongate groups of blackish scales on posterior 
half of costa, two posterior containing very fine white dashes on 
costal edge; a fine silvery-white black-edged line along termen : 
cilia deep ochreous-yellow, towards tornus grey, at apex whitish 
above a projecting blackish line, in middle of termen with a blackish 
basal dot. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in January (Parish); one 
specimen. 
Acrocercops achnodes, n. sp. 


39. 12 mm. Head on crown light yellowish centrally suffused 
with dark grey, face white. Palpi white, second joint mixed with 
black towards apex, with rough projecting tuft beneath, terminal 
joint with blackish submedian and subapical rings. Thorax 
whitish, mixed or strigulated with dark fuscous. Abdomen pale 
greyish becoming ochreous-tinged towards base, with oblique 
lateral dark fuscous marks, anal tuft in g white. Forewings 
extremely narrow, parallel-sided, short-pointed; basal 2 white, 
with irregular transverse strigulae or broken striae of blackish 
irroration; apical } light ochreous tinged with grey, with a few 
black scales, at ? with an acutely angulated transverse white line 
margined on upper half anteriorly by a thick black mark and 
posteriorly with black irroration; an oblique slightly curved silvery 
praeapical line from a white dot on costa; a black apical dot: cilia 
light greyish, round apex whitish with two dark grey lines (imperfect). 
Hindwings grey; cilia light grey. 

Kcuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); four 
specimens. 


232 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


Acrocercops serrigera, n. sp. 


$9. 10-11 mm. Head white, crown centrally somewhat mixed 
with grey or dark fuscous. Palpi white, second joint with long 
dense projecting tuft beneath, dark fuscous except apical edge, 
terminal joint somewhat roughened anteriorly below middle, with 
slender blackish submedian and subapical rings more or less de- 
veloped. Thorax white, patagia grey mixed with blackish. Abdo- 
men dark grey. Forewings very narrowly elongate-lanceolate ; 
dark grey, more or less mixed or longitudinally streaked with 
black in disc; a narrow white streak along dorsum from base to 
tornus, its dorsal edge suffused with pale greyish, its upper edge 
with three irregular oblique projections, first at 4, ground colour 
suffused with blackish between these, and two very oblique lines 
from extremity, almost reaching praeapical line; five or six very 
oblique blackish lines from costa reaching nearly half across wing, 
interspaces lighter or more or less white towards costa; a very 
oblique white blackish-edged line from ? of costa nearly to termen ; 
a silvery-white oblique praeapical line from + of costa to middle 
of termen; a white transverse dot or crescentic mark from costa 
near apex; an elongate apical mark of blackish suffusion, sometimes 
hardly developed: cilia grey, round apex whitish with blackish 
subbasal and median lines, with a black projecting apical hook. 
Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia grey. 


Ecuapor, Alausi, 9450 feet, and Huigra, 4500 feet, in 
June; Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); thirty- 
four specimens. 


Acrocercops hippuris, n. sp. 


$9. 13-14 mm. Head white, tinged with ochreous on crown. 
Palpi long, with scales of second joint somewhat roughened at 
apex, white, subapical ring of second joint, and subbasal and 
subapical rings of terminal joint more or less marked, dark fuscous. 
Thorax ochreous-whitish. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, more or 
less banded with grey posteriorly, in § with very large whitish- 
ochreous anal tuft and long claspers. Forewings very narrow, 
parallel-sided, short-pointed ; light brownish-ochreous or yellowish- 
ochreous, more or less strongly mixed or suffused with dark grey, 
especially in disc; from twelve to fourteen short thick rather 
oblique whitish streaks from costa between base and +, and from 
eight to ten nearly direct similar streaks or marks from dorsum, 
each reaching about + across wing; an obtusely angulated trans- 
verse leaden line about $; a short black dash before apex, and a 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 233 


white dash beneath it: cilia grey, round apex whitish with dark 
fuscous subbasal line, and a blackish oblique projecting hook at 
apex. Hindwings light grey; cilia pale grey, in gd tinged with 
ochreous. 


Perv, Huancayo, 10,650 feet, and Jauja, 11,900 feet, in 
July (Parish); five specimens. 


Parectopa ischnotoma, n. sp. 


@. 6 mm. Head shining pale bronzy. Palpi moderate, slender, 
bronzy-whitish, terminal joint with base and subapical ring dark 
fuscous. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings lanceo- 
late; glossy dark fuscous, with faint purplish tinge; markings 
silvery-white; slender hardly oblique fasciae at 4 and 4; wedge- 
shaped transverse marks from costa at # and near apex: cilia 
grey, round apex with blackish subbasal line and apical hook 
(imperfect). Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous. 


British Gurana, Mallali, in March (Parish); one speci- 
men. Near the following species, but forewings relatively 
much broader, with much slenderer markings. 


Parectopa isortha, n. sp. 


3. 6 mm. Head shining ochreous-white. Palpi moderate, 
slender, white, second joint dark fuscous towards apex, terminal 
joint with base and subapical ring dark fuscous. Thorax dark 
fuscous, apex of patagia white. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings 
narrowly elongate-lanceolate; dark fuscous; markings shining 
white; narrow direct transverse fasciae at + and i, first somewhat 
broader, especially towards dorsum; moderate triangular spots on 
costa at ? and near apex; a white apical dot: cilia grey, round 
apex white with blackish apical hook (imperfect). Hindwings 
rather dark grey; cilia grey. 


British Gurana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one 
specimen. 
Parectopa phaneropis, n. sp. 


9.7 mm. Head whitish (rubbed). Palpi long, slender, white. 
Thorax ochreous. Abdomen grey. Forewings narrow-lanceolate ; 
brownish-ochreous; markings snow-white, edged with a few black 
specks; hardly oblique fasciae at $ and somewhat beyond middle, 
narrow on costa, moderately dilated downwards; a fine rather 
oblique transverse line at #, more or less interrupted in middle; 
a moderate rounded-transverse spot from costa towards apex, 


234 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


nearly reaching termen; a dot at apex: cilia pale ochreous-greyish, 
round apex whitish, with a blackish basal dot. Hindwings grey; 
cilia pale grey. 


Ecuapor, Duran, in June (Parish); one specimen. 


Parectopa stemonodes, n. sp. 


g. 6mm. Head whitish-bronzy. Palpimoderate, slender, white, 
terminal joint with base and a subapical ring blackish. Thorax 
dark grey sprinkled with whitish. Abdomen dark grey. Fore- 
wings elongate-lanceolate; dark violet-grey irrorated with whitish ; 
markings white margined anteriorly with blackish; slender irregular 
somewhat oblique fasciae at } and 3, slightly expanded at ex- 
tremities; triangular spots on costa at $ and towards apex, and a 
dot on tornus opposite first of these, apex of second produced as a 
crescentic strigula to termen; a dot at apex: cilia light grey, on 
termen sprinkled with blackish, at apex white (imperfect). Hind- 
wings grey; cilia light grey. 


Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish) ; two speci- 
mens. A third example from same locality is in all pro- 
bability the female of same species; thorax suffused with 
white, white markings of forewings much larger, fasciae 
moderate. 


Parectopa refulgens, n. sp. ' 


2. 6 mm. Head white. Palpi moderate, slender, white, with 
dark fuscous lateral line. Thorax white, patagia golden-ochreous. 
Abdomen grey. Forewings narrow-lanceolate; shining golden; 
markings shining white, edged with black irroration; dorsal half 
with some irregular marking towards base, two adjacent oblique 
streaks at $, two others in middle, and a single one at #, irregularly 
connected on dorsum; oblique streaks from costa at 4, middle, 
and %, confluent with these in dise to form acutely angulated fasciae ; 
a dot on costa near apex, and a dot at apex, edged beneath by a 
minute black dash; some white suffusion sprinkled with black 
specks along termen: cilia whitish, with a black median line, 
towards tornus pale greyish. Hindwings light grey; cilia pale 
ochreous-grey. 


Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); one speci- 
men. 
Parectopa lithomacha, n. sp. 


369. 7-8 mm. Head bronzy-grey. Palpi moderate, somewhat 
rough-sealed anteriorly, especially at apex of second and towards 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 235 


middle of terminal joint, blackish, base and apex of terminal joint 
whitish. Thorax whitish-grey sprinkled with dark fuscous. Abdo- 
men grey. Forewings narrow-lanceolate; grey-whitish coarsely 
irrorated with dark fuscous; four costal and four dorsal more or 
less ill-defined white spots or marks, edged with dark fuscous 
suffusion, first costal beyond +, somewhat oblique, others sub- 
triangular, second in middle, third at ?, fourth near apex, somewhat 
inwards-oblique, first dorsal rather oblique, before first costal, 
others subtriangular or irregularly narrow, second somewhat before 
second costal, third and fourth before and beyond third costal, 
sometimes also a dot on termen beneath or connected with fourth 
costal: cilia grey, towards base whitish, round apex white with 
two or three blackish lines. Hindwings grey; cilia light grey. 


Ecuavor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); twenty- 
four specimens. 


Parectopa heptametra, n. sp. 


6 9. 11-12 mm. Head grey-whitish. Palpilong, with appressed 
scales, white, anterior edge of terminal joint dark fuscous. Thorax 
whitish, patagia and a central line dark grey. Abdomen dark grey. 
Forewings very narrow, parallel-sided, apex rounded-obtuse; glossy 
dark violet-grey, mixed with blackish towards costa; an ochreous- 
whitish streak along dorsum from base to tornus, narrowly inter- 
rupted beyond middle, extremity of anterior portion produced 
into a very oblique wedgeshaped projection; an elongate ochreous- 
whitish spot above tornal extremity of this streak; a fine whitish 
line from costa beyond middle to termen above tornus; six fine 
oblique whitish streaks from costa between this and apex, reaching 
about half across wing, terminal area beneath these with indications 
of suffused whitish longitudinal streaks: cilia grey, above apex 
with two blackish lines, whitish between these. Hindwings dark 
grey; cilia grey. 


Cotomst1A, La Crumbre, 6000 feet, in May (Parish); two 
specimens. 


Parectopa trichophysa, n. sp. 


3g. 10-12 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish. Palpi long, 
second joint brownish, with tuft of long projecting hairs beneath, 
terminal joint whitish with two brownish rings. Abdomen blackish, 
base and apex pale ochreous. Forewings very narrow, parallel- 
sided, shortly and obtusely pointed; whitish, somewhat sprinkled 
with fuscous; basal 3 with scattered groups of dark fuscous scales ; 
three irregular curved white marks above dorsum between 4 and 


236 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


tornus, suffused on dorsum, interspaces filled with dark fuscous irrora- 
tion; two very oblique curved white lines from tornus and two very 
oblique straight white lines from costa before and beyond 3, spaces 
between these irrorated with dark fuscous, forming more or less 
marked dark streaks; apical area tinged with yellow-ochreous, 
with a black apical dot, and a small crescentic white mark on costa 
near before it: cilia grey-whitish, round apex white, with two grey 
lines. Hindwings blackish, apical third suffused with whitish; 
cilia pale greyish-yellowish, anterior half of costa with very long 
fine expansible hairs projected beneath forewings. Undersurface 
of forewings blackish from base to 3. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); five speci- 
mens. The curious and exceptional blackish colouring of 
hindwings and abdomen are probably (with the expansible 
hairs) confined to the 3. 


Parectopa dactylota, n. sp. 


3 2. 10-12 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, somewhat sprinkled 
with grey. Palpi long, second joint pale ochreous somewhat 
sprinkled with blackish, with very long projecting tuft beneath, 
terminal joint rough-scaled below middle, white, with well-marked 
black median and subapical rings. Thorax ochreous-whitish, 
patagia mixed with fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings very 
narrowly lanceolate; ochreous-grey irrorated with blackish, becom- 
ing more ochreous towards apex, basal area more or less suffused 
with whitish-ochreous; an irregular white subdorsal streak from 
near base to tornus, upper edge forming three oblique rounded 
prominences between 4 and tornus, interspaces filled with blackish ; 
two very oblique curved whitish lines from tornus to near prae- 
apical line; two pale ochreous very oblique lines from costa opposite 
these; an oblique slightly curved silvery praeapical line from } of 
costa to termen; a white crescentic mark from costa just before 
apex; a blackish apical dot: cilia light greyish, round apex white 
with two dark grey lines, base ochreous. Hindwings grey; cilia 


pale grey. 


Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June; PERu, Lima, 500 
feet, in August (Parish); seven specimens. Very like 
Acrocercops serrigera, to which there may be real relation- 
ship; less deeply coloured, more ochreous, without the 
whitish costal streaks, and differing also in colour of head 
and palpi. 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 237 


Parectopa pselaphotis, n. sp. 


$9. 7-8mm. Head and thorax grey-whitish irrorated with dark 
grey, face whitish. Palpi moderately long, slender, whitish. Abdo- 
men grey. Forewings very narrowly lanceolate; grey-whitish, 
closely irrorated with dark fuscous; very obscure oblique white 
streaks, anteriorly suffusedly margined with dark fuscous, from 
dorsum before middle and at 3, reaching about half across wing, 
and a dot on tornus; a blackish longitudinal dash, finely edged 
above with white, above lower part of termen; a fine elongate 
black mark in apex: cilia pale greyish, round apex whitish, with 
two fine lines of blackish points, and a double obliquely projecting 
blackish apical hook. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia light grey. 


Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); four speci- 
mens. A very obscurely marked species. 


Parectopa viminea, n. sp. 


3. 9mm. Head and thorax white mixed with grey. Palpi long, 
blackish, second joint with rough projecting hairs towards apex 
beneath, terminal joint white with black median ring. Abdomen 
grey. Forewings very narrow, parallel-sided, moderately and 
acutely pointed; dark grey mixed with black; about eleven very 
oblique irregular fine white streaks from costa, and about ten, 
anteriorly broader and confluent, from dorsum, suffusedly meeting 
in disc; an elongate apical dot of black irroration: cilia grey- 
whitish, round apex white with two or three lines of blackish points. 
Hindwings grey; cilia pale grey. 


Perv, Matucana, 7780 feet, in July (Parish); one 
specimen. 


Gracilaria callichora, n. sp. 


3g 2. 8-10 mm. Head prismatic violet-fuscous, face silvery- 
white. Palpi slender, whitish, second joint irrorated with grey, 
with apex dark grey, apex of terminal joint blackish. Thorax 
brassy-yellow, shoulders prismatic-fuscous. Abdomen dark grey, 
beneath pale yellowish. Middle legs white, femora and tibiae 
blackish, tarsal joints with apical black dots; posterior legs whitish- 
yellowish, basal half and apex of tibiae grey, femora white with 
apical half blackish. Forewings narrowly elongate-lanceolate ; 
shining brassy-yellow; a patch of grey suffusion along basal third 
of costa; a violet-grey patch strigulated with dark violet-fuscous 
along termen: cilia grey mixed with darker. Hindwings rather 
dark grey; cilia grey. 


238 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


BritisH Gurana, Bartica, in February (Parish); three 
specimens. 
Gracilaria immuricata, n. sp. 


3. 10 mm. Head pale ochreous mixed with violet-grey, face 
prismatic ochreous-whitish. Palpi loosely scaled, ochreous-whitish, 
second joint somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous, terminal joint 
with dark fuscous subapical ring. Thorax light brownish-ochreous. 
Abdomen light greyish. Middle femora and tibiae dark fuscous, 
tarsi whitish; posterior legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings very 
narrowly elongate-lanceolate ; fulvous-ochreous irrorated with deep 
purple; a broad pale ochreous-yellowish streak occupying costal 
third of wing from base to 3, costal edge with some scattered black 
dots and specks, a spot of blackish suffusion beneath its lower 
edge before middle of wing, preceded by a slight suffusion of the 
pale colour of streak into ground colour : cilia pale greyish, suffused 
with brownish-ochreous round apex and sprinkled with darker. 
Hindwings light grey; cilia pale ochreous-greyish. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); one specimen. 
I have also a worn example from Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 
feet, which is probably the same species. 


Gracilaria eolampis, n. sp. 


3. 12-13 mm. Head reddish-ochreous, face shining whitish- 
ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish tinged or sprinkled with reddish, 
terminal joint slightly roughened anteriorly, with dark fuscous 
subapical ring. Thorax violet-reddish-ochreous. Abdomen dark 
grey. Middle femora and tibiae reddish-brown, tibiae beneath 
with long roughly projecting scales, tarsi white; posterior legs 
whitish-ochreous, tibiae and basal joint of tarsi suffused with dark 
grey above. Forewings very narrowly lanceolate; violet-reddish- 
ochreous, faintly strigulated with darker ; an undefined light yellowish 
suffusion along costa from about 4 to §, occupying about 4 of wing, 
with scattered strigulae of ground colour along costa: cilia reddish- 
ochreous, towards tornal area grey. Hindwings dark grey, thinly 
scaled in dise towards base; cilia grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica, from December to February 
(Parish); ten specimens. 
Gracilaria chloroptila, n. sp. 


3. 13mm. Head ochreous-grey-whitish, crown violet-iridescent. 
Palpi slightly roughened anteriorly, whitish, second joint grey 
anteriorly towards apex, terminal joint with blackish anterior 


South American” M icro-Lepidoptera. 239 


streak towards base, and indistinct grey subbasal and subapical 
rings. Thorax violet-brownish-ochreous. Abdomen dark grey, 
with two long expansible ochreous-whitish anal hair pencils. Middle 
femora and tibiae dark fuscous, both tufted with rough blackish 
scales, apex of tibiae blackish, tarsi white; posterior legs grey- 
whitish. Forewings very narrowly elongate-lanceolate; light 
. brownish, with strong violet reflections, strewn throughout with 
fine fuscous strigulae, costa narrowly whitish-tinged ; apex whitish- 
tinged, with two or three darker fuscous strigulae: cilia grey, 
round apex whitish, with some rows of dark grey points. Hind- 
wings dark grey, thinly scaled in disc anteriorly; cilia grey. 


British Gurana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one 
specimen. 


Gracilaria oriarcha, n. sp. 


3. 19 mm. Head grey-whitish. Palpi slightly roughened an- 
teriorly, whitish, sprinkled with grey. Thorax grey-whitish suffused 
with light reddish-fuscous. Abdomen pale greyish, anal tuft 
whitish-ochreous. Middle legs rather dark reddish-fuscous, tibiae 
tufted towards apex above, tarsi whitish; posterior legs whitish 
obscurely banded with grey irroration. Forewings very narrow, 
parallel-sided, moderately pointed; violet-reddish-fuscous, some- 
what sprinkled with dark fuscous, strewn with irregular dots of 
whitish scales, edges blackish minutely dotted with white: cilia 
ochreous-whitish, on costa and round apex with several groups of 
blackish specks, towards tornus pale greyish. Hindwings grey; 
cilia light grey. 


Peru, Jauja, 11,900 feet, in July (Parish); one speci- 
men. This interesting insect is much the largest of the 
whole family known to me. 


LYONETIADAE. 
Opostega microlepta, n. sp. 


39. 4mm. Head, antennae, thorax, and abdomen ochreous- 
white. Forewings lanceolate; shining ochreous-white; a minute 
black apical dot: cilia ochreous-whitish, more ochreous-tinged 
towards base, with a faint grey line at base of costal cilia, and two 
others beyond it converging to apical dot. Hindwings pale greyish- 
ochreous; cilia whitish-ochreous. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in February ; Ecuapor, Duran, 


in June (Parish); two specimens. Distinguished by its 
minute size. 


240 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


Opostega acidata, n. sp. 


g. 8-9 mm. Head, antennae, and thorax ochreous-whitish. 
Abdomen grey-whitish. Forewings lanceolate; shining ochreous- 
whitish; a minute black apical speck: cilia ochreous-whitish. 
Hindwings and cilia pale grey. 

Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); two 
specimens. 

Opostega sacculata, n. sp. 

3d. 6mm. Head and thorax white. Antennae whitish-ochreous, 
eyecaps white. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Forewings lanceo- 
late; shining white, with faint yellowish tinge; a subtriangular 
dark grey spot on costa slightly beyond middle, apex obtuse, 
reaching half across wing; a small praeapical spot of yellowish- 
grey suffusion; a minute black apical dot: cilia whitish, costal 
cilia with three fine oblique blackish-grey lines, second terminating 
in apical dot, and two or three blackish scales at base beneath apex. 
Hindwings grey; cilia light grey. 

Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); one 
Specimen. 

Opostega paromias, n. sp. 

9. 8mm. Headand thorax white. Antennae dark grey, eyecaps 
white. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Forewings lanceolate; shining 
whitish, dorsal half faintly greyish-tinged; a suffused dark fuscous 
very oblique strigula from costa towards base; a semioval dark 
fuscous blotch along median portion of costa, not reaching half 
across wing; a small undefined dark grey praeapical spot, apex 
beyond this grey; a small black apical dot: cilia grey, on costa 
with two fine dark grey oblique lines, second running to near apical 
dot, and a third beyond apex of wing. Hindwings and cilia grey. 


Peru, Matucana, 7780 feet, in July (Parish); one speci- 
men. Allied to the preceding. 


Opostega pontifex, n. sp. 

3. 7 mm. Head and thorax white. Antennae grey, eyecaps 
white. Forewings lanceolate; shining white; extreme costal edge 
dark fuscous from base to fascia; a narrow irregular inwardly 
oblique dark fuscous median fascia, whence a blotch of fuscous 
suffusion extends along dorsum to tornus: cilia fuscous, costal 
cilia with a strong dark fuscous basal streak. Hindwings and 
cilia grey. 


CoLomBiA, Cali, 500 feet, in May (Parish); one specimen. 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 241 


ENTEUCHA, 0. g. 


Head rough-haired; tongue absent. Antennae 2, in 3 simple, 
basal joint forming a very large oblong eyecap, much longer than 
eye. Labial palpi moderate, thickened with scales, drooping and 
appressed between legs, second joint with scales somewhat project- 
ing laterally, terminal joint rather longer than second, tolerably 
obtuse. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiae shortly rough- 
scaled above. Forewings with apex somewhat upturned, cell well- 
marked, long, its margins coincident towards base, 2 from angle, type 
of neuration apparently as in Opogona but with some veins absent, 
not made out. Hindwings 4, linear-lanceolate, cilia 4; neuration 
not determined. 


A very interesting genus, intermediate in character be- 
tween Opogona and Opostega; the fusion of cell-margins 
towards base probably explains the process of formation of 
the simple median vein of Opostega, in which the fusion is 
complete. 

Enteucha cyanochlora, n. sp. 


g: 6mm. Head, palpi, and antennae light yellow-ochreous, collar 
and thorax deep indigo-blue. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings 
broad-lanceolate ; deep indigo-blue; a small oblique-triangular pale 
ochreous spot on costa beyond middle ; a round pale yellow-ochreous 
blotch occupying apex and terminal cilia, rest of cilia deep indigo- 
blue. Hindwings dark purple-grey; cilia dark grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one 
specimen. 
Phyllocnistis doreas, n. sp. 


9.5mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, and abdomen silvery- 
white. Forewings narrow-lanceolate, apex caudate; silvery-white ; 
apical fourth suffused with light yellow; a short very fine oblique 
grey strigula from costa beyond middle; two opposite transverse 
fine grey strigulae at 3, not meeting; a large round black apical 
dot in cilia, nearly preceded by a fine transverse dark grey strigula : 
cilia white, on termen with basal 3 light yellow limited by a faint 
grey line, on costa with a short fine oblique grey strigula preceding 
the praeapical one. Hindwings and cilia white. 


British Gurana, Mallali, in March (Parish); one 
specimen. 
Phylloenistis sciophanta, n. sp. 


3g. 5mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen white. Forewings 
narrow-lanceolate, caudate; shining white; oblique grey strigulae 
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1915,—PART II. (AUG.) RB 


242 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


from costa at 4 and 3, and two from dorsum towards tornus, spaces 
between these very faintly yellowish-tinged, indicating an acutely 
angulated fascia; a small very faintly yellowish-tinged spot on 
costa at ?, edged faintly posteriorly with grey; apex slightly tinged 
with yellowish; a minute black apical dot: cilia white, with three 
fine indistinct grey bars on costa, and two (or three?) projecting 
at apex. Hindwings and cilia whitish. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); one specimen. 


Phyllocnistis sexangula, n. sp. 


9. 8-10 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen white. Fore- 
wings narrow-lanceolate, apex caudate; shining white; markings 
light brassy-yellowish, edged with rather dark fuscous; a narrow 
median longitudinal streak from base to beyond middle, where it 
unites at an acute angle with a narrow oblique bar from middle of 
costa; in one specimen an oblique dark fuscous bar connecting 
this longitudinal streak with dorsum before middle of wing, in the 
other reduced to a small projection on its lower margin; a narrow 
angulated transverse fascia at %, and a transverse bar from costa 
at §, all these markings connected by a line of fuscous suffusion 
in disc; a praeapical spot containing a black dot; a round apical 
black dot: cilia white, on costa with three fine dark fuscous bars, 
at apex with four fine diverging dark fuscous bars, on termen with 
basal half light greyish-ochreous limited by a fine dark fuscous line, 
on tornus with a projection of dark fuscous scales. Hindwings 
grey-whitish or pale grey; cilia whitish. 


Peru, Matucana, 7780 feet, in July (Parish); two speci- 
mens. The largest species of the genus. 


Phyllocnistis rotans, n. sp. 


3 9. 56 mm. Head and thorax whitish-yellowish, with leaden- 
silvery reflections. Palpi whitish, Abdomen grey. Forewings 
narrow-lanceolate, apex caudate; violet-whitish, dorsal half violet- 
grey; markings golden-yellow edged with dark fuscous; a median 
longitudinal streak from base to middle; a narrow slightly curved 
oblique fascia beyond middle; a somewhat oblique bar from costa 
at %, reaching half across wing; a transverse spot before apex; a 
black apical dot: cilia grey, on costa with whitish reflection and 
three blackish bars, at apex with three diverging blackish bars, on 
termen with blackish median shade. Hindwings dark grey; cilia 
grey. 

Ecuapor, Alausi, 9450 feet, in June (Parish); five speci- 
mens. Allied to the North American insignis. 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 243 


Lyonetia zapyropis, n. sp. 


g. 8 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax shining white. Antennae 
grey, basal joint white. Abdomen whitish. Forewings narrow- 
lanceolate; shining white; an oval deep orange blotch occupying 
wing from middle to 4, anteriorly edged with grey suffusion; apical 
area beyond this grey, with a black praeapical spot bilobed pos- 
teriorly : cilia grey, on costa with three short blackish bars, at 
apex with two blackish projecting bars and a whitish ray between 
them, on termen with some black scales at base. Hindwings and 
cilia grey. 


BritisH Guiana, Mallali, in March (Parish); one speci- 
men. Appears to mimic Thiotricha argoxantha. 


Lyonetia acrodora, n. sp. 


dg. 7mm. Head, palpi, and thorax shining white, face pale 
greyish-ochreous. Antennae whitish. Abdomen grey, sides whitish. 
Forewings narrow-lanceolate; shining white; two oblique light 
ochreous-yellowish bars edged with dark fuscous from middle of costa 
and beyond, running into a light ochreous-yellowish streak edged 
posteriorly with dark fuscous crossing wing obliquely inwards from 
costa at 3; a deep orange blotch occupying apical fourth of wing, 
anterior edge nearly straight, edged with dark fuscous; a black apical 
dot: cilia grey, at apex with three projecting blackish hooks. Hind- 
wings and cilia dark grey. 


British Gurana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one 
specimen. 


Lyonetia firmata, n. sp. 


6: 75mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white. Abdomen whitish. 
Forewings very narrow, parallel-sided, apex acute; shining white ; 
a slender oblique dark fuscous streak from costa at 3 and a shorter 
one beyond it, both nearly or quite touching corresponding dark grey 
dots on termen; apex of wing pale ochreous-yellowish, with a black 
apical dot: cilia grey, on costa white with three dark fuscous bars, at 
apex with three diverging blackish bars, beneath apex with base light 
ochreous-yellowish, limited by a short blackish line edged externally 
with white. Hindwings and cilia dark grey. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); one specimen. 


Lyonetia vallaris, n. sp. 


362. 5-6 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, and abdomen 
shining whitish. Forewings narrow-lanceolate, acute; shining 


244 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of — 


whitish ; a slender transverse fulvous-ochreous fascia at $; a trans- 
verse black apical dot: cilia whitish, opposite apex with two 
blackish lines. Hindwings grey-whitish; cilia whitish. 


British Gurana, Bartica, in February and March 
(Parish); twenty specimens. 


ERIOPTRIS, N. g. 


Head smooth, posterior part of crown shortly rough-haired, face 
retreating; tongue short. Antennae }, in ¢ stout, serrulate, basal 
joint very long, dilated and concave beneath, forming a large eyecap 
further enlarged with long rough projecting scales on margins and 
with a tuft of hairs at extremity. Labial palpi short, drooping, fili- 
form. Maxillary palpiabsent. Posterior tibiae with some bristly hairs 
above. Forewings with apex down-turned; 2 from angle, 3 absent, 
7 to costa, 8 absent, 11 from beyond middle. Hindwings }, linear- 
lanceolate, cilia 4; transverse vein absent between 3 and 5, 4 absent, 
5-7 approximated towards base. 


Type harmodia. An interesting earlier form allied to 
Lyonetia. 
Erioptris hierodora, n. sp. 


°. 8 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax silvery-white. Abdomen 
dark grey, ventrally banded with white. Forewings lanceolate ; 
shining white; markings brownish-ochreous sprinkled with blackish 
specks; a moderate somewhat oblique antemedian fascia, rather 
narrowed towards dorsum; two costal blotches between this and 
apex, reaching about half across wing, first narrowed downwards, 
second rounded: cilia white, round apex suffused with ochreous, 
with some black specks. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one 
specimen. 
Erioptris harmodia, n. sp. 


$. 8mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen shining white. An- 
tennae grey, eyecap white. Forewings narrow-lanceolate; shining 
white; apical : light yellow-ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous, 
except a slender irregular white transverse streak at ?, the dark irror- 
ation more conspicuous beyond this but ceasing towards apex: cilia 
light ochreous, with short transverse dark fuscous bars near before 
apex on each margin. Hindwings white; cilia white, round apex 
suffused with grey. 


British Gutana, Mallali, in March (Parish); one 
specimen. 


South American Muicro-Lepidoptera. 245 


OTOPTRIS, n. g. 


Head smooth on face and crown, roughly tufted on forehead be- 
tween antennae, face retreating; tongue short. Antennae /, in ¢ 
simple, slender, basal joint very long, dilated and concave beneath, 
forming a large eyecap with long rough projecting scales on margins 
and with a tuft of hairs at extremity. Labial palpi short, drooping, 
fiiform. Maxillary palpi moderate, slender, filiform, three-jointed. 
Posterior tibiae with long rough hairscales above. Forewings with 
apex downturned; 2 from angle, 3 absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 7 to costa, 
8 absent, 11 from beyond middle. Hindwings }, linear-lanceolate, 
cilia 4; transverse vein absent between 3 and 5, 4 absent, 5-7 approx- 
imated towards base. 


Type lioxantha. The exact similarity of the peculiar eye- 
cap associates this genus nearly with the preceding, and the 
two together thus form a transitional connection between 
Lyonetia and Tischeria, confirming the position of the latter 
genus 1n this family. 


Otoptris omphacina, n. sp. 


9. 6 mm.~- Head, palpi, and antennae whitish. Thorax pale 
yellow-ochreous. Abdomen grey-whitish. Forewings narrow-lan- 
ceolate; light ochreous-yellowish; a transverse dark fuscous dot 
at apex: cilia yellow-whitish, more yellowish towards base. Hind- 
wings pale grey; cilia grey-whitish. 


BritisH Gurana, Mallali, in March (Parish); one speci- 
men. 


Otoptris lioxantha, n. sp. 


36 9. 56mm. Head, palpi, and antennae white, crown and 
eyecaps ochreous-yellowish. Thorax ochreous-yellow. Abdomen 
whitish-yellowish. Forewings narrow-lanceolate; deep ochreous- 
yellow: cilia ochreous-whitish. Hindwings grey-whitish; cilia 
ochreous-whitish. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); three 
specimens. 


Otoptris penetralis, n. sp. 
2. 7mm. Head, palpi, and antennae whitish. Thorax ochreous- 


yellow. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings narrow-lanceolate; 
yellow-ochreous, apex sometimes mixed with grey; a dark grey 


246 Mr. EK. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


apical dot: cilia ochreous-whitish, suffused with yellow-ochreous 
towards base. Hindwings dark grey; cilia whitish-grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); two 
specimens. 
Otoptris pissantha, n. sp. 


®. 6-7 mm. Head, palpi, and antennae whitish, crown and eye- 
caps sometimes greyish-tinged. Thorax purplish-fuscous. Abdomen 
dark grey. Forewings narrow-lanceolate; purplish-fuscous: cilia 
grey. Hindwings and cilia grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); two 
specimens. 
Tischeria ephaptis, n. sp. 


3 9. 8 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-whitish. Fore- 
wings lanceolate; light ochreous-yellow; costa on anterior half 
slenderly grey, on posterior half rather broadly irrorated with dark 
grey and blackish; oblique streaks of blackish irroration from costa 
at + and beyond middle, reaching about half across wing; some 
slight grey irroration towards dorsum posteriorly, and a dot of black 
irroration above tornus: cilia pale greyish, opposite apex towards 
base pale yellowish sprinkled with blackish. Hindwings and cilia 
pale grey. , 


Peru, Chosica, 2800 feet, in July (Parish); four 
specimens. 
Tischeria deliquescens, n. sp. 


3 2. 68mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous-yellowish, some- 
what sprinkled with dark grey specks. Palpi ochreous-whitish. 
Abdomen whitish-ochreous suffusedly irrorated with dark grey. 
Forewings lanceolate; light yellow-ochreous, more or less sprinkled 
with fuscous and dark fuscous specks, more strongly irrorated 
towards costa on posterior half: cilia greyish, towards base pale 
ochreous sprinkled with black. Hindwings and cilia grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica, in February (Parish); seven 
specimens. 
Tischeria plagifera, n. sp. 


3 9. 89mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish slightly sprinkled 
with grey. Abdomen light grey. Forewings lanceolate; yellow- 
grey-whitish irrorated with dark grey, more or less suffused irregu- 
larly with ochreous-yellowish; a very oblique streak of blackish 
irroration from costa at 4, reaching half across wing, and two less 
marked similar streaks of dark grey irroration beyond it, sometimes 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 247 


also mixed with black; a small spot of blackish irroration beneath 
fold at }, one near dorsum beyond middle of wing, one in disc at 3, 
forming extremity of third costal streak, and a dot above tornus; 
costal area posteriorly suffused with dark grey irroration, with a few 
black seales : cilia light grey, towards base tinged with yellowish and 
sprinkled with some black specks. Hindwings grey; cilia light grey. 


Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); ten 
specimens. 


Tischeria capnota, n: sp. 


6. 6-7 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen slaty-grey. Palpi 
whitish. Forewings lanceolate, apex produced, acute; violet-grey, 
irregularly irrorated with blackish-grey, sometimes faintly yellowish- 
tinged in disc posteriorly : cilia grey, sprinkled with blackish towards 
base. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish) ; four specimens. 


Bedellia minor, Busck. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); several 
specimens. 
Bedellia somnulentella, Zell. 


Perv, Oroya, 12,200 feet, in July, and Lima, 500 feet, in 
August (Parish), common; a remarkable range of eleva- 
tion. 

Bucculatrix cirrhographa, n. sp. 


3 2. 67 mm. Head and eyecaps yellow-whitish, frontal tuft 
ochreous-yellowish. Thorax rather dark fuscous, posterior margin 
light yellowish. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings lanceolate; 
rather dark fuscous; markings ochreous-yellow; a spot on base of 
costa, connected by a slender longitudinal median streak with next 
fascia; an irregular transverse fascia at 4, furcate towards dorsum, 
followed on costa by a spot connected with it in dise by a slender 
longitudinal streak extended to apex of posterior blotch, and edged 
beneath this by a blackish subdorsal tuft of scales; a transverse 
blotch on costa at 3; three small marginal spots towards tornus, and 
a longitudinal subdorsal dash running into second; a small apical 
spot : cilia pale fuscous, on tornus mixed with pale yellowish, at apex 
with a dark fuscous pencil. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey. 


Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June; Peru, Lima, 500 
feet, and Chosica, 2800 feet, in July and August (Parish) ; 
forty-four specimens. 


248 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


Bucculatrix mellita, n. sp. 


39. 56mm. Head ochreous-white, frontal tuft sometimes mixed 
with yellow-ochreous. Thorax yellow-ochreous. Abdomen grey. 
Posterior tarsi with a black subapical dot. Forewings lanceolate, 
apex somewhat produced; deep yellow-ochreous; costa slenderly 
blackish from base to first streak; oblique white wedgeshaped streaks 
from costa before middle and at 3, reaching half across wing, separ- 
ated by a patch of black irroration; a subdorsal spot (probably tuft) 
of black irroration beneath first costal streak: cilia whitish, round 
apex and upper part of termen with basal half ochreous sprinkled 
with black and limited by a sinuate black line. Hindwings dark 
grey; cilia grey. 


Peru, Chosica, 2800 feet, in July (Parish); four speci- 
mens. 


Bucculatrix saccharata, n. sp. 


3. 6mm. Head, eyecaps, and thorax white, frontal tuft centrally 
faintly tinged with yellowish. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Fore- 
wings lanceolate, apex slenderly produced; white, sprinkled except 
towards base with minute black specks suffused with yellow- 
ochreous; a yellow-ochreous streak along fold from base to middle ; 
oblique yellow-ochreous streaks sprinkled with some black specks 
from costa before and beyond middle and at #, reaching half across 
wing; a semioval yellow-ochreous blotch on dorsum towards tornus, 
edged anteriorly by a small black subdorsal tuft: cilia ochreous- 
whitish, round apex and on upper part of termen with basal half 
ochreous-yellowish, with two lines of black specks. Hindwings 
light grey; cilia ochreous-whitish. 


Cotompia, Caldas, 4400 feet, in May (Parish); one 
specimen. 


Bucculatrix eriticopa, n. sp. 


3. 6mm. Head, eyecaps, and thorax white, frontal tuft centrally 
tinged with brownish-ochreous. Abdomen grey-whitish. Fore- 
wings lanceolate, apex rather produced; ochreous-white, sprinkled 
except towards base with minute black specks suffused with pale 
yellow-ochreous; a short oblique wedgeshaped yellow-ochreous spot 
on costa before middle, and a longer one at 3 reaching half across 
wing, whence a slenderer line runs to middle of termen, bearing on 
its upper edge a minute black dot surmounted by a fine white dash ; 
a conspicuous black tuft above middle of dorsum, posteriorly suffused 
with yellow-ochreous: cilia ochreous-whitish, round apex with two 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 249 


lines of black specks. Hindwings light greyish; cilia ochreous- 
whitish. 


British Guiana, Georgetown, in April (Parish); one 
specimen. 
Bucculatrix inerepata, n. sp. 


3 2. 6-7 mm. Head and eyecaps ochreous-whitish, frontal tuft 
sometimes centrally suffused with grey, antennae grey-whitish ringed 
with dark fuscous. Thorax fuscous. Abdomen dark grey. Fore- 
wings lanceolate; whitish-grey, more or less densely and suffusedly 
irrorated with dark fuscous; suffused oblique dark fuscous blotches 
from costa before and beyond middle, space between these some- 
times white; a subdorsal blackish tuft between these; a suffused 
ochreous apical blotch, more or less irrorated with dark fuscous : cilia 
grey, at apex and on costa whitish, with two well-marked black lines 
approximated at apex and diverging upwards in costal cilia. Hind- 
wings dark grey; cilia grey. 


Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June; Preru, Lima, 500 
feet, and Chosica, 2800 feet, in July and August (Parish) : 
twenty-four specimens. Varies in intensity of suffusion. 


Bucculatrix instigata, n. sp. 


6 9. 7-8 mm. Head and eyecaps white, frontal tuft somewhat 
mixed centrally with fuscous. Thorax whitish sprinkled with dark 
fuscous. Abdomen whitish. Forewings lanceolate, apex somewhat 
produced; white or whitish, slightly and irregularly speckled with 
dark fuscous; a streak of dark fuscous suffusion along fold from base 
to beyond middle; thick oblique streaks of dark fuscous suffusion 
from costa before and beyond middle, and a more oblique one above 
dorsum between these, disc between these sometimes slightly tinged 
with yellowish; a more or less developed longitudinal apical streak 
of dark fuscous suffusion; all these markings variable in develop- 
ment and sometimes partially connected with blackish irroration : 
cilia whitish, round apex and towards termen with black specks, and 
two short black lines opposite apex. Hindwings light grey; cilia 
whitish. 


Prru, Lima, 500 feet, and Chosica, 2800 feet, in July and 
August (Parish); twenty-two specimens. 


Bucculatrix nebulosa, n. sp. 


3 2. 8-9 mm. Head and eyecaps whitish, frontal tuft somewhat 
mixed with grey. Thorax whitish speckled with fuscous. Abdomen 


250 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


whitish. Forewings lanceolate, apex rather produced; whitish or 
ochreous-white, variably speckled with minute dark fuscous specks 
suffused with pale ochreous, tending to form undefined blotches on 
costa before and beyond middle, on dorsum between these, and at 
apex, but these are often faint or nearly obsolete: cilia ochreous 
white, round apex with some black specks. Hindwings light grey; 
cilia ochreous-grey-whitish. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); fourteen 
specimens. 
Bucculatrix hypsiphila, n. sp. 


3. 7mm. Head whitish, central hairs of frontal tuft blackish-grey. 
Antennae blackish-grey, eyecaps whitish. Thorax and abdomen 
erey. Forewings lanceolate, apex very slenderly and acutely 
caudate; ochreous-yellow; a narrow dark grey streak sprinkled 
with blackish along costa throughout; a grey streak sprinkled with 
blackish along dorsum from near base to beyond tornus, widest 
opposite tornus : cilia grey-whitish, round apex sprinkled with black. 
Hindwings and cilia pale grey. 


Peru, Oroya, 12,200 feet, in July (Parish); one specimen. 


Bucculatrix tanymorpha, n. sp. 


9. 10 mm. Head ochreous-whitish sprinkled with light grey, 
frontal tuft whitish centrally suffused with dark fuscous. Thorax 
greyish-ochreous sprinkled with grey. Forewings narrow-lanceo- 
late, apex somewhat produced; greyish-ochreous sprinkled with 
grey; two indistinct short slender very oblique streaks of dark fus- 
cous irroration from costa before and beyond middle, hardly reaching 
4 across wing; a subdorsal tuft of scales irrorated with blackish 
between these ; a dot of blackish irroration in dise beyond #, whence 
a row of a few blackish specks runs to apex: cilia light greyish, on 
costa and round apex ochreous-whitish, towards base with some dark 
fuscous specks, opposite apex with two very short black lines. Hind- 
wings and cilia grey. 


Peru, Huancayo, 10,650 feet, in July (Parish); one 
specimen. A large species, but with unusually narrow 
forewings. On each side of base of tongue is a very minute 
and slender filament, no larger than a single scale, which 
appears to be a rudiment of the labial palpus. 


Philomone euryarga, n. sp. 


2. 6mm. Head, antennae, and eyecaps yellow-ochreous. Thorax 
snow-white, posteriorly ochreous-yellowish. Abdomen pale ochre- 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 251 


ous. Forewings lanceolate, apex slenderly produced; ferruginous- 
orange; a broad snow-white longitudinal streak from base to apex, 
reaching nearly to costa throughout, lower margin twice sinuate and 
edged with scattered black scales; a short oblique white wedgeshaped 
strigula from dorsum before middle, edged above with some black 
scales: cilia pale ochreous, near base with a row of black specks, at 
apex with a ferruginous-orange projection. Hindwings grey; cilia 
light grey. 


British Gutana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one 
specimen. 
Philomone rivifera, n. sp. 


3%. 6-7 mm. Head whitish, frontal tuft ochreous-yellow. An- 
tennae whitish-yellowish, eyecaps whitish. 'Thorax ochreous-yellow, 
posterior extremity whitish. Abdomen greyish. Forewings lance- 
olate, apex slenderly produced; ferruginous-orange; a moderate 
silvery-white longitudinal streak, edged beneath with scattered black 
scales, from base above middle to termen above tornus, its posterior 
half curved upwards; a slender white streak edged posteriorly with 
some black scales obliquely outwards from before middle of dorsum 
to middle of this streak; very oblique wedgeshaped marks of blackish 
irroration on costa before middle and towards apex: cilia whitish- 
ochreous, with a ferruginous-orange projection at apex, two short 
oblique blackish hooks below apex, and several lines of blackish 
specks in terminal cilia and one or two in costal. Hindwings pale 
grey; cilia pale whitish-ochreous. 


British Guiana, Bartica, from December to February 
(Parish); eight specimens. 


Opogona praestans, Wals. 


BritisH Guiana, Bartica and Mallali (Parish), common. 
The genus Dendroneura, Wals., founded on this species, is 
merely a synonym of Opogona. 


Opogona lotoxantha, n. sp. 


?. 8mm. Head and thorax deep ochreous-yellow. Palpi, an- 
tennae, and abdomen lighter ochreous-yellowish. Forewings broad- 
lanceolate, apex slenderly caudate; deep ochreous-yellow : cilia 
lighter ochreous-yellowish. Hindwings light grey, tinged with 
yellowish towards apex; cilia whitish-ochreous. 


British GutaNna, Bartica, in February (Parish); one 
specimen. Allied to preceding. 


252 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


Opogona leptynta, n. sp. 


©. 12mm. Head and thorax shining pale yellow-ochreous. Palpi, 
antennae, and abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings broad-lance- 
olate, apex slender, caudate, upturned; light yellow-ochreous, 
deeper along fold and towards apex; a small dark fuscous spot on 
dorsum at 4; a very oblique cloudy fuscous dash above tornus; an 
extremely fine straight fuscous line from + of costa to base of apical 
projection; a blackish praeapical dot: cilia pale ochreous. Hind- 
wings brassy-grey, apex ochreous-tinged ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous. 


British GuraAna, Mallali, in March (Parish); one 
specimen. 


Opogona hemidryas, n. sp. 


9. 11-12 mm. Head and thorax pale brownish-ochreous, face, 
fillet, antennae, and palpi ochreous-whitish. Abdomen greyish- 
bronze. Forewings rather broad-lanceolate, apex produced, acute ; 
brownish-ochreous; dorsal third or half of wing more or less wholly 
suffused with dark brown, upper portion of this sometimes forming 
a darker median streak throughout; a slender suffused fuscous supra- 
median longitudinal line more or less developed; some dark fuscous 
suffusion along apical fourth of costa: cilia pale ochreous-grey, 
towards base pale ochreous, with a dark brownish subbasal shade 
round costa and upper part of termen. Hindwings bronzy-grey ; 
cilia grey. 


British Gurana, Bartica, in December and January 
(Parish); Peru, Pacaya, in June (Mounsey); three speci- 
mens. 


SYNCROBYLA, N. g. 


Head with appressed scales, face retreating, forehead with a raised 
fillet, with frontal projecting tufts from just before and behind this ; 
tongue short. Antennae nearly 1, in g simple, basal joint very long, 
rather stout, without pecten. Labial palpi moderate, slender, sub- 
ascending, second joint with two or three projecting lateral bristles 
at apex, terminal joint nearly as long as second, obtuse-pointed. 
Maxillary palpi several-jointed, slender. Posterior tibiae with ap- 
pressed hairs. Forewings with apex downturned; 2 from angle, 
3 absent, 4 from near 7, 5 and 6 out of 7, 7 to costa, 8 out of 7, 
9 from near 7, 11 absent. Hindwings ?, narrow-lanceolate, cilia 3 ; 
4 absent, cell open between 3 and 5, 5-7 approximated at base. 


Related to Opogona and Oinophila. 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 253 


Syncrobyla carphota, n. sp. 


32. 7-8 mm. Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous. Palpi 
ochreous-whitish. Abdomen light greyish. Forewings lanceolate, 
apex somewhat produced; light greyish-ochreous, with scattered 
dark fuscous scales; costal edge sometimes suffused with dark 
fuscous irroration; a more or less developed streak of dark fuscous 
suffusion or irroration along fold from base throughout, and thence 
along termen to apex: cilia pale greyish-ochreous, at apex with a 
dark fuscous basal mark. Hindwings pale grey; cilia whitish-grey. 


BritTIsH GuIANA, Bartica and Mallali, from December to 
March (Parish); nine specimens. 


Erechthias zebrina, Butl. 


British Gutana, Bartica and Mallali (Parish); com- 
mon. Unquestionably lanceolata, Wals., and xenica, Meyr., 
are synonyms of this; I have it from the West Indies, 
Hawaiian Islands, Borneo, India, Ceylon, and the Sey- 
chelles, doubtless a refuse-feeder and artificially spread. 


TINEIDAE. 


Acrolophus exigua, n. sp. 


¢. 10-17 mm., 9 26-27 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous 
sprinkled with whitish, palpi in j extremely long, recurved, reaching 
to beyond middle of thorax, clothed with loose rough scales, suffused 
with fuscous-whitish towards base. Antennae in g strongly bipectin- 
ated, pectinations slender. Abdomen dark fuscous, uncus moderately 
long, gently curved, slender, branches closely appressed throughout, 
claspers narrow, somewhat enlarged and slightly rounded at apex. 
Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, apex rounded, 
termen rather obliquely rounded; all veins separate; grey closely 
irrorated with dark fuscous, with some obscure scattered blackish 
strigulae: cilia grey mixed with dark fuscous. Hindwings dark 
fuscous; cilia grey, with dark fuscous subbasal shade. 


British Gurana, Mallali, in March (Parish); five speci- 
mens. 
Acrolophus halidora, n. sp. 


6. 17-19 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen rather dark fuscous; 
uncus long, curved, branches moderately separated throughout, 
claspers rather narrow towards base, oval-dilated apically. Palpi 
extremely long, recurved, reaching to beyond middle of thorax, 


254 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of 


clothed, with very dense loose scales, fuscous or whitish-fuscous, ex- 
ternally suffused with darker fuscous, especially towards base. An- 
tennae flatly lamellate. Forewings elongate, moderate, somewhat 
dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen some- 
what obliquely rounded; all veins separate; light fuscous, more or 
less mixed or strigulated with dark fuscous, costa brown spotted with 
dark fuscous; a semioval blackish blotch beneath middle of disc, 
suffused above, sharply defined beneath and edged with brown suf- 
fusion, sometimes extended as a suffused brown patch to base; a 
group of a few whitish scales in dise at 3, preceded by some undefined 
blackish suffusion : ciliafuscous. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia 


grey. 


British Guiana, Bartica and Georgetown, from Decem- 
ber to April (Parish); four specimens. 


Acrolophus echinura, n. sp. 


6. 37-41 mm., 9 48-52 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark 
brown; palpi in g extremely long, recurved, reaching to extremity 
of thorax, strongly thickened throughout with dense rough project- 
ing scales. Antennae in ¢ strongly bipectinated, pectinations 
slender. Abdomen light fuscous, uncus moderate, curved, branches 
approximated throughout, claspers broad, rounded, apical edge set 
with numerous short acute spines or teeth in three rows. Posterior 
tarsi with basal joint rough-scaled above. Forewings rather broad, 
slightly dilated, in 9 more elongate, costa gently arched, apex 
rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; all veins separate ; 
deep purplish-brown, with small obscure scattered dark fuscous 
strigulae, in 2 more ochreous-tinged; costa strigulated with dark 
fuscous; a suffused subquadrate dark fuscous spot in disc at §, and 
one trapezoidal or triangular beneath middle of disc: cilia fuscous, 
with two darker shades. Hindwings rather dark fuscous; cilia 
fuscous. 


Peru, Chanchamayo, 3500 feet, and Oconoque, 7000 feet, 
in February; fourteen specimens, 


Acrolophus rupestris, Wals. 


I have examples of this species from Jamaica with veins 
2 and 3 of forewings well separated, as well as others with 
them stalked; and therefore the genus Apoclisis, Wals., 
founded for this species on the latter structure (Biol. Centr. 
Am. IV, p. 380) also lapses into a synonym, like his eleven 
others. 


South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 255 


NEPTICULIDAE. 


Nepticula eurydesma, n. sp. 


3 2. 3-4mm. Head ferruginous-yellow, collar and eyecaps white. 
Thorax dark purplish-fuscous. Abdomen bronzy-grey. Forewings 
short-lanceolate; dark purplish-fuscous; a broad ochreous-white 
median transverse fascia, dilated on dorsum: cilia grey. Hindwings 
rather dark grey; cilia grey. 


British Guiana, Georgetown, in April (Parish); five 
specimens. 


Nepticula epicosma, n. sp. 


g. 3-4 mm. Head ochreous or yellowish, eyecaps whitish. 
Thorax coppery-bronze. Abdomen leaden-grey. Forewings rather 
short-lanceolate; dark purplish-fuscous, basal third bronzy; a 
rather oblique pale golden-metallic fascia beyond middle; a rather 
narrower curved pale golden-metallic fascia round apex: cilia dark 
grey, towards tips grey-whitish. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey. 


Peru, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); three speci- 
mens. 


Nepticula cuprata, n. sp. 


g. 4mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Thorax and abdomen bronzy- 
grey. Forewings lanceolate; glossy bronzy-grey; a moderate trans- 
verse silvery-whitish fascia at 3; apical area beyond this coppery- 
tinged : cilia grey. Hindwings and cilia grey. 


Peru, Matucana, 7780 feet, in July (Parish); two speci- 
mens. 


Nepticula aerifica, n. sp. 


9. 5-6 mm. Head and eyecaps ochreous-grey-whitish. Thorax 
greyish-bronze. Abdomen grey. Forewings lanceolate; rather 
dark greyish-bronze, apical area darker and tinged with coppery- 
purple; a rather obscurely defined brassy-silvery transverse fascia 
at }: cilia pale bronzy-grey. Hindwings grey; cilia pale grey. 

Peru, Oroya, 12,200 feet, in July (Parish); two speci- 
mens. 

Nepticula andina, n. sp. 

32. 46mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, hairs of crown 

sometimes pale yellow-ochreous. Eyecaps whitish. Abdomen pale 


grey. Forewings lanceolate; glossy whitish-ochreous, brassy-tinged, 
in g posteriorly with shining whitish reflections ; in 9 a dark purplish- 


256 Mr. E. Meyrick on South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 


fuscous patch occupying apical fourth of wing, edged anteriorly with 
shining whitish : cilia ochreous-whitish or grey-whitish. Hindwings 
pale grey; cilia grey-whitish. 


Peru, Oroya, 12,200 feet, in July (Parish); twenty 
specimens (14 9,69). Remarkable for the striking sexual 
difference of colouring. 


Nepticula olyritis, n. sp. 


3 2. 3-4 mm. Head pale ochreous-yellowish, eyecaps whitish. 
Thorax ochreous-whitish sprinkled with dark grey. Abdomen grey. 
Forewings lanceolate; blackish-grey, coarsely and irregularly mixed 
or suffused with ochreous-grey-whitish except at apex: cilia grey, 
at apex with an ochreous-whitish patch. Hindwings and cilia grey. 


Perv, Lima, 500 feet, in August (Parish); six speci- 
mens. 


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( 257 ) 


VIII. The Opisthomeres and the Gonapophyses in the 
Dermaptera. By Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S. 


[Read November 4th, 1914.] 


THE OPISTHOMERES. 


Ir the forceps of an earwig be removed, it will be found 
that there is a strongly chitinised plate that extends from 
the posterior margin of the last tergite, bent downwards ; 
this is the pygidiwm, the peculiar processes of which have 
long been familiar to Dermapterists as affording useful 
specific characters, especially in the Hudermaptera. 

But if the pygidium be separated from the last tergite, 
it will be found that there is a second, and occasionally 
a third, smaller segment attached to it, which is tucked 
away above the penultimate sternite, and so only dis- 
cernible upon dissection. This second plate in the meta- 
pygidium, and the third, when present, is the telson. 

Verhoeff was the first systematist to realise the impor- 
tance of these segments. He points out that Brunner 
refers to the telson under the name of sub-anal plate, but 
it was more probably the metapygidium that he saw, as 
the telson is but rarely developed. At the same time, 
Verhoeff called attention to these characters, which are 
better developed in the more primitive Protodermaptera, 
and gradually degenerate in the Eudermaptera. 

The pygidium is the rudiment of the eleventh tergite, 
the metapygidium of the twelfth, and the telson of the 
thirteenth. These three segments are called by Verhoeft 
the opisthomeres. The first two are always present, but 
the telson is rarely chitinised : it is usually absent, or repre- 
sented by a hyaline, delicate membrane. 

The telson is an independent chitinised plate in the 
Pygidicranidae and Pyragrinae, and probably in the Di- 
platyinae. The figures of the Allostethine opisthomeres, 
and those of Advzathetus tenebrator, show an ill-defined 
membrane which I take to be the degenerate telson. But 
in the metapygidium and pygidium there are often visible 
transverse sutures, which seem to suggest a fusion of two 
plates. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915—-PARTS III, IV. (DEC.) S 


258 Dr. Malcolm Burr on the Opisthomeres 


Zacher maintains that the metapygidium fuses with 
the telson, and not with the pygidium, and that the line of 
demarcation is visible. I am not inclined to follow him. 
It is difficult to understand his description, as he gives no 
figures: he discusses the opisthomeres of Allostethus in 
some detail. As I read them (see fig. 5) the broad basal 
segment is the pygidium, the second, lobed segment meta- 
pygidium and the transparent membrane represents the 
telson. It is very noteworthy that the opisthomeres are 
of quite different forms in the two sexes. Fig. 5 represents 
the segments in the male, figs. 6 and 7 in the female and 
in the nymph. 

In the Psalidae we can just detect the remains of the 
telson, but the pygidium seems, in its construction and 
pattern, to indicate a fusion of two segments: if that is 
so, the first segment is the pygidium and metapygidium 
united, the short transverse second plate the meta- 
pygidium, and Zacher is right: if this is so, the telson has 
no significance. 

In Verhoeft’s formula for the Forficuline abdomen, his 
eleventh tergite is the pygidium and metapygidium 
united, and so should read 11 x 12, while the telson is the 
thirteenth. 

In Kalocrania sp. we find the pygidium very broad at 
the base, obtusely triangular, with a three-legged ridge 


Fie. 1.—Kalocrania, sp. 6. 


radiating from a central point, the apex of the posterior 
ridge terminating in a rectangular lobe : the metapygidium 
is quite separate, nearly rectangular, longer than broad, 
but decidedly shorter than the pygidium : the telson again 
is quite distinct, narrower than the metapygidium but 
dilated at the apex, forming two rounded lobes separated 
by a rounded emargination. 


and the Gonapophyses in the Dermaptera. 259 


In Pyragra fuscata we have an analogous arrangement, 
the pygidium being transverse and in the form of an obtuse- 
angled triangle, with the apex truncate, at which point is 
the clear junction with the metapygidium, which narrows 


y 


Fic. 2.—Pyragra fuscata, Serv. 


towards the apex: the telson seems to be intimately con- 
nected to the metapygidium, and is of irregular shape, but 
smaller than the pygidium. The latter has a well-marked 
median depression. 

In Diplatys gladiator, the pygidium is broad at the base, 


Po ee 


amano eS 


Fig. 3.—Diplatys gladiator, Burr, 6. 


but abruptly narrowed, the sides being nearly parallel : 
beyond this point, the detail is obscure in my specimen, 
but there seems to be a rectangular metapygidium clearly 
joined to the pygidium, and a broader, irregularly shaped 
telson, 


260 Dr. Malcolm Burr on the Opisthomeres 


In Echinosoma afrum, Beauv., I can see only two plates, 
which are strongly transverse: a faint suture perhaps 
indicates the fusion of the metapygidium with the 


SST 


jiinise, 


Fic. 4.—Echinosoma afrum, Beauv., 6. 


pygidium ; the telson appears only represented by a faint 
membrane. 

In the Allostethinae, Zacher says that all three plates are 
equally big, with which I cannot agree at all. In all my 


Tia. 5.—Allostethus indicum, Hag., 6. 


specimens of this group, the pygidium is far bigger than 
the rest of the opisthomeres, being of the same shape as in 
Pyragra. In the female and nymph of All. indicum, the 
metapygidium is constricted about the middle, then strongly 


and the Gonapophyses in the Dermaptera. 261 


dilated, with a semicircular convex margin: beyond this 
is quite discernible a broad, transverse, very feebly chitin- 
ised plate, with some bristles, which is the telson, already 
becoming weaker. In adult males the telson is even more 


Fic. 6.—Allostethus indicum, Fic. 7.—Allostethus indicum, 
Hag., @. Hag., 5 Nymph. 


membranous, with no defined edges, and the metapygidium 
nearly parallel-sided, with a pair of broad, pointed lobes 
at the angles, and a concave posterior margin. As Zacher 
points out, the female retains the more primitive form of 
opisthomeres, as she does of the forceps. 

In the male of Gonolabidura astruct we find a very similar 
structure. The lobes on the metapygidium recall those 


Co 


Fig. 8.—Gonolabidura astruci, Burr, ¢. 


of the telson in Pygidicrana, which is perhaps Zacher’s 
reason for identifying this plate as a fused telson and 
metapygidium. 

In the Psalidae we find indications that the basal plate 
consists of the metapygidium fused with the pygidium : 
the following are my reasons :— 


262 Dr. Malcolm Burr on the Opisthomeres 


(i) The basal plate shows traces of a suture in Euborellia 
moesta. 

(ii) The broad base and constricted waist suggest the 
similar form seen in the two distinct corresponding 
plates in Allostethidae. 

(iii) The rounded lobes at the apex of the basal plates 
seem to correspond with the lobes at the outer 
corner of the metapygidium in the Allostethidae. 


On the other hand, I admit that— 


(i) The apical plates show transverse lines which may 
be the suture indicating fusion of metapygidium 
and telson. 

(ii) In Psalis pulchra and Euborellia moesta the apical 
margin of the apical plate is membranous and 
seems in the former to have a distinct outline, 
so that this may be the degenerate membranous 


telson. 
Fia. 9. mp tga? pulchra, Fic. 10.—Fuborellia moesta, 
Rehn, ¢. Géné, 9 


But on the whole I am inclined to regard the basal 
plate as the pygidium, the apical one as the metapygidium, 
and the faint apical membrane as the remains of the 
telson. 

Zacher states that the suture between telson and 
metapygidium is sometimes visible, but refers to the apical 
plate as the supra-anal plate, which name he always uses 
for the telson. 


and the Gonapophyses in the Dermaptera. 263 


In the Brachylabinae, I have examined the opisthomeres 
of Nannisolabis fornicoides. Here we have only two 
plates : the basal one is about twice as long as broad, and 
gently constricted about the middle; this I take to be the 
pygidium; the apical plate is of the same breadth, but 
decidedly transverse, and this I take to be the meta- 
pygidium, the telson having gone. 


Fie. 11.—Nannisolabis formicoides, Burr, ¢. 


On Zacher’s interpretation, the large basal plate is the 
pygidium, the small apical one the metapygidium and 
telson fused. 

At the external angles of the basal plate we see traces 
of the crests or keels, or strong chitinisation which is so 
well seen in the Psalidae figured, and in the metapygidium 
of the Allostethids. 

In Labidura riparia we have an extreme form: there 
are only two plates; the pygidium shows no trace of suture 


~ 


1 


y) 


7 


Fic. 12.—Labidura riparia, Pall., g. 


or junction, is very large, and much longer than broad, 
with the sides reinforced ; the apical plate or metapygidium 
is very small and narrow, longer than broad. 


264 Dr. Malcolm Burr on the Opisthomeres 


Verhoeff calls the big plate the pygidium, the small one 
the supra-anal plate, which is the same as the telson; 
Zacher also calls it the supra-anal plate, adding that no 
trace of the metapygidium remains, by which he implies, 
I suppose, that the latter has been entirely absorbed in 
the telson. 

Perhaps we are both wrong, as the interpretation may 
be that the pygidium is very big, the metapygidium very 
small, and the telson disappeared; or that the meta- 
pygidium is fused into the pygidium. 

I have unfortunately no Labiine opisthomere available 
at the moment, but those of the Chelisochid Adiathetus 
tenebrator are very remarkable. The basal plate is a little 
longer than broad and shows a reinforcement which may 


Fia. 13.—Adiathetus tenebrator, Kirby, ¢. 


represent the absorbed metapygidium. The apical seg- 
ment, which may be the metapygidium, or the telson, or 
both, is complex: there is an irregularly shaped, chitinous 
plate, with a deep incision in the posterior margin, which 
throws off laterally long acute lobes which are but feebly 
chitinised, apparently the homologues, the rounded or 
strengthened lobes of the Psalis or Allistethid opistho- 
meres: beyond this is a faint membrane, with a few 
bristles, which I read as the telson. If this is so, we have 
here a more generalised form of opisthomeres than in the 
Brachylabidae and in Labidura. 

Of the Anechurinae I have examined two species, Meso- 
chelidura bolivari, and Anechura bipunctata : in both, there 
is no trace of any third plate. The basal one is broad 
at the base, gradually narrowed towards the truncate 
apex. The apical plate is folded backwards at this 


and the Gonapophyses in the Dermaptera. 265 


junction is a little longer, or shorter, respectively, than 
the basal plate, and as broad, the margin gently sinuate 
with rounded angles. 


Fia. 14.—Anechura bipunctata, Fia. 15.—Mesochelidura 
Fabr., 3. bolivart, Borm., 6. 


In the former, there are chitinised knobs at the angles 
at the junction. 

In Forficula auricularia, I have both sexes to offer. In 
both the basal plate is longer than broad, and slightly 
constricted, and the angles somewhat prominent : that of 
the male shows a different pattern from that of the female. 
The apical plate is more convex: in both the sides are 
irregular, and there are traces of a transverse suture, 


ene 


alos 


Fic. 16.—Forficula auricularia, L. 


certainly suggestive of a fusion of two plates, more marked 
in the more primitive female than in the more specialised 
male : in both the posterior margin is weakly chitinised, 
with a few bristles. 


266 Dr. Malcolm Burr on the Opisthomeres 


I am bound to admit that it looks as though we have 
here a fusion of the metapygidium with the telson. 
Apterygida albipennis shows a similar structure. 


a 7 
Fia. 17.—A pterygida albipennis, Meg., ¢. 


In the primitive Arixenia, we should expect to find 
generalised opisthomeres; it is therefore surprising to find 
in the male of A. jacobsoni only two plates, the basal one 
nearly square, the apical one of the same breadth, but 
less than half as deep. Neither show any trace of suture 
or fusion, nor any specialisation. 


Sa 


Fia. 18.—Arixenia jacobsoni, Burr, é .- 


THE GONAPOPHYSES. 


If we lift the last sternites in the females of certain 
Protodermaptera, we find two sets of paired appendages 
termed the gonapophyses, supposed to be the homologues 
of the four valves of the ovipositor of the true Orthoptera. 

Zacher was the first, as far as I am aware, to call atten- 
tion to these structures in the Dermaptera, and he 
figures a few instances. We reproduce a copy of his figure 
showing the under surface of the extremity of the abdomen 
in the female of a species of Kalocrania, where BB 


and the Gonapophyses in the Dermaptera. 267 


represent the gonapophyses of the ninth, and AA those 
of the eighth, segments. The thread-like appendages are 


Fic. 19.—Kalocrania, sp. 9. Apex of venter showing gonapophyses. 


often to be seen protruding between the branches of the 
forceps; they are also thread-like in Anataelia, and in the 
Diplatyinae. 

In the Echinosomatine the first pair is long and slender, 
though scarcely thread-like, while the second pair are 


Fic. 20.—Echinosoma afrum, Beauy., gonapophyses. 


developed into large, dilated, flat, pubescent lobes; the 
shape of these lobes may offer useful characters, and enable 


268 Dr. Malcolm Burr on Opisthomeres and Gonapophyses. 


us to define the species in this difficult group. Zacher 
figures the gonapophyses of several species; I add those 
of Echinosoma afrum. 

The existence of gonapophyses in the Allostethinae has 
apparently been hitherto overlooked, even by such acute 
observers as Verhoeff and Zacher, so I was rather sur- 
prised to come across them; both pairs are in the form of 
short, rounded lobes, of about equal size; unfortunately, 
I had no fresh nor spirit-preserved material available for 
study in this case, but was obliged to dissect very old dried 
specimens, after treatment with potash; owing to the dirt 
accumulated from the decomposition and desiccation of 
the contents of the abdomen, all the specimens were 
obscured and discoloured, and I was not able to produce a 
satisfactory mount for illustration. 

These curious organs have not yet been investigated 
with anything approaching thoroughness, and it remains 
to be ascertained whether they are of use to the possessor 
from a functional, or to the entomologist from a taxo- 
nomic, point of view. They certainly are a primitive fea- 
ture ; they have not yet been recorded in the Eudermaptera, 
nor in the Labiduridae, with the above-mentioned exception 
of the Allostethinae; till they were found here, they were 
considered to be characteristic of the Pygidicranidae, since 
they occur in the Diplatyinae, Anataelinae, Pygidicraninae, 
and the Echinosomatinae. Unfortunately for the sake of 
symmetry, they seem to be absent in the Pyragrinae, 
though they may yet be detected here when fresh speci- 
mens are available. 

But the facts so far adduced place us at once in a 
dilemma; are we to place the Allostethinae in the Pygidi- 
cranidae, in spite of its undoubted Labidurine affinities ? 
They seem really to represent an intermediate group, 
with highly characteristic features of their own, which 
they do not share either with the Pygidicranidae, or with 
the Labiduridae. 


IX. Note on the Manubrium of the Ninth Sternite in the 
Male Earwig. By Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S. 


[Read November 4th, 1914.] 
PratEts XXX—XXXITI. 


An organ which has been almost totally neglected by 
writers on the Dermaptera, whether taxonomists or 
anatomists, is the Manubrium of the ninth sternite of the 
male. The majority of authors, indeed, appear to be 
totally ignorant of its existence. Verhoeff, it is true, 
noticed its great length in the Psalinae, writing of this 
group, in 1901, that ‘‘Subgenitalplatte des g vorne mit 
recht langen endoskelettalem Fortsatz, der jederseits einen 
Verdickungsfaden zeigt.” Ten years later, Zacher figures 
the incomplete manubrium of Anisolabis verhoeffi (1911, 
fig. W'), but without comment. Jordan and Burr describe 
it with a figure, in the case of Arixenia jacobsoni (fig. 14, 
p. 403). Jordan refers to it as a special sclerite, it being 
distinct from the ninth sternite in that group, and suggests 
that its function may be that of a support to the penis. 
This might be the case in Arizenca, where the organ in 
question is short, transverse and so structurally strong, but 
its great length and extreme narrowness in the Psalidae 
deprive it of all rigidity. 

If we dissect out the ninth sternite of a male earwig, we 
find on the basal, inner margin, an extension of the chitin, 
consisting of a fine hyaline membrane supported by a 
thread-like indurated chitinous frame. This is the 
manubrium. In most groups it is short, rarely much 
longer than broad, but it is extremely prominent in the 
Psalinae. The acompanying photographs, for which I am 
indebted to the Rev. F. D. Morice, illustrate the various 
forms of this organ in sundry groups; unfortunately, the 
material has not always been of the best, the organ itself 
being sometimes torn and distorted, or sometimes obscured 
by bunches of torn muscular fibre which remain adhering 
to the plate; still, the illustrations illustrate the range 
of variety in form and design of this organ in most of 
the subfamilies of the Dermaptera. This diversity en- 
courages us in the hope that from the manubrium we 
shall be able to draw some very valuable characters. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS III, IV. (DEC.) 


270 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Note on the Manubrium 


As will be seen from the following observations, we 
have already been able to make good use of the manubrium 
in two cases—that is, the definition of the Psalinae, and 
the separation therefrom of “ Psalis”’ femoralis. 

In the Diplatyinae, I am able to show the manubrium 
in three species, all Indian; in none of these is it prominent, 
only a slight extension of the basal edge of the plate being 
discernible. 

Of the Pygidicraninae, we have the case of Kalocrana 
picta, Guér. Here it is a trifle longer than broad, rounded 
at the tip, with the sides parallel. 

In the Pyragrinae, we are able to figure it in four 
species, representing two genera; i.e. Pyragra dohrni and 
P. fuscata, Serv., and Pyragropsis paraguayensis and P. 
thoracica, Serv. In all of these it is rather transverse and 
broadly rounded, approaching the semicircular. 

In the Echinosomatinae, the figure of EF. sumatranum 
shows it to be very similar in that group. 

Passing from the Pygidicranidae to the Labiduridae 
we find it triangular in Esphalmenus camposi, Bor., but 
whether this is of specific or of generic importance remains 
to be seen; the figure of this species shows prominently 
the characteristic apical incision, with lobes, of the trans- 
verse ninth segment of that species. 

In the Labidurinae, we find an almost rectangular 
manubrium in the case of Labidura riparia; it will be in- 
teresting to see if this form occurs also in the allied Nala 
and Forcipula. 

We now come to the Psalinae, and here we meet with a 
startling change. The eight species figured show the verv 
prominent, disproportionately long, manubrium, which I 
now take as the distinguishing character of this group. 
There is a general similarity of structure in each case, but 
the actual length of the manubrium varies, especially in 
proportion to the length of the sternite, which is in itself a 
very useful feature. This is seen in Huborellia penicillata, 
Bor., from South India, where it is not twice as long as 
the sternite, nor indeed scarcely more than 1} times as 
long, but in EFulabis saramaccensis, Zacher, it is nearly 
three times as long. 

In Psalis americana, Beauv., and Carcinophera robusta, 
Seudd. (= Psalis gagatina, Klug), it is at the base about a 
third as wide as the sternite, but rapidly narrowed; the 
sides then meet, and diverge only at the apex to form a 


of the Ninth Sternte in the Male Earwig. 271 


small dilatation: the total length is about twice that of 
the sternite. 

In Psalis pulchra, Rehn, the sternite is about as broad 
as long, the posterior margin with a shallow, rounded 
emargination, and a pair of tufts of small »bristles: the 
sides of the manubrium are remote at the base, but less so 
than in the preceding species, rapidly converge, and gently 
dilate towards the apex. The total length is about double 
that of the sternite. In Labidurodes robustus, Dubr., it is 
shorter than the sternite, narrow at the base, and dilated 
at the apex. 

In Euborellia greent, Burr (in a specimen from the Sher- 
varoy Hills), it is three times as long as the sternite, the 
sides almost contiguous at the base, and feebly dilated at 
the apex. 

In £. stali, Dohrn, the sternite is about as broad as 
long, the manubrium, nearly three times as long, almost 
contiguous at the base. 

In Gonolabis picea, Bor., the sternite is transverse, and 
the manubrium, as in L. stali, is about three times as long 
as the plate itself. In Anisolabis infelix, Burr, it is about 
twice as long, and in Euborellia moesta, Géné, it is a little 
less than twice as long. 

When we come to Psalis femoralis, Dohrn, we find quite 
a different type of manubrium, which is relatively broad, 
the length being about double the width, and the tip itself 
broadly rounded ; itis obviously not a Psalidine manubrium, 
approaching more nearly to that of Labidura; but the 
male genital armature is also quite characteristic, and at 
once different from that of the Psalinae and of the Labid- 
urmae; this will be described and figured in another paper, 
where I shall propose the erection, not only of a new genus, 
but even of a new subfamily, for the little brown Indian 
and Singalese earwig that is known as “ Psalis”’ femoralis. 

In the Eudermaptera, we do not find very much variety ; 
the species illustrated, representing seven genera, belong- 
ing to the Labwnae, Chelisochinae, Anechurinae and Forfi- 
culinae; they are rather broad and short, gently narrowed 
at the tip; only in Marava wallacei, Dohrn, do we find 
different form; but this is a single specimen, in not very 
good condition. 


bo 
| 
bd 


Explanation of Plates. 


EXPLANATION OF PLates XXX—XXXIII. 


Fia. 


25. 


PLATE XXX. 


Kalocrania picta, Guér. 
Pyragra saussurei, Dohrn 
Propyragra paraguayensis, Bor. 

oe thoracica, Serv. 
Echinosoma sumatranum, Haan 
Pyragra dohrni, Sauss. 


PLATE XXXII. 
Diplatys rufescens, Kirby 

ft gladiator, Burr 

Me bormansi, Burr 


Esphalmenus campost, Bor. 
Labidura riparia, Pall. 
* Psalis” femoralis, Dohrn 


PLATE XXXII. 


Psalis dohrni, Kirby 
Euborellia penicillata, Bor. , 

re stali, Dohrn 
Anisolabis owenii, Burr 
Euborellia penicillata, Bor. 
Psalis pulchra, Rehn 
Euborellia moesta, Géné 
Eulabis saramaccensis, Zacher. 


PLATE XXXIII. 


Chaetospania thoracica, Dohrn 
Spongorostox assinilasis, Borm. 
Marava wallacei, Dohrn 
Mesochelidura peringueyi, Borm. 
Kosmetor, sp. n. 

Chelisoches morio, Fabr. 
Apterygida cavalli, Bor. 
Forficula auricularia, L. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XXX. 


oto, F. D. Morice. 


MANUBRIUM OF DERMAPTERA. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XXX. 


eee 
Photo, F. D. Morice. 


MANUBRIUM OF DERMAPTERA. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XXXII. 


Photo, F. D. Morice. 
MANUBRIUM OF DERMAPTERA. 


ma 


7 r 


7 
af 


ea’ we 


> — ae 
<= 


> = 


“ 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XX XIII. 


Photo, F. D. Morice. 
MANUBRIUM OF DERMAPTERA. 


( 273 ) 


X. Some Palaearctic species of Cordulegaster. By 
Kenneto J. Morton, F.E.S. 


[Read May 5th, 1915.] 


Pirates XXXIV-XXXVII. 


Durtne recent vears a considerable number of examples 
of the genus Cordulegaster have come into my hands from 
different localities in the Palaearctic region, amongst them 
some which I have not been able to identify satisfactorily 
with existing descriptions. 

The high standard of excellence in descriptive work 
reached in the Monographie des Gomphines (de Selys with 
Hagen’s collaboration, Mem. de la Soc. Roy. des Sciences de 
Liége, Tome xi, pp. 257-720, 1858) does not appear to have 
been maintained. De Selys’ last revision of the species 
of Cordulegaster found in Asia Minor and Europe is too brief 
and general (Odonates de l’Asie Mineure, Ann. Soc. Ent. 
Belg., xxxi, pp. 31-35), and does not leave the subject 
beyond the need of further treatment. The following notes 
may therefore be helpful as a small contribution to a better 
knowledge of these splendid insects. 

The material dealt with (in addition to ample series of 
C. annulatus collected in Great Britain mostly by myself, 
but also including series given to me by the Hon. Mr. Roths- 
child from Devonshire, Mr. Mosely and others) has been 
received from various sources: France (Morton), Spain 
(Dr. Chapman, Miss Fountaine, Morton), Switzerland (Dr. 
Ris), Herzegovina (Miss Fountaine), Constantinople (Mr. 
Graves), Algeria ( Miss Fountaine), the Caucasus (M. Bar- 
tenef), Amasia and Van, Asia Minor (Prof. Manissadjian), 
and lastly, from Messrs. Staudinger and Bang-Haas, 
Dresden, some very interesting insects from the Caucasus 
and Fergana. 


The species referred to may be divided into two groups— 
I. Superior appendages of 3 with only one visible tooth : group of 
C. annulatus. 


II. Superior appendages of 3 with two teeth: group of C. biden- 
tatus. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS III, IV. (JUNE.) T 


974 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on 


Cordulegaster annulatus, Latr. 


3. Face yellow with black hairs; a short transverse rather broad 
black frontal line; rhinarium black, forming a broad transverse 
band which encroaches slightly upon the anterior margin of the 
nasus; labrum yellow, narrowly bordered with black at base and on 
the sides but not in front, the black forming a little projection in the 
middle (virgule) not reaching the margin. Labium and palpi reddish 
yellow; vertex and ocelli black, this colour also bordering in a 
sinuous manner the base of the frons and descending narrowly along 
the eyes; occiput small, yellow, furnished with a crest of yellow hairs ; 
it is swollen especially behind, where it is almost bi-vesiculous, 
marked with a sunken black point. Back of the eyes black with a 
white band bordering the eyes towards the genae. 

Eyes of a brilliant green in life. 

Prothorax black, bordered with yellow in front and behind, where 
this colour is interrupted in the middle of the margin. 

Thorax hairy, black marked with yellow, thus: two cuneiform 
bands in front, and two oblique isolated equal bands on each side, 
the last not terminal. Between these bands a line divided into two 
or three spots or entire. There are also an upper humeral point, a 
point at the wing attachments, an inter-alar spot between each of the 
wings, double between the hindwings; finally, the basal articulation 
of the legs and the breast are marked with yellow. 

Abdomen cylindrical; constricted between segments 2-6, a little 
broader between 7-8, shining black, annulated and spotted with 
yellow, thus: Ist segment with a half-ring interrupted before the 
end; 2nd with a dorsal ring, rather broad, median above, becoming 
basal upon the sides comprising the oreillettes which are moderate, 
denticulated with black at the end, and a second ring, terminal, 
interrupted by the dorsal aréte and sometimes upon the sides; 3rd, 
4th, 5th, 6th with a moderate median ring, and a narrow posterior 
one divided in two by the dorsal aréte, which remains black; these 
rings do not exist on the under side of the segments; 7th and 8th 
having the rings a little nearer the base, more interrupted in the 
middle; the terminal ring absent on 8th; the 9th with a little basal 
lateral spot; 10th quite black, its posterior margin a little projecting 
and depressed in the middle. 

Anal appendages black, superior a little shorter than the last seg- 
ment, closely approximated at their base, almost compressed verti- 
cally, a little divergent; the outer margin thickened, almost straight 
or a little sinuous; the inner margin tapering to the point, which is 
fine and sharp, and this side presenting in its first fourth a strong 


Some Palaearctic species of Cordulegaster. 275 


tooth bent towards the base; the margin is then dilated more or 
less and slightly emarginate before the point. 

Inferior appendage one-third shorter than the superior, almost 
quadrate, broader than long, a little notched at the end, the lateral 
margins swollen, turned up at the extremity and pointed. 

Legs all black. 

Wings hyaline, often a little darkened. Neuration black, costa 
yellow externally; pterostigma long, slender, black, surmounting 
nearly 4 cellules; membranule rather large long whitish; anal 
margin little excavated, the angle nearly right-angled. Triangle of 
the 4 wings divided by a nervule; internal triangle free; 18-21 ante- 
nodals in the superior; 13-15 in the inferior; 13-15 post-nodals in 
both pairs. 

Q. Resembles the ¢ in colour, even in the labrum; but the 
abdomen is less constricted in the middle and the oreillettes very 
rudimentary. 

The vulvar margin is prolonged in two chitinous laminae, sur- 
passing the end of the abdomen by more than 3 mm. They arise at 
the base of segment 9, are contiguous, are hollow internally, and finish 
in a point simulating the lower mandible of a Motacilla; they are 
applied against the underside of the abdomen, of which they support 
segments 9 and 10, which are in some degree soft, their dorsal part 
being of a nature much less hard than that of the other segments. 
The base of each of these laminae is marked by a rounded yellow spot 
which in dried examples becomes often brown. Segment 10 is often 
marked with yellow on the sides. 

The anal appendages, one-third shorter than the last segment, are 
slender, cylindrical, brown, with a sharp black point, separated by 
strong protuberance, brown, hairy, which terminates the abdomen. 

Pterostigma longer, brown, surmounting 5-6 cellules. 


3 2 
Length ofabdomen . . . 55-57mm. 55-62 mm. 
x forewing . . . 43-45 ,, 47-50 ,, 
- hindwing . .. . 43-45 ,, 47-50 ,, 
Pterostigma, forewing . . 4} ,, 41-5 ,, 
33 hindwing . 2. 6 c. 5-54, 
Vulvar lamina, «| 65) == 8} ss 


(After de Selys, Mon. des Gomphines, pp. 593-5.) 


The principal characters may be summarised thus— 


¢. Frons yellow with a transverse frontal line of variable breadth ; 
nasus yellow margined with black anteriorly; rhinarium black; 


276 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on 


labrum margined with black posteriorly and at the sides; median 
virgule of labrum black and well marked. Occiput yellow, swollen 
above and behind, hairs yellowish. Behind the eyes black with a 
narrow white line running along the lower part of each eye. 

Prothorax black; fore and hind margin yellow, the latter inter- 
rupted in the middle. 

Thorax with two large cuneiform yellow bands in front, a minute 
humeral yellow dot; two large lateral bands and between them a 
narrow irregular band sometimes interrupted. 

Abdomen black with yellow markings as follows: on Ist segment 
a narrow band on the lower posterior part of the segment; 2nd 
segment with a median dorsal band and a large anterior lower space 
including the oreillettes, also a narrow posterior band sometimes 
interrupted on the dorsal aréte and on the sides; segments 3 to 8 
with median or sub-median bands more or less interrupted by the 
dorsal aréte, 7 and 8 distinctly so; these bands except in 3 not 
actually touching the ventral suture but carried well over the sides 
of the segments; each of these segments with terminal lunules (7. e. 
representing the posterior bands) those of the last two being of a 
small size; 9 with a small lateral spot; 10 entirely black. 

Q. Very similarly marked; segment 10 with a small lateral spot. 


This typical form is widely distributed in northern and 
central Kurope, including Scotland, Sweden and Denmark, 
and it goes as far eastward at least as Silesia. In southern 
France it seems to exist in the Pyrenees, and Navas records 
it from Portugal and many parts of Spain, including the 
Sierra Nevada. In other parts of southern France and of 
Spain it seems to be replaced by ammaculifrons. De Selys 
says the latter is found in Italy and Austria, but the 
distribution of the two still remains to be satisfactorily 
worked out. 


Race immaculifrons, Selys. 


De Selys (Monographie des Gomphines, p. 595) says that 
the examples from the south of Europe differ more or less 
from those of the centre and north in this that the yellow 
occupies more space on the abdominal segments, while 
the frons is ordinarily all yellow without transverse an- 
terior line. He gives the following as the principal points 
which serve to distinguish the best characterised southern 
examples— 

The front is entirely yellow without transverse line; the 


Some Palaearctic species of Cordulegaster. 277 


black border (proximal) of the labrum does not descend on 
the sides; the whitish border behind the eyes is broader; 
the yellow rings of the abdomen are broader and none of 
them interrupted by a dorsal aréte; that of the 8th is much 
extended on the sides; the lateral spot of the 9th larger, 
and an analogous lateral yellow point on 10th. In some 
examples one sees a vestige of the black line on the frons; 
in others, the dorsal aréte on the ring of segment 8 is finely 
black. 

The females differ especially from northern examples by 
the great breadth of the median yellow rings of the abdo- 
men, which in the 2nd and 3rd segments communicate on 
each side with the terminal rings in such a way as to isolate 
a black dorsal spot rounded behind upon the 2nd, pointed 
on the two sides upon the 3rd; the 8th segment is variable 
as to the dilatation of the ring, but this ring is always much 
interrupted above by the black dorsal aréte. The front 
is very rarely entirely without spot; there is ordinarily a 
vestige. The black border of the labrum is incomplete as 
in the g¢. The wings in both sexes are often darkened 
(smoky at the extremity). In some examples they seem 
narrower than in the type and the costa externally is of a 
clearer yellow. (After de Selys.) 

In a series of 9 males from Digne, Basses Alpes, there are 
two more or less distinct types of pattern, A being much the 
commoner. In B the yellow markings are more extended, 
and on the three last segments noticeably so. In 4 males 
(July 1902, Morton) there is no trace of the frontal line; in 
3 of 6 examples (July 1914, Morton) there is a slight trace 
of this marking. Unfortunately I do not appear to have 
captured a Q in this locality. 

In Spain the species is very interesting. 1 ¢ 299 from 
N.W. Spain (g, Casayo, 2-8, vi. 06; 99, Vigo, 18-27, vi. 
06; Branuelas, 10-16, vu. ’06, Chapman) are very close to 
northern C. annulatus. The frontal line is well marked in 
all; the sides of the 3 last segments in the females are rather 
more marked with yellow than in northern examples. 

At La Granja, where the species is abundant at the clear 
streams there, the males are very similar in appearance to 
those found at Digne (form A); a fair proportion (4 out 
of 9) having the frontal line marked in varying degrees. 
A ° does not difler very greatly from the N.-W. Spanish 
females, but the yellow rings are rather broader and the 
frontal line is absent. 


278 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on 


Unfortunately I failed to take the species at Albarracin, 
but I possess a 3 from there (Miss Fountaine, 29, vi. ’03) 
which shows a tendency towards the Algerian examples 
mentioned below. The shape of the dorsal marking on 
2nd segment is much as in Fig. 5. The virgule on labrum 
is rather paler. 

My acquaintance with Cordulegaster from northern Africa 
is restricted to three fine males from Algeria given to me by 
Miss Fountaine. On the whole these seem to be sufficiently 
well characterised to deserve a distinctive name. 


Race algiricus, nov. 


3§. Frons yellow without transverse frontal line; nasus yellow 
with the exception of two short black anterior lines; rhinarium 
black; labrum with the proximal margin black; virgule brownish ; 
occiput yellow with yellow hairs. The white line behind the eyes 
broader than in annulatus. 

Thorax: humeral spot when present extremely minute; median 
lateral band usually broken up into 4 spots. 

Abdomen black with yellow markings. Median yellow band of 
segment 2, broad continued on the sides without interruption; pos- 
terior lunules large and connected by a narrow line with the lower 
yellow patch; dorsal black marking trilobate on anterior margin, 
the middle lobe narrowest and most prominent. On 3rd segment 
yellow dorsal marking occupies about } of segment and is continued 
cephalad to the ventral suture and proximal edge of segment; in 
segments 4, 5 and 6 dorsal yellow markings not occupying quite 
tof segment; yellow on 7th about 4 of segment; lunules on seg- 
ments 3 to 7, those on 3 and 4 large. Segments 8, 9 and 10 much 
marked with yellow above and on sides. 

Antenodals : forewings 17-19; hindwings 12-14. 

Length of abdomen 55-58 mm. 

Length of wings 4446 mm. 

Pterostigma of forewings 33-4 mm. 

Pa hindwings 445 mm. 


334: Sebdou, 29, vi. 9. vii. ’04; Tlemcen, 14, vu. 04. 

Some time ago I received from Staudinger of Dresden a 
pair of Cordulegaster bearing the label ‘ Tiflis Caucasus.” 
They rank amongst the finest of the C. annulatus group, 
and, supposing no mistake has been made regarding the 
locality, they are of particular interest in respect that they 
appear to be nearer to the African than to the other races. 


Some Palaearctic species of Cordulegaster. 279 


Race prineeps, nov. 


g. Frons yellow without black markings; nasus yellow, rhinarium 
black; labrum yellow, basal margin bordered with black; virgule not 
marked with black; occiput yellow with yellowish hairs, swollen 
above and behind, deeply divided behind. Behind the eyes entirely 
whitish with the exception of a black border running along the upper 
part of the eyes. 

Prothorax black, hind margin with a yellow line interrupted in 
the middle; anterior margin narrowly yellow. 

Thorax: antehumeral yellow bands preceded by a small yellow sub- 
triangular marking; yellow line between lateral bands small, broken 
up into three short lines all above stigma; no humeral dot visible. 

Abdomen heavily marked with yellow; 1st segment black with a 
narrow yellow lateral hind margin, the yellow increasing towards the 
sternum; 2nd segment more than one-third yellow above, the black 
markings approximating on the side, but leaving a large yellow space 
including the oreillette on the lower anterior part of the segment; 
segments 3 to 7 with yellow dorsal markings occupying more than 
one-third of the segment, these markings extending laterally more 
in their anterior part but in no case reaching the ventral suture; a 
broad yellow band on segment 8, nearly reaching ventral suture ; 
9 segment marked with yellow anteriorly; and there seem to be 
traces of yellow on both anterior and hind margin of segment 10. 
Segments 2 to 6 with posterior lunules. Superior appendages from 
above much as in annulatus but longer, as long as last segment; 
outer margin nearly straight; closely approximated at the base, 
their inner margins, from the tooth, diverging regularly till about 4 
from the apex where they become parallel for a short space and then 
again diverge to the acute apex. Inferior appendage rather deeply 
emarginate. 

Q. Similar: thorax with a small humeral spot. Abdomen: yellow 
dorsal marking on 2nd segment continued without interruption on 
the sides cephalad; segments 3 to 7 marked much as in the male; 
about half of dorsum of 8 yellow; yellow on 3, 4, 5 and 8 interrupted 
by black dorsal aréte ; segments 9 and 10 discoloured. 

Wings in both sexes with the costa clear yellow. Antenodals : 
6, forewings 19-20, hindwings, 14; 9, forewings 17, hindwings 12-14. 


3 = 
Length of abdomen » | 5 59) mime GL) mm: 
AS Wings). ao aro, A 8 
Pterostigma, forewings . . 3°5 ,, Bal is 
+ hindwings . . 4 Hf 425) 55 


Vulvar lamina bts A ee 8D) 


280 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on 


Cordulegaster charpentieri, Kol. 


3. Frons yellow with fine black transverse line. Nasus yellow 
marked with black in front; rhinarium black. Labrum distinctly 
and completely surrounded with black margin; virgule black and 
distinct. Occiput above with black margins and blackish in the 
middle dividing the disc into two dusky yellowish patches; behind 
yellow, divided for a great part of its length by a dark line; hairs 
blackish. White line behind the eyes broader than in C. annulatus. 

Thorax : humeral spot distinct ; intermediate lateral band divided 
into two—a long spot of nearly equal breadth and a smaller triangular 
spot above the stigma. 

Abdomen : lower part of distal half of lst segment yellow; yellow 
dorsal band of segment 2 occupying about } of segment, almost in- 
terrupted on side, the yellow again extending to the proximal margin 
and including the oreillette; black dorsal marking trilobate, middle 
lobe prominent; lunules distinct, not connected with lower lateral 
yellow markings. Yellow on segment 3 extending to fully one-third 
on dorsum; on 4 to about 4; on 5, 6, 7 and 8 to about 4; most of 
the median bands divided by the dorsal aréte but otherwise nearly 
complete and continued to the ventral suture. Lunules apparently 
not indicated after 6th segment. 

Appendages similar to those of C. annulatus but rather longer ; 
narrower when viewed from above, divergent, turning slightly out- 
wards towards the apex which is acute. Distal margin of inferior 
appendage nearly straight. (Compare Mon. Gomph., pl. 17, figs. 4 
and 5, from Tuscany and Dalmatia.) 

Antenodals: forewings 19-21; hindwings 12-14. 


Length of abdomen . . . 57-585 mm. 
- Wings. §.. 506 \) + 5) 26-48 as 
Pterostigma, forewings . . . 3754 ,, . 
Pm hindwings . . . 42545 ,, 


I am indebted to Monsieur Bartenef for a g from 
Lagodechi in Kaketia, the locality whence came de Selys’ 
examples described in Odonates de l’Asie Mineure. Two 
examples from Belgrade Forest, Constantinople, differ 
slightly therefrom and inter se. In one the transverse 
frontal line is heavy, in the other it is absent; the dorsal 
yellow band of segment 2 is if anything broader, but the 
other bands are rather less extended above than in the 
Lagodechi 3; the lunules are distinct up to segment 7. 

I am not at all sure that this is the true C. charpentiert of 
Kolenati, although I think it is certainly in the main the 


Some Palaearctic species of Cordulegaster. 281 


C. charpentieri, de Selys, Odonates de |’ Asie Mineure (Ann. 
Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi, p. 32, 1887). 

Regarding C. pictus, Selys, I can come to no definite 
conclusion. It must remain doubtful without an examina- 
tion of the 2 type, which may belong to one of the other 
recognised species. De Selys made various attempts to 
find a suitable partner for it, with not very satisfactory 
results as the following notes show. 


1854. C. pictus, Syn. Gomph., No. 111, p. 87, 2 of unknown 
origin, doubtfully from India. 

1856. C. bidentatus race pictus, Mon. Gomph., p. 340 or 600 ; 
¢ from Broussa; 92 probably the above. 

= 1873, 3 C. bidentatus race anatolicus, Syn. Gomph., 
3rd Addns., p. 65. 

= 1887, ¢ C. bidentatus (very probably), Odonates de 
PAsie Mineure. 

= 1887, 9 C. pictus, Odonates de l’ Asie Mineure. 

1873. C. pictus, Syn. Gomph., 3rd Addns., p. 43, Caucasus, 

etc. 

= 1856, C. annulatus race intermedius, Mon. Gomph., 
p. 336 or 596 from Tuscany and Dalmatia. 

= 1887, C. charpentiert, Odonates de [Asie Mineure, 
from Caucasus. 

1887. C. pictus, Odonates de Asie Mineure, represents the 
original 9, and 3 ¢ of C. annulatus race intermedius 
from Tuscany and Dalmatia. But I believe the 
last-mentioned race = C. charpentieri of the Odon- 
ates de lAsie Mineure, as represented by the 
Caucasus § 4, with which, under the name of C. 
pictus, de Selys himself had associated the race 
intermedius of C. annulatus in 1873. 


Cordulegaster bidentatus, Selys. 


The principal differences between this species and the 
northern form of C. annulatus are given by de Selys as 
follows— 


G. Ist. The black line of the front is a little longer and more 
constant, slightly upturned at the ends; it is limited by the frontal 
erest, while in annulatus it is placed a little lower. 

The excavation of the frons is a little differently constructed; the 
base of the front before the ocelli is less margined with black. 

2nd. The labrum is always markedly margined with black on the 


282 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on 


sides, and the anterior margin is equally bordered very lightly with 
black. 

3rd. The little triangle forming the occiput in front is blackish, 
surmounted with a crest of hairs mixed of blackish and yellowish- 
grey; this occiput is not vesiculous before or behind; behind it is 
yellow with a black sunken line. 

4th. The yellow line between the two lateral bands is absent or 
much interrupted (reduced to an upper spot in the female). 

5th. Although the median yellow rings may be narrow, those on 
segments 7-8 constantly reach the ventral suture. The 10th seg- 
ment has a yellow spot on each side; the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments 
have on each side a narrow yellow transverse terminal line, inter- 
rupted on the dorsal aréte, but this vestige is absent on the following 
segments. 

6th. The superior anal appendages are notably separated from each 
other and narrower at their base. Besides the internal sub-median 
tooth which is a little further removed from the base (being almost 
in the middle) there is towards the first fourth a second external 
lateral tooth also inclined towards the base, both of these teeth being 
visible in profile view. 

The inferior appendage is about $ as long as the superior, longer 
than broad, a little constricted at the extremity which is not appre- 
ciably notched. 

7th. The costal nervure is hardly yellow outwardly. The ptero- 
stigma is shorter, the large cellule near the membranule is almost 
always divided into three, rarely four cellules. In annulatus it is 
ordinarily divided into five. 

®. Differs from annulatus— 

Ist. (See above, No. 1.) 

2nd. The labrum always broadly bordered with black on all sides, 
even in front, the virgule reaching the anterior margin and dividing 
the yellow into two. 

4th. (See above, No. 4.) 

5th. Colours of abdomen as in the g, but differing from annu- 
latus in the absence of the yellow spots at the base of the vulvar 
laminae and by the form of the yellow ring of the 8th segment, much 
interrupted and consisting of only two yellow lines. 

6th. The costal nervure is blackish outwardly, or only finely 
yellowish between the nodus and pterostigma; the latter shorter 
and blackish. 


3 2 
Length of abdomen. . . . 50-56 mm. 55 mm. 
= foréwimg > 2) 7 4264505 49 ,, 


hindwing. . . . 42-45 ,, 49 ,, 


bed 


Some Palaearctic species of Cordulegaster. 283 


3 g 

Pterostigma, forewing . . . 34 ,, 33 ,, 
F hindwing. . . 324 ,, Ae 
Wulvar lamina $9) 9.0 2° 5 == 93 ,, 


(Mon. des Gomphines, pp. 599-600.) 
The principal characters of C. bidentatus are— 


Frons yellow with a very strong transverse frontal line; nasus 
very narrowly margined with blackish at the junction with the 
rhinarium and also with two blackish spots; rhinarium black; 
labrum with black margin all round and a strongly marked virgule. 
Occiput above black with blackish hairs; behind yellowish, not 
swollen, nearly bisected with a darker line. 

Prothorax with interrupted median and posterior line. 

Thorax: no humeral dot; lateral intermediate band variable 
usually much reduced sometimes to a mere point. 

Abdomen : Ist segment with an oblique lateral spot not descending 
to ventral suture; 2nd segment with a narrow dorsal yellow band 
occupying about % of segment, almost isolated from the large anterior 
lateral yellow spot (this band continued without interruption in 9); 
lunules rather large, cut off from lower posterior spot; bands of 
segments 3 to 8 variable, mostly rather narrow, those of 6, 7 and 8 
usually more so than the others, usually all interrupted by the dorsal 
aréte, 7 and 8 at least reaching the ventral suture. ‘Traces of yellow 
on the anterior part of segment 9. Posterior lunules on 2, 3 and 4. 


Actual distribution not quite ascertained. Ris (Siiss- 
wasserfauna Deutschlands, Odonata, p. 23) says west and 
southern Europe. It occurs in Herzegovina and perhaps 
further east, it may be, even extending to Asia Minor. 
Calvert (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Philadelphia, 1898, 
p. 152) records it from Kashmir, but his insect is certainly 
not the typical form. Examples from Digne (Basses Alpes) 
are very similar to Swiss specimens, showing no variation 
corresponding to the southern characters displayed by 
C. annulatus in the same locality. A male from Mostar 
in Herzegovina 1s also very similar, the yellow bands being 
only a little stronger, with traces of yellow even on segment 
10. Females from Jablonica have the black margin of the 
labrum exceedingly broad, so that the virgule practically 
touches the anterior margin, thus dividing the yellow of 
the disc in two. De Selys, as mentioned above, says the 
virgule touches the anterior margin, but this is not always 
the case. 


284 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on 


The following three forms are referred to C. imsignis, 
Schneider, provisionally, although they differ from one 
another very considerably in appearance. Further material 
from other parts of Asia Minor is much to be desired, and 
also examples from the European side. C. insignis has been 
recorded from Roumania, but in what form it exists there 
I do not know. 


Cordulegaster insignis, Schneider. 
Differs from the meridional form of annulatus. 


3. 1st. The front hardly excavated, always yellow without a black 
line; that of the base before the ocelli almost absent. 

2nd. Labrum very lightly margined with brown in front without 
coloured median virgule. 

3rd. The occiput is yellow swollen in front and behind as in 
annulatus, but surmounted by a crest of shorter yellow hairs. The 
lower whitish-yellow part behind the eyes larger. 

4th. The yellow line between the large lateral bands on the thorax 
reduced to a fine superior line more or less interrupted (as in biden- 
tatus). The two yellow bands on the front of the thorax are a little 
broader inwards. 

5th. The abdomen is less thickened before the extremity. The 
yellow rings of the 3rd, 4th and 5th segments broader, occupying 
nearly their median half; on the 6th and 7th the yellow ring has the 
same dimensions as in the preceding, but it is forked behind on the 
dorsum, and constricted upon the sides also behind, so that it ends 
in two little yellow points; on the 8th the ring is regular, not con- 
stricted upon the sides, straight behind, nearer the base than the 
posterior end; on the 9th and 10th the lateral yellow spots (one or 
two on 9th; one on 10th) are larger and better marked. 

6th. The appendages are almost of the form of those of bidentatus, 
the superior being separated from their base and provided beneath 
with two teeth. They are black, brown at the tips; the inferior is 
as long as broad. 

The wings are as in bidentatus, the pterostigma being shorter than 
in annulatus, and the large space near the membranule of the hind- 
wings divided into 3 cellules only. 15-18 antenodals in forewings, 
13 in hindwings. Costa outwardly strongly margined with 
yellow. 

©. Differs from that of annulatus as follows— 

Ist. The black line on the summit of the front is very fine and very 
short; the front less excavated, the black basal line before the ocelli 
almost absent. 


Some Palaearctic species of Cordulegaster. 285 


2nd. The upper lip (labrum) finely bordered with blackish even in 
front (with the median virgule more slender). 

3rd. The occiput and back of the eyes (see the male). 

4th. Thorax (see the male). 

5th. Abdomen (see the male). 

6th. The base of the vulvar laminae dark brown (in annulatus they 
are marked each with a yellow spot). 

The wings are a little broader, pterostigma shorter, the costa more 
finely yellowish externally. 18 antenodals in forewings; 13-14 in 
hindwings. 

Compared with bidentatus, insignis differs from it: the g by the 
labrum less bordered with black, the median virgule obliterated, the 
front less excavated, without anterior line; the occiput yellow, 
globular; the two yellow bands on the front of the thorax broader ; 
the broad yellow bands of the abdomen; the inferior teeth of the 
appendages a little stronger; the costa more yellowish externally. 
The 9 is distinguished by the labrum much less bordered with black ; 
the median virgule smaller; the front less excavated with anterior 
line very slender and short; its base in front of the ocelli less blackish, 
the occiput yellow, globular; the two bands in the front of the thorax 
broader; the yellow rings of the abdomen broad; the costa yellow 
externally. 


3 = 
Length of abdomen . . . 57-58 mm. 57-62 mm. 
a forewings) fh PE ay a 48-51 ,, 
fi hindwing? 2" ">"> (4Greiak 47-49 _,, 
Pterostigma, forewing . . . at alae 334 ,, 
se hindwing." %) 4 a 45 ,, 
Walvar'lamina. 2 2) 9. eG 73-8 ,, 


Described from two males and two females from Syria 
and a 2 from Kellemisch, Asia Minor (Mon. des Gomphines, 
pp. 603-4). 

The following observations are based on material in my 
own collection. Nearly all the specimens have been slightly 
altered by pressure, and I am unable to confirm with 
absolute certainty the above statement that the abdomen 
is less thickened than in annulatus, but it is probably 
correct. Otherwise the specimens are nearly all in very 
good condition. 

I. A ¢ from Asia Minor without more definite locality 
agrees fairly well with the above description. It may be 
from the Taurus Mountains whence Prof. Manissadjian 
(from whom the whole material of this species was received) 


286 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on 


sent me a few dragon-flies. In this example, on lst seg- 
ment of abdomen there is a broad oblique lateral band not 
reaching quite to the ventral suture. The yellow dorsal 
band of 2nd segment is not broad but is continuous with 
the anterior lateral yellow marking; the black dorsal 
marking of this segment with a prominent middle lobe; 
hind lunules well marked, broadly disconnected with the 
lower lateral posterior marking, which is small; lateral 
marking on segment 9 basal only; none on segment 10. 
Antenodals : forewing 14; hindwing 11. 


II. Race amasinus, nov. 


From Amasia there is a series of 4 males in which the 
yellow dorsal markings are much more highly developed, 
being present even on lst segment in a limited degree. In 
this segment the lateral markings are variable, in one case 
at least nearly reaching the ventral suture. Lunules on 
segments 2, 3 and 4 sometimes not interrupted by the dorsal 
aréte, and may be represented on all the other segments to 
the 8th or 9th; 9th and 10th showing both anterior and 
posterior lateral markings. The nasus is entirely yellow. 

In two females presumably from the same locality, there 
is a trace of the anterior line on the frons, but the virgule 
on the labrum, though distinctly present, is entirely uni- 
colorous with the disc. The nasus is very slightly marked 
with brownish on the anterior margin. 

Antenodals: ¢, forewing 16-17; hindwing 11-12; 9, 
forewing 15-16; hindwing 12. 

De Selys in his notes on C. insignis does not refer to the 
colours of the prothorax. It should be here noted that in 
form I the posterior yellow line is broadly interrupted and 
short; there is also an interrupted median yellow line, with 
two yellow dots between it and the posterior margin; the 
anterior margin is also yellow. In II (amasinus) the pos- 
terior yellow line is interrupted but much longer, and the 
other yellow markings on the prothorax are well defined. 


III. Race nobilis, nov. 


At Van, in the extreme east of Asia Minor, near the 
Persian frontier, there is a still further increase in the yellow 
markings at the expense of the black ground-colour, if 
indeed these examples (2 5g, 2 29) belong to C. insignis. 


Some Palaearctic species of Cordulegaster. 287 


Oddly enough there is no trace of yellow markings on the 
dorsum of Ist segment, although the segment is rather 
lighter in colour than in No. I. This is a very beautiful 
and interesting form. Dr. F. F. Laidlaw tells me that in 
the collection of the Indian Museum there are two speci- 
mens ¢ and @ labelled in de Selys’ own handwriting, 
“ Cordulegaster nobilis,’ and dated “‘ May °71, Shiraz,” 
Persia; the ¢ he states is indistinguishable from the § 
from Van as represented in my fig. 11, which I sent to 
Dr. Laidlaw forinspection. No description of these appears 
to have been published. 
The following characters may be mentioned— 


Prothorax: the posterior band is not completely interrupted in 
the middle, although a narrow black wedge is partly driven into it; 
the lateral angles are yellow and the posterior and the interrupted 
median line are practically confluent therewith. Yellow abdominal 
bands much extended, the greater part of most of the segments 
yellow; for these, see fig. 11; these yellow markings are continued 
more narrowly on the sides cephalad, and up to the 8th reach the 
ventral suture in the 3 and nearly so in the 9. 

Antenodals: ¢, forewings, 14-15; hindwings, 11-12; 9, forewings 
15-16; hindwings, 11-12. 

The following are approximate measurements— 


Locality ? Amasia. | Van. 
| 
lalexd | | 
3 3 ? | 3 g 

Length of abdomen 50 mm. 52°5-53°5 mm. | 60-63 mm.) 50-52 mm. | 60 mm. 
wing 41°5mm. | 43-44°5mm. | 48-50mm. 41°5-43°5 mm. | 46-47°5 mm. 

Pterostigma, forewing | 3°5mm. 3°75 mm. 4mm. | 3°5-4mm. 4mm. 
hindwing) 3°75mm,.) 4°25mm. 4°5 mm. 4-4°5 mm. 4°5-5 mm. 

Vulvar lamina — — 8-85 mm. | = 8mm. 


The males would therefore appear to be smaller than 
those from Syria. 

The last species to be noticed is closely allied to C. biden- 
tatus and insignis, but it has been treated as an independent 
species. It differs from C. insignis in the condition of the 
labrum, which has a distinct black median virgule. 


Cordulegaster coronatus, 0. sp. 


¢. Frons yellow without black frontal marking; nasus yellow with 
two black points; rhinarium black; labrum yellow with very narrow 
border black but becoming brownish on anterior margin, usually 


288 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on 


with a strongly marked virgule; mandibles externally yellow; genae 
black; occiput yellow with yellowish hairs; labium yellowish. 
Vertex black obscurely marked with yellowish, the black hardly 
encroaching on the frons and continued very narrowly downwards 
alongside the eyes. Occiput hardly swollen; behind yellow divided 
to the extent of about half by a blackish virgule. Behind the eyes 
whitish with a broad black border. 

Prothorax black bordered with yellow in front and behind, with 
two median yellow dots and a broken median line which becomes 
confluent with the posterior yellow border. 

Thorax in front with long silky hairs; black marked with yellow 
thus: two large cuneiform antehumeral bands in front enclosing a 
large black triangle, and two broad oblique lateral bands of almost 
equal breadth; between these an interrupted line broken up into 
four, the large upper part somewhat wedge-shaped, followed by a 
minute elongate spot and a spot on each side of the stigma; no 
humeral dot visible; a yellow spot at the wing attachments above; 
a yellow inter-alar spot, double between the hindwings. Coxae 
yellowish, sternum yellow with fuscescent markings. 

Abdomen cylindrical, constricted after 2nd segment, and gradually 
increasing in breadth to 7th and 8th, the remaining segments again 
narrower. Basal segment slightly brownish with traces of a yellow 
spot at the extreme base. Abdomen otherwise black and yellow. 
lst segment with yellow lateral markings both anterior and posterior 
variable in extent; 2nd mostly yellow dorsally with a black basal 
band followed by two fine black dashes, a black, sometimes isolated, 
usually roughly oval dorsal spot; posterior margin finely black; 
segments 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 with large dorsal yellow markings partly 
divided by the dorsal aréte, on 3 occupying about } of the segment, 
on 4 the spots occupying about } of segment; on 5, 6 and 7 less than 
3, each of these five segments with posterior yellow lunules or bands. 
Segments 8, 9 and 10 mostly yellow with large dorsal black patches. 
Margins of segments ventrally finely lined with yellow along the 
ventral suture. 

Appendages black. Superior about the length of last segment, 
separated at the base. Outer margin in dorsal view nearly straight, 
tip acute: inner margin about } from base forming a tooth from 
which to the base the breadth is less; in profile view broader at the 
base where there is a large tooth with apex directed cephalad, and 
the appendage tapers slightly to the acute apex which is somewhat 
upturned. In profile view the median tooth is smaller than the other 
with its apex pointed in the same direction. Inferior appendage 
rather over half as long as the superior, broad with nearly parallel 
sides, slightly emarginated at the upturned apex. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XXXIV. 


K. J. M. del. 
1 


2 
A B 
PALAEARCTIC SPECIES OF CORDULEGASTER, 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XX XV. 


Ke J. i, del. 
5 6 7 8 


PALAEARCTIC SPECIES OF CORDULEGASTER. 


ee ee ee ee ee 


~~ 


el 


i. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XXX VI. 


IG SJ. Vl, del. 
9 10 ll 12 


PALAEARCTIC SPECIES OF CORDULEGASTER. 


: an 
a i ‘. enw van pee. 5 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., LOTS, Llale XX XVLL. 


Photo, W. E. Evans. 


13 


CORDULEGASTER CORONATUS, n. sp. 


Some Palaearctic species of Cordulegaster. 289 


2. Similar (single example somewhat discoloured). Posterior 
dorsal spot of 2nd segment isolated (almost as in fig. 12); yellow on 
segments 2, 3 and 4 occupying more than } of each segment, on 5, 6 
and 7 about 3, 8 black (discoloured ?), 9 and 10 mostly yellow, dor- 
sum of 9 broadly marked with black, 10 with two irregular elongate 
blackish markings broad at the base and becoming lighter towards 
the hind margin where they terminate in a definite black dot. Costa 
yellow externally in both sexes. Antenodals: 4, forewings 13-16; 
hindwings, 10-12; 9, forewings, 14-15; hindwings, 11. 


3 2 
Length ofabdomen. . . . 53-55mm. 59°5 mm. 
ee WIND ce yod ons 49 A 48°Dea 
Pterostigma, forewing . . . 3°5 - 4 * 
55 hindwing... . .. 4-4°5 ., 5 - 
Vulvar lamina oe east 7 


The dorsal marking on 2nd segment in fig. 12 represents an extreme 
form; it is usually more oval in outline but frequently showing little 
wing-like lateral projections. The dorsal markings generally show 
some variability in their extent in different specimens. 


736,19, Kokand, Fergana. 

J am unable to give serviceable figures of the appendages 
of the various species, but think the diagrams showing the 
distribution of the black and yellow markings on the abdo- 
men may be of use. These are not drawn to scale, but the 
measurements of the abdomen are given for each species. 

Other species of the genus have been noticed from the 
more eastern parts of the region, but of these I possess no 
material. 

It may be well to explain the difference in the references 
here given to the pages of the Monographie des Gomphines 
when compared with those given in Kirby’s Catalogue. 
Mr. Kirby and other authors, including de Selys himself, 
appear to have made use of “separates”? of the Mono- 
graphie. There fall to be added to Kirby’s figures, 260 
pages, to make them correspond with those here quoted. 
The inaccuracy of the date quoted by Kirby has already 
been pointed out by Calvert (Biol. Centr.-Amer., Neuropt., 
Odonata, p. 148, 1905). De Selys himself, however, had 
already stated in the introduction to the Additions au 
Synopsis des Gomphines (Bull. de l’Academie Royale de 
Belgique (2), vii. 1859) that the Monographie was only 
published in 1858. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS IlI,IV. (JUNE) U 


290 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on species of Cordulegaster. 


It may also be pointed out that in the Synopsis des 
Gomphines (1854) and in the Monographie, the characters 
of the two groups, as far as the teeth of the superior append- 
ages are concerned, have been transposed. Correction of 
this error is made in the Secondes Additions au Synopsis 
des Gomphines (Bull. de l’Acad. Royale de Belgique (2), 
xxvul. 1869). 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXXIV—-XXXVII. 


PLATE XXXIV 


Fie. 1. C. annulatus, New Forest. 
Dt Fee »  tmmaculifrons, Digne, form A. 
oe ai as a “3 seta jbo: 
Aeneas »  princeps, Tiflis. 


PLATE XXXV 
C. annulatus algiricus, Sebdou, Algeria. 
charpentiert, Caucasus. 
“3 ay Constantinople. 
,, bidentatus, Mostar. 


Gost 


PLATE XXXVI 


9. C. insignis, loc. ? 

1OSs 3 »  amasinus, Amasia. 
bh Ea , nobilis, Van. 

12. ,, coronatus, Kokand, Fergana. 


PLATE XXXVII 


13. C. coronatus, Kokand, Fergana, from another speci- 
men (photo: W. E. Evans). 


(goin) 


XI. What the larva of Lycaena arion does during its last 
star. By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S. 


[Read June 2nd, 1915.] 


Puates XXXVIII—XLVI. 


For many years the life-history of JLycaena arion has 
been a puzzle, and has much interested and exercised 
those of us who find the habits of butterflies, and especially 
of British butterflies in their earlier stages, to present 
absorbing biological matter worthy of our best attention. 

I am absolved from traversing the whole ground, ab 
wmtio, by the valuable résumé of all that was known up 
to last year, and references to where the recorded facts 
may be found, that was given us by the Rev. Geo. Wheeler 
in Tutt’s “ British Lepidoptera,” vol. xi. p. 331 ef seq. 

It may be desirable, however, so far to recapitulate 
as may make it clear in what the puzzle and mystery 
consisted. 

The majority of European Blue butterflies hibernate 
as larvae in their third instar, having in all five instars. 
Others hibernate as full-grown and full-fed larvae; others 
as pupae, and some as eggs. Hach of these different 
habits of, or rather stages for, hibernation is adopted by 
more than one species. 

L. arion differs from all these, and agrees with no other 
species in its method of passing the winter. 

It is not, I believe, alone in having only four larval 
instars, but to have five is, one may say, the rule in these 
butterflies. 

Living on thyme, chiefly the flowers, it at length reaches 
the fourth, which is its last, instar some time in or about 
August, and then goes into hibernation. When it does 
so, it is so small that until Mr. Frohawk (Entom., vol. 
xxxix. p. 145) showed that it was still in the same instar 
when full grown in the spring, one could not avoid sup- 
posing that it would have at least one more moult in the 
spring, and that probably one had made some error in 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS IN, IV. (JUNE) 


292 Dr. T. A. Chapman on What the 


taking it to be in the fourth instar, and that it must be 
in the normal hibernating instar, the third adopted by so 
many other species. 

Mr. Frohawk’s discovery solved a most remarkable 
problem, that our previous ignorance practically prevented 
our realising as existing, viz. How many more instars had 
the larva when going into hibernation to pass through to 
become full grown? and the startling answer was, None; 
it was already in its last instar. 

It further compelled us to regard as even more difficult 
and insistent, the question of how this minute larva, one- 
eighth of an inch long, grew to its mature dimensions of 
well over half an inch long and correspondingly thick; in 
fact, a larva suitable to produce a butterfly as large as 
L. arion. 

Did it feed up in autumn, in winter or in spring, or in 
two or all of these seasons? What was its food ? 

That it was somehow associated with ants seemed the 
most acceptable basis for a hypothesis, but still there was 
something to be said in favour of a vegetable diet. These 
questions have been discussed by various people in various 
journals, etc., at considerable length, with the object of 
thinking out the best way of investigating the problem. 

It would not be profitable to discuss in detail the various 
ideas suggested, since it happens that by a combination 
of perseverance, and good luck almost comparable with 
Mr. Frohawk’s, I am able to give, not by any means the 
whole history, but certainly its chief fact and keynote. 

On May 14, 1915, on pulling up plants over a nest of 
Myrmica scabrinodis var. sabuleti and disturbing the soil 
at a point close to overhanging heather, etc., a larva of 
L. arion was found; it seemed to be amongst loose earth 
that the ants had worked over, and if not actually in the 
ants’ nest was within less than an inch of ground actually 
occupied by the ants. 

Unfortunately in the rough process necessary in dis- 
turbing plants and soil the larva suffered an injury. 

Its length was 11:0 mm. and thickness about 3°0 mm. 
Its colour a pale earthy flesh-colour, no trace of green 
anywhere, and the impression it gave was, that it must 
be a concealed feeder. Mr. Frohawk, as well as I, con- 
sidered that it was by no means full grown. There were 
visible some dark contents of the posterior extremity of 
the alimentary canal, shining through the ventral surface, 


larva of Lycaena arion does during its last instar. 293 


elsewhere the larva was too opaque to show whether there 
was anything of food material in its interior. 

The larva was found near the surface, but precisely 
where in relation to the ants was not ascertained, the 
earth being broken up before the larva was seen; but it 
was certainly not in any permanent tunnel or chamber of 
the ants’ nest, but more probably amongst the looser 
surface material, brought up by the ants and not yet 
consolidated, and amongst which, in weakly constructed 
chambers, the ants dispose of their larvae temporarily on 
fine warm days. 

The ant with which this larva was associated was 
Myrmica scabrinodis var. sabuleti, for which name I am 
indebted to Mr. Donisthorpe, who gives me, also, the 
following names as those of the ants I sent him of species 
which were more or less frequent or common in the locality. 
Domisthorpea (Lasius) aliena, D. flava, Tetramorvwm caespi- 
tum and Myrmica scabrinodis. Whether L. arion larva 
occurs with some or all of these also, remains to be seen. 
D. flava has always been supposed to be its host, if it had 
an ant host, and this is very probably correct, though the 
grounds for the belief are that the thyme on which the 
butterflies lay is often that growing on the hills of D. flava, 
and that the larvae and pupae found by Mr. Frohawk were 
apparently close to or on such a hillock. Nevertheless, 
these ants are so numerous and their nests so close to 
each other and almost, one might say, mixed together, 
that, unless found actually living with the ants, and not 
merely on or near their nests, one cannot feel at all sure 
whether their supposed host is really one. On the other 
hand, D. flava makes chambers and galleries, that look 
very suitable for LZ. arion to inhabit, more extensive, 
definite and formal than any of the other ants noticed, 
and yet I and others have dug up and closely examined 
dozens of nests of D. flava, without meeting with any 
larva of LZ. arion in the actual nest. 

The hope of discovering what the larva would eat was 
unavailing in view of the injury to the larva; there re- 
mained, however, the possibility of learning what it had 
eaten by examining the contents of the alimentary canal. 
This, fortunately, proved to be a very satisfactory line of 
investigation, and enabled its recent history, as regards 
its food material, to be easily determined. 

The dark mass seen through the lower surface was the 


294 Dr. T. A. Chapman on What the 


posterior portion of the gut full of a dark material. It 
measured 3°0 mm. in length and over 0°5 mm. in thick- 
ness. It was rather hard and solid and so remains, as I 
have not broken it up, but mounted in Farrant’s medium 
its structure is fairly evident. Further forwards in the 
gut were also portions of contents. These were soft and 
easily pressed flat on a slide. 

The posterior portion of the dark mass is rather shorter 
and more slender than the forward portion. It presents 
a quantity of granular material in layers of darker and 
lighter appearance. It might, though I hardly expect 
it, yield some structural material from which some in- 
formation would result were it broken up; for the present, 
however, I have not done so. The forward portion seems 
to consist of a mass of minute hairs, of fairly uniform size 
and structure. 

The less dense material found further forwards in the 
gut presents a number of identical hairs, but also some 
small triangular chitinous bodies very like mandibles of 
some insect. 

Mr. Donisthorpe having told me that the ant with 
which I found the larva was Myrmica scabrinodis var. 
sabuleti, brought to my recollection that last year I had 
examined and mounted specimens of the larva of Myrmica 
scabrinodis. These came in, now, most usefully, and, to 
make a long story short, a comparison of the larval skin of 
Myrmica scabrinodis, and of the contents of the alimentary 
canal of my example of the larva of LZ. arion, showed that 
the hairs in the arion agreed precisely with those of the 
full-grown larva of M. scabrinodis, and that the chitinous 
triangles agreed exactly with the mandibles of the same 
larva. 

Nothing of a vegetable character was found amongst 
these contents, and it could not be doubted that the L. arion 
larva had eaten many larvae of M. scabrinodis and nothing 
else for a long time. 

The dark mass of dejecta in the lower gut suggests several 
questions. First, perhaps, it seems highly probable that 
the larva of Z. arion in its last instar behaves as do the 
larvae of many bees and wasps, various parasites, such as 
Metoecus and other insects, that live on material that is 
practically all digestible, and contains very little effete 
material; that is, it does not, until it has completed its 
growth, evacuate any of the contents of the gut, but allows 


larva of Lycaena arion does during its last instar. 295 


all the undigested material and effete matters to accumulate 
in the rectum during the whole period of growth, to be 
ejected when the period for pupation approaches. In 
the case of some ichneumons it is, if I recollect aright, 
voided by the imago itself. 

This hypothesis is in itself a very remarkable one as 
applicable to the larva of a butterfly, but it seems difficult 
in any other way to account for the mass of hairs of 
scabrinodis larvae which represent, obviously, a number of 
individuals, that must have taken a considerable time in 
consumption, very much beyond that, that butterfly larvae 
usually pass between each act of defecation. The mass 
also occupies its position in a way very unlike material 
passed along the canal in the ordinary regular manner. 

If we adopt this hypothesis, then the division of this 
mass into two portions raises further questions. 

The lower and therefore earlier portion gives no indica- 
tion of what food it represents, the other later portion 
represents many larvae of M. scabrinodis, all apparently in 
their last instar. 

Does the first portion represent some different diet? it 
certainly does not represent full-grown larvae of the ant.. 
Does it result from the earlier food being ova or young 
larvae of the ant that were more thoroughly digestible, 
and so left no recognisable detritus? Was the earlier diet 
a vegetable one, as some of Mr. Frohawk’s observations 
suggest? Or is some other explanation available? as to 
which one might speculate, but not very profitably, on 
several. 

As this larva affords me a skin at a period when it is 
not full grown but still not very far from it, it may be 
worth while to compare it with the little larva that dis- 
appears in the autumn, as the material for doing this 
which I used in assisting Mr. Wheeler’s history of the 
species, though perfectly satisfactory and conclusive to 
myself and probably to most other people, did not, after 
all, provide any photographs otherwise than rather frag- 
mentary ones, so that one or two from this specimen are 
probably useful. 

These photographs also confirm a point already alluded 
to more than once, viz. that this specimen was not full 
grown. Comparing with the photographs in Tutt’s “ Brit. 
Lep.” of Mr. Rayward’s larva, it will be seen that the hair 
bases are still much closer together than they become in 


296 Dr. T. A. Chapman on What the 


the full-grown larva. It may also be noticed that the hair 
bases are very commonly surrounded by an area free from 
obvious skin-points, making each look like the centre of a 
circle. 

The small size of the head for so large a larva is almost 
ridiculous, notwithstanding that the larva is not full grown. 

The honey-gland, so conspicuous in the autumn larva, 
owing to its comparatively large size, remains of the same 
size, and looks extremely small (as compared with other 
Plebeiid larvae) owing to the expansion of the rest of the 
larva. One is inclined to regard it as still functional, the 
four circles seen at the bottom of the hollow being very 
distinct. Possibly, however, these would look just the 
same if the function were in abeyance, although they are 
certainly a feature of all functional honey-glands I have 
examined. 

That arion is carnivorous in its last larval instar, not 
only gives us a Lycaenid of this character in the Kuropean 
fauna, which we were before without, though other quarters 
of the globe possess them, but also gives the very remark- 
able habit of the food being vegetable in the early stages, 
animal afterwards. I need not dilate on the other curious 
points in the life-history, but must note that the other 
Kuropean Lycaenines, its nearest relatives, melanops, 
cyllarus, ewphemus, arcas and alcon, appear to have more 
or less ordinary Lycaenid habits. 

The photographs presented are by Mr. A. E. Tonge. 

They show— 

Ist. The skin of the larva found May 14, 1915 (injured 
in capture) X 7. It shows the difficulty of clearing away 
the dirt, that was one reason why the preparations from 
the larva given me by Mr. Rayward were not too satis- 
factory. It suggests that the larva did not pass its life in 
chambers and galleries of the ant, but amongst loose earth, 
etc. The comparatively small size of the head may be 
remarked as well as of the honey-gland; these are perhaps 
more noticeable in— 

2nd. Portion of front of larva and of honey-gland region 
x 25. These three photographs may be compared with 
those I gave in Tutt’s “ Brit. Lep.,”” making proper allow- 
ance for different magnifications. 

3rd. Portion of contents of alimentary canal forward of 
black mass, showing mandibles and hairs of ant larvae 
x 55. The preparation is not one that lends itself well to 


Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XXX VIII. 


Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd. 


Photo, A. E. Tonge. 


Skin of the Larva of arion (found on May 14) x 7. 


. zt _— 


pees 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XX XIX. 


vette cher 09 nt 


Pee. 4. £. Tonge. Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd. 


1. Head and prothorax. 2. Seventh and following abdominal segments 
of the larva of avion (May 14) x 25. 


— ig to eee ee 


6 
’ 


‘ke 
4 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XL, 


Photo, A. E. Tonge. Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd. 


Some contents of Alimentary Canal of Larva (May 14, 1915). 


Fig. 1. Forward part of canal x 55. A larval jaw of M. scabrinodis 
just above centre of photograph. 
Fig. 2. Diagram of contents of hinder part of canal x 15. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XLT. 


oon 


a Swi 


Photo, A, = age . Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd. 


Anterior and Posterior portions of Larval Skin of M. scabrinodis x 55, 
to show Jaws and Hairs. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XLII. 


cs 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


Larva on leaving Thyme. Prothorax and last four Abdominal Segments 
with Honey Gland x roo. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1975, Plate XLII. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


Prothoracic Plate x 100, on leaving thyme, and when full-grown 
(the lower figure is turned 30° to the left). 


Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond, 1915, Flate XLIV. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


_— 
° 
r= 
°o 

- 
bo 
i+) 
vo 
& 
04 
wn 

Ge 
°o 
Sc 
° 

-_ 

ieee 
oo 
ag 

ieee 
Bg 
-~ b> 
— 
nj 
-] 
FI 
B 
° 
=] 
oo 


full- 


Last four segments on leaving thyme 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XLV. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


Comparison of Legs on leaving thyme and when full-grown, the latter 
a little more extended x 4s. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XLVI. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


Two portions of Prothorax of full-grown Larva x 100, showing spreading 
of hairs and skin structure. 


XII. Observations completing an outline of the Infe History 
of Lycaena arion, L. By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., 
F.ZS. 


[Read October 6th, 1915.] 
Pirates XLVII-XLIX. 


On June 2nd, 1915, I laid before the Society an account of 
a small but important discovery as to the habit and food 
of the larva of Lycaena arion, L., as it was attaining its full 
growth in the spring. This showed that at this stage it 
lived in or near the nest of Myrmica scabrinodis, Nyl., and 
fed on the larvae of that ant, and pointed to the larva not 
clearing the primae viae in the usual lepidopterous manner. 

I was of course very desirous of learning something of 
the autumn habits of the larva, from the point at which all 
previous efforts to trace its proceedings had, in spite of 
prolonged investigation by many observers, quite failed. 
With the light thrown on the matter by my spring results, 
this seemed more hopeful, since there was now for guidance 
the fact that the larva associated with ants and preyed on 
their larvae, and whatever number of species of ant it 
might thus parasitise, it was at least certain that Myrmica 
scabrinodis was one of them. 

By the kindness of our President and Mr. Frohawk, I 
obtained some eggs of L. arion in July, and in August had 
reared some larvae to the critical stage. I am also much 
indebted to Mr. Donisthorpe for advice and assistance in 
regard to ants, and especially for two observation nests of 
Myrmica scabrinodis, one of the type and one of the var. 
sabulett. 

Among other observations I made some very imperfect 
ones in regard to Donisthorpea flava, De Geer. I have not, 
either now or in previous years, met with any real evidence 
of any sort to show that the larva of L. arion can live in 
the nest of D. flava. Nor, on the contrary, is it surprising, 
especially since any accurate knowledge is so recent, in 
view of the difficulty of proving a negative, that there is 
no proof that it cannot live with D. flava. But it remains 
as a weighty circumstance that all the exertions that have 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PaRTS I, IV. (JUNE) 


Dr. T. A. Chapman on Life History of Lycaena arion. 299 


been made, and to which I have contributed my share, to 
find the larva with D. flava have met with no scintilla of 
success, pointing very strongly to the larva never in fact 
associating with that ant. The hills of D. flava are very 
often covered with thyme, on which, as on other plants of 
thyme, the QQ of L. arion impartially lay their eggs. 
This, no doubt, is why D. flava has always been supposed 
to be the ant, if there was an ant, affected by LD. arion. 
It is, of course, the fact that nests of MW. scabrinodis are 
common, often as abundant as those of D. flava, but much 
less conspicuous, and in more than one instance I can con- 
firm the remark of Frederick Smith, who says in regard. to 
Donisthorpea (Formica) flava (Brit. Mus. Cat. Fossorial 
Hymenoptera, Formicidae, and Vespidae, p. 16, 1858): ‘ This 
species is sometimes found occupying one side of a hillock, 
whilst Myrmica scabrinodis appropriates the other.” 

I append the notes of Mr. Donisthorpe’s observations 
and my own; it may be useful before giving them to 
shortly state what they demonstrate. 

When the arion larva leaves the thyme and sets out on 
its travels there is a vague indication that if it comes 
across the trail of M. scabrinodis, that is, one of its beaten 
tracks, it accepts it as a road to be taken. At length it 
meets or is found by an ant of this species (or some other). 
It may be, however, that this first and other ants pay 
little attention to it; at length, however, one does. The 
ant examines it and proceeds much as ants do when milk- 
ing Lycaenid larvae; it goes further than this, it leaves it 
and circles round it, returns, again milks the larva, and 
may do this several times. At length, by some agreement, 
apparently on some signal given by the ant, the larva 
assumes a most extraordinary form, swelling up the thoracic 
segments at the expense of the others; such a form as I 
have seen no other larva assume. The ant then seizes it 
behind the thorax and carries it into her nest. Here the 
larva associates with the ants, but receives little or no 
notice from them, is always at a place where the ants 
thickly surround a mass of brood, and on this brood the 
L. arion feeds and grows rapidly to a length of 8 to 10 mm. 
—so rapidly, that it would be full-grown before November, 
if it went on; as it is not full-grown in April, it follows that 
it takes a winter rest about half-grown. 

My notes with remarks they suggest are as follows, but 
I place first Mr. Donisthorpe’s. 


300 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations completing an 


The record, of the two larvae of L. arion placed in an 
observation nest of MM. scabrinodis of Mr. Donisthorpe’s, 
on August 4th, and of two others, given by him at intervals, 
as follows :— 

“ August 9th.—The larva we put into the nest got out 
in the night, but I put it back and blocked it in with sand, 
as also the other. The latter was dragged in by an ant, 
but not hurt, and many ants gathered round it. To-day I 
can see only one larva, but it is in the midst of the ants 
and their brood, and is distinctly larger. There are ants’ 
eggs and young larvae in the nest, I find, besides older 
larvae and pupae. 

“ August 11th—The one larva is still in the large cham- 
ber, and is usually covered with the ants and their brood; 
when I move the cover, and all the ants run into other 
galleries and parts of the nest, it becomes exposed and 
moves slowly; it is again larger to-day. I cannot see the 
other arion larva anywhere, but there are many places to 
hide in in the earth nest.” 

On August 13th Mr. Donisthorpe received two more 
larva, perhaps not so fresh as might be desirable; he notes 
that he introduced one larva into a scabrinodis nest, not 
much attention was paid to it. It crawled about in the 
light-chamber and climbed up the side; still on the wall at 
one o'clock. 

Another nest of scabrinodis on same date had the other 
larva introduced into light-chamber. Great attention 
paid by one % (larva swells in front, as described by Dr. 
Chapman). One o’clock, larva still attended by the one 
% in same place. 

August 16th he says: “ To-day both are dead, the one 
looks as if the ants had killed it and sucked the body dry; 
all went well at first, and they lived in the colonies for two 
days.” 

Later he sent me the dead larvae, saying: “The one I 
think died, it never went out of the first (light, dry) cham- 
ber; very little attention was paid to it. The other I 
believe was killed and sucked dry, at least it looks like it. 
It was taken a great deal of notice of; yesterday it was 
dead in the last (dark, damp) chamber.” 

Mr. Donisthorpe sent me these dead larvae. 

The appearance of the larvae, dried up as they were, 
certainly bore out Mr. Donisthorpe’s conclusions; but on 
soaking and macerating them, they both appeared to have 


outline of the Infe History of Lycaena arion. 301 


the skin equally intact. The probable cause of the differ- 
ence of appearance is that the larvae both died from ex- 
haustion, from not reaching the ants’ nests (and brood) 
soon enough; the one that died outside the nest, 7. e. in 
(light, dry) chamber, which the ants treat as not in the nest, 
looking there for food and depositing their debris, was 
never meddled with by the ants; the other, rather less 
exhausted, did reach the nest, but too late, and, dying in 
the nest, was examined and moved about by the ants, and 
being limp and inelastic, preserved the impressions of their 
jaws, without having been injured by them. The point is 
interesting, as bearing on the question as to whether the 
M. scabrinodis may be inimical to the larvae of arion in 
any particular circumstances. 

“ August 16th.—The old one in the earth nest is well 
and larger and in usual spot. 

“ August 18th.—Larva still larger, in other side of big 
chamber. 

“ August 19th.—Yesterday the larva was in the large 
chamber in the earth nest, and was considerably larger. I 
measured it by putting my micro. mm. slide on the glass 
above it, and it was a little over 5 mm., and broad in pro- 
portion. ‘To-day I can’t see or find it; it is not in the box 
outside the nest, as I have searched every corner and swept 
up every grain of sand or remains of insects cast out by 
the ants and examined it with a lens. 

“What can have become of it? Can it have burrowed 
into the earth? I take it, the ants would not have de- 
stroyed it after it had been in the nest for fourteen days. 

“ August 3lst.—I have not seen my larva since; I look 
every day. I believe its food in great part was the drop- 
pings and pellets of the ants. I never saw it feeding on 
the brood, but it was often apparently eating on the floor 
of the nest. This is (as I proved, see Ent. Rec., vol. 24, 
p. 39-6, 1912) the food of the larva of the fly Microdon 
mutabilis. 

“September 14th.—I have not seen my larva again, nor 
have I found its body or parts of it.” 

These observations of Mr. Donisthorpe’s suggest one or 
two points worth discussion. The most important is as 
to the surmise that the larva hides for the winter in loose 
earth in or near the nest. As my plaster nests were devoid 
of earth, they afforded no facts bearing on such a point, 
but my most successful larva was much larger and older 


302 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations completing an 


than Mr. Donisthorpe’s when it died, so that the theory 
looks very doubtful, but cannot be simply dismissed. If 
the theory be correct, this larva may again appear. 

The other point is as to the food. Since my larvae eat 
the larvae of the ants, it seems unlikely that they would 
eat the droppings and pellets of the ants. Nothing in the 
behaviour of my specimens gave any confirmation to such 
an idea. I think it probable that Mr. Donisthorpe, who 
is, perhaps, not very familiar with the ways of Lycaenid 
larvae, was deceived by the slow to and fro lateral move- 
ments of the front and head of the larva, as it marches 
with dignified deliberation. The movement means prob- 
ably making a silken ladder, and also perhaps is explora- 
tory ; at any rate, it is not very different to the movements 
of a slug or snail when eating growths on the surface of a 
tree or paling. In the case of the Lycaenid larva, however, 
it has nothing to do with actual feeding. 

My own notes and observations follow. 

August 2nd.—Placed a larva on nest of D. flava; it 
shortly found an opening and disappeared downwards. 

August 3rd.—Another larva to-day did precisely the 
same as the one yesterday. 

August 4th.—Took two larvae to Mr. Donisthorpe, which 
were placed in an observation nest of M. scabrinodis (see 
Mr. Donisthorpe’s notes above), and brought home a nest 
each of M. scabrinodis and M. s. var. sabuleti, in plaster 
nests. 

August 5th.—Placed a larva in each of the nests noted 
yesterday ; the ants paid a little vague attention to them, 
but seemed neither pleased nor displeased with them, nor 
were they seen to get any “ honey.” . 

August 8th—Failed to see a larva in either nest, and 
one at least was very completely scrutinised. 

August 10th.—Mr. Donisthorpe reports one of the larvae 
in his nest to be quite at home amongst the brood, and to 
be “ distinctly larger.” 

Amongst the debris from the nests found remains of an 
arion larva, shrivelled but not apparently injured. 

August 12th—Placed two larvae of arion in the plaster 
nest of M. scabrinodis var. sabuleti, one in what may be 
called the approach to the nest, the other in a central 
position at the moment unoccupied. The one in the 
approach, after a pause, began to travel slowly, and by 
what one can hardly suppose to be other than accident 


outline of the Infe History of Lycaena arion. 303 


went directly towards the opening to the next (more central) 
compartment, though it is, of course, possible the route 
followed by the ants had left some impression of the correct 
road. It finally got into the next compartment and ad- 
vanced some 20 mm. therein. This journey did not take 

very long, and in the course of it various ants walked past 
it and over it, paying it no attention. At length one ant 
seemed interested, examined it, went round it and examined 
it with its antennae with care, the process occupying 
several minutes; at length it addressed itself to the honey- 


gland region in the orthodox way, standing behind and 


tapping the sides of the larva with its antennae, then 
passing its mouth over the last segments of the larva nearly 
everywhere, as if expecting something not very clear to it, 
and finally seemed to steady at the honey-gland, which it 
had previously passed over unavailingly, but which now 
obviously afforded something. On a further dealing with 
the larva, the latter bunched itself up in an attitude I had 
not previously seen ; the ant then let it alone, but returning, 
the ant antennaed the larva variously, and the latter again 
bunched itself up—the head much retracted underneath, 
the thoracic segments swollen up, and the segments behigd 
very attenuated, giving the larva a decided approach to 
the well-known outline of a Buprestid larva. I had never 
seen any approach to this form before, either in this or any 
other Lycaenid larva. In a few seconds, whilst I was 
matvelling over the matter, the ant passed its jaws over it 
in various directions, and seemed quickly to find the right 
place, picked it up by somewhere about the second ab- 
dominal segment, directly over the dorsum, and, the larva 
remaining in its curious attitude, carried it, as it would 
an ant larva or pupa, right away to the inhabited portion 
of the nest. The other larva wandered about a little, like 
the other unnoticed by the ants; but whilst I have been 
writing this note it has disappeared, and as the distance to 
cover was more than it could cover in the interval, it must 
have been carried off like the first one. © 
Later I placed a larva in a plaster nest of M. scabrinodis ; 

after some minutes of neglect, the larva was in the outer 
chamber, an ant became much interested, and milked the 
larva over and over again. The process was curious: the 
larva would be walking along and the ant examining it, 
then the ant specially attended to the honey region, and, 
stationed usually behind the larva, it tapped it towards 


304 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations completing an 


either side with its antennae and advanced its head over 
the gland; the larva would then stop walking, retreat its 
head under the metathorax, and open rather widely the 
6th to 7th abdominal incision, to a breadth dorsally of 
nearly half a segment width, diminishing to either side, an 
area conspicuous by being devoid of hairs or stellate hair- 
bases. For some seconds the larva and ant would be 
apparently motionless, the ant no doubt receiving honey. 
On the first approach to this position a definite drop of 
fluid was visible over the honey-gland just as the ant 
approached it, when it at once disappeared. After some 
seconds the ant left the larva, and seemed to have a deal 
of cleaning of its legs and antennae to do; the larva at 
once protruded its head and began to walk. Shortly the 
ant took several walks round the larva, then approached 
and went through the same process, and this was repeated 
half a dozen times, except on the first occasion no drop of 
fluid was seen, but after each occasion the ant did much 
cleaning, though there seemed no possibility of the honey 
or anything else having messed it. Then the carrying 
process was begun, in what precise way the ant instructed 
tae larva was not clear, but it assumed the bunched atti- 
tude; this consists, as was more clearly seen on this occa- 
sion, in the larva swelling up the meso- and meta-thorax, 
and so depressing the prothorax forwards as to make the 
prothoracic plate face almost ventrally, instead of dorsally. 
The incisions, meso-metathoracic and metathorax—lst 
abdominal—were in this process widely opened, showing 
their smooth areas, and the remaining abdominal segments 
shrunk. This particular ant did not seem to quite under- 
stand its business ; after several attempts it seized the larva 
by the meso-meta incision and carried the larva half an 
inch, but the process seemed uncomfortable, at least to 
the larva, which did not fully retain the bunched attitude, 
and the ant let it drop. The ant after an interval again 
milked the larva, and again got the larva to bunch, but 
failed to get hold of it properly, and finally walked off. A 
quarter of an hour later the larva was still walking about, 
but after a further twenty minutes had disappeared and 
was detected in the thick of the nest amongst ants and 
larvae. This nest has young larvae, but not any eggs to 
be seen. 

August 14th——One of the larvae in the sabuleti nest is 
obviously larger than it was, or than any larva just quit- 


outline of the Life History of Lycaena arion. 305 


ting the thyme. The larvae in both nests walk about in 
their leisurely way, when the ants are induced to leave the 
crowded spots where they happen to be; but usually when 
the nest is first looked at on removing the screen they are 
not easily seen, and are hidden amongst the crowded 
patches of ants and brood; the ants seem to take no more 
notice of them than they do of each other. 

August 15th—The largest larva appears to be still 
larger, certainly more than twice the bulk of its first 
dimensions, and quite 1 mm. longer. 

August 15th.—The largest larva with WM. scabrinodis var. 
sabuleti measures 5°0 mm.; having come up to the glass he 
was easily measured; he was equally increased in height 
and width, and looked decidedly paler than when small. 

In regard to the carrying in of the larva to the nest by 
the ant, the question arises as to whether the ant or the 
larva gives the actual signal for the portage. My own 
impression is that the initiative lies with the ant. In the 
preliminary process of milking, if the ant walks over the 
larva, it slows, but hardly stops walking, but as soon as 
the ant taps with its antennae for milk, and afterwards 
whilst the mouth of the ant is applied to the gland, the 
larva rests quite quiet, with its head retracted; the moment 
the ant withdraws, the larva extrudes its head and begins 
walking. As the time for portage arrives, the ant taps 
the larva more forwards, but not, so far as I noticed, very 
differently to what it had done before, and then the larva 
takes the attitude for being carried. In one case, the ant, 
from the attitude of sucking the honey, made a little gallop 
forwards several times, and it was after one of these that 
the attitude for being carried was assumed. On another 
occasion, when the ant made no very special forward 
movement, the larva assumed the special attitude, to 
which the ant paid no attention; it seemed probable that 
the ant had inadvertently done something that the larva 
took to be the expected signal, but the ant had clearly not 
reached that stage in the negotiations. Were it the larva 
that gave the signal, then the ant ought to have responded 
whether quite ready or not. 

August 17th.—-After frequently watching the larvae in 
the nest; all of them have grown more or less, the largest 
is over 5 and probably nearly 6 mm. long; the impression 
is received that the ants pay no attention whatever to the 
larvae; when they meet them they walk over them, never 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS III, IV. (JUNE) X 


306 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations completing an 


appear to hold any communication with them, as they 
frequently do with each other when they meet. If the 
amount of watching has been sufficient, it would follow 
that the ants do not feed the larvae, but that the latter 
forage for themselves ; there is nothing for them to find for 
themselves but the eggs and larvae of the ants, and con- 
sidering that when older they eat the larvae, it seems 
tolerably certain that at this stage they feed on the young 
brood of the ants. 

August 19th—-The largest larva is now 6 mm. long, 
stout in proportion, and of a fine translucent flesh-colour. 
I succeeded in establishing an observation nest of D. flava 
some days ago, but of a very amateurish structure; still 
it 7s an observation nest. I placed in it two larvae of 
L. arion, but they were, I feared, not sufficiently fresh. I 
have not since been able to discover any trace of them 
alive or dead. I hardly think either of them can possibly 
be there, but if this be so, I feel unable to decide whether 
the larvae were past a condition to succeed anywhere, or 
whether the flava were inhospitable. The pacific nature 
of D. flava in one respect struck me : they readily accepted 
queens picked up superficially on another nest, and sup- 
posed to be new queens of the season as yet unprovided 
for; but further, ants from another nest added to them 
were fraternised with, with hardly a question asked. 

August 25th.—Larvae have been growing. At present 
there is in var. sabuleti nest a large larva 6-5 mm. long, and 
a smaller nearly 5:0 mm., and in the scabrinodis nest one 
nearly 6°0 mm. long; they are fond of resting on the sides 
of the compartments away from the ants. The ants run 
over them without paying them any attention, and I have 
not seen one milked. 

August 26th.—The larvae do not look so well, especially 
the one in scabrinodis looks dirty and hardly so large. The 
others are a little dirty, seem less inclined to mix with the 
ants, 7.e. are more often seen separate from the ants, by 
themselves, in the middle of a compartment or on a 
slope. 

August 28th.—The scabrinodis larva looks bad, decidedly 
shrunken, little over 4:0 mm. long. The others much as at 
last note. 

August 29th.—The scabrinodis larva is found dead, rather 
dried and nearly divided into two. The sabuleti ones don’t 
somehow look flourishing, but are of about the same size as 


outline of the Infe History of Lycaena arion. 307 


noted on 25th. The smaller one is indeed rather larger, 
about 6°0 mm. long, it has some dark material over last 
segment or two, almost suggesting it had been bitten by 
ants and exudation had dried; the larger one has retreated 
into a small recess (opening prepared for communication 
with exterior) and has not moved since yesterday, whether 
ants are with it or not; it has a certain amount of dark 
incrustation (of dirt 2). 

29th.—Afternoon. The smaller larva is amongst the 
ants and moving about amongst them, apparently quite 
at home. 

The present conditions suggest that at the stage the larvae 
have now reached they may have a habit of hiding amongst 
the looser materials in or over the nest, not, of course, 
afforded in these plaster nests, and feed less frequently 
(not at all till spring ?), and do not associate so freely with 
the ants. At the recent rate of growth they would be 
full-fed in a few weeks more, yet probably naturally there 
is not from about this season onwards any excess of brood 
on which they could feed. 

August 30th.—The dead scabrinodis larva, after a little 
soaking, expanded to nearly 8 mm., and looked very like 
it did when last seen looking well in the nest. It proved 
to have been cut into, but none of the interior had been 
eaten ; the shrinking may have been due to desiccation or 
to the ants sucking the fluids; the honey-gland region 
looked healthy and uninjured, but over much of the larva 
were little hard black patches and spots that seemed to be 
the same as a (fungus?) disease that attacks larvae, and 
has frequently done so in larvae I have reared; the larvae 
when dead are often found to be very hard and solid 
throughout. 

The largest sabuleti larva is found dead this morning in 
the nest, close by the recess in which it was noted yesterday 
as sheltering. It measured just over 7°0 mm., but looked 
a little shrunken, and its living length was probably 8 to 
9 mm. It was apparently wounded (post-mortem?) in 
the honey-gland region. The cause of death appeared to 
be the black mark disease, of which spots were on most 
segments, but largely affected the 2nd thoracic and Ist 
and 2nd abdominal, the two latter being affected over 
nearly the whole dorsum. 

The gut extracted from this specimen showed some 
accumulated material near the posterior end. It presented 


308 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations completing an 


no recognisable or organised material, unless one so accept 
some globules apparently of fat. 

The remaining (sabuletz) larva, originally the smaller, is 
amongst the ants and brood and looks healthy, unless a 
blackness of the segments behind the honey-gland (possibly 
dirt) mean black-spot disease. It is about 9:0 mm. long, 
possibly 10:0; it does not happen to pose well for accurate 
measurement. Happening a little later to find the larva 
in a more convenient position, find it measures rather over 
9°0 mm. 

September 2nd.—Observed that the larva in sabuleti 
nest (the only one remaining) appeared to have voided 
some “frass.”” It was black, small in size, but of the 
ordinary form of lepidopterous “frass.” It was rather 
soft. When put on a slide, pressed down and examined 
by microscope, it was seen to contain hairs, bits of cuticle 
and other portions of ant larvae or pupae, apparently by 
no means small ones. The larva was measured with 
approximate accuracy as 7°8 mm. long, 2°8 high, 3:0 wide; 
it looks clean and healthy except the “ dirt ” (or whatever 
it is) on the dorsum of 9th and 10th segments. 

Amongst the ant material of the “ frass ’’ were also seen 
two jaws of ant larvae. 

September 6th.—Examined two (one noted under dates 
August 2nd and 4th) nests (artificial) of D. flava into which 
larvae of arion had been introduced, and found no trace 
of them; this, however, goes for little, as both nests were 
defective—one without any brood and the other hardly 
established when the larvae were introduced. The observa- 
tion only amounts to a failure to show that arzon can reside 
with D. flava, and in no way shows that it cannot. 

September 8th.—Happened to notice, as I had done on 
previous occasions, that the M. sabuleti placed the debris 
of their nest on a slip of glass used as a tray on which to 
provide them with sugar; it occurred to me, as it ought 
to have done before, that this debris might contain faeces 
of the Z. arion larva. On examining the debris found that 
there were some items very like the faeces already reported 
on, viz. small dark-coloured objects about 0°6 mm. long, 
at first glance cylindrical, but on closer observation seen 
to consist of two nearly spherical masses closely pressed 
together. (The original deposit had this duplex character.) 
One of these placed on a slide and examined under a low 
power was seen to consist largely of hairs of the ant larvae, 


outline of the Life History of Lycaena arion. 309 


and a second specimen was identical. The double pellets 
easily resolved themselves into two single ones when 
handled, and about two dozen of these single pellets were 
retrieved. 

The glass had been put into the nest clean on September 
6th. 

A specimen contained jaws of ant larvae. 

September 9th.—The ant midden was found this morn- 
ing to contain nine of the rounded pellets of arion’s dejecta ; 
they contained several jaws, etc.; in one case the two jaws 
were still connected together by portions of the head. In 
all the examples mounted the hairs are often, perhaps 
usually, connected, a few together, by portions of the 
larval skin of the ant, as was not the case with the 
specimens from the spring (wild) larva. 

I have never succeeded in seeing the larva eating, but 
the form of the rooms of the nest, with the Lycaenid habit 
of carrying the head withdrawn under the prothorax, 
make such an observation difficult, if indeed possible. 
The larva very usually has a position, with the head against 
the little mass of brood, and itself amongst the ants sur- 
rounding it. I say little mass of brood because there are 
not a great many larvae and pupae, the nest not being 
strong and the arion largely depleting them, of course. 
At other times the arion larva is, say, anywhere, owing 
probably to the ants not unfrequently changing the posi- 
tion of the brood nest, in accordance, I imagine, with the 
failure of my efforts to maintain for them a uniform damp- 
ness, and with my so frequently disturbing them for 
observation. 

September 13th.—The larva has not been so well for a 
few days, has more lines of dirt (?) on it, and to-day only 
one small (supposed) faecal deposit is found. 

September 14th.—Larva lies this morning on its side, 
dead, very little shrunk, no cause of death obvious except 
the black lines suggesting fungus disease. No deposits 
this morning. 

After this date nothing at all resembling the arion 
excreta have been found in either nest. It occurred to 
me that it might be suggested that the ants, perchance, 
tore up the larval skins when they were cast, on change to 
pupa, and carried them out mixed with some soft material 
to the midden, and that the arion excreta were really 
ordinary ant products. Both before and after the death 


310 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations completing an 


of the last larva, I examined the midden materials and 
found therein the cast skins of the ants, shrivelled and a 
little dirty, but otherwise sound and intact. One of these 
skins is shown in photograph on Plate XLIX, fig. 2. 

The last excretum of arion (only one) was found on the 
day preceding its death. I feel no doubt that these were 
really the excreta of the butterfly larva. The ants did 
not feed the larva, and its rapid growth could not possibly 
be accounted for, if it fed on the ants’ droppings, which 
were, however, always plentiful enough in the midden, as 
small oval pellets usually black but sometimes pale and 
less than half the diameter of the arion pellets. In the 
midden section of the nest the plaster was disfigured by 
many small black spots, apparently excreta of some sort 
of the ants, but the living portion of the nest was almost 
free from any such disfigurement. By making errors in 
keeping the nest properly moist or dry, one forced the ants 
to change their residence from one cell to another, and at 
the same time confused them as to which place was properly 
the midden. 

On Plate XLVIII I have placed photographs of portions 
of slides of the arion faeces, which show the very largest 
portion of ant larval skin I could find; usually the portions 
are small, so as only to have a few hairs in each, much as 
shown on Plate XLVI. 

Those larvae that died and whose interiors I examined 
had, practically, no intestinal contents. The larva taken 
in spring had the intestine rather loaded, which led me to 
believe that it voided no excreta whilst living with the 
ants. This is obviously not the case with the larva in 
autumn, though it continues probable that it is so in 
spring. 

Both my larvae and Mr. Donisthorpe’s fed up in four or 
five weeks to a length of from 7 to 9mm. If this be com- 
pared with the size of the larva in May, the difference is 
not very great, and the extra growth was probably all 
made in spring. At any rate from September to May the 
larva grows comparatively slowly, and probably is quiescent 
for most of the time. Whatever was the immediate cause 
of death of my larvae, it seems not unhkely that the true 
one was that the plaster nests afforded no proper shelter 
for this purpose. Against this is the fact that my last 
larva fed fairly freely up to a day or two before its death. 

The facts here reported give us in any case a fairly com- 


outline of the Infe History of Lycaena arion. 311 


plete view of the life of the larva of Z. arion in its last 
instar, which has been such a puzzle and mystery to us all 
for so many years. They are so remarkable, as in some 
degree to explain why they have so long resisted our 
eflorts to observe them. 

The interview of the larva with the ant (Myrmica) is 
not unlike in its first stages that of an ant with any other 
larva of a blue that has a honey-gland. But its culmina- 
tion in the ant carrying the larva into the nest is not only 
remarkable as a simple fact, but the extraordinary change 
of form which the larva assumes during the process is 
astonishing. 

I have long been of opinion that the ants collect the 
larvae of P. argyrognomon and A. coridon (and no doubt of 
other species) and carry them to special plants on or close to 
their own nests; but, so far as I know, no one has seen the 
actual transfer take place, so that one cannot say that 
these larvae when so carried do not behave in the remark- 
able manner observed in L. arion. 

When the larva is in the ants’ nest, it appears to have 
no protection against the ants of any sort. The ants 
appear to be entirely neutral towards it, paying no 
attention whatever to its presence either in a friendly or 
inimical way. 

When the ants were undisturbed, either by exposure to 
light during observation, or by undue variations of mois- 
ture, they were always in little crowds over their brood, 
and the larva of arvon almost always had a place amongst 
these with its head directed towards the brood. That the 
ants should be so indifferent to its presence whilst it was 
devouring their brood is difficult to understand, the more 
so that I never saw any ant obtaining “ honey” from it, 
or apparently examining it with that object. This must, 
however, be taken cum grano, because when the ants (and 
larva) were under observation the intrusion of light into 
the nest of course interfered with the natural and usual 
behaviour both of larva and ants. 

I have a natural nest of Myrmica laevinodis supplied 
with four larvae of L. arion; whether an examination of 
this by and bye will add to my knowledge remains to be 
seen, but I am not very hopeful. 

Of further points in the life-history of L. arion that have 
still to be discovered the most interesting and obvious are, 
perhaps, the question as to what species of ants, beyond 


312 Dr, T. A. Chapman on Life History of Lycaena arion. 


the two or three species of Myrmica which we know to 
welcome it, afford habitats for its larva in their nests, and 
what are the species which it is unable to quarter itself 
upon, and, as a second point, whether the larva passes the 
winter in close association with the ants, or finds a more or 
less separate apartment in which to spend the period in 
which it is more or less dormant and does little or no 
feeding. 


EXPLANATION OF Piates XLVII-XLIX. 
PLATE XLVII. 


Two photographs of portions of faeces of L. arion larva (Sept. 2, 
1915) x 46. 


PLATE XLVIII. 


Two portions of arion faeces. These were selected as showing 
the largest portions of the skin of the ant larva in one piece ; generally 
they are in small portions, as in Plate XLIX x 45. 


PLATE XLIX. 


Shows, fig. 1, another portion of arion faeces, the bits of ant 
larva being small x 45; fig. 2, a cast larva skin of the ant, such as 
were easily found in the debris of the ant midden x 35. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XL VII. 


is “ oes ro s fers. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. ° Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


FAECES OF L. ARION LARVA x 45. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XLVIII. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


TWO EXAMPLES OF ANT LARVA HAIRS FROM FAECES OF 
ARION LARVA x 45. 


ae 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XLIX. 


— - = 


¥ ee 


ey 


Photo, F. N. Clark and A ioe Tonge. 


Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


FAECES OF ARION LARVA, AND CAST SKIN OF MYRMICA 
LARVA. 


OHBTB i} 


XII. Purther observations on the last stage of the larva of 
Lycaena arion. By F. W. Frouawk, M.B.0.U., 
F.ES. 


[Read October 6th, 1915.] 


Pratres i> GI: 


Tue following notes on the observations I have been 
enabled to carry out under natural conditions, are entirely 
due to the unlimited assistance which my friend Capt. 
Purefoy has most kindly accorded me, by his very elaborate 
and successful experiments carried out in the establishment 
of a large collection of ants’ nests, most carefully trans- 
planted in his garden at East Farleigh, Kent. I may here 
state that the bulk of the nests comprise chiefly a common 
garden ant (Myrmica laevinodis) and the small yellow species 
Donisthorpea flava. All the nests were transplanted last 
April, so that when the experiments with ZL. arion were 
started last August, both the nests and the whole of the 
growth (consisting of wild thyme, Lotus corniculatus, etc.) 
covering and surrounding the nests were thoroughly 
established. These ant nurseries, as I may term them, are 
absolutely in a natural condition for observation purposes, 
which adds vastly to the interest of such research. Before 
recording our observations, I should here wish to express 
my sincere thanks to Capt. Purefoy for his kindness, and 
also to Miss Ley, who has rendered invaluable help by her 
untiring patience as an observer, as well as for her expert 
management with the earlier stages of this remarkable 
butterfly. 

The first important and very interesting news respecting 
L. arion I received from Capt. Purefoy in a letter written on 
August 9, stating he had seen at 5 p.m. the day before, a 
laevinodis, who had milked the larva several times, suddenly 
seize it bodily and rush off with it. After this good news 
Tarrived at Hast Farleigh on August 13 when Capt. Purefoy, 
Miss Ley and myself made some very interesting obser- 
vations that evening and again the following morning, 
during which time we turned down four arion larvae, 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS IN, IV. (JUNE) 


314 Mr. F. W. Frohawk’s Further Observations on 


which had just passed through their third and last moult 
ready for entering their new and remarkable mode of 
existence. 

At 4.45 p.m. (August 13) we placed No. 1 larva on the 
ground, which was partly cleared of growth, near the ants’ 
nest ; it wandered slowly about and was found by one of the 
ants (laevinodis) at 5.50. The ant at once milked the larva 
and remained with it until 6.30, when it seized the larva 
and carried it off to one of the main entrances of its nest, 
where three other larvae had been previously taken during 
the past few days by laevinodis, which Capt. Purefoy had 
seen. 

No. 2 larva was put down near the spot where No. | was 
placed. No. 2 was found by a laevinodis just after 6.30, 
and was carried off at 7.30 to the same main entrance; 1t 
was at first taken down the mouth of a small passage 
adjoining, but the ant reappeared, backing out with the 
larva, and continued its backward career down the main 
entrance carrying the larva, while two other ants at the 
entrance saluted them as they passed by, immediately 
before disappearing down the tunnel. 

No. 3 larva we turned down at 11 a.m., August 14. 
This was placed on another bed of nests; it was shortly 
afterwards found by a laevinodis, in full sunshine, and 
carried off to one of the nest entrances at 11.30. This 
particular larva hunched itself four times before being 
seized by the ant. 

No. 4 larva was put down (close to the spot where No. 3 
was found by the ant) at 12.35, a laevinodis found it in 
eight minutes and carried it off to the centre of its nest, 
covered with thyme, etc., at 1.5 p.m. 

In each case all four larvae and ants behaved precisely 
similar, except No. 3 larva, which signalled four times. 
The individual ant which first finds the larva is always the 
one to seize and carry it off. Although during its attend- 
ance several other ants may find the larva and stay by it 
a short time, and even milk it, they soon leave it to its 
original attendant, who apparently informs them that their 
services are not needed. 

Whether the ant signals to the larva for it to prepare 
itself for transit, or the larva gives the ant the signal that 
it is ready to be taken, seems doubtful; but from what we 
have seen both Capt. Purefoy and I are inclined to think 
that the larva gives the signal. No. 3 larva alluded to 


the last stage of the larva of Lycaena arion. 315 


hunched itself both the second and third time while the 
ant was about an inch away and facing an opposite direc- 
tion, and at the fourth hunching up the ant was standing 
over the larva ready for the signal, and when this was given 
it was quickly seized and carried. 

Capt. Purefoy tells me that in every case—numbering 
as many as eighty-two—the ant which first finds the larva 
is the one that carries it away, as witnessed by either Miss 
Ley or himself. 

Only yesterday, October 5, I again visited the ants’ 
nurseries at East Farleigh, when we carried out further 
very interesting observations, by so doing bringing them 
up to date. 

Upon removing part of the side of a large nest of laevinodis 
in which we had previously seen larvae taken, we found no 
fewer than six very healthy arion larvae, varying in size 
from about 6 mm. to 8 mm. These were fairly equally 
distributed over a space of about eight inches on the same 
level, and about five inches below the surface. Five were 
quietly resting in the larger galleries of the nest, each 
apparently in its selected chamber, as we found the surface 
upon which they rested to be finely carpeted with a slight 
layer of silk. The sixth larva was amongst a brood of 
laevinodis larvae and had several ants in attendance; it was 
then apparently in its dining-room. It is probable that 
they rest in certain selected parts of the more spacious 
galleries to which they return after each meal, but this 
of course remains to be ascertained. 

From observations we have made it appears highly 
probable that the little yellow ant (Donisthorpea flava) is 
an unsuitable host, and that it is incapable of carrying 
off such a comparatively bulky burden as the larva of 
L. arion. 

During August last I placed as many as seven arion 
larvae just after moulting, on a natural nest of D. flava 
established in a large flower-pot; these all entered the nest 
by themselves, they were not carried by the ants, although 
they were milked by them. A month after the last had 
entered, I very carefully searched every particle of the nest 
without finding any trace of the larvae. The nest con- 
tained broods of flava larvae, and it was impossible for the 
arion to have escaped from the nest. 

If D. flava proves to be, as I firmly believe it will, an 
unsuitable host for L. arion, it explains the cause of failure 


316 Mr. F. W. Frohawk on the larva of Lycaena arion. 


in finding arion larvae in the great number of flava nests 
I have from time to time searched in the Cornish habitat 
of this butterfly, although Z. arion in a wild state freely 
deposits on the thyme growing on the nest mounds of 
this small yellow ant. 


EXPLANATION OF Puiates L, LI. 


Puate L. Myrmica laevinodis and larva of Lycaena arion. 


A. Larva in normal attitude. 

B. Larva hunched ready to be carried. 

Myrmica laevinodis about to seize larva. 

(After rough sketches from life, 6.30 p.m. August 13, 1915.) 


Pirate LI. 


Myrmica laevinodis carrying larva to its nest. 
(After rough sketch from life, 11.30 a.m., August 14, 1915.) 


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XIV. Experiments on some Carnivorous Insects, especially 
the Driver Ant Dorylus; and with butterflies’ eggs 
as prey. By C. F. M. Swynnerron, F.L.S., F.E.S. 


[Read May 5th, 1915.] 


I HAVE experimented at one time or another during the 
past few years in the food-preferences of various carni- 
vorous insects. I include in the present paper only my 
experiments on driver-ants, and those in which insects’ 
eggs were used as prey. 

The driver-ants employed were Dorylus (Anomma) 
nigricans, Illig., var. molestus, Gerst., abundant on and 
about Mount Chirinda in §.E. Rhodesia. In the wet 
season (November to April) the collector comes across 
columns of them, particularly in dense forest, where the 
first intimation of their presence very frequently consists 
in sudden sharp bites all over his legs—or hers; for on 
two or three occasions some lady whom I have been escort- 
ing through Chirinda has disappeared suddenly into the 
undergrowth, and I have myself had to seek out some 
suitable spot further on in which to await her. I say 
“suitable” advisedly, for once, while striving to free 
myself of the intruders, I found them literally swarming 
all over me, and realised too late that in my haste I had 
sat down to search for them in another part of the same 
highly populous column. 

The main column sometimes marches as many as twelve 
or fourteen abreast: I do not of course mean to imply 
that the ants are in definite lines. It is margined on 
each side, however, by a line, serried or broken, of grenadier- 
sized guards, each facing outwards with great uplifted 
mandibles or patrolling about on the flanks. Within 
the column there is usually a current in both directions, 
but very commonly mainly in one; and smaller “loop” 
columns help to prevent congestion and to serve, appar- 
ently, other special purposes. Over a foot, or, it may be, 
much more, of the ground on each side wander scattered 
stragglers that seize on any potential prey, from a minute 
beetle to a cow, that is so foolhardy as to approach them, 
and, aided, when struggling attracts attention, by the 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS III, IV. (JUNE) 


318 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


other ants near, drag it (if they can) into one of the columns. 
It is these stragglers that, in my particular experience, are 
the more frequent mark of the fly, the habits of which have 
been described by Mr. W. A. Lamborn (Proc. Ent. Soc., 
1913, exxill—-cxxviil). 

Following the column, as it winds through the forest 
or over the grass-country, we may at last come to a place 
where the ants are scattered in hundreds of thousands 
everywhere, and are definitely searching—all over the 
ground, up the grass-stems, and up, sometimes for some 
distance, even the stems of trees. It is under these circum- 
stances that I have on a few occasions, with insects abund- 
ant, been so fortunate as to witness the scene that Thomas 
Belt described so graphically, in connection with Eciton 
predator, in his fascinating ‘ Naturalist in Nicaragua ”— 
the seizure of the fleeing insects, the eventual overpowering 
of even grasshoppers, the clustering of the prey on the 
tops of the herbs and grasses, and its drop into the thick 
of the ants below when approached by those that climbed 
after it, and the escape by suspension of spiders and larvae. 
I have also on a few occasions watched birds attending 
Dorylus, as Belt says they attend Hciton, to rob stragglers 
of their prey, and for the sake of the flying and hopping 
insects flushed by the ants. Some of the birds on occasion 
eat the ants themselves. In my experiments on many 
species of insectivorous birds I found that some ate ants 
generally, including Dorylus, far more readily than others. 
Of these others some showed a strong repugnance to them, 
and it is doubtless in relation to this latter class of enemy 
that ant-mimicry finds its main use. Yet even the birds 
that prey on ants show caution in attacking Derylus in 
column, merely (in my observations) dropping down to 
stragglers and hastily returning to their perch. 

Ants of other species become very uneasy when drivers 
are near, and the carrying out of the contents of their 
nurseries by those that inhabit my verandah posts has 
often been a warning of the necessity for putting on pots 
upon pots of water to boil. Not that it is with anything 
but reluctance that one pours boiling water on these 
animals, so useful when they confine themselves to the 
Kaffirs’ quarters, the kitchen, and the kitchen garden. 
But it is unpleasant to have to turn out at a moment’s 
notice, at night, oneself; and, in my case, numerous live 
birds in cages in the verandah had to be protected from 


on some Carnivorous Insects. 319 


an enemy that would have made short work of them. 
How short, is suggested by the following incident. Some 
years ago (1902-3) three goats died under circumstances 
that suggested meat hunger on the part of my Kaffirs. 
Not to gratify them, I pretended to poison the carcases 
(using only salt, however), and placed them out in a lonely 
part of the Chirinda forest ‘‘ to kill wild beasts.”” I might 
have spared even the salt, for they speedily became pro- 
tected against the most venturesome native—or “ wild 
beast ’’—by a dense, black, seething mass of “ Idunga.”’ 
They remained so for only a very few days. ‘Then the 
ants resumed their more normal avocations, and left three 
skeletons behind them. It sometimes happens too that 
great stampeding is heard in the kraal or shed at night 
amongst whatever animals are enclosed in it, and, going 
out gun in hand, expecting perhaps to find that leopards 
have broken in or that hons are trying to make the animals 
break out, one finds the place full of—drivers. 

I have on one or two occasions found quantities of 
chitinous débris—of millipedes, grasshoppers, beetles and 
other animals—mixed with earth in a heap outside what 
seems to be, at any rate, as near an approach to a per- 
manent habitation as these ants employ; and once, in 
my garden, my foot suddenly went through and revealed 
a hole, perhaps eighteen inches deep, which was full of 
the driver-ants, though, it being in the dry season, it was 
long since I had seen them about. I could hardly have 
investigated properly without cyaniding them, and I did 
not wish to lose the protectors of my garden; but the 
discovery, and the fact that on several subsequent occasions 
I found them still there, suggested that they do possess 
headquarters and occupy them for prolonged periods. 

It struck me early in 1911, when Dorylus was specially 
active in the neighbourhood of my house, that it would be 
interesting to ascertain whether any non-flying insects are 
protected from these marauders. I accordingly carried 
out the experiments I shall describe first. Two years 
later I carried out the experiments with butterflies’ eggs. 

I had found, in the numerous experiments on many 
insect-enemies in which I had used adult insects as prey, 
that not only do differences in acceptability exist, some 
species being obstinately refused while other species are 
eagerly eaten, but that the finest gradation exists between 
those insects (Z) that are only accepted when the enemy 


320 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Haperiments 


is hungry, though Y, X, W, etc., refused in turn as he 
fills up, to the few species (A) that are regularly eaten by 
him at all stages right up to repletion-point. 

This fine grading in degrees of palatability was un- 
expected—though Mr. Marshall’s experiments had shown 
that some grades might be looked for—and, starting with a 
bias in favour of the “ palatability” of most Nymphalinae 
and Pierinae, I at first fought against it; but I could not 
long withstand the combined testimony of every animal I 
experimented on. 

Fine gradation in palatability granted, with its corollary 
that few species are at all times acceptable to all their 
enemies, it was interesting to note its theoretical bearing. 
This seemed to be, that there are probably few species 
that do not sometimes require to be distinguished by an 
enemy from such other species (or, an important and highly 
explanatory consideration, from their own parent form) 
as are at the moment acceptable to him. ‘The selective 
factors would be the unmistaken refusals and the mistaken 
attacks of enemies, adult and otherwise (for I find that 
even the former go on all their lives making numerous 
mistakes and that they also tend to test specially anything 
of unusual appearance). 

Yet distinctiveness and diversity are nearly as marked 
in the eggs of Lepidoptera as they are in the fully de- 
veloped insects that lay them.* These eggs are laid on 
exposed surfaces liable (as I have many hundreds of times 
seen) to the exceedingly close scrutiny of small warblers, 
white-eyes and other minutely-searching enemies; they 
are often in contrast to those surfaces and are commonly, 
even when not thus in contrast, distinctive; and this 
distinctiveness is apparently in part for visual effect, for 
it is absent from the hidden bases of the eggs, nor is it 
approached by that of most underground eggs known to 
me, the differences between which are merely such as 
might naturally result from the fact that their parents 
are different. I thought, therefore, that it would be inter- 
esting to ascertain whether nauseousness—and graded 
nauseousness at that—was present in leaf-laid eggs. 

I was very unlucky in my attempts to secure a suitable 


* T lay stress on distinctiveness—recognisability when detected— 
rather than on conspicuousness, for I regard the latter as a purely 
auxiliary quality, though highly useful and likely always to be 
selected so far as it can be safely carried. 


on some Carnivorous Insects. 321 


animal on which to experiment. Two or three broods of 
small warblers that I tried to rear failed, and I could not 
secure a fully-grown bird of a suitable species. Finally 
I had to use driver-ants, unsuitable in so far as they possess 
no sight, yet suitable in their general apparent readiness 
to eat any animal substance, and in the fact that they 
must very commonly indeed meet with lepidopterous eggs 
when searching the herbs and lower shrubs on their forag- 
ing expeditions. I also tried other insects—cockroaches 
(suitable mainly in the fact that they are credited with 
the readiness to eat or, at any rate, try any food of an 
animal nature), a carnivorous ladybird (Alesia bidentata) 
and a cricket (Arytropteris sp.), which has often been a 
great nuisance to me, devouring insects of many kinds 
that I have left on the verandah table. 

Obviously the animals were not perfect for my purpose ; 
yet I felt that rejections by the drivers, the cockroaches 
and the cricket, also any preferences any of them might 
show, would at. least, for the reasons I have indicated, be 
suggestive, though of course by no means conclusive. I 
therefore carried out on them the experiments which I 
shall describe. 

A few remarks on the eggs used are comprised in the 
concluding section of this paper. 

Note.—I have mentioned the fine grading of prey that 
occurred in my experiments on insectivorous birds, wild 
and tame, and the suiting of the capture or acceptance 
to the exact state of appetite of the moment. I show 
a diagram to illustrate these “layers” of appetite. It 
is also true (and this too has an explanation bearing on 
Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter’s highly-interesting observations, 
read to-night *) that a rapidly digesting animal may go on 
eating a fairly low-grade insect (such as I have found many 
Lycaenids to be), or even very low-grade species, indefi- 
nitely, with occasional short intervals, if higher-grade 
prey is not available in sufficient quantity to carry it to 
a more advanced stage in the process of filling up. Thus 
a swallow of mine ate more than 80 Neptis and a small 
hornbill (Lophoceros) more than 50 Danaida chrysippus, in 
each case in quite a short space of time; a rest of a few 
minutes after each refusal, accompanied doubtless by 
subsidence, rendering the bird’s digestive apparatus cap- 
able of dealing with three or four more. The swallow 

* Proc. Ent. Soc., 1915, p. Ixiv. 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS III, IV. (JUNE) ¥ 


322 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


even ate more and at least as great a weight of Neptis, 
when thus verging continuously on the Nepfis-refusing 
point, than it did of the better-hked Pyrameis at far nearer 
repletion-point in the same space of time. The possible 
bearing of this on some of the observations in which 
a bird has been seen preying continuously on Danainae 
is obvious; and a long-ago expressed view of Prof. 
Poulton’s, based on his own experimental results, is also 
borne out—that it is only in the presence of pleasanter 
insects that unpleasant species will derive advantage from 
their special defence.* My experiments have shown, how- 
ever, that it is a matter of relative indigestibility rather 
than of unpalatability, that a bird can digest species of 
prey when hungry that fail to stimulate the digestive secre- 
tions when it is fuller, and that a bird, enabled like my 
swallow and Lophoceros by a rapidly working digestion 
to prey fairly continuously on low-grade prey, probably 
never approaches repletion-point while doing so. 


1. EXPERIMENTS ON Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans, 
var. molestus 


April 26th, 1911.—A large stream of driver-ants was 
flowing in both directions between two tunnels, at the 
foot of a steep bank and under the verandah curb 
respectively. 

I put down in the middle of the stream four Mylabris 
amplectens, Gerst., two Amauris albimaculata, killed by 
myself as I put them down and smelling strongly of 
ordinary gas, three Hpilachna polymorpha, Gerst., and a 
Zonocerus elegans. All were at once overwhelmed by the 
drivers, and for some minutes remained so. Ten minutes 
later I found that the numbers clustering round the four 
Mylabris and the three Epilachna had thinned considerably, 
but the ants were still in masses on the Zonocerus and were 
busily engaged in cutting off the wings of the Amaurs. 
A Belenois that I now put down was attacked at once, its 
wings cut off and left lying, and its head, thorax and 
abdomen carried into the bank “drive” before either 
Amauris was ready to follow it. A Rhopalocampta libeon 
was at once seized and carried along bodily, its wings 
being removed while it was in motion, and the two Amauris, 
their wings left where their owners had first been put 


* Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 191. 


on some Carnivorous Insects. 323 


down, followed it, also in sections. By this time the ants 
had entirely abandoned the four Mylabris and the three 
Epilachna. One of the former was on its back motionless, 
another was remaining quite still—head held down—in 
the centre of the stream of ants; many of them felt it with 
their antennae as they passed, but no attack was made 
on it, and the other two as well as the three Hpilachnas 
were calmly marching off. They drew attacks in doing 
so from the ants they passed, and the two Mylabris in 
particular were occasionally overwhelmed for a moment 
and perhaps dragged back a little. But they were always 
abandoned again after a time and they made good their 
escape. I took them up and found that both Mylabris 
were still able to expel juice fairly freely, the Coccinellidae 
(with one exception, not, however, so freshly caught 
when given), apparently not. The Zonocerus continued 
to be the centre of attraction for large numbers of ants, 
but they were making very little headway in the process 
of its dismemberment. 

I now inserted four larvae, one of Papilio demodocus 
at about the end of the brown-and-white stage, one of 
Amauris albimaculata (about $ grown) and two of Acraea 
acara (4 and 4 grown respectively). All were at once sur- 
rounded, but the attack on the Amauris larva was not of 
a very formidable nature: the ants used their antennae 
rather than their jaws and evidently disliked it intensely, 
for they very speedily abandoned it entirely. In making 
off, which it did apparently quite undamaged, it drew a 
few attacks, but these proved to be no more formidable 
than the first, and the larva was each time quickly aban- 
doned. The A. acara larvae were more seriously attacked, 
but the ants had the greatest difficulty in getting “in” 
at them, the much-branching spines beaded at all the 
extremities with the yellow protective juice everywhere 
barring their way. A number of these spines were in 
each case shorn by the ants (some close off to the skin) 
during the attack, but they finally abandoned both larvae, 
and, though I frequently replaced both these larvae and 
that of the Amauris in the centre of the ant-column 
during the remainder of the experiment, the subsequent 
attacks, when any were made at all, were less serious 
than the first, and the larvae were each time allowed to 
escape. Very different was it with that of the Papilio. 
‘It at once extended its red filaments on being attacked, 


324 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


but though the one or two ants in their immediate neigh- 
bourhood retreated for the fraction of a second they at 
once closed in again, and, overwhelming the larva, carried 
it speedily along (a distance of about three feet) into the 
verandah drive. A hive-bee at this moment came tumbling 
into the “drivers” from above. It was at once seized 
by the leg by one of the larger warriors, and remained 
tumbling over and over and drawing more enemies. I 
noticed that it extended its sting, but only to have it 
seized and tightly held by one of the drivers. It was 
quickly subdued, and when I last saw it was being carried 
in the direction of one of the drives. I now placed a large 
Danaida chrysippus in the column, first killing it. The 
ants at once persistently attacked it, and, having carried 
it just outside the column, commenced to dismember it. 
A smooth moth larva with a velvety appearance and con- 
spicuous black and white bands (Aletis?), not uncommon 
in the forest, was seized, and after a very great deal of delay 
carried along to the bank drive, though the ants again 
refused the Amauris and Acraea larvae. It had been three 
days in captivity without my having been able to find its 
food-plant and was undoubtedly weakened—probably in 
its protective qualities too. A Papilio echerioides 3 was 
broken up, its wings left lying, and its more material parts 
carried in sections to adrive. Asmall Sciarid fly with black 
wings and a red thorax (Apelmocreagis thoracica, Macq.) 
had been settled on the ground right amongst the ants, 
neither taking any notice of them nor drawing an attack. 
I captured and disabled it and placed it back amongst 
them, but though numbers, I might say hundreds, in- 
spected it, often passing their antennae over it, all moved 
on and no attack whatsoever was made. But an Arctiid 
moth, Rhodogastria bubo, was at once attacked and its 
wings stripped off where it lay. It had unfortunately 
exhausted its foamy thoracic exudation previously to 
being placed amongst the ants: this might have made a 
difference. A Mycalesis campina was at once carried 
along, as were also a second Danaida chrysippus and a 
Byblia alithyia, their wings being stripped off en route. 
It was now an hour and a quarter since the experiment 
commenced: the Mylabris left in the column was still 
in the same place uneaten but motionless, and no longer 
noticed by the ants. On my taking him out he immedi- 
ately commenced to move about, but dragged three legs 


on some Carnivorous Insects. 325 


after him: the two previous Mylabris had escaped to all 
appearance quite without damage excepting for a slight 
wound on an abdomen. The fourth Mylabris had, as I 
ascertained, quite exhausted its juice. It had latterly been 
receiving a good deal of attention from the ants, which 
were at this moment busily cutting off one of the elytra 
and were carrying its owner along. They soon abandoned 
it again, but when I removed it later I found it to be 
dead. The large 2 Zonocerus was lying where originally 
placed, but had been reduced a good deal and was still a 
great centre of attraction. The small fly was still lying 
neglected in the midst of the ants. A Mylothris rueppelli 
was now broken up and carried off, as were, without 
breaking, a housefly and a common cockroach. Three 
of the ants themselves which I killed and put back 
in the column were felt by large numbers of their comrades, 
but always passed by until suddenly one smallish ant, 
coming across one of them, seemed to think it her duty to lift 
and carry it along. I removed one of the other two and 
placed it in another ant-army of the same species which was 
busily crossing a garden path at a considerable distance 
away, with, as so often, a drive at each side. It, too, was 
neglected for the three or four minutes during which I 
watched. 

The first ants had shown no special ferocity towards 
myself, but this second party at once attacked me, and I 
had to keep a sharp eye on my feet. Judging that they 
might also be in the mood to take more highly unpleasant 
insects than their comrades had accepted, I brought over 
an Epilachna, a Mylabris (adding a second from the two that 
had escaped), the small fly, the Amauris larva and one of 
the Acraea larvae; all these were still being neglected by 
my first band of ants. Placed just beside the column all 
were at once attacked furiously. The Acraea larva (it 
was the larger one) was gradually shorn of spines and 
finally carried into a drive, as were both Mylabris and the 
Coccinellid. The Amauris larva was attacked just as 
furiously and was apparently freely bitten, for blots of 
greenish black juice sprinkled the ground on either side 
of it. These seemed to fall just away from it: were they 
emitted, e.g. by the filaments? But the original attackers 
gradually desisted and left it, though it was still for some 
time attacked by groups of ants that apparently came 
across it for the first time. Finally it was left alone 


326 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


entirely, and, looking back at it at the end of the Acraea 
larva incident I was surprised to find it half-covered with 
little heaps of tiny fallen leaflets from an overhanging 
Acacia baileyana. Watching, I saw several leaflets and 
in one case a portion of a midrib with a few leaflets attached 
brought up and placed on it by the ants. The fly had 
appeared to be attacked for a few moments with the same 
vigour as were its fellow victims, but evidently the on- 
slaught was not with pointed weapons, for apart from the 
loss of a wing it seemed to have sustained little or no 
damage when the ants abandoned it. It lay in the midst 
of them and, whenever I moved it, was at once set on to 
by the ants, but they quite evidently had no use for it 
and each time speedily desisted. The fact that the two 
Mylabris had already undergone an ordeal at the hands 
of Column No. | and that one of them was certainly desti- 
tute of “juice” might, I thought, account sufficiently 
for the comparative readiness with which they and, for 
that matter, the Epilachna, had been taken. I there- 
upon captured (within a few yards of the column) two 
more, also just afterwards a fresh Epilachna, and at once, 
as I didso, put themin. I happened to drop one Mylabris 
close to a vertical shaft that was guarded at its mouth by 
a large number of ants. It was at once pulled in. The 
second, placed further along, was attacked with great fury 
and carried along for some distance, then partially aban- 
doned, then attacked again and so on. Finally, after a 
considerable time, it was left out to one side of the column 
and partly covered over with leaflets like the Amauris 
larva. The latter had now emerged from its covering 
and was crawling towards the column. It was attacked 
three or four times, particularly when it arrived at the 
column, but never very seriously—the ants mostly desisted 
directly they came into contact with it—and it passed out 
on the other side. On picking it up I found that it seemed 
not greatly the worse for its experience. The front pair 
of filaments were hanging down limply and all the others 
were partially collapsed, but on my setting it on a leaf of 
its local Asclepiad food-plant (Cynanchum chirindense, 
S. Moore) it at once commenced to eat. The fly, put 
down again, was treated with the same respect as pre- 
viously. But a large beetle, Psammodes sp., now intro- 
duced was attacked furiously and was quickly concealed 
under a mass of ants. Nevertheless, it gradually crawled 


on some Carnivorous Insects. oat 


away, the ants lessening as it went, and on getting off the 
open path and passing through some vegetation it suc- 
ceeded in brushing off most of those that remained. It 
was greatly incommoded by them, and kept stopping to 
brush them away with its forelegs from its palpi and 
antennae. When I finally recovered it, several yards 
from the ant-column, only three ants were left clinging 
to it, and it seemed to have been effectively saved by its 
armour from all injury. The Hpilachna, I should have 
mentioned, was attacked vigorously for a time, and after- 
wards for a longer period in a desultory fashion. It at first 
remained adpressed closely to the ground, and the ants 
plied their mandibles in vain over the glossy surface of the 
elytra; then one or two pushed under and turned it over, 
and it was carried along a few inches. This sort of thing 
went on for some time—lI could not see that it made use 
of any juice it may have possessed. In any case, the ants 
made very little impression on it, and did not shift it very 
far from its original station. 

At this point, having just captured a passing Acraea 
neobule ¢ and an A. natalica, dull 9, I went with them 
to Column No. 1, and found the last remains of the Zono- 
cerus disappearing into the drive. I removed a forewing 
of A. neobule and placed the butterfly amongst the ants. 
Disabled even to that extent it seemed to have no difficulty 
in its flutterings in shaking off such as clutched it, and a 
butterfly of its size, able to fly, would, I have little doubt, 
experience very little trouble in getting away from a crowd 
of drivers amongst which it had inadvertently landed. 
I killed it and replaced it. There was quite the normal 
amount of juice, but the ants made as short work of it 
as they had done of Amauris and Danaida, separating the 
wings from the body and carrying the latter into their 
tunnel. They then refused, in the same manner as before, 
to eat the Amauris larva and the fly, attacked a Mylabris 
and desisted, then attacked and carried in the Acraea 
natalica. It too possessed a normal amount of juice, and 
small drops of this exuded at the nervures when I cut the 
wings off. 

Returning to Column 2 I found the Mylabris and. the 
Epilachna in the same place. I put down two coffee-bugs 
(Antestia variegata), a small weevil (Systates sp.) common 
in coffee, and a beetle, Himatismus fasciculosus, Pér. The 
weevil was carried to a drive at once. The bugs caused 


328 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


delay and were carried hither and thither a little, but 
finally brought to the main track and taken to a drive. 
When I last noticed Himatismus it too was being dragged 
along. I then put in eight Antestia variegata and eight 
weevils. All were seized—it was impossible to see whether 
one was preferred to the other—and carried along. 

I now went back to Column 1. It had moved on to 
some extent, and a number of its members were busy 
exploring, and apparently enlarging, a vertical hole in 
the ground, out of which I saw them bring up three white 
bee larvae. A number of large guards were stationed in 
a mass over the hole, and a thin stream of ants passed 
between these and the bank. On the other side the stream 
was thinner still. I put an Antestia on each side. That 
away from the bank was once or twice attacked half- 
heartedly and was inspected by a number of passing ants, 
but on the whole left alone. Very different was the treat- 
ment accorded one of the bee grubs. I placed it beside 
the bug, and it was at once seized and carried off, several 
ants joinng in. The bug continued to be ignored. The 
other bug, however, had been seized and carried to the 
mass of guards. One of these seized it, and straddling 
over it carried it back the way it had come, and finally 
disappeared with it into the hole in the bank. 

Returning to Column 2 I found the Epilachna and 
Mylabris still in the same place, and I was just in time to 
see the last bug and the last weevil disappear into the 
drive. I should have said that before I left, the Epilachna 
had more than once escaped, practically unmolested, from 
the ants, but that I had each time put it back. I now put 
in five fresh Mylabris amplectens and a smallish M. oculata. 
Considerable excitement ensued amongst the ants, and the 
beetles were being dragged hither and thither, when a 
large reinforcement, including a considerable proportion 
of the largest workers, emerged from one of the drives, 
and, seizing the beetles, including the Epilachna, carried 
all along, often with a great deal of delay, into the opposite 
drive. One beetle only withstood the attack, and that 
was the original Mylabris amplectens, a very large speci- 
men. It was attacked like the others, but relinquished, 
attacked again and again, left, and so on, until at the end 
it was not much nearer the opposite drive than it had 
been before. The Amauris larva, the remaining Acraea 
larva and the fly, which I put in once more, were treated 


on some Carnivorous Insects. 329 


much as on previous occasions, and finally left high and 
dry. But the rush was already lessening somewhat by 
the time they were inserted, and a little later, when the 
column had subsided to its normal dimensions or rather 
less, it took very little notice of three more coffee-bugs 
and soon abandoned them completely, though a small 
Hlaterid was at once seized and hurried along to the 
opposite drive. 

Meantime, the other party had established better 
“through ” communications once more, and though com- 
paratively few in numbers seized and carried off into the 
bank eight coffee-bugs, three weevils and a Harpactor 
erythrocnemis (also taken in coffee), though still ignoring 
to the same extent as previously the Amauris larva and 
the fly. They attacked a small Mylabris amplectens, but 
eventually abandoned it. 

Later, having captured a fine ¢ A. areca, I returned the 
Amauris larva and the fly to Column 2, where a large 
number of ants were passing. Both were treated as 
before. Two EHpilachnas were attacked, but eventually 
abandoned and gradually allowed to escape; the original 
Mylabris anvplectens was still present, drawing an occasional 
slight attack, but was mostly left alone; a dead Dorylus 
was ignored for a while, but then picked up by one ant 
and carried along; the Acraea larva was attacked, but 
allowed to escape. Afterwards, as it was moving along 
parallel with the column, I was amused to watch it meet 
a large number of ants. As each stopped and felt it with 
its antennae the larva would stop dead. When the ant 
moved on, as it invariably did at once, the larva would 
move on too. There was no further attempt at an attack. 
A small piece of banana pulp that I put down was attacked, 
several ants making off to the drive with portions of it, 
and an ordinary cattle tick (Rhipicephalus sp.) was seized 
and carried to a drive, but not until it had inconvenienced 
its carriers very greatly (three in all carried it, but only 
one at a time) by getting under them and clinging to their 
legs. A coffee-bug was seized and carried along. Then 
A. areca, with wings shorn 4 of the way up and exuding 
juice, was placed amongst them. Even in this condition 
it was too active for them, so I killed and returned it, 
when it speedily became a seething mass of ants. I put 
down just afterwards an Amauris albimaculata with its 
wings attached and a coffee-bug. The latter appeared 


330 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


to be attacked somewhat less readily than the two butter- 
flies, but once definitely seized was carried along fairly 
fast; the Amauris was dragged wings and all, and, con- 
sidering that it made a broad and heavy load, proceeded 
with considerable speed. It was at the hole and in process 
of being diswinged there before the A. areca had travelled 
more than three or four inches. I had noticed at first 
three or four ants withdraw on coming into contact with 
the liquid exuding from the nervures of the Acraea’s wing- 
stumps, but the butterfly’s juices, though normal in 
quantity, were either insufiicient or not unpleasant enough 
to keep its enemies off. At this moment a fresh rush 
occurred, and I at once returned the two Epilachnas, the 
Mylabris, the two larvae and the fly to the main track. 
The two ladybirds were at once carried off into the drive, 
as was, after more in the way of hesitation and temporary 
abandonments, the Acraea larva; the Mylabris was carried 
to the mouth of the drive, but as I saw him crawling about 
that neighbourhood half an hour later was probably aban- 
doned there or just inside. Considerable disinclination 
was still shown to attack the Amauris larva, and it was 
only by moving it frequently in their midst that I irritated 
them (for that I presume was it) sufficiently to make them 
really attack it. When they did, they attacked with the 
utmost ferocity, and having killed or practically killed the 
larva, carried it along to the drive. I rescued it at the last 
moment, wishing to use it further. It had this time emitted 
no dark juice. 

Similar, if not greater, disinclination was shown to 
attack the fly, but finally this, too, was seized and carried 
along by one big warrior. It was still a considerable 
time before the A. areca reached its destination, and was 
there broken up and carried in, but there was never any 
abandonment of it; it was always covered with ants. 

At about this stage I again put in the Amauris larva, 
and, on the magnifying glass to which it was attached 
a freshly pupated individual of Amauris albimaculata, 
somewhat crushed accidentally. The ants refused the 
larva, and though numbers swarmed upon the glass to the 
pupa all retreated on coming into contact with either it 
or its fluid, and no attempt was made to carry if off. I 
tasted the fluid; it was to me reminiscent simply of raw 
leaves of no very definite kind. 

Later, having again ascertained that the ants would not 


on some Carnworous Insects. 331 


touch the Amauris larva, though an imago of the same 
species was at once carried along, I interrupted the 
column by placing in its midst a rather spread-out mass 
of not less than 200 coffee-bugs thoroughly mixed up with 
about a third of that number of the weevil Systates and 
a few Himatismus. Half an hour later the pile had been 
reduced by about half, the ants taking the insects as they 
came from the outside and not choosing between weevils 
and bugs. An hour or more later, by lantern light, I 
found the column reduced to almost nil and the bugs to 
between twenty and thirty. They were somewhat scat- 
tered and more or less piled up between with loose earth 
and Acacia leaflets, a very scanty layer, however. No 
weevils or Himatismus were left. I inserted an A. albi- 
maculata and a Leuceronia thalassina 3, but the few smallish 
ants that were still using the track took no notice of them, 
beyond stopping to inspect en passant. Shortly after- 
wards I noticed that a fresh track had been made along- 
side the old one, and more ants were passing along it. 
The old one with the butterflies still in 1t was now quite 
deserted. I placed them together in the centre of the new 
track, about equidistant from each drive, and saw both 
seized. On returning a few minutes later I found them 
being dragged in opposite directions. The Leuceronia 
was going at unmistakably the better pace and had already 
practically reached its goal; the Amauris with about the 
same number of ants was barely half-way. Now, ten 
minutes later, as I am about to go to bed, the Amauris 
has only proceeded about two inches further. I had 
removed the Leuceronia on my last visit, wishing to use it 
further; it was then within an inch of its hole. The 
ants had made no attempt to strip the wings off either. 

April 27th, 1911.—I looked once more, for the last time, 
ten minutes after the above was written. The Amauris 
had only proceeded another two inches in spite of the fact 
that since I removed the Leuceronia the number of ants 
engaged on it had more than doubled. They seemed to 
be spending as much of their time in feeling over the 
surface of the butterfly asin carrying it. The bugs, though 
a number of ants was passing round them, were being 
completely neglected. 

This morning the wings of the Amauris were lying just 
outside the drive. 

Later: Found this afternoon where the above drive 


332 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


emerged, ten yards away, four or five of the bugs lying 
abandoned though continually passed by the ants. At 
the spot experimented at yesterday the 20-30 bugs are 
still lying untouched, though a large stream of ants is 
passing them. I put in a Rhodogastria bubo, just captured 
and commencing to exude froth. It was at once seized 
by the legs and commenced to froth most lavishly; but 
though the froth certainly discommoded such ants as 
came into contact with it, it was confined to the thoracic 
region, and the rest of the moth was quickly covered with 
its enemies. Also, in its struggles, the mass of froth was 
quickly knocked off and no more was forthcoming. I 
rescued it at this point and had to pick a large number of 
drivers from its legs. 

On the coffee-girls bringing in their daily kill of bugs 
(Antestia variegata) again this evening, I placed a few in 
the ant-column close to where the remains of yesterday’s 
still remained untouched; also an Epilachna hirta, just 
captured. The latter only was attacked, but never 
seriously, and was twice allowed to escape. I noted that 
such ants as came into contact with the protective fluid 
drew back slightly, but I also noted once more their failure 
to grasp or pierce its glossy elytra with their jaws. It 
would be interesting to see whether the fluid without the 
glossy hardness of the beetle’s exterior would be a sufficient 
protection. 

On, I think, the following day—April 28th—I found 
large numbers of Antestia thrown out of the drive, at the 
mouth of which four or five were lying on the 27th. None 
of the beetles taken with them had been thrown out. 

May 12th, 1911.—A column of Dorylus was busily ex- 
ploring the recesses of an old post to-day, and dragging 
out thence the larvae of wood-boring Hymenoptera. | 
placed in their midst eighteen full-fed cattle-ticks (Rhipi- 
cephalus, sp.). They were at once smothered in masses 
of the ants, but fifteen minutes later, though still lying 
in the midst of the column, they had been abandoned 
completely. They were apparently undamaged. One 
of my ground-hornbills (Bucorax caffer) stalking along 
shortly afterwards ate them all, but took no notice of the 
drivers. 

Yesterday when I was cutting up a sheep, and throwing 
an occasional waste bit to the hornbills (Bucorax caffer), 
I threw one such piece into the midst of a column of 


on some Carnivorous Insects. 333 


’ 


“drivers.” It was at once covered with the ants, but a 
hornbill at once strode up, picked it out and, after shaking 
off only a few of the ants, swallowed it with all the rest 
that were clinging to it. 

Remarks.—The ants were unconfined, carrying on their 
ordinary daily avocation. The experiments cannot there- 
fore be criticised as having been carried out on animals 
under “highly unnatural ” conditions. Yet the ants showed 
strong “ preferences,” readily taking some animals when 
they would not take others at all, and when failing in their 
attacks on yet others. It is true that some of the winged 
insects offered were, because winged, not such as the ants 
would normally have an opportunity of seizing except 
when hunting at night—but they do hunt at night greatly. 
Most of these were nevertheless taken by them, and, even 
if we should exclude these as not forming a part of the 
ants’ normal food, we should find that a number of species 
were offered that the ants must meet with continually, 
and that very strong “ preferences ’’ were shown even as 
between these. 

The butterflies tested, the moth Rhodogastria bubo, the 
larva of Papilio demodocus, a hive-bee, the larvae of a bee 
and of a wood-boring Hymenopteron, a cockroach, the 
beetles Himatismus, Systates, and an Elaterid, and a Zono- 
cerus elegans were probably all less protected from Dorylus 
than even the weakened larva of Aletis monteiroae, and 
certainly than the larvae of Acraea acara, than adult 
Mylabris amplectens, Epilachna polymorpha and E. hirta, 
and Antestia varvegata, and all these, apparently, than the 
fly, the larva and pupa of Amauris albvmaculata and the 
beetle Psammodes (protected by hardness). But the ejection 
from the tunnel of a large number of Epilachna a day or 
two after they had been taken in may indicate that these 
were found to be as bad as any of the objectionable species. 
Certainly the ants found the fly and the Danaine larva 
and pupa much more obviously unpleasant than the 
Epilachnas, Mylabris, Antestia, and Acraea larvae, and 
it is clear from an experiment to be described below 
that the latter when well-grown are acceptable enough 
to them if they give the ants time, and the latter are 
persistent enough, to raze the juice-dealing hairs. 

The butterflies used were Danaida chrysippus, L., 
Amauris albimaculata, Butl., Mycalesis campina, Auriv., 
Acraea neobule, Dbl. and Hew., A. egina, Cram. var. areca, 


334 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


Mab., Acraea natalica, Boisd., Byblia ilithyia, Drury, 
Mylothris rueppelli, Koch, a Belenois, Leuceronia thalassina, 
Boisd., Papilio echerioides, Trim., and Rhopalocampta libeon, 
Druce. It seemed that the Acraeas gave a little more 
trouble, with their juice, than did Amauris with its pungent 
smell, yet this did not save them even for a moment. 
That Amauwris in time may have been better protected 
than Leucerona (and probably others) seemed to be sug- 
gested by the slowness with which the ants would progress 
with it, “‘ spending as much of their time in feeling over the 
surface of the butterfly as in carrying it.” The froth- 
masses of Rhodogastria bubo and the bay-leaf-scented 
filaments of the larva of P. demodocus were only mo- 
mentarily and locally deterrent, and the sting of the 
hive-bee not at all. The Zonocerus with its (to us) 
nauseous smell and its ill-effects on vertebrates eating it, 
was naturally more slowly dismembered than the smaller 
species used, but that was all. Quite unprotected also, 
apparently, were beetles Hzimatismus, Systates, and the 
Elaterid, the cockroach, the hymenopterous larvae, and 
adult Musca domestica. A hungry cattle-tick was taken, 
though full ones, on another occasion, were all refused ; 
but a very interesting incident in the experiments that 
follow should be seen in this connection. 

The acceptance of vegetable-matter (banana) was in- 
teresting, as was the fact that even partly-disabled 
Acraeas—not the most active of butterflies in any case— 
were able to escape for a time from the drivers. With 
power of flight they should never be taken except when 
asleep. This consideration, with the special repugnance 
shown to eggs and very young larvae in the experiments 
still to be described, suggests a very beautiful instance of 
the probably universally obtaining principle of compensa- 
tion and complementation and of the fact (implied therein) 
that an animal’s defences may vary greatly at different 
stages of its existence, one defence being donned in pro- 
portion as another is doffed, and vice versd. Thusin both 
Acraea and, say, Papilio dardanus, numbers and intrinsic 
nauseousness, at their height in the egg-stage (assuming 
the experiments to be reliable), and then most necessary, 
are gradually exchanged, in the first case for an ever- 
growing supply of protective fluid, in the second for an 
ever-increasing procryptic element in the coloration, this 
culminating in the extraordinarily complete resemblance 


ee 


on some Carnivorous Insects. 339 


to a growing Rutaceous leaf displayed by the pupa. Hach 
emerges. The Acraea’s fluid-supply has been much de- 
creased, yet is efficient enough in relation to present enemies, 
and its flight is sufficient to commonly save it from the 
driver. The Papilio has flight, and, instead of a pro- 
tective fluid, has polymorphic mimicry in the female 
(compensated in the male by better flight and slightly 
greater nauseousness), and a strong procryptic element in 
the “matching” of the dulled underside by both sexes 
in resting. I have already mentioned the native view of 
nestlings, and I am publishing elsewhere (‘‘Ibis’’) the 
results of some actual experiments with birds’ eggs: a 
stronger procryptic element, represented most usually 
in the nests, is present here than in the case of butterflies’ 
eggs; also parental protection; so that nauseousness is 
to a varying extent less necessary, though it is often, I 
believe, in some degree present to complement or replace 
these other defences. ‘Those plants in which the seedlings 
are less liked by herbivora than is the adult foliage (pro- 
tected by height, etc.) afford a somewhat closer parallel. 
though they trust more than even butterflies to their 
reproductiveness. It would be very interesting, in view 
of recent observations that have discredited the view that 
it is myrmecophilous, to ascertain whether the bull’s-horn 
thorn acacia of America is not one of them. 

Further interesting points in the experiments were: 
(1) the effect on survival of, apparently, variability in 
juice production or conservation in individuals of Mylabris, 
one such individual, a large one but amongst the first to 
be inserted, remaining protected to the end, while others 
were taken and one was definitely exhausted of juice and 
killed; (2) the shearing of the spines of Acraea acara 
larvae. This was improved on in a subsequent experiment 
in which the juice was absorbed by the application of 
earth-crumbs. I have on a few occasions seen Acraea 
larvae feeding with similar earth-crumbs attached to their 
bristles, and there can be no doubt that the ants’ successes 
against Acraeine larvae in these experiments were mainly 
due to my replacing the escaped larvae amongst them 
time after time; (3) the behaviour of an Acraea larva 
meeting successive ants, then not prepared to attack it; 
(4) the ants’ general variability as to the food they would 
accept, rather surprising and reminding one somewhat 
of the different stages of hunger in a bird; (5) the release 


336 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


of a Mylabris from a drive into which it had been carried, 
and the ejection, long after taking, of a number of Antestia; 
(6) the apparent failure to grasp glossy Epilachna—yet 
on one occasion some were carried off; (7) the earthing or 
leafing up of highly unacceptable objects (for the treat- 
ment of Acraeine eggs in the same way see below). One 
felt that it ought to have been for visual effect, yet of course 
it could not have been. The leaflets and earth-crumbs 
may have been specially scented by the ants, but why 
should it not have been sufficient to do this to the animal 
itself, as was apparently done in the tick-incident yet to 
be described? Experiments of this kind lead one to 
wonder, throughout, at the completeness with which 
other faculties are capable of taking the place of vision. 
At any rate several animals—the fly, the larvae of 
Acraea and Amauris, the pupa of the latter (which was 
highly interesting), adult Mylabris, Epilachna, Psammodes 
(through hardness) and Antestia, all of them (unless 
Antestia ?) with habits that place them at the mercy of 
Dorylus—probably the greatest scourge of relatively low- 
dwelling insect-life we possess—proved to be highly 
protected against it; and Dorylus is such a scourge that 
its attacks and its failures may reasonably be regarded 
as having aided appreciably in the selection (to their 
present high pitch) of these insects’ protective qualities. 
Of the potential prey itself, it is sufficient to say that 
all the animals just named except Antestia are highly 
sluggish and indifferent to attack. Antestia, our greatest 
coffee-pest, less so. It possesses a strong “ bug” smell, 
and is conspicuously coloured, but it drops and flies and 
dodges round twigs somewhat readily. Even so, it is 
not very hard to catch, my coffee-girls bringing in great 
numbers daily when destroying them by hand-picking. 
It probably has special enemies: one of my tame but 
unconfined ground-hornbills (Bucorax caffer) once ate 
193 in quick succession, and “capped” them with an 
Amauris albimaculata. We have also seen in the present 
experiments how Dorylus accepted them relatively readily, 
once in large numbers, though it subsequently did eject 
them. 
In general, given that Dorylus readily accepts insects 
as low-grade as the Acraeinae and Danainae, the ants’ 
acceptances and refusals come in line with those of my 
birds; for the latter too placed these butterflies above, 


on some Carnivorous Insects. Sot 


e.g., Hpilachna and the larvae of Acraeimae, of Danainae 
and of certain other butterflies. This, on such general 
considerations as | have alluded to above, is only what 
one might expect. What, on those same considerations, 
one would not expect is that Zonocerus and Rhodogastria, 
both far more sluggish and apparently helpless than any 
of our Danainae, ete., should have been as readily accepted 
by the drivers, and placed slightly above the Danainae and 
Acraea areca by my birds. 


2. EXPERIMENTS WITH INSECTS’ Eacs 


April 28th, 1913.—A horde of the driver-ants had 
retired in the evening into their “drive,” but at every 
opening there were warriors standing sentry with up- 
raised open jaws, and a few ants were walking about 
aimlessly or resting. I put down four eggs of Acraea 
caldarena attached, as laid, to a small scrap of Wormskioldia 
leaf. They were closely inspected by several ants, but 
no attempt was made to take them. I then added an egg 
of Papilio dardanus ° f{. hippocoon. This attracted less 
attention: one warrior took it listlessly in his immense 
mandibles and, as I found afterwards, must have used just 
enough force to separate it from its leaf (Teclea), then left 
it without having damaged it. An egg of Pseudacraea 
lucretia var. expansa was also ignored. 

April 29th.—This morning I visited an active column of 
Dorylus. The ants were keeping to their narrow-column 
formation and travelling rapidly, mostly in the same direc- 
tion. I put down three eggs of Acraea aglaonice. These 
were examined by many ants but not attacked, and soon 
became shifted to the side of the column, amongst the 
guards. I then put down two eggs of Pyrameis cardua. 
The ants took absolutely no notice of these, merely scurry- 
ing over them, and they too had soon found their way to 
the side. A P. hippocoon’s egg followed. It remained 
unheeded too, but it formed a good-sized obstacle, and 
soon a passing ant picked it up and deposited it outside, 
then returned to the column without it. Two more eggs 
of P. cardwi followed the example of the first two. All 
eggs in this experiment had been separated from their 
leaf before being offered. Were the eggs all definitely 
unacceptable to the ants? Were they too small to be 
worthy of notice? Were the ants too busy otherwise 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS II1,IV. (JUNE) Z 


338 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Haperiments 


at the moment to take notice of food? or (an unlikely 
supposition) were the eggs (one of which had been treated 
as an obstructing pebble might have been) regarded as 
of the mineral or vegetable kingdoms? I returned to 
the house and cut up a small piece of meat into scraps as 
small as a P. dardanus egg, and twenty minutes later 
returned to the ants. 

The meat scraps were becoming dry. I put one in the 
track, and it was at first passed over, then seized and 
thrown outside as the dardanus egg had been. A second 
piece was treated in the same way. But a moist, freshly- 
extracted egg of a smallish, dull-coloured grasshopper 
was at once picked up and carried along, as was a freshly- 
cut-off piece of meat four times the size of a dardanus egg. 
But a similar piece of half the size was thrown outside ! 
However, on my returning it, it was at first for a time 
passed by, then an ant took it and kept with it in the 
column. An egg of another species of grasshopper was 
set on to by three or four ants, and it was some time 
before one of them finally carried it alongin the column. I — 
then crushed and put in together three eggs of A. acara. 
They were picked up and carried along. To test what the 
ants were prepared to rise to in the matter of unpleasant- 
ness I next placed an adult Acraea terpsichore, L. (the only 
Acraea I had with me), first killing it, three or four inches 
from the column. It was quickly found, a mass of ants 
covered it up, the wings were gradually taken off at the 
base and the body brought into the column and carried 
along. 

May lst.—Again tried Dorylus—yesterday’s column, as 
active as previously. I put in in turn slightly developed, 
unbroken eggs of Papilio dardanus, 2 £. hippocoon, Papilio 
demodocus and Pyrameis cardui (four or five of this). They 
were in each case either completely ignored or merely 
picked up and dropped outside. Eggs of A. acara and 
A. aglaonice, put down two or three together, were com- 
pletely and continuously neglected. I watched for quite 
half an hour, occasionally moving the eggs back into the 
run, but nothing other than what J have described occurred. 
But an egg of Charazes ethalion (new-laid, plain green and 
not yet ringed) almost immediately found a carrier, and 
was taken along to the next outpost in the direction in 
which the main body was moving. 

Two eggs of hippocoon extracted from the body of their 


on some Carnivorous Insects. 339 


parent and placed still wet in the run attracted much 
more attention. Many ants examined them and some 
went so far as to enclose one or other with their mandibles, 
but each time at once desisted and went on. 

After waiting for some time longer I collected all the 
eggs, then broke slightly two or three eggs of A. aglaonice 
and put them in together. They were largely ignored, 
but occasionally examined, and they found no carrier. A 
similarly-prepared P. demodocus egg was treated in the 
same way and of the two extracted hippocoon eggs one 
eventually found a carrier, being taken by a small worker 
with immense difficulty against the main current right 
back to the station the latter was leaving, nearly three 
yards off. An interesting incident occurred at the out- 
set—all the more interesting because the ant was sight- 
less : she had the greatest difficulty in making any headway, 
and eventually dropped out to the side and, waiting till 
three or four large ants with good-sized loads came along 
in the desired direction, fell in behind them. She was 
unable to keep up with them for very long, but eventually 
reached her goal. The other extracted hippocoon egg 
was finally picked up and thrown outside the column. 
Higgs of P. cardui (three or four partly broken and forming 
one mass) were examined, picked up and carried along, 
but two unbroken eggs of C. ethalion were ignored (as 
were, still, the broken eggs of Acraeas, etc., the treatment 
of which I have just described). On being broken, however, 
the two Charaxes eggs, one new-laid, the other already 
with a dark apical ring, each quickly found a carrier. A 
large adult male Acraea doubledayi, killed by myself and 
placed outside the column, was overwhelmed, diswinged, 
and carried away. 

I added more Pyrameis eggs, but the rush of ants was 
now very great, and it was possibly for this reason that the 
eggs were continuously overrun, apparently unnoticed. 
So I turned my attention to one of the side columns. 
Here eggs of A. aglaonice, broken together, received a 
great deal of attention but found no carrier; a new-laid 
egg of C. ethalion was soon picked up and carried by a 
side connection into the main column; eggs of A. acara 
were treated exactly as those of its congener had been, 
but three or four P. cardui eggs were picked up together 
and carried to the station ahead; an egg of P. demodocus 
was treated as the Acraea eggs had been, but a semi- 


340 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


incubated ethalion egg found a carrier. Thinking I might 
have crushed the demodocus egg so much as to render it 
unattractive by loss of contents I added another of the 
same brood very slightly crushed (in each case by pressure 
of a pin-point). This too was much examined but not 
taken, and one ant picked it up and dropped it outside the 
run. On my returning it, the egg was treated as before, but 
eventually an ant carried it for about eight inches, then 
once more deposited it outside. The Acraea eggs also 
remained untaken all this time, though frequently ex- 
amined, but, on my putting down two Pyrameis eggs 
with a third of the same species crushed against them, 
they (the Pyrameis eggs) were picked up by a small ant 
and carried forward to the station. A further batch of 
two or three Pyrameis eggs was ignored, and the next 
half-incubated ethalion egg was examined by two or three 
ants and neglected. Whether these eggs would have con- 
tinued to be neglected I am unable to say, as I had now 
to discontinue the experiment. 

This description gives no real idea of the tediousness 
of the experiment, which lasted about two hours. In 
almost every case the egg was passed over by far more 
ants than noticed it, and the difference between the eggs 
of the Papilios and the Acraeas on the one hand and those 
of the two Nymphalines on the other, was that whereas 
the former were very frequently examined they remained 
untaken to the end, while the Charazes and Pyrameis eggs 
were picked up and carried by the first or nearly the first 
ant that stopped to notice them. 

I should say the C. ethalion eggs found carriers more 
readily than Pyrameis eggs. I was unable to find, for the 
broken-egg experiment, the half-incubated hippocoon egg 
I had used previously. 

In view of Acraea eggs having been accepted the day 
before yesterday, their rejection in this experiment re- 
quires confirmation. 

[On leaving the ants I found a medium-sized cattle-tick 
(Rhipicephalus sp.), and going back put it in the run. 
Some ants ran over it without stopping; one or two halted 
and examined; then one took it by the side and retiring 
to the side of the column held it there, merely preventing 
it from moving away, herself in meantime lying over on 
her side. As the stream of ants went ceaselessly past a 
number of its members—one at a time, two at a time, or 


on some Carnivorous Insects. 341 


several at a time—would fall out, examine the tick well 
and then pass on. The examination frequently ended 
up with the adpression of the end of the ant’s abdomen 
to the surface of the tick. I had previously seen them. 
do this to some of the eggs when examining them, and 
once one ant didit to another. I watched the performance 
for quite fifteen minutes, and it was still going on when I 
left. Was it a demonstration to the younger generation 
of. the distinctive characteristics of Mr. Tick? Or were 
they submitting their opinion of him? Or was he merely 
being detained until some official of the tick department 
should come along and take charge ? !] 

In the latish afternoon I returned to the spot and put 
down in turn in one of the smaller side columns the eggs 
(well-punctured) of the following butterflies :—A. caldarena 
(two lots of three or four each); P. dardanus hippocoon 
(two); P. demodocus (one); P. carduwi (four, forming a single 
mass); Hurytela hiarbas (one); Hypolimnas misippus (two) ; 
and two C. ethalion (unusually small and yellow, not green, 
and with a very narrow ring). Throughout the experiment, 
which lasted a considerable time, I saw no notice at all 
taken of the hairy egg of H. hiarbas—it merely became 
automatically pushed out to one side each time I returned 
it to the column. I forget whether I saw the Pyrameis 
eges definitely inspected—at any rate, they found no 
carriers and met with the same treatment as that of the 
Eurytela. At least once an H. misippus egg was inspected, 
but neither was taken. The hippocoon and P. demodocus 
eggs were always carried outside, never along, and at first 
the same was done to the two C. ethalion eggs. Seeing 
this, | added a green ethalion egg of the brood from which 
I had used in the morning. This quickly found a carrier. 
I added yet another and an egg of P. lucretia var. expansa. 
Each was shortly thrown outside, but only a few minutes 
later the Pseudacraea egg was again picked up, and this 
time carried right on to the next station. 

The A. caldarena eggs were sometimes inspected and 
always refused, and so were some A. acara eggs that I now 
added, together with two more eggs of Pyrameis and another 
of P. lucretia. The C. ethalion eggs were being frequently 
inspected and occasionally picked up, but none were 
carried away, and once an ant, having inspected and re- 
fused one of them, passed on to the P. lucretia egg close 
by (it had been put outside the column by an ant which 


342 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


had come into contact with it), and, after examining it, 
picked it up and carried it along with the column to the 
station ahead. I now put down close beside each other 
ten punctured eggs of A. acara, already turning purplish 
brown from incubation. My putting down so many in 
quick succession disturbed that portion of the column, 
and there was a very slight movement out in my direction, 
during which a number of ants came into contact with 
Acraea eggs and inspected them, in every case briefly and 
with rejection following. ‘Two or three of them now set 
to work and placed small pieces of earth on top of the eggs, 
a good-sized piece of dry grass-blade crowning all. This 
has only been done in my previous experience to the most 
highly unacceptable of prey, and it constituted, I believe, 
the best possible evidence of the ants’ definite repugnance 
to the eggs. After they had been thus branded, the eggs, 
though still visible to myself, were no longer, so far as I 
saw, the subject of examination. About this time the 
green C. ethalion egg found a carrier. Rather earlier in 
the experiment the P. demodocus egg was taken up, though 
lying outside the column, by an exceptionally small ant. 
The nearest sentry at once came up and inspected, and 
before the small ant finally got well away the egg twice 
or thrice became the object of inspection for three or four 
ants at a time; but she finally went off with it with the 
column. 

I now left for half an hour. On my return things were 
much as I had left them, and none of the Acraea eggs had 
been moved. I decided once more to test the view that 
it was merely the small size of the eggs that was against 
them. I accordingly cut up two house-flies (Musca 
domestica) into fragments not larger than a Papilio egg 
(for example, the two eyes each constituted a different 
offering), and placed them in and near the run. Each 
piece at once became the prey of several ants, not merely 
of perhaps the fortieth chance passer-by as in the case of 
the accepted eggs, and all were quickly carried off. I 
added, each separately, the two eyes of a Q A. caldarena, 
and these were also taken. I then extracted its eggs 
(there were not very many) and laid them down as three 
or four little separate masses. The ants swarmed over 
them as over the previous offerings, but very speedily 
desisted and quickly covered them with small scraps of 
earth, after which they were pers‘stently neglected. I 


on some Carnivorous Insects. 343 


noticed too that the earliest eggs in the experiment—the 
laid eggs of A. caldarena—had, earlier, also been placarded 
in the same way. I then laid down, in three pieces each, 
the abdomen and thorax of the Acraea. These were seized 
by quite a number of ants, as was a whole, wingless, dead 
A. caldarena, but were not carried far, each being abandoned 
after a trip of a few inches. They were not placarded, at 
any rate to any noticeable extent. In the general bustle 
the earlier caldarena and acara eggs became uncovered, 
and they and at any rate the larger of the remaining 
eggs came in for a good deal of additional attention, 
and the remaining green ethalion egg was quickly carried 
off, as also one of the yellow ones. One hippocoon egg 
disappeared now or earlier, but may of course simply have 
become hidden by loose earth; the other remained un- 
taken throughout and eventually fell into some debris in 
a rut, and I was unable to recover it. I saw none of the 
small Nymphaline eggs taken, and was able to find more 
than half of them at the end. I added a P. demodocus 
and a hippocoon egg during the bustle, and these were after 
much delay taken, and an egg of either Charazes brutus or 
C. cithaeron, which was visited by many ants, and though 
a relatively large and conspicuous object and brimming 
over with liquid was each time merely tried and left. A 
green C. ethalion which I added to it was taken practically 
at once, and eventually the larger Charazes egg found a 
carrier too. The uncovered Acraea eggs found many 
visitors but never a carrier, and on my visiting the ants 
again the last thing in the evening remained uneaten and 
had been partly earthed up again. 

Before discontinuing the experiment I had added one 
or two small, black orange-Aphides by themselves, and, 
in a mass on the twig on which I found them, a large 
number of others. They attracted a great deal of atten- 
tion, but I was unable definitely to see that the ants 
“milked ”’ them at all, as do some of our other ants, but 
a few of the usual warning earth-crumbs were placed on 
them. 

May 2nd.—During the morning, again going to yester- 
day’s side-column, I placed by it several eggs of A. caldarena 
and A. acara. They were subjected to a great deal of 
inspection, and finally earthed and neglected. A Danaida 
chrysippus egg which I placed right in the ants’ path was 
inspected by very numerous ants but always at once 


344 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


refused. Eggs of hippocoon and P. demodocus were usually 
given longer consideration by the ants that stopped at 
them and, especially the latter, sometimes picked up, 
but were not taken. Of two H. misippus eggs only one, 
so far as I saw, was properly inspected, and it was refused. 
An egg of EZ. hiarbas was once or twice inspected and once 
picked up and put outside but not taken, and two or three 
eggs together of P. cardui were rejected. Buta C. ethalion 
of yesterday’s yellow brood was at once picked up by the 
first small ant that came to it and carried away. The 
larva, only just hatched and not yet having eaten, of 
hippocoon was passed over for some time and several 
times inspected and refused, but finally an ant took it 
and held it in one place for two or three minutes while 
passers inspected it (as in the case of the tick) before she 
finally commenced definitely to carry it. She was even 
then very undecided for a time, sometimes going on to- 
wards the next station ahead, then retracing her steps 
and going towards the main column and so on. Finally, 
she took the latter direction. 

I kept moving the rejected eggs back as they became 
pushed or carried to the side, but without effect, though a 
fresh green C. ethalion egg that I added to them was at 
once taken and carried, and eventually an ant took the 
P. demodocus egg and, after what looked ike much con- 
sultation, carried it off too. I now turned my attention 
to the main column, which was going strong, nine or ten 
abreast. I put in the Danaida egg. It was inspected 
and at once rejected by several ants, and at last put out 
to the side and well earthed up. A P. dardanus hippocoon 
egg was twice ejected, two eggs of A.acara were ejected after 
having been the subject of much inspection by individual 
passers-by, and earth-crumbs were placed against them. 
But a yellow C. ethalion egg was quickly picked up and 
carried to the nearest station. 

On my bringing Danaida to the more active attention 
of the ants it was several times tried with the antennae 
and refused, the hippocoon egg, as well as a second that 
I added, was persistently ignored or ejected; the P. 
demodocus egg was tried and refused a few times, then 
found a carrier; of two P. cardui eggs put down, one was 
picked up very soon and carried along, the other remained 
ignored and possibly unnoticed; two eggs of H. misippus 
placed amongst the ants were overrun and gradually 


on some Carnivorous Insects. 345 


drifted to the side every time I brought them back. I 
did not see them tried. An #. liarbas egg was picked up 
and ejected, as was, several times, an egg of hippocoon 
and one of P. demodocus; but a green egg, with dark 
ring, of C. ethalion was very soon picked up and carried 
with the column. I then killed, diswinged and put just 
inside the column a ¢ D. chrysippus and a 3 Acraea 
natalica. Hach was at once covered by a mass of ants and 
gradually brought into the line. Proceedings continued 
to be so slow that I had to leave, but on my return to 
inspect half an hour later or less both had completely 
disappeared. 

May 2nd.—Afternoon. 

This was really a larva experiment, but as eggs were 
used too, and as the use of freshly-hatched larvae is also 
obviously relevant, I ought perhaps to state the gist of 
it here. 

Eggs of A. acara many times refused, one each of 
hippocoon and P. demodocus two or three times ejected, 
a just-hatched P. dardanus larva treated as in the morning, 
but a three-quarter-grown one with the final, most protec- 
tive appearance at once set upon and carried off. Barely 
hatched A. acara larvae, still busy with their egg-shells, 
persistently refused and repeatedly ejected, but a half- 
~ grown individual of the same species killed and taken, as 
also quarter-grown LH. hiarbas and A. caldarena larvae and 
a nearly full-grown A. caldarena larva. 

The larger Acraea larvae gave the ants a good deal of 
trouble by exuding, when set upon, drops of the usual 
poppy-flavoured liquid from the ends of their bristles. 
They thus succeeded more than once in escaping from 
the column. I put them back, however, and the ants 
overcame the difficulty intentionally or incidentally by 
placing on the ends of the bristles crumbs of dry earth, 
which soaked up the liquid and enabled them to bite off 
the bristles lower down. Fresh drops appeared as the 
result of this, and fresh crumbs of earth were applied 
until finally the bristles were razed off level, in many 
cases, with the caterpillar’s body. It was then set upon 
freely by masses of ants, killed and carried off. I at first 
believed that the application of the earth-crumbs was 
purely in the nature of “ placarding ”’ (which is still pos- 
sible), but I felt before the end of the experiment that it 
might readily be, as I have described it, for the purpose 


346 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


of soaking up the liquid. I hope to repeat the experi- 
ment. The greater repugnance shown for the very young 
larvae is of great interest. It is in line with the dislike 
shown for the eggs, and perhaps explains the greater 
conspicuousness of certain newly-hatched larvae —for 
instance, those of Papilio dardanus. It is also in line 
with native statements about nestling birds (alleged to 
be in general less pleasant to eat than the adults), though 
this has not been proved to apply to other enemies than 
man. 

In a weak column of ants elsewhere I had tested a few 
days previously larvae of Acraea caldarena (from a quarter 
to nearly full-grown) against larvae of Precis natalensis of 
the same sizes, also against a dull-coloured spider that I 
happened to catch on the spot. The Acraea larvae escaped 
by the use of the fluid secretion, but the Precis larvae 
and the spider were killed and carried off. 

May 3rd.—Put down an Alella phalantha egg. Numbers 
of ants passed over it, but none stopped to examine. 
Finally it suddenly disappeared. It must, I think, have 
been picked up, but whether thrown out or carried along 
I could not ascertain. A second was for some time passed 
over unheeded in the same way, until suddenly a small 
worker picked it up, dropped it quickly just outside and 
passed on again. On my returning it, the egg was again 
passed over as before and remained untaken when I had to 
leave, a few minutes later. 

May 6th.—Put down two eggs of Charaxes candiope, 
already lightly ringed. They were passed over and examined 
and neglected by a number of ants, until finally an ant 
examined one of them thoroughly, picked it up and going 
a few inches down the column turned into an out-jutting 
“creek” (so to speak) of ants, scrambled in amongst the 
others, possibly consulting, came out again and a few 
inches back the way she had come, then back again into 
the little conclave, out again and back yet again. On her 
emerging this time my attention was diverted to a pro- 
longed examination that was taking place of the second 
egg, and I could not again trace the first, so am unaware 
of its eventual fate. I added two more C. candiope eggs 
to the second (the examination of which had ended in 
ejection from the column), also two eggs each of P. 
demodocus, Atella phalantha and hippocoon, and four or 
five (together) of A. acara (dark with incubation). I 


on some Carnivorous Insects. 347 


watched for a long time and, though many examinations 
and one or two apparent consultations took place, none 
of the eggs were taken, and the larger ones usually ended 
in being ejected each time I put them in. I then put 
down an egg of C. ethalion, with a ring and slightly in- 
cubated. It was very soon picked up and carried along 
to a tunnel, but a second of the same date received much 
the same treatment as the other eggs. 

The above took place in the orderly bustle of a march- 
ing column. I next went to the head of a column some 
distance away, where the ants were well scattered out 
over a wide area, searching, and put down on a stone they 
were crossing two eggs of C. candiope, one of hippocoon, 
one of P. demodocus and one of A. phalantha. They were 
many times examined but never taken. I added an egg 
of C. ethalion, and after being examined and left, like the 
others, a few times, it was picked up and carried for a 
distance, then put down. On my replacing it, this egg (and 
none of the others) was soon picked up once more and 
carried away. I now kept trying to bring a C. candiope 
egg to the notice of the ants and it was always refused 
though often examined, but a C. ethalion (very hard-set) 
was then treated similarly. There were very few ants 
here now, and I next went on to experiment at a spot 
where they were covering the ground fairly thickly, and put 
down an egg of C. candiope. This was set upon by several 
ants, but they shortly desisted and left it, and treated 
similarly two more eggs of the same species. A P. dardanus 
hippocoon egg, a P. demodocus egg, an A. phalantha egg 
and eggs of A. acara were also all refused, as was the 
about-to-hatch C. ethalion egg. The ants were already 
becoming thinner again at this point, so I moved the eggs 
and added a fresher C. ethalion egg, marking the place. I 
left, and returned ten minutes later to find that the ants 
had shifted on again, leaving all the eggs as they had 
been put down by myself. 

I decided at this point to discontinue the experiments. 
I had not the animals for the far more extensive series of 
experiments that I still hope to undertake, and the ants’ 
reply to the question asked of them had been in any case 
of a sufficiently consistent nature so far as they themselves 
were concerned. In spite of their rather catholic tastes, 
they had evidently found all the eggs offered them—at 
all events ail they definitely tried—rather highly un- 


348 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Experiments 


acceptable, but not quite equally unacceptable. I am 
inclined to state as follows the grades that were indicated :— 


(1) Pseudacraea lucretia var. expansa and Charaxes 
ethalion. 

(2) Papilio demodocus. 

(3) Papilio dardanus. 

(4) Acraea acara, A. aglaonice, A. caldarena and Danaida 
chrysippus. 


} Charazes cithaeron. 


Pyrameis cardui eggs would appear from at least one 
experiment to be preferred to those of P. dardanus, but they 
cannot, I think, be very much higher. Hypolimnas misippus 
and Hurytela hiarbas eggs would appear to be as low as 
that of P. dardanus, but the extent to which they were 
genuinely tried seems doubtful. 

The eggs tested cover quite a considerable range of 
appearance, and this, with the fact that when we ourselves 
search for it with the closeness that is habitually employed 
by its natural enemies we have relatively little difficulty 
in finding the average leaf-laid egg, at least suggests that 
it is not amongst such eggs but amongst those that are 
concealed in earth, stems, etc., that we must look for the 
higher grades of palatability. The inference that it was 
through repugnance to them that the ants avoided the 
eggs was confirmed by their repugnance to newly-hatched 
larvae as compared with older ones. 


3. EXPERIMENTS ON COCKROACHES, A CRICKET AND A 
CoccrNnELLID. 


April 28th, 1913.—Karly in the day I placed in a small 
gauze-covered box with two live larval cockroaches thirteen 
eggs of Acraea aglaonice, twelve of Acraea caldarena, ten 
of Pyrameis carduwi and three of Papilio dardanus 9 f. 
hippocoon. None had been eaten by evening, and during 
the evening the cockroaches escaped. I replaced them at 
about 10 p.m. in the evening by two adult and three larval 
cockroaches of the same species. 

I left in another small box with a female of the carnivor- 
ous ladybird Alesia bidentata a number of eggs of A. 
caldarena, three of hippocoon and one of P. cardut. 

[Cockroaches were of our common Gazaland species. ] 

April 29th.—No developments in the cockroach box. In 
the other box the Alesia, instead of eating the egg, has 


on some Carnivorous Insects. 349 


merely added to them one of her own. It is laid beside 
the Acraea eggs on a small bit of green Wormskioldia 
longipedunculata leaf. 

April 30th.—Removed the eggs supplied to the Alesva, 
since she continued to refuse them, and placed them in a 
gauze-covered box with a carnivorous cricket (Arytropteris 
sp.). 

ee 1st.—No developments in the cockroach and cricket 
boxes except that the former insects, while still ignoring 
the eggs, had eaten a portion of a dead companion. 

Later.—The cockroaches and cricket persisted in refusing 
the eggs, not only when unbroken but when damaged by a 
pin-point. One actual tasting followed by a rejection 
took place on the part of one of the cockroaches, and 
eggs extracted from a hippocoon’s body were refused. 
But both cockroaches and cricket ate other food that I 
eventually offered them, including eggs extracted from 
small dull-coloured grasshoppers. 

ConcLtupinc Remarxs.—The experiments, were they 
made on better-chosen enemies, would suggest that openly- 
laid lepidopterous eggs, generally, are somewhat highly 
protected by some such quality as nauseousness, though 
in varying degrees. It was interesting that the egg most 
frequently taken was a leaf-green one. 

As it is, the experiments are open to criticism. Yet 
they suggest that experiments on visually-discriminating 
egg-enemies may be well worth carrying out. So far as 
the parasitic Hymenoptera are concerned, facts have been 
recorded showing that some, at any rate, of these do not 
recognise eggs visually. 

Should further experimentation produce the results 
that I am inclined to expect, the study of the appearance 
of insects’ eggs is likely to be a very fascinating one. 
Nor will it be entirely dependent on the obtaining of the 
food-plant. Thus I have compared the laid eggs of quite 
a number of different species of butterflies with the most 
advanced eggs still in the bodies of the gravid parents, and 
I have found that in each case the eggs about to be laid 
corresponded well in colour and form with newly-laid eggs. 

Against this we have the fact that newly-laid eggs—and 
therefore also eggs extracted from the parent’s body—do 
not necessarily give an accurate idea of what will be the 
coloration of the egg during the greater part of its exist- 
ence as such; for many eggs (as those of Papilio and 


350 Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton on Carnivorous Insects. 


Charazes) do not attain their full coloration for a day or 
two after laying, and they darken again when approaching 
hatching. Yet even here something may be done; for I 
have found (my observations here being confined, how- 
ever, to species of the three genera Pseudacraea, Charaxes 
and Papilio) that a gravid female at death usually con- 
tains one fertile unlaid egg, and that this egg, but not the 
others, goes through its colour-changes within the parent’s 
body (or if extracted from it) just as it would have done 
after laying, and ends (if the parent’s drying be not too 
rapid) in actually hatching therein. I have taken a live 
larva, half out of its shell, from the body of a long-dead 
Pseudacraea lucretia var. expansa, and it has fed freely 
when placed on Chrysophyllum fulvum (its food-plant in 
the Chirinda forest) and has quickly proceeded to cover 
itself in the normal manner with its own frass. 

The one fertile egg has of course another obvious applica- 
tion. It may enable us to study the life-history of an 
insect that has proved refractory about laying. I have 
bred Papilio dardanus from such eggs, and the Pseudacraea 
larva referred to above was already more than a week old 
and strong and vigorous when it was unluckily accident- 
ally killed. I have, I believe, twice obtained more than 
one such egg (in each case from a dead P. dardanus 2 
f. hippocoon) as against more than thirty instances in 
which there was only one. 

[For Mr. Swynnerton’s further notes on the eggs of 
butterflies see Supplement, p. 428.—E. B. P.] 


(San) 


XV. Some new forms of Parnassius (Lepidoptera Rhopalo- 
cera). By A. Avrinorr, F.E.S. 


[Read October 6th, 1915.] 
Prates LII-LIV. 


In 1914 I wrote an extensive article with descriptions of 
some new species and forms of the genus Parnassius from 
Northern India and Tibet. I made a comparative study 
of their relationship with other allied forms, and en- 
deavoured to give a monographical synopsis of the groups 
in question. 

This paper was sent to the Entomological Society of 
London at the end of July 1914, and crossed Germany on 
its way to England just at the moment when the war 
broke out. Now, as the manuscript has thus been lost 
and I have not reserved a copy, I am obliged to give but 
short descriptions; and at the present time I am at my 
duties, far away from my collection. All the necessary 
bibliography is inaccessible, so that I am compelled to 
publish merely preliminary notes just to fix the new forms 
of this interesting genus, postponing their more ample 
study to some future date. I hope that the photographic 
illustrations of all the described forms will support the 
insufficient descriptions, and will guarantee the correct 
identification. 


Parnassius hunnyngtoni, sp. nov. (Plate LII, figs. 1, 3; 
2, 3, 2.) 

I received this wonderful new species through the kind- 

ness of Mr. Hunnyngton, in honour of whom I have named 


this minute Parnassius. It comes from high elevations 
near the Chumbi Valley, South Tibet. 


Apparently this new species belongs to the acco-group, as may 
be seen by the corneous bag of the female and the characteristic 
white scaled veins of the slightly pinkish surface of the underside 
of the secondaries. Their pattern is very peculiar here, as seen 
by the figure. Especially conspicuous is the curved band of mark- 
ings in the wing of the female. In the male this curved band of 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS III, IV. (JUNE) 


352 M. A. Avinoff on 


markings on the underside is incomplete. It is especially the 
three patches in the interspaces 2-5 and on that are marked the 
red scales lacking entirely on this species in both sexes on both 
surfaces. The inner outline of the basal dark part runs parallel 
to the inner margin. A dark crescent in the cell seems to be 
formed by modified black outlines of the obliterated basal and 
anal red eyelets. The latter row of dark lunulae is similar to 
these markings of acco. 

The comparison of the dark basal area of hunnyngtoni and acco 
shows the former is very different, as in the latter species this area 
has an irregular contour near the central cell. 

The upperside of the male presents a very strong reduction of 
dark markings compared with acco. There are three dark mark- 
ings in the discocellular, and merely rudiments of the semi-trans- 
parent fuscous bands at the costal margin. The hindwing has no 
central markings at all, the whole pattern consisting of the sub- 
marginal lunulae on the black basal area. The markings in inter- 
spaces 5 and 7 are slightly seen on the upper surface, due to the 
transparency of the wing. 

The female has more developed dark markings. The two dark 
patches of the secondaries corresponding to the usual red eyelets 
are not large and stripe-like. The markings between them forming 
an uninterrupted curved band are seen only by transmitted light. 

The size of this species hardly reaches that of the smaller simo 
forms. The cilia are very long and of the whitish ground-colour 
of the wings. 

The antennae are yellowish grey, gradually darkening at the 
extremity. The legs are pinkish. The corneous pouch of the 
female, being of the general shape and formation of that of acco, 
is comparatively shorter and does not reach so far in surrounding 
the upper part of the body. 


Parnassius acco, Gray, subsp. hampsoni, nov. (Plate LII, 
fig. 4.) 

The genuine acco is rather a larger butterfly with heavy 
dark markings and well-developed red ocelli. So are the 
acco caught during my expedition through Central Asia 
in 1912,*in Eastern Ladak and Rupshu. The Kara-Korum 
form is smaller, the markings are less heavy, especially the 
antemarginal lunulae of the secondaries are reduced in 


* T have had the honour of making a report of this expedition, 
on Feb. 5th, 1913, at the meeting of the Entomological Society, 
vide Proceedings, 1913, pp. xi, xii. 


some new forms of Parnassius. 353 


size. The ocelli of the secondaries are of a very pale 
pinkish tinge. This northern form, modified in the oppo- 
site direction, as compared with the type from przevalskyi, 
Alph., baileyi, South, and gemmifer, Fruhst., has full right 
to receive a special name. I dedicate it to the eminent 
British entomologist Sir George Hampson. 


Parnassius maharaja, sp. nov. (Plate LIV, figs. 1, 3; 
2.) 

The correct position in the genus of this new species is 
rather doubtful. The pouch of the female shows, how- 
ever, that it has close affinity with Parnassius cephalus, 
Gr.-Gr., and szechenyi, Friv. 


The male is white, with a fuscous marginal band and a row of 
dark submarginal lunulae on the primaries. Between this row 
and the discocellular is a grey shade at the costal margin. The 
two black markings of the dark discocellular are well developed. 
A grey patch in the middle of interspace 1 near the inner margin 
is indistinct. The secondaries have a dark marginal band and a 
row of evanescent dark markings. Instead of the ocelli there is a 
minute dark marking in the interspace 5 and a larger one on the 
costal margin. In the same interspace 7 there is another dark 
marking between the ocellus and the basis of the wing—a character 
typical for acco, szechenyi, simo and charltonius. 

The female has better-developed dark markings, especially on 
the secondaries, where a complete row of antemarginal markings 
is present, the two subanal spots being heavier and of a somewhat 
triangular shape. The discal ocelli are larger, though of a diffuse 
fuscous colouring, with some pale reddish scales in the upper one. 

The cilia of both sexes are black, as in szmo. 

The ground-colouring of the underside of the hindwing, as well 
as of the apex of the primaries is of the same reddish tinge as in 
acco-przevalskyi. There are no white scales along the veinings as 
in the latter conspecies. The legs are slightly pinkish. The size of 
this species is that of large delphius forms; the pointed and extended 
shape of the forewings is very much that of a gigantic simo. 


Caught on desolate stony slopes near the crest of the 
Tagalang-la Pass (Rupshu), 18,000 feet, and in the vicinity 
of Sugetdavan (Chinese Turkestan). I have unmistakably 
seen a specimen on the Depsang plateau, 17,000 feet, in 
the Karakoram region, but could not catch the butterfly. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS III, IV. (JUNE) AA 


354 M. A. Avinoff on 


Parnassius acdestis, Gr.-Gr., subsp. rupshuana, nov. 
(Plate LIT, fig. 5, 3; 6, 2.) 


Differs from the type forms especially by the position 
of the antemarginal markings of the hindwing. These 
markings are reduced in size, and run further inward at 
a greater distance from the outer margin. Generally it 
is only the round black spot in cell 3 that is compara- 
tively conspicuous. It has no blue centre. The next 
lunule in cell 4 is particularly strongly curved inwardly. 
The white marginal lunulae of the ground-colouring on 
the primaries are also removed further from the margin 
in comparison with acdestis. The shape of the primaries 
is more pointed at the apex, and the secondaries present 
a slightly pronounced angle in the outline on the outer 
margin of cell 4. 

Locality. Rupshu, Tagalang-la, 17,000-18,000 feet, VII. 


Parnassius acdestis, subsp. ladakensis, nov. (Plate LI, 
fig: 7, 2.) 

This is nearest to the typical race from Kuku-nor. The 
shape of the wings is rounder than in rupshuana. The 
dark markings of the primaries are not so developed as in 
the latter form. The chief distinctive character of lada- 
kensis and acdestis is connected with the position of the 
antemarginal band of markings on the secondaries, which 
is Just as far removed from the edge in ladakensis as it is 
in rupshuana. Judging by my single ladakensis female 
from Shera-la (East Ladak), and comparing it with my 
ten specimens of rupshuana, it may be stated that the 
marking in cell 3 conforms more, by its shape. and size, 
to the corresponding character of the real acdestis. The 
basal greyish area is somewhat lighter. 

I have found it useful to publish the figures of two lttle- 
known new acdestis forms, described lately by Felix Bryk. 

Parnassius latonius (Plate LII, fig. 8, 9), originally 
described as an independent species, is but a very large 
and heavily marked form of acdestis lampidius, Fruhst., 
from Sikkim. There is a distinct red basal eyelet on the 
hindwing. Two specimens of P. latonius have been found 
at Kangma, South Tibet, near Shigatse. One of these 
specimens I obtained through Bang-Haas in Dresden. 

Parnassius acdestis priamus (Plate LII, fig. 9, 3) has 
been taken in Central Tian Chan near the Musart Pass. 


some new forms of Parnassius. 355 


The comparison of the races presented on Plate LIT shows 
clearly the difference in shape of the wings of the various 
acdestis forms. Priamus in this respect rather closely 
resembles the genuine acdestis, though the apex of the 
primaries is more pointed and sharp. The antemarginal 
markings are very inconspicuous, but run distinctly almost 
parallel with and close to the margin as in acdestis. Be- 
sides the type specimens of Bryk, now in my collection 
and figured on Plate LII, I have two other examples from 
the vicinity of Hantengri caught on the Russian border. 
The male has the ocelli more distinctly jomed by a bar as 
in latonius, and the female is characterised by an absolute 
lack of submarginal markings on the secondaries. 

The pouches of the females acdestis, rupshuana ladakensis 
and latonius are identical, the corneous bag of the Tian 
Shan race being slightly different in structure. 


Parnassius delphius, Kv. 


I have to add five new local races to the numerous 
already known ones of this extremely variable Central- 
Asiatic species. 


Parnassius delphius, subsp. nicevillei, nov. (Plate LIII, 
fig. 1, 3; 2, 2.) 

One may describe this race from Burzil Pass, Kashmir, 
as an intermediate link connecting the subspecies atkinsoni 
and stoliczkanus, though the affinity with the former is 
much closer. Its size is somewhat smaller than that of 
atkinsont. The chief difference consists in the reduction 
of the dark markings, especially in the discal part of the 
forewing. On the hindwing the central red: ocellus is 
bright and large, surrounded by a very narrow black ring. 
The upper ocellus in interspace 7 is reduced in size, rarely 
red-centred and often almost obsolete. These characters 
of the formation of ocelli on the hindwing recall subsp. 
stoliczkanus. The submarginal row of blue ocelli is in a 
darker submarginal zone than in atkinsonz, the light inter- 
spaces being even narrower or entirely obliterated. I 
have obtained about seventy specimens of this new race, 
and might say that the described characters are rather 
constant. There were two conspicuous aberrations which 
seem to be very instructive from the phylogenetic view- 
point. One of them has not the usual even row of five 


356 M. A. Avinoff on 


blue ocelli, but the middle one is transformed into a lunule, 
curved inside in the same way as is the case with the 
Turkestan forms of the species. Another specimen, 
having the same character of the submarginal markings 
of the hindwing, presents other peculiarities connecting it 
in a striking way to cardinal, Gr.-Gr., from Buchara. All 
the three red ocelli are well developed, surrounded by 
heavy black rings and joined by black bars. The dark 
markings of the primaries are also enlarged. This speci- 
men is decidedly larger in size than any other of my 
niceviller. Not approving the system of giving special 
names to accidental aberrations, I find it worth while to 
make an exception for this interesting case of transition 
between the Indian and Turkestan groups of P. delphius, 
and confer the name of ab. cardinalina, nov. (Plate LIII, 
fig. 3, 3) to this butterfly, which can be discriminated 
from the genuine cardinal only by the character of the 
dark margin in the secondaries, and the absence of white 
scabs in the red ocelli on the underside. 

I am glad to be able to publish a figure of a male speci- 
men of atkinsoni (Plate LIII, fig. 4), known only by the 
two original females. My three specimens from Pir-Panjal 
settle completely the question of the two typical specimens 
in the British Museum, as they were referred both to 
Darjeeling and Pir-Panjal. The males agree closely with 
the description of the females. The red filling of the 
ocelli is less conspicuous on one of my two males; it is 
obliterated almost entirely in the upper ocellus, which 
reminds one very much of subsp. stenosemus, Honr. 

Lieutenant A. Brownlow, R.A., has had the kindness to 
transmit to me a fine female of niceviller from Kishtwar 
Mountains. I have obtained later a male, in very poor 
condition of preservation, from the vicinity of Zoji-la. 
Both specimens differ from the typical niceviller by an 
extreme development of red on the secondaries, and par- 
ticularly by the thin black encircling of the ocelli. It may 
be that these characters constitute a true local race. 

In the Western Ladak has been found a delphius form 
belonging to the group of staudingert, B. H.—hunza, Gr.-Gr. 
The dark semi-transparent bands of the primaries are 
shaped as in subsp. staudingeri, although they are not so 
well marked. 

The secondaries have two subanal blue-centred ocelli 
before the margin, the following markings having the 


some new forms of Parnassius. 357 


shape of narrow crescents and stripes as in the Turkestan 
forms. It may be remembered that the two anal mark- 
ings in staudingert never have blue scales. The general 
appearance is transparent, more like that of hunza. The 
two discal ocelli of the secondaries are filled with a faint 
reddish colouring, approaching that of the forms from 
Central Pamir and Hindukush —jakobsonz, Avin., and 
hunza. The main difference of this new Ladak race and 
jakobsoni consists in the characters of the antemarginal 
markings of the hindwing, the lunule in the interspace 4 
being less conspicuously produced inwardly. I call this 
new race mamaievr, from the name of my friend Mr. M. 
Mamaiff, with whom I made the journey from India to 
Turkestan (Plate LIII, fig. 5, J; 6, 9). 

Near the Saltoro Glacier in Baltistan the expedition of 
Mrs. F. Bullock-Workman has found a form of delphius 
exhibiting a transition from mamaievi to hunza. I name 
it subsp. workmani (Plate LIII, fig. 7, 2). The submar- 
ginal markings are distinctly those of mamaievi, but very 
much reduced in size, and transformed into isolated plain 
dark spots. The upper ocellus of my unique female is 
black. The discal area of the forewing presents the 
character of hunza in respect of the diffuse dark scaling 
crossing the wing along the veins in the third interspace. 

The Hindukush group of delphius races seems to consist 
as far as known of three races. The two formerly described 
ones are hunza from Beik Pass, and chitralensis, Verity, 
from Chandur. I have these forms in my collection, and 
notice that the race recently obtained by my friend Mr. A. 
Smith in the mountains between Kila Drosh and Kafiristan 
does not belong to either of the two mentioned above. 
There is no transverse continuous discal band running to 
the inner margin of the primaries, as is the case in chitral- 
ensis; on the other hand, the fuscous antemarginal band 
of the secondaries presents some light interspaces, absent 
in the true hunza. The shape of the hindwing is particu- 
larly narrow, with a well-marked angle at vein 6. My 
two males have heavy anal black markings and dark 
discal ocelli. The female has merely a few dark scales in 
the place of the anal patches. The discal ocelli are centred 
with pale flesh-red. 

This new form, which I call subsp. kafir, nov. (Plate LIII, 
fig. 8, 3; 9, 9), should be studied with more ample material, 
which is so hard to obtain from these remote localities. 


358 M. A. Avinoff on. 


Subsp. darvasiea, nov. (Plate LIV, fig. 3, 9.) 


In the mountains of Darvas (Buchara) Mrs. Hohlbeck 
has recorded a new form closely allied to dllustris, Gr.-Gr., 
from the Transalai Mountains (Turkestan). The chief 
difference from both of them consists in the hyaline trans- 
parency of the wings in darvasica, not at all connected 
with the state of preservation; the reddish pigment in the 
ocelli is exceedingly light in colour. These characters 
somewhat recall subsp. hunza. The submarginal markings 
present an intermediate character between subsp. dlustris, 
with a generally well-developed row of ocelli and lunulae, 
and subsp. kurichenkoi, Avin., with its complete absence 
of any such markings. 


Subsp. sobolevskyi, nov. (Plate LIV, fig. 7, ; 5, 9.) 


This butterfly has been caught by the young traveller 
Mr. J. Sobolevsky in the Kilang Pass in Chinese Turkestan. 
This form belongs distinctly to the group delphius-delphius. 
It should be ranged closely with zuldussica, Verity. The 
row of usual antemarginal markings of the secondaries is 
removed far inwardly. Narrow white lunulae divide the | 
markings of the internervural spaces 7-6 from the broad 
fuscous marginal band. The anal markings are plain 
black, without blue as in the Tian Shan forms. The 
discal ocelli are small, the central one with diminished red 
fillings. The basal grey area is dense, and has the shape 
of that of the acdestis forms (comp. with figures 5-9 of 
Plate LII). The primaries have no special character 
compared with zuldussica intermedia, Ver., and delphius 
except the apparently constant development. of dark 
scaling all over the surface of the wings. 


P. simo, Gray, subsp. grayi, nov. (Plate LIV, fig. 6, 3.) 

This is the largest of all the simo forms, it stands 
close to the race simonius, Stgr., from which it differs 
besides the size, by the very heavy submarginal markings 
of both pairs of wings. The whole dark pattern is well 
defined on the densely-scaled surface of the wings. This 
race inhabits the north-western slopes of the Alai Moun- 
tains near Jengisbai. My two specimens from this locality 
are exactly alike. It must be noted that the shape of the 
wings is just as broad as in the s¢monius race, and has 
not the acute apex of simulator, Stgr., which almost equals 


some new forms of Parnassius. 359 


grayi in size. The shape of the antemarginal lunulae of 
the hindwings is also a good distinct character for dis- 
criminating both forms. Those of simulator are arrow- 
shaped, those of gray: have not the pointed extremity 
and present an uninterrupted dark band. 


Parnassius charltonius, Gray, subsp. vaporosus, Avin. 
(Plate LIV, fig. 7, ¢.) 


I have described this Darwas form of the glorious 
North-Indian species from a few females. Now that I 
have obtained through Mr. A. Hohlbeck a fine series of 
both sexes, I am able to complete my description, by 
pointing out the characters of the male. It has very 
slightly developed submarginal and discal dark bands of 
the primaries in comparison with the closely allied subsp. 
prunceps, Honr. The red-central ocellus of the secondaries 
presents the same typical character as in the female; it 
is narrow, elongated in the transverse direction, the inner 
dark outline forming almost a straight line. The semi- 
transparent markings near the blue marginal ocelli are 
somewhat more conspicuous than in princeps. This latter 
_ character recalls the Indian forms of the species, though 
vaporosus is undoubtedly the lightest form in the whole 
group of allied local races of charltonius. 


Parnassius loxias, Piing., subsp. raskemensis, nov. 
(Plate LIT, fig. 10, 9.) 


The typical form of this fine species, originally known 
only by three specimens obtained by Piingeles from the 
Central Tian Chan Mountains, has been lately obtained by 
me from a collector in the same locality in a large series, 
showing very fully the limits of variation of P. loxas. 
This rich material enables me to recognise and establish 
with enough certitude a different, though close local race, 
from the ramifications of the Raskem Mountains, namely, 
from the Kiliang Pass, where the butterfly has been re- 
corded by Mr. J. Sobolevsky from a single female, now form- 
ing part of my collection. It differs from the Northern 
Tian Shan type in having reduced hyaline margins of both 
wings, and in a considerable development of the sub- 
marginal markings. This part of the pattern of the fore- 
wing presents a heavy fuscous band, especially broad in 
the interspaces 2-4. The discal zigzag band characteristic 
of the typical loxias is absent. The black submarginal 


360 M. A. Avinoff on some new forms of Parnassius. 


ocelli of the hindwing are enlarged inwardly, and the blue 
scaling is reduced. On account of the narrowness of the 
marginal hyaline band the white interspaces between 
the latter and the ocelli are quite distinct. 

The two usual Parnassus ocelli are of a very pale slightly 
orange tint, and scarcely differ in colour from the ground 
of the whole surface. The basal part of the wing is ex- 
tremely dark, which is never the case with the true loxias. 


Parnassius epaphus, Boisd., subsp. phariensis, nov. 
(Plate LIV, fig. 8, 3; 9, 9.) 

Close to P. epaphus subsp. sikkimensis, Elwes, from 
which it differs by the excessive development of all the 
dark markings. The red filling of the ocelli on both pairs 
of wings is very distinct. The red ocelli of the hindwing 
are usually joined by a dark bar. 

This dark form of epaphas inhabits Phari-Zong in 
Southern Thibet. 


EXPLANATION OF Piates LII—LIV. 


[See Explanation facing the PLATES.] 


nN en ray nes 
- aan ’ Se ‘" ‘ae - 
| Riise Pipa ia 
PON EIN Nie he 


pale : 

1) ae ai ey. gt 132 RES tab ‘ “a 

ey we ; hie Gy pail I " y) 7) tah: i 
ach HF) roe elt ; lah A ani MGT. ty 
b rl trad) Sh Be elpaiie WH YS M, a 
ie ty hee 1? / t os as tf re ' al 
Eaten? (Tp a iG ee! ell nits | alcatee chi rakes 


; ; ; i. PaePtit PM ifay z By 


se 


& 
t 
‘ 
di 
ie Red pa : 
- > ied AY i 
5 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LILI. 


NEW FORMS OF PARNASSIUS 


EXPLANATION OF PuaTE LII. 


Fia. 1. Parnassius hunnyngtont, 3. 


SOMA MP Wh 


9 


39 > = 
5 5, underside. 
acco hampsoni, 3. 
acdestis rupshuana, 3. 
99 9 | 2: 
»  ladakensis, 9. 
»  latonius, 9. 
” priamus, 3 * 
loxias raskemensis, 9. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIII. 


Fic. 1. Parnassius delphius nicevillet, 3. 


2. 


aa) Se ae 


s° 


”9 


99 ? e 


x , ab. cardinalina, 3. 
atkinsoni, ¢. 
mamaiert, 3. 


9° > 2 
workmani, 9. 
kafir, 3. 


ct | 2. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LIL. 


NEW FORMS OF PARNASSIUS. 


“ 


| 
| 
: 
| 
| 


a 


9 


ee Paw 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LLV. 


NEW FORMS OF PARNASSIUS. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV. 


Fie. 1. Parnassius maharaja, 3. 


2. - hae bear Os 

3 ae delphius darvasica, 9. 
4, vs: a sobolevskyi, 3. 
a - se i Pod 
6. os simo grayi, 3. 

de ma charlionius vaporosus, 3. 
8. = epaphus phariensis, 3. 
9. = & Se tee 


a - 
e: Mf : fe 
y rar’ as a 
& Foti | ae 
tak 
; ie ‘ ¥ e 
ale i) & pel sh 
. od Lo Ne ay 
Pea ika8 
aide c ; 
¥ “a © ee ledy 
oan 4 4 
j one 
x id, 
; “i 
‘ | y 
ia) 
- 71 
5 
' ad 
] 
if? 
4 
1 s 
7 it f 
id . as: ' 
’ de al} 
2 py uA 


( 361 ) 


XVI. New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. By J. J. 
Joicey, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., A. Noaxss, F.E.S., 
and G. Taupot, F.E.S. 


[Read May 5th, 1915.] 
Puates LV—LXII. 


Tue forms herein described were all taken by Messrs. A., C., 
and F. Pratt, and, except where otherwise stated, were 
collected at the Angi Lakes, Arfak Mountains, 6000 feet, 
January to March 1914. The types are in the collection 
of Joicey. 

Our thanks are due to Lord Rothschild, Dr. K. Jordan, 
and G. T. Bethune-Baker, Esq., for kind help and the 
opportunity of comparing specimens in their collections. 
We are also indebted to Sir G. F. Hampson for useful 
help with the Heterocera. 

Forty-four forms are described as new in the present 
paper, and five of these represent the 9 Q of forms already 
described from ¢ specimens. 


RHOPALOCERA. 


(By JoricrEy AND NOAKEs.) 


PAPILIONIDAE. 
1. Papilio (Troides) tithonus prominens, subsp. nov. 
(Plate LV, fig. 1, g; Plate LVI, fig. 1, 3.) 


Weare not sure, in the absence of more material, whether 
the ¢ described below is associated with the 2 upon which 
we base the subspecies. 


Q. Cell-spot of forewing rounded, and all spots suffused with 
dark scaling. Hindwing with a small cell-spot as in waigeuensis, 
Roths. Abdomen with segments mostly black laterally and fringed 
with black hair ventrally to a greater extent than in other forms 
of the species. 

g. Forewing above with costa and apex more broadly black and 
costal patch reduced; in cellule 8 there is only a nebulous streak. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS III, IV. (JUNE) 


362 Messrs. J. J. Joicey, A. Noakes and G. Talbot on 


The outer edge of the stripe in 7 is about level with that in 6 giving 
the costal patch a more wedge-like than oval shape. In cellule 9 
are only a few scattered scales. The median patch is produced 
anteriorly to above vein 5 as a narrow spur. 


1 § from Angi Lakes, 1 2 from Momi, 4000 feet, February. 


2. Papilio (Troides) tithonus misresiana, subsp. nov.* 
(Plate LVII, fig. 1.) 


Q. Forewing with cell-spot smaller than in the type-form, second 
discal spot larger, apical spots a little larger. Hindwing with 
cell-spot small as in waigewensis, Roths., marginal black broader 
especially in cellules 4 and 5. 


3 9° from Mount Misresi, 3000 feet, Arfak Mountains, 
Jan. 1910, A., C., and F. Pratt. 19 in the Tring Museum 
bearing same locality. 


3. Papilio (Troides) paradisea arfakensis, subsp. nov. 
(Plate LVITI, fig. 1, 3.) 


This well-defined local race is particularly interesting 
as exhibiting in the 9 a likeness to meridionalis, Roths. 


6. Upperside-—Forewing with costa more broadly black and 
golden patch therefore narrower than in the type form. The inter- 
space between veins 9 and 10 is sparsely scaled with green. The 
costa is thinly scaled with green to about half length of cell. The 
median patch is distally rounded so that the black margin is wider 
near the outer angle than it is in the typical form. Hindwing with 
yellow extending beyond cell in cellules 3 and 4 and to a greater 
extent in the co-type. The black margin is somewhat broader 
between veins 5 and 7. The tails are shorter and more blunt. 

Underside of forewing with costal black entering cell, extending 
along its upper margin and joined to a black bar crossing middle 
discocellular between veins 5 and 6 and projecting beyond cell for 
a third of its length; this bar cuts off a small green patch at upper 
angle of cell. The apical black is extended between veins 7 and 8. 
The inner margin is black except for a small patch of green at the 
middle. Hindwing as above. Legs entirely black. 


* The Q figured by Kenrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1911, Pl. IV, is 
evidently this form, whilst the g on Pl. III is probably also 
referable to misresiana. 


New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. 363 


The co-type has the forewing markings a greenish-blue, the costal 
patch being slightly tinged with gold. 

Q. Forewing with cell-spot proximally rounded, discal spots well 
defined. Hindwing with discal band filling outer two-fifths of cell 
and extending into cellule 6 as in some specimens of meridionalis, 
though to a greater extent. The black spot in cellule 6 is well 
defined; the spot at inner margin touches vein 2 and is confluent 
with the black ground-colour. The discal area of the band is white 
as in meridionalis, though more or less clouded with dark scales 
over a short area proximally of the spots. 

The abdomen below has the segments hairy at their apices. 


2 gd and 4 9° 9 were obtained. 


4. Papilio albertisi, Oberth. 9. 
Papilio albertist, Ob., Et. d’Ent., 4, p. 41. 


Resembles the g above. Below it is paler, specially the apical 
band of the forewing and the distal margin of hindwing. The 
yellowish bordering to the submarginal spots is more developed. 


A single specimen. There is also a specimen in the 
Adams Coll. in the British Museum, which was also 
obtained by Mr. Pratt in Dutch New Guinea. 


PIERIDAE. 


5. Leueiacria acuta, R. and J. 9. 
(Plate LV, fig. 2.) 


g. L. acuta, R. and J., Novit. Zool., 1905, p. 463; Seitz, 
Macrol., 9, p. 121, pl. 73a. 


Q. Upperside dirty white. Forewing with outer margin, costa, 
and base brownish-black. Outer marginal border broad and narrow- 
ing posteriorly, its edge incurved but projecting in cellule 3 to half 
length of cellule, rounded in cellule 1b. A discocellular spot, 
brownish-black and oval, joined to the costal black. Hindwing 
with some black and yellow dusting at base and some black dusting 
at apex. 

Underside darker than in g. Forewing with basal half of cell 
purplish, a discocellular spot as above. A subapical brownish- 
black band, broadest on costa and reaching vein 4, followed by a 
spot in 3 and a smaller one in 2. Apex lilac. Hindwing with 3 
faint submarginal spots in 3-5. 


Two specimens obtained, also a long series of 3 g. 


364 Messrs. J. J. Joicey, A. Noakes and G. Talbot on 


6. Delias elongatus, Kenr. 9. 
(Plate LVI, fig. 2.) 


D. elongatus, Kenrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 19, 
pl. ii, fig. 4, 3. 


9. Upperside.—Forewing with spots pale buff. A little whitish 
scaling in basal half of cell. Hindwing with light area cream- 
colour, a black spot outside cell and touching it, between veins 4 
and 6. Basal half of cell black with a few light scales. Marginal 
border wider than in 4. 

Underside.—Forewing with triangular patch reduced. Hindwing 
with discal purple area washed out and spot at end of cell enlarged. 

Length of forewing : 31 mm. 


3 9 5 and 3 99 of this species were obtained. 


7. Delias pratti, Kenr. 9. 


D. pratti, Kenrick, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, vol. 4, 
1909, p. 177, pl. vi, fig. 2, g. 
The 9 does not differ from the J except in having slightly 
rounded wings. 
Several specimens obtained, also a long series of 3 g. 


8. Delias castaneus, Kenr. Pupa. 


D. castaneus, Kenr., Ann. and Mag., Ser. 8, vol. 4, 1909, 
p. 181, pl. vii, fig. 3. 
The pupa case here described was found on some sort 
of mountain grass, to which it is still attached. The 
insect emerged at 3.30 p.m. on Feb. 17, 1914. 


Colour pale brown. Head bearing a forked protuberance, the 
two curved ends of the fork and the pedicel below black. Two 
short black tubercles at base of head. A dorsal row of black spines 
on somites 2-7. Two short black lateral spines on the first abdo- 
minal somite, 2 lateral black spines on the second, and 4 on the 
third somite. 


DANAIDAE. 
9. Danaida weiskei thalassina, subsp. nov. 
(Plate LV, fig. 3, gy fig. 4, 9.) 


3g. Upperside.—Forewing with costal streak obsolete, spot near 
end of cell with its long axis directed basally, discal spot in cellule 2 


New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. 365 


smaller than in weiskei, patch below cell larger and produced basally 
and distally with lower edge touching submedian, a streak below 
submedian shorter than patch above it. The post-discal spot in 2 
stands midway between discal spot and margin. Three submarginal 
dots in cellules 3, 4, and 6. Hindwing with the greenish-white area 
extended to extreme base and patches round cell enlarged, especially 
below cell, so that the outer edge of this area is nearly regular. 

Underside similar to above. Forewing with costal and streaks 
beyond cell more distinct. Inner marginal streak extended to near 
outer angle. Hindwing with reduced light area, post-cellular 
patches separated and absent in cellules 2 and 3. 

9. Upperside of forewing similar to 3, but markings slightly 
enlarged. Hindwing with greenish-white area extended far beyond 
cell leaving a black margin 3 mm. wide which slightly invades the 
light area on the veins. Some marginal dots from cellules 3 to 
anal angle. 

Underside similar to above. Hindwing with light basal area 
reduced, the post-cellular patches being invaded by the ground- 
colour. A series of rounded submarginal spots, one each in cellules 
6-4 and a pair in each of cellules 2 and 3; another spot behind 
vein 2. A series of marginal dots in pairs between the veins, those 
in cellules 5 and 6 being enlarged longitudinally. 


A series of 6 9 g and 2 2 obtained. 


10. Danaida melusine oetakwensis, subsp. nov. 


6 2. Forewing with subapical patches larger, especially the spot 
in cellule 4, but not so large as in meeki, Gr.-Sm.; the patches in 
5 and 6 converge more proximally than in the typical form. Hind- 
wing with more brown at the base, the costal stripe being much 
shortened, though in one specimen in the Tring Museum this stripe 
is not abbreviated. The post-cellular spots are closer together and 
are larger in cellules 2 and 3 than in the type-form. The spot in 6 
is much reduced. 


Snow Mountains, near Oetakwa River, up to 3500 feet. 
3 34, 3 2 Coll. Joicey, also in Coll. Rothschild. Speci- 
mens in Tring Museum from Upper Aroa River also seem 
to agree with this form. 


11. Danaida melusine grosesmithi, subsp. nov. 
(Plate LVI, fig. 3, 3, fig. 4, 9.) 


Differs from the typical form in reduced markings on 
both wings. 


366 Messrs. J. J. Joicey, A. Noakes and G. Talbot on 


6. Forewing: median patches not touching cell and much shorter 
than in melusine. The lower median patch composed of two con- 
fluent spots, smaller than the upper patch. Subapical spots reduced, 
the one in cellule 6 only half the length of spot in 5. Hindwing 
with reduced costal patch, discal patch reduced distally. Veins of 
cell brown, being scaled with white in both melusine and meeki. 
Spot in cellule 6 absent. Three white submarginal apical spots. . 

Underside with a small spot at base of cellule 8, well marked in 
the 9. This spot is absent in all other forms of melusine. 

Q. Resembles the g but markings more extended and spots 
larger. Hindwing with a submarginal row of 5 spots in 2-6. 


3. Mount Misresi, Arfak Mountains, 3000 feet, Jan. 
1910, A., C., and F. Pratt. 9, Angi Lakes, Jan._Feb. The 
only specimens of this rather specialised form. 


AMATHUSIIDAE. 


12. Morphopsis ula brunnifascia, subsp. nov. 
(Plate LX, fig. 1.) 


¢. The band on the forewing is much narrower than in ula, 
R. and J., and is yellowish-brown except for a creamy oblong spot 
on the costa. The band is slightly separated from the submarginal 
lines, and the part lying in cellule 2 is larger than it is in ula. The 
hindwing is darker, the eyespot has no outer ring and the blue iris 
is somewhat reduced. On the underside the blind ocelli in 3 and 4 
are confluent and their dark centres are lunate. In a specimen 
taken in March the underside is much lighter than in ula, and the 
forewing shows a well-marked creamy band below. 


Two specimens were obtained. The collector notes that 
it flies near the ground. 


SATYRIDAE. 


13. Platypthima pedaloidina, sp. nov. 
(Plate LVI, fig. 2, J, fig. 3, 2.) 


Near to decolor, Jord. 


3. Upperside of forewing with a pale discal patch from inner margin 
into the cell, narrowing anteriorly. Beyond cell a pale stripe from 
costa to vein 2, where it ends in a point and touches the suffused 
outer edge of the discal patch. Hindwing with a pale discal band 
from costa to vein 2, constricted at vein 5 and irregularly defined 
proximally. 


New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. 367 


Underside of forewing with inner-marginal yellowish-white area 
entering the cell between veins 2 and 3. A well-defined lighter- 
coloured band not touching cell, from costa to vein 2 where it 
touches the submedian patch. Two very small apical ocelli con- 
sisting of an indistinct black pupil with a white iris, in cellules 4 
and 5. At the apex some reddish-brown scaling. The submarginal 
bluish-grey line is more strongly crenulate than in decolor. Hind- 
wing with a small triangular white spot in centre of cell. The 
white discal band is proximally dentate and only extends to the 
cell, continuing as a zigzag line to middle of lc. A red-brown spot, 
faintly edged with white proximally, fills end of cell. The base 
and inner margin more thickly sprinkled with greyish scales than 
in decolor; ocelli all smaller and including one in cellule 5. 

Q. Similar to g with more rounded wings and paler markings 
above; the two anal ocelli on hindwing more distinct. Below, the 
costal band on hindwing is narrower and the spot in 2 is larger. 

Length of forewing: 3 20 mm., 9 21°5 mm. 


A series of gf and 2 99. 


14. Harsiésis hygea chalybe, subsp. nov. 


3. Upperside similar to noctula, Fruh., but with blackish-brown 
margins which are wider on hindwing and merge into the blue- 
grey colour. Underside with distal half of forewing paler and no 
band as in noctula. The chain of ocelli on hindwing has a lighter 
ground-colour and stops at vein 2. 

Q. Upperside much paler in colour, especially the outer half of 
hindwing. Underside of forewing shows a better defined dark basal 
area against a paler apical half. Hindwing below scarcely paler 
than in the ¢. 


1 g, Angi Lakes; 1 g, Coast near Manokwari, Jan— 
Feb., 1914. 

Coast District, Geelvink Bay, Dutch New Guinea, 
Nov. 1914, 14, 2 99. 


15. Myealesis barbara fulvo-oculatus, subsp. nov. 
(Plate LVIII, fig. 2.) 


g. Wings more rounded than in typical form. Upperside.—Fore- 
wing with narrower band especially in cellules 2 and 3, median 
ocellus faintly ringed with yellowish. Hindwing with band widened 
distally and extending almost to first submedian; some yellowish 
scaling on inner margin. The two anal ocelli well developed and 


368 Messrs. J. J. Joicey, A. Noakes and G. Talbot on 


ringed with fulvous. The general ground-colour paler than in 
typical barbara and bands also paler. 

Underside of forewing with marginal line almost straight, and 
outer marginal area lighter. Hindwing with proximal edge of 
white band irregular. 

Length of forewing: 26 mm.; M. barbara, 24 mm. 


1 g. Coast near Manokwari, Jan.—Feb. 1914. 


16. Myealesis nerida angiana, subsp. nov. 
(Plate LVITII, fig. 3.) 


Q. Upperside.—Forewing with the outer edge of the darker basal 
area very slightly incurved and straight in the lower median space. 
Submarginal line thinner and space between it and marginal line 
a little wider than in elia. Costal and apical black reduced. On 
hindwing the marginal and submarginal lines more strongly undulate. 


Only one specimen was obtained. 


17. Myealesis lorna fumosus, subsp. nov. 
(Plate LVII, fig. 4.) 


3. Upperside much darker than lorna, Sm., blackish-brown, rings 
of ocelli indistinct. 

Underside deep purplish-brown, the lighter distal part widened 
proximally of the ocelli. 


Only one specimen obtained. 


ERYCINIDAE. 


18. Abisara tessei, sp. nov. 
(Plate LVIII, fig. 4, 3.) 


3d. Upperside similar in appearance to weisket, Roths. Forewing 
crossed at its centre by a light-brown band about 2 mm. wide 
which consists of a short costal band reaching vein 4, touching it 
and the veins a square spot in 3 placed distally, and a narrow spot 
in 2 between veins 2 and 3 and reaching to within 2 mm. of margin. 
Base dark chestnut-brown, filling the cell to vein 3, and base of cellule 
2 and half of 1, extending along lower submedian to almost the 
outer angle. A well-defined subapical white spot in 6, and traces 
of white dots in 7 and 8. Hindwing chestnut-brown, costal area 
broadly black and distally almost touching vein 4. A white patch 
of scales at base of costa. Three black submarginal spots, the 


New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. 369 


largest in 3, the first indistinct in lc. Black marginal spots on 
veins 2, 3, and 4, the first the largest. 

Underside of forewing of burnt umber ground-colour with the 
band white tinged by the brown showing through from above. A 
white post-discal line narrowing posteriorly, from near apex straight 
to vein 3 and continued to 2 by a thin brown line which borders 
the outer edge of the end spot of the discal band. A white bar 
crosses the cell between veins 2 and 3. The inner marginal area, 
extreme base of cell, basal part of 2, and extreme base of 3, paler 
than rest of wing. Hindwing pale umber with costa, subapical 
area, and discal spots of same colour as forewing. A spot in cell 
joined to one across upper end of cell, a double spot beyond cell in 
4 and 5, a smaller placed more distal in 3, one below it in 2, one 
more proximal in Ic, and one adjoining in 1b, a white spot on costa 
near base. Submarginal black spots in Ic, 2, 3, 4 and 5, those in 
2 and 3 being the smaller, in 4 and 5 joined to form an oblong 
spot; all proximally bordered with white, and outwardly edged 
with white except the spot in 5. A white spot at anal angle in 1b 
joined by a pale streak to the anal spot. The spots in 1b and c, 2 
and 3, have proximally an ill-defined triangular dark spot. The 
margin is edged with rufous from the anal angle to vein 6, inter- 
rupted on 2, 3, and 4 by a black spot. 

Antennae black, tipped with yellowish-brown. Head, thorax, and 
abdomen pale brown above, white below ; frons edged laterally with 
white. Palpiyellow. Legs brown on outside, yellowish-white inside. 

Q. Larger, wings more rounded, similar to 3 in appearance. 
Forewing with a wider discal band. An apical band of 5 small 
white spots from costa to cellule 4. Hindwing as in 3, but with 
an ill-defined black discal spot in 3. 

Underside with basal area of forewing paler than in Jj and extending 
to near end of cell, leaving a rounded spot of ground-colour at 
origin of vein 2. Hindwing with paler ground-colour and spots. 
The spot in cell and one beyond it are much smaller and with the 
costal spots stand more free in the ground-colour than in g. The 
discal spots in 2 and 3 are enlarged. The forelegs have the tibia 
and tarsus yellow-brown. 

Length of forewing: ¢ 29 mm., 2 32 mm. 


A series of both sexes. 


19. Dicallaneura amabilis angustifascia, subsp. nov. 
(Plate LIX, fig. 3, g, fig. 4, 2.) 
3. Upperside of forewing with a narrower and darker band than 


in amabilis; hindwing tinged with chestnut-brown. 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS III, IV. (JUNE) BB 


370 Messrs. J. J. Joicey, A. Noakes and G. Talbot on 


Underside of forewing similar to upper; hindwing much deeper 
in colour than in amabilis and with no admixture of greyish. 

Q. Upperside of forewing with band much reduced proximally. 
Base to beyond end of cell grey-brown shading into fulvous bordering 
the band, and also in the lower median interspace along inner 
margin to end of submedian. The yellow part of band is limited 
posteriorly by vein 2. Hindwing differs from amabilis in being 
fulvous and only a little darker at the base; marginal spot in cellule 
4 absent. 

Underside of forewing with band as above; the dividing stripe 
is twice as thick as in amabilis 9; costal stripe near apex broader, 
Hindwing paler than in ¢. 


A single pair only obtained. 


20. Dicallaneura fulvofasciata, sp. nov. 
(Plate LX, fig. 2, ¢; Plate LIX, fig. 5, 9.) 


The 9, which we place here provisionally, shows close 
relationship to lewcomelas, Roths.; but the g should be 
similar. It is still doubtful, therefore, whether the sexes 
described below are one and the same species. 


dg recalls the amabilis form. Upperside of forewing with basal 
part to end of cell and inner marginal area to outer angle dark 
vandyke-brown, the costa lighter. Adjacent to this a yellowish- 
brown band 6 mm. broad from costa to submedian fold, where it 
is 8 mm. broad; rest of wing black. Hindwing vandyke-brown, 
veins streaked with yellowish-brown beyond cell. A marginal 
black spot in 5, one in 4 edged outwardly with yellowish-brown, a 
larger in 3, the tail black fringed with white. 

Underside of forewing chestnut-brown. A white discal band 
from costa to inner margin, widening posteriorly from vein 4 and 
traversed by a yellowish line from 4 to lower submedian and angled 
at 2. Across the cell are 2 curved grey streaks. A short white 
streak at costa just beyond band, and another nearer the apex. 
A thin curved bluish streak from vein 6 to 3. A submarginal line 
paler than ground-colour and nearly parallel to margin. A bluish 
apical dot in 6 and one in 7. Hindwing ground-colour as forewing, 
but much covered with short grey hair leaving marks as follow :— 
Two stripes in cell, a band beyond cell from costa to vein 4, a discal 
band from lower submedian to 2 and continuing to costa in increas- 
ingly large spots, the last three marked each with a bluish streak. 
A marginal spot in 4 with a white streak, a submarginal and a 
marginal spot in 3, each streaked with white, a submarginal spot 


New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. 371 


in 2 continued as a streak to submedian, two white anal streaks. 
Tail with a black spot edged with white distally. A black marginal 
spot bearing a white dot, in 5. 

2 resembles lewcomelas 9. Upperside of forewing with a brown 
dot on the discocellular. Hindwing for the greater part white to 
vein 3 near margin, and to 2 halfway from cell. The remainder, 
including cell, smoky-brown. 

Underside much as in leucomelas. Hindwing with larger white 
costal patch and from which the spot in 5 is absent; marginal 
border little paler than the ground-colour. 

Head, thorax and abdomen vandyke-brown above, in the ¢ pale 
yellow below, white in the 2. Palpi white, deeper yellow laterally. 
Legs black on outside, pale yellow inside. Antennae black, slightly 
tipped brown. 

Length of forewing: ¢ 24°5 mm., 2 23°5 mm. 


A series of both sexes. 


21. Dieallaneura exiguus, sp. nov. 


(Plate LX, fig. 3, gy fig. 4, 9.) 


A smaller form than fulvofasciata, but closely allied to 
it. The 2 shows a trace of a brown stripe in the white 
band below and in this it differs from leucomelas @ 9: 


6. Upperside of forewing with a shorter band than in fulvo- 
fasciata and not reaching costa; part beyond cell narrower, but at 
vein 2 is 8 mm. wide. Proximal edge of band merged into the 
basal brown. Hindwing a little paler than in fulvofasciata, with a 
brownish costal suffusion. 

Underside with markings lighter and better defined than in the 
allied form; the brown line within the band is straight and termi- 
nates on vein 2. The submarginal line is creamy-white and the 
costal streak next it is continued as a zigzag line from vein 5 to 4, 
where it joins the submarginal and encloses a space mostly filled 
with creamy-white. Hindwing markings much as in the allied 
form. There is a small greyish-white triangular costal patch at 
beginning of discal band, and the grey hair does not fill the basal 
half of cellules 1, 2, 3. 

Q. Upperside of forewing similar to fulvofasciata 2. Hindwing 
with white area reduced and terminating on vein 4; veins 2 and 3 
streaked with greyish-white, and two bands of same colour before 
the margin across interspace 3. 

Underside similar to g. A faint brown streak in the white band. 
On the hindwing the costal patch is enlarged and is white. 


372 Messrs. J. J. Joicey, A. Noakes and G. Talbot on 


Head, thorax, abdomen, legs and palpi as in fulvofasciata. An- 
tennae wholly black. 
Length of forewing: ¢ 19mm., 9 19mm. 


3496, 6 2° obtained. 


LYCAENIDAE. 


22. Cyaniris manokwariensis, sp. nov. 
(Plate LX, fig. 6.) 


3. Upperside bright blue. Forewing with a well-defined outer 
black marginal border; fringe black except at tornus, where it is 
white; costa very narrowly black. Hindwing with costa smoky- 
black, a faint whitish scaling in cellule 6, fringe white. 

Underside grey-white with dull black markings. Forewing with 
a line closing the cell, a submarginal row of linear spots, a marginal 
row of dots. Hindwing with 4 subbasal spots, one in the cell the 
larger; a line closing the cell; beyond the cell a linear spot in 7, 
one below it shifted in, 2 others similarly placed but nearer the 
margin in 4 and 5, a dot at base of 3, a small spot near base of 2 
and below it in lc a curved mark, a small spot in 1b on inner margin, 
a marginal series of dots. 

Near C. drucei, B.-Baker. Length of forewing : 13 mm. 


A series from Angi Lakes and coast near Manokwari. 


HESPERIDAE. 


23. Telicota fulvomargo, sp. nov. 
(Plate LX, fig. 7, 3.) 

3 Q. Upperside deep olivaceous-brown with an inner marginal 
yellowish-brown stripe on forewing extending from base to near 
the termen where it is produced just above submedian. The 
stigma on forewing of ¢ extends from base of vein 4 to the sub- 
median just proximally of the upper part of the brown patch. 

Underside of forewing deep olivaceous brown. A subapical streak 
of 3 contiguous pale yellowish spots, 2 larger submarginal yellowish 
spots joined in 4 and 5, a marginal row of 7 white dots. Hindwing 
with basal two-thirds white and pale yellow leaving a marginal 
band of ground-colour 5 mm. broad. The basal area is pale yellow 
on costa, at inner and along outer margin, and in cellule 4 where it 
projects more than halfway into the marginal area. <A spot of the 
marginal ground-colour at end of cell and lying mostly outside it, 
another in le and touching vein 2, and a small spot at base of 2. 
A marginal series of 6 yellowish dots. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen dark olivaceous-brown above, below 


New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. 373 


pale yellow except abdomen which is only so at base. Palpi yellowish 
white, black at sides. Legs with tarsus and tibia of general 
ground-colour, rest yellowish. Antennae black, base of club yellow 
beneath. 

Length of forewing: 19 mm. 


Only 3 ¢¢ taken. 


HETEROCERA. 


(By JoicEY AND TaLBort.) 
ARCTIADAE. 


24. Diaerisia holobrunnea, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 4.) 


Q. Fuscous-brown dotted over with black scaling. Upperside. 
Forewing with discocellulars black. Beyond the cell a faint curved 
discal line from costa to inner margin, emphasised by black dots 
on veins 2-5. A second faint curved line about 2 mm. beyond, 
darker on costa and ending just perceptibly on vein 2. A sub- 
marginal row of dots on the veins. Hindwing paler; cell closed 
by a well-marked discocellular spot; some submarginal spots which 
are faint at the apex and well-marked posteriorly. 

Underside paler than above. Forewing with a black spot on 
costa near base, a thin streak on costa at end of cell, a large black 
subapical costal spot, a small apical spot and two below it. An 
ill-defined narrow oblique band almost joined to the subcostal spot 
and ending faintly on vein 2. Hindwing with a streak in the cell, 
a discocellular spot, a costal streak above it, and submarginal spots 
better defined than above. 

Head, thorax, and legs fuscous-brown. Fore femora reddish at 
base on inside. Abdomen yellowish above, fuscous below; a black 
dorsal stripe and two lateral rows of black spots on ventral segments. 

Length of forewing: 28°5 mm. 


A single example. 


25. Diacrisia rubribasis, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 1.) 


Allied to pratti, B.-Baker,* but distinguished at once by 
the absence of the broad dark stripe on thorax and by 
having a dorsal stripe on abdomen instead of a row of 
spots. 

* Diacrisia pratti, B.-Baker, Nov. Zool., xi, 1904, p. 412. 


374 Messrs. J. J. Joicey, A. Noakes and G. Talbot on 


Upperside. Forewing buff; 4 black costal spots, one at base, 
one opposite vein 2, one beyond end of cell, and one before apex; 
antemedial line dark orange and indistinct, angled outwards at 
vein 2, where it joins a similarly coloured line connected with an 
indistinct discocellular spot of dark orange; postmedial dark orange 
line from the third costal spot, curved outwards to vein 5 and then 
oblique and terminating on inner margin in 2 black spots which vary 
in size; a submarginal row of black dots. Hindwing pale orange- 
yellow to reddish; a large black discocellular spot; a submarginal 
row of 6 to 9 black spots, the two at anal angle nearer the margin, 
the spot in cellule 3 the smallest. 

Underside. Forewing buff, cell washed with red; a small dis- 
cocellular spot which is typically a dot at upper angle; costal spots 
as above, the fourth forming a bar which is narrowly separated 
from a broad black postmedian stripe continued to 1b; 2 spots on 
inner margin as above and a series of submarginal dots. Hindwing 
with spots as on upperside. 

Head and thorax buff; mesothorax with a black median line; 
antennae brown, shaft black; pectus and legs sooty black; abdomen 
orange-yellow to reddish, paler beneath, a black dorsal stripe, 
lateral row of black spots. 

Length of forewing: 23-25 mm. 


736 from Angi Lakes. 


26. Diacrisia ruficosta, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 2.) 
Allied to meeki, Roths.* 


3. Upperside. General colour pale buff. Forewing with a spot 
on costa near base, a small spot in cell near upper angle, two pairs 
of spots near apex, an oblique row of 6 small spots from apex to 
below vein 6, a dot each on veins 3-5, a pair of dots on submedian 
at a third from base, a pair of spots, the lower the larger, at two- 
thirds from base, a pair of dots at end of submedian. A faint 
orange line follows the cell from its upper angle to vein 2 and runs 
to the first pair of inner marginal spots. A better-defined orange 
line joins the first pair of spots near apex to the second inner marginal 
pair; it curves outwardly to vein 4, then inwardly, and bears 
faint pairs of dots on veins 3, 4 and 6. Hindwing with a square 
spot on upper discocellulars, a submarginal spot in 5 divided by 
the veins, a dot in 2, a spot in lc, a rounded anal spot. 

Underside pale buff. Costa of both wings orange. Basal area 
of forewing and inner margin of hindwing washed with orange. 


* Diacrisia meeki, Roths., Nov. Zool., xvii, 1910, p. 144. 


New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. 375 


Forewing with a black spot closing the cell, a spot on costa near 
base, a dot below origin of 7, two spots in cellules 6 and 7, small 
apical spots as on upperside and continued as a row of oblong spots 
from above 5 to below vein 2, only separated by the veins, two 
spots on inner margin, a faint spot at tornus. Hindwing as on 
upperside, and with a small spot in middle of cell. 

Head and thorax buff, the latter with a black mesial line and 
greyish below. Palpi, side of frons, fore coxae on inner side, mid 
and fore tarsi and tibiae, and hind tarsi black. Mid and fore femora 
and fore coxae on outside orange. Hind tibiae and femora pale 
greyish-buff. Abdomen golden-orange above, below as thorax. 

Length of forewing: 26 mm. 


Two specimens obtained. 


27. Diacrisia biagi angiana, subsp. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 3.) 


3. Paler than biagi, B.-B.,* and with reduced spots. Forewing 
with spots in cell and on veins 2—5 much reduced, and the pair of 
small spots below cell at base are absent. A large costal spot 
before middle of cell, another at end of cell. Spots on hindwing 
reduced, and especially the one at end of cell. 


A series of 11 specimens. 

A specimen in the Mus. Brit. from Ninay Valley, Arfak 
Mountains, is intermediate. The forewing has vestigial 
costal spots and reduced apical spots. 


28. Diacrisia hampsoni, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 5.) 


¢g- Ground-colour pale buff. Upperside of forewing with large 
velvety black patches. Three on the costa all reaching to below 
the cell and the outer to beyond end of cell; the first two at base 
are merged together, the third is much larger and is slightly separate. 
A square-shaped patch before the apex, a smaller one at the apex, 
a triangular one below it on the outer margin, an oblong marginal 
spot near tornus, a discal patch in cellule 2. On the inner margin 
are 4 rounded patches, one subterminal and separate, the others 
merged together. Aspot at extreme base of costa and an orange spot 
below it. Hindwing with basal and inner-marginal area washed with 
yellow ochreous. A rounded black marginal spot on first submedian. 

Underside of forewing as above, spots not velvety and all separate. 
Some orange-coloured hair at the base, and inner margin faintly 
yellowish. Hindwing orange at base, anal spot as above. 


* D. biagi, B.-B., Nov. Zool., xv, 1908, p. 190. 


376 Messrs. J. J. Joicey, A. Noakes and G. Talbot on 


Antennae ciliate. Head, palpi, and thorax velvety black. Crown 
of head, tegulae, and patagia fringed with orange-yellow. Pectus 
orange. Abdomen yellow-ochreous, more orange below, terminal 
segment black above. Tarsi and tibiae smoky-black, femora on 
the outside smoky-black, on inside orange. 

Length of forewing: 22 mm. 


This is one of the most distinct species of the genus, and 
belongs to the last section as defined by Hampson, of this 
somewhat extended genus. Five specimens were obtained. 


NOCTUIDAE. 
Subfamily HADENINAE. 


29. Dasygaster stigma, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 6.) 


This species is nearest reversa, Moore, on account of its 
ciliate antennae, excised termen of hindwing, and elongate 
claspers. 

3 9. Upperside. Forewing pale chocolate-brown; subbasal line 
indistinct; antemedial line waved and defined on outer edge by 
darker brown; claviform and orbicular moderate in size, reniform 
larger, all defined by darker brown; a dark streak through cell from 
orbicular, interrupted by reniform, heavily marked from here to 
postmedial line and continued indistinctly to margin; an indistinct 
oblique median line from angle of vein 4 to inner margin; post- 
medial line crenulate and edged distally with pale brown, excurved 
to vein 4 and then oblique to inner margin; subterminal line in- 
distinct, farthest from margin between veins 5 and 6; a marginal 
series of lunate black marks between the veins; fringe lighter brown 
at the veins. Hindwing smoky-brown, lighter at base, outer margin 
finely edged with black, fringe proximally pale brown on outer 
margin, dirty-white distally and on inner margin. 

Underside. Forewing smoky-black, costa, apex, and outer margin 
rufous-brown, inner margin greyish; postmedial line distinct, 
straight, black. Hindwing greyish-buff, costal and apical area 
rufous-brown, a small black discocellular spot, a curved black post- 
medial line; outer margin below vein 6 broadly smoky-black. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen below brown as the wings; tegulae 
pale at apices, patagia pale near base; abdomen grey above, anal 
tuft pale buff; pectus dirty white tinged with purplish-brown ; 
tarsi with segments 2-5 black mixed with brown, apices buff. 

Length of forewing: 18-20 mm. 


3 94,12 from Angi Lakes. 


New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. = 377 


Subfamily ACRON YCTINAE. 


30. Trachea brunneicosta, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 7.) 


3 &. Upperside. Forewing with costa and post-medial band 
pale rufous-brown; subbasal line marked by a dark dot on costa, 
a greenish spot on median, and a dark streak below submedian; 
antemedial line double, oblique, incurved in the cell, filled in with 
green below 16, and bordered proximally by a greyish-lilac band 
twice its width; orbicular and reniform of moderate size, green 
with some brown scaling in centre; postmedial line double, waved, 
excurved beyond cell, then oblique to inner margin, bordered distally 
by a greyish-lilac band twice its width; subterminal line dentate, 
more or less edged with black proximally in cellules 5 and 6; marginal 
band sap-green and traversed only by a darker band; margin 
finely edged with black; fringe proximally greenish-yellow, distally 
smoky-brown; median and basal area below cell and vein 2 green, 
darker distally of the antemedial line; cell traversed by a black 
longitudinal streak, which is most heavily marked between end of 
cell and postmedial line. Hindwing smoky-grey; an indistinct 
discocellular spot and curved postmedial line; fringe yellowish 
proximally, dirty-white outwardly. 

Underside. Forewing buff; costa and cell from base to a little 
beyond smoky-black; subterminal line faintly indicated; inner 
margin towards base clothed with scales giving a metallic greenish 
reflection in a side-light. Hindwing buff; a well-marked dis- 
cocellular spot and curved irregular postmedial line; costa narrowly 
blackish; outer narrow marginal border paler than ground-colour. 

Head and thorax reddish-brown mixed with green; abdomen 
smoky-grey above, paler laterally, tawny beneath; legs reddish- 
brown, tarsi black and apices of segments buff. 

Length of forewing: 19 mm. 


i @. 
CLAVIPALPA, gen. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 8a.) 


Proboscis fully developed; palpi with second segment reaching 
to about middle of frons, third segment long, naked, porrect, ex- 
tremity clavate; frons rounded; eyes large, rounded; antennae 
of 3 with fascicles of cilia ; thorax clothed with hair; pectus clothed 
with hair; femora fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crests 
on basal segments, and lateral tufts; forewing narrow with a some- 
what produced apex, margin crenulate; neuration as in allied 
genera. 


378 Messrs. J. J. Joicey, A. Noakes and G. Talbot on 


This genus is apparently near to Data, Wlk. Type: 
C. monogramma. ’ 


31. Clavipalpa monogramma, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 8, 3.) 

39. Upperside. Forewing with deep reddish-brown ground- 
colour; subbasal line indistinct, marked with grey at costa; ante- 
medial line in triplicate consisting of a pale purplish inner border, 
a central reddish-brown line, and an outer thin yellow edge, bent 
outwards at right angles to costa as far as 1b and then bent inwards 
at right angles to its upper part; orbicular moderate, paler than 
ground-colour, slightly defined by a thin yellowish edge; reniform 
indicated by a broad bar across end of cell, defined on inner and 
outer edges by yellowish and with a purplish streak down its centre ; 
postmedial line in triplicate with an outer pale purplish margin, a 
central line of ground-colour, and an inner thin yellow line, nearly 
parallel to outer margin, being more oblique below vein 4; a mar- 
ginal series of purplish streaks on the veins; fringe smoky-brown; 
a dark green suffusion in bases of cellules 1b and 1c; distally of 
postmedial line veins 1b, 3 and 4 defined by lighter red-brown and 
each traversing a small green triangle next the line; a submarginal 
series of small yellowish triangular spots which is but slightly in- 
dicated in the 2 type; veins proximally of postmedial line more 
or less defined by pale purplish. Hindwing pale rufous. 

Underside pale rufus. Forewing with cell and postmedial line 
smoky-grey. Hindwing with a large deep brown discocellular spot 
and a well-marked curved postmedial line. 

Head and thorax dark red-brown mixed with grey, legs and 
abdomen rufous, thorax rufus below. 

Length of forewing: 18 mm. 


1 3, 229 from Angi Lakes. 
Subfamily CATOCALINAE. 


32. Ulotrichopus longipalpus, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 9, 9.) 

Allied to dinava, B.-B.* 

3 Q. Upperside of forewing dark purplish-brown mottled with lilac. 
An interrupted dark line at the base. A dark zigzag line forming 
a large spot on costa, crosses the cell about midway and ends on 
the inner margin. A round white spot ringed with black near base 
of cellule 2, a smaller lilac spot in lower angle of cell faintly connected 
with one in the upper angle to form the outer edge of a large but 


* Ulotrichopus dinava, BB Noy. Zool., xiii, 1906, p. 246. 


New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. 379 


indistinct reniform spot. Beyond the cell a white band, well- 
defined on the costa but for the most part scaled with brownish, 
curving outwardly and ending indistinctly on inner margin, being 
interrupted at vein 2 by the ground-colour. A well-marked dark- 
brown dentate line edged with white distally runs partly in the white 
band from the costa and then obliquely to inner margin. The 
median area between the two lines is scaled with greenish. A sub- 
marginal crenulate lilac line from vein 10 to inner margin and 
bordered distally by some dark and indistinct triangular spots which 
almost touch the dark inner edges of a marginal row of white dots. 
Hindwing with a black margin about 6 mm. wide and narrowing to 
the analangle. Rest of wing pale yellow, inner margin orange-yellow. 

Underside of forewing with a smoky-brown ground-colour, paler 
at the apex, at base yellowish-white. A cream-coloured square 
spot at end of cell, a small spot at base of cellule 2, a cream-coloured 
post-discal band from costa to below vein 2, curved outwardly. 
Hindwing paler than above. 

Head and palpi greyish-brown; second joint of palpus with a 
dark lateral line, first joint longer than in other species of the genus, 
measuring 2 mm. Thorax chocolate-brown mixed with grey, and 
below grey-black. Abdomen orange-yellow above, smoky-brown 
below, anal tuft black. Legs grey-black. 

Length of forewing: 30 mm. 


3. The description is made from the Q, as the g 


specimen is too worn. 


LYMANTRIADAE. 


Before recording descriptions of the two forms which 
follow, a preliminary note will be necessary regarding two 
genera described by Mr. Bethune-Baker in Nov. Zool., 
vol. xi, 1904. 


Pseudodreata, type strigata, B.-B. (3), p. 371. 
Cycethra, type aroa, B.-B. (9), p. 393. 


The distinguishing characters given of these genera as 
exemplified in their types do not differ from the structure 
found in Colussa, Wlk. The 9° of this genus are all 
remarkable for the absence of a frenulum, though it is 
present in the ¢ 3. 

The @ of the form of strigata described hereafter, agrees 
in its structure with the 2 of a form corresponding to the 
© of Cycethra aroa. 

In view of these determinations we believe it is necessary 
to sink both genera under Colussa, Wlk. This genus 


380 Messrs. J. J. Joicey, A. Noakes and G. Talbot on 


seems to agree best in structure with the Lymantriadae, 
and in which family it is placed in the British Museum. 


33. Colussa strigata inconstans, subsp. nov. 
(Plate LXII, fig. 2, 3, fig. 3, 2.) 

3g. Very similar to strigata, B.-B.,* but differs especially in the 
absence of all costal black from hindwings. Upperside. The 
two cell-spots on forewing are paler than the ground-colour and 
thinly ringed with black. The post-discal stripe on both wings is 
not so heavily marked, and the scalloped line next it on both wings 
is emphasised by black dots on the veins. The pale area proximally 
of the submarginal line on both wings is suffused with lavender- 
grey scaling spread thinly over the yellowish ground-colour. Hind- 
wing with costal area pale yellow to vein 5. 

Underside pale yellowish sprinkled with black. The second 
submarginal line on hindwing only indicated by vein dots. 

Q. Pale yellowish-brown, thinly scaled. Upperside. Forewing 
dotted over with purplish scales. An indistinct purplish sub-basal 
line, a second discal line irregularly curved and crossing cell at 
vein 3. Beyond cell but nearer to it than to margin, a well-defined 
deep purplish line slightly convex to vein 2 and then straight to 
the margin. Parallel to this line a row of dark dots on the veins. 
A narrow marginal border darker than the ground-colour. A dark 
spot in middle of cell, a larger round one on discocellulars. Hind- 
wing with a discocellular spot at upper angle of cell. A faint curved 
discal line crossing cell at vein 3; a post-discal heavily marked 
dark purplish line, becoming ill-defined towards costa; a row of 
dark vein dots placed nearly half-way to margin and narrowly 
separated from a marginal border of purplish scaling. 

Underside with post-discal lines and vein dots showing through, 
discocellular spots with a dark ring. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish-brown, antennae and legs 
dark brown. 

Length of forewing: 37 mm. 

23d and19 obtained. The § co-type is a much darker 
specimen. 

34. Colussa aroa angiana, subsp. nov. 
(Plate LXII, fig. 4.) 

Q. Differs especially from aroa, B.-B.,f in the two transverse 
lines on hindwing being closer together. General colour pale rufous 
but the co-type is much redder. Costa and base paler than rest of 


* Pseudodreata strigata, B.-B., Nov. Zool., xi, 1904, p. 371. 
+ Cycethra aroa, B.-B., Nov. Zool., vol. xi, 1904, p. 393. 


New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. 381 


wing. Forewing with a faint dark sub-basal line, more distinct on 
costa, crossing cell just below vein 2 and in line with this vein, then 
vertically to inner margin. A second line parallel to it, crossing 
cell below vein 3. An oval black discocellular spot. Beyond cell 
an oblique dirty-white line at a } from the margin, edged with 
black distally. A little beyond is a curved row of black vein dots 
which form the inner border of a pale submarginal band. Hind- 
wing paler costally. A black spot in middle of cell and one at end 
at upper angle. Post-discal line nearer cell than it is on forewing. 


Two specimens obtained. 


35. Euproetis pratti albonotata, subsp. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 10.) 


6: Differs from pratti, B.-B.,* in the purer white of the sub- 
marginal and apical spots on forewing, and the more elongate 
apical spots, the one on vein 7 being longest. The pointed distal 
ends of the spots touch the margin. The round spot at end of cell 
is snow-white, smaller than in the type form, and unlike that it 
does not extend into cell below vein 3. The veins are more strongly 
outlined with whitish scaling. Hindwing paler than in pratt and 
the veins whitish at their ends. 

Underside paler than in the allied form and white spots well 
marked. Hindwing with veins whitish. 

Length of forewing: 22 mm. 


4 39 were obtained. 


36. Euproctis seminigra, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 11, g.) 


3g: Upperside. Forewing with grey-white ground-colour. Base 
black with a convex outer edge. A dark post-discal band from costa 
to inner margin and not entering cell, proximally and posteriorly 
diffuse, and in cellules 3 and 4 joined to a darker marginal border. 
All veins grey-white. Hindwing smoky black; fringe white from 
anal angle to vein 4. 

Underside. Forewing with base and a large apical area smoky- 
brown, traversed by the white veins; remainder grey-white washed 
proximally with pale yellow. Hindwing as above, veins whitish. 

Head, antennae, thorax, pectus, and legs smoky-brown. Patagia 
fringed with yellowish hair. Abdomen black, anal segment fringed 
with grey-white hair, anal tuft smoky-brown. 

? like the 3, but with post-discal band on forewing better defined. 

Length of forewing: ¢ 24 mm., 2 31 mm. 


* EHuproctis pratti, B.-B., Nov. Zool., xi, 1904, p. 400. 


382 Messrs. J. J. Joicey, A. Noakes and G. Talbot on 


37. Dasychira angiana, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXII, fig. 1.) 


gj. Upperside. Forewing with basal area to end of cell greyish- 
white and limited by the fourth of 7 black transverse lines. The 
first of these is sub-basal; the second crosses cell a little below 
vein 2; the third near second and almost touching where it crosses 
cell at vein 2, diverging towards costa and inner margin; the fourth, 
heavily marked and diffuse posteriorly where it joins third line, 
crosses end of cell and forms a heavy black costal spot connected 
with a rounded black discocellular spot which bears a grey lunule; 
fifth line well-marked and waved, the space between it and preceding 
line filled in with smoky-brown suffusion, distal edge margined 
with brown and remaining outer part of wing buff. Sixth line 
thin, extending to vein 3, and marked by a large spot on costa; 
submarginal line irregularly dentate. Hindwing yellowish-brown 
with a faint discocellular spot. 

Underside yellowish brown, a black discocellular spot on each 
wing. 

Head, thorax, and pectus grey-white, abdomen yellowish-brown. 
Sides of palpi and pectus anteriorly smoky-black. Antennae red- 
brown, shaft grey-white. Legs grey-white. 

Length of forewing: 30 mm. 


A single specimen only obtained. 


38. Lymantria flavoneura, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 12, 3, fig. 13, 9. 

3. Upperside. Forewing with white ground-colour traversed by 
waved smoky-black lines as follow :—Three at the base formed of 
disconnected spots, the outer line crossing cell just below vein 2; 
fourth and fifth lines more heavily marked, the latter lying outside 
cell and space between it and fourth filled in with smoky-black from 
costa to vein 2; sixth line heavily marked, interrupted in cellule 5 
by ground-colour and continued from vein 2 to tornus as a heavy 
black bar; space between lines 5 and 6 filled in with paler smoky- 
black from costa to vein 2. A seventh submarginal line which is 
broad and straight from costa to vein 6, then thinner and waved to 
vein 2 by which it is separated from the bar at the tornus. <A 
marginal row of 8 oblong spots between the veins. Lines empha- 
sised on costa which thus bears 6 spots. Costal edge and all veins 
yellow. Hindwing pale buff, veins darker, a small blackish anal 
spot. 

Underside pale buff. Forewing with costa edged with yellow 
and bearing a dark spot at base and another at middle, A black 


New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. 383 


discocellular spot lying within the cell. Three small marginal spots 
in 2,4 and 7. Hindwing with a black discocellular spot. 

Head and thorax yellowish-white above. Antennae brownish- 
black. Tegulae with a smoky spot at apex, patagia fringed with 
smoky-black. Abdomen pale buff. Pectus scarlet. Femora 
scarlet, fore and mid femora fringed with white hair on inner side. 
Fore tibiae fringed with smoky hair on outside and white hair on 
inner side, mid and hind tibiae fringed with white hair on inner 
side. 

Q. Upperside. Forewing pale yellowish. Transverse waved 
black lines as in 3. Second basal line absent, line 4 comparatively 
less heavily-marked below vein 2 than in g. Veins slightly paler 
than ground-colour. Hindwing a little paler with a dark anal 
marginal spot. 

Underside paler than above. Hindwing with a black discocellular 
spot. 

Thorax and abdomen pale yellowish, antennae black. 

Length of forewing: 3 25 mm., 2 38-5 mm. 


A series of 16 ¢ g and 1 9. 


EUPTEROTIDAE. 


39. Eupterote erenulata, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXII, fig. 5.) 


Allied to styx, B.-B., Nov. Zool., xv, 1908, p. 176. 


6. Upperside of forewing pale brown entirely suffused with black 
scaling, more so at costa. A curved black basal line from costa 
to inner margin; a faint dark band crossing the cell from costa to 
inner margin, its outer edge crenulate; beyond the cell two dark 
and faint narrow crenulate discal bands; a heavily-marked waved 
submarginal black line, separated by the ground-colour from a 
dark marginal band. Hindwing pale brown with a wide dark 
marginal area of sparse black scaling. A well-marked dark and 
waved line crosses the wing from before the apex to inner margin. 

Underside of forewing paler than upperside, darker at margin 
and on costa. A faint black submarginal line from before apex 
to inner margin, becoming fainter posteriorly. Hindwing darker 
than above, discal line fainter, and between it and cell two other 
lines are just perceptible. 

Length of forewing: 46 mm. 


Two specimens were taken, the second being smaller 
and paler than the ¢ described. 


384 Messrs. J. J. Joicey, A. Noakes and G. Talbot on 


LASIOMORPHA, gen. nov. 
(Plate LXII, fig. 6a.) 


This genus is allied to Melanothriz, Feld., but has a more 
robust appearance which is similar to some Lasiocampidae. 


Thorax and abdomen stoutly built. Wings short and broad. 
Forewing slightly rounded at apex. First subcostal arises well 
before end of cell opposite vein 2. Third and fourth subcostals 
and vein 6 at equal distance apart, 6 and 9 arising close together at 
upper angle of cell. Upper discocellular short, half length of lower 
ones; middle discocellular curved inward and shorter than the 
lower. Vein 5 near 6. Hindwing with upper discocellular oblique 
and longer than the middle, lower one twice length of upper and 
middle ones. Vein 5 nearer than 7 is to 6. Palpi with first segment 
conical and porrect. 


Type: Lasiomorpha noakesi, Joicey and Talbot. 


40. Lasiomorpha noakesi, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXII, fig. 6.) 


6. Ground-colour on both sides deep purplish-brown but pale 
below. Wings heavily scaled and covered with short hair at base. 
Forewing with a large hyaline patch which is devoid of scales below 
but is above sprinkled with scales of the ground-colour. The 
scales are rather large in the proximal part; they are 4-toothed and 
their form suggests the calyx of a Labiate plant. The hyaline 
patch extends from cellule 6 to below submedian without touching 
inner margin. It is widest in cellule 4 and narrows posteriorly, 
curving inwardly at the submedian to form a point below it. It is 
traversed by a dark line parallel to its outer edge which separates 
a narrow border more thickly scaled than the larger proximal part. 
There is a small tuft of yellow hair on the middle discocellular. 
Underside without markings, outer margin paler. Hindwing without 
markings on both surfaces, inner margin paler below. 

Head, antennae, thorax and abdomen of same general ground- 
colour above. Palpi and outside of fore tibiae and femora paler; 
rest of legs, thorax and abdomen yellowish-brown below. 

Length of forewing: 38 mm. 


Two examples. 
41. Gunda kebeae flava, subsp. nov. 


6. Differs from kebeae, B.-B.,* in the darker apical part of the 
forewing, and in having white scaling in the median area and in 


* Gunda kebeae, B.-B., Nov. Zool., vol. xi, 1904, p. 370. 


Ent. Soc.Lond L9IL5. Fe LV. 


EXPLANATION OF PuaTE LY. 


Fic. 1. Papilio tithonus prominens, ¢. 
» 2. Leuctacria acuta, 2. 
»  & Danaida thalassina, 3. 
ve) 0s i g. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVI. 


Fia. 1. Papilio tithonus prominens, 9. 
» 2. Delias elongatus, °. 
» 3 Danaida grosesmithi, 3. 


”? 4, 99 2? 2. 


EXPLANATION oF Piate LVII. 


Fic. 1. Papilio tithonus misresiana, 9. 
3, 2. Platypthima pedaloidina, 3. 
| 


. cz) 29 2. 
» 4 Mycalesis fumosus, 3. 


EXPLANATION OF Piate LVIII. 


Fic. 1. Papilio arfakensis, 3. 
. Mycalesis fulvo-oculatus, 3. 
: ys angiana, &. 
. Praetaxila tessei, 3. 


99 


93 


mo Lo 


33 


Trans int. Soc.Lond.,1915, Pl. L1X 


EXPLANATION OF Priate LIX. 


Fic. 1. Papilio arfakensis, 3. 

2. Praetaxila tessei, 2. 

. 3 Dicallaneura angustifascia, 3. 
4 
5 


29 99 2: 


a fulvofasciata, 9. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LX. 


Fic. 1. Morphopsis brunnifascia, 3. 
2. Dicallaneura fulvofasciata, 3. 
oe 2 exiguus, 3. 
sy ~ Me ey 9. 
5. Cyaniris drucet, 9. 
6. - manokwariensis, 3. 
7. Telicota fulvomargo, 3. 


Trans.Ent. Soc.Lond.,1915, Pl. 1X 


E.C.Kmight ad nat.del 


AeisecAge. sete ooh (re Ch DA DOK HER 
NEW LEPIDOPTERA ROM DL 


Sl 


ee eee eee ee 


Trans. Ent. Soc.Lond.,1915, Fl. LX1. 


14. 


Adlard and 
West,Newman chr 


IEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM DUTCH NEW GUINEA 


EXPLANATION OF PLatTe LXI. 


1. Diacrisia rubribasis, 3. 
2 »  ruficosta, 3. 
3 »  angiana, 3. 

4. »  holobrunnea, 3. 
at nos pe hampsoni, 3. 

6. Dasygaster stigma, 3. 

7. Trachea brunneicosta, 3. 

8. Clavipalpa monogramma, 3. 
<p.) bette 59 5 3. 
» 9. Ulotrichopus longipalpus, 
10. EHuproctis albonotata, 3. 


Pe raltils » + seminigra, 3. 
»» 12. Lymantria flavoneura, 3. 
39 13. 99 99 Sh 


»» 14. Epicoma nigrolineata, 3. 


EXPLANATION OF PiaTE LXII. 


1. Dasychira angiana, 3. 
2. Colussa inconstans, 3. 
” 3. ” ” 2. 
+ »  angiana, 8. 
5. Hupterote crenulata, 3. 
,, 6. Lasiomorpha noakesi, 3. 
” 6a. ” ” 
» 1. Milionia illustris, 9. 
», 8. Sporostigena trilineata, 9. 


Trans.Fint. Soc. Lond.,191&, Pi LX//. 


E.C.Knight ad nat del. \ 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM DUTCH NEW GUINEA 


ae cain nM ; 
N a ; Gane sig oe 
pe <> sys al 4 

ee 2 a Kee ne th 


TnL bil Art 

: i wed ate. .se eerie s pew lyr ay 
. ” 

- we vanhitiroh Havk T. ie aee YET te 

y zt) way, +terz? iat Vlatiatya ny mad tn -apn Na 

7 


sy) (rath wef “tin woupya & nee 


ti 
x > ; : ; ; 
f ae a ity etehvem) Sry ee id sea wgey De 4 
, Ate Vier wWolbyyaniairrt)) “TI VECr Test MS 

: ee : Ve biota aT ¢ anit wis 
+ E ; trig, fer 42). Aba a 
7 * 7 4 
c ye AOI iy abet aitivel aril { ne 

'* ‘ ‘ = ; ¥< +413 
7 ; i thi “a erg Ay areal 

‘ a 

: cis) es Hktvernil eee wet ate 
7 


vay datafile a bee: Salt 

7 ela .aaron dew No sae ae 

i ‘pale bar Gand 
. , p42 eee 


- 
; ad fk , hovtdiwy vio foe 
. “y » ; ; . ‘ ; ; : 
. ’ f " ~ 
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i a] i i 
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mm + gear iene 4 
Re els oo Re by 
1 aut bansefek thay eile GTP t ane 

4 galiza ns i tk on 

theom iosiinele apt es 2 

, ee x dio 2 

re Shy ol Eis ep 


Wes ” eG i 
“ae 


New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. — 385 


cellules 4 and 5. Hindwing with darker markings than in type- 
form, discal band curved outwardly and projecting at vein 5, sub- 
marginal band also curved and sinuate, anal angle and margin 
white to vein 2. 

Underside of forewing without white scaling, hindwing dark 
purplish traversed by the yellow veins, and white anal area reduced. 


1 § only received. 


NOTODONTIDAE. 


42. Epicoma nigrolineata, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXI, fig. 14.) 


The species of this genus and its allies, formerly referred 
to Eupterotidae and Lymantriadae, are now placed by 
Sir Geo. Hampson in the Notodontidae. Hpicoma has 
apparently not been previously recorded from New Guinea, 
being a typically Australian genus. 


6. Upperside. Forewing greyish-white with a faint yellowish 
tinge; costa narrowly orange-yellow; a heavily-marked black 
postmedial line from just before apex to inner margin and entering 
lower angle of cell, bordered on both sides by a thin orange-yellow 
line. Hindwing pale yellow-brown. 

Underside pale yellow-brown, costa of both wings darker; post- 
medial line showing through on forewing. 

Head and tegulae clothed with white hair; thorax black; ab- 
domen pale yellow-brown, anal tuft white; femora yellow-brown, 
tibiae and tarsi black. 

Length of forewing: 18 mm. 


1 g only received; Angi Lakes. 


GEOMETRIDAE. 


43. Milionia illustris, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXII, fig. 7.) 


Q. Upperside ground-colour black shot with deep blue. Base of 
both wings metallic greenish-blue. Underside ground-colour black 
more faintly shot with blue than above. Forewing metallic greenish- 
blue at base, extending to submedian fold and outwardly to origin 
of vein 2. Hindwing metallic greenish-blue at base, extending to 
vein 2 with a somewhat rounded and well-defined outer edge, 
forming a patch nearly twice the size of that on the forewing. 

Length of forewing: 19 mm. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PaRTS III, IV. (JUNE) CC 


386 Messrs. Joicey, Noakes and Talbot on Lepidoptera. 


This species closely resembles Craspedopsis angiana * 
above. 
The only specimen. 


LASIOCAMPIDAE. 


44. Sporostigena trilineata, sp. nov. 
(Plate LXII, fig. 8.) 


This genus was hitherto only represented by uniformis, 
B.-Baker, Nov. Zool., xi, 1904, p. 396. 


Q. General colour pale brown and thinly scaled. Forewing with 
an antemedial waved line; postmedial crenulate line bent outwards 
from costa to vein 6, then oblique to inner margin; a submarginal 
more or less waved line at nearly equal distance from margin and 
postmedial line, marked by 3 heavy spots in 6, 7 and 8; the three 
lines black and weakly-marked; postmedial and submarginal lines 
showing through faintly below. 

Abdomen yellow-brown, head and thorax darker than the wings. 

Length of forewing: 21 mm. 


1 2 from Angi Lakes. 


ZYGAENIDAE. 


45. Aglaope hemileuca, Roths. 9. 


Chelura hemileuca, Roths., Nov. Zool., xi, 1904, p. 322, 
pl. 3, fig. 35 3. 


Similar to the 3, but without any discal bar or dark apical 
suffusion. 
Length of forewing: 30 mm. 


Three specimens, 8 § ¢ being also obtained. 


* Craspedopsis angiana, J. and T., Ann. and Mag., Nat. Hist., 
Ser. 8, vol. xv, 1915, p. 299. 


EXPLANATION OF PLates LV—LXII. 


[See Explanation Jacing the PLATES. | 


(eset) 


XVII. Record of some species of the genus Teracolus oc- 
curring im the Northern Territories of the Gold 
Coast, W. Africa. By G. C. Dupcson, F.E.S. 


[Read October 6th, 1915.] 
Prate LXIII. 


As far as can be ascertained, but few opportunities have 
occurred for a study of the Lepidopterous insects found in 
the ultra-forest zone of the West African region north of 
the equator. This is probably accounted for by the fact 
that the forest zone is so rich in species, In comparison 
with the drier tracts, that more attention has been generally 
given to the former. The genus with which this paper 
deals is almost entirely a dry country or desert one, and 
is but poorly represented within the forest limits. Dr. 
Aurivilius in Seitz, “ Macrolepidoptera of the World,” 
vol. xii, supplies a general account of the distribution of 
the known species, and the following list gives the actual 
records in the West African region to as recent a date 
as at present available. The present paper adds some 
further species to the list. 


Species in Seitz, “ Macrolep.” :— 

. chrysonome Klug. Bornu (N. Nigeria). 

. doubledayr Hpfi. Sierra Leone. 

. amelia Lucas. Senegal. 

. protomedia Klug. Yola (N. Nigeria). 

. eris Klug. Senegal. 

. elgonensis EK. Sharpe. N.W. Cameroons. 
. eupompe Klug. Senegal. 

. achine Cr. South of Sahara except in W. African 
forest region. 

T. evippe L. Sierra Leone (forest region). 
T. omphale Godt. Senegambia. 


elle b> bls Fu = a= [ge 


Through the courtesy of Capt. Armitage, the Chief 
Commissioner, I have recently had the opportunity of 
examining several small collections made by himself in 
the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, a country 
similarly conditioned to parts of Upper Senegal and 
Northern Nigeria, where thick bush growth does not exist, 
except in proximity of the large rivers, and where the 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS III, IV. (JUNE) 


388 Mr. G. C. Dudgeon’s Record of 


country is open and park-like, covered with green grass 
in the autumn, but, for the most of the rest of the year, 
dried or burnt over by grass fires and sparsely dotted with 
trees mainly belonging to the following genera: Acacia, 
Pseudocedrela, Damellia, Lophira, Afzelia, Butyrospermum 
and stunted bush growths of Bauhinia and Combretum. 

It is highly probable that most of the species hitherto 
recorded from Senegal and N. Nigeria will eventually be 
obtained from this region, and the present paper does 
not pretend to be in any way complete. 


AMATUS GROUP. 


1. T. armitagei, n. sp. Fig. 3, d upperside; Fig. 3a, 
¢ underside; Fig. 4, 2 upperside. 


3. Both wings white; forewing with a small triangular 
black spot on the discocellulars and a broad black marginal band, 
broadest on the costa where it measures 12 mm.; the inner edge 
of the band excised in interspaces 2, 4 and 5, the excisions filled 
in with a pale orange-buff suffusion; the following pale orange- 
buff markings on the black band—a double spot in 16 and smaller 
ones in interspaces 3 and 6, a series of narrow interneural streaks 
before the margin in interspaces 2 to 7: hindwing, with the broad 
black marginal band continued, its inner edge crenulate; the 
following pale orange-buff markings—a large submarginal spot in 
interspace 6 and traces of spots in 5 and sometimes 7, marginal 
interneural streaks in interspaces 2 to 6. Underside with the 
broad black marginal band reproduced as on the upperside on both 
wings: forewing from the base to nearly the end of the cell orange, 
the area just beyond white and the markings on the black marginal 
band lemon-yellow; the submarginal series of spots on the band 
as follows—a double spot in 1b, one each (minute) in 3 and 5 and 
in 6, 7 and 8, that in 7 narrow; a marginal row of evenly rounded 
spots increasing in size from interspace 2 to 6 and a similar spot 
in interspace 7: hindwing with the costa orange as far as the end 
of vein 8, the light portion of the wing and all the spots lemon- 
yellow, an orange bar from vein 8 to the origin of vein 7, an 
L-shaped orange mark in the cell and orange streaks along veins 
16 and 1c; yellow spots on the band in interspaces 5, 6 and 7 and 
vellow scales in the lower interspaces; a complete marginal series 
of large rounded yellow spots from 1b to 6. 

2. Differs from the male in being without the orange-buff 
suffusion and in the colour of the markings on the band, which latter 
are white and reduced in size; two specimens show no interneural 


some species of the genus Teracolus. 389 


marginal streaks on the upper side of the hindwing. Underside 
similar to that of the male but paler. Cilia of both wings dark. 
Exp. 56-60 mm. 


Hab. Northern Territories, Gold Coast. 


This species is described from seven examples obtained 
by Capt. Armitage. Both sexes bear a close superficial 
resemblance to the female of Pieris creona var. sigurrensis 
Strand, Fig. 5, which is a common insect in the same 
locality. This species most nearly approaches catachrysops 
(Seitz, xiii, pl. 16c) on the upperside, but the submarginal 
series of spots on both wings 1s nearly obsolete, the insect 
is much larger and the broad black marginal band is 
identical on the upper and under sides of both wings in 
armitager; also, only the base of the forewing is orange in 
this species. Professor Aurivillius regards catachrysops as 
one of the forms of vesta, of which species, unless we include 
amelia, Lucas, no form has hitherto been recorded from 
W. Africa. In some respects armitagei has perhaps more 
affinity to amelia than to catachrysops, which former 
species, Aurivillius remarks, is perhaps only another race 
of vesta. In amelia the discal band of the hindwing is 
said to be placed far behind the middle and to be almost 
confluent with the marginal band, so that the submarginal 
spots are small. In armitage: there is no separable discal 
band, the only band being the broad marginal one from 
which the pale spots are for the most part absent. Both 
species have the cell of the forewing beneath orange, but in 
amelia the veins of the hindwing are said not to be darkened, 
whereas veins 1b and lc in armitagei are orange where 
they traverse the pale area. It is probable that arnutager 
may prove to be an extreme form of amelia, but I have 
not had the opportunity of seeing a specimen of the latter, 
which is only known to me from the short description here 
referred to. 


EVIPPE GROUP. 


2. T. ione Godt. Fig. 1, g upperside; Fig. la, J under- 
side; Fig. 2,2 upperside; Fig. 2a, 2 underside. 


This insect is apparently common in the spring and early 
summer in the Northern Territories, numerous specimens 
of both sexes having been sent me by Capt. Armitage, all 
of which seem constant. They differ from the figure 
given in Seitz (pl. 170), in that the veins on the upperside 


390 Mr. G. C. Dudgeon’s Record of the genus Teracolus. 


of the hindwing are distally black and terminate on the 
margin in triangular black spots, which are connected by 
a fine black marginal line (similar to that shown in the 
figure of bacchus (pl. 17b). The veins of the hindwing on 
the underside are not black, which character separates it 
from bacchus. The females are in every case exactly 
similar to the figure of the female of bacchus (Seitz, pl. 176), 
and quite unlike that of con? shown on the same plate. 


3. T. eupompe Klug. 


One female only was received. The characteristic 
radiating terminal black streaks on both wings, the dark 
basal suffusion and the discal row of pink spots on the 
underside of the hindwing are well pronounced in the 
specimen. 

4. T. achine Cr. 


Two males only received which appear to belong to 
the race antevippe, Bdy. The ornamental spot is large, 
orange and triangular without a proximal black border. 
There is no hind-marginal stripe, and the underside is 
white. The hindwings above in both examples have a 
terminal conjoined row of triangular black spots on the 
veins. 

5. T. evippe L. 


Two males and one female quite typical. 


6. T. antigone Bdv. 


A large number of both sexes of this species were re- 
ceived, corresponding completely with the race phlegetonia. 
In some the marginal row of spots on the hindwings con- 
sists of a disunited series of triangular marks, in others 
all are merged into a broad marginal band leaving an 
interneural series of white streaks. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIII. 


Fic. 1. Teracolus ione Godt. 3, upperside, nat. size. 
Seale: e 4 s> >, underside . 
Sa tes Pe Pe 3 2 upperside 5 
2a a es a4 ,, underside a 
pitas » armitagei n. sp. d upperside _,, 
Serod B %, » » Underside .,, 
sid: : - » § upperside ,, 


- 5. Pieris creona var. sigirrensis 9, upperside, nat. size. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LX1II. 


[serra 


G. C, Dudgeon, photo. Anglo-Engraving Co., Lid. 


WEST AFRICAN FORMS OF TERACOLUS, etc. 


(or BOL. <j 


XVIII. A New Micropterygid from Australia. By A. 
JEFFERIES TURNER, M.D., F.E.S. 


[Read October 6th, 1915.] 


HirHerto the only species of the family Micropterygidae 
recorded from Australia is Sabatinca (Palaeonucra) calli- 
placa described by Mr. Meyrick in the Entomologists’ 
Monthly Magazine, vol. 38, p. 60 (1902). I first discovered 
this pretty little species on Mount Tambourine, settled 
in large numbers on the flowers of a small shrub. Since 
then I have taken it freely, flying during the day in shady 
places like a Glyphipteryx in the same locality, and also 
at Montville (1500 feet), sixty miles north of Brisbane. I 
have also received several examples taken at Kuranda 
near Cairns by Mr. F. P. Dodd. Structurally it is identical 
with New Zealand species of Sabatinca, but I am unable 
to distinguish any mandibles. Any addition to our 
knowledge of this the most primitive family of Lepidoptera, 
especially when it constitutes a new genus with complex 
relationship to those hitherto known and to the Hepvaldae, 
is of special interest. 

On the 12th of October 1902, as I was beating the under- 
growth along a track through the jungle on Mount Tam- 
bourine (1800 feet, thirty-five miles south of Brisbane) in 
Southern Queensland, a small moth darted out and settled 
on my coat, from which I boxed it. Had it settled else- 
where I doubt whether I should have seen it. At the time 
I took it for a small Hepialid, to which family it would 
undoubtedly be ascribed from its general appearance. 
Its neuration is almost identical with Fratis, Wlk., and even 
the presence of four well-developed spurs on the posterior 
tibiae did not seem sufficient by itself to distinguish it 
from this group. I was, however, struck by the curious 
structure of the antennae, and on mentioning this to the 
late Mr. Ambrose Quail, who had been paying special 
attention to the antennae of the Hemalidae and Muicro- 
pterygidae, he at once referred the species to the latter 
group. Looking into the matter myself I agreed with 
him, and, if there had been any doubt the discovery of 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS III, Iv. (JUNE) 


392 Dr. A. J. Turner on 


an extra vein arising from 12 of the forewings, a primitive 
Micropterygid character, would have settled it. It is, 
however, a small giant in this family measuring 18 mm. 
across. As no further material has come into my hands 
since the first capture I propose to describe the genus and 
species without further delay. 


Gen. ANOMOSES, nov. 
(avouos, not according to rule; ons, a moth.) 


Head with loosely spreading hairs. Antennae very short (4); 
basal joint somewhat thickened, not tufted; each joint with a 
whorl of short forwardly directed bristles from its base. Mandi- 
bles not developed. Tongue obsolete (?). Labial palpi well 
developed, about 14, slender, porrect, with a few long hairs beneath. 
Maxillary palpi long, folded. Legs rather stout and long, hairy; 
tarsi proportionately long; middle tibiae with apical long hairs, 
spurless; posterior tibiae with two pairs of long slender spurs, 
first pair slightly beyond middle, second at apex. Forewings 
with la obsolete, le obsolete (?), 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 apparently separ- 
ate, the parting vein in cell well developed in its posterior % and 
the fork which gives rise to 3 and 4 so obtuse as to appear con- 
tinuous with discocellular, 7 and 8 stalked for a short distance, 
7 to termen, 9 and 10 stalked nearly to wing margin, 11 from %, 
12 giving off a short vein from its middle; length of cell about ¢. 
Hindwings with similar neuration to forewing, but 2 and 3 more 
closely approximated at base, parting vein in cell well developed 
from base, stalking of 7 and 8 longer, 12 not giving off a branch 
vein. 


The absence of mandibles and well-developed labial 
palpi show that this genus belongs to Mr. Meyrick’s sub- 
family Eriocraninae (Eriocrania type species semipurpurella, 
Stph.), although it resembles the Micropteryginae (Micro- 
ptleryx type species aruncella, Scop.) in the absence of 
spurs on middle tibiae. The neuration is specialised for 
this group, especially in the reduction of the internal 
veins, which resemble those of Mnesarchaea, but is primi- 
tive in the presence of an extra vein arising from 12 as 
occurs in all the recognised genera of Micropteryginae. 
The additional vein arising as a branch from 11 present 
in Mnemonica and Sabatinca is, however, absent. In the 
long-stalking of veins 9 and 10 it approaches Hriocrania, 
in which these veins are coincident, and is specialised as 


A new Micropterygid from Australia. 393 


compared with the Micropterygina. Anomoses is, I believe, 
particularly interesting as indicating the origin of the 
Hepialidae. Its size and shortness of antennae together 
with its general facies are similar, and the neuration of 
the forewings is exactly that of Fratis, Wlk. (Hectomanes, 
Meyr.), except for the presence of the extra vein arising 
from 12. 


Anomoses hylecoetes, n. sp. 
(sAnxoirns, lurking in the woods.) 


g- 18mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and legs 
pale ochreous-brown. Forewings broadly lanceolate, costa moder- 
ately arched, apex rounded, termen very obliquely rounded; 
whitish-ochreous sparsely irrorated with fuscous-brown which 
forms transversely directed spots and blotches; a subdorsal crest 
of long scales close to base; cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings 
lanceolate; grey; cilia grey-whitish. 


Type in Coll. Turner. 
QUEENSLAND: Mt. Tambourine, in October; one 
specimen. 


( 394 ) 


XIX. Glossina morsitans, Westw.: Some Notes on the 
Parasitisation of its 'Pupae. By HrErEwarp C. 
DotimaNn, F.E.S., Entomologist to the British 
South Africa Company. 


[Read October 6th, 1915.] 


Pirate LXIV. 


ALTHOUGH as yet my work on this particular subject is 
incomplete, such results as I have definitely arrived at are 
perhaps of sufficient importance to be recorded. 

This note concerns a high percentage parasitisation of 
the pupae of Glossina morsitans by a small species of 
Mutilla. The latter, from material sent by me to the 
Keeper of the Insect Department of the British Museum, 
and submitted by him to Mr. Rowland Turner, F.E.S., has 
been described as a new species, under the name of Mutilla 
glossinae, Turner (vide Bull. Entom. Research, v, p. 383, 
1915). The locality where the work was carried out is 
the district of Namaula, situated between the Government 
stations of Namwala and Mwengwa, in proximity to 
the Kafue River, N.W. Rhodesia. The exact locality 
of the parasites I hatched out is not easily capable of 
reference; this is so because I was encamped some miles 
from any native village, and away from any river, kopje, 
or other noticeable geographical feature. The nearest 
native village was that of Shimukuyela, some six or seven 
miles away; the “ Namaula district” comprises by no 
means a large territory, however, and is, for all practical 
purposes, no doubt sufficient. The pupae of Glossina 
morsitans were found under, or very closely adjacent to, 
felled or fallen trees, in such situations as were found so 
fruitful by Mr. Lloyd in 1913. In my limited experiences 
of pupa-hunting for tsetse, I was, in this district and at 
this time, rewarded far more lavishly than has been my 
good fortune before or since. 

Of the large number of pupae taken (for so very brief 
a period), some seventy-five per cent. were sifted out 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915—PARTS II, IV. (JUNE) 


Mr. H. C. Dollman’s Notes on Glossina morsitans. 395 


from the close vicinity of two large, and one small, felled 
trees; the three trees being within two hundred yards of 
one another. 

In each instance the tree was old and dry, and in the 
case of one of them, heavily charred by the recent fires. 
The other pupae were collected by natives from the 
immediate district (one or two miles) from an apparently 
similar habitat. 

In reference to “big game” in the close vicinity of this 
highly favoured “ breeding-ground,”’ I may safely say that 
there was an abundance. A large herd of eland, herds of 
water-buck and sable antelope, hartebeest (Bubalis lichten- 
steint) in numbers, a small herd of kudu, some twenty zebra, 
two or three pairs of oribi and of reed-buck, and innumer- 
able wart-hog, were all seen certainly within one mile of 
the locality during my brief stay there. 

The sand around the “ breeding-ground ”’ was impressed 
with the “spoor” of many animals, particularly that of 
pigandeland. In addition, the carnivora were represented 
by a pack of lions (which, on one night at any rate, numbered 
at least eight), hyena, and jackals. 

I have dwelt somewhat fully on the “ big-game”’; to 
me it seemed a noteworthy fact, particularly considering 
the almost entire absence (normally) of Bantu from the 
neighbourhood. The only native path for some miles 
was hardly discernible, and obviously but very little 
frequented. 

The type of country is one very familiar to those who 
know this part of Northern Rhodesia. Tall, slender timber, 
for the most part leguminous in character (‘‘ Mopani”’ 
and its allies), the shrubby Bauhinia, an occasional 
‘“‘ Baobab,” and ever and again a group of isolated palms ; 
the undergrowth, a comparatively sparse and untangled 
vegetation. Relief from seemingly interminable stretches 
of such forest country is to be welcomed in the open 
“vleis,’ or the uncouth rugged formation of sporadic 
kopjes. 

My work was done at the end of August and the beginning 
of September; at this time most of the undergrowth among 
the timber, and the long grass of the “ vleis,’ had been 
destroyed by the all-consuming “ veld-fires.”’ 

The first emergence of Mutilla glossinae was noted on 
August 28th; on this day three 3 gf appeared in the breed- 
ing-jar. The last date upon which one of the parasites 


396 Mr. H. C. Dollman’s Notes on Glossina morsitans. 


hatched was September 9th. I append a brief table of 
the period included between these two dates. 


TABLE TO SHOW THE DaTES OF EMERGENCE OF THE 
¢ AND ua 2 Mutilla gage 


Date. | g Mutita. | 9% Mutilla. 


August 28th . 
>» 29th . 
a9, BM 

3 Slat 

| September Ist 

BS 2nd 
+ 3rd 
os 4th 
eS 5th 
5 6th 
6 7th 
sf 8th 
+ 9th 


ooooocorcoooceo 


3 
1 
9 
0 
14 
11 
17 
2 
3 
1 
0 
0 
1 


It will be noticed that the disproportion of the sexes 
was very marked indeed; sixty-two females to one male. 

I may mention that when I found it necessary to finish 
up the work in mid-September, I dissected the remaining 
unhatched pupae to ascertain whether they were, or were 
not, playing the part of hosts. In no pupa was I able to 
determine a parasite, Mutilla or otherwise; several of the 
pupae had obviously “ dried-up,” while with others the 
incipient imago had suffered casual injury. 

Unfortunately I found it necessary to return to my 
station at Mwengwa during September, to be in readiness 
to trek to Kashitu. Hence the work was left incomplete, 
and here, as yet, the breeding-season of tsetse has evidently 
not thoroughly commenced. 


EXPLANATION OF Piate LXIV. 


Fic. 1. Mutilla glossinae, Turner 3. 
2. ” ” ” 2. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Pl. LXIV. 


© 


Herewurd 
“Rollman, 


iy i4 . 


MUTILLA GLOSSINAE. 


(397) ) 


XX. On the early stages of Latiorina (Lycaena) pyrenaica, 
Boisd. By T. A. CHapman, M.D. 


[Read October 6th, 1915.] 
Puates LX V—LX XXII. 


My first critical examination of L. pyrenaica is recorded in 
the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 307, and in the Transac- 
tions for 1911, p. 148, I was able to give some facts as 
to the early stages of L. orbitulus. Since rearing L. orbi- 
tulus, it seemed that it would be very desirable, if possible, 
to learn something of the life-history of L. pyrenaica, but it 
was only last year (1914) that I was able to make an effort 
to put this desire into action. As a matter of fact, what- 
ever the truth may be, I persuaded myself that I selected 
Gavarnie, rather than any other place amongst the hills, 
for an excursion in July 1914, entirely in order to investi- 
gate the life-history of L. pyrenaica. 

One is seldom as successful as one wishes to be, but I 
succeeded in following out the main outlines of the earlier 
stages of our butterfly, notwithstanding various difficul- 
ties, some anticipated, some wholly unexpected. 

Accepting the close relationship of pyrenaica to orbitulus, 
the presumption was very strong that it fed on some primu- 
laceous plant. Visiting several localities where I knew 
L. pyrenaica to occur, I soon found that they all agreed in 
having Androsace villosa as a substantial part of their flora ; 
the other Androsaces and Primulas found at Gavarnie were 
usually absent from such localities. Several spots where 
A. villosa grew, even sparsely, but where J did not know 
L. pyrenaica to occur, afforded specimens of that butterfly 
on a little patient examination. 

The first specimens of the butterflies (two males) were 
seen on July 14, but it was in the third and fourth weeks 
of July that the species was fully out. During this period 
eggs were obtained by placing the females with plants of 
the Androsace, and one specimen was seen laying on it in the 
field, others examined it, with that object no doubt, but 
a deposited egg was not found. Ihave to thank M. Rondou 
for showing me one or two localities for L. pyrenaica that 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PaARTS III, IV. (JUNE) 


398 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the 


I had not previously visited, which materially assisted me 
in obtaining eggs. 

The eggs are laid in the little rosettes of leaves of the food- 
plant, right down between the leaves, so as rarely to be 
visible without separating them, and often as near the 
centre as affords leaves large enough to have openings 
between them, but also further out and even on quite 
outside leaves. 

On my last day at Gavarnie (August Ist) I obtained some 
more butterflies in order to secure a further supply of eggs, 
but on the 2nd I left Gavarnie and was a week on the way 
home. By good luck it happened that none of the eggs I 
had obtained hatched until just as I got home on the after- 
noon of August 9th, or so immediately before that they 
managed to find food in the plants on which the eggs had 
been laid. 

The egg of pyrenaica is 0°625 mm. in diameter, the mar- 
gins well rounded from the upper to the under surface, 
the top itself being somewhat dome-shaped, not flat as in 
many Agriades. The micropylar area is about 0°125 mm. 
across, and has about seven cells that would be crossed by 
a line from centre to circumference, but they are hardly 
regular enough to say there are seven circles. The cells 
of the network are about 0°03 mm. in diameter, the lines 
of netting have hardly any eminences at their junctions on 
top, but these are present though small on the sides. 

Comparing this egg with that of orbitulus (see Trans. Ent. 
Soc., 1911, Pl. XII), we find that the size and form are in 
very close agreement. But in other respects the differences 
are considerable. In orbitulus, the micropylar area is much 
smaller, only about half the diameter, 0°064 mm. instead of 
0°125 mm., and the number of cells make only four or five 
rings, if we count them in the circles they don’t quite 
arrange themselves in. Even though it be inaccurate to talk 
of circles, there are nevertheless seven cells from centre to 
margin counted in the same way as only give four or some- 
times five in orbitulus. Similarly, there are about seven 
cells from the micropylar area to the margin in pyrenaica, 
where similar counting gives quite nine in orbitulus. The 
cells are smaller in orbitulus, look much more numerous, and 
have much more fully-developed prominences or pillars 
where the lines of network meet. 

The following notes as made refer to the rearing of the 
larvae, etc. :— 


Early stages of Latiorina pyrenaica. 399 


Aug. 9th, 1915.—On arrival home from Gavarnie, found 
an egg that was discovered naturally laid had hatched, 
and from the situation of some traces of,frass it was obvious 
that the larva had penetrated into the centre or base of 
the central bulb of leaves. An examination of other eggs 
led to the belief that none had hatched. 

Aug. 10th—Found that several eggs of pyrenaica had 
hatched, and the bulbs in which they were being very wasted, 
the larva were extracted and placed on growing plants. 
The larvae in one or two cases were free and newly hatched, 
but several were found beneath the central growing point in 
the top of the stem; sometimes a trace of frass showed 
where it had entered, in other cases there was no indication 
externally ; the place seemed to be between what was the 
nearly solid central ball and one of the next free leaves. 
The other eggs (unhatched) were placed one each on the 
bulbs of growing plants. 

Aug. 13th.—All the eggs appear to have hatched; here 
and there a little frass shows where the larvae have disap- 
peared, but for the most part there is no indication of what 
has become of them, though they are no doubt in the tops 
of the stems just below the growing point. In one case 
only, a larva is seen in the interior of one of the larger leaves, 
where it has mined out all the green material, leaving the 
colourless, translucent cuticles. 

Aug. 20th.—Found various heads of Androsace, with the 
centres loose and dead, the larvae having eaten their bases ; 
in several cases the larvae were seen, apparently (but not 
certainly) still in lst instar; in other cases the larvae had 
either gone off elsewhere or had eaten down into the root 
stock, as was suggested by frass covering the centre when 
the dead central bud was removed. One larva seen was 
very fat, nearly black, and very glabrous and shining; 
another had black with paler longitudinal stripes, the black 
predominating ; in two cases, the central loose bud being 
removed, the larvae were seen to be in the interior of an 
adjoining leaf. 

Aug. 21st.—A larva not wholly black has a broad black 
dorsal band, then a pale band, then a broad black band 
down to lateral flanges, the hairs of which are ona large pale 
patchin each segment. The dark band on slope has various 
pale spots, especially a large patch about the middle of it 
(on each segment) ; the length of the larvae is barely 2 mm. 
stretched. Head black, legs black, but the plates too thin 


400 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the 


and translucent, except at ends, to prevent their looking 
paler from contents. They are still in Ist instar; the black 
pigment is in the subcutaneous layer. 

Aug. 3lst.—Found three larvae of L. pyrenaica on two 
of the plants of Androsace villosa sent home to establish a 
few plants for further necessities. The eggs of these must 
have withstood the perils of travel to which the plants 
were subjected. Roughly rolled in paper and sent by 
sample post, which had very satisfactory results as regards 
the plants, and, in this instance, without damage to the 
eggs of L. pyrenaica. It is not unlikely that other plants 
also had on them some eggs which did suffer, at any rate 
no other stock plant sent home shows any trace of larvae 
of L. pyrenaica. 

Aug. 3lst.—A larva is detected obviously in 2nd instar; 
it is very dark, there is a dorsal paler (dark cinereous) line 
with a broader quite black line on either side of it down the 
dorsal flanges, below this another dark cinereous band, and 
below this (from above middle of slope downwards) the 
black is relieved by various cinereous mottlings. The hairs 
are rather larger and more conspicuous than in Ist instar. 
This larva is just under one side of a central bulbil that has 
been a good deal eaten and destroyed. 

Sept. 9th.—Various larvae can be found apparently about 
full grown in 2nd instar; they still mine out the interior of 
the small leaves. 

At this same date eschert hatched same time are full 
grown in 3rd instar and thinking of hibernating, some 
having stopped feeding. 

The larvae continued to grow slowly, sometimes they 
fed under the central bud, in other instances they were seen 
actually inside the larger leaves, which they mined out more 
or less completely ; some rosettes had all the leaves so cleared 
out, leaving merely the cuticle, both upper and under, in 
the form of the leaf, but nearly colourless instead of 
green. As they approached their full growth, in 3rd 
instar, for hibernation they were very difficult to see or 
find. 

They were placed for the winter on their food-plants, 
undisturbed, just as they had hidden themselves, some out 
of doors, some in a refrigerator, and some in a cold room. 
A certain number survived the winter, but I failed to get 
any of them to commence feeding in the spring. 

Oct. 6th.—The larvae are not to be seen, but the plant 


Trans. Ent. Soc.Lond.1915, PL. LXV 


E C. Knight, del.et pinx, Adlard & Sonand West Newman 


Pan VAR OF L.PYRENAICA 


Trans.Ent. Soc.Lond.,1915, PU.LXVI. 


E.C.Knight, del, et pinx. Adlard & Son and West Newman 


SKINS OF PARASITISED LARVAE,P EROS & L.PYRENAICA’ 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LX VII, 


Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Lid. 


L. PYRENAICA, EGGSHELLS x 60. 


Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1915, Plate LX VI11. 


Photo, F. N. Clark, Anglo-Engraving Co., Lid. 


L. PYRENAICA, EGG AND MICROPYLE x 60 and x 350. 


‘8X DIdOOSOANALS ‘SODA HLIM VSOTTIA ‘V HO SALLASON ‘VOIVNAYAd “7 


ray 


DIT 02 suravisug-ojsup ‘9SU0T, “3 * ‘0f0Yq 


‘NXIXT *#v[d ‘SIO1l “puoTy 205 zug ‘suvay 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXX. 


Lid. 


(Gas 


SKIN OF FIRST STAGE LARVA x 60 


Engraving 


Anglo- 


Photo, F. N. Clark 


L. FYRENAICA, 


ats f 
ie v 
i ae 


sake a 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXXJ. 


: 


Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


L. PYRENAICA, FIRST STAGE LARVAL SKIN x 60. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXXTI, 


Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


L. PYRENAICA, SKIN OF SECOND STAGE LARVA x 36. 


Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXXI11. 


‘oc 


Anglo-Engrav 


‘i ee 


Pinta, FN. Clark. 


L. PYRENAICA, SECOND INSTAR PROTHORACIC PLATE 200. 
LAST SEGMENTS x 100. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXXIV. 


| 
Beas 


ad SEs sae are 2 ees ea 


Photo, F. N. Clark, 


AnzloeEngraving Co., Lta. 


L. PYRENAICA, LAST STAGE LARVA SKIN x 9. 


Clark. 


Photo, F. N. Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


L. PYRENAICA, PROTHORAX AND HONEY GLAND REGION, 
LAST INSTAR x 100 and X 50. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXX VI. 


fs 


Photo, F. N. Clark. A nglo-Engraving Comita: 


L. PYRENAICA, LAST INSTAR, LAST SEGMENTS, HAIR, 
AND SPECIAL STRUCTURE. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXXVII. 


: . Pees ay SNS > to - 
4 Se ae | %. . Mee, 
: é % 4 : » i: : 
¢ < % ui af 
; © ; 
; : 


: 4 bee { 
Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


L. PYRENAICA, TWO OTHER SPECIMENS AS ON 
EAST PLATE, Pig. 3. 


’ la, et 
ake oe 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXX VIII. 


3 a] 


AS 


Photo, F. N. Clark. es i Anglo-Engraving Co., Lid. 
L. PYRENAICA, PUPAL SKIN, PROTHORAX, Etc. x6} and x 30. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXXIX. 


oe 
tae! 


oP 


Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


L. PYRENAICA, PUPAL SKIN, HEAD AND APPENDAGES 
x 20 and x 50. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXXX. 


jane : ee ay 


Photo, F. N. Clark. aa 


L. PYRENAICA, PUPA, METATHORAX AND PORTION 
OF WING x 30. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXXXIJ. 


= Los ed ree Pee 


ne 
Photo, F. N. Clark. 


L. PYRENAICA, PUPA, VENTRAL ASPECT OF ABDOMEN, 
AND CREMASTRAL AREA x 50. 


Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


— 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXXXIJI. 


GI eX 


or eg Se 


Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., 


L. PYRENAICA, PORTIONS OF SEGMENTS OF 
PUPA x 50 and x 100. 


F\. | 


Lid. 


Early stages of Latiorina pyrenaica. 401 


that has most on it is beg destroyed in a way that shows 
they are still active. 

Oct. 12th—The plant referred to in last note is much 
destroyed, but a visit at midnight did not result in any 
larvae being seen. The heads or crowns of the plant have 
their centres eaten out, and these seem to die off, the leaves 
that remain becoming dead and brown. The larvae must, 
of course, be hiding somewhere amongst the old leaves and 
stems beneath the living (or now dead) surface of the plant. 

The first-stage larva has hairs, lenticles, etc., as shown 
in Pl. LXX and LXXI. On comparing these with the 
same stage of L. orbitulus (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, 
Pl. XIII), there is seen to be a difference much greater than 
might have been anticipated from the close relationship of 
the two species. At first glance, the much greater size and 
boldness of the hairs and hair bases in L. orbitulus is strik- 
ing. On coming to details we find this is very marked in 
the first dorsal hairs on each segment, the base of which 
is very large in orbitulus, small and delicate in pyrenaica; 
even more important, the second hair, which almost rivals 
the first, is actually wanting in pyrenaica. Curiously, the 
small accessory hair at the front margin of the segment is 
much the same in both species. The third hair (supra- 
spiracular) compares in the two species much as the first, 
bold and strong in orbitulus, delicate in pyrenaica. The three 
marginal (sub-spiracular) hairs are, hke the others, weak 
in pyrenaica, but they differ also in position ; in orbitulus the 
middle one, as in most of these larvae, is ventral to the other 
two, but otherwise in an intermediate position ; in pyrenaica 
it is almost directly ventral to the posterior hair. So far 
these details refer rather to the abdomen. On the thorax, 
the metathorax is, in pyrenaica, similar to the abdominal 
segments ; in orbitulus it differs from them in possessing a 
hair in front of I and II that emulates them in size, and 
may or may not represent the very minute front hair of the 
abdominal segments. On the mesothorax the hairs have 
the same arrangement in both species, except that pyrenaica 
has only three (sometimes two only) instead of four mar- 
ginal hairs. The hairs on the prothorax are the same in 
both, but look very different owing to their slenderness and 
minute basesin pyrenaica, and this is enforced by the absence 
of the pair of lenticles on the prothoracic plate, present in 
nearly all first-stage Plebeiid larva. This absence of lenticles 
affects other segments also. The dorsal lenticle is absent 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PARTS III, IV. (JUNE) DD 


e 


402 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the 


on the mesothorax (comparison is with orbitulus). The 
metathorax to the 7th abdominal segment have each one 
dorsal lenticle (on each side). Orbitulus has two on 2nd to 
6th abdominal segment; but the figure referred to shows 
that there is a tendency to lose them even on orbitulus, as 
evidenced by the 2nd abdominal segment having two on 
one side and only one on the other. Two on the Ist ab- 
dominal segment also is the rule in Plebeiids. Pyrenaica 
has no lenticles on the 7th and 8th abdominal segments 
or any marginal ones—a very unusual difference, not only 
from orbitulus but from the usual Plebeiid pattern. The 
crochets of the prolegs and claspers are two in number as 
in orbitulus, and like it have one larger than the other, but 
not at all so markedly. 

March 13th, 1915.—Three larvae found on principal 
(dead) mass of Androsace. Put on living plants one looks 
well, but two have been attacked and killed by Dipteron 
larvae. 

April 24th.—No further larvae have been found to have 
survived the winter. The one that looked well (13 iii.) 
died when placed on a growing plant. 

The dipterous larvae are those of “a species of Sczara.” 
“They probably feed in the larval stage on decaying veget- 
able matter, and will not interfere with your lepidopterous 
larvae ”’ (J. S. Collin, in letter, Oct. 20, 1914). 

That the proper food of these Sciara larvae is decaying 
vegetable matter is from my own observations unquestion- 
able, but they also show that when they reach a quiescent 
lepidopterous larva, in suitable conditions of moisture 
and temperature, they attack and destroy it. 

Mr. Knight’s drawings of the larvae in their hibernating 
stage, Pl. LXV, figs. 1 and 2, show how dark the larva is in 
its autumnal stages, as compared with those of L. orbitulus, 
which takes an autumnal colouring very much the same as 
it has in its mature instars. 

This seemed to bring my investigations to an abrupt 
termination, since it was practically out of the question to 
think of visiting the Pyrenees in 1915. But a friend in need 
is a friend indeed. Monsieur Rondou, though weighted 
with various extra duties and anxieties owing to the war, 
managed to devote a little leisure to finding the larva in 
the spring, and generously sent me the five examples he 
obtained. 

A portion of Monsieur Rondou’s letter accompanying the 


Early stages of Latiorina pyrenaica. 403 


larvae tells how he found them, and therefore requires 
quotation. 
 Gédre, 14 juin, 1915. 

“Une course 4 Pouey Aspé le 10 ayant été infructueuse, 
je suis revenue hier 4 Estaubé. Comme d’habitude, le 
ciel était couvert; la pluie allait tomber. Les Androsace 
villosa étaient en fleur; j’avais beau les examiner; je ne 
trouvais rien. J’allais quitter ce coin lorsqu’ un rayon de 
soleil est venu éclairer la montagne. Alors, sur un jeune 
bourgeon d’ Androsace, pliée en are, j’ai vu une chenille : ce 
ne pouvait étre que celle de Lycaena pyrenaica, bien que son 
signalement ne réponde pas a votre description. Elle de- 
vait étre dans son dernier stade, et la livrée est différente de 
celle de jeune Age. Puis, successivement j’en al pris quatre 
autres, de diverses tailles, mais toujours sur les fleurs en 
bourgeon d’Androsace. Malheureusement, le soleil s’est 
voilé, et il a commencé a pleuvoir. Les chenilles ont dis- 
parus et j’ai du parter en courant sous une pluie battante, 
qui n’a cessé que dans la soireé. J’etais mouillé, mais 
content. Et aussitot arrivé, j’ai mit mon butin dans une 
boite avec une bonne provision de fleur, et je vous ai 
expédié le tout. . . . J’ai la conviction que, dans un 
printemps un peu sec, il serait facile, soit 4 Estaubé, soit 
a Pouey Aspé, de récolter ces chenilles en nombre. 

“ 1’été va étre triste dans notre vallée, la guerre, qui 
nous prends les hommes, empéchera les étrangers de venir. 
Et puis, il pleut trop.” 


Which I roughly and freely translate as follows :— 


“ Gédre, 14 June, 1915. 


“An excursion to Pouey Aspé on the 10th proving unsuc- 
cessful, I returned yesterday to Estaubé. As usual the sky 
was overcast, then the rain commenced. The Androsace 
villosa was in flower; I examined them in vain; I found 
nothing. I was giving it up, when a gleam of sunshine 
illumined the hillside. Then, on a young bud of Andro- 
sace, | saw a caterpillar bentinacurve. This could only be 
that of Lycaena pyrenaica, although its appearance does 
not answer to your description. It was no doubt in its 
last instar, and its livery is different from that of the earlier 
stages. 

‘Then one by one I took four others of varied sizes, but 
always on the flowers in bud of the Androsace. Unfortun- 


404 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the 


ately, the sun clouded over and rain began to fall. The 
caterpillars had vanished, and I had to hurry away under 
a driving rain, which did not stop till evening. I was wet, 
but happy. .. . I feel sure that, in a fairly dry spring, it 
would be easy, either at Estaubé, or at Pouey Aspé, to find 
a good many larvae. 

“The summer will in our valley be a sad one, the war, 
which has taken away our men, will prevent visitors com- 
ing; furthermore, it rains excessively.’ 


June 16th.—Received from M. Rondou five larva of 
L. pyrenaica, four in last instar, nearly full fed, and one 
apparently im previous instar. They are very like L. 
orbitulus, the green is much darker, the dorsal stripe has 
paler green on each side, but no white border; the dark 
oblique marks on the slope hardly exist, and the dorsal 
hairs are long and all are conspicuously black, otherwise 
they agree with orbitulus, so far as my figures and descrip- 
tion of that larva show. 

June 17th.— 


The small larva supposed to be full-grown in 4th instar (but 
afterwards found to be only young in the last) is 5-0 mm. long, 1°9 
mm. wide, of uniform width, almost equally rounded at each end, 
the posterior end perhaps a little more pointed. The colour is a 
dark green, with a brownish-black dorsal line; on mid-slope on 
2 and 3 thoracic and 1 to 7 abdominal is an oblique very dark olive- 
green rather broad line (downwards and backwards), below this the 
green colour darkens into a brownish and then to pink, just above 
the whitish pink lateral line; each segment at this line projects as 
a rounded elevation more markedly than on the dorsal flanges. 
The hairs are conspicuous and black. The green is appreciably 
paler just beside the dark dorsal line. 


June 17th.—The full-grown larva is 13:0 mm. long and 
4:0 mm. wide--a thick-set larva. The black hairs are 
numerous and conspicuous, the largest about 0°5 mm. long 
along flanges. 


The colour is dark green. The dark brown dorsal line or band 
is interrupted in the middle of each segment by a patch of pink- 
red, which hardly extends beyond the lines limiting the band; 
beside the band is a paler very narrow band of paler green, as of 
white well-overlaid with green. The dark oblique lines on slope 
(when younger) are evanescent, one is not sure whether such lines 
exist or are only shades due to the “upholstered ’”’ hollow, of 


Early stages of Latiorina pyrenaica. 405 


which there are two: one, the lower, at mid-segment with the 
black spiracle in its hollow, and the upper one, rather in front of 
the middle of the segment. The lateral line is pale yellow, with a 
conspicuous rosy pink patch above it and another below on each 
segment, sufficiently divided at each incision not to be a continuous 
line, but looking so on a casual glance. The underside green, but 
of a slightly olive tint as compared with upper surface, no trace of 
honey-gland or of fans. 


June 17th.—Another specimen agrees, except that the 
red patches of lateral flanges meet in middle of segment, 
making the yellow line consist of patches at front and hind 
margins of segment, and these are so small on 6, 7 and 8 
abdominal segments that the yellow line is here practically 
obliterated. The green ground-colour of this specimen is 
perhaps rather darker. 

Another specimen agrees with first, except that the lateral 
line is almost white. This one has since last night eaten 
the central portions of a rosette of the food and the upper 
surface (leaving the lower cuticle) of several larger leaves. 

June 18th.—Placed a larva that was busily eating A. 
villosa on A. vitaliana, with a leaf or two of Soldanella, last 
evening. This morning it has not touched either, but placed 
again on A. villosa, it shortly commenced eating, and con- 
tinued eating all day as if to make up for lost time. 

June 19th.—One has died with the hard black patches 
disorder. This is the larva with skin structures shown in 
Pl. LXXVI and LXXVII so curiously demonstrated. 

June 22nd.—The three full-grown ones seem to have 
settled down for pupation, look bunched, and are quiescent. 
The small one seems really to be in last skin, as it has not 
moulted, is eating well and growing; its darker colour was 
no doubt due to inexpansion of skin after recent moult. 
It eats especially the fruit-pods, 2. e. the calyx contents of 
the now dead flowers. 

June 23rd.—One of the full-grown larvae appears to be 
parasitised ; it has much the form of a larva waiting for 
pupation. Yesterday the tracheae were very visible, to- 
day they are not, and the whole larva is darker, and 
feels very firm and resistant, suggesting a dipterous pupa 
within. 

Material being scarce, it seemed desirable to secure the 
larval skin whilst it seemed perhaps possible to remove it 
from the parasite. This being done, it was found that the 


406 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the 


parasite was an ichneumon forming a silken cocoon. The 
skin is not very satisfactory, certain layers of silk remaining 
adherent to it, nor did it seem to be prudent to attempt 
their removal. 

June 25th.—One of the remaining full-grown larvae is 
found this morning to have pupated; the other is ichneu- 
monised like the one noted on the 23rd. It had the tracheae 
very visible. On opening it, the skin is lined with silk by 
the ichneumon, but the larva of the parasiteis removed with- 
out any silken covering, the inner cocoon proper not having 
been commenced. It may be noted that the larval skin 
contains nothing but the tracheae, a silken lining, and the 
larva of the parasite; no other remains of the host’s in- 
terior than the tracheae, no trace of any dejecta of the larva 
of the parasite. 

The small larva has grown and eats the ovary (immature 
seed-pods) of the recently faded flowers, the larger larvae 
seemed to prefer the leaves. 

June 26th.—The pupa, which was very dark when seen 
yesterday, is perhaps rather darker to-day. 


The abdomen is of a very deep ochreous brown with a darker, 
nearly black, dorsal band. The thorax, head and appendages 
are very dark, almost black. The whole pupa is very polished 
and shining. It has (except on appendages) a great many very 
short pale brown hairs, most easily seen in profile on abdomen, 
where they appear to be very abundant. The pupa is short and 
thick, length 9 mm., height thorax 3°5 mm., waist 3°1 mm., abdo- 
men (3rd and 4th segments) 4°0 mm., abdominal line (beyond 
wings) 2°2 mm. Opposite 3rd and 4th abdominals the wings 
project a little ventrally, but otherwise the variations in height 
are due to dorsal curves. The width to waist is 3°3 mm. expanding 
at 4th abdominal to 3:7 mm. 


The general outline is normal Lycaenid. 

June 29th.—Yesterday and to-day the small larva is 
eating leaves of the centre of rosettes, leaving one cuticle 
of the larger leaves; the seed-pods are possibly getting too 
ripe and hard to suit him. 

June 30th.—The cuticle left is indifferently the upper or 
lower of the leaf. Of two rosettes given to the larva yester- 
day, both having a good many leaves eaten, one shows 
the lower cuticle to be left in each leaf eaten, the other 
the upper cuticle; this can apparently only depend on the 
direction in which the larva approached the rosette, but 


Early stages of Latiorina pyrenaica. 407 


even so it is curious that each rosette shows the same direc- 
tion of attack on every leaf. 

July 4th—The larva has been eating pods as well as 
leaves, so that there is probably no ground to suppose the 
former to be too hard for it; the seeds seem to be the 
portions eaten, portions of empty capsule remaining. 

July 5th.—Has taken to resting, as if it had done feeding. 

July 7th.—Resting on bottom of glass, without appar- 
ently any special selection ; seems to contemplate pupating, 
as itis very bunched and thoracic segments enlarged. 

July 8th—To-day the larva is dark coloured, of very 
uniform short thick cylindrical shape, and is evidently the 
victim of the ichneumon to which the two others had suc- 
cumbed. The parasite is now no doubt spinning its cocoon 
inside the larval skin. 

July 11th—The pupa is apparently beginning to mature ; 
the wings, instead of being nearly black, but with a trans- 
parent look, are now a deep rich brown, with the veins some- 
what darker, and the rest of the pupa is not quite so dark, 
but the eyes are black. 

July 14th—Gradually got darker and then paler over 
the abdomen. This morning white lines marked the opened 
incision of abdominal segment 3 to 4 slight, 4 to 5 and 
5 to 6 very definite white rings for whole circumference, 
7 to 8, faint dorsal lines. The butterfly, a 9, emerged 
at 9 a.m. 

July 26th.—A parasite emerged to-day. 

July 30th.—Mr. Morley names the specimen Meloboris 
erassicorms, Grav., an Ophionid ichneumon. 

On Pl. LXVI are enlarged drawings of the larva skins 
(figs. 1 and 2) (see Trans. Ent. Soc. 1914, p. 479) of P. eros 
which produced Rhogas bicolor, and (figs. 3 and 4) the skin 
of L. pyrenaica which produced Meloboris crassicornis. 

Of the five larvae sent by M. Rondou, one died and 
three were parasitised, all apparently by the same para- 
site, Meloboris crassicornis (see Morley’s “ Ichneumonidae,” 
vol. v, p. 172). Mr. Morley says (in letter) “he considers 
it by no means impossible that, in your case, it was 
hyperparasitic through a Rhogas.” The two first examples 
to declare themselves parasitised were killed for the sake 
of the larval skins, of which I had only that of the 
one that died, and that of course a poor specimen. The 
parasitised ones had the outer part of the cocoon of the 
parasite already spun inside, so that they also were not 


408 Dr. T. A. Chapman on Latiorina pyrenaica. 


very satisfactory examples of the larval skin. In the case 
of the first one, whose condition was not recognised till 
rather late, the cocoon of the parasite was so far advanced 
as to show the zonal dark colouring described by Morley 
(l. c.). The one that emerged (No. 3) did so by gnawing 
a hole in much the same way as the Rhogas did in the 
case of eros, but instead of being at the posterior end 
of the butterfly larva it is in front, quite to one side of 
the middle line. In eros the dead larva is attached by the 
head, in pyrenaica by the claspers. 

Though I did not desire to rear L. pyrenaica with the 
object of strengthening its claim to be distinct from L. 
orbitulus, since I considered that to be already abundantly 
established, I was much interested to discover the points 
in which they differed in their early stages, and in simple 
fact found many items showing how distinct the two species 
are. I have described the very great differences in the two 
eggs, and in the first-stage larvae ; they are, as I have above 
described, so different that, considering the trifling points 
that distinguish many of the species of the Polyommatus- 
Agriades group at this stage, one would, with only these 
first-stage larvae before us, say that they probably belonged 
to two quite distinct genera. The larva in the autumn in 
2nd and 3rd instars is extremely dark and very different 
from that of orbitulus at this stage. The young larva of 
orbitulus has much of the bright colouring of the full-grown 
larva. This great divergence between the two species— 
in the egg and in the structure and colour of the young 
larva—is very remarkable, in view of the great similarity 
of the full-grown larva, of the pupa and the imago. 

The colouring of the full-grown larvae is very close, but 
certain areas in orbitulus are quite white, which are only 
slightly paler than the ground-colour in pyrenaica. Both 
larvae are without honey-gland, and both feed on primu- 
laceous plants, though pyrenaica will starve rather than eat 
those species affected by orbitulus. 

Though the pupae are otherwise so much alike it is 
remarkable that ZL. orbitulus has abundant anchor-ended 
hooks of normal type over the cremastral area, whereas 
L. pyrenaica is without hooks of any sort. 


Explanation of Plates. 409 
EXPLANATION OF PLates LXV—-LXXXII. 


Puate LXV. Fics. 1 and 2. Larva in 3rd instar before hiberna- 
tion, enlarged about x 10. 

Fie. 3. Rosette of Androsace villosa x 2. 

Fic. 4. Rosette of Androsace villosa central leaves 
mined by L. pyrenaica. 

Fic. 5. Rosette, some leaves mined and central bud 
undermined and lost; it is not eaten but 
dries up and easily falls off. 

Fias. 6, 7, 8. Larva in last instar, enlarged about 
x 5. 

Puate LXVI. Fics. 1 and 2. Larva of Polyommatus eros, from 
which Rhogas bicolor has emerged (see 
Trans., 1914, p. 479) x 4. 
Fies. 3 and 4. Larva of L. pyrenaica from which 
Meloboris crassicornis emerged x 4. 
Puate LXVII. Eggshells of L. pyrenaica x 60. 


Puate LXVIII. Fic. 1. Egg of L. pyrenaica x 60. 
Fic. 2. Micropyle x 350. 

Puate LXIX. Stereoscopic view of two rosettes of Androsace 
villosa with eggs of L. pyrenaica as laid x 
about 5. 

Pirate LXX. First-stage larva skin x 60. 

Puate LXXI. First-stage larva skin x 60. 

Piatt LXXII. Second instar larva skin x 36. N.B. the clear 
space on the 2nd abdominal segment is ab- 
normal. 

Puate LXXIII. Second instar. Prothoracic plate x 200, and 
last abdominal segments x 100. 

Prats LXXIV. Last-stage larva skin x 9. 

Puate LXXV. Last-stage larva prothoracic plate x 100. Dorsum 
of 7th and 8th abdominal segments x 50. The 
dark shades across at top and at middle of 
photograph mark the segmental incision; the 
position occupied by honey-gland in species 
possessing it is just above the lower of these. 
There is no indication of it. 

Prats LXXVI. Fic. 1. Honey-gland region of another speci- 
men; the position, did one exist, would 
be centrally between the two upper 
spiracles (those of 7th abdominal seg- 
ment), 

Fig. 2, A dorsal hair x 100, 


410 Explanation of Plates. 


The lower figure (3) shows a curious structure 
apparently belonging to the skin, which was 
seen as photographed in the incisions in front 
of the first seven abdominal segments, in the 
line of the lateral flange, in a larva of L. 
pyrenaica which died of some malady. It 
seems to be a normal structure of Lycaenid 
larvae, as it can be faintly discerned in some 
examples of other species; the peculiarity here 
is its being rendered so conspicuous in this 
diseased specimen. Some stain might probably 
demonstrate it in normal individuals x 100. 


PLATE LXXVII. Shows two other specimens of the same struc- 
tures. 


PuatE LXXVIII. Fic. 1. Pupal skin x 6}. 

Fic. 2. Pupal skin. Dorsal head-piece, pro- 
thorax, greater part of mesothorax 
with cover of its spiracle, and an 
angle of metathorax x 30. In fig. 1 
the dorsal head-piece is lost on one 
side. 

Puate LXXIX. Pupal skin. 
Fic. 1. Head and portions of appendages x 20. 
Fic. 2. Appendages as in lower portion of fig. 1 
x 50, showing lenticles on legs but not 
on antennae or maxillae. 


Puate LXXX. Pupal skin. 
Fic. 1. Right metathorax, with adjacent portion 
of mesothorax and wing x 30. 
Fic. 2. A portion of wing, shows lines of neura- 
tion and Poulton’s line x 30. 


Puate LXXXI. Upper figure shows ventral aspect of abdominal 
segments (5th abdominal with 6th, 7th, etc.) 
x 50. 

Lower figure, which overlaps upper, shows 
cremastral area (9th and 10th abdominal seg- 
ments); there are ordinary hairs but no 
hooks; the specimen is a Q x 50. Compare 
with Plate XX VII, Trans. 1911, which shows 
orbitulus to have abundant anchor hooks. 


Prats LXXXII. Pupal skin. Upper figure shows dorsum of 2nd 
and 3rd abdominal segments x 50. 
Lower figure, spiracular region of 4th abdo- 
minal segment x 100. 


( All.) 


XXI. A Contribution to the Infe History of Agriades escheri, 
Hb. By T. A. Cuapman, M.D. 


[Read October 6th, 1915.] 


Puates LXXXIII-CIII. 


My interest in Agriades escheri arises from the investigations 
about Agriades thersites, since it appeared that thersites was, 
notwithstanding its close resemblance to P. icarus, not at 
all nearly related to that species, but was in many respects 
so similar to A. escheri as to suggest that escheri and thersites 
were quite recent derivations of a form very close to eschert. 

There seemed, however, to be no published life-history 
of A. escheri, nor, so far as I have been able to learn, any 
figure of the larva, though its food-plant is referred to by 
several authorities, the original information apparently 
being from Saporta for Astragalus incanus, and Donzel for 
Astragalus monspessulanus, though I have not found where 
they published these facts. It curiously happens that in 
the Bulletin of the Entomological Society of France (1915, 
No. 8) there is reported “ Notes on Lycaenid larvae by 
Monsieur P. Chrétien,” read 28th April, 1915, amongst 
which is a fuller account of the life-history, running to 
a page of the Bulletin, than had previously appeared 
anywhere. 

He also has notes on L. orbitulus and L. eros whose larvae 
he appears to have known for some time. 

It appeared desirable, therefore, to learn something of 
the life-history of A. escheri. I failed, however, in 1913 to 
obtain any ova, and so the observations had to be postponed 
to 1914. 

On the 28th April, as noted in Trans. Ent. Soc., 1914, 
p. 482, I visited the locality on the way to Berisal, where 
Astragalus exscapus grows freely, in order to find the larva 
of A. escherz, since the butterfly is not uncommon there, 
and this Astragalus seems to be the only probable food that 
grows in the locality. I found two larvae that I took to 
be escheri, but, as I failed to rear either, could not be sure, 
until this year I reared the larva from the egg, and so satis- 
fied myself that the Berisal larvae were the same as those 
that were, of course, certainly A. eschert. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PaRTS III, 1V. (JUNE) 


412 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to 


These larvae are figured on Plate LX XXIV, figs. 12, 13 
and 14, and may be compared with the 1915 larvae on 
Plate LXXXV. They hardly differ by even the individual 
variation which is common in the larvae of “ Blues,” but 
is perhaps less in A. escheri than in many other species. 
The note made on April 27th, 1914, was that they were 
“rather dark green, darker in the dorsal trough, with a 
narrow yellow line down dorsal and lateral flanges, there 
are two pale oblique lines between dorsal flange and 
spiracles. The honey-gland and position of fans distinct, 
hair bases black, as well as many hairs. But most of the 
hairs on the lateral flange are white, as well as some on 
the dorsal flange, chiefly those forming a dorsal crest to 
each segment, those a little below them being dark.” On 
April 1st: “ The larva is remarkable for the very narrow 
but definite yellow lines, and for the distinctness of the 
oblique lines that look as if resulting from a thin overlaying 
layer of white pigment.” 

“There are really three whitish oblique marks on the 
slope of each segment : a middle one, fairly well pronounced, 
an upper one on the side of the projection of the dorsal 
flange, and a lower one in which is the spiracle; the upper 
and lower are rather patches, and are oblique only on their 
margins apposed to the middle of the three. In most views 
of the larva, only two of these marks are obvious, the upper 
or lower being evasive.” 

On the 7th April: “It is of a more uniform green, the 
pale oblique lines are less distinct and the yellow lines less 
vivid, the hair bases are conspicuously black, but the long 
hairs of dorsal and lateral flanges are colourless, except a 
few black ones on last segments.” 

Owing to ill-usage due to travelling, though both larvae 
pupated, the pupae were not healthy and neither progressed 
further. 

It may be observed that in describing three pale oblique 
lines, one neglects the alternative of describing two darker 
lines, viz. the two areas between the paler ones; the differ- 
ence arises from choosing to regard the paler or darker areas 
as the ground-colour. 

These larvae eat into the central growing buds in the 
heart of the mass of foliage forming the plant of Astragalus 
exscapus, its habits in this respect being practically identical 
with those of P. lycidas on the same plant. Mr. Main’s 
photograph, Plate LX XXVIII, fig. 25, shows this very 


the Life History of Agriades eschert. 413 


well, but the larva goes deeper than shown, practically out 
.of sight, a circumstance that a photograph could not, of 
course, demonstrate. 

At the end of July 1914, being at Gavarnie, I succeeded 
in obtaining eggs of A. eschert var. rondow. This egg is 
small, 0-6 mm. across, and 0°22 mm. high. Itis remarkable 
as havinga very flat level top, and very perpendicular sides, 
not curving in an appreciable degree either towards the top 
surface or the base. The top is quite free from knobs at 
the intersections of the network except at the absolute 
margin, thence down the sides the knobs (or pillars) are 
well developed. A comparison with the eggs of thersites 
and zcarus (Trans. 1914, Pl. XX XV) shows that in the flat 
smooth top and perpendicular sides it differs much from 
both these, and, if anything, icarus resembles it rather more 
than thersites does. The egg is photographed, Pl. LXX XVII, 
fig. 23. 

“The eggs very obligingly did not hatch until just as I 
reached home after the prolonged journey from Gavarnie, 
but began doing so immediately on my arrival (Aug. 9th). 

When newly hatched the larva is very pale yellowish 
green, almost colourless; the dorsal hairs are very long, 
forming a high double crest; the lateral hairs are also very 
long and conspicuous. As it matures, it acquires a darker 
dorsal line or band, and a similar dark band a little way 
above the spiracles. 

In comparing the panoply of hairs, lenticles, etc., there 
is little to distinguish the larvae of escheri, thersites and 
warus from each other; eschert and thersites have the long 
hairs distinctly longer than in zcarus—the former about 
0:28 mm. against 0°21 mm. in zarus. The angular hairs 
on the prothoracic plate are very close to the posterior hairs 
in escheri, a little less close in icarus, and quite away towards 
the angle in thersites. I have not seized any other differ- 
ences with certainty, but there are probably others. ‘Two 
specimens showing the hairs, etc., are photographed, Pls. 
LXXXIX, XC, figs. 26 and 27. 

On Aug. 18th some of the larvae were undergoing their 
first moult, and practically all had completed it on Aug. 21st. 
At this date they were 2°2 mm. to 2°5 mm. long, pale trans- 
lucent green, with darker dorsal line (vessel) and a dark 
shade along middle of slope. The flange hairs are long, but 
not proportionally so long as in Ist instar, the dorsal ones 
form a crest, and the lateral ones rest on the leaf surface 


414 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to 


like those in some Lasiocamps or say, more vulgarly, like 
acowcatcher. As they get older (Aug. 24th), a few develop 
dorsal and lateral yellow flange lines (as in Coridon, etc.). 

The armature of hairs, etc.,in the 2nd instar is shown in 
Pl. XCI, fig. 28. 

On Aug. 27th several are in 3rd instar, and these vary 
much in colouring, or rather perhaps in marking; some have 
paler, hardly yellow, dorsal and lateral flange lines; most 
have some indication of a darker, greyish longitudinal band 
along the middle of the slope—one or two have this very 
marked; the hair bases are black, and a good many hairs 
are black, so as to be quite obvious. 

On Sept. 9th they seem now to be full-grown or nearly 
so in 3rd instar, and some have ceased feeding. 

They are 4°5 to 5°8 mm. long, green, with a paler hardly 
yellow lateral flange line, a darker medio-dorsal line, and a 
similar darker (dark apple almost olive green) line half-way 
up the slope; on each segment this has above and below it 
a paler line or streak, the three together just visibly oblique 
(downwards or backwards) when closely observed. There 
is a rather darker shade just above the lateral line. Seen 
laterally the dorsal humps on each segment are marked ; on 
each are several, 3 or 4, long dark hairs (about 0°3 to 0°5 
mm. long). The lateral hairs are pale brown. 

In one larva the lateral line and one down each dorsal 
flange may be called yellow, and the darker shades can only 
be recognised as having a slightly different tone-from the 
ground-colour. Another larva is rather darker, so that 
the lower portion of the slope is dark. Most show a dark 
mark near the spiracle. 

Sept. 16th.—All seem to have laid up for the winter, most 
on the leaflets of the food-plant, much as they do when at 
rest, but still feeding; others on the bottom of the box. 
Their colours vary from a nearly uniform green, with just 
a suspicion of paler (yellowish) dorsal and lateral flange 
lines, and still fainter oblique lines; others are very dark 
with dark shading over large areas. The drawings by Mr. 
Knight are excellent; they perhaps hardly show the oblique 
lines to be quite as oblique as they are. Really the obliquity 
is very faint, and only shows at each end of the paler shades 
above and below the dark line, which is nearly straight. 

Several varieties of the larva in 3rd instar are shown in 
Mr. Knight’s drawings, Pl. LX XXIII, figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4. 

The larvae were placed in a refrigerator during the winter - 


the Life History of Agriades eschert. 415 


at a temperature of about 34° to 39°. Observing these and 
other larvae during the past winter, I have arrived at the 
opinion that the mortality amongst hibernating Lycaenid 
larvae under my care, or want of care, has been chiefly 
due to letting them get too dry. When made sufficiently 
damp afterwards they become mouldy, and one concludes 
they died from being too damp, and so one’s procedure is 
corrected in the wrong direction. The correct way is to 
look them over carefully every two or three weeks and see 
that they are just right. The disturbance may not be 
good for them, but it is a much less evil than their getting 
either too damp, or, in an effort to avoid this, too dry. 

On Feb. 8th, 1915, I brought thirteen larvae into a warm 
room; not till the 24th did they begin to eat, when one small 
mine was seen in a leaf of Astragalus. Of these thirteen 
larva ten were put on a growing plant on Feb. 28th. 

On March 9th, of the three kept in tins, two are eating 
a little of a young Astragalus leaf. 

March 13th.—One (No. 1) of the three has moulted this 
morning (into 4th instar) without having grown at all or 
eaten more than a very trifling meal. 

March 18th.—No. 2 moulted this morning. No. 1 is 
eating but very moderately. 

March 20th.—The larvae in 4th instar are in several 
instances, as noted two days ago, green, with dorsal and 
lateral stripes almost yellowish; but one at least is quite 
dark, of much the aspect of the darkest of those in 3rd 
(hibernating) instar. 

No. 1, 7 mm. long, green, with narrow yellow lateral line, 
dorsal lines (flanges) a little paler but not yellow, has oblique 
dark band on each segment, half-way up slope, bordered 
above and below by paler green; medio-dorsal line is also 
rather dark, dorsal outline (seen laterally) a little serrated, 
each segment rather higher at its posterior than anterior 
margin. 

No. 2 is a darker larva, so that the dorsal flange lines 
seem to be yellowish, and the oblique lateral lines are rein- 
forced by (1) a slight depression at posterior margin of each 
segment of the dorsal flange lines, (2) and (3) the yellowish 
lines above and below darker central slope line, (4) a yellow- 
ish patch, slightly oblique near spiracles; the yellow lateral 
line is not at all oblique. 

March 30th.—No. 3 has moulted for third time. 

March 3lst.—The larvae in 4th instar, so far as may be 


416 Dr. T. A. Chapman Contribution to 


gathered from the three specimens, get greener as they grow, 
very decidedly more than mere spreading of the dark hair 
bases would cause, probably due to ingestion of fresh food. 

April 4th.—No. 3 looks dark and small and has not yet 
begun feeding after moult. No. 2 still feeding, length 
73mm. No. 1, apparently laid up for moult (4th and last), 
is barely 7 mm. long, but thickened up to 2 mm., fairly 
uniform in width to 6th abdominal segment, width and 
height nearly equal, tapers a little after 6th. Colour un- 
changed, yellow lateral line, pale dorsal flange lines, and 
oblique lines chiefly marked by the darker shade between 
them at mid-slope; this shade is divided on each segment 
into an anterior and a posterior patch. 

On entering 4th instar, No. 3 as an example is 4°3 mm. 
long, of a warm (or reddish) grey, not at all green, with 
lighter dorsal flange line and mid-slope line, and a narrower 
and rather oblique one between these. In the wide inter- 
space between mid-slope and lateral (hardly yellow) lines 
is only a central small pale shade, the rest ground-colour. 
It very much, in fact, resembles the third-stage larva, but as 
it grows takes on quite a green coloration. These several 
aspects are shown on Pl. LXXXIII, figs. 5, 6, 7. The 
figures might give the impression that the larva is as green 
in the 3rd as in the 4th instar; it may be in some instances, 
but as a rule the larvae are generally without much green 
in 8rd instar, and all are green when well grown in the 4th. 
The skin structures are shown on PI. XCIII, with some 
details on Pl. XCIV. 

April 9th.—No. 1 has moulted into 5th (last) instar this 
morning; it is now an especially green larva, the yellow 
lateral line is really yellow, but is the only portion (head and 
legs, of course, excepted) that is not merely some shade 
or variant of green. The dorsal ridges (flanges) are a paler 
yellowish green, the dorsal trough darker. The slopes 
show (on each segment) the darker oblique band between 
the paler (yellowish) lines, and the spiracles are marked as 
whitey yellow dots. The fans, or rather their sites, are also 
seen as conspicuous whitish spots. Some of the dorsal 
hairs are dark, but the majority nearly colourless ; the bases 
are dark, but have little effect on the general tone of colour. 
On touching the 5th and 6th abdominal segments, the fans 
were everted and the head and front segments raised, show- 
ing irritation rather than any pleased response as to ants. 

April 14th —No. 2 moulted into last instar. 


Trans. Fint. Soc. Lond: 1918. PLIXXXU, 


dlard and 
West, Newman chr. 


E.C. Knight del 


\ CUNT Ghia a Wee eA. TNT aca Ath TNO 
eine eal i ACEOViAL TIN Sra 8. Ady TN 


Trans.Ent.Soc. Lond J915, PL. LXXXIV. 


E.C.Knight,del. etpinx. Adlard & Son and West Newman, 


LARVAE OF AGRIADES ESCHERI. 


Trans. Lint. Soc. Lond., 1918. PA. LXXXV. 


20. 


nat.size. x3 


Adlard and 
E.C Knight del. West, Newman chr. 
P'W.Frohawk ,, 


A. ESCHERI, LARVA IN 5th (LAST) INSTAR. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXXX VI. 


Photo, A. E. Tonge. Anglo-Engraving Co., Lid. 
FIG. 22. 


A. ESCHERI, ASTRAGALUS MONSPESSULANUS 
LEAVES EATEN BY YOUNG LARVAE. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXXX VII. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


A. ESCHERI, EGG AND EGGSHELLS ~ 8o. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate LXXXVIJTJ. 


———————— > . 4 


‘| 


Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


i s Ss = 


Photo, fF. N. Clark and H. Main. 
FIGS. 24, 25. 


A. ESCHERI, MICROPYLE x 350. LARVA IN ASTRAGALUS 
EXSCAPUS. 


Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 
Fig. 26: 


LARVA IN FIRST INSTAR x 60. 


4 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XC. 


as = ’ 


Photo, F, N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Lid. 


Fic. 27. 
A. ESCHERI, FIRST STAGE LARVAL SKIN x 60. 


== aoe 


SUC. - 


« 


—— 


-_>_ 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XC. 


Bes ari 


s ° 


Gorpledds 


Anglo-Engraving 
Fic. 28. 


A. ESCHERI, SKIN OF LARVA IN SECOND 


Photo, A. E. Tonge. 


INSTAR x 29. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XCII. 


OT) w~ 


atte 

oes iis WS) EE alae sa 

Photo, A. E. Tonge. Anglo-Engraving Co., Lid. 
Fic. 29. 


A. ESCHERI, SKIN OF THIRD STAGE LARVA x 22. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XCIII. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


Anglo-Engraving Co., Lid. 


FIG. 30. 
A. ESCHERI, SKIN OF LARVA IN FOURTH INSTAR x 20. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, LOTS: Pate NCI Vs 


3s xy 


te 
Fy x 


Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


PIGS. 31, 32. 


A. ESCHERI, HONEY GLAND REGION IN FOURTH 
INSTAR x 35 and x 100. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XCV. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


A. ESCHERI, SKIN OF LARVA IN LAST INSTAR x 14. 


Engraving Co., Ltd. 


GS x * 
’ é 

mht 

4 
4 E 3 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XCVI. 


S 
Be 
~ 
= 
r 
ise) 
263 
- 
ui 
O 
Lon 
ea 
x 
S 
Ss 
8 
ss 
is 
Ss 
4 Potene x 


PROTHORAX AND 


’ 


LAST LARVAL INSTAR 


A. ESCHERI, 


HONEY GLAND x 35. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XCVITI. 


‘ 4 Rag wot ies 3 ED < Bis. ee TE 2 ~ : i z — be na : . 
hoto, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 
FIGS. 36, 37. 


A. ESCHERI, LAST LARVAL INSTAR, PROTHORACIC PEATE 
AND HONEY GLAND «x too. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XC VI. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Lid. 

FIGS. 38, 39. 

A. ESCHERI, LAST INSTAR, MARGINS OF ABDOMINAL 
SEGMENTS ~ 40. 


Tis 


~ Seer > Sera 


Pilon 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate XCIX. 


s eHiNS 3 : on 
Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Lid. 
Fic. 40.—Dorsal region of larva in last instar x 40. 
Fic. 41.—Proleg of larva in last instar x 100. 


A. ESCHERI. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1915, Plate 


Photo, H. Main. Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


FIG. 42 
A. ESCHERI, PUPA. STEREOSCOPIC. 


a ee 
3 


vo Pe 
ra 


ee 


yoo 
a¢ 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1975, Plate CI. 


“shy 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


Fics. 43, 44. 


A. ESCHERI, PUPA, HEAD, ABDOMEN AND CREMASTRAL 
AREA x 30. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate CLI. 


nglo-Engraving Co., Lid. 
—Metathorax 


A 


F. N. Clark. 


Pho/o, 


CUlgs SS SXOE 


? 


46. 


Fic 


—Prothorax, etc. x 30. 


45 


Fic. 


A. ESCHERI, PUPAL SKIN. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1915, Plate CLL. 


Late 


tng Co., 


ngrav 


Anglo-E 


rR. 


Photo, F. N. Cla 


THIRD ABDOMINAL SPIRACLE x 40. 


PUPA, 


b) 


A. ESCHERI 


the Infe History of Agriades eschert. 417 


April 22nd.—I have now three larvae nearly full-fed, 
viz. “No. 1,” and two (of ten) on growing plant. 


They are about 14 to 15 mm. long (about 10 mm. when con- 
tracted after disturbance). They are green with a more or less 
bright yellow lateral line, a faint dorsal one very visible on direct 
dorsal view, but not seen on view 45° from this. The mid-slope 
darker stripe is just seen, and seems to have fewer and shorter 
hairs on its front portion on each segment than elsewhere. The 
paler oblique line above it and two below it are plain, but almost 
need looking for. 

The longer hairs all over the dorsal flanges are dark, but hardly 
black, those on the lateral flanges are pale rufous. The very short 
hairs on the slope appear to be colourless, and it depends on the 
incidence of light and angle at which viewed, whether the silvery 
hairs or their dark bases are seen; sometimes, for example, the 
upper half of slope is silvery, the lower half presents black points 
(under a lens, of course), or, again, vice versd, the difference between 
the upper and lower portions is probably due to the slope being 
rounded and not plane, and not to any difference in the setting of 
the hairs, etc. 

The fan point is often very distinct as a white dot, the spiracles 
much less so as orange points. 

The hairs at mid-slope are a little longer than the others. The 
honey-gland is rather small and inconspicuous. 

The diamond-shaped prothoracic plate is small, less clothed 
with hairs than the skin about, and has a rather shiny slaty look. 

The true legs are green to faintly ochreous, only tinted a pale 
chitinous brown towards their tips. 

The head is very difficult to see, as it is on disturbance buried 
deeply in the prothorax, at other times such portion, really a very 
small one, that protrudes is hidden between the prothorax and the 
food. In repose the head and true legs are sunk in a groove formed 
under the thoracic segments. 


The larva is, of course, of ordinary Plebeiid form, the 
dorsal flanges are only a little less separate in front than 
behind, each segment is dorsally rather higher at posterior 
than anterior margin, 2. e. in 1st to 6th abdominal segments. 
The mesothorax overhangs the prothorax in the usual way. 

The history of the ten larvae placed on a growing plant 
on Feb. 28th is chiefly of interest, or was to me, as illustrat- 
ing the facility with which the larva could hide itself on 
a plant growing in a flower-pot, and not therefore of large 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1915.—PaRTS II, IV. (JUNE) EE 


418 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to 


size. The plant was cooler at night, but often much warmer 
by day, when the sun shone, than those I kept in tins. 
Sometimes the thermometer went up to 90° not directly 
exposed to the sun. 

On March 18th it is noted : “ One or two (in 4th instar) 
are now and then seen ; one this morning on a petiole is pale 
green with paler (hardly yellow) dorsal (double) and lateral 
stripes. They appear to eat, but only very little, between 
waking up from hibernation and making their third moult.” 

March 20th.—Of the ten larvae on growing plant one or 
two are now and then seen, but they hide very completely. 
The plant is growing vigorously, and has some flower-heads 
on stems several inches long, down to others that are merely 
little rough ridges on the growing centre; many of these in 
size and appearance closely mimic the young larvae of 
eschert. I say that the plant mimics the larva, to call 
attention once more to the fact that unconsciously this view 
of the matter presents itself to the mind when one is search- 
ing for the larvae, although one does not for a moment really 
think so, but knows it is the larva that mimics the plant. 
In the search, the larva is the rarer, and one probably often 
misses the larva altogether ; but when one sees it, one is satis- 
fied and there an end; but the mimicked portion or aspect 
of the plant often needs a second glance to make sure it is 
not a larva, and so for the purposes of our search it is the 
plant and not the larva that appears to deceive us, and so 
seems to be the active member of the partnership. 

April 22nd.—The ten larvae have never shown more 
than one or two at a time, even with the closest search 
possible, without pulling the plant about. I determined a 
week ago to remove these ten larvae into glasses, thinking 
it possible that there might be some Carab, or other depre- 
dator present that had reduced the ten to two or three, and 
so to save the remainder. First day secured two, the next 
day one, again one, on 20th two, this morning one, making 
altogether seven out of the ten; the remaining three may 
have perished, but probably not all of them. Securing 
seven shows how efliciently they hide on the plant. Two 
of them are nearly full-fed, one is laid up for fourth moult, 
the other apparently small in last instar. 

April 24th.—Found a larva (No. 8) this afternoon; it was 
high up on a leaf, in much the same position as all the 
preceding seven were found in; it is pale, about half-grown 
in last skin; reminds one much of thersites, so many of the 


the Life History of Agriades eschert. 419 


hairs being white, and, as it happens, the yellow lateral 
lines less marked than usual, although it has black hairs 
along the dorsal flanges; indeed, these hairs are so black 
and conspicuous that they are probably the cause of the 
rest of the hairs looking so white. 

The plant has been closely scrutinised several times a 
day, yet this larva has escaped detection till now, several 
of the preceding ones, of course, almost as successfully ; it 
is probable that they come up the leaves very rarely, this 
one perhaps never before. 

April 28th.—Found the ninth larva this morning high up 
onaleaf. Since 24th the plant has been scrutinised a dozen 
times without seeing a larva; only one now remains un- 
accounted for. 

The larva on entering last skin shows very white (really 
colourless) lateral hairs, with sundry nearly black dorsal 
ones, and the contrast is striking; later both sets of hairs 
become of a rufous tint, as shown in Mr. Frohawk’s 
drawings. 

May 1st.—The larva is very similar to those of A. thersites 
and: P. icarus; almost identical, in colouring, both as to 
ground-colour, dorsal and lateral yellow lines, and oblique 
markings on slope. It differs in the colours of the hairs. 
The dorsal hairs are dark as in icarus (in thersites they are 
white, except on thorax), but are if anything more conspicu- 
ous. The lateral hairs are white at moult as in the two 
other species, but become rufous or dark afterwards. Alto- 
gether the larva is certainly much more like that of icarus 
than that of thersites is to either of them. ' 

The remaining larvae were brought from the refrigerator 
into a warm room on March 29th ; three moved the next day, 
but they delayed eating, though not quite so long as the 
first number, and none took the third moult till April 22nd. 

May 4th.—Of the last lot of larvae brought up all seem 
now to be in 4th instar, the last one moulting to-day. They 
hung fire very much before beginning to eat, and seemed 
to eat more before moulting than the first lot did. Some 
of them are very dark in colour, hardly any trace of green, 
at any rate of the usual lively green, being present, and the 
yellow stripes are hardly visible, but the dark band of mid- 
slope is marked; others are light green with yellow flange 
stripes, and have much the same facies as those in last 
instar, but of course smaller. 

Pl. LXXXV shows the larva in last instar, two drawings 


420 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Contribution to 


by Mr. E. C. Knight and two by Mr. Frohawk, of which one 
shows the remarkable aspect of the recently moulted larva 
when seen from the front. 

The skin armature is shown in Pl. XCV, fig. 33, and 
various details in the following plates. 

April 28th.—Larvae Nos. 1 and 2 have apparently fixed 
for pupation, one at angle at top of tin, the other at bottom 
under leaf scraps. So far as can be seen without disturb- 
ance, there is no girth or cocoon material, though probably 
a pad. 

When the larvae reach this stage, they become rather 
shorter and thicker, not at first very different in colour, 
though later a little duller; the surface has a smooth glazed 
look, and the slope assumes the smoothed surface with a 
double (upholstered hollow) almost precisely as described 
and figured in my account of the larva of thersites (Trans. 
Ent. Soc. 1914, p. 197, figs. 7 and 8, Pl. XX VII). 

May 8th.—No. 1 pupated. Those noted as set up for 
pupation, April 28th, proved not to be so, but moved again, 
choosing fresh places ; others since have fixed themselves up, 
some making quite a cocoon. 

May 28th.—The larva likes to secure a narrow space, 
almost a tube in which it nearly fits if possible, and spins 
some threads both above and below it, very flimsy and only 
noticeable as an anterior and posterior defence, when the 
space is very narrow; in other cases they amount to a little 
apparently meaningless spinning. The two sets of threads 
appear to be quite separate and not parts of a “ cocoon,” 
nor do they show any approach whatever to either a girth 
or a pad, though the larva skin may adhere lightly to the 
lower silken diaphragm. 

The pupa lies quite unattached, the larva skin adherent, 
in all my specimens, to the last segments. 


When quite mature, but before the eyes darken, the pupa is pale 
ochreous as to head, appendages and wings, gradually passing on 
the thorax into a pale greenish and on the abdominal dorsum 
quite a light green, with an ochreous overshading and a dark dorsal 
line (dorsal vessel). The dorsum (except over dorsal vessel) and 
sides have numerous short fine hairs of a brownish colour (the 
appendages have none). The spiracles are pale. 

The length is 11-0 mm., 11°5 mm. and one specimen only 10°0 mm. 
It must be remembered that these belong to the smaller Pyrenean 
(rondout) form. 


the Life History of Agriades escheri. 421 


The width is 4°5 mm., and the height 4:0 mm. at 4th abdominal 
segment. The form is the one usual in Agriades, but the waist is not 
so marked as in most other species of Agriades and Polyommatus, etc. 


June 8th.—No. 1 emerged, 3. 

June 9th.—No. 2 emerged, J. 

June 10th.—Nos. 3 and 4 emerged, 3 ¢. 

And others at later dates. 

I reared altogether 7 j 5 and 4 99, they are of the var. 
rondout, 1.e. the Pyrenean form in which the underside 
spotting is pronounced to about the same degree as in 
normal icarus, which they therefore resemble much more 
than they do the heavily spotted and more typical form 
found in Dauphiné and the Southern Alps.* 

There is amongst them, however, no specimen of ab. 
rondour in which the weakening of the spots is much more 
pronounced. Of the males, several have very distinct 
discal spots, and two or three have dark chevron marks 
round the hind margins of the hindwing. The 29 have the 
orange marginal lunules very poorly developed, one having 
three only, towards the inner margin of the hindwing. 


* Hiibner’s figure shows a form intermediate between the 
Dauphiny form and the var. rondout. 


EXPLANATION OF PLates LXXXIII-CIII 


Puate LXXXIII. Fic. 1. Larva in 3rd (hibernating) instar, en- 
larged about 7 diameters (Sept. 12, 
1914). 
Fic. 2. Another specimen same date. 
Fic. 3. Another view of larva in fig. 2. 
Fic. 4. Another view of larva in fig. 1. 
Fic. 5. Larva in 4th instar, enlarged about 
5 diameters (March 19, 1915). 
Fic. 6. Another specimen. 
Fic. 7. Another specimen (March 29, 1915). 
Fic. 8. Leaflets of Astragalus monspessulanus 
eaten by first-stage larva x 6 or 7, 


422 Explanation of Plates. 


Puate LXXXIV. Fic. 9, 10. Larva just entered 4th instar 
x about 8 (April 1915). 
Fic. 11. Another specimen x about 5. 
Fies. 12, 13, 14. Larva found on Simplon 
route, May 1915. 


Puate LXXXV. Fias. 15,16. Larva in last instar (April 27, 
1915) x about 4. (E. C. Knight.) 

Fie. 17. Full-grown larva x about 4. (F. W. 
Frohawk.) 

Fic. 18. Front view of larva, newly moulted 
into last instar. (F. W. Frohawk.) 

Fic. 19. Dorsal hairs of full-grown larva highly 
magnified. (F. W. Frohawk.) 

Fic. 20. Pupa x 3. (F. W. Frohawk.) 

Fic. 21. Lenticle bristle and reticulations of 
dorsal abdominal surface of pupa 
highly magnified. (F. W. Fro- 
hawk.) 


Puate LXXXVI. Fic. 22. Leaves eaten by young larvae of 
A. escheri x 43. The opening of 
entry and the excavated area are 
well seen. 


Prats LXXXVII. Fic. 23. Egg and eggshell x 80. 


PuateE LXXXVIII. Fic. 24. Micropyle x 350. (Clark.) 
Fic. 25. Larva on Astragalus exscapus (Main), 
showing how it burrows into the 
growing heart of the plant. 


Prats LXXXIX. Fic. 26, Skin of larva in Ist instar x 60. 
Pirate XC. Fic. 27. Another specimen x 60. 

PuatE XCI. Fia. 28. Skin of larva in 2nd instar x 29. 
Puate XCII. Fic. 29. Skin of larva in 3rd instar x 22. 
Puate XCIII. Fic. 30. Skin of larva in 4th instar x 20. 


Puate XCIV. Fic. 31. Skin of larva in 4th instar, last segment 
x 35. 
Fia. 32. Skin of larva in 4th instar. Honey-gland 
region X 100. 


PLatE XCV. Fic. 33. Skin of larva in last (5th) instar x 14. 


Explanation of Plates. 423 


PuatE XCVI. Fic. 34. Skin, last instar. Prothorax x 365. 
Fic. 35. Skin, last instar. Honey-gland region 
x 365. 


Puate XCVII. Fic. 36. Skin, last instar. Prothoracic plate 
x 100. 
Fic. 37. Skin, last instar. Honey-gland x 100. 


Puate XCVIII. Fic. 38. Skin, last instar. Margins (right and left). 
Fia. 39. Skin, last instar, sides of 4th and 5th 
abdominal segments x 40. 
Note curious structure in upper figure where there is a tear (a 
blank) in lower one. 


PuaTE XCIX. Fic. 40. Last instar. Dorsal region of 4th and 5th 
abdominal segment x 40. 
Fie. 41. Last instar. Proleg of 4th abdominal 
segment < 100. 


PuatEe C. Fic. 42. Two stereoscopic photographs of pupa by 
Mr. Main x 4. 
Puate CI. Fic. 43. Plates of pupal head x 30. 


Fic. 44. Plates of ventral surface and cremastral area 
of pupa x 30. 


PuatE CII. Fic. 45. Plates of prothorax and dorsal head-piece 
of pupa x 30. 
Fic. 46. Plates of metathorax x 30. 


Puate CIII. Fic. 47. Pupa. Spiracular region of left side of 
fourth abdominal segment x 40. 


( 424 ) 


XXII. Notes on the early stages of Scolitantides orion, Pall. 
By T. A. Cuapman, M.D. 


[Read October 6th, 1915.] 
Puates CIV-CXVII. 


Tue full-grown larva of Scolitantides orion is very well 
known and has been figured, but not altogether satisfac- 
torily. Most of the other details here reported are more 
or less still undescribed. 

The butterfly lays her eggs freely in captivity on various 
Sedums, telephium perhaps for choice. 

The egg is of ordinary Lycaenid shape, flat on top with 
rounded sides, in short, cheese-shaped, 0°65 mm. wide and 
just half that height, viz. 0°325 mm.; the rounding of the 
sides reduces the flat top to 0°45 mm. across. The network 
has little or no knobbing at the junctions of the lines, the 
special peculiarity of the egg is that the meshes of the net- 
work are, on top, radially long, very narrow across, and on 
the sides of very similar form, but the long axis is horizontal. 
The result of this sudden change of form of the cells at the 
margin of the top is to give the appearance of a raised border 
or crown, which is not strictly the fact. 

The larva as soon as hatched burrows into the substance 
of the leaf, which is thick and succulent, generally just under 
the cuticle, but sometimes deeper. The larvae are prac- 
tically colourless and take the colour of their food, so that 
it requires a very careful search to detect them. On one 
occasion I had some eggs sent me and received the empty 
shells, but believed the larvae had died or otherwise been 
lost. Luckily I kept the plant, and after a time the 
larvae were accounted for. 

Scolitantides orion, newly hatched May 26th, 1912, is 
about 1°2 mm. long, slaty grey or nearly colourless, with 
conspicuous black spiracles and black bases to trapezoidal 
hairs; hairs I are dark, the rest nearly colourless. As it 
grows it acquires a reddish-brown dorsal band, and when 
full-fed in this skin shows some dark markings on “ slope.” 
When waiting for moult the dorsal band is triangular on 
each segment, narrow at front of segment, wide behind; 

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1915,—PARTS II, IV. (JUNE) 


Trans.Ent. Soc, Lond.,191&, PU. CIV. 


E.C Knight, del et pinx. Adlard & Son and West Newman 


LARVAE OF SCOLITANTIDES ORION. 


09 X STTHHS9DA ‘NOIYO 'S 
PIT 02 SUlMASUT-O75U fy ‘Y4R1D (N “I '0}0Ud 


AD wo S10r “puoy joy yu sung 
QUOT ‘90S “WUD iL 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


-Engraving Co., L 


S. ORION, SKIN OF FIRST STAGE LARVA x 4 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate CVII. 


* 


a 2, ; eo x : 
BLS* «2 Sp 


* 


Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Lid. 


S. ORION, SKIN OF SECOND STAGE LARVA x 30. 


SERRE eC 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


Trans, Ent. Soc, Lond., 1915, Plate CVIII. 


TERN 


bet 
i) , 


Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


S. ORION, SKIN OF THIRD STAGE LARVA x 15. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate CIX. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo- Engraving Co., Ltd. 


S. ORION, PROTHORAX AND LAST SEGMENTS OF THIRD 
STAGE LARVA x 40. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate CX. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


S. ORION, SKIN OF FOURTH STAGE LARVA x 18. 


Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate CX. 


wae 


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nt ae 


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Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


S. ORION, FOURTH STAGE LARVA, PROTHORAX AND 


HONEY GLAND ~ Ioo. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Flate CXII. 


Photo, F. N. Clar. 


Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


S. ORION, SKIN OF LAST STAGE LARVA x 9. 


Yr 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., rors, Plate CXTITIT. 


= 
7 
bad 
> 


PO ea 
es a 
¥ bo® Poe 


De 


2 mA % an : peg : ys yo : ; ag 
s ahs ‘ e 2 Oe : : Mie, hg ae gS : Ate . 
% Be ee ap a Sores eke ee Se pie be paca ye ee ares 
% tenn < Bee ist” ieee Z owe : a 
5 A : Ee we: S ag 4 2 . J 
- : 3 } % > ; 
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Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


S. ORION, LAST STAGE LAVA, DORSUM FIFTH ABDOMINAL 
SEGMENT AND HONEY GLAND x 40. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 19175, Plate CXTV. 


~~ 


tae 


Me 


Angio-Engraving Co., Lid. 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


S. ORION, LAST STAGE LARVA, SPIRACULAR 


100 and X 250. 


REGION x 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate CX V. 


& 


4 ee beck ts Fe dt ie Paitin ee 
Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


S. ORION, PUPA, PROTHORAX, HEADPIECE AND 
METATHORAX x 45. 


Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate 


\ 
1 


Photo, F. N. Clark. Anglo-Engraving Co., Ltd. 


S. ORION, PORTION OF WING AND CREMASTRAL AREA 
OF PUPA x 45. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1915, Plate CX VII. 


‘| 


bias Rae oh 


Photo, F. N. Clark. 


Ses a SES He SS 4 


Anglo-Engraving Co., Lid. 


S. ORION, PUPA, SPIRACULAR AND HONEY GLAND 
AREAS x 45. 


Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Notes on Scolitantides orion. 425 


the markings on slope form a narrow reddish nearly straight 
line at about level of III. There is a trace of reddish line 
on flange, most obvious posteriorly. The dorsal outline 
slopes from Ist abdominal to tail, the length is about 
2-4 mm. In feeding in Ist instar the larva mines into 
substance of leaf in a mine twice (or more) its own length. 
(It was put on Sedum telephiwm, which it readily took.) 

In the first instar the arrangement of hairs and lenticles 
accords very much with the usual (say the Plebeiid) type. 
This especially obtains with the prothorax and prothoracic 
plate. But marked differences occur. On the 2nd thoracic 
segment there is the usual dorsal lenticle, but the hair out- 
side this is very small and weak, instead of being (as usually) 
comparable with the inner one. On the posterior part of 
the segment and on those behind to 6th abdominal, hair IT 
is very small, and is very posterior to I, instead of, as in 
Plebetids, more than half the size of I and lateral as much 
as posterior to it. The minute accessory in front of these 
is very distinct. The subdorsal lenticles on Ist to 5th 
abdominal are only one on each side, instead of two. The 
6th abdominal segment has the usual reversed pair. On 
the 7th and 8th, tubercle II is as usual represented by a 
lenticle; but there is also a very unusual lenticle behind 
tubercles III on the 7th segment. There are present the 
usual lenticles, one in front of the spiracle on the prothorax, 
and the marginal one (outside the spiracle) on the Ist 
abdominal. The two supraspiracular hairs (III) are very 
minute, less than 0:01 mm. long, of an oval or clavate form. 
The three marginal hairs are more than usually in a (longi- 
tudinal) line, instead of the middle one being further out 
than the others. 

From eggs laid at Pallanza about May 18th, 1914. 

May 28th.—After being at rest for two days the oldest 
specimen has moulted into 2nd instar and is eating the cast 
skin. I do not remember this occurring in any Plebeud. 
Its colouring is like that of 1st instar when full-fed. 

June 2nd.—The oldest larva is now 4°5 mm. long, but 
can only be in 2nd instar. It is of usual Lycaenid form, 
with lateral flange especially marked in posterior segments 
owing to dorsal flattening. 


Its colour is a very pale yellowish green, paler than straw-colour, 
with a broad brown-red dorsal band very wide on 2nd and 3rd 
thoracic, a little expanded towards posterior margin of each seg- 


426 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Notes on 


ment; it contains on each segment some pale transparent spots 
on each side (as well as hair bases); there is an interrupted red 
line rather above middle of slope, consisting of a red spot towards 
posterior margin of each segment, continued to front of segment, 
forwards and upwards by a paler reddish colouring, fading out as 
it passes forwards; it is about half-way between spiracles and 
dorsal band. Spiracles are black, not very conspicuous, being 
small, probably because the larva is very full-fed in this instar; 
along the flange is a reddish line, very weak in front, conspicuous 
posteriorly, and joining at posterior margin of flange with dorsal 
and slope lines. Head black. Seen laterally, the segments mesoth. 
to 6th abdominal are raised as rounded eminences highest at front 
margin of segment; legs blackish, underside pale without coloration. 


June 4th.—Largest larva in 3rd instar; ate skin at 2nd 
moult. Coloration same as that of 2nd instar, except that 
black hair bases are numerous and give a tone to the larva, 
and the lateral line is hardly visible on anterior segments. 

June 9th.—The rest are now in 2nd instar, about 2 mm. 
long, yellowish white, broad red dorsal band, expanded a 
little in each segment, and a minute red dot in middle of 
slope of each segment. They mine into the leaves, but 
always extrude frass, even when in first skin; they are 
well enclosed in the mine. In second skin the mine is more 
open, and the covering cuticle is not often left. 

In the last instar there is a remarkable resemblance of the 
front of the larva, when viewed in profile (laterally), to some 
small mammal, especially perhaps a shrew mouse. When 
the head is retracted, the prothoracic plate marks a depres- 
sion, and the front of the prothorax extends as a flap, looking 
much like a snout, whilst the first spiracle suggests an eye. 

Pl. CIV, fig. 3, does not show this, but it shows how easily 
this effect would be produced by retracting the head and 
extending forward the anterior margin of the prothorax. 
This resemblance is not on too small a scale to prevent it 
from suggesting to some predaceous insect enemy, say an 
inch or two off, a shrew or other doubtful presence at, say, 
8 or 9 inches away. 

July Ist— 


A newly changed pupa is of Lycaenid form, but rather more 
pointed than usual at the cremastral extremity, by which it appears 
to hold, the larval skin being got rid of. The wings are green and 
translucent, but the rest of the pupa is white with a faint creamy 
tint, and has a rather broad brilliant rose-pink dorsal line, with 


the early stages of Scolitantides orion. 427 


some pink shadings, half-way between this and spiracular line. 
The curved eye is largely black, in two thin lines and threads 
between them; there soon appear also greenish patches on the 
prothorax, head and wings, consisting of very small round spots, 
either separate or aggregated ; these look as if they were to be 
darker when the pupa is mature. The abdomen is thicker and 
wider than the thorax, and the waist is definite, but not marked. 


The dark spots a few hours later appear all over the 
pupa, and gradually darken as does the ground-colour of the 
pupa ; the dorsal line becoming dark also, but less distinct. 

The photographs of portions of the pupa skin will show 
its sculpture and armament better than much description. 
The network is more netted and less dendritic than in 
Plebeiids, thus more approaching Chrysophanids and 
Thestorids, especially also in the presence of “ rosettes ” 
at the junctions. The larval armaments are, however, 
strictly of Lycaenid pattern. 


EXPLANATION OF Priates CIV-CXVII. 


PuaTE CIV. Fic. 1. Larva of 8. orion in 3rd instar. 
Fig. 2. Larva of S. orion in 4th instar. 
Fic. 3 and 4. Larva of S. orion in last (5th) instar. 


PuaTeE CV. Eggshells x 60. 
Puate CVI. Skin of first-stage larva x 40. 
PuateE CVII. Skin of second-stage larva x 30. 
Puate CVI. Skin of third-stage larva x 15. : 
Puate CIX. Prothorax and last segments of third-stage larva x 40. 
Puate CX. Skin of fourth-stage larva x 18. 
PuatTE CXI. Skin of fourth-stage larva. Prothoracic plate and 
honey-gland x 100. 
PuatTE CXII. Skin of fifth (last) stage larva x 9. 
PuaTE CXIII. Last-stage larva, dorsum of fifth abdominal segment 
and honey-gland region x 40. 
PuaTE CXIV.  Last-stage larva, fifth right spiracular region x 100 
and 7th x 250. 
PLATE CXV. Pupa skin, prothorax and dorsal head-piece and 
metathorax x 46. 
PLATE CXVI. Portion of wing of pupa and cremastral area x 45. 
Pirate CXVII. Pupa skin, spiracular area of 5th and 6th ab- 
dominal segments x 45, and dorsum of 7th 
showing scar of honey-gland x 45. 


( 428 ) 


FurTHER Notes ON THE EaGGs oF BUTTERFLIES. 


A Supplement to C. F. M. Swynnerton’s Memoir XIV 
(p. 317), Experiments on some Carnivorous Insects, etc. 


I HAVE made a point of making coloured drawings of 
any butterfly eggs that I have been able to obtain, as 
seen against their usual natural background; for it is only 
in this way that their relative conspicuousness can be 
assessed. I had hoped to incorporate these drawings in 
a plate to be published with this paper; but, although 
this has proved to be impossible, it is worth repeating 
that the conspicuousness of many of these eggs relatively 
to the point of vision of the closely-searching bird is very 
great indeed. The contrast of the ivory-like eggs of 
Danaida chrysippus with the commonly quite dark green 
leaves of the species of Asclepias on which it feeds, and 
that of other Danaine and Acraeine eggs—bright yellow 
or whitish and before hatching purplish brown—with 
the leaves of their food-plants is quite marked. This con- 
spicuousness is furthermore often much enhanced by the 
eggs being laid many together. To watch an Amawris— 
slowly, deliberately and with carelessness of attack— 
laying her eggs one after another on a_highly-exposed 
leaf of Cynanchum, the eggs themselves more or less 
closely spaced and visible to the observer ten feet away, 
must convince any one who knows the hurried laying of 
some other butterflies of the existence of special protection. 

Eggs of certain species are, of course, laid sometimes 
on the upper surface, sometimes on the lower, of a leaf, 
sometimes on the petiole or a twig; and the degree of 
conspicuousness varies accordingly. An egg laid under a 
leaf should commonly be fairly visible to searching birds 
which make a point of minutely examining the undersides 
of leaves; but its appearance there, in relative obscurity 
and seen against the hight, is naturally somewhat different 
from what it would be under other circumstances. Yet it 
is often conspicuous enough as a darker object than the 
rest of the leaf, for the under surface generally receives 


TRANS. ENT, SOC, LOND. 1915.—PARTS III, IV. (JUNE) 


Further Notes on the Eggs of Butterflies. 429 


enough reflected light from the sunlit ground or other 
leaves below to make the egg’s detail easily visible. 

The eggs of Pyrameis carduc (blue-green), Antanartia 
schoeneia (grey-green) and LHurytela hiarbas (glassy, 
slightly yellowish green) are all less contrasted with the 
leaves of their respective food-plants than are the eggs of 
the Danainae and Acraeinae. They do not at once catch 
the eye as these latter are apt to do, and, by the careless 
searcher or when not looked at directly, may often be 
passed over. Yet, searched for well, even these are very 
fairly visible, and I have noticed that the eggs of Antanartia 
are somewhat particularly so when laid beneath a leaf. 
In hairiness (shared with Byblia) the Eurytela egg resembles 
that of its food-plant at Chirinda. This certainly aids 
in such concealment as it enjoys, yet, when the egg is 
detected, this same hairiness gives it great distinctiveness. 

A very beautiful egg, if a small one, is the clear cut-glass 
egg, just tinged with green, of Hypolimnas misippus, in 
fair contrast to the leaf of Portulaca. A curious egg is that 
of Pseudacraea lucretia, a half-sphere with a bubbled or 
honeycombed appearance due to the occupation of the 
whole exposed surface by closely packed depressions. 
It is perhaps less in contrast with the peculiar russet 
or silvery underside of the leaves of its food-plants 
(Chrysophyllum spp.) than a considerable proportion of 
butterfly eggs are with the coloration of theirs. The 
green ege of Charazes ethalion, which, with the Pseudacraea 
egg, seemed to be the most readily taken by the ants, 
matches the green of its food-plant (Albizzza) better than 
any egg I know, especially just at first. Later it develops 
its ring, a dark brown one, and it then looks not very 
unlike the extra-floral nectaries of Albizzia chirindensis. 
I have not examined those of typical Albizzia fastigiata, 
its food-plant in Natal: In any case the resemblance, such 
as it is, is unlikely to have been the result of selection, as 
the ring is a common feature of Charaxes eggs, and even 
enemies that are easily deceived or are looking carelessly 
would learn to distinguish the egg from the nectary by 
its different position on the leaf. I have seen one or two 
broods of C. ethalion (out of a large number) in which the 
eggs were yellow instead of green. 

The strong ringing of the egg of Papilio dardanus is 
perhaps a little more notable, though a tendency in that 
direction occurs in other Papilionine eggs at Chirinda. 


430 Further Notes on the Eggs of Butterflies. 


Like these, it starts as a light yellowish-green egg, con- 
spicuous through being so much paler than the various 
Rutaceous leaves on which it is laid—Teclea, Toddalia, 
Vepris, Clausena and Citrus of all species. It shortly 
changes into a dull whitish egg with an irregular purplish 
or brown-madder ring round its greatest circumference and 
a dark spot in the centre. There is now a superficial 
resemblance to the egg of Charazes brutus, though the ring 
of the latter eventually attains a deeper colour and the 
shape of the egg is a little different, that of the Charazes 
having the usual depressed and slightly sculptured top 
characteristic of the eggs of that genus. An ordinary 
hand-lens makes the difference clear, and it is probable 
that such a lens gives us much the appearance seen 
by the small, closely-peering warbler or white-eye. In 
P. dardanus, as in C. ethalion, I have seen a single brood 
(out of many) in which the eggs, after developing their 
ring, were yellow, and looked very like those of Charazes 
candiope. In two broods the eggs were unusually small— 
more like those of P. demodocus. 

The resemblance of the eggs of Atella phalantha to those 
of one or two of our commoner Acraeas is even stronger, 
though the common appearance is again brought about by 
a common colour and general shape with a somewhat 
different sculpturing. Apart from the fact that Afella is 
not so very far removed from the Acraeinae, we need to 
know whether all Afella eggs are like those of A. phalantha. 
It is early days to suggest mimicry when we do not yet 
know whether the egg-enemies that recognise by sight 
discriminate as did the drivers. Nevertheless, the latter’s 
refusals show that a potential basis for preference certainly 
exists, so that the possibility of mimicry is at any rate 
worth bearing in mind; and the results from the drivers, 
if they should be more generally applicable, suggest that 
if there should happen to be mimicry in any of the above 
resemblances, mnemonic considerations may have con- 
tributed to it in even greater degree than differences in 
grade. I have already suggested, elsewhere (Proc. Ent. 
Soc. 1915, p. xlii), that such considerations—the principle 
of increased reminding-power and facilitated recognition— 
and not Miiller’s principle of the shared loss, are the real 
basis of numerical mimicry. 


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CONTENTS OF PARTS III, IV. 


PAGE 
VIII. The Opisthomeres and the Gonapophyses in the Dermaptera. By 
Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S. 257 
LX. Note on the Manubrium of the Ninth Sternite in the Male Earwig. By 
Matcoim Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S 269 
X. Some Palaearctic species of Cordulegaster. “By Kennet J. Morton, 
F.ES. ee .. 273 
XI, What the larva of Lycaena arion does during its last instar. By T. A. 
Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S. Ss 291 
XII. Observations completing an outline of the Life Histor y of Lycuena ar ion, 
L. By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S. 298 
XII. i observations on the last stage of the larva of ‘Lycaena arion. By : 
. W. Frowawk, M.B.O.0., F.E.S. ee 313 
XIV. eccone on some Carnivorous Insects, especially the Driver Ant 
Dorylus; aud with butterflies’ eggs as prey. By C. F. M. SwynNERTON, 
LOM ORS es LIS DESEN Toy oval aE 
XV. Some new forms of Parnassius (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera). “By A. 
Avinorr, F.E.S. s0 OOL 
XVI. New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea. “By aay. Jorcry, FL. 8., 
F. , F.E.S., A. Noakrs, F.E.8., aud G. Tarzor, F.E.S. pe 361 
XVII. Record of some species of the Genus Teracolus occurring in the Nor thern 
Territories of the Gold Coast, W. Africa. By G.C. DupGron, F.E.S. 387 
VIL A shy Micropter used from Australia. uy A. JEFFERIES TURNER, M.D., of 
F.E.S8. 3 
XIX. Glossina morsitans, “Westw.: Some Notes on 1 the "Parasitisation of its 
Pupae. By Hrrewarp ©. Dotiman, F.E.S., re to the 
British South Africa Company ... 394 
XX. On the early stages of Latiorina (Lycaena) pyr enatea, Boisd. By T. A. 
CHapMAN M.D. 200 OO 
XXI. A Contribution to the Life History of " Ayriades escheri, Hb. By TA: 
Cuapman, M.D.. ast a 
XXII. Notes on the early stages of Scolitantides orion, Pall. yok, Ac 
CHapMmAN, M.D.. .. 424 
Further Notes on the Eggs of Butterflies. A Supplement to C. F. M. 
Swynnerton’s Memoir XIV (P. 31 D ros bala on some Carnivorous 
Insects, ete. | Ber Ke. aes ats Bet ves dust eee 
Proceedings Cea Pete Ava es Ube ate ay ae Mee Ixv-exii 
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fang 
colour. The larva, which is equally large and as well illu- 
minated as the adult insect, may be recognised by its darker 
colour and the presence of but a single claw on each foot. 

If the luminosity of the adult serves for sexual attraction, 
it must have some totally different object in the larva. We 
have to fall back upon the theory of warning colours, to meet 
this case. But the question occurs: Why should an insect 
that travels only in the dark require to draw attention to its 
unpalatability ? The same problem occurs in the case of the 
winged male, which does not require to advertise its presence 
when seeking the apterous female. I have repeatedly ob- 
served, in fact, that the male shuts off its ight when approach- 
ing a “ calling ’’ female. 

Mr. DonistHoRPE observed that both the eggs and larvae 
of the English glow-worm are luminous. 

Aw Incenious Device.—Dr. H. Eirrincnam exhibited an 
instrument made to his instructions by the Cambridge Scien- 
tific Instrument Company, for cutting paraffin blocks perfectly 
square preparatory to placing them on the microtome. He 
remarked on the difficulty usually experienced in cutting these 
blocks and the impossibility of obtaining good section ribbons 
if the paraffin containing the object were not cut perfectly 
square. The instrument consisted of a carrier for the block- 
holder sliding in an inclined groove of V section, and on the 
opposite end of the bed-plate a pair of level guides on which 
to slide the knife. The carrier had on it a square plate at right 
angles to its long axis and arranged to slide in the V groove. 
The inclination of the groove gave adjustment for height, 
whilst the square plate on the carrier brought the latter, and 
consequently the paraffin block, into four possible positions, 
each corresponding to one side of a square, in relation to the 
travel of the knife. With this instrument a paraffin block 
could be cut square with absolute precision and of any size in a 
few seconds. 

THE Lire-HISTORY OF AGROTIS LUCERNEA.—Mr. Lupron 
communicated the following notes :— 

Mr. Joseph Walker of Torquay has eet the life- 
history of this moth, and, as it differs very materially from that 
set out by most of our authorities, he has asked me to com- 


€ i) 

municate it to your Society. These investigations refer 
only to observations made in Torquay. The imago appears 
in June and is over by the middle of July. None lay eggs 
at this time, consequently no larvae are found in the following 
months. The grass on which the larvae would feed in this 
district in quite burnt up in August. In the autumn female 
imagines appear at ivy and usually lay eggs directly after 
boxing; these produce larvae which feed, as the books say, 
during winter and spring. The autumn specimens are all 
females, and their condition is poor compared with June ones. 
Is it possible that this insect aestivates during August and 
September? Is there any other British Lepidopteron which 
does this? Mr. Walker’s assertion about the occurrence of 
lucernea at ivy has been verified by two gentlemen from the 
London district, and I have found in an old notebook of the 
late John Buckton, who collected in Torquay very assiduously, 
a note saying that he took lucernea at ivy, September 26th, 1860. 
There is no reason to suppose that it is double-brooded, there- 
fore what becomes of the females between July 15th and 
September 20th 2 

Mr. Walker has also found A. saucia feeding on roots of 
plants growing near the seashore (Arenaria, etc.). Also larvae 
of Epunda lichenea feeding in quantity on garden cabbage. 

THE HABITS OF THE AUSTRALIAN BUPRESTID “ FIRE-BEETLE,”’ 
MERIMNA ATRATA, Lap. ET Gory.—Prof. Poutton exhibited 
specimens of the above-named beetle and read the following 
note, which has been sent to him by Mr. H. M. Giles, F.E.S., 
of the Zoological Gardens, South Perth. 

‘This beetle is known locally as the * Fire-beetle’ from its 
extraordinary habit, which is I think quite unique. It is only 
seen when a bush-fire is raging—in fact, the best way to take 
it is by starting one. The beetles seem to come from all 
quarters and fly straight into the fire, alighting and running 
about the hot steaming branches and sometimes even over 
the parts that are glowing red, yet without injury to the tarsi. 
It is one of the most agile species known to me, and as alert 
and active as an eagle. So far as I am aware its life-history 
is unknown, but I think it likely that the larvae feed in the 
roots of the burnt shrubs. 1 am endeavouring to gain further 


(wy) 


knowledge of the beetle’s habits which are so unlike those of 
other Buprestids.” The habit was also briefly mentioned in 
the “ Agricultural Gazette,’ N.S.W., quoted in Froggat’s 
* Australian Insects,” p. 160. 

Prof. Poulton said that the instinct of the beetle, like the 
wonderful fire-resisting powers of many Australian trees, had 
probably been developed in ancient times as a response to bush- 
fires due to friction or some other natural cause. Mr. C. F. M. 
Swynnerton had suggested in conversation the probable hypo- 
thesis that the beetle is stimulated by the scent of the fire to 
seek a spot where its larvae can feed upon wood from which 
volatile protective substances have been driven by heat. 
Prof. Poulton hoped that Mr. Giles would be able to obtain 
decisive information concerning this interesting and extreme 
manifestation of the well-known instinct which impels many 
Coleoptera to lay their eggs in burnt timber, probably thus 
ensuring some chemical or physical advantage in the larval food. 
Mr. G. C. Champion had recently drawn attention (E.M.M., 
1913, pp. 109, 110) to Mr. A. H. Manee’s observation in N. 
Carolina that the Buprestid Melanophila notata, Lap. et Gory, 
known locally as the ‘* Fire-bug,” was attracted in numbers to 
a blazing pine-stump and settled near by. Mr. Champion 
also pointed out that the allied M. acuminata, de G., had been 
taken on charred pines near Woking and in the New Forest. 

Comm. WaLkeER said that the “ fire-beetle ”’ was taken at 
camp-fires in New South Wales, and Mr. CHampron observed 
that in Canada another Buprestid was known as the “ fire- 
beetle ” in consequence of similar habits. 

THE AUSTRALIAN BUPRESTID BEETLES, STIGMODERA CON- 
SPICILLATA, WHITE, AND 8. CYANURA, HOPE, PROVED TO BE 
FEMALE AND MALE OF THE SAME SPECIES.—Prof. POULTON ex- 
hibited the male and female of S. conspicillata. The two sexes 
had been bred by Mr. H. M. Giles from the same food-plant, 
Melaleuca sp., and had also been captured by him in coité, 
thus confirming Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s determination in 
the collection of the British Museum. S. cyanwra had been 
originally described by White as a variety of conspicillata and 
subsequently by Hope as a different species. Hope had also 
re-described the female conspicillata as signaticollis and had 


Ne) 


given the further name of subtrifasciata to another example. 
This latter specimen, together with Hope’s types of cyanura 
and signaticollis, were exhibited to the meeting. Prof. Poulton 
thought it was likely that the conclusive evidence now obtained 
by Mr. Giles would lead to the correct understanding of other 
species of Buprestidae with sexes of very different patterns. 

THE AFRICAN ANT MEGAPONERA FOETENS, F., AND ITS RAIDS 
upon TERMITES.—Prof. PouLton said that he had recently 
received notes upon the habits of this ant from three different 
observers. The first was contained in a letter written from 
Aberdeen on September 24, 1914, by Mr. C. O. Farquharson. 

‘“‘T had to do a month’s overtime on the Coast which caused 
me to miss Dr. Lamborn. I spent the last month at Agege, 
near Lagos, a good district, but my time there was rather short. 
I got some nice ants, however, which I am not sure that I 
have heard Dr. Lamborn describe—large black ones nearly as 
big as our so-called * Stink-ants ’ (Paltothyreus), which indeed 
I once thought they were. They go however in an ‘ army,’ 
and on their forays seem to specialise on Termites. I have 
seen them on their return from the war carrying the large and 
fierce soldiers of the Termites. To me their most curious 
feature was their habit of hissing when disturbed. Even at 
the sound of my voice as I bent over their line of march, they 
would scatter with quite a loud hissing. I traced them to their 
nest, but failed to find any sign of a queen. My time was, 
however, unfortunately very limited and they were exception- 
ally fierce—Huns, in fact, among the ants.”’ 

Shortly after the date of the above letter Mr. Farquharson 
visited Oxford, and brought the specimens of the ants and their 
prey which were exhibited to the meeting. 

The second letter was written by Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter 
in Nov., 1914 :— 

“Tam writing now from Kyaka Fort, in German territory, 
30 miles 8. of the Uganda frontier on the S. bank of the 
Kagera River. In order to obtain a defensible position we 
have occupied a piece of German territory lying south of the 
actual frontier which lies across open plain and is quite im- 
possible as a line of defence. The Kagera River is a natural 
barrier and only passable at certain places, one of which is 


a ie 

guarded by the fort which the Germans erected against a 
British advance—but is now being used for the opposite 
purpose!! The river is broad, very deep (18 feet a yard away 
from the bank) and swift, and lined by dense banks of papyrus, 
so it is an excellent barrier. The country round is open plain, 
absolutely flat. Parts are covered by fine forest continuous 
with the Tero Forest (where Neave collected). If only I could 
collect there! Other parts are just grassy plains, sometimes 
without trees, sometimes with thorny Acacias. Here and 
there rise low grassy hills out of the plain, from the top of 
which very extensive views can be had. From the open nature 
of the country it is a poor locality for butterflies. But Terias 
is here and I might get some interesting species. It is a 
genus I am very little acquainted with. Hypolimnas misippus 
is commoner here than at any place I have been to—I think 
more abundant than its model Danaida chrysippus. At one 
place I was at (Simba) on the way down more moths came to 
light than I had ever seen before in Africa, and all were new to 
me. I did wish I had hada bottle. But we have to travel very 
lightly loaded, 10 porters for everything, so insect apparatus 
had to be left behind. The birds round here are many of them 
new to me—also the insects. There is a large black ant which 
goes about in parties and raids Termite hills: one sees them 
coming back in close column formation each bearing a mangled 
Termite worker, presumably for oe When interfered with 
they make a loud stridulating noise.’ 

Prof. Poutton, knowing that Mr. 8. A. Neave fied met with 
the same species of ant, asked if he would allow his observations 
to be recorded with those of Mr. Farquharson and Dr. Carpenter. 
Mr. Neave had kindly replied on January 29, 1915 :— 

“So far as my recollection goes the ants are common all over 
tropical Africa, especially in Nyasaland and Northern Rho- 
desia. They are much in evidence because the raiding parties 
are particularly fond of using native paths. These parties 
usually consist of roughly from 80 to 120 individuals, which 
march in ranks five or six abreast. When somewhat dis- 
turbed they produce a stridulating sound which resembles 
a faint hissing and is clearly audible five yards away. When 
more seriously disturbed they break their ranks and rush out 


( frval) 3) 


in all directions. They sting severely (I have been stung more 
than once) and can also, I think, bite. I am not quite sure 
whether they do at the same time produce an unpleasant smell. 
Many ants of this type do, but I am not quite certain whether 
it is true of this species. When I was at Kambove in 1907, 
there was a nest of this species under the house I lived in for 
some weeks. A raiding party (not by any means all the 
workers) went out every morning between 8 and 9 a.m., and 
returned at various times between noon and 3 p.m., generally 
about 1 p.m. So far as I remember, they never failed to 
bring back a number of Termites. It is perhaps noteworthy 
that when a raiding party is returning only a certain number 
are laden, the advance- and rear-guard and the individuals 
at the ends of the files usually * having their hands free.’ 

“‘T once in the Luangwa Valley, I think in 1908, witnessed 
the end of a fight between these ants and some Termites. 
I am not at all clear how it was that the Termites were outside 
the nest and whether the ants had themselves entered the 
nest or decoyed the Termites out in some way. The fight 
took place on a bare spot near the nest, which was not a true 
mound, and therefore the Termites may have belonged to 
one of the species which moves about in the open. The 
fight was just over when I arrived, and the ants were beginning 
to go off with their spoils. They had suffered one casualty, 
a single individual having been snipped in half by a large 
soldier Termite. So far as I could see workers chiefly and 
not soldier Termites were carried off. After the battle was 
over the behaviour of the Termites was interesting, as numbers 
of workers came out of the nest and inspected the field, which 
was strewn with dead and wounded, the ants having killed 
and injured more than they could carry away. The wounded 
soldier Termites but not the workers were then taken back into 
the nest.”’ 

Prof. Poutton concluded that M. foetens was almost certainly 
the ant referred to by Captain C. H. Stigand in “ Hunting the 
Elephant in Africa, etc.,’’ New York, 1913. The author spoke 
on pp. 248-250 of often meeting in the bush long streams 
of black ants which had just been raiding Termites’ nests. 
‘Every member of the party is carrying a Termite in his 


( viii ) 


mandibles. Sometimes one sees the wounded being borne 
home in their midst, some of them bristling with hostile 
Termites, who have died with their jaws firmly embedded in 
their black foes. The victors do not disembarrass their 
friends’ bodies of these appendages. .. .” Captain Stigand 
also described the blind rough-and-tumble of the battle, which 
was usually subterranean but might be seen by breaking open 
a Termites’ nest in front of an invading army. He said that 
the smaller workers were generally the bravest and the first 
to enter the termitarium. The Termites defended themselves 
by ejecting from the mouth a fluid which it was suggested 
might be formic acid. This fluid although a powerful defence 
was gradually expended. The author also stated that he had 
“several times noticed a minute fly persistently following 
round an ant carrying a dead Termite,” and he concluded 
“ that it is awaiting a suitable opportunity to slip in and lay 
its eggs in the body.” Captain Stigand did not mention the 
sound produced by the ants. 

Mr. CrawLey remarked with regard to Megaponera foetens 
that large § 8 only had been described by Fabricius, the 
small %% having been subsequently described as crassi- 
cornis by Gersticker. He said that no 92 were known, 
and that Emery suggested that the large ¥ 8 function as 2 2, 
the small ones as ordinary %¥%. He added that the ¢ is 
known. 

Mr. GREEN said that a Ceylon ant (Lobopelta sp.) had 
a habit of making a sound between stridulation and rustling, 
and that the leaders wait until the whole column is massed 
before attacking their prey. 

Mr. DonisTHoRPE observed that stridulation was common 
in the Ponerinae and Myrmicinae, and that even in the Cam- 
ponotinae, Lasius, which does not possess true stridulating 
organs, could produce a sound by rubbing one segment of the 
gaster against another; he added that it was this stridulation 
which often caused a number of ants to collect at once on any 
food found, or to come out in defence of the nest. 

Mr. CRAWLEY said that some ants (e. g. Camponotus) 
stridulate by rubbing the point of the gaster against the 
ground, and that this process was used as a signal, 


( ix ) 


Mr. SwyNNERTON remarked that some Termites also signal 
by striking the mandibles on the ground, and also observed 
that ants are deterred from pushing home an attack by 
unpleasant secretions, but are ready to attack when the 
secretion is exhausted. 

Mr. DontstTHoRPE, referring to the covering of lepidopterous 
larvae with earth by ants, said that this might be explained 
by their habit of covering any damp or wet place, tar or 
sticky or otherwise unpleasant object, with bits of earth, 
etc., and even their own Aphidae, rather than by the ex- 
planation formerly offered that they were trying to build a 
bridge. At the same time he had seen in his observation 
nests ants bringing bits of stick, earth, etc., and putting 
them into the water in their water-troughs, as if trying to 
build a bridge. 

Mr. Craw ey said he had seen ants put earth at the edge of 
honey before drinking it. 

Mr. SwyNNERTON said that he had seen ants put earth 
against unpleasant substances, e.g. a kind of fly that they 
found distasteful, apparently to warn off the other ants, for 
they thereafter became objects of no interest. 

BUTTERFLIES FROM Brax.—Mr. Taxgort exhibited on behalf 
of Mr. J. J. Joicey a number of new forms of Lepidoptera from 
Biak, the largest of the Schouten Islands to the north of New 
Guinea, collected by Messrs. A. C. and F. Pratt during two 
months of the summer of 1914. The following is a list of the 
insects exhibited :— 

Papilio othello, 2 f. obscurata, P. euchenor f. comma, P. 
felixi, Delias maudei, D. multicolor, D. bosnikiana, D. dohertyt 
f. knowlei, D. talboti, D. biaka, Appias albina f. pulverobasalis, 
and five 2 forms, A. falcidia, Fruh., g and 9, A. ada f. sols, Pare- 
ronia chinki, Cynthia arsinoé f. bosnikensis, Cirrochroa wm- 
peratrix, Sm., 9, Cethosia chrysippe f. schoutensis, Symbrenthia 
hippoclus {. mgroapicalis, Mynes geoffroyi f{. aureodiscus, 
Charazes latona f. marcia, Hypolimnas pithoeka f. fumosus, 
Doleschallia bisaltide £. nigromarginata, D. noorna f. fulva, 
Neptis shepherd: f. gregalis, N. venilia f. albopunctata, Euthalia 
aeropus f. angustifascia, Prothoe australis {. satgeti, Elymnias 
cybele f. wmbratils, EB. viridescens {. cinereomargo, Melanitis 


Oh 


amabilis f. angulata, Dicallaneura princessa, Sm., ¢ and 9, 
Elodina hiaka, Euploea tripunctata, E. incerta, E. albicosta, 
Taenaris scylla, Stgr., 2, Asota intermedia. 

Mr. Tatsor also read the following notes on the Affinities 
and Distribution of the new Forms :—Papilio othello, first 
obtained by Doherty, is a race of aegeus, a species distributed 
over the whole of New Guinea and its satellite islands, the 
Bismarck Islands, and from Queensland to Victoria. The Q is 
sometimes polymorphic. To the two forms already known of 
othello we now add a third. This form represents a type of 
aegeus 2 already known from the neighbouring island of Mefor 
and from New Guinea. 

The 3 exhibited is remarkable for the yellowish tint on the 
hind-wing. This occurs to a much less extent in two other 
specimens. A well-marked case of this phenomenon in the 
race, ormenus, was made the subject of a separate species by 
Grose-Smith. Dr. Jordan points out in “ Seitz” that a speci- 
men of P. ambrax possessing a similarly coloured band, was 
received in the same collection as Grose-Smith’s ‘‘ pandoxus.”’ 
We have received a number of P. othello and its three forms of 
2; previous to this only one ¢ and two 2 2 were known. 

P. euchenor is a typically Papuan species, also occurring in 
the Bismarck Archipelago. The race now described from Biak 
shows more relationship to depilis from the Bismarck Islands. 

P. felixi is a distinct species belonging to the Macareus-group 
of Papilios. It is more nearly related to leucadion from 
the Moluccas than to the New Guinea forms of this group. 


Pieridae. 


The collection made by Doherty contained one Delias, 
which was described by Grose-Smith as ewphemia. We now add 
six others. Half of these have affinity with Moluccan forms, 
and half with New Guinea forms. The Delias ewphemia, of 
which we received a long series, is transitional from the New 
Guinea mysis to bagoé of the Bismarck Islands. This number 
of distinct Delias inhabiting Biak is another illustration of 
what has been observed in New Guinea, viz. the plasticity of 
members of this genus, leading to the production of distinct 
forms in nearly every small and isolated area, 


Cia) 


Appias albina is a common species distributed from India 
to the Moluccas and Philippines, according to observations 
already recorded. We have received it from the Arfak 
Mountains, its occurrence in New Guinea not having been 
previously detected. The most easterly point of its range is 
Biak, and from here we have a long series. This represents a 
distinct race. The 9 is polychromatic, and five forms occur in 
Biak. It does not appear that any of these differ from the 
forms already known from other parts of the species’ range. 

Appias ada is the Moluccan and Papuan representative 
of the species lyncida, which ranges from India to Celebes. 
Appias ada is distributed over the Moluccas, New Guinea and 
its islands, the Bismarck Islands, Solomons, Marianne and 
Caroline Islands. We now add a race from Biak to the fifteen 
already enumerated. 

Parerona chinki is a very distinct form of the genus and allied 
to jobaea. This species is represented in the S. Moluccas, Obi, 
Waigeu, N.-W. Dutch New Guinea, and possibly on the Key 
Islands. 

Two species of Hlodina were received from Biak. One of 
these agrees with andropia, Butl., from New Guinea. The 
other more nearly resembles wmbratica from the Solomons, but 
is distinct, though perhaps a race of it. 


Euploeinae. 


Euploea tripunctata is a distinct form allied to lacon from 
N. Britain, and unlike, anything from New Guinea or the 
Moluccas. 

Euploea incerta is also distinct, though in appearance much 
resembling obscura and cerberus from the Bismarck Islands. 
It is more nearly allied to obscura. 

Euploea albicosta is a curious species which is difficult to 
place, and we can find no near ally. 


Nymphalidae. 


Cynthia arsinoé ranges over the Moluccas, New Guinea and 
its satellite islands, Queensland, and the Bismarck and 
Solomon Islands. The Biak race seems nearer to rebeli from 
the New Guinea mainland. 


(( xix) 


Cethosia chrysippe ranges from the Moluccas to the Trobriand 
Islands. In “Seitz” Fruhstorfer enumerates twenty-one 
geographical forms. We now add a race from Biak. 

Symbrenthia hippoclus is a common species distributed from 
India to New Britain and represented by thirty-five forms. 
The Biak form is nearest hylaeus from Dutch New Guinea. 

Mynes aureodiscus is apparently a race of the species 
geoffroyi, which occurs over New Guinea, Queensland, and Aru 
Islands. This species is dimorphic in both sexes, the other 
form being black on the hind-wing below. This dark form 
was received together with the yellow form, but we can find 
no difference between it and doryca from Dutch New Guinea. 
The form here described resembles semper? from Queensland. 

Charazes latona is found in the Sulla Islands, N. Moluccas, 
Aru Islands, New Guinea and satellite islands, and Bismarck 
Islands. The very distinct Biak form is only represented by 
a single 2 specimen. It approximates to diana described by 
Rothschild from New Hanover. 

Hypolimnas pithoeka occurs in New Guinea, the Bismarck 
Islands, and the Solomons. The Biak form is sufficiently 
distinct. : 

The widely distributed Doleschallia bisaltide is represented 
on Biak by a dark form. 

Doleschallia noorna is confined to New Guinea and a few 
adjacent islands. A sufficiently distinct race inhabits Biak 
and does not differ in the neighbouring island of Mefor. 

Neptis shepherdi occurs in Queensland, New Guinea, Aru 
Islands, Waigeu, Obi, and Sulla Islands. The Biak form, 
which we call greyalis, is nearest damia from (late) German 
New Guinea. 

The common Nepfis venilia is represented on Biak by a 
sufficiently distinct form. A very similar form occurs in 
Dutch New Guinea and on the islands in Geelvink Bay, but is 
not noticed by Fruhstorfer in his treatment of the genus in 
“ Seitz.” 

Euthalia aeropus is found in the Sulla Islands, the Moluccas, 
New Guinea and satellite islands, and Bismarck Islands. The 
Biak race is more like the New Guinea form. The Q is poly- 
morphic, but we have only received the brown form. 


cowl 


( xiii) 


Prothoé australis ranges over New Guinea and adjacent 
islands. A very distinct form was received from Biak. 


Satyridae. 


Elymnias cybele is distributed from the Moluccas to the 
Bismarck Archipelago. The Biak form is most nearly allied to 
holofernes from the Bismarck Islands. 

In Elymmas cinereomargo we have a distinct form of viri- 
descens which has only as yet been found at Humboldt Bay, and 
on the Sattelberg in (late) German New Guinea. 

Melanitis amabilis ranges from the Moluccas to the Bismarck 
Islands. We have only 22 from Biak, but these are slightly 
different from the typical form in the Bismarck Islands. 


Heterocera. 


Asota intermedia. 

The collection contained but few moths. One is distinctly 
new to the genus Asota of the family Hypsidae. It differs 
from all other known forms in having a black lateral stripe 
on the second joint of palpus. It is a sort of mixtwm com- 
positum, blending the characters of two species. 


GEOGRAPHICAL RacEes OF CoCYTIA DURVILLEI, etc.—The 
Honble. Watrer RoruscuHiLp, F.R.S., exhibited a series of the 
four geographical races of Cocytia durvillei, Boisd., and Euco- 
cytia meeki, Rothsch. and Jord. He remarked that Sir George 
Hampson considered these insects to constitute a special 
family, Cocytiadae, which he placed between the Lymantriadae 
and the Hypsidae. But Mr. Rothschild considered them as a 
subfamily of the Noctuidae, which should be placed after the 
Mominae. The following is a synopsis of the group :— 


Cocytianae. 


Cocytia durvillei f. durvillet, Boisd., New Guinea; 

Cocytra durvillei f. veitchi, Rothsch., Batjan and Halmaheira ; 

Cocytia durvillei f. aurantiaca, Rothsch., Timor Laut Islands; 

Cocytia durvillei f. chlorosoma, Butl., with ab. ribbei, Druce, 
Aru Islands; 

Eucocytia meeki, Rothsch. and Jord., New Guinea. 


( xv ) 


Mr. Rothschild also exhibited a species of Papilio (Troides) 
recently described by himself as Troides allottei (Novit. Zool. 
vol. xxi. p. 275, July 1914) from Bougainville. This insect 
is remarkable as combining the characters of the victoriae and 
priamus sections of Trovdes. 


Paper. 


The following paper was read :— 
‘“* New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak,” by J. J. Joicry, 
F.L.S., F.E.S., and A. Noaxgs, F.E.S. 


Wednesday, March 8rd, 1915. 


Mr. G. T. Bernune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vice-President, 
in the Chair. 


Election of Fellow. 


Prof. Wm. BuiaxLtanp Benuam, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., 
University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, was elected a 
Fellow of the Society. 


Exhibition. 


BRENTHIS PALES AND ARSILACHE FROM Norway.—Mr. 
P. A. Buxton exhibited a short series of B. pales and B. 
arsilache from Lesjevaerk and Surendal, Central Norway, 
the former having been taken at an altitude of 3000 to 4000 ft., 
the latter from 1000 to 3000 ft., where the two forms certainly 
overlapped. He said that without expressing any view on 
the specific identity or otherwise of the two insects it was 
interesting to note that Mr. Wheeler, to whom he had sub- 
mitted them, had separated them without reference to the 
locality labels, which had confirmed his opinion. B. pales had 
not occurred above 4000 ft., whether in consequence of the 
climate, or of the absence of the food-plants at a higher 
elevation, he was unable to say. Two of the pales were very 
small, and while one was, as is often the case with very small 


ee) 


specimens, unusually dark, the other, which was much rubbed, 
had apparently never had any black marks on the upper 
side. 

The Rev. G. WHEELER observed that he was quite satisfied 
that in Central Europe the species were distinct, as not only 
their wing-markings, but their habits, habitats and time of 
appearance were different, arsilache, for instance, being con- 
fined to marsh-land and appearing nearly a fortnight later 
than pales. 

Mr. SHELDON said that in the Hohe Tatra they appeared 
about the same time, as he had taken B. arsilache at 3000 ft. 
and pales from 6000 to 7000 ft. within a day or two, the actual 
dates being July 7th for pales, and July 5th and 10th for 
arsilache, in each case newly emerged 3 3 only being obtained. 
He also observed that while the two forms seemed to be 
sufficiently distinct in Southern Scandinavia, yet in the 
North and in Lapland all forms were mixed together and 
there was no dividing line. The question depended on what 
is a species. 

Mr. WHEELER in reply said that, as he understood it, a 
species consisted of individuals that paired freely in nature, 
and that it was quite possible that B. pales and B. arsilache 
were still one species in the far North (probably their ancestral 
home), but had become distinct where they were kept apart 
either by altitude or different times of appearance. He 
added that arsilache was a fortnight later where the two 
forms overlapped in the Engadine, but that with 3000 ft. 
between them in altitude their time of appearance would 
probably be the same. 

Mr. A. H. Jones corroborated Mr. Wheeler’s statements 
with regard to the time of appearance and difference of habitat 
in the Engadine. 

Dr. JorpAN said that to add to the confusion, Esper had 
figured arsilache and called it pales. 

GYNANDROMORPHOUS LEPIDOPTERA.—Dr. COCKAYNE ex- 
hibited :— 

(1) Gynandromorphous Agriades coridon, from Royston, 
Aug. 1914. The specimen was predominantly female, var. 
semisyngrapha, the wings on the left side being smaller than 


( xvi ) 


those on the right, and having additional blue scales with 
male hair scales and androconia on the small side. 

(2) Gynandromorphous hybrid harrisoni (Ithysia zonaria 3 
x Lycia hirtaria 2), bred in April 1912, by Mr. Worsley- 
Wood. The specimen resembled a female of this hybrid, 
but the left antenna was pectinated as in the male, the right 
was simple. He observed that Harrison stated that he had 
only bred one gynandromorphous specimen amongst several 
thousand primary hybrid Bistoninae, but that all the secondary 
hybrids were gynandromorphous. Standfuss also only bred 
two gynandromorphs amongst 4000 primary hybrid Saturnias, 
but many secondary hybrids were gynandromorphous. 

Sicinian Species oF Eucuio#.—Mr. J. Piarr Barrett 
exhibited a series of E. damone from Mt. Etna, and com- 
mented on their lack of variation. Also a series of EL. carda- 
mines var. turritis, remarking on their small size, the 3g 
expanding 11~1} in. and the 9 9 from 1} in. 

Mr. BerHuNnE-BakeEr said that the small size of Sicilian 
var. turritis must be a local condition, as he had often taken 
this form quite as large as ordinary cardamines. 

NotewortHy British RHoPpALOCERA.—Comm. WALKER, 
on behalf of Mr. ApAms, exhibited :— 

(a) A magnificent series of aberrations of Polygonia c-album, 
including several strongly suffused examples, from the Forest 
of Dean. 

(b) Two specimens of Araschnia levana, gen. aest. prorsa, 
from the same locality, taken in 1914. . 

(c) A gynandromorphous Urbicola comma, right side 9, 
left side 3, from Box Hill. 

(d) A very fine melanic aberration of Dryas paphia 9, from 
S. Wales, taken by Mr. Rodney Wood. 

DipTERA FROM THE Fatktanp Istanps.—Mr. F. W. 
Epwarps exhibited two species of apterous Diptera, one 
belonging to the Borboridae, the other to the Ephydridae, both 
collected in the Falkland Islands by Dr. Malcolm Cameron, 
Fleet Surgeon of H.M.S. Cornwall, on Dec. 7, the day before 
the naval battle. Both appeared to be new to science, and 
probably represented new genera. A number of other wing- 
less or semi-wingless flies belonging to different families had 


(evar) 
already been recorded from the Falklands, Kerguelen, and 
other subantarctic islands. 

Mr. G. C. CHampion observed that one of the beetles taken 
at that time in the Falklands was known from Kerguelen. 

A Hysernatine Pura or PyRaMEIS ATALANTA.—Mr. L. W. 
Newman exhibited a living pupa of P. atalanta, and read the 
following notes on the copulation of Pyrameis atalanta in 
October, and the hybernating of the species in the pupal 
stage :— 

Early in September I captured ten Pyrameis atalanta (some 
of both sexes) and placed them in a cage for laying. This 
they refused to do. On Oct. 7 I started my hot-house to 
force some Manduca atropos pupae, and brought the cage 
with P. atalanta into this house and placed it over the hot- 
water pipes. The heat in this house varies from 60° to 80°, 
seldom the latter. 

The imagines were kept well fed, and on passing the cage 
on Oct. 12 I noticed a pair in cop. This was at 2.15 p.m., 
and they parted at 4.30; the temperature at 2.15 in the house 
was 75°, and I noticed it was not sunny. I believe little is 
known of the pairing of this species. 

I supplied the fertile 2 with nettle, and she laid freely on 
the 13th and 14th, I then took the nettle away as I wanted to 
try the experiment of keeping a known fertile 9 alive till the 
spring. She was very unhappy for a few days without food 
to lay on, but by Oct. 22 she had settled down and was feeding 
regularly like her companions. 

All went well with my ten specimens, and all were alive in 
early January, when I had to go into hospital for an operation. 
On my return home at the end of the month I was greatly 
disappointed to find that my specimens had not been fed, 
and my fertile 9 was dead; this has ruined a very interesting 
experiment. 

The ova, which were laid on Oct. 13 and 14, hatched from 
Oct. 28 to Nov. 1; larvae were fed up in a warm temperature 
and grew rapidly, the first to pupate being on Nov. 27 and 
the last on Dec. 3. 

Immediately the pupae were firm enough to handle they 


were removed from the heat, and at once placed in my pupa 
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I. 1915 B 


( xy =) 
house on the concrete floor in metal boxes. Pupae kept in 
this house are usually a week later in emerging in the spring 
than the normal, as they get the frost but no sun, and the 
concrete floor is 3 ft. below the surface of the ground. 

I obtained some 40 fine pupae, and as all are now alive 
(March 1) and show no signs of forming up I think I may 
claim that I have proved that P. atalanta can pass the winter 
in the pupal stage. 

This discovery appears of great importance, and to me 
seems to throw a new light on the life-history of this common 
butterfly in England. 

As many of you know, I have proved to my own satisfac- 
tion, but not to some others, that P. atalanta cannot pass the 
winter in England as an imago. I have for the past 10 years 
experimented with the species, and the only way in which I 
can carry it successfully through the winter is by feeding it 
regularly. I grant several records are to hand of the imago 
being found alive in January and February, among them are 
the records of my friend Mr. Walter Barnes, and his observa- 
tions are thoroughly to be relied upon; but this finding of 
an odd specimen or two over long periods of years does not 
prove to me that the species can hybernate in England, there 
is no record that these January and February specimens live 
till April or May and pair and carry on the race. We all 
know that in mild autumns and winters we can find wild 
larvae and pupae in November and December, and we usually 
bring these into a warm room and breed out the imagines in 
December or January. Now why should not these found 
specimens be very late natural emergences? Say January 
ones, and that being the case they would live for a few weeks 
without food, tucked securely away among creepers or ivy, 
but would die off before the spring. We have many of us 
seen or captured in April or early May absolutely perfect 
specimens which look as if just out of the pupae, and we have 
wondered how they can look thus if they are hybernated 
specimens or immigrants. My discovery that the species 
can pass the winter in the pupal stage seems to clear up the 
mystery of these fresh spring specimens. 

I wish it clearly understood that I am still of the opinion 


( ot: 9) 


that we are almost entirely dependent on immigration for 
our supply of P. atalanta. 

Comm. WaLKER said that at Gibraltar this species was 
almost continuous-brooded, and suggested that some of the 
winter specimens found in Britain might be immigrants blown 
over by prevailing south winds. 

Mr. MerRRIFIELD observed that in his temperature experi- 
ments he had never been able to keep pupae of P. atalanta 
alive for more than 10 or 11 weeks, either out of doors, or at 
a temperature of 33, and later of 50 degrees and upwards. 

A LARGE FAMILY OF ACRAEA ENCEDON, L., BRED AT DURBAN 
FROM A KNOWN FEMALE PARENT.—Prof. PouLron exhibited a 
portion of this family kindly sent to him by Mr. E. E. Puarr, 
who had conducted the experiment. 

The female parent, of the encedon type form, was taken on 
Mar. 8, 1914. One batch of ova was laid under a leaf of 
Commelina on the following day, and another batch on Mar. 
10, after which the female parent unfortunately escaped. 
The larvae commenced hatching, Mar. 17. The brood being 
somewhat unmanageable, about 220 half-grown larvae were 
liberated. The first pupation took place on April 15, and 
the dates of emergence from pupae produced by the larvae 
reared in captivity were as follows :— 


1914. Encedon. Encedon. Sganzini. Sganzini. 
3 g 3 a 
April 23 — — 2 — 
>» 20 6 — 4 os 
26 4 a 2 — 
a ei 28 — 12 as 
» 28 23 3 13 - 
, 29 9 10 9 8 
53 ed 15 8 6 a 
May 1 6 10 4 5 
se 2 2 10 1 8 
” 3 1 ee > 3 
oO 1 1 — = 
oat KO — — 1 1 
” 6 a 2 =. he 
” 10 <> 3 a yt 1 
ow 2 — — — 1 
eae lle — — —— 1 
Totals 95 44 54 35 


The early emergence of the males and their great numerical 
preponderance over the females, 149 to 79, were very obvious 


( xx ) 


in the above list. This great disproportion between the sexes 
rendered it probable that all-female families of encedon would 
be found in Natal; for Mr. Lamborn had found that these 
families in the Lagos district were compensated by families 
in which the males were more numerous (Journ. Linn. Soc., 
Zool., xxxii, 1914, p. 400). 

Judging by the 52 specimens exhibited to the meeting, 
the whole of the 228 offspring were sharply divided into the 
two forms that were commonest in Natal—(1) encedon, 
generally with a bright fulvous ground-colour, occasionally 
darker and approaching infuscata, Auriv., the females with 
white, the males with yellow subapical bar to the fore-wing; 
(2) forms resembling the dusky yellow variety of the white 
lycia, F., named sganzini by Boisduval; the females much 
paler and therefore nearer to lycia, F., than the males. 
The Mendelian relationship, although probable, was not very 
clear in the proportions—139 encedon, to 89 sganzini. There 
was little doubt, from Mr. Lamborn’s experiments, that, in 
the Lagos district, encedon was dominant and lycia recessive. 
It was therefore likely that the same relationship held in Natal, 
lycia being represented by the yellowish sganzini. If this 
were so, it was probable that the female parent was a hetero- 
zygote which had mated with a recessive (sganzini) male, 
and that the results are to be explained as a very imperfect 
approach to equality. More breeding experiments were 
needed in Natal, to test the Mendelian relationship and the 
existence of all-female families. 

Although the two forms segregated so completely there 
was marked individual variation in both of them. This was 
especially well seen in area 2 of the fore-wing in the great 
majority of the examples of encedon, both male and female. 
Here a triangular white spot was developed on the outer 
(distal) side of the black spot that is a characteristic feature 
of this area. A beautifully gradual transition was manifest 
in both sexes, passing from maximum development to entire 
disappearance of this white spot; and a similar gradation 
was seen in the sganzini forms in which, however, the feature 
was far less striking, because in these the spot was of the same 
tint as the ground-colour of the wing. 


( xm) 


THE GREGARIOUS HABIT DURING HIBERNATION oF Musca 
coRvINA, F.—Prof. Poutron described the hibernation of 
vast numbers of M. corvina in the cistern-loft of St. Helens 
Cottage, St. Helens, Isle of Wight. When he arrived at 
St. Helens on Jan. 4, 1915, it was found that a most unpleasant 
smell was emitted by the low-pressure water-supply, both hot 
and cold. He investigated the loft on Jan. 5 and found 
several patches of flies on the close boarding of the roof. 
The angle between a rafter and the boarding was nearly 
always selected as a resting-place where the flies were crowded, 
touching each other, so as to form long narrow black patches. 
Part of one small patch was resting on the floor, the remainder 
passing out of sight over the edge of the floor-boarding. Hach 
of the largest assemblages must have included many hundreds 
of individuals. Many dead mould-covered flies were floating 
in the two coupled cisterns, while far larger numbers were lying 
thickly spread over the bottom. One cistern, which happened 
to stand beneath the most crowded part of the roof was far 
more affected and smelt more strongly than the other. When 
the water was turned off and the cisterns emptied from the 
taps in the lower part of the house one ball-tap became choked 
with flies and had to be taken apart in order to clear the 
obstruction. The body of water affected was large, being 
132 in. deep in both cisterns, the internal length and breadth 
of the most strongly affected 34 in. and 17 in., of the other 
333 in. and 21? in. respectively. To this must be added the 
quantity of water in the pipes, the cylinder of the hot-water 
apparatus, and four flushing cisterns. A large sample of the 
semi-torpid flies was taken by the simple process of sweeping 
part of the roof with an ordinary housemaid’s brush into a 
pail of hot water. It was observed that the great majority 
of the flies sank to the bottom a few hours after they had 
been killed by the heat. The sample after being dried was 
sent to Col. J. W. Yerbury, who very kindly determined and 
sexed the specimens exhibited to the meeting, viz. 304 males 
and 514 females, not including 23 specimens, mostly in very 
poor condition, which could not be determined with confidence. 
Mr. A. H. Hamm had kindly assisted in counting the speci- 
mens and arranging the exhibit. Col. Yerbury had agreed 


(\ xe) 
that the larvae of the hybernating flies had probably bred in 
a large heap of decaying grass and weeds in the yard outside 
the part of the building with the cistern-loft in its roof. 

THE FIRST STATEMENT (1878) or MULLERIAN Mimicry.— 
Prof. PouLTon said that during a recent study of Fritz Miiller’s 
work he had come across an earlier statement than the classical 
paper “ Ituna and Thyridia: a remarkable case of Mimicry 
in Butterflies,’ published in Kosmos (May 1879), translated 
by Prof. Meldola, F.R.S., and printed in the Proceedings of 
the Entomological Society of London for the same year 
(p. xx). This brief preliminary account of the hypothesis 
was of interest in many ways, and as it appeared to have 
escaped the attention of naturalists, Prof. Poulton thought 
that the Entomological Society would wish to publish the 
following translation kindly prepared by Mr. E. A. Elliott from 
the original in Zool. Anzeiger (Carus), I, (1878), pp. 54, 55 :— 


ON THE ADVANTAGES OF Mimicry AMONG BUTTERFLIES. 
By Fritz Muuiter, ITrasany, BRAZIL. 


It is remarkable how one sometimes puzzles for years over 
questions the solution of which is so simple that one can 
hardly understand how there could have beeneven amomentary 
difficulty over them. 

This was my experience in the matter of Mimicry among 
Lepidoptera. Danainae, Ithomiunae, Acraeinae, Heliconinae, 
all appear to be equally well protected by disagreeable smell 
and taste, and yet there are among them a number of mimick- 
ing species. The smell of the species of Hueides is especially 
strong, yet Eueides pavana is a mimic of Acraea thalia, E. 
isabella of Helic. eucrate, or Mechanitis lysimnia, and BE. 
aliphera resembles Colaenis julia, except in size. What ad- 
vantage can it be to a creature protected by repellant odour 
to resemble another similarly protected species? If their 
foes avoid protected species by “ instinct,’ none at all; but 
if, on the contrary, as appears so much more probable, the 
foes have to learn their unpalatability by experience, then the 
benefit is all the greater, the less numerous the species. The 
advantage gained by two unpalatable species by their re- 
semblance is in inverse ratio to the square of their numbers. 


( =x ) 
Instead of a general, really very simple, deduction, let us take 
an example. 

There are in a certain district two unpalatable species, the 
one numbering 10,000 individuals, the other 2000. If the 
foes inhabiting the same district destroy annually 1200 
individuals of an unpalatable species before learning to avoid 
it, this number would be lost by each species if they were 
different; but if they were so similar that the experience 
with one serves for the other, then the first would lose 1000, 
the other 200 individuals; the first would thus gain 200, or 
2 per cent. of its total strength, and the second 1000, or 50 
per cent. of its total. This consideration shows further, that 
in all probability in many cases (e. g. Thyridia and Ituna) the 
question which of the two species is Model, and which is 
Mimic, is idle: each has reaped some advantage from being 
like the other; they may even have gone to meet each other. 

The following paper was read as a basis for a discussion on 
Mimicry :— 

THE Mimetic THEory—‘‘ A CrucraL TEst,” By COLONEL 
N. Manpers, F.Z.8., F.E.8.—The publication of three papers * 
on the subject of Mimicry by Dr. Hale Carpenter in our Trans- 
actions for 1913, brings this subject once more prominently 
forward, and his whole-hearted enthusiasm as a supporter of 
it must have given much satisfaction to those who hold the 
same views as himself. Those, however, who like myself 
have never been able to accept the theory, but who at the same 
time admire the persistence and energy with which it is con- 
stantly brought to our notice in spite of the many rebuffs 
it has lately received, have read with mixed feelings Dr. 
Carpenter’s papers. Personally I have nothing but admira- 
tion for the amount of most valuable work he has done at odd 
moments snatched from his official duties, the skill with which 
he has marshalled his facts, and the courage of his interpreta- 
tion of them expressed in almost the last paragraph of his first 
paper (p. 616) : “ If, as I believe, this explanation be the correct 

* Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, Neave, its form and its models on 
Bugalla Island, Lake Victoria, with other members of the same com- 
bination. By G. D. Hale Carpenter, D.M. Oxon, Member of the Royal 


Society’s Sleeping-sickness Commission. 
This is the only paper I deal with. 


¢) ee) 


one, it supplies the strongest possible proof of the reality of 
mimicry and of the power of natural selection to produce it— 
indeed, it is a crucial test.” 

To pass over this challenge in silence would convey the 
wholly false impression that his arguments are unanswerable, 
and that Miillerian Mimicry is at last firmly established on 
its pedestal. I therefore propose to examine closely this 
“crucial test,’’ and shall show that far from being conclusive 
of mimicry it affords the “ strongest possible proof” of its 
inherent unsoundness. 

Though our Society rightly refuses to open its pages to 
controversy, yet when an opportunity arises for settling once 
for all by means of scientific investigations the validity or 
otherwise of a theory which has been before us in one form 
or other for over half a century, and which has obtained a world- 
wide celebrity, such opportunity should not be lost. 

The crucial test Dr. Carpenter brings forward is briefly as 
follows :— Immediately off the north-west coast of the 
Victoria Nyanza lies a small archipelago known as the Sesse 
Islands, the largest of which is Bugalla, distant from the 
mainland near Entebbe about twenty-five miles. 

The nearest of the Sesse Islands is, I believe, within sight of 
the mainland. 

On Bugalla and also on Damba Island to the N.E. of the 
Sesse group, the species Pseudacraea eurytus f. hobleyi is 
abundant, and shows great diversity of marking, so much so 
that many of the varieties have received distinctive names and 
are regarded as transitional forms resembling the genus 
Planema. For some reason, probably the absence of the food- 
plant, Planema is distinctly rare on the island, though very 
abundant in the neighbourhood of Entebbe on the mainland, 
where also Pseudacraea occurs equally commonly; but (and 
this is the important point) transitional forms are absent or 
very rare. (Whether Pseudacraea is regarded as an edible 
genus or not, is not stated, and for our purpose is immaterial.) 

The argument to account for the absence of these transitional 
forms is best given in Dr. Carpenter’s own words. 

‘“ Now on the Island it is quite conceivable that an enemy 
of the Pseudacraea might never see Planema at all: at any 


¢ xxv ) 


rate the latter are so extremely scarce that they can have 
little protective value, and the Pseudacraea would gain little 
by resembling models that are less common than itself. Con- 
sequently any form of Pseudacraea that is produced will have 
as much chance of surviving as the most perfect mimic, and 
the transitional forms appear almost as abundantly as the 
types. On the mainland, however, conditions are very 
different. Owing to the abundance of Planemas, their presence 
is of definite protective value to the Pseudacraeas, and varieties 
that are produced which do not conform rigidly to the types 
of the models are put at a disadvantage in the struggle for 
existence, and are destroyed by enemies in preference to the 
types. On the mainland the mimics are kept rigidly up to the 
mark [italics mine], and the transitional varieties between 
hobleyi, tirikensis and terra are by comparison rarely to be 
found. It may perhaps be argued that there is some con- 
dition productive of greater variability on the island, but not 
on the mainland. But though intermediate varieties are 
scarce on the mainland, yet they do occur, and it is difficult 
not to believe that they are rarely caught by collectors, because 
they are so much more destroyed by enemies than are those 
which more closely resemble models. Hf, as I believe, this 
explanation be the correct one, it supplies the strongest 
possible proof of the reality of mimicry and the power of 
natural selection to preserve it—indeed, it is a crucial test.” 

Inasmuch as the localities where these insects occur are 
unfamiliar to the majority of English entomologists, let me 
transfer the case to the British Islands. 

Let the county of Sussex distant from the mainland twenty- 
five miles represent Bugalla Island; the Isle of Wight would be 
connected with France by a chain of small islands stretching 
across the Channel, but in place of a sea subject for half the 
year to the storms of winter we have a warm equable climate 
such as exists under the equator. 

In Sussex we have a butterfly, let us say Melitaea aurinia, 
occurring in great abundance, and in its many forms familiar 
to all of us, some of them more or less resembling another 
butterfly Hamearis lucina, which for some cause not quite 
clear is very scarce. On the other side of the Channel at Calais 


(\ 2m ) 


both butterflies are equally common, but those forms of 
Melitaea aurinia, which do not resemble Hamearis lucina are 
rare or absent, the reason being that they are exterminated 
by insectivorous birds. It is to be noted that the birds on 
either side of the Channel are of the same species, and that the 
passage of the Channel to a bird of ordinary powers of flight 
is only a matter of a couple of hours. 

We are now in a position to understand more clearly the 
state of affairs on the Victoria Nyanza. 

What proof does Dr. Carpenter bring forward for his state- 
ment which I have put in italics?’ None whatever! It is a 
form of argument familiarly known as begging the question, 
and in itself is sufficient to condemn the theory, but, as I shall 
show later, the whole theory of mimicry is founded on this 
species of argument. 

Prof. Poulton, on what evidence I know not, has stated his 
belief that each young bird during its tasting experiments 
only tastes a few of each unpalatable species in its neighbour- 
hood; this being so, the bird population on the mainland 
must be very considerable to produce such an effect, and there 
should not be any great difficulty in making a sufficient number 
of observations; but it is curious that Dr. Wiggins, a keen 
entomologist, and one who has resided at Entebbe for some 
years, knows nothing about it. 

Now the bird population on the mainland and on Bugalla 
is practically the same, and it cannot be seriously contested 
that what takes place on the one does not take place on the 
other, and Dr. Carpenter must agree with me that if it can be 
shown that the birds on Bugalla do not eat butterflies it is 
proof positive that they do not eat them on the mainland 
twenty miles away, and therefore there is no thinning out of 
transition forms; that their absence is not due to natural 
selection, and that his case of mimicry falls to the ground. 

Is this evidence forthcoming? is it trustworthy? and from 
whom ? 

I think it will come as a matter of as great a surprise to other 
Fellows as it did to me when I say it comes from Dr. Carpenter 
himself! I must confess that I am amazed that neither he 
nor Prof. Poulton, who supervised his paper, did not realise 


( xxvn ) 


what a weapon they were putting in the hands of an opponent 
by not attempting some explanation of the fact, let alone not 
referring to it, that in the one hundred and sixteen birds shot 
and examined on Damba and Bugalla Islands no portion of 
a butterfly was found ! 

As these dissections of Dr. Carpenter are probably not 
known to entomologists, being contained in the ‘‘ Reports of 
the Sleeping-sickness Commission of the Royal Society,” it 
is advisable to make some comments on them.* 

The birds were shot in every month of the year except 
from May to August inclusive, so that incidentally there should 
have been some evidence of tasting experiments, but there 
were none, and we may assume that none took place as the 
younger being less experienced would be more easily shot, 
and the larger proportion of those examined would be in their 
first or second year. They comprised flycatchers (six species), 
bee-eaters (three species), warblers, a chat, shrikes, bronze- 
green cuckoos, insectivorous kingfishers, weaver-birds and a 
stone-curlew. 

Unfortunately in the first fifty-two birds shot, Dr. Carpenter, 
who was searching more particularly for evidence of tsetse- 
flies, gives no details of the contents of these birds’ stomachs; 
but he says of twenty-six bee-eaters the contents were mostly 
Hymenoptera and dragon-flies, and of the other birds, king- 
fishers, etc., no information except that no tsetse-flies were 
found. 

The remaining sixty-four were more carefully examined— 
fifty-three by the naked eye, and the remainder by a low-power 
microscope. In the first fifty-two birds there may have been 
remains of butterflies, but if we judge by the remaining sixty- 
four it is highly improbable that there were. 

The bee-eaters mostly fed on bees and dragon-flies, the 
aposematic crimson and blue bodies of the latter evidently 
affording them no protection! In the other birds mention 
is made of “‘ very small insects,” “ indistinguishable minute 
insects,” “‘ winged ants,” “ pen 


two large Hymenoptera,” “ grass- 
hoppers,” etc., etc., and in one flycatcher ‘“‘a single large 


99 66 


* Reports of the Sleeping-sickness Commission of the Royal Society, 
No. XII, p. 90; No. XIV, pp. 15, 16. 


( ii) 


Noctuid moth about two inches in expanse.” It is obvious, 
therefore, that if butterflies formed any portion of these birds’ 
food except the smallest they would have been detected. 

Now what holds good for Bugalla must also hold good for 
the country twenty miles away, and so by Dr. Carpenter’s 
own showing the birds on the mainland do not eat butterflies, 
and he has no justification for his words which I have placed 
in italics. 

There is not a particle of evidence, therefore, to show that 
the absence of intermediates is due to natural selection, but 
strong evidence that it is not. 

A theory may be regarded as reasonably true or used as a 
good working hypothesis, even if there is little or no direct 
evidence of the truth of its premises, if it fits in with the results 
of observation and experiment, and until evidence to the 
contrary is forthcoming; when this is produced it should be 
discarded. 

The theory both of Bates and particularly that of Miiller 
rests mainly on two unproved but reasonable propositions : 
that certain genera of butterflies are distasteful, and that 
young birds undertake tasting experiments. If sufficient 
evidence has been published to disprove both propositions 
or to throw reasonable doubt on them, it is clearly the duty of 
the supporters of the theory to lay it aside until they have 
disproved or explained the rebutting evidence. But Mimicrists 
do not do this; they ignore or pay but slight heed to adverse 
evidence and pursue their way apparently oblivious of it. 

Theoretical deductions from so-called instances of mimicry 
do not advance their views, but rather converts neutrality 
into active hostility. 

We may inquire what direct evidence of distastefulness and 
tasting experiments has been brought forward by supporters 
of these theories who have resided in Africa, and who have 
published papers similar to those of Dr. Carpenter. 

From Kast Africa the Rev. St. Aubyn Rogers, who has 
spent some years in that part of the country, has brought none. 
Dr. Lamborn, a most acute observer on the West Coast, none, 
or less than half a dozen instances of distastefulness. 

In South Africa, Mr. Marshall fourteen observations in 


(xxix )) 


eleven years or vice versa. In Central Africa Mr. Neave gives 
a single instance in which a bird selected certain Lycaenidae 
in preference to Acraeines. There may be a few others, but 
if so I am unaware of them. I believe I am substantially 
correct in stating that the direct evidence for distastefulness 
on this continent depends upon Mr. Neave’s water-wagtail. 
Dr. Carpenter inadvertently gives the explanation why the 
wagtail avoided the Acraeines in his remark that these birds 
only eat small insects. Of instances of tasting experiments 
there are none. All this bears out the remark made by Mr. 
Frederick Selous, that during the twenty years he was in 
Africa he never saw a bird eat a butterfly. 

On the other hand in India, with the exception of one 
observation by Col. Bingham, there is much evidence to show 
that far from being inedible the so-called nauseous butterflies 
are more largely eaten than others, and any butterfly mimicking 
them is courting disaster by so doing. 

Mr. Andrewes in the Nilgiris and myself on their eastern 
slopes noticed the ground strewn with the wings of Danaines 
and Euploeas in the close vicinity of drongos and flycatchers. 
In Ceylon Col. Yerbury has seen Huploeas being eaten by the 
ashy wood-swallow. Mr. Fryer has recorded a flock of the same 
bird feeding on them for days. Mr. Poole also records a fly- 
catcher eating large numbers of a so-called inedible Pierine. 

Further, Mr. Andrewes has watched bulbuls feeding their 
young on Acraeines, and I have recorded the same with a fly- 
catcher and Huploea. Further evidence could easily be quoted. 

No observations or evidence of any kind, as far as I know, 
have ever been furnished regarding the tasting experiments 
of young birds in a wild state except my own, in which I clearly 
showed that in one species nothing of the kind takes place. 
I do not goso far as to say that the instances I have given are 
sufficient in themselves to disprove the mimetic theory, but, 
coupled with the failure of Dr. Carpenter’s crucial test, we 
shall not go far astray if we conclude, before bringing forward 
other crucial tests, to first ponder the words of J. Henri Fabre, 
Darwin's ‘“‘ incomparable observer ”’ :— 

‘““The Mimicry of the Bumble-bee fly [resemblance of 
Volucella to Vespa], which was said to be one of the most con- 


( xxx ) 


clusive cases, is, after all, a mere childish notion. Patient 
observation, continuously face to face with facts, will have 
none of it and leaves it to the arm-chair naturalists, who are 
too prone to look at the animal world through the illusive 
mists of theory.” 

I do not myself consider in the present state of our knowledge 
that it is wise to bring forward “ crucial tests.” 

There are too many factors involved, the influence of which 
is very obscure and which make any “ test’ extremely risky. 
We are quite unable to say in any one instance how much is 
due to natural selection, Mendelism, climate, environment 
and the like, and until further investigation and experiment 
is undertaken it is advisable only to put on record the facts 
and the conclusions which may be legitimately deduced from 
them. The whole subject of mimicry, occupying as it has 
done some of the best intellects, entomological and other, 
since the time of Darwin, cannot be accepted or dismissed in 
consequence of one or even a few crucial tests, it is far too 
complicated a subject for such summary treatment, and if I 
have written at all strongly it is with a view to impressing 
upon the more ardent supporters of mimicry the urgent 
necessity of examining their subject from all points of view, 
and not from that standpoint which is particularly attractive 
to them. 


Prof. PouLTON said that he wished to protest mildly against 
Col. Manders’ unqualified statement that the theories of 
mimicry were “constantly brought to notice.” They had 
only been brought before the Society when there were new 
facts to record. Nor could he accept the implication con- 
veyed in Col. Manders’ reference to the “‘ many rebuffs. . . 
lately received.” That more work was wanted he freely 
admitted and had admitted for many years, but it would 
not be doing justice to English naturalists in Africa if their 
successful efforts to throw light on the question were passed 
over as of little account. The whole subject had been im- 
mensely advanced by the researches of the past twenty years. 

Col. Manders had rather seemed to single out Miillerian 
Mimicry, as though his contentions were specially directed at 


( i=xm ) 


this hypothesis. This was not so; Col. Manders’ position, 
if sustained, would affect Batesian no less than Miillerian 
Mimicry. One controversy was enough at a time, and to 
emphasise one hypothesis as Col. Manders had done was to 
run the risks of obscuring the main issue. 

The essential argument of Col. Manders’ paper was concerned 
with birds and butterflies, and Prof. Poulton proposed to leave 
this in the able hands of Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton, who had 
done so much along this very line of work, and whose con- 
clusions, already briefly stated in “‘ The Ibis”? and in the 
Memoirs of the Second International Entomological Congress 
(1912), were not even mentioned by Col. Manders. It was 
very fortunate that we had Mr. Swynnerton with us to speak 
in this discussion, although every Fellow present would regret 
the absence of Col. Manders and of Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter. 

Col. Manders, referring to insects found by Dr. Carpenter 
in the stomachs of birds, had spoken of ‘ the aposematic 
crimson and blue bodies of the latter (dragon-flies) evidently 
affording them no protection.” The term ‘ aposematic” 
carried with it the implication of conspicuousness and display : 
it involved an investigation into the relationship between colour, 
movement, and attitude, and Prof. Poulton did not believe 
that such an inquiry would support the suggestion that the 
bright tints of dragon-flies were warning colours. 

Another good example of Col. Manders’ reasoning was seen 
in his treatment of Mr. S. A. Neave’s observations on a wag- 
tail which rejected an Acraea. ‘* These birds only eat small 
insects,” he wrote, as if he had disposed of the whole matter, 
without stopping to inquire whether the Acraea was large 
or small or what relation its size bore to that of the Terias 
which was eaten by the bird. Nor did Col. Manders refer to 
the fact that the Acraca in being rejected received disabling 
injuries similar to those which were commonly exhibited by 
specially protected species. 

It was unnecessary to repeat the discussion following 
Mr. Fryer’s observations on the attacks by Artamus fuscus 
on Danaine butterflies in Ceylon, but it would be remembered 
that much attention was paid these most valuable records, 
although, for the reasons given, but now passed over by Col. 


Bia a 
( xan} 


Manders, it was not admitted that the theories of mimicry 
had been weakened. That great literary genius and wonder- 
ful observer Henri Fabre, who found the “ Origin of Species ” 
too dull to read and yet was continually holding up to ridicule 
what he supposed from his inner consciousness must be 
Darwin’s views, had attacked one interpretation of mimicry 
in the Volucellas, but had not troubled to mention the other. 
Col. Manders had summed up the possible causes of mimicry 
as “natural selection, Mendelism, climate, environment and 
the like.” Mendelism was a relationship in heredity, and 
manifestly did not account for the origin of the forms which 
exhibited such relationship; ‘ climate, environment and the 
like” produced effects which very few now believed to be 
capable of hereditary transmission. Therefore, if, as Col. 
Manders argued, natural selection also failed, the innumerable 
examples of mimicry remained without an interpretation. 


A most important reply was made by Mr. C. F. M. 
SWYNNERTON, which he has embodied in the following 


paper :— 


A BrigeF PRELIMINARY STATEMENT OF A FEW OF THE RESULTS 
oF Five Years’ SpecIAL TESTING OF THE THEORIES OF 
Mrimicry. 


A. Introductory. 


At the instigation of Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, my immense 
indebtedness to whom and to Prof. Poulton for endless help 
and encouragement I have stated more fully in one of my 
larger papers, I attempted, by a long and very careful series 
of experiments and special observations that extended from 
late 1908 to late 1913, to test the truth of the theories of 
mimicry and of the various objections that have been brought 
against them. I have since been continuously engaged in 
preparing a detailed account of this work for publication. 
Seeing, however, that the question of the validity of mimicry 
is announced for full discussion at this meeting of the Society, 
seeing too that much of the actual experimental evidence 
is in any case now ready for publication, it seemed a pity 
that some indication of its trend should not be available for 


( sam 7} 


the purposes of this discussion, much as I should have pre- 
ferred to keep even this until the experimental evidence had 
seen the light. 

The experiments.—Difficulties and likely causes of error 
(at first mainly suggested by Mr. Marshall’s critical brain) 
were taken severely in hand from the very outset, while further 
complicating factors were noted and duly guarded against 
for the future as they came to light. Experiments on captive 
birds were checked by a series of observations and experi- 
ments on wild ones. It was realised that results obtained 
from a few offerings or even a few dozen experiments could 
hardly be regarded as entirely trustworthy, and, in the main 
experiments alone, probably not far short of 17,000 butterflies 
were offered from first to last to the various animals employed, 
as well as much prey of other orders. The refusals and re- 
jections, duly given a value by the eating immediately after- 
wards of other species, or by the knowledge that the animal 
was hungry, and frequently confirmed by re-offering and re- 
offering, must alone have run into a few thousands. 

I mention all this simply to indicate that the work was 
attemptedly thorough and probably reliable, and that the 
brevity of some of the statements I am about to make should 
not be taken as a measure of the evidence on which they are 


based. 


B. Bearing of results on certain objections to the Selectionist 
view. 


Alleged indiscriminateness ; discrepancies between treatment 
of same prey by wild birds and tame.—(1) Unless through 
sheer impossible hardness, size, etc., there is practically no 
such thing as “ inedibility.” In the early morning, or after 
the ejection of a pellet, a bird may quite readily eat Acraeinae 
or even Danainae. As it fills up somewhat it refuses such 
very low-grade prey, but still eats other species, which in 
turn it rejects when slightly fuller—and so to repletion- 
point. 3 

In view of this it is unsafe to deduce either “ palatability ” 
or “ indiscriminateness ”’ from an acceptance—including the 


finding of an insect in a wild bird’s stomach or “‘ unpalata- 
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 1. 1915 Cc 


(. Sapa 4) 


bility ” from a rejection, in cases where the state of the bird’s 
hunger at the time of the incident is unknown. A bird will 
often accept eagerly a low-grade species when hungry enough, 
or reject a favourite species when replete. 

The statement sufficiently explains many of the cases in 
which individual birds of a species (perhaps caged) have been 
seen to refuse what others (perhaps wild) have been known 
to eat, and vice versa. 

(2) A bird, given a definite choice, either fails to exercise 
it, as between the things he is hungry enough for, and merely 
takes each as it comes, or, when he does exercise it, tends to 
select the largest object that he is at the moment hungry 
enough to eat; e.g. an Amauris niavius may then be taken 
in preference to a Precis cebrene. This accounts for much 
that has seemed difficult, as in Colonel Manders’ experiments 
and my own earlier ones in which “ nauseous”? butterflies 
were taken in apparent preference to pleasanter ones. 

The fact remains that my various birds (with the exception 
of one probably specialised species—the ashy wood-swallow 
may well be another) would only eat Amauris when hungry, 
but P. cebrene nearly to repletion-point. That the advantage 
may be a great one, sufficient to make the possessor 
worth mimicking, is shown by the immense meals that are 
sometimes eaten after the refusal of a low-grade butterfly; 
e.g. forty butterflies including fourteen large Charazes by a 
roller after she had rejected a Mylothris, and thirty-seven 
including twelve large Charazes after her rejection of a. Terias. 

All I need add here is that all the very varied animals on 
which I was able to test the point showed marked preferences, 
eagerly eating some species of prey when nothing would induce 
them to eat other species, and that the preferences of my 
captive birds were confirmed by wild birds and by each 
other. 

Other objections.—No one, I believe, who has closely and 
continuously and frequently watched the “searching ”’ 
species that in tropical countries form so large a proportion 
of the bird-population, as they climb in parties over the 
trunks and twigs, peer into every cranny and inspect each 
surface of each leaf, pull off or prise aside small loose scraps 


( xxxv ) 


of bark and scrutinise the underlying surface, or has seen 
the closeness with which birds will sometimes examine an 
insect that they are hesitating to attack or (occasionally) 
one that they have just rejected, or the way in which 
some birds will try inanimate objects that they are not 
quite sure about, will continue to retain an implicit trust 
in the argument of “ Hypertely.”” And no one who has 
frankly noted and analysed, day after day, his own hesita- 
tions and mistakes (many of them quite ridiculous), whether 
due to an imperfect view, the play of light and shadow, 
lack of recent acquaintance, insufficiently concentrated 
attention or attention concentrated too late—and a mere 
splash of colour or trick of flight in common—and has seen 
(as I have) similar hesitations on the part of birds, will doubt 
the value—incomplete, but very real—of incipient resemblances. 
As for instinctive knowledge of food-values, special experiments 
on several of my birds have produced the same results as 
those of Prof. Lloyd Morgan, and I have seen even wild birds 
test and reject inanimate objects. A special experiment on 
a young eagle (Aquila wahlbergi) showed that, unstarved, it 
would eat vegetable substances (including, once, raw green 
peas and a tuberous Plectranthus resembling Jerusalem 
artichoke) as readily as meat, even picking them up from the 
ground for itself, until (as seemed to be rather clearly shown) 
it learnt which food was, very definitely, disagreeing with it. 

The eating of butterflies by birds.—I have myself seen far 
more numerous attacks on insects of other orders, and 
watched dipteron-eaters that were being kept busy by their 
favourite prey consistently ignoring butterflies; and in my 
days of superficial stomach-examination I found butterfly 
remains in only five stomachs out of more than a thousand. 
American stomach-examinations are said to have produced 
only five cases out of 50,000. I am therefore unable to 
regard it as a matter for surprise that those to whom mimicry 
does not appeal should have been sceptical about the eating 
of butterflies by birds. 

‘ Neglect of well-directed and sustained observation ” (Mr. 
Trimen), frequent removal of wings and the likelihood “ that 
attacks will in general be made only under specially favour- 


( xxxvr ) 


able conditions, such as, when the butterfly passes very close 
to the bird’s perch, or when the attention of the insect is dis- 
tracted during feeding, courting, ovipositing, etc.”’—these 
were Mr. Marshall’s main suggestions in explanation of the 
paucity of evidence (Trans. Ent. Soc. Sept. 20, 1909), and he 
gave over 670 records of actual attacks, many of them multiple, 
drawn from various sources. His striking illustrations—of 
English kestrel and garden-warbler, familiar birds not known 
to eat butterflies, yet now observed preying on them systemati- 
cally—and, more lately, my own results, seem rather to bear 
out the first of these suggestions; wings too very often are 
removed (though also frequently swallowed), and the head 
is sometimes rejected, and the butterfly by some birds eaten 
piecemeal—and the truth of Mr. Marshall’s last suggestion 
I can bear out from actual observation. It is a point of 
great importance. 

Another very important consideration, which I suggested 
in “‘ The Ibis ” for October 1912, is that in localities or seasons 
in which, as at Chirinda, the butterfly population is very 
small indeed relatively to that of other orders, we cannot 
reasonably expect to see anything approaching as many attacks 
on butterflies as on these other insects. Both this view and 
Marshall’s (that birds probably accept easy chances) are borne 
out by the fact that when, temporarily and locally, I have 
removed the disparity in population by definitely releasing a 
number of butterflies to birds, and when I have given them 
the easy chances by placing disabled butterflies in their way, 
I have many times witnessed more or less numerous attacks. 
One such experiment elicited as many as sixty attacks by 
eight species of birds in what could have been little over 
half an hour. “ But if it is necessary to disable a butterfly 
to get it attacked you admit that butterflies are not attacked 
under natural circumstances.” The objector here forgets 
that butterflies are not always flying zigzag at top speed, 
far from cover. Relatively easy opportunities such as 
Marshall suggests occur very frequently in nature—and I 
have seen some taken. But the fact that they entail the 
butterfly’s presence in or within a few inches of cover im- 
mensely lessens our chances of seeing the attacks. During 


( ‘xxxvu } 


the periods when the fine Vernonia podocoma bushes that 
line portions of the Chirinda Forest outskirts are attracting 
numbers of butterflies they become greatly frequented by 
certain birds also, and, watching from a little distance, one 
often sees a sudden sharp movement at the back of a flower- 
head or the quick dash of a bird over the top of a panicle on 
which butterflies and Hymenoptera may be feeding together. 
But it is seldom possible to see which prey is taken. Yet 
each time I have searched the foot of the bushes I have found 
freshly broken butterfly-wings. A case in which a green 
bulbul, that I would certainly not have seen had I not been 
looking at that very point, appeared momentarily (from 
behind) between outer leaves on which butterflies were bask- 
ing, seized one of them and as quietly withdrew, is highly 
instructive. 

This all applies to the small closely-searching birds that 
form the very great bulk of our insectivorous bird-population. 
There are other birds that do noé attack (necessarily) under 
cover, such as drongos, paradise and spotted flycatchers and 
bee-eaters, but tackle the butterfly they are hungry enough 
for on the wing, and if necessary pursue him. We tend to 
see rather more numerous attacks on the part of such birds 
as these, and one reason why we do not see still more is prob- 
ably to be found in the fact that the butterfly, if not captured 
right away, very commonly at once goes to ground and is no 
longer available. As Prof. Kathariner (observation stated 
by Marshall, zbid., p. 350) wrote of an attack by a flock of 
bee-eaters on Thais cerisyi that was “ flying in great numbers ”’ : 
“In the shortest space of time there was not a butterfly to 
be seen. Those that were not eaten had hidden under the 
herbage.” I am able to confirm this observation as to the 
general result on the pleasanter butterflies of the arrival of 
a flock of bee-eaters. Naturally unless one is present at that 
arrival one sees few or no attacks on such butterflies. [I 
know nothing of the behaviour of migrating butterflies in 
relation to these birds. 

Migratory locusts do not go to ground in this wholesale 
manner; neither are Danainae and Acraeinae (as I have seen 
in relation to bee-eaters) as easily frightened as the higher- 


( iii) 


grade butterflies, though individuals may drop in response to 
an actual attack. This, with their relative ease of capture, is 
probably the reason why attacks on Danaines, as on the 
locusts, are relatively often witnessed—even by birds that 
have to be hungry before they will attack them. Where, 
however, a bird that is specialised to prey on them is seen in 
the midst of insects that thus tend to keep on the wing, we 
may well expect the striking and interesting but potentially 
misleading observation of wholesale attack on nauseous 
models that Mr. Fryer has actually recorded. 

Where, in such cases as I have referred to, I myself replaced 
the pleasanter forms that had gone to ground by releasing 
appropriate substitutes—usually here, be it noted, unmaimed 
and thoroughly active and strong-flying individuals—I usually 
at once secured instances of attack. In one case some of the 
birds even came and hovered a few feet over my head, like 
gulls in the wake of a ship, in eager competition for the next 
butterfly that should go up. 

I witnessed in all during those five years well over eight 
hundred attacks by wild birds on butterflies—four hundred of 
them, it is true, by a shrike, the preferences of which I made 
a point of ascertaining in detail. The immense majority of 
these attacks were seen within a single month, during which I 
experimented on the wild birds of the forest outskirts for an 
hour or two each day, and the attackers included our four com- 
monest bush-shrikes, our three commonest grass-warblers, our 
commonest bush-warbler, three out of our four most abundant 
bulbuls (one of them the commonest insectivorous bird in 
the country, another by far the commonest bird in the forest), 
our three commonest Sazicolidae, including both our common 
robins, and our five commonest flycatchers. Other attacks 
were by Ploceidae, a pipit, sun-birds, a butcher-bird, drongos 
of our two common species, a cuckoo-shrike, swallows, a 
night-jar, bee-eaters, a roller, a common hornbill, also uncon- 
fined but tame ground-hornbills, two genera of insectivorous 
kingfishers and a ground-cuckoo. Naturally there were 
refusals as well, and these with the rejections gave me some 
clear idea of the birds’ preferences; but I saw numerous cases 
of eagerness as striking as the one I have quoted above, and 


(7 exe) 


the experiments left in me the irresistible conviction that 
our birds at Chirinda are anything but specially reluctant to 
prey on butterflies. And I know at present of no reason why 
the birds of Chirinda should be different in this respect from 
the birds of all those localities in which the evidence is as 
scanty to-day as it was at Chirinda until I specially tested 
the point. 

There were further lines of evidence too. Newly captured 
birds, where tested, showed in their refusals and acceptances 
a good previous knowledge of their butterflies; and damage 
to butterflies’ wings that was quite indistinguishable (as my 
exhibit to-night most convincingly shows) from the common 
form of damage one sometimes finds in nearly every 
fairly high-grade butterfly one meets, and that occurs in 
butterflies collected all over the world, was actually seen in- 
flicted on a number of occasions by both wild birds and tame. 
Moreover, on my painting conspicuous eyespots on the under 
surface of more than fifty large butterflies (Charaxes) that 
used to come to feed at the bananas in my verandah, out of 
47 injuries subsequently sustained by the wings, 36 were 
at or just beside eyespots, and 25 of these affected both 
of a pair of wings. ‘‘ Accidental damage” fails to fit the 
case. Nor does it sufficiently meet the case (with which I 
have many times met) in which abdomen and wing are corre- 
spondingly wounded. It is hard, too, to believe that the 
beautiful impressions of a bird’s bill that occasionally accom- 
pany or replace wing wounds in the butterflies we capture, 
and that occurred too in the wet paint of some of the butter- 
flies of the just-described experiment, have been placed there, 
as used to be believed of fossils, merely to tempt us to 
error ! 

With all this very convincing direct and indirect testimony 
the striking lack of evidence hitherto afforded by stomach- 
examination is very difficult to reconcile—at any rate, the 
result of the great American examinations, in which the 
microscope was, I imagine, freely used. Having regard to 
relative population, we cannot expect to find more than 
occasional butterflies in stomachs, but five out of 50,000 
is not even “occasional.’’ My own lack of evidence—and 


( xl ) 


that, I expect, of most field-naturalists *—is more intelligible, 
seeing that the examination was by the naked eye and super- 
ficial, and that I have since found, both experimentally and 
by careful examination of pellets with known contents, that 
butterfly-chitin, including the wings, tends (though less so 
in Danainae and, I believe, Acraeinae) to break up under 
the influence of digestion into minute fragments that, seen 
by the naked eye, would probably usually be classed as “ in- 
distinguishable insect débris”’; I have on occasion gone 
through whole pellets of nothing but butterfly remains with- 
out finding anything that would have readily indicated the 
presence of any butterfly to the unaided eye: while the chitin 
of even the smallest beetles and grasshoppers (also the wings of 
Diptera) eaten with the butterflies, breaks into larger frag- 
ments if at all, and commonly remains very recognisable 
even in the pellets and excreta. This view, as to at any rate 
one possible reason for my own failure, seems to be supported 
by my finding scanty Lepidopterous débris in three or four 
of the very few stomachs that I have so far had time to re- 
examine as I now consider they should be examined. This, 
I may say, is a very slow process, entailing the inspection 
where necessary of the very last particle of mere dust in the 
stomach. It is emphatically not the kind of work over which 
the man who is searching specially for insects of economic 
interest or even for nameable material generally would, or 
could be expected to, spend his time. ‘This is Mr. Marshall’s 
belief too, and he has done much stomach work of this very 
kind. It may be conceivably one explanation of the lack of 
evidence. 

I conclude with the interesting case of the twenty droppings 
of small birds that I picked up quite at random in the Chirinda 
Forest at a moment when, amongst other butterflies, a big 
brood of Mycalesis campina was out. Eighteen of them— 
or 90 per cent.—showed Lepidopterous débris, much of it 
indistinguishable in colour of membrane and appearance of 
sockets, scales, etc., from Mycalesis, but distinct from 


* Dr. Carpenter examined only 11 stomachs microscopically—too 
small a number to be conclusive, especially if he did not state 
whether pleasanter butterflies were available in such relative numbers 
at the time as to have been really likely to have been in the stomachs. 


( xh ) 


the forest moths which I captured and compared with it. 
If actually of butterfly origin it would suggest, once more, 
that when butterflies are sufficiently available birds may 
even find it worth while to turn their special attention to 
them—as Mr. H. C. Bryant has actually noted in California in 
connection with the butterfly Hugonia californica. 

I propose to deal with the whole question of birds and 
butterflies far more fully in a future paper—after, I hope, 
further stomach-examination work. 

The Bugalla Island case.—Col. Manders has objected to 
Dr. Carpenter’s suggestion as regards the greater frequency 
in Bugalla of the transitional forms of a Pseudacraea which 
there considerably outnumbers its Planema model, that 
Bugalla Island is near enough to the mainland (where the 
proportions are reversed) for birds to pass freely to and fro. 
The solution to this question of bird-habits is, curiously, 
provided by Bates himself in his very fascinating description 
of the hunting-habits of the birds of Ega (“ The Naturalist 
on the Amazons,” vol. ii, pp. 834-6 of the 1863 edition). I 
have myself, year inand year out, noticed the same phenomenon 
in our African birds. It is that the great mixed parties of 
insectivorous birds that systematically and in combination 
search the woodlands for their prey, each have a definite 
limited area that they keep to and “drive” thus day after 
day. There are two such main parties, each with its special 
“beat,” in that portion of the Chirinda Forest in which | 
chiefly collect (I distinguish them from each other by the 
presence of certain constant component members), and my 
experience fully coincides with Bates’ where he remarks : 
‘““T became in course of time so accustomed to this habit of 
birds in the woods near Ega, that I could generally find the 
flock of associated marauders whenever I wanted it. There 
appeared to be only one of these flocks in each small district.” 

If birds by choice thus confine themselves to a given area 
of forest—up to 200 acres to a flock is my estimate for 
Chirinda, though a small isolated forest-patch of perhaps 
forty acres separated from Chirinda by only a few hundred 
yards of grassy hill-side boasts a flock of its own—will they 
not, a fortiori, tend on the whole to keep within such islands 


( a) 

as Bugalla and Damba, large in area and the latter separated 
by twenty-five miles from the mainland? And even if 
a certain amount of interchange should take place (as is 
likely), or the mainly local birds that form the island parties 
be reinforced for a few months in the year by migratory 
species (as they will), will not the new arrivals very rapidly dis- 
cover (as the result of a fact I have referred to under “ Alleged 
indiscriminateness ”’) that the “‘ Planemas” they attack when 
hungry enough for Acraeinae are in this place mostly Pseud- 
acraeas and acceptable therefore (to rely on my experimental 
results with P. lucretia and P. trimeni) right away up to 
Neptis-refusing point ? 

In relation to any bird that has made this discovery the 
fact that it wears the livery of a Planema will no longer be 
of the full use to a Bugalla Psewdacraea that it probably was 
to those of the mainland, and the very interesting phenomenon 
described by Dr. Carpenter might be expected to come about 
in the course of time, other things being equal, if the Selec- 
tionist view be correct. I fully endorse Col. Manders’ warn- 
ing as to the necessity for watchfulness in respect of the 
possible occurrence of complicating or alternative factors. 

Replying to the question, ‘‘ Are birds deceived by resemblances 
im their prey?” I may say that I have tested this in very 
numerous and varied experiments, and that the answer is 
in the affirmative. I have some evidence even in the case 
of wild birds. As for the experimental tastings of young 
birds, I have obtained plenty of evidence that a vastly more 
powerful potential factor is at work. | 

The visual memory of birds proved to be inadequate to the 
task it has to perform, and constant mistaken attacks followed 
by rejection were found to take place—though less so, on the 
whole, in relation to prey that had been frequently and recently 
experienced. It appeared that no bird could be too old or 
too experienced to make continual mistakes of this kind. 

The factor was shown to be probably an extraordinarily 
powerful one and far more than capable, from this point of 
view, of replacing that suggested by Fritz Miiller. In fact, 
it is doubtful whether the experimental tastings of young 
birds contribute, relatively speaking, specially heavily towards 


( xliii ) 


it, seeing that most insectivorous birds are throughout that 
stage under the direct tuition of their parents—a tuition 
that I have seen exercised even towards a bird that 
must have been nearly a year old (dissuasion from eating 
a Danaida). The new factor entails a new formula: for 
Miiller’s virtual ‘‘ Whatever its population the same number 
of experimental attacks for each homceochrome,” we must 
substitute “ The greater the homceochromatic population the 
fewer mistaken attacks’ (other things being equal); it being 
a matter of memory and practice. It gives us an excellent 
contributory basis for mimicry, and the basis, too, for an 
altered conception of synaposematism. I am holding over, 
for inclusion in another paper, my statement as to the exact 
bearing of my results on the actual questions of mimicry 
and synaposematism, as these do not fall within the scope of 
the present discussion. 

Meantime, if it is accurate to say that a theory may be 
regarded as reasonably true if it fits in with the results of 
observation and experiment, I cannot help feeling that the 
general theory of mimicry now nearly meets the requirement. 
The main thing still lacking as I write, is the confirmation 
from stomach investigation of the otherwise well-indicated 
fact (though similar evidence by other observers and from 
other localities is highly desirable) that birds are not reluctant 
to eat butterflies. 

The Rev. G. WHEELER said that although he was not in 
agreement with Col. Manders on the subject of mimicry, yet, 
as the paper had been put into his hands, he felt that he 
ought to point out that what Col. Manders had specially 
objected to, was treating any test that had yet been applied 
as “crucial.” He said that most Fellows were probably 
aware that Dr. Carpenter had a very enthusiastic way of 
expressing himself, and had probably said more than he meant, 
in which case he added that he could entirely sympathize 
with him. 

Prof. Poutton remarked that of course the expression “a 
crucial test ”’ should not be taken too literally. 

Mr. Neave said that much of Col. Manders’ argument 
depended on his assumption that what was true of the 


( igh 4) 


bird-population on the mainland must also be true of that on 
the islands. He had never been on these particular islands 
himself, though he had visited some of the neighbouring 
ones, but according to his experience in Africa this was most 
unlikely to be the case. 

Mr. G. A. K. Marswatu and Dr. Jorpan commented on 
the great importance of Mr. Swynnerton’s observations and 
experiments. 


Wednesday, March 17th, 1915. 


The Honble. N. C. Roruscuitp, M.A. F.LS., F.ZS., 
President, in the Chair. 


Exhibitions. 

A Srkxkim ASILID WITH A LARGE DELIAS AS PREY.—Prof. 
Poutton exhibited a female Promachus, of a species unnamed 
in the British Museum, captured with its prey, a male Delias 
descombesi, Boisd., 7.30 a.m., Aug. 18, 1914, at Takdah 
(5000 ft.), Sikkim, by Major T. D. Broughton, R.E. It 
appeared remarkable that the fly should have been able 
to hold an insect with so great an expanse of wing; but 
Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton had even found that far more 
powerful butterflies, of the genus Charaxes, were killed by 
Asilids at Chirinda, 8.E. Rhodesia. It was intended to 
exhibit these latter on some future occasion. 

A NOTE ON THE AFRICAN HESPERID BUTTERFLY PLOETZIA 
cerymMicA, Hew.—Prof. Poutron exhibited the specimen 
referred to in the following note written Dec. 26, 1914, by 
Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter, from Kakindu, in German East 
Africa, 1° §., about 30 miles W. of the Victoria Nyanza and 
500 ft. above it. 

‘““T send you a skipper of much interest. It came to light 
one night [Dec. 23] about 9 p.m., and behaved much like a 
moth. The feature of interest is the large white patch on 
the antenna, which at once reminded me of the white an- 
tennae of the male Baoris niveicornis, Plétz [Proc. Ent. Soc. 


Cixi) 


Lond., 1913, p. xcv.]. You will be interested to hear that 
the white patches were extremely conspicuous and really 
glistened in the light almost as if they were phosphorescent. 
I was able to catch the specimen in my fingers. It is the 
first time I have seen it, and the first skipper I have seen 
come to light.” 

Prof. Poulton said that the species was usually diurnal. 
A male specimen in the Hope Department had been captured 
at 9 a.m. in the clearing of Oni Camp, Nov. 5, 1910, by Mr. 
W. A. Lamborn. Mr. J. A. de Gaye had noted concerning 
a male (Feb., 1912) and female (Jan. 21, 1912) that they 
had the habit of settling on walls in the grounds of King’s 
College, Lagos. These two latter specimens were exhibited 
to the meeting, together with a male (Oct. 4, 1910) and female 
(Sept. 24, 1910) captured by Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers at 
Rabai near Mombasa. These specimens showed that the 
brilliant patch on the antenna was characteristic of the 
male. It was probable that the shorter duller patch of the 
female had originated by the transference, in a reduced form, 
of a male character. It would be of much interest to in- 
vestigate the courtship of this species, and attempt to decide 
whether the brilliant antennal patches possessed epigamic 
significance. A positive conclusion, if well founded, might 
throw some light on the difficult problem of insect vision. 

ScaRcE VARIETIES OF ZONOSOMA PENDULARIA.—Comm. 
J. J. WaLker exhibited, on behalf of Mr. F. C. Wooprorpg, 
bred specimens of Zonosoma pendularia, L., var. subroseata, 
Woodforde, and var. subochreata, Woodforde, with the type- 
form of the species for comparison. Both forms were supposed 
to be confined to North Staffordshire. 

Dr. Cockayne observed that var. swbroseata had also been 
taken in Lincolnshire. 

Orcans In Ants’ ANTENNAE.—Mr. W. C. CRAWLEY ex- 
hibited drawings in various species of ants, of two kinds of 
organs in the funiculi of antennae, one kind called by Forel 
‘“champagne-cork”’ organs, the other “ interior tube’’ organs, 
or “ bottle” organs. They are often, if not always, in the 
living insects, filled with air, and may possibly be connected 
with the sense of hearing. 


(i xiv) 


He also exhibited the following drawings of genital arma- 
tures of ¢ ants, viz.:— 

Lasius niger, Myrmica scabrinodis, M. scabrinodis var. 
sabuleti, M. ruginodis, M. laevinodis, and M. sulcinodis. The 
only one of the Myrmica group to show any marked difference 
is M. sulcinodis, where the stipes is longer and the volsella 
dilated at the end of the curved portion. Those of M. rugi- 
nodis and M. laevinodis are very similar, and differ from that 
of M. scabrinodis by the greater width of the lobe of the 
volsella. M. scabrinodis and var. sabuleti are almost exactly 
alike. The armature does not appear to be of much value for 
specific differences in these ants, and a drawback to its use in 
general is the difficulty of obtaining ¢ ¢ with the 9 9. 

TERATOLOGICAL SPECIMENS OF CoLEopreRA.— Mr. H. 
WitLoucHBy Exuis exhibited a male specimen of Carabus 
nemoralis, Mull., which is also interesting as a variety, being 
much smaller than typical specimens and the interstices of 
the elytra being more rugose and raised into bar-like forms 
somewhat as in Carabus monilis, F., var. consitus, Pz. The 
specimen was taken at Braemar, May 7, 1912. Teratologically 
the right posterior leg is little more than half the size of the 
left one, though the parts in themselves are quite proportion- 
ate, the femur and tibia being quite perfect on the smaller 
scale; the tarsus, which is also proportionate, has the 4th joint 
truncate at the base, making it much shorter, and is soldered 
to the 5th joint which is rather broadened. The terminal 
claw is thicker, blacker and blunter than the others. 

He also exhibited a specimen of the dark variety of Campylus 
linearis, L., taken at Knowle, Warwickshire, in June 1899. 
It is of the usual size and, with the exception of the thoracic 
foveae being more exaggerated and the right intermediate 
tarsus being very remarkable, is normal in all respects. This 
tarsus consists of (1) a complete tarsus normal in all respects, 
(2) a second tarsus thickened in all the joints up to the 4th, 
from which springs a pair of 5th joints of normal size, both 
being terminated by a perfect claw, (3) another growth, 
presumably an embryo tarsus, has started out from the 
centre of the tibia. These give the appearance of quite a 
sheaf of tarsi. 


( odlvai ) 

An Importep Brucuus.—Mr. CHamprion exhibited, on 
behalf of Mr. W. West of Greenwich, specimens of Bruchus 
chinensis, L. (pectinicornis, L.), found in lentils in a London 
warehouse, also a male found at large at Dartford. 

Nuptiat Fuicut or Burrerriuirs.—Dr. F. A. Dixey made 
the following communication :— 

‘““ At the Meeting of the Entomological Society of London 
held on Nov. 4, 1914, a discussion took place on the part 
taken by the male and female respectively in the nuptial 
flight of butterflies (see Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1914, pp. 
xcvili and c). As at that date I had not returned from 
abroad, I was unable to take part in the discussion. But it 
has since occurred to me that it might be of some interest if 
I were to put on record the notes of some observations made 
by me on this point; especially as I am able to give the exact 
time and place at which the observations were made. 

“ To begin with Polyommatus icarus. 

(1) Mortehoe, North Devon; Aug. 11, 1898. A paired 3 
and ° were seen flying and settled several times. The 3 was 
undoubtedly supporting the 9, which latter seemed passive. 

‘“ (2) Mortehoe; Aug. 16, 1898. Nuptial flight; the ¢ 
undoubtedly supporting the 9. 

“On Argynnis adippe I have the following note— 

(3) Tubney Wood, Berks. A ¢ in flight supporting a 
passive 9. 

“ Of Epinephele jurtina I have several records— 

““ (4) Mortehoe; Aug. 24, 1894. A 9 observed carrying 
ao. 

(5) Mortehoe; July 12, 1897. A @ undoubtedly sup- 
porting a 3g, which was passive. 

(6) Mortehoe; July 20, 1897. <A 2 supporting a 3. 

(7) Mortehoe; Aug. 9, 1897. A Q carrying a g. The ? 
was in fair condition, the ¢ worn. 

(8) Woolstone, Berks; June 29, 1901. A @ in flight 
supported a g, which was passive. When settled, the 2 was 
uppermost with head up, the ¢ was head downwards. 

“A note on Satyrus semele says— 

(9) Mortehoe; July 13, 1897. A 9 undoubtedly carried 
a 3, which was passive. 


( xlviii_) 


““ So far my observations are in accord with Mr. Wheeler’s, 
except with regard to Argynnis adippe, of which species, how- 
ever, I have only one record. But when we come to the 
Pierines, I must admit a discrepancy. My first note relates 
to Pieris napi— 

(10) Mortehoe; July 15, 1897. A ¢ was certainly 
supporting a 9. 

“ Next, of Pieris rapae— 

‘““(11) Mortehoe; Aug. 14, 1898. Here again a ¢ in flight 
supported a 9. 

“ Then of Pieris brassicae— 

(12) Highcliff, Hants; Aug. 3, 1904. A ¢ carrying a 9. 
The ¢ active, the 2 passive. When settled, the g rested with 
head up, the 2 with head down. 

‘“‘ Finally, I have three observations on Pierines in South 
Africa. The first two relate to Belenois severina— 

‘“* (13) Durban, Natal; Aug. 17, 1905. A 3 supporting 
a @ in flight. 

“* (14) Sydenham, near Durban; Aug. 21, 1905. Again 
a g carrying a 9. 

‘““ The third is a note on Pinacopleryx pigea— 

‘“(15) Durban; Aug. 20, 1905. A ¢ supporting a 92 in 
flight, and when settled enclosing the 2 between his wings. 

‘“‘T have only to add that these notes were all made at the 
time, and not from recollection.” 


Wednesday, April 7th, 1915. 


Dr. G. B. Lonestarr, M.A., M.D., Vice-President, in the 
Chair. 
Vote of Sympathy. 
At the unanimous request of the Council, the Chairman 
proposed that a letter should be written to the President 


on behalf of the Society, offering condolences on the sudden 
death of his father, the late Lord Rothschild; the resolution 


(, mix)”) 


was unanimously passed, the whole meeting rising in their 
places. 


Election of Fellows. 


Mr. Witiiam Carr, B.Sc., Station Road, Bentham, 
Lancaster, and Dr. A. ELtanp SuHaw, Samarai, British New 
Guinea, were elected Fellows of the Society. 


Exhibitions. 


ALGERIAN RuopaLtocera.—The Rev. G. WHEELER ex- 
hibited a box of Algerian butterflies, of species treated of 
by Mons. Ch. Oberthiir in the recently published fascicule x. 
of his ‘‘ Lépidoptérologie Comparée” ; most of the specimens 
shown had been given to the exhibitor by Mons. Oberthiir, 
and many of the species were exhibited for the first time 
in England. 

The following is the list of species exhibited (the 
nomenclature of the ‘ Lépidoptérologie Comparée”’ being 
given in parentheses) :—Pontia (Pieris) daplidice, L., gen. 
aest. albidice, Obth.; Huchloé (Anthocharis) belia,  L. 
[ewpheno, auct.]; Anthocharis pechi, Staud.; A. cramer, 
Butl. [belia, auct.]; A. fallow, Alld.; A. belenva, Esp., and 
var. glauce, Hb.; Calicharis nouna, Lucas, Gonepteryx 
cleopatra, L., Eugonia (Vanessa) polychloros, L., var. 
erythromelas, Aust.; Dryas (Argynnis) pandora, Esp.; D. 
(A.) paphia, L., and var. dives, Obth.; A. awresiana, Fruh. ; 
Satyrus ellena, Obth.; S. powelli, Obth.; S. sylvicola, Aust. ; 
S. fidia, L., var. albovenosa, Aust.; S. abdelkader, Pier. ; 
S. lambessanus, Staud.; Hipparchia (S.) priewrt, Pier.; H. 
(S.) semele, L., var. algirica, Obth.; Coenonympha fettigit, 
Obth.; Melanargia lucasi, Ramb.; Bithys (Zephyrus) quercis, 
L., var. aberica, Staud.; Thestor mauretanicus, Lucas; Crgaritis 
zohra, Donz., and var. jugurtha, Obth.; Plebeius (Lycaena) 
martini, Alld.; Aricia (L.) medon, Rott. (agestis, W. V.) ab. 
ornata, Staud.; Agriades (L.) bellargus, Rott.; Scolitantides 
(L.) abencerragus, Pier.; S. (L.) fatma, Obth.; Urbicola 
(Augiades) benuncas, Obth.; Hesperia (Syrichthus) numida, 
Obth.; H. (S.) onopordi, Ramb. 

New GouatH Breetie.—Mr. O. HE. Janson exhibited a 

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I. 1915 D 


Gat 


new species of Coelorrhina (family Cetoniidae) in which the 
cephalic male armature usual in this genus was entirely 
absent, and to which he had given the name mutica. 

VARIETY OF PALOMENA PRASINA.—Mr. H. WiLLoucHBy 
’ Exiis exhibited a British variety of the Pentatomid bug 
Palomena prasina, L., differing from the type in its larger 
size and dark olive colour. Taken on ivy at Torquay, 
May 25, 1907. 

Norto American Papiiios.—Mr. E. B. Asnpy exhibited 
the following species :— 

Papilio turnus, “the Tiger Swallowtail,” one of the most 
beautiful insects of the Carolinian Fauna. The species is 
dimorphic in the female in the southern portions of the 
territory which it occupies. In Canada and northwards the 
dark dimorphic female does not occur. 

Papilio rutulus, which closely resembles P. turnus, but 
the female of which is never dimorphic. It is the represen- 
tative on the Pacific coast of its eastern congener, the common 
Tiger Swallowtail. 

Papilio eurymedon, which ranges from Mexico to Alaska and 
eastwards as far as Colorado. It is very common in the cafion 
of the Fraser River in British Columbia in the month of June. 

Papilio troilus, “the Spice-bush Swallowtail,” which 
occurs throughout the Atlantic states, and the Mississippi 
Valley. 

Papilio asterias, the common eastern Swallowtail, a species 
subject to great variation, especially in the female, which 
occurs throughout the Atlantic states and in the Mississippi 
Valley. 

Papilio brevicauda, ‘‘ the Newfoundland Swallowtail,” of 
which there are two varieties, one with yellow spots on the 
upperside of the hind-wings, more or less deeply marked, 
which occurs quite commonly on the Island of Anticosti, the 
other (not exhibited) with orange-yellow markings, which is 
abundant in Newfoundland. 

GENITAL ARMATURE OF THE Mate Ant.—Mr. H. Sr. J. 
DoNISTHORPE showed the accompanying chart of the names 
applied to the genital armature of male ants, and read the 
following notes :— 


eh) 


“‘ As there does not appear to be a complete or clear account 
of the genital armature of the male ant in the English language, 
and as there seems to be considerable difference of opinion 
among Hymenopterists as to what the parts which make up 
the genitalia are called, and in what way they are connected 
with each other, I thought it might be useful if I made a few 
remarks on the subject, treating it from both an anatomical 
and a historical point of view. 

“To illustrate these remarks I have prepared a chart, some 
rough sketches, and some dissections. 

“As to the terminology, I agree with our secretary, my 
friend Mr. Wheeler, that one should not be tied down by the 
laws of priority as in nomenclature, but on the other hand 
one should not invent, or use, new names for the different 
parts without any sufficient reason, as this only adds to the 
difficulties of the unfortunate student in the future. Neither 
should one accept the attempted reforms of others nor adopt 
any names, or any particular author’s terminology, until a 
study of the subject has been made and it is seen that the 
author in question has good reasons for his views. 

‘The following is the terminology adopted by me in my book 
on the British ants which I hope will be published shortly. 

“The Annular Lamina is the basal ring which lies in front of 
the other appendages, and is situated under the 9th dor. seg. 

“The External Paramera consist of the outer and inter- 
mediate pairs of appendages. 

“The outer pair are the Stvpites which act as claspers, 
and are often furnished with hairs. In some genera the 
upper parts of the stipites consist of semicircular plates, 
which are called the Squamulae. These look as if they 
were separate plates applied to the stipites, but this is 
not the case as they are actually part of them. 

‘The median pair are known as the Volsellae, these are 
sometimes more or less divided into two pairs, they then 
become the Laciniae and the Volsellae, but as poimted out 
by Emery in many species they are incapable of being dis- 
tinguished. 

“The Volsellae and Lacimae also probably act as claspers. 

“The Internal Paramera consist of the imnermost pair 


) 


hii 


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la 14) 
of appendages, the Sagittae, which are connected together 
by a membrane, the Spatha, and the Sagittae + the Spatha 
function as a penis. 

“The Sagittae often have serrated edges which probably 
serve to hold them in position during copulation. 

“The three pairs of appendages which make up the External 
and Internal Paramera enclose each other. 

“The Subgenital Lamina is a plate situated beneath the 
genitalia, and consists of the 9th ventral segment of the 
abdomen. It is sometimes pointed, forked, or rounded, and 
presents valuable distinctive characters in some genera. 

“Finally, we have a small pair of hairy appendages, the 
Penicilli, which are attached to the 10th dorsal segment of 
the abdomen. They are not present in some genera such 
as Anergates, Dorylus, etc., and in Prenolepis they are present 
in some species and wanting in others, and are consequently 
valuable for classification purposes. 

«They are stated to represent the Cerci in Blatta, etc., but 
this does not seem to be absolutely certain.”’ 

Mr. Donisthorpe then described the structure of the abdo- 
men in ants showing that the 9th and 10th dorsal segments 
in the g¢ were rudimentary and situated beneath the last 
visible abdominal segment—the pygidium, and that the last 
ventral segment was the 9th—the 10th being lost, and was 
situated beneath the 8th ventral segment—the hypopygium. 

Mr. Donisthorpe then explained the Historical Chart. He 
pointed out that he had practically followed Prof. Emery, 
who had made a careful study of the whole subject in 1895. 
Although in the 1895 paper Emery refers to the sagittae as 
the ‘“‘ Innere Parameren,”’ in his later works he uses the term 
 Sagittae.”’ 

GENITAL ARMATURE OF ACULEATE HyYMENOPTERA.—The 
Rev. F. D. Morice exhibited a series of Lantern-slides to 
show the structure of the ¢ genital armature and the ventral 
segments adjoining it in various groups of Aculeate Hymeno- 
ptera, and more particularly the characters exhibited by 
two of these segments (the 7th and 8th) in 35 Palaearctic 
species of the Genus Hylaeus, F. (Prosopis of Jurine and 
most recent authors). . 


eh lee 
Paper. 


The following paper was read :-— 

‘““ Hymenopterous Parasites bred from the Pupae of Chorto- 
phila brassicae, Bouché, and Acidia heraclei, L.,” by J. T. 
WapswortH, Research Assistant, Dept. of Entomology, 
University of Manchester; communicated by Dr. A. D. 
Imus, D.Sc., B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. 


Wednesday, May 5th, 1915. 


The Honble. N. C. Roruscuitp, M.A., F.LS., F.ZS., 
President, in the Chair. 

Exhibitions. 

Livinc PupaE oF PYRAMEIS ATALANTA.—Following on his 
exhibit and notes of March 3 last, Mr. Newman again ex- 
hibited these pupae, and said he thought he might now fairly 
claim to have proved that this species can pass the winter in 
England in this condition. 

Mr. BetHune-Baker said that he had bred this species to 
the pupal stage in October, but had afterwards forced them. 

In answer to an inquiry Mr. Newman said that he was still 
of opinion that we depended almost entirely on immigration 
for our supply of P. atalanta, but that fresh early specimens 
taken in this country were probably from pupae which had 
hibernated here at that stage. 

THe Amatuustip Genus Hyapers, Borsp.—Mr. TaLpot 
exhibited specimens of the genera Hyades and Taenaris, and 
read the following notes :— 

The genus Hyades was founded by Boisduval on the species 
bioculatus, Guér., which has priority over indra, under which 
name it was described by Boisduval. 

Stichel in the “ Genera Insectorum”’ and Fruhstorfer in 
Seitz’s ‘* Macrolepidoptera”’ have both sunk Hyades under 
Taenaris. There is, however, a difference in structure between 
the forms of bioculatus and those of typical Taenaris which 


( 


is not noticed by the above authors. 


tabulated as follows :— 


Taenaris. 


Forewing. 
Cell short and broad; vein 
3 nearer 4 than to 2; vein 5 
from middle discocellular. 


Hindwing. 


Vein 4 curved at end of 
cell. 


) 
This difference may be 


Hyades. 


Forewing. 
Cell long and narrow; vein 
3 midway between 2 and 4; 
vein 5 amalgamated with 
lower discocellular and ap- 
pearing as though proceeding 
from lower angle of cell near 
4. 
Hindwing. 


Vein 4 slightly angled at 
end of cell. 


I now submit that the genus Hyades, Bdv., should be re- 
established. It will comprise the species bioculatus, Gueér., 
and its races pallida, Fruh., charonides, Stgr., charon, Stgr., 
and charondas, Fruh. 

Stichel associates with these in his group of Bioculatiformes 
the species gorgo, Kirsch, microps, Gr.-Sm., dimona, Hew., 
and dina, Stgr., all typical Yaenaris, whilst Fruhstorfer 
further includes in his ‘“* Hyades” section the species hors- 
fieldi, Swains., urania, L., and diana, Butl. 

It is very interesting to note that Taenaris dina, Stgr., and 
forms of dimona, Hew., closely resemble in pattern forms of 
Hyades bioculatus; how far we have here to do with a true 
case of mimicry must remain to be decided. 

The two genera are closely related, and during their de- 
velopment have maintained the ancestral eye-spot pattern. 
That this pattern has some protective significance is shown 
by its being mimicked by the 22 of certain Satyridae. It is 
therefore not surprising that though the Hyades forms differ 
in their structure from Yaenaris forms, the pattern of the 
latter has been retained. 

New LEpPIpOPTERA FROM THE ARrFAK Mountains, DuTcH 
New Gurnea.—Mr. Tarzor also exhibited on behalf of Mr. 
J. J. Joricey some new Lepidoptera from the Arfak Mountains, 


Ce) 


Dutch New Guinea, including a local race of Ornithoptera para- 
disea, Stgr. He observed that this was the first record of a 3 
of this species from Dutch New Guinea. The form flavescens, 
Roths., from §8.W. Dutch New Guinea was only known in 
the 9, and this was similar to the typical form. The 
2 from the Arfak was most interesting as more resembling 
meridionalis, Roths.; 2 gg and 4 9 Q of this specialised form 
were obtained. Other specimens shown comprised a local 
race of Danaida weiskei, Roths., a Platypthima, an Abisara, 
two forms of Dicallaneura, five forms of Diacrisia, including 
one with an Aretia-like pattern quite unlike any other in 
this somewhat extended genus, two Noctuidae, one con- 
stituting a new genus, four Lymantriadae, a new genus of 
Eupterotidae, and both sexes of the curious Chalcosiid Aglaope 
hemileuca, Roths., hitherto only known in the ¢ from British 
New Guinea. 

Tue ITALIAN MODE OF EXCLUSION OF THE HovusE-FLY.— 
The Rev. F. D. Moricr drew attention to a paper in the Trans. 
Ent. Soc., vol. 1 (1856) by W. Spence on this subject, in which 
it was stated that flies were excluded even by large mesh 
netting over the windows, provided there was no through 
light, and to another paper by his son, W. B. Spence, on a 
passage in Herodotus in which he states that certain fisher- 
men kept off mosquitoes by covering themselves with their 
fishing nets. 

Mr. J. Prarr Barrert said that he had found the system 
ineffectual in Sicily, but that it was possible that through 
light had been admitted. 

Messrs. RowLanp-Brown and Durrant also commented. 

Furtuer Notes ON THE HABITS OF THE AFRICAN ANT 
MEGAPONERA FOETENS, F.—Prof. PouLron read the following 
account sent to him March 27, 1915, by Mr. C. O. Farquharson 
at Moor Plantation, Ibadan, 8. Nigeria :— 

‘While I was living in the Agege district, some twelve 
miles north of Lagos, in the year 1912, I saw on one or two 
occasions what appeared to me to be an army of Stink Ants 
(Paltothyreus tarsatus, F.), which large species abounds there. 
They had evidently been on a foray, which had resulted in 
the rout of the enemy, the latter a species of Termite; for 


( lu ) 


every ant carried a victim, not infrequently much larger than 
itself, in the form of the large Termite soldier. The particular 
Termite soldier I knew to be a formidable fighter, for one has 
only to push a stick into the nest to have them rush out in 
force to meet the enemy. My respect for the Stink Ant, 
which till then had been very low, was not a little increased. 
There was rather a fine dignity about the progress of the 
small army, the members of which march three or four abreast, 
in a fairly open formation, each one about half an inch to an 
inch from its neighbour. The line, on each of the occasions 
on which I have seen it, extended for about fifteen feet. 
There would perhaps be about 500 individuals in all, at a 
rough estimate. The Stink Ant I had only known before in 
less-distinguished roles. An unpleasant sight which I have 
witnessed several times, is to see these great ants cutting 
a large earthworm into inch lengths, which they carry to their 
nests. They are rather cowardly, and quickly run to cover 
when disturbed, although not before making their presence 
felt by emitting the disgusting odour which has earned them 
the expressive name by which they are known out here. 
The Termite raiders are a comparatively rare sight, and I 
thought no more of them till my next tour, when I had Dr. 
Lamborn for a colleague. He interested me in the subject 
of ants in general, and one day, in discussing some of the 
Ponerines here, the subject of the comparative rarity of the 
hunting-in-file habit among them cropped up, and I asked 
him if he had ever seen it among the Stink Ants at Oni; 
for they are not common up country. He had not, and, know- 
ing far more of the matter than I did, asked me to take special 
note of it on the next occasion I saw it, and to get specimens. 

‘* About the middle of August last year, just before going 
on leave, I was once more in the Agege district and had the 
good fortune again to see the raiders, on their return march. 
I followed them to their nest, which was under a tree root. 
The entrance was wide and irregular (about 2 inches in dia- 
meter), and might have been made by rain washing under 
the stump of the tree. The tree itself had been felled a year 
or two before, and in falling had doubtless lifted the root a 
little (without, however, tilting it up, for it had been a small 


( lviii_ ) 


tree) so that there would be numerous loose cavities in the 
soil underneath. The only evidence of the presence of ants 
was the small heap of rubbish carried from the nest and 
dumped a small distance from the entrance. This consisted 
mainly of old cocoons and the remains of soldier Termites, 
with particles of soil, though the latter was only in small 
quantity and would appear to indicate that the inhabitants 
of the nest do very little in the way of excavation. (In the 
making of a Driver nest a large amount of earth is thrown 
up.) 

“The small army soon disappeared underground. I 
managed to get a few members with their prey, and it was 
then that I knew definitely that they were not Stink Ants 
and noted for the first time their most striking character, 
the loud hissing they made when disturbed. Merely to’stamp 
on the ground in their neighbourhood is enough to make 
Paltothyreus start for the nest, and the disgusting odour 
they emit soon assails the nostrils. This time, however, 
the effect was entirely different. The part of the line nearest 
the cause of the alarm, immediately spread in all directions, 
apparently eager to do battle, and, without any effort, I 
could hear quite distinctly their loud hissing, almost like 
water on hot metal. The line soon re-formed on my re- 
maining quiet. I stooped over them to get a nearer view and 
made a few remarks to a friend who was standing by. As 
soon as I had spoken, though I was otherwise making no 
movement or noise, the ants nearest me broke from the 
ranks, and the whole army began to hiss. This little experi- 
ment I tried several times, and always with success. The 
comparative speed with which they cover the ground, and 
maintain their regular formation, though cumbered with the 
dead or paralysed foe, is very remarkable. 

‘“ T had by this time only a day or two left, but hoped with 
good luck to be able to trace them to a termitarium, if I 
found them setting out. Their nest was on the cultivated 
ground of a farm, a few yards from thick bush. Between 
the farm and the bush ran a narrow path and for about fifty 
yards the ants travelled parallel with this path, keeping 
under cover of herbaceous weeds and dead leaves. I noticed 


( kx ) 


that they were joined by one or two apparent stragglers, but 
whether these were advance scouts, or stragglers from a 
previous raid, I cannot surmise. No particular ant seemed 
to be leader, but there was an extraordinary atmosphere 
of purpose about their march. Once or twice they would 
hesitate, and the leaders would scatter, soon to reunite and 
continue the march. This is in marked contrast with the 
somewhat frenzied bustle of the Drivers, some of which keep 
running backwards, or break away from the main body in 
search of any prey that offers, and the main stream frequently 
divides into several tributaries. I saw an old termitarium 
some yards away, and thought they might make for it, but 
to my great disappointment they suddenly turned aside, 
crossed the path and entered the bush where it would have 
been impossible to follow them even if it had not been getting 
dark. 

‘“ Karly next morning, as I had to return to Ibadan to go 
on leave, I had to break rudely into the nest. I got a native 
labourer to dig into it, and he had a fairly lively time. I 
could not quite make out whether they stung in addition to 
biting, but I rather think they did. I had not the courage 
to make the experiment on myself after seeing my labourer 
dancing round with one on the hard palm of his hand, which 
he was endeavouring to pick off. Owing to the loose nature 
of the earth it was impossible to find whether the nest had 
any particular structure. I found the cocoons roughly 
massed together, and secured a few. The ants made great 
efforts to rescue these, all the while hissing loudly. I saw 
one or two winged forms in the nest, one of which I managed 
to get but somehow missed it among those I brought home. 
It appeared to be smaller than the others, which are very 
uniform in size. I could not distinguish between soldiers 
and workers. The cocoon is dark in colour, almost black, 
which distinguishes it from the lighter brown-coloured Palto- 
thyreus cocoon. . 

‘““ They are probably confined to the forest districts, where 
there is plenty of moisture. The latter is certainly true of 
Paltothyreus, very few of these being found here, up country, 
except by the river side.” 


( ix ) 


Prof. Poulton said since he had received these notes from 
Mr. Farquharson he had read the account given by Mr. G. 
Arnold, M.Sec., in his just published ‘‘ Monograph of the 
Formicidae of South Africa,’ in Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xiv, 
1915, p. 1. In this valuable and interesting work the author 
spoke of the habit of foraging in files as “* displayed by Mega- 
ponera foetens, and to a slight extent by Paltothyreus tarsatus. 
The former marches in double file, and the striking disparity 
in size between the two forms composing the colony has a 
very singular appearance. Their prey consists entirely of 
termites, and when a suitable hunting-ground containing 
these animals has been found, the columns break up and 
pour into every hole and crack which leads to the invaded 
galleries. The method then adopted is as follows: Each 
ant brings to the surface one or more termites, and then 
re-enters the galleries to bring up more victims. This is 
continued until each ant has retrieved about half a dozen 
termites, which, in a maimed condition, are left struggling 
feebly at the surface. The whole army reassembles again 
outside, and each marauder picks up as many termites as 
it can conveniently carry, usually three or four. The columns 
are then re-formed and march home. Less order is shown by 
P. tarsatus, but I have often seen this ant carrying termites, 
in short files composed of about a dozen workers” (p. 8). 
Mr. Arnold states that the stridulation of both these species 
“is plainly audible at a distance of several feet’ (p. 8). The 
author described (pp. 47-49) the 3, the 9, and two worker 
forms of M. foetens, and said that “it is a common ant in 
Rhodesia, and lives almost exclusively on termites... . 
This is the species which is popularly called the ‘ Matabele ’ 
ant, and like its cousin Paltothyreus, it is also endowed with 
a very offensive odour. They stridulate very loudly when 
disturbed, and their sting is exceedingly painful. The entrance 
to the nest consists of one or more simple holes, without any 
mounds of earth around them.” Although, as Mr. Arnold 
now showed, both these large ants emitted an offensive odour 
and stridulated, it was evident, on the testimony of many 
observers, that Paltothyreus made great use of the first defence, 
while Megaponera freely employed the second. Mr. Arnold 


(plage a) 


described (p. 48 n.) an interesting migration of Megaponera 
from an old nest to a new one about 60 ft. distant. About 
every 15 feet the party halted and waited for all the eggs, 
larvae, pupae, and most of the stragglers. The single queen— 
never before seen in this species—was captured at the third 
halt. 

INTERESTING BUTTERFLIES FROM THE EAST COAST OF 
Mapacascar.—Prof. Poutron exhibited specimens from a col- 
lection kindly sent to the Hope Department by Archdeacon 
G. K. Kestell-Cornish, from Ambinanindrano, Mahanoro 
(about 400 ft.). 

1. Hypolimnas bolina, L.—This butterfly had evidently 
recently spread to Madagascar, as it is not mentioned by 
Aurivillius in Seitz’s “‘ Macrolepidoptera.” The form is that 
of India and Ceylon, with the mimetic female jacintha, Drury, 
resembling Euploeas of the pattern of Crastia core, L. The 
same form has been known for many years in Socotra. Arch- 
deacon Kestell-Cornish had suddenly noticed this species for 
the first time in his garden a few years ago. They increased 
rapidly and had now become one of the commonest butter- 
flies. It was of great interest to observe that the specimens 
were fairly sharply divisible into the larger dry and smaller 
wet season forms. A clear succession from the wet (Aug.— 
Noy.) to the dry forms (Nov.—Mch.) was shown in the 
table on page Ixii. 

The males were alone considered in this table because 
they were more numerous and also because the differences 
were far more apparent in this sex. Indeed, the mimetic 
jacintha females, both dry and wet, seemed obviously to have 
been derived from the pattern of the dry form of male. The 
differences between the two forms of male seemed to be 
precisely as in the Indian bolina. Col. Bingham in vol. 1 (1905) 
of the Butterflies in the “‘ Fauna of British India” series 
(p. 888) stated that ‘the blue patch on the upperside of 
the hind-wing is sometimes in both seasonal forms entirely 
devoid of the pale centering.” In the Madagascar specimens, 
on the other hand, as well as in those from India in the Hope 
Department, the reduction or absence of the pale centering 
was certainly a characteristic feature of the dry males alone. 


( Ix ) 


Hypotimnas pouina, L., in Mapacascar, 1913-15. 


Mreonice, _ Males. 


ees 


Seasonal form of Male. 


1913: Jan. 8 1 Wet. 
“9 he ee 1 “4 
= Pees ced < 
A syed 1 é (itt. Bete 
ion a eb ee | 1 an 
», March 13 ra a 
eae 5.) cag a cy 
», Jan.—March | a 
1914: July 24 | 1 Wet side of intermediate. 
. Aug. 12 ait | ia Dry. 
>» Sept. 14 rena Intermediate. 
Per Pe oarale Dry. ar: 
ae at " 
9 3) 26 4 2 dry ; 2 intermediate. 
” » 22 ana Intermediate. 
” 198, ge ah on Intermediate, nearly wet. 
= » 29 MAY Py se Intermediate. 
art Oy... 1 Dry. 
ee NY 2 1 _ Wet. 
” », 10 ews 1 Whe the Intermediate. 
: ni Ane gl Wh 1 ay of iy 
ce, ea 2 4 Wet—2 not quite full wet. 
are i ae We ee Wet. 
3 , et) Haial 1 wet ; 1 wet side of intermediate, 
sy GCS 4 Wet—1 not quite full wet. 
a oe 1 . 
ae ks) 2 i) ey Wet—1 not quite full wet. 
eit Pa et 
ee Ha Wet. 
1915: Jan. 1 i| Wet. 
a Tighal s i ay Not quite full wet. 
ieee eae 1 i a 
3 wes Tie Not quite full wet. a 
5, ob ebadil 1 
~ Torays nals 39 


( Ixiii_ ) 


It would be of great interest to trace the relationship between 
the periods at which the two forms flew at Ambinanindrano 
and the seasons of Madagascar and of India and Ceylon 
respectively. It was hoped that the results of this compari- 
son would be communicated to some future meeting. 

2. Acraea encedon, L.—Twenty sganzini, Boisd., and ten 
encedon, captured between Oct. 16, 1914, and Jan. 19, 1915. 
The whole series only included a single female—a sganzini 
taken Jan. 18. Many of the specimens were captured at the 
same time and place—l0 sganzini and 4 encedon, Oct. 29; 
5 sganzini and 3 encedon, Nov. 5. The division into the two 
forms was sharp. The subapical bar of the fore-wing varied 
in both forms, being yellowish in 8 sganzini, paler in 11 
(including the female) and worn but probably similar in 1; 
yellow in 5 encedon, white or very faintly yellowish white 
in 5. All the encedon were dull and dark, resembling the 
continental form described by Aurivillius as infuscata. The 
whole series confirmed the conclusions as to the Madagascar 
forms and their relationship with those of Africa, published 
in Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. xxxii, 1914, p. 395, although 
the predominance of sganzini in the series now exhibited 
was less than in the previously recorded captures taken as 
a whole. 

3. Charaxes analava, Ward, and Papilio meriones, Feld.— 
Concerning this Charaxes, captured Feb. 6, 1915, Archdeacon 
Kestell-Cornish had written: “ There is a bad specimen of 
a butterfly I have never caught before. In flight it is not 
unlike Papilio meriones, but the underside is very different.” 
From this description it seemed probable that the ordinary 
Charaxes flight was modified in the species and that on the 
wing there was mimicry of the Swallowtail. Papilio meriones 
was evidently common at Ambinanindrano, and several 
examples had been sent. 

4. Heteropsis drepana, Dbl.-Westw.-Hew.— Two females 
of this remarkable and very rare Satyrine were exhibited. 
Both had been taken Oct. 12, 1914. 

A UGANDA BUG DEVOURING A LYCAENID BUTTERFLY.—Prof. 
Povutton exhibited a pair of Mononyx grandicollis, Germ. 
(Cryptocerata), captured im cop. on a bird-dropping on wet 


( Gov 4 


sand, Nsadzi I., W. of Kome I., N.W. Victoria Nyanza, 
March 30, 1914, by Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter. One of the two 
bugs was devouring a male Lycaenesthes larydas, Cr., also 
exhibited to the meeting. Dr. Carpenter had written March 
14, 1915, in reference to the specimens :— 

“What struck me was the beauty of the specialisation. 
The bugs (resembling the bird-dropping and sand) actually 
sat on the dropping, presumably for the express purpose of 
catching Lycaenids which came to feed there. The nicety 
of the adaptation is what particularly struck me. How 
long would a bug like that have to wait before it caught a 
Lycaenid? ‘True these particular Lycaenids often settle just 
on the wet sand itself, but the chances of the bug happening 
to be there seem very remote. It seems to me that the 
likeness of the bug to the bird-dropping must be an example 
of Special Procryptic Colouring for offensive purposes, and 
that they actually tempt the Lycaenids to alight on them. 
In my experience such adaptations are not common, outside 
Mantids and Spiders.”’ 

Prof. Poutron said that Mr. Lamborn had sent him many 
Lycaenids captured on excrementitious material at Oni, near 
Lagos, so there was no reason to doubt that a bird-dropping 
would be an attraction. The example was in some respects 
similar to the Malayan bird-dropping-like spider, Ornitho- 
scatoides decipiens described by H. O. Forbes. In this case 
however it was a Hesperid butterfly which had been attracted 
and captured, although the author stated that he had often 
seen Lycaenidae at rest on bird-droppings (‘A Naturalist’s 
Wanderings in the Hastern Archipelago,” London, 1885, pp. 
63-65). 

OBSERVATIONS ON BUTTERFLIES AND THE ATTACKS MADE 
ON THEM BY BIRDS, ABOUT 30 MILES W. OF THE VICTORIA 
NyaNzA AND ABouTt 1° §. Lat.—Prof. Poutron read the 
following letter from Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter. A few sentences 
from a later letter of March 14 had been added. When there 
was any importance in retaining the date it had been added 
to these insertions, but otherwise omitted. 

“ Feb. 1915. 


* Well, I am in exactly the same position as when I last 


Civ) 


wrote to you, save that I have only one other white man 
here in the fort with me. We get occasional night alarms, 
as the enemy’s patrols wander about and come and fire on 
our outlying pickets, but nothing much has happened. We 
really did think one night we were in for an attack, but after 
a few shots nothing more came of it. 

‘* My mornings and two afternoons a week are fully occupied 
with my medical duties, but on other afternoons I am free, 
and am having a great time with butterflies, and am sending 
you now the first tin full. Ithink you may, for convenience, 
allude to them as ‘ War butterflies.’ I should think they 
are the only ones you have got which have been captured 
in the enemy’s country by one of the army of occupation 
during the war! 

“T have, I think, previously described the country, but 
will do so again. The hill on which the fort is built rises 
suddenly out of an absolutely flat plain covered with rather 
long tussocky coarse grass with here and there clumps of 
bushes or patches of thorny Acacia trees. The hill has various 
names but we call it Kakindu, because that is the name of 
a large plantation and planter’s house at the foot of it. About 
a mile away to the N.W. lies thick forest which is, by the way, 
continuous with that in British territory on the shore of the 
Lake, just north of the boundary, known as Tero forest, 
where I think Neave collected. This forest is of a very 
different type from that I am accustomed to. Firstly, it 
seems more recent—one sees none of the very large tree 
trunks that one met on the islands: it seems as if the trees 
were not yet full grown. Secondly, of course, the trees are 
rather different. I haven’t yet seen the Pseudacraea food 
plant [Sapotaceae]. Thirdly, there is a very abundant epi- 
phyte, hanging from every tree in very long tresses of light 
grey colour (amongst which the black and white tufted Colobus 
monkey is well concealed). When one looks at the top of 
the forest from this hill it is mottled with this plant—about 
the colour of a lichen on old apple trees. Then the under- 
crowth is of different character, and the huge ropes of rubber 
creepers hanging in loops—so abundant on the islands—are 
absent. This is, I think, especially interesting evidence that 

PROC. ENT, SOC. LOND., III, IV, 1915. E 


( Izy |) 


the forest is not an old one. Indeed, I venture to suggest 
that all this flat land was under water at no distant date. 
I have definite proof that the lake has sunk well over 12 feet 
since not very long ago, when the island forests and yet, 
no, that won’t do, because the island forests are also very 
near the present water level. I collect in the forest along 
about a mile of partly cleared wood (very fortunate in finding 
this). The meeting-point of parallels 1° 10’ 8. and 31° 30’ E. 
hits off the locality to within a couple of miles. 

‘“‘ Well, from the difference in the vegetation I expected to 
find butterflies I had not met on the islands, and I am not 
disappointed. 

‘* Pierinae.—The plains are extraordinarily rich in Pierines. 
The most abundant is a greenish white one without markings 
of any kind closely resembled by one with faintest black spots 
below [probably both are forms of the g Pinacopteryx pigea, 
Boisd., and P. vidua, Butl.]. These congregate by hundreds 
at marshy spots, and make a very wonderful sight when they 
are disturbed. Among them are various species with the 
underside boldly spotted with black, and bright orange at 
the costal margins [probably species of Belenois, Mylothris, etc. ]. 
I expect some of these are mimics, but am very ignorant of 
the Pierines. (There is an excellent little ‘ Blue’ [Phylaria 
cyara, Hew.] which has the underside very nicely mimetic 
of these whites—quite an exceptional type of underside for 
a Lycaenid—and it drinks with them.) Then the orange-tipped 
Teracoli are met with [all sent were 7’. evippe, L.]. 

‘* Colias electo, L., abounds, and I think its pale-coloured 
female [92 form aurivillius, Kef.] more abundant than the 
type [13 33, 4 type 29, and 19 pale 92 were sent]. I have 
got 3 in cop. In the forest those feebly flying species (like 
sinapis) abound [Nychitona medusa, Cr.], but except for size 
I can see no distinctive differences. As some are at least 
twice as big as the others I take them to be different. Terias, 
also, is common, and I have 4-5 species [3 were sent—regularis, 
Butl., senegalensis, Boisd., and brigitta, Cr.]. 

“Tt is a wonderful sight to see the enormous number of 
Pierines that congregate at a pool at the edge of the forest 
where I collect, or to see a steady stream pursuing each other 


( Izv ) 


up and down the cleared space in the forest up which some of 
them come from the open plain outside. 

‘ Papilioninae.—As regards Papilios, congratulate me on 
at last catching P. ridleyanus, White. Its Acraea models are 
(since I have been here) extraordinarily scarce. A. zetes, L., 
I have only seen once or twice, and egina, Cr., not at all. I 
note that the Papilio sometimes has a trace of yellow near 
the apex of the front wing, suggesting the eastern zetes.* 
[March 14.—‘ I have caught a great number of superb speci- 
mens of P. ridleyanus at our well, where I think they must 
collect from a long distance,—for one rarely sees them else- 
where. I have only once seen one in the forest.’ All the 
ridleyanus sent are males.]| P. cynorta, F., 3, was very 
common at one time. I have only seen one 9—which to my 
joy I caught (you will remember I have not met her before). 
She was of the black and white western type [mimetic of the 
2 Planema epaea, Cr.]. I much look forward to getting more. 
P. dardanus, Brown, 3, I have seen, but no 9. [March 14.— 
‘T have caught a hippezoon, F., and planemoides, Trim., and 
it nearly broke my heart to kill them! However, I have 
since found a lemon tree (I don’t know their wild food-plant), 
so that the next 9 I catch shall lay eggs for me!’] There is 
a very interesting species [P. nobilis, Rog.] which I have 
never before seen to my knowledge. It is like 3 dardanus, 
but with black areas on fore-wing dull buff, and the yellow 
not so bright. It is of same size and build and flight as 
dardanus 3, and must be very closely allied. Can you tell 
me its name, and what 9 is like? + Lastly, I have caught, 


* This interpretation is supported by comparison with specimens 
from further W., in the Hope Department. Only the faintest trace 
(about 11 yellow scales) were found on the left side only of a single g 
P. ridleyanus from the Kassai R., S.W. Congo State, while no traces 
could be found in 22 other g g from the same locality, in 6 from N. 
Nigeria, 1 from Angola and 1 from Bangaluo. Out of Dr. Carpenter’s 
19 ¢ 6, on the other hand, 2 were strongly marked, 3 slightly marked, 
and 2 in an intermediate condition. 1D 1b ee 

+ The ? is said to resemble the 6, but the single ? at Oxford is 
distinctly different, having additional rows of dark markings on the 
hind-wing. It may be suggested as probable that P. nobilis is a mimic 
of the ¢ P.dardanus. The former is really closely allied to hesperus, 
but its pattern bears a strong superficial resemblance to dardanus, and 
now Dr. Carpenter tells us that the two butterflies are alike in flight. 

E. B. P. 


( Ixviii ) 
with pleasure, some of the showy black and green species 
[P. phorcas, Cr., and policenes, Cr.] which did not occur on 
the islands in any quantity but do here. 

‘“* Danainae.—Of course D. chrysippus, L., is plentiful. I 
believe I saw one day (of course without a net) a variety I 
have not met before—no black (or white) on fore-wing, but 
with white hind-wings [the form albinus, Lanz.]. Melinda 
[mercedonia, Karsch] and Tirumala [petiverana, Dbl. and 
Hew.] are both more abundant than I have seen anywhere. 
(I remember you said I might get P. rex mimeticus, Rothsch., 
here. P. leonidas, F., is not uncommon.) Amauris is very 
scarce. I have only seen a few echeria, Stoll. Perhaps, how- 
ever, things will alter in a few months. [March 14.— I 
believe I have once seen A. niavius, L., in the forest; echeria 
is very scarce, also psyttalea, Plotz.’] 

‘* Acraeinae.—At present, save for encedon, L., practically 
absent. I have seen one or two zetes, one or two lycoa, Godt., 
and a new transparent red and black one [A. admatha, Hew.] 
in the forest, and that’s all. Very interesting! Think of 
Bulago, Kome, etc., with their enormous abundance of Planemas 
and Acraeas. [March 14.— Acraeines still very scarce, but 
Planemas are beginning to appear. I have caught a 9 tellus, 
Auriv., and one poggei, Dew. I have also caught a few 
zetes and egina, Cr., now, and one pharsalus, Ward.’] 

‘“* Nymphalinae.— Except for Hypolimnas misippus, L., 
I have seen no mimetic Nymphalines here. (Since this was 
written I have seen one big Euralia in the forest.) I have 
taken a Precis new to me on the plains, and one or two new 
species in the forest; but have not seen anything yet of very 
much interest. Neptis is not uncommon—several species. 

“* Satyrinae.— The common Mycalesis here is, I think, 
different from the one I am accustomed to. 

‘* Lycaenidae. —So far, I am much impressed with the 
scarcity of Liptenines in the forest. I have only got three 
species of this group. In the plain I have got a very minute 
Lycaenine [Zizera stellata, Trim.] quite new to me :—upper 
surface brown speckled with white, under surface spotted on 
acommon plan. It runs about on the ground with wings half 
opened in a manner that makes one think rather of a Skipper. 


(“tmx 7) 


“ Hesperidae.—Baoris niveicornis, Plétz, is quite common in 
its own particular locality—just where forest and grass meet. 
In the forest I have got one [Ceratrichia flava, Hew.] at least 
new to me—bright lemon yellow with broad black border. I 
have got one on the plain also new to me. I haven’t seen 
Rhopalocampta chalybe, Westw., but R. forestan, Cr., abounds. 

‘* Heterocera.—As regards moths, it’s quite strange not to 
see any Aletis: even the small pale one [Leptaletis forbes, 
Druce]—so extremely numerous on the islands—has not yet 
shown itself. I saw a Lycoid moth (I think Lithosiid) new 
to me but had no net. I have a small Lycoid Longicorn 
beetle new to me. I hope I may get more Lycoids and Lycids 


after rains when trees blossom. 
“© Feb. 19. 


‘“‘ Had a very interesting afternoon. Visited a small puddle 
of water where many butterflies congregate, and got some 
nice Pierines and several P. ridleyanus which delighted me. 
Seeing a pair of the common black and white wagtail [probably 
Motacilla vidua *| very busily catching things, I sat down 
about six yards away from the pool. The birds came back 
and set to work actively catching butterflies. I watched for 
+ hour, noting down each time one of them ate a butterfly. 
You will be interested to hear the result. The two birds in 
the hour ate between them 16 Lycaenids, 9 Atella phalantha, 
Drury (extraordinarily abundant now: it congregates by the 
dozen), 3 bright yellow Terias and one other larger yellow 
Pierine [evidently Hronia leda, Boisd.] with orange wing tips 
(reminding one of the Mediterranean Gonepteryx cleopatra, L.). 
This is certainly an under estimate, for often when watching 
one bird I heard the other’s bill snap, and giving him a hasty 
glance saw that he was swallowing something—probably 
Lycaenid, for they swallow them almost ata gulp. In addition 
they caught others which got away. But 29 butterflies 
between two birds in } hour is not bad! Every now and 


* Mr. S. A. Neave considers from Dr. Carpenter’s description that 
“the bird is far more likely to have been Motacilla vidua than M. 
capensis, which is a greyer bird. M. vidua is much the more widely 
distributed and also the commoner of the two.” Mr. Neave’s 
observations, recorded in Proc. Ent. Soc., 1912, p. lv, were probably 
made upon M. capensis. 


( Ixx ) 


then one was so full that he had to sit still and rest—all 
humped up—and then began again! They had been doing 
it when I got there and still went on when I left. But quite 
the most interesting thing was that though there were dozens 
of ‘ whites’ (in the literal sense) there, neither of the birds ate 
one. I watched one several times walk through a large 
cluster and put them all up, without touching, or attempting 
to touch, one. You will see that this did not hold good with 
the other Pierines there, for 3 Jerias were eaten. There was 
no doubt that the wagtails either preferred Lycaenids or 
else found them easier to catch. The species Tarucus teli- 
canus, Lang, was very abundant on the mud, but there were 
others also whose names I know not. I must go down there 
and watch them again; for they are always thereabouts. 


** Feb. 20. 


“This afternoon I again visited the puddle by the well. 
As I came up I saw a wagtail running away with a ‘ white’ 
in its mouth which it ate. This is interesting after what I 
said yesterday. I then went a few yards further away to 
the same puddle I visited yesterday. Two wagtails (probably 
the same) were there again, busy with the butterflies. One, 
in three minutes, ate eleven Lycaenids, and caught others which 
got away! I began a half-hour watch, notebook in hand, 
but some men came up and frightened the birds away. I 
think it quite certain that the birds exercise choice, thus the 
one last mentioned only ate Lycaenids during the 3 minutes 
though there were plenty of Atella phalantha about; and I 
noticed yesterday that one seemed to eat more of these than 
the other. Moreover, while neither of these ate a ‘ white,’ 
the bird which had its hunting ground a few yards away at 
the well itself ate one to-day. 

‘““T forgot to mention before that a week or so ago I saw 
a bird of another kind (size of thrush but rather reminding 
one of a lark) fly up out of the grass with a large yellow Terias 
in its beak. 

* Feb, 22. 

‘“* This evening I saw a curious sight. When out for a walk 

I saw a large red patch, about a foot square, on the path, 


( ier ) 


and when I got up to it saw it was a congregation of many 
individuals of a coral red (but a dull, not a bright colour) 
millipede (or should I say Chilognath ?), about an inch long. 
There must have been a couple of hundred or so. The mass 
was slowly moving in one direction, but the individuals pur- 
sued a very erratic course. At first I thought it might be 
a gathering for family purposes, but could see no evidence 
of that at all. It was of interest that these brightly coloured 
species should congregate in this way; for I should think 
that the Chilognatha must be grouped as ‘ distasteful,’ judging 
by the extremely offensive excretion they give out when 
picked up. [It is possible that the gregarious habit serves 
to increase the conspicuousness of such a specially protected 
form. ] 
“ Feb. 23. 

‘Another wagtail observation to-day. I went down to 
the same puddle about 2 o’clock, and one bird was there 
again, very busy. From 1.55-2 he ate as follows : 1 Lycaenid, 
1 Atella, 4 Lycaenids; he then seized one of the extremely abun- 
dant * whites’ by the abdomen but at once let go, and the butterfly 
flew away with the others which rose in a cloud; he then ate 
5 more Lycaenids in quick succession. At 2.0 he ran away 
to a shady spot and rested for a minute, and from 2.1-2.5 
he ate 8 Lycaenids in succession, followed by another Afella. 
He was then frightened away by a man approaching. This, 
I think, coupled with my previous observations, leaves little 
room for doubt that the Pierines are relatively distasteful 
as compared with Lycaenids (and Afella). This makes the 
undoubted mimicry of Pierines by Lycaenids all the more 
interesting. There is one Lycaenid [Phylaria cyara], not very 
common, which has quite an ordinary purplish blue upper 
side, but the under side is white with only a few black spots 
(quite unlike any other Lycaenid pattern) and yellow at the 
base of the hind-wing. I have seen this one drinking amongst 
a crowd of ‘ whites,’ and its general resemblance to a small 
Pierine is very striking. The ‘tails’ to the hind-wing in 
this species (I send you one or two in the collection I send 
now) are very slender and inconspicuous. 

“Tam quite certain that the wagtail referred to deliberately 


( logy ) 
let go the ‘ white,’ and that the butterfly did not escape as I 
have seen some Lycaenids and Atellado. Moreover, it seemed 
to me at the time that the bird did not go for the ‘ white’ 
with the same alacrity as when catching Lycaenids or Atella, 
but rather as if it did not much care whether it caught the 
butterfly or not. 

‘* There were very many butterflies drinking at the puddle:— 
Of Papilios—leonidas, policenes, ridleyanus, demodocus, Ksp., 
a marbled black and white one [angolanus, Goeze] I have not 
met before (common here, I send you some), and one of the 
black ones with broad metallic green band [P. phorcas]; 
of Pierines—about half a dozen species of ‘ whites’ (they 
are always very numerous), several species of Terias, and one 
or two other species; of Nymphalines—practically only Atella, 
but this in great abundance; of Lycaenids—several species 
in abundance. 

“It is a great misfortune that Acraeines are so very scarce 
here: a few encedon are practically all one sees. If there 
were many drinking among the other butterflies it would be 
very interesting; for the smaller species are just about the 
size for the wagtail. 

“It is most interesting to see how the various types of 
butterflies sort themselves out when thus collected. Pap. 
ridleyanus (quite abundant now) always settle all together, 
so that I put my net over four of them at once! All the 
‘whites’ of sundry genera group themselves together—the 
yellow Terias ditto, and the brown Atella never mix with the 
others. The Lycaenids only don’t seem to group themselves. 
Is P. ridleyanus a rarity? I am awfully pleased to meet 
with it here. I have only caught two Acraea zetes the whole 
time I have collected here, but I once saw a single example 
sitting beside a group of ridleyanus. 

“T thought you might like to communicate the above 
observations to the Entomological Society, and so have used 
up a lot of very valuable paper by writing on one side only ! 
Good mark, please ! ”’ 

THE INARIA FEMALE OF HYPOLIMNAS MISIPPUS CAPTURED 
AND DEVOURED BY A BIRD AT DurBAN.—Prof. Pouuton read 
the following record contained in a letter received from 


( Ixxi ) 
Mr. E. E. Platt and dated March 12, 1915, from 403 Essen- 
wood Road, Durban :— 

‘““T witnessed an incident the other day that may be of 
interest to you. I was watching a female Hypolimnas misippus 
L., var. inaria, Cr., laying eggs on some Portulaca in my 
garden. As she was on the wing a bird flew down, carried 
her off in a flash, and retired to a neighbouring tree. I 
managed to get a good view of the bird, and saw the body 
of the butterfly devoured, while some wings fluttered down. 
I described the bird to Mr. Millar, and he showed me a Paradise 
Flycatcher, Tchitrea (Terpsiphone) perspicillata, Swains., which 
I had no hesitation in identifying as the culprit. I had been 
watching the butterfly for some time from the verandah, in 
company with my little boy, and it was not more than 8 feet 
away from us when the tragedy occurred. I expect the bird 
did not see us, as we were sheltered. 

“The corresponding dorippus, Klug (Alugzi, Butl.), form 
of Danaida chrysippus, L., is very rare here, and I have only 
taken one specimen—a case of the mimic being commoner 
than the model, although not so common here as the ordinary 
type form of 9, mimicking the black-tipped white-barred 
D. chrysippus which is so abundant with us. It might have 
been more interesting if the victim had been of this commoner 
mimetic female form. I may say that H. misippus is more 
plentiful here this year than I have known it before.” 

Comments were made by Dr. Lonestarr and Mr. SwyNNER- 
TON. 

Papers. 

The following papers were read :— 

‘New Lepidoptera from New Guinea,” by J. J. Joicry, 
F.L.S., F.E.S., A. Noakes, F.E.S., and G. Tarsot, F.E.S. 

‘“ Descriptions of South American Micro-Lepidoptera,”’ by 
KE. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.E.S. 

“ Life-History of Caligo memnon,” by F. L. Davis, M.D., 
F.E.S. 

“Some Palaearctic Species of Cordulegaster,” by Kenneth 
J. Morton, F.E.S. 

‘“‘ Experiments on some Carnivorous Insects,” by C. F. M. 
SwYNNERTON, F.E.S. 


( ize ) 


Wednesday, June 2nd, 1915. 


The Honble. N. CHartes Roruscuitp, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., 
President, in the chair. 


Election of a Fellow. 


Dr. A. B. Norrucorr, Blenheim House, Monkgate, York, 
was elected a Fellow of the Society. 


Exhibitions. 


LARVAE OF AGRIADES ESCHERI.—Dr. CHapMaNn exhibited 
some full-fed larvae of Agriades escheri bred from the egg. 
They were of the Pyrenean form (var. rondou?), which is smaller 
and less heavily marked than the central European form. 
The larva is also smaller and paler. As distinguished from 
other similar larvae of blue butterflies (Polyommatus and 
Agriades), perhaps the most definite points are the brightness 
and especially the narrowness and definition of the yellow 
lateral line, and the absence, or all but absence, of the dorsal 
yellow lines. The colour of the hairs distinguish it from 
P. icarus and A. thersites, which otherwise it perhaps most 
nearly resembles. 

VARIATION IN ORNITHOPTERA ALEXANDRAE.—Mr. O. E. 
JANSON exhibited specimens of Ornithoptera alexandrae selected 
from a series to show the extreme variations in the wing- 
markings; also a female example of Morphotenaris kenricki; 
all from New Guinea. 

METHOD OF BREEDING PsocipAk, ETC.—Mr. C. B. WILLIAMS 
exhibited a method of breeding Psocidae and other small 
insects which feed on fungi, etc. It consists of a large 
test-tube with a constriction near the base; the lower compart- 
ment was partly filled with water and the constriction plugged 
with absorbent cotton-wool; in the upper part the medium 
on which the fungus is growing (bran, potato, wood chips, 
etc.) is placed, and finally the mouth of the tube is also plugged 
with cotton-wool. The water in the lower chamber keeps 
the upper one sufficiently moist for fungus and insect life 
without any condensation on the glass. The tube shown 


( lev j 


contained Psocidae (species undetermined) which were thriving 
on bran on which fungi were growing (T'richotheciwum and 
Penicillium). A few of the Psocidae were introduced into 
the tube last September, and now, after about nine months, 
during which time the tube has not been opened, there were 
large numbers of all stages in very healthy condition. 

BEE AND PLANT FERTILISATION.—The Rev. F. D. Morice 
exhibited a 9 of the solitary bee Andrena labialis taken near 
Woking on May 19, 1915, having attached to the disc of its 
clypeus a vegetable substance apparently a pollinium of 
some orchid. 

NotewortHy Ants.— Mr. DonistHorre exhibited speci- 
mens of Anochetus cameroni, Forel, a new species taken by 
Dr. Cameron at San Roque, December, 1914, and Cremasto- 
gaster inflata, F. Smith, taken by Mr. Bryant at Sarawak, 
December, 1913. The latter species has the thorax distended, 
which acts as a reservoir for honey, in the same way as the 
distended gasters of the true ‘‘ Honey Ants.” 

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON AFRICAN INSECTS BY Dr. 
G. D. H. Carpenrer.—Prof. Poutron said that he had re- 
ceived another consignment of insects and further letters 
from Dr. Carpenter, who still remained in the same locality, 
viz. Kakindu, about 30 miles west of the Victoria Nyanza, 
1°10’ South lat. and 31°30’ East long. Writing March 22, 
1915, Dr. Carpenter had added the following information to 
the notes read to the Society on May 5 last :— 

“By the way, in my ‘ Wagtail observations’ I forgot to 
mention that though Acraeines were not at the pool drinking, 
Tirumala mercedoma [Karsch] was there, and at one time I 
saw a wagtail sitting on a large stone on which half-a-dozen 
mercedonia were also sitting, within a few inches of it, but 
taking not the least notice of them (even less than it did of 
the numerous ‘ whites’), although it would eagerly seize any 
of the numerous Atella which it could get, when they settled 
there.” 

The following captures were exhibited to the meeting :— 

1. Nineteen males of Papilio ridleyanus, Ward. — Dr. 
Carpenter, in his letter published in Proc. Ent. Soc. 1915, 
p. lxiv, had called attention to the frequent occurrence of 


( ieevi ) 


an orange subapical patch on the fore-wing upper surface 
of ridleyanus from Kakindu and had suggested that the 
marking was related to the pattern of the eastern Acraea 
zetes, L., viz. the form acara, Hew. The comparison of Dr. 
Carpenter’s 19 male examples with those from further west had 
confirmed this suggestion (p. xvii, n.). Nineteen additional 
males captured between February 23 and March 10, and 
received in Dr. Carpenter’s second consignment, were now 
exhibited, providing still further confirmation. The orange 
marking was conspicuous in 3 examples, small in 4, represented 
by a slight dusting of orange scales in 6, and absent from 6. 

2. A new Longicorn mimic of the Lycidae.—Dr. Carpenter 
had noted concerning the longicorn beetle (Lamiidae), Syn- 
nupserha homeyert, Har., var., that it was an “ excellent 
lycoid on wing.’’ The specimen, captured in thick forest, 
February 13, 1915, had been kindly named by Mr. C. J. 
Gahan. 

3. A Pyrrhocorid bug minucking a Mutillid.—Dr. Carpenter 
had written the following note with reference to the Pyrrho- 
corid Myrmoplasta potteri, Martin: “ Captured, Kakindu 
plain, March 7, 1915, as a Mutillid. General appearance 
and movements very like. Abdomen when alive plump and 
rounded, and of brighter red. The insect quite took me 
in.” 

A COMMON SYNAPOSEMATIC ASSOCIATION OF MALE AFRICAN 
PIERINAE PROBABLY SPECIALLY RELATED TO THE HABIT OF 
DRINKING AT DAMP MUD.—Dr. Carpenter had spoken (Pro- 
ceedings, 1915, p. lxvi) of the immense numbers of Pierines 
assembling to drink at damp mud, of the evidence that they 
were but little attacked by wagtails, and of the mimicry 
of one of the commonest Pierine underside patterns by a 
Lycaenid, Phylaria cyara, Hew., which also came to drink at 
the same place. 

The Pierines which thus assembled were probably always 
males. Mr. C. A. Wiggins had captured 153 specimens over 
a pool at the Rippon Falls, Jinja, February 2, 1906, and 
all were males (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1906, p. 1). The simple 
and characteristic underside pattern mimicked by Phylaria 
cyara was best represented in these Kakindu collections by the 


( texviz, ) 


males of Mylothris spica, Mésch., and M. poppea, Cr., closely 
resembled by the males of Pinacopteryx dixeyi, Neave, and 
Phrissura sylvia, F., respectively—associations described many 
years ago by Mr. S. A. Neave (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1906, p. 221) 
and Dr. F. A. Dixey (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1907, p. xvui). The 
pattern at Kakindu consisted of a white ground-colour with 
black marginal spots, a large orange flush at the base of the 
fore-wing and a much smaller one at the base of the hind-wing 
costa. This latter marking in some species formed a narrow 
costal streak varying in length in different forms, or in varieties 
of the same species. The black apex of the fore-wing upper 
side was also more or less obscurely visible on the under— 
especially so in Phrissura sylvia. Other Kakindu species 
exhibiting modifications of the same pattern were the males 
of Mylothris agathina, Cr., with smaller marginal spots, 
orange of a deeper tint, and exposed ground-colour yellow 
instead of white, mimicked by some males of Pinacopteryx 
pigea, Boisd., with still smaller spots, smaller flush of the same 
deep tint, and paler yellow ground-colour; the male Gluto- 
phrissa epaphia, Cr., without the spots, but with orange 
flush like that of the first-named four species and ground- 
colour only slightly yellower than these; the male Phrissura 
phoebe, Butl., with smaller spots, linear flush on the hind- 
wing only, and nearly white ground-colour; the commonest 
forms of male Pinacopteryx pigea, with spots and hind-wing 
flush evanescent and faint greenish or yellowish ground- 
colour. 

Although Dr. Carpenter’s specimens were always accom- 
panied by the most excellent data, the fact of capture at 
mud was not specially recorded. We knew, however, from 
Mr. C. A. Wiggins’s specimens from Jinja, that P. pigea had 
this habit, for 17 out of the 153 butterflies belonged to this 
species. Furthermore, Dr. Carpenter had written that on 
February 19 he had “ visited a small puddle of water where 
many butterflies congregate and got some nice Pierines”’ 
(Proceedings, 1915, p. lxix). Among the butterflies captured 
on Kakindu plain and bearing this date were the following 
male Pierines: 1 M. agathina, 3 P. pigea, 1 G. epaphia, 
2 P. phoebe. The pool was again visited on February 20 


( Ixxvii ) 


and the following males from the plain bear this date: 
1 M. agathina, 3 P. pigea, 1 G. epaphia, 2 P. phoebe—rather a 
curious coincidence that the numbers of each species should 
have been the same on the two days. Prof. Poulton had 
written to Dr. Carpenter and hoped to receive examples of 
all the species which congregated at mud, showing their 
relative numbers; but in the meantime it was already evident 
that the males of several species in this Pierine association 
have the habit. 

With regard to the Lycaenid mimic Phylaria cyara the 
evidence was stronger. Dr. Carpenter had definitely stated 
that the species drinks with the Pierines at Kakindu, although 
it was not specially recorded of the four specimens from this 
locality exhibited to the meeting. But the same naturalist 
had noted that 2 out of 5 examples, from 6 miles N.E. of 
Jinja, were captured, December 3, 1910, at a damp spot 
by the roadside. Furthermore, Mr. W. A. Lamborn had 
made the following notes concerning 17 specimens of the 
allied western species Phylaria stactalla, Karsch, which 
possesses a similar Pierine pattern on the under surface. 

June 29, 1910. 2 3, “ on path 4} mile from Oni: When one 
settled the other settled also a few inches off, and then, 
gradually sidling up, caused the first to take to flight. This 
was repeated each time the latter settled, the other walking 
sideways.” 

July 24, 1910. 2 3, on mud, forest, 1 mile E. of Oni, 70 
miles E. of Lagos. 

August 3, 1910. 1 3, on sandy soil, forest, } mile E. of 
Oni. 

August 26, 1910. 1 9, in clearing, Oni. 

August 28, 1910. 1 3, on mud, forest, } mile E. of Oni. 

September 10, 1910. 1 9, on flower, forest, } mile E. of 
Oni. 

September 17, 1910. 1 3, on sheep’s excrement, native 
village, 14 miles from Oni. 

September 19, 1910. 2 3, on lagoon shore mud, near Oni 
clearing. 

September 24, 1910. 1 3, on mud, forest, 1 mile E. of 
Oni. 


C ex 7) 


September 27, 1910. 1 3, on mud, forest, $ mile E. of 
Oni. 

October 10, 1910. 1 3, in clearing, Oni. 

October 10, 1910. 1 9, forest, 1 mile EK. of Oni. 

September 20, 1911. 1 9, on top leaf, forest, } mile E. of 
Oni. 

October 1, 1911. 1 3, forest, } mile E. of Oni. 

Mr. Lamborn’s most interesting notes, copied from speci- 
mens in the Hope Department, made it clear that drinking 
at damp places was a marked habit of the male P. stactalla, 
thus supporting Dr. Carpenter’s suggestion as to the meaning 
of the under-surface pattern. , 

A Famity oF ACRAEA JOHNSTONI.—DR. ELTRINGHAM ex- 
hibited a family of five examples of Acraea johnstom, Godm., 
bred by the Rev. K. St. A. Rogers at Sagalla, British EK. Africa, 
together with the female parent. The latter and four of the 
offspring were of the form confusa, Rogenh. In the parent the 
hind-wing patch was yellow, in one of the offspring it was of 
a slightly paler shade, and in three others it was nearly white. 
The fifth specimen was an aberration perhaps due to starving. 
It was a small male in which the fore-wing spots were almost 
transparent, and the pale hind-wing patch much reduced, 
giving the example somewhat the appearance of A. lycoa f. 
kenia, Eltr. 

It was interesting to note that the offspring were all of 
the confusa form, whereas in another recorded family bred 
at Nguelo, Usambara, there were three of the semifulvescens 
or typical form, four fulvescens, one confusa of the black and 
white variety, and one confusa with yellow patch on hind- 
wing. Another point of interest in the family exhibited was 
that though the actual date of pupation varied in the different 
examples emergence had taken place in every case in nine 
days after pupation. 

In view of a recent discussion he also exhibited a pair of 
Acraea braesia, Godm., taken in coité, in which case the male 
was carrying the female. The captor, Mr. Rogers, had written 
to say that this was apparently always the case in this species. 

Livinc ELATER SANGUINOLENTUS. —Comm. WALKER ex- 
hibited living specimens of FE. sanguinolentus, Schr., beaten 


C Tee *) 


from Pinus sylvestris at Brockenhurst on the morning of the 
meeting. 
Paper. 
The following paper was read :— 


“What the larva of Lycaena arion does during its last 
instar,” by T. A. CHapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


Wednesday, October 6th, 1915. 


The Honble. N. Coartes Roruscuixp, M.A., F.Z.8., F.LS., 
President, in the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 


Messrs. ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Dept. of 
Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada, and Harotp Breck WILLIAMs, 
82, Filey Avenue, Stoke Newington, N., were elected Fellows 
of the Society. 

Exhibitions. 

Living Larvar or LycaENna arion.—Capt. PureEroy 
exhibited young larvae of Lycaena arion, with an accom- 
panying ant. 

Drawines or LycaEnip Larvar.—Dr. CHapMan exhibited 
drawings of various Lycaenid larvae with the Epidiascope. 

Dutrcn CHRYSOPHANUS DISPAR.—The Hon. N. C. Rorus- 
CHILD exhibited four specimens of Chrysophanus dispar, taken 
this year in Holland. The exhibitor stated that he believed 
the specimens in question were identical with the extinct 
British race. The examples were secured by Mr. R. A. Polak, 
5 Noordstraat, Amsterdam. Two specimens of this insect 
from Hungary were exhibited for comparison. 

A curRIoUS CASE oF SyNncrypric RESEMBLANCE.—Dr. 
CHAPMAN exhibited a specimen of a Dipteron, a species of 
Nemotelus (Fam. Stratiomyidae), sent him by Mr. F. G. Whittle, 
who said it was quite common where the cases of Luffia fer- 
chaultella occurred, and seemed of interest in view of a com- 
munication to the Society by the exhibitor (Proc. Ent. Soc. 
1901, p. viii) as to the cases of Luffia being imitated by a spider 


( tesa ) 


(Cyclosa conica). This Dipteron at rest closely imitated the 
Luffia cases, and Mr. Whittle remarked, “ When I saw it at 
rest on a green fence, wings closed and abdomen directed sky- 
wards, it quite deceived me.” Dr. Chapman observed that 
this syncryptic resemblance of these three forms suggested a 
doubt of the distinction Prof. Poulton draws between syn- 
cryptic resemblance and mimicry, so far as this instance went, 
since the resemblance was not merely one of coloration, but 
also of size and form, leading to some suspicion of mutual 
advantage, 7. e. of actual mimicry, though what the advantage 
might be he was too ignorant of the enemies of these species 
to guess. 

A NEW ABERRATION OF EHuxoa corticEA.—Mr. G. MEADE- 
Waupo exhibited a new aberration of Huxoa corticea, Hb., 
taken in his light-trap at Hever, Kent, in July; the specimen, 
known as ab. obsoleta, shows only the faintest trace of the 
orbicular and reniform stigmata, which are generally so well 
developed in this species. 

Proportions IN Moneret Famities.—Mr. L. W. Newman 
exhibited a very long and varied series of A plecta nebulosa and 
its varieties ab. robsoni and thompsoni and intermediate forms. 
A pairing was obtained in 1914 from male and female both of 
the robsont form, about 400 ova were laid, of which over 350 
were successfully reared to the imago, and the percentages are 
as follows :—robsoni (including intermediates) 50 %, typical 
specimens 26 %, thompsoni 24 %. Also a series of Boarma 
repandata var. conversaria, from a pairing obtained between a 
typical light Hunts 2 crossed with a conversaria 3. A large 
percentage of the brood were reared and every specimen pro- 
duced var. conversaria and every one a 2, which was a most 
remarkable result. 

A new Coccrp.—Mr. E. E. Green exhibited specimens and 
drawings of a new British Coccid, discovered at Camberley 
upon grasses in uncultivated meadows. Mr. Green remarked 
that the new species is referable to Signoret’s genus Fairmairia 
(now known as Parafairmairia), at present represented by a 
single European species (fF. bipartita). 

REMARKABLE HyMENOPTERA.—The Rev. F. D. Morice 


exhibited :— 
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., III, Iv, 1915. F 


(( leet.) 


1. Gynandromorphous Hylaeus (Prosopis) brevicornis. 

In this specimen the clypeus was black (Q character), the 
left side of the face and the left antenna and all the legs on the 
same side were 9, but the corresponding parts on the right 
side and the whole abdomen, including the genitalia, were 3. 
As to the thorax, he did not know whether in this species 
there were any characters to be found there which were not 
common to both sexes, but at any rate he could not detect any 
such characters in the present specimen. 

2. Halictus laevigatus 3. 

In this specimen there were only two cubital cells in each 
upper wing, as in Dufourea, Halictoides, etc., but in all other 
respects it was a perfectly normal example of its species. 

3. A larva (in spirit) and numerous imagines—all 2 9( !) 
—of the Sawfly Pteronus (Lophyrus) sertifer (= “ Tenthredo 
pectinata rufa”’ of Retzius) with cocoons from which they 
emerged, 

The larvae were found at Camberley on June 9, 1915, feed- 
ing gregariously on “needles” of a young pine-tree. The 
first cocoon was formed on June 15, and over a hundred were 
completed by the end of the month, some among the leaves of 
their food-plant, but mostly on the sides or flat bottom of the 
breeding-cage, to which they sometimes adhered very tightly ; 
many of them were consequently flat (and not convex) on the 
lower side. Imagines began to emerge, always during bright 
sunshine and generally between 10 a.m. and midday, on 
Sept. 12; from 2 specimens up to 6 or 7, according to the 
amount of sunshine, came out daily all through the same 
month, and were still doing so. 

It was curious that several of the insects very shortly after 
emergence, but never at any later time, seized in their man- 
dibles and bit through one (always only one) of their own 
antennae. Miss Chawner had told him that individuals of 
the commoner species pint, when confined together, attack 
and mutilate one another in the same way. But in this case 
the injury was always, and could only have been, self-inflicted, 
since every individual was removed from the cage and isolated 
directly it came out of the cocoon ! 

Cameron had stated that the only “ definite locality ** that 


( bee) 

could be given for this as a British species was Hartlepool. But 
Stephens had long ago recorded it from Ripley and Cobham 
in Surrey as well as from Scotland. It was evidently most at 
home in the north, but seemed to be pretty widely distributed 
wherever pines have been introduced, for Mr. Gillanders had 
taken it not only in Northumberland but near Bath, and 
isolated specimens had occurred to Mr. C. Morley in Suffolk, 
and Mr. Harwood near Colchester. 

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS FROM Dr. G. D. H. CARPENTER.— 
Prof. Poutron said that, since the June meeting of the Society, 
he had received several interesting letters and boxes of speci- 
mens from Dr. Carpenter, who had remained until August in 
the same locality, Kakindu, about 30 miles west of the Victoria 
Nyanza, in lat. 1° 10’ S., long. 31° 30’ E. | The last letter, 
dated Aug. 9, stated that he had just received orders to move 
further west to a place which was unfortunately less favour- 
able for the observation of insects. In addition to the facts 
which he brought before the meeting, Prof. Poulton hoped to 
give an account of many observations and show many speci- 
mens at a later date, when all the material had been studied. 
The following extract from a letter of May 21st, although not 
precisely entomological, would be of interest to the Fellows. 
At any rate it served to show the spirit in which the writer 
approached the study of animals, including, of course, insects. 

“We had a visit from an enemy patrol a few nights ago : 
one bold man stole up and shot the sentry of a picket through 
the leg. They deserved a better success, as they must have 
had an awful time coming through the tussocks of grass and 
water in the dark; for the whole of the flat plain is so water- 
logged that it is practically flooded. From the hill you don’t 
see the water, except where it lies on a trodden bare track ; 
but it’s there right enough: the natives go about and spear 
fish! The fish (I expect a Silurid) is one of the type with flat 
bony head and barbels, and rather cylindrical body: how 
they suddenly appear I know not. The natives say they 
bury in the mud during the drier times. I saw one about 
14 feet long in a tiny temporary stream in the forest, only just 
covered by the muddy water. 

“ T had a great experience the other day. I had hardly got 


( kemxv ) 


into the forest when I heard the squeal of an elephant on my 
left. As I went cautiously along the comparatively clear 
track I heard them coming nearer and nearer and crashing 
through the bushes, and suddenly saw about 20 yards away 
on my left front the white tusks of the leader gleaming in the 
dark shade! I soon made out his head—-apparently coming 
straight in my direction, so I ran back about 20 yards and got 
behind a tree to watch. The leader was a fine male, and he 
turned round and looked in my direction, with ears cocked 
and trunk uplifted, and I wondered whether my butterfly net 
would be strong enough to hold him if he charged! I was 
only about 50 yards away. However, he thought better of it, 
and passed across the track into the thick forest again, with 
the whole herd after him—about 20, females and youngsters 
of all sizes, in full view—a thrilling sight, and one I shall never 
forget. There was something rather mysterious about these 
great silently-treading beasts vanishing again into the forest 
from which they had as mysteriously emerged. For some 
time afterwards I heard them crashing about, and an occa- 
sional squeal. They are still in the neighbourhood, but I 
haven’t seen them again. 

‘“‘ There are leopards about here, and I want much to see 
one, but have had noluck. Their droppings are very attractive 
to Charazes in the forest. One day I was boo’d at by a large 
party of Colobus, which collected in the tree-tops around the 
cleared space where I was. All of a sudden they all together 
started making a sort of roaring noise at me, and as there were 
lots of them it was very striking and seemed to {ill the forest. 
No doubt it was a collective expression of hate! I one day 
came across a beautiful Puff Adder (I think Bitis gabonica) 
curled up on the track, and the beast simply would not get out 
of my way until I pushed it vigorously with a stick. I havea 
rooted dislike to killing anything unnecessarily. I did kill 
Puff Adders on Tavu Island, for they were rather commoner 
than I liked there, and, as I visited it with my barefooted 
boys walking, it was rather dangerous for them. Personally 
I am not in the least afraid of snakes, for (except Puff Adders) 
I have not yet met one which did not run away, and I see no 
reason why a snake should waste valuable poison! Well, this 


(- hbeexy ) 


is enough for a letter. I eagerly wait to hear what you think 
of the first box of ‘ War butterflies.’ ”’ 

Extraordinary habits of a Fossorial wasp.—The following 
note on the habits of a Pompilid was dated August 9. It was 
much to be hoped that Dr. Carpenter would be able to repeat 
an observation which is so different from all that has been 
previously recorded of the group. 

“Now a few words about an interesting thing I saw in the 
forest on the last day I was there (Sunday, Aug. 8). Walking 
along, my attention was caught by a medium-sized black 
Pompilid, with blue-black wings—the common type. It was 
with a big hunting spider, and when I first saw it had apparently 
just found it and was stinging it. Suddenly the spider escaped, 
and the Pompilid hurriedly half ran, half flew, up to it and 
caught it. The spider then remained absolutely motionless 
on a leaf, in an attitude suggesting complete subservience to 
the Pompilid— do with me what you will,’ as it were (remind- 
ing one of a dog that lies on its back with all legs up in the air 
when you speak to it harshly!). The Pompilid appeared to 
be trying to sting it, when the spider suddenly rushed away 
again, hotly pursued by the fossor, which soon caught it. 
This time the spider hung from the under surface of a small 
leaf, and the Pompilid again appeared to be feeling for a soft 
place to sting, when to my great astonishment it suddenly 
flew away, having apparently done all it wanted to. The 
spider hung absolutely limply, as if in the usual semi-paralysed 
condition. But on examining it I found the Pompilid had 
deposited an elongate ovum on the side of the spider’s abdomen, 
its long axis corresponding to the long axis of the spider, and 
its curvature following that of the spider’s abdomen. More- 
over, the spider was in no way paralysed, and when I boxed it 
was as active as ever, and when I got home leapt out of the 
box. As I got news just then that I was to move elsewhere 
on the morrow I let it go. 

* The points of great interest are— 


1. No Pompilid that I have seen hitherto has laid its egg 
on a spider until the prey had been safely bestowed 
in a burrow. 


( Txeevi' ) 


2. The spider apparently feigned death, and took advan- 
tage of an unguarded moment to attempt to escape. 
It showed no fight at all. 

53. It was not stung. 


‘““ This looks as if we had here a Pompilid of such degraded 
habits that it has lost the art of stinging its prey to immobility 
and burying it, and just lays an egg on the external surface 
while the prey is still at large, like a Tachinid or a Proctotrupid 
—becoming, in fact, merely an ordinary parasite. 

* What a pity the specimen escaped me. But that’s often 
the way with fossors: they finish the job and fly off when you 
think there is still more to come, and you have to choose 
between an incomplete observation on a known species, or a 
complete observation on an unknown species.”’ 

A small family of P. dardanus, Brown, bred from the eggs of 
a remarkable female parent.—The female parent, captured by 
Dr. Carpenter in the forest near Kakindu Hill, April 25, 1915, 
was a rare variety of which but few examples were known. It 
combined, as Dr. Carpenter pointed out, the patterns of niobe, 
Auriv., and planemoides, Trimen. The form niobe, however, 
was only a trophonius, Westw. (or trophonissa, Auriv., the 
western form of trophonius with a slightly different pattern), 
having the white markings of the fore-wing replaced by orange. 
But these very markings were also orange in planemoides, and 
it was probable that their colour in this variety was derived 
from planemoides rather than from miobe. For when the 
specimen was examined in a good light it became apparent 
that these markings were of a paler tint than the rest of the 
coloured pattern, as if the planemoides orange had been diluted 
over the precise area occupied by the white subapical markings 
of trophonissa. The exact correspondence as well as the sharp 
distinction between the paler and deeper orange was very 
striking. As to the rest of the pattern, the hind-wing was 
trophonissa, the fore-wing planemoides, with the above modifi- 
cation and with the addition of the trophonissa orange on 
the basal half of the wing. This tint was much dusted with 
dark scales in the cell and over a narrow area immediately 
below it. 


( dxexvii ) 


The following notes were sent by Dr. Carpenter, dated June 
28, 1915 :— 

“The female parent laid 9 ova on or about April 26. All 
save one hatched—6 on May 3, 2 on May 4. 


“ First ecdysis. Six May 8, two May 9. 


2nd a Four May 13, four May 14. 
3rd , Three May 19, four May 20, one May 21. 
4th 6 Four May 26, three May 27, one May 28. 
Pupation. 1 June 6: 3 imago June 26 (deformed). 
2 Sate Cs 4 June 26. 


3 June 8: @ trophonissa June 26. 
(3a June 7: 3g escaped June 27.) 
4 June 9: 2 planemoides June 28. 


5 June 7: 3 imago AN eden 
Goune i? dy os Reis 
toune Oo) 4: sine Oa 


The five males and two females, together with the female 
parent, were exhibited to the meeting. The planemoides was 
as typical as any specimen could be of this variable form; the 
trophonissa was the typical western mimic of Danaida chry- 
sippus, L. It was probable that the female parent was a 
heterozygote between these two forms, which, by mating with 
a recessive or a heterozygote male, had yielded the two original 
parent forms, one of which had of course been latent in the 
male. We were thus led: to conclude that heterozygotes of the 
dardanus forms may exhibit intermediate or combined patterns, 
although as a rule they bear the pattern of the dominant. The 
proportions of the mimetic female forms, as shown by Dr. 
Carpenter’s collection to exist in the Kakindu forest, would be 
brought forward with the specimens ata later date. In the 
meantime it might be said that planemovdes, niobe and tropho- 
nissa were all present, the first-named apparently in a high 
ratio. In view of the probability that males bearing the 
tendency of planemoides would often pair with females of the 
two latter forms or vice versa, it was extremely unlikely that 
the very rare female form captured by Dr. Carpenter bore 
the usual appearance of the heterozygote resulting from such 
matings. 


( Ixxxvii ) 


Livinc MyRMECINA GRAMINICOLA.—Mr. DONISTHORPE ex- 
hibited a colony of Myrmecina graminicola, Latr., which he 
had kept in captivity for over five years, having taken it when 
it was an incipient colony at Box Hill, May 1,1910. His object 
in showing this colony was to call attention to the number of 
winged females which had been reared in the nest this summer. 
He stated that over 50 such females and one male had been 
produced, and that a number of the former had now removed 
their wings, as do fertilised females. It was a very remarkable 
fact that only once previously—when the late Lord Avebury 
had some winged females produced in an observation nest of 
Formica fusca—have females ever been reared from eggs laid 
in captivity. 

Mr. Donisthorpe stated that the ants had been supplied 
with large quantities of animal food (gnats, and other flies, 
other ant larve and pups, etc.), which had no doubt some- 
thing to do with the rearing of the females, but as all his other 
observation nests had been treated in the same manner and 
had not produced such females, this could not be the only 
explanation. 


Papers. 
The following papers were read :— 


‘* Observations completing an outline of the Life History of 
Lycaena arion, L.,”’ by T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S. 

‘“ Further observations on the last stage of the larva of 
Lycaena arion,” by F. W. Fronawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. 

“A contribution to the Life History of Agriades escheri, 
Hb.,” by T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S. 

“On the early stages of Latiorina (Lycaena) pyrenaica, 
Boisd.,”’ by the same. 

‘“ Notes on the early stages of Scolitantides orion, Pall.,” by 
the same. 

‘“ New Lepidoptera from the Schouten Islands,” by J. J. 
Jotcgy, F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.E.S., and G. Tauzor, F.E.S. 

“Some new Parnassi,” by A. Avinorr, F.E.S. 

“A new Micropterygid from Australia,” by A. JEFFERIES 
TuRNER, M.D., F.E.S. 


( Pixma) ) 


* Record of some new species of the genus Teracolus occur- 
ring in the northern territories of the Gold Coast, W. Africa,” 
by G. C. Dupexron, F.E.S. 

“ Glossina morsitans, Westw., some notes on the parasit- 
isation of its pupae,” by HEREwaRD C. DoLimay, F.E.S. 


Wednesday, October 20th, 1915. 


The Hon. N. CuHartes RotuscuiLp, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 
President, in the Chair. 


Election of a Fellow. 


Mr. CuarLes Ernest Storr, Woodcroft, Eglington Road, 
Chingford, Essex, was elected a Fellow of the Society. 


Exhibitions. 

Marsu FORM Or ANTHROCERA TRIFOLI.—The Hon. N. 
CHARLES RoruscHiLD exhibited some examples of an 
Anthrocera (Zygaena) bred from cocoons found in a marsh 
near Camberley. The interest attaching to the specimens 
was the fact that, though found in a marshy situation, they 
apparently resembled in all respects the dry, chalk-down 
form of A. trifoli. 

Mr. H. J. TuRNER expressed the belief that the specimens 
were ordinary A. ¢trifolii and not var. palustris; other Fellows 
concurred, and several instances were mentioned of ordinary 
trifolia being found in damp localities. 

Dr. G. D. H. CARPENTER ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF PaPILio 
HESPERUS, WESTW., AND THE RESEMBLANCE OF ITS LARVA 
TO THAT OF P. NOBILIS, Roc.—Prof. PovuLton in bringing 
forward the following account, written by Dr. Carpenter, 
said that the egg had been laid by a female hesperus on Kome 
Island, N.W. Victoria Nyanza. On May 31, 1914, Dr. 
Carpenter had been collecting in the forest near his camp, 
and it was probable that he had there actually watched the 
egg being deposited. 

“ Ovum. Deposited May 31, 1914. Hemispherical, yellow- 
ish white, smooth. Hatched June 4. 


(AeROs2) 


* First stage larva. Black, with dorsal yellow-green patch 
just behind middle of body and a smaller, similar, patch 
posteriorly. A pair of spines arises from each segment 
dorsally, the anterior and posterior pairs largest. First 
ecdysis, June 8. 

“ Second stage larva. Alternately black and bright yellow, 
the head being black, first segment yellow, and the body 
ending in a black area. (N.B.—The larva of P. nobilis, on 
hatching, is of the same appearance.) Second ecdysis, 
June 12. : 

“ Third stage larva. The yellow areas are now green. 
Third ecdysis, June 17. 

* Fourth stage larva. The larva is on the whole much 
more green in hue. The dark colour now occupies the lateral 
aspect, but is slate-purple instead of black, and becomes 
tinted with green as the larva grows larger. At the second 
and third segments the body is swollen. The first segment 
is entirely green, and there is a large spine at each angle 
behind the head. The second segment is slatey-purple: it 
bears a row of six fine black spines at the anterior margin 
(three on each side of mid line), but the two innermost ones 
are very small. The third segment dorsally is green posteriorly 
but slate-coloured anteriorly, with six spines, of which the 
outermost is fine and black, the next fine and green with 
black base, the innermost merely a rounded green tubercle 
ringed with black. The fourth segment is green. The place 
of the outermost of the three spines on the second and third 
segments is taken by a scarlet dot ringed with black; the 
innermost spine is missing, while the middle one of the three 
is as on the third segment. Each segment behind the fourth 
has only one spine on each side—serially homologous with 
the middle one of the anterior series. The fifth and sixth 
segments are slatey-purple with the spines black. On the 
sixth segment, external to the spine, is a small yellowish patch 
in line with the scarlet dot on the third segment. Segments 
7 and’8 are green dorsally, and the spines are green. Segment 
9 is like 5, 10 like 6, and 11 like 7 and 8. The twelfth is 
whitish, and at its anterior margin is a pair of large whitish 
spines with the inner aspect of their bases black, joined by a 


Cer") 


purplish-white line. There is a pair of black dots just above 
the anus. Fourth ecdysis, June 24. 

“ Fifth and last stage larva. In its last stage the larva is 
entirely green (head dull red), with no spines except the pair just 
above the anus, which are short and whitish pink, with the 
part posterior to them of the same colour. The margin of 
the body in contact with the leaf is of a pink tint. On the 
third segment the sites of the spines are now marked by 
slight rounded bosses, very small, doubly ringed with black. 
A transverse pink band across the dorsum of the fourth 
segment has four slightly darker pink round spots outlined 
in black. The anterior border of this band merges into the 
general green tint of the body, but posteriorly it is sharply 
marked with a narrow black line, which is really only the 
posterior border of a deep velvety-black band concealed 
under the overlapping posterior border of the fourth segment 
and seldom visible. When the larva is ready to pupate, the 
curvature of its body brings this black band freely into view. 

‘“ Pupa. Leaf green. Flattened dorso-ventrally, with very 
marked lateral edge of dead-leaf brown, as are the very short 
blunt cephalic processes one at each angle of the head. Be- 
tween head and thorax, and thorax and abdomen, the lateral 
edge is deeply constricted. Mid-dorsally, a longitudinal 
brown line, on each side of which, at level of the constriction 
between thorax and abdomen, is a small russet-brown mark 
like a hammer with short broad handle the head being directed 
towards anterior end of pupa. The two constrictions are 
marked by a linear extension over the dorsal surface of the 
brown tint along the lateral edge. The dorsal surface of each | 
abdominal segment bears a minute blue-green spot on each 
side of the brown line, and external to it another separated 
by a similar interval.” 

The imago, a male, emerged July 30. 

The specimen and its pupa-case were exhibited to the 
meeting, together with another male and its pupal shell. 
The latter butterfly, which emerged August 21, was also 
reared from a Kome larva. 

Eggs and young larvae of P. nobilis —Prof. Poulton said 
that he had received the following account in a letter written 


{ xem ) 


by Dr. Carpenter from Kakindu, on August 6, 1915. The 
order to move had unfortunately come about that time, and 
Dr. Carpenter was therefore unable to rear the larvae. It 
was much to be hoped that he would complete this interesting 
life-history at some future date. 

“On July 28 had a stroke of very interesting luck. Saw 
a 2 P. nobilis laying an egg. I unfortunately missed her, but 
found altogether 16 eggs freshly laid. I couldn’t resist bring- 
ing them home, but don’t know if I shall be able to rear them 
through. It’s interesting, in view of what I said about its 
likeness to P. dardanus on the wing, that it lays its eggs rather 
differently. P. dardanus (at any rate in captivity) scatters 
them about indiscriminately on upper or under surfaces of 
leaves and stems. But nobilis very carefully places them on 
under side of a very young leaf, and at the extreme edge. 
In one case there were four eggs on the under surface of one 
leaf, each separated neatly from its neighbour by a space of 
about } inch. Compared with the eggs of dardanus, those 
of nobilis seem rather small. I do hope I may rear them 
through. 

“ P.S.—These have hatched, but all except two of the 
larvae wandered off the leaves and died. They are extremely 
like the hesperus I reared on Kome Island and not like 
dardanus.” 

OBSERVATIONS BY Mrs. D. R. Fyson ON THE PROPORTIONS 
OF THE FEMALE FORMS OF PaPiILIO POLYTES, L., IN THE 
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF Mapras ciry.—Prof. PouLron brought 
forward the following observations, recorded by Mrs. Fyson 
in a letter dated Sept. 1, 1915 :— 

‘““T noticed that a great many Papilios were out in some 
fields and in a grassy lane leading through them. They were 
hovering on and around a Verbena (Stachytarpheta indica, 
Vahl.), which grew in great quantities. My husband and I 
spent two hours, 7.0-9.0 a.m., on August 23 in catching them. 
They were easy to catch as they hovered over the flowers, 
and we practically cleared the place, so the numbers ought to 
give a fairly true proportion. On a second day, August 28, 
in the same locality and at the same hours we did not catch 
so many, as we felt it was rather a slaughter of the innocents ! 


( xciii_ ) 


“Ph, hector is very common and so is the male P. polytes. 
The two mimetic forms of female seem to be about equal in 
numbers, but so far I have only seen one Ph. aristolochiae 
model, and that we caught in the same place as the others 
but on August 27. I thought I saw one on August 28, but 
failed to capture it. It was flying fast and only settling out 
of reach. The male P. polytes seem to be very much battered. 
Would that be due to attacks by birds? I have not observed 
any such attacks yet. I have sent all that we caught with 
the exception of a few which I have set here.” 

Prof. Poulton said that Mrs. Fyson had sent the following 
specimens of which examples were exhibited to the meeting. 
The polytes female forms, with a large white spot in the hind- 
wing cell, were, as was usually the case in India, transitional 
by fine gradations into the stichivs, Hitbn., female form, with 
no white in the cell. 


| Papilio polytes f. romulus, Cr. | Papilio 

| OE. Non-mimetic P Se ha acca | Ore 

| male. P. aristolochiae, F.|  P. hector. Decinata: 

Aug. 23 29 15 18 bey 

“Aug. 28 12 38 | 4 | 4 | 
Totals | 34 a ae 29 jshun 


The label referring to the catch of August 28 stated that 
“the commonest forms were Ph. hector and the male P. 
polytes.” Inasmuch as a similar statement was made in 
the accompanying letter (see above), it was evident that 
the catches were directed to show the proportion between the 
mimetic females but not between the romulus form and its 
model; for only twelve of the latter to twenty-two of the 
former were taken. The entire absence of the non-mimetic 
form cyrus, Hiibn., of the female polytes from these catches 
in Southern India formed an interesting contrast with the 
proportions obtained by Mr. J. C. F. Fryer in Ceylon, but 
corresponded with the experience of Mr. T. R. Bell in the 
Bombay Presidency (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1914, p. xcix.). Prof. 
Poulton hoped that the proportions of the female forms of 


( xem } 


polytes would continue to be recorded from many parts 
of its range. It was interesting that P. (Ph.) aristolochiae 
should be so rare as compared with its mimic; but it was 
probable that the proportions would be very different at 
other times. Two of the male polytes, exhibited to the meet- 
ing, had probably been injured by the attacks of birds or 
lizards. 

Some British Lycamnrps.—The Rev. G. WHEELER ex- 
hibited three small boxes of British Lycaenids, taken in July 
and early August this year :— 

(1) Polyommatus icarus, Rott., from the Durham coast, 
remarkable for their large size and the brilliant tint of the 
3d. 

(2) Plebeius aegon, var. masseyi, Tutt, the form from the 
northern mosses, the ¢ 3 bright blue, with very narrow 
black border and conspicuous black marginal spots on the 
hindwing, the 2 2 strongly suffused with blue, in most cases 
as extensively as in Agriades corydon, ab. semisyngrapha; 
the underside of the ¢ 3 was remarkably white; amongst 
the latter was an aberration having lead-coloured hindwings 
on the upperside, and two with some of the spots of the 
underside striated. 

(5) Aricia medon, Hiifn., from the Durham coast, including 
almost typical specimens; var. salmacis, as described by 
Stephens, the 3 with a black discoidal spot on the upperside 
of the forewing, the 9 with a white one; ab. similis, Tutt, the 
$ with a white discoidal spot; ab. albiannulata, Harr., with 
black discoidal ringed with white, so frequently described 
as var. salmacis, the original description of which excludes 
this form; ab. vedrae, Harr., with its extreme form ab. obsoleta, 
Obth., in which the spots of the forewing are missing on the 
underside, as well as those of the hindwing; ab. semivedrae, 
Harr.; and ab. inclara, Harr., with its silvery-white ground- 
colour on the underside, this specimen being also somewhat 
striated. To these were added a few var. artaxerxes, F., from 
Kinghorn. 

Mr. Wheeler said he had used the name “ aegon ’’ intention- 
ally, being sure that it was correct, since Linnaeus had used 
the name argus for both species, there being a 2 aegon among 


( xev.) 


the specimens labelled by him, as had been quite correctly 
pointed out by Dr. Verity, and the name aegon having been 
given to one of these by Schiffermiiller as “ first reviser,”” the 
other species retained the name argus by exclusion. 

Mr. Rowtanp-Brown inquired who was responsible for 
the use of the name argus in Tutt’s ‘ British Lepidoptera,” 
and Mr. Wheeler admitted with regret that he was; this, 
however, was by no means the first occasion on which the 
change had been made. 

A Mantis anp Entozoon.—Mr. E. E. Green exhibited a 
specimen of a Mantis from Ceylon, together with a Gordius 
worm that had emerged from it. He said that the occurrence 
was not an uncommon one, and often took place in public on 
a dinner-table. The insect would fly into the room, attracted 
by the lights, settle upon the table, and—after a few pre- 
liminary contortions—proceed to void one of these curious 
worms, which sometimes attained a length of five or sIx 
inches. Mr. Green remarked that the generally accepted 
theory of the development of a Gordius was that the eggs 
are laid in water or in damp spots on the edge of water, and 
that the young worms bore their way into the bodies of 
aquatic larvae. When such infested larvae are subsequently 
devoured by other predaceous aquatic insects or by fish, the 
worm completes its development in the new host. In the 
case of the Mantis some other procedure must occur. The 
Mantis was not itself an aquatic insect and had no oppor- 
tunity of preying upon aquatic larvae. Any one who had 
observed a Mantis feeding and had noticed the painstaking 
manner in which it masticates every particle of its food, 
must wonder how the immature worms—if they are actually 
introduced in this manner—can escape destruction in the 
process. 

Mr. Green had observed the emergence of one of these 
worms from the body of a large Pentatomid bug. 

A long discussion followed. Mr. G. A. K. MarsHatt said 
that he had received Tsetse flies, and many African locusts 
similarly infected. Dr. Burr added that the common earwig 
was also liable to infection. Mr. C. B. WixuiaMs said that 
he had had living specimens of Mantis which drank water, 


( x¢evi~) 


and asked whether they might not have swallowed ‘he eggs 
in this way. Mr. Green said that this species of Gordius 
seemed to dislike water, when he had experimented with 
them. Mr. H. J. TURNER mentioned a case in which a Gordius 
worm had emerged from the body of an Erebia (he thought 
E. ligea), and asked whether the egg might not possibly be 
eaten by the larva, when deposited in dew on grass. Prof. 
Pou.ton said that the probable solution was that the eggs 
were laid in moisture on leaves; the Gordius worms were 
certainly to be found on flowers, having no doubt been 
deposited there by infected insects. 

A RE-DISCOVERED British Coccip.—Mr. GREEN also ex- 
hibited specimens of the Coccid Gossyparia ulmi, Geoff. (or 
spuria of Modeer—according to the American authorities). 
The present examples were collected by Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, on 
a Cornish elm at Farnham, Surrey. 

Prof. Newstead, in his ‘“‘ Monograph of the British 
Coccidae,” made no reference to this species, and it had not 
generally been accepted as a British insect. The late J. W. 
Douglas, however, remarked (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xxii, p. 159, 
_ Dec. 1885) that “Stephens, in his ‘Catalogue of British 
Insects,’ gives the names of many species (of Coccidae), of 
which no recent record of their occurrence in Britain exists, 
and it is very desirable that the statement should be verified.” 
Amongst the names specified was “ Gossyparia ulmi.” 

The insect, though a very distinctive one, was inconspicuous 
and could be easily overlooked. It might even be mistaken 
for the pupa of a Coccinellid, the curious upturned fringe of 
secretionary matter being suggestive of the remains of the 
larval skin that surrounds the pupae of certain Coccinellidae. 

A GYNANDROMORPHOUS ANntT.—Mr. DonistTHoRPE exhibited 
two remarkable mixed gynandromorphs of Myrmica scabri- 
nodis taken in the same colony at Weybridge, July 30, 1915. 
He stated that he had dug up the nest and taken it home, 
but only ordinary males had developed from the sex pupae 
it contained. This brought the total number of gynandro- 
morphous specimens of ants recorded up to thirty-five, of 
which seven had been described by himself, and eight were 
British. He also showed a pterergate of the same species 


( xewir ») 


taken on the same day but in another colony. The fore- 
wings were represented by two short wings, with traces of 
veins, the hindwings being very vestigial. 

Mimicry or NycuHirona MEDUSA, Boisp., BY LEUCERONIA 
PHARIS, BoIsD., EXTENDING TO HABITS AND FLIGHT.—Dr. F. 
A. Drxny exhibited specimens of Nychitona and Leuceronia, 
remarking on them as follows :— 

The resemblance borne by the curious African Pierine 
Leuceronia pharis, Boisd., to forms of the genus Pontia, 
otherwise Nychitona, was observed by Doubleday in 1847. 
His remarks were quoted by Trimen in 1889, but without 
raising the question of mimicry. That the relation is a 
mimetic one has been several times suggested since, and in 
1908 I called attention to the special likeness between this 
Leucerona and the form of Nychitona, Cram., recently 
described by me as subsp. wigginsi (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 
1915, p. 15). Another form of Nychitona from the Congo 
is In some respects still more like L. pharis. An extract 
from a letter lately received from Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter, 
which Prof. Poulton kindly permits me to read, is interesting 
as giving an instance of a view founded merely on an examina- 
tion of museum specimens receiving independent confirmation 
from an observer in the field. Dr. Carpenter writes as follows, 
under date of July 6, 1915: “ Leuceronia pharis is also 
abundant at times, when a brood comes out. I was amazed 
that this is in the same genus as Leuceronia thalassina | 
General appearance, shape, habit and flight are totally 
different. Thalassina (both 3 and 9) frequently assembles 
to drink at moist spots, often almost entirely by itself, but 
sometimes mixed with others, whereas pharis is purely a flower 
frequenter. In my own mind I had put it with Nychitona 
medusa; its whole appearance and feeble build and manner 
of flying suggested close relationship to medusa.” 

Dr. Carpenter’s field experience is especially valuable as 
showing that the resemblance between the two insects is not 
confined to their mere appearance, but extends to their habit 
and manner of flight. Another point of interest in Dr. 
Carpenter’s account is that L. pharis is at times abundant, 


which so far makes in favour of the association being Miillerian, 
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., III, IV, 1915. G 


( xevan } 

as there is some ground for believing is the case with the 
other combinations entered by other members of the genus. 
Incidentally also it is worth noticing that he speaks of both 
sexes of L. thalassina assembling to drink at moist spots. The 
drinking habits of male Pierines are well known, but it is 
certainly somewhat unusual to find the females consorting 
with them on these occasions. 

A FIVE-SPOTTED ANTHROCERA FILIPENDULAE.—Mr. R. 
ApKIN exhibited a 5-spotted specimen of Anthrocera fili- 
pendulae. A number of cocoons were collected from grass 
stems in a field at the top of the downs near Otford, Kent, 
in June last, and during July some dozens of imagines were 
reared from them, all of them being of the ordinary 6-spotted 
form except this one. On the underside slight traces of the 
sixth spot were distinguishable. 

A new Bririsu Capstp.—Mr. E. A. Burier exhibited a 
series of Brachyarthrum limitatum, Fieb., a Capsid new to the 
British list, taken in Epping Forest, July 3, 1915, on aspen. 
The first British specimen was taken by Mr. C. Morley in 
Suffolk, July 2, 1904, but remained unidentified till the above 
capture. 

A TERATOLOGICAL BrEeTLe.—Mr. Butter also exhibited 
a specimen of Timarcha violaceo-nigra, De G., with the left 
intermediate leg furnished with two tarsi, placed upon a 
much-broadened tibia. The outermost tarsus was nearly 
normal, but the inner one had the joints broader and more 
slender, with three lobes on one side and only two on the 
other. 


Wednesday, November 8rd, 1915. 
The Honble. N. Coartes Rotuscuixp, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 
President, in the Chair. 
Election of Fellows. 


Messrs. H. C. TytTLER, Racoas, Mauritius, and ALBERT F. 
Winn, 32 Springfield Avenue, Westmount, Montreal, Canada, 
were elected Fellows of the Society. 


“s 
‘ . 
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as 


a a 
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Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1915. Plate A. 


De y AS 
VA eer, < 
Dy, aS toh 
Cs. 
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a Yne sebor on afrackle chen inch. durided. Onto A, 
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CVF ok t 


LaRvA & Pupa oF ALEURODES PARASITIC ON SCYMNUS ARCUATUS. 


C\ xeix >) 


Exhibitions. 


AN UNRECOGNISED AcRAEA.—Mr. S. A. NEaveE exhibited a 
remarkable and unrecognised species of Acraea. The type, 
which is from Nigeria, is in the Adams Collection in the British 
Museum, and was described and figured by Lathy, in the 
Transactions of the Society for 1903, as a Lycaenid, and placed 
in the genus Telipna. The name for this species will there- 
fore stand as Acraea actinota, Lathy. 

Mr. Neave pointed out that it is such a very distinct species 
that it is difficult to assign a place to it among the known 
African species of Acraea. From the distribution of the spots 
and the remarkably short and rounded forewings, it is possibly 
remotely allied to A. disjuncta, Grose-Smith. 

ScyMNnus arcuatTus.—Mr. DonistHorPE exhibited a series 
of Scymnus arcuatus Ross., a bit of a leaf of ivy with the 
pupal skin of the beetle on it, and larvae of the Alewrodes on 
which it preys, also the Alewrodes and a chalcid (Encarsia 
sp.? g and 9) and a Neuropteron parasitic on the Aleurodes, 
all taken at Stonor Park, Aug. 6th, 1915, through the kindness 
of Lord Camoys and the Rev. Fr. Perry. 

Mr. Donisthorpe said that the late Mr. Wollaston had 
taken the beetle at Shenton Hall in Leicestershire, but that, 
as he had taken it first in Madeira, some doubt had been cast 
on his British captures. Mr. Donisthorpe had been to Shenton 
Hall some time ago, and the ivy on the walls was in similar 
condition to that at Stonor Park. He also communicated 
the following paper descriptive of the life-history of the 
insect, sent to him by Fr. J. F. Perry. 


Notes on Scymnus arcuatus. 


From July 17th to Sept. 5th over a hundred specimens, 
including five larvae and five pupae, have been taken on the 
ivy at Stonor House, five and a half miles from Henley-on- 
Thames. The sexes were in about equal numbers. On July 
31st I found two larvae and four pupae. The smaller of these 
larvae attacked the other and bit it in the side. It did not 
recover and was unable to cast its skin, though it took the 
characteristic shape of a pupa. On Aug. 8rd the other larva 
pupated, having doubled its size in rather less than four days. 


(tes) 


Aug. 4th. A pupa darkened in the morning and emerged the 
same evening by 10 p.m. A light testaceous, except for a 
darker shade on the disk of the thorax. In twenty-four hours 
it was fully coloured; a female. The only variation I have 
noticed is in the lower light horseshoe band on the elytra; 
some specimens have only a slight trace of it. The male is 
easily distinguished by its white head. The insects pair very 
readily in captivity, and the pairing lasts for an hour. On 
either side of the retractile segment bearing the genitalia of 
the male are two movable setae on a short joint. They are 
just the length of the last ventral segment of the female ; during 
the pairing they spread over this segment like a pair of com- 
passes, giving a firm grip underneath and apparently acting 
also as an excitant. 

Larva.—The larva is somewhat flattened, the head being 
sunk. It is white and glistening, covered with the powder 
from the Aleurodes larvae on which it feeds. There are six 
rows of tubercles, each with a pale testaceous, transparent, 
glossy centre, from which the pale yellow setae grow. These 
setae are broad at the base and taper to a fine point. They 
curve inwards in the series on either side of the median line. 
I think they are glandular, and exude a sticky substance to 
which the powder of the Alewrodes adheres. 

The two claws at the anal extremity attach the larva and 
pupa most firmly to the ivy leaves. The larva arches its back 
in walking, using these claws. It has three eyes at each side. 

Pupa.—The pupa is of the same colour as the larva, but 
the setae are black and the tubercles much smaller. The 
membrane enclosing elytra and wings is set with stout bristles. 
It retains the cast larval skin telescoped into dense folds 
round its last segments. The tubercles of the first four dorsal 
segments of the hind body are darker than the rest. 

Coniopteryx.—I have found great numbers of Coniopteryx 
psociformis. Mr. Arrow very kindly identified it. Its larva 
and perfect insect also feed on the larvae of the Alewrodes. The 
larva is covered with the powder of the Alewrodes. I kept 
several in tubes, but had to leave home for a fortnight. On 
my return I found an imago had emerged, but I missed seeing 
the pupa. 


(tei) 


In mating one clasped the other round the neck with its 
intermediate legs. The one so clasped turned the end of its 
body right over its back and so paired. J. F. Perry. 

TERATOLOGICAL Lucanrip BrrEtLte.— Mr. WILLOUGHBY 
Exits exhibited a teratological specimen of the common 
Lucanid beetle Sinodendron cylindricum, L., in which the 
onychium of the right posterior tarsus is much thickened to- 
wards its apex, and is triangular in section and furnished with 
three pairs of perfect claws, one pair of the usual size, one much 
smaller, and one of intermediate size. The insect is a g, and 
normal in all other respects. It was taken in the decaying 
wood of an old walnut-tree at Berkswell, Warwickshire, 
July 1913. 

INSECTS CAPTURED FeEs. 20, 1915, AT THE FLOWERS OF A 
EucaLyptus At HEALESVILLE, Victoria, BY Mr. R. Ketty.— 
Prof. PoutTon said that during the visit of the British Associa- 
tion to Australia in 1914 he had had the pleasure of meeting 
and collecting with Mr. Reginald Kelly, of Healesville, near 
Melbourne, and he had suggested to this keen naturalist that 
it would be extremely interesting to capture a set of insects 
visiting a particular flower at a particular time. He hoped 
that in this way much light might be thrown upon the com- 
position of mimetic combinations and the numerical propor- 
tions of the species entering into them. Prof. Poulton was 
also very anxious to test the conclusion that members of these 
combinations visit the same flowers at the same time. Mr. 
Kelly had kindly acted on this suggestion, and had sent the 
insects exhibited to the meeting and taken under the condi- 
tions described as follows by the captor :— 

“The insects sent in spirit and in paper envelopes were all 
taken on Feb. 20, 1915, on EZucalyptus calophylla rosea—a pink 
flowering vernacular gum, a native of West Australia, flower- 
ing in my garden at Mt. Yule, Healesville, Victoria. The tree 
was crowded with blossom, and is about 20 ft. high with a 
diameter of about 15 ft. in spread of boughs, the lowest of 
which are about 4 ft. from the ground. Specimens of leaf and 
flower are sent, and allowance must be made for these fading 
to a lighter shade. The large flies [Rutilia] were on the 
flowers, but rest on the bark of the stem and larger branches 


( ci ) 

where they are not easily seen. The rough bark of the tree 
varies from rather light to dark brown and is broken into 
rectangular pieces. On the stem are holes where the smaller 
dead branches have dropped out. The tree thus affords 
shelter and the bark colour protection. [A sketch showed 
that the flies resting on the bark resemble the scars where 
the branches have fallen. ] 

‘The Lepidoptera fly mostly high to the top flowers. Those 
sent came down lower. The tree was crowded with various 
bees. I think I have sent at least one of each—also blow flies 
and house flies (few). 

“The proportions of the species in the collection sent is a 
true criterion of their relative numbers on the tree except with 
the bees, which I did not take freely. My method of taking 
was to hold the mouth of the spirit bottle over or under the 
flower, which thus made a stopper and the insect fellin. They 
were more or less drunk with honey. I did the same with a 
larger-mouthed cyanide bottle for the Lepidoptera. 

“Hach year this tree is covered with insects. Sometimes 
it flowers more freely, sometimes less than this year. You 
would enjoy the sight. One year a man working in the garden 
remarked to me, ‘ My word, it’s a regular aquarium.’ ” 

Dr. Otto Stapf, F.R.S., of Kew, had kindly given the follow- 
ing information concerning the tree :— 

“ The variety rosea of Lucalyptus calophylla, R. Br., is men- 
tioned in Guilfoyle, ‘ Australian Plants,’ 1911, p. 161. There 
is no author quoted for the variety, nor can I trace it farther 
back, and it seems therefore to be Guilfoyle’s creation. He 
says nothing about its cultivation. . calophylla was recom- 
mended for planting in avenues as early as 1860-61 (see Ferd. 
v. Mueller, ‘ Fragm.’ II, p. 36). He also mentions it as suffer- 
ing from frosts at Melbourne in his ‘ Eucalyptographia,’ 1879 
(no pagination, but alphabetical arrangement). It was grown 
in the Melbourne Botanic Garden in 1882 (Guilf., ‘ Cat. Mel- 
bourne Bot. Gard., 64; 1883). 

‘‘ The species is confined to W. Australia. A form with pink 
filaments is mentioned by Ferd. v. Mueller in his ‘ Kucalyp- 
togr.’ as very rare, and J assume it is the var. rosea of Guilfoyle. 
EL. calophylla has for a long time been known as a‘ bee-tree.’ ”’ 


Comm 9 


Prof. Poulton said it was interesting that a West Australian 
tree should be so extraordinarily attractive to such large 
numbers of Victorian insects. He had been indebted, in the 
working out of the collection, for much kind help to Mr. G. J. 
Arrow, Mr. C. J. Gahan, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Mr. J. Waterston, 
and, on account of the large numbers of Hymenoptera and 
Diptera, especially to Mr. G. Meade-Waldo, Mr. Rowland E. 
Turner, and Mr. F. W. Edwards. 

Many of the insects having been sent in spirit, it was possible 
that some changes in colour might have occurred, but the 
specimens as a whole retained a very fresh and natural appear- 
ance. The following colour combinations, including between 
them nearly the whole of the Hymenoptera, were recognised :— 

Combination I. All black (I. All bl.,” in list of species). 
Some of the other combinations are transitional into this, by 
the extreme darkness of markings or their evanescent character. 
Thus several members of Combination II would be probably 
indistinguishable from I at a little distance. All the Evanw- 
didae have been grouped under I, although some of them bear 
very dark reddish markings. The black ground-colour of 
some of the bees is iridescent, with a steely or bronzy lustre. 

Many species belonging to this combination were pre- 
dominant on Feb. 20, especially Paracolletes nr. vigilans (32 3, 
6 9), an undetermined species of Huryglossa (19 9), Halictus 
leat (13 2), Pachyprosopis haematosoma (55 2), and, among the 
small bees, two species of Pachyprosopis and three of Prosopis. 

Combination II. Reddish, generally combined with black 
(“ II. Reddish,” in list). The parts marked with red, vary- 
ing greatly in different species, are shown in the list by means 
of contractions. The principal members of this combination 
were three species of Huryglossa and one of Halictus. 

Combination III. Black, with a characteristic median yellow 
mark on the posterior dorsal surface, scutellum (mesothoracic) 
and post-scutellum (metathoracic), of the thorav (“ III. yell. 
mk.,” in list). A yellow mark is also present just in front 
of and generally somewhat below the attachment of the 
forewing. It is placed on the sides of the mesonotum in 
Paracolletes and Euryglossa, on the prothoracic tubercle of 
the other species of Combination III. The principal yellow 


( av) 


mark is either squarish with the posterior side curved and 
rather shorter than the others, or else so much shorter and 
so sharply curved that the mark becomes an isosceles triangle 
with base directed forwards and with a rounded apex. The 
squarest mark is seen in Meroglossa % mgrifrons, although 
here, too, the posterior side is strongly curved. Yellow 
markings are also seen on the face, the chief resemblances 
in this respect being between Euryglossa quadrimaculata and 
Meroglossa % nigrifrons, and betweeen Palaeorhiza nubilosa, 
Prosopis sp., and, less closely, Prosopis rotundiceps. Para- 
colletes humerosus is a far-outlying member of this combina- 
tion, being without the characteristic median mark, but 
possessing on the mesonotum, in front of and within the 
attachment of the forewings, a conspicuous elongated yellow 
mark resembling in form the pair on the face of Prosopis sp., 
and P. nubilosa. 

Combination III bears a very characteristic Australian 
pattern to which my attention was called some years ago by 
Dr. R. C. L. Perkins (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1912, p. c.). It is 
probable that a very large number of species, including 
members of other Aculeate groups, will be found to belong 
to it. In the meantime Mr. Kelly’s captures on Feb. 20 
include six bees (without P. humerosus), so much alike that, 
on a superficial inspection, they appear to belong to a single 
species. The dominant species were LHuryglossa quadri- 
maculata (50 9) and Palaeorhiza nubilosa (15 9). Of the 
remaining five species three were represented each by a single 
example, the fourth by three, the fifth by six. 

Dr. R. C. L. Perkins has kindly supplied the following notes 
on the species in Combination III. 

Paracolletes humerosus. The yellow markings are formed 
by what I call “ squamosity.” Whether this consists of 
modified hairs or excretion through the punctures I am not 
quite sure. I do not think this belongs to the colour group : 
it is too dissimilar, especially as other Paracolletes do un- 
doubtedly belong to it. 

Euryglossa 4-maculata. Although the “tubercles” are 
black and do not enter into the colour-scheme at all, the 
yellow lateral spots, being restricted to the down-curved 


CteR 


lateral parts of the mesonotum, give a colour effect in dorsal 
aspect of the insect not very different from that of the yellow- 
tubercled species, e.g. Prosopis rotundiceps, the convexity 
of the yellow pronotal tubercles rendering these conspicuous 
in true dorsal aspect. In the scutellum of this Euryglossa a 
small triangular, distinctly divided-off portion is to be seen 
on each side. These lateral pieces are often called the 
‘* axillae.” One would have thought this name would have 
been used rather for one of the small chitinisations beneath 
the root of the wings, but it is an unhappy term anyhow ! 

In the specimens determined as Prosopis sp. ? 9, Palaeorhiza 
nubilosa 2, Prosopis rotundiceps 2, Prosopis nubilosella 2, 
Meroglossa nigrifrons * 3, the yellow thoracic markings are 
identically placed, the side-markings being absolutely confined 
to the prothoracic tubercles. 

Palaeorhiza nubilosa 9. This 2 seems hardly more than a 
very slight var. of the species I have identified as -Prosopis 
nubilosa, from Queensland. I find it almost impossible to 
believe it can be another genus. My “ nubilosa”’ have nothing 
to do with Palaeorhiza (a genus I myself made!), but are 
Prosopis. Unless you have $3 of yours, showing the entirely 
different tongue of a Palaeorhiza, I consider yours Prosopis, 
and the same species as mine. 

Meroglossa nigrifrons ? 3.* This has no resemblance at 
all to a Meroglossa and is not that genus. Its face, antennae, 
etc., are entirely different in structure, not to mention the 
tongue. In fact I should say it is almost certainly a 3 of 
Prosopis rotundiceps. 

P. rotundiceps 9. This practically agrees with my Queens- 
land examples I named thus. 

Prosopis sp. 9. I have gg which may belong to this 
species, but I have no name for them. I should think it 
quite probable that this species belongs to the “ disjuncta” 
group of my genus or subgenus Euprosopis, but without very 
minute examination I cannot be sure from a single 9. 

P. nubilosella. I have specimens (also 9) that I captured 
at Sydney, June 1904, but I had no name for them. 

Combination IV. Black with narrow yellow abdominal bands 


* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1912, p. 96. 


(. cw ) 


(“IV. Yell. bd.,” in list). There is great variability in the 
amount of yellow on other parts. This association includes 
various different patterns, probably forming large separate 
combinations, here brought together for the sake of con- 
venience. Thus the $ Thynnid Agriomyia variegata, of which 
281 were taken on Feb. 20, is obviously resembled by the bee 
Euryglossa calliopsella (11 9), while Euryglossa flavopicta and 
E. microxantha differ in the much greater development of 
yellow on head and thorax and the replacement of black by a 
brownish shade on the abdomen. In the other male Thynnids 
belonging to Combination IV there is an almost complete 
disappearance of yellow from head and thorax, and the ab- 
dominal bands are very pale yellow, extremely narrow and 
interrupted, so that the insects at a little distance would appear 
to fall into the all-black Combination I. 

Combination V. Black with two broad abdominal bands of 
dark orange (“* V. Or. bd.,” in list). This, like III, is a very 
characteristic and highly developed Australian combina- 
tion. The central models are probably to be found in the 
Eumenidae (Diploptera), while convergent patterns are seen 
not only in other Aculeates but also in Diptera (Asilidae) 
and Coleoptera (Longicorns and Buprestidae). Some of 
these members of the Combination are represented in Linn. 
Soc. Journ.-Zool., 1898, vol. xxvi, pl. 41, figs. 5, 5a, 5s, 
5c (see also pages 587, 588). Of the two members captured 
on Feb. 20, the bee Hylaeoides concinna was common (4 3 
17 2), while the Fossor Crabro sp. nr. neglectus was represented 
by a single female. Both species are much darker than 
the ones figured in Linn. Soc. Journ., the thorax and head, 
as looked at from above, being almost entirely black, and the 
orange bands, narrower in the Crabro, of a peculiarly deep 
shade. 

The following note on Combination V has been kindly 
contributed by Mr. Rowland E. Turner :— 

Fam. Crabronidae. Crabro (Solenius) tridentatus, Sm., from 
S.E. Australia has the broad orange band pattern, whereas 
C. tasmanicus, Sm., from Tasmania, which does not differ 
appreciably in structure, has narrow yellow bands. The only 
representatives of the orange pattern in Tasmania appear to 


G sevnm |) 
be one or two large and wide ranging Psammocharidae and 
the bee Hylaeoides concinna, F., which also has a wide range 
in §.E. Australia. Tasmanian Humenidae usually have 
narrow yellow bands on the abdomen. 

At Yallingup, on the coast south of Perth, the Australian 
pattern seemed to be confined to one or two wide ranging 
Eumenidae and Psammocharidae, the more characteristic 
local species of Alastor (Eumenidae) all having narrow yellow 
bands. In the Perth district the Australian pattern (V) was not 
common, though better represented than at Yallingup; still 
the local Hylaeoides has yellow bands, not orange as in 8.H. 
Australia. At Mackay, N. Queensland, a considerable number 
of wasps had the orange colouring, but nearly all were 
Eumenidae, the only Fossorial examples being Crabronidae 
and Psammocharidae. 

The colouring does not exist among the Mutillidae, 
Thynnidae or Scoliidae, and only in Hylaeoides among the 
bees. The Australian pattern is very well represented in 
the Du Boulay collection from the Champion Bay district, 
W.A., also, apparently, further inland in W.A., where Cerceris 
and Arpactus (Crabronidae) are affected; the same genera 
are also affected in 8. Australia and to a smaller extent at 
Brisbane. At Perth one Bembex has the colouring, though 
nowhere else does the colour occur in this genus, which is 
well represented in Australia. 

Rainfall at Yallingup and Perth about 35 inches; Yallingup 
more cloudy than Perth; Champion Bay district about 17 
inches; further inland 9 inches; Mackay about 75 inches, 
with well-marked wet and dry seasons; Tasmania cloudy 
and windy. These remarks seem to show that the colouring 
is not indigenous in cool moist climates, but is developed in 
hot and sunny districts, especially in dry climates. 

There are also one or two other Australian patterns which 
are much more local and less dominant, such as testaceous 
with a black head in the Cairns district, several bees and 
Crabronidae being affected; and black with the second 
abdominal segment bright red in §8.W. Australia, affecting 
two Mutillidae and one Arpactus (Crabronidae). 

The number of undetermined species in the following list 


( evil ) 
shows that this is a most fruitful method of collecting, and 
also suggests the large amount of systematic work that remains 
to be done in the Australian Hymenoptera. 

A great preponderance of females is to be expected in insects, 
especially bees, visiting flowers for honey; but there are some 
interesting exceptions. Thus thirty-two males of Paracolletes 
nr. vigilans were taken, together with six females, probably 
belonging to the same species. The Thynnidae, on the other 
hand, were chiefly males—again in accordance with the habits 
of the group; for the males of these Fossores visit flowers, often 
carrying the wingless female in coitt#t. Some of the species 
of Diptera (Lonchaeidae, Sepsidae and Sapromyzidae) were 
probably visiting the tree for egg-laying. 

List of species captured by R. Kelly, Feb. 20, 1915, on flowers 
of a single tree of Eucalyptus calophylla rosea, at Healesville, 
Victoria. 


HYMENOPTERA. 


PARASITICA. 


Chaleididae. 
(Eulophidae) 
Gyrolasomyia washington,* Gir.,—3 9. 


Evanudidae. 
Foenus flavitarsis, Guér.,—1 9.—I. All Ol. 
» 2,13 9 of several undetermined species.— 
I. All bl. (The dark-reddish colour on some sp. wn- 
visible except on close inspection.) 


* The following note has been kindly contributed by Mr. J. 
Waterston :— 


Sub-family ENTEDONINAE. 


Tribe OMPHALINI. 
Genus Gyrolasomyia, Gir. (1913). 


Qyrolasomyia washingtoni, Gir. (1913). 
G. washington’, Girault, Austr. Hym. Chalcid., 1V, Mem. Queensland 
Mus., p. 175 (1913). 

Described from one ? (Holotype No. Hy. 1706, Queens. Mus.) 
captured by sweeping in the forest adjoining the banks of Cape River, 
Jan. 8, 1913. 

The ¢ is still unknown. 


(scree) 


ANTHOPHILA. 


Euryglossa calliopsella, Ckll.,—11 9.—IV. Yell. bd. 
a ephipprata, Sm.,—16 9.—II. Reddish 
(thor.). 
Euryglossa flavopicta, Sm.,—3 9.—IV. Yell. bd. 
(dark bds. brown). 
Euryglossa sp. near frenchi, Ckll.,—39 9.—II. Reddish — 
(thor., abd.). 
Euryglossa microxantha, Ckll.,—4 9.—IV. Yell. bd. 
(dark bds. brown). 
Euryglossa quadrimaculata, Sm., var.,—44 9.—III. 
Yell. mk. (2 yell. spots on abd. instead of typ. 4). 
Euryglossa quadrimaculata, Sm., typical.—6 9.—ITI. 
Yell. mk. 
Euryglossa sp.,—19 9.—I. All bl. 
Ls sp..—2 9.—I. All Ol. 
s sp.,—16 9.—II. Reddish (with bl. on thor., 
abd.). 
Euryglossa sp.,—1 9.—II. Reddish (ant. abd.). 
Pachyprosopis sp., ¢ flavicauda, Ckll.,.—54 2, 1 3.— 
I. All Ol. 
Pachyprosopis haematosoma, Ckll.,—55 ¢.—I. All bl. 
(steely). 
Pachyprosopis sp.,—5 ?.—I. All Ol. 
Ms sp., 25 9.—I. All bl. 
Meroglossa sp., tmgrifrons,* Sm.,—1 g.—III. Yell. mk. 
Palaeorhiza nubilosa, + Sm.,—15 9.—III. Yell. mk. 
Prosopis nubilosella, Ckil., 1 9.—III. Yell. mk. 
he rotundiceps, Sm.,—6 9.—III. Yell. mk. 
a2 sp.,—l 9.—III. Yell. mk. 
Re sp.,—l4 9.—I. All bl. 
sp.,—35 9.—I. All dl. 
sp.,—l0 9, 4 g.—I. All bl. 
Hybheeies concinna, F.,—17 9, 4 3g.—V. Or. bd. 
(or. mk. 2 face, yell. mk. 3 face). 


* Considered by Dr. R. C. L. Perkins to be the § of Prosopis 
rotundiceps. 
+ Considered by Dr. Perkins to be Prosopis nubilosa. 


( ox: ) 


Paracolletes humerosus, Sm.,—3 9°.—III. Yell. mk. 
(far outlying member of ITI). 
Paracolletes mimulus, Ckll.,—4 9.—I. All bl. (bronzy). 
- sp., near vigilans, Sm.,—6 9, 32 g.—I. 
All bl. (steely). 
Paracolletes sp.,—1 9°.—I. All bl. (bronzy). 
- sp..—l g.—I. All bl. (steely). 
Callomelitta picta, Sm.,—l 9.—II. Reddish (ant. 
thor.) 
Halictus leai, Ckll.,—16 9.—I. All bl. 
3 sp.,—l 3g.—I. All bl. 
a sp.,—15 9, 4 g.—@ II. Reddish (abd.),—3.— 
1 "AG Ol. 
Parasphecodes halictus, Sm.,—2 9,1 g.—II. Reddish 
(abd.) 
Exzoneura froggatti, Friese,—4 9.—II. Reddish (abd.) 
Megachile sp.,—1 3.—I. All bl. 
" sp.,—l 9.—I. All bl. 
Apis mellifica, L.,—19 &. 
ad 2) var. cypria, Pollm.,—5 8. 


FossorEs. 


Thynnidae. 

Rhagigaster corrugatus, Turner,—¢ and 2 wn cop.,— 
I. All bl. (2 red head). 

Rhagigaster pugionatus, Sauss.,—1 3,1 9.—I. All Ol. 
(92 red thoraz). 

Rhagigaster sp..—1 g.—I. All bl. 

Eirone sp.,—l 3.—I. All bl. 

Agriomyia marginilabris, Guér.,—1l g.—IV. Yell. bd. 
(very pale). 

Agriomyia variegata, Klug.,—281 g.—IV. Yell. bd. 

»  Sp.,—4 g.—IV. Yell. bd. (very pale, some- 

times evanescent and transitional to 1). 

Agriomyia sp.,—1 9.—II. Reddish (head, pt. thor., 
pt. abd.). 

Asthenothynnus near lactarius. Turner,—3 3, 192.—d 
I. All bl., 9—II. Reddish. 


( ex ) 


Asthenothynnus sp.,—4 3.—All bl. (colours probably 
unseen at lattle distance). 

Asthenothynnus sp.,—4 2 (probably of above 3 3)— 
All bl. 

Sphegidae. 

Crabro sp. near neglectus, Sm.,—1 9°.—V. Or. bd. (pair 
yell. mks. on face and ant. thor.). 

Rhopalum sp.,—2 9.—I. All bl. (slight red ant. abd.). 


HETEROGYNA. 


Iridomyrmex sp.,—2 ¥. 


COLEOPTERA. 


Dermestidae. 

Anthrenocerus australis, Hope.—2 9. 
Chrysomelidae. 

Monolepta picticollis, Blackb.—1. 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


Prerinae. 
Delias aganippe, Donov.,—1 9. 
», harpalyce, Donov.,—1 9. 
Agaristidae. 
Phalaenoides glycinae, Lew.,—4 3. 
Eutrichopidia latina, Donov.,—1 9. 


DIPTERA. 


Bombylidae. 
Geron sp.,—2. 
Tachinidae. 
Rutiha pellucens, Meq.,.—5 3, 2 9. 
»  potina, Wlk.,—3 9. 
»  regalis, Guér.,—3 9. 
»  ruficornis, Bigot,—l 3. 
»  vwipara, F.,—2 9. 
Muscidae. 
Pycnosoma varipes, Mceq.,—47 9. 
be rufifacies, Meq.,—1 3. 


(i exis) 
Pyrellia sp.,—2 3, 1 9. 
Musca sp.,? minor, Mcq.—1 4, 4 9. 
Calliphora villosa, R.-D.,—1 9. 
Anastellorhina augur, F.,—6 3, 1 9. 


Lonchaeidae. 
Lonchaea sp.,—1 &. 


Sepsidae. 

sp.,—1 9; sp..—l g, 19; sp..—3 2. 
Sapromyzidae. 

Sapromyza sp.,—1 2; sp.,—l 9. 
Chloropidae. 


Oscinis (Oscinella) quadristriata, Becker,—4 9. 
» Sp.—S 6,353.93 sp..—L 9; sph. 
»  ¢ gen. et sp.,—l 9. 
Ephydridae. 
sp.,—3 g, 1-9. 


HEMIPTERA—HETEROPTERA. 


Capsidae. 
sp.,—l. 


Dr. MARSHALL inquired whether the tree had been long in- 
troduced. He said that in Africa very few insects frequented 
the Australian Wattle. It appeared to take insects some time 
to get accustomed to a new plant. He instanced the gradual 
attacks made by them on peaches in Natal. 

Commander WALKER remarked on the paucity of beetles in 
the collection, which seemed as if they took longer than other 
orders to accustom themselves to an imported plant. 

A NEw SPECIES OF THAUMAGLOSSA BRED FROM THE Eae- 
CLUSTERS OF Mantipar.—Mr. Arrow exhibited specimens 
of a new beetle, Thaumaglossa bimaculata, bred from the egg- 
clusters of Mantidae, and read the following notes :— 

In May last I described two small beetles, allied to the very 
familiar Dermestes and Anthrenus, which had been bred, one 
in Nigeria and the other in Mashonaland, from the papery 
egg-clusters of Mantidae. Mr. C. J. C. Pool has since received 
Mantis egg-clusters of two different species (Sphodromantis 


( ex ) 
gastrica and S. guttata) from Pretoria, from which he has bred 
specimens of another species of the same genus. The larvae 
(which closely resemble those of Anthrenus, but have two short 
terminal tufts of stout black hairs and very long pale hair on 
the dorsal surface) hollow out the interior of the egg-clusters, 
without destroying the outer layers, and then pupate in the 
cavity. They appear to devour both the eggs and the mem- 
branous substance forming the protective mass. Species of 
the genus Thawmaglossa, to which these beetles belong, have 
been long known from Tropical Asia, Australia and the United 
States (Southern), but their habits seem to have remained un- 
known. The genus is remarkable for the enormously enlarged 
heart-shaped last joint of the antenna of the male. 
The new species I propose to call 


Thaumaglossa bimaculata. 


Description. Nigra, antennis, macula transversa utrinque 
post humerum posita abdomineque postice rufis, undique 
minute pubescens sed pronoti medio fere denudato; capite 
rugose punctato, pronoto nitido, lateribus crebre, medio parce, 
punctato, postice fortiter lobato, lobo truncato, elytris undique 
crebre punctato-rugosis, subopacis. 

Long. 355 mm. Hab. Transvaal: Pretoria. 

The type is one of several specimens given to the British 
Museum by Mr. C. J. C. Pool. 

The species is closely related to 7. oothecobia and T. rufo- 
cincta, but the red band upon the elytra is not continuous as 
in those, the sculpturing of the elytra is coarser and deeper 
and the pubescence with which they are clothed finer and less 
apparent. It is also a little flatter in shape, rather broader 
than 7. rufocincta and not quite so short as 7’. oothecobia. 

New LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE WANDAMMEN MOounTAINS, 
Dutch NEw Guinea.—Mr. G. TatBor exhibited on behalf 
of Mr. J. J. Jorcey a number of new Lepidoptera from Dutch 
New Guinea, and read the following notes :— 

The specimens here shown are some of the forty-four new 
forms which will be described in the “‘ Annals and Mag. of Nat. 
Hist.” 


The specimens were obtained by Messrs. A. C. and F. Pratt 
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v, 1915 H 


* 


( cxiv >) 


in the Wandammen Mountains, during Nov. 1914. These 
mountains, which had never previously been explored ento- 
mologically, are situated near Wandammen Bay, an inlet 
of Geelvinck Bay on the north-east side of the island. 

The Heterocera are not yet fully worked out and may 
yield other new forms. 

A catalogue of the wonderful collection made by Messrs. 
Pratt on this and other expeditions in Dutch New Guinea and 
the Schouten Islands, is in course of preparation. 

The following species are shown :— 

Papilio (Troides) chimaera is represented by dracaena, subsp. 
nov. Another race also inhabits Central Dutch New Guinea. 
We received no ¢ of the present form, but a specimen supposed 
to be a male of dracaena was nearly taken by a native 
collector, who stated that the hindwing was without black 
spots. 

P. albertisi, Ob., a rare species inhabiting North Dutch New 
Guinea. : 

Delias mariae is a distinct species, which has affinity with 
clathrata, R. and J., from British New Guinea. 

Delias tessei is nearest to hapalina, Jord., from British New 
Guinea. 

Delias caroli, Kenr., inhabits the Arfak district, and a long 
series was received from the Angi Lakes. It is represented 
in the Wandammen district by the form shown, and this is 
another illustration of the local distribution of Delias in New 
Guinea. 

Delias thompsoni possesses a pattern distinct from any other 
in the genus. : 

Leuciacria acuta, Roths. and Jord. Described from British 
New Guinea. We received a long series from the Arfak. 

Ideopsis vitrea f. serena is nearest arfakensis, Fruh. 

Morphotaenaris schonbergi {. kenricki inhabits the Arfak 
district. From the Wandammens we have a darker race 
which we have named wandammenensis. 

Erycinidia maudei is unlike any other species in this curious 
genus. 


Platypthima pandora is allied to a new form sent by Messrs, 
Pratt from the Arfak, 


(. sexy) 


Platypthima euptychiordes is allied to klossi, Roths., from the 
Snow Mountains. These species bear a curious resemblance 
to S. American forms of the genus Luptychia. 

Mycalesis fulvianetta, Roths., was described from the Snow 
Mountains, and is curiously similar to mahadeva, Boisd. A 
new race of the former occurred together with the latter in 
the collection. 

Dicallaneura albosignata and D. virgo are new forms only 
known in the 9. 

Callictita cyara, B.-Bkr., from British New Guinea, is repre- 
sented by the race albiplaga subsp. nov. 

Parelodina aroa, B.-Bkr., from British New Guinea, is 
represented by mima sp. nov. 

Thysonotis melane sp. nov. is the only species of the genus 
with an entirely black upperside. 

Waigeum bakeri sp. nov., a distinct form only known in the 
2, Cyanris pullus sp. nov., and Lampides wandammenensis sp. 
nov., conclude the Lycaenidae shown. 

The following are among the new Heterocera :— 

Asura wandammenensis, allied to phryctopa, Meyr., from 
British New Guinea. 

Eupterote punctata is allied to our crenulata from the Arfak 
and to styx, B.-Bkr., from British New Guinea. 

Eubordeta mars represents rubroplagata, B.-Bkr., from the 
Arfak. 

Eubordeta discus is a race of flammens, B.-Bkr., from the 
Arfak. 

Milionia rubra and Colussa inconstans were described by us 
{rom the Arfak. 

The following little-known Sphingidae are also from the 
Wandammens :— 

Oxyambulyx jordan, B.-Bkr., O. ewphaea, R. and J., and 
Panacra pulchella, Roths. This latter was only known previ- 
ously from British New Guinea. 

ABERRANT RwHopaLoceraA.—Mr. StrantEy EpwarpDs ex- 
hibited a small box of aberrant butterflies taken by Mr. Daw- 
son, viz. an albinistic specimen of Epinephele jurtina (ab. 
semialba); melanic specimens of Brenthis pales, Melitaea dic- 
tynna, and M. didyma, a striated specimen of Agriades escheri 
and a specimen of Polyommatus hylas with obsolescent 


(cx ) 
spotting. The specimen of M. didyma was taken at Digne, 
the others in Switzerland. 

Paper. 


The following paper was read :— 
“On new and little-known species of Xylophilidae,”’ by 
G. C. Coampron, A.L.S., F.E.S. 


Wednesday, November 17th, 1915. 


The Honble. N. Coartes Roruscuixp, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 
President, in the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 


Messrs. JoHN WESLEY Carp, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., Professor 
of Biology in University College, Nottingham, and ALBERT 
Harry Hamm, 22, Southfield Road, Oxford, Assistant in the 
Hope Dept., Oxford University Museum, were elected Fellows 
of the Society. 


Death of Professor Meldola. 


The PRESIDENT said he was sure the Fellows would wish, 
without passing any formal vote, to express their regret at the 
death of the late Professor Meldola, formerly President of the 
Society. This was unanimously agreed to, and Professor 
Poulton asked permission to mention it to the family, whom he 
would be seeing on the following day. 


Nomination of Officers and Council. 


The SECRETARY announced that the Council had nominated 
all the Officers for re-election, and proposed the following 
Fellows to act as the Council for 1916. Messrs. A. Bacor, 
KE. A. Butter, B.A., B.Sc., T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.LS., 
F.Z.8., E. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., J. C. F. Fryur, C. J. 
GaHan, M.A., D.Sc., E. E. GREEN, F.Z.S., G. B. Lonestrarr, 
M.A., M.D., G. MEApE-Watpo, M.A., 8. A. Nave, M.A., B.Sc., 
H. Rowianp-Brown, M.A.. A. E. Tones. 


( exsv } 


Exhibitions. 


Ir1sH CoLEopTERA.—Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited on behalf 
of Mr. L. H. Bonaparte Wyse the following Coleoptera taken 
by him in Ireland this year :— 

Carabus glabratus, Pk., Muckross, Killarney ; Carabus granu- 
latus, L., black var., Mangerton, Killarney; Pelophila borealis, 
Pk., Killarney ; Blethisa multipunctata, L., Muckross, Killarney ; 
Badister unipustulatus, Bon., Muckross, Killarney; Chlaenius 
holosericeus, F., Muckross, Killarney; Harpalus 4-punctatus, 
Dej., var. with pitchy legs, Little Sugarloaf, Co. Wicklow; 
Anisodactylus binotatus var. spurcaticornis, De}., Muckross, 
Killarney; Pterostichus oblongo-punctatus, F., Curraghmore, 
Co. Waterford; Silpha dispar, Hbst., Muckross, Killarney ; 
Melolontha hippocastan, F., Muckross, Killarney; Campylus 
linearis, L., black var., Muckross, Killarney; Pogonochaerus 
dentatus, Fourc., Curraghmore, Co. Waterford; Rhopalomesites 
tardyi, Curt., Innisfallen, Killarney. 

ScotcH DyssTROMA CONCINNATA.—Dr. CocKaYNE exhibited 
a series of Dysstroma (?) concinnata, Steph., taken by Mr. R. Y. 
Horn at Tarbert, Argyllshire, July 1915. They were at rest 
on rocks amongst heather. For comparison D. concinnata, 
Arran, and the two Irish specimens taken by Capt. Gwatkin- 
Williams, R.N., on Achil Island. Also D. citrata ab. pythonis- 
sata (Uummanata), Shetlands, and D. truncata, Sutherland. Also 
a melanic aberration of D. concinnata taken by Mr. Horn on 
Arran Island. Except the specimens recorded by Curtis from 
Arrochar, Dumbarton, Aug. 7, 1825, none had been taken on 
the mainland of Scotland. 

Scorcu Preris napr.—The Rev. G. WHEELER exhibited a 
series of Pieris napr, from Kinghorn on the coast of Fife, taken 
on August 4, 1915, the gg being remarkable for the extent 
of the black markings, which form triangles at the end of the 
nervures on the forewings, the 9° for the extent of the grey 
suffusion along the costa, inner margin and nervures of the same 
wings. 

A Noctuip MorH FEEDING ON THE MOISTURE FROM THE 
EYES OF MULES.—Dr. Guy A. K. Marsa exhibited a 
specimen of a Noctuid moth, Arcyophora longivalvis Guen.., 


( cxvi ~-) 


forwarded from Rukuba Hill, 4000 ft., German East Africa, 
by Mr. W. F. Poulton, a veterinary officer of the Uganda 
Protectorate, with the following interesting note on its habits. 
Mr. Poulton was treating an outbreak of South African horse- 
sickness in a troop of mules when on military service, and when 
attending the animals at night he constantly noticed a number 
of moths about them. “ They would alight on the animal’s 
head, either in close proximity to the eye or on the nose; from 
the latter they would make their way straight to the eye, 
elongate the proboscis and feed on the secretion which collects 
under the lower lid. The proboscis would also wander over 
the cornea, making the animal blink several times and causing 
increased lachrymal secretion. The moths never settled on the 
rugs with which the mules were covered or on any excreta; 
they invariably alighted on the head. There was no particular 
preference displayed for a sick beast over a healthy one.” 
Mr. Poulton very diffidently suggests the possibility that these 
insects may be the transmitting agents of horse-sickness. 
Unfortunately this is one of those diseases in which the causa- 
tive organism is ultra-microscopical, rendering it much more 
difficult to ascertain the carrier with certainty. It has, how- 
ever, been sufficiently demonstrated that the carrier is a 
nocturnal insect, and the work of Dr. Watkins-Pitchford 
and Sir Arnold Theiler has rather pointed to its being a 
mosquito and probably an Anopheles. It is true that the 
range of the disease coincides fairly well with that of the 
moth, but this applies also to Anopheles transvaalensis and 
A. cinereus. 

Mr. R. W. Jack, Government Entomologist in Southern 
Rhodesia, has informed the exhibitor that this same moth 
occurs commonly about cattle kraals in Rhodesia in the even- 
ing, flying round the cattle and feeding at their eyes. He 
suspects that it may possibly carry a form of ophthalmia from 
which cattle suffer in that country. 

Mr. Beraune-BakeER inquired whether the moths irritated 
the animals, and Dr. Marshall replied that apparently they did 
not annoy them in the least, and Mr. Bethune-Baker then 
referred to a somewhat similar occurrence narrated in the 
‘“ Annales” of the Entomological Society of France, but in this 


( femx 5 


case the annoyance was such as to result in a stampede of the 
horses. 

Mr. NEAVE related a case in his experience in which many 
moths were found sucking the moisture (not the blood) from 
a wounded buck in Africa. 

PENTATOMID BUGS DEVOURING THE LYCAENID BUTTERFLY 
A. cor1pon.—Prof. Poutton exhibited the two examples of a 
Pentatomid bug, Zicrona coerulea, L., and the butterfly referred 
to in the following letter from Dr. E. A. Cockayne, dated July 
26, 1915 :— 

‘ T enclose you a freshly emerged male Agriades coridon, P., 
taken at Royston, Herts., July 25, 1915. The two brilliant 
green bugs were sucking it, one attacking the thorax, the other 
the abdomen. About forty yards away I found another dead 
male coridon. Like the first it must have just dried its wings 
before meeting its death. I could find no enemy in this case. 
Both were on very short dry turf, on the down.” 

Prof. Poulton said that it was doubtful whether the bugs 
had killed the butterfly. He had once noticed near St. Helens, 
Isle of Wight, a dead male of Polyommatuse icarus, Rott., 
lying on the ground, and had found a spider in the flower of a 
buttercup just over the butterfly. In this case the dead body 
might have been attacked by Hemiptera. Mr. A. H. Hamm 
had seen and recorded in the photograph exhibited to the 
meeting the attack of a Capsid bug, Capsus laniarius, L., wpon 
Pieris rapae, L., after it had been caught and killed by a web- 
building spider in his garden at Oxford. 

In answer to a question by Mr. P. A. Buxton as to whether 
the bug was known to be a blood-sucker, Dr. G. A. K. 
MARSHALL observed that Pentatomid bugs frequently attacked 
Pierid larvae, and Mr. E. E. GREEN gave similar instances. 

PYRRHOPYGID Ova AND ImMacines.—Mr. W. J. Kaye ex- 
hibited ova of Pyrrhopyge charybdis, a skipper belonging to 
the wholly Neotropical sub-family Pyrrhopyginae. The eggs 
for the size of the butterfly were enormous, and it was obvious 
that quite a comparatively small number could be laid by a 
single 9. The eggs were very similar to some Hesperiine species, 
being ribbed conspicuously longitudinally. The base of the 
egg consisted of a flat plate of a dark colour, the remainder of 


(. Texan 


the egg-shell being pale. The micropylar area was small, and 
the ribs reached nearly to the apex. A number of species 
of the Pyrrhopyginae illustrative of the different genera of 
the sub-family, including Sarbia lateizona, Yanguna cometes, 
Mimoniades periphena, Oxynetra felderi, Mysoria acastus, 
Myscelus foronis, Microceris varicolor, Sarbia sxanthippe, 
Pyrrhopyge pelota, and Jemadia hospita were also shown. 
Also Pseudosarbia phoenicicola, a mimic of S. canthippe, and . 
Pyrrhopygopsis socrates, a mimic of P. pelota; in both cases 
the mimics belonging to the sub-family Pamphilinae. And, 
lastly, Phocides pigmalion of the sub-family Hesperiinae 
mimicking J. hospita. 

MeLanic CyMaTopHora oR.—Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited 
a form of Cymatophora or, entirely black with the exception of 
the pale stigmata, taken at Sunderland this year, several of 
the form having been taken there during each of the past four 
or five years. 

New Burtrerruies rrom Brax.—Mr. G. Tazor exhibited 
on behalf of Mr. J. J. Jorcey a number of new butterflies from 
the Schouton Islands, viz. :— 

Papilio priamus f. teucrus subsp. n. Six males showing 
variation. (a) The typical form with golden costal spot on 
hind-wing and discal spots reduced, and in 2 with two spots 
in cellule 6 of hind-wing. (6) Form transitional to cronius, 
Feld., with only one small discal spot on hind-wing. (c) Aber- 
ration cronius, Feld., a specimen with green suffusion in cell of 
fore-wing. (d) Aberration without gold costal spot on hind- 
wing and two larger discal spots. (e) Aberration approaching 
poseidon, Doubl., with gold costal spot and four well-marked 
discal spots on hind-wing. (f) Aberration triton, Feld., hind- 
wing with three black discal spots and three golden sub- 
marginal ones. 

Danaida marcia sp. n. 2, with Buploea pyres f. mangolinella, 
Strand, 9, from N. Georgia, Solomons. The Biak Danaine 
presents a curious resemblance to the Solomon Island 
Kuploeine. 

Ideopsis inuncta, Butl., from Waigeu Island, and its race 
hewitsoni, Kirsch, from Biak. 

Tellervo zoilus £. mysoriensis, Stgr., and T. assarica f. biakensis 


( ‘exm) 


subsp. n. These occur together on Biak and confirm Lord 
Rothschild’s conclusion respecting this genus, that there 
are two species instead of one as stated by continental 
Lepidopterists. 

Morphopsis biakensis sp. n. This genus was only known 
before from New Guinea. 

Deudorix ceramensis f. maudei subsp. n., g 2. This interest- 
ing Lycaenid was first recorded from Ceram by Ribbe, and seems 
to be very rare. Ribbe records only one male specimen, which 
came from the mountains of Ceram. On Amboina, Waigeu, 
and New Guinea is found the allied and more common des- 
poena, Hew. This species, in the male, is blue above instead 
of brown, but the female is similar to that of ceramensis. 

AN ILL-PLACED Wasp’s NEST.—Mr. Taxszor also exhibited 
cells of a mud-wasp (Odynerus ? sp.) formed in the groove 
of an insect store-box in the Witley Museum; the mud having 
been collected and brought into the Museum by the wasp. 


Paper. 


The following paper was read :— 
“On the Biology of Sphodromantis guttata,’ by C. B. 
Wituiams, B.A., F.E.S., and P. A. Buxton, B.A., F.E.S. 


Wednesday, December Ist, 1915. 


The Honble. N. Coartes Rotuscuitp, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 
President, in the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 


Mr. K. 8. PapManasya Aryar, Trivandrum, Travancore, 
India, and Major Harry Diamonp Perez, I.M.S., Bannu, 
North-West Frontier Provinces, India, were elected Fellows 
of the Society. 


Election of Honorary Fellows. 
Prof. Antonio BERLESE, Florence, Italy, and Dr. L. O. 
Howarp, Washington, U.S.A., were elected Hon. Fellows to 


fill the vacancies caused by the death of Messrs. Fasre and 
von WATTENWYL. 


() exxzit) 


Exhibitions. 


InsEcTs FROM JAvA.—Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited on behalf 
of Mrs. WausH a number of insects from Java, nearly all of 
which were taken by her in her garden and grounds at Soeka- 
boemi. There were a number of small Heterocera unnamed 
and a varied collection of insects of other orders preserved 
in spirits, accompanied in several cases by insects parasitic 
upon them. This collection, which was also mostly unnamed, 
promises to be of considerable interest. 

British ALEURODIDAE.—Mr. C. B. Wititams exhibited a 
series of coloured drawings of the pupal cases of the British 
Aleurodidae executed by Mr. H. G. Osterstock. The follow- 
ing species were represented : Alewrodes (sensi lato) immacu- 
lata, A. phillyreae, A. vaporariorum, A. proletella, A.? quercus, 
A. rubicola, and an unidentified species from a greenhouse at 
Wisley; also two photographs (x 6 diameters) of adults and 
pupae of A. phillyreae on a hawthorn leaf. 

NOTES ON BREEDING FROM A MELANIC Race or BoaRMIA 
GEMMARIA. — Mr. R. Apxkin exhibited several families of 
Boarmia gemmaria, and gave the following explanatory notes. 
From a black female captured in 1907 a brood was reared in 
1908, which gave 60 % Black and 40°% Typical. Black was 
paired with Black and produced in 1909 a brood consisting 
of 77% Black and 23% Typical. Again Black was paired 
with Black and resulted in 1910 in a brood wholly Black, 
but which showed evident signs of constitutional weakness. 
However, Black was again paired with Black, but resulted in 
1911 in only two males and three females, all of them 
Black. For convenience in the following tables I will call 
this Brood X. 

In 1910 I was fortunate in again obtaining ova from a 
captured Black female, and in rearing from them in 1911 a 
brood consisting of 33°% Black and 67% Typical. This I 
call Brood Z. 

From the stocks thus obtained various cross pairings were 
made as set out in the following table together with the results 
obtained, given in percentages of Typical and Black and the 
sex percentage in each. 


( exxin ) 


1911-12. 
Broop ABC. Broop D. 
3 Typical Z x 2 Black X 3 Black Z x Q Typical Z 
Produced Produced 
Typical. Black. Typical. Black. 
Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. 
Nil Nil 39% 61% 66% 34% 49% 51% 
100 %, 44 9%, 56%, 
1912-15. 
Broop E. Broop G. 
3 Black ABC x 2 Black ABC 3 Black ABC x @ Black D 
Produced aeaduped 
Typical. Black. Typica Black. 
Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Teale Male. Female. 
TORS P30, tanger (20 o/5 4A Yi SOO,  42°% 885% 
22 0/ 78 %/, 50 %, 50 %, 
Broop H. Broop J. 
$ Black D x 9 Black ABC 3 Typical D x 2 Black ABC 
Produced Produced 
Typical. Black. Typical. Black. 
Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. 
boy 4 5495" 469, AO "GO, 40% “G0 
20h, TG 62% 38 % 
1913-14. 
Broop K. Broop M. 
3 Black H x 2 Black H 6 Black J x @ Black @ 
Produced Produced 
Typical. Black. Typical. Black. 
Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. 
Nil Nil 47% 53% 17% 83% 20% 80% 
100 %, 29 9/, 71%, 


( exxiv ) 


ANNUAL MEETING. 
Wednesday, January 19th, 1916. 


The Honble. N. Coartes Rotruscuixp, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. 
President, in the Chair. 

The Balance Sheet was read by Mr. C. J. Ganwan, one of 
the Auditors, and adopted on the motion of Mr. StanLey 
Epwarps, seconded by Mr. Frissy. 

The Rev. G. WHEELER, one of the Secretaries, then read 
the following 


Report of the Council. 


One vacancy has occurred in the ranks of the Honorary 
Fellows during 1915, by the death of Mons. J. H. Fabre, and 
the Society has also learnt of the death of another Honorary 
Fellow, Hofrath von Wattenwyl, which took place in 1914. 
The vacancies thus created have been filled by the appoint- 
ment of Prof. Antonio BERLESE of Florence, and Dr, L. O. 
Howarp of Washington, U.S.A. 

Our losses by death in the roll of our ordinary Fellows are 
phenomenally few, amounting to two only; one of them, Prof. 
Meldola, was a former President of the Society, the other, 
Col. Neville Manders, gave his life for his country in the 
Dardanelles. The Society has also learnt during the past 
year of the death of the Hon. H. E. Cox, of Jamaica, which 
took place towards the end of 1914, but this is balanced by 
the restoration to our roll of Mr. THomas Dosson, whose 
death (owing to a similarity of name) was announced last 
year, but who is still happily an active Fellow of our Society. 
Kight names have been removed from the list, two less than 
the previous year, and we have received eleven resignations, 
which is only two in excess of 1914, and even of these some 
may be expected to be only temporary. It is, however, in 
the number of admissions that the war has hit us hardest; 


( sexmev. ) 


of these we have only 14, to compare with the 54 of 1914, and 
the 39 of 1913. Our numbers are thus reduced somewhat 
below those of the last two years, consisting at present of 
twelve Honorary and five hundred and ninety-six ordinary 
Fellows, making a total of six hundred and eight. 

Our Transactions for this year form a volume of 427 pages, 
containing twenty-two papers by the following Authors, all 
of them being Fellows of the Society :—Messrs. A. AVINOFF, 
Dr. Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.L.8., F.Z.8., &c., (2), G. C. 
Cuampion, A.L.S., F.Z.S., Dr. T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.Z.S., 
(5), Dr. F. L. Davis, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Dr. F. A. Dixey, 
M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Herewarp C. Dotiman, G. C. Dup- 
GEoN, Dr. H. Evrrincuam, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S., F. W. FrRo- 
HAWK, M.B.O.U., J. J. Jotcny, F.LS., F.Z.S. (3), (one in 
conjunction with Mr. W. F. H. RosENBERG, one in conjunc- 
tion with Mr. A. Noakes, and the third in conjunction with 
the latter and Mr. G. Tatsot), Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., 
F.R.S., Kennetu J. Morton, A. Noakes (in conjunction with 
Mr. Jorcey), W. F. H. Rosensere (also in conjunction with 
Mr. Jorcey), C. F. M. Swynnerton, F.L.8., G. Tansor (in 
conjunction with Messrs. Jorcey & Noaxss), and Dr. A. J. 
Turner, M.D. Of these sixteen refer to the Lepidoptera, two 
to the Orthoptera, one each to the Coleoptera, Diptera and 
Neuroptera, and one is of general entomological interest. 
Though the number of papers is greater by two than in 1914 the 
amount of letterpress is considerably less, many of the papers, 
especially of those on the Lepidoptera, being short, though 
important, contributions to the Life-History of a single species. 
Amongst these should be specially noticed the solution of the 
long-standing riddle of the later life-history of the larva of 
Lycaena arion. The plates, however, exceed even the large 
number produced in 1914, amounting to no less than one 
hundred and seventeen, and consist of 17 chromo-plates, 10 
three-colour plates, 3 black-and-white lithographs, 3 collo- 
types, 78 half-tone engravings and 6 line-blocks. Of these, 
nine chromos and eight three-colour plates are given by Mr. 
J. J. Joicey, two chromos by Dr. Lonestarr, and three collo- 
types by Mons. Avinorr. Mr. K. J. Morton gave a donation 
of £2 towards the cost of a half-tone plate, and Dr. CoapmMan 


( oxxvi ) 


bears half the entire cost of six chromos and sixty-one 
half-tone plates. The cost of the remaining plates is borne 
by the Society, but the drawings have in all cases been given 
by the Authors, except that the drawings for one three-colour 
plate and six line-blocks were given by Mr. F. D. Gopman. 
The Society has also replaced 600 copies of one of Mons. 
Avinoft’s collotypes, which were lost in transit from Petrograd. 

The Proceedings occupy 133 pages, and are illustrated by 
one line-block plate. They contain in addition to the usual 
record of exhibits, and the welcome accounts of the observa- 
tions and discoveries of our Fellows in Africa and elsewhere, 
three important papers, two of which, viz. those by the late 
Col. NeEvitLtE Manpers, D.D.M.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., and Mr. 
C. F. M. Swynnerton, F.L.S., F.E.S., relate to Protective 
Resemblance, and the third, by Rev. J. F. Perry, gives a life- 
history of the Aleurodes parasitic on the beetle, Scymnus 
arcuatus. 

Under the advice of a Sub-committee appointed by the 
Business Committee, considerable changes have been made 
in the matter printed on the cover of the Transactions, 
including a facsimile of the seal designed for the Society 
by Prof. Image. 

A Sub-committee was also appointed by the Council to sug- 
gest alterations and additions to the Bye-laws (which must in 
any case be reprinted, the stock being exhausted) ; the Council 
has debated on their report and the suggested alterations will - 
shortly be submitted to the Society. 

The attendance at the meetings has been well maintained in 
spite of the number of our Fellows absent with the colours, and 
khaki has been no uncommon sight here during the past year. 

Several members of the Entomological Societies of allied 
Nations have taken advantage of our Society’s offer of the 
use of its Library, and there has scarcely been a meeting of 
the Society this year at which one or more of them has not 
been present. 


The TREASURER reports as follows :— 
“The balance sheet compares very favourably with that of 
last year; in fact, in some respects shows an improvement. 


( sexe, ») 


The cash balance in hand is £116 more than this time last 
year, after paying all accounts rendered. The annual subscrip- 
tions show the slight falling off of £20. The item under the 
head of ‘ Donations’ shows an improvement of upwards of 
£80, chiefly owing to the generosity of Mr. J. J. Jorcry, 
but the cost of production of plates shows a corresponding 
increase. The excess in the amount received for sales of 
publications by about £21 is extremely satisfactory. 

‘The only unpleasant item in the balance sheet is the con- 
tinued depreciation in the value of our securities, which now 
amounts to £507 13s. 9d. 

‘“* A. Hueu JONEs, 
Treasurer.” 


The LrprartiAn reports as follows :— : 

‘“ Four hundred and thirty-two volumes have been issued 
from the Library for home reading, and twenty-eight volumes 
and a large quantity of separata have been added to the 
Library. 

“The Library has also been largely used for purposes of 
reference. 

‘Owing to the war very many of the Foreign Magazines 
are not coming to hand.” 


The Report was adopted on the motion of Mr. W. J. Lucas, 
seconded by Mr. C. B. Witttams. 

No other names having been received by the Secretaries 
in addition to those nominated by the Council as Officers 
and Council for the ensuing year, the following were declared 
by the President, with the consent of the meeting, to be 
elected :— 

President, the Hon. N. Coartes Roruscuixp, M.A., F.L.S., 
F.Z.8.; Treasurer, A. H. Jones; Secretaries, Comm. J. J. 
Waker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S.; the Rev. GzorceE WHEELER, 
M.A., F.Z.S8.; Inbrarian, G. C. CHampton, A.L.S., F.Z.S.; 
Other Members of the Council, A. W. Bacort, E. A. Butier, B.A., 
B.Sc., T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.L.S., F.Z.8., E. A. Cockayne, 
M.A., M.D., J. C. F. Fryer, M.A., C. J. Ganan, M.A., D.Sc., 
E. E, GREEN, F.Z.S., G. B. Lonastarr, M.A., M.D., G. MrapE- 


(| cxxvil ) 


Watpo, M.A., S. A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc., H. Row1anp- 
Brown, M.A., A. E. Tonce. 

The PresipENT then delivered an Address, illustrated by 
slides shown in the Epidiascope, after which a Vote of Thanks 
to him was proposed by Lord WatstncHam, seconded by Mr. 
W. J. Kaye, and carried unanimously, with the request that 
the Address might be published as a part of the Proceedings 
of the Society. 

The PrEestmpENT having shortly replied, Mr. J. Hartiey 
DurRRANT proposed a Vote of Thanks to the Officers of the 
Society for their services during the past year; this having 
been seconded by Mr. A. W. Bacor and carried, the TREASURER 
and both the SecrETARIES said a few words of thanks in 


reply. 


( exxix) ,) 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


Balance Sheet for the Year 1915. 


RECEIPTS. 
Seputhe 
Balance in hand, Ist Jan., 

1915 Bee Pe eLOSm Garg 
Subscriptions for 1915 ... 475 13 0 
Arrears : sb le) (0) 
Admission Fees | 2 144 "0) 
Donations Pacis} dill 8) 
Sales of Transactions . 1388 14a 4 
Interest on Investments— 

Consols eo os 

Birmingham 3 

per cents. 6 if 4 
367 
Subscriptions in Advance 1818 O 
£981 10 4 
ASSETS. 
By s. a 
Subscriptions in arrear 

SHY sy cedbsss uese sae, O30) .0 
Cost of £1,354 2s. 2d. 

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PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v, 1915. I 


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( (xm =) 


THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 


GENTLEMEN, 

Ir is the privilege, and no small privilege, of the President 
of our Society to give an address at the termination of his 
year of office, and I can assure the Fellows of The Entomo- 
logical Society that I more than appreciate the honour 
which is thus conferred on me. There is no task so difficult 
for the President of our Society as to give an address, for, 
whatever theme he may select, he knows at the outset that he 
is addressing a number of experts, many of whom are far 
more familiar with the subject he has selected than he is 
himself. Under these circumstances, perhaps, it would be fit 
for the President to make a kind of apology that he has to 
speak at all, but I do not propose to do this; I merely crave 
your indulgence to listen to the few remarks that I am going 
to put before you. 

In giving my Presidential address this evening, it is hardly 
necessary for me to point out that we are in the midst 
of the greatest war ever known in history, and possibly are 
face to face with the greatest changes that mankind has ever 
seen. It is therefore not strange that entomology and 
entomologists should be affected by this titanic struggle. I 
must mention the deaths of three well-known entomologists. 
Firstly, the famous French entomologist, one of our honorary 
Fellows, Mons. Fabre, whose works recording and portraying 
the marvels of insect biology will remain for ever as a monu- 
ment of his greatness. Professor Fabre died at a very ripe 
old age, and his loss is not due to the great struggle which is 
going on. We have also lost Professor Meldola, another dis- 
tinguished scientific man whom we cannot replace, and finally 
I must mention Colonel Manders, whose premature death 


( Cx } 


has occurred in the present war. Many of our Fellows are 
serving or have been serving with the forces. The list I give 
is probably incomplete, and I therefore crave your indulgence 
for any omissions I may have unintentionally made. A. 
Avinoff, P. J. Barraud, C. C. Best-Gardner, K. G. Blair, 
W. Bowater, A. W. Boyd, Dr. Burr, P. A. Buxton, Dr. G. D. H. 
Carpenter, Dr. Cockayne, P. P. Graves, G. H. Gurney, P. 
Harwood, J. J. Jacobs, C. Jemmett, E. G. Joseph, E. C. Joy, 
W. J. von Monte Pendlebury, H. C. Phillips, N. D. Riley, 
W. F. H. Rosenberg, H. B. Sly, H. F. Stoneham, H. B. 
Whitehouse, F. H. Wolley-Dod. 

Lack of funds owing to the present struggle has delayed 
the publication of many important works, such as Sir George 
Hampson’s “ Catalogue of Moths,” and Wytsman’s “ Genera 
Insectorum.” Seitz’s great work is being continued, but I 
am not certain that any copies reach this country. That this 
war has affected and will affect entomology, and vitally affect 
entomology, is a foregone conclusion, and it remains for those 
of us who live in after years to observe these changes. It 
should not, however, be forgotten that war in itself is not 
entirely and solely detrimental to our study. Napoleon’s 
campaign in Egypt, which had no great political results, 
produced great scientific works, and Napoleon’s general, 
Comte Dejean, made a large collection of Coleoptera during 
the Napoleonic wars, many officers and soldiers of his army 
carrying a small bottle in which they put the insects they 
found. Nor must it be forgotten that economic entomology 
is playing its part in the trenches. In this connection must 
be cited the names of Mr. E. E. Austen and Professor Robert 
Newstead, at the same time not forgetting the labours of the 
Imperial Bureau of Entomology and our friend Dr. Marshall. 
There is one other point of interest I would wish to refer to, 
viz. the unravelling of the complete life history of Lycaena arion, 
the joint work of Dr. Chapman, Mr. Frohawk and Captain 
Purefoy. It is only those who have striven to solve this 
riddle and failed, like myself, who can really appreciate the 
magnitude of their labours, and I feel that this discovery 
should be brought before the notice of the Fellows here 
to-night as one of quite exceptional merit. 


( exxeni, '} 


The subject that I have selected, and am venturing to 
expound this evening, is that of the preservation of nature. 
I have selected this subject because it is one in which I per- 
sonally take great interest, and which I feel has not received 
as much attention as it really deserves. 

I propose to lay before the Fellows of this Society certain 
facts connected with the preservation of nature, and I can 
only hope that I may stimulate the interest which I know 
they already take in this subject. 

The world is always changing; it always has been changing, 
and it always will change. There was, perhaps, never a time 
when the whole history of mankind was so in the melting- 
pot as it is at this moment. Geology teaches us that nothing 
comes to stay, and the world, like Topsy in “ Uncle Tom’s 
Cabin,” was not born, but growed. It is not these changes 
that Nature has herself ordained that I touch on to-night, 
but it is the changes which are due to the actions of mankind, 
‘““ Nature’s insurgent son,” as Professor Ray Lankester has 
termed the human race. 

We know that much of the ground which has seen those 
bloody battles between the Kaiser’s army and that of the 
Czar was, in 1812, when Napoleon passed over it, virgin, 
swampy forest; it now consists of fields and grazing land for 
cattle. This change is due to mankind, and I cite it as an 
illustration of the great change which is coming and going, 
and passes every year over the whole surface of the globe. 

I propose to discuss to-night certain aspects of this change 
which mankind is bringing about, and how, perhaps, some 
vestiges of Nature’s handiwork, untouched by that of her 
‘insurgent son,’ may be preserved for posterity. 

The preservation of nature in one aspect or another is as 
old as the hills. The sixth verse of the twenty-second chapter 
of Deuteronomy is perhaps the earliest game law, as the late 
Professor Newton called it. Here the warning is given that 
if you rob a nest with a view to taking the eggs or the young 
birds, the female should be allowed to go free. 

Now the preservation of nature can be attempted in several 
different ways. Laws can be passed to prevent the killing, 
or even molesting of animals, birds, insects, and plants. 


( cxxxiv ) 


That legislation of this kind has been beneficial in the past, 
and is still beneficial, requires no proof from me. We know 
that “ The Wild Birds’ Protection Act” in England and on 
the Continent has helped to re-establish, sometimes in quite 
large quantities, birds which, at the time it was passed, were 
on the verge of extinction. Legislation, however, of this 
nature is not enough, because it is useless to protect anything 
from the direct attacks of mankind when the home where 
it lives, or where it can live, is destroyed or partially destroyed 
by other causes. The protection of nature, therefore, has 
been, and is being attempted by endeavouring to conserve 
in its natural state certain areas where the wild life of this 
globe still exists, such an area being known as a “ Nature 
Reserve.” 

During the course of my address I propose to lay the facts 
before the Fellows under two principal headings. I propose 
first to outline the efforts that have been made, both direct 
and indirect, in this and other countries, towards the pre- 
servation of nature, showing at the same time how the efforts 
which were not primarily intended for this purpose have 
given the world beneficial results. I trust, then, that the 
Fellows will allow me to show them some illustrations of various 
areas in the world where the preservation of nature on lines 
such as I have indicated above is being carried out, and to 
submit to them a few pictures and notes of various live 
creatures whose protection is especially desirable. 

The first effort to create nature reserves—-indirect ones, 
it is true, but still, nature reserves—seems to have been made 
in this country in the year 1838. As the outcome of a Royal 
Commission The Aborigines Protection Society was founded. 
The result of the founding of this Society has been the creation 
of native reserves in many parts of the world, and the remains 
of the North American Indian, which still flourish, and of 
some of the Australian races, doubtless result from the 
well-merited action of this country. 

The Fellows whom I have the honour of addressing to- 
night perhaps scarcely realise in what need of protection many 
of the aboriginal races of the world are. It is only necessary 
to remember that not very long ago a reward was paid for 


( €xteyv-) 


the ears of every Terra del Fuegian which could be brought in, 
and an enterprising colonist not long after this edict discovered 
that putting strychnine in the water-holes where these un- 
fortunate men and women used to drink, produced a rich 
harvest of human ears and a corresponding expansion of his 
personal budget. 

We are not here, however, to discuss the human aspect of 
the question, and it is only necessary to touch upon the 
preservation of the native races of men in connection with 
this subject. Some of these races, the Tasmanians for ex- 
ample, are already extinct, while others, such as the Bushmen 
of South Africa and the ancient inhabitants of Ceylon, are 
yearly diminishing. 

The Corporation of the City of London should be mentioned 
next as having been the real pioneer in the establishment of 
nature reserves. Here, again, the theory was more that of 
providing adequate open spaces for an overgrown London 
than for really conserving, for the benefit of posterity, the 
fauna and flora of this country. All the same, the result has 
been highly satisfactory. The action of the City Corporation in 
this direction dates from the year 1867, so it will be observed 
that this country is really the first in this highly desirable 
movement. 

I propose to deal again with some of the reserves that 
exist in England to-day, and exist owing to the exertions of 
the City Corporation, but it may perhaps be worth while 
mentioning that the presence of Epping Forest, Burnham 
Beeches, Highgate Wood, and several other localities which 
still harbour much of the wild life of this country, owe their 
reservation to the efforts of the City Corporation. 

In 1872 the United States of America established the 
well-known Yellowstone National Park, a reserve of no less 
than 2,000,000 acres. Here, again, we shall have more to 
say about this area at a later period, but I believe I am right 
in saying that the Yellowstone Park is the first real nature 
reserve that was ever established, 7. e. it was established 
primarily for the purpose of preserving the fauna and flora 
of the North American continent, and in reviewing the subject 
generally we must admit, if perhaps with some regret, that this 


(° cxxexi +} 


idea owes its origin primarily to our kinsmen in the New 
World. 

In the year 1884, The National Trust for the preservation 
of places of natural beauty or historical interest was founded, 
and this may be regarded as a new era in the protection of 
the fauna and flora of the British Islands. Here, again, the 
primary object of the National Trust was not one which appeals 
either to the zoologist or to the botanist, but indirectly their 
action has done much to help the movement, and what is 
more, I am firmly convinced that the great extension of the 
preservation of nature which obtains to-day throughout the 
Continent of Europe owes its inception generally to the action 
of the National Trust. ; 

In the year 1899 Mr. Moberly purchased and presented to 
the National Trust, for permanent preservation, a few acres 
of Wicken Sedge Fen, and this, I believe, was the first attempt 
to preserve for posterity an area of uncultivated land in the 
British Islands with a view to the preservation of its fauna 
and flora. 

In 1901 the late Mr. Henry Willett, of Brighton, hearing 
of this gift, purchased and presented to the Ashmolean Natural 
History Society of Oxfordshire an area of land now known as 
the ‘‘ Ruskin Reserve,”’ Mr. Willett being desirous that Oxford 
as well as Cambridge should be possessed of a nature reserve. 
This land, which was really selected by my friend, Mr. G. C. 
Druce, is now held in trust for the benefit of the nation by 
him and Professor Poulton. 

About the year 1894, the German Government, finding that 
the fauna and flora of that country were yearly diminishing, 
started a Department of State, with a view to preserving 
areas of land all over the German Empire so that adequate 
representatives of the German fauna and flora should remain 
for posterity. The Director of this Department, Professor 
Dr. Conwentz, has not only established a truly wonderful 
system for the preservation of the fauna and flora of Germany, 
but has instilled the desirability of this object into a number 
of other European countries with quite remarkable results, 


which I propose to refer to again in a later portion of this 
address. 


( xxv ) 


It is necessary to mention at this point several other 
Societies which have been doing excellent work with regard 
to the preservation of the big game inhabitants of the globe: 
The Society for the preservation of the Fauna of the Empire, the 
Zoological Society of London, and others; it is generally owing 
to their efforts that the splendid series of big game reserves in 
Africa, India and some other places have been established. 

Finally, I would bring to your notice a comparatively new 
society, the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves, 
whose object is to further this laudable purpose in every way 
it can. It is much to be hoped that the efforts it has been 
and is making will be successful, and they are efforts which 
especially appeal to the Fellows of the Entomological Society, 
as I am convinced that it is only by means of nature reserves 
carefully selected and representing all types of country in 
the British Islands that anything like a large proportion of 
the insects that inhabit this island to-day can be preserved 
for posterity. 

The Commons Preservation Society may also be cited as 
an illustration of a society whose objects are not primarily 
directed to the preservation of animals and plants, but whose 
excellent action in preserving commons tends to secure this end. 

I have now, gentlemen, outlined to you in a very brief, 
and, I fear, possibly perfunctory manner, the growth of the 
idea of the desirability of preserving nature and of effecting 
this object by means of the so-called nature reserve. We 
have seen that a nature reserve is an area, perhaps small, 
perhaps large, which is kept, as far as it is possible to do so, 
in its natural wild condition, with a view to the fauna and 
flora within the area flourishing undisturbed. With all the 
changes that are continually gomg on round the area in 
question, it is doubtful whether it can really be kept in its 
natural state, but to some extent this object can doubtless 
be attained. 

Small areas surrounded by land under cultivation or by 
pastures cannot be turned into nature reserves simply by 
leaving them waste. The conditions under which such a 
small area would exist are quite artificial, and the result would 
be that certain species of plants would swamp the others. 


( exxxvii ) 


This applies also to the open areas in forests. A good spot 
for Lepidoptera may become entomologically worthless in 
consequence of the place becoming overgrown with a dense 
mass of hazel, elder, aspen and other shrubs and trees which 
grow rapidly. A control is necessary. In such small areas 
the fauna should also be under control, as there is always the 
danger that certain species may become so numerous as to 
be a serious danger to the weaker members of the fauna. An 
excess of blackbirds and thrushes in a shrubbery will keep 
out other birds, and the fostering of large numbers of tits 
may lead to the extermination of certain insects. If the areas 
are large, these dangers are not likely to obtain. 

We are only at the beginning of science; it is doubtful if 
the human race will ever get very far advanced in the know- 
ledge of the physical, chemical and_ biological problems 
which obtain on this planet. But one thing is certain, that 
the study of plant ecology and of the ways in which animals 
(the word being used in its widest sense) flourish among their 
own surroundings, is of vital importance to the human race. 
Farmers have known for a vast period of time that clover is 
a good rotation crop to grow where wheat is cultivated. 
It is, however, only quite recently that the reason of this has 
been understood. Doubtless if the connection of plant and 
animal association were better understood than it is to-day, 
the advantages to the human race would be incalculable. 
Year by year, as wild life is destroyed, the opportunities for 
the study of this problem are restricted. I feel confident 
that if ever a number of nature reserves are established, the 
good that will come to mankind from their establishment 
will be quite out of proportion to what is at present expected 
from them. We have to think of posterity, we have to think 
of education. For both these purposes the nature reserve is 
of value. And the camera should not be forgotten. Photo- 
graphs of nature reserves as they look from year to year will 
be of immense value to the future student. 

Two years ago there was an International Congress at 
Berne to discuss the international protection of nature. I 
was deputed by the British Government to attend that 
Congress, and no less than thirty-five delegates were present, 


( eax) 


representing nineteen countries. This fact alone demonstrates 
that the desirability for the protection of nature is being 
realised. 

I will now attempt to lay before the Fellows of the 
Entomological Society of London some aspects of the pre- 
servation of nature as they apply especially to entomology. 
It is impossible to separate entirely entomology from its 
sister science botany. If there were no plants, there would 
be no lepidoptera, and therefore in reviewing the problems 
of the preservation of the fauna and flora of any country, 
and in all countries, plants and insects must to some 
extent be regarded together. An ideal system of nature 
reserves would be one which embraced adequate reserves 
all over the globe, and if a scheme was to be thought out 
for protecting nature in the British Islands, a narrow view 
should be avoided. We ought to “think imperially,” as 
Mr. Chamberlain once said, and such reserves should be 
selected as represent types of vegetation which either do not 
exist on the Continent of Europe, or which are not, at the 
present day, so well represented there. If this course were 
followed in every country of Europe, a series of reserves would 
be created and maintained illustrating the fauna and flora 
of Europe as it exists to-day. The Executive Committee 
of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves has been 
engaged for some considerable time on framing schedules of 
areas in the British Islands, which, in their opinion, would, 
if properly preserved, exhibit the characteristic types of wild 
country which still obtain. If we consider what species have 
disappeared in the British Islands to the greatest extent, 
we may be able to judge what types are likely to disappear 
in the future most rapidly. Unquestionably, at all events 
among lepidoptera, and probably in most orders of insects, 
it is the fen and marsh species which have disappeared from 
the British Islands in recent times. Had Whittlesea Mere 
been made into a nature reserve in the early “forties, we should, 
without question, have had the moths Loelia coenosa and 
Agrotis subrosea still among us. The plants which have 
become extinct in this country are also for the most part 
species frequenting marshy localities. The Great Marsh 


(xen) 


ragwort, the Marsh Fleabane, Eriophorum alpinum and 
Carex davilliana are all species attached to moist situations. 
Perhaps the most characteristic types of country which obtain 
in the British Islands to-day are the sand-dunes, the shingle- 
beaches, and the salt marshes. There are still large areas 
of each of these three types left, though golf has sadly in- 
terfered with the first-named, and it is among the salt marshes 
of England that perhaps our most interesting species are 
found. LEpicnopteryx retiella only occurs in Great Britain 
and Holland. Its only near ally comes from the Steppes of 
Hungary and Russia. It is a truly wonderful insect, and 
every effort should be made to protect it. Leuwcania favicolor 
is, as far as I know, confined to this country, while Agdistis 
bennettt appears, so far, to have been recorded only from 
England, Holland and France, though perhaps it has a wider 
distribution. It is these local insects which still occur, and 
occur fairly commonly, in the British Islands which we 
should endeavour to protect. One or more areas of salt 
marsh should be acquired and permanently preserved. The 
tiny Goniodoma limoniella is confined to this country, and so 
are several other micros inhabiting salt marshes, though it is 
more than probable that, were they searched for in Holland and 
France with the same assiduity as has been bestowed on them 
in this country, they would be found to occur also on the 
Continent of Europe. The Norfolk Broads, harbouring, as 
they do, Papilio machaon and Nonagria brevilinea, which latter 
is confined to the British Islands, is another instance of an 
area which should never be allowed to be destroyed. In 
Wales Agrotis ashworthu and Acidalia contiguaria offer another 
field for the establishment of a reserve, while one or other of 
the chief haunts of the Large Blue should also be acquired. 
There are many plants which it is more than desirable 
should be preserved, and this can only be effected by offering 
adequate protection to the spots where they grow. A law, 
were it to be passed, absolutely forbidding any one to pick 
or interfere with one or the other of the rarer orchids would 
not benefit that plant in the least, were the ground where it 
obtains ploughed or planted with larch trees, a fate which 
is more than likely to await some of our already disappearing 


(7 cexln’.,) 


species. The Lady’s Slipper, perhaps the most charming of 
our wild flowers, is on the verge of extinction, not only in 
Great Britain but in many other countries on the Continent 
of Europe. It may be incidentally remarked that its pro- 
tection in Denmark owes its inception to a wealthy brewer, 
who purchased the area where the plant grows, and presented 
it to the State. If it still occurs in one or the other of the 
situations in England where it is alleged to have formerly 
been found, one can only hope that a similar fate may await 
it in this country. At the meeting at Berne for the Inter- 
national Protection of Nature, my friend, Mr. Charles Oberthiir, 
of Rennes, pointed out that there were several Huropean species 
of butterflies whose protection was most desirable. Among 
those that he mentioned are Erebia christi, found in a valley 
south of the Simplon; Plebeius lycidas in the Simplon; and 
Nemophila cervini from the Valais. Parnassius apollo has 
already received protection in Germany. Its disappearance, 
however, from at least one of the localities where it was formerly 
found is due, not so much, if at all, to the collector, as to the 
afforestation of the area. Now, had this area, a small one, 
been made into a reserve with proper supervision, the result 
mentioned above could not have obtained. In Hungary 
several of the rarest species are in danger of destruction, 
especially those which occur in the big plain. It is pleasing 
to note that 400 acres of the great sandy plain close to Servia 
have been reserved, and an effort is also being made to 
preserve some seven acres in the well-known Puszta-Peszer. 
Turning now from Europe to the Tropics, some hesitation 
may be felt as to the necessity of establishing reserves. The 
Fellows of The Entomological Society of London should be 
assured that there is an equal necessity here. In a country 
like Ceylon, where the virgin forest of the lower altitudes is 
decreasing at a rapid rate, the danger of the entire destruction 
of the fauna and flora which are found in that portion of the 
country which is below 4000 ft. is a very real one, and, with 
its disappearance, many problems of the highest interest 
could not be studied and properly solved. In Java, in the 
neighbourhood of Buitenzorg, a considerable area of virgin 
forest has been retained, and experiments carried on there by 


( cx’) 


entomologists concerning dimorphic forms of Papilio memnon 
have led to results of prime importance. In the smaller islands, 
such as, for example, the Solomon Islands and the Mascarene 
Islands, where some of our most interesting insects and plants 
occur, the gradual development of the areas in question must 
destroy the native fauna and flora, if adequate protection is 
not provided by the establishment of reserves in these localities. 

I now propose to lay before the Fellows of the Entomo- 
logical Society some notes about the preservation of nature 
in various countries, looking at the problem geographically. 
I trust that the Fellows will permit me to show them some 
slides illustrating some points upon which I propose to touch. 

In Great Britain we have The Society for the Promotion 
of Nature Reserves and The National Trust, and also The 
Society for the Preservation of Commons. We are all working 
on similar lines, though The Society for the Promotion of 
Nature Reserves is the only one whose primary object is to 
protect nature for the sake of its fauna and flora alone. I 
suppose the most interesting reserve we have in the British 
Islands is that of Wicken Fen. The first step towards the 
acquiring and preservation of this area was taken by Mr. 
Moberly many years ago. Since that date our lamented 
President, Mr. Verrall, succeeded in acquiring and handing 
over to The National Trust a sufficient area of this locality 
to insure its permanent preservation. The National Trust 
has also acquired some thirty acres of Adventurers’ Fen, which, 
though not a sedge fen, and not resembling Wicken Fen in 
its general vegetation, is of very considerable interest to the 
entomologist, exhibiting, as it does, some remarkable reed 
growths. I must also mention Wood Walton Fen, which is 
a nature reserve kept by a private owner. This place, which 
is of real botanical but slight entomological interest, is cer- 
tainly a desirable spot. The Society for the Promotion of 
Nature Reserves recently acquired and handed over to The 
National Trust the lease of a small area in the Midlands of 
quite exceptional interest. It is the home of several rare 
orchids, some other plants of very great interest, and also of 
some rare insects. It is much to be hoped that this area, 
small as it is, may be preserved for posterity. We also must 


( Sexi) >) 


not forget to mention Box Hill, which, by the munificence of 
a private person, unfortunately recently deceased, has been 
preserved for the nation. There is probably no locality in 
Kurope to-day where box trees can be seen to such advantage. 
Box Hill is a reserve of which any country might be proud. 

I would then like to mention Blakeney Point, that strange 
excrescence of the Norfolk coast some thousand acres in 
extent, which has been recently acquired by The National 
Trust. Blakeney Point has not been thoroughly worked 
entomologically, but there can be little doubt that it pre- 
serves to no small extent many of our interesting coast species, 
and is also of considerable interest to the botanist and the 
ornithologist. It is, I believe, the most southern point at 
which that curious plant known as the Oyster Plant, or 
Mertensia, obtains, and visitors to the spot in question will 
do well to train their eyesight by trying to detect this plant 
among the shingle when it is not in flower. Several places in 
the Lake District have also been acquired and preserved by 
The National Trust. I am venturing to submit some pictures 
of them to my audience to-night, and, although these places 
are not of special interest to the entomologist, they are most 
desirable areas. I should also like to mention Hindhead and 
Coombe Hill. Coombe Hill, near Wendover, is a decidedly 
interesting entomological locality, and its dedication to the 
public as an open space is a great blessing. Finally, I would 
call the Fellows’ attention to, perhaps, the most marvellous 
area which still exists in England, that is, Kingley Bottom, 
near Chichester, the property of the Duke of Richmond. 
This is a virgin yew forest of some hundreds of acres, and 
is, I believe, the only virgin yew forest in Europe. It is 
preserved by the owner, and I venture to bring before the 
Fellows to-night several photographs of it, and I think we can 
justly say that probably there is no reserve in any part of 
Kurope of greater beauty and interest than this area. I trust 
the Fellows will permit me to bring before them some coloured 
plates illustrating a few of the plants which the Society for the 
Promotion of Nature Reserves is desirous of preserving. The 
last few which I propose to exhibit are plants which are more 
or less confined to Wales, as regards the British Islands. It 


( @xite ) 


is much to be hoped that the places where they grow will 
some day be secured for the nation. 

Turning to our Crown colonies and self-governing colonies, 
I would like to call the Fellows’ attention to the wonderful 
efforts which Canada has made to preserve its native fauna 
and flora, efforts which should certainly be emulated by other 
countries. These reserves are managed partly by the Dominion 
Government and partly by the Provincial Governments. The 
Dominion Government appropriates a sum of £130,000 a year 
for their adequate upkeep. Statistics are generally dull; I 
am nevertheless venturing to put these facts before the Fellows, 
and to show them at the same time some photographs of these 
areas. My friend, Dr. Gordon Hewitt, of “‘ Kill that fly ” 
fame, takes a great interest in this movement, and Canada is 
much to be congratulated on having his sympathy. 


DOMINION PARKS 


Sq. miles 
Rocky Mountain, Banff, Alberta. . 1800 
Yoho, Rocky Mountains . . ... °. B60 
Glacier, Rocky Mountams. . . . 468 
Jasper Park, Rocky Mountains ~~ £000 
Waterton Lake Park, Alberta eas 134 
Buffalo Park, Yellow Head, Alberta . 162 
Elk Island Park, Alberta -. ‘ : 16 
Thousand Island Park, St. Lanett 
Acres 
Stanley Park, Vancouver ute SOT BOOS 
Sq. miles. 
Moose Mountain Reserve, Alberta . ’ 2 
PROVINCIAL PARKS 
Sq. miles. 


Algonquin ‘Park,:Ontario 220 oe ee 2800 
Temagami Park, Ontario ; 
Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Ofteie : 
Rondeau Park, Ontario . d 2 : : 8 
Laurentides Park, Quebec . . ( . 3700 
Mount Robson Park, British Golathbie 

Strathcona Park, Vancouver Island, British 

Columbia 


( exlv..J 


I may mention incidentally that the buffaloes in Buffalo 
Park are preserved on an area which consists largely of 
prairie, so that the preservation of the buffalo on this 
land not only preserves that animal, but also a con- 
siderable area of virgin prairie land, which, in the United 
States of America, is already difficult to find. To most 
of us who have read Fenimore Cooper’s books, or perhaps 
“The Adventures of M. Valerie,” it is difficult to believe 
that a sample of those vast prairies is hard to discover; but 
when a party of botanical ecologists not long ago visited the 
United States, they had great difficulty in discovering a 
suitable area. Another of our Dominions which has made 
mighty efforts to conserve its fauna and flora is the Dominion 
of New Zealand. The Dominion of New Zealand has several 
special reserves set apart for their birds, such as Stewart 
Island. But in addition to this they have a preservation of 
Scenery Department, which has really effected wonderful 
results. Up to the 3lst of March last year New Zealand 
possessed 430 reserves, embracing an area of 274,000 acres. 
Here, again, the areas which have been preserved have been 
selected primarily for their beauty, but the native fauna and 
flora have incidentally been preserved also, while a private 
Society, The New Zealand Forest and Bird Protection Society, 
modelled on The Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves, 
is endeavouring to get similar areas, which are the haunts of 
specially rare and vanishing species of plants and insects, 
secured for permanent preservation. When it is considered 
that New Zealand is more or less the same size as Great 
Britain, it is much to be regretted that the area of our own 
reserves is not proportionately as large. The Government has 
already spent more than £100,000 in achieving these ends. 
Tasmania has reserved certain localities, possessing remarkably 
fine scenery and waterfalls, some 7,500 acres in extent. South 
Australia has ten bird-protection districts, aggregating 108,000 
acres, and three reserves for fauna and flora containing 96,000 
acres. One of these, the National Park of Belair, embraces 
2000 acres. In Western Australia, King’s Park and Mount 
Kliza near Perth, 1000 acres, are reserved, and 160,000 acres 
in the Murray District. There is also a further reserve for 

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1915. K 


Co gzlya> 


the protection of caves and flora in the County of Sussex 
in Western Australia, amounting to about 12,000 acres. 
In the Swan District of Western Australia 5,600 acres have 
been reserved, also several lakes, islands, and river estuaries, 
and there is a kangaroo reserve. In the Island of Ceylon 
there is a game reserve of 362 square miles. Here, again, 
big game is the primary object of the reserve, but the native 
forest is incidentally conserved. 

Turning now to the United States of America, we find that 
a real effort has been made to preserve the native fauna and 
flora. The various reserves are under the jurisdiction of five 
government departments, the Smithsonian Institution and 
the District of Columbia. The majority of the reserves, how- 
ever, are administered by the Board of Agriculture. There 
are fifty-six national bird reserves in the United States, and 
ten more reserves bring the total up to sixty-six, the last- 
named being specially for aquatic species. The total area 
reserved in the United States is five million acres, of which 
the well-known Yellowstone Park consists of about two million 
acres, Yosemite Valley in California is 720,000 acres, and 
Glacier Montana 915,000 acres. The United States are making 
a special point of trying to preserve adequate breeding-grounds 
for aquatic birds, these reserves also incidentally preserving 
marsh plants and insects. 

South America, too, has not been behind in the establish- 
ment of nature reserves. There are two of considerable 
interest in the Argentine Republic, which, strange to say, 
have not received the attention they deserve. The first of 
these was established in the year 1902 by Mr. Charles Thays, 
a wealthy man who wished to present the Republic of Argen- 
tina with a memento suitable to his memory. Why he thought 
that the magnificent falls of Iguazu and the surrounding 
country, some 50,000 acres, were really suitable to remind 
the inhabitants of Argentina of his personality, I cannot say, 
but no doubt he had good reasons. However, the country is 
enriched by the possession of this magnificent reserve of 
50,000 acres. The Falls of Iguazu are close to the boundary 
between Argentina and Brazil. The second national reserve 
in the Argentina, which is situated on the boundary between 


¢ exlmm, ) 


Argentina and Chile, is the National Park of Nahuel Huapi, 
which is at the extreme southern point of the district of 
Neuquen in the Patagonian Andes. Quite different from the 
previously mentioned tropical reserves, this represents a tem- 
perate climate, and is 430 square kilometres in size. It was 
mentioned as a remarkable place as long ago as 1690 by the 
Jesuits of Chile. 

Turning now to the European Continent, we find that many 
countries have made a real effort to preserve their fauna and 
flora. As we have pointed out, among European countries, 
England took the initiative in the year 1884, and in the early 
‘nineties Germany followed with the government department 
to stimulate the protection of nature, and to carry into effect 
the preservation of many interesting areas. Professor Con- 
wentz, the director of this Government department, made great 
efforts to secure the subject being taken up in the Scandinavian 
countries, with the result that Denmark, Norway and Sweden 
have endeavoured to follow the good example of Great Britain, 
and to establish reserves. Norway has three reserves; they 
are all in forest areas, and they have also preserved some 
waterfalls. The preservation of waterfalls in Norway is very 
desirable, as most of them in that country are used for the 
generation of electrical power. Curiously, it is the action of 
damming up the rivers for the production of electrical power 
that is causing the rapid reduction in the numbers of the 
beaver. Of the three areas that are already reserved in 
Norway, one consists of about 1,100 acres, and one of 10,000 
acres. The latter, which is situated at a place called Famund- 
see, contains some remarkable yew trees, which are possibly 
not far inferior in size to our yew trees in Kingley Bottom. 

Denmark has also emdeavoured to establish some reserves. 
One of these, consisting of about three to four thousand acres, 
is a heath of very considerable interest, while the so-called 
Raabjaerg Mile, a large sand-dune of some 450 acres, is care- 
fully preserved in the neighbourhood of Skagen. Some 
smaller reserves in Denmark for the preservation of old 
coast-lines, and the so-called Devil’s Wood on the sea-coast, 
where the trees have been destroyed by the invasion of sand, 
are also interesting. 


( cklym ) 


Sweden is well in the fore in the preservation of nature, 
and has made great and astonishing efforts to secure this 
end. They have a government department which has made 
and is making every effort to secure the preservation of their 
fauna and flora. The well-known naturalist, A. E. Norden- 
skidld, urged, as long ago as 1880, the desirability of estab- 
lishing national parks, which he called “ Pictures of nature 
for the future,” and he further urged the desirability of afford- 
ing protection to sea-birds, water-lilies, and that most inter- 
esting plant, the Water-nut (Zvapa natans). This plant, 
which has, even to-day, a very wide distribution taking in 
various local races, extending from Sweden to China, is dis- 
appearing all over the world, chiefly owing to drainage. There 
is strong reason to believe, from the examination of peat 
deposits, that it once flourished in England, and in com- 
paratively recent times. It certainly did so in Holland, where 
it is now extinct, but it still lingers in Sweden, in Germany, 
in one locality in Hungary, in France, and in some other 
countries. Nordenskidld’s efforts were not altogether crowned 
with success, but at a later date the Government and the 
universities started working together, and they have classified 
the various wild areas that exist in Sweden in order that an 
adequate selection of reserves can be made. They, further, 
have endeavoured to secure the co-operation of private 
owners to frame laws for the protection of species, and to 
establish reserves. Expropriation can even be employed in 
certain cases. The result of the joint endeavours of the 
universities and the Government of Sweden has been to 
establish ten national parks, the five largest of which are in 
the north, and the other five in the centre of Sweden. The 
areas embraced are really very large, and there is no doubt 
that Sweden possesses the largest area of nature reserves of 
any European country. The largest of the Swedish national 
parks is Sarjek National Park, which is 500 square miles, 
while the Stora Sjéfallet and the Abisko National Park are 
some 300 and 100 square miles respectively. 

The next European country I should lke to mention is 
Switzerland. The Swiss have shown their usual energy and 
sagacity in making national reserves. The prime mover in 


( § oglix™ ) 


this laudable object is my friend Dr. Paul Sarasin. The 
Swiss have established a national park at Val Cluosa in the 
Engadine, towards the Tyrol border, of 50,000 acres. The 
beauties of this spot alone make it worth a visit. Here the 
magnificent Alpine flora of Switzerland flourishes unmolested, 
while eagles and chamois are quite common. The red deer, 
which was extinct in Switzerland at the time the park was 
established, have come across out of Austria and are now 
forming a flourishing and increasing colony within the sanctity 
of the Swiss National Park. The Swiss have also a number 
of smaller reserves. In many of the forests an effort has been 
made to keep some portions in their natural state, and espe- 
cially fine growths of clematis and other plants which modern 
forestry destroys are preserved in certain areas. 

In Holland an effort has been made to preserve certain 
marsh areas, an effort we all greatly appreciate. The Naarden 
Lake, the Lake of Oisterwyk, and the Island of Texel are all 
reserves primarily for birds, but there can be no doubt that 
the first and last-named must harbour many interesting 
insects, and it is much hoped that collectors will visit them 
and ascertain what fine species still exist there. Although | 
am not aware in which part of Holland the discovery was 
made, we all know that the Large Copper still exists in 
that country, and it is much hoped that the locality where 
it obtains will be preserved in perpetuity. 

France has two large reserves; one is the well-known forest 
of Fontainebleau, an area somewhat analogous to our New 
Forest, and I must confess that I deplore that the various Acts 
that have been passed from time to time regulating the 
government of our New Forest were not made sufficiently com- 
prehensive to secure the permanent preservation in its original 
state of all that area, as has been effected by France in the 
case of the forest of Fontainebleau. There is also a further 
large reserve of 25,000 acres in the Department of Isére, called 
the Cirque de la Berarde. The preservation of nature and 
the establishment of national parks is in the hands of a 
Government Department, but we must not forget the forest 
of Chantilly, which, if not a nature reserve in the true sense, 
is still managed by the Institute on lines more or less keeping 


C sale) 


it in its natural condition, a joy to the tourist and entomologist 
alike. 

Russia has established at least three nature reserves; one 
of them in Lithuania, for the preservation of the almost 
extinct European bison. There are two other reserves 
specially for plants with a view to preserving the Steppe 
flora of Russia. One is about 1,200 acres, and the other 
1000 acres. ‘The Steppe flora of Russia is of such a remark- 
able nature that one cannot but rejoice that the Russian 
Government has taken steps to preserve a portion of it in 
perpetuity. 

Austria has several nature reserves, which owe their incep- 
tion to private individuals, and very remarkable reserves 
they are. Two of these are in the well-known Béhmer Wald. 
The third is the perhaps less well-known Kubani. This is a 
reserve of some 250 acres, and the previous owner of the 
property had placed a note in his will that these 250 acres 
should be left in their natural condition so that persons 
visiting the estate should see the advantages of properly 
conducted forestry. In that way a valuable nature reserve 
was established. The fourth nature reserve, also about 200 
to 300 acres, belongs to a connection of mine in Diirnstein 
in Upper Austria. It is a virgin pine forest known as the 
Rothe Wald. The area in question was not put to any 
economic use on account of its great distance from a road, 
and was bought by my relative many years ago on account 
of its natural beauty, and he has retained it in its primitive 
condition. The preservation of nature in Austria has been 
furthered in recent years by a private society, which has 
secured a remarkable area in the Salzburg region which is 
called the Austrian National Park. It is in the mountains 
known as Hoher Tauern, and is about 46 square miles. 
It is proposed to make others. I am venturing to show 
the Fellows to-night some pictures of this reserve, which 
are quite surprising in beauty. A similar Society obtains 
in Germany, which has acquired a large area of the well- 
known heath, the Liineburger Heide. They not only endeavour 
to protect the uncultivated portions of this area, and have 
done so with considerable success, but they also protect 


C eh) 


some old peasants’ houses and some of the ancient customs 
that formerly obtained in the district. The photograph I 
show the Fellows to-night of the Beehives in this area is 
truly remarkable. 

They have a large number, some hundreds, of nature re- 
serves spread about in different places. In the Bavarian 
Alps is a reserve of 16,000 acres. I propose to lay before the 
Fellows to-night some photographs of some of these. 

In concluding these few remarks to-night, I have merely 
to add that I wish to thank the Fellows of The Entomological 
Society of London for having elected me to be their President, 
and to assure them how greatly I appreciate that honour. I 
trust that these few words about the preservation of nature 
may have been of some small interest. I desire to tender my 
best thanks to certain persons and firms who have permitted 
me to make use of some of their pictures which are copyright; 
these are Mr. EK. A. Porter, of 7, Prince’s Street, Cavendish 
Square; The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; and 
Messrs. Frederick Warne, Chandos House, Bedford Street. 
Strand, 


( 


clit J 


LIST OF SLIDES 
8.P.N.R. Poster. 


“¢ Milestones.”’ 


GREAT BRITAIN 


Boxhill, three views. 

Barmouth Cliffs. 

Cheddar Cliffs. 

Minchin Hampton Common. 

Hindhead Common. 

Derwentwater. 

Gowbarrow, two views. 

Coombe Hill, Bucks. 

Wicken Fen, two views. 

Brean Down, two views. 

Kingley Bottom, 
views. 

Blakeney Point, five views. 

Military Orchid. 

Marsh Fleabane. 

Spiked Speedwell. 


twelve 


Lizard Orchid. 
Lady’s Slipper. 
Fen Ragwort. 
Marsh Sow-thistle. 
Service Tree. 


Sea Pea. 

Pasque Flower. 

Yellow Alpine Whitlow 
Grass. 


Strawberry-flowered Cinque- 
foil. 

Karly Sand Grass. 

Brewer’s Spotted Rock Rose. 

Cotoneaster. 

Mountain Lloydia. 


CANADA. 


Banff, Rocky Mountains, nine views. 
Yoho, Rocky Mountains, five views. 
Glacier, Rocky Mountains, two views. 


Jasper Park. 
Buffalo Park. 


NEW ZEALAND. 


Waihi Waterfall. 
The Wanganui River. 
The Clinton River, 


Bush scene. 
Bush scene. 


( cliii ) 
ARGENTINE. 


Lake Nahuel Huapi, Puerto Blest, three views. 
The Cataract of Iguazu. 


DENMARK. 


The Dune, near Skagen. 
An Erratic Block, Bornholm. 
Fosdalen. 


SWEDEN. 


The Abisko National Park. 
Stora Sj6fallet National Park, Waterfall. 


SWITZERLAND. 


Swiss National Park, five views. 


AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY. 
The Rock Creeper. 


Austrian National Park, four views. 
Rothe Wald, Diirnstein, six views. 
Boéhmer Wald. 

Alpine Flowers, seven views. 
Puszta-Peszer, two views. 


GERMANY. 


Pine tree, Government Forest, near Berlin. 
Plagefenn, near Chorin, eight views. 

River Isar. 

Liineburger Heide, eleven views. 
Norderoog with terns. 

Sababurg, two views. 

Lake Bolowno. 

Seitenberg. 

Cormorants, 


( ‘cliv~-) 


GENERAL INDEX. 


The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘Transactions’; the Roman 
numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’ 


The President’s Address is not separately indexed. 


GENERAL SUBJECTS. 


Aberrant, Euxoa corticea, new, exhibited, 1xxxi; Rhopalocera, exv. 

Acidia heraclei, hymenopterous parasites bred from the pupae of Chortophila 
brassicae and, liv. 

Acraea encedon, bred at Durban from a known female parent, a large family 
of, exhibited, xix ; A. johnstoni, family of, exhibited, Ixxix ; unrecognised 
A craea, exhibited, xcix. 

Aculeate Hymenoptera, genital armature of, exhibited, liii. 

Africa, and its raids upon Termites, ant Megaponera foetens from, v, lvi; note 
on Hesperid butterfly Ploetzia cerymica from, exhibited, xliv; drinking 
at damp mud, male Pierinae from, Ixxvi; record of some new species of 
the genus Teracolus occurring in the northern territories of the Gold 
Coast, West, Ixxxix, 387. 

Agriades escheri, larvae of, exhibited, ]xxiv; contribution to the life history 
of, Ixxxviii, 411; 4. coridon devoured by Pentatomid bugs, exhibited, 
Cxix:, 

Agrotis lucernea, life history of, ii. 

Aleurodidae, British, exhibited, exxii. 

Algerian Rhopalocera, xlix. 

Amathusiid genus Hyades, exhibited, liv. 

America, Papilios from North, exhibited, 1; descriptions of Micro-Lepidoptera . 
from South, Ixxiii, 201; with descriptions of new species, revision of the 
Telephorinae (Fam. Telephoridae) from Mexico and Central, 16. 

Ant, Megaponera foetens, and its raids upon Termites, African, v, lvi; organs 
in antennae of, exhibited, xlv; genital armature of the male, ]; note- 
worthy, exhibited, xxv; gynandromorphous, exhibited, xevi. 

Antennae, organs in ants’, exhibited, xlv. 

Anthrocera trifolii, marsh form of, exhibited, lxxxix; five-spotted 4. fili- 
pendulae, exhibited, xeviii. 

Asilid from Sikkim with a large Delias as prey, exhibited, xliv. 

Australia, insects captured at the flowers of a Eucalyptus at Beco 
Victoria, exhibited, ci. 

Australian, Buprestid “ Fire-beetle,” Merimna atrata, habits of, exhibited, iii ; 
Buprestid beetles, Stigmodera conspicillata and S. cyanura, proved to be 


ely) 


male and female of the same species, exhibited, iv; Micropterygid, new, 
Ixxxviii, 391. 

Bee and plant fertilisation, exhibited, xxv. 

Beetle, Merimna atrata, habits of Australian Buprestid, exhibited, iii; 
Stigmodera conspicillata and §. cyanura, proved to be male and female 
of the same species, Australian Buprestid, exhibited, iv; new Goliath, 
exhibited, xlix; teratological, exhibited, xcviii; teratological Lucanid, 
exhibited, ci. 

Biak, butterflies from, exhibited, ix, cxx; new butterflies and a moth from, 
aah Bic 

Birds, attacking butterflies, observations on, Ixiv, xxv; devouring 4. coridon, 
exhibited, cxix; at Durban captures and devours female of Hypolimnas 
mistppus var. inaria, 1xxii. 

Boarmia gemmaria, exhibition of, with notes on breeding from melanic race 
of, cxxii. 

Brenthis pales, and B. arsilache from Norway, exhibited, xiv. 

British, Rhopalocera, noteworthy, exhibited, xvi; Lycaenids, exhibited, xciv ; 
Coccid, re-discovered, exhibited, xcvi; Capsid, new, exhibited, xeviii; 
Aleurodidae, exhibited, exxii. 

Bruchus, imported, exhibited, xlvii. 

Bug, from Uganda, devouring a Lycaenid butterfly, exhibited, Ixiii. 

Buprestid, “ Fire-beetle,” Merimna atrata, habits of Australian, exhibited, iii; 
beetles, Stiymodera conspicillata and S. cyanura, proved to be male and 
female of the same species, Australian, exhibited, iv. 

Butterflies, from Biak, exhibited, ix, cxx; and a moth from Biak, new, xiv, 
177; nuptial flight of, xlvii; from the east coast of Madasgascar, 
interesting, exhibited, lxi; and the attacks made on them by birds, near 
the Victoria Nyanza, observations on, xiv, Ixxv, Ixxxiii. 

Caligo memnon, life-history of, Ixxiii, 198. 

Capsid, new British, exhibited, xcviii. 

Carnivorous insects, especially the driver ant Dorylus, and with butterflies, 
eggs as prey, experiments on some, Ixxiii, 317, 428. 

Catasticta and Daptoneura, descriptions of new species of the Pierine genera, 
147. 

Chortophila brassicae and Acidia heracle?, hymenopterous parasites bred from 
the pupae of, liv, 

Chrysophanus dispar, Dutch, exhibited, lxxx. 

Coccid, new, exhibited, Ixxxi; re-discovered British, exhibited, xcvi. 

Cocytia durvillez, etc., geographical races of, exhibited, xiii. 

Coleoptera, Irish, exhibited, cxvii. 

Cordulegaster, some Palaearctic species of, Ixxiii, 273. 

Council, nomination of, exvi. 

Cymatophora or, melanic, exhibited, cxx. 

Danaine butterflies, further observations on the structure of the scent organs 
in certain male, 152. 

Daptoneura, descriptions of new species of the Pierine genera Catasticta and, 
147. 

Delias as prey, Sikkim Asilid with a large, exhibited, xliv. 

Dermaptera, the opisthomeres and the gonapophyses in the, 257. 

Device, ingenious, exhibited, ii. 


(, elyi. ) 


Diptera from the Falkland Islands, exhibited, xvi. 

Dorylus, and with butterflies’ eggs as prey, experiments on some carnivorous 
insects, especially the driver ant, Ixxiii, 317, 428. 

Drinking at damp mud, male African Pierinae, Ixxvi. 

Durban, from a known female parent, a large family of Acraea encedon bred 
at, exhibited, xix; female of Hypolimnas misippus var. inaria captured 
and devoured by a bird at, ]xxii. 

Dutch, New Guinea, new Lepidoptera from the Arfak Mountains, exhibited, 
lv, 361; Chrysophanus dispar, exhibited, xxx; New Guinea, new Lepi- 
doptera from the Wandammen Mountains, exhibited, exiii. 

Dysstroma conctnnata, Scotch, exhibited, exvii. 

Earwig, note on the manubrium of the ninth sternite in the male, 269. 

Elater sanguinolentus, living, exhibited, Ixxix. 

Entoz on, Mantis and, exhibited, xcv. 

Europe, Rhopalocera from South, exhibited, i, 

Eucxoa corticea, new aberration of, exhibited, ]xxxi. 

Falkland Islands, Diptera from the, exhibited, xvi. 

Fellows, election of, i, xiv, xlix, Ixxiv, Ixxx. ixxxix, xeviii, cxvi, cxxi. 

Fertilisation, bee and plant, exhibited, Ixxv. 

“ Fire-beetle,” Mertmna atrata, habits of Australian Buprestid, exhibited, iii. 

Flowers of a Eucalyptus at Healesville, Victoria, insects captured at the, 
exhibited, ci, 

Genital armature, of the male ant, 1; of Aculeate Hymenoptera, exhibited, 
liii. 

Geographical races of Cocytia durvillei, etc., exhibited, xiii. 

Glossina morsitans, some notes on the parasitisation of its pupae, 1xxxix, 394. 

Glow-worm, giant, exhibited, i. 

Gynandromorphous, Lepidoptera, exhibited, xv ; ant, exhibited, xcvi. 

Hesperid butterfly, Ploetzia cerymica, note on African, exhibited, xliv. 

Hibernation of Musca corvina, gregarious habit during, xxi. 

Holland, Chrysophanus dispar from, exhibited, Ixxx. 

Honorary Fellows, election of, exxi. 

House-fly, Italian mode of exclusion of the, lvi, 

Hyades, Amathusiid genus, exhibited, liv, 

Hybernating pupa of Pyramets atalanta, exhibited, xvii. 

Hymenoptera, genital armature of Aculeate, exhibited, liii; remarkable, 
exhibited, ]xxxi. 

Hymenopterons parasites bred from the pupae of Chortophila brassicae and 
Acidia heraclei, liv. 

Hypolimnas misippus var. tnaria captured and devoured by a bird at Durban, 
female of, Lxxii. 

India, observations on the proportions of the female forms of Papilio polytes 
in the neighbourhood of Madras city, xcii. 

Insects, especially the driver ant Dorylus, and with butterflies’ eggs as prey, 
experiments on some carnivorous, Ixxiii, 317, 428; captured at the 
flowers of a Eucalyptus at Healesville, Victoria, exhibited, ci; from 
Java, exhibited, exxii. 

Irish Coleoptera, exhibited, exvii, 

Italian mode of exclusion of the house-fly, lvi, 

Java, insects from, exhibited, cxxii, 


( clvii_ ) 


Latiorina (Lycaena) pyrenaica, on the early stages of, 1xxxviii, 397. 

Lepidoptera, gynandromorphous, exhibited, xv; from the Arfak Mountains, 
Dutch New Guinea, new, exhibited, lv, 361; from New Guinea, new, 
Ixxiii, 361; from the Schouten Islands, new, Ixxxviii; from the Wandam- 
men Mountains, Dutch New Guinea, new, exhibited, cxiii; Rhopalocera, 
some new forms of Parnasstus, 351. 

Leuceronia pharis, extending to habits and flight, mimicry of Wychitona 
medusa by, exhibited, xevii. 

Lucanid beetle, teratological, exhibited, ci. 

Lycaena arion, does during its last instar, what the larva of, Ixxx, 291; living 
larvae of, exhibited, xxx; observations completing an outline of the life- 
history of, lxxxviii, 298; further observations on the last stage of the 
larva of, ]xxxviii, 313. 

Lycaenid, butterfly, Uganda bug devouring a, exhibited, lxiii ; larvae, draw- 
ings of, exhibited, Ixxx ; some British, exhibited, xciv. 

Madagascar, interesting butterflies from the east coast of, exhibited, 1xi. 

Madras city, observations on the proportions of the female forms of Papilio 
polytes in the neighbourhood of, xcii. 

Mantidae, new species of Thaumaglossa bred from the egg-clusters of, 
exhibited, exii. 

Mantis and Entozoon, exhibited, xcv. 

Manubrium of ninth sternite in the male earwig, note on the, 269. 

Megaponera foetens, and its raids upon Termites, African ant, v, lvi. 

Melanic, Cymatophora or, exhibited, exx; race of Boarmia gemmaria, notes 
on breeding from, exhibited, cxxii. 

Meldola, Professor, notice of the death of, cxvi. 

Merimna atrata, habits of Australia Buprestid “ Fire-beetle, exhibited, iii. 

Mexican and Central American Telephorinae (Fam. Telephoridae), with 
descriptions of new species, revision of the, 16. 

Micro-Lepidoptera, descriptions of South American, Ixxiii, 201. 

Micropterygid from Australia, new, Ixxxvili, 391. 

Mimicry, first statement (1878) of Miullerian, xxii; the mimetic theory—a 
crucial test—xxiii; brief preliminary statement of a few of the results of 
five years’ special testing of the theories of, xxxii; of Vychitona medusa by 
Leuceronia pharis, extending to habits and flight, exhibited, xcvii. 

Mongrel families, proportions in, exhibited, Ixxxi. 

Mules, Noctuid moth feeding on the moisture from the eyes of, exhibited, 
CXvVil. 

Miillerian mimicry, first statement (1878) of, xxii. 

Musca corvina, gregarious habit during hibernation of, xxi. 

Myrmecina graminicola, living, exhibited, ]xxxviii. 

New Guinea, new Lepidoptera from the Arfak Mountains, Dutch, exhibited, 
lv, Ixxiii, 361; new Lepidoptera from the Wandammen Mountains, Dutch, 
exhibited, cxiii. , 

Noctuid moth feeding on the moisture from the eyes of mules, exhibited, 
exvil. 

Norway, Brenthis pales and B. arsilache from, exhibited, xiv. 

Nuptial flight of butterflies, xlvii. 

Nychitona medusa by Leuceronia pharis, extending to habits and flight, 
mimicry of, exhibited, xcvii. 


( elvii ) 


Obituary, Professor Meldola, cxvi. 

Officers, nomination of, cxvi. 

Ornithoptera alexandrae, variation in, exhibited, Ixxiv. 

Palaearctic species of Cordulegaster, some, Ixxiii, 273. 

Palomena prasina, variety of, exhibited, 1. 

Papilios, North American, exhibited, 1; P. hesperus and the resemblance 
of its larva to that of P. nobilis, notes on the life-history of, lxxxix; 
observations on the proportions of the female forms of P. polytes in the 
neighbourhood of Madras city, xcii. 

Parasites bred from the pupae of Chortophila brassicae and Acidia heraclet. 
Hymenopterous, liv. 

Parnassit, some new, lxxxviii, 351. 

Pentatomid bugs devouring the Lycaenid butterfly 4. cortdon, exhibited, 
cxix, 

Pierinae, assembling to drink at damp mud, male African, Ixxvi; new species 
and subspecies of, 1; genera Cuatasticta and Daptoneura, descriptions of 
new species of, 147. 

Pieris napi, Scotch, exhibited, exvii. 

Ploetzia cerymica, note on African Hesperid butterfly, exhibited, xliv, 

Proportions in mongrel families, exhibited, Ixxxi. 

Psocidae, method of breeding, exhibited, lxxiv. 

Pyrameis atalanta, hybernating pupa of, exhibited, xvii; living pupae of, 
exhibited, liv. 

Pyrrhopygid ova and imagines, exhibited, cxix. 

Rhopalocera, South European, exhibited, i; noteworthy British, exhibited, 
xvi; Algerian, exhibited, xlix ; aberrant, exhibited, cxv. 

Scent organs in certain male Danaine butterflies, further observations on the 
structure of the, 152. 

Schouten Islands, new Lepidoptera from the, ]xxxviii. 

Scolitantides orion, notes on the early stages of, lxxxviii, 424. 

Scotch, Dysstroma conctnnata, exhibited, exvii; Pieris nap?, exhibited, cxvii. 

Scymnus arcuatus, exhibited, xcix. 

Sikkim Asilid with a large Delzas as prey, exhibited, xliv. 

Sphodromantis guttata, on the biology of, exxi. 

Stigmodera conspicillata and S. cyanura, proved to be male and female of the 
same species, Australian Buprestid beetles, exhibited, iv. 

Synaposematic association of male African Pierinae drinking at damp mud, 
Ixxvi. 

Syncryptic resemblance, curious case of, exhibited, lxxx. 

Telephorinae (Fam. Telephoridae), with descriptions of new species, revision 
of the Mexican and Central American, 16. 

Teracolus occurring in the northern territories of the Gold Coast, West Africa, 
record of some new species of the genus, Ixxxix, 387. 

Teratological, beetle, exhibited, xcviii; Lucanid beetle, exhibited, ci. 

Termites, African ant Jegaponera foetens, and its raids upon, v, lvi. 

Thaumaglossa bred from the egg-clusters of Mantidae, new species of, 
exhibited, exii. 

Uganda bug devouring a Lycaenid butterfly, exhibited, xiii. 

Varieties, of Zonosoma pendularia, scarce, exhibited, xlv ; of Palomena prasina, 
exhibited, 1; in Ornithoptera alexandrae, exhibited, Ixxiv. 


(els) <) 


Vice-Presidents, appointment of, i. 

Victoria, insects captured at the flowers of a Eucalyptus at Healesville, 
exhibited, ci. 

Victoria Nyanza, observations on butterflies and the attacks made on them 
by birds near the, Ixiv. 

Vote of sympathy to President on death of Lord Rothschild, x1viii. 

Wasp’s nest, ill-placed, exhibited, exxi. 

Xylophilidae, on new and little-known species of, exvi. 

Zonosoma pendularia, scarce varieties of, exhibited, xlv. 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman numerals 
to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings, 


abdelkader (Satyrus), xlix 
abdominale (Discodon), 23 


abdominalis (Belotus), 130, 132, 134, | 


135, 136 
var. obscurior (Belotus), | 
134, 135 
(Lobetus), 134 
oF (Malthinus), 134 
abencerragus (Lycaena), xlix 
(Scolitantides), xlix 
Abisara, lvi, 368 
acantholobus (Silis), 104, 105, 107 
acara (Acraea), 338 
acastus (Mysoria), cxx 
Acca, 192 
acco (Parnassius), 351, 352, 353 
baileyi (Parnassius), 353 
gemmifer (Parnassius), 353 
hampsoni (Parnassius), 352 
», przevalskyi (Parnassius), 353 
acdestis (Parnassius), 354, 355, 358 
ladakensis (Parnassius), 354, 


9° 


9 


99 


” 


9 


355 

= lampidius (Parnassius), 354 

Es latonius (Parnassius), 354, 
355 

ce priamus (Parnassius), 354, 
355 

f rupshuana (Parnassius), 354, 
355 

achine (Teracolus), 4, 387, 390 

» race antevippe (Teracolus), 

39 


achnodes (Acrocercops), 231 

acidata (Opostega), 240 

Acidia, liv 

Aclytia, 19 

acmogramma (Brenthia), 217 

Acracea, “Xix, <3, x) xxx, Ua: 
Ixvii, Ixviii, Ixxii, Ixxvi, Ixxix, 
xcix, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 
329, 330, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 


| 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 
345, 346, 347, 348, 349 
x 


SOaiy Rood, Fo6.qy0 
xlii, Ixvili, 336, 337, 429, 430 
Acrocercops, 224, 225,226, 227, 228, 
| 229, 230, 231, 232, 236 
acrodora (Lyonetia), 243 
_Acrolophus, 253, 254 
| Acronyctinae, 377 
_actinota (Acraea), xcix 
/ acuminata (Melanophila), iv 
acuminatus (Belotus), 135 
acuta fLeudiage)s exiv, 363 
ada (Appias), x 
», i. Solis (Appias), ix, 185 
| Adiathetus, 257, 264 
| adippe (Argynnis), xl vii, xlvili 
admatha (Acraea), lxviii 
| aegeus (Papilio), x, 178 
| aegon (Plebeius), Xciv, xcVv 
5, Var. masseyi a rigubs xciv 
aerifica (Nepticula), 255 
aeropus (Euthalia), xii 
am f. angustifascia 
ix, 193 
afrum (Echinosoma), 260, 267, 268 
aganippe (Delias), cxi 
Agaristidae, cxi 
agathina (Mylothris), lxxvii, xxviii 
agestis (Aricia), xlix 
(Lycaena), xlix 
337, 338, 339, 


(Euthalia), 


aglaonice (Acraea), 
348 

Aglaope, lvi, 386 

Agriades, xv, xlix, Ixxiv, 1xxxviii, 
cxv, cxix, 311, 398, 408, 411, 412, 
413, 414, ‘418, ‘419, 420, 421 

Agriomyia, evi, cx 


Alastor, evii 
albertisi (Papilio), exiv, 363 
albibucca (Polemius), 88 


(. *elxi:) 


albibucea (Silis), 88 
albicincta (Silis), 107, 108, 109 
., var. testaceipes (Silis), 108 

albicosta (Euploea), x, xi, 188 

albimaculata (Amauris), 322, 323, 
329, 330, 331, 333, 336 

albimargo (Polemius), 90 

albina (Appias), x1 

pulverobasalis 
184 

albipennis (Apterygida), 266 

albolateris (Cantharis), 64 

a (Discodon), 64, 65 

albosignata (Dicallaneura), cxv 

alcon (Lycaena), 296 

Alesia, 321, 348, 349 

Aletis, lxix, 324, 333 

Aleurodes, xcix, C, CXXli, CXXvi 

alexandrae (Ornithoptera), xxiv 

aliena (Donisthorpea), 293 
»,  (Lasius), 293 

aliphera (EKueides), xxii 

Allostethidae, 262 

Allostethinae, 260, 268 

Allostethus, 258, 260, 261 

allottei (Troides), xiv 

alticola (Discodon), 33 

amabilis (Dicallaneura), 369, 370 

angustifascia (Dicallaneura), 
369 

(Melanitis), xiii 

f. angulata (Melanitis), ix, 
196 

amaryllis (Pieris), 15 

Amathusiidae, 195, 366 

Amauris, xxxiv, Ixviii, 152, 153, 154, 
155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 
165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 173, 175, 
176, 322, 323,°324, 325, 326, 327, 
328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 334, 336, 
428 

ambrax (Papilio), x 

amelia (Teracolus), 387, 389 

americana (Psalis), 270 

amicula (Polemius), 90, 91 
6 (Silis), 90, 91 

amplipenne (Discodon), 48, 52 

analava (Charaxes), lxiii 

anale (Discodon), 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 

analis (Silis), 31, 32, 34, 35 

Anastellorhina, exii 

Anataelia, 267 

Anataelinae, 268 

andina (Nepticula), 255 

Andrena, Ixxv 

andropia (Elodina), xi 

Anechura, 264, 265 

Anechurinae, 264, 271 


PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1915. 


(Appias), ix, 


99 


29 


9? 


9° 


Anergates, lili 
angiana (Craspedopsis), 386 
nD (Dasychira), 382 

angolanus (Papilio), Ixxii 

Anisodactylus, exvii 

Anisolabis, 269, 271 

annulatus (Cordulegaster), 273, 274, 
277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 
282, 283, 284, 285 


A algiricus (Cordulegaster), 
278 
£5 immaculifrons (Cordule- 


gaster), 276 
race intermedius (Cordule- 
gaster), 281 
Fe princeps (Cordulegaster), 
279 
Anochetus, Ixxv 
Anomoses, 392, 393 
Anopheles, exviii 
Antanartia, 428, 429 
Antestia, 327, 328, 332, 333, 336 
Anthocharis, xlix 
Anthophila, cix 
Anthrenocerus, ¢xi 
Anthrenus, exii, exili 
Anthrocera, Ixxxix, xeviii 


| antigone (Teracolus), 390 


race phlegetonia (Teracolus), 
390 


99 


_antitoxa (Lithocolletis), 222 


Aphidae, ix 

apicalis (Ichthyurus), 129 

Apis, cx 

Aplecta, Ixxxi 

Apoclisis, 254 

appendicularis (Silis), 122, 123 

Appias, ix, xi, 184, 185 

Apterygida, 266 

Araschnia, xvi 

arcas (Lycaena), 296 

Arctiadae, 373 

arcuatus (Scymnus), xcix, Cxxvi 

Arcyophora, exvii 

ardua (Silis), 89, 115, 116, 119 

areca (Acraea), 323, 326, 329, 330, 
333, 335, 337, 338, 339, 341, 342, 
343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348 

argocosma (Acrocercops), 225 

argoxantha (Thiotricha), 243 

argus (Plebeius), xciv, xcv 

Argynnis, xlvii, xlviii, xlix 

argyrognomon (Plebeius), 311 

Aricia, xlix, xciv 

arion (Lycaena), [xxx, lxxxvili, cxxv, 
291, 292, 293, 294, 296, 298, 299, 
300, 301, 302, 306, 308, 309, 310, 
311, 313, 315, 316 


L 


( 


aristolochiae (Papilio), xciii 
(Pharmacophagus), xciii 
Arixenia, 266, 269 
arizonensis (Polemius), 86 
armitagei (Teracolus), 388, 389 
aroa angiana (Colussa), 380 
(Cycethra), 379, 380 
(Parelodina), exv 
Arpactus, cvil 
arsilache (Brenthis), xiv, xv 
arsinoé (Cynthia), xi 
f. bosnikensis (Cynthia), ix, 
188 
aruncella (Micropteryx), 392 
Arytropteris, 321, 349 
Asilidae, cvi 
Asilis, 19 
Asota, x, xiii, 197 
assarica f. biakensis (Tellervo), exx 
asteria (Appias), 185 
asterias (Papilio), 1 
Asthenothynnus, cx, cxi 
astruci (Gonolabidura), 261 
Asura, CXv 
atalanta (Pyrameis), xvii, Xvili, xix, 
liv 
Atella, xix, lxx, Ixxi, Ixxii, Ixxv, 346, 
347, 430 
atrata (Merimna), iii 
atripennis (Silis), 120 
atronitens (Discodon), 50 
atropos (Manduca), xvii 
Augiades, xlix 
augur (Anastellorhina), exii 
aureodiscus (Mynes), xii 
auresiana (Argynnis), xlix 
auricularia (Forficula), 265 
aurinia (Melitaea), xxv, xxvi 
aurita (Silis), 122, 123 
australis (Anthrenocerus), cxi 
ay (Asota), 197 
BS (Prothoé), xiii, 193, 194 
AS f. satgeii (Prothoé), ix, 193 
Badister, exvii. 
bagoé (Delias), x 
bakeri (Waigeum), cxv 
Baoris, xliv, lxix 
barbara (Mycalesis), 368 
fulvo-oculatus (Mycalesis), 
367 
basalis (Polemius), 72, 91 
>,  (Silis), 91 
Bedellia, 247 
belemia (Anthocharis), xlix 
var. glauce (Anthocharis), 
xlix 
Belenois, xviii, lxvi, 4, 6, 322, 334 
belia (Anthocharis), xlix ° 


99 


99 


99 


> 


elxii 


) 


belia (Euchloé), xlix 
bellargus (Agriades), xlix 
Fy (Lycaena), xlix 
belonacma (Cosmopteryx), 207 
Belotus, 17, 128, 130, 132, 133, 134, 
135, 136, 139 
Bembex, evii 
benuncas (Augiades), xlix 
a (Urbicola), xlix 
biagi (Diacrisia), 375 
»» angiana (Diacrisia), 375 
biaka (Delias), ix, 183 
»,  (Elodina), x, 179 
biakensis (Morphopsis), exxi 
biauriculata (Silis), 104, 105, 106 
bicallosum (Discodon), 35 
bicolor (Rhogas), 407 
bidentata (Alesia), 321, 348 
(Cantharis), 99 
(Cordulegaster), 273, 281, 
283, 284, 285, 287 
race pictus (Cordulegaster), 
281 
bidentatus (Cordulegaster), 273, 281, 
283, 284, 285, 287 
race anatolicus (Cordule- 
gaster), 281 
race pictus 
ter), 281 
bilamellata (Silis), 106, 107 
bimaculata (Thaumaglossa), cxii, exiii 
bimaculatus (Polemius), 85, 86 
binotatus var. spurcaticornis (Aniso- 
dactylus), exvii 
(Polemius), 85, 86 
bioculatus (Hyades), liv, ly 
r. charon (Hyades), lv 
r. charondas {Hyades), lv 
r. charonides (Hyades), lv 
33 r. pallida (Hyades), lv 
biolleyi (Discodon), 44, 45 


29 


99 


9 


” 


(Cordulegas- 


99 


99 
99 


9? 


| bipartita (Fairmairia), 1xxxi 


bipunctata (Anechura), 264, 265 
bipunctatum (Discodon), 25 
bisaltide (Doleschallia), xii 
f. nigromarginata 
schallia), ix, 191 


(Dole- 


”? 


Bistoninae, xvi 


Bithys, xlix 

Biurus, 128, 129 

bivittatum (Discodon), 20, 55, 82, 84, 
88 


bivittatus (Polemius), 82, 83, 84, 88 
Blatta, liii 

Blethisa, exvii 

Boarmia, |xxxi, ¢xxii 

bolina (Hypolimnas), lxi, Lxii 
bolivari (Mesochelidura), 264, 265 


(: sel’ 1) 


Bombylidae, exi 
Borboridae, xvi 
borealis (Pelophila), cxvii 
Borkhausenia, 209 
bosnikiana (Delias), ix, 181 
Brachyarthrum, xcviii 
Brachylabidae, 264 
Brachylabinae, 263 
brachymorpha (Simaethis). 216 
braesia (Acraea), Ixxix 
brassicae (Chortophila), liv 

Hs (Pieris), xlviii 
Brenthia, 217, 218, 219, 220 
Brenthis, xiv, xv, cxv 
brevicauda (Papilio), 1 
brevicornis (Hylaeus), 1xxxii 

a (Prosopis), [xxxii 
brevipennis (Malthinus), 140, 141 
breviusculus (Polemius), 84, 85 
brigitta (Terias), lxvi 
brookei (Tronga), 172 
Bruchus, xlvii- 
brunneicosta (Trachea), 377 
brutus (Charaxes), 343, 430 
bubo (Rhodogastria), 324, 332, 333, 
334 


Bucculatrix, 201, 247, 248, 249, 250 
bugabensis (Silis), 116, 117, 118 

e var. apicipennis (Silis), 

Lahey 
Buprestidae, v, cvi 
Byblia, 324, 334, 429 
caementosa (Acrocercops), 228 
caespitum (Tetramorium), 293 
c-album (Polygonia), xvi 
caldarena (Acraea), 337, 341, 342, 
343, 345, 346, 348 

Calicharis, xlix 
calidum (Discodon), 56, 57 
californica (Kugonia), xli 
caliginosus (Podabrus), 18 
Caligo, lxxiii, 198 
callichora (Gracilaria), 237 
Callictita, exv 
calliopsella (Euryglossa), evi, cix 
Calliphora, exii 
calliplaca (Palaeomicra), 391 

op (Sabatinca), 391 
Callomelitta, ex 
cameroni (Anochetus), Ixxv 
campina (Mycalesis), xl, 324, 333 
Camponotinae, viii 
Camponotus, vili 
camposi (Hsphalmenus), 270 
Campylus, xlvi, cxvii 
candiope (Charaxes), 346, 347, 430 
Cantharis, 20, 64, 71, 99 
capnota (Tischeria), 247 


PROC. ENT, SOC. LOND., v. 1915. 


Capsidae, cxii 
Capsus, cxix 
Carabus, xlvi, cxvii 
carbonarium (Discodon), 25, 26, 29, 
32, 33, 51 
Carcinophera, 270 
cardamines (Euchloé), xvi 
An var. turritis 
xvl 
cardinal (Parnassius), 356 
cardinale (Discodon), 58, 60 
cardui (Pyrameis), 337, 338, 339, 340, 
341, 344, 348, 428 
caroli (Delias), exiv 
carphota (Syncrobyla), 253 
castaneus (Delias), 364 
catachrysops (Teracolus), 389 
Catasticta, 147, 148, 149, 150 
Catocalinae, 378 
cavicollis (Polemius), 96 
cebrene (Precis), xxxiv 
centrolineatus (Thinalmus), 138 
cephalotes (Polemius), 87 
5 (Silis), 87 
ne (Telephorus), 87 
cephalus (Parnassius), 353 
ceramensis (Deudorix), cxxi 
Ee f. maudei (Deudorix), exxi 
Ceratrichia, lxix 
cerberus (Euploea), xi, 196 
Cerceris, ¢vii 
cerisyi (Thais), xxxvii 
cerymica (Ploetzia), xliv 
cestrota (Glyphipteryx), 221 
Cethosia, ix, xii, 189 
Cetoniidae, | 
ceutholychna (Brenthia), 218 
Chalcididae, eviii 
chaleozela (Cyphacma), 213 
Chalepus, 117 
chalybe (Rhopalocampta), lxix 
chalybeipennis (Silis), 99, 123 
championi (Malthinus), 137 
er (Pseudolobetus), 137 
Charaxes, ix, xii, xxxiv, xxxix, xliv, 
xiii, Ixxxiv, 194, 195, 338, 339, 
340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 
347, 348, 350, 429, 430 
charitopis (Acrocercops), 228 
charltonius (Parnassius), 353, 359 
princeps (Parnassius), 359 
vaporosus (Parnassius), 
359 
charpentieri (Cordulegaster), 280, 281 
charybdis (Pyrrhopyge), cxix 
Chauliognathinae, 16, 17, 128 
Chauliognathus, 18, 134, 138 
Chelisochinae, 271 


(Euchloé), 


99 


99 


L 2 


( elxiv ) 


Chelura, 386 
chevrolati (Belotus), 136 
= (Malthinus), 136 
chimaera subsp. dracaena (Papilio), 
cxiv 
(Troides), 
cxiv 


29 9? ”? 


chinensis (Bruchus), xlvii 

chinki (Pareronia), ix, xi, 186 

chiriquense (Discodon), 46, 47, 48, 
79 


Chlaenius, exvii 

Chloropidae, cxii 

chloroptila (Gracilaria), 238 

choneuta (Heliodines), 212 

Choreutis, 220 

Chortophila, liv 

chrysippe (Cethosia), xii, 189 

a f. schoutensis (Cethosia), 
ix, 189 

chrysippus (Danaida), vi, lxviii, lxxiii, 
Ixxxvii, 163, 166, 168, 
175, 321, 324, 333, 343, 
345, 348, 428 


te f. albinus (Danaida), lxviii 
ee f. dorippus (Danaida), 
Ixxiii 


as f. klugii (Danaida), Ixxiii 
chrysocosma (Acrocercops), 225 
Chrysomelidae, cxi 
chrysonome (Teracolus), 387 
Chrysophanus, Ixxx 
Cigaritis, xlix 
cinereomargo (Elymnias), xiii 
cinereum (Discodon), 20, 27, 28, 30, 

33, 35, 39 
cinereus (Anopheles), exviii 
cirrhantha (Acrocercops), 231 
cirrhographa (Bucculatrix), 247 
Cirrochroa, ix, 189 
cithaeron (Charaxes), 343, 348 
citrata ab. pythonissata (Dysstroma), 

exvii 
citrinopa (Cosmopteryx), 204 
clathrata (Delias), cxiv 
clavipalpa, 377, 378 
cleopatra (Gonepteryx), xlix, lxix 
cleroides (Discodon), 48, 75, 76 

Pe (Telephorus), 48 

clerotoma (Lithocolletis), 222, 223 
clevelandi (Erysiptila), 209 
coarctata (Silis), 35, 37 
coarctatum (Discodon), 27, 35, 36, 37 
Coccidae, xcvi 
Coccinellidae, xevi, 323 
Cocytia, xiii 
Cocytiadae, xiii 
Cocytianae, xiii 


Coelorrhina, | 

Coenonympha, xlix 

coerulea (Zicrona), cxix 

Colaenis, xxii 

Coleoptera, exi 

Colias, Ixyi 

Colussa, cxv, 379, 380 

colyphoides (Parasilis), 125, 126, 127 

combusta (Silis), 59 

combustum (Discodon), 59 

combustus (Polemius), 59 

cometes (Yanguna), cxx 

comma (Urbicola), xvi 

comptum (Discodon), 30 

comptus (Telephorus), 30 

concinna (Hylaeoides), evi, evil, cix 

concinnata (Dysstroma), exvil 

Coniopteryx, ¢c 

conspicillata (Stigmodera), iv 

Cordulegaster, Ixxiii, 273, 274, 276, 
277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 
284, 285, 286, 287 

core (Crastia), xi 

coridon (Agriades), xv, exix, 311, 414 
» var. semisyngrapha (Agri- 

ades), xv 

coronatus (Cordulegaster), 287 

corrugatus (Rhagigaster), ex 

corticea ab. obsoleta (Euxoa), ]xxxi 

corvina (Musca), xxi 


| Cosmopterygidae, 203 
| Cosmopteryx, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 


208 

Crabro, evi, cxi 
Crabronidae, evi, ¢evii 
crameri (Anthocharis), xlix 
Craspedopsis, 386 
crassicornis (Megaponera), viii 

33 (Meloboris), 407 

a; (Polemius), 72 
Crastia, lxi 
crawshayi (Belenois), 6 
Cremastogaster, xxv 
Crembalastis, 214 
crenulata (Eupterote), exv, 383 
creona var. sigirrensis (Pieris), 389 
criticopa (Bucculatrix), 248 
crocea (Hesperocharis), 9 
crotalistis (Acrocercops), 229 
cruenticeps (Malthinus), 142, 

144 
Cryptolechia, 211 
cuprata (Nepticula), 255 
Cyaniris, cxv, 372 
cyanochlora (Enteucha), 241 
cyanura (Stigmodera), iv 
cyara subsp. albiplaga (Callictita), 
CXv 


143, 


cl 


( 


cyara subsp. albiplaga (Phylaria), 
Ixvi, lxxi, Ixxvi, Ixxvili 

eyathigera (Photuris), 73 

cybele (Elymnias), xiii 

f. umbratilis (Elymnias), ix, 
195 

Cycethra, 379 

ceydrota (Choreutis), 220 

cylindricum (Sinodendron), ci 

cyllarus (Lycaena), 296 

Cymatophora, cxx 

eynorta (Papilio), lxvii 

Cynthia, ix, xi, 188, 189 

Cyphacma, 213 

dactylota (Parectopa), 236 

damasippe (Cethosia), 189 

damia (Neptis), xii, 192 

damone (Euchloé), xvi 

Danaida, vi, xliii, lvi, Ixviii, lxxiii, 
lxxxvii, cxx, 163, 166, 168, 169, 
175, 321, 324, 327, 333, 343, 344, 
345, 348, 364, 365, 366, 428 

Danaidae, 364 

Danainae, xxii, XXXlii, XXXvVil, 
Ixviii, 322, 336, 337, 429 

daplidice (Pieris), xlix 

gen. aest. albidice (Pieris), 
xlix 

(Pontia), xlix 

gen. aest. albidice (Pontia), 


9 


xl, 


99 


29 


2? 


xlix 
Daptoneura, 151 
dardanus (Papilio), Ixvii, Ixxxvi, 


Ixxxvii, xcii, 334, 338, 
345, 346, 348, 350, 429, 
430 

. hippocoon (Dardanus), 
[xvi 837, d08, 3o9, 
340, 341, 343, 344, 345, 
346, 347, 348, 349, 350 

. niobe (Papilio), Ixxxvi, 
Ixxxvii 


5 f. planemoides (Papilio), 
Ixvii, Ixxxvi, Ixxxvii 

5 f. trophonissa (Papilio), 
Ixxxvi, Ixxxvii 

3 f. trophonius (Papilio), 
Ixxxvi 


Dasychira, 382 

Dasygaster, 376 

decolor (Platypthima), 366, 367 

Delias, ix, x, xliv, cxi, cxiv, 179, 180, 
181, 182, 183, 364 

deliquescens (Tischeria), 246 

delphius (Parnassius), 353, 355, 356, 
357, 358 

atkinsoni (Parnassius), 355, 
356 


be) 


xv) 


delphius chitralensis (Parnassius), 357 
darvasica (Parnassius), 358 
delphius (Parnassius), 358 
hunza (Parnassius), 356, 357, 
358 
illustris (Parnassius), 358 
jakobsoni (Parnassius), 357 
kafir (Parnassius), 357 
kirichenkoi(Parnassius), 358 
mamaievi (Parnassius), 357 
nicevillei (Parnassius), 355, 
356 
ab. cardinalina (Par- 
nassius), 356 


93 


A sobolevskyi (Parnassius), 
358 
staudingeri (Parnassius), 
356, 357 
5 stenosemus  (Parnassius), 
356 
stoliezkanus (Parnassius), 


3 workmani (Parnassius), 357 

demodocus (Papilio), xxii, 323, 333, 
334, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 
344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 430 

Dendroneura, 251 

dentatus (Pogonochaerus), ¢xvil 

dentifera (Embola), 213 

dentimargo (Polemius), 93, 94, 95 

depilis (Papilio), x 

Depressaria, 201, 210, 211 

Dermestes, cxii 

Dermestidae, cxi 

descombesi (Delias), xliv 

desmodiella (Lithocolletis), 223 

| despoena (Deudorix), ¢xxi 

Deudorix, exxi 

Diacrisia, lvi, 373, 374, 375 

diana (Charaxes), xii, 194, 195 
» (Hyades), lv 

Dicallaneura, x, lvi, cxv, 196, 369, 
370, 371, 372 

dichelifer (Ichthyurus), 129, 131, 132 

dichrous (Maronius), 133 

dictynna (Melitaea), exv 

didyma (Melitaea), cxv, ¢xvi 

difficile (Discodon), 20, 48, 65, 67, 
77, 78 

difficilis (Polemius), 77 

dilacerata (Silis), 28, 102, 103, 104, 
105, 106, 115 

dilaticornis (Photinomorpha), 70, 71, 
73 

diminuta (Belenois), 6 

dimona (Taenaris), lv 

dina (Taenaris), lv 

dinava (Ulotrichopus), 378 


( elxvi ) 


Diplatyinae, 257, 267, 268, 270 

Diplatys, 259 

Diptera, cxi 

Discodon, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 
25. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 


45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 
55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 
64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72,73, 75, 76, 
77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 99, 101, 


119, 120, 123, 127 
discus (Eubordeta), cxv 
disjuncta (Acraea), xcix 
5 (Euprosopis), ¢ 
dispar (Chrysophanus), tee 
»,  (Silpha), exvii 

distorta (Silis), 102 
Ditemnomorphus, 125 
Ditemnus, 98, 99, 100 
Diurus, 128 
diversa (Silis), 60 
diversicornis (Malthinus), 141 
diversum (Discodon), 60 
divisum (Discodon), 52, 54 
dixeyi (Pinacopteryx), Ixxvii 
dohertyi (Delias), 182 
knowlei (Delias), ix, 182 

- (Tenaris), 195 
dohrni (Pyragra), 270 
Doleschallia, ix, xii, 191, 192 
domestica (Musca), 334, 342 


> 


Donisthorpea, 298, 298, 299, 302, 306, 


308, 313, 315, 316 
dorcas (Phyllocnistis), 241 
dorimene (Delias), 183 
doryca (Mynes), xii, 191 
Dorylus, liii, 317, 318, 319, 322, 329, 
332, 333, 336, 337, 338 
doubledayi (Acraea), 339 
(Teracolus), 387 
drepana (Heteropsis), Ixiii 
drucei (Cyaniris), 372 
Dryas, xvi, xlix 
dubium (Discodon), 48, 44, 65, 66 
dubius (Telephorus), 71 
Dufourea, Ixxxii 
duplovittatum (Discodon), 54, 55 
durvillei (Cocytia), xiii 
f. aurantiaca (Cocytia), xiii 


f. durvillei (Cocytia), xiii 
ab. ribbei (Cocytia), xiii 
“3 f. veitchi (Cocytia), xiii 

Dysstroma, exvil 

echeria (Amauris), lxviii 

echerioides (Papilio), 324, 334 

Echinosoma, 260, 267, 268, 270 

Echinosomatinae, 268, 270 


f. chlorosoma (Cocytia), xiii 


echinura (Acrolophus), 254 

Eciton, 318 

ega (Appias), 184, 185 

,, talcidia (Appias), 184 

egialea (Amauris), 155, 158, 159, 160, 
161, 162, 175, 176 

egina (Acraea), ‘xvii, xviii 
+, var. areca (Acraea), 333 

Eirone, cx 

Elater, Ixxix 

electo (Colias), xvi 
. f. aurivillius (Colias), Ixvi 

elegans (Biurus), 129 

| ,,  (Malthinus), 129 
x (Zonocerus), 322, 333 

elgonensis (Teracolus), 387 

elia (Mycalesis), 368 

ellena (Satyrus), xlix 

Elodina, x, xi, 179 

elongatus (Delias), 364 

Elymnias, ix, xiii, 195, 196 

/emarginatum (Discodon), 24, 26 

Embola, 213 

Encamina, 214 

Enearsia, xcix 

encedon (Acraea), xix, xx, xiii, 1xviii, 

| Ixxii 

f. infuscata (Acraea), xiii 
at f. sganzini (Acraea), |xiii 

encentris (Acrocercops), 227 

Endrosis, 201 

|enniana (Delias), 179 

| entaphrota (Machimia), 209 

Entedoninae, eviii 

Enteucha, 241 

eolampis (Gracilaria), 238 

epaea (Planema), lxvii 

epaphas (Parnassius), 360 

phariensis (Parnassius), 360 
rf sikkimensis (Parnassius), 360 

epaphia (Glutophrissa), lxxvii, xxviii 

ephaptis (Tischeria), 246 

ephippiata (Euryglossa), cix 

Ephydridae, xvi, cxii 

ephyia (Teracolus), 3, 4 

Epicoma, 385 

Kpilachna, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327, 
328, 332, 333, 336, 337 

Epinephele, xlvii, exv 

episcosma (Nepticula), 255 

epispila (Lithocolletis), 223 

Epunda, iii 

erasmia (Cosmopteryx), 206 

Erebia, xevi 

Erebus, 175 

Erechthias, 253 

Eriocrania, 392 

Eriocraninae, 392 


99 


3° 


( 


Erioptris, 244 
erippus (Danaida), 169 
eris (Teracolus), 387 
eroides (Silis), 110, 111, 112 
Eronia, lxix 
eros (Lycaena), 411 
5, (Polyommatus), 407, 408 
erosum (Discodon), 20, 22, 24, 25, 48, | 
44, 45, 84 
Erycinidae, 196, 368 
Erycinidia, cxiv 
Erysiptila, 208, 209 
erythrocnemus (Harpactor), 329 
erythrodera (Silis), 36 
erythroderes (Discodon), 36 
(Silis), 36, 120, 122, 123 
erythrodiscus (Silis), 109, 110 
erythrorma (Crembalastis), 214 
eryx (Parantica), 169 
escheri (Agriades), Ixxiv, 1lxxxviii, 
exv, 400, 411, 412, 413 
var. rondoui  (Agriades), | 
Ixxiv, 413, 420, 421 
Esphalmenus, 270 
ethalion (Charaxes), 338, 339, 340, 341, 
342, 343, 344, 345, 347, 348, 429, | 
430 
Eubordeta, exv 
Euborellia, 262, 270, 271 
euchenor (Papilio), x, 178 
o f. comma (Papilio), ix, 
Euchloé, xvi, xlix 
EKucocytia, xili 
eucrate (Heliconius), xxii 
Eueides, xxii 
EKugonia, xli, xlix 
Eulabis, 270 
Eulophidae, eviii 
Eumenidae, evi, cvii 
euphaea (Oxyambulyx), cxv 
euphemia (Delias), x 
euphemus (Lycaena), 296 
eupheno (Anthocharis), xlix 
Buploea, x, Xi, xxix, cxx,/ 170, 187, 
188, 196, 
Euploeinae, xi, 187 
eupompe (Teracolus), 387, 390 
Euproctis, 381 
Euprosopis, ev 
Eupterote, cxv, 383 
Eupterotidae, lvi, 383 
Euptychia, exv 
euptychioides (Platypthima), cxv 
Euralia, Lxviii 
euryarga (Philomone), 250 
eurydesma (Nepticula), 255 
Kuryglossa, ciii, civ, cv, evi, cix 
eurymedon (Papilio), 1 


99 


178 


elxvil 


) 


| Eurytela, 341, 344, 345, 348, 428, 429 

,eurytus f. hobleyi (Pseudacraea), 
xiii, xxiv, xxv 

f. terra (Pseudacraea), xxv 

f. tirikensis (Pseudacraea), 
XXV 

| Euthalia, ix exis NOS 

EKutrichopidia, exi 

eutychius (Euthalia), 193 

| Kuxoa, Ixxxi 

| Evaniidae, ciii, evili 

evippe (Teracolus), lxvi, 387, 390 

exigua (Acrolophus), 253 

| exiguus (Dicallaneura), 371 

Exoneura, cx 

| fabricata (Ordrupia), 215 

fabriciana (Simaethis), 217 

Fairmairia, |xxxi 

falcidia (Appias), ix 

falloui (Anthocharis), xlix 

| fasciatus (Malthinus), 144 

fasciculata (Acrocercops), 230 


99 


> 


| fatma (Lycaena), xlix 


(Scolitantides), xlix 


99 


| felderi (Oxynetra), cxx 


felixi (Papilio), ix, x, 178 

femoralis (Psalis), 270, 271 
ferchaultella (Luffia), xxx 

festiva (Silis), 106, 108, 109 
fettigii (Coenonympha), xlix 

fidia var. albovenosa (Satyrus), xlix 
filicorne (Discodon), 42 


| Filinota, 209, 210 


filipendulae (Anthrocera), xevili 

firmata (Lyonetia), 243 

fissicollis (Silis), 114 

flaccidum (Discodon), 20, 79, 80 

flaccidus (Polemius), 79, 80 

flammens (Eubordeta), exv 

flava (Appias), 184 

(Ceratrichia), Lxix 

(Donisthorpea), 2938, 298, 299, 
302, 306, 308, 313, 315, 316 
», (Formica), 299 

flavicauda (Pachyprosopis), cix 

flavicolle (Discodon), 40, 41 

flavipes (Malthinus), 143, 144 

flavitarsis (Foenus), eviii 

flavomarginatum (Discodon), 65, 66 

flavoneura (Lymantria), 382 

flavopicta (Kuryglossa), evi, cix 

fleximargo (Polemius), 80 

fliza (Catasticta), 150 

forbesi (Leptaletis), xix 

Foenus, ¢viii 

foetens (Megaponera), v, vii, vili, 1x 

forcipiger (Ichthyurus), 129 

Forcipula, 270 


9 


3° 


( 


forestan (Rhopalocampta), lxix 
Forficula, 265 
Forficulinae, 271 
forficulinus (Ichthyurus), 130 
mn (Trypherus), 130 

Formica, Ixxxviil, 299 
Formicidae, 299 
formicoides (Nannisolabis), 263 
formosa (Belenois), 6 
foronis (Myscelus), cxx 
Fossores, ex 
Fraiis, 391, 393 
frenchi (Euryglossa), cix 
froggatti (Exoneura), cx 
fulva (Catasticta), 148 
fulvianetta (Mycalesis), cxv 
fulvipes (Polemius), 121 

3 (Silis), 121 
fulvofasciata (Dicallaneura), 370, 371, 

372 
fulvomargo (Telicota), 372 
funereum (Discodon), 51, 52 
fusca (Formica), lxxxviii 
fuscata (Pyragra), 259, 270 
fuscipenne (Discodon), 41 
fusciventris (Iehthyurus), 131 
fuscovittatus (Polemius), 24, 83 
fuscus (Belotus), 130, 134 

»,  (Ichthyurus), 130, 131 
gabia (Delias), 180 
gagatina (Psalis), 270 
gastrica (Sphodromantis), cxii 
Gelechiadae, 201 
gemmaria (Boarmia), cxxii 
geniculatum (Discodon), 27 
geoffroyi (Mynes), xii 
f. aureodiscus (Mynes), ix, 

xii, 190 
Geometridae, 385 
Geron, cxi 
glabratus (Carabus), exvii 
gladiator (Diplatys), 259 
Glossina, Ixxxix, 394 
glossinae (Mutilla), 394, 395, 396 
Glutophrissa, Ixxvii, xxviii 
glycinae (Phalaenoides), exi 
Glyphidocera, 202 
Glyphipterygidae, 215 
Glyphipteryx, 221, 391 
Gonepteryx, xlix, lxix 
Gonolabidura, 261 
Gonolabis, 271 
gorgo (Taenaris), lv 
gorhami (Malthodes), 146 
Gossyparia, Xcvi 
Gracilaria, 201, 237, 238, 239 
Gracilariadae, 222 
graminicola (Myrmecina), 1xxxviii 


99 


elxvili 


) e 


| grandicollis (Mononyx), | xiii 


granulatus (Carabus), exvii 

greeni (Euborellia), 271 

grisea (Catasticta), 149 

Gunda, 384 

guttata (Sphodromantis), exiii, exxi 

Gyrolasomyia, cvill 

Hadeninae, 376 

haematodes (Silis), 26, 36, 88, 120, 
122 

haematosoma (Pachyprosopis), ciii, 
cix 

haereticus (Telephorus), 136 

Halictoides, 1xxxii 

Halictus, ]xxxii, ciii, ex 

halictus (Parasphecodes), cx 

halidora (Acrolophus), 253 

halyattes (Teracolus), 3 

Hamearis, xxv, xxvi 

hampsoni (Diacrisia), 375 

hapalina (Delias), exiv 

hapsidota (Acrocercops), 229, 230 

harmodia (Erioptris), 244 

Harpactor, 329 

Harpalus, cxvii 

harpalyce (Delias), exi 

Harsiésis, 367 

hastigera (Acrocercops), 227 

hecate (Amauris), 160 


; Hectomanes, 393 


hector (Papilio), xciii 

,, (Pharmacophagus), xciii 
Heliconinae, xxii 
Heliconius, xxii 
Heliodines, 212, 213 
Heliodinidae, 212 
hemidryas (Opogona), 252 
hemileuca (Aglaope), lvi, 386 

a (Chelura), 386 

Hemiptera-Heteroptera, exii 
Hepialidae, 391, 393 
heptametra (Parectopa), 235 


| heraclei (Acidia), liv 


Hesperia, xlix 


| Hesperidae, lxix, 372 


Hesperiinae, cxx 

Hesperocharis, 8, 9 

hesperus (Papilio), xvii, 1xxxix, xcii 

Hestia, 173, 174 

Heterocera, xiii, lxix, 372 

Heterogyna, ¢xi 

Heteropsis, lxiii 

hiarbas (Eurytela), 341, 344, 345, 348, 
428 

hierodora (Erioptris), 244 

hilara (Silis), 35, 37 

hilarum (Discodon), 37 

Hipparchia, xlix 


(* elxix”)) 


hippocastani (Melolontha), exvii 
hippoclus (Symbrenthia), xii 
3 f. nigroapicalis (Symbren- 
thia), ix, 190 
hippuris (Acrocercops), 232 
hirta (Epilachna), 332, 333 
hirtaria (Lycia), xvi 
hirticornis (Polemius), 93, 94 
histrio (Discodon), 57, 59 
holobrunnea, (Diacrisia), 373 
holofernes (Elymnias), 195 
holosericeus (Chlaenius), exvii 
homeyeri (Synnupserha,), Ixxvi 
horsfieldi (Hyades), lv 
hospita (Jemadia), cxx 
howarthi (Pieris), 12, 14, 15 
huancabambensis (Catasticta), 148 
humerosus (Paracolletes), civ, ex 
hunnyngtoni (Parnassius), 351, 352 
Huphina, 182 
Hyades, liv, lv 
hygea chalybe (Harsiésis), 367 
Hylaeoides, evii, cix 
Hylaeus, liii, Ixxxii 
hylaeus (Symbrenthia), xii, 190 
hylws (Polyommatus), exv 
hylecoetes (Anomoses), 393 
Hymenoptera, eviii, 299 
Hypolimnas, vi, ix, xii, 1xi, Ixii, lxvili, 
Ixxiii, 191, 196, 341, 344, 348, 429 
Hypsidae, xiii, 197 
hypsiphila (Bucculatrix), 250 
icarus (Polyommatus), xlvii, Ixxiv, 
xciv, cxix, 41], 413, 419, 421 
Ichthyurini, 128 
Ichthyurus, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 
135 
Ideopsis, cxiv, cxx 
idiotica (Hesperocharis), 9 
ilithyia (Byblia), 324, 334 
illustris (Milionia), 385 
Imma, 215 
immaculata (Aleurodes), cxxli 
oH (Nychitona), 8 
immanata (Dysstroma), exvii 
immuricata (Gracilaria), 238 
imperatrix (Cirrochroa), ix, 189 
incerta (Catasticta), 148 
c. (Kuploea), x, xi, 187 
incisum (Discodon), 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 
53, 86 
inconstans (Colussa), exv 
33 (Discodon), 43, 44, 69, 86 
increpata (Bucculatrix), 249 
indicum (Allostethus), 260, 261 
indra (Hyades), liv 
infelix (Anisolabis), 271 
inflata (Cremastogaster), xxv 


infuscata (Acraea), xx 
ingens (Malthinus), 138, 139, 140 
insignis (Cordulegaster), 284, 285, 286, 


287 

ss race amasinus (Cordulegas- 
ter), 286 

& race nobilis (Cordulegaster), 
286 


45 (Phyllocnistis), 242 
instigata (Bucculatrix), 249 
integer (Polemius), 74 
intermedia (Asota), x, xiii, 197 
inuncta (Ideopsis), exx 

sa race hewitsoni (Ideopsis), exx 
ione (Teracolus), 389 
Iridomyrmex, cxi 
iriphanes (Lithocolletis), 223 
isabella (HKueides), xxii 
ischnotoma (Parectopa), 233 
isortha (Parectopa), 233 
isotoma (Cosmopteryx), 205 
Ithomiinae, xxii 
Ithysia, xvi 
Ituna, xxiii 
iuldussica (Parnassius), 358 

Eps intermedia (Parnassius), 
358 
Izatha, 209 
jacintha (Hypolimnas), Ixi 
jacobaea (Pareronia), 186 
jacobsoni (Arixenia), 266, 269 
jalapana (Silis), 36 
jalapanus (Malthinus), 145 
jaliscana (Hesperocharis), 9 
janeta (Pieris), 10, 11, 12 
Jemadia, cxx 
jobaea (Pareronia), xi 
jocosa (Silis), 90, 108, 109 
johnstoni (Acraea), xxix 
f. confusa (Acraea), lxxix 
f. fulvescens (Acraea), xxix 
f. semifulvescens (Acraea), 

lxxix 
jordani (Oxyambulyx), cxv 
josepha (Pieris), 14, 15 
josephina (Pieris), 15 
julia (Colaenis), xxii 
jurtina (Epinephele), xlvii 

» ab. semialba (Epinephele), 

CXV 
Kalocrania, 258, 266, 267, 270 
kebeae (Gunda), 384 

» flava (Gunda), 384 
kenricki (Morphotenaris), lxxiv 
klossi (Platypthima), exv 
labiale (Plectonotum), 19 
labialis (Andrena), Ixxv 
Labidura, 263, 264, 270, 271 


93 


39 


99 


( 


Labiduridae, 268, 270 
Labidurinae, 270, 271 
Labidurodes, 271 
Labiinae, 271 
laciniosa (Silis), 110 
lacon (Euploea), 187 
lactarius (Asthenothynnus), cx 
laevigatus (Halictus), Ixxxii 
laevinodis (Myrmica), xlvi, 311, 313, 
314, 315 
lais (Teracolus), 3, 4 
lambessanus (Satyrus), xlix 
Lamiidae, Ixxvi 
Lampides, cxiv 
Lamprolophus, 213 
Lamprophorus, i 
lampyroides (Discodon), 20, 63, 65, 66 
ae (Telephorus), 63 
lanceolata (Erechthias), 253 
laniarius (Capsus), cxix 
lapidaria (Choreutis), 220 
larydas (Lycaenesthes), xiv 
Lasiocampidae, 384, 386 
Lasiomorpha, 384 
Lasius, viii, xlvi, 293 
lateizona (Sarbia), cxx 
laticeps (Malthinus), 140, 141 
laticollis (Silis), 101 
laticornis (Cantharis), 20, 71 
3 (Polemius), 72, 77 
latina (Eutrichopidia), cxi 
Latiorina, lxxxviii, 397, 398, 399, 400. 
401, 402, 404, 407, 408, 411 
latipennis (Malthinus), 129, 137 
latona (Charaxes), xii 
», #. marcia (Charaxes), ix, 194 
latonius (Parnassius), 354, 355 
leai (Halictus), ciii, ex 
leda (Eronia), Ixix 
lenoris (Hesperocharis), 9 
leonidas (Papilio), Ixviii, xxii 
lepida (Silis), 99 
Lepidoptera, cxi 
Leptaletis, lxix 
Leptosia, 7 
leptynta (Opogona), 252 
leucadion (Papilio), x 
Leuceronia, xcvii, xcviii, 7, 331, 334 
Leuciacria, cxiv, 363 
leucomelas (Dicallaneura), 370, 371 
levana gen. aest. prorsa (Araschnia), 
Xvi 
libeon (Rhopalocampta), 322, 334 
lichenea (Epunda), iii 
ligea (Erebia), xevi 
limitatum (Brachyarthrum), xeviii 
limniace (Tirumala), 164, 165 
linearis (Campylus), xlvi, ¢xvii 


eax |) 


lineata (Silis), 116, 117, 118 
lineatocollis (Polemius), 81 
lineatus (Silis), 117 
lineola (Polemius), 117 

5) (Bilis), IGS LEAs 
lioxantha (Otoptris), 245 
lissoderes (Silis), 124 
Lithocolletis, 222, 223 
lithomacha (Parectopa), 234 
Lobetus, 128, 129, 132, 134, 136 
Lobopelta, viii 
Lonchaea, exii 
Lonchaeidae, ¢vill, cxli 
longicollis (Maronius), 133 
longicornis (Polemius), 86, 89, 90 

5 (Silis), 86, 89 

longidens (Silis), 99, 100, 101 
longipalpus (Ulotrichopus), 378 
longivalvis (Arecyophora), exvii 
longstaffi (Hesperocharis), 8, 9 
Lophyrus, lxxxii 
lorna (Mycalesis), 368 

», fumosus (Mycalesis), 368 
lotis (Danaida), 168, 175 
lotoxantha (Opogona), 251 
loxias (Parnassius), 359, 360 
| ,,  vraskemensis (Parnassius), 359 
loxobathra (Cryptolechia), 211 
lucasi (Melanargia), xlix 


lucina (Cethosia), 189 
»»  (Hamearis), xxv, xxvi 
lucretia (Pseudacraea), xlii, 341, 429 
var. expansa (Pseudacraea), 
337, 341, 348, 350 
luctuosa (Acrocercops), 228 
ludiera (Silis), 105, 106, 107 
», var. nigroscutellaris (Silis), 107 
Luffia, lxxx, Ixxxi 
lugubre (Discodon), 20, 69, 73, 77 
lugubris (Polemius), 69, 73, 77 
Lupercalia, 210 
luridum (Discodon), 20, 48, 55, 64, 
OR 68k 4 
lusciosa (Depressaria), 211 
luteolineatus (Malthinus), 144 
var. notatipes (Malthi- 
nus), 144 
Lycaena, xlix, lxxx, lxxxviii, exxv, 
291, 292, 293, 294, 296, 298, 299, 
300, 301, 302, 306, 308, 309, 310, 
311, 313, 315, 316, 397, 403, 411 
Lycaenesthes, lxiv 
Lycaenidae, xxix, Ixiv, lxviii, 372 
Lycia, xvi 
lycia (Acraea), xx 
lycidas (Polyommatus), 412 
| lycoa (Acraea), Lxviii 


2”? 


” 


( “cba ) 


lycoa f. kenia (Acraea), Ixxix 
lycoides (Silis), 58, 62, 110, 111, 112 
Lymantria, 382 
Lymantriadae, xiii, lvi, 379, 380 
lynceus (Hestia), 173, 174 
lyncida (Appias), xi 
Lyonetia, 243, 244, 245 
Lyonetiadae, 239 
lysimnia (Daptoneura), 151 
3 (Mechanitis), xxii 
Macareus, x 
Machimia, 209 
macrops (Erebus), 175 
maculata (Oecia), 201 
maculatus (Belotus), 135 
maculifrons (Polemius), 84 
mahadeva (Mycalesis), cxv 
maharaja (Parnassius), 353 
major (Malthinus), 137 
», (Pseudolobetus), 137, 138 
Malthaster, 20, 127 
Malthini, 138 
Malthinus, 129, 134, 136, 137, 138, 
139, 140, 141, 142, 148, 144, 145, 
146 
Malthodes, 17, 138, 141, 142, 145, 146 
Manduca, xvii 
manipularis (Cosmopteryx), 204 
manokwariensis (Cyaniris), 372 
Marava, 271 
marcia (Danaida), cxx 
marginatum (Discodon), 23, 24, 25, 
27, 83 
marginilabris (Agriomyia), cx 
mariae (Delias), cxiv 
Maronius, 17, 128, 133 
mars (Eupterote), exv 
martini (Lycaena), xlix 
35 (Plebeius), xlix 
maudei (Delias), ix, 179 
ss (Erycinidia), cxiv 
mauretanicus (Thestor), xlix 
maurum (Discodon), 29 
Mechanitis, xxii 
medianus (Polemius), 93, 94 
medon (Aricia), xciv 
», ab. albiannulata (Aricia), xciv 
» var. artaxerxes (Aricia), xciv 
» ab. inclara (Aricia), xciv 
» ab. obsoleta (Aricia), xciv 
» ab. ornata (Aricia), xlix 
», var. salmacis (Aricia), xciv 
», ab. semivedrae (Aricia), xciv 
», ab. similis (Aricia), xciv 
», 2b. vedrae (Aricia), xciv 
ab. ornata (Lycaena), xlix 
medusa (Nychitona), Ixvi, xcyii, 7 
meeki (Danaida), 365, 366 


meeki (Diacrisia), 374 
»,  (Eucocytia), xiii 
Megachile, cx 
megalophthalmus (Polemius), 86, 90 
Megaponera, v, vii, viii, Ix, lxi 
melanactis (Acrocercops), 226 
Melanargia, xlix 
melanaspis (Discodon), 27, 35, 36, 120 
melancholicum (Discodon), 29, 49, 
50, 51, 81, 82 
melane (Thysonotis), exv 
melania (Appias), 185 
Melanitis, ix, xiii, 196 
melanocephala (Silis), 36, 120 
melanocerus (Malthinus), 140 
Melanophila, iv 
melanops (Lycaena), 296 
melanopterum (Discodon), 26, 101 
Melanothrix, 384 
melia (Papilio), 177, 178 
Melinda, Ixvili 
Melitaea, xxv, ape CXV, CXvi 
mellifica (Apis), ¢ 
var. sepa (Apis), ex 
Mellita (Bucculatrix), 248 
meloboris, 407 
Melolontha, exvil 
melusine (Danaida), 366 
A grosesmithi (Danaida), 365 
33 oetakwensis (Danaida), 365 
memnon (Caligo), Ixxiii, 198 
mercedonia (Melinda), I xviii 


(Tirumala), Ixxv 
meridionalis (Ornithoptera), lvi 

ve (Papilio), 362, 363 

a (Troides), 362, 363 


Merimna, ili 

meriones (Papilio), xiii 
Meroglossa, civ, cv, cix 
Mesochelidura, 264, 265 
mesosceptra (Depressaria), 210 
Metoecus, 294 

mexicana (Silis), 62 
mexicanum (Discodon), 62: 
mexicanus (Podabrus), 18, 19 
Microceris, cxx 

Microdon, 301 
Micro-Lepidoptera, 201 
microlepta (Opostega), 239 
microps (Taenaris), lv 
Micropterygidae, 391 
Micropteryginae, 392, 393 
Micropteryx, 392 

microxantha (Euryglossa), evi, cix 
midamus (Kuploea), 170 
Milionia, exv, 385 

mima (Parelodina), cxv 
mimetis (Cosmopteryx), 205, 206 


( 


mimetus (Polemius), 97 
(Silis), 97 
Bs (Telephorus), 97 

mimulus (Paracolletes), cx 
minor (Bedellia), 247 

», (Musca), exii 
minuscula (Silis), 38, 95 
minusculum (Discodon), 38, 95 
minuta (Silis), 95, 96, 97 
minutus (Polemius), 95, 96, 97 
mirabilis (Ichthyurus), 132 

3 (Lobetus), 128, 132 

misippus (Hypolimnas), vi, xviii, 

Ixxili, 341, 344, 348, 429 
var. inaria 

Ixxili 
Mnemonica, 392 
Mnesarchaea, 392 
moesta (Euborellia), 262, 271 
Mominae, xiii 


9 


” 


monilis var. consitus (Carabus), xlvi | 
| niavius (Amauris), xxxiv, Ixvili, 152, 


monogramma (Clavipalpa), 378 

Monolepta, cxi 

monolychna (Brenthia), 218 

Mononyx, lxiii 

monteiroae (Aletis), 333 

monticola (Telephorus), 18 

montivagus (Malthinus), 143 

Morphopsis, exxi, 366 

Morphotaenaris, cxiv 

Morphotenaris, lxxiv 

morsitans (Glossina), Ixxxix, 394 

mulciber (Trepsichrois), 170, 172, 173, 
174 

multicolor (Delias), ix, 180, 181 

multipunctata (Blethisa), exvii 

Musca, xxi, cxii, 334, 342 

Muscidae, cxi 

mutabilis (Microdon), 301 

mutica (Coelorrhina), | 

Mutilla, 394, 395, 396 

Mutillidae, evii 

Mycalesis, xl, Ixvili, cxv, 324, 333, 
367, 368 

Mylabris, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 
328, 329, 330, 333, 335, 336 

Mylothris, xxxiv, lxvi, lxxvii, Ixxviii, 
325, 334 

Mynes, ix, xii, 190, 191 

Myrmecina, |1xxxvili 

Myrmica, xlvi, xcvi, 292, 293, 294, 
295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 
303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 311, 
312, 313, 314, 315 

Myrmicinae, viii 

Myrmoplasta, Ixxvi 

Myscelus, cxx 

mysis (Delias), x 


(Hypolimnas), | 


elxxil 


) 


Mysoria, cxx 
Nala, 270 
Nannisolabis, 263 
napi (Pieris), xlviii, exvii 
nasica (Doleschallia), 191 
natalensis (Precis), 346 
natalica (Acraea), 327, 334, 345 
nebulosa (Aplecta), Ixxxi 
ab. robsoni (Aplecta), lxxxi 
ab. thompsoni (Aplecta), 

]xxxi 

4 (Bucculatrix), 249 

neglectus (Crabro), evi, exi 
nemoralis (Carabus), xlvi 
Nemotelus, Ixxx 
neobule (Acraea), 327, 333 
Nepticula, 201, 255, 256 
Nepticulidae, 255 


99 


99 


| Neptis, ix, xii, xii, xvii, 192) 321, 


322 
nerida angiana (Mycalesis), 368 


153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160, 166, 
169, 173, 175 


| niger (Lasius), xlvi 


(Polemius), 51 


99 


_nigerrima (Silis), 101 
| nigricosta (Daptoneura,) 151 


nigridorsis (Photinus), 71 
nigrifrons (Discodon), 68, 69 
(Meroglossa), civ, ev, cix 
(Telephorus), 68 


99 


99 


nigripes (Discodon), 23, 53, 56 


nigrita (Polemius), 93, 94 
(Silis), 93, 94, 112, 113, 114, 

115 
nigritus (Polemius), 113 
nigrolimbatus (Polemius), 49, 75 
nigrolineata (Epicoma), 385 
nigromarginatus (Polemius), 49, 75 
nigropiceum (Discodon), 52 
nigropilosum (Discodon), 28, 29, 30, 

31, 50, 81 
nigroplectrum (Polemius), 91 
bi (Silis), 91 

nigrum (Plectonotum), 19 
nitidula (Silis), 99, 101 
niveicornis (Baoris), xliv, lxix 
noakesi (Catasticta), 150 
, | (Lasiomorpha), 384 
ilis (Cordulegaster), 287 

(Papilio), Ixvii, Ixxxix, xc, xci, 

xcili 

Noctuidae, xiii, lvi, 376 
noctula (Harsiésis), 367 
nodicollis (Silis), 62, 112 
noleckeniella (Acrocercops), 225 
noorna (Doleschallia), xii, 192 


99 


’ 
nob 


9° 


(7 clacxinr’, ”) 


noorna f. fulva (Doleschallia), ix, 192 
normale (Discodon), 20, 40, 44, 64, 65, 
66, 67, 68, 69, 83 
normalis (Telephorus), 65 
notata (Melanophila), iv 
Notodontidae, 385 
nouna (Calicharis), xlix 
nubilosa (Palaeorhiza), civ, ev, cix 
% (Prosopis), cv, cix 
nubilosella (Prosopis), ev, cix 
numida (Hesperia), xlix 
43 (Syrichthus), xlix 
Nychitona, lxvi, xcvii, 7, 8 
nyctiphanes (Cosmopteryx), 208 
Nymphalidae, xi, 188 
Nymphalinae, xviii, 320 
oblita (Polemius), 89 
»  (Silis), 37, 89, 115, 116, 118, 
119, 120 
oblongo - punctatus (Pterostichus), 
exvii 
obolarcha (Lamprolophus), 213 
obscura (Euploea), xi, 187 
obversa (Acrocercops), 230 
ochlea (Amauris), 159, 160, 161, 162 
ocularis (Silis), 90, 93, 112, 122 
oculata (Mylabris), 328 
Odynerus, cxxi 
Oecia, 201 
oecophila (Oecia), 201 
Oecophoridae, 208 
Oinophila, 252 
olga (Zelosyne), 201, 202 
olyritis (Nepticula), 256 
omiltemia (Silis), 124 
omphacina (Otoptris), 245 
omphale (Teracolus), 387 
Omphalini, evili 
onopordi (Hesperia), xlix 
. (Syrichthus), xlix 
oothecobia (Thaumaglossa), exiii 
ophiodesma (Simaethis), 216 
Opogona, 241, 251, 252 
Opostega, 239, 240, 241 
oppositipunctum (Discodon), 26, 88 
or (Cymatophora), cxx 
orbitulus (Latiorina), 397, 398, 401, 
402, 404, 408, 411 
orbona (Asota), 197 
Ordrupia, 215 
oriarcha (Gracilaria), 239 
orion (Scolitantides), lxxxviii, 424 
ormenus (Papilio), x 
ornaticollis (Polemius), 97 
Ornithoptera, lvi, xxiv 
Oscinella, exii 
Oscinis, cxii 
othello (Papilio), ix, x 


othello f. obscurata (Papilio), ix, 177 

Otoptris, 245, 246 

Oxyambulyx, cxv 

oxyerapta (Lithocolletis), 222 

Oxynetra, cxx 

Pachyprosopis, ciii, cix 

Palaeomicra, 391 

Palaeorhiza, civ, ev, cix 

pales (Brenthis), xiv, xv, cxv 

pallipes (Malthodes), 141, 142, 145, 
146 


Palomena, | 
Paltothyreus, v, lvi, lvii, lviii, lix, Ix 
Pamphilinae, exx 
Panacra, exv 
panamensis (Silis), 114, 115 
pandora (Argynnis), xlix 
99 (Dryas), xlix 
65 (Platypthima), exiv 
pandoxus (Papilio), x 
paphia (Argynnis), xlix 
» var. dives (Argynnis), xlix 
» (Dryas), xvi, xlix 
», var. dives (Dryas), xlix 
Papilio, ax, x, xiv, (py lin, dwt, 
Ikquntly Ibape) Ioan, ikeany Ibsaqyh 
iboogal, Ibsoanils) lbeo-abs, “oy oor 
XCli,, KCI, XClV, CxIV, Cxx, 7/7, 
178, 323, 324, 333, 334, 335, 337, 
338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 
345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 361, 
362, 363, 429, 430 
Papilionidae, 177, 361 
Papilioninae, Ixvii 
Paracolletes, ciii, civ, evill, cx 
paradisea (Ornithoptera), lvi 


a f. flavescens (Ornithoptera), 
lvi 
- ariakensis (Papilio), 362 


5 Ar (Troides), 362 

Parafairmairia, 1xxxi 
paragrapta (Phrixosceles), 223 
paraguayensis (Pyragropsis), 270 
Parantica, 169 
Parasilis, 20, 98, 125, 126, 127 
Parasitica, eviil 
Parasphecodes, cx 
Parectopa, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237 
Parelodina, exv 
Pareronia, ix, xi, 186 
Parnassius, Ixxxviii, 351, 352, 353, 

354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360 
paromias (Opostega), 240 
paulina (Appias), 185 
paupercula (Silis), 89, 95, 115, 118 
pauperculus (Polemius), 89, 95, 119 
pauxilla (Silis), 37, 119, 123 
pauxillum (Discodon), 37, 38 


( 


pavana (Eueides), xxii 
pavonacella (Brenthia), 217, 219, 220 
pechi (Anthocharis), xlix 
pectinata rufa (Tenthredo), Ixxxii 
pectinicornis (Bruchus), xlvii 
ss (Thinalmus), 138 
pedaloidina (Platypthima), 366 
pellucens (Rutilia), exi 
Pelophila, exvii 
pelota (Pyrrhopyge), cxx 
pendularia var. subochreata (Zono- 
soma), xlv 
var. subroseata 
soma), xlv 
penetralis (Otoptris), 245 
penicillata (Euborellia), 270 
pentachorda (Cosmopteryx), 203 
Perenarcha, 212 
periphena (Mimoniades), exx 
perplexum (Discodon), 64, 66, 67, 68 
petiverana (Tirumala), Ixviii, 162, 
163, 166, 167 
Phalaenoides, exi 
phalantha (Atella), Ixix, Ixx, 346, 
347, 430 
phaneropis (Parectopa), 233 
pharis (Leuceronia), xevii, 7 
Pharmacophagus, xciii, xciv 
pharsalus (Acraea), xviii 
phillyreae (Aleurodes), exxii 
Philomone, 250, 251 
philone (Catasticta), 149, 150 
phlegyropa (Encamina), 214 
Phocides, exx 
phoebe (Phrissura), Ixxvii, lxxviii 
phoenicicola (Pseudosarbia), exx 
phoreas (Papilio), xviii, Lxxii 
photinoides (Discodon), 20, 44, 46, 47, 
48, 78 
(Polemius), 78, 79, 80 
5 (Telephorus), 78 
Photinomorpha, 16, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74 
Photinus, 71 
photurinus (Telephorus), 67, 78 
Photuris, 70, 73 
Photurocantharis, 70 
Phrissura, Ixxvii, lxxviii 
Phrixosceles, 223 
phryctopa (Asura), exv 
Phylaria, Ixvi, Ixxi, Ixxvi, |xxviii, 
Ixxix 
Phylloenistis, 241, 242 
picea (Gonolabis), 271 
picta (Callomelitta), ex 
», (Kalocrania), 270 
picticollis (Monolepta), exi 
tf (Telephorus), 63 
pictus (Cordulegaster), 281 


(Zono- 


9°? 


”? 


clxxiv ) 


Pieridae, x, 179, 363 

Pierinae, lxvi, exi, 1, 320 

Pieris, xlviii, xlix, exvii, exix, 10, 11, 
12, 14, 15 

pigea (Pinacopteryx), xlviii, Ixvi, 
Ixxvii, xxviii 

pigmalion (Phocides), cxx 

piligera (Acrocercops), 227 

Pinacopteryx, xlviii, Ixvi, 
Ixxviii 

pissantha (Otoptris), 246 

pithoeka (Hypolimnas), xii, 191, 196 

f. fumosus (Hypolimnas), ix, 
191 


Ixxvii 


> 


plagifera (Tischeria), 246 
Planema, xxiv, xli, xlii, xvii, Ixviii 
planicolle (Discodon), 41, 42 
planicollis (Polemius), 20, 41 
Be (Telephorus), 41 
plateroides (Discodon), 60 
oh (Silis), 58, 60 
Plateros, 60 
platyderus (Telephorus), 42 
Platypthima, lvi, exiv, exv, 366, 367 
Plebeius, xlix, xciv, 311 
Plectonotum, 17, 19 
plexippus (Danaida), 168 
plicatum (Discodon), 25, 39, 40, 41, 
42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 87 
a var. flavicolle (Discodon), 41 
Ploetzia, xliv 
podabroides (Discodon), 38, 39 
Podabrus, 17, 18, 19, 39 
poecilia (Delias), 181 
poecilosoma (Zelosyne), 201, 202 
poggei (Planema), I xviii 
Pogonochaerus, exvii 
Polemius, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 49, 50, 
51, 59; 69) 70,70, 72) das ar, e103 
76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 
85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 
94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 113, 117, 119, 
121, 123, 127, 138 
policenes (Papilio), Ixviii, lxxii 
polychloros var. erythromelas (Eugo- 
nia), xlix 
var. erythromelas (Va- 
nessa), xlix 
Polygonia, xvi 
Polyommatus, xlvii, 1xxiv, xciv, exv, 
exix, 407, 408, 411, 412, 413, 419, 
421 
polytes (Papilio), xcii, xciii, xciv 
f. eyrus (Papilio), xciii 
f. romulus (Papilio), xciii 
», 4. stichius (Papilio), xciij 
Ponerinae, viii 


”° 


> 


39 


| Pontia, xlix, xevii 


( 


pontifex (Opostega), 240 
poppea (Mylothris), Ixxvii 
potina (Rutilia), cxi 
potteri (Myrmoplasta), Ixxvi 
powelli (Satyrus), xlix 
praemorsa (Silis), 62, 110, 111 
praestans (Opogona), 251 
prasina (Palomena), | 
prasinospora (Imma), 215 
pratti (Delias), 364 
(Diacrisia), 378 
(Euproctis), 381 
», albonotata (EKuproctis), 381 
Precis, xxxiv, lxvili, 346 
predator (Eciton), 318 
Prenolepis, liii 
priamus ab. cronius (Papilio), cxx 
ab. poseidon (Papilio), exx 
f. teucrus (Papilio), exx 
» ab. triton (Papilio), cxx 
prieuri (Hipparchia), xlix 
», (Satyrus), xlix 
princessa (Dicallaneura), x, 196 
principalis (Appias), 184 
proletella (Aleurodes), exxii 
Promachus, xliv 
Prosopis, liti, 1xxxii, ciii, civ, ev, cix 
Prothoé, ix, xiii, 193, 194 
protomedia (Teracolus), 387 
proxima (Silis), 92, 94, 95 
proximus (Polemius), 92, 93, 94, 95 | 
Psalidae, 258, 261, 263, 269 
Psalinae, 269, 270,271 
Psalis, 262, 270, 271 
Psammocharidae, cvii 
pselaphotis (Parectopa), 237 
Pseudacraea, XxXili, xxiv, xxv, xli, 
xlii, Ixv, 337, 341, 348, 350, 429 
Pseudodreata, 379, 380 
Pseudolobetus, 136, 137, 138 
Pseudosarbia, cxx 
pseudovenilia (Acca), 192 
Psocidae, Ixxiv, lxxv 
psociformis (Coniopteryx), ¢ 
psyttalea (Amauris), Ixviii, 153, 154, 
160, 175 
Pteronus, Ixxxii 
Pterostichus, cxvii 
pulchella (Panacra), exv 
pulchra (Dicallaneura), 196 
»,  (Psalis), 262, 271 
pugionatus (Rhagigaster), ex 
pullus (Cyaniris), cxv 
punctata (Eupterote), cxv 
purpurascens (Discodon), 56, 57, 58 
55 (Silis), 56 
Pyenosoma, cxi 
Pygidicrana, 261 


99 


9 


99> 


99 


elxxv 


) 


Pygidicranidae, 257, 268, 270 
Pygidicraninae, 268, 270 
Pyragra, 259, 260, 270 


| Pyragrinae, 257, 268, 270 


Pyragropsis, 270 
Pyrameis, xvii, xviii, xix, liv, 322, 
337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 344, 348, 
428 
Pyrellia, exii 
pyrenaica (Latiorina), Ixxxviii, 397, 
398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 
404, 407, 408 
a (Lycaena), lxxxviii, 403 
pyres f. mangolinella (Kuploea), cxx 


| Pyrrhopyge, cxix, cxx 
| Pyrrhopyginae, cxix, exx 
| Pyrrhopygopsis, cxx 


quadrimaculata (Huryglossa), civ, cix 

quadripunctatus (Harpalus), cxvii 

quadristriata (Oscinella), exii 
(Oscinis), cxii 


| 99 
quercus (Aleurodes), cxxii 


op var. iberica (Bithys), xlix 

»  (Zephyrus), xlix 
rapae (Pieris), xlviii, cxix 

rebeli (Cynthia), xi, 188, 189 

reducta (Catasticta), 148, 149 
refractella (Glyphipteryx), 221 
refulgens (Parectopa), 234 


” 


| regalis (Rutilia), cxi 


regularis (Terias), [xvi 

repandata (Boarmia), Ixxxi 

var.conversaria (Boarmia), 
Ixxxi 

reversa (Dasygaster), 376 

rex mimeticus (Papilio), lxviii 

Rhagigaster, cx 

Rhagonycha, 17 

Rhipicephalus, 329, 332, 340 

Rhodogastria, 324, 332, 333, 334, 337 

rhodograpta (Filinota), 209 

rhodosoma (Perenarcha), 212 

Rhogas, 407, 408 

Rhopalocampta, lxix, 322, 334 

Rhopalocera, 361 

Rhopalomesites, exvii 

Rhopalum, exi 

ridleyanus (Papilio), Ixvii, lxix, lxxii, 
Ixxy, Ixxvi 

riparia (Labidura), 263, 270 

rivifera (Philomone), 251 

robusta (Carcinophera), 270 

robustus (Labidurodes), 271 

rogersi (Teracolus), 1, 4 

rosea (Catasticta), 147 

rotans (Phyllocnistis), 242 

rotundiceps (Prosopis), civ, cv, cix 

rubicola (Aleurodes), ¢xxii 


9 


( Sebeevie) ) 


rubra (Milionia), exv 
rubribasis (Diacrisia), 373 
rubricatus (Plateros), 60 
rubroplagata (Eubordeta), exv 
ruficollis (Silis), 99 
ruficornis (Rutilia), exi 
ruficosta (Diacrisia), 374 
rufifacies (Pyenosoma), cxi 
rufifrons (Ditemnomorphus), 125 
f (Silis), 125 
rufipes (Discodon), 53, 54, 69 
rufocincta (Thaumaglossa), exiii 
ruginodis (Myrmica), xlvi 
rugipennis (Polemius), 98 
55 (Telephorus), 98 
rupestris (Acrolophus), 254 
rippelli (Mylothris), 325, 334 
Rutilia, ci, cxi 
rutulus (Papilio), 1 
Sabatinea, 391, 392 
saccharata (Bucculatrix), 248 
sacculata (Opostega), 240 
saina (Appias), 184 
sallaei (Polemius), 87, 88 
»,  (Silis), 87, 88 
sallei (Ichthyurus), 131, 132 
», (Trypherus), 132 
sanctae-crucis (Acrocercops), 225 
sanguineicollis (Malthodes), 145 
sanguinolentus (Elater), lxxix 
Sapromyza, xii 
Sapromyzidae, evili, cxil 
saramaccensis (Eulabis), 270 
Sarbia, exx 
Satyridae, xiii, lv, 195, 366 
Satyrinae, |xviii 
Satyrus, xlvii, xlix 
saucia (Agrotis), ii 
scabrinodis (Myrmica), xlvi, xevi, 293, 
294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 
300, 301, 302, 303, 306, 
307 
Me var. sabuleti (Myrmica), 
xlvi, 292, 293, 294, 
298, 302, 304, 305, 306, 
307, 308 
scabripennis (Silis), 119 
schneideri (Discodon), 26, 27 
fi (Malthinus), 144, 145 
schoeneia (Antanartia), 428 
schonbergi f. kenricki (Morphotae- 
naris), ¢Xiv 
a f. wandammenensis (Mor- 
photaenaris), cxiv 
Sciara, 402 
sciophanta (Phyllocnistis), 241 
Scoliidae, evii 
Scolitantides, xlix, lxxxviii, 424 


scylla (Taenaris), x, 195 

», (Tenaris), 195 
Seymnus, xcix, cxxvi 
seitzi (Catasticta), 148 
semele var. algirica (Hipparchia), xlix 

»,  (Satyrus), xlvii 

» var. algirica (Satyrus), xlix 
semiflava (Appias), 184 
semiflavus (Ichthyurus), 131 
seminigra (Euproctis), 381 
semipurpurella (Eriocrania), 392 
semirufus (Malthinus), 142 
semperi (Mynes), xii, 190 
senegalensis (Terias), lxvi 
Sepsidae, eviii, exii 
sepulchralis (Silis), 112, 114, 124 
serricorne (Discodon), 20, 69, 71, 72 
serricornis (Polemius), 69, 70, 71, 72 
serrigera (Acrocercops), 232, 236 

»  (Silis), 58, 59, 61, 62, 63 

serrigerum (Discodon), 20, 60, 61, 62, 

63 
sertifer (Lophyrus), lxxxii 

,,  (Pteronus), 1xxxii 
Sesiadae, 212 
sevata (Pieris), 10, 11 
severina (Belenois), xlviii 
sexangula (Phyllocnistis), 242 
sganzini (Acraea), xix, xx 
shepherdi (Neptis), xii 

y f. gregalis (Neptis), 1x, xii, 


sicula (Silis), 98, 109, 116, 123, 124 
signaticollis (Stigmodera), iv, v 


| significa (Depressaria), 210, 211 


Silini, 20 

Silis, 17, 19, 20, 26, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 
36, 37, 38, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 
63, 72, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 
94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 
103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 
110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 
117, 118, 119; 120, 121, 122; 123; 
124, 125, 138 

Silpha, exvii 

Simaethis, 216, 217 

simo (Parnassius), 352, 353 
» grayi (Parnassius), 358, 359 
»> Simonius (Parnassius), 358 
;, simulator (Parnassius), 358, 359 

simplex (Discodon), 27, 34, 35 

simulans (Photinomorpha), 69, 70, 74 

sincera (Pieris), 12 

Sinodendron, ci 

sinuaticolle (Discodon), 47 

sinuatum (Discodon), 30 

socrates (Pyrrhopygopsis), ¢xx 

Solenius, evi 


( "elzzvir *) 


somnulentella (Bedellia), 247 
soritis (Acrocercops), 224 
speculatrix (Machimia), 209 
Sphegidae, cxi 
Sphodromantis, cxii, cxiii, exxi 
spica (Mylothris), Ixxvii 
spissicornis (Polemius), 76, 77 
Sporostigena, 386 
spuria (Gossyparia), xcvi 
stactalla (Phylaria), [xxviii, lxxix 
stalagmitis (Acrocercops), 224 
stali (Euborellia), 271 
stellata (Zizera), [xviii 
stemonodes (Parectopa), 234 
stenorma (Brenthia), 219 
stigma (Dasygaster), 376 
Stigmodera, iv, v 
stramineicolle (Discodon), 40, 41, 45 
Stratiomyidae, Ixxx 
strigata inconstans (Colussa), 380 
5 (Pseudodreata), 379, 380 
strigosa (Catasticta), 149 
styx (Eupterote), exv, 383 
subcostatus (Malthinus), 140 
subtenue (Discodon), 29, 31 
subtrifasciata (Stigmodera), v 
subulatus (Malthinus), 138 
subulicorne (Discodon), 58, 59 
sulcinodis (Myrmica), xlvi 
sumatranum (Echinosoma), 270 
suturalis (Malthaster), 127 
sylvia (Phrissura), lxxvii 
sylvicola (Satyrus), xlix 
Symbrenthia, ix, xii, 190 
Symmoca, 201 
Syncrobyla, 252, 253 
syndecta (Glyphipteryx), 221 
Synnupserha, Ixxvi 
Syrichthus, xlix 
szechenyi (Parnassius), 353 
Tachinidae, cxi 
Taenaris, x, liv, lv, 195 
talboti (Catasticta), 149 
», .(Delias), ix, 182 
tanganyikae (Belenois), 6 
tanymorpha (Bucculatrix), 250 
tardyi (Rhopalomesites), exvii 
tarsatus (Paltothyreus), lvi, lx 
Tarucus, Ixx 
tasmanicus (Crabro), evi 
Telephoridae, 16 
Telephorinae, 17 
Telephorini, 17 
telephoroides (Discodon), 20 
Telephorus, 17, 18, 30, 41, 42, 48, 63, 
65, 67, 68, 71, 78, 87, 97, 98 
telicanus (Tarucus), Ixx 
Telicota, 372 


teligera (Cosmopteryx), 207 
Telipna, xcix 
Tellervo, exx 
tellus (Planema), Ixviii 
Tenaris, 195 
tenax (Cosmopteryx), 207 
tenebrator (Adiathetus), 257, 264 
tenebrosus (Lamprophorus), i 
Tenthredo, |xxxii 
tenue (Discodon), 20, 28, 29 
tenuiculus (Aclytia), 19 
a (Asilis), 19 
Teracolus, Ixvi, Ixxxix, 1, 3, 4, 387, 
388, 389, 390 
Terlas, Vis xxxis xxxive lxvil Dmx, 
ibro-<, Ib6-40i 
terminalis (Malthinus), 141, 142 
terpsichore (Acraea), 338 
tessei (Abisara), 368 
»,  (Delias), cxiv 
testaceipenne (Discodon), 55 
tetragramma (Cosmopteryx), 203 
Tetramorium, 293 
Thais, xxxvii 
thalassina (Leuceronia), xevii, xeviii, 
331, 334 
thalia (Acraea), xxii 
Thaumaglossa, cxii, cxiii 
thasis (Appias), 185 
thersites (Agriades), xxiv, 411, 413, 
418, 419, 420 
Thestor, xlix 
Thinalmus, 138 
Thiotricha, 243 
thompsoni (Delias), exiv 
thoracica (Pyragropsis), 270 
thrasyzela (Cosmopteryx), 206 
thule (Papilio), 178, 179 
Thynnidae, evii, cvili, cx 
Thyridia, xxiii 
Thysonotis, exv 
Timarcha, xeviii 
Tinaegeria, 212 
Tineidae, 253 
Tirumala, Ixvili, Ixxv, 162, 163, 164, 
165, 166, 167 
Tischeria, 245, 246, 247 
tithonus misresiana (Papilio), 362 
55 33 (Troides), 362 
a prominens (Papilio), 361 
‘ oS (Troides), 361 
torticollis (Lobetus), 136 
(Silis), 102, 106 
torticornis (Lobetus), 129, 136 
trabeata (Perenarcha), 212 
55 (Tinaegeria), 212 
Trachea, 377 
transfixa (Silis), 121 


( 


transfixus (Polemius), 121 
transvaalensis (Anopheles), exviii 
Trepsichrois, 170, 172, 173, 174 
trichophysa (Parectopa), 235 
tridentatus (Crabro), evi 
a5 (Solenius), evi 
trifolii (Anthrocera), lxxxix 
var. palustris (Anthrocera), 
Ixxxix 
trilineata (Sporostigena), 386 
trilobata (Silis), 103, 104 
trimaculatus (Ichthyurus), 130 
E (Trypherus), 130 
trimeni (Pseudacraea), xlii 
trimetalla (Acrocercops), 226 
tripunctata (Euploea), x, xi, 187 
triste (Discodon), 29, 46, 47, 49, 50, | 
77, 80, 81, 82 
tristiculus (Polemius), 80, 81 
Troides, xiv, cxiv, 361, 362, 363 
troilus (Papilio), 1 
Tronga, 172 
truncata (Dysstroma), exvili 
Trypherus, 128, 129, 130, 132, 137 
turnus (Papilio), 1 
ula brunnifascia (Morphopsis), 366 
ulmi (Gossyparia), xcvi 
Ulotrichopus, 378 
umbratica (Klodina), xi, 179 
uniformis (Sporostigena), 386 
unipustulatus (Badister), exvii 
urania (Hyades), lv 
Urbicola, xvi, xlix 
uricoecheae (Catasticta), 147 
vallaris (Lyonetia), 243 
Vanessa, xlix 
vaporariorum (Aleurodes), cxxii 
varians (Discodon), 61, 62 
»,  (Silis), 58, 59, 61, 62, 63 
variegata (Agriomyia), evi, cx 
(Antestia), 327, 328, 332, 
333 
variicolor (Microceris), exx 
varipes (Pycnosoma), cxi 
venefica (Cosmopteryx), 204 
venilia (Neptis), xii 
» +t. albopunctata (Neptis), ix, 
192 


9 


99 


9 
verhoeffi (Anisolabis), 269 
Vespa, xxix 
Vespidae, 299 
vesta (Teracolus), 389 
victoria (Belenois), 4, 6 


elxxvili 


) 


victoriae (Troides), xiv 
vidua (Pinacopteryx), lxvi 
vigilans (Paracolletes), cili, cviii, ex 
villosa (Calliphora), exii 
viminea (Parectopa), 237 
virgo (Dicallaneura), cxv 
viridescens (Elymnias), xiii, 196 
f. cinereomargo (Elym- 

nias), ix, xiii, 196 
vitrea f. arfakensis (Ideopsis), exiv 

», 1. serena (Ideopsis), cxiv 
vittata (Parasilis), 126 
vitticolle (Discodon), 42, 45 
vivipara (Rutilia), exi 
Volucella, xxix 
waigeuensis (Papilio), 361, 362 

nc (Troides), 361, 362 

Waigeum, cxv 
wallacei (Marava), 271 
wandammenensis (Asura), cXxv 
(Lampides), cxv 


> 


99 


_washingtoni (Gyrolasomyia), cviii 
_waterstradti (Delias), 179 


weiskei (Abisara), 368 
(Danaida), lvi 
,,  thalassina (Danaida), 364 

whytei (Amauris), 154, 161, 162 
wigginsi (Nychitona), xevii, 7 
xanthippe (Sarbia), exx 
xanthoderes (Polemius), 96 
xenica (Erechthias), 253 
Xylophilidae, exvi 
xystrota (Acrocercops), 224 
Yanguna, cxx 
zapyropis (Lyonetia), 243 
zebrina (Erechthias), 253 
Zelosyne, 201, 202 
Zephyrus, xlix 
zetes (Acraea), Ixvii, lxviii, lxxii 

», i. acara (Acraea), lxxvi 
Zicrona, cxix 
Zizera, |xviii 
zochalia (Belenois), 6 

ee f. formosa (Belenois), 6 

zohra (Cigaritis), xlix 

>, var. jugurtha (Cigaritis), xlix 
zoilus f. mysoriensis (Tellervo), exx 
zonaria (Ithysia), xvi 
Zonocerus, 322, 325, 327, 333, 334, 

337 
Zygaena, 1xxxix 
Zygaenidae, 386 


9° 


PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED, 
BRUNSWICK ST., STAMFORD ST., S.E., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK, 


REPORT OB TEE 
BRITISH NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON 
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Ce) 


REPORT OF THE 
BRITISH NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON 
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 


THE National Committees on Nomenclature owe their 
existence to the action of the second International Congress 
of Entomology held at Oxford in 1912, which pronounced 
unanimously in favour of their creation in consequence of 
a resolution put before it by the Entomological Society of 
London, by whom it had been adopted at their meeting on 
June 5th, 1912 (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1912. p. lxv—lxvii). The 
formation of these National Committees was entrusted to 
the Entomological Societies of the different countries (Proc. 
2nd Int. Congr. Ent. 1. p. 119-121), and the Entomological 
Society of London was invited, through its Council, to 
nominate at first two, and afterwards three, members of the 
British Council. The recommendations of the Council were 
adopted by the Society at their meeting on March 5th, 1913 
(Proc. Ent. Soc. 1913. p. xiii), and it was at the same time 
resolved to form a permanent Committee of their own, con- 
sisting of the President and one of the Secretaries of the 
Society, their three members of the National Committee, 
the British member of the International Committee and two 
elected members. As the only member of the National 
Committee elected by any other British Society (the Birming- 
ham Entomological Society) had already been elected as one 
of their unofficial members by the Entomological Society of 
London, the Committee formed by the latter eventually be- 
came and was recognised as the “ British National Committee 
of Entomological Nomenclature.” 

The duties assigned to the International Committee by the 
Congress were :— 

To collect, in co-operation with the National Committees, 


Wes 


the opinions of entomologists on questions of nomenclature 
as affecting Entomology ; 

To consider what elucidations, extensions, and emendations, 
if any, are required in the International Code ; 

To confer with the International Commission on Zoological 
Nomenclature ; and 

To lay a Report on these points before the next Congress 
of Entomology (Proc. 2nd Int. Congr. Ent. 4. p. 120). 

In pursuance of its own part of this work, the British 
Committee has held several meetings, considered a number of 
questions submitted to it, and given opinions thereon, which 
are detailed in the following Report. 


REPLIES TO QUESTIONS SUBMITTED TO THE 
COMMITTEE 


Question 1.—(J. E. Collin.) 

Haliday (1833) described a new genus’ HELEopRoMIA with 
four new species: Group A, H. immaculata; Group Bb, 
H, bipunctata, stagnalis, and fontinalis, but fixed no species 
as the type of the genus. 

Curtis (1834), without splitting up the genus, gave: “Type 
of the genus H. immaculata Hal.” 

Macquart (1835), without any personal knowledge of any 
of the species, split up Haliday’s genus, retaining the name 
Hereopromia for the Group A of Haliday (H. immaculata), 
and proposed a new generic name Hypropromtia for 
H. bipunctata and stagnalis (but made no mention of 
Jontinalis). 

Haliday (1840) wrote: ‘“ Macquart has divided He.ro- 
DROMIA into two genera, but the name should be retained 
for the second division ;”—‘‘the name applying to the 
aquatic habits: (has not Hyproprom1a been employed among 
Crustacea?) I would propose to substitute ScropRoMIA as 
the generic name of the first division.” 

Ever since 1840 Haliday has been followed and not 
Macquart, the generic name Scropromia being used for 
immaculata, and HELEopRoMIA for stagnalis and fontinalis. 

What is the type of the genus HeLzopromia ? 


Caer) 


Has Hypropromia any standing as a genus, considering 
that its author had never seen either of the possible types? 


OPINION 1.—The Type of Heteoprom1a Haliday (1833) 
was fixed as immaculata Haliday by Curtis (1834), and 
by Macquart (1835); SCJODROMIA Haliday (1840), Type 
immaculata Haliday (Haliday, 1840), is a synonym. 

Hypropromia Macquart (1835) n.g. [= * Heleodromia 
Haliday (1833)—Group B. sp. 2-3) ; = * Heleodromia Haliday 
(1840)]. The Type is either bipwnctata Haliday, or stagnalis 
Haliday, and for either of these Hypropromra Macquart 
is a potentially valid genonym. 

Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker ; Jno, Hartley Durrant ; 
C. J. Gahan; K. Jordan ; Louis B, Prout ; Chas. O. Water- 


house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, 


|— 


: all concur. 


Ts] 
( 


QuEsTION 2.—(J. H. Durrant.) 

Stephens [Tll. Br. Ent. Haust. 4, 119 (1834)] wrote thus of 
Carpocapsa Tr. :— 

“This genus requires considerable revision ; the three first 
species ” [i.e. 1. pomonella L.; 2. splendana Hb.; 3. gros- 
sana Hw.] “form the true Carpocapsae of Treitschke—Cydia 
of Hiibner—the remainder are mostly included in the genus 
Grapholitha of Treitschke, and constitute other genera of 
Hiibner, as indicated hereafter.” 

The only species common to Hubner and Stephens, and 
which was therefore regarded by Stephens as the Type of 
Cypia Hb., is pomonella L. 

Are we to consider that Stephens states the case thus :— 

Carpocapsa Tr. (1829) = Cyp1a Hb. (1826), Type pomo- 
nella L., with which splendana Hb. and grossana Hw. are 
alone congeneric ? 

(Curtis, Br. Ent. 8. expl. Pl. 352 sp. 1-24 (1831), cited 
pomonella L. as the Type of Carpocapsa Tr., and Walsing- 
ham, Pr. Z. Soc. Lond. 1897, 130-1 no. 69 sp. 182 (1897), 
adopted Stephens’ restriction and cited pomonella L. as the 
Type of Cyp1a Hb. also. | 


(og 
OPINION 2.—Stephens’ words can have but one meaning :— 
Cypia Hiibner (1826) = CARPOCAPSA Treitschke (1829), 
Type: pomonella Linné. 
Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan ; K. Jordan; Lowis B. Prout ; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, 


~I 


: all concur. 


a 
/ 


QuESTION 3.—(K. Jordan.) 

X proposed a name for a supposed species closely allied to 
another species: he does not know which of these species 
has been already named, and wishes his new name to be 
applied to the one which has no name. 

What is to be done with the new name proposed by X ? 


OPINION 3.—A valid name can only be applied to a definite 
conception (rightly or wrongly formed, but definite so far 
as the Author is concerned); X has formed no conception 
as to the particular species to which the new name is to be 
applied—there is therefore no Species nor Type to which the 
new name ean be applied: this new name is a mere logonym 
absolutely invalid in nomenclature. 

We regard the publication of such names as most 
reprehensible. 

Signed: G. 7’. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C. J. Gahan; K. Jordan ; Louis B. Prout ; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 

i 


Result, —: all concur. 


4 


( 


Questions 4-26.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 

“T beg to formally ask the National Committee on Nomen- 
clature to consider and issue recommendations on the proposals 
suggested by Roger Verity in the J. L. S., Vol. XXXII. 
p. 173 et seq.” (G. 'T. B-B.) 


Cree) 


[For the convenience of the Committee :— 

Verity, Roger: ‘“ Revision of the Linnean Types of Palae- 
arctic Rhopalocera.” 

Jr. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 32. 173-91. Lonpon, 16. V. 
19TS. 

JorpaNn, Karl: “ Observations on certain Names proposed 
in Dr. Verity’s paper on the Rhopalocera Palaearctica in the 
Collection of Linnaeus.” 

Jr. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 32. 193-4. Lonpon, 16. V. 
1913. 

Betuune-BakeEr, George T.: “ Observations on Dr. Verity’s 
Review of the Linnean Collection and his suggested Nomen- 
clatorial Alterations.” 

Ent. Ree. 25. 251-3. Lonpown, 15. X. 1913. 

Betuune-BakeEr, George T.: “ Further note on Dr, Verity’s 
Linnean suggestions.” 

Ent. Rec. 25. 272-3. Lonpon, 15. XJ. 1913. 

WHEELER, George: ‘“ A Critical Examination of Dr. Verity’s 
paper on the ‘Types’ of Palaearctic Rhopalocera in the 
Linnean Collection.” 

Ent. Rec. 26, 29-35. Lonpon, 15. IT. 1914. 

Durrant, John Hartley: ‘“ Papilio podalirius Linné 
(= sinon Poda).” 

Ent. Rec. 26. 70-2. Lonpon, 15, IIT. 1914.] 


Question 4.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 
Can the name Papilio podalirius Linné (1758) stand as 
against Papilio simon Poda (1761)? 


OPINION 4.—When Linné [Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 463, 
footnote (1758)] cited “Raj. ins. 111. n. 3,” he furnished a 
careful description, to which description, and to the descrip- 
tions and figures by Roesel (“ Roes. ins. 1. pap. 2. t. 2”) and 
Réaumur, he applied the name Papilio podalirius L. (1758). 

Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Lowis B. Prout ; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, all concur. 


Ce) 


QuEsTIon 5.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 

To which geographical form of Papilio podalirius Linné 
did Linné apply the name ‘“‘ podalirius,” or to which form was 
the name “ podalirius” first definitely applied ? 


OPINION 5.—Scopoli [Ent. Carn. 167 sp. 445 (1763)] was 
the First Reviser of the works of Linné and Poda. He sunk 
sinon Poda as a synonym of podalirius L., Scp., and there- 
fore was the first to determine the application of this name 
to the form figured by “ Rorser, Papil. Diurn. Cl. IT. Tab. 2. 
fig. 3. 4.” 

Linné [Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2). 751-2 sp. 36 (1767)] con- 
firmed this decision by adopting Scopoli’s synonymy and 
describing the species as ‘“ /lavescentibus.” 

Signed: G. J’. bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C. J. Gahan; K. Jordan ; Louis B. Prout ; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, — : all concur. 


“J ~T 


QuESTION 6.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 

Are we to consider that Swedish specimens of “rapae” 
represent the form to which the name Papilio rapae Linné 
(1758) should be applied ? 


OPINION 6.—Linné’s Papilio rapae jSyst. Nat. (ed. 10) 
1. 468 sp. 59 (1758)] was a comprehensive term. The First 
Reviser was at liberty to restrict the name to which form he 
preferred. 

Signed: G. 7’. Bethune-Baker ; Jno, Hartley Durrant ; 
C. J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Lowis B. Prout ; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 

Result,  . all concur. 


7 


QuEsTION 7.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker. ) 

Are we to consider the Central European “napi” as the 
form to which the name Papilio napi Linné (1758) should 
be applied ? 


Gee) 


Linne’s Papilio napi |Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 468 sp. 60 (1758)] 
was a comprehensive term. This was first restricted by Esper 
(c. 1800), when he proposed the name napaeae (Eur. Schm. 1, 
Fortsetz. 119 Pf. 116°5) for what is now known to be the 
summer form, Ochsenheimer [Schm. Eur. 1(2). 149-152 
(1808)] dealt with these two forms and named a third form 
bryoniae (= napi Hb. Pf. 81°407*). 

Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan ; K. Jordan; Louis B. Prout; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 

] 


Result, —: all concur. 


vi 


QuESTION 8.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 
- Are we to substitute “ brassicae brassicae L.” for “ brassicae 
chariclea Stph.” 


OPINION 8.—No. Linne’s Papilio brassicae [Syst. Nat. (ed. 
10) 1. 467-8 sp. 58 (1758)] was a comprehensive term. The 
First Reviser was at liberty to restrict the name to which 
form he preferred. 

Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C. J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Louis B. Prout; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, —: all concur. 


“1\ ~T 


QuEsTION 9.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 


Are we to substitute “belia Linné” (1767) for “ euphaeno 
Linné” (1767)? 


OPINION 9.—Yes. The case as stated by Verity [Jr. Linn. 
Soc. Lond. Zool. 32, 178-9, 190 (1913)] is quite correct. 
Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C. J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Louis B. Prout ; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 
Result, ia all concur. 


7 


Ce) 


QuEsTION 10.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 
Are we to substitute “ Huchloé crameri Btlr.” in leu of 
“ Buchloé belia Cramer (nec Linné)”? 


Opinion 10.—If Euchloé crameri Btlr. [Ent. Mo. Mag. 5, 
271 (1869)] is the oldest available name Dr. Verity’s con- 
clusions [Jr. Linn, Soc. Lond. Zool. 32. 178-9, 190 (1913)] 
may be accepted. 

Signed: G. 7’. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Louis B. Prout ; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, —: all concur. 


QuEsTIoN 11.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 
Are we to substitute ‘“rhamni L. transiens Vty.” in lieu of 
“rhamni, South-European race ” ? 


OPINION 11.-—Linne’s Papilio rhamni [Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 
1. 470 sp. 73 (1758)] was a comprehensive term. Subsequent 
Revisers were at liberty to deal with the races as they might 
prefer. 

Signed: @. 7. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C. J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Lowis B. Prout ; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, —: all concur. 


“I| ~T 


QUESTION 12.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 
Are we to substitute ‘cleopatra cleopatra L.” for “cleopatra 


mauritanica Rob.” 2 


OPINION 12.—Linné says of Papilio cleopatra [Syst. Nat. 
(ed. 12) 1(2). 765 sp. 105 (1767)] “ Habitat in Barbaria,” 
therefore Dr. Verity is correct in his conclusions and is at 
liberty to apply the name europaeus Vty. to the South- 
European form, if this is required. 

Signed: @. 7. Bethuwne-Baker ; Jno, Hartley Durrant ; 


CD) 
CU. J. Gahan ; K, Jordan; Louis B. Prout ; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler, — 


Result, a : all concur. 


7 


QuEsTiIon 13.—(G. T. Bethune Baker.) 
Are we to substitute “jasiws L. septentrionalis Vty.” in 
lieu of “ jasius, European race” ? 


OPINION 13.—Linné writes of Papilio jasius [= $ jason L. 
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2). 749 sp. 26; jasius, errata p. [26] 
(1767)] “ Habitat in Barbaria,’ Dr. Verity is therefore right 
in applying the name to the North-African race, and is at 
liberty to name the European race—if a name be required. 

Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Louis B. Prout; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, —: all concur. 


~I| ~T 


QuEsTION 14.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 
Are we to substitute “iris L.” for “alia Schiff.” ? 


OPINION 14.—No. We accept Dr. Jordan’s statement of 
the case—Jr. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 32. 193-4 (1913). 

Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Lowis B. Prout ; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, — : all concur. 


~] -~T 


QuEsTIon 15.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 

Are we to accept “pseudoiris Vty.” as a new name in lieu 
of ‘iris auctt.” ? 

OPINION 15.—No. The previous decision settles this point. 

Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker ; Jno, Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Lowis B. Prout; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, ie all concur. 


( 12 ) 
Question 16.—(G. I’. Bethune-Baker.) 


Are we to substitute ‘‘niobe niobe L.” in lieu of “ niobe 
eris Meig.”’? 


OPINION 16.—No. The original description of Papilio 
niobe L. (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 481-2 sp. 143 (1758)] 
mentions ‘‘maculis XIII argenteis,” and this settles the point 
that Dr. Verity’s substitution is not justified. 

Signed: G. 7. Bethwne-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Lowis B. Prout; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, a all concur. 


Question 17.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 
Are we to substitute ‘“esperi Vty.” for “adippe auctt.” ! 


OPINION 17.—No. ‘The specimen now labelled “ cydippe” 
and “adippe” in Linné’s writing is niobe L. (N.B. not eris 
Meig.), but this does not tally with Linné’s description of 
eydippe L. [Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) 281 sp. 1066 (1761); = adippe 
L. (1767), auctt.], having one more silver spot in the marginal 
row, and several between the central row and the basal spots, 
in addition to the “maculis 23 argenteis” mentioned in the 
original description. The only other specimen in the collec- 
tion which can be Linnéan is a 3 ‘“adippe”; this tallies 
exactly with the description of eydippe, and may be that from 
which the description was made. 

Linné described two different species under the same name 
“* Papilio cydippe,” viz. :— 

1. Papilio eydippe L. Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) pp. [35], 281 sp. 1066 
(1761). Swec. 

2. Papilio cydippe L. Amoen. Ac. 6, 409 sp. 76 (1763) ; 
Clerck Ic. Ins. 2, Pf. 36:1 (1764); L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 
1(2). 776 sp. 163 (1767)—“ Habitat in India.” 

In 1767 Linné noticed that he had given the same name 
to two different species, and he changed the name of the 
European species to Papilio adippe L. [Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 
1(2), 786 sp. 212 (1767)], remarking “in Fauna Cydippe 


Gey} 


perperam pro Adippe legitur” ; but Linné cannot be followed 
in this action, which is wltra vires, the European species 
having been published two years before the Indian. We 
must accept the following synonymy and sink espert Vty. 
as a synonym, 

Argynnis cydippe L. 

Papilio cydippe L. (1761); = Papilio adippe L., nn. (1767), 
auctt.; = Argynnis esperi Vty. (1913). 

Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Louis B. Prout; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 

fi 


Xesult, —: all concur, 


7 


QuEsTIon 18.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 
Are we to substitute “hermione L.” in lieu of ‘“ aleyone 
Schiff.” ? 


OPINION 18.—Linné’s Papilio hermione [Mus. Ludoy-Ulr. 
281 sp. 99 (1764)] was a comprehensive term. The First 
Reviser was at liberty to restrict the name to which form he 
preferred. Schiffermiiller and Denis [Schm. Wien. 169-70 
sp. 21 (1775)] separated aleyone S—D., as a distinct species 
and restricted the application of hermione L. to hermone 
auctt. Dr. Verity’s conclusions cannot therefore be justified. 

Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Lowis B. Prout ; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


id 


7 
Result : all concur. 


ar 


QuEsTION 19.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 
Are we to substitute “major Espr.” in lieu of “ hermione 
(L.) auctt.” ? 


OPINION 19.—No. The previous decision determines this 
point. 
Signed: G. 7’. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 


(Tree 
C. J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Louis B. Prout; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, —: all concur. 


~1| ~7 


QuEsTION 20.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 

Are we to substitute “jurtina jurtina L.” in lieu of “jur- 
tina fortunata Alphk.” and “jurtina janira L.” for “jurtina 
jurtina L.” 4 

OPINION 20.—Linné’s Papilio jurtina [Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 
1. 475 sp. 104 (1758)] was a comprehensive term. The First 
Reviser was at liberty to restrict the name to which form he 
preferred. 

Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Lowis B. Prout; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


= 
i 

Result, —: all concur. 
i 


QUESTION 21.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 
Are we to substitute “maera maera L.” in lieu of ‘*maera 


monotonia Schilde ”’ ? 


OPINION 21.—Linné’s Papilio maera [Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 
473 sp. 96 (1758)] was a comprehensive term. The First 
Xeviser was at liberty to restrict the name to which form he 
preferred. 

Signed: G. 7. Bethwne-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C. J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Lowis B. Prout; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


~J 


Result, —: all concur. 


ii 


QUESTION 22.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 

Are we to substitute ‘“rubi rubt L.” in lieu of “rudi 
borealis Krul. (= polaris Méschl.)” and “rubi virgatus Vty.” 
for “‘rubi rubi L.”? 


( 15 ) 


OPINION 22.—Linné’s Papilio rubi [Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1. 
483 sp. 154 (1758) was a comprehensive term. The First 
Reviser was at liberty to restrict the name to which form he 
preferred. 

Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Lowis B. Prout; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, —: all concur. 


C3 jl 


QuESTION 23.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 
Are we to substitute “virgaureae L. inalpinus Vty.” in 
lieu of “wirgawreae L. Central European race ” ? 


OPINION 23.—Linné’s Papilio virgaureae [Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 
1. 484 sp. 161 (1758)] was a comprehensive term, but in the 
Fauna Suecica [ (ed. 2) 285 sp. 1079 (1761)] the only locality 


mentioned is ‘‘im pratis Westmanniae,” 


so the specimen from 
that locality may be taken as topotypical. 

Signed: G. T. Bethune-Baker; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Louis B. Prout; Chas. O. Water- 
house ; George Wheeler. 


3 
( 

Result, —: all concur. 
( 


QuEsTION 24.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 

Are we to substitute “hippothoé hippothoé L.” in lieu of 
“‘ hippotho€ streberi Ger.” 4 

OPINION 24.—-The Type-locality for Papilio hippothoé Linné 
[Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) 274 sp. 1046 (1761)] is Sweden “ Habitat 
apud nos rarissime.” Specialists must decide whether stieberi 
Gerh. is identical with, or distinct from hippothoé L.—the 
same remark applies to mirus Vty. 

Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan ; K. Jordan; Lowis B. Prout; Chas. O. Water- 


house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, =: all concur. 


~~ 


ee Bee 


QUESTION 25.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 

Are we to substitute “idas L.” in lieu of “ argyrognomon 
Bergst.” ? 

OPINION 25.—Linné described Papilio idas [Syst. Nat. (ed. 
10) 1. 488 sp. 192 (1758)] with “ Habitat in Indiis.” This 
must be regarded as a doubtful species, and § idas Linné [Fn. 
Suec. (ed. 2) 284 sp. 1075 (1761)] is invalid as a homonym— 
argyronomon Brgstr. [Nomencl. Ins. 2. 76 Pf. 46-1-2 (1779)] 
cannot be affected by idas L. [Syst. Nat. (ed. 10, 1758)] until 
this species ex “ Jndiis” has been identified with absolute 
certainty. 

Signed: G. 7’. Bethune-Baker ; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan; K, Jordan; Louis B. Prout; Chas. O. Wat 


house ; George Wheeler. 


Result, —: all concur. 


“| ~T 


QuEsTIoN 26.—(G. T. Bethune-Baker.) 

Are we to substitute “ramburi Vty.’ 
Ramb.” ? 

OPINION 26.—Polyommatus idas Rambur [Fn. Ent. Andal. 
2. 266-8 Pf. 10°5-7 [1840] is a homonym, a new name is 
therefore required for this species—ramburi Vty. (Jr. Linn, 
Soc. Lond. Zool. 32, 189, 191 (1913)] should be accepted if valid. 

Signed: G. 7. Bethune-Baker; Jno. Hartley Durrant ; 
C.J. Gahan; K. Jordan; Louis B. Prout; Chas. O. Water- 


house ; George Wheeler. 


> in lieu of ‘‘idas 


- 
( 

Result, —: all concur. 
i 


Jno. HartTLEY DURRANT, 
Secretary. 


Is 
f 


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CONTENTS OF PART V. 


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