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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTUBAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.

WITH

AN ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS ; THE PREMIUMS OFFERED
BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881; AND LIST OF MEMBERS.

PUBLISHED ANNUALLY.

FOURTH SERIES.
VOL. XIII.

««)TANIt;AL

EDITED L'NDEU THE SUI'EUINTENDKNCE OF FLETCnER NOUTOX MENZIEiJ,

SECUET.\RY TO THE SOCIETY.

EDINIiUKGH:

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD t<k SONS, 45 GEORGE STREET,
AND 37 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.

881.

./\ «5 r> *•

is 1 A

WORKS ON AGRICULTURE, &c.

JOUENAL OF AGEICULTUEE, AND TEANSACTIONS OF
THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.

Second Series, 1828 to 1843, 21 vols., bound in cloth, £3, 3s.
Third Series, 1843 to 1865, 22 vols., bound in cloth, £4, 4s.

INDEX TO THE FIEST, SECOND, AND THIED SEEIES OF
THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND FROM 1799 to 1865. Cloth, 5s.

TEANSACTIONS OF THE HIGHLAND AND AGEICUL-

TURAL SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND. Fourth Series, 1866-71, 6 numbers,
sewed, 4s. each ; 1872-81, 10 volumes, cloth, 5s. each, published annually.

EEPOET ON THE PEESENT STATE OF THE AGEICULTUEE

OF SCOTLAND, arranged under the auspices of the Highland and
Agricultural Society. Presented at the International Agricultural Congress
at Paris in June 1878. Cloth, 5s.

DICTIONAEIUM SCOTO-CELTICUM: A Dictionary of the Gaelic
Language, in two volumes. Compiled and published under the direction of
the Highland Society of Scotland, 1828. Bound in cloth, £7, 7s. ; 6 copies
on extra paper, £10, 10s.

PEACTICAL EEMAEKS ON AGEICULTUEAL DEAINAGE.

By William W. Hozier of Tannochside. Prize Report, published under
the auspices of the Society, 1870. Cloth, Is.

HUMANITY TO ANIMALS, being Extracts from Prize- Essays on
the most effectual method of inculcating that duty in Elementary Schools.
Published under the auspices of the Society. Sewed, 3d.

HISTOEY OF THE HIGHLAND AND AGEICULTUEAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND, with Notices of Anterior Societies for the
Promotion of Agriculture in Scotland. By Alexander Ramsay. Demy
8vo, Cloth, 16s.

The above. Works can he had on application to William Blackwood & Sons,
45 George Street, Edinburgh ; and 37 Paternoster Jiow, Loiulon.

CONTENTS. *^^^^^

PAGE

1. On the Agriculture of Bute and Arran. By Archibald

M'Neilage, jun., ....... 1

2. On the Agriculture op the Counties of Forfar and Kincar-

dine. By James Macdonald, . . . . .53

3. On the Old and Remarkable Beeches in Scotland. By

Robert Hutchison, . . . . . .174

4. On the Old and Remarkable Oaks in Scotland. Bv Robert

Hutchison, . . . . . . .198

5. On the Comparative Advantages of Grazing Cattle and

Sheep together or separately upon Permanent Pastures.
By Duncan Clerk, ...... 226

6. On Experiments on the Culture of Turnips. By Thomas

Lawson, ........ 241

7. On the Border Leicester Breed of Sheep. By David

Archibald, ....... 262

8. On Oyster Culture in Scotland. By W. Anderson Smith, . 278

9. On the Economical Use of Turnips for Cattle and Sheep.

By Rev. John Gillespie, ...... 287

10. Account of the Show of the Highland and Agricultural

Society held at Kelso in 1880, ..... 339

11. Experimental Stations — Report for 1880. By Dr Andrew P,

Aitken —

Experiments at Harelaw and Pumpherston, . . . 348

Experiments at Yestermains, . . . . .372

Scheme of Experiments, ...... 376

12. The Cereal and other Crops of Scotland for 1880, and

Meteorology of the Year relative thereto —
The Crops, . . . . . . .378

Meteorology, ....... 398

13. Agricultural Statistics —

Table No. 1 . Total Acreage under each kind of Crop in each

County of Scotland, ...... 403

Table No. 2. Number of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs in each

County of Scotland, ...... 404

Table No. 3. Quantities and Values of the Imports of Live
, Cattle, Sheep, and Swine, 1875 to 1879, . . .405

Table No. 4. Quantities and Values of the Imports of Beef and

Pork (salte.l), Bacon, and Ham?, &c., 1875 to 1879, . . 405

t_^ Table No. 5. (Quantities and Values of the Imports of Wheat

:zr and Wheat Flour, 1875 to 1879, .... 406

'-^ Table No. 6. Quantities and Values of the Imports of Barkv,

j^^ Oats, Rye, Meal, and Malt, 1875 to 1879, .406

Table No. 7. Average Prices of various kinds of Animal-^. Dead

Meat, and Provisions, 1875 to 1S79, . . .407

OONTENTSv

PAGE

Table No. 8. Average Prices of Wool in each of the Years from

1860 to 1879, . . . . . .407

Table No. 9. Average Prices (per imperial quarter) of Home-
grown Wheat, Barley, and Oats, in the Weekly Market of
Edinburgh, for the Years 1876 to 1880, . . .408

APPENDIX (A).

Proceedings of the Highland and Agricultural Society —

Proceedings at Board Meetings, February 1880 to January

1881, .
Proceedings at General Meeting, 16th June 1880,
Proceedings at General Meeting at Kelso, 28th July 1880,
Proceedings at General Meeting, 19th January 1881,
Keport of the Society's Veterinary Examinations, Session

1879-80, .......

Premiums awarded by the Society in 1880-81 —

1. Eeports, 1880-81 .....

2. Kelso Show, 1880, .....

3. District Competitions, .....

4. Cottages and Gardens, .....

5. Veterinarj^ Department, Medals to Students, .

6. Agricultural Chair, Edinburgh University, Prizes to

Vy'iass, .......

State of the Funds of the Society at 30th November 1880,
Aljstract of the Accounts of the Society for 1879-80,
Abstract of the Accounts of the Kelso Show, 1880,
Abstract of the Accounts of the Argyll Naval Fund for
1879-80, .......

View of the Income and Expenditure for the Year 1879-80,

APPENDIX (B).

Premiums offered by the Highland and Agricultural
Society in 1881 —

General Notice,

Constitution and Management,

Establishment, .

Committees,

Agricultural Education,

Veterinary Department,

Forestry Department, .

Chemical Department, .

General Regulations for Competitors,

Class I., Reports,

Class II., District Competitions,

Class III., Cottages and Gardens,

General Show at Stirling, 1881,

General Show at Glasgow, 1882,

General Show at Inverness, 1883,

General Show at Edinburgh, 1884,

APPENDIX (C).

List of Members, .....

Number of Members (April 1881), . 4812.

27
27
43
55
57

58
59
60
62

64
66

4
5
7
10
13
19
21
27
28
38
52
57
73
77
77

TKANSACTIONS

THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.

ON THE AGRICULTURE OF BUTE AND ARRAN.

By Archibald M'Neilage, Junior, Glasgow.

[Premium — Twenty Sovereigns.']

The county of Bute, composed of seven islands dotted over the
Firth of Clyde, offers peculiar attractions to men of science.
Containing as it does that " epitome of the geology of the globe "
— the island of Arran — it is little wonder that it should long ere
now have claimed the attention of the votaries of geology and
l)otany. The flora and natural history of Arran have often
been written of, and few islands, otherwise so insignificant, have
received so much attention. Bute has formed the retreat of
many whose names are as household words in the world of art.
Here Montague Stanley lived and died. Here Edmund Kean
tied for repose from the plaudits of the metropolis, and Glas-
gow's merchant princes have many of them spent the evening
of their days amid tlie salubrious airs of Kothesay, Port-Banna-
tyne, and Ascog. Bute has given a premier to Great Britain
before now, and Arran is associated with the traditions of the stir-
ring times of the Eeformation and the Covenants. Indeed, it
must be admitted that the county of Bute presents greater attrac-
tions to the man of science, the archaeologist, and the historian,
than it does to the agriculturist. A region dear to artists and
tourists is not generally much accounted of by tlie practical
farmer. AVindiiig ravines, frowning precipices, and rugged
mountain slopes are all very tine to look at, but are of little
avail towards raising good crops. Nevertheless, the agriculture
of these islands is not without a history, and such as we know it
to be we will lay it before the reader.

Z ox THE AGRICULTUEE OF

The position occupied by Bute amongst tlie counties of Scot-
land is unique. Everyone has heard the story of the Cumbrae
minister who prayed for the wellbeing of the *' inhabitants of the
Greater and Lesser Cumbraes, and the adjacent islands of Great
Britain and Ireland." No part of the mainland is included in
Buteshire, and the islands of Bute, Arran, the Greater and Lesser
Cumbraes, Inchmarnock, the Holy Isle, and Pladda, form the
county. The whole lies between 55° 32' and 55° 56' N. lat., and
4° 52' and 5° 17' W. long. According to the agricultural
returns for 1879, the total area of the county is 143,997 acres,
and the total acreage under crops, bare fallow, and grass, at
the same period, was 24,986 acres, being 72 acres less than in
1878.

Few parts of Scotland, considering its size, offer such a variety
of landscape scenery as this county. Viewed from the north one
sees in front the island of Bute lying long and flat along the
waters of the firth, while in rear of it there rises with over-
shadowing vastness the rugged peaks of Goatfell in Arran. The
remarks in this paper made on Bute must be considered as applic-
able to Inchmarnock and the Greater Cumbrae, and those made on
Arran will apply to the Holy Isle and Pladda. The Lesser Cum-
brae contains 700 acres ; it is owned by the Earl of Eglinton, and,
although included in the county of Bute for parliamentary pur-
poses, it forms part of the parish of West Kilbride in Ayrshire.
Its geological formation is Secondary trap, which seems to rest
on a substratum of Ijrown sandstone. The cultivation is confined
to a few patches growing potatoes and the ordinary garden pro-
duce. A great number of rabbits are reared on the island ; but,
in fact, the Lesser Cumbrae with the other two small islands —
Pladda and the Holy Isle — may be said to derive all their import-
ance from the fact of lighthouses being erected on them.

As the modes of agriculture pursued in Bute and Arran differ
in many particulars, and the prices of the farm produce in each
are ruled by different markets, we think it better to treat of the
two islands in separate sections, and to detail the progress of farm-
ing in each under distinct headings. In order, however, to give
an idea of the agricultural progress of the whole county during
the past twenty-five years, we here subjoin two tables of statistics
compiled from reliable resources. The first table shows the
acreages of the various crops in Bute and Arran in the year
1855, compared with the acreages of the same crops as sown in
1879. The second table shows the numbers of live stock kept
in the islands in the former year, compared with the numbers
kept in the latter year. And we have no doubt that a slight
study of these tables will convince the reader that great progress
in an agricultural respect has been made by the county during
that interval.

BUTE AND ARKAX.

LAND UNDER CROPS.

Crop.

Wheat...
Barley . . .

Oats

Rye

Bere

Beans

Pease

Vetches . .
Turnips . .
Potatoes .
Mangold.
Carrots. . .
Cabbage..

ISIS.

Turnip seed

Bare Fallow

Grass and Hay
under rotation

Bute.

acres.

832

154

2680

1188

625

55
6471

AiTan.

acres.
184

1661

133

118

421

342

105
3002

Total.

acres.
1016

171

4341

133

129

1609

967

160
9473

18,138

1879.

Crop.

•Bute &
Arran.

Wheat

acres.

Barley and Bere..
Oats

807
4596

Rye

(See Barley.)
Beans

115

Pease

Vetches

Turnips

1555

Potatoes

1344

Mangold

Carrots

10
2

Cabbage and Rape

Permanent Pas-
ture, exclusive of
Heath, &c

Bare Fallow

Grass & Hay, &c..
under rotation.

9743
82

6573

Difference.

acres.

Decrease 938

Increase 636

255

Decrease 14

Increase 377

Decrease 4

2900

24,986 Increase 6848

LIVE STOCK

1855.

Stock.

Horses for agricultural
purposes above 3
years old

Do. under 3 years old.

All other horses

Milk Cows

OtherCattle

Calves

Sheep of all ages for
breeding

Sheep of all ages for
feeding

Lambs of 1855

Swine

Totals.

Total Horses 1,025

Total Cattle 7,415

Total Sheep 34,544

786

Total Pigs

Total Live Stock in 1855 43,770

1879.

Bute.

Arran.

Total.

390

299

689

208

272

1,592

1,213

2,805

1,844

1,142

2,986

964

660

1,624

3,873

12,925

16,798

2,023

3,531

5,554

3,018

9,174

12,192

426

360"

786

14,376

29,394

43,770

Bute and Arnin.

Horses used solely for agri-
cultural purposes 790

Horses kept solely for breeding 423

Total Horses 1,213

CoAvs and Heifers in milk
and in calf 3,175

Other Cattle 2 years of age
and above 1,644

Cattle under 2 years of age 2,747

Total Cattle 7,566

Sheep 1 year old and above 27,134

Do. under 1 year old 13,361

Total Sheep 40,495

Pigs 678

Total Live Stock in 1S79.

49,952

4 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

An analysis of the first of the foregoing tables will show, 1st,
a marked increase in the acreage under cultivation in 1879 as
compared with 1855 ; 2d, an extraordinary decrease in the
breadth of land growing wheat, and an equally extraordinary
increase in the breadth under barley; 3d, a decrease to the
extent of 54 acres in the amount of land under turnips, and an
increase of 377 acres growing potatoes ; and 4th, the acreage
under sown grasses, sanfoin, and clover, shows a decrease of
2,900 acres in 1879, but in the same column will be found an
item of 9743 acres under permanent pasture, not heath or
mountain land, against which there is no corresponding entry in
the column for 1855. The result of this analysis, therefore, is that
there is found to be, in 1879, 6848 acres under cultivation more
than there was in 1855 ; that the growth of barley has in a great
measure, though not altogether, superseded the growth of wheat,
that an increased number of acres are now green cropped, and
more potatoes are grown and less turnips than in 1855 ; and that
there is a considerable increase in the acreage under permanent
pasture. As we proceed with our report evidence in support of
these statements will be furnished, and the causes which have
produced these changes will be referred to.

Coming now to the second table, we find that the number of
horses in the county has increased during the last twenty-four or
twenty-five years by 188 animals, the number of cattle by 151,
the number of sheep by 5951, while the number of pigs has
decreased by 108. The total increase in live stock over the
period, therefore, is 6182 animals.

The only other statistical information, indicative of the progress
the county has made, agriculturally and otherwise, during the
period reported on, to which we will refer, is furnished by a com-
parison of the rental of the county at intervals since 1855. In
that year, inclusive of the burgh of Eothesay, and the extensive
watering-place of Millport in Cumbrae, the entire valuation of
the county amounted to £53,567 ; in 1865, exchisive of Eothesay
and Millport, the valuation was £34,679 ; in 1870 it was
£41,054; in 1875, £43,725; and in 1880 it is £47,938. The
rental of the island of Bute, exclusive of the burgh, in 1880, is
£25,109, 9s. ; the valuation of Arran, £20,136 10s. ; and of Cum-
brae, £15,690, 18s.

Bute.

The island of Bute, which gives the name to the county,
although not its most extensive division, is nevertheless the
richest in resources, and, taken as a whole, the most advanced in
agriculture. Its centre is in 55° 50' N. lat. and 5° 4' W. long.
It lies 40 miles west from Glas2^ow, and 18 miles south-west of_
Greenock. Its greatest length is about 14 J miles, its average

BUTE AND ARRAX. 5

breadth is about 3 miles, and its circumference about 35 miles.
Including Inchmarnock, which lies west of it about a mile and
a half, its total area is 31,836*475 acres. Its highest summit is
Kames Hill, which is 875 feet above sea-level ; and there are in
it three lochs of some extent, viz., Loch Fad, 2^ miles long by
^ mile broad, Loch Ascog, and Quien Loch.

Naturally and geologically the island is di\dded into four dis-
tinct sections. The Garrochhead, forming the extreme south, is
composed of steep rugged hills ; trap rock protrudes itself on
every hand, and imparts to the scene, as viewed from the water,
a very fierce aspect. Proceeding north, the second division, lying
betw^een Eothesay Bay and Kilchattan Bay on the one hand and
Scalpsie Bay on the other, is composed with slight exceptions of
red sandstone. The third division, extending from Scalpsie Bay
to Ettrick Bay, consists of chlorite slate ; and the fourth division,
from Ettrick Bay to the Kyles of Bute, is composed almost entirely
of micaceous schist. The mineral deposits of the island are lime,
coal, and slate, but all are of an inferior quality.

The following description of the island, as one views it from
the steamer's deck when sailing round it, will give a general idea
of its fertility, and the measure of its agricultural enterprise.
Sailing from Eothesay northwards through the Kyles, before us
lie patches of cultivated soil beautifully laid out and lying well
to the sun, and alternating with these, little bits of moorland
covered with heather and whins. The land ascends gently
almost from the water's edge, and the further west one sails
through the narrow strait between the island and Argyllshire,
the little cultivated plots on it become fewer and fewer, till, at
the point of tlie island facing Loch Bidden, it presents one mass
of almost barren rocks, on which grow a few patches of scraggy
wood. Indeed, tlie extreme north end of Bute may be said to be
almost uncultivated and unprohtable for cultivation.

Turning round the Buttock Point, the agriculturist soon finds
as he skirts tlie west side, that here farming is prosecuted with
energy, and that a somewhat cold and unkindly soil is made to
yield crops of fair average quality. In Ettrick Bay and Scalpsie
Bay, and up the straths which intersect the island from Ettrick
Bay to Kames Bay, and from Scalpsie Bay to Eothesay Bay, the
soil is much more kindly, and in the valleys patches of fertile
loam relieve the monotony of shar]) sandy till wbich prevails
throughout the island.

The south end, with the exception of the extreme south, is
well under cultivation, and Inchmarnock grows splendid barley
crops. Bounding the Garroch Head, Kilchattan ])ay })ursts
upon the view, with the beautifully wooded slopes of Mountstuart
and Kingarth. In the bay, and ou the slopes and over the
brows of the hills, the soil, which is of a sliav]) gravelly nature,

6 ox THE AGRICULTURE OF

raises splendid potatoes for the early markets. This eastern side
of the island is much more wooded than the western, and alto-
gether presents a more pleasing appearance.

The principal proprietor in Bute is The Most Noble the
Marquis of Bute, K.T. Mr Thomas Eussell owns the estate of
Ascog ; a portion of the island belongs to the burgh of Eothesay,
and there are also one or two other smaller proprietors. There
are few parts of Scotland in which the relationships of landlord
and tenant are so creditable and pleasant. Since the noble
family of Stuart obtained possession of the island in 1318, Bute
has ever been a favourite residence of the representatives of the
house.

It was stated by the present bearer of the title, wdien fourteen
years of age, that his desire w^as that all his tenants should
sit easy, and in every instance when it has been necessary
for his desires to be consulted, the same spirit of anxious solici-
tude for the c^ood of his tenantrv has shown itself. The widows
of farmers who have proved themselves unequal to the task
of managing their husband's businesses have been invariably
pensioned, and it has been a rule of the estate for many years
that on expiry of leases no farms should be advertised unless the
tenant wishes to quit. All draining for the last eighteen years has
been executed at the landlord's expense, the tenant paying 5 per
cent, on his outlav. The steadings on the island are commodious
and in excellent repair, in which state they are maintained by
the landlord. Old tenants invariably have the first offer of
farms to let, and no farm is ever offered to the public unless the
former tenant is retiring from the business. On formally
requesting it, permission is given to all tenants to trap or snare
rabbits on their holdings.

Besides treating their tenantry in this liberal manner, the
landowners in Bute have done much in the way of presenting
gifts to, and carrying out works of utility and interest in, the
burgh of Eothesay, to make that favourite watering-place even
more popular than it has been, and of course the greater the
number of visitors to Eothesay the brisker the demand for dairy
produce. The Marquis has renovated the old castle of Eothesay
at great expense, and the munificent gifts to the burgh of the
late A. B. Stew^art of Ascog Hall, and of Thomas Eussell of Ascog,
should not be forgotten by those who derive considerable benefit
from the great influx of Glasgow visitors during summer.

In addition to many other premiums a grant of £20 is annu-
ally made to the funds of the Farmers' Society out of the
exchequer of the Bute estate office, and for several years, through
the instrumentality of the late Mr Henry Stuart, a silver
cup was competed for, which was eventually to become the pro-
perty of the tenant on the Bute estate who should twice be

BUTE AND ARK AX. 7

adjudicated to have the best managed farm. This cup was
awarded in 1867 to the late Mr Alexander Hunter, Mid St
Colmac ; in 1868, to Mr James Duncan, Culivine; and in 1872
to Mr Eobert McAllister, Mid Ascog, who, having again been
awarded it in 1875, now holds it in possession.

BUEGH OF EOTHESAY.

As the onward progress of industry in the island of Bute is
intimately connected with the wellbeing of the burgh of
Eothesay, a few particulars regarding tlie latter may not inaptly
find a place here.

Eothesay is situated on the east side of the island, and has
a population of well-nigh 8000 inhabitants. A considerable
amount of trade was until recently carried on in the town, and a
plentiful water-supply, suitable for use as a motive power,
peculiarly adapted it as a centre for carrying on the business of
cotton-spinning. One of the first cotton-spinning mills in
Scotland was erected in 1780 on a site adjacent to the " lade "
which runs from Loch Fad, nearly opposite to the present
Ladeside Mill. The incipient stages of this industry were nothing
very wonderful, but in course of time more extensive works were
erected, and the business was prosecuted for about fifty years with
tolerable success, until the dearth in cotton, caused by the Ameri-
can civil war and several concurrent causes, brought about the
stoppage of the works, which have never been re-opened, and
are indeed now partially demolished.

The weaving trade was once represented in Eothesay by three
mills, but about eight years ago the Vennel Factory suspended
operations, and within the last two years the Broadcroft Factory
has followed its example, so that there is now only the Ladeside
Mill workim,^ Various causes mi^dit be assimed for the cessa-
tion of this industry, but the chief are perhaps the isolated
position of the town and the great improvements recently effected
in the style of machinery, against which less modern machinery
is not able to compete.

The general adaptation of steam-power to shipping dealt a
severe blow to the timber shipbuilding trade, which was carried
on in Eothesay with great success for a long period of years.
This business latterly was represented by two firms engaged in
separate branches of the trade ; the " Town Yard " dealing speci-
ally in those small vessels of from 100 to 150 tons register,
known as " Coasters," while the " Ardbeg Yard " was chiefiy
employed in the building of fishing-smacks. The failure of the
west coast heiring fishing during the past ten years has, however,
ruined this branch of the trade ; and although the building of
the coaster class of vessels might have been persevered in, the

8 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

compulsory removal of the " Town Yard," some few years ago,
to make room for the esplanade, has extinguished that branch
also.

But notwithstanding the collapse of these industries, the
prosperity of the town has not to any extent been impaired.
Eothesay, it is well known, is a favourite summer resort of the
Glasgow folks ; large numbers of them flock to it yearly in quest
of health and recreation, and this has been a means of great
advantage and prosperity to the whole town and island. Many
trades and interests have been fostered and advanced by it, and
amongst these, as may naturally be supposed, the agricultural
interest has come in for its due share of advantage. As it is with
this interest that we are chiefly concerned, we will now proceed
to remark more particularly upon it, making in the first place
some few observations on soil and climate.

Soil and Climate.

The characteristics of the soil in Bute vary greatly. On the
east side of the island it is of a sharp gravelly nature, and rests
OQ a substratum of red sandstone. Going north along the west
side of Port-Bannatyne or Kames Bay, the land lies very steep,
and with the exception of the fields along the shore, where the
soil is deeper, and the subsoil a gravelly clay or slate, the whole
of the ground is thin, and rests on a subsoil of red till. Passing
through the valley from Bannatyne Bay to Ettrick Bay, the soil
is still gravelly, but is much deeper, and large patches of loam
are to be found. The deepest soil in the island lies along the
Bay of Ettrick, where there is a depth of about 3 feet of earth,
and a bed of gravel lying under. Fifty years ago this was a
huge marsh, and a bed of moss still runs along the greater part
of the farm of Mid St Colmac. In the valley of Glenmore, large
patches of deep moss and loam are scattered over the fields, and
a turnip crop has been grown in this year (1880), in this glen,
which will compare favourably with any in the island.

In the Commermenoch district, comprising the farms of
Larichorig, Baluachrach, Dunalunt, and Balichrach, the soil will
be found to be representative of all the difierent kinds of soil in
the island. The farm of Balichrach is admitted to be the most
regular crop-producing farm in the island, and on Ballycurrie,
the soil is light, free, and very easily wrought. In Kingarth,
especially along the valley from Scalpsie Bay to Kilchattan Bay,
there is also great variety of soil ; on the higher grounds it is
of a till and clay formation, and therefore poor, but in the straths
light sandy soil prevails, and an occasional depth of good loam
is met with. -^

Bute has been so long famed for its salubrious climate that

BUTE AND ARRAN. 9

little need be said on the subject. Frost seldom continues long,
and is never very severe ; and snow lies a very short time even
in the worst seasons. The salubrity of the island is so well
known that Eothesay has been called the " Montpelier of Scot-
land." There are two very extensive hydropathic establish-
ments, well-frequented — one at Eothesay, and the other at
Port-Bannatyne.

The following figures give the rainfall over a period of years,
;as measured near Eothesay : —

Year.

Inches.

; Year.

Inches.

1800

46-09

1870

38-10

1825

46-98

1875

• • •

1850

50-80

1876

56-314

1855

34-50

1877

68-597

1860

48-20

1878

42-416

1865

41-30

1879

50-426

Comparing these figures with the returns made for other parts
'Of Scotland, we find that in 1855 the average rainfall in Bute
was 34-50 ; in Dumfriesshire, it w^as 35 '63 ; in Midlothian,
21-43 ; in Strathearn, Perthshire, 19-20 inches. In 1870, Bute
rainfall averged 38-10 ; in 1876, 56-314; in 1877, 68,597 ; and in
1878, 42-416 inches ; whereas the gauge at Dunrobin Castle, in
i^utherlandshire, gives the following measurements for the same
years, viz:— 1870, 26-75; 1876, 34*62; 1877, 41-65; 1878,
34-36 inches. The results of this comparison prove that the
moisture of Bute is about the same as that of Dumfriesshire, and
that it is very much greater than the moisture of Sutherland-
shire. To take a particular point in each of the two first-named
counties, the rainfall in the town of Moffat measured, in 1855,
o5-60, and the rainfall in Eothesay measured in the same year,
-34-50 inches. These figures speak for themselves, and give a
very good idea of the general nature of the climate of Bute.

Retrospective Glance at the state of Agriculture prior to 1850.

From a valuable " History of Bute " written by Mr John
Blain (who for sixty years previous to 1820 was intimately
connected with the island), and recently published by Mr
Harvey, Eotliesay, very full particulars of the agriculture of
Bute at the ])eginning of tliis century can be obtained. It
•appears that about 1748 the Karl of Bute introduced farmers
from the mainland, in the expectation that the natives would be
induced to adopt their system of farming. The introduction of
.these strangers did not, however, have such a beneficial effect as

10 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF

was expected, and the landlord soon tried other experiments to
improve the condition of his tenantry. Nineteen years leasfis
were granted, and all rents were converted into money pay-
ments. In the low state of farming pursued at that time many
more cattle were kept than the holdings would maintain, and the
horses were of such inferior quality that six of them were em-
ployed to draw the wooden plough then used. Black cattle were
general throughout the island, and were an ill-conditioned bad-
milking breed. It was one of the conditions of these new leases that
the stocks should be reduced, and for this purpose a public fair was
appointed to be held at Eothesay for the sale of the surplus
stock, of which fair the following extract from the " Glasgow
Journal," of 16th April 1765, is an advertisement :■ —

" At Eothesay, in Bute, upon 28th May next, there will
be held a market of black cattle, sheep, and horses ; the market
to continue till all are sold off. As most of the tenants in the
island are obliged by their tacks to dispose of a third of their
stock against Whitsunday next, it is expected there will be a great
number of cattle there.

" For the convenience of merchants, boats will attend at
Eothesay, and likewise at Scoulag Burn-foot, for carrying off the
cattle sold, either to Largs, or anywhere up the river, freight
free."

"While the Earl was thus trying to improve the condition of
the stocks by causing fewer animals to be kept, he also offered
" a variety of premiums, such as, for the best bulls, for the best
dairy produce, for the greatest quantity of butter and cheese
produced by a given number of cows, for well-compounded com-
post dung-hills, and a certain sum per acre for waste land
brought under cultivation." A Suffolk stalhon was kept for the
use of the farmers' mares, and no fees were charged for his
service, and many other important improvements were promoted
by this patriotic nobleman.

In 1805 or thereby his successor, following in his footsteps, and
actuated by the same laudable motives, sent, at his own expense,
half-a-dozen farmers' sons, bred on the island, to be educated by
a Mr Walker, on the farm of Eutherford, near Kelso, and
instructed in the most approved systems of agricultare then
pursued in Eoxburghshire. On their way east these young men
passed through the country from Glasgow to Edinburgh and
from Edinburgh to Kelso on foot, and were thus enabled to
obtain a good general view of the whole agriculture of the counties
along their route. The curriculum through which these students
passed lasted for two years, at the end of which time they returned
to Bute, and were furnished with farms on the estate of the-
marquis at reasonaV)le rents. Their improved mode of farming.

BUTE AND ARRAX. 1 1

and intelligent application of scientific principles, so far as then
known, to the cultivation of the soil, excited the interest of their
neighbours, and a generous spirit of rivalry was engendered, which
tended to brinc^ about a remarkable chano-e for the better in the
condition both of the farmers and of the land. As this fact seems
to have been overlooked in all former agricultural accounts of
the island, no apology is necessary for here inserting the names
of several of the gentlemen who were the princij)al agents in
effecting this change. They included Mr James Jamieson, who
became tenant of Ambrismore ; Mr Charles Stewart, afterwards
of Ardroscadale ; Mr John Duncan, the tenant of Meikle Kil-
chattan ; Mr George MThee, ISTorth Inchmarnock ; and Mr A.
M'Intvre, Dunalunt.

The next most important event in the early part of this century,
and one which has exercised an immense influence in improving
the agriculture of Bute, w^as the institution of the Bute Farmers'
Society. The idea of such an association was first mooted at a
meeting of the inhabitants of the island, held in the early part
of the year 1806, over which Mr John Blain presided, and at
which he delivered an address on the state of agriculture, which
is given in extenso at pages 274-283 of the history referred to, — an
address remarkable alike for its breadth of view, its fearless de-
nunciation of abuses, and its judicious recommendation of reforms.

The first object contemplated by the promoters of this institu-
tion was discussion on agricultural tojjics, but in 1807, at their
March meeting, we find them making arrangements for holding a
ploughing-match, and settling the amount of premium to be
offered respectively for the best stallion and the best bull for
breeding purposes. At the first ploughing-match ever held in
the island, that in March 1806, premiums were offered by the
Marquis of Bute, and twenty-six two-horse ploughs competed,
each being provided with a driver in addition to the ploughman
proper, but at the match held under the auspices of the Society
a year later, drivers were dispensed with, and thirty-four ploughs
appeared on the ground.

These ploughing-matches were in course of time discontinued,
it being considered that the object they had in view had been
attained, but premiums continued to be offered for the best flelcJs
of turnips, the most successful crops of artificial grasses, improve-
ments in the l)reed of cattle, the best kept hedges, and the best
regulated farms.

At what time this buddinjx societv, which was technicallv known
as the Bute Agricultural Society, ceased to exist, it is ditticidt to
determine; its last published minute is dated the IGth ^larcli
1807, but that it had been defunct for some time prior to 1820 is
clear from the fact that in 1821, a\Ir Samuel Girdwood, tlien in
Kerrylamont, proposed tn revive the ploughing-match, and was

12 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

empowered by the farmers to collect subscriptions, and to call a
general meeting of the tenantry so soon as he had collected a
sum sufficient to pay adequate premiums to competitors. This
scheme proved successful, and the next development of the
renewed agricultural enterprise took shape on the 3d day of
February 1825, when a meeting was held in Eothesay of persons
friendly to the institution of a Farmer's Society. The result of
this meeting was that the Society which still exists was founded,
having for its object the promotion of agricultural improvement
in all its branches, to be attained by the granting of premiums,
the formation of a library, and the holding of meetings for dis-
cussions on agricultural topics. This Society has done very
much towards the furtherance of agriculture. By the premiums
offered for dairy cows of pure breeding and good milking qualities
it has fostered dairy-farming, till it is now almost in as flourishing
a condition as could be desired. By the introduction of good
Clydesdale stallions it has enhanced the value of the draught
horses, and by its premiums for tlie best fields of turnips, &c., it
has greatly increased the profitableness of green-cropping in the
island.

Modern Farming,

As Lord Bute may be said to have been the principal agent in
abolishing the last remnants of primitive farming, and Mr John
Blain may be said to have been the forerunner of scientific farm-
ing, so the honour of being the inaugurator of the modern era in
Bute farming must be awarded to Mr Samuel Girdwood. This
gentleman about forty years ago held the offices of steward to Lord
Bute and secretary of the Farmers' Society, and was also tenant
of the farm of Kerrylamont, in Kingarth. He was a man of more
than average intelligence, of great force of character, and possessed
of unbounded enthusiasm in the furtherance of a favourite pursuit.
His tombstone in Eothesay churchyard tells us, that he was for
forty years connected with the estate of the Marquis of Bute;
^'distinguished by fidelity in his trust, ability, skill, and success in
the discharge of his duties, and zeal for the public interest."
"Under his fostering care the Society progressed wonderfully, and
by the introduction of furrow drains and the system of liming, the
reclamation of waste lands w^as vigorously prosecuted. Through
his instrumentality, a lime-kiln was established at Kilchattan
Bay, and the limestone found in the island w^as there burned
and utilized, and a premium was offered by Lord Bute for the
best heap of composite manure, i.e., of farmyard manure, mixed
with such waste as the sweepings of the farmyard, and the
'' scouring " of the roadside drains, &c. On the farm of Kerry-
lamont he carried on various experiments, the results of which,
when successful, were communicated to the farmers. In order

BUTE AND ARKAN. 1

to facilitate interchange of of^inions by practical men on agricul-
tural questions, Mr Girdwood, in conjunction with Mr Alexander
Anderson, the first letterpress printer in Eothesay, issued, on the
26th November 1839, the first number of the " Bute Eecord of
Kural Affairs," a publication which continued to be issued
regularly until January 1846, and which in its republished form
(1860) furnishes an excellent reference work to the student of
agricultural progress in Bute.

Having thus brought the review of the agriculture of Bute
prior to the period on which we are asked to report to a close, we
now proceed to give somewhat in detail particulars of farming
operations during the past twenty-five or thirty years.

The system of farming differs little if at all from that commonly
pursued in the west of Scotland. The rotation of crops at, and
some time previous to the commencement of the period reported
on, was what is known as a seven years' shift, i.e., the ground lay
three years in pasture, and four under crop, but for the last twenty
years or more a six years' shift was substituted ; in all the new
leases, however, the seven years' shift has again been reverted to.
The land lies under pasture for three years ; it is then broken
up by the plough, and the fourth year an oat crop is sown ; the
fifth year it is green cropped ; the sixth year it is sown down
with oats or barley and rye-grass and clover seed; and the seventh
year a crop of rye-grass and clover is taken off. No two white
crops are allowed to be taken off in succession without the con-
sent of the landlord.

Taking these crops in the order of their rotation we are first
called upon to give a few particulars of the

Oat Croj).

The established custom for the last fifty years has been to import
for seed purposes Midlothian " potato " and " sandy " oats from
the Edinburgh markets. On the higher lands, where the ground
is shallow, and of a heavy clayey nature, " sandy " oats are
invariably sown, and on the deeper and more fertile lands scarcely
any but " potato " oats are produced. " Hamilton " oats are
found to grow admiral^ly on the light soils of Kilchattan Bay,
and weigh about 42 lbs. per bushel. The land is broken out of
grass during January and February, and sowing is begun in
April, and thought to l)e completed in good time when the seed
is all in by the 20tli of that month. In the north-east of Bute
damage is often done to the growing crop during the month of
June by gales of east wind, which shake the gi'ain when in
fiower, and although the bulk of straw is often very great, tlie
result of thrashing is many times disappointing. Tlie crops are
generally first harvested in North Bute, — not that the soil there

14 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

is capable of raising earlier crops than the soil in Kingarth, but
the farmers on the east side of the island give all their attention
in the early part of spring to the potato crop, whereas generally
throughout the rest of the island the farmers give equal attention
to white and green crops. The reaping-machine is now, and
has been for many years, in use on almost every farm in Bute,
and very few acres are now cut with the scythe or hook, and
these only when the crop has been much flattened by the storms.
The first who introduced a successful reaping-machine was Mr
John M'Dougall, the tenant of Kerrytonlia who purchased one
of Jack's reapers about twenty or twenty-five years ago. A very
few^ acres may occasionally be let to Irish reapersby the acre, but this
mode of harvesting is now nearly obsolete. The hands necessary
for the management of the farm during the year are usually equal
to the extra demands of harvest time, but if additional workers are
necessary they can easily be procured in Rothesay.

The average produce of oats per acre in 1855 was 32 bushels,
and the average of fiars prices for the seven years ending 1856,
was 23s. 6|d.; the average piroduce per acre in 1880 will be
about the same as in 1855, and the average of fiars prices for
seven years ending 1876 was 24s. 6J^d. per imperial quarter.
Over a period of years the bushel of oats will weigh on an average
about 40 lbs. and when ground a 6 bushel bag of oats usually
yields 140 lbs. of meal. The habits of the people of Bute have
greatly changed during the past twelve or fifteen years, and whilst
formerly a large proportion of grain was gi'ound into oatmeal, now
only a very small proportion of it is devoted to this use.

Green-Cropping — Potatoes and Turnips.

The early history of green-cropping in Bute is interesting and
instructive. As we have seen, the chief proprietor early gave
tangible proof of his interest in the improvement of agriculture,
and the Highland and Agricultural Society, as well as the local
farmers' Society, later on, did something to encourage the growth
of green-crops. The National Society, in 1851 and 1852, and in
several following years, offered premiums for the best managed
green crop in the island, and in 1868 a premium was offered by
the agent for the best 2 acres of turnips and potatoes grown with
Goulding's manures. The HighlandJSociety's medals fell to the lot
of the tenant of Mid Ascog in 1851, 1852, 1854, and 1855, and
the premium offered by Goulding was also awarded to him.
Prizes of a like nature were awarded on different occasions by
other donors, and the competitions for them did much to make
the farmers bestow increased care on these important crops.

For many years Bute has been known as one of the earliest
places in the west of Scotland for the growth of potatoes. These

BUTE AND ARRAN. 15

favourite roots grow well on the sharp gravelly soil of Kilchattan
Bay and Kingarth, and the farmers in that district vie with each
other in sending the earliest potatoes to the Glasgow market. In
the spring time potatoes used to become rather a scarce commo-
dity in Bute, but the advent of the " Champion " potato has some-
what obviated the danger of a local famine of these vegetables.
*' Pted Bogs " is the principal variety planted for sale in the early
markets. The average price of early potatoes is about £18 per acre ;
although in Kilchattan Bay from £20 to £24 have been obtained
in an exceptionally good season. The buyer digs the crop, and
the farmer drives to the place of shipment free of charge. On some
of the shore farms the stubble is during winter covered with sea-
weed, but in general it is ploughed down or grubbed about
Martinmas, and again ploughed in February. Potatoes for early
sale are planted as soon as possible after the end of February.
The width of potato drill is from 25 to 26 inches, the latter
figure being the standard. The crop is in most cases sold to
dealers from Glasgow, and the frequent communication between
Bute and the mainland — steamers sailing hourly during summer,
— admits of the crop being lifted and transported to Glasgow in
a very short time.

In the extreme northern portions of the island and in the more
exposed situations, potatoes are only grown in quantity sutticient
to supply the wants of the family. On one of the farms in
Kingarth, in 1880, a fair crop of barley has been raised on a
field on which a crop of early potatoes was grown. The potatoes
were lifted about the middle of June, and the barlev was sown
on the 26th and 30th of the same month. This is rather an
unusual proceeding (rape-seed being generally sown on the potato
ground), and its success will be watched with interest.

Turnips.

The growing of these favourite feeding-roots forms a large
part of the agriculture of Bute. Turnips were first introduced
into Bute by Mr Knox, then tenant of Kerrylamont, in 1800.

The sorts now in most common use are purpletop Swedish
and greentop yellow, and about one-half of the breadth under
turnip crops is sown with the former, and the other half with
the latter variety. As a rule the whole produce of the crop is
consumed by the stocks on the farms, but a good exportation
trade is carried on by some of the farmers. The turnips are
shipped in bulk, and sold in Glasgow and Greenock.

The average width of turnip <lrill is 27 inches. In the south
end of Bute the turnip crop has — since the growing of early
potatoes assumed its present important position — been chieHy
grown with artificial manures, as the farmyard dung is all

16 ON THE AGKICULTUEE OF

required for the earlier crop. In North Bute and Commermenoch^
where less attention is given to the early potatoes, an effort
is made to sow the crop on manure formed of an equal propor-
tion of byre and stable manure and artificial stuffs. Generally
it may be said that the farmers are now using more ground bones
than formerly, and within the last few years it has become
necessary to use a good deal more town manure, and on one farm
in Kingarth, in the winter of 1879, upwards of 400 tons have
been spread.

For the storage of the turnip crop during winter different plans
are adopted. On the eastern side of the island the produce of
two drills is gathered into one furrow, and covered over by the
plough. On the western side the turnips are only taken out of
the ground as they are needed, the earth being put up to them
at the beginning of the winter. The system, so successfully
carried out in Dumfriesshire, of feeding sheep on the growing
crop, has been tried in Bute, but on account of the moistness of
the climate it was found very unprofitable, and the practice has
been discontinued.

The average yield of turnips per acre in 1855 was 15 tons
11 cwts; the average yield of Swedish turnips in 1870, about
18 tons ; and of yellow, 14 tons. For thinning turnips the services
of female workers can be secured at about 2s. per day, and of
male workers at about 2s. 6d. per day ; in both cases without
food.

Summing up the report on green- cropping, it must be said that
the most unprofitable branch of farming during the last ten years
has been the growing of early potatoes, and those farmers who
have bestowed more attention on the turnip crop are to-day
better off than the others, and their farms are in much better
condition. Turnips leave the soil in much better condition for
the growth of the next crop, and one can easily distinguish by
the appearance of the white crop whether it has been sown on
potato or on turnip ground.

Barley.

Up to within a recent period wheat was extensively grown in
Bute. About the time of the Crimean War white wheat was
grown, and was the most successful and most profitable crop
raised in the island. Seasons were then very favourable, prices
were high, and on one of the most northerly farms the average
of 48 bushels per acre was realised on a field of 10 acres. Barley,
however, has for the last twenty years more or less been increas-
ingly cultivated, and, as a result, has now almost entirely sup-
planted wheat. The reason for this change of crop has chiefly
been this : the ready market which is found for barley in the

BUTE AND ARRAN. 17

distilling districts of Campbeltown and Islay, and the increasing
foreign supplies of wheat, which have rendered it more profitable
to grow barley. The change of crop has also proved beneficial
in another way : it has tended to the good of the soil, because
barley keeps the ground much cleaner, and does not take so
much of the strength out of it as wheat.

The red land alone is sown with barley ; indeed, it may be said
that, with the exception of the moorland farms, all the sown-
down land is cropped with it. The variety sown is in general
that known as common barley, although in the north end, and
wherever the land is strong and in good condition, the farmers
prefer the " Chevalier " sort, as it is the more profitable.

Experience has taught the farmers in Bute that home-grown
barley is ill- adapted for seed purposes, and consequently all the
seed is brought from Midlothian. The heads of the home-grown
seed become black, and the yield is not up to what might be ex-
pected. The Midlothian grain usually weighs about 56 lbs. per
bushel, and the average weight per bushel of the barley crop is
from 52 to 54 lbs. Barley harvest in a fairly good season begins
alx)ut the loth of August, and the crop in the south end is com-
monly hutted in the fields, and thrashed off the huts by the large
thrashing mills, two of which travel the island in circuit. In the
north end the crop is stacked in long stacks placed four abreast,
and containing about twenty cartloads a-piece. The mill stands be-
tween the two inner stacks, and the tops being taken off these,
the sheaves from the outer stacks are forked on to them, and from
them on to the machine. The outer stacks being thus disposed
of, the sheaves of the inner are then passed through the mill.
The barley straw on being thrashed is stored in long square
stacks, and is used during winter in various ways. Some of it
is cut into chaff, steamed, and mixed with meal and turnips for
feeding purposes ; the rest of it is used for " litter, " and a little of
it for thatch.

Rye-grass.

When land in Bute was newly reclaimed great quantities of
rye-grass seed were ripened and sold' for exportation. At that
time the ripening of rye-grass seed was one of the features of
Bute farming. Sometimes the yield per acre has been known to
be as liigh as G ([uarters. In 1853 the Higldand and Agricul-
tural Society's medal awarded for the best sample of perennial
rye-grass seed grown in Scotland, was gained by Mr James Duncan,
llhubodach ; and in 185-4 the same medal was gained by Mr
John Stewart, Baluachrach, in Commermenocli district. The
average yield per acre will not now be more than 2 quarters ;
the great majority of the farmers cut their hay green and
winnow it, and the ripening of it is only permitted on such farms

18 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

as are best suited for the process, when the crop is exceptionally
clean. The weight per bushel of this season's (1880) rye-grass
seed averages from 23 lbs. to 28 lbs., and the price realised for it
is from Is. to Is. 3d. less per boll of 4 bushels than the price of
that sampled in Ayrshire.

Eye-grass seed is invariably mixed with clover, and the second
growth of clover in a season such as 1880 could hardly be matched
in any part of Scotland. On Mid Ascog and Colmac this season
(1880) there has been a crop of great bulk, which has been win-
nowed and stored for fodder.

Cattle ami Dairy -farming.

The native breed of cattle in Bute, which were presumably of
Highland origin, although many of them were polled, have long
been superseded by the Ayrshires. Dairy-farming is one of the
principal departments of the rural economy of the island, and as
the demand for dairy produce increased, so it became the interest
of the farmers to meet it by improving their herds, and increas-
ing the milking qualities of their cows. We are able with tolerable
certainty to establish the date when the first Ayrshires were
introduced. The earliest occasion on which a prize was specially
awarded at the annual show for Avrshire cows was in 1830, but the
breed had been in the island fully a quarter of a century before
that date. Among tlie first, if not the very first, to introduce
Ayrshires, was Mr Thomas Stevenson, who in 1803 came from
Neilston, in Eenfrewshire, to the farm of Edinmore, and brought
with him a number of Ayrshire calves, which were brought over
by ferry from Largs to Scoulag, and were then travelled across
the island to the west side, near Colmac. Mr William Barr also
came from Ayrshire about the same time, and brought with him
a small stock of the breed of his native county. These gentle-
men were followed soon after by Mr Johnstone, the father of the
present tenant of West St Colmac, who came from West Kilbride,
Ayrshire, in 1809, and by Mr Eobert Hunter, ]\iid St Colmac,
also an Ayrshire man, both of whom brought herds of pure bred
Ayrshires with them. The cattle brought in by these strangers
must have soon commended themselves to the natives, because we
find that the Stewarts of Balichrach and Baluachrach, who are said
to be a family resident in Bute for about three hundred years, have
long had excellent herds of Ayrshire cows. The herd presently
on the farm of Baluachrach or Upper Ardroscadale, was founded
by the late Mr Eobert Stewart in May 1833, from purchases
made in the island. A bull was bought from the late Eev.
Alexander M'Bride, minister of the parish, and afterwards of the
Free Church, Korth Bute, which greatly improved the breed, and
sires have been introduced from the mainland \¥hich have main-

BUTE AND ARRAX. 19

tained its superiority. Mr Stewart was awarded tlie first prize,
twenty years ago, for the best aged cow in milk, and also a silver
medal as owner of the best six cows shown.

In 1856 a selection of Ayrshire cows w^as made from herds in
Bute, and sent over to the Paris Exhibition as the joint adventure
•of several farmers. The cows were all sold at a good profit, and
oue selected from the herd of Mid Ascog, was awarded the bronze
medal as one of the best cows in milk in the exhibition.

The MidAscog herd was founded about 1 85 0,with cows purchased
in the island, and its superior milking qualities were maintained
by the use of bulls from the herd of Mr Murdoch, Carntyne, near
Glasgow. Up to about 1870 only bulls from this herd were
bought in, and during that period many of the leading prizes at
the local show were awarded to Mr M'Allister, the tenant of Mid
Ascog. From 1859 to 1880 scarcely a year has passed without
his gaining medals for his Ay shires, and the tropbies won by
him can hardly be enumerated. After the Carntyne herd was
<lispersed bulls were purchased from the Burnhouses breed, and
by the exercise of great care in mating sires and dams tbe excel-
lency of the herd has been maintained.

The herd of Mid St Colmac, owned by the late Mr Alexander
Hunter, and formed from stock brought from Ayrshire by him,
was one which for many years upheld the credit of Bute dairy
cows in sliowyards all over Scotland. After the death of Mr
Eobert Hunter the farm was carried on and the stock greatly
improved by his son, and at his death a few years ago it was sold
by public auction, and the prices realised were the highest ever
obtained at a displenishing sale in Bute. The three-year-old
queys drew very high prices, and three of them sold respectively
at £33, £28, and £25 a-piece.

Several of the highest priced animals were purchased by the pre-
sent tenant of the farm, and with the lierd founded by his father,
Mr James Simpson, on Largivrechtan about thirty-four years ago,
they now form the magnificent herd of forty dairy cows on Mid St
Colmac. The Largivrechtan herd was founded from purchases
made in Ayrshire, and from cows purchased from jNIr Lochhead,
Toward, Argyllshire ; the bulls have almost invariably been pur-
chased from the tenant of Boydston, Ardrossan. One of these
bulls was the sire of twenty prize animals, and several high ])riced
cows liave at times been added to the herd, inchuling the famous
cow "Joan," bred at Knockdon, and sold at the Auchendennan
sale of Ayrshires some few years ago.

The Bute herd, however, which lias come most to the front in
shows on the maiidand in recent years is that of Meikle Kilchattan.
This herd was founded fourteen years ago from purchases made
in the island. lUills liave been used bred by Mr Scott, Plane
Farm, P>ute ; Mr Ivie Campbell, Dalgig, New Cumnock; Mr

20 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF

Fleming, Castleton, Carmunnock ; Mr Brown, Cartlebiirn, Kil-
winning; and Mr Howie, Burnhouses. These were all good
breeding sires, but the Cartleburn bull effected the greatest im-
provement in the breed.

As these dairies touched upon, are, with Balichrach, the most
extensive in the island, the details of the way in which their
quality has been maintained may serve as an indication of the
general method of breeding Ayrshires followed in Bute. Queys are
seldom or never bought in, but bulls almost invariably are. The
quey calves are all kept to keep up the herds, but the bull calves,,
unless very promising, are sold as unfed veal to the butchers.
As a rule the aged cows are not kept after they are ten years of
age unless they have proved themselves to be extra valuable as
breeders. Cows which calve in autumn sell at about £15 per
head ; those calving in spring draw from £12 to £14

The produce of the Bute dairies is either sold as sweet milk
or manufactured into fresh butter, for both of which there is an
abundant demand in Eothesay, Port-Bannatyne, and Ascog. A
good deal of fresh butter is also sent out of the island. A boat
crosses from Kilchattan Bay to Millport with supplies of butter,
and quantities are also sent to Dunoon. When the dairy trade
began at first to develop itself in 1810, the milk was all sold
skimmed ; after a time a demand arose for mixed " skim " and
" sweet " milk, and again butter milk was in favour ; but for
many years sweet milk has been exclusively in demand. Cheese
was somewhat extensively manufactured in former times. The
writer of the '' Statistical Account," in 1840, tells us that the
" cheese then made was equal to the best Dunlop," but this
remark does not now hold good. Bowing establishments are
very rare ; the farmers generally sell the produce of their dairies
without the intervention of any middle party, as by this means
they receive about 2d. a pound more for their butter than they
would by selling it wholesale to merchants in Eothesay. The
first farmers who sold milk fi'om carts in the streets of Eothesay,.
were Mr John Currie, then in Ardbeg, and Mr Thomas Stevenson,
Ardmalish. Fresh butter sells out of Eothesay at about Is. 5d. per
lb. on an average, and fresh country eggs, sent from Bute at about
Is. per dozen. In Eothesay the consumer can purchase butter
produced by the Bute dairies at about 3d. a lb. less than he
would pay in Dunoon or Helensburgh, as the supply in the island
exceeds the demand.

The price of sweet milk, wholesale, is about 4d. per imperial
pint ; of fresh butter, wholesale, about Is. 2d. per lb., retail, Is. 4d..
to Is. 6d.

As there is not a market for all the butter milk churned in
the island, for the last twenty years it has been usual for many of
the farmers to make the sour milk into a curd for dve, which is

BUTE AND ARRAX. 21

sold to mercliantvS in Glasgow. The milk after churning is put into
a large vat, and a slow fire being put under, it is allowed to remain
there for two days; at the end of that time, being now formed into
a curd, it is taken out and put into a suspended bag, by which
means the whey is allowed to drip out of it. It is afterwards
taken down, and put under a cheese-press for a time, and is then
sent off to the Glasgow market. The price received for the curd
is from 18s. to 20s. per cwt. which is about equal to three farth-
ings a pint, or within a fraction of the price usually obtained for
butter milk. The sour milk whey is mixed with meal, and forms
excellent food for the pigs.

Skeej).

Sheep-farming is not very extensively followed in Bute. All
the farms carrying pure bred stocks are in the north end, and the
■chief of them are Khubodach, Kilmichael, Hilton, and Glenmore.
The stocks carried on these hills are mixed flocks of blackfaced
•ewes and wethers. A little more than thirty years ago several
of the farmers sold off their blackfaced sheep and bought in
Cheviots, but it was found that the Border favourites were very
unprofitable, and for the last twenty years there have been few or
none of them in the island. An ejcperiment was also tried on one
•of these farms with crossing blackfaced ewes with Leicester tups,
but on account of the difficulty experienced in keeping up a
blackfaced stock the experiment was abandoned. Thirty years
ago the sheep on the Bute hills were very small and ill-con-
ditioned, but, chiefly through the energy of Messrs Crawford and
Duncan, the tenants of Kilmichael and Ehubodach, by the selec-
tion of good tups from the mainland, a great improvement has
been effected in their quality. The tups in use are for the most
part bought in from the flocks of Craigton, Milngavie, Foyer's,
Jvnowehead ; and Jardine's, Campsie.

The tups are generally let out with the ewes aliout the 20th
Xovemljer, and the lambing season extends from the middle of
April to the middle of May. After going with their dams
between three and four months the lambs are weaned, and about
the middle of August all the tu])S and stock lambs are dipped
with the usual compositions. The himbs are ke])t from their
dams for about eight days, at the end of which time they are
sent off to the hills again, and usually find their old quarters.
At weaning time the weakest of the lambs are sold off to
graziers, who winter them and sell them in the ensuing autunni
as hoggs, to make up the stocks on farms where cross-bred lambs
are reared.

The "cast" ewes .ire thawn about the 1st of October, and
dipping begins about the same date. For dipping, a trough is in

22 ON THE AGRICULTUKE OF

use into which two sheep can be pnt at once, and by this means
the work is got over very expeditiously. Smearing has now
been alnaost universally abandoned, because of the amount of
extra time and labour it involves ; though occasionally black-
faced ewes are smeared with a mixture of tar and butter, in
the proportion of 1 gallon of tar to 6 lbs. of butter — a
quantity sufficient to smear six sheep. The clip after smearing
with this composition generally yields about 6 lbs. of wool per
fleece. Clipping begins about the middle of June, and is con-
tinued till the end of the month ; the milk ewes are about a
fortnight later of being clipped than the others. Taking an
average over ewes and wethers, the produce of the clip w^ill give
about five fleeces to the stone of 24 lbs. "Wethers in some cases
will occasionally give a clip of 8 lbs. of wool.

The average rent paid for purely sheep farms is about £18 per
every 100 sheep carried. The prices realised for shot lambs
range from 6s. to 8s. per head ; for draft ewes, from 16s. to
18s. each ; and for wethers, about 31s. per head.

On several of the arable farms which have also a piece of
moorland included in them, another branch of sheep-farming is
carried on. The tenants of these farms buy in at the beginning
of winter a number of cross-bred or half-bred hoggs, which they
winter on grass, with the addition of a few turnips and a little
corn, and sell asfain in summer to the butchers. Some sell
before clipping, others after having taken off' the fleece. These
hoggs are bought in at prices ranging from 20s. to 30s. a-head^
and are sold after the six or se^^en months' keep, at prices averag-
ing from 40s. to 50s. each. These hoggs, undipped, now sell at
about Is. per lb., clipped hoggs, at about 8d. or 9d.

A few Cheviot ewes are kept on one or two farms, and are'
crossed with Leicester tups, for the supply of cross-bred lambs
for the butchers. The lambs are sold about the middle of June,
and draw about 30s. a-piece. The ewes, when the lambs are
taken off them, are fed off, and, if fat, draw about 5s. a-head more
than the price for which they were purchased. Sometimes the
difference between the buying and selling prices of these ewes i&
even greater than 5s., and when the value of their clip is taken
into account, it is apparent that this system of sheep-farming is
by no means unprofitable, and many farmers think it should be
more generally adopted. It has now been pursued for the last
twenty or thirty years on two or three farms. One of the tenants
keeps Cheviot ewes in stock, shoots out the slack ewes, and buys
in hoggs to maintain the stock ; the others sell off the ewes and
buy in a new lot every season. Sheep are brought in now from
Argyllshire in October, to be wintered for six months at 6s. 6s.
a-head. Whether this is profitable or not for the land it puts,
money into the farmers' pockets for the time being.

BUTE AND ARRAX. 23

Pigs.

In the table at the commencement of this paper we have given
the relative numbers of pigs in Bute in 1855 and in 1879, and
it only remains further to be added here, that these animals are
only kept to the extent of one or two on each farm, for the
purpose of consuming the waste about the kitchen, and that pork-
feeding forms no part of the rural economy of the island.

Horses.

During the last quarter of a century there has been little
change in the quality of the horses bred in Bute. For some time
prior to the period reported on, and during it, the farmers have
been fortunate in securing some of the best Clydesdale stallions
ever known in Scotland to travel their island. The Sproulston
horse "Farmer" (Stud-book, 290) was the first to effect a
marked improvement in the quality of the stock, and after him
" Eound Eobin" (721), " General Williams " (326), and " Young
Clyde" (1360), greatly increased the value of the young horses
reared in the island. In more recent years " Surprise " (845),
" Young Lome " (997), and others, have been secured by the
Farmers' Society to travel under their auspices. " Druid " (1120),
the well-known champion horse of 1879 and 1880, also was
engaged by the Bute farmers, when a three-year-old, in 1878.
The best horses are undoubtedly to be found on the west side,
on the deep land of Ettrick Bay, but the east side has also come
to the front through the reputation of the famous mare " Bose of
Bute" (89). Horse-dealers visit the island regularly, and buy
up any of the stock which may not be required for home pur-
poses. Generally tlie mares are not of the largest size, and there
is an apparent lack of the finely flowing fringe of hair on the legs,
so much accounted of by Clydesdale fanciers. Clydesdale mares
were introduced into Ikite by !Mr James Simpson about forty
years ago, but whether these were the first pure bred importations
we have not been able to ascertain. It must be between thirty
and forty years since " Farmer " (290) travelled the island, and
"liound Boljin" (721) was there in 1854 and 1855. About
tliLs latter date Mr Btobert M'AUister, Mid Ascog, held a lead-
ing place in the local show with his mares, and bought in one
from the stud of Mr Bobert Findlay, Springliill, Baillicston,
which bred many excellent animals. At the time when Mr
Sinq>son came from Ayrshire, and " Farmer " (290) was travel-
ling, the native bn^ed must have been somewhat inferior, and in
all probal)ility of Iligliland origin, because the very fir^ year Mr
Simpson was in Jiute he gained the prize as the owner of the best
pair of mares at the ploughing match. It is questionable if very

24 ON THE AGEICULTURE OF

heavy mares could be raised in Bute ; the soil is not so well
adapted for grazing purposes, and the pasturage is very bare
compared with that of the fertile lands of Galloway and Kintyre,
and, therefore, so long as the needs of the island are best served
by a horse somewhat light of limb, the present breed may be
considered the best for all purposes. The farmers find a ready
market for their surplus stock, and mares from Bute have been
sent all over Britain, and even to the colonies. With the
produce of such horses as "Druid" (1120) and "General Neil"
(1143) coming up, there should be little danger of the stock
being deteriorated.

Draming atid Liming,

The first draining operations of any extent carried on in Bute
were commenced more than fifty years ago by Mr Kirkman
Finlay, who at that time was proprietor of the lands of St Colmac.
The farm of West St Colmac was the first that was drained in Bute
on the Deanston principle, and all the deep land on the level
fields around Ettrick Bay were reclaimed from a state of un-
profitableness. A drain plough was introduced by Mr Finlay, but
it proved unworkable on account of the number of boulders
buried in the marshes. There is double the extent of arable land
in Colmac now that there was forty or fifty years ago, and what
was then considered good arable land has been very much im-
proved by lime and draining.

When Mr Samuel Girdwood began reclamation works on the
Bute estate he encountered much opposition from the indiffer-
ence of the farmers in seconding his efforts to improve the soil.
He broke ground on the farms of Cranslagvourarty and Largiv-
rechtan, but the tenants of those days were not able to see the
force of all his blasting, digging, and draining labours. In their
hands the dry patches on the hillsides were cultivated, but where-
ever nature asserted her supremacy by the presence of whins and
marshes, no efforts were made to battle against her. Whins, rocks,
and brushwood were left to the freedom of their own will, and
stagnant bogs remained untouched. Mr Girdwood succeeded in
convincing the tenants that it was for their advantage to clear
the land, and the result in the case of one of them at least was,
that when he went out of the farm he went with something very
like a fortune.

About thirty years ago it was customary for the proprietor to
pay the tenant who broke new land a premium of £5 per acre, but
he gave him no lime. On the farm of Kerrycroy, in Kingarth,
upwards of 20 acres of waste land have been reclaimed during
the past twenty or twenty-five years, and all the steep land lying
along the hillside on the farm of Kilbride, in North Bute, has been

BUTE AND AKRAX. 25

-reclaimed within the same period. About ten years previous to
that time 40 or 50 acres were taken in on the farm of Mid Ascog,
".and margins of moorland have throughout the island been re-
claimed. Previous to the last eighteen years, when the land was
much drained, farmers received half value in lime for the expense
-of draining done by them, but since that time they only receive half
value for lime used in reclamation, and all drains are made by the
landlord, the tenants paying 5 per cent, interest on the outlay.
Much of the soil that has been drained is so thin, that in many cases
the interest payable increases the rent so much that farming is
made unprofitable both to landlord and tenant. There are tile
works situated in the parish of Kingarth, from which drain- tiles
■can easily be obtained, and a lime-kiln, which many years ago was
in operation, has again commenced burning the limestone found
in the island. The farmers in the south end prefer Bute lime be-
cause it does not require shipping, but those in the north end find
they are as cheap to use Irish lime, as in either case shipping has
to be resorted to, and the quality of the Irish shells is much
■.superior.

Floughing and Ma7iure.

The common single furrow plough is that most in use in Bute.
'The plough is in most cases drawn by two horses. Subsoil
ploughing is seldom practised, but in general throughout the
island there is no subsoil to plough. Stubble land is ploughed
-shortly before and after Martinmas ; pasture land is broken about
the beginning of January ; and red land is turned over as near
the time for barley sowing as possible.

Iron harrows are mostly, if not altogether, in use in the island,

• and chain harrows are also common. Grubbers and drill harrows

of the usual kinds are generally iu requisition, and some farmers

i^rubthe stubble land at Martinmas with the three-horse grubber

instead of yjloughing it.

Artificial manures have been greatly in use in Bute both for
raising potatoes and turnips, but especially the former. Peru-
vian guano, ground bones, and within recent years " Blood "
manure have been put into the soil, and the fact is, too many
artificial stuffs have been employed, and now many of the
farmers are importing large (quantities of town manure from
Greenock. Upwards of 800 tons of long and short town dung
were put on farms in Kingarth in the winter of 1879, and this
kind of manure is gradually sui)planting the other. On land
where much artificial manure has been used lime has not the
same effect as it had when the land was reclaimed, and in many
'Cases liming in recent years lias not been remunerative. Long
-dung can be purchased in Greenock and laid on tlie fields in

26 ON THE AGRICULTUKE OF

Eute for about 7s. per ton ; short dung or aslies for about 3s. per
ton. If purchased in Eothesay long dung can be laid on the
fields for 6s. a ton, and the police manure is given to the farmers
for taking it away.

Pasturage.

The pasturage of Bute enjoys no great reputation, and purely
pastoral farms are very scarce. Within recent years the tenant
of Ehubodach, Kilmichael, and Bannatyne Mains, has maintained
the last named farm as a grazing farm by top dressing with short
dung and farmyard manure, mixed with lime and ground bones.
Ayrshires, Highland bullocks, shorthorns, Galloways, and
Canadian cattle are grazed on this farm, and fattened for the
markets. The only other grazing of any extent is around the
Mount Stuart policies, and it is let to farmers and others for graz-
ing young stock.

Wages.

As in the rest of Scotland so in Bute the cost of workiucj a farm
has almost doubled, in respect of wages, within the last twenty
years, and were it not that, with machinery in use for almost
every purpose, fewer hands are required, it is difficult to con-
ceive how farminoj could be carried on, rents also havin^^ increased
so much until recently. Married ploughmen in Bute at present
are receiving 18s. per week with a free house. Female servants,
good milkers and field workers, boarded in the house, are paid
from £8, 10s. to £9, and lads receive from £8 to £12, with board,
per half-year ; About twenty- five years ago the same class of
women servants were receiving about £3, 10s., and lads about £5
per half-year with board and lodgings. Female field-workers
employed thinning turnips in 1880 w^ere paid 2s. a-day without
rations, and the same workers in harvest time received 2s. a day
with rations. Men employed during harvest time received from
6d. to Is. a-day more than the women, with their rations, and
full w^ages whether the weather was wet or dry. The wages of
these workers in 1880 were just about double what they were
in the years from 1855 to 1860.

Greater Cu.mbrae.

Having thus exhausted our information regarding the agricul-
ture of Bute, a few particulars of the island of Cumbrae may
best be inserted here before proceeding to write of the agricul-
ture of Arran. Cumbrae has everything in common with Bute,
but little or nothing in common with Arran. The island lies
4 miles east of Bute, and 2 miles west of Largs, in Ayrshire.
It is 3J miles in length from north-east to south-west ;

BUTE AND AREAX. 27

its breadth is 2 miles, and its circumference from 10 to 11
miles. According to tlie measurement of the last Ordnance
Survey it contains 3120'597 acres.

The climate is agreeable, being less moist than the mainland
or Arran, and very salubrious. The geological formations are
whinstone, freestone, and limestone. The soil is varied ; on the
higher parts of the island it is light, gravelly and thin, bedded
on moss, and covered with heath ; in some of the valleys rich
loam pervades, and produces good crops. Along the east coast
it is light and sandv, and in the south of the island it abounds,
in marl.

The island is owned by the Marquis of Bute and the Earl of
Glasgow. All the old part of Millport is built on Lord Bute's
estate, which extends from Newton Bay across by Barbary Hill
to Fintry Bay, and includes all the land betw^een this line and
the west coast ; the rest of the island belongs to Lord Glasgow.

Along the north end of the island, on the farm of Port Pioy,.
great improvements have been effected within recent years by
draining and liming. Good crops are raised on the new land,,
and vrheat is very extensively grown. Early potatoes are culti-
vated with somewhat similar energy as in the east of Bute.
Cumbrae potatoes, however, are about a fortnight later of being
ready than those in the earliest parts of the sister island. On
the top of the second terrace which rises on the west side there
is some very deep land, and good crops of turnips are raised on
it. Lime has not been very largely introduced into Cumbrae^
but great quantities of sea-weed are spread on the fields.

All the farms on the island carry stocks of dairy cows number-
ing from 20 to 40. The milk is for the most part sold as sweet
milk in Millport, where there is a brisk demand for it during
summer. A few of the dairy-farmers churn, but not regularly,
and one sends his milk to Glasgow.

The stocks on the farms are in good condition ; there is only
one sheep-farm in Cumbrae, and it carries a blackfaced stock of
average quality. The horses are much the same as in Bute, and
Ayrshire cows alone are kept for the dairies.

The burgh of Millport, situated at the south end of the island^
is one of the best frequented watering-places on the Clyde. The
influx of vistors durhig summer is very large, and communication
between Glasgow and Millport is kept up six times a day by the
steamers in connection with the Wemyss Bay liailway Company's
trains.

The assessable rental of Millport in 18G5, the year following
that in wdiich it was created a l»urgh, was £5,451 ; in 1870 it
was £7,519 ; in 1872 it was £8,710 i'^in 1875 it was £10,581 ; in
1877 it was £11,401 ; in 1880, it is £12,998. In lifteen years, it
will be seen from these figures, it has more than doubled its rental,.

28 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

and there is every prospect of its progressing as rapidly in future.
Leaving now the beautiful islands of Bute and Cumbrae, it only
remains for us to add that, with the maintenance of the same
cordial relationship between landlords and tenants, which has so
long obtained, and the fostering of that spirit of enterprise which
has actuated the labours of the farmers during the past twenty-
five years, still further improvements may be made, and we have
^very confidence will be made, in agriculture and all other
industries.

Arran.

The island of Arran lies about 8 miles south-west of Bute.
It is about 20 miles long from north to south, and about 10
miles broad. It is divided into two parishes — Kilbride forming
the eastern section of the island, and Kilmory the western. The
northern part of it is crowded with lofty granitic mountains of
a conical form, connected by sharp, serrated ridges, and inter-
sected by deep gulleys and ravines. Tlie highest point in the
island is Goatfell, which is 2,900 feet high. The southern part
of the island, which is geologically divided from the northern
by a band of Old Eed Sandstone, crossing the island from
behind the village of Brodick, is formed of undulating hill}^
|,^round, sloping gently to the sea. The whole, with the exception
of the small estate of Kilmichael, belongs to His Grace the Duke
of Hamilton and Brandon, who, according to the " Parliamen-
tary Eeturn of Owners of Land in Scotland," furnished to the
House of Commons in 1873, holds 102,210 acres in the county
of Bute, the gross annual value of which then was £18,702. The
Kilmichael estate consists, according to the same authority, of
3,632 acres, the value of which was £622.

The climate upon the whole is mild and moderate. Snow
never lies very long ; the heat in summer is not long very intense,
and neither is the cold in winter. Kain falls copiously, and the
prevailing winds are south and west. The soil varies greatly ;
one field may sometimes be found which contains patches of stiff
clay, soft moss, and loam or gravel, or both mixed together. In
many places along the shore, especially in the north end of the
island, it is little else than granitic sand washed down from the
mountains and driven back by the sea. In the more fertile
regions loam is in most cases mixed with gravel, and interspersed
with patches of moss. In Whiting Bay the soil is chiefly sharp
the shingle resting on a subsoil of red till. The best land is in
Southend and Shiskan on the west side of the island. The road
to Lagg leads over the hills from Lamlash, and the road to
Shiskan leads over the hills further north from Brodick.

The Holy Isle, lying in the entrance to Lamlash Bay, grazes a
few sheep and goats, and the small patch of arable land at the

BUTE AND AERAX. • 29

north end of the island is now wrought on a regular rotation of
crops. Pladda, lying a short distance off the Kildonan shore on
the south end, is cultivated by the lighthouse keepers, and grows-
the usual trarden and field seeds.

General Bevieiu of the Agriculture of Arran.

To report on the state of agriculture in Arran during the past
thirty or forty years is a matter of considerable difficulty. There
has been progress made, and tliere has been stagnation. The
larger farmers have done much to improve their holdings, some
of the smaller farmers have done a little,l3ut manv of them have
done nothing. Little or no encouragement to improve land is given
by the superior ; game is preserved to an inordinate extent, and
the smaller tenantry, especially in Whiting Bay and Lochranza
districts, combine the occupations of fishermen and farmers,
and depend more on the letting of their houses to summer
visitors than on the produce of the soil. When Dr M'Xaughton
wrote his " Statistical Account of the Parish of Kilbride," in
1840, he says : " In dairy-farming and the art of cultivation the
smaller farmers have yet much to learn. They put little lime
on their lands, neglect the cleaning and protection of their
thorn fences, evade the rotation of crops laid down for them,
when they can, and are not sufficiently alive to the advantages
of green crops and sown grasses. Hence their fodder is scarce
in winter, and their pasture defective in summer ; their cattle a
stinted breed, unproductive either for the dairy or the butcher."

These remarks have still considerable force. The smaller
tenants do not attend sufficiently to the proper cultivation of
their farms ; many of them have cars which they hire in summer
to the visitors, and occasionally they hang about the pierheads for
hours in hope of securing hires, when they might be busily engaged
working their plots of ground. Many of the farms are very
small and would not support a family. When Dr M'iSraughton
wrote, tliere were in Kilbride parish, which forms the eastern half
of the island, 208 farms of unequal size ; 161 of these were let at
rents less than £20 per annum each, oO were let at rents exceed-
ing £20 and under £40, the rents of 11 of them were more than
£40 and less than £100, and only 6 tenants paid over £100 of
rent each. Although in 1880 the number of these small farms
is considerably less than it was in 1840, yet from King's Cross
to ])ipj)in, along th(; comparatively level land facing the south-
east, there are still 52 tenants who will rank as farmers. Going
round the south end of the island from Dii)pin the farms become
somewhat larger, and several of them are of more than average
size ; but at Sliddery again, on the south-west side, there is
another batch of small farms similar to those at "Whiting Day.

30 ox THE AGRICULTURE OF

At Southend and Shiskan the farms are large, and the soil in
many places will compare equally with the best land on the
mainland. At Shiskan, on Balnacoole and surrounding holdings,
mossy loam is found in great quantities, but on Sheddog and the
farms near the shore the soil is mostly a fine friable clay, with
a vein of gravel running through it, — easily wrought and raising-
good crops. The tields at Southend and Shiskan are level, and
some of the farms present rather a " scattered " appearance.
Agriculture at Lochranza is still carried on on very primitive
principles, and the soil is bare and poor in the extreme. The
men portion of the community combine the occupations of farmer
and fisherman — two callings having little in common — and after
the seed is sown they leave the island to prosecute the latter,
and the women are entrusted with the management of the crops
and stock. A wooden plough was seen in Lochranza not very
many years ago, and a woman has been seen ploughing within
the past few years. At Corrie, farming is conducted on the same
principles as at Lochranza and Whiting Bay.

The greater portion of the arable land is divided into fields
and farms, fenced off by thorn hedges. These grow well over the
island, and when properly managed form excellent fences, but
in the majority of cases no care is expended on them, and as a
consequence they grow high and thin, and are useless. The
stocks of the small farmers — horses, cows, sh^ep, and even pigs —
have to be tethered to prevent their straying. Many of the
very small farmers have no horses ; others keep one each,
and get the loan of each other's animal to assist in ploughing.
In Whitiug Bay one or two of these farmers keep horses for
hiring purposes, and they plough the plots of their neighbours
during winter.

The cows on these small farms are a very mixed breed." They
are neither Ayrshires, West Highlanders, Arran cows, nor Irish
cows ; they have the blood of all four in their veins. Irish bulls
have been in use at Lamlash and Whiting Bay, so have Ayrshires,
and so have West Highlanders. The natives were of course the
Arran breed — lively, intelligent-looking little creatures, with
black skins, small heads, bright eyes, and horns coming clean
out of the head. They are still to be found in the northern
district of the island, and weigh, when as fat as they can be
made on the poor pasture, about 11, 12, and sometimes as high as
14 stones of 24 lbs. each.

The horses in the island generally have greatly improved dur-
ing the last thirty years, and this improvement has extended to
those in possession of the small farmers. Many of them are of
the hardy Highland breed — a type of horse well worth preserving,
on account of the ease with which he can be kept, and his admir-
able adaptability to the requirements of a mountainous country ;

BUTE AND ARRAX. 31

^and the light-legged " gip " horse is in common use where car-
hirincris enc^aged in. The famed breed of trottin<][-horses known
^:as the " Douglas " breed has been represented in Arran at different
times ; and, in fact, the old " Douglas horse " himself was in the
island for several years, and died at Balnacoole about thirty
years ago. Some of the present day Arran horses show breeding
after these sires, but, strange to say, almost all their produce were
effected with " bog spavin," and other diseases of the legs. On
the larger farms a greatly improved breed of horses is now kept,
but these demand a section to themselves.

The breed of sheep on the smaller farms has also been improved
since 1840 ; and indeed it is questionable whether the tenantry
in the Lochranza district have not increased the size of their
sheep too much for the bare pasture of that part of the island,
because small, hardy sheep will thrive best on bleak hills.

Dr M'Naughton blamed the smaller farmers for evading the
rotation of crops, and for neglecting jiming and draining. Their
culpability in this direction still continues. On some of the
farms it would be difficult to say what rotation of crops is
followed. One field contains patches of pasture, oats, potatoes,
turnips, and ryegrass, and the same piece of land is broken
almost every year. Wherever there is a better piece than another
it \Vill be turned over with the plough ; but, in truth, in Whiting
Bay and Lochranza the great proportion of the soil will not give
a return in its present state for any labour expended on it. At
these places there is such a good demand for milk and butter
during summer, that the plough is merely put into the land to
keep up the semblance of cultivation, and to raise a few potatoes
and fodder, and, as it causes much less labour and is more profit-
able than cultivating, cows are kept, and the fields allowed to lie
in pasture.

However willing the smaller tenants might be to improve their
farms, little or no inducement is offered for carrying on any
effectual operations in the direction of draining and liming, seeing
that the holdings are of such limited extent, and they themselves
are merely tenants at will. In cases where there are fairly sub-
stantial houses attached to the holdings, the rents paid by these
tenants average as high as £1 jjer acre ; but in other cases, where
tlie houses are none of the best and there is a stretch of moor-
land included in the holding, the rents will be as low as 5s. per
acre, and in some cases less.

Previous to 1856 tlie hill around Whiting Bay was set apart
as a common fur tlie use of the tenantry, and eacli was allowed
to put a certain number of sheep on it. Sometimes, however
when the sheep were counted, it was found that those farmers
who had capital had more stock on it than they were entitled to
-have, whilst the others had their quantity, or less. It was thus

32 ON THE AGEICULTUKE OF

seen that injustice was being done, and in 1856, the late Duke
of Hamilton erected a substantial wall between the low ground
and the high ground, about 7 or 8 miles in length, and put on a
stock of improved blackfaced sheep, and it is now let as a sheep-
farm. There are still several of these commons in the north end
of the island.

Other improvements suggested by the statistical writers in
1840, were, a road from Lochranza to Sannox, a bridge over
Ashdale burn, and a good pier at Brodick, all ofVhich were com-
pleted several years ago, but bridges over the rivers of North and
South Sannox, and good piers at Lamlash, Blackwater, and Loch-
ranza are still awanting. There is a pier at Lamlash, but it is
only accessible at high water, and the Campbeltown and Glasgow
steamers touch at Lochranza, where a ferry-boat meets them every
day in summer, and four times a week in winter, but there
is no direct communication of any sort between the west side of the
island and the mainland. All the produce from that quarter
has to be carted over the hills to Brodick, where there is a splendid
new pier, from which there is direct communication daily with
Glasgow and the west coast during summer, and by the way
of Ardrossan four times a week during winter, in addition to a
goods steamer, which sails between Glasgow and Arran once
a- week all the year round.

The roads throughout the island, although bearing little evidence
of thought being expended on their first formation, are kept in
excellent repair at the joint expense of landlord and tenants.
The smaller tenants are all bound to work six days of nine hours
each, annually, and the larger tenants have to pay a certain
amount in proportion to their rent, towards the upkeep of the
roads. No part of Arran is now without a good road ; but some
of these roads are very steep, especially those that cross the
island from side to side. Literally, almost, the traveller ascends the
hills on all-fours, and tumbles down the other side head-fore-
most. The makers of the roads seemingly followed the line of
the sheep-walks, and hence the peculiarly steep nature of many
of them.

An old inhabitant may still be met with who remembers
when there were few or no roads, and no wheeled carts in Arran ;
when the ponies were a small diminutive breed — six or seven
of them being necessary to draw the wooden plough then in use ;
and the produce of the soil was carried in " creels " slung on the
ponies' backs. The old inhabitant of Arran can remember many
things, amongst others, the time when a man might be seen holding
the plough-handles, a woman led the ponies, and a boy or girl
drove them. He can also remember when there were no steamers
between Glasgow and Arran, and no Glasgow visitors to make a.
living off 1

BUTE AND ARRAN. 33

Rtclamation of Waste Lands.

Having in the previous pages bestowed some little attention
ou a general review of agriculture in Arran, with special reference
to the condition of the smaller tenants, it is now our duty to
enter more fully into detail regarding the rarious improvements
which have been effected within recent years on the larger
farms.

Unquestionably great advances have been made in the cultiva-
tion of the soil during the past thirty or forty years. This is chiefly
to be attributed to the introduction of farmers from the mainland,
who have been attracted to the island by the cheapness of the
rents, and the wide scope it affords for carrying out improve-
ments. The native farmers eyed these intruders at first with
jealousy, and even yet the Highlander affects to despise the Low-
lander, though at the same time he attempts to imitate his modes
of farming. The late Duke of Hamilton was once conversing with
one of his tenants in the Shiskan district. His Grace remarked on
the decadence of the Gaelic language in Arran, and inquired the
tenant's opinion as to its cause. The sturdy Highlander made
answer that it was all owing to the fact, that when a farm was
vacant it was generally let to a stranger in preference to a native.
Considering the way in which the natives in general appear to have
farmed prior to 1840, it is little wonder that a landlord, anxious
to improve his estate, should have preferred tenants possessed of
the needful capital, and willing to exert themselves to increase
the productiveness of the soil, instead of those whose only ambi-
tion was to live and die where thev and their fathers were born.

I)r M*Naughton tells us that in 1840 improvements were being
pushed rapidly forward, and it was about that time that Mr
James Allan, now of Clauchlands, and late of Balnacoole, the
late Mr John Spiers, Benecarrigan, and others, commenced to
drain and lime waste lands on a somewhat extensive scale.

When Mr Allan, senior, entered Balnacoole in 1839, it was im-
possible for a horse to be driven over every part of the farm, on
account of the numbers of exhausted peat-bogs lying full of stag-
nant water. These "bogs" were first filled up with turf, and the
surface made somewhat level, after which tlie fields were drained
and limed. On account of the depth of the moss it was found
impossible in many places to put down tile-drains, and moss-drains
formed with cut turf were laid at first 4 feet deep, and three main
drains were laid from 7 to 9 feet deep. These moss-drains ran clear
a long time, but the mossy surface has now been wrought of!, and
the horses' feet when ploughing sink into the drains, conse([uently
tile-drains liave Ijeen relaid on the sandy subs(jil. Afti-r being
first drained, and until the moss had become firm, these patclies
were not ploughed, but "delved" with the spade, Tin^ land on

34 ox THE A.GRICULTURE OF

Balnacoole lies very flat, and drains are difficult to keep clear,
and in most cases have to be renewed every five or six years.
Tile-drains were laid at first from 3 to 4 feet deep, but they
required to be often lifted because of their frequently choking
with iron ore water washed off the hills. To prevent this as
much as possible, a plan w^as adopted of letting in a run of clear
water from the ditches along the higher ends of the fields during
summer, and this helped to carr}^ away the foul matter accumu-
lated in the tiles during the heavy rains of winter. Still the cost
of lifting and relaying choked drains forms no inconsiderable
portion of the expense of farming in Arran.

At the time of draining, all the land on Balnacoole was limed
with Irish shells, from forty to furty-five barrels the imperal acre
being put on. The cost of liming new land between 1840 and 1850
was al30ut £4 per acre, including the spreading on the fields.
Lime is still used on the same land, but in less quantities, not
more than thirty-two or thirty-three barrels per imperial acre
being now laid on.

When first brought under cultivation this land raised promis-
ing looking crops ; there was great bulk of straw, but not the
weight of grain one would have expected. Now, however, the
ground is firmer, and the yield of both grain and straw is much
better. Generally, it may be said that on account of the humidity
of the climate the soil of Arran produces greater bulk of straw
than weight of grain.

Improvements similar in nature to those described, were effected
on the farm of Balmichael, bordering on Balnacoole ; and many
years previous, the farm of Sheddog, nearer the shore than Bal-
nacoole, when in the hands of the proprieter, was greatly im-
proved, and is now and has long been considered the best, as well
as the best-cultivated holding in the island.

On the farm of Benecarrigan all the arable land east
of the steading, above and below the Lamlash road, was broken
out of moorland by the late Mr Spiers about twenty or twenty-
five years ago. Tile-drains were laid through the fields at a
distance of 21 feet apart, and from 3 to 3|- feet deep. The
fields being steep there is a sufficient fall, and the leaders did
not require to be laid any deeper than the branch drains. The
mossy top-soil has now in many cases been wrought off, and
when ploughing the drains are not above 6 inches from the hoofs
of the horses. On the older arable portion of this farm, many of
the drains, when first put in, were laid in the furrows between
the gathered rigs, and not deeper than 18 inches, and consequently,
where the soil of these rigs has been levelled down through
ploughing, the drains are found very near the surface.

The farm of Clauchlands, situated at the eastern entrance to
Lamlash Bay, and extending westwards past the Brodick road,

BUTE AND AKRAX. 35

and north by the hill-tops forming the watershed between Brodick
and Lamlash districts, is another portion of Arran on which much
w^aste land has been reclaimed and pasture now exists where
once heather and stones held undisputed sway. \Vhen the farm
was taken by Mr Allan, senior, of Balnacoole, ni 1865, the arable
land consisted of about 126 acres ; now it forms 260 acres. More
land has been reclaimed from a wild state than arable land con-
sisted of in 1865. One of the greatest difficulties the energetic
tenant had to contend against, was the number of boulders found
about 6 or 9 inches under the surface, which impeded the path
of the plough when first going through the land. These boulders
are very common, and the soil interspersed with them is peculiar
to Arran. Going over the moor roads one sees, in places where
a deep cutting has been made to form the road, about 9 inches
of good red earth or moss, resting on a basis of large stones and
irravel. In Clauchlands much of the soil is lidit and friable, and
rests on a freestone formation, with the exception that to the
east of the steading and near the point the formation is whinstone
boulders. The farm has been all drained, wherever it required
it, at a uniform depth of 3 feet, although in some places, where
a tough subsoil of red till was encountered, it was found almost
impossible to go down any depth, and in other places the rock
had to be quarried to admit of the drains being put in at all.
The whole farm was limed once, and some parts of it have received
a second coat ; the quantity applied being the same as at Balna-
coole. The first ploughing at Clauchlands was done with the
single furrow plough drawn by a pair of horses.' — One fur being-
turned over coming down the hill, and the plough being slid up
the hill without a fur. After being ploughed the first time the land
was allowed to lie uncropped for two years, until the roots in the
turf rotted away. From that time it has been wrought on a
regular rotation. The reclamation took five years to complete,
and the cost per acre was from £10 to £15. Some of the reclaimed
land has now lain nine years uncropped, having only been turned
over the first time, and it is almost back into its wild state again.
In the autumn of 1869 an arrangement was entered into by
the proprietor (the Duke of Hamilton) and the tenant of
Glenree farm, according to which over 100 acres of unenclosed
rough land on Glenree were to be improved by enclosing, drain-
ing,liming, and cultivation — the l)ukecontributing£700 towards
<lefraying the cost of the work. The greater portion of the land
to be ini})rovcd had been under cultivation ])ruvious to 1830,
when the land was held by six tenants on the rig-about system.
In those days the rigs were always top-gathered, a wide space
beins left between theridws into which the stones were thrown,
and when reclamation works bet^an, it was all overgrown with
heather, bent-^rass, or foc'. The land was laid oil" into four fields

36 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF

of about 30 acres eacli, and the work of draining and fencing
was at once begun, one field being taken each year. Where the
surface was pretty level the drains were put down every 18 feet
apart, and from 3 to 3J feet deep ; but where the old furrows
were deep, the drains were laid in the furrows 2J feet deep.
Pipe tiles, 2 and 2i inches diameter, were laid in the branch drains,
4 inch tiles being used in the main drains, which were cut 3
inches deeper than the others. A small proportion of the drains
was tilled with broken stones ; these being plentiful, it was the
easiest way to get rid of them. As draining proceeded, the land
was ploughed as deep as a two-horse plough could turn a fur
over coming down the hilL Two or three men followed each
plough and turned out the stones on to the surface, when they
were carted away, and employed in building dykes to enclose the
fields. So numerous were the stones that few additional needed
to be quarried to complete the dykes.

Ploughing and carting off stones was carried on during winter,
and about the end of March the land was sown with " sandy "
oats.

All the fields got nearly the same treatment, except that which
we will call No. 1, which was not so rough and stony as the
others. Two crops of oats were taken off" and the ground w^as
then sow^n down with grass. Lime was applied at the rate of fifty
barrels or 5 tons per imperial acre, after the second crop of
oats was sown and harrowed in. Two crops of oats were taken
off the other three fields, and the third year as much of the land
as could be got ready was green-cropped, and the remainder
summer-fallowed. Farmyard and bone manures were used
in putting down the crop, and during early summer lime was
applied at the rate of fifty barrels per acre, and wrought in. The
following year the fields were ploughed in ridges 18 feet wide,
sown down with oats, grass, and clover seeds, and have been in
pasture ever since. The following mixture of grass-seeds was
sown per acre : — 2 bushels perennial rye-grass ; 8 lbs. fescues and
meadow grasses ; 2 lbs. crested dogstail ; 6 lbs. " Timothy " ; 4 lbs.
white, 2 lbs. alsike, and 2 lbs. perennial red clover ; and J lb.
rib grass. As a rule, the first crop of oats was very poor ; the
second was good all over. Green crops, on the average, were
good, and the sown-out oat crop was excellent.

The following is a summary of the total expenditure incurred
in reclaiming this piece of land : —

Draining, including tiles,

j^ime, ......

Building stone-dykes,

Eaising stones. Levelling, &c., .

£827

169

150

£1,470

BUTE AND ARRAN. 37

To the above sum there ought to be added the value of the
work of three pairs of horses and four men, but as no exact account
was kept of their time, or the yields of the crops, figures as to
the profit or loss on the operations cannot be given. However, the
tenant is of opinion that the crops over all would pay the cost
of keeping the horses, and men's wages, or nearly so. For every
sheep carried by this moorland before it was reclaimed, it will
now in its pastoral state carry 2 J sheep.

The most recent works of reclamation in Arran have been
executed by the tenant of the Douglas Hotel, Brodick, who
farms Corriegills, Strathwillan, Barnhill, and Springbank.
About 500,000 tiles have been used in draining, and about a dozen
good sized fields have been added to the farms. Sixty or seventy
acres have been trenched with the spade. The same difficulty
has to be contended against in Brodick as in Balnacoole, that is,
the great quantity of iron ore water in the subsoil, which chokes
the drains, and necessitates their being frequently lifted. Drain-
ing costs from 3s. 6d. to 4s. per chain of 24 yards ; trenching
cannot be done for less than £6 per acre. Labourers well up in
draining and trenching cannot be secured in Arran, and squads
have to be brought from the mainland, which entails additional
expense. The drains are laid from 15 to 16 feet apart, and are
made to run so that if possible they may follow the course of
the mountain streams. The newly drained land has mostly
been limed, and top-dressed with bone and stable manure,
■of which there is an abundant supply from the heavy stud of
cab horses kept for hiring purposes in connection with the hotel.
The new land is cropped in rotation with oats, green-crop, and
sown-down oats and ryegrass seed, except where it has been
trenched, because the trenched land is better to lie for two years
before being cropped.

In addition to these somewhat more extensive operations of
reclaiming land to which we have now been adverting, other
farms have been increased by patches of moorland being brought
under cultivation, and the method pursued has in every case been
identical with either of those to which reference has been made.
Notwithstanding the vigour with which for many years they pro-
secuted the breaking of new land, tlie farmers now, it has to be
said, have somewhat relaxed their energies, and much that was
once reclaimed is again lying wild. Various causes have operated
to ljrin<4 about this result, and amonf^st these mav be mentioned
the comparative success of pastoral farming during recent years,
which lias made it more profitable to feed sheep tlian to cultivate
the soil ; the dilliculty of securing tield-workers during press of
work tliinning turnips and in liarvest-time, tlie cottars having
most of them disa])])eared, and the otlier residents being careless of
rural labour,; and the great dilliculty experienced, especially in the

38 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

Southend, in getting manure brought into the island — the farm-
3"ard manure being insufficient to green-crop the whole arable land,
even with the addition of sea -weed, which is extensively collected
and spread on the shore farms. A last and by no means unimportant
hindrance to the carrying on of farming on aggressive principles
is the amount of damage done to farm produce, especially in the
hill districts, by the deer, rabbits, &c., preserved in the island
with most anxious care. It would be no benefit — it would be a
distinct disadvantacje — to the Arran tenant to reclaim waste land
now, considering the low price of agricultural produce, the de-
struction perpetrated by game, and his distance from the markets.
On one farm, it has been calculated that the produce forty years
ago was one-third an acre more than it is now, labour is so much,
more expensive ; and when the land requires liming a second time,,
instead of giving it a substantial coat of say fifty barrels per acre,
many of the farmers seem to think that they may spare the lime,
and yet expecit the same productiveness as after the first liming.

Arran Farmers' Society.

Next to the energy displayed by the Arran farmers in the re-^
clamation of waste lands, and the liming and draining of their
holdings, nothing has so much contributed to the advancement of
agriculture as the Arran Farmers' Society. As far as can now
be ascertained this Society was instituted in 1830, and its
objects w^ere the improvement of the breed of cattle, horses, and
sheep in the island, by giving prizes, and encouraging the impor-
tation of well-bred sires of the different breeds ; the advancement
of agriculture by the offering of prizes for the best managed green
crops, and the holding of an annual ploughing match, at which
prizes were offered for the best ploughing, and the newest and
most improved ploughs, &c.

The membership in 1860 consisted of 95 persons ; at present
it numbers 150 individuals. This increase is p>artly accounted
for by the fact, that four or five years ago a sej)arate class was
opened at the show^, in which prizes are given for Ayrshire cattle
and horses, the competition being limited to tenants paying rents
of £60 and under. This has induced many of the smaller
farmers to join the Society, and, by stimulating a friendly rivalry,,
will no doubt in the end tend to the improvement of their
stocks.

Eotatio7i of Cro])s,

Although in 1816 there was established, and still exists, a
stated rule of rotation in crops, Arran farmers, small and great,.
do very much as seems right in their own eyes. An attempt is
made to keep up a six-years' shift, that is, two years under
pasture ; third year, oats ; fourth year, green crop ; fifth year,..

BUTE AND AKEAN. 39

sown-down oats ; sixth year, rye-grass and clover ; but many
of the smaller farmers have little compunction in taking two
white crops in succession off one patch, and in leaving bare and
ill-conditioned spots untouched by the plough for years. Accord-
ing to the conditions of one of the most recent leases granted by
the Duke of Hamilton, the tenant is bound not to take " two
white crops in succession without having a green hoed crop
betw^een, manured with at least 25 cubic yards of stable manure
or other approved manure to each imperial acre, unless by per-
mission from the proprietor or factor." And, after land is laid
down to grass, " the tenant shall not break up the same sooner
than four years thereafter if a crop of hay be taken, or sooner than
three years if no hay be taken." This constitutes a seven years'
rotation,* but the larger farmers do not as a rule follow it, but
allow the land to lie in grass for from four to ten years, and in
some cases for a longer period.

The crops previously named, with the addition of beans, which
are largely grown in the south end of the island, form the prin-
cipal farm produce of Arran, and for the sake of order, it will be
well to take them in their rotation, and treat of each separately

Corn Crops — Oats, Barley, and Beans,

Oats are very generally sown throughout the length and
breadth of Arran. The greater part of the land under white crops
is sown with " sandy " oats, but in Shiskan a few acres are under
the variety known as " Tam Findlay " ; and on Glenree and the
new land in Brodick, Swiss oats have been used. These last are
about two weeks earlier than the common oats, but they give
less bulk of straw and less weight of grain, and do not grind so
well as the home seed, Fierce gales sweep the island from side
to side during autumn, and " sandy " oats are found to be least
shaken by the blast. The best corn growing districts are
Shiskan and the Southend. Crops are raised in these places
which fairly astonish the stranger by their abundance, and the
well-built and neatly-thatched stacks which fill the yards com-
pare very favourably with the miserable-looking thatched houses
which furni many of the steadings. Indeed, a more pleasing-
drive could not be taken by any one interested in agriculture,
than that round bv Shiskan and the Southend of Arran. The
soil generally is deep heavy loam, and in some places sharj)
shingle resting on a subsoil of clay ; the fields lie, many of them,
very level, and farming is prosecuted with much vigour. Of
course some farmers work better than others — there are drones
ill every hive — but, taken all in all, the medium-sized farms
around the Southend of Arran only need good steadings to make

* This is exceptional, the usual rotation being six course — Editoi'.

40 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

them as desirable holdings as any on the mainland. In the
yards ten, twelve, fourteen, and sixteen good solid-looking round
stacks are seen, most of them built with a greater circumference,
and not so high as those on the mainland, — a formation rendered
necessary in order that they may the better withstand the force
of the fierce Atlantic gales which rage during winter.

The lea and red land is all sown with oats ; occasionally on
good heavy soil barley may be substituted, but oats are the more
profitable crops. About fifteen years ago the smaller tenants
sowed great quantities of barley, but since the increased demand
for milk and butter arose, through the influx of Glasgow visitors,
barley has entirely been superseded by oats, as the straw of the
latter makes much better fodder for the cows than the straw of
the former. As this annual migration of Glasgow folks to Arran
has in no small measure contributed to the increased comfort of
the Arran residents, and has circulated much more money through
the island than formerly was the case, it may be interesting here
to note, that the arrival of these visitors has been chiefly pro-
moted by the opening of the short route to Glasgow via Ardrossan.
A steamer, in connection with the Ardrossan and Glasgow, now
the Glasgow and South-Western, Railway, was placed on the
Arran and Ardrossan station about twenty years ago by a
limited liability company, which however came to grief, and
the Duke of Hamilton then stepped in, and at his own expense
placed the "Lady Mary" on the route, and afterwards the
" Heather Bell " ; and now for a number of years the steamboat
accommodation has been maintained by private enterprise. By
this route the journey from Glasgow to Brodick can be accom-
plished in two and a half hours.

The lea ground is broken by the plough about the beginning
of January, and the red land is turned over about the middle of
March. Sowing is commenced about the 1st of April, or a week
earlier in a good spring. Generally the Arran farmers do not
incline to sow early. They have an idea that more fodder is
procured by sowing about the 10th or 12th of April, than by sow-
ing at the beginning of the month.

Harvest in an ordinary season begins during the last week of
August, except in the extreme north, where it is later. The
average yield of oats per imperial acre in 1855 was 25 bushels ;
over the whole island now the average yield will be about 30
bushels. Some of the larger farms will yield on an average from
32 to 36 bushels ; and, in 1880, 40 bushels per acre will be realised
on heavy land. The weight per bushel of oats raised on good
land will average from about 40 to 42 lbs. ; on the smaller farms
the average will not be more than 39 lbs. " Hutting " is now
very common throughout the island, although thirty years ago
such a thing was altogether unknown. Some of the farmers

BUTE AND ARRAX. 41

from tlie mainland were the lirst to introduce the practice, and
■the natives were not slow to follow their example.

In the Southend what little barley is sown is " Chevalier " ; on
the smaller farms common barley is used. Seed is brought from
the Edinburgh market, and the crop weighs about 53 lbs. per
bushel.

Bere used to be widely grown in Arran. When Dr M'Naugh-
ton wrote his "Statistical Account" in 1840, he tells us that
sown- down land was as often cropped with bere as with oats,
but this is not the case now. Since thrashing mills became
common, people are too lazy to thrash with flails, and bere can
only be satisfactorily thrashed with these latter instruments.

Beans are grown, as we have said, in Lagg, and round the
-south end. They are either sown broadcast or in drills — as often
the one way as the other. The crop is cut down by the reaping
hook.

The corn stacks on some of the larger farms are well made, and
rest on iron stools ; on the smaller farms the stacks are thick and
short, and flat on the heads. Notwithstanding the apparent want
•of fall which they possess, these stacks keep very dry, and it is a
rare thing for one of them to become " heated."

The great proportion of the grain is ground into meal, but one
of the larger farmers, at least, disposes of much of it as seed corn
to the smaller farmers. The price received for seed corn averages
.about 23s. per 6 bushels. In order to keep up the quality of
the seed, a quantity of Midlothian oats are sown annually on
most of the larger farms, which provides a change of seed for the
lest of the island. After being ground, oats, which weigh 40 lbs.
per bushel, usually give 140 lbs. of meal in return for a 6 busliel
bag of corn. The price of oatmeal in 1879 was 20s. per boll of
140 lbs. ; in 1880, it is 15s. Mills are erected for the convenience
•of the tenantry by the landlord at Lamlash and Sheddog, and all
the oats are ground at these places. The tenants are bound to
:send their oats to be ground in the mill of the district (except
seed and horse corn), and they pay the miller at the rate of a peck
•of meal for every sixteen ])ecks made, or Is. per boll of 140 lbs. The
prices of meal are fixed by the rates current in Ayr market ; the
millers being bound not to charge more than Is. per 140 lbs. above
Ayr prices when selling Arran oatmeal ; and on the other hand
they are bound not to pay the farmers who may have oatmeal
to sell, more than Is. per 140 lbs. under Ayr prices.

As in Bute, so in Arran, the habits of the peoi)le have changed
much (hiring recent years. About fifteen years ago, all the material
sold by the grocer in one of the landward parts of the island was
brought over from Brodick in a cart drawn by one horse, whereas
now, for the same part of the island, several boat loads of stuils,
weighing about 100 tons in all, are brouglit in during

42 ON THE AGllICULTUEE OF

spring and summer. These stuffs consist of flour, Indian corn,,
oatmeal, sugar, tea, &c., and as the population in this particular
district has in no way increased during the past decade, a great
deal less farm produce must inevitably be consumed by the
residenters. Consequently a greater quantity of the oat crop is
now sold as grain than at any former period.

Potatoes.

These roots are not very extensively grown in Arran, except-
on the deep land on the west side of the island. The early
varieties are not so much planted as formerly. The sorts now
common in the island are " Walker's Early," " Eed Bogs,"
" Eegents," '* Dalmahoys/' " Skerry Blues," but chiefly the
" Champions," except in the north end, where the " Skerries "
still hold their own against all comers. The first to introduce
the " Champion " potato was Mr James Allan, junior, Balnacoole,
Shiskan, who in 1877 planted two bags of this seed on his farm,,
and now the most of the potato-growing portions of the island
are covered by them. On good land, in 1879, the yield per acre
averaged about 5 or 6 tons ; the average yield per acre in'^'1855
was only 4 tons 7 cwts. The crop of 1880 is the best, both in
quantity and quality, which has been grown in Arran since 1847,
some plots of " Champions " yielding from 12 to 15 tons per acre»

The crop is lifted by the tenants immediately after harvest is
finished, and is pitted. In the spring the potatoes are sold to
dealers from Glasgow and Greenock. The price realised for them
in 1879 was about £6 per ton, but in 1880 not more than £3
per ton is expected. The pits are of various lengths, and the
potatoes in them are covered with heathery turf, over which
about 6 inches of earth is placed.

After the failure of the potato crop about twenty-five years ago,
the landlord provided the tenants with flax -seed, and an experi-
ment was tried for two years of growing flax instead of potatoes.
A mill was erected by the landlord, at Lagg, where the flax was
bought by him and dressed for the market. The experiment proved
very unprofitable, and was abandoned after two years' trial.

TurniiJS.

The history of turnip-growing in Arran is very much similar to-
that in Bute. Wherever there is a plot of ground suitable, this
favourite feeding-root is raised. Swedish and yellow, purpletop
and greentop, are the varieties sown. On the larger farms about
two-thirds of the entire acreage under turnips is sown with
Swedish, and the remaining third with yellow. The smaller
farmers use the same kinds of seed as their neighbours, although
they grow more yellow than Swedish. In a fairly good year, on
the deep land of Southend and Shiskan, the yield of swedishi

BUTE AND ARE AN. 43

will be about 20 tons per acre, and of yellow about 16 tons.
So far as climate is concerned, there is nothing to hinder the
turnip crop to remain in the ground until it is required ; and this
is what is done on the south-west end of the island, where the
attacks of frost are very mild, as is evidenced by the fact that
the ground after frost can be ploughed far earlier than on the
mainland. In the eastern side of the island, about Lamlash, the
yellow turnips are much more easily kept than the other, whether
on account of the nature of the soil we cannot say. The whole
crop around Lamlash and Brodick districts has to be pulled in
the beginning of w^inter and stored, to prevent the roots being
devoured by game, deer being very plentiful in this part of
Arran. During the summer months of 1880 one farmer has
had to pay a man 21s. a-week for herding the deer off the crop
during the night. During the last two years a part of the
fields on Clauchlands near the steading has been wired off, and
a deep pit dug in it,*into which the turnips are thrown, and
covered over the top with straw. This is found to be a very safe
method of storing them. The only objection to it is, that the
turnips are apt to grow a little in the spring. Another method
followed by some of the farmers is to store the roots in small pits
in the fields, containing about a cart-load each, and covered over
with a few inches of earth. This plan is found to work admir-
ably. Were it not for the destruction perpetrated by game,
storing of turnips would form quite an unnecessary part of the
work of the Arran farmer, as the roots might be allowed to lie in
the ground all winter.

Eye-Grass and Clover.

The sown-down land in the island of j^rran, in addition to
oats or barley, is laid under a crop of rye-grass seed mixed with
clover. The soil on the west and south sides of the island raises
good hay crops even in a dry season, but, on the east side, it is
so thin in many places that the crop is only fit to be eaten by
the sheep and cattle when growing. All the smaller farmers
allow the rye-grass to ripen, and the seed is sold in Glasgow and
Ayr markets. The larger farmers seed as much as is necessary
to sow their own land, and some of it they sell to tlie tenants on
the smaller holdings.

"Where tlie soil is heavy clay, and has not been carefully green-
cropped, or where the soil is mossy, the seed ripened is not very
clean ; hair-grass grows amongst it, which, on account of the
meagre appliances at their connnand, tlie farmers are not able
altogether to get clear of. The usual weight of Arran rye-grass
seed is about 23 or 24 lbs. per bushel ; the price realised this
season (1880) is lis. Gd. ])er boll of 96 lbs. The average price

44 ON THE AGPJCULTURE OF

per boll is about lOs. Clover seed is sown in the proportion of
o or 6 lbs. to the imperial acre. In a good season clover grows
well on the deep soils of the Southend, but in Lamlash and
Erodick districts a good crop is the exception, not the rule.

A good market for winnowed hay is found in Brodick and
Lamlash, wdiere the inhabitants keep more cows than their hold-
ings can well carry, and consequently have to buy in fodder for
winter feeding. In 1879, hay carted to the purchaser's door was
selling at £4, 10s. per ton. One of the farmers in Shiskan
supplies the proprietor with the fodder necessary for the main-
tenance of the stud and deer kept at Brodick Castle, and at the
various lodges throughout the island, and this always ensures a
ready market for the greater portion of the surplus farm produce.
The average weight of winnowed hay produced per Scotch acre
of 5 imperial roods, is about 32 or 33 cwts.

For storage of hay the round stack is most in use ; the large
square stack so well known in some parts of the mainland is
rarely met with, but on one or two of the larger farms sheds
have recently been put up, which hold as much hay as the
ordinary square stack. These sheds can be erected for about 20s.
per foot of length ; they are open all round, and are covered in
by a roof of galvanised iron or felt, supported by wooden posts
12 or 14 feet high. The hay is built up under the roof in a
square, the size of the shed, and thus the time and material used
in thatching are saved.

Another very common sort of fodder is what is known as
" sprits " — long grasses which grow on the moorlands, especially
where the soil is somewhat deep and damp, and which are cut
and winnowed in the sun like meadow hay, and stacked either
in the moors or in the stackyards. The cattle relish this kind of
fodder immensely, and in a place like Arran, where fodder is
scarce, such hay forms an excellent substitute for rye-grass or
straw. Liberty is given by all the farmers to the cottars and
very small farmers to cut these " sprits " on the moors, and large
quantities are , annually winnowed. Pasture in Arran is good
during summer, but in winter it becomes foggy.

Sheep-Farm ing.

As would naturally be expected from the mountainous
character of the island, sheep-farming forms no inconsiderable
part of the rural economy of Arran. It is interesting to drive up
the wild glens which intersect the island, and to compare the
varieties of pasturage to be found on what, at a distant view,
seem sterile hills, only remarkable because of their rugged
grandeur. The pasture on all the hills is not uniform, and much
has been done to improve it in one part which has been left un-

BUTE AXD ARRAK. 45

done in another. Indeed, sheep-farming in Arran is very much
like arable-farming ; there are drones in this hive as well as in
the other. One man has drained his hills and paid great attention
to the breeding of his tups and ewes ; another is content to leave
things as he found them. There is not the slightest doubt, how-
ever, taking the island all over, that the sheep on the hills have
been greatly improved within the last twenty-five years. Many
energetic young farmers have entered the field, and they have
introduced tups from the very best stocks in the mainland, which
have effected a marked improvement on the quality of the stocks
on the larger farms. The " shot " lambs from these farms are,
many of them, sold to the tenants on the smaller farms, and in
this way all the stocks in the island have gradually improved.
It would be as difficult as it is invidious to single out any one
farmer more than another as being the principal agent in effect-
ing the meritorious change in the quality of the sheep, but if
success in a showyard be any criterion of the quality of flocks,
then the owners of the flocks of Balnacoole, Glen Scorrodale, and
Glenree, must be awarded the place of honour.

The stocks throughout the island are now, with one exception,
l)lackfaced. As in Bute, Cheviots have been experimented with,
but all who had them have now disposed of them except the
tenant of Glenree. The larger sheep-farms in the glens carry
stocks varying in numbers from 400 to 1800 head each. Gene-
rally the flocks are composed of ewes and wethers, but the former
are more in number than the latter. The worst of the wether
lambs are sold every year, and the best, on mixed stock
farms, are kept till they are three years old. The old
ewes are sold to farmers on the mainland to be crossed with
Leicester tups for the production of cross-bred lambs for the
butchers. The tups on the hill farms are bought for the most
part in Edinburgh and Ayr, at the autumn ram sales. Tups
which have effected the greatest change on the flocks have been
bred at Dornel, Knowehead, Overshiels, Westown, and Polquheys.
With the exception of those in the north end of the island the
sheep are strong healthy animals, large of size, and carrying
good fleeces ; those in the extreme north are smaller than the
others, but they also have greatly improved during recent years.
The rams are let out about the 20th of November, and the lamb-
ing season extends from the middle of April till near the end of
May. The lambs are weaned about the 20th of August, and
are then generally dipped ; but sometimes they are not dipped
until a short time before they are sent to the low lands to graze
for the winter, and on a very few farms they are di})ped when
weaned, and again in March or April. Smearing is now ])ut little
practised, dipping with patent compositions having taken its
place.

46 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

Clipping commences about the middle of June, and is con-
tinued till about the hrst week in Julv, when the milk ewes have
their fleeces taken off. The average weight of clip in 1880 is five
fleeces to the stone of 24 lbs., last year (1879) it was 5 J fleeces;
but smearing and dipping have so often been employed alter-
nately, that it is impossible to give a correct average over a period
of years. Of course sheep after smearing give a much heavier
clip than they give after dipping, but it is proved to be clieaper
to dip, because the cost in time and labour smearing, and the
lower price of laid wool, more than counterbalances the sum
realised for the larger return of wool. The price of white wool
at the clipping season in 1879 was lis., this season (1880) it
was 14s. per stone of 24 lbs.

In 1879, the price realised for three-year-old wethers was
about 34s. a-head, in 1880, it was 31s. a-head. Average-sized
ewes draw from £18 to £20 for the score of twenty-one. In former
years it was customary to winter hoggs on the mainland, but for
the past seventeen years they have invariably been wintered in
the south end of the island, and in Shiskan. The period of
wintering is from the middle of October till the end of March,
and the price charged per head for the season is from 5s. to 6s.
The reasons for wintering on the low lands which hold good as
regards Bute, apply with equal force in the case of Arran. It is
a remarkable fact that both in the north of Bute and the north
of Arran, where the formation is granite or slate rock and the
subsoil clay, from 10 to 15 per cent, of the hoggs die of hraxy
before they are taken off the hills ; whereas on the south end of
these islands, where the subsoil is over sandstone and whinstone
rock, such a thing as death by this disease is comparatively
unknown.

The purely sheep-farms up the glens of Shiskan and Scorrodale
(which run respectively from Brodick to Shiskan, and from Lam-
lash to Lagg), have each a small patch of fine arable land around
the steadings. Many of the farm steadings are very commodious
and comfortable, new houses having been built within the last
twenty-five years on most of the farms, generally at the tenant's
expense. These plots are wrought on a regular rotation of crops.
The best sheep-farm, though not by any means the largest in the
island, is universally admitted to be Glen Scorrodale, between
Glenkill and Glenree, on the road from Lamlash to Lagg, on
which great improvements have been made by draining the
moorland with sheep-drains, and in selecting choice rams, thereby
greatly promoting the quality and condition of the hill stocks.

Married shepherds are usually employed on sheep-farms, and
their wages at present average about 15s. 6d. per week, with free
house, an allowance of fuel, grazing for one or two cows, and
land to plant potatoes. The flocks on the mixed arable and

BUTE AND ARKAN. 47

slieep-farms have come most to the front in shows on the main-
land. The stocks on these farms were first improved by tups
purchased from Mr John Lome Stewart of Coll, the late
"Chamberlain on the Argyll estates in Kintyre, by Mr James
Allan, senior, then in Balnacoole ; and for many years past the
tups in use on Balnacoole, Clauchlands, Glenree, Glenkill, and
one or two other farms, have been purchased at the autumn ram
sales in Edinburgh and Ayr. Balnacoole flock is famed for its
€wes and gimmers, and numerous prizes have fallen to its lot at
Glasgow and Ayr shows.

The cast lambs from these farms are sold to dealers from
Glasgow, Ayr, and Galloway, in the end of summer, and are
scattered over the country for grazing purposes. On the arable
farms near Lagg in the south end, and some other parts of the
island, blackfaced ewes are crossed with Leicester tups, and
begin to lamb about the end of March. These ewes are fed
during winter, sometimes on turnips, and sometimes with Indian
corn. The turnips are carted to them in the fields, as feeding
on the netting principle is never practised in Arran. The cross-
bred lambs are taken from their dams during summer as they
are required by the butchers, and draw from about 18s. to 2-4s.
each ; the ewes are sold off, if fab enough, about the end of Sep-
tember, and realise similar prices with the lambs. A new stock
is put on in October, and border Leicester tups are bought at
the Edinburgh and Hawick sales, in the end of September, for
crossing with them. The clip of these ewes formerly, when
grease was much in use, weighed about 6 lbs. to the fleece ; now,
when dipping compositions are used, it will not weigh more than
4 lbs. to the fleece. Some of the farmers keep the cross-bred
lambs till they are one and a half year old, and the clip of these
hoggs averages about 6 lbs. to the fleece, unwashed.

The only other kind of sheep farming to which we need now
refer is the experiment with the Cheviots.

This favourite Border breed was first introduced into Arran,
by the late Mr Peter Tod, about 1829, and has since then been
kept at different times on the farms of Glen Sannox, Glenkill,
Auchenhew, and up to the present time (1880) on Glenree.
On all of these farms, with the exception of Glenree, they were
found not to do well, and have been replaced by the blackfaced.
Two hirsels of about 500 breeding ewes each are still kept on
Glenree. The climate of Arran is rather moist for Cheviots ;
and although in a good season tliey do uncommonly well, yet over
a series of years blackfaced would be found to be more profitable.
The two o])jections to tlie Cheviot ewe are, that in a hard sjiring
she is a bad milker, and she is not so productive as her black-
faced rival. A liirsel of 25 score of Cheviot ewes was kept from
18C0 to 1874 on land now carrying a blackfaced flock, and ou

48 ox THE AGfJICULTUEE OF

an average there was every year 20 per cent, of the Cheviot ewes-
barren, whereas with the blackfaced there is not more than live
per cent, without lambs. In the severe spring of 1879, the
Cheviot ewes only gave 60 lambs per 100 ewes, whereas the
blackfaced ewes gave 90. On the other hand, it has to be said
in favour of the Cheviots that their wool is worth 50 per cent,
more in value than that of the blackfaced, although they give a
clip of equal weight per sheep. Cheviot draft ewes are worth
about 5s. or 6s. a-head more than the blackfaced, and they live
equally well. Of late years blackfaced lambs have been selling
fully better than the others through so many Cheviot stocks-
being turned into blackfaced, and a fifth more blackfaced than
Cheviots can be carried on the same land.

CatAle.

When the " Statistical Account of Arran"was written forty
years ago, there were in the island three distinct breeds of cattle.
These were the native breed, the Arran cow; the improved
breed, the West Highlander ; and the imported breed, the
Ayrshire. At that time the Ayrshire was fast coming to the
front. The admirable milking qualities of the breed, and their
w^ell-known adaptability for large arable farms where a dairy
was kept, together with the greater profit to be derived from
their sale when fattened than from the native stock, clearly
pointed them out as the coming breed. Although, therefore, the
West Highlander has been almost completely supplanted by the
AjTshire, it is open to question whether, in the case of the small
upland farms, this has been altogether a wise proceeding. Where
good dairy cows, as on the large arable farms, are required,
Ayrshires certainly pay best, but on some of the higher farms,
with poor pasturage, where the breeding of a few cattle for the
grazier is of more consequence than dairy produce, the West
Highlander would most likely prove more remunerative. Pure
bred Ayrshires are not to be found in Arran except on large
arable farms. When the breed was first introduced we have not
been able to determine, but that a few Ayrshire cows were to be
found in the island forty years ago seems certain. The farm of
Sheddog has long been noted for its Ayrshire herd, and the
former tenant, Mr Neilson, being a native of Eenfrewshire, was
greatly interested in his dairy stock. His successor, the present
tenant, a native of Ayrshire, took over Mr jSTeilson's stock, and
largely increased it. The bulls employed have been imported
from herds in the neighbourhood of Dairy and Kilmarnock,
and the stock is now one of the finest in the island. Mr Allan,
now of Clauchlands, also an Ayrshire man, introduced good cows
and bulls from the mainland, and the late Mr Spiers of Benecar-

BUTE AND AKKAX. 49

ri,f{an possessed an excellent stock, which has been maintamed
and improved by his son. On the Douglas hotel farms also there
are now splendid stocks of Ayrshire cows, and the breeding of
good milk cow^s generally is being prosecuted throughout the
island. On the smaller farms the breed is not yet pure; the
cows still show cross-breeding, but were a little care and atten-
tion paid to the selection of sires, the Ayrshire breed would
soon be the only one found in the lower districts of Arran.

There are three bowing establishments in the island — one at
Glenkill, Lamlash, and two near Lagg. The average price paid
by the bower per cow is £10 per annum. With the exception
of the occupier of the Lamlash dairy, all the other dairymen
make cheese, and the smaller farmers invariably make butter,
for which there is an extensive demand all over the island in
summer.

The price generally realised for cheese, which is sold to mer-
chants in Glasgow, Hamilton, Ardrossan, Kilmarnock, and Ayr,
is from 12s. to 18s. per stone of 24 lbs. ; butter realises from
Is. 2d. to Is. 4d. per lb.

The stocks on all the farms are maintained by the quey calves
reared on each, and the bull calves are almost all sold as slink
veal to the butchers.

The pure West Highland breed of cattle has now become very
scarce in Arran. About twenty-five years ago, and prior to that
time, on many of the hill farms from 20 to 30 head were grazed
during summer, and Monyquill was then noted for its herd. The
quality of the cattle has been allowed to degenerate, and ]Mr
Crawford, Drimadoon, and Mr Craig, Dougarie, have it all their
own way at the island shows in the matter of prizes.

The native Arran breed are still to be met with in the north
end, and the farmer in Sannox regularly purchases the best of
the yearlings bred by the nortli end farmers, which he feeds until
they are three years old, when they turn out excellent beef pro-
ducers. The remainder of the "stirks" are sold annually, at
whatever prices they will bring. They are seldom in good con-
dition, the pasturage being very bare. A first cross with an Arran
cow and an Ayrshire bull has invariably produced an animal
possessing good milking qualities.

The only new breed introduced into Arran of recent years is
the Galloway, a number of which are kept by Mr William Tod,
of Glenree, who, in 1875, purchased ten well-bred heifers and a
bull in the Galloway breeding districts, and now has a herd of
between 30 and 40 head. Ten or twelve calves are produced
annually; the bull-calves are castrated when a few days old, and
tlio calves are allowed to suckle their dams for seven or eiglil
months. Thev are not allowed to run loose with their dams but are
kept in a shed by themselves and are led morning and evening to

50 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

the byre to their dams. "WTien three years old the cattle are
sold, and draw from £16 to £18 each off the grass. Galloways
in Arran seem to thrive as well as the West Highlanders ; they
are as easily reared, and when they come to maturity are more
valuable.

Horses,

The native horses in Arran were a small stinted breed ; seven
of them used to be yoked to the wooden plough, and they were
ill -kept and ill- trained. When Dr M'Naughton wrote in 1840,
attempts were being made to improve the breed. This has been
continued ever since with the most <^ratifvino: results. The late
Duke of Hamilton gave an annual premium of £25 for a number
of years prior to his death, for the services of an entire draught
horse, which was the means of considerably improving the breed
previous to 1860. From 1860 to 1873 there was no premium
Clydesdale entire horse in the island, and horse breeding was at a
very low ebb. About that time horses began to be very valuable,
and some of the members of the Farmers' Society, foremost
amongst whom was Mr Hector M'Allister, junior, Glaister,
seeing the benefits and profit likely to be derived from breeding
good animals, got the Society to move in the matter, and to
award premiums whereby owners of Clydesdale stallions were
induced to send their horses to the island : the amount of
service fee being, at the same time, fixed at a rate within the
reach of all. The following is a list of the entire horses, with
their stud-book numbers (so far as their pedigrees have been
registered), which have secured the Society's premiums since
1873:— in that year "Sir William Wallace" (803); 1874,
"Scottish Chief" (763); 1875, "The Chief" (857); 1876,"Lofty"
(462) ; 1877, "Earl of Arran " (263) and " Campbletown Bob"
(118) also travelled ; 1878, "Marquis " (1215) ; 1879, " Duke of
Connaught " (Dickie's) ; 1880, " Prince Frederick " (1504).

Young stock have also been purchased in Kintyre for many
years back, and their produce has done a good deal to improve
the native breed. Horse-breeding is general throughout Arran,
and the annual fairs at Brodick in June, and at Lamlash in
October, offer favourable opportunities for disposing of the foals
and surplus stuck. The horses generally have improved in
quality about 50 per cent, during the past twenty-five or
thirty years ; these annual fairs are largely attended by dealers
from the mainland, and sales are often very brisk. On the
smaller farms the mare is kept working all the time she is nursing
her foal, but there must be very little for her to do during the
summer months. Foals in October sell for about £16 each ; in
1865 £7, 10s. was a common enough price. About six years ago
prices ranc^ino; from £20 to £28 each were in a few instances

BUTE AND APtRAX. ul

realised, and in 1880 at Lamlash Fair the highest figure reported
for a single foal was £14. Taking a survey of the island we find
that the best and most Clydesdale-looking horses are met with in
Shiskan, Lagg, and the south end; but taken as a whole the Arran
horses at present may be said to be crosses between a Clydesdale
stallion and Highland mares. This type of horse best meets the
requirements of the island. Many of the farms are steep, and the
roads in general hilly; the light-limbed creature goes quickly over
these risings, and is easily fed during winter. Xo horse suits
the farmer so well for certain kinds of work as the old-fashioned,
wise, little creature to be found in Arran and other parts of the
Highlands, and the breed is worth preserving, both on account of
the docility of the animals, their suitableness for light draught
purposes, their ready obedience to words, and their neat style of
action.

Peats.

Especially in the moorland districts the casting of peats forms,
in the early summer, the principal work of the Arran farmer and
cottar. Generally the peats are cut in May, and the casting of
them is finished by the beginning of June. On being cut they
are borne, on barrows made for the purpose, to a position where
they will be best exposed to the sun's heat, and spread singly
on the bare ground. After lying fiat for some time till they are
nearly dry, they are "footed," i.e., set up on one end, several
together, something after the manner of a stock of corn sheaves,
and in good seasons do not require any further handling till they
are taken home. With fine weather they should all be stacked a
month after they have been cast, and for bringing them home creels
made for the purpose are employed, which hold about a half more
than the ordinary farm carts. In 1879 few or no peats were got
home on account of the wxt weather, and coals had to be exten-
sively imported. Peats in a favourable season weigh heavier
than in a wet season, as the rain washes all the substance out of
them, and, when ])urned, they neither give out a proper heat nor
last any length of time. Short black moss is chieily cut for peats
in Arran. A few peats with fibrous material through them may
occasionally be seen, but they are not favourites.

Wafjes and Cost of FarmuKj.

"VVa^es have increased in Arran durinc,^ the last twentv-five
years in much the same ratio as in Bute. ])airymaids are receiv-
ing now (in 1880) from £8 to £12, 10s. per half-year with board,
but those engaged at the latter figure must have full charge.
Ploughmen's wages are from £12 to £15 per half-year with board ;
and workers in harvest time, — women, who can with difficulty be
procured, receive from I's. IhI. to ''s. a-day without food, and men

52 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF BUTE AND ARRAN.

from OS. Gd.to 4s. a-day, also without food. The wages of these same
workers in the turnip-thinning and potato-planting season are from
Is. ?>d. to Is. Gd. a-day. Men are not generally employed at this
work, and the wives and families of the cottars are those chiefly
engaged in it. Squads of Irishmen are sometimes engaged in
Ardrossan and Ayr to come overto Arran and assist in press of work.
Although the cottar system is rapidly dying out in tlie island, on
every farm of any size there are still one, two, three, and, in some
few cases, more cottars' houses, and the inmates find employ-
ment on the farms and in herring fishing. Many of them keep a
pig, and each has a drill or two of potatoes, which are planted by
the farmer, the cottar supplying the manure, which is principally
sea-weed. There are no feeing markets in the island, but the
children of the cottars are often engaged privately by the farmers
at the rates of wages per half-year which may rule in Ayr market
at the time.

Shepherds in most cases are paid salaries of about £40 per
annum, with a free house, an allowance for coals or a supply of
peats carted, grazing for one or two cows, and a few potatoes
planted. Married ploughmen receive 16s. a-week, a free house,
an allowance of Id. worth of milk per day or grazing for a cow,
and 2 tons of coals per annum.

The w^ages of female servants boarded in the house have been
doubled within the past twenty-five years, and those of male
servants are now about one-half more than they were at the com-
mencement of that period.

Conclusion.

There are in Arran five villages of a greater or less size, viz. —
Lamlash, Brodick, Whiting Ba}^ Lochranza, and Corrie. Brodick
is the most modern-looking of the five, but Lamlash is con-
sidered the most important. A branch of one of the Scotch
banks is open here daily all the year round, and the village is
also the station of a coastguard. A branch bank is opened twice
a-week at Brodick, and three times a-w^eek during summer. There
are no industries in the island other than farming, and the majority
of the inhabitants derive no inconsiderable part of their revenue
from the rents they receive for their houses from summer visitors.
They are a quiet inofiensive race of people, and many of them
live to very old ages. Churches and schools are plentiful through-
out the island, and altogether the people have few complaints to
make.

ox THE AGRICULTURE OF FORFAR AND KIXCARDINE. 53

ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE COUNTIES OF
FORFAR AND KINCARDINE.

By James Macdonald, Editor of " The Irish Farmers' Gazette."
[Preriiium — Thirty Sovereigns. ]

Introductory.

The counties of Forfar and Kincardine are Ijound in by tlie
counties of Perth and Aberdeen and by the Eirth of Tay and
German Ocean. The former, by far the larger of the two, is
separated from Fifeshire on the south by the Firth of Tay ;
washed on the south-east by the German Ocean ; bounded on
the north-east by the North Esk ; and on the north and north-
west by the parishes of Aboyne, Birse, Glenmuick, and Crathie
in Aberdeenshire, and by the Grampian AVatershed ; while
Perthshire lies on the west. The most southern point, near
Dundee, is in 56° 27', and the most northern, near Mount Keen,
in 56° 59' N. lat. ; the most easterly point, near Montrose, being
in 2° 27', and the most westerly, at Blacklunans, in 3^ 24' W.
long. The distance from north to south is about 38 miles, and
from east to west 27 miles. The coast-line is about 45 miles
lon;^. Forfarshire stands eleventh amon^^ Scottish counties as
to extent. There are different estimates of the exact acreage.
In the Ordnance Survey it is stated at 569,850. Of these, 6486
are taken up by foreshores and 3178 by water. The return of
owners of lands and heritages, compiled in 1872-73, gives the
"acreage of property" at 553,850 acres.

Kincardineshire is bounded on the south and west by the
North Esk and Forfarshire, and on the north bv the Dee and

' ml

Aberdeenshire, and washed on the east for about 35 miles bv
the German Ocean. It is triangular in form, extending 32 miles
from south-west to north-east, and 24 miles where broadest
from south to north. Ranking twenty-first among Scotch
counties, its area is stated in the Ordnance Survey to be 248,195
acres. Tlie foreshores extend to 1385 and tlie surface covered
by water to 1463 acres. In the return of owners of lands and
heritages, the area is stated at 244,585 acres.

According to tlie return of owners of lands and heritages
there are in Forfarshire in all 4898 owners of land, whose, pro-
perty is stated at 553,852 acres, and estimated at £795,581, 7s.
of gross annual value. Of these, 071 possess one acre and
upwards each, and their total acreage is given at 552,708
acres, or an average of about 569 acres each. The 3927 owners
of land under one acre in extent have only 1144 acres amongst
them, being less than one-third of an acre each. In Kincardine,

54 ON THE AGFJCULTUEE OF

there are 1384 owners of land having amongst them 244,585
acres, and a gross annual rental of £253,392, 12s. The
average sizes of the properties is under 179 acres. There are
195 owners of one acre and upwards, the total extent of their
estates heing 244,396 acres, and their gross annual value
£236,021, 17s. These 195 landed proprietors have an average
of over 1253 acres each. Among the 1189 owners of lands
under one acre in extent, there are only 180 acres, or less than
one-sixth of an acre to each.

The assessor's roll for Forfarshire for 1880-81 states the
valuation of the county at £649,372, 17s. In 1879-80, the
valuation for Kincardine was £259,102, inclusive of £28,464
for railways, &c.

Forfarshire is divided into 55 parishes, but of these six are
only partly within it. Edzell extends into Kincardineshire,
while pretty large portions of Alyth and Coupar- Angus, and
smaller portions of Liff, Kettins, and Airlie, lie in the county of
Perth. In Kincardineshire, including Edzell, there are 21
parishes. Each county sends a representative to Parliament,
while Dundee has two members, and Montrose with Arbroath,
Forfar, Brechin and Bervie, one. Sheriff Courts are held at
Dundee and Forfar. The sheriffdom of Kincardineshire is
joined with that of Aberdeen, weekly courts being held in
Stonehaven.

In Forfarshire there are five royal burghs — Dundee, Arbroath,
Montrose, Brechin and Forfar. Dundee, " The Hill or Fort of
the Tay " was a place of considerable importance as early as the
twelfth century. Situated on the left bank of the estuary of the
Tay, about 10 miles from where that river falls into the sea, it
has a population of about 119,000, including 10,812 in Lochee,
which lies within the boundary of the town. It thus in popula-
tion ranks third in Scotland, and next to Glasgow in trade and
manufactures. It is the chief seat in Scotland of the manu-
facture of coarse linen fabrics and of jute. The more modern
parts of the town are well laid off, and it can boast of some fine
public buildings, the Steeple, Town House, Albert Institute, the
Free Library, &c. It is well provided with public parks. The
chief one, the Baxter Park, laid off by Sir Joseph Paxton, and
costing in all £50,000, was presented to the town by Sir Da^dd
Baxter and his two unmarried sisters. The town is historically
interesting in many ways. James YL visited it in 1617 ;
Charles 11. in 1651 ; and Her Majesty the Queen and Prince
Consort landed and re-embarked at it in 1844, on their journey
to and from Blair- Athole. To commemorate this last event, the
Eoyal Victoria Arch was raised. Dundee has often been the
scene of burning and pillage, and down to the middle of the six-
teenth century it had walls and gates. Among the eminent men

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AXD KINCARDINE. 55

connected with the town are Sir William Wallace, who, as well
as his companion in arms Scrymgeour, is said to have attended
school tliere, and who defended its walls in 1303 against
Edward I., — and Hector Boethius, the first Principal of King's
College, Aberdeen.

Arbroath or Aberbrothock is a very old seaport town and
royal burgh. It is situated at the mouth of the Brothock, and
has a population of 20,169. It possesses a good harbour, and a
large trade is carried on in farm produce, and in pavement
obtained from 8 or 10 miles inland. There are also extensive
tanneries, roperies, breweries, and a shipbuilding yard. The
chief object of interest is the Abbey of Arbroath, once one of
the richest in Scotland. It was founded by William the Lion,
and dedicated to the memory of Thomas a Becket. In 1320
Eobert Bruce and his nobles here met, and despatched a nuncio
declaring the independence of Scotland. It shared the fate of
most of the other abbeys, having been destroyed by tha Ee-
formers in 1560. The last of its abbots was Cardinal Beaton.
Twelve miles south-east of Arbroath lies the Bell Eock light-
house, the tradition concerning which is preserved in Southey's
well-known ballad.

Montrose, with a population of over 14,000, is a very ancient
royal burgh and seaport, with one of the best natural harbours
on the east coast. Standing on a level peninsula, it has on one
side tlie sea, on tlie other the river and basin. Here was
established, in 1534, the first school for the study of Greek in
Scotland. Among the first of its pupils was the learned Andrew
Melville ; while David Lindsay, Bishop of Brechin and Edin-
burgh, who raised the ire of Jenny Geddes, was one of its
teachers. In 1848 the Queen and Prince Consort visited
Montrose on their way from Balmoral to London. A fine sus-
pension bridge, erected in 1829, connects the island of Eossie
with the main body of the town. In the neighbourhood there
is a beautifully situated lunatic asylum capable of accommodat-
ing 450 patients.

On the South Esk, 8 miles north-west of Montrose, lies
Brecliin, a town of nearly 8000 inhabitants, and a royal burgh
of very ancient date. Like most other Forfarshire towns its
staple manufacture is linen, but j)aper mills, tobacco factories,
distilling, brewing, and freestone (juarrying, give work to a good
many of the inliabitants. The cattle and horse markets of
Trinity Muir are held here. Close to the city, on the opposite
side of a ravine, stands Jirechin Castle, a seat of the Earl of
Dalhnusie. St Ninian's Cathedral, built in the thirteenth, four-
teentli and fifteenth centuries, is now used as a parish church.
A round tower, rising to a height of about 100 feet, stands
near the church. The only other one of these ancient and

56 ON THE AGKICULTURE OF

mysterious towers in Scotland is at Aberoethy. Among the
more famous of the natives of Brechin are Gillies the Grecian
historian, and Thomas Guthrie, D.D.

Forfar, the county town, has been a royal burgh since the
time of David I. It is situated in the fertile valley of Strath-
more, not far from the centre of the county, and has a population
of 11,031. Duncan Canmore had a castle here, in which he held
his first parliament, but no part of it can now be seen. It is said
to have been destroyed by King Eobert Bruce in 1307. Linen
and jute are the staple manufactures. The County Buildings,
and the Eeid Hall, presented to the town by Mr Peter Eeid of
" Eorfar Eock " fame, are elegant and substantial edifices.

Of smaller towns and villages there is a large number. The
more important of these are Broughty Ferry, Coupar-Angus,
and Kirriemuir. Broughty Ferry, or Burgh Tay Ferry, lies on
the coast, 4 miles east of Dundee, and includes West Ferry in
the parish of Dundee. It is a favourite bathing resort, and has
a population of 5817. About a hundred years ago Broughty
Ferry consisted of only a few fishermen's huts. Its castle, built in
the fifteenth century, was held by the English from 1547 to 1550,
and was retaken along with the fort on the hill by the Scottish
allied army. Coupar-Angus, a tidy thriving town, stands in the
valley of Strathmore, partly in Forfarshire and partly in Perth-
shire. Its inhabitants, according to thy census of 1871, number
2149, and of these 303 reside in the Forfarshire portion. It has
linen factories, a tannery, farina works, and saw-mills, and im-
portant markets for the sale of farm stock and produce are held
at it. The ruins of an abbey, built in 1164 by Malcolm IV.,
remain in the neighbourhood on the site of a Eoman camp.
Kirriemuir and Southmuir, with a population of 4000, stand on
a slope above the Gairie burn, about 16 miles north of Dundee.
They form a burgh of barony, and their linen w^orks employ a
large number of people. There is a public school in the town,
built in 1835 with £8000 bequeathed for the purpose by John
"Webster, writer and banker.

Stonehaven is the county town of Kincardine. A burgh of
barony and a seapjort, with a population of over 3396, it stands
on a rocky bay at the mouth of the Carron, and at the extreme
northern end of the great valley known as Strathmore. Its
principal industries are tanneries, and wool, flour, and meal
mills, while herring and white fishing give employment to a
large number of its population. Only small vessels can enter
the harbour. About IJ mile along the coast to the south-west
of Stonehaven stands the famous Dunnottar Castle. The ruins
of this castle occu]3y about four acres on the summit of a rock
that rises almost perpendicularly out of the sea, and is almost
separated from the mainland by a narrow and deep chasm. In

THE COUNTIES OF FOKFAE AND KINCAIIDINE. 57

•earlier days, considered impregnable, it was stormed in 1297 by
Wallace, who is said to have driven the English garrison over
the cliffs. It was a place of considerable importance down to
the seventeenth centurv, when it was used for several months as
a prison for 167 Covenanters, male and female. The Earls of
Marischall, the founders of Marischall College, Aberdeen, resided
here. In 1650 Charles II. visited Dunnottar, bringing the
Scottish regalia with him for safety. It is stated that Mrs
Grainger of Kinneff secretly removed the regalia to the parish
church of Kinneff, and thus prevented their falling into the
hands of the English, when, in 1652, the garrison of Dunnottar,
under Ogilvy of Barras, surrendered to Cromwell's forces. The
ruins are in a wonderfully good state of preservation.

Bervie is the onlv royal burc^h in the countv. Situated about
10 miles south-west of Stonehaven, at the mouth of the Bervie
Water, it has a population of 1013. The first linen yarn mill
in Scotland was erected here in 1790. Flax spinning and
weaving are its staple manufactures. Hallgreen Castle, an impor-
tant stronghold of the sixteenth century, stands on an eminence
within the burgh. In the year 1800 some vessels were chased
to the shore by a French sloop-of-war, which, however, is said to
have " taken fright and sailed away on seeing the muster of the
volunteers " ! Gourdon, a thriving fishing village with a popu-
lation of 714, is the port of Bervie.

Laurencekirk, the chief town of the Howe, with a population
of 1521, lies 10 miles north of Montrose. It may be said to
owe its very existence to a gentleman of the eighteenth century
— Francis Garden, a Judge of the Court of Session, under the
title of Lord Gardenstone, who raised it from a clay-built
hamlet with 54 inhabitants to a substantially built burgh of
barony. He erected a town liall, an inn, an Episcopal chapel, a
library and museum ; while he also set up a spinning mill witli
a bleachfield on the Luther, a tributary of the North Esk, and
introduced linen manufactures. Johnshaven, with a population
of 1077, is an irregularly built fishing village about 9 miles
north-east of ]\Tontrose. Its harbour is small, capable of ad-
mitting only boats and small coasting vessels. One of tlie most
charmingly situated villages in the north of Scotland is Ban-
chory, on the north bank of the river Dee, about 18 miles west
of Aberdeen. In 1871 it had a population of 865 ; but being a
favourite summer resort, it lias increased considerably since then.
In the parish of Nigg, and directly n])})osite Aberdeen, is the
im})ortant fishing village of Torry. It has a population of 686,
chiefly engaged in fishing. About 5 miles along tlie coast lies
the village of cove, with a population of 450. it is a coastguard
station, and has a small natural harbour. Tlie other mon* im-
portant villages are St Cyrus, Aucliinblne, and Fettercairn, the

58 ON THE AGKICULTUKE OF

older part of the last being a burgh of barony. The Queen and
Prince Consort spent a night in Fettercairn, in September 1861,
and an elegant Gothic arch near the hotel where they slept com-
memorates the royal visit.

The configuration of Forfarshire presents great variety. It
combines the wildest of mountain scenery with the softest and
most charming of valley landscape. The county forms four
natural divisions, the Maritime, Sidlaw, Strathmore, and
Grampian sections. The first extends along the coast from
Invergowrie to the North Esk, and stretches from 3 to 8 miles
backwards. Between Broughty Ferry and. Montrose there is a
considerable extent of links, unfit for cultivation, and of little
value for pasture, but admirably adapted to the royal game of
golf and other sports. It contains several tracts of remarkably
rich land ; is in some parts beautifully wooded and undulating ;
in others rather flat and tame ; while, as it rises towards the
Sidlaws, the soil is here and there stiff and cold, or thin and
poor, with little shelter. The Sidlaws, a range of trappean hills,
almost in line with the Ochils, run through the county from
south-west to north-east, terminating a little south of Montrose.
The range is very clearly defined, and rises to a height of 1399
feet at Auchterhouse Hill, near the middle of the chain. The
other higher peaks are the Gallow Hill, in Glamis, 1242 ; the
Gask 1141, and Kinpurnie 1134 feet. At the pass between
Dundee and Newtyle, the ridge sinks to about 1000 feet. The
Sidlaw division is true to the general characteristics of trap
districts. The higher peaks are partially covered with heather
and other coarse herbage, and the slopes green and very uneven.
Cultivation has been pushed to a great altitude on both sides,
the arable land being continued through the pass between
l^ewtyle and Dundee. The third natural division, Strathmore,
or the Great Valley, is, from a purely agricultural point of view,
the most important of the four. In reality, Strathmore consists
of a belt of Old Eed Sandstone that extends from the west end
of the Ocliils, where it is about 16 miles in width, to Stonehaven,
where the width is less than 1 mile. This beautiful plain is
about 90 miles in length, and it has been truly said that
nowhere else in Scotland is there so extensive a reach of
perfectly level fertile soil. The Forfarshire portion of this fine
strath is hemmed in by the Sidlaw and Grampian ranges, and
displays scenery of great beauty. The valley is well wooded ;
its farms well laid off and skillfully cultivated, and the soft
lowland aspect of its landscape forms a striking contrast to the
rucfsred sterile contour of the heights on the north-west. The
Grampian division is by far the most extensive, but the greater
part is so mountainous as to be of little value in an agricultural
sense. This chain of hills is a continuation of the Grampian

THE COUNTIES OF FOKFAR AND KIXCAEDINE. 59

range, and includes, in Forfarshire, about 100 peaks over 1000
feet in altitude. The slopes running down to Strathmore
are known as the Braes of Angus, the ancient name . of the
county of Forfar. These slopes are extensive, very irregular in
surface, on the whole moderately fertile, in some parts especially
so, and are cultivated high up the hill side. The mountain range
is intersected by several large glens, the chief ones being Glenesk,
Glenisla, Glen Clova, and Glen Prosen. The scenery in these
hilly regions is exceedingly beautiful, particularly in Clova,
where the hills are steep and picturesque, and where a large
number of rare plants are to be found. The higher peaks are
Glasmhaol, which reaches an altitude of 3500 feet, and on
which the counties of Forfar, Perth, and Aberdeen meet;
Cairnglasha, a little to the north, 3490 feet ; Cairnbannoch,
and Broadcairn, in Clova, each 3300 ; Tolmount, also in Clova,
3100; Mount Keen, north of Lochlee, 3077. There are 55
peaks between 2000 and 3000 feet, and 12 over 3000.

The Grampian range and the valley of Strathmore both run
into Kincardineshire. The former, indeed, make up about one-
third of the entire county. The highest peak here is Mount
Battock, on which Forfar, Aberdeen, and Kincardine meet, the
altitude being 2555 feet. From this point the range gradually
descends, until it terminates at Doonie's Hill, on the coast of
l:sma and 214 feet above sea level. In the Glen of Dve, and
along the course of the Feugh, there is a good deal of cultivated
land ; while the slopes running down to the Dee are not only
fertile but beautifully wooded and picturesque. The southern
and south-eastern division of the county comprises the Howe of
the Mearns (the name given to the part of the valley of Strath-
more extending into Kincardineshire), the Hill of Garvock, and
the coast from the moutli of the North Esk to about Muchalls.
The Garvock Hill, like the Sidlaws in Forfarshire, separates the
coast from the central plain, which, thougli rather less fertile,
and not so well wooded as the corresponding portion of tlie
Great Valley in Forfarshire, is nevertheless a moderately rich
and very well cultivated stretch of land. Around Fettercairn
the scenery partakes a good deal of the soft beauty that charac-
terises the most cliarming parts of the valley farther south.
The land sloping towards the sea is, generally speaking, bare and
uneven. The coast is extremely steep and rocky, and dangerous
to shipping.

There are a good many lochs in Forfarshire, but they are
small. The largest is Lochlee, fed by the streams of Lee and
Unich. It is only about 1^ mile in length, and barely half a
mile in breadth. It lies in the extreme north of the county.
A little to the south-west (in Clova) are the small lochs of
Wharral and Brandv, while still further south lies Lintrathen

60 ON THE AGEICULTUKE OF

Loch, enlarged Ly the Melgarn l3eing diverted into it for the
purpose of forming a larger reservoir for the Dundee Water
Works, It now extends to about 1^ square mile. The loch of
Forfar, which was partially drained for its marl, and for the
improvement of the surrounding land, lies on the west of the
town, and extends to about 1 mile by J mile. The Fithie,
Eescobie, and Balgavies Lochs are in this neighbourhood, while
in Lundi there are four lochlets, the largest being Longloch,
h mile by ^ mile. Several small lochs, including those of
Kinnordy and Logic in Kirriemuir, and Ptestenet in Forfar,
were drained for their skell marl, which was used for agricultural
purposes. In Kincardineshire, the lochs are both few and
small. The loch of Drum once covered about 300 acres, but
has been reduced to less than one-third. The loch of Leys,
at one time more than 2 miles in circuit, lias been drained.
Loirston Loch, 27 acres in extent, lies in the parish of Nigg ;
and at Fasque tliere is a beautiful artificial loch, covering about
20 acres.

The chief rivers in Forfarshire are the Tsla, the South Esk,
and the North Esk. The Isla, rising in the extreme north-west,
drains the western districts of the county, and passing into
Perthshire near Puthven, and, after a course of 42 miles,
empties itself into the Tay at CargilL The South Esk has its
source in Clova, and Hows south-east for the first half of its
course, which is about 50 miles in length, and due east the
latter. It drains the main portion o*^ the centre of the county,
and falls into the sea at Montrose, its mouth forming a large
and beautiful basin. Its chief tributaries are the Prosen, the
Carity, the Noran, and the Lemno. The Prosen has a course
of about 16 miles, and after receiving the burns of Glenlogie,
Glenoig, and Lednathy, joins the South Esk below Cortachy
Castle. The North Esk or East Water has a course of about
40 miles. It drains the north-eastern division of the county,
forms for a lono; distance the bound arv line between Forfar and
Kincardine, and falls into the sea about 3^ miles north of
!Montrose. On the right, it receives the waters of the Effock,
the Keeny, and the Mooran, from which, at a cost of £15,000,
a daily supply of 500,000 gallons of water was diverted for the
town of Brechin. The Tarf, the Turret, the Meallie, and Auch-
mull and other streams join the North Esk from the left. The
water of Lunan, issuing from Lunan AYell, Pestenet, and Bal-
gavies, flows in a north-easterly direction for about 17 miles,
and empties itself into the beautiful bay of Lunan. The Dighty
has a course almost as long, and drains a portion of the eastern
slope of the Sidlaws, and falls into the Firth of Tay at Milton.
The North and South Esk are excellent salmon streams, while
in the smaller waters there is a good supply of trout. In most

THE COUNTIES OF FOPtFAR AND KINCARDINE. 61

of the lochs, too, lovers of the piscatorial art find capital sport.
The nortliern and western slopes of Kincardineshire are drained
respectively by the Dee and the North Esk and their tribu-
taries, the interior being drained by the waters of Bejvie,
Carron, Cowie, Einella, aud other smaller streams. The Bervie
rises in the parish of Fordoun, and after a course of about 14
miles, falls into the sea a little north of Inverbervie. The
Einella, with a course of 7 miles, rises at Garvock, and falls
into the sea near Johnshaven. The Carron and the Cowie, each
about 9 or 10 miles long, rise respectively in Glenbervie and
Wodder Hill, and fall into the German Ocean at Stonehaven.
The Luther, rising at the head of the Glen of Drumtochty, is
the chief tributary of the North Esk in Kincardineshire ; that
of the Dee being the Eeugh. The latter stream, with a course
of 15 miles, rises near Mount Battock, and falls into the Dee at
Banchory. The scenery at the junction of the Eeugh and the
Dee is very beautiful, the Falls of Eeugh being greatly admired.
The Water of Dye rises at the top of Glendye, and after a
course of 10 miles, joins the Eeugh a little above the village of
Strachan. The Sheeoch vvater rises on the east of Kerloch, and
after a run of about 8 miles, joins the Dee near the Church of
Durris.

The counties have long enjoyed the advantages of active com-
munication with the outer world. They can boast of several
moderately-sized harbours, and for more than thirty years have
had a pretty good railway system. The main line of the Cale-
donian I-iailway, which enters Forfarshire at Coupar-Angus, and
passes through about the richest parts of both counties, was
opened to Aberdeen in 1850. Since then, the local system in
Forfarshire has been extending gradually, and is now exception-
ally complete. Coupar-Angus and Blairgowrie are united l>y a
branch line of 4|- miles ; Meigle and Alyth by a line of 2 miles ;
Forfar and Kirriemuir by a line of 6 miles ; Bridge of Dun and
Brechin by a line of 4 miles ; Dubton and Montrose by a line
of 3 miles ; Guthrie Junction and Dundee by a line of 24|
miles ; Forfar and Dundee by a line of 21^- miles ; and Meigle
and Dundee by a line of 18 miles. Coupar-Angus, Meigle,
Forfar, Bridge of Dun, Dubton, and Guthrie Junction are all
stations on the main line, and thus, it will at once be seen that
the leading districts of the county have been brought into won-
derfully close connection with the highways of commerce, an
advantage not easily overestimated. It is interesting to note
that the railway between ^leigle and Dundee is one of the
oldest in Scotland. Opened in 1831, its original route was by
the Balbeuchly and llatton inclines, worked by stationary
Qngines. It was afterwards altered to easier gradients, making
the route longer by G miles. From ^leigle it runs over tlie

62 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

Sidlaw range by tlie Pass of Aucliterhouse, and winds its way
to Dundee via Baldragau, Locliee, Camperdown, and Liff. The
branch from Guthrie Junction to Dundee passes through
Friockheim, Arbroath, East Haven, Carnoustie, Barry, Moni-
fieth, Broughty Ferry, and Dundee. In connection with the
North British Piailway, steamboats ply between Broughty Ferry
and Tayport, and Dundee and iSTewport. To supersede this
somewhat unsatisfactory connecting link, the Company con-
structed the ill-fated Tay bridge. The length is 2|- miles, and
the number of spans eighty-nine, the centre one being 200 feet
wide, and 115 feet high. The cost exceeded £400,000. The
bridge, which was constructed of iron, worked well for some
time, and was acknowdedged by all who saw it in its complete-
ness to be the most wonderful achievement of modern engineer-
ing. But, during a terrific hurricane on the memorable night of
the 28th December 1879, it gave way under a passenger train,
causing the loss of between thirty-five and forty lives. Kincar-
dineshire is not so well supplied with local lines. A branch of
131 miles connects Montrose and Bervie, w^hile the Deeside
Piailway runs through the parishes of Drumoak and Banchory-
Ternan.

From an agricultural point of view, Forfar and Kincardine
occupy a prominent position among Scottish counties. In the
lower districts of Forfarshire, with their genial climate and rich
soil, the cultivation of potatoes and wheat is carried to a per-
fection not excelled in any other part of the country. In Kin-
cardineshire and the higher parts of Forfarshire, less favoured by
nature, quite as much skill and care are exercised in the raising
of oats and turnips, while in both counties the rearing and feed-
ing of stock are pursued with great success.

In both counties there is a considerable extent under wood,
the total value of w^hich is great. In Forfar, there were 26,604
acres under wood in 1854 ; the increase since then being
1492. The area in Kincardine increased from 16,652 acres in
1854 to 27,843 acres in the present year, being an increase of
no less than 11,191 acres. The extent of land in Forfarshire
this year, under both grass and fruit trees, was 52 acres ; used
by market-gardeners for the growth of vegetables and other
garden produce, 282 acres ; and used by nurserymen, 106
acres. In Kincardine there is no ground under grass and fruit
trees, but market-gardeners occupy 20 and nurserymen 12
acres. Both counties are valuable from a sporting point of
view, containing as they do many excellent grouse moors and
several very good deer forests.

THE COUNTIES OF FOKFAR AND KINCARDINE. b*:»

Pojpulatioii.

The following table shows the population of the two counties
at various times since the beginning of the present century : —

Forfar, Kincardine.
1801, .... 99,053 26,349

1851, . ... . 191,264 34,598

1861, . . . . 204,425 34,466

1871, .... 237,528 34,651

Increase in Forfar since 1801, . 138,475.

„ Kincardine „ . . 8,302.

It will thus be seen that the population of Forfar lias been
more than doubled during the present century. This remark-
able increase is due almost wholly to the development of the
commercial industries of the county, particularly to the growth
of the linen factories. The population in the rural districts has
decreased since 1801, while that of Dundee is more than four
times as large as it was fifty or sixty years ago. The total
increase in Kincardineshire is much less, being under one third ;
but here, also, there has been a diminution in the rural parts
and a large increase in the towns and villages. In regard to
population Forfarshire stands fourth, and Kincardineshire
twenty -fifth in Scotland. The former has one person for every
2§ acres ; and the latter, one for every 7 acres. The rate in
Scotland as a whole is about 3 J acres to each person. Of the
population in Forfarshire in 1871, 106,223 were males and
131,355 females; Kincardineshire had 16,790 males and 17,861
females. In 1871, the inhabited houses in Forfarshire num-
bered 25,663, or one for every 9 of population ; and in Kincar-
dineshire 6661, or nearly equal to one for every 5 persons. The
town of Dundee itself claims fully one-half the whole population
of Forfar; while about three-fourths reside in the six hirger
towns, viz. : — Dundee, Arbroath, Montrose, F^orfar, Brechin, and
Bronghty-Ferry. About one-hfth of the population of Kincar-
dine reside in Stonehaveu, Laurencekirk, Johushaven, and
Bervie, these being the only places in the county whose
inhabitants number or exceed 1000. The history and antiqui-
ties of these counties are very interesting, but these matters
lie outside the subject proper of this report.

Climate.

Throughout these counties there is great variety in the climate.
Within F'orfarshire itself it differs very greatly. Along the
coast it is mild and dry, the rainfall being under 30 inches,
and the mean annual temperature higli. The summer heat and

64 ON THE AGIUCULTUEE OF

the cold in the winter are less intense than in the interioiv
while low down by the seaboard snow seldom lies longer than
two or three days. On the Sidlaw Hills and the slopes leading
np to them the climate of conrse is colder. The rainfall is
greater, and snow often lies to a considerable depth for a pretty
long period. In the valley of Strathmore the climate is genial
and moderately dry, being well adapted to the cultivation of
wheat. Along the Braes of Angus, owing to their close prox-
imity to the Grampian range, the climate is even more rigorous
than on the Sidlaws. The winter cold is more severe and the
rainfall greater, while these parts are also more subject to heavy
falls of snow. Throughout the mountainous region the summer
weather is generally warm — sometimes very hot, and for the
most part moderately dry. In winter, however, it is stormy in
the extreme, — so much so, indeed, tliat during the dead of the
winter sheep-farmers have to withdraw their flocks from the
higher glens. The climate of the hilly districts of Kincardine
resembles very closely that of the corresponding parts of Forfar ;
but with regard to the climate of its arable parts, the northern
county has not been so highly favoured as the southern. The
coast of Kincardine is colder than that of Forfar. The coast-
line is very rocky and steep, while the land rises rapidly as it
recedes. The Garvock Hill rises to a height of 915 feet, and
yet its highest peak is little more than 3h miles inland. At
Bervie and several other points the land reaches a height of
about 400 feet within a mile from the sea ; while, generally
speaking, the elevation one mile inland averages from 180 to 220
feet. The Howe of the Mearns enjoys a more mild and more
equable climate than any other part of the county, and yet even
there it is not equal to the Howe of Strathmore in Forfarshire.
This is due partly to the fact that the Howe of the Mearns lies
nearer to the Grampians, that it is farther north, and that it is
not so well wooded as the valley farther south. The greater
portion of the parishes of Fordoun, Glenbervie, and Fetteresso
are rather bare, the climate on the higher and more inland parts
of the latter two being cold and late. Snow seldom lies long on
the coast or in the Howe of Mearns, but on the Garvock Hill
and the higher districts of the interior it often falls in con-
siderable quantities, drifts flercely, and lies for pretty long
periods. The higher parts of Nigg, Banchory-Devenick, Mary-
culter, and Durris are similar in regard to climate to the
heights of Glenbervie and Fetteresso. The section of Kincar-
dineshire lying on the north side of the Dee, part of the parish of
Drumoak and the parish of Banchory-Ternan, is favoured with
perhaps the warmest climate of any part of the county. Sheltered
from the north by the Hill of Fare, it has a southern exposure, and
is well wooded, with a free porous soil. The slopes on the south

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 65

side of the Dee are generally steeper and colder, being ex-
posed, excepting in the lower verges, to the full blast of
the north winds. The soil in general being of a sandy nature,
the land on Deeside frequently suffers considerably from
drought in summer, a drawback from which, with this excep-
tion, these two counties are comparatively free. The pre-
vailing winds are from the south-west. These winds sometime3
sweep along the valley of Strathmore with great violence,
there bein(:( no eminence sufficient to check them. Coming
from a warmer climate, however, they are not as a rule
unfavourable to vegetation. Westerly winds, which are noi
unfrequent, spend upon the Grampians the moisture they absorb
in crossing the Atlantic, and thus they are invariably pretty dry
before they reach the east coast. The easterly winds are the
most damaging, alike to vegetable and animal life. They occa-
sionally sweep the seaboard, especially of Kincardine, with great
violence, doing no little damage to crops, and also pressing
somewhat hardly on the health of man and beast. A chilly
easterly haze, which sometimes sets in in the summer evenings,
is also a slight drawback ; while in the lower and damper
parts of the valley of Strathmore some damage is occasionally
sustained from hoar-frost or mildew. Notwithstanding these
slightly untoward influences, the climate of Forfar and Kid car-
dine is on the whole healthy. Spring sowing of grain generally
commences in the earlier parts in the third week of March, and
harvesting between the beginning of the third' week of August and
the 5th of September. In the later disti'icts little is sown till
the last week of March or first week of April, and reaping
seldom commences before the 1st of September, often not before
the second week of September, and sometimes, such as in 1879,
even later than that. The mean annual heat of the two counties
is stated at 46° — that of summer at 58° ; and that of winter, in
Forfar at 36°, and in Kincardine at 37°. In Forfarshire rain or
snow, it is stated, falls on an average on 195 days, the mean
depth in inches being — at Kettins, 33 ; Monikie, 34 ; Arbroath,
27 ; Dundee, 29. In Kincardine rain or snow falls on an
average 190 days, the mean depth in inches being reckoned at
32i. At Drum it is 34; Nether Banchory, 30; Fettercairn, 32;
and The Burn, 33.

Through the kindness of Mr James Proctor, Barry Village,
Forfarshire, we are able to give tlie following interesting tabJe
as to the rainfall, evaporation, and temperature at Barry, from
1870 to 1879, both inclusive.

Barry Village is within about one mile of the sea, and about
35 feet above sea-level.

ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

Year.

Rainfall.

Evaporation.

1
Mean Temp.

1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879

Totals, .

Averages for \
10 Years, . )

inches.
25-60
32-28
42-98
29-47
23-76
35-55
43-10
42-76
27-59
36-62

inches.
39-10
33-85
24-35
31-90
33-80
34-85
29-03
31-32
20-40
22-85

Degrees of Fahr.
46-57
46-80
48-05
46-55
47-05
47-96
48-11
46-38
47-38
44-50

339-71
33-971

301-45
30-145

469-35
46-935

Geology — Soil.

The main features of the geological formation of these
counties may be indicated in a few sentences. The Grampian
range is composed mainly of primary rocks. The tops are
formed almost wholly of granite, but, descending the southern
and eastern slopes, we find the primary rocks associated with
small quantities of those belonging to the transition formation,
layers of gneiss, mica schist, and quartz being interspersed
with small deposits of limestone and clay-slate. A slate vein
runs along the hill sides, from a little north of Stonehaven to
Easdale, Argyle, and is nearly all the way accompanied by a
dyke of trap, or whinstone, which gives value to the soil and
beauty and variety to the scenery. The slate comes to the
surface at several points, and in some parts, notably in Fearn
and Lethnot, it has been quarried. The valley of Strathmore
is one long bed of Old Eed Sandstone. The Sidlaws, in Forfar-
shire, and the Garvock Hill, and the other lower hills further
north in Kincardineshire, are composed mainly of trappean
rocks, with several important deposits of greyish blue sandstone
slate, which is of excellent quality for pavement, and w^hich at
Carmyllie and elsewhere is quarried extensively for local use
and also for exportation. At various points throughout both
counties there are deposits of limestone. In Forfarshire it exists
in Clova ; Glenesk ; in some of the Sidlaw valleys ; at Hedder-
wick, near Montross ; and at Bodden in Craig. In Kincardine-
shire, it is found at Clattering Brig ; at Drumtochty and Glen-
farquhar in Fordoun ; at Whistleberry, Kinneff; at Mathers,
St Cyrus ; at Kirtonhill, Marykirk ; and at Tilwhilly and else-
where on Deeside. At several of these places the limestone
has been extensively worked for many years. At Bodden it

THE COUNTIES OF FOEFAR AND KINCARDINE. 67

was worked as early as 1696. In both counties there are some
deposits of conglomerate, or pudding stone, that on the hill ou
the farm of West Drums, near Brechin, being considered one of
the most perfect in the country. At Dunthill, Marykirk, there
is a bed of New Eed Sandstone, but there is not enough to give
any hopes of there being coal underneath it. At Cowie and
elsewhere in Kincardine, and at several points in Forfar, pipe-
clay is found. At Montrose, Arbroath, Durris, Fetteresso, and
at other places, there are chalybeate or iron ore springs with
medicinal properties. Fossil remains of plants and fishes occur
in the sandstone ; but, as might have been expected, all borings
for coal have beea unsuccessful, for that valuable substance does
not exist under Old Ked Sandstone. Throughout the sandstone
districts there is a good deal of iron, to which the Eed Sandstone
owes its colour. About 1710 an iron mine was worked for a
short time in Edzell.

With such distinct geological formations, it is only natural to
exp3ct that these counties should present considerable variety of
soil. The rule that the surface soil corresponds to the rocks
beneath holds exceptionally true in Forfar and Kincardine. The
extent of alluvial soil — or, in other words, of soil deposited
where it now lies by water — is very small indeed, and hence it
follows that the great portion of the soil consists of decomposed
particles of the underlying rocks, enriched by the decay of vege-
table matter, and by a long-sustained system of liberal manuring.
It is therefore possible, from the foregoing hurried sketch of the
geology of the counties, to form a general idea of the character of
the soil in the various districts. In the south-eastern districts
of Forfar, those lying between the Sidlaw range and the sea, the
soil is, generally speaking, of a light friable nature, well suited
for potatoes and turnips. Nearly midway between Dundee and
Arbroath there are small portions well adapted to the cultivation
of beans ; while in the Invergowrie district there is a good deal
of very fine grain land, some parts of which, however, are slightly
subject to drought. Close by the sea at Monifieth there is a
jDortion of as rich dark brown loam as one could wish to see ;
while in Panbride, Arbroath, and elsewhere along the coast there
is a pretty large extent of similar soil. On some parts of the
southern slopes of the Sidlaws, and along as far as the parishes
of Monikie and Carmyllie, the sub-soil is hard and retentive ;
but, as a rule, along the coast it is free and easy, with a small
admixture of gravel. On the more inland parts of Carmyllie
and in that neighbourhood there is a good deal of thin moorish
soil ; while along the higher arable parts, on both sides of the
Sidlaw range, the soil varies from a very thin " hungry " loam to
a pretty fertile loam of moderate depth. As we descend the
north-western slopes we find the soil increasing in depth nnd

68 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF

quality until, on the banks lying partly on the trap rocks and
partly on the Ked Sandstone, it becomes very sound heavy
reddish loam, well adapted to the cultivation of wheat and
potatoes, and rented at from 35s. to 50s. per acre. With the
exception of a small stretch of mossy land near the west end of
the valley, the soil of Strathmore is, on the whole, true to the
character of the formation to which it belongs. On unbroken
belts of Old Eed Sandstone, the soil is generally a reddish loam
of medium texture, very fertile and not difficult to work, with
a sub-soil of sand, gra^'cl, or friable clay. This is as near as
might be the general character of the soil along the valley of
Strathmore ; but while the composition does not differ greatly,
there are many degrees of depth and value. It is evident that
large portions of the lower-lying parts of Strathmore have been
scoured by water, for in several of these parts the soil is very
thin and gravelly ; in a few spots, indeed, so much so that it is
scarcely worthy of being cultivated. On the Mains of Glamis
and some other farms in the bottom of the valley, the soil is
both deep and sound, but, as a rule, the heavier and richer soil
lies on the banks and lower parts of the slopes. In the Guthrie
and Farnell districts there is great variety of soil. Indeed,
there are few farms on which there is not both very rich and
very poor land. The most of the land here lies on a clayey
subsoil, some of it rather stiff, and resting on the sandstone.
Towards Montrose, the soil becomes easier and lighter, but on
many farms it is heavy and fertile, being mixed with decom-
posed trap rocks. In the Howe of Kinnaird there is some very
stiff clay, which, in these untoward times, is proving a rather
stubborn subject to work. Part of the Howe lies so low that
it has been found almost impossible to drain it sufficiently well
to admit of its undoubtedly high productive powers being taken
full advantage of. It is understood that the redraining of part
of the Howe is being contemplated, and much improvement
would certainly result were that carried out. On the rising
ground in this neighbourhood the soil is generally a fertile
friable loam on a clayey, sandy, or gravelly subsoil. Along the
Braes of Angus, which include a large range of country, the soil
varies from a thin poor loam, resting on a close red " pan "
coming very near to the surface, to good, deep, sound, black loam
lying on limestone, trap, sandstone, primary rocks, or a mixture
of two or more of these. A friable black loam of medium depth
and fertility predominates, the most general subsoil being gravel
mixed with clay. Dr Page's graphic description of the configu-
ration of districts adjoining beds of the Old Ked Sandstone,
applies so truly to the Braes of Angus that we produce it here.
He says : — " The hills of Old Eed districts, partly composed of
traps and partly of soft sandstones and hard conglomerates^

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAE AND KINCARDINE. 69

present great diversity of scenery, here rising in rounded heiglits,
there sinking in easy undulations, now swelling in sunny slopes,
and, anon, retiring in winding glens or rounded valley-basins of
great beauty and fertility." A more correct description of this
part of Forfarshire it would be impossible to give.

Along the Kincardineshire coast, from the mouth of the Xorth
Esk to Stonehaven, the soil varies from deep rich loam to thin
poor black earth or stiff cold clay. A medium loam predomi-
nates. In the parishes of Benholm and St Cyrus, there is a
good deal of moderately heavy fertile loam, which produces
excellent crops. In Bervie, there is also some very good
loam, but on almost every farm there is considerable variety,
part being free black loam, resting on an open subsoil, part
red or brown stiff clay, and part thin and moorish. Similar
remarks apply to Kinneff and Dunnottar. On the Garvock
Hill the soil is cold, stiff, and sour, heavy to cultivate, and even
when well cultivated only moderately fertile. The greater part
of the Howe of the Mearns is similar to the main portion of the
valley of Strathmore in Forfarshire, the soil being, as a rule, a
reddish loam, resting on sand, gravel, or clay. Gravel predomi-
nates on the north-western slopes, and clay on the south-
eastem. Generally speaking, the soil of the Howe is not quite
equal to the Forfarshire part of the Great Valley, but still near
Fettercairn, in some parts of Fordoun, and elsewhere, there is
some very rich land. Around the village of Fettercairn the soil
is deep, strong, rich loam ; but in other parts of this parish, and
in Edzell, Laurencekirk, and Fordoun, not a little of the land
consists of moderate black loam or stiffish clay. Taken as a
whole, Fordoun is an excellent agricultural parish, there being
in it a large breadtli of really good substantial clayey loam.
The soil on the best farms in Fordoun and Laurencekirk is a
heavy loam, with an admixture of clay. In some seasons it is
not very easily reduced to a satisfactory tilth, but when well
worked and liberally manured, it yields abundantly, and is
rented at from 35s. to 45s. per acre. Along the slopes on the
hill sides the soil is thin friable loam. In the parish of Glen-
hervie there is some good clay loam, but there is also a good
deal of thin reddish land that produces only moderate crops.
There are some deposits of moss in this parish. In the parish
of Fetteresso, near Stonehaven, the soil is mostly sharp friable
loam, but in the more inland and higher parts it is an inferior
clayey or moorish loam. Througliout the nortliern half of Kin-
cardine, tlie soil consists mninly of decomposed granite, with an
admixture of moss and other vegetable substances. In tlie
parishes of Lanchory-Devenick, Nigg, and ^laryculter, tlie
surface is remarkably stoney, large blocks of granite being very
numerous on all uncultivated patches. It would seem that the

70 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF

greater part of the coast-side district between Stonehaven and
Aberdeen had at one time been covered with moss. There is a
good deal still in the uncultivated parts, though the inhabitants
have been carting it away for fuel perhaps for centuries. The
soil, too, in the arable parts is impregnated with it, and in this
respect the land here differs slightly from that in the Deeside
districts of the county, where there is less moss. There the soil
is chiefly light, friable, fertile, sandy loam, with subsoil of clay
and gravel, or gravel alone. Under liberal farming for a long-
period, it has become considerably richer than it was originally,
and in a year when moisture is plentiful it yields excellent
crops of barley, oats, turnipb, md potatoes. In the parish of
Durris, back from the river side, there is a good deal of stiff
loam lying on a damp clayey subsoil. Exceptionally close
drainage has been required here to make the land useful, and
although it has, on the whole, been well handled in this respect,
it is still of a somewhat damp cold nature. The arable land in
Strachan lies along the courses of the Feugh and its tributary
the Dye ; and in these parts the soil is mostly of a medium
loam, friable and fertile in a favourable season, and lying on
clayey gravel or on the primary rocks. Away far up on the Feugh
side there are some wonderfully rich pieces of land, admirably
suited for the raising of barley, oats, and turnips.

The Progress of the ^ast Twenty-five Years.

Before tracing the progress of the past twenty-five years (the
period over which this report is required to extend), it would
have been interesting to have given an account of the ancient
systems of farming, and of the social condition of the two
counties a century ago. Such an account, however, would take
up more space than could well be devoted to a subject not pro-
perly within the range of the report. A few sentences must
therefore suffice. As might be expected, from its better climate
and more southern situation, the lower part of Forfarshire w^as
earlier brought under a system of improved husbandry than
Kincardineshire, and thus the contrast between the farming in
Forfarshire now and eighty years ago is less striking than
between the agriculture of Kincardineshire at the present day
and at the commencement of the century. From the Eev. Mr
Eodger's Report on Forfarshire, drawn up in 1794, it appears
that wheat was then cultivated in every parish in the lower
parts of the county ; that Angus oats, still famous, had then a
wide reputation ; that sown grasses were used on almost every
farm ; that turnips were freely grown ; and that potatoes were
cultivated with great success, the yield in some instances being
as high as from 50 to 60 bolls of 16 stones per acre. The

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 71

number of cattle was estimated at 36,499; a small breed, ranging
in weight from 16 to 20 stones avoirdupois, occupying the
liigher grounds, and a larger breed, weighing from 40 to 70
stones, the lower parts. Sheep numbered 53,970, and were
mostly of the blackfaced, a few being of the ancient dun or
whitefeiced kind, and others of mixed breeding. On some of the
better managed farms, and around proprietors' residences, there
was a good deal of enclosed land mostly under pasture. Farm
implements were still primitive, but improvements were fast
being introduced. The clumsy old Scotch plough, modernised
by mgtal boards, was still in use, but improved ploughs, chiefly
of Small's make, were speedily superseding it. It was not un-
common to see four horses attached to a plough, and oxen were
employed on many farms. Ploughmen's w^ages, without board,
averaged about Is. 3d. per day. There was then a large extent
of wood in the county, and early in the present century the
area was greatly increased by Lord Airlie, Sir Jamas Carnegie,
the Strathmore family, and others. The Eev. Mr Headrick
states the number and rental of the farms in 1813 as follows,
viz.: — Under £20 of annual rental, 1574; between £20 and
£50, 565 ; between £50 and £100, 682 ; between £100 and
£300, 315 ; and above £300, 86 ; making in all 3222 farms.

Agricultural improvement in Kincardineshire would seem to
date from about 1760. About that time some important steps
of advancement were made by a few enterprising proprietors
and farmers, but it was not before the advent of the present
century that the spirit of improvement spread throughout the
main body of the tenantry. The area of cultivated land about
the commencement of the century is stated at 74,377 acres,
and that under actual tillage at 45,736, it being estimated that
other 28,000 acres were capable of being cultivated. In the
better parts of the county, in the Howe of the Mearns, and in
the parishes of St Cyrus and Benholm, wheat had been grown as
far back as tradition and record stretched ; while by 1807,
barley, oats, peas, beans, potatoes and turnips, and sown grasses
were cultivated with success all over the county. The practice
of leaving land in fallow is said to have been introduced into the
county loy Mr BarcLiy of Urie in 1761. It spread gradually
over the county, and in 1807 the fallow break was estimated at
2619 acres. A pretty regular and well-understood system of
rotation was pursued about the commencement of the century.
In the wheat districts the older rotation was — 1st, fallow and
turnips ; 2d, part wheat and part barley, usually two-thirds of
the former ; 3d, beans ; 4th, barley ; 5tli, clover ; 6th, pasture ;
and 7th, oats. Following tliis came a six-course rotation, of
fallow, wlieat, beans and turnips in equal proportions, barley,
clover, and oats, in order. On thin outlying soils the rotation

72 ox THE AGEICULTURE OF

was fallow, barley, pasture for two years, and then oats. Mr
Barclay for some time pursued with success a rotation of four
crops, viz. — 1st, wheat, manured after clover ; 2d, turnips ; 3d,
barley ; and 4th, clover. In the more hilly parts of the
interior the following somewhat peculiar rotation was followed,
viz., — 1st, oats ; 2d, oats, or oats and here ; 3d, turnips, potatoes,
and peas ; 4th, part oats and part here ; 5th, green crop as
before ; 6th, part oats and part here ; 7th, clover and rye grass
cut for hay ; 8th and 9th, pasture. It is stated that potatoes
were firsfc planted in Kincardineshire in 1727 by an old soldier
who had brought some tubers with him from Ireland to the
village of Marykirk, where he resided for only one year. He
raised a good crop, and it is recorded that, while the villagers
were ready enough to steal the strange plant, " none of them
had the ingenuity to cultivate it after he was gone." They
looked in vain to the stems for the seed. Potatoes were again
introduced into the Mearns in 1760 ; while in 1754 turnips
were introduced by Mr E. Scott of Dunninald, and grown by
him on the farm of Milton of Mathers, St Cyrus. In 1764, Mr
William Lyall, farmer in Wattieston, Fordoun, raised about an
acre of turnips, and it is stated that the crop was considered so
rare that it was sold in small quantities, at one penny per stone,
for kitchen vegetables. This crop was cultivated on only a very
few farms till 1775, but by the beginning of the present century
it was grown all over the county. Sown grasses were not in
general use till about 1770 ; but it is stated that as early as
1730, Sir William Xicolson of Glenbervie, "a spirited cultivator
at an early period," raised hay from sown seeds, " not, however,
from the seeds of any of the species of clover now in use, but
from such seeds as were found among the natural meadow hay."
The number of cattle in 1807 was 24,825, and it is stated that a
four-year-old Mearns ox weighed about 45 stones. The best
cattle are described as black or brown, or brindled, with
spreading horns. There were also some very good polled cattle,
similar to, and no doubt of the same breed as, the Buchan
" Humlies," the progenitors along with the Angus " Doddies " of
the improved polled Aberdeen and Angus breed. The sheep
stock numbered 24,957, and consisted mainly of blackfaced
sheep and the ancient dun faces. Along the coast there were a
few Bakewell Leicesters, and also some South Downs. At the
commencement of the century the farm implements were some-
what primitive. The ancient Scotch plough was fast giving way
to Small's improved ploughs, which cost about £4 each, and
which by 1807 was almost the only sort of plough used in the
county. Harrows, with five wooden bills and five iron teeth in
each, were coming into use, as also were single carts. During
the first ten years of the centurv about a score of threshinf'

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 73

mills were erected in the county at a cost of from £140 to £180
'each. Among the noted early improvers, Mr Barclay is men-
tioned as having been the most prominent. Between 1760 and
1790 he reclaimed over 900 acres, and planted 1000 acres,
raising the rental of his estate of Urie from £200 tu £1800 in
less than fifty years. Early in the century great improvement
was effected in houses, roads, and fences.

Coming to speak of more recent times, we are happy to be
able to state that the spirit of improvement aroused in the last
-century has never been allowed to lie dormant. True, during
the last twenty-five years, a smaller extent of land has been
reclaimed than during either the last twenty-five years of the
eighteenth century or the first twenty-five of the present, but that
has not been due to any flagging in the spirit of improvement,
but simply to the fact that only a limited area of suitable land
remained for the proprietors and tenants of the past twenty-five
years to bring under cultivation. There has been less done
lately, simply because there has been less to do. Xo reliable
-data exist upon which to estimate the extent of land reclaimed
in the two counties during the first half of the present century.
The Kev. Mr Headrick estimated the arable land in Forfarshire
in 1813 at 340,643 acres, but it is clear that that far exceeded
the actual extent, for the area at present under all kinds of
crops, here, fallow, and grass, falls short of it by nearly 90,000
acres. The statistics relating to Kincardineshire seem to be
rather more accurate. The area under cultivation in 1807 was
estimated at 74,377 acres, and from this it would appear that
during the first half of the present century about 27,000 acres
had been added to the arable extent.

Confining ourselves to the last twenty-five years, we find that
in both counties there has been a very substantial increase in
the extent of arable land. The agricultural returns, taken up at
the outset by the Higliland Society and ultimately by the Board
of Trade, did not at the commencement include holdings rented
at less than £10 a year. It is therefore impossible to ascertain
the exact extent of the increase. The following table, however,
affords a pretty correct indication : —

Forfoi

Kincardine.

Arable Area in 1854,

219,721 A

cres.

90,161 Acres

„ „ 1870,

238,009

116,994 „

„ 1880, .

253,373

120,322 „

Increase since 1854,

33,652

30,162 „

„ „ 1870,

15,364

3,328 „

The percentage of the aralde area of Forfar under cultivation
in 1870 was 41-8 ; now it is 44-5. In Kincardine, the percent-
age in 1870 was 47*1 ; it is now 485.

This increase, equal to 1246 acres a year in Forfar and 1117

74 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

acres in Kincardine, must be regarded as hightly creditable^
especially when it is considered that, as previously stated,
agricultural improvement in these counties had been carried to
a great length long before the period to which the above table
refers, so far, indeed, as to leave comparatively little to be done.
In Forfar, the main portion of the new land lies in the Braes of
Angus along the foot of the Grampians, but there is also a fair
proportion on the Sidlaw range. Throughout all the higher
lying parts of Kincardine there has been less or more reclamation
since 1854. On the slopes of the Garvock Hill there has been
a good deal, and also on the hard heights and mossy hollows of
Glenbervie and Fetteresso. Along the foot of the Grampians, in
Edzell, Fettercairn, Laurencekirk, and Fordoun, there has been
a narrow fringe reclaimed within thirty or forty years ; a small
portion within twenty years ; while in each of the parishes in the
northern division of the county there has been a certain extent
reclaimed. Strachan and Durris claim the larger portion.

The reclamation of land, however, has not constituted the
whole of the agricultural improvement in these counties during
the last twenty-five years. Indeed, it is doubtful if it has not in
outlay been far exceeded by the improvements in farm buildings,
draining, fencing, road making, and other accessories which tend
to develop the resources of the soil. In both counties there has
been a great deal done in the improvement of farm buildings,,
and these are now on the whole fully abreast of the times. In
several parts of Forfar, and also in some parts in Kincardine,
re-draining might be carried out with advantage ; but still, since
1854, a great improvement has been effected in the condition of
the land in this respect. In the wheat and potato districts there
is yet a large stretch of open land, but in the parts where the
pasturing of live stock holds a prominent place in the economy
of the farm, a great extent of fencing, mostly wire and stone
dykes, has been erected within the last twenty-five or thirty
years. In service or farm roads, too, as well as in the county
roads, there has been considerable improvement ; while not a
little has been done in the way of straightening watercourses,
squaring fields, draining small pieces of lake or swamp, clearing
the land of stones, and in other small but useful works.

The progress in the cattle department sustained a most
serious check by rinderpest in 1865-66. It was several
years after that dreadful scourge before the rearing and feed-
ing of cattle were pursued with the same energy as formerly,,
but within the past ten years a good deal of the lost ground has
been made up. The number of cattle in Forfar has decreased
since 1854 by 1699 head, and in Kincardine by 202 head. In
the character of the stock kept, however, there has been a con-
siderable improvement since 1854. There is no doubt a greater

THE COUNTIES OF FOEFAR AND KINCARDINE.

number of cattle fed than prior to 1854, and it is equally certain
that the average weight of beef per head is greater now than
twenty-five years ago. Sheep farming has increased greatly in
Forfar since 1854, there being a very small decrease in Kin-
cardine. Here also there has been a slight increase in the com-
parative production of meat, if not likewise of wool.

The valuation roll is perhaps the truest mirror of the develop-
ment of a county, and in it these counties appear in a most
favourable light. The following tables show the valuation of
the two counties at various periods since 1674: —

±(

)RFAI

£ s. d.

Valuation in 1674 14,287 0 0

„ 1856-57

. 378,148 9 0

1872-73

. 628,956 13 9

„ 1880-81

. 649,372 17 0

Increase since 1674

635,085 17 0

„ 1856-57

271,124 8 0

„ 1872-73

. 20,416 3 3

Kincardine.

Valuation in 1674 6,244 0 0

„ 1804

63,748 18 0

„ 1855-56

158,761 18 7h

„ 1869-70 .

236,182 6 10^

„_ 1879-80 .

259,102 0 0

Increase since 1674

252,869 0 0

„ 1804

195,353 2 0

„ 1855

100,350 1 4^

„ 1869

22,919 13 2"

The following tables show the valuation of the different
parishes in the two counties now and twenty-five years ago, and
also the increase in each, thus indicating the parts in which
most improvements have been effected within that period.

Forfar.

No.

Parish.

1856-57.

1880-81.

Increase.

Aberleimio,

8,417

10,210

1,793

Airhe,

8,577

11,075

2,498

Alyth, .

838

1,296

458

Arhirlot, .

6,904

10,895

3,991

Arhroath,

1,054

1,419

465

Auchterhouse,

5,947

8,849

2,902

Barry,

8,031

15,088

7,057

Brechin, .

14,238

19,566

5,328

Cares ton, .

2,518

2,697

179

ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

Forfar — continued.

No.

Parish.

1856-57.

Carmyllie,

Cortacliy and Clova,

Coupar-Angus,

Craig,

Dun,

Dundee, .

Dunnichen,

Eassie and Nevay,

Edzell, .

Farnell, .

Fearn,

Forfar,

Glamis, .

Glenisla, .

Guthrie, .

Inverarity,

Inverkeillor,

Kettins, .

Kingoldrum,

Kinnell, .

Kinnettles,

Kirkden, .

Kirriemuir,

Lethnot, .

Liff and Ben vie

Lintrathen,

Lochlee, .

Lunan,

Lundie, .

Logie-Pert,

Mains and Strathmartine

Maryton, .

Menmuir,

Monifieth,

Monikie, .

Montrose,

Murroes, ,

Newtyle, .

Oathlaw, .

Panbride,

Rescobie, .

Euthven, .

Stracathro,

St Vigeans,

Tannadice,

Tealing, .

Total

£
4,786
4,395
730
9,219
6,578
8,123
5,912
5,923
4,313
5,692
4,155
7,955

11,026
6,823
3,464
6,310

13,594
9,638
4,455
5,680
4,656
5,629

21,850
2,716

11,514
4,475
1,473
2,513
3,005
6,292

13,982
5,245
5,833

18,332
8,411
5,853
7,143
5,604
3,683
7,698
6,579
1,865
4,335

16,691

11,626
5,825

1880-81.

378,148

7,971

7,516

1,107

10,828

8,003

22,152

8,545

7,073

6,301

7,379

5,183

12,419

13,921

12,036

5,123

11,891

17,205

12,297

7,175

7,862

6,235

8,957

31,786

4,459

13,824

12,720

4,170

3,051

4,427

8,862

25,996

6,073

8,487

50,743

18,916

8,755

10,758

9,082

5,649

11,419

8,759

2,533

6,614

21,369

15,612

7,832

Increase.

£
3,185
3,121
377
1,609
1,425

14,029
2,633
1,150
1,988
1,687
1,028
4,464
2,895
6,213
1,659
5,581
3,611
2.659
2,720
2,182
1,579
3,328
9,936
1,743
2,310
8,245
2,697
538
1,422
2,570

12,014

828

2,654

32,411

10,505
2,902
3,615
3,478
1,966
3,721
2,180
668
2,279
4,678
3,986
2,007

590,194

212,046

Percentage of Increase since 1856-57 — about 59.

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAE AND KINCARDINE.

Kincardine.

No.

Parish.

1855-56.

1878-79.

Increase.

Arbuthnott,

7,516

9,916

2,400

Banchory-Devenick,

8,509

12,007

3,498

Banchory-Ternan, .

9,150

14,409

5.259

Benholni,

6,535

8,167

l',632

Bervie,

2,036

3,368

1,332

Dunnottar,

8,294

11,248

2,954

Durris, .

6,370

9,902

3,532

Drumoak,

705

1,032

327

Edzell, .

629

666

137

Fettercairn,

9,412

12,056

2,644

Fetteresso,

21,147

31,264

10,117

Fordoim, .

15,949

21,307

5,358

Garvock, .

4,215

7,134

2,919

Glenbervie,

5,651

8,397

2,746

KinnefF, .

6,760

8,751

1,991

Laurencekirk,

7,512

12,710

5,198

Maryculter,

4,879

6,995

2,116

Marykirk,

8,577

11,653

3,076

^ig£C>

8,559

13,440

4,881

St Cyrus,

12,809

18,028

5,219

Strachan,

3,637

5,210

1,573

Total

158,751

227,759

69,008

Percentage of Increase since 1856-S

►7 — about 46.

Details of iTwprovemcnts and of Different Systems of Farming.

Before proceeding to indicate in order the general farming
customs, we shall give, in as condensed a form as possible, some
notes which we collected regarding improvements and systems
of management on different estates and farms throughout both
counties. And in giving these, we have to acknowledge our
indebtedness to many proprietors, factors, and tenants, for much
valuable information. Perhaps the best plan would be to make
an imaginary tour through the various districts, bring the reader
along, and transcribe our notes as we proceed.

Forfar.

Starting, then, where Forfar joins Perth, a few miles west of
Dundee, we find ourselves in the parish of Liff and Benvie,
which has an area of about 8049 acro^:, and a rental of £13,824,
beincr an increase of £2310 since 1856-57. The rental in 1683
was £4618 Scots money. Around Invergowrie there is some
very fine land rented at from £4 to £5 an acre, this great value
being due to the proximity of the land to Dundee. One of the
lari]rest farmers in tliis district is ]\Ir William Smith of Benholm,

78 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

who manages his land with much liberahty and success. He,
along with most of his neighbours, drives a large quantity of
city manure from Dundee, and in addition uses a good deal of
artificial stimulants. A six-shift rotation is the one most gene-
rally pursued, that is — oats, potatoes, wheat, turnips, barley, and
one year's grass ; all the produce, except what is required to
maintain the working staff of the farm, being sold. The cow-
feeders of Dundee take all the turnips, hay, and grass they can
obtain in their neighbourhood. For some time back they have
been paying such high prices for both, more especially turnips,
that they have been losing heavily by the transaction, and they are
now beginning to deal in these commodities with more modera-
tion. Even yet, however, farmers have no difficulty in obtaining
from £16 to £22 per acre for a good crop of turnips, according
to the situation of the farm. Coming nearer to Dundee we find
still higher-rented land, the best land all around it being rented
at from £5 to £6 per acre. The rotation pursued here is also
mostly the six courses, with one year's grass and two green
crops ; but some work without any fixed rotation, cropping to
suit the markets and the condition of their land. On the farms
close to Dundee few more stock are kept than are required for
working the land and supplying the residents with milk, it
being found far more protitaljle to dispose of the turnips and
grass to the cowfeeders in the town than to consume these on
the farm. This, of course, necessitates very liberal manuring,
but from the cowfeeders in Dundee an abundant supply of dung
is always to be had. The suburban farmers use city manure
very freely. The soil around Dundee is mostly an easy rich
loam, in many cases worked into a very high state of fertility.
In some parts there is stiff clay, and on some of the higher
parts thin loam ; but, oq the whole, it is more than ordinarily
fertile, and is fully taken advantage of. The produce per acre
on the suburban farms varies greatly. Generally speaking, it is
above the average of the county. One of the best managed
farms in the neighbourhood of Dundee is Mid Craigie, occupied
by Mr Thomas Drummond. Situated almost in the suburbs of
Dundee, it is well laid off, has been highly farmed for a very
long period, and is in very rich condition. The soil is heavy
loam, well suited for wheat, potatoes, and turuips. An eight-
shift rotation is pursued — grass, oats, potatoes, wheat, turnips,
oats, potatoes, and wheat with grass seeds. There is thus each
year one-fourth of the farm in wheat, one-fourth in oats, one-
fourth in potatoes, one-eighth in turnips, and one-eighth in
grass. Few stock are kept, all the surplus turnips, hay, grass, and
straw going to Dundee. The rent per acre is about £6, payable
partly in grain; and the increase since 1850 about 12s. 6d. per
acre. The valuation of the landward part of the parish of Dun-

THE COUNTIES OF FOEFAR AND KINCARDINE. 79

dee increased from £8261 in 1858-59 to £12,079 in 1876-77.
Proceeding nortliwards from Dundee we enter the parish of
Mains and Strathmartine, which had a rental of £13,982 in
1856, now increased to no less than £25,996. The valuation in
1683 was £3113 Scots money. The chief estates in this parish
are — Baldovan, owned by Sir John Ogilvy, Bart. ; Balmuir,
belonging to Mr James Webster ; and Douglas, the property
of the Countess of Home. On each of these there are several
large well-managed farms. The principal holding on the
latter is the Barns of Claverhouse, which has just passed to
the third generation of the Bell family, a family that has for
over half-a-century occupied a leading position among Forfar-
shire farmers. Mr George Bell removed lately to the adjoining
farm of Mains of Fintray, leaving in the Barns his only son
William, w^ho continues to manage it with all the energy and
skill wliich his father and grandfather so successfully applied to
it. Mr George Bell and his father effected great improvement
on the farm by draining, road-making, fencing, building, and in
other respects, the former having expended no less than £2000
on these improvements during his tenancy. Part of a new
steading w^as erected in 1854, while the remaining portion was
renewed in 1874-75, making it one of the most commodious
and convenient in the district. The greater part of the farm
lies low, by the side of the Dighty Water, and there the soil is
a clayey loam of a stiffish tendency. On the rising ground on
the north the soil is thin sharp loam. On the Plains of Pintray
the soil is stiffer, but under the careful and liberal treatment it
receives it yields well. It is rented at about £4, 10s. per acre,
gives an average of about 4 quarters of wheat per acre, weighing
62 lbs., and about 5 J quarters of barley and oats, the former
weighing 54 lbs. and the latter 40 to 44 lbs. per bushel. On
the north-east of Mains and Strathmartine lies the parish of
Murroes, which contains some very fine and also some very poor
land. Overlooking the valley of the Dighty Water; and com-
manding a magnificent view of the German Ocean, the coast of
Fife, the Firth of Tay, and the suburbs of P)undee, stands the
old Castle of Powrie. This hoary ruin adjoins the beautifully
situated dwelling-house and steading of the farm of Powrie,
occupied by Mr Thomas Smith, whose choice herd of polled
cattle and e(iually well-bred Hock of English Leicester sheep,
give his farm an interest and importance rivalled by only a few
in the county. Of the herd and llock more anon. The steading
on I'owrie was erected in 1806, when the late Mr Smith, father
of the present tenant and a man in many ways in advance of
his times, entered the farm. It is in the form of a square, com-
modious and substantial. Part of this farm also lies down on
the Dighty valley, and there the soil is pretty strong loam. The

80 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF

greater part, however, is on high ground, and, though sharp and
sure, is rather wanting in body. Not far away, in the same
parish, is the farm of East and West ]\Iurroes, leased by Mr
David Smith at a rent of £873, 12s. Situated on the Gagie
estate, this farm is maintained in very high condition, and
produces good crops of potatoes, wheat, barley, oats, and turnips..
In drains, stone dykes, and other improvements, Mr Smith has
expended over £1600 on the farm, and every year uses a large-
quantity of city dung and artificial manure. He follows a
seven-course rotation, which is by far the most general course
in al] the wheat and potato districts excepting in the neighbour-
hood of Dundee, viz. : — oats, potatoes, wheat, turnips, barley, and
two years' grass. Mr Smith also holds the fine farm of Grange-
of Monifieth, which lies nearer the sea, and consists of very rich,
friable loam. Here he produces beautiful crops of wheat and
turnips, and also, as at the Murroes, grazes and feeds a large
number of cattle. Mr Smith's father, the late tenant of Leshade
in Murroes, was one of the most enterprising farmers in this
part of the county. He transformed the farm of Leshade from
swamp and moss into one of the best laid out, and most effi-
ciently fenced holdings in the county. The system of drainage
which he carried out on the farm is most extensive and unique,
and has worked admirably. A great stretch of substantial
dykes were also erected at a heavy outlay.

Passing into the parish of Tealing we find ourselves on a
higher elevation and in a colder climate. This parish, leading
up to the Sidlaws, extends to 7231 acres, and gives a rental
of £7832, or £2007 more than in 1856. The rental in 1683
was £1886 Scots. In the lower lying portion of the parish
there is a good deal of strong rich land, that yields well when
skilfully managed and when the seasons suit. It is a clayey
loam with a subsoil of clay and gravel, in some parts rather
retentive. In part of the hollows there is also very poor soil,
thin, hard, and unproductive, with very stiff subsoil. There
are several instances in this parish where the land on the one
side of the road is worth 2os. or 30s. an acre, and not worth
more than 15s. or 20s. on the other. On the higher lying parts
there is also a good deal of variety of soil, but in general it is a
moderately fertile loam, resting on a clayey or gravelly subsoil
which in some parts is not so open as could be wished. Mr
Alexander Bell, Kirkton of Tealing, better known as the late
tenant of Balnuth,has been one of the leading farmers in Forfar-
shire for many years. For a long time he has been extensively
employed in the valuation of land and farm crops, and has thus
acquired a most extensive and accurate acquaintance with the
agriculture of the county. Entering Balnuth when a young
man, he at once commenced improvements, and in the course of

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 81

his first lease spent a large sum in reclamation, draining, fencing,
building, and other works, bringing the farm into high order
and convenient form. A good deal of the land is stiff strong
clayey loam, not very well suited to potatoes, but of wheat,
barley, oats, and turnips he raised excellent crops. A few years
ago he transferred Balnuth to his nephew, Mr William Bell,
and now resides on the adjoining farm of Kirkton, which he
also maintains in high condition. At Kirkton the elevation is
over 500 feet, and from a little beyond that the ground rises
fast, so that we soon pass beyond the wheat land, and come into
the elevation where oats and turnips predominate. la these
higher parts the ordinary five or six-shift rotation is pursued,
that is turnips, with a small patch of potatoes, barley or oats or
part of both, grass for two or three years, and lastly oats. Im-
mediately to the west of Tealing lie the parishes of Auchter-
house and Lundie, in w^hich, as in the higher parts of Tealing, a
good deal of land has been reclaimed from moorland within the
past thirty years. The soil is for the most part light, sharp loam ;
and being as a rule well farmed, produces good crops of oats,
barley, and turnips. The five and six-shift rotations are also
pursued here, and the latter gains ground every year, owing
perhaps partly to the greatly increased cost of labour, and partly
to the fact that turnips are less subject to " finger and toe " on
land worked in six shifts. In these three parishes last referred
to, rent ranges from 20s. to 50s. per acre, the main portion being
under 28s. A few tenants pay as little as 15s. per acre for the
very poorest and coldest of the land. The Earl of Airlie owns
the larger portion of the parish of Auchterhouse, one of his
lordship's largest farms in this district being East Mains of
Bonny ton held by Mr Alexander M'Kay at a rent of £680. In
Lundie the Earl of Camperdown is the principal proprietor. On
his lands in this parish extensive improvements have been effected
since 1850 in the way of reclaiming, draining, fencing, and build-
ing, part being done by the proprietor and part by the tenants.

Ketracing our steps and proceeding eastwards we pass through
the parish of Monikie, in which the Earl of Dalhousie owns a large
extent of valuable well-farmed land, and in which a very large
sum has been expended on various agricultural improvements
during the past twenty-five years. Monikie extends to 9027 acres,
and yields a rental of £18,916, or more than £2 per acre. The
increase since 1856 amounts to no less than £10,505. The
rental in 1683 was £4608 Scots. On the east of Monikie lie
the highly cultivated coast-side parishes of Barry, Tanbride, and
Arbirlot, extending to 6155, 5506, and 6889 acres respectively,
and yielding respective rentals of £15,088, £11,419, and £10,895.
Barry lias increased £7057 since 1856, or more than £1 per
acre. A very large part of this increase, however, is due to the

82 ox THE AGRICULTURE OF

rapid growth of the village of Carnoustie, which has sprung up
almost entirely within the last fourteen years. The increase in
the other two parishes amounts to over lOs. per acre, the
greater part of which is certainly due to the development of the
land. The principal property in this neighbourhood is that of
Panmure, owned by the Earl of Dalhousie, who is by far the
largest proprietor in the county. He owns several estates,
situated chiefly in this neighbourhood, around Brechin, and
away up through the Grampian range. According to the Eeturn
of Owners of Lands and Heritages in 1872-73, the total area of
his property measures 136,602 acres, the gross annual value being
£55,601, 16s. The Panmure estate is one of the most impor-
tant. It extends into the parishes of Monifieth, Barry, Monikie,
Arbirlot, Carmyllie, St Vigeans, Inverkeillor, and Kinnell, all
lying along the east coast. Panmure House, a large palatial
mansion, is situated in the upper part of the parish of Panbride,
about four miles north-west from Carnoustie. The grounds are
both extensive and beautiful, while the gardens, wdiich have a
very fine situation, are kept in excellent condition. The policies
extend in all to 550 acres. The Home Farm or Mains of Pan-
mure, under the charge of Mr George Co we, Balhoiisie, consists
of about 200 acres of arable land, worked on the seven-course
rotation, with two years grass. A large flock of half-bred ewes
and a smaller flock of Border Leicesters are kept on the farm,
while a good many cattle are also grazed and fed. A few cows
are kept for the supply of milk. Each autumn a lob of two-
year-old cattle of the best class that can be obtained are bought
in and fed on turnips, straw^, and cake. They are generally sold
off in spring, and for six weeks before leaving, the allowance of
cake is very liberal. The soil on the Panmure estate varies
from the richest to the poorest of loam, part lying on a red
sandstone subsoil, part on a hard irony pan, part on a mode-
rately open mixture of clay and gravel, and part on porous sand.
The poorest land lies in Carmyllie, and the richest a mile or
two or more from the sea side. On the greater part of the
estate it is very good. On the better soil the seven-shift rotation
with wheat, potatoes, and two years grass prevails. A few also
work on the six courses. In the higher lying districts and
poorer soils the ordinary five or six-shift rotation is pursued, no
wheat and few potatoes being grown. Latterly, a good many
who formerly worked on the five-shift rotation have turned to
the six. The Panmure estate is very judiciously apportioned.
It contains a good many large farms, rented at from £500 to
close on a £1000; a great many medium sized farms rented
from £100 to £300 ; and a very large number of crofts or
pendicles and small farms rented at from £4 to £60. In the
parish of Carm3dlie alone there are over fifty pendicles. Twenty

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 83

of these are rented below £1.0 each, the lowest being £4 and the
average about £6 or £7. jSIine pay between £20 and £40, and
the others, on an average, from £14 to £15. Generally speaking
these small tenants occupy the poorest land, that on the Car-
myllie pendicles being thin " hungry " loam lying close to a
hard irony or rocky subsoil. The greater part of it has been
reclaimed, mostly within the last thirty years, by the crofters
themselves, who have no doubt made the district more pro-
ductive than larger tenants would have done. They cultivate
their land well and raise wonderful crops. They grow oats and
turnips for the most part, raising just as many potatoes as are
required by the family. The smaller tenants keep one cow
esich, and the larger ones two or more, the young stock being
sold when six, twelve, or eighteen months old. The class of
stock raised on these pendicles is far superior to what it was
some fifteen or twenty years ago, and now they meet a ready sale
among the neighbouring larger farmers at good prices. The
more industrious of these crofters seem contented and comfort-
able. They maintain their little places in the best 'of order,
educate their families well, and in not a few cases store up as
much money as in course of time enables them to step into larger
and better holdings. One great advantage in having these small
tenancies on an estate is that they provide an excellent supply
of labour, an advantage which those having the management of
the Panmure property have evidently not failed to recognise.
Pendicles have been well named nurseries for farm servants.
The rent per acre on the Panmure estate varies greatly, accord-
ing to the soil and situation. The better land on the coast side
is rented at from £2 to £3 per acre, while in the poorer inland
parts the rent falls to £1, and in some cases even to 10s. There
is also great variety in the yield of the different crops. Wheat
gives from 4 to 6J qrs., weighing from 60 to 64 lbs. per bushel ;
barley from 5 to 6 qrs., weighing from 54 to 56 lbs. ; oats from
4J to 8 or even 9 qrs., weighing from 40 to 45 lbs. ; potatoes
from 5 to 12 tons ; and turnips from 14 to 25 tons. Since 1850
the increase in the rental of the Panmure property has been
great. At that time several of the best farms were held at
little more than nominal rents bv life-renters ; all of whom,
with one exception, had died prior to 1870. AVben brought
into the market these farms were readily let at greatly increased
rents, one bringing more that four times the sum paid by the
life-renter. Other influences, however, have helped tlie increase.
Aided by the proprietor, the small tenants in the higher parts
have, within the last thirty years, reclaimed over 500 acres from
moor and moss. A large sum of money has also been expended
on dcainage and building throughout the property since about
1860, and, under wise direction, this expenditure has resulted iu

84 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

substantial improvement. A good deal has likewise been done
in road making near Panmure House, while since about 1870
close on 700 acres of wood have been planted. Of these 200
acres were planted about ten years ago ; and form an addition
to the Mansion House policies, the greater part of which has
recently been thoroughly drained. These 200 acres were fenced
with a high stone wall.

Balhousie, tenanted by Mr George Cowe, is one of the best
managed farms on the Panmure estate. A large part of it has
been drained by himself ; while it is cultivated and manured to
the very highest degree, producing abundant crops of all kinds.
A choice small flock of Border Leicesters is kept on the farm,
while a number of two-year-old cross cattle are bought in in
autumn and fed during winter. One of the largest and one of
the best farms along the east coast of the county is Pitskelly,
leased by Mr F. Dickson at a rent of £1100. The soil is mostly
strong sound loam, not so stiff as some land on other farms in
the neighbourhood. Panlathie Mill, in the parish of Arbirlot,
is also very carefully and skilfully managed by its enterprising
tenant; Mr James Duncan. The soil, mostly black friable loam,
is worked in the six shift rotation. Wheat vields from 4 to 5
qrs., and weighs from 59 to 64 lbs.; barley 5 to 6 qrs., weighing
from 49 to 55 lbs.; oats 6 to 7 qrs., weighing from 40 to 47 lbs,;
potatoes 6 to 7 tons; turnips 14 to 18 tons; and hay from 1^
to 2^ tons per acre. Potatoes receive nearly all the manure
that can be made in covered courts, tlie litter grown on the
farm being supplemented by flax dust ; and in addition to this
2 or 3 cwt. of artificial manure is allowed to the acre. Turnips
are generally manured with artificial stuffs. Mr Duncan has
long devoted special attention to the raising of potatoes, in which
he has been eminently successful. Latterly, he has been con-
ducting experiments in the producing of new varieties which
cannot fail to be of service to the country. Wheat is sown as
soon as the potatoes are got out of the ground, generally in
ISTovember, and sometimes in December. Harvesting of grain
extends from the end of August to the middle of October.
Turnips are not as a rule stored in large quantities, only as
many being kept in store as would supply the stock for a month
or six weeks. A number of store cattle, generally Irish stock,
are bought in every year, and fed off at various times, on turnips,
straw, hay, cake, and meal. A few are fed in the courts in
summer on cut grass, cake, &c. With some assistance from the
proprietor, for which he pays from 5 to 6 J per cent, interest,
Mr Duncan has redrained nearly all his farm, and erected a
new dwelling-house, and the greater part of the farm steading.
The farm of Inverpeffer, occupied by Mr James Swan, and
rented at £645, 10s., lies in a detached portion of the parish of

THE COUNTIES OF FOEFAR AND KINCAEDINE. 85

Si Vigeans, adjoining Panbride, and is also on the Paninure
estate. This farm extends to about 420 acres, 300 of which are
arable, the remainder being rough pasture on sea-braes. The
soil varies a good deal. About 100 acres are good fertile clayey
loam, a like extent easier black loam, somewhat liable to
damage by drought in dry seasons ; and the other 100 acres
drifting sand and moorish soil. For fifteen years Mr Swan
worked the best land in the seven course rotation, and the
poorest in six shifts, three years in grass with only one green
crop. The thinner land was for a time tried with two green
crops after three years grass, and also after two years in grass ;
and now the whole farm is worked in seven shifts. In one
division of the farm, potatoes are grown after two years old
grass, and are followed by wheat, oats, turnips, and barley or
oats in succession. This course has been adopted with the view
of keeping the land free from weeds, and of preventing the oat
crop from lodging, which it invariably did, after two years feed-
ing with cake on the pastures. Wheat yields from 4 to 7 qrs.
per acre, w^eighing from 56 to 63 lbs. per bushel; barley from
4 to 9 qrs., weighing from 47 to 57 lbs.; oats from 6 to 12 qrs.,
weighing from 40 to 44 lbs.; potatoes from 2 to 10 tons; and
turnips from 10 to 30 tons. In a very exceptional season, as
many as 40 tons of turnips per acre have been grown on this
farm. Mr Swan keeps an excellent stock of cross cows, and
from these and well bred shorthorn bulls rears a class of beef
cattle not surpassed by any and equalled by few in the county.
He also has a few pure bred shorthorn cows. He feeds his
crosses from birth onwards, taking care to maintain them in a
healthy condition, and constantly adding both to their size and
cover of flesh. The cattle are sold to the butcher when two
or two and a half years old, and on an average for ten years
have realised from £24 to £36 a head. Cotton cake is the chief
auxiliary during the greater part of the feeding period, linseed
or beans or both being given for a month or six weeks before
the cattle are sold. About 180 or 200 blackfaced ewes, obtained
from the same glen for fifteen years, are purchased in October,
and from these and the best of Clark and Stark tups, a very fine
stock of half-bred lambs are raised. The lambs are fed on unde-
corticated cotton cake till from eleven to thirteen months old, and
then disposed of. The average price for ten years has been 58s.
a head. Mr Swan has effected great improvement on his farm
since his entry in 1860. In buildings, draining, fencing, and
road making he has expended in all £3500. ¥ov improvements
in 1868 he obtained £600 at 7 per cent, interest, and £400 in
1877-78 at 5 per cent. The farm is now well appointed in
almost every respect. Each field is supplied with water, while
there is a sufficiency of cottage accommodation for the servants.

86 ON THE AGFJCULTURE OF

Along the coast here there are many other farms well worthy
of special notice, it would be but repetition, however, to detail
the system pursued on many more.

Proceeding northwards along the coast towards the thriving
town of Arbroath, we pass a number of large well-managed
farms, on which the seven-shift rotation is for the most part
pursued. One of the best managed and most widely known
farms in the neighbourhood of Arbroath is Mains of Kelly,
tenanted by Mr Alexander Bowie, the eminent breeder of polled
cattle. Mr Bowie is a distim^uished fjeneral farmer as well as a
cattle breeder. He has conducted many experiments on the
growing of grain from thick and thin sowing, and under other
circumstances. He uses remarkably little seed (about 2
bushels per imperial acre), and grows beautiful crops- of all kinds
of grain.

Continuing our northern route, we pass through the parishes
of St Vigeans, Inverkeillor, Lunan, Maryton, and Craig, and
halt at Montrose. These parishes extend respectively to 13,143,
10,516, 1981, and 3686 acres; and in each there has been a
substantial increase in the rental since 1856, though not so
much as in some other parishes in the county. The increase in
St Yigeans, Inverkeillor, and Craig is equal to about 6s. per
acre of the total extent, and in the other two about Is. less. A
leading farmer in Craig states that the soil in his district is
mostly black loam on trap, or " scurdy " rock. The cropping is
pursued in six and seven shifts. Wheat yields about 4J or

5 qrs., weighing 62 lbs. per bushel ; barley 5J qrs., weighing
54 lbs. ; oats 6 to 6J qrs., weighing 42 lbs. ; potatoes about

6 tons ; and turnips from 15 to 24 tons per acre. Potatoes
are usually manured with court-made dung, while turnips get
dung and from 3 to 5 cwt. of artificial manure per acre.
Spring sowing commences about the 18th of March, turnip
sowing about the 10th of May, and harvesting about the 1st
of September. There is very little difference in the system
of farming pursued now and twenty-fiv^e years ago. In the
system of cropping, the only difference is that no fallow wheat is
now grown. Twenty-five years ago most of the farmers in this
district bred their own cattle. Now they depend chiefly on Irish
stock, which they buy in young, from a year to eighteen months
old, at from £7 to £17 a head, and which they feed on turnips
and cake or meal. The majority go to the London and Glasgow
markets when two or three years old. The greater portion of
the land has been redrained since 1850, mainly by money
advanced on interest by the proprietors. Farm houses are, as
a rule, good, and the supply of water sufficient, but fencing is
scarce. Pent ranges on an average from 50s. to 60s. per acre.
On the large farms of Gilchorn aud Cauldcots, on the Anniston

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 87

estate, in the parish of Inverkeillor, and occupied respectively
by Mr James Bell and Mr John B. Bell, and on the extensive
holdings of East Newton and Eosehill, on the Northesk estate,
in the adjoining parish of St Vigeans, and held respectively by
Mr E. J. Donaldson and George Miln, steam cultivation has
been pursued jointly for several years with success.

Keversing our course, we proceed westwards along the valley
of Strathmore, first passing through the parishes of Farnell and
KinnelL These parishes have hardly forty farms between them,
and yet the former has a rental of £7379, and the latter of
£7862. Since 1856, the one has increased by £1687, and the
other £2182. The whole of Farnell belongs to the Earl of
Southesk, whose estate is one of the most compact and desirable
in the county, extending, as it does, to 22,525 acres, and bring-
ing an annual rental of £21,811. Of the fourteen farms iin
Farnell, four exceed £700 in rental, while two exceed £1000 —
East and West Carcary, leased by Mr Eobert Lyall at £1078,
and Fithie, rented by Mr David Mitchell at £1008. Lord
Southesk is also the largest proprietor in Kinnell, in which the
Earl of Dalhousie, as already mentioned, also owns a large
extent of good land. The soil in this district is mostly a
clayey loam, in parts rather stiff and in others of a moorish
texture. The subsoil is chiefly clay, mixed with gravel, and
resting on the Old Eed Sandstone. On the higher parts
whinstone shoots up here and there to within a few inches of
the surface. On the richer land the seven-course rotation is
pursued, but on the thinner soils, and where it is not convenient
to grow potatoes, the five-shift rotation prevails. By not a few
farmers the six-shift is now preferred. Only a small extent
of land has been reclaimed in this district since 1850, but
draining and building have been carried on largely ; while
since wire-fencing was introduced a good deal has been done
in enclosing land. In the latter respect, liowever, there is stiU
much to do. The draining has been done chiefly by government
money, for which the tenants are usually charged a percentage
sufficient to cover the interest on the loan and repay the prin-
cipal. In some cases proprietors have given money for draining
for interest only. There have been few changes of much im-
portance in the system of farming in this district during the
last twenty-five years. For some time the practice of letting
turnips to be consumed on the land by sheep has been prevalent.
It is the 0[)inion of experienced fiirmers that more profit is
derived from the crop in this way than if cattle were brought in
and fed uj)on it. The average rent of the land in this district
affords no real criterion of the agricultural value of the diCl'erent
classes of soil, for on almost every farm there is a portion of
poor laud worth little per acre. The average rental per acre is

88 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

thus reduced far below tlie value of the really good land.
Bolshan, occupied by Mr Goodlet, is one of the largest and
one of the best managed farms in the county. Situated in the
parish of Kinnell, on a slope facing south-west, it extends to
690 acres, of which 670 are under cultivation, the remainder
consisting mostly of wood pasture. Mr Goodlet took the farm
by public competition, paying a large increase on the former
rent, while on the renewal of the lease in 1866 he paid a further
advance, making the total increase on the rent since 1847 70
per cent. The soil consists of a clayey loam of a moorish
texture on the west, where it adjoins the moorside, and runs
into stiffish clay on the south-east. The whole farm lies on a
clay bottom, overlying the sandstone formation, with protruding
pieces of whinstone on the heights. On 280 acres the seven-
course rotation is pursued, and on 330 acres the five-shift, with
one green crop and two grasses, while the remaining 60 acres
are allowed to lie in pasture, being broken up at intervals and
sown down again. Wheat yields on an average 4 qrs., weighing
58 to 62 lbs. ; barley 5 qrs. ; oats close on 6 qrs.; turnips from
18 to 25 tons ; potatoes from 4 to 9 tons ; and hay from 200
to 300 stones per acre. Only as much hay is grown as is
sufficient to supply the farm horses and sheep, the rest of the
young grass being pastured mostly by sheep. The root crops
get from twelve to fifteen cart loads of farm-yard manure, and
4 or 5 cwt. of guano and other light manures per acre. Guano
has been used latterly on account of Mr Goodlet's having found
that his cold-bottomed land was not much benefited by the
•superphosphates and other artificial compounds which he had
tried. Yov a number of years he has obtained large quantities
of Aberdeen city manure for mixing with his farm-yard manure,
and from this he has found more benefit than from any quan-
tity of light manures he has ever used. The grass lands in
particular, which were formerly poor, have improved very
much under this treatment. From 120 to 130 cattle are keplj
during winter. The majority are bought in, but a few are
bred on the farm from cross cows and a well-bred shorthorn
bull. The two and three-year-old cattle, which make up three-
fourths or more of the lot, are fed on turnips, cakes, and
crushed grain, and sold as they become " ripe." The three-year-
olds weigh on an average, when sold, from 48 to 54 stones
(Dutch), and the two-year-olds from 40 to 44 stones. About 50
young cattle and cows are grazed during summer. In addition
to the cattle stock, a large and very good flock of Border Leicester
sheep are kept. To these we shall refer again. Since his entry Mr
Goodlet has effected great improvement on the farm, not onlyiii
the land, but also in the houses and other respects. When he
obtained possession the land was run out and full of weeds, and

THE COUNTIES OF rOEFAR AND KINCAEDINE. 89

for a number of years he had to farm the whole in the five-shift
rotation. He afterwards for a time pursued the seven-shift
system alone, but finding potatoes a risky crop, he adopted the
present system in order to reduce the area under potatoes and
increase the extent under grass. Since his entry in 1847 he has
tile-drained upwards of 200 acres to a depth of from 2 J to 4 feet.
The landlord built a range of covered cattle-courts, repaired and
made alterations on the farm-steading, and erected two new
cottages to replace old ones. He also put an addition to the
dwelling-house, and built other two cottages, for the outlay on
which Mr Goodlet paid interest at the rate of 3 per cent.,
performing all the carriages over and above. Eight married
ploughmen reside in cottages, and five unmarried men in a
*' bothy," in which there is a separate bed-closet for each, and a
sitting room, and scullery or pantry for general use. The
" bothy" is cleaned out daily, and the beds made by a woman
paid for the purpose. The farm is conveniently laid out in finely
shaped fields, well fenced with dykes and hedges, with rows of
trees here and there, and is altogether one of the most beautifully
situated holdings in the county.

Continuing westwards we pass through the parishes of Guthrie,
Kirkden, and Eescobie, and rest in Forfar. These parishes extend
respectively to 3824, 5018, 6724, and 8379 acres ; and since 1856
the rental of the first two and the last one has increased by about
10s. per acre of the total extent, and that of Eescobie by about
6s. per acre. In each there are several large well-cultivated
farms, and a pretty large extent of good soil. The largest
holding is the combined farms of East and West Carsebank,
held, along with another adjoining farm, by Mr Patrick Fair-
weather, and rented at £1285. Situated in the parish of Ees-
cobie, this line farm extends to 650 acres arable and 22 acres
under pasture. The soil is dark brown loam, with good " body."
During the first twelve years of the lease he had liberty to farm
in any rotation wished, provided always that he worked the land
in accordance with the rules of good husbandry. During the
remainder of the lease he was bound to have the land in the
seven-shift rotation. Wheat gave on an average 4 qrs. or a
little more per acre, weighing 61 lbs. per bushel; barley 5 J
qrs., weighing 54 lbs.; oats 6 qrs. or a little more, weighing 42
lbs. ; Eegent and other early varieties of potatoes 6 tons, Cham-
pions and other late kinds 8 tons ; turnips from 20 to 25 tons ;
and hay about 2 tons per acre. One half of tlie turnip break
gets twelve loads of dung and a mixture of artificial manure, gene-
rally guano, super})hosphate, and dissolved bones, to the value of
40s. ]>er acre. The other half receives a mixture of artificial
manure to the value of from £3, 5s. to £3, 10s. per acre.
Potatoes get twenty loads of dung per acre, and a small quantity

90 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF

of artificial manure above the dung to start the plants, the value
of the doze of light manure being about 25s. or 30s. per acre. Of
late years potatoes have sometimes been grown after lea, and in
that case no dung is given, a mixture of light manure being left
to do the work itself. This mixture usually consists of woollen
manure, dissolved bones, superphosphates, guano, and potash,,
and when given to the value of about £4 per acre invariably
produces an excellent crop, generally less damaged by disease
than when dung is applied in the ordinary way. Autumn wheat
is sown as soon as the potatoes are lifted, commencing about the
end of October, and continuing till the first of January when
the weather is suitable. Harvest usually commences aboat the
end of August or first of September. A mixed stock of cattle
and sheep are kept in this district, a large number being fed off
every year. Most of the cattle are bought in at the auction
marts at Dundee, Perth, or Forfar. Very few are bred in the
district. A good many farmers within the last few years have
returned to the old-fashioned mode of cropping, which leaves a
greater area under grass, and also lessens the manure bills-
There being much variety of land in this district, it is difficult
to arrive at a correct estimate of the averacfe rental. It cannot
be far wrong, however, to put it at 30s. per acre. Mr Fair-
weather took his holding ten years ago at a rent of 50s. per acre.
It has now been let to a new tenant at 37s. 6d. per acre, th&
proprietor undertaking to rebuild all the fence-dykes and erect
new steadings free of interest, the tenant performing all the-
carriages. One of the best holdings in the Guthrie district is-
that of the combined farms of Kewton of Guthrie and Drumhead^,
held by Mr John Eamsay at a rent of £615. They extend ta
378 acres, all arable. The soil is free black loam, with clayey
subsoil on three-fourths and gravel on the remainder. The
better land is worked in the seven-shift rotation, and the poorer
fields in the " easy sixes," that is, three years grass, two grain,
crops, and one green crop. Barley in this district yields from;
4J to 5 qrs. per acre, weighing 54 lbs. per bushel ; oats about 6
qrs., weighing 42 lbs. ; potatoes from 5 to 7 tons ; turnips 20 to-
30 tons ; and hay about 200 stones of 22 lbs. Asa rule potatoes,
get all or nearly all the farm-yard manure, turnips getting town
manure and artificial mixtures, usually guano, superphosphates,,
and bone meal, to the value of about £3, 10s. per acre. Harvest
generally commences in this district about the 20th of August.
Mr Eamsay keeps a stock of 70 or 80 cattle. He rears about
20 calves every year, and buys in the remainder at the principal
county markets. They are kept mostly on turnips and straw.
When potatoes are cheap a few are given to the cattle, while to-
finish off from 4 to 6 lbs. of linseed cake are allowed per day^
Mr Eamsay has not for a long time made any alteration in tha-

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 91

system of cropping. As is the case in the district generally, the
cattle he feeds are larger and finer than twenty-five years ago,
while they are also fed off more quickly. He now buys in tw^o-
year-olds instead of yearlings as formerly. Since he entered,
twenty-eight years ago, he has effected considerable improvement
both in the drainage and manurial condition of the land. The
rent of land in this district ranges on the averat^e from 25s. to
40s. per acre.

On the west of Forfar lie the Earl of Strathmore's Glamis
estates, which form one of the choicest blocks of landed property
in the country. Compactly and beautifully situated in the very
heart of Strathmore, this property comprises 16,850 acres of
arable land, 4000 of natural pasture, and 2000 under wood,
making in all 22,850 acres. The gross rental amounts to
£25,000, and the average rental of the arable land 27s. per acre.
The increase during the past twenty-five years is about 10 per
cent. Since about 1860 very extensive improvements have been
carried out on this property, involving an outlay of over £43,000
exclusive of from £150 to £180 expended every year on planting
for some time back. Betw^een 1862 and 1870 about 200 acres
of woodland, mostly near Glamis station, have been reclaimed at
a cost of about £15 per acre. The land was drained and trenched
by spade, and for two years cropped with potatoes, stimulated by
artificial manure, costing about £3 per acre. Both crops did
well, and each sold for £15 per acre, thus in two years doubling
the cost of reclaiming the land, less the outlay in raising the
crops. One crop of grain followed, the land being sown down
with grasses, fenced and planted with Scotch fir, larch, oak,
spruce, and other varieties. The soil on the lower lying portion
of the reclaimed land is thin, sandy loam, but on the slopes it is
a good black loam, lying on Red Sandstone. The greater part
of the 200 acres was reclaimed by the proprietor himself ; about
40 or 50 acres being let free of rent for four years to a contractor
who trenched the land, and drained part of it, the proprietor
sujijJying tiles. During the four years lie was allowed to crop
the land in any way he pleased. Almost every year since 1860
some building, fencing, and draining has been going on on the
property. As leases have expired the land has been drained and
fenced where necessary, and new houses built, or the old ones
repaired, according to their condition. In the course of the next
three years the whole of the estate will have been gone over in
tliis way ; and, judging from tlie ])ortion finished, it will by that
time be in a condition e(pialled l)y few, and, pt*rha])s, surpassed
by none in the county. Covered courts are erected on every
farm, and the steadings in all other resju'cts made commodious,
substantial, and convenient. The dwclling-liouses of the tenants
are also made large and handsome, whih^ the su]»i)ly of servants*

92 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

cottages is being completed. In the building of new bouses
alone about £20,000 has been expended since 1860, while
between £1200 and £1500 additional has been spent annually
on repairs. The outlay on draining in that period has been about
£11,000, on fencing £5000, and road-making £2000. It was
formerly the custom to charge interest at the rate of 5 per cent,
against the tenants for outlay on buildings, but in recent years
all buildings have been erected by the proprietor under the con-
ditions upon which the farms are let. The farms on the Glamis
property, as a rule, range from 200 to 400 acres in extent, a few
being larger and some smaller. There are also sixty-four crofts or
pendicles, running from 8 to 15 acres, held from year to year,
and rented at about 30s. per acre. The farms are let on lease
of nineteen years. An improvement w^orthy of special notice is the
straightening of the course of the Kerbit, which was carried out
by Lord Strathmore in 1876-77. The course of this water
formerly ran through the farms of Scrogalfield, ]\Iains of Glamis,
and West and Mid Ingleston, in a winding and very inconvenient
manner. To obviate this a new course was cut through a sandy
mound into the Dean, about 300 yards above the old junction
of the two waters. The new run is about a mile in length and
40 yards wide, the greatest depth being about 40 feet. The
work, which was carried out under the direction of Mr
Ealston, factor on the estates, was attended with considerable
difficulty, owing to the want of fall and the sandy nature of the
ground. It has, however, proved thoroughly successful. It
gives a better fall for the drainage of about 200 acres of valuable
land, and thus improves the climate of the district. The cost
was about £2000. The old run has been filled up, converted
into arable land, and added to the adjoining farms, the tenants
of which pay interest on the cost of filling up at the rate of 5 per
cent. In this way about 10 acres of excellent land have been
added to the farm of Mr Arnot, Mains of Glamis, and all the
extra rent he pays is about £10 of interest.

Glamis Castle, an ancient and noble mansion, stands not far
from the centre of the property in " its world-famed magnificent
surroundings." The home farm adjoins and includes part of the
policies. It is worked in six shifts, three years grass, oats,
turnips, and barley. Lord Strathmore takes great interest in the
rearing of the best class of farm stock, alike of horses, cattle, and
sheep, and in this respect his home farm has few equals in the
country. The stock consists of a stud of Clydesdale horses, a
herd of polled cattle, and a flock of Shropshire sheep, each com-
posed of the best available materials, and managed with great
skill and success. In this department Mr Ealston is ably assisted
by Mr John Stewart, farm overseer. Of the live stock more anon.

The largest farm on the Glamis estate is Mains of Glamis,

THE COUNTIES OF FOEFAR AND KINCARDINE. 93

which lies on the north and east of the castle, and which is
leased by Mr William Arnot at a rent of £1134. Mr Arnot
is a skillful, enterprising, and successful farmer ; and, per-
haps, he holds more arable land than any other tenant in
the county. He pays about £3000 of annual rent. At
the Mains, which extends to about 600 acres, he keeps an
excellent stock of cattle, including a number of good short-
horn cows, and every year he feeds off a large number. The
beautifully-situated farm of Hatton of Eassie, on the west of
the Home Farm, is occupied by Mr William Whyte, who is one
of the most extensive arable and sheep farmers in the county,
and is also well known as a successful breeder and an accurate
judge of farm stock, more particularly of polled cattle. The
Hatton is the highest rented farm on the Glamis property, the
rate being about 50s. per acre. The soil, however, is very good
sound loam, and the farm altogether a very desirable one. Mr
Whyte is perhaps most widely known as the tenant of the farm
of Spott, north from Kirriemuir, in connection with which he
has a large sheep-run. On the opposite side of the line of the
Caledonian Eailway is situated the fine farm of Cookston, also
on the Glamis property, and occupied by Mr George Ballingall.
The extent is 560 acres, and the rental £894. In connection
with this farm Mr Ballingall holds a sheep-run extending to
1800 acres. The soil on Cookston is mostly a sandy loam, with
some moss in one part. After two or three years grass alternate
grain and green crops follow, the latter consisting of potatoes
and turnips, and the former mostly of barley and oats. The
potatoes grown after grass get a liberal supply of artificial
manures. In wet seasons the grain crops are liable to lodge,
and, in consequence, the yield is sometimes deficient and the
grain light. In good dry seasons, however, about 6 qrs. of
oats and barley may be obtained per acre, the average being
about 5 qrs. Hay yields about 220 stones per acre, turnips
about 16 tons, and potatoes 8 to 9 tons. In late wet years the
yields are far below these. Barley and oats are sown from the
20th of March onwards, and turnips between the loth of May
and 20th of June. Harvest commenced this year on the 20th
of August, and last year (1879) on the 17th of September ; the
work being completed this year on the 4th September, and last
year on the 10th of October. Mr Ballingall is one of the most
successful cattle feeders in the county. He buys in a good
many cross yearlings and two-year-olds, mostly Irish, and feed."
them off during both winter and sunmier. He also keeps a
large stock of sheep, and feeds these on grass, hay, cake, and
turnips. Both cattle and sheep get cake or other extra food
during sunmier as well as winter. Additions were made to the
farm steading not long ago, but still it is not quite satisfactory

94 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

and is not convetiientlv situated. The tenant has erected a large
extent of fencing, mostly wooden erections, which are being sup-
planted by wire fences as they decay, The steading and fields are
supplied with water by force pump and running streams. The
rent of land in this neighbourhood ranges from 30s. to 40s. per acre.

Among other very fine farms in the parish of Eassie and
]Srevay may be mentioned that of Castleton, occupied by Mr
John'^Adam. Situated on Mr Baird's estate of Drum Kilbo, it
extends to 450 acres, all arable, and is rented at £825. The
soil is a soft sandy loam, and the seven-shift rotation is pur-
sued. On an average, grain in this district will yield about 5 J
qrs. per acre ; wheat weighing 60 lbs. per bushel, barley 54 lbs.,
and oats 42 lbs. Potatoes yield about 6^ tons, turnips 22 tons,
and hay about 200 stones of 22 lbs. Green crops get about
twelve cart loads of dung and about 5 cwt. of dissolved bones
and bone meal per acre. A good many cross bred cattle, mostly
Irish stock, are brought in and fed in the district. A large
number of cross bred and blackfaced sheep, mostly bred in the
county, are also bought in and fed. More cattle and sheep are
fed now than formerly, but in the system of cropping there has
been little or no change for twenty-five years. Mr Adam also
holds the farm of Balnakeilly in the parish of Lintrathen, from
the Earl of Airlie. It extends to 250 acres arable and 350
of pasture, the rental being £190. The soil consists of black
light loam on trap rock, and is worked in five shifts, with two
years' grass and one green crop.

In the parish of Inverarity there are some very good farms,
one of the best managed being that of Seggieden on the estate
of Fotheringham, and tenanted by Mr Thomas jVI'Laren. It
extends to about 235 acres, all arable, and is rented at £500.
The soil in this district is mostly a heavy clayey loam, black
and free in some parts, and rather stiff in others. A good deal
of the land lies on a damp stiff subsoil, and would be much
improved by draining and liming. The seven-shift rotation is
the most general. Grain crops yield from 5 to 6 qrs. per acre in
fairly good years ; wheat weighing about 61 lbs. per bushel,
barley 53 lbs., and oats 42 lbs. Potatoes average about 4 tons,
turnips about 16 tons, and hay 2 tons. Potatoes get a good
supply of farm-yard dung, and turnips farm-yard and city dung,
supplemented by from 4 to 6 cwt. of artificial manure. The
rent of land in this district varies from £1 to £3, the average
being about £2 per acre.

The principal property in the parish of Xewtyle is Belmont,
owned by the Earl of Wharnclifle. Extending to 8700 acres,
this fine property extends into the county of Perth, but the
main portion lies in Forfar. The rental amounts to £13,500, or
an average of considerably over 30s. per acre. The arable area

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 95

extends to 5500, and the woods to 600 acres ; the remainino-
1600 consisting of natural pasture. Since 1850 about 800 acres
have been reclaimed, mostly by trenching, while in the same
period about 300 acres have been planted. On other per-
manent improvements no less than £59,500 has been expended
since 1850— £34,200 on buildings, £17,000 on drainage, £7000
<on fencing, and £1500 on roads and miscellaneous works. Xo
fixed regulations exist as to improvements, the works being
,generally carried out by the proprietor at the beginning of
leases. The houses are now as a rule in excellent condition,
excepting on some of the crofts and in the hamlets. The soil
•consists partly of clayey loam, partly of friable black loam of
■excellent quality, partly light free land, and partly moss on a
sandy subsoil. The natural pasture is mixed — green grasses
^nd heather, with a good sprinkling of whins — and is all sound
and healthy for stock. The leases are of nineteen years dura-
tion, and for very many years no tenant who was able and
willing to remain has left the estate. The greater portion of the
land ,is worked on the seven or eight-sliift rotation, with two
green crops and either two or three years grass. Farms range
in size from 60 to 960 acres ; and besides these, there are about
twenty crofts on the property, the extent of which vary from 4
to 20 acres, and the rental from £9 to £50. These crofts are
held from year to year, but changes seldom take place. Indeed,
there are crofters on this property whose ancestors had been on
the same land for several generations. During this year (1880)
one tenant died who had paid no fewer than seventy yearly
rents. The pasture land carries Cheviot, blackfaced, and cross-
bred sheep, while on the arable farms a large stock of cattle
are fed, very large quantities of cake being used. On a few
farms the breeding of cattle is being pursued pretty extensively,
and this system is on the increase. The general system of
farming has improved greatly since 1850, large sums of money
being expended on lime and manures. In the same parish lies
the desirable little estate of Couston, which belongs to Mr
Andrew Whitton, factor on the Belmont property. Mr Whitton
has expended large sums of money on various permanent
improvements, and now his tidy little estate, which he farms
himself, is in the best of trim.

The beautifully-situated parish of Kettins, part of which
runs into Perthshire, contains several very tine large farms.
The princii)!d estate here is tliat of Ilallyburton or Pitcur,
which, in Fel)ruary of this year (1880), Mr Menzies, of the
Caledonian Distillery, Edinburgh, purchased from the Mar-
quis of Iluntly fur the sum of £235,000. One of the
best managed holdings, not only on this fine estate, but
in Scotland, is South Corston and Mid Gask, leased by Mr

96 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

David Buttar at a rental of £700. The late Mr Thomas
Biittar, then in Baldinny — still held along with Corston —
took Corston for his son, the present tenant, in 1851 at a
rent of £400. The farm was then in J:)ad condition, and during
the earlier part of the lease the whole' was redrained, and about
20 acres reclaimed by trenching from patches of whin bush. A
large stretch of fencing was also erected, the proprietor, then the
late Lord Hallyburton, supplying wood. In 1870 the lease was
renewed, arrangements being made for the erection of a new
farm steading, threshing mill, and servants' cottages. These
buildings were forthwith erected, and cost in all about £2800.
The steading is one of the most commodious and convenient in
the county — the cattle courts being wholly covered, and very
large and well ventilated. The threshing mill is driven by a
turbine-wheel, which proves a great convenience in pulping
turnips. The dwelling-house is large and handsome, and is
surrounded by beautiful gardens and grounds formed by Mr Buttar.
The main portion of the house is about a hundred years old, an
important addition having been made in 1879 by the proprietor
under arrangements entered into in 1878, when the leases of the
two farms, Corston and Baldinny, were extended and renewed
for nineteen years. The addition to the liouse cost between
£700 and £800 exclusive of the carriages, which were performed
by the tenant. The house was at the same time supplied with
water by means of hydraulic power. On the farm of Baldinny,
which adjoins Corston on the north-east, extensive improvements
have been executed, both by the landlord and tenant, within
the past twenty-five years. Considerable difficulty was long
experienced in getting the lower lying fields thoroughly drained,
and to obviate this, Lord Hallyburton in 1878 constructed a
large culvert at a cost of about £200. By this means a much
better outlet has been obtained, and now the drains work
admirably. The proprietor also gave £200 in 1878 to extend
and improve the farm steading of Baldinny, besides wood for
fencing, the wire being supplied and the fence erected by the
tenant. Baldinny was twice drained by the late Mr Thomas
Buttar and the present tenant, — first, with stones on wooden
soles, and then with tiles. The fields have all been rearranged,
old ditches filled up, old hedges uprooted, and many other
improvements effected. In all, the present tenant and his father
have spent over £4500 on improvements on the two farms. All
this is in addition to the large sums spent upon them by the
proprietor. They are now in the best of condition, and make a
compact desirable holding of 560 arable acres, rented at £1050.
The soil consists of varying loam resting on rotten sandstone
rock. On some parts the loam is thin but sharp, in others,
particularly on the haughs of Baldinny, somewhat clayey. On

THE COU^'TIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 97

some fields the subsoil is of a sandy nature, while here and
there on the higher knolls, the whingtone rock, so well dis-
played on the adjacent hills, shoots up very close to the surface.
As a whole, the soil on Baldinny is heavier than on Corston, but
the latter is rather more sound and sharp, and better suited for
grass and potatoes. Heavier grain is generally grown on the
sharp sound land of Corston than on the deeper softer land of
Baldinny. Potatoes are also more liable to disease on the soft
land. The rotation stipulated for in the lease is that of seven
shifts, two years grass, and two green crops ; but, latterly, Mr
Buttar has been allowing the land to lie in grass for three years.
The grass stands up very well. Mr Buttar feeds a great many
cattle and sheep, but these will be referred to afterwards.

Directing our course towards the Grampians, we enter the
Braes of Angus. We here find a colder climate, greater variety of
surface and thinner soil, but withal a beautiful country, occupied
by an intelligent and enterprising class of farmers, whose system
of management bears no unfavourable comparison to that which
has won for the lower and better favoured parts of Forfarshire,
the credit of beincj one of the most advanced agricultural districts
in Scotland. The principal property in this region is that owned
by the Earl of Airlie, who is well-known as an active supporter
of every movement that has for its object the development of
the agriculture of the country. The Airlie estates extend over
a considerable part of Forfarshire, and also stretch into the
county of Perth. The total area measures perhaps about 70,000
acres, the rental for the crop of 1879 being £26,500— £19,500
in Forfarshire and £7000 in Perthshire. The increase in the
rental during the last twenty-five years amounts to about
£10,000. The arable area is estimated at about 1800 acres,
rented on an average at say 24s. 6d. per acre, making a total of
£22,050, and the hill pasture at 1500 acres rented at 2s. per
acre, or in all £4500. The plantations extend to about 7000
acres. Since 1850 a large extent of laud has been reclaimed
from moor, and is now bearing profitable crops. Within the
same period over 500 acres have been planted at a cost of about
£3, 10s. per acre. The proprietor has also expended a large sum
of money in building, draining, and fencing. These improve-
ments are effected under agreements entered into at the com-
mencement of leases, all new buildings, considered necessary,
being as a rule erected by the proprietor, the tenant performing
the carriages. Throughout these estates the tenants have also
done a good deal to im])rove the condition of their farms, in the
way of reclaiming small patches, draining portions, and erecting
fences. The soil varies greatly, but the most general is a
medium friable loam, rich in some parts and thin on others. The
five and six course rotations prevail, the latter being more general

98 ox THE AGRICULTURE OF

now than some time ago. A good many cattle are reared up on
the higher lying parts from polled bulls and cross cows, but on
the lower farms few cattle are bred. A large number of one and
two year old cattle, mostly from Ireland, are bought in every
year and fed off when two and a half or three years old. There
are a number of very good sheep farms on the estates, the stock
consisting mostly of blackfaced wethers. The arable farms vary
n size from 30 to 400 acres, and the pastoral holdings from
150 to 3000 acres. There are few crofts on the property. The
farmhouses, as a rule, are sufficient and in good order. At the
home farm at Cortachy, Lord Airlie keeps a select herd of polled
Aberdeen and Angus cattle, some very good Clydesdale horses,
and has just introduced a small flock of well-bred Shropshire
sheep. These will afterwards be noticed.

The Airlie estates may be taken as a good sample of the
general character of the Braes of Angus, not only as to soil, sur-
face, and system of farming, but also as to stock kept, the nature
and extent of the improvements since 1850, and the increase
in the rental. In the parish of Kirriemuir, which, including
the village, has a rental of close on £32,000, there are a number
of large w^ell-managed farms, mostly on the estates of Clova,
Glamis, and Kinnordy. On the farm of Sandyford, on the Glamis
property, the enterprising tenant, Mr Thomas Lawson, has for a
few years been conducting experiments on the growing of turnips
with different kinds of manure which cannot fail to be useful
and interesting to farmers. All along the foot of the Grampians
the arable land has been gradually moving higher up. Within
the last thirty or forty years almost every holding adjoining the
hills has been enlarged by the reclamation of lesser or greater
patches of moorland, carried out mostly by the tenants, but
partly by the proprietors. The land thus reclaimed is of fair
quality in some parts, and yields profitably; but, generally
speaking, it is of secondary quality, and has been only moderately
remunerative. An extensive farmer in the parish of Tannadice
states that there the farms range as a rule from 100 to 300
acres in extent, and that the soil is partly black loam of good
quality, and partly thin and of a moorish texture. The five-
shift rotation is the most general ; but a good many are now
adopting a seven-sbift course, three years grass, followed by two
grain crops, turnips, and oats or barley, with grass seeds. Under
this rotation turnips are found to be less liable to damage by
" finger and toe." The average yield of grain, barley, and oats
is stated at about 5 qrs. per acre, barley weighing 53 or 54 lbs
per bushel, and oats about 41 lbs. Potatoes, which are not
largely grown, yield about 6 tons, turnips 20 tons, and hay 120
stones per acre. Potatoes and turnips get all the farm yard
manure, and a mixture of about 5 cwt. of guano and dissolved

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 99

bones per acre. The sowing of grain is commenced about the
middle of March, and turnip sowing about the middle of May.
Harvest generally begins about the last week of August. Only
a few cattle are bred, a large number being bought in and fed
every year. The farms in this district have been much improved
since 1850 by draining, fencing, and building, mostly done by
money advanced by the proprietors on interest at the rate of
0 per cent. On the Tannadice estate, Mr Xeish has expended a
very large sum on buildings and other improvements within the
last seven or eight years. He has spent as much as £2000 on
the farm of Easter Balgillo, w^hich is leased by Mt William
Davidson at a rent of £525, and almost as much on some others.
The fields on Mr Davidson's farm are all fenced with stone dykes
and wire, and also well watered. The rent of land in this district
averages about 35s., some farms being as high as £2 per acre.

Almost the whole of the parish of Careston, extending to
2113 acres, belongs to Mr John Adamson, Blairgowrie. The
rental of the parish amounts to £2697, and all excepting the
valued rental of the parish manse and glebe, and the public school-
house, goes to Mr Adamson. The increase since 1856-57 is
about £180. About IQO acres had been planted on the Careston
estate some twenty-five or thirty years ago, but with that exception
few improvements had been effected when Mr Adamson entered
into possession about 1872. On the home farm an excellent farm
steading had previously been erected at a cost of over £800 by
Mr Stevenson, now of Blairshinnoch, Banffshire, and during the
past six or seven years the present proprietor has done a great
deal in the way of building, draining, and fencing. Additions,
consisting mostly of covered courts, extra byre accommodation,
and in some cases of a re-arrangement of the whole buildings,
have been made to the steadings on the Home Farm, Hillhead,
Peathill, Cowford, Knowehead, Balfour, and Blackhill. The
cost of these additions ranged from £100 to £400. A great
portion of the estate has been drained at a cost of from £6 to
£7, 10s. per acre. Many of the old drained fields were re-drained
by forming drains with two-inch pipes across the old drains, at
a distance of from 15 to 25 or 30 yards apart. This plan has
been found not only clieap but also quite as effectual as if a new
drain had been cut between every two of the old drains ; the
new drains were not cut right across the old ones, but at an
angle, while they were cut a few inches deeper than the old
drains. As a rule, these improvements, carried out by the
proprietor, have been charged to the tenants in the form of a
certain percentage of interest. In some cases, however, they
have been done free of interest. Tlie tenants themselves liave
also improved their holdings a good deal. Dr Chithrie, who rents
the farms of Nether Careston and Gateside at £879, lis. lOd.,

100 ON THE AGRICULTUHE OP

has made improvements on the farm buildings, and has also
drained some portions at his own cost. Mr Doig, Balfour, re-
claimed large portions of rough pasture land on the farm of
Knowehead, and also drained the new land and part of the old.
Both these gentlemen are skilful and enterprising farmers, and
by good management have very much improved the land they
hold. The soil on the Careston estate, which also extends into
the parishes of Menmuir, Fearn, and Lethnot and Novar, is very
various. On the lower portions it consists of a deep rich
alluvial soil, patches of it being light and sandy or gravelly.
Along the centre of the property the soil is chiefly a deep loam
of good quality, capable of growing excellent crops of all kinds
of grain, turnips, and potatoes. On the upper portion the soil
is thinner, but generally sharp and well suited to the production
of turnips, oats, and barley. In moderately damp seasons it
also grows grasses welL The richer land is farmed in the seven-
shift rotation, and the poorer on the five or the " easy " six. The
farms as a rule range from 200 to 300 acres in extent. There are
about ten crofts, varying from 4 to 25 acres in extent, held under
nineteen years' lease, the rent per acre being higher than the same
land would bring in larger holdings. Very few cattle are bred
in the district, a large number of Irish yearlings and two-year-
olds being bought in and fed every year. Some very good crosses
between Highland cows and shorthorn bulls are bred in the
estate. The farm of Nathro is devoted wholly to sheep, and
carries a good stock of blackfaced ewes which are crossed with
Leicester tups. On a few other farms in the district, a number
of blackfaced and crossbred sheep are reared and fed.

We are now in the neighbourhood of the ancient and royal
burgh of Brechin, which with its noble castle, unique round
tower, and beautiful cathedral, used as a parish church, has much
to interest and delight visitors. In this district there are many
large and remarkably well-managed farms. The farm of West
Drums, on the south of Brechin, has been held by the same
family for four generations, the present tenant being Mr William
Smith, a gentleman of intelligence and experience in agricultural
matters. The holding now includes three different farms.
Situated on the Aldbar estate it extends to 450 acres, all arable ;
and in addition Mr Smith sometimes takes fields of pasture. The
soil rests on the Old Eed Sandstone, which comes very close to the
surface, and of which there is an excellent quarry on the'farm. On
the better parts the soil is a good friable loam, and on others sharp
but somewhat light. It is, on the whole, well adapted to barley
and turnip husbandry; and of both these, as well as of oats,
excellent crops are raised. The farm is all enclosed with stone
dykes, and, with the exception of about 100 acres on the
western boundary, it is well watered from springs. The fields

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 101

on these 100 acres are supplied by pumping. On the better land a
seven-course rotation is pursued, three years in grass, all pastured,
two white crops (sometimes varied by potatoes being taken on
a suitable field instead of the second grain crop), turnips, and
barley, with grass seeds. The thinner land is worked in the
ordinary five-shift rotation. Xo hay is made in this part. On
another portion, where the land is pretty heavy, the six-shift
rotation is followed. One year's grass, cut for hay, is succeeded
by oats, beans, or potatoes, or tares, or some of each, wheat or
barley, turnips, and barley, with grass seeds. Wheat yields
about 30 bushels, barley 36 bushels, oats 46 bushels, turnips
18 tons, potatoes 6 tons, and hay IJ ton per acre. In specially
good years these yields are considerably exceeded, but these
figures represent the averages over a period of about seven years.
Mr Smith manures liberally, and thus his farm is in high
condition. Swedes and potatoes get about 18 loads, and
yellow turnips about 12 loads of farmyard manure per acre,
with about 4 cwt. of light manures, usually a mixture of dissolved
bones and guano, with a little superphosphate and nitrate added
when necessary. Latterly, he has been allowing about 4 cwt.
of kanit extra per acre for potatoes, and by that he has succeeded
in lessening the damage by disease. Mr Smith rears from 14
to 20 calves from cross cows and shorthorn or polled bulls.
He also buys in and feeds a pretty large number of two-year-
old crosses, mostly in the spring months, at the local markets,
and from neighbouring farmers. These he puts on moderate
fare at the outset, treatincr them more liberallv as the season
advances, and giving them when the grass begins to fail a supply
of ground food, made up of beans, tares, and peas. This is given
either in the house or on the grass fields, according to the
weather. During winter they are carefully kept and well fed,
being sent away as they become fat. The farm is fairly well
supplied with houses. Both the dwelling-house and steading
were erected in 1846. The former is large and very handsome;
the latter is also pretty good, but would be improved by
additions to the covered courts.

The farms of Broomknowe and Blackiemill, also on the
Aldbar estate, the one in the parish of Aberlemno and the other
in Brechin, are held by Mr Alexander Baxton at a rent of £500.
They extend to 222 acres of arable land and 38 acres of per-
manent pasture. The soil is mostly light black loam on gravelly
subsoil, somewhat liable to drought. Broomknowe is worked iu
the "easy" seven shifts, and l^lackiemill on the five shifts. Oats
average about 30 bushels per aero, weighing 43 lbs.; barley, 26
bushels, weighing 55 lbs. ; and potatoes, about 7 tons. Turnips
let at from £7 to £11 per acre. Hay yields about 180 stones
per acre. Mr T^axton lias for some years given his turnips about

102 ON THE AGPJCULTURE OF

20 cart loads of dung per acre, with 1 c\Yt. of guano and 2 cwts.
of bone meal. The manure made on the farm is usually supple-
mented by about 500 loads of dung from Brechin. Within the last
twenty-five years the proprietor has spent £1100 on far-ni build-
ings ; while the tenant has himself expended £300 on houses
and £200 upon draining. Only part of the land is fenced.

As already indicated, a large part of the extensive and valu-
able property owned by the Earl of Dalhousie lies in this part of
the county. One of the best managed farms on the Panmure
estate, in the parish of Brechin, is Barrelwell, held by Mr David
Hume at a rental of £727. Situated within two miles of Brechin,
this fine farm extends to 400 acres, and lies on the northern slope
of the valley of Strathmore. The soil consists for the most part
of black loam, the better portion resting on a substratum of
limestone, and the less productive on a hard irony pan, which in
some parts comes so near the surface as to barely afford a full
furrow. The farm, which was held under one of the last of those
famous "live and let live" life-leases on the Panmure property,
came into the possession of ]\Ir Hume about seven years ago. Since
that time great changes have been effected, which have added
largely to the value of the farm. A handsome and commodious
steading was erected six years ago at a cost of between £2000
and £3000, of which £1600 was laid out by the late Earl of
'Dalhousie, and the remainder by the tenant. A great stretch of
fencing has also been erected, while a considerable portion of the
land has been re-drained, the proprietor supplying money for
these improvements on interest at the rate of 5 per cent. The
eight-shift rotation is pursued — three years grass, pastured all
the time, and two green crops. While producing good crops of
oats, often weighing 44 lbs. per bushel, and fair crops of wheat
and barley, the farm is evidently best suited for turnips and
potatoes, for of these it generally gives excellent results.
Turnips average from 20 to 25 tons, and potatoes from 6 to 9
tons per acre. The dressing used for turnips, all applied in the
drills, consists of 20 loads of dung, and from 5 to 6 cwt. of arti-
ficial manure, mostly phosphatic. Potatoes are similarly treated,
except that a portion of the break is generally dunged in the
autumn. The results are very much the same after autumn and
spring manuring. Mr Hume,however,devotes his attention more to
stock than to crops. Through the use of a very large quantity
of artificial food, for which he invariably pays over £600 a year,
he is able to feed a good many more cattle than the farm would
naturally carry, and thus the soil is being enriched by very
liberal doses of rich farmyard manure. The stock are generally
bought in when two years old, home-bred cattle being preferred,
the number required being made up of the best available class
of Irish cattle. Every animal of the cattle tribe on the farm gets

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AXD laXCARDIXE. 103

cake all the year round, and in the course of the tweiv-e months
about 200 head of cattle are turned off to the butcher in the best
condition. Mr Hume usually takes the grass and turnips on one
or two adjacent farms as starting ground for the newly bought-
in lots. During the last few years he has been buying in a few
well-bred shorthorn cows at various sales over the country ; and
along with his extensive system of feeding he is gradually intro-
ducing the breeding of shorthorns. Already he has been very
successful, alike in the breeding and feeding, having carried off
several prizes both in the fat stock and breeding shows. About
a hundred half-bred ewes, bought at the southern sales, are also
kept, and from these and Leicester or Shropshire tups an excel-
lent class of lambs is raised. The ewes and lambs are fed
together on the fields, and sold as they become " ripe," the lambs
being always away in June, and the ewes by the end of July.
The most of the fat stock is sold to Montrose butchers, who
kill largely for the London market. A flock of blackfaced
w^ethers is likewise fed, either on Barrelwellor on some adjoining
farm, every winter. As many horses are bred on the farm as
maintains the required working " staff," with a pair to sell occa-
sionally. They are of a very good kind, and have brought high
prices.

Part of Lord Southesk's fine property lies in the parish of
Brechin, where his lordship has some excellent farms, particu-
larly those of Longhaugh, "VVindyedge, and Kincraig. The former
two, along with a small farm adjoining each, are held respectively
by Mr Kobert Lyall Mustard and Mr William Mustard. Ihese
four farms, now leased by his sons, were entered by the late Mr
Mustard, an enterprising, skilful farmer. The combined farms
of Leuchland and Northtown of Leuchland extend to 430 acres,
all arable, and are rented at £712. The soil consists mostly of
medium loam of fair quality, some small portions being stiff and
others very light. As a rule, the seven-shift rotation is pursued
on Leucldand, but latterly one field has been allowed to lie three
years in grass, the green crop being considerably improved by
the alteration. On Northtown the five-shift svstem is fulluwed.
Taking the twelve years from 1858 to 1870, the average yield of
undressed wheat on Leuchland would be 34 bushels, weighing
61 to 02 lbs.; barley, 40| bushels, weighing 52 to 54 lbs.; and
oats, 49 bushels, weighing 41 to 42 lbs. On Northtown the yield
of barley wuuld be about 39^ bushels, and oats 4iU bushels.
The returns the last few years have been much under those.
Potatoes vary greatly in the yield. Kegents may be noted at
from 4 to G tons, and cliampioiis at from G to 8 tons per acre.
Yellow turnij)s average from IG to 18 tons, and Swedes from 18
to 20 tons per acre. Hay in a good season yields about 200
stones of 22 lbs. each per acre, 240 stones bein^j considered a very

104 ox THE AGRICULTUEE OF

good crop. For potatoes, from 17 to 20 tons of farmyard manure,
and from 6 to 7 cwt. of artificial manure, consisting of |ths of
bone meal, |tlis of superphosphates, and ^th of muriate of potash,
are allowed per acre. Swedes get the same quantity of dung and
light manures, the mixture of the latter being changed to |rds bone
manures and ^rd guano. Yellow turnips usually get about 12
tons of farmyard dung, wdth 6 cwt. of bone manures. No super-
phosphates are used for turnips. A few cows, usually six or
seven, are kept ; and from eight to ten calves, sometimes as
many as twelve or fourteen, are raised. A large and good stock
of feeding cattle is kept. The majority are bought in when
fifteen or eighteen months old, and sent to the beef markets
tw^elve or fifteen months afterwards. At times a lot of cattle
two and a half years old are put in, and fed off in from four to
eight months. The greater number are Irish bred animals, and
Vfhen the tw^o and a half vear old cattle bouo^ht in come direct
from Ireland, they generally require double the length of time
to prepare for the butcher they would take when they have for
some months previously been kept on this side of the channel.
No sheep are kept, and only as many horses are bred as supply
the farm. Mr Mustard has drained a good deal since the com-
mencement of his present lease in 1868, and has also expended
a pretty large sum in altering and covering cattle courts and in
erecting wooden sheds. About twenty years ago the proprietor
erected two new cottages, on the cost of which the tenant paid
an easy rate of interest. A few years thereafter about 37 acres
of moorland were reclaimed, the proprietor advancing on interest
the cost of the tiles and the cutting of the drains, and the tenant
doing all the other work. This land has since been attached to
another farm for which it is more conveniently situated, at a rent
of 30s. an acre. The fields are as a rule well watered, but defi-
cient in fencing. The steading is old, and not very convenient.

Between the parish of Brechin and the Grampians, mostly in
the parishes of Menmuir and Stracathro, there is a large extent
of land, not a little of which has been reclaimed within the last
forty or fifty years. 'Since 1856 the rental of Menmuir has risen
from £5833 to £8487 this year; and that of Stracathro from
£4335 in 1856, to £6614 this year. These are very substantial
increases, and are due in a large degree to the transformation of
moorland into productive fields. The soil varies greatly. It is
generally a light loam, of moderate depth and fertility in some
parts, and very thin and poor in others. It lies partly on red-
sandstone, limestone, trap rock, slate, and primary rocks ; and is
rented at from 15s. to 30s. per acre. The new^ land reclaimed
since 1850 consists for the most part of small patches taken in
here and there by tenants, but in a few cases the extent exceeds
a hundred acres. Perhaps the most extensive scheme of re-

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 105

clamation carried out in recent years is that so successfully
accomplished on the estates of Lundie and Parkland, by the
proprietor, Mr George Shepherd. Situated partly in Menmuir
and partly in Stracathro, this property was purchased in 1860
from the Earl of Kintore by Mr Shepherd for the sum of £11,000.
The total extent is 1145 acres. At the time of the purchase 342
acres were under cultivation or partially reclaimed. Since then
Mr Shepherd has reclaimed about 400 acres. The work was
commenced in 1863 when the leases on the property expired,
and carried out gradually. Nearly the whole extent was re-
claimed by ploughing, in some parts with two horses, a furrow
being taken down hill only, but generally with four horses,
making a furrow both ways. In a few spots spade trenching
had to be resorted to. Before being ploughed the land had to
be cleared of whins and broom, and many surface boulders re-
moved ; while two or three men followed the plough, digging up
the larger stones and throwing them on the ploughed land. The
larger stones were carted to lines fixed for stone wall fences, in
which they have been turned to good account ; and the smaller
ones to convenient situations, to be utilised in the forming of
drains and roads. The ground was next harrowed until a surface
fit for receiving oats was obtained ; and as soon as it was in
season it was sown with oats at the rate of from 6 to 7 bushels
per acre, along with 5 or 6 cwt. of artificial manures. Three
crops of oats were generally taken in succession, the number of
crops being regulated by the rate at which the sod decomposed.
Turnips followed the oats, but before these were sown, the land
received from 2 to 3 tons of lime per acre. When it could be
obtained dung was given, and when it could not artificial manures
alone were used, the mixture usually consisting of bone and
mineral phosphates with a small proportion of ammoniacal
manures either in the form of guano or nitrate of soda. "With
this treatment good crops of turnips were always obtained. A
grain crop with grass seeds followed — barley where dung had
been applied, and oats where the artificial manures were used
alone. The new land was thorouglily drained, generally after
the second or third oat crop, the most satisfactory system being
3 feet drains, at 24 feet apart. Stones were used for a number
of years, but as the price of labour advanced, tile drains were
found to be less expensive and equally ellicient. These opera-
tions, together with fencing, road making, and the erection of
buildings, entailed an outlay of about £30 per acre. The cost
was made up thus : — ploughing, clearing the land of stones,
draining, ditching, fencing, liming, and dunging, £20; roads and
buikUngs, £10. There still remains about 100 acres suitable for
reclamation. The soil is mostly a friable loam with a subsoil of
good red clay, intersected by bars of "pan" which decompose

106 ox THE AGEICULTUKE OF

after drainage. Where these bars do not decompose, they are
raised by the subsoil plough and lifted off the field along with
the stones. Part of the estate, lying into the valley of Lethnot,
rests on gravel, and is retained in grass on account of its suit-
ability for sheep. The new land is cropped in the six-shift rota-
tion— three years grass, one gi^een crop, and two grain crops,
partly oats and partly barley. Oats yield about 4 to 5 J qrs. per
acre, and barley 4 qrs. The climate is wonderfully good, the
land being comparatively free from hoar frosts which do damage
in the valleys. The crops generally ripen as soon as any in the
district, unless in the parts near the sea. The elevation of the
arable land ranges from 300 to 700 feet, the greater part being
about 400 feet. The new land yields very satisfactorily when
treated (as a large j^i^oportion has now been) in the manner
indicated. The old land has required similar treatment as to
draining, stone clearing, manuring, and in other respects, and as
a rule yields equally as well as the new land. In addition to
the reclamation of these 400 acres, about 4000 yards of roads
have been made, at a cost of 2s. per yard. A dwelling-liouse,
cottar houses, and farm steading have also been erected. When
the estate was bought there were no houses upon it. It was
held as a sheep-run by adjoining farmers. The threshing-mill
is driven by water, obtained from a bog about half a mile distant.
About 60 acres have been planted, while hedgerows with trees
at intervals divide some of the fields. The soil is admirably
adapted to the gi^owth of w^ood. Larch and Scotch fir are thriv-
ing beautifully on the highest portion, about 800 feet above sea
level. A good quarry has been opened on the estate. Here a
very fine quality of red sandstone is easily obtained. It is light
in colour, easily wTOught, very durable, and is almost entirely
free of the hard pebbles that abound in much of the sandstone
in the neighbouring districts. The stock kept consists of cattle
and sheep. Irish cattle are bought in lean, and fattened on the
holdincf. Blackfaced ewes are boudit in the higher reaches of

O CD <0

the North Esk and AVestwater, and from these and Leicester
tups a good class of lambs is reared, which when sold in the
autumn bring from 2os. to 29s. a head.

Most of the land in this neighbourhood suitable for reclama-
tion has already been brought under the plough. Almost all the
recent reclamations have been carried out by tenants, and have
as a rule turned out well. Much of the old land would be greatly
improved by more thorough drainage and by deeper cultivation.
On the farms of Longhaugh and Kilgarie, on the estate of Balna-
moon, and in the parish of ]\Ienmuir, Mr David Fairw^eather, the
enterprising tenant, has, within the last twenty years, reclaimed
over 300 acres by ploughing and trenching, at a cost of from
£12 to £15 per acre. The land before being reclaimed consisted

THE COUNTIES OF FOEFAR AND KINCARDINE. 107

of bog or moor. The soil is now mostly light loam, resting partly
on a hard pan and partly on clay. In consideration of these re-
clamations, Mr Fairweather obtained the farm at a small rent, on
a lease of twenty-five years' duration. On the cost of draining
and building, which w?i3 advanced by the proprietor, the tenant
pays interest at the rate of 5 per cent. The land is worked on
the seven-shift rotation, with three years grass. The yield has
been fair and the grain up to the standard weight. Grass has
done well since the land was limed. The new land paid well as
long as the turf lasted. A stock of young cattle is kept, being
obtained and disposed of at local markets.

Eetracing our steps, we again pass Brechin and take a run
through the Howe of Kinnaird, and the parishes of Logiepert and
Montrose, leaving the county at its extreme north-eastern corner.
The Howe of Kinnaird is one of the most beautiful parts in the
county. It is well wooded and well farmed, and is adorned by
Kinnaird Castle and grounds, one of the most charming country
seats in the kingdom. The soil is mostly alluvial, in some parts
stiff tenacious clay, and in these untoward times and bad seasons
it has proved a somewhat stubborn subject to deal with. A large
portion lies so low that it is liable to be flooded. A good many
hundred acres indeed lie below high-water mark at spring tides.
The thorough draining of the Howe has therefore been an ex-
ceedingly difficult matter. There is no doubt that, if thoroughly
drained and well limed, the land would be about the richest in
the county ; and in these respects it will in all probability before
long be greatly improved. In the parish of Logiepert, which is
bound in on the north by the North Esk, there are several large
skilfully managed farms. Brae of Pert, on the estate of Stra-
cathro, and rented by Mr Andrew Couper at £1200, is about the
largest. It extends to 670 acres, all arable. The soil in this
district varies from light gravelly loam to strong hard clay, a
pretty large extent being good sharp medium loam on a mode-
rately open subsoil. The better land is worked in the seven-
shift rotation, with two green crops, and the thinner soil in five
or six shifts. In a good season wheat yields about 4 qrs. per
acre, weighing GO to G4 lbs. per bushel ; barley, 5 qrs., weighing
53 to 5G lbs. ; and oats, 6 qrs., weighing 42 to 44 lbs. Turnips
usually get about 12 loads of farmyard manure, and about G
cwt. of bones and other light manures per acre. Votatoes get 14
loads of dung and 3 cwt. of potash and bones. Harvest com-
mences between the middle of August or 1st of September.
A large stock of Irish and home-bred cattle, the former forming
the large majority, are fed in tliis district. A good many sheep
are also fattened or wintered. For Ijotli cattle and sheep, cako
and bruised grain are extensively used, much more so now than
formerly. On tlie farm of lirae of Pert and others a great deal

108 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

lias been done within recent years, both by the proprietor and
tenant, in the way of draining, building, and fencing. Eent
varies from 25s. to 40s. per acre. The farm of West Ballochy,
also on the Stracathro estate, is held along with West Mains of
Xeithock by Mr Charles Martin. West Ballochy extends to 260
acres, and is rented at £476. The soil is black loam with clayey
subsoil on two-thirds of the farm, and gravel and sand on the
remainder. The seven-course rotation is pursued. Wheat yields
about of qrs., barley 8|- qrs.,oats 5 qrs., potatoes 6 J tons, turnips

14 tons, and hay 150 stones of 22 lbs. each. Potatoes get from

15 to 20 loads of farmyard manure per acre ; and turnips about
the same, with the addition of 3 or 4 cwt. of guano and dis-
solved bones. Mr Martin rears about twenty calves, and also
keeps about forty one-year-old and thirty two-year-old cattle,
besides ten cows. When potatoes are cheap they are given
along with or instead of turnips, cake and bean meal being also
laro;elv used in the feeding: of cattle. Mr Martin has reclaimed
a portion of land from natural pasture, while the proprietor has
•drained almost the wdiole of the holding, and built a dwelling-
house and farm steading, the tenant paying interest on the out-
lay at the rate of 5 per cent., and performing all carriages free.
The land has been fenced, partly by the proprietor and partly by
ihe tenant.

Kincardine.

We commence with Kincardine, as we did with Forfar, at its
•extreme south-eastern corner — at the mouth of the North Esk.
And, as in Forfar, we find the first farm, that of Stone 0'
Morphie, held by Mr William Smith, a gentleman of extensive
•and accurate knowledge of farming, and a noted breeder and
judge of polled Aberdeen and Angus cattle. This fine farm is
situated on the estate of Morphie, in the parish of St Cyrus,
lies close to the North Esk, and is rented at £913, 8s. The soil
is variable ; very rich loam on some parts, thin sharp loam on
others. Tlie better fields are rented as high as about £3 per
acre. In good seasons beautiful crops of wheat, barley, oats,
potatoes, and turnips are grown, the land being maintained in
very high condition. A large number of cattle, bought in as
yearlings or two -year- olds, mostly at the latter age, are fed on
the farm, partly on the grass fields and partly in the courts.
Both inside and on the fields a large quantity of feeding stuffs
is used. Mr Smith's lease is almost exhausted. During it he
has expended about £300 on the repairing of the farm steading,
and about £200 in the purchasing of moveable fences, while the
proprietor has erected servants' cottages. The adjoining farm
of Morphie, rented by Mr James Adamson at £1000, is also
£managed with skill and success. It contains a good deal of rich
loam and some rather thin soil, mostly sharp and sound however.

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 109

The parish of St Cyrus is about the best favoured in the county
in regard to soil and climate combined. It extends to 8718'
acres, and brings a rental of £18,028, or more than an average-
of £2 per acre. The increase since 1855 amounts to no less than
£5219, or close on 12s. per acre. The soil is mostly good sound
loam, pretty strong in some parts and light in others, but as a
rule very fertile. The subsoil is partly decomposed red sand-
stone, partly of a clayey nature and partly gravelly. The better
class of land is worked mostly on the six-shift rotation with two
green crops. Some work in four shifts with one green crop^
partly potatoes. A considerable extent is put under beans and
potatoes on the richer lands. The principal estate is Lauriston,
owned by Mr D. S. Porteous. As on the other properties, a
good deal has been done here within the last twenty-five years,
in the way of draining, fencing, and building. On the smaller
parish of Benholm which adjoins on the north, there is also a
considerable proportion ot excellent soil — good deep fertile loam,,
well suited to all the ordinary crops. It is farmed in a way
similar to the better lands in St Cyrus, and yields fully as welL
Here also, however, there is some light loam, chiefly on the
higher parts, and likewise some portions of close hard land that
can scarcely be made even fairly fertile. This parish extends-
to 5216 acres. The rental is £8167, the increase since 1855
being £1532. The largest property in this 2:)arish belongs to
Mr Hercules Scott of Brotherton, one of the most enterprising
and liberal-minded landlords in the county. He takes a lively
interest in everything that tends to promote the interests not
only of his own tenantry but also of the county generally. In
the shape of draining, fencing, reclaiming, building, and other
works, he has carried out extensive improvements on his well-
managed and highly cultivated property. The lands of Ben-
holm, formerly owned by the Baroness De Virte, were purchased
in July 1879 by Mr William Smith, Stone 0' Morphie, for the
sum of £25,600. The property extends to 740 acres, yields a
rental of about £1000, and is altogether one o|the most desirable
little estates in the county. In 1877 the property was care-
fully gone over by Mr George James Walker, Hillside House,
Bortlethen, a gentleman experienced in the valuation of land,
and by him it was estimated as worth £31,100, — a sum which
in all probability would readily have been obtained some live
or six years ago. The soil is mostly strong fertile loam, only a
very small portion being light. Benholm Castle, which is being
extended and renovated by Mr Smitli, is beautifully .situated iu
the midst of extensive antl well laid out policies. The home
farm, extending tu 167 acres anil rented at £373, was taken
over by Mr Smith at the expiry of the lease at Martinmas 3 879,
and is to be farmed by himself.

110 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF

AVe next enter the parish of Bervie, which extends to 2447
acres, and yields a rental of £3368. The increase since 1855
is £1332. Here also there is some good loam, but the soil
generally is lighter than in Benholm and St Cyrus. The largest
property here is that of Hallgreen, in which there are a few
good large farms, rented at from £160 to £635. The much
larger parish of Arbuthnott lies on the north, stretching from
near the sea side far inland. Extending to 9623 acres, it yields
a rental of £9916, the increase since 1855 being £2400, or about
5s. per acre of the total extent. Lord Arbuthnott is the chief
proprietor in this parish. His fine estate, situated in a well-
favoured part of the county and extending into several parishes,
is stated in the Parliamentary Eeturn of Owners of Lands and
Heritages, 1872, to comprise 13,560 acres, and to yield a rental of
£13,036, or very close on £1 per acre all over. The improve-
ments effected on this desirable property within the past twenty-
five years have been very extensive and costly. The arable area
has been slightly increased in several parts ; but the principal
works have been the erection of new farm houses, and the
drainincf or redraininsj of land. In the erection of houses in

o o

particular, a very great deal has been done, a large number of
very handsome and commodious farm steadings having been
erected all over the property. In every case the tenant per-
forms the carriages free, and generally also pays a certain per-
centage on the outlay by the proprietor, the works being
invariably executed under a private arrangement between the
proprietor and each individual tenant. A large extent of land
has been drained since 1850, while some fencing has also been
erected. In this latter respect, however, there is still a great
deal to be done. There are a large number of extensive -and well
managed farms on this property. An intelligent and extensive
farmer on the Arbuthnott section of the property states, that
the soil varies a good deal, but is mostly a medium loam or
pretty strong clay, parts being thin and moorish. The ordinary
live-shift rotation is the most general, but a few are now taking
to a seven course — two crops of oats in succession, one of
turnips with a small portion of potatoes, one of barley, and three
years of grass. Some farmers are also working on six shifts,
with only one crop of grain between grass and turnips. Under
both these latter systems turnips are found to be less liable to
damage by " finger and toe " than under the five shifts. There
is great variety in the yield of grain. Last season (1879), on
some farms oats and barley did not exceed 1^ qr. per acre. In
an average season, however, the yield would be about 5 qrs. per
acre, barley weighing about 54 lbs., and oats 42 lbs. per bushel.
Potatoes yield about 6 tons, turnips about 15 tons, and hay
about IJ ton per acre. In many cases these figures would be

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KIXCAEDIXE. Ill

greatly exceeded, but as an average they are not far wrong. On
some of the best managed farms, turnips receive about 25 tons
per acre of farmyard and Aberdeen city dung mixed ; and
potatoes about 20 tons of farmyard manure, very little artificial
manure being used. On other farms, also skilfully and success-
fully managed, a lesser quantity of dung is given, the dose being
supplemented by from 4 to 6 cwt. of artificial manure per acre,
mostly bones in different forms, guano, and superphosphates.
Sowing of grain is commenced between the middle of March
and first week of April; and of turnips about the loth of May.
Harvest, as a rule, begins between the 1st and 10th of Septem-
ber. On every farm a few cows are kept, but only a very small
number of the cattle fed upon it are bred on the estate, or even
in the county. A large number of Irish and other cattle are
bought in every year, and fed off when two or three years old.
A large quantity of cake, potatoes, grain, and maize is used
in feeding, along with turnips, straw, and hay. A good many
sheep are wintered on the property. The farm of Gyratsmyre
is held, along with another farm, by Mr John Taylor. The
extent of the two is 368 acres arable, and 120 acres of hill
pasture. The soil varies. Some fields are of black loam, some
clayey, and others moorish. Most of the laud is worked in five
shifts. The average yield of barley would be about \.\ qrs. per
acre, weighing 53 lbs. per bushel ; oats 5 qrs., weighing 40 lbs. ,
potatoes, 6 tons; turnips, 16 tons; and hay about \\ ton per
acre. A breeding stock of cattle — mostly crosses with a few
shorthorns — is kept on the holding. The crosses are fed oft
when two years old, and the shorthorn bulls sold either when
newly weaned or when one year old. The feeding stock get
linseed cake for several weeks before being sent to the butcher.
At one time a lot of breediug ewes were kept on this farm, but
cattle now form the whole stock. Cattle are now fed ofi' a year
younger than they were some years ago. Most of the farm has
l3een fenced by the tenant, the proprietor having done a good
deal in the way of building and draining. Kent in this district
runs from 20s. to 30s. per acre. One of the largest holdings in
the county is that of Pitcarry and Clashendrum, on the estate
of Pitcarry, in the parish of Arbuthnott, and leased by Mr J.
Blythe Myles. It extends to 540 acres arable and 70 in rough
pasture. Five pairs of horses are kept at Pitcarry and ouc at
Clashendrum, the one farm adjoining the other. About 54
acres consist of stiff red clay, 40 acres free to moorish land,
100 acres friable black loam, and the remainder Ljood stron'j-
land, well adapted for grain. The slid land is worked in luc
six-shift rotation, three grain croj)s, and two gi'een crops, and
one year in grass. The ordinary five-shift rotation is pursued
on the other portion. In a pretty good year barley yields about

112 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

5 qrs. per acre, weighing about 54 lbs. per bushel ; oats from
5 to 8 qrs., weighing from 40 to 42 lbs. ; potatoes from 5 to 8
tons; turnips, 14 to 20 tons; and hay from 100 to 150 stones
per acre. Turnips get 12 loads of farmyard manure per acre,
with two cwt. of bones, and 2 cwt. of superphosphate ; while
potatoes get about the same quantity of farmyard manure, with
2 cwt. of a potato manure and 1 cwt. of sulphate of potash. A
good deal of beans are grown on the farm, and these are sown
early in March. Potatoes are planted between the middle of
March and the second or third week in May. Mr Myles prefers
to plant them early. During summer, about 100 head of cattle
are kept, the stock in winter being increased to 130 or 140.
Few are bred on the farm, the large majority being purchased
in the south. Cake and grain are liberally used in the winter
feeding. The farm steading has lately been improved by the
proprietor, the tenant performing the carriages. The tenant has
also carted on to the farm a good deal of lime and manure, since
he entered, two years ago. The fields are all well watered, but
badly fenced, almost all the fences being of wood. There is a
pretty fair supply of servants' cottages on the farm.

Turning southwards, we enter the somewhat cold hilly parish
of Garvock. On the slopes of the Garvock hill, which, almost
in a direct line between the villages of Laurencekirk and St
Cyrus, rises to a height of 915 feet, the soil is mostly either thin
or medium loam, resting on a hard subsoil, or stiff clayey loam
lying on a cold sour bottom. Extending to 7982 acres, this
parish has a rental of £7134, the increase since 1855 amounting
to no less than £2919, or about 7s. 6d. per acre of the total
extent. Considering that a large portion of this parish consists
of uncultivated hilly ground, this iacrease must be regarded as
very large. As already indicated, a large extent of land has
been reclaimed on the slopes of the Garvock hill during the
last twenty-five years, and this in a great measure accounts for
the long stride in the rent-roll in that period. A very large sum
of money has also been spent since 1855 in improving the old
lands and farms by draining, building, and fencing; and this,
of course, had likewise done much to increase the annual value
of the parish.

On the west of the southern end of Garvock, lies the fine
agricultural parish of Marykirk, comparatively level and low-
lying, the greater portion being under 200 feet above sea level.
Marykirk extends to 9912 acres. The rental is £11,653, or
about 23s. 6d. per acre. The increase since 1855 is equal to
nearly 6s. per acre of the whole area. The principal estates in
this parish are Inglismaldie, Kirktonhill, Thornton, Luthermuir,
Balmakewan, and Balmaiu. A large portion of the land consists
of good sound fertile loam, lying on decomposed red sandstone,

THE COUNTIES OF FOEFAK AND KIXCARDIXE. 113

and well adapted to all tlie ordinary crops. On the riclier land
the six and seven shift rotation is pursued ; and on the thin
soil, the five-shift rotation, with one green crop. The beautiful
and extensive parish of Fettercairn lies on the west. Extending
to 13,803 acres, it yields a rental of £12,056, the increase since
1855 being £2644. The principal estates in this parish are
Fasque, Fettercairn, The Burn, and Balmain. On Colonel
MTnroy's desirable little property of The Burn, a good deal of
improvement has been effected during the past twenty-five years ;
while on Sir A. E, Eamsay's estates of Balmain, a very large
sum of money has been laid out during that period on reclaim-
ing, planting, draining, building, and fencing. On Balmain
about 30 acres of old woodland were trenched and drained and
made arable by the proprietor, while about 100 acres were
planted. Most of the farm steadings have either been renewed
or added to and improved by the proprietor since 1855, the
tenants generally paying interest on the outlay. All these
improvements, however, are made the matter of private arrange-
ment between the landlord and tenant. The farms on the
Balmain estates range from 30 to 300 acres in extent, there
being in addition about twenty crofts, ranging from 5 to 15
acres. All the farms and most of the crofts are held on leases
of nineteen years' duration. Several crofters hold their land
from year to year, but even among these very few changes take
place. The soil is mostly sharp medium black loam, deep in
some parts and thin in others. The subsoil is partly adhesive
clay and partly a mixture of gravel and clay. On the richer,
blacker land, a seven course of cropping is pursued, — tliree years
grass, oats, potatoes along with smaller portions of beans, vetches,
and cabbages, or a small division of oats a second time, then a
full shift of turnips, followed by barley with grass seeds. On
the thinner land the ordinary five-shift rotation is followed. On
good land oats average about 6 qrs. per acre, weighing about
42 lbs. per bushel ; barley, 4i to 5 qrs., weighing 54 lbs.
potatoes, 5 to 6 tons ; and turnips, 20 tons. Potatoes get 16 to
20 loads of farmyard manure per acre with 2 cwt. of dissolved
bones ; and turnips about the same quantity of dung, with 3 oi
4 cwt. of dissolved bones and other light manures. Only a
small number of the cattle fed in the district are l)red in it. ^Ir
Smith, Balmain, keeps a few shorthorn cows, and also breeds a
few cross ; but the general custom is to buy in Irish cattle at
one and a half year old, and feed them ofV within a year or fifteen
months. Excluding the higher and poorer lands, the averagf
rent in this district is about 30s. per acre. Around the village
of Fettercairn there is some very fine heavy loam, rented nt
about £2 per acre, or even more. The Fettercairn property
contains some very rich land, mostly of the nature of clayey
loam, with a good open subsoil.

114 ox THE AGRICULTURE OF

The Fasqiie estates, now bv far the most extensive in the
county, have been acquired at diff'ereDt times since about 1825
or 1830. About that period the late Sir (then Mr) John Glad-
stone purchased the adjacent properties of Fasque and Balfour,
and some time afterwards that of Phesdo in the same neic;hbour-
hood. Then followed Balnakettle and Little and Meikle Strath
Balbegno, and last, but not least, the immense property of Glen-
dye. The last, by far the largest, was purchased about twenty-
five years ago by Sir Thomas Gladstone, the present owner,
from the Earl of Southesk, the price having been fixed by the
late ]\Ir Walker, Portlethen. It adjoins the other estates
excepting Phesdo, which is detached but not far distant, and thus
the Fasque property now extends from the village of Fettercairn
to within less than 10 miles from Banchory on Deeside, a
distance of over 16 miles. The total area is not far short
of 49,000 acres. By far the greater portion lies on the Gram-
pian range, and consists of black heath-clad hills intersected
by numerous valleys or small straths in wdiich there is a good
deal of green pasture. On the Glendye property there are
several small farms on the lower parts towards Banchory,
while on the other estates there is a large extent of excellent
arable land, mostly good rich loam, strong and deep in some
parts and thin in others, but all over sound and fertile. The
property contains a great deal of valuable wood, not a little of
which has been planted by Sir Thomas and his father. At the
time Fasque was purchased by Sir John its wood was valued at
£10,000, and since then its plantations have been increased by
several hundred acres. The plantations on Phesdo extend to
al30ut 103 acres, and those of Balfour to 215 acres : while on the
Glendye property, Sir Thomas has planted about 2500 acres.
Around the mansion-house of Fasque there are many trees of
great dimensions and rare grandeur. The mansion-house, a
large palatial-looking edifice, was built by the Eamsays of
Balmain in 1808-9, and is said to have cost about £30,000.
The policies are extensive and beautiful. A picturesque finely
situated lake, extending to about 20 acres and formed by the
late Sir John, adds greatly to their beauty. The home farm,
extending to 670 acres, including the farm of Bogendello, is
held by the proprietor. About 150 acres around the mansion-
house lie under permanent pasture. The other portion is
worked in the ordinary five or six shift rotation, and as a rule
excellent crops of barley, oats, and turnips are raised. The soil
on the lower parts consists of good black loam, what is known as
excellent barley and turnip land, and on the higher parts the
soil is lighter, but also fertile. Almost the whole has been
redrained lately and also well fenced. Barley yields from 4 to
5 qrs. per acre, weighing from 50 to 54 lbs., and oats from 5 to

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 115

7 qrs., weighing from 40 to 43 lbs. Turnips grow exceptionally-
well, yielding as much sometimes as 30 tons per acre. A very
commodious and substantial farm steading, with all the modern
comforts and conveniences, was erected on the home farm in
1872. It was built from a design by Mr Murray, the local
factor on the property, and is altogether one of the best stead-
ings in the county. The cattle courts are covered, and are ex-
tensive. A saw mill, carpenter's and blacksmith's shops adjoin
the steading, the saws and other machines being driven from
the water-wheel, which also drives the threshing mill. These
conveniences enable Sir Thomas to accomplish by his own em-
ployees a good deal of the estate work. An excellent herd of
polled cattle is kept at the home farm, as also some very good
sheep. The herd will be referred to afterwards.

Proceeding eastwards from Fasque we enter the parish of
Laurencekirk, in which there is a large extent of good land,
clayey loam in some parts, deep strong loam in others, and thin
loam on the higher portions. Extending to 5617 acres, this
parish has a rental of £12,710, the increase since 1855 being
£5198, or not far short of £1 per acre. A good deal of this
very large increase is no doubt due to the growth of the village
of Laurencekirk ; but it is equally certain that there has also
been a very large increase in the agricultural rent of the parish.
The principal estates in this parish are those of Haulkerton,
belonging to the Earl of Kintore, and Johnston, owned by Mr
and Mrs Pearson. On the former there are several laro^e and
very good farms, on which a most advanced system of farming
is pursued. That of Bents of Haulkerton, occupied by Mr
William Alexander, is specially worthy of mention. On this
estate a good deal has been done in the way of building and
draining since 1855. The Johnston estate extends to about
1010 acres — 800 arable, 40 under natural pasture, and 170
under wood. The gross rental amounts to about £1800. Near
the village of Laurencekirk the rent is as high as £3 per acre,
while on the higher parts it is below 20s. Since 1850, some
draining and building and other improvements have been effected
on the estate. The soil is mostly of a clayey nature ; the five-
shift rotation being generally pursued. The home farm extends
to 200 acres arable and about 80 of wood pasture. A good
many small crofts are held by villagers on leases of ten years'
duration, and at rents as a rule higher than those paid for
larger holdings.

Eordoun, the most important agricultural ])arish in the
county, lies on the north of Laurencekirk. It extends to 26,937
acres, and yields a rental of .£21,307. The increase since 1855
amounts to no less than £5358, or close on 4s. per acre of the
total area. The soil varies greatly. A large portion is strong

116 ON THE AGEICULTURE OF

clayey loam, a considerable extent good medium loam, and a
pretty large area light loam. The subsoil is a mixture of clay
and gravel in some parts, and hard gravel in others. Lord
Arbuthnott owns some excellent land in this parish ; his larger
farms being Cairnton, leased by Mr Falconer, and East and
West Cairnbeg, held respectively by Mr Brown and Mr John-
ston. Cairnton extends to 525 acres, all arable ; and was
obtained bv Mr Falconer at Martinmas 1878. The soil on the
lower fields is good friable black loam, a little stiff in some
parts, while towards the hill it becomes light. The land is not
well suited for wheat, and therefore it is grown only to a limited
extent. The better land is worked on a seven-shift rotation, —
two years grass, oats, potatoes, wheat, turnips, and barley with
grass seeds. A portion of a new steading, consisting of stables,
cart sheds, and cattle courts, w^holly covered, has just been
erected by the proprietor, the tenant performing the carriages ;
while in draining, about £700 have been spent by the proprietor
since Mr Falconer entered. On that sum the tenant pays
interest at the rate of 4 per cent. Barley yields about 5 qrs. per
acre, and weighs 54 lbs. per bushel; wheat, 3 J to 4 qrs., weighing
from 63 to 64 lbs. ; and oats, from 5 to 6 qrs., weighing from 40
to 43 lbs. In an ordinary year harvest usually commences
between the middle or the end of August, in the earlier parts
of the parish. Mr Falconer feeds a large number of cattle,
bought in mostly when eighteen months or two and a half
years old, and fed off during winter. Latterly, he has been
giving the Canadian cattle a trial. He buys them at Glasgow
in the autumn, paying from £13 to £18 a head for them. They
are mostly strong lean cattle, three or four years old, and larger
than could be purchased from Ireland at the same money.
They usually w^eigh from 6 to 8 cwt. when " ripe," and as yet
they have paid w^elL Mr Falconer also holds the farm of Candy
on the Drumlithie estate. On that farm about 70 or 80 acres of
mossy land were reclaimed about seventeen years ago. At that
time the rent was only about £200; now, it is exactly double. In
Fordoun rent runs from £1 to £2, while towards Laurencekirk
some of the best land is rented at close on £3 per acre. Among
the other large farms in Fordoun may be mentioned that of
Pitarrow, on Mr Crombie's estate of Pitarrow, and occupied and
very carefully managed by Mr Hugh Bisset. This farm extends
to 400 acres, and is rented at £602. The soil is mostly a heavy
loam, mixed wdth cla}", part, of it being in some seasons rather
difficult to '•' make " properly. The five-shift rotation is stipu-
lated in the lease, and it is the system most generally followed
in the district. There are many exceptions to it, however, and
proprietors do not hesitate to give some freedom to a good
farmer. Barley and oats yield about 5 qrs. per acre, the former

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 117

weighing 54 and the latter 43 lbs. per bushel. Hay yields
200 stones and potatoes about 6 tons per acre. For turnips Mr
Bisset gives about 15 tons of farmyard manure per acre with
about 3 cwt. of bones and guano. About one half the cattle
stock is bred on the farm, the other half being bought in in
summer or autumn. The feeding cattle usually go to the
butcher when from two and a half to three years old. Last
year (1879) Mr Bisset fattened a lot of Canadian bullocks that
paid remarkably welL Very extensive improvements have been
effected on this farm during the past twelve years. The pro-
prietor erected, at a cost of £3500, a very large and commodious
steading, one of the best indeed in the county. The tenant
performed all carriages free, but pays no interest on the pro-
prietor's outlay. He has, however, expended a large sum on
draining and liming a large portion of the farm. The farm is
well watered, but not so Well fenced. What fences there are
consist of wire erected by the tenant. Nine pairs of horses are
employed in working the farm, which is maintained in high
condition.

Passing northwards into the parish of Glenbervie we find in
it great variety of soil and surface. The land is very uneven,
but excepting around Glenbervie House, which has a snug and
beautiful situation, it is not well wooded. The largest estates
in this parish are those of Glenbervie, owned by Mr J. Baden ach
Nicolson, and Drumlithie, belonging to Mr John ]\Iiller, Edin-
burgh. On the latter a large sum has been expended on
reclamation, draining, and building within the last twenty years;
while on the former, a great deal has been done in the way of
draining, building, and general estate improvements. The Glen-
bervie estate extends to 8481 acres, and yields a rental from
land of £3683, being an increase of about £500 during the last
twenty-five years. A survey, taken about thirty years ago,
shows the arable area at that time to have been 2985 acres, the
natural pasture 3850 acres, and the woods 116 acres. Since
that time, however, a pretty large extent has been added to the
arable area, while between 200 and 300 acres have been planted.
Within the last twenty-five years more than £10,000 has been
expended by the proprietor on general agricultural improvements
on the estate ; and, in addition, the tenants have, by draining
small pieces, reclaiming little corners, and other works, done a
good deal to ameliorate the condition of the property, which is
now far superior to what it was thirty years ago. The late Mrs
Nicolson, mother of the ])resent i)roi)rietor, took advantage at an
early period of the Drainage Loan Act, having, prior Id 1855,
obtained under that Act about £4500, whicli was spent in
formin<^ about 90 miles of subsoil drains on the Glenbervie
estate. That sum has now been wholly cleared olf by interest

118 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

paid by the tenants. If the drains were put in at the com-
mencement of a lease the tenant paid the full amount of
interest, which was 6| per cent., but if the work were done
during the currency of a lease only 5 per cent, was charged
against the tenant. All the recent improvements have been
carried out under private arrangements between the proprietor
and each individual tenant. Mr Nicolson also owns the smaller
estate of Auchterhouse, in the parish of Garvock. Here also a
large sum has been expended on permanent improvements.
Since 1855 the rental has increased from £500 to £740. As-
leases expire on both estates arrangements are made for the
improvement of the houses and for other desirable works ; and
particularly in regard to building there is still a good deal
remaining to be done. The soil varies from good strong, fertile,
clayey loam to thin loam lying near the rock or on a hard pan.
On the better parts the subsoil is gravel and clay. The hve-
course rotation has long been the rule on the estate, but Mr
Nicolson, who is a popular and painstaking landlord, has been
encouraging his tenantry to grow a greater extent of grass, and
devote still more attention to the rearing and feeding of stock.
On suitable land, and under good management, he allows two
successive grain crops to be grown v/hen the tenant desires to
have that advantage. The portion of Glenbervie that extends
on to the Grampian Hills, about 2400 acres, is held as a sheep
farm by Mr Lindsay, bank agent, Montrose. Mr Nicolson
enclosed the whole of this farm by a substantial fence ; and his
exj)erience has been that, with the little " hunting " thus required
by dogs, the grouse and sheep thrive together most admirably.
Under the lease it has been arranged that the heath on one-ninth
of the farm shall be burned every year, the tenant giving assist-
ance in the burning. The stock kept are of the blackfaced breed.
Between Glenbervie and the sea lie the parishes of Kinneff,
Catterline, and Dunnottar. The combined parish first named
extends to 7249 acres, and has a rental of £8751, or more than
an average of 24s. per acre all over. The increase since 1855
amounts to close on £2000, or over 5s. 6d. per acre of the total
extent. Dunnottar extends to 7884 acres, and has a rental of
£11,248, or not far short of 30s. per acre. The increase during
the last 25 years is equal to more than 7s. per acre. The soil
varies greatly in these two parishes. In some parts there is
stiff clay, in others deep rich loam, on the heights thin poor
loam, and on what may be called the main body of the parishes,
a medium loam, rather light, but sharp, sound, and fertile. The-
land is worked mostly on the five and six shift rotations, Matb
one green crop. It is, as a rule, well cleaned and liberally
manured, and yields comparatively heavy crops. On the Kin^
neff and Catterline properties in Kinneff, on the estate and lands?

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 119

of Dunnottar, and on the Barras estate in both parishes, there
are several large farms of good laud, which being managed in a
skilful and liberal manner are made to produce excellent crops.
One of the largest and best managed farms in this district is
Fernyflatt, on the Kinneff estate, which contains some very good
loam, and produces excellent crops. The farms of Harvieston
and Beedlieston, also in the parish of Kinneff, and occupied
respectively by Mr George Greig and Mr Walker Campbell, are
likewise large and are worked in a no less skilful manner. Mr
Greig has given great attention to cultivation by steam, and on
his own and other farms employs steam extensively and with
much success. The improvements on the different estates in these
parishes within the last twenty-five years have been extensive and
varied, very similar indeed both in nature and coaiparative cost
to those executed in that period on the Glenbervie estate.
These remarks apply equally well to the various estates in the
parish of Fetteresso which lie on the north of Dunnottar.
Extending to 27,528 acres Fetteresso has a rental of £31,264, the
increase during the last twenty-five years being equal to over 7s.
per acre of the total extent. As in Dunnottar, however, a pretty
large part of the rental of Fetteresso is derived from the town of
Stonehaven, which lies partly in the one parish and partly in
the other. The principal estates in Fetteresso are Cowie, Fetter-
esso, Gillybrands and Newtonhill, Muchalls, Xetherley, Urie
and Eickarton. On all these estates pretty large sums have
been expended since 1855 on various improvements, chiefly
draining and building ; while on all there has been less or more
reclamation, mostly done in small pieces by the tenants. Since
the beginning of the present century the arable area of this
parish has been very largely increased, but the main portion of
the reclamation took place prior to 1850. On the lower jjarts
of the parish and along the coast towards Muchalls there is a
good deal of medium fertile loam, that yields well under liberal
management. On the more inland and higher parts, however,
the soil is either mossy, or thin moorish loam, or cold clayey
loam ; the subsoil being moderately open in some })arts, but in a
large portion close and liard. Much as has been done in drain-
ing there still renjains a good deal to be done. On the estate of
Netherley there is a large tract of deep moss, from which in
former times immense quantities of peat were cut and driven to
Aberdeen, mostly by crofters and cottars on the property. The
estate of Netherley was purchased close on twenty years ago
for Mr W. N. Forbes from Mr Horatio Uoss, tlie famed sports-
intin, for £53,000. Not very long before tliat time it was pur-
chased for Mr Ifoss by the late ^Ir Walker, Tortlethen, for
£33,000. When in Mr Koss's possession the property was under
the skilful management of Mr Walker, and was in many

120 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

respects considerably improved. About tweaty years ago the
CDmmonty of Co^sde in Fetteresso, extending to about 2000 acres
was divided among the proprietors interested, the superior, the
proprietor of Dunnottar, getting about one-half. AY hen divided
most of the land' was let in small lots to tenants on improv-
ing leases at a rent of os: per acre the first ten years, and after-
wards about 10s. These tenants reclaimed the land partly by
ploughing and partly by trenching ; have drained it well and
made it into moderately fertile land. The soil consists mostly
of moorish loam and moss.

In the parishes of Banchory -Devenick, Xigg, and Maryculter,
which form the north-eastern corner of the county, there is great
variety of soil and an irregular stony surface. Along the coast
there is a narrow fringe of good sharp loam, thin as a rule, and
nowhere heavy, but generally sure and fertile. Within 7 or 8
miles of Aberdeen almost all the farms and a good many crofts
are devoted to producing milk, butter, and eggs for Aberdeen ;
and ill this way larger rents are paid than could possibly be
taken out of the land by ordinary farming. In the Portlethen
district, for instance, a rent of 30s. or £2 per acre is paid for land
that in the centre of the county would not be worth more than
£1 or £1, 5s. per acre. These parishes extend respectively to
7819, 4606, and 7923 acres. In Banchorv-Devenick the increase
in the rental since 1855 is not far short of 10s. per acre of the
total extent. Xigg has increased by more than £1 per acre, but
of that a large portion is due to feuing and building in the
neighbourhood of Aberdeen. The increase in Maryculter ex-
ceeds 5s. per acre. In all these parishes there is a very large
proportion of uncultivated land, so that these figures do not
represent anything like the actual increase per acre of the arable
land. Since 1850 there has been a large extent of land reclaimed,
and a great amount of money expended on other improvements,
such as draining buildino-, and fencino-. One of the most exten-
sive and systematic improvers in the county was the late Mr
Dyce Xicol of Badentoy and Ballogie, M.P. Commencing in
1850 he spent a large sum every year for ten years, in reclaiming
draining, fencing, building, and road making ; and thereafter till
Lis death in 1872 he set aside one-fifth of the rental of the
estate for permanent improvements. Since then his son, under
the advice o£ his experienced factor, Mr George James Walker,
Hillside House, Portlethen, has been maintaining the property
in excellent condition, spending small sums on improvements
now and again. The otlier larger properties in these parishes
are Ardoe, on which ]\Ir Ogston has expended a large sum on
building, draining, and other improvements, and to which he
has recently added the estate of Heathcot ; Banchory, a very
desirable property that has been greatly improved within the

THE COUNTIES OF FOEFAR AND KIKGAEDINE. 121

past twenty-five years, and now owned by Mr John Stewart ;
Coul and Loirston ; Altries ; and Kingcausie. On the desir-
able little estate of Hillside, Portlethen, owned by ]\Ir E. S,
Kynoch Shand, there is some very good sharp loam, let in
small holdings to industrious tenants, who devote the land to
dairy farming and thus pay high rents. On the adjoining
small property of Portlethen there is also some very fair land.
The largest farm, the Mains of Portlethen, is leased by Mr E.
B. Walker at a rent of £456, 6s. For the long period of forty-
eight years this farm, and, for the greater^ part of that time,
several other adjoining farms, were held by the late Mr Pi.
Walker, one of the most enterprising and experienced agricul-
turists of his day. In addition, to carrying on several arable
farms, which he improved very greatly by reclamation, draining,
building, and fenciuGf he managed with distingruished success
during the greater part of his career as a farmer a large and well-
bred herd of polled cattle, w^hile he also, at the earnest solicita-
tion of his many friends both among proprietors and tenants,
devoted no little time to estate management and to the valuation
of estates and farms. In the valuation of estates the benefit of
his long experience and accurate knowledge was often solicited,
and in many instances the fixing of the price between the buyer
and seller of landed property was left entirely to himself. On
the Kingcausie estate extensive improvements were carried out
by the late Mr John Irvine Boswell; while the present proprietor
has also improved the condition of the property. The largest
estate in Maryculter is that of Altries, belonging to Mr Kinloch
of Park. Tow^ards the river Dee the soil is sandy loam, of
moderate depth in some parts but generally light, while back
from the river moss and clay predominate. The rent of the
arable land averages about 20s. per acre. The extent under
wood is about 364 acres, of which 60 acres were planted between
1865 and 1870 at a cost of £1, 2s. per acre. Between 1864 and
1878 about 90 acres of new land were reclaimed by trenching,
draining, &c.,'at a cost of £11 per acre ; while, since 1865, £2200
has been expended on farm buildings ; £460 on the erection of
13,000 yards of stone dykes, 8Jd. per yard ; £825 in making
66,000 yards of furrow drains, £1, 5s. per 100 yards; £180 on
9000 yards of leader drains, £2 per 100 yards; and £110 in
forming 2200 yards of roads, Is. ])er yard. The total outlay on
estate improvements during the past fifteen years has thus
amounted to about £4900. Iminovements have always been
made under i)rivate arrangement ])etween the proprietor and
each individual tenant. ParuLS on this estate range from 30 to
400 acres in extent, there being sixteen crofts lield under lease
and rented at an average of about 25s. per acre. The five, six
and seven shift rotations, with one green crop, are pursued, the

122 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

first being the most general. By far the largest farm on the
Altries estate is Ashentilly, held by Mr James Duguid. Well
laid off and efficiently fenced, with stone dykes, this farm has
latterly been stocked mainly by sheep and dairy cows, for both
of which it seems well suited. Though his farm is fully 10 miles
from Aberdeen, Mr Duguid carries on dairy farming extensively
and with success. The dairy produce is driven to Aberdeen
every morning.

Proceeding westwards along Deeside we enter the parish of
Durris, wdiich extends to 15,435 acres, and has a rental of
£9902. The increase since 1855 amounts to £3532, or close on
5s. per acre of the total area. Almost the wdiole of this parish
belongs to Mr James Young, wdio about eiglit years ago purchased
the extensive estate of Durris from the trustees of the late
Mr A. W. Mactier, for the sum of £300,000. The estate
extends to 16,659 acres, and yields a rental of £10,104. Mr
Mactier expended a very large sum of money in reclamations,
draining, fencing, and building, thus adding very largely to the
value of the estate. A good deal of the land reclaimed by Mr
Mactier was of a rough nature, and in some cases the cost w^as
as much as £50 per acre. The soil consists mostly of loam of
various texture, rich in some parts and thin and moorish in
others ; but the subsoil is for the most part cold damp clay,
which has required close and thorough draining. The greater part
of the estate, indeed, has been twice drained within the past thirty
or thirty-five years ; a good deal of it twice within the last
twenty years, being done mostly by the proprietor, but partly
also by the tenants. Since Mr Young obtained possession, he
has expended a large sum on improvements of various kinds,
particularly on planting, wdiich he has carried out perhaps to a
larger extent recently than any other proprietor in either of the
two counties to which this report refers. The arable land is
rented at about an average of 30s. per acre, the highest being
£2 and the lowest £1. The rent of one farm let recently fell
about 8s. per acre. On the whole, few estates are in a better con-
dition as to houses, fences, draining, &c. ; but, as is the case
generally in these bad times, the tenants complain of rents being
somewhat high. Near the side of the river Dee the soil varies
from a light to a medium loam, all being fertile, sharp, and early.
On the higher parts back from the river the soil is a trifle stiff,
and the climate rather cold and late. One of the best farms on
the estate is that of Nether Balfour, which is leased by Mr 11.
Salmond at a rental of £608, and managed with commendable
skill and enterprise. The seven-shift rotation is pursued on this
farm, wheat and potatoes being grown with success. Another
admirably managed farm is that of Quithelhead, which is rented
at £253 by Mr James Cowie Thom, whose system fairly illus-

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 123^

trates that pursued in the district generally. Quithelhead extends
to 173 acres, all arable, and to this a croft of 5 acres is added.
The soil is mostly a yellowish loam, with clayey subsoil. Two-
thirds of the farm was drained at 18 feet, and the remainder 36
feet apart. The five-course rotation is generally pursued, but
many are now turning into the six-shift, wdiich both lessens the
labour and manure bills and diminishes the risk of damage to
turnips by " finger and toe." Mr Thom would also prefer the
six shifts, with three years grass, but his farm is laid off and
fenced with stone dykes in five shifts, so that in six shifts the
farm would be very inconvenient to work. Other farmers on
the estate, and also on other properties in the two counties, have
a similar difBculty to face in the altering of their system of
cropping. Barley succeeds turnips on most farms, and yields
from 4 to 5J qrs. per acre, weighing 53 to 55 lbs. per bushel ;.
oats yield from 4 to 7 qrs., weighing from 40 to 43 lbs. ; potatoes
from 5 to 6 tons ; turnips from 13 to 17 tons; and hay about
200 stones of 22 lbs. each. Turnips and potatoes get from 12 ta
18 loads of farmyard manure, with artificial manure, mostly
guano, dissolved bones, bone dust, and coprolites, to the value of
about 30s. or 40s. per acre. Sowing sometimes begins about the-
middle of March, and harvest occasionally as early as the second
week of August. The latter, how^ever, is often much later in
commencim^^ and is sometimes not finished till the middle of
October. Mr Thom keeps about forty-tw'o or forty-five cattle of
all ages. Formerly he fed off his cattle w^hen rising three years,
but now he finds it more profitable to feed them off a year
younger. Those he has sold when two years old have brought
from £23 to £24 a-head. A good deal of linseed and cotton
cake is used. A good many cattle are bred in the district, but
not nearly so many as are fed in it. A large number of Irish
stock are bought in lean, and sold fat, after he'ing kept for from
six to ten months. The home-bred stock are far superior to
these. Since he began to feed oft' his cattle when two year olds,.
Mr Thom has put his calves into the court their first winter, and
lias added to their allowance of straw and turnips a mixture of
cake and bruised oats and barley. The proprietor lately built
an addition to Mr Thorn's steading in the form of sheds and
feeding byre, the rent on this account being raised by £10. The
farm is divided into fifteen fields, vjirying in extent from 10 to
14 acres, and the croft into five fields, all well watered and
fenced by sul)stantial stone dykes. Entry is obtained to farms-
en this estate at Martinmas, tlie first half-year's rent bein;'
payable a year afterwards. Since about 1850 the rent of the-
arable land has increased by about thirty per cent.

On the opposite side of the Dee from Durris lie the parishes^
of Drumoak and lianchory-Ternan. Of the former, only 2121

121 ox THE AGRICULTURE OF

acres are in Kincardinesliire, the remainder being in the county
of Aberdeen. Banchory-Ternan contains 1^,256 acres, and yields
a rental of £1409. The increase since 1855 amounts to £5259,
or more than 5s. per acre of the total extent. The rent of this
parish is largely swelled by the growing village of Banchory ;
while the average rate per acre is greatly decreased by a large
area of uncultivated land. The principal estate in these
parishes is that of Leys, owned by Sir Kobert Burnett, Bart, of
Crathes. This fine property extends to 12,105 acres — 5200
under cultivation ; 3509 (including the Hill of Fair, which
extends to about 1700 acres, and is mostly covered by heath)
under natural pasture ; 211 of moss ; and 3000 acres under
wood ; roads, &c., taking up 155 acres. The average rent of the
arable land is about 18s, or 20s. per acre, the increase on the
estate since 1855 being about £1100. Since 1850 very exten-
sive improvements have been carried out on this property, all
under the close and careful superintendence of the intelligent
and practical proprietor and Mr John Davidson, North Leys, the
factor on the estate. Between 600 and 700 acres of land have
been reclaimed, partly by trenching and partly by ploughing,
the cost, including draining and other work, being about £15 per
acre. This work has been proceeding constantly during the past
thirty years, so much being done every year. In the same way
about 1500 acres have been planted, at a cost of about £3, 5s.
per acre, exclusive of fencing and the clearing away of broom
and whins, &c. ; while on building throughout the estate about
£700 has been spent yearly since 1850, including carriages,
which were all performed by the tenants. The yearly ex-
penditure during this period on fencing has been about £120,
and on draining £180. The total expenditure on road making
since 1850 has been about £150. In addition to the land
reclaimed by the proprietor, since 1850 the tenants have
reclaimed about 400 acres, mostly by ploughing, but partly
also by trenching. The houses on the property are as a rule
very good, and the land is fairly well fenced, mostly by good
stone dykes. The soil is partly sandy, on a gravelly subsoil, and
partly light loam, with a subsoil of clay and sand. On the
higher portions there is a good deal of moss. The five and six
shift rotations are pursued, the latter being now the most
general. The farms vary greatly in size. There are six of 200
acres and upwards, sixteen between 100 and 200, and thirty-five
between 40 and 100 acres. In addition, there are sixty crofts on
the estate, ranging from 5 to 30 acres in extent, some being held,
like the farms, under nineteen years' lease, and some under ten
years' lease. As a rule the crofters pay higher rents than the
farmers, the average on the crofts being about 24s. per acre.
The cattle bred and fed on the estate are mostly crosses between

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCAIIDIXE. 125

shorthorns and polled cattle, a few pure-bred anhnals of both
breeds being raised in the district. The most important change
in the system of farming on this estate within the past twenty-
five years has been the more extensive adoption of the six-shift
rotation. The stocks both of cattle and horses have been greatly
improved during that period. On other estates in this parish
there has also been a good deal done in the way of permanent
improvements since 1855.

The last parish we visit is Strachan, the most western and
by far the largest j)i^rish in the county. It extends to no less
than 41,885 acres, the main portion of it consisting of high hills
and moors. The rental is only £5210, the increase since 1855
being £1573. The arable area is very small, and is made up
largely by a narrow irregular fringe along both sides of the Feugh
and its tributary the water of Dye. Near the village of Strachan
on the Feugh there is a considerable stretch of really good arable
land, mostly black free fertile loam. The principal estates in
this parish are those of Glendye, Strachan, and Blackball. On
the former, now owned by Sir Thomas Gladstone, Bart, of Fasque,
there is a small strip of arable land along the course of the Dye,
mostly between Binglyburn and Glendye lodge, a short distance
above the bridge of Dye. On the Strachan estate there are a
few good arable farms, the largest being Bowbutts. Extending
to 180 acres, all arable, this farm is leased by Mr James L. Eust
at a rent of £219. The soil is light black loam, on gravel or
rock. One half the farm is worked in five shifts, and the other
in the " easy " six-shift rotation. The five shifts is still the
most general in the district, but the six is gaining ground. The
latter is the most in favour everywhere, but some portions of the
land would throw out the sown grasses and go back to the
natural state, growing heath and rough grasses, if left three or
more years in grass. Oats yield about 4 J- qrs. on an average,
and weigh 42 lbs. ; barley, 3|- qrs., weighing 55 lbs. ; potatoes,
5 J tons, suitable for the market ; turnips, 18 to 20 tons; and hay,
1:^ ton per acre. Turnips get from 10 to 12 loads of farmyard
manure per acre, wii:h from 3 to 5 cwt. of artificial manures.
Potatoes get from 12 to 15 loads of farmyard manure per
acre, with from 4 to 5 cwt. of light maiuires. The artificial
manures mostly used for potatoes consist of a mixture of
potash salts and other substances, and for turnips soluble and
insoluble phosphates. Very little wheat is grown in this
district, but oats and barley of lieavy weights and very fine
quality are raised. Harvesting begins, as a rule, early in
Septemljer. A good many cattle, mostly crosses between the
polled and shorthorn breeds, are reared in this parish. Indeed,
a few of tlie smaller farmers breed more than they feed, while
the larger farmers have only a few to buy in. Mr liust and

126 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

some others allow their calves almost 1 lb. of linseed cake
during winter, and for some time before they are finished as
feeding cattle they get, in addition to turnips, a liberal allow^ance
of cake, oats, and barley, bruised and mixed with bran. Since
1850 the stock bred and fed in this district have improved very
greatly, mainly by the introduction of really good well-bred
^uUs, and by more attention being paid to the class of cows
kept, and to the feeding and housing of cattle. Three years
ago Mr Eust sold four cross stots of his own breeding, and under
two years old, at an average of £35 each. One of these four,
1 year and 11 months old, weighed when killed, and after hang-
ing in the slaughter-house for two days, no less than 9 cwt.
3 qrs. and 26 lbs., or only 2 lbs. short of 10 cwt. Mr Eust
renewed his lease two years ago, and since then the proprietor
has built new houses and executed several thousand yards of
drains, the tenant paying interest on the outlay at the rate of 5
per cent., and also performing all carriages free. In this district
generally the most of the land has been drained since 1850,
•either by Government, the proprietors' or tenants' money ; while
besides great improvement in the way of building and fencing,
a large extent of new land has been reclaimed, chiefly from moor
and moss. Eent varies from 20s. to 28s. per acre. On the
Blackhall estate there are also some very good arable farms,
managed in a manner similar to the system prevailing on the
Strachan property. One of the largest and best managed hold-
ings is the combined farms of Letterbeg and Bucharn, held by
Mr James Leys. The extent is 245 acres arable, and 60 of
natural pasture, the rental being £240, lis. The soil is mostly
black friable loam. A portion of the farm is put under sheep,
and is broken up occasionally. The other portion is worked in
five shifts. Barley and oats yield on an average about 4 qrs.
per acre, the former weighing 54 and the latter 41 lbs. per bushel.
Potatoes yield about 7 tons, turnips 18 to 21 tons, and hay Ih
ton per acre. In addition to a good dose of farmyard manure,
turnips and potatoes get a mixture of artificial manure, mostly
dissolved bones with a small portion of superphosphate of lime,
to the value of about £2 per acre. During the last four years
the proprietor has expended £1400 on this farm on trenching,
-draining, building houses, and erecting dykes, the tenant paying
interest at the rate of 5 per cent., and also performing all the
•carriage free. The farm is well watered and fairly well fenced.
The arable land in this district is rented at about 24s. per acre.

Mr Sim, the tenant of the farm of Gateside on the Strachan
estate, has for a few years been growing strawberries to the
extent of about 2 acres. The results have varied greatly with
the seasons, but it is understood that on the whole the experi-
iment has been successful. The yield and the price both seem

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 12?

to be very irregular. This year as much as £27, 10s. per ton was
obtained, and it is stated that occasionally the yield will reach
close on 2 tons per acre. The labour bill, of course, must be a
pretty heavy one. Around Banchory and elsewhere on Deeside
there are smaller patches of land devoted to the i:aising of straw-
berries. The granite soil and dry climate seem to suit them
admirably.

Rent, Leases, Rotation, Size of Farms.

Rent. — The rent of arable land varies with soil, climate, and
situation, and as we have already seen there is great variety in
these respects, in both Forfar and Kincardine. ISTear Dundee,
it is as high as 120s. per acre, from 80s. to 100s. being general
in that district. A few miles along the coast northwards it falls
to about 60s., and then to from 40s. to 50&. Here and there
along the coast there is a farm rented at about 35s. per acre, but
all the better land reaches or exceeds 40s. On the slopes of the
Sidlaw hills rent ranges from 20s. to 28s. per acre, a few farms
being even higher and some lower. Throughout the valley of
Strathmore it varies from 30s. to 50s. per acre, 38s. and 42s.
being the most general figures for pretty good land ; the average
all over the vale would not exceed 35s. per acre. On the Braes
of Angus it runs from 18s. or 20s. to 35s. or 38s., the average
being under 28s. Around Brechin and on the north-eastern
corner of the county, it varies from 30s. to 42s. per acre. In
Kincardineshire rents are considerably lower, only small portions
of the land here being rented for wheat and potatoes. Some of
the best land in St Cyrus is rented at close on GOs., a good deal
of it being over 40s. Along the coast between Bervie and
Montrose it rano;es from 28s. to 50s., the avera^^je beino: under
30s. On the Garvock slopes it varies from 18s. to 30s. ; in the
Howe of the Mearns from 28s. to 45s., the averaj^e bein^ 30s. to
33s. ; on the slopes lying up to the Grampians from 20s. to 25s.;
in Glenbervie, Kinnefl* Dunnottar, and Fetteresso, from 20s. to
30s., some farms being over 30,s., and a few as low as 15s.;
between Stoneliaven to Aberdeen, from 20s. to 48s. ; in Mary-
culter, Durris, Drumoak, and Banchory-Ternan, from 20s. to
38s., the general run being from 25s. to 30s. ; and in Strachan
from 15s. to 30s. ; the average being 22s. or 24s. per acre. The
increase since 1855 also varies greatly in difi'erent i)arts of the
two counties. Near large towns the increase has perhaps not
exceeded 12 ])er cent. ; but in other parts wliere extensive
improvements have been etlected, it has amounted to 30 per
cent, or more. The average increase in the two counties is as
nearly as possil)le equal, and may be safely put at from 20 to 25
per cent. There is mucli spocnlation at present as to whether

128 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF

or not rents will fall. The almost nnprecedentedly bad weather
of recent years, coupled witli foreign competition both in grain
and meat markets, has, naturally enough, disheartened Scotch
farmers, and led many of them to take a somewhat gloomy view
of matters. Tljere is not the faintest risk of Scotch farming
coming to a standstill. It must and will go on and prosper as
before. "VVe are not sure, indeed, but that foreign competition,
and these times of adversity in regard to weather, which it may
be hoped are merely temporary, will ultimately establish not
only Scotch, but British farming generally, on a sounder basis
than it has ever before been. There is no blinking the fact,
however, that the large majority of farms let within the last two
or three years have brought lower rents than were paid for them
before. It is undoubtedly a fact that rents have got a decided
check ; and there is even prospect of their receding somewhat.
Indeed, a landed proprietor in Kincardineshire, who has a prac-
tical and accurate knowledge not only of the agriculture of this
county but of farming and business matters generally, gives it
as his opinion that rents will fall about 10 per cent. The rent
for sheep farms has risen since 1855 at about the same rate as
that for arable land.

Leases. — The nineteen years' lease holds sway almost all over
these two counties. There are a few " improving " leases of
twenty-five or more years' duration ; while on the Airlie estates
the land is held under fourteen years' leases. Crofts are as a
rule held from year to year, but in some cases under ten, four-
teen, or nineteen years' leases. About ten or fifteen years ago
" life " leases were pretty numerous in Forfar, the large majority
being on the Panmure estates. The last, however, expired six
or seven years ago. Generally speaking, few changes take place
among the farmers of these counties, and only in exceptional
cases do tenants remove from one estate to another. In Forfar-
shire the Martinmas term of entry to farms is the most general ;
Kincardineshire being almost equally divided between that term
and Whitsunday. Where entry is olDtained at Martinmas, the in-
coming tenant has, as a rule, to take over, at valuation by arbiters
mutually chosen, one half or the whole of the growing crops of
grain, and the whole of the turnip crop, but no potatoes or hay.
The incoming tenant has to harvest the grain crops, but is paid
for his work by the outgoing tenant. Tenants entering at Whit-
sunday usually take over at valuation all the grain crops, the
grass, and dung. Pients are paid on almost all estates half
yearly, the majority at Candlemas and Lammas, — the first half
at Candlemas, fifteen months after entry. In a good many
cases Martinmas and Whitsunday terms are the rent days.
Forehand rents are the exception. On Mr Baird's estate of
Piickarton, in Kincardineshire, forehand rents have been paid
from time immemorial by a considerable number of tenants — at

THE COUNTIES OF FOEFAR AND KINCARDINE. 129

Candlemas before sowing, and Lammas before reaping. In some
recent cases tenants bave stipulated for breaks in tbeir leases at
tbe end of ten years or tbereby, while in general a strong desire
is being expressed for more freedom both in cropping and dis-
posing of produce. On the highly rented lands near towns
and railway stations, many tenants have already almost perfect
liberty in these respects ; while all over both counties farmers
have more freedom in cropping than formerly. Mr Patrick
Dickson, the factor on the Urie and Hallgxeen estates in Kin-
cardine, has introduced the following clause as to cropping into
the leases of these properties ; and having let several farms
under it, he finds that it meets with the approval of the tenants :
— " The tenant shall farm the lands w^ell, and they shall be so
cultivated that there shall never be two white crops taken from
the same field in succession unless after three years old grass.
Each field when not in white crop or grass shall be thoroughly
cleaned and w^ell manured. There shall never be more than
two-fifths of the farm in grain crop, nor less than one-fourth
in grass in any one year, and any field sown out in grass
is to be cut only one year. No manure shall be sold off
the farm."

Rotation. — A number of different systems of rotation is pur-
sued throughout these counties. In the wheat and potato
districts the six and seven shift systems prevail. The crops in
the six shifts are : — first oats, second potatoes, third wheat,
fourth turnips, fifth barley, and sixth grass partly cut and partly
pastured. The seven-shift rotation includes a second year of
grass. In some particular localities the six shifts are the most
general, but taking the wheat districts as a whole the seven
occupy the larger area and are gradually gaining ground. Near
Dundee and other towns, some farmers work on eight shifts { —
first grass, second oats, third potatoes, fourth w^heat, fifth turnips,
sixth oats, seventh potatoes, and eighth wheat with grass seeds.
On the thinner soils the five and six shift systems witli one
green crop are generally pursued — two or three years grass,
followed in succession by oats, turnips, and potatoes, and barley
and oats, and perhaps a portion of wheat. Where the land and
situation are suitable, and where the tenant has liberty to do so,
a fifth, a fourth, a third, or even a half of the green crop break
is put imder potatoes, care being taken not to repeat potatoes on
the same part of the shift when its next turn comes for green
crop. On other farms where the soil is strong a portion of tlie
green crop break is put under beans, cabbages, and tares, or one
or other of these. On good soils some farmers work on tlie
following seven shifts: — three years in grass, fourth oats, fifth
potatoes, beans, vetches, and cabbages, and perhaps a portion a

130

ox THE AGR [CULTURE OF

second time under oats, sixth turnips, and seventh barley with
grass seeds. Throughout both counties the five-course rotation
is less popular than formerly, and many farmers are giving it
up in favour of the six shifts which introduces a third year's
grass. The latter lessens not only the labour and manure bills,
but also, it would seem, the risk of damage by " finger and toe."
If the land could be made to carry grass fairly well for three
years, it is pretty evident that all the thinner varieties of soil,
if not indeed also all medium soils, would be more profitable
under the six than under the five-shift rotation.

Size of Farms. — Taken as a whole, these two counties are
fairly well apportioned into large, medium, and small farms and
crofts. In some districts, however, more particularly in the
richer parts, there is a scarcity of crofts and small farms ; while
in others, usually on the poorer soils, there are rather too many
holdings ranging from 20 to 40 acres. These latter holdings
are somewhat large to be worked in twos by one pair of horses,
and too small to be laboured singly with full advantage. Crofts
and small farms are the best possible nurseries of farm labourers,
and a scarcity of these holdings is therefore a misfortune to a
district. The following tables show the number of holdings of
various sizes in both counties : —

Counties.

50 acres

and
under.

From

50 to 100

acres.

From

100 to 300

acres.

From

300 to 500

acres.

From

500 to 1000

acres.

Total.

Forfar
Kincardine

1437
1081

405
308

666
370

166
39

2708
1806

The holdings under 50 acres were stated in 1870 to number
1399 in Forfar, and 1210 in Kincardine; while in that year
these were classed as follows : —

Counties.

Not exceed-
ing 5 acres.

From
5 to 20 acres.

From
20 to 50 acres.

Total.

Forfar
Kincardine

479

424

583
513

337

273

1399
1210

In Forfar, in 1875, the percentage of holdings under 20 acres
in extent was 41; above 20 and under 100 acres, 27 ; and above
XOO acres 32. In Kincardine the corresponding figures were

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 131

50, 29, and 21. In the first of these three classes of holdings,
Forfar stands nineteenth in Scotland, in the second seventeenth,
and in the third thirteenth. Kincardine stands respectively,
twelfth, fifteenth, and nineteenth.

Bicildings, Drains, Fences, and Roads.

Buildings. — The extensive improvements effected on the lead-
ing properties since 1855 in the way of building, draining,
fencing, and road making, have already been fairly well indicated,
and therefore, to say much more here would be superfluous. As
to building, it may safely be said that few counties have made
more rapid progress within the last twenty-five years than
Forfar and Kincardine. On many estates in both counties the
farm buildings were pretty good long before 1855, but on the
majority of properties they were decidedly behind the age, not
so much perhaps in size as in comfort and convenience. Every
year of the last twenty-five, however, has witnessed improve-
ments on all hands, and so, perhaps, will every year for some
time to come. As leases expire proprietors either erect new
steadings, or enlarge, improve, and modernise old ones. The
tenant in all cases performs the carriages free of charge, and
sometimes also pays a certain percentage on the outlay. The
more general custom now, however, is for the proprietor to erect
houses under an arrangement as to rent agreed upon when the
tenant enters the farm. In almost all cases where new steadings
are built, large wdioUy or partially covered cattle courts are
provided, while these valuable erections invariably form a pro-
minent feature in improvements effected on old steadings. The
majority of farmers seem to favour wholly covered courts, but
still a good many skilful men prefer them partly open. In both
counties there are still a good many okl-fashioned inefficient
steadings, without covered courts, and many other conveniences
that characterise new farm offices, but these are gradually
disappearing. In farm dwelling-houses, too, there has been great
improvement since 1855 ; and, generally speaking, both counties
are fully abreast with the times in tliis as in most other
respects. In Forfarshire, in particular, there is a large number
of farmers' residences ahiiost mansion-like, both in dimensions
and in surroundings. Few counties have so nuiny resident
proprietors. They are indeed very numerous, and therefore, as
might be expected, there are in these counties a great nuiny
gentlumen's seats, many of tliem imposing mansions, embosomed
in beautiful policies. The houses of crofters and small tenants
are, comparatively speaking, not as a rule equal to those of
larger farmers, Init in these also tliere has been great improve-

132 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF

merit since 1855. The supply of labourers' cottages is not yet
complete, but it has been increased largely within the last
twenty-tive years. It is now rather better than in most other
counties north of Perth. In driving threshing-mills, water is
used wherever it can conveniently be obtained ; but still, on a
very large number of farms, steam has to be employed.

brains and Fences. — As indicated in the notes of our sup-
posed tour a very large sum of money has been expended in
these counties since 1850 in the draining and fencing of arable
land. In the former, in particular, a great deal has been done in
both counties, not only in the draining of new land but also in
the redraining of old land. As in the case of buildings, less or
more draining is usually arranged for at the beginning of leases,
tenants always performing carriages and generally also paying
an increased rent or a certain percentage of interest, generally
5 per cent. In addition, however, to what has been done in
this way by proprietors, the tenants have themselves since 1855
effected a very large extent of drainage. On the whole, it may
be said that both counties are now pretty well drained ; but in
some localities still further drainage would considerably improve
the quality and value of the land. Tiles are now used for the
most part. Though a great deal has also been accomplished in
fencing within the last twenty-five years, these counties are
probably further behind in this respect than in any other. The
Deeside districts of Kincardineshire are well fenced, mostly by
substantial stone dykes erected by the proprietors since about
1845 or 1850 ; while there are also some other parts of this
county and some portions of Forfar very fairly supplied with
fences, — partly dykes and hedges, but mostly wire, — but taking
the lower districts of the two counties as a whole, they are
greatly deficient in permanent fencing. Both proprietors and
tenants seem more than ever alive to the great advantages of
sufficient fencing on a farm, and there is every reason to believe
that the want in this respect will speedily be supplied. A very
large extent of fencing is being erected every year.

Roads. — Both counties are exceptionally well provided with
roads — alike with farm, district, and county roads. Probably
nowhere in Scotland are the roads more easily maintained or of
better quality than in Kincardineshire, while Forfarshire is but
very little, if any, behind in this respect. The cost of mainten-
ance, charged against the county rates is below the average in
Scotland generally. Indeed, in some parishes in Kincardineshire,
it does not exceed 3d. per £1 — l^d. on proprietors, and IJd. on
tenants and occupants. The turnpike roads of Forfarshire are
over 190 miles in length.

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINK 133

Chrain Crops.

The following table shows the number of acres under all
kinds of grain crops at various times since 1854 : —

Forfar. Kincardine.

1854, .... 90,190 acres. 40,872 acres.

1870, .... 92,173 „ 45,183 „

1875 . . . 96,089 „ 46,100 „

1880, .... 94,793 „ 44,936 „

Increase in Forfar since 1854, . . 4603 acres.

Decrease „ 1875, . . 1296 „

Increase in Kincardineshire, since 1854, 4064 „

Decrease „ „ 1875, 1164 „

It wdll be seen that both counties increased rapidly in the
area under grain from 1854 to 1875, the comparative increase
being greater in Kincardine than in Forfar. In common with
most other counties in Scotland these two show a decline in the
corn area during the last few years, the decrease in this respect
being represented by a more than corresponding increase in the
extent under grass. The percentage of the total area of Forfar
under corn crops in 1870 was 16-2, and this year 16-6, which
places this county eighth in this respect in Scotland. The per-
centage in Kincardine in 1870 was 18*2, and this year 18*1,
which places it fifth. In the Board of Trade returns the
counties of Scotland are classed as "pastoral," "corn," and "mixed"
counties. Forfar and Kincardine are ranked as "corn" counties;
and among these, which also include Aberdeen, Banff, Berwick,
Elgin, Fife, Haddington, aSTairn, Orkney, and Eoss and Cromarty,
Forfar stands sixth as to its percentage under corn, while
Kincardine ranks fourth, Fife coming first with 26*4, Had-
dington second with 25'3, and Berwick third with 21-6. As
to the yield and quality of grain these counties hold their own
pretty well with Scotland generally. In the better parts of
Forfarshire a great deal of very fine wheat is grown ; while, in
both counties, barley and oats of the very best quality are
produced. The variable climate makes considerable difference
in tlie times of sowing and of harvesting between tlie higher
and lower districts. Wheat is sown as soon as possible in tlie
autumn and winter, and the other varieties as soon after tlie
middle of March as the state of the land and weather permit.
Most of the grain is now sown by machinery. Drill machines
are used almost exclusively in some of the earlier parts, and
with these very small quantities of seed suffice, thin sowing
being largely practised in F^orfarsliire. In the earlier parts
harvest commences between the 10th and 31st of August, and
in the later districts ])ctween the 1st and middle of Sei)-

134

ox THE AGRICULTURE OF

tember. Cutting is almost wholly performed by reapers, and
has been so for several years. It may be interesting to note
that the original inventor of this now indispensable farm imple-
ment— the Eev. Mr Bell — was a native of Forfarshire, and that
his invention was first tested publicly on the farm of Powrie
near Dundee. It may also interest and, perhaps surprise some
to know that in parts of Forfar the reaper succeeded directly to
the old-fashioned hand hook, the intermediate scythe never
having been adopted. The work of the harvest is pushed on
with great energy, and often finished in a very short space of
time, sometimes, indeed, in less than a month. On one large
farm in Strathmore last season 200 acres were cut in ten days
with two reapers. The cost of harvesting is usually reckoned
at from 17s. to 20s. per acre. Taking all the varieties together,
exclusive of beans and peas, the value of the grain crop in
Forfar may be estimated at about £8 per acre. In the better
localities it is of course considerably higher, but making full
allowance for the falling off in the later and poorer parts, this
figure pretty nearly represents the average value.

The following table shows the average iiars' prices for the
different varieties of grain in both counties from 1872 to 1878,

both inclusive : —

Forfar.
s. d.
Wheat, 41 81

Barley, .

Bear,

Potato Oats, .

Common Oats,

Peas and Beans,

Oatmeal,

Rye,

31 2
29 6
24 llf

24 51
37 6^
20 Of

25 11|

inpQr

fl 1 n p

Xii.i.\j<.\i±.

Wlieat.
The area under wheat at various times since 1854 was as

follows

Forfar.
1854, .... 12,795 acres.

1870, .... 13,705
1875, .... 12,573

1880, .... 9,072

Decrccxse in Forfar since 1854,
Kincardine

Kincardine.

2327 acres.

1130

1063
491
3723 acres.
1836 „

These figures show a very large decrease in the production of
wheat, and indicate clearly that cultivation of this variety of
grain is not nearly so profitable as formerly. It may have been
that ten or twenty years ago wheat was grown on land or at an

THE COUNTIES OF FOEFAR AND KIXCAEDIXE. 135

elevation not suited to it. To some extent at least, we think
that had actually been the case. By a liberal enough estimate,
the extent of land in Forfarshire calculated to suit the cultiva-
tion of wheat, has been stated at 70,000 acres. Under the six-
shift rotation this would give 11,555 acres of wheat every year,
or 2150 less than the area under wheat in 1870, and 2483 more
than that last season. The extent in Kincardineshire considered
adapted to wheat is about 4000 acres, which, under the seven-
shift rotation, the most general system in the wheat growing
farms of Kincardine, would give barely 600 acres of wheat
every year. The falling off in the area, however, is due mainly
to other causes, chiefly foreign competition and a decrease in
the yield per acre. There is no doubt that the reduction in the
average price of wheat, caused by foreign competition, has more
to do with the decrease in the area under wheat than any other
influence ; but it is equally certain that the profits from wheat
have in some degree been curtailed by a slight but pretty
general falling off in the yield per acre. It is the belief of most
farmers, whose experience of wheat growing extends as far
back, that compared with about 1850, the yield of wheat now
is less by from 2 to 3 or 4 bushels per acre. This need hardly
be matter for surprise, for although farmers now, as a rule,
manure their land very liberally, they are, with very few excep-
tions, groping under a somewhat dull light, if not altogether in
the dark, in the nourishing of their exhausted land by chemical
preparations. It is clearly seen that continuous wheat growing
cannot be accomplished with anything like success unless con-
ducted by those having an intimate knowledge of chemistry ;
and for the same reasons it follows that prolonged wheat growing
in a rotation cannot be carried on with undiminishing success
without the aid of chemistry. Farmers are gradually becoming
more and more alive to the importance of having a knowledge
of at least the elements of the science of agriculture ; but unfor-
tunately few of them have within their reach the means of ob-
taining such knowledge. If our mixed system of husbandry is
to continue to flourish as it has done in the past, it would seem
to be absolutely imperative that farmers should be armed with
the powerful aid of science. It would be well for the country
if education on all branches of science bearing on agriculture
were within the reach of every young man who intends to make
fanning his profession. lUit we must not digress further. The
yield of wheat in an ordinary year ranges from 3 to 5 qrs.,
weighing from 60 to 62 lbs. per bushel. The average would
perhaps be about 28 or 30 bushels per acre. The average yield
of straw would be al)0ut 40 ston(;s per qr., worth say 143.
Taking the average yield of wheat at 30 bushels, and the price

136 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

at £2, 2s. 9d. per qr. (the average of the fiars' prices for the
ten years ending 1878), the total value of an acre of wheat
would be about £9, 16s. 3d. Wheat generally follows potatoes
in the rotation, and is sown as soon as possible after that crop
has been got out of the land, between the end of October and
1st of January. The coarser varieties are more extensively
gTown now than formerly. Little of the Fenton variety is grown
now compared to what was at one time. Clubhead and other
red varieties are more in favour. The amount of seed given
ranges from 2 to 4 bushels per acre. Forfar stands second in
Scotland, next to Fife and Haddington, in regard to the area
under wheat. Kincardine ranks eighteenth.

Barley,

The extent under barley at various times since 1854 is shown
in the following table : —

Forfar. Kincardine.

1854, .... 25,222 acres. 7,815 acres.

1870, .... 26,416 „ 11,032 „

1875, .... 30,096 „ 12,743 „

1880, .... 31,604 „ 12,233 „

Increase in Forfar since 1854, . . 6382 acres.

„ Kincardine „ . . 4418 „

The figures show an increase of more than double the decrease
in the area under wheat. The counties of Fife and Forfar are
by far the largest barley growing counties in Scotland. They
usually have about the same acreage under this variety of grain,
but this year Forfar has the advantage by about 1500 acres.
Kincardine stands ninth. On the whole, barley is perhaps the
most profitable variety of grain grown in these counties. Along
witli potatoes it is undoubtedly the mainstay in Forfar, and also
in the earlier and better parts of Kincardine. Where so much
feeding is carried on as in these counties, a large supply of good
straw is indispensable ; and there is no doubt that, bat for the
coarse quality of its straw, a much larger area would be put
under barley than at present. The yield of barley varies
from 4 to 6 qrs., the average being between 36 and
40 bushels per acre. The weight per bushel ranges on an
average from 50 to 54 lbs., bQ lbs. being frequently reached.
The general quality of the barley grown in these counties is
undoubtedly very high. Since 1850 the yield of barley has
increased by from 4 to 8 bushels per acre, w^hich has been
brought about by the more thorough draining of the land, the
use of more artificial manure and feeding stuffs, and by better

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 137

•cultivation. From each quarter of barley there would be about
20 stones of straw, w^orth perhaps lis. The average price of
barley for the ten years up to 1878 was 30s. 9d. per quarter.
Supposing 36 bushels were the average yield, the total value
realised from an acre of barley would be about £9. Barley is
grown on most farms after turnips, and is sown between the
middle of March and end of the first week in May. From 2 to
4 bushels of seed is allowed to the acre. A very large propor-
tion of common barley is grown, but most farmers sow a portion
of Chevalier, Cheyne, or some similar variety.

Oats. — The following table shows the acreage under oats at
different times since 1854: —

Forfar. Kincardine.

1854, .... 50,995 acres. 29,451 acres.

1870, .... 50,623 „ 32,187 „

1875, .... 51,077 „ 31,273 „

1880, .... 53,161 „ 31,630 „

Increase in Forfar since 1854, . . . 2166 acres.

,, Kincardine „ . . . 2179 „

In Forfar there has been less alteration in the area under oats
than any other crop during the last twenty-five years. Indeed,
until within the last five years, it had scarcely increased any.
In Kincardine there has been a pretty gradual and rather more
rapid increase. The greater area under oats is due more to the
reclamation of new land than to its substitution for any other
•crop. Forfar stands fourth and Kincardine fourt-eenth in regard
to the extent under oats, Aberdeen coming first and Banff
second. The yield of oats varies greatly, ranging from as low as
3 to as high as 9 qrs. per acre. The average would probably be
from 36 to 46 bushels per acre. The weight per bushel averages
from 40 to 43 lbs. On the better land much higher weights are
often obtained. From 8 bushels of oats the yield of straw would be
about 24 stones, worth from 12s. to 15s. The average price of
oats for the ten years ending 1878, was £1, 4s. 8d. per qr. Tlie
total value thus obtained from an acre of oats, that yields 46
bushels, would be about £10, 9s. lOd. Oats are grown mostly
after lea, but also largely after turnips, and in some cases after
potatoes. The quantity of seed varies from 3 to 6 bushels per
acre. They are sown between the middle of March and the end
of April. The varieties most largely grown are Early Angus,
English Birley, Sandy, Potato, ]>lack, Pedigree, and other newer
varieties.

lii/e, Bcrnis, (ivd J\(ts. — The area under rye since 1854 has been
exactly tripled in Forfar, the extents being 111 and 333 acres.
It has increased in Kincardine from 62 to 82 acres. Beans are

138 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

grown pretty largely on some farms, but there is little change in.
the area under them since 1854. The extent in Forfar that
year was 690, and last season 605 acres. In Kincardine the
area in 1854 w^as 474, and in 1880 464 acres. In Forfar
there were 138 acres in 1854, and 18 in 1880 under peas ; and
in Kincardine 77 acres in 1854, and 36 last season.

Hay, Grass, and Permanent Pastnre.

The following table shows the area of hay and grass under
regular rotation in various years since 1854 : —

Forfar.

Kincardine.

1854, .

•

77,349 acres.

36,961 acres.

1870, .

•

73,872 „

41,288 „

1875, .

•

• *

74,959 „

45,824 „

1880, .

•

. 81,396 „

46,134 „

Increase in

Forfar .

5ince 1854, .

. 4047 acres.

Kincarc

line „

. 9173 „

Forfar

1870, .

. 7524 „

KincaK

line „

. 4846 „

It will thus be seen that latterly a neater extent of land has =
been allowed to lie longer under grass than ten years ago. This,
is due mainly to the increase in the cost of labour, and to the
fact that experience has shown that turnips are less liable to-
damage from "finger and toe" when the land is worked in the
six-shift rotation, which includes three years grass, than in the-
five-shift system, in which there are only two years grass. The
increasing of -the area under grass also helps to lessen the
manure bills, which, of course, is also an important consideration..
Near the larger towns in Forfar the grass land is mostly pre-
served for cutting, a ready sale and high price being obtained
from cowfeeders for all the hay and fresh grass the farmers can:
raise. For this purpose at least three crops are got in one
season. Throughout both counties a pretty large quantity of
hay is made, though not so much, in comparison with the area
under grass, as in some other counties. The yield of hay ranges;
from 1^ to 2 tons, the average on well managed farms being,
about 1| ton, worth about £4 per ton or £7 per acre. The-
greater part of the grass land is sown out with barley. In the-
districts too high and late for barley the grass seeds are sown'
with oats. The mixture of grass seeds sown varies greatly. It
■usually includes from 16 to 22 lbs. of rye grass and from 6
to 10 lbs. of different kinds of clover seeds per acre. Forfar'
stands fourth and Kincardine eleventh in Scotland in respect^
to the area under grass in rotation.

In both counties there is a pretty large extent of permanent
pasture or grass not broken up in rotation, exclusive of heath ori-

THE COUNTIES OF FOKFAR AND KINCAltDIXE. 139

mountain land. The area in Forfar has increased from 27,225
in 1854 to 27,719 acres this year. In Kincardine the extent
has decreased from 13,029 in 1854 to 5797 acres in 1880.

Root Crops,

T^irnips. — The extent under turnips at various times since
1854 was as follows : —

Forfar. Kincardine.

1854, . . . .32,198 acres. 16,087 acres.

1870, .... 32,881 „ 19,214 „

1875, .... 34,782 „ 19,398 „

1880, . . . ._ 34,051 „ 18,401 „

Increase in Forfar since 1854, . , . 1853 acres.

„ Kincardine „ . . . 2314 „

It will be seen that the area under turnips in both counties
had increased gradually up till a few years ago, and that latterly
it has been falling off' somewhat. This is no doubt mainly due
to a large breadth being put under potatoes since 1875, and to a
still greater increase in the area under grass. As previously
noticed, many of the wheat growing farmers have recently been
altering from the six to the seven shifts, mainly with the view
of lessening the labour and manure bills, and of avoiding
damage to turnips from " finger and toe." In the parts where
wheat is not grown a large number of farmers are, with the same
view, giving up the five shifts in favour of the " easy " six with
three years grass. These changes, at the same time, involve a
decrease in the area under turnips. In regard to the area under
turnips Forfar ranks second, and Kincardine ninth in Scotland,
Aberdeen being the highest by nearly 60,000 acres. Generally
speaking, the turnip crop in these counties is both heavy and of
excellent quality, though perhaps barely equal in either respect
to the famous crops grown on the granite soils of Aberdeenshire.
The yield varies from 14 to 30 tons per acre. Even as many as
36 tons are grown sometimes. The average would perhaps
range from 16 to 18 tons. Calculating from the prices obtained
witliin the last eight or ten years, the average value, if sold to
be consumed off the farm, would be about £1 per ton or £16 to
£18 per acre, less the cost of lifting and conveying to the
nearest railway station. If consumed on tlie land by sheep, the
price obtained ranges from £7, 10s. to £11, 10s. per acre. If
consumed on the farm by cattle the price varies from £8 to
£14. Swedes bring from 15s. to 30s. more per acre tlian
yellows. Near the larger towns very Iiigh prices are generally
realised from the cowfeeders, most farmers in these parts
having lib«;rty to sell all the produce off their farms. In the

140 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

neighbourhood of Dundee as much as £22 per acre is very
frequently obtained. The cost of growing an acre of turnips, of
course, varies with the rent of the land, the amount of manure
given, and other circumstances.

The report of the judges in the turnip competition in con-
nection with the Storm ont Union Af'ricultural Association
(1880) has just been issued. The results are as follows : — 1st,
Mr Playfair, Coupar Grange, weight per acre 23 tons 15 cwts.
1 qr. 21 lbs. ; 2d, Mr Smith, Drumbeltie, weight per acre 23
toES 6 cwt. 2qrs. 21 lbs. ; 3d, Mr Tasker, East Camno, weight
per acre 23 tons 3 cwt. 2 qrs. 4 lbs. ; 4th, Mr Buttar, Corston,
weight per acre 23 tons 3 cwt. 0 qrs. 12 lbs. The number of
turnips in each acre on the successful farms is stated at from
20,747 on Mr Buttar's fields, to 21,940 on Mr Smith's. The
manure given for turnips varies from 10 to 20 tons of farmyard
manure per acre, with a mixture of artificial manure, consisting
of guano, dissolved bones, or bone meal, and a little superphos-
phate of lime and potash, amounting in value to from £2 to £4
per acre. In some cases where most of the farmyard manure
is given to potatoes, the yellow turnips get nothing but artificial
manure. Coprolites are being tried to a limited extent. At
Balhousie, Mr Co we has been specially successful both in the
growing of turnips and potatoes. For turnips he gives from 12
to 15 loads of farmyard dung per acre, with the following
mixture of 10 cwt. — 2^ cwt. of guano, IJ cwt. of bone meal,
4 cwt. of crushed bones, and 2 cwt. of dissolved bones. Turnips
are sown between the 10th of May and middle of June, some
even later. A very large proportion of swedes is now grown, a
small quantity of soft varieties being sown for early use. A
great portion of the turnip crop is consumed every year by
sheep, mostly on the turnip field, but partly also on grass fields.
Many farmers store the greater part of their turnip crop in good
time, but still, as a rule, too little attention is given to this.
The turnip crop is, with the exception of potatoes, the most
costly one grown, and yet, many farmers leave their turnips
exposed to the whole winter's frost.

Potatoes, — The area under potatoes at various times since
1854 was as follows: —

Forfar. Kincardine.

1854, 12,529 acres. 2645 acres.

1870, 16,723 „ 3135 „

1875, 14,607 „ 2784 „

1880, 18,303 „ 3847 „

Increase in Forfar since 1854, . . . 5774 acres.

„ Kincardine „ . . . 1202 „

Forfar stands third and Kincardine fourteenth in Scotland in

THE COUNTIES OF FOEFAR AND KINCARDINE. 141

regard to the area under potatoes. Perth comes first with
21,414, and Fife second with 18,640 acres. It will be seen that
within the last five years there has been a very large increase in
the area under potatoes. Of all the crops grown this is by far
the most costly.

In some seasons the cost of the seed amounts to as much as
£5, 10s., and in others it might not cost more than £3. There is
no doubt that potatoes is the most speculative crop grown by
farmers. It is uncertain alike as to yield and value. In a
good year as many as 10 and 12 tons will be lifted on well
managed farms, while in other seasons on the same land the
yield may be less by a half or three-fourths. In a pretty good
season a fair average for both counties would be 5 J or 6 tons
per acre, while it may be reduced by one-half or more by a
short period of unfavourable weather, or, indeed, rendered of
very little value by disease. Prices again vary from £2 to £10
per ton. It often happens, as this year, that when a full
average yield is obtained, and when there is little or no disease,
the price is so small, under £3 per ton, that the crop cannot be
disposed of to advantage. The average yield this year would
perhaps, be about 6 J or 7 tons; but the price as yet being
under £3 per ton, the whole yield of the two counties, if sold
just now, would do little if anything more than meet the actual
outlay in its production. On some farms, however, the yield
reaches as much as 10 or 12 tons, and in these cases from £30
to £40 per acre will be realised. Last year the average yield
was barely one-half of what it is this year, and yet the price
was so much higher that the crop, taken as a whole, was worth
more money than this year. For a crop of barely one-half the
weight of this year's crop, some Forfarshire farmers last year
obtained no less than from £45 to £48 per acre. A large
farmer near Montrose pointed out a field on his farm to us
which, the one year it was under potatoes, had brought him £60,
and the other over £1000. When disease breaks out, and it
has occurred very frequently in recent years, the price for sound
potatoes rises so rapidly and to so high a point, that those wlio
are fortunate enough to escape the disease obtain something like
a windfall. It is doubtful if, during say the last two rotations,
or ten or twelve years, potatoes have been on the whole a
paying crop. Most farmers, who have long experience with
them, say they have not. The speculative element, however, is
no doubt a charm to some. It would seem that each hopes that
lie may be one of tlie fortunate few destined to have a hirge and
sound crop in a year of disease. The wlieel of fortune has
undeniable attractions to many. There is no doubt that during

142 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

the last few years, when almost all other sources of profit to the
farmer would seem to have for the time become dry, potatoes,
wherever they have been extensively grown, have proved a most
important mainstay. Last year, in Forfarshire for instance,
some farmers, who had little or no grain to sell and made small
profits from stock, realised so much for potatoes that after all
the year, most calamitous as it was to British farming generally,
was to them a profitable one. Another point in favour of the
crop is that it is an excellent preparation for wheat, which is, in
almost all parts suited to it, grow^n after potatoes. In Kincar-
dine only small patches of potatoes are grown. Potatoes require
liberal manuring, and also run up a very heavy bill for labour.
The expense of planting is being lessened by the adaptation of
mechanical appliances, but as yet planters have not come into
general use, Diggers, however, are to be found on every potato
farm. From fourteen to fifteen loads of farmyard manure are
allowed to the acre, with only a little artificial manure in some
cases, but in general a mixture costing from 2os. to 75s. per
acre. A few farmers give even more than this. The light
manures most generally used for potatoes are guano, bones,
superphosphates, and potash. The farmyard manure is found
to be more efficacious in the case of the potato crop when
driven straight from the court to the drills, than when it has
lain on the field for a time. In general potatoes are grown
after oats ; but ia some cases they follow lea, and in these latter
instances they often receive nothing but artificial manure, of
which they get a mixture costing from £4 to £5 per acre.
Some farmers spread the dung on the stubble field, and plough
it in during the autumn and winter, but the majority apply it
in the drills in spring. Many farmers are using less artificial
manure for potatoes than formerly, believing that forcing by
light manures increases the liability of the crop to fall a victim
to disease. Potatoes are planted as early in the spring as is
convenient. About one-half ton of seed is allowed to the acre.
The varieties most largely grown are champions, regents, and
Victorias. The crop is lifted as early as possible in October.
Sometimes it is sold before being lifted, either by the ton or the
acre. When the price is low, as it is this year, many store
potatoes in pits, and wait in hopes of an improvement in the
state of the markets. A pretty large quantity of potatoes are
given to stock when they are cheap or damaged by disease.

Other Green Crops and Fallow. — Under other varieties of green
crop last season there were 1085 acres in Forfar, and 414 in
Kincardine. Mangold 7, carrots 37, cabbage, kohl-rabi, and rape
66, vetches, &c., 975 acres in Forfar — and carrots 28, cabbage,
&c., 15, and vetches, &c., 371, in Kincardine. The area under

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AXD KINCARDINE.

143

these crops in Forfar in 1854 was 835, and in Kincardine 218.
Vetches are used mostly in assisting to feed the cattle stock
when the grass begins to fail. Only a small area is left under
bare fallow. The extent in Forfar was, in 1854, 623, and this
year 694 acres ; the figures in Kincardine being 319 and 141.

Cattle.

The following tables show the number of cattle of different
-classes in the tv/o counties at various times since 1854 : —

Forfar.

Year.

Cows or

heifers in milk

or in calf.

Two years

old and

upwards.

Under two
years.

Total.

1854 . .
1870 . .
1875 . .

1880 . .

11,816
11,704
11,965
11,685

25,459
14,895
17,521
15,251

10,728
18,048
21,105
19,368

48,003
44,647
50,591
46,304

Decrease in total since 1854, 1699.

Kincardine.

Year.

Cows or
heifers in milk
or in calf.

Two vears

old and

upwards.

Under two
years.

Total.

1854 . .
1870 . .
1875 . .
1880 . .

6616
7099
7129
6736

12,477
7432
7832
5595

6316
12,627
15,096
12,876

25,409
27,158
30,057
25,207

Decrease in total since 1854, 202.
In the returns of 1854, the class " Under two years" comprises calves only.

It will be seen that the number of cattle in Forfarshire twenty-
five years ago, was considerably greater than now. This is mainly
due to the dreadful manner in which rinderpest devastated the
herds in that county in 1865-66. To recount the progress of that
terril)le scourge would perhaps serve no good end. ►Sutfice it to
state that wherever it a|)])eared it swept away almost every animal
of the cattle tribe, dealing out ruin to many a man who would
otherwise have been in comfortable circumstances. It also
spread into the Mearns and some other parts of Kincardineshire,
but this county, as a whole, suilercd less severely than its neigh-

144 ON THE AGKICULTURE OF

bour in the south. There is no doubt that it gave a very serious-
check to the agriculture of Forfarshire, more particularly to
rearing cattle. Had not many of the landed proprietors come
forward and very generously subscribed to help the more
necessitous to tide over the sad calamity, the consequences-
might have been even more serious than they were. Apart
from their pecuniary loss, many even of the more spirited
farmers were so discouraged by the destruction of their line
stock, that for years they were unable to set to work in
tliorough earnest to replace what had been so ruthlessly swept
away. At last, however, this feeling, and in most part also the
pecuniary loss, would seem to have been got over, for the farmers-
in Forfarshire and the Mearns have for several years been
devoting themselves, with all their wonted energy and success,,
to rearing and feeding cattle. In the former the lost ground has-
not yet been wholly made up, but there is reason to believe that
the increase in the next ten years will be greater than in the
last. The recent rapid growth of the herds of polled cattle will
be afterwards noticed.

In dealing first with the ordinary farm stock, we may state at
the outset that, in the system of breeding, rearing, and feeding,,
there is hardly any difference between the two counties. In
neither the one nor the other is breeding pursued quite so largely
as some twenty-five years ago. Latterly, ^it has been on the-
increase, but still it may safely be said that too few cattle are bred
in both counties. There can hardly be any doubt that with free-
dom from disease, breeding would pay fully as well on the
higher lying and lighter soils as would either feeding entirely, or
partly feeding and partly breeding. In the later districts at
present a good many farmers keep a breeding stock, and sell oft'
their surplus cattle in lean condition either as yearlings or two-
year-olds, the buyers being generally farmers in the neighbour-
ing districts. A much larger number keep partly a breeding and
partly a feeding stock. These breed from one-fifth to one-half of
the number of cattle they feed and buy in the remainder at
sales or markets. The great body, however, of the farmers of
both counties keep only as many cows as supply the farm with
milk, and perhaps rear from eight to twelve calves. On many
large farms, indeed, not more than three, four, or five calves are
reared. The total number of cows in each county is about equal
to five for every holding above five acres in extent, and on a
very large number of extensive farms the actual stock of cows
kept does not exceed that. The general custom is to buy in
lean stock either in spring, summer, or autumn, and feed them
off during the winter and spring months. The majority are
bought in when from fifteen to eighteen or twenty months old,

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 145

and, being fed oft' in six or eight months, are thus little more
than two years old when slaughtered. Some farmers prefer older
cattle, and either keep the cattle they buy in for two seasons, or
buy in two-year-olds and feed them otf when a little over three
years. About twenty years ago very few cattle were fed oft' at
so early an age as two, but now the majority of farmers prefer
animals that suit this rapid system of feeding. By far the
greater number of the home-bred cattle, which are superior to
those bought in, are sent to the butcher when from two to two
and half years old, while on the other hand the majority of
those bought in are not fed oft" till about three years old. The
large majority of the bought in stock come from Ireland, and are
nearly all shorthorn crosses. They are usually large for the
price paid, but they are often rough, and are frequently so badly
used in the journey from their native isle to their ultimate
destination, that they take some time to recover. They are, as a
rule, in every respect inferior to the home-bred cattle, but they are
very often the only class of cattle to be had. They are brought
over by Irish dealers, from w^hom the farmers in these counties
buy them either in markets or at sales, generally the former.
Latterly a few farmers have been trying Canadian cattle, which
are being sold regularly in Glasgow in large numbers. They are
large, but rough and old. They are bought at small figures,
however, and those who have tried them say they have paid
well. A few Caithness crosses have also been brought into
Kincardineshire for several years, while from England and even
the eastern states of the European Continent, occasional lots
are introduced. The extent of grass is limited in the wheat-
growing districts, and a very large number of the bought in
cattle do not enter the counties till well through the summer
and in autumn. Generally speaking, the home-bred stock con-
sist of crosses between either pure-bred shorthorn or polled
bulls and cross cows, the latter being in most cases crosses
between these two valuable breeds. There is no doubt that
since 1855 the ordinary cattle-stock, taken as a whole, have im-
jjroved greatly, partly from the more general use of well-bred
bulls, partly from more careful selection of cows, and ])artly also
from better housing and feeding. The early maturing pro-
perties of cattle have received more attention latterly than
some twenty years ago, with the result that home-bred cattle are
generally fed olf a year sooner than formerly.

There is so little variety in tlie system of feeding pursued,
that a few sentences will sufhce on this ])oint. Un the large
majority of farms, cattle get no artificial food on the fields in
summer so long as grass is j)lentiful, but as soon as it begins to
fail they receive 3U})})lies of green food, such as tares, either on

146 ox THE AGRICULTUKE OF

the lields or in the courts. Then during the greater part of the
winter they (we refer to cattle being prepared for the butcher)
are fed solely on turnips and oat-straw or hay, getting for about
six weeks or two months before being sold a liberal supply of
cake, linseed, or cotton, or a mixture of both, perhaps with the
addition of bruised oats and barley. That is by far the most
general system. Others, however, feed much more rapidly, giving
a supply of cake or bruised grain, or both, during the greater
part of the grass season, as well as throughout the whole winter.
Some even give cake to their home-bred stock from the time they
are six weeks old till they are sold to the butcher, and also to their
bought in stock as soon as they are brought home. When
turnips are scarce, and when potatoes are plentiful and cheap, the
latter are given freely to feeding cattle, while the supply of oat-
straw has often to be supplemented by hay. The breeding
stock are generally kept in lean condition, and receive no arti-
ficial food. There is little doubt that the feedincj of cattle is now
carried on more extensively in both counties than twenty-five years
ago, and that the quantity of feeding stufl's, such as cake and grain,
consumed by feeding stock has increased enormously since 1855.
It should be pointed out that a large number of cattle is pre-
pared for the butcher in these counties every year that is not
credited to them in the Board of Trade returns. These returns
being collected in spring, cannot include those animals bought
in during the summer and autumn, and sold oft' before the end
of Aprih The number of cattle actually fed in these counties is
therefore much larger than the Board of Trade returns indicate.
It is hardly possible to give a general estimate of the weights of
fat cattle sold in Forfar and Kincardine. They vary greatly ;
two-year-olds range from SJ to 8J cwt., and three-year-olds
from 6 to 9 J cwt.

There are few points of more importance in connection with
the live stock department of farming than the economising of
the turnip crop, and there are perhaps few matters in which
among farmers generally there is more room for improvement.
Latterly many farmers in these counties have been giving much
of their attention to the subject, with results that cannot fail to
be beneficial. There is no doubt whatever that, generally speak-
ing, farmers would find it to their advantage to give fewer
turnips and more feeding stuffs to the cattle they are preparing
for the butcher. Mr Buttar, Corston, Coupar- Angus, has for
several years been following the pulping system, by which he
has been able to economise his turnip crop to a remarkable
extent. Formerly, Mr Buttar kept scarcely any but feeding
cattle, which he bous^ht in towards the end of summer and
during autumn, and fed oft' by spring, the greater number

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 147

being sold off in winter. When housed for the winter the cattle
were by degrees introduced to the pulped food, and when they
had fairly taken to it the following was given : —

Mixture for Ten Feeding Cattle for One Day.

Weight.

Straw, 110 lbs.

Turnips, 280 „

Linseed Meal (or 2 lbs. Linseed Cake), 10 „
Decorticated Cotton Cake, . . 20 „
Treacle, diluted, . . . . 10 „

Value,

s. d.

1 3
1 3

1 8
0 10

Totals 430 lbs. 5 2

After two months, 20 lbs. of crushed grain, maize, oats, and
barley are added, bringing the total weight to 450 lbs., and the
total to 6s. lOd. — an average weight of 45 lbs., and an average
cost of barely 8:^d. per day. The mixture is given in two meals
a day, morning and evening. Mr Buttar also tried the keeping
of store cattle, and finding pulping better adapted to this class
of stock than to feeding cattle he now feeds only a few. He
buys in lean cattle when about eighteen months old, in the
autumn, selling off' the majority in spring in good condition but
not fat, and retaining a number of the best for feeding on grass
in summer. For the first two months they are in the house tlie
lean cattle get the following : —

Mixture for Ten Store Cattle for One Day.

Straw, ......

Turnips,

Linseed Meal (or 1 lb. Linseed Cake),
Decorticated Cotton Cake,
Treacle, .....

Totals 254^ 11 )s. 3 ;j

After the first two months the mixture is increased by about one-
third, or to the value of say 5s. 2d., making the average
maximum cost about 6 jd. per day. The mixture is given in
three meals when it has been raised to the maximum quantity.
The following shows the relative cost of the pulping, and tlie
ordinary systems of feeding store cattle: —

Weight.

Value.

s. d.

110 lbs.

...

112 „

0 6

•'5 »

0 7i

1 8

7^ n

0 7*

148 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

One Store Steer, Two Years Old.

Food. Cost.

Ordiiuuy System, 150 lbs. Turnips, 9d.

Pulping System, 34 lbs. of Mixture, 6jd.

The pulped mixture is made up each forenoon, and allowed to
lie till next day before being used. A layer of straw is laid
down first, then turnips, then cake, and lastly the diluted treacle.
The heap is at once turned over three times, and then left un-
touched for close on, but never more than, twenty-four hours.
In two hours two men and a boy make up a mixture for a day's
feed to over 120 head of cattle. The pulping and bruising
apparatuses are driven from the turbine wheel of the threshing-
mill, so that there is no extra cost for motive power. The cattle
relish the mixture very much and thrive admirably upon it.
The straw in the mixture, and the supply always within reach
of the cattle, is balanced by the manure.

Polled Cattle. — Probably no more interesting chapter in a
history of the agriculture of these counties could be written
than on the breeding of polled Aberdeen and Angus cattle. It
is a subject of much importance, and has a history of peculiar
interest. The materials, too, are plentiful. In a report such as
this, however, unless it were to be enlarged to the dimensions of
a volume, it would be impossible to enter anything like fully
into the matter. A very brief account must suffice. In a word,
it may be stated that the black polled cattle, now known as the
polled Aberdeen and Angus breed, are the direct descendants of
the ancient Angus "Dodclies," and Buclian "Humlies," the native
polled cattle of the north-east of Scotland. There have been
much discussion and dissension as to whether Forfarshire or
Aberdeenshire has the better claim to be considered the cradle
of the improved breed ; but into that question we do not intend
to enter, nor need we dilate upon the value and importance of
this fine breed, which is every year making greater and greater
strides in popularity, and which may safely be said to have
before it a brilliant and useful future. It is pretty certain that
even before the advent of the present century, the excellent beef
producing qualities of the polled breed had been discovered, and
to some degree developed by method and care in breeding and
rearing. It is well authenticated that, about the beginning of the
century, it had attained to considerable popularity all over the
north-east of Scotland, and that soon after several polled herds
were founded in the ancient little county of Angus and else-
where. Twenty-five years ago — at the commencement of the
period to which this report specially refers — there were in For-

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 149

farsliire a large number of polled herds, valuable, and in several
cases very distinguished herds. Chief among these were the
herds of the late Mr Hugh Watson, Keillor ; the late Mr E.
Scott, Balwyllo; Mr Bowie, Mains of Kelly; the late Mr
Fullerton, Mains of Ardestie ; Lord Southesk ; Mr W. Whyte,
Spott; Mr J. Lyell, Shielhill; Mr W. Euxton, Farnell; the late
Mr James Mustard, Leuchland ; and Mr Goodlet, Beauchamp ;
while just across the border into Perthshire were the herds of
Mr T, Ferguson, Kinnochtry, and Mr James Leslie, Thorn. By
that time a few herds that in their day had done much good,
had ceased to exist. Among these must be specially noted the
herd of the late Lord Panmure, whose name, through the
famous bull Panmure (51), will for ever be associated with the
glossy blacks. Kinderpest almost annihilated the Forfarshire
polled stocks, and the majority of those herds named have
become things of the past. The only ones now remaining are
those at Mains of Kelly, Spott, Kinnochtry, and Thorn; but within
the last fifteen years, the ranks of breeders have been recruited by
the Earl of Airlie, the Earl of Strathmore, Mr Thomas Smith,
Powrie; Mr William Smith, Stone o' Morphie ; and Mr Ferguson
Balunie. Lord Southesk, after a long interval, has also just pro-
cured materials with which to found a fresh herd. It may
safely be said that the rinderpest scare, great as it was, has
completely died out. Forfarshire is fast returning to its old
love, and numerous as were its polled herds in Hugh Watson's
time, there is every prospect of their being still more numerous
at no distant day.

Xo one will denv that the credit of beinj^ the first to com-
mence the systematic improvement of the polled breed belongs
to the late Mr Hugh Watson. The intimate friend and occasional
host of Sir Walter Scott, — the associate of the late Mr John
Booth, ]\Ir AVetlierell, and other noted agriculturists, most of
whom are now no more, — one of the most extensive, enterprisinij:,
and skilful farmers that have ever held land in Forfarshire, Mr
AVatson was a strikingly intelligent and accomplished man. He
lived in advance of his time ; and, like man}^ other pioneers who
would seem to have made their earthly pilgrimage prematurely,
did not a little to facilitate the onward march of his fellow-men.
In 1808 he commenced a herd of polled cattle. The foundation
consisted partly of six cows and a bull left to him on the farm
of Keillor by liis father, and ])artly of ten of the best polled
heifers and the best polled bull he could find in the great fair at
Trinity Muir, Brechin. Unfortunately, there is no very com-
plete record of Hugh Watson's ])ractice in the breeding and
rearing of his favourite blacks. The most we know of his method
of breeding is, that he " put the best to the best, regardless of

150 ON THE AGKICULTUKE OF

affinity or blood." He evidently pursued in-and-in breeding to a
considerable extent, and also aimed at rearing up separate and
distinct families. He devoted a good deal of attention to the
preparing of animals for shows, and in the hottest contests of
the day he generally carried off the lion's share of the honours.
After a brilUant and useful career of over fifty years his fine
herd was dispersed in 1860. Shortly before, pleuro-pneumonia
had dealt it a heavy blow, and in consequence it did not show
to advantage. Moreover, the times were then unpropitious for
polled cattle, and the prices obtained were comparatively low.
The two highest priced cows went to the late Mr W. M'Combie
of Tillyfour and Mr Thomas Ferguson, Kinnochtry, at £64 and
£58, 10s. respectively. That Keillor blood has exercised a power-
ful influence in establishing the improved polled breed there can
be no doubt ; but as to the real extent of that influence we cannot
stop to inquire.

Of the other early breeders few had a better grasp of the
important subject in hand, or really did more to develop and
perpetuate the good qualities of the polled breed, than the late
Mr William Eullerton, Mains of Ardestie (formerly Ardovie).
Had he done nothing- else than establish the foundation of the
celebrated Queen tribe, his name would have been indelibly
associated with the breed as one of the most prominent of its
earlier improvers. From his cow " Queen of Ardovie " (29), by
" Captain " (97), and calved in 1836, he founded a famous and
valuable strain ; and from her in direct descent we have the
Prides of Aberdeen, the Vines, the Duchesses, the Charmers-,
the Victorias, and the Dandies, the first of which, in the hands of
the late Mr M'Combie of Tillyfour and others, attained a fame
and value unrivalled by any family, excepting perhaps the
Ericas of Ballindalloch. Then as to the Balwyllo herd, which
was long one of the largest and best known in the country, we
have in several existing herds unmistakable testimony of its
exceptionally high character. Mr Scott's well-known bulls,
" President " (205), " President 2d " (54), and " President 3d '*
(246), all appear in the pedigree of the 270 guinea cow " Pride
of Aberdeen 9th," in the possession of Mr Auld, Bridgend ;
while the Balwyllo Queens have long been well known. On the
death of Mr Scott, his mother, who still survives, carried on the
herd successfully, but unfortunately the plague made sad havoc
here also. Both Mr Fullerton and Mr Scott won many show-
yard honours, both in local and national shows. The former lost
no fewer than eighty fine animals from pleuro-pneumonia. The
Shielhill herd produced many excellent animals, notably the
bulls " Prospero " and " Tom Pipes," which were victorious both
at the Highland Show at Perth in 1861, and at the Eoyal Show

THE COUNTIES OF FOKFAK AND KINCARDINE. 151

at Batterseca in the following year. Mr M'Combie stated that
he believed no purer stock existed in Forfarshire than the
Leuchland herd, and that he " often admired its purity, style,
and condition," the late Mr J. Mustard having been a moderate
but judicious feeder. This herd also fell a victim to rinder-
pest. The earlier Kinnaird herd had a long and useful career.
From a very early period in the century there had been a pure
herd of Angus cattle at Kinnaird ; but it was not until the
present Lord Southesk succeeded that the stock was brought out
to full advantage. Mr M'Combie says that, before being annihi-
lated by the plague in 1866, the Kinnaird herd was " almost the
best in the land," and adds that " Lord Southesk spared no
expense in purchasing the finest animals, and had an able
assistant in his brother, the Hon. Charles Carnegie," a gentleman
who is not only an enthusiastic admirer of the breed, but has
also an intimate knowledge of its history and pedigree. The
best testimony to the character of Lord Southesk's herd is to be
found at Ballindalloch in the celebrated Erica family, one of
which, " Echo," has just been brought back to the home of her
ancestors by Lord Southesk at the handsome sum of 200
guineas. The descendants of " Fanny of Kinnaird " (330), are also
in high repute. Of several other defunct Forfarshire polled herds,
good testimony is still to be found in different stocks through-
out the country. The Thorn herd came prominently to the front
many years ago. In 1864, Mr Leslie's bull "President 4th"
(368), out of Mr Buxton's "Flower of Strathmore " (479),
and got by Mr Scott's " President 3d " already referred to,
was hrst as a yearling at the Highland Show at Stirling, and
first at the same show at Liverness the following year. This
fine bull was sold by Mr Leslie at a long price, and was used at
Tillyfour.

The Mains of Kelly herd is the oldest now existing. Founded
in 1810 or 1811 by the late Mr Bowie, this celebrated herd has
had a long and brilliant career, made almost romantic by its
deadly struggles and narrow escapes in the days of rinderpest
and pleuro-pneumonia. Tlie actual foundation on the female
side was a cow picked up on ^Ir H. A. F. Carnegie's property of
Spynie and Boysack. From this cow, named " Boysack,"
"Jenny" (55), "Pose of Kelly" (Sl'8), and other famous
animals were descended. It is from its achievements in the
male line that Mr ]>owie's herd stands out the most prominently.
Indeed, it is not too much to say, that in this respect it has had
tew if any e([uals. " Cupbearer" (59), spoken of as one of the
finest i)()lk'd bulls ever seen, and lii:^ e(iually famous half-brother
" Hanton " (2l!S) are as housi.'hoUl words among breeders of
polh'd ciitth'. The former, out of " IJose of Kelly " (SJS), and

152 ox THE AGKICULTURE OF

got by "Pat" (29), was a noted showyard wmcer. In 1852 he
was purchased by Lord Southesk at £60, and at Kinnaird he
produced many meritorious animals, including the celebrated
showyard bull "Druid" 225. '' Hanton," also got by "Pat"
and out of " Lizzie " (227), was purchased in 1854 by the late Mr
M'Combie of Tillyfour for £105, and he too was the sire of many
excellent animals. Indeed, Mr M'Combie says that " Hanton "
with Mr Watson's " Angus " (45), and with " Panmure " (51)
was, in the male line, his " herd's fortunes." " Hanton " won
several showy ard honours, including the first prize at Paris in
1856, where he was placed before " Cupbearer," who was the
older by two years. By rinderpest and pleuro-pneumonia, Mr
Bowie's herd was reduced from ninety-three to twenty-one,
but since then it has almost regained its wonted strength, and
numbers over fifty head. The Victorias, a branch of the
Queens of Ardovie, are the most famous tribe now in the herd,
the other leading strains being the Jennets, the Marthas, and
the Lizzies.

In seniority, Mr Whyte's herd at Spott comes next. Mr
Whyte has been breeding polled cattle for about thirty years,
and many of his animals have in reality a longer line of dis-
tinguished ancestry than their recorded pedigrees indicate.
A careful judge and enthusiastic admirer of polled cattle, he
has done a great deal in an unostentatious way to improve
the properties of the breed and to add to its popularity.
Most of his stock trace back on the male side to " Othello "
(319), bred by Mr Lyell, Shiellhill, and got by " Tom Pipes,"
the winner of the first prize at the Highland Show at Perth
in 1861.

Lord Airlie commenced the breeding of polled cattle about
twenty years ago, but it was not till about 1865 that he began to
devote his attention to the subject in thorough earnest. Deeply
interested in all matters affecting agriculture, his lordship de-
votes special attention to the breeding of polled cattle, and in a
comparatively short time he has succeeded in bringing his herd
to the front. Among his fir^t purchases were " Victoria of
Kelly" (345) from Mr Bowie, "New Year'fi Day" (1124), and
" Jessica 2d," and several heifers from ]\Ir Whyte, Spott ; while
in 1870 and the following year his herd was largely augmented
by important purchases at Mulben, Aldbar, The Burn, Spott,
Thorn, and Mains of Kelly. Subsequently he made selections
from the Easter Tulloch and Johnston Lodge, the Gavenwood,
Ballindalloch, and Tillyfour herds. At the late Mr M'Combie's
sale at Alford, in 1874, he secured at high figures four of the best
bred cows and heifers sold, some of them being of the famous
Pride tribe, while at the dispersion of the Tillyfour sale last

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 153

August he made the following very important purchases: —
"Pride of Aberdeen 5th" (1174), at 135 guineas; "Pride of
Aberdeen 23d" (calf), at 35 guineas; and "Sybil 1st," at 110
guineas. The first was the only daughter of the original " Pride "
in the catalogue, and though in her thirteenth year, looked fresh
and useful She has bred several very fine animals, including
the " Shah," for which Mr Ferguson, Kinnochtry, obtained the
first prize at the Highland Show at Dumfries in 1878, " Lilias "
of Tillyfour, and "Pride of Mulben," for which Sir George Mac-
pherson Grant, Bart, of Ballindalloch, paid 91 guineas at the
dispersion of the Mulben herd. The "Pride" calf is out of
"Pioyalty" (3053), a very heavy, handsome Pride cow, which
was bred by Lord Airlie, from whom slie was purchased by the
late Mr M'Combie, and which at the Tillyfour sale was taken
out by Mr Duff of Hatton at 80 guineas. Her other daughter,
" Pride of Aberdeen 15th," went to Sir Dudley Coutts Marjori-
banks, Bart, of Guisachan, at 105 guineas. " Sybil 1st" was bred
at Baads, got by the prize bull " Sir William " (705), and among
other honours won the first prize as a cow at the Highland Show
at Edinburgh in 1877, and the first prize and the challenge cup
for the best animal of the breed at the Aberdeen Show the same
year. She is now in her eighth year, but looks remarkably fresh
and lively. Her daughter, "Sybil 2d," won in the cow class
last summer (1880) at the Royal Show at Carlisle, and the
Highland Show at Kelso, and also at the Aberdeen Show, where
she likewise won the " M'Combie Prize " for the best polled
animal shown, her chief opponent being the Marquis of Huntly's
famous bull, " Monarch." Animals of so rare merit as these
three can hardly fail to leave their mark upon the herd. Many
coveted showyard honours have lately fallen to the Cortachy
herd. At tlie last Highland Show the first prize, both in the
yearling and two-year-old heifer classes, went to Lord Airlie,
the winner in the latter class "Pavillion"* (3772), bred by
Mr Hannay of Gavenwood, out of " Patience of Corskie " (1932),
and got by " Clansman " (308), having also headed tlie heifer
class at the Poyal Show at Carlisle, and for the second time won
the cup for tlie best polled animal exhil)ited at the Angus and
Mearns Show. In addition to these, the Ericas and other noted
tribes are represented in tlic herd. On the male side, Ix)rd
Airlie has drawn large!}'' upon Jiallindalloch blood. At a
draft sale in the autumn of 1870, seven cows averaged over
41 guineas each; six two-year-old heifers, 32.^, guineas; and
four yearling heifers, 4oh guineas ; while the famous " Jury-

• Wo rof^rt to Imve to state that since the above was written, this fine heifer
(*' Pavillion ") luus died.

154 ON THE AGKICULTURE OF .

mail of Ballindalloch," wlio was used in the herd with,
great success, was bought by Mr Grant, Advie, at 57 guineas..
Another draft sale was held at Glamis last September,,
when forty-three animals brought an average of £30, 3s.
each.

Though comparatively young. Lord Strathmore's polled herd
is one of the choicest and most valuable in the country.
Founded in 1876, it has been rapidly brought into a prominent
position. None but animals of really high merit, both in breed-
ing and character, were bought; and as his lordship did not
hesitate to pay pretty long figures, the very best material was
obtained at the outset. The first purchases were made at the
Mulben, Ballindalloch, and Drumin sales in 1876 ; subsequent
selections being made at Advie, Gavenwood, Tillyfour, and else-
where. The herd now numbers eleven females and three bulls ;
the females being — "Beauty of Glamis" (3515), "Beauty 1st of
Glamis" (3314), "Blanche of Advie" (3588), "Cowslip of Glamis"
(3313), "Echo," late "Evelyn" (4119), "Ellen 2nd of Mulben"
(2358), "Ellen 1st of Glamis" (3311), "Julia," by "Elcho"'
(595), "Mina5th" (3844), "Sweetheart" (1689), and "Violet
of Montbletton." The valuable sire, "Elcho" (595), bred at
Ballindalloch and belonging to the Erica tribe, presides over the
herd, and is to be assisted by " Bismarck 2nd " and " Knight of
the Legion," two very fine young bulls purchased at the disper-
sion of the Tillyfour herd at 72 and 40 guineas respectively..
In September last a draft of the herd was sold jointly with a
draft from the Cortachy herd. Lord Strathmore's lot of twenty-
two animals brousfht an averaj^je of close on £36 each.

Mr Thomas Smith's herd at Powrie is one of the largest, and
also one of the best, in the country. It numbers close on sixty
head, and combines excellent blood with high individual merit.
The handsome cow, " Paith," purchased at the TiUyfour sale in
1878, has done well here, having produced a pair of beautiful
heifers. From Easter Tulloch at various times some very good
animals have been obtained, including "Mayflower 2nd," the
mother of that charming little cow, " AYitch of Endor" (3528),
for which Sir Dudley Coutts Marjoribanks paid 155 guineas at
the Tillyfour dispersion sale; "May 2nd " (3727), " May 3rd"
(3728), " Levity" and " Old Jean," the latter a wonderfully fresh
cow of twelve years. The "Mayflower" cow had a very fine
heifer calf last season, while "May 2nd " herself, a very tidy
compact cow of rare symmetry, has an excellent yearling heifer
in the herd. One of the sweetest cows in the herd is " Naomi "
(3730), bred by Mr M'Combie of Easter Skene, out of " Pru-
dence " (1809) by "Clansman" (398), and got by "Bachelor of
Ballindalloch " (690). For a few years Mr Smith's stock bull

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 155

lias been "Norman" (1257), bred at Cortachy and got by "Jury-
man " (404), while at the Tilly four dispersion sale he was
fortunate enough to secure at a small figure Lord Huntly's well-
known Highland Society winner, "Monarch" (1182). Mr
William Smith's herd at Stone o' ]\Iorphie is not large, but also
contains both f^ood blood aud hig-h individual merit. Mr W.
Smith has bred many very good animals. " Griselda" (38 ( 7), the
highest priced animal at the joint sale held last September by
the Earls of Airlie and Strathmore, was bred at Stone o' Morphie.
Her sire was "Timour 3rd" (1287), a bull that has produced
some excellent stock to Mr Smith. He was bred by Mr F. Gr.
Forsyth Grant of Ecclesgreig.

The Balunie herd is small but very choice. It was founded in
1876 by the purchase of " Dido," a heifer, at the Cortachy sale,
the price being 38 or 39 guineas. She was then rather small,
but has turned out well. Her dam went to Kinnochtry at the
same time at 69 guineas, and was bought two years before at
Tillyfour at 76 guineas. At Balunie, "Dido" has produced three
heifer calves, all got by the " Shah," and all animals of excep-
tional merit. Indeed, last summer Mr Ferguson refused 100
guineas for her and the heifer calf at her foot. His second
purchase was one of the " Heather Blossom " twin heifer calves,
sold at the Corskie sale in 1877, the price being 33 guineas.
This calf's dam went, at the same time, to Mr Pearson of John-
ston Lodge at 111 guineas, and its own brother, "Warrior," to
the Marquis of Huntly at 155 guineas. She, too, has done w^ell
at Balunie, having, along with "Dido's" heifers, won several
local showyard honours. Her first calf, unfortunately, died ;
but last season she produced a very pretty heifer. The re-
mainder of this small but promising herd consists of three
females bred at Kinnochtry.

Mr Thomas Ferguson's herd at Kinnochtry, though in Perth-
shire, is so close to the Forfarshire boundary that we may take a
passing glance at it. This valuable herd numbers no fewer
than seventy-eight head, and contains many very fine animals.
It was founded in 1835. Four years after, "Young Favourite"
(61), a daughter of " Old Grannie (1), was purchased, while a
few more years brought in the old grey-tailed cow of Keillor,
now known as " Favourite 2nd." From the former animal
the Baronesses and I'rincesses are descended, and from the
latter the Favourites. These tribes still form by far the
majority of Mr Ferguson's herd, which is thus, more than any
other herd, composed of Keillor stock. Mr Ferguson has won
many victories in the showyard. At the Highland Show at
Dumfries in 1878 his stock bull the " Shah," bred at Tillyfour,
was first in the old bull class, and a Baroness heifer first in

156 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

the two-year-old heifer class ; while, at the same show at Kelso
in 1880, a Baroness bull, of his own breeding and got by the
" Shah," headed the two-year-old class. He has also frequently
obtained very high prices for animals bred at Kinnochtry. At
the Highland Show at Perth in 1879 he sold some young heifers
and a young bull for exportation to the United States of America.

At Gwynd the representatives of the late Mr Pearson have
still some very good polled cattle.

Kincardineshire has also played a not unimportant part in the
developing and establishing of the improved polled breed. The
late Mr E. Walker, Portlethen, was, for over fifty years, one of
the leading breeders of polled cattle in the country. He
obtained his first bull, "Colonel," in 1818, and had at that time
a stock of good nonpedigreed black polled cows, most of them
having a brown stripe along the back and also partially light-
brown ears. By 1826 his pedigreed lierd w^as fully established,
and he carried it on with OTeat success as long as he lived. It
usually numbered from 80 to 100, but sometimes comprised
as many as 110 or 115. The greater portion was dispersed
in 1874, but a part was retained and is still successfully carried
on by his son, Mr E. B. Walker, who succeeded him in the
Mains of Portlethen. The late Mr AValker's success in the
showyard was quite exceptional. Mr M'Combie says — " It
Vv'ould be endless to attempt to sum up his victories — local,
national, and international — they are spread over such a large
surface." Mr Walker bred a large number of celebrated
animals, both male and female. Among his more noted bulls
was "Fox Maule" (305), got by "Marquis of Keillor" (212),
and out of "Matilda Fox" (302), bred at Mains of Kelly, and
got by the famous "Cupbearer" (59). "Fox Maule" won
many showyard honours, and is descrilied by Mr M'Combie
as " one of the best polled bulls ever exhibited." The " Banks
of Dee " is also said to have carried everything before him in
showyards, while, in one season, "his descendants gained
seven first and one second prize." One of the best animals
in the herd at the time of its dispersion was "Madge"
(1217), which was secured by Mr William Macdonald for the
Marquis of Huntly. This fine cow has herself achieved
many victories, while her stock have been jDerhaps still more
successful. Her son, " ]\Ionarch," now at Powrie, w^on first
prize both at the Aberdeen and Highland Shows in 1880;
while, at the former, the special prize for the best family of
the breed, consisting of a cow and two or more of her own
produce, was awarded to "Madge" and her stock, against a
very fine group of "Ericas" from^Ballindalloch. "Madge" was
bred at Tillyfour.

THE COUNTIES OF FOKFAK AND KINCAKDINE. 157

The late Mr Hector, Fernyflat, was long an extensive and
successful breeder of polled cattle. He secured the best of
blood, and produced stock of a very high character. He won
many prizes at both local and national shows. Mr Hector was
recognised as one of the best judges of black polled cattle of his
day. After his death the herd was carried on by his son-in-law,
Mr Arthur Glennie, who succeeded to Fernytiat. The latter
died in 1875, and in the following year the herd was dispersed.
Among others who for some time bred polled cattle in this
county, we may mention the late Sir Alexander Burnett, Bart, of
Leys ; and his son. Sir Thomas Burnett, Bart. ; and Mr P.
Davidson of Inchmarlo. Colonel M'Inroy, The Burn, has for a
long time had some good polled cattle ; while, latterly, Lord
Clinton has been breeding a few.

Mr F. G. Forsyth Grant of Ecclesgreig, St Cyrus, has a small
but very good herd, containing some excellent Forfarshire blood
from Balwyllo, Mains of Kelly, and elsewhere. He was the
breeder of "Timour 3rd" (1287), a bull that, in the neigh-
bouring herd of Mr W. Smith, Stone o' Morphie, already
noticed, got some very fine heifers. At Johnston Lodge, Mr
Pearson has a valuable herd, numbering fifty head. Most of
the cows belong to Ballindalloch, Eothiemay, and Balwyllo
strains ; while the bulls used were bred at the Thorn, Port-
lethen, Tillyfour, and Gavenwood, the one bred by Mr Haunay
being now in use. One of the most important purchases was
the fine cow, "Heather Blossom," at the Corskie sale in 1877 at
111 guineas. The herd was founded in 1869, and has been
successfully and carefully conducted.

Sir Thomas Gladstone, Bart., of Fasque, has a herd that displays
good breeding and excellent character. It numbers about thirty
head. At the Balwyllo sale in 1863, the cow, "Eugenie" (458)
and the bull " Randolph " (389), were purchased, and from these
the main portion of the herd is descended. The cow's grand-
daughter, "Eugenie" (3910), a thick massive fresh looking
ten-year-old cow still in the herd, has produced no fewer than,
eleven calves, the majority being females, also still in the herd.
Herself a good looking cow, her stock as a lot would be very
difficult to beat, being strong, thick, well formed, and richly
covered with flesh, and good milkers. Some of them have
carried everything before them in the local shows. There is
also some Easter Skene blood, through "Nigris," in tlie herd. Sir
Thomas has been lucky with his bulls. At a sale at Portlethen
in 1869, Mr Murray, his local factor, secured at a small figure
the bull calf " Adrian," and so well did that animal turn out, that
at Kelso in 1872 he headed a strong class of aged bulls, and was
considered one of tlie most complete bulls seen for years. At

158 ox THE AGHIGULTURE OF

the Aboyne sale last year (1879), j\Ir Murray purchased, also at
a small price, the bull calf " Diamond," by *' Waterside King"
(870), and out of " Daylight" (1478), by " Clansman" (398). This
bull has also done remarkably well, being a large, handsome,
stylish bull. He won the cup for the best pure bred animal in
the Kincardineshire Show last summer, and will in all probability
gain still higher honours.

By far the largest polled herd that exists now, or has ever
existed, is that owned by Mr James Scott, of Easter Tulloch.
For a long time Mr Scott has been breeding black cattle, and
partly through the prolific character of his stock, and through
purchases, his herd had a few years ago assumed great dimen-
sions. It numbered at one time not far short of 200 head.
Within the last two years over fifty head have been sold, chiefly
at Aberdeen, but still the herd is by far the largest of its kind
existing. And not only is it large, but it also contains many
animals of more than average individual merit, and of really
good breeding. His herd is invariably kept in lean condition,
and it is seldom that he feeds for the showyard. His stock
has, however, carried off many prizes, w^hile in the possession of
others. The highly satisfactory manner in which Easter
Tulloch stock thrive and breed with those that purchase them is
quite proverbial, and this is no doubt mainly due to the
moderate, indeed almost spare, system of feeding pursued by Mr
Scott, and also to the fact that his cattle spend much of their
time in the open fields. There is a good deal of variety in the
herd, containing as it does representatives of the Kinnochtry,
Southesk, Balwyllo, Keillor, Ballindalloch, Tillyfour, Portlethen,
Eernyflat, and several other herds. One of his own oldest tribes
is the Blue Bells, descended on the female side from " Bess," a
cow bred by Mr Ptobert Scott, Upper Tulloch, and on the male
side from " King Henry" (390), bred by Lord Southesk, out of
" Kathleen of Kinnaird " (339), a w^ell-known prize winner and
got by " Windsor " (221), the famous •'' Tillyfour," son of
" Hanton," for which Lord Southesk paid £180 in 1858 to the
late Mr George Brown, Westerton. Some very fine bulls were
bred from the Blue Bells, notably " Bluebeard " (648), the
winner of the first prize in the two-year-old class at the Aber-
deen Show, and also at the Highland Show at Inverness in
1874. He was one of the best two-year-olds ever seen in the
Aberdeen Show, and it is to be regretted that his career was
curtailed by foot and mouth disease, to which he fell a victim
in his third year. But of all the really good animals bred by
Mr Scott, and descended from his stock, perhaps the most
celebrated is the beautiful three-year-old cow " Witch of Endor"
(3528), already referred to. She was one of the fine group with

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 159

■which the late Mr M'Combie " swept the field " at the Paris
Exhibition in 1878. Got by the Easter Skene bull " Valiant "
(663), she is out of "Mayflower 2nd, of Easter Tulloch"
(3521), now at Powrie, and got by " Emperor of Easter Tulloch"
'(396), which was bred at Ballindalloch.

Shorthorns. — Shorthorn breeding has almost ceased to exist in
Forfarshire. It was never pursued to any great extent, but
:some time ago there were a few fair-sized and well-bred herds in
the county. The largest, and perhaps also on the whole the
best, was that carried on for about thirty years, first at Kincraig
near Brechin, and latterly at Old Montrose, by Mr Charles
Lyall. Among his first purchases were four animals from the
late Captain Barclay of Urie, while from other herds well-bred
females were subsequently obtained. The stock consisted of
mixed Booth and- Bates blood, and Mr Lyall having frequently
gone to the noted English herds for his bulls, the best strains
were engrafted upon his herd. Among the sires used were
Lord Dunmore's " Crown Prince " (28,281), and Colonel Kings-
cote's " Duke of Dursley " (25,953), the latter having been the
last bull used in the herd. The herd had become a large and
very flourishing one about 1860, but in 1865 rinderpest killed
no less than fifty-six, leaving only a very few that were enclosed
in a garden surrounded by a high wall. With these few and
others purchased, a fresh start was made, and in a short time a
large and very good herd was again established. In October
1874, however, it was dispersed. The average obtained for thirty-
eight head was about £30. Mr Lyall has still a few shorthorn
cows, but has not again entered into shorthorn breeding with
thorough earnest. With animals of his old herd he won manv
prizes. Previous to the outbreak of the rinderpest, Lord Airlie
had a good shorthorn herd for some time at Cortachy ; while
others who bred a few shorthorns for a time have also given
them up. The chief shorthorn breeders now are Mr Arklay of
Ethiebeaton, Monifieth ; Mr Granger, Pitcur, Kettins ; 'Mv
Hume, Barrelwell, Brecliin ; and Mr Arnot, Mains of Glamis.
The herds of these gentlemen, however, are small. Mr Arklay's
stock bull "Master Toddles" (40,331), was highly commended
in a very strong class at the Highland Show at Kelso in 1880.

Though shorthorn breeding is now carried on only to a very
limited extent in Kincardineshire, yet this county figures pro-
minently in the early history of the shorthorn in Scotland.
Probably no name* is so closely associated with the introduc-
tion of the fashionable "red, white, and roan" into the north
of Scotland as that of the late Captain Barclay, from whose
celebrated herd at Urie the ancestors of a great many of
the shorthorns now in the northern counties were obtained.

160 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

Captain Barclay's herd was founded in 1829 by the pur-
chase of " Lady Sarah," the best cow at Mason's famous sale
at Chilton. Subsequently, selections of well-bred cattle were
made, and a very choice herd established. In 1836 or 1837
these were sold off; but soon after, Wetherell, the great
auctioneer, was commissioned to select in England and send to-
Urie a foundation for a fresh herd. Ten heifers were sent, and
it is stated that they were not of very high merit. A stock
bull, however, "Mahomed " (6170), a son of the old cow "Lady
Sarah," was brought back, and his influence produced a wonder-
ful effect. From these ten heifers a great number of the
shorthorns now in the North of Scotland are descended, and'
there is no doubt that their good qualities are largely due to the-
" Mahomed " cross.

Horses.

The following figures show the number of horses in the two-
counties at various times since 1854: —

Forfar.

Kincardine

1854,

9306

3984

1870, . . . . .

9323

4305

1875,

9988

4695

1880,

10,443

4903

Increase in Forfar since

1854, .

1137

,, Kincardine

<» • •

919

There is an apparent slight decrease in the number of horses-
in Forfarshire this year as compared to twenty-five years ago,
but in reality this is not so. The Board of Trade returns prior
to 1869 included horses belonging to all classes of the com-
munity, and now they include none but those owned by occupiers-
of land. About twenty-five years ago, the number owned by
occupiers of land did not exceed 9500, or nearly 1000 fewer
than were returned last spring. In Kincardineshire, as will be
seen, there has been a pretty large increase. Of the horses
returned in Forfar this year, 8451 are used solely for agricul-
tural purposes, the other 1992 being unbroken horses and mares
kept for breeding purposes. The corresponding figures for
Kincardine are 3863 and 1040. On. most farms, as many
horses are bred as maintain the force required ; but breeding for
sale is carried on only to a very limited extent. The exorbitant
prices reached for horses a few years ago gave a great spurt to
breeding for a time ; but, with the recent fall in prices, matters
have in this respect resumed their normal condition. It is
seldom that horse breeding is found to be profitable on farms
where the ordinary mixed system of husbandry is pursued.

THE COrNTIKS OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. IGl

There is perliaps no paifc of the country where men and horses
accomplish more work than in these counties. Both are well
fed and well housed, and are perhaps quite as well worked. On
the heavier soils, from 50 to 60 acres of land are allotted to each
pair of horses, the extent in the lighter districts ranging from
70 to 80. Since 1855 there has undoubtedly been great im-
provement in farm horses, mainly through the introduction of
superior Clydesdale stallions, in w^hich respect the agricultural
associations and many of the landed proprietors have done good
service to the country. The farm horses, as a rule, partake
much more than they did twenty years ago of the Clydesdale
standp. They are, generally speaking, of a very good cla.ss_,
strong, active, and hardy.

Throughout both counties there are a good many well-bred
Clydesdales. The best stud unquestionably is that which Lord
Strathmore has carried on at Glamis, with so much success and
such great benefit to the country for well nigh twenty years.
This stud was founded in 1869 by the purchase of "Maggie" (404)
then two years old, and shortly afterwards of other two mares
from the celebrated stud of Mr Anderson, Gillespie. The first
stallion used was "Lofty 4th" (461), and from him and these
mares several excellent foals were raised, all of which were sold
with the exception of "Miss of Glamis" (406), the dam of
"General Lee." In 1871 the "Prince of Eenfrew^" (664) was
used, being followed the next two seasons by the famous horse
"Clansman" (150), whose sudden death put an untimely end to
a very useful career. The present stud horse, the " Thane of
Glamis" (855), got by " Clansman," was next obtained, and from
him, as from the others, some very good stock has been pro-
duced. The stud at present numbers eight mares, all well-bred,
of good form and in the best breeding condition. They are as
follows :— " Maggie of Glamis " (404) ; " Miss of Glamis " (406) ;
"Susie of Glam^is" (408); "Flora of Glamis" (410); "Duchess"
by " Thane of Glamis " (855) ; " Darling," also by tlie " Thane ":
" Countess," by " Farmer " (286); and "Victoria" by "Victor"
(895); and out of "Maggie" (404). Mr Watson, Ochterlonie,
not far from Glamis, has a few very good Clydesdale horses, and
has been winning prizes at the Glasgow Show with fillies of
his own breeding. Mr Whyte, Spott, who is a good judge of
horses as well as of cattle, has also bred some very good horses ;
while ^Ir Bruce, Jordanston, Meigle, and others throughout
Forfar, have two or three good Clydesdale mares. Li Kincardine
there are a good many well-bred Clydesdale horses, at Johnston
Lodge, Pittengardener, Fasque, Portlethen, and elsewhere; but
there are no studs kept for the special purpose of breeding.
^Ir Paird established a very fine stud at Urie a few years ago,
paying very high ]>rices for his animals; but they were all di.s-

162 ON THE AGKICULTURE OF

persecl receiitly. The late Mr Walker, Portlethen, who 'w^as an
excellent judge of all kinds of stock, always kept a very fine lot
of horses on his farms, the majority of them being either jet
black or grey in colour.

SJieep Farming.

Sheep farming is carried on extensively in both counties. The
hills are, on the whole, fairly well adapted for it. The winter is
somewhat severe on the higher reaches, and there is rather too
much black ground for the extent of green land. With very
few exceptions the sheep-runs are safe and sound. The Grampian
range in Forfarshire is intersected by several extensive and
beautiful glens, drained by numerous waters and streamlets,
alongside which, and on all the lower stretches, there is a good
deal of excellent green pasture. Half way up the heights there
is, as a rule, hardly any vegetation excepting heather ; while a
little higher in many cases w^e find little or nothing covering the
rocky surface. The scenery displayed in some of these glens is
very grand, and in the summer they are popular resorts for
tourists and other pleasure seekers. The extreme west of the
hilly division of the county is bound in by Glenisla, the parish
of which extends -to 41,375 acres. In this large glen there are
some good arable farms, several very good graziugs, and' a large
extent of excellent shooting ground. The smaller glen of Lin-
trathen lies on the south-east, wdiile on the north-east of it, arain.
Glen Prosen and Glen Clova stretch away back past the top of
Lintrathen, and join Glenisla on the watershed near the bound-
ary of Perthshire. Of these glens, Glen Clova is rather the best.
Its flora is remarkably rich, containing as it does many rare
plants. The haughs by the w^atersides are cultivated and held
mostly in small farms, on w^hich a good many cattle are bred and
sold as yearlings, or when eighteen months old, to farmers in
the lower parts of the county. Most of these small tenants also
keep a number of blackfaced sheep, and rear greyfaced lambs,
which they sell to the larger sheep farmers. There is a large
extent of green land in Clova, the hillsides in some parts being
partially green up to a high elevation, while almost to the tops
the heather is mixed wdth " month " or " moss " grasses. In
Glen Prosen, the lower portion in particular, there is also a good
deal of green laud. Glen Moy and Glen Ogle are offshoots
from Glen Clova, and they too contain some good land, and also
carry some very fine flocks. The greater part of the north-
western portion of the hilly range is occupied by Glenesk and
Lethnot, the former being the largest glen in the county. Gene-
rally speaking, these glens also contain less green laud than
Clova, the greatei' portion being covered with heather, mixed

THE COUNTIES OF FOPtFAR AND KINCARDINE. 168

here and there with month or mosses. On the lower parts, how-
ever, there are many bogs and swamps, which, when surface
drained, afford rich pasture. Passing into Kincardineshire, the
hilly range retains its black heathy aspect on the heights all
through Glendye, and as far north-east as the junction of the
parishes of Durris, Fetteresso, and Glenbervie. As in Glenesk
and Lethnot, there is a good deal of green land in the valleys in
the Kincardine range ; but here also the hill tops as well as the
sides far down are covered almost solely by heather. It is,
however, a peculiar but proverbial fact, that the heather in
Glendye is of hner quality than in most other parts of the
Grampian range. It is supposed to be sweeter, and not so rough
and strong as in the greater portion of the higher hills in Forfar-
shire. The larger part of the hilly range of both counties is
devoted to sheep farming ; but in Forfarshire there are several
extensive deer forests, the dimensions and number of which have
been considerably increased since 1855.

The following table shows the number of sheep in both
counties at various times since 1854: —

Forfar.

Kincardine,

1854,

• • • • •

105,028

35,195

1870,

• • • • •

119,841

32,101

1875,

• • • • •

121,973

36,174

1880,

• • • • •

122,857

32,308

Increase in Forfar since

1854,

17,829

Decrease in Kincardine

do.

• • • •

2,887

It would seem that the number of sheep in Forfarshire has
iDeen gradually increasing, and it is equally clear that latterly
Kincardine has been going the other way. Between 1854 and
1870 there had been an increase in Kincardine, the number in
1869 having been 41,031. The increase in the arable area of
the cattle stock is no doubt partly to blame for the decrease
in the sheep stock since 1870. A good many farmers who for
several years after the outbreak of rinderpest fed or wintered a
large number of sheep, have now abandoned this system, and keep
cattle for all. The sheep stock paid pretty well, but many farmers
found that under sheep their land was beginning to produce too
much straw, and that the grain was becoming lighter in weight
than formerly. As in regard to cattle, the stock kept and
general system of management in the two counties are very simi-
lar. The Blackfaced breed has tlie field almost entirely to itself.
Occasionally a few Cheviots have been kept, but at present there
are no regular flocks of this breed. Tlie stock consists mainly
of wethers of different ages, bought in as lambs at the great
Lanark market. Breeding is carried on only to a very limited
extent. Most of the small tenants along the lout of the hills

164 ox THE AGEICULTUllE OF

keep small flocks of blackfaced ewes, and from these and
Leicester tups they raise a very good class of greyfaced hoggs,
whicli they generally sell to be fed on arable farms in the lower
parts of the county. A few of these small tenants rear pnre-
bred blackfaced lambs, and of these the wethers are sold to
larger farmers to make part of their stock, while the ewe
lambs are retained by themselves to replenish their ewe
stocks. On the lower and greener parts of the larger grazings, a
few ewe stocks are also kept. The largest breeding stock belongs-
to Mr William "Whyte, Spott, who, with his father and brother,,
also owns the largest general flock. Mr Whyte's flock of ewes
numbers about 1000 head, and they are of a very high character.
He is careful to use good tups and also feeds well, and thus
rears a class of wethers that are invariably about the best
reared in the northern half of Scotland. The system of manage-
ment will perhaps be best understood from a brief sketch of the
treatment a flock receives from the time it is bought in till it is
sold off as two and a half or three and a half year olds. When
taken home from Lanark the lambs are washed or dipped. For
a short time they are kept on clean land preserved specially for
them, care being taken not to give them too rich pasture at the
outset. If commenced on moderate pasture they are usually
hardier for the winter, than wdien they are fed highly at the
outset. In the first or second week of October they are taken
down from the hills, and kept on grass in the lower parts of the
county till February, when they get a daily supply of turnips,
the cost of this system of wintering ranging from 4d. to lOd. a
head per week. They are returned to the hill about the second
week in April, and are clipped about the 20th of June, being taken
down again about the first or second week of October, and
wintered on grass as the first winter, excepting that if they are
not to be sold three and a half years old they receive no
turnips. When they are to be sold off* when two and a half
years old, they are wintered almost as well as when hoggs,
receiving a liberal supply of turnips. In their second and
third years they are dipped before being sent to the wintering.
A much larger number is now sent off' when two and a half
years old than formerly, which is in the main the result of a
more liberal system of feeding during winter, and of the early
maturing properties of the breed being made the subject of more
special care. When sold the large majority are in pretty high
condition, many almost fit for slaughter, the general time for
selling being about the middle of October. The large majority
are sold at local markets, some being sold at home by auction
and others sent to auction marts. From the higher reaches
the whole stock have to be withdrawn during from six to twelve
weeks according to the character of the weather ; but on the

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAll AND KIXCAEDINE. 165

lower and better parts, a good many wethers and ewes are re-
tained during almost the whole winter, being shifted only when
a very severe snow-storm sets in. Generally speaking, sheep are
much better wintered now than twenty-five years ago, and on the
whole there has been a slight improvement in the character of
the stock, though even as far back as 1855 a very high class
of sheep was kept in these counties. The only changes in
the system pursued since 1855, are that a greater number
of sheep are bred, and that a much larger number of the
W'ethers are now sold off at tw^o and a half years old. Indeed,
nearly one-half of the wdiole stock is now sold off at that age.
Breeding stocks, of course, require rather more careful manage-
meut than the whether flocks. The tups are let loose about the
22d of Xovember. The ewes are taken to low ground for a
short time when their regular runs are deficient in pasture, or
wdien there is a heavy snowstorm on the hills ; but they receive
no turnips. In a good year a lamb for almost every ewe is
reared in some flocks, ninety per cent, being about the average.
Among lambs the annual death-rate is about five per cent., and
among older sheep from two to three. In exceptionally bad
seasons, of course, the loss by death is much greater than this,
but on the other hand it is sometimes less. Of every one
hundred wether lambs bought at Lanark, probably about ninety
are sold when tw^o and a half or three and a half years old.
The death-rate among ewes is not, as a rule, much higher. Ewes
are generally sold as " casts " when four or five years old, most
generally five. Ewes are a w^eek or two longer in being clipped
than wetliers. The average yield of wool from ewes would be
from 3 to 3-J to 4 lbs. ; from hoggs, 3-^ to 4f lbs. ; and from wethers,
4 to 5 J lbs., sometimes even as much as 6 lbs. The whole stock
on some of the better farms, when w^ell wintered, averages close
on 5 lbs. a head of unwashed w^ool. The large majority, how-
ever, are rather below that. The dipping mixture used, to
which a little castor oil is occasionally added, costs from a Id. to
2d. a head. None are smeared now. The wintering: of hoirjjs or
lambs from the middle of October till the second week in April,
costs from 7s. to 10s. a head, the average being about 8s. or
8s. 6d. Eor a shorter period, and without turnips, older sheep
cost from 3s. to 5s. a head. The rent of sheep farms has risen
fully as much as that of arable land since 1855. It has
increased by about 25 per cent, since 1860. For grazings
on which sheep cannot be kept during winter, the rent
averages from 3s. to 4s. per head of the stock the farms main-
tain ; while for breeding and wintering land it rancres from 6s.
to as much as 10s. a head. For one large farm in the north-
eastern division of the county of Forfar, now rented at £400, the
rent paid thirty years ago consisted of one hundred three-year-

166 ox THE AGETCULTURE OF

old wethers. Shepherds' wages have almost doubled durmg the
past twenty-five years. In the whiter season each shepherd has
from 400 to 500 sheep under his charge, the " hirsels " in
summer rancjinc^ from 500 to 1000 each. The duties of the
shepherds have been lightened greatly since 1855 by the erection
of a large stretch of ring fencing, erected mostly by the pro-
prietors, the tenants paying interest on the outlay. Many
of the grazings have also been greatly improved within the past
twenty-five years by surface draining, effected partly by the
proprietors, but mostly by the tenants. Very few sheep are
lost by drowning, and both counties are on the whole remarkably
healthy for stock. It is seldom that disease of any kind breaks
out among the flocks, but occasionally braxy causes loss when
great care is not taken to shift the hoggs and wethers in good
time for winterino\ At Lanark the wether lambs cost from lis. to
15s. a head, and when sold at three and a half years old bring £2
or more, while they weigh on an average about 58 lbs. Some
of the better stocks, such as those of the Messrs A^liyte, Mrs
Kennedy, Glenmoy, and others, often reach 64 lbs. a head. In
Glendye, Sir Thomas Gladstone, Bart, of Fasque, has the largest
single sheep stock in either county. It numbers about 4000
head, from 700 to 800 being ewes and the remainder hoggs
and wethers. The large majority of the surplus wether stock go
to the southern counties to be finished for the butcher ; but
during the last fifteen or twenty years a pretty large number are
fed on arable farms in Forfar and Kincardine, on grass, turnips,
hay, cake, and grain.

Throuo'hout the arable districts of both counties a larsje
number of sheep of different kinds are reared and fed. A good
many arable farmers also hold grazings ; and in addition to
wintering their hoggs on their arable land, also feed on it a
number of their wethers. Other farmers, who have no hill
grazings, buy in wethers for feeding ; while a still larger number
breed for themselves a lot of cross-bred lambs. Some buy in
cast blackfaced ewes early in autumn, and from these and
Leicester tups, rear greyfaced lambs, which they fatten and
send to the butcher in June and July, The ewes are also highly
fed all the time, and are usually fit for slaughter within a month
after the lambs leave them. " A number of farmers have for
some years been rearing a very fine class of lambs from half-
bred ewes and Shropshire tups. With this kind of stock Mr
Buttar, Corston, has been exceptionally successful. He buys in
about 200 cast half-bred ewes (crosses loetween Cheviot ewes and
Leicester tups) at the St Boswell sales about the middle of
September, taking care to select those hailing from high-lying
sound land. When taken home they are dipped and put on
clean pasture, not too luxuriant at the outset. For about a

THE COUNTIES OF FOKFAR AND KINCARDINE. 167

month or so before the rams are let loose, and during all the
time they are out, the ewes are kept on the best grass on the
fann, a little rape being provided for them when possible, the
object being to put the ewes into a rapidly improving condition
at the rutting season. This, Mr Buttar finds, has a powerful
influence in increasing the crop of lambs. When witliin about
six weeks of the lambing time the ewes get a supply of turnips,
about 1 ton to the 100 ewes per week ; when turnips are scarce,
a little bran or brewer's grain is given. The ewes are thus
strong for the lambing and full of milk, which gives the lamb an
excellent start. During the whole season the extra food is con-
tinued, each ewe and its lambs getting, in boxes on the fields,
about 2 lbs. a day of a mixture of bran, linseed, and cotton cake,
and some bruised oats. By this liberal system of feeding, the
ewes and lambs fatten at the same time, and go away together,
the last being usually sent away about the end of June or first of
July. The cost of the feeding from the time the ewes are bought
in, say the 15th September to the end of January, is about 4d. a
head per week, and from the 1st of February to the end of June,
by wdiich time both ewes and lambs have been fed and slaughtered,
about Is. a week for each ewe, including what the lambs con-
sume. In a specially good year two lambs are reared for every
ewe ; this was done on Corston last season ; but the average is
about three lambs for every two ewes — 300 lambs for 200 ewes.
The lambs sell at an average of about £2 a head ; they often
bring more; while, including the wool, the ewes bring about 10s.
a head more than their purchase price. This would give an
income from the 200 ewes of about £700 to meet feeding and
other expenses — a profitable transaction certainly. And in
addition to this, it should be remembered that, through such
liberal feeding on the fields, the land must be greatly enriched.
Mr Buttar keeps about fifty pure-bred Sluopshire ewes, and
rears his own tups. From experience he has been led to use
none but tup lambs among his half-bred ewes, allowing one tup
for every 30 ewes. Several other farmers throughout the two
counties also pursue a liberal and skilful system of rearing and
feeding cross-bred ewes and lambs, and as a rule it leaves a
satisfactory profit.

In Forfar there are several verv fjood flocks of Border
Leicesters, notably those belonging to the Earl of Dalhousie ; j\Ir
Cowe, Balliousie ; ^f r Goodlet, Bolshan ; ^Ir Lyall, Old
Montrose; and Mr Taik)r, Bed Castle, Arbroath, and others.
Lord Dalhousie's flock numbers about eighty ewes, of the best
strains in the country. Mr Cowe's stock, numbering over fifty,
are descended from five very fine ewes, selected fifteen years ago
from the flock of the Messrs Clark, OUIhamstocks. Botli tliese
flocks sliow excellent breeding, good shapes, and fine quality.

168 ON THE AGEICULTUliE OF

Mr Goodlet's flock, one of the best in the country, was established
in 1863 by selections chiefly of Mellendean blood, subsequent
additions being made of Courthill, Costerton, Castlemains, and
Blainslie strains, while high-priced tups from the Polwarth,
Blainslie, Castlemains, and Mellendean stocks have been used.
The Bolshan shearling tups brought the highest average obtained
at the Perth Border Leicester sale in 1880. At Kinnochtry a
large and very fine flock of Border Leicesters is kept ; while Mr
Johnston, Cairnbeg, Laurencekirk, has a very well-bred stock,
tracing mostly to the flocks at Oldhamstocks and Castlemains.
At Powrie near Dundee, Mr Thomas Smith has a large and very
fine flock of English Leicesters. It numbers about 120 ewes, and
has been bred at Powrie for thirty-five years. Tups are intro-
duced at high prices from the best English stocks, and the
general character of the flock is indeed very high. The animals
are beautifully formed, stylish, and of very fine quality.

The rapidity with which crosses from Shropshire tups are
gaining in popularity gives special importance to the few very
line stocks of pure Shropshires kept in Eorfarshire. That
belonging to the Earl of Strathmore is both the largest and
best. Shropshires were first brought to Glamis about 1862,
with the view of breeding lambs to fatten on turnips, and of
seeing whether or not they would suit the climate. The trial
was most successful. They were found to suit the climate
well and to please the butchers admirably, being "heavy killers"
and full of lean mutton. Therefore in 1867 a visit was made to
the great annual sale at Shrewsbury, and twenty one-year-old
ewes and a couple of rams were purchased as a foundation for a
flock at Glamis. The ewes came from the celel)rated flock of the
late Mr Price Bowen, and were by the famous tup " Maccaroni,"
while the rams were bought from the Messrs Crane. In the fol-
lowing year another lot of twenty ewes was bought, including
the first prize yearlings at Leicester; and at the same time a ram
was purchased from Mr Mansell, and got by " Conservative,"
who was the sire of the first prize ewes at the Highland Show
at Dumfries in 1878. Again, in the following year the highly-
commended ram at the Eoyal Show at Manchester was purchased
at 40 guineas, and from him was bred the first prize ram and
also the first prize ewes at Kelso, and also the first prize ewes
and the second prize ram at the Eoyal Irish Show at Belfast
in 1880. In 1870 the renowned " Standard Bearer," the first
prize winner at the Eoyal Show at Bedford, was introduced ;
while about the same time about forty yearling ewes were
purchased, all got by the famous " Cardinal," also a first Eoyal
winner. Then followed " Potentate," the first prize old tup at
the Eoyal Show at Cardiff, and in 1873 a ram was hired from
Mr Mansell at £105. This latter animal, after being used at

THE COUNTIES OF FOEFAR AND KmCARDINE. 169

Olamis for some time, was taken back by Mr Mansell, and fed
for the Royal Show at Bedford, where he carried off the first
prize in the aged class. He was afterwards called " Bedford
Hero," and from him was bred the first prize ram at the Royal
Show at Birmingham, and also the dams of the first and third
prize rams at the Royal Show at Carlisle in 1880. The next
purchase was Mansell's No. 4, 1877, a tup that has done much
^ood in the flock. In 1879 a ram named "Trouster" was
bought from Mr Napper of Lochcrew, Ireland; while, in 1880,
Mr Shelton's highly-commended ram at Carlisle was bought.
The flock at present consists of about a hundred ewes and their
produce. The rams are sold when about eighteen months old
at the autumn sales. The top prices are invariably obtained.
In 1879 a number of young tups were sent to the Birmingham
sales, and there they also fetched the highest average. The flock
is carefully kept, and is of an exceptionally high character. As
already stated, the Earl of Airlie has a small flock of Shropshires,
mostly descended from the Glamis flock, while others through-
oat the county have some good specimens of this valuable and
rising breed.

It is w^orthy of mention that, with a pen of crosses between
pure-bred Shropshire rams and half-bred ewes, Mr Buttar,
Corston, carried everything before him at the Scotch and
English Fat Stock Shows in 1879.

Swiiu and Marlccts.

Rearing and feeding swine receive but very little atten-
tion, less, indeed, than farmers might find it profitable to bestow
upon them. The following table show^s that in both counties
there has been a large decrease in the number of pigs kept since
1854:—

Forfar. Kincardine.

1854, 8442 3395

1870, 651(5 2617

1875, 6918 2795

1880, 5132 2196

Decrease in Forfar since 1854, . . . 3310

„ Kincardine „ . . . 1199

]5oth counties are well provided with markets for all kinds
of stock and farm produce. Trinity Muir Fair, held near
Brechin, is one of the most important stock markets in the
country. Auction marts, held in most of the chief centres, are
now to a large extent diverting the biiyinc' and selling of stock
from markets.

170 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF

Labour.

These counties are, generally speaking, fairly well supplied
with labourers of all classes. In many parts the supply is less
than twenty-five years ago, but still it is not, as a whole, far-
short of the demand. Farmers in the neighbourhood of towns
find that the factories and other works draw away many of their
best labourers. One reason why town work is preferred to^
farm labour is, no doubt, that in connection with the former the
house accommodation is far superior to that provided on most
farms. These counties are better supplied with farm cottages
than most other counties in the north, excepting Eoss and
Cromarty, great improvement in this important respect having
been effected during the past twenty-five years. There is still,
however, a great deal to be done, and until the supply of
cottages is considerably increased there is every prospect of the
number of farm labourers continuing gradually to decline. The
position of farm servants can never be anything like satisfactory
until ample facilities are provided for their entering into married
life. In the meantime, owing to the want of farm cottages, a
very large number of Scottish farm-servants have no such pro-
spect to brighten and elevate their lives. On all the larger
farms in these counties there is less or more cottage accommo-
dation. On some it is now ample or almost so, but on others it
is greatly deficient. Perhaps fully one-half of the servants are
married, and these, as a rule, live in cottages on the farms on
which they are employed. When there is not sufficient cottage
accommodation on the farm, the wives of the married servants
have to reside in villages, perhaps a pretty long distance from
where their husbands are engaged. Nearly all the single men
are lodged in " bothies," a few being boarded with married men
and a very few kept in kitchens. As a rule, the bothy com-
prises a general sitting and cooking room, and a bed-closet for
every one or for every two men, with, in some cases, a small
store or pantry. In a very few instances there is also a small
reading room. Bothies, like cottages, have been greatly im-
proved during the past twenty-five years, but in not a few cases
they are still somewhat deficient in accommodation and com-
fort. As a rule, the bothies are cleaned out and the beds made
every day by a woman engaged for the purpose. In some cases,
however, the men, who are almost always their own cooks, also
have to perform these other services. On several farms female
outdoor servants also live in bothies, while on others they are
lodged either in the farm kitchen or with married servants.
The wages of ploughmen at present vary from £25 to £35 a
year, according to the capabilities of the men, with board and
lodging. The average would probably be about £28, 10s. for

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 171

general ploughmen and cattlemen, grieves and foremen with
partial charge getting from £2 to £5 more. Men who are not
capable of building stacks in harvest and such work get perhaps
£3, £1, 10s., or £2 less. The perquisites usually consist of about
6^ bolls (140 lbs. each) of oatmeal, valued at about £7; 12 gills
of new milk daily from Martinmas to Whitsunday, and 18 gills
daily from Whitsunday to Martinmas, the yearly value being
estimated at £7 ; a cart load of coals, valued at from 15s. to £1 ;
and from 3 to 4 bolls, or from 10 cwt. to 1 ton, of potatoes,
worth from £2 to £4. Only in some cases do single men get
potatoes. The money value obtained by married servants for
their work for a year would thus be as follows : —

Money,

Cottage and Garden,

Meal and Milk,

Potatoes,

Coals, .

£28 10 0

2 0 0
14 0 0

3 0 0
10 0

Total, ... £-48 10 0

In some cases married men are allowed the use of a cow
instead of a supply of milk and other perquisites. Shepherds
obtain about the same wages and terms as ploughmen. During
the last three years wages have fallen about 25 per cent., but
still the present rate is about 75 per cent, higher than that about
1850. Out-door female workers get Is. 3d. per day, or od. more
than 1850. For potato-lifting they get 2s. per day, exactly
double what they obtained for this class of work thirty years
ago. In harvest they receive 3s. 4d. a day, with perhaps an
allowance of beer and bread once or twice a day. Women for
house work get from £10 to £16 a year, with board and lodging.
Farm-servants are engaged mostly for a year from Martinmas
to Whitsunday ; a few engage privately, but the majority attend
feeing markets in the different localities. As a rule, married
men remain long periods in one farm, but single men cliange
frequently. The meals of men who live in bothies consist
mainly of oatmeal brose and oatmeal porridge, but some sell a
portion of their meal and buy coffee, bread, herrings, and other
commodities. Married men in cottages live very similarly to
married men in towns. Generally speaking, the farm-servants
in these counties are sober, industrious, and efficient workmen.
The Forfarshire ploughmen, indeed, are proverbial fur their
industry.

ft/

Other Industries.

The commercial industries of these counties, especially of
Forfar, are of vast importance and of various character. We

172 ox THE AGRICULTURE OF

can do no more here, however, than by a few facts and figures
indicate their wide extent and great value.

There are no coal-beds in either county. There are small
quantities of iron and lead, but not enough to make mining pro-
fitable. For a short time many years ago iron was quarried in
Edzell and lead in Glamis and Glenesk. Both counties contain
some limestone, and in various parts of Forfar it has been
worked pretty extensively for agricultural and building pur-
poses. The stone quarries are numerous. In Forfar a great
many freestone quarries are worked regularly, and employ a
large number of men. The stone, mostly belonging to the
sandstone formation, is, as a rule, of good quality but various
texture. It endures the influence of weather admirably. The
ancient round tower of Brechin is built of Forfarshire freestone,
and although that strange erection is supposed to have stood
since the ninth century, the weather has made little or no
impression upon its mason work. In some parts the slate vein
formerly referred to has been worked. At Carmyllie there is a
famous and very extensive pavement quarry, from which very
large quantities of beautiful stone are shipped from Arbroath
to many parts of the United Kingdom. The stone, a greyish-
blue sandstone, is of very fine quality. At this and other
quarries machinery is extensively used in cutting and dressing
the stones. The proprietors of pavement quarries are finding
concrete a rather formidable opponent.

Forfarshire contributes more than one-half of the total pro-
duction of linen in Scotland. As early as 1727 it had the lead
with 595,821 J yards, valued at £13,980, 10s., and all along it
has not only maintained but even improved its position. In
1822 the number of yards of linen produced was estimated at
22,629,553. Mr A. J. Warden, in 1867, stated the number of
flax, jute, and hemp factories in Forfarshire to be 108, with
7715 nominal horse power, 278,56-1 spindles, 11,329 power
looms, and 46,571 persons employed. Of these works, Dundee
had 72, while there were 18 in the Arbroath district, 6 in
the Montrose district, 6 in Forfar, 4 at Brechin, and 2 at
Carnoustie. In that year the total number of similar works in
other parts of Scotland was 89, with 77,237 nominal horse
power, 109,015 spindles, 8580 power looms, and 30,624 persons
employed. There are a great many other works throughout
Forfarshire, such as iron foundries, implement factories, tan-
neries, tobacco manufactories, breweries and distilleries, flour
and meal mills, sawmills, &c. The manufactories of Kincardine
are not extensive. There are several tanneries, breweries, and
distilleries, and a few woollen and linen factories.

Kincardine has little or no shipping, but that of Forfar is
extensive. At Dundee shipbuilding was carried on largely

THE COUNTIES OF FORFAR AND KINCARDINE. 173

even at the commencement of the present century. In 1856,
when wooden shipbuilding had reached its height, there were
six firms engaged in this work at Dundee. Iron shipbuilding
began at Dundee in 1838, the building of wooden steamships
havini? commenced in 1823. Durino- 1878 twelve vessels were
built at Dundee, three being sailing vessels (two of iron and
one of wood) and nine steamers of iron. Their gross tonnage
was 8094. In the same year a wooden sailing vessel of 104
tons was built at Arbroath, and one iron steamer of 50 tons at
Montrose. The number of sailing vessels registered at Dundee
on the 31st December 1878 was 150, and their tonnage 69,132,
there being also fifty-one steamers with a gross tonnage of
23,934. At Arbroath there were at the same time fifty-three
sailing vessels and two steamers registered, the gross tonnage of
the former bein^ 10,009 and the latter 247. At Montrose sixty-
seven sailing^ vessels and nine steamers w^ere re^-istered, the
tonnage of the former being 12,532 and the latter 2233. In
1878, 1308 British vessels, with a gross tonnage of 364,721,
and 247 foreign vessels, having a gross tonnage of 61,293,.
entered Dundee harbour ; while there cleared out 1261 British
vessels, with a tonnage of 344,228, and 215 foreign vessels, with
a tonnage of 54,469. In Arbroath 330 British and 47 foreign
vessels, with a respective tonnage of 36,561 and 8306, arrived -^
while there sailed 328 British and 47 foreign vessels, with a
respective tonnage of 36,940 and 8345. At Montrose 588
British, with a tonnage of 64,110, and 92 foreign vessels,.
with a tonnage of 28,516, arrived; while there sailed 576 British
and 95 foreign vessels, with a respective tonnage of 60,766 and
25,952.

At the various villages and towns along the Kincardineshire
coast a large number of boats are employed at herring and other
fishing. The salmon fishings of the county are valuable, yield-
ing, as they do, a rental of £7000 on the coast, £700 on the
North Esk, and £450 on the Dee. The fishing-boats number
in all about 524, and with the nets and lines are valued at
£28,000. There are about 116,000 cod and ling taken, and of
herrings about 27,000 barrels. Forfarshire derives much value
from tlie sea. The Montrose district stands seventh in Scotland
in regard to the number of boats. In 1878 the number of boats
in the Montrose district was 684, the number of fishermen and
boys 1218, the number of fishcurers 41, the number of coopers-
109, the value of the boats £26,389, the value of the nets
£22,770, and the value of the lines £7249, making a total
estimated value of £56,408. The barrels of herring cured or
salted in the same year numbered 29,936, while there were
93,034 cod and ling taken partly l)y vessels and partly l)y open
boats.

174 ON THE OLD AND REMARKABLE

ON THE OLD AND REMARKABLE BEECHES (Fagiis sylvatica)

IN SCOTLAND.

By Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie.

\_Prim,ium — The Gold Medal."]

It is somewhat remarkable that there should be so few recorded
instances amongst old WTiters of large beech trees in Scotland,
considering the wide distribution which this tree has attained,
and that it is so general over the country at the present day.

Dr Walker, wlio wrote his Catalogue, " after forty years' obser-
vation," in 1798, mentions only four examples, and one of these
he gives as a remarkable tree, though it only girthed 8 feet in
1780 ! And in the list compiled in 1812, and published in the
"Edinburgh Antiquarian Magazine " (voL i. pp. 20-23), in 1848,
only seven are stated, three of them being also identical trees
with those given by Walker. From the many large specimens
whose dimensions and localities are appended to the present
report, we might surely have had a longer list handed down to
us by those earlier observers, for many of these now given must
have been in existence, and been trees of no mean circumference,
when Walker wrote, unless it be that many or most of the first
planted beeches in Scotland having [attained timber dimensions,
and their wood being found of little value for constructive or
domestic purposes, had, in the absence of the mining industry
of the present day, which has rendered the fuel supply indepen-
dent of wood, been felled and consumed as fuel, so that probably
only a few very notable examples, whose position in ornamental
grounds had saved them, remained to testify how admirably
suited for extensive development of trunk and bole the beech
tree is, in almost every soil and situation in Scotland. Loudon,
in his great work, throws very little light on the cause of this
apparent paucity of very notable beeches in Scotland. He does
not mention individually any fresh examples beyond those given
by Walker, excepting one (since blown over) at Prestonhall, Mid-
lothian. He incidentally, however, mentions that " a number of
other fine beech trees existed in Scotland in Walker's time," and
that " Mr Sang and Sir T. Dick-Lauder have added several other
remarkable examples." From these statements it would appear
that about the beginning of the present century, few of the old
and originally planted beeches survived in Scotland, but that a
copiously planted crop, introduced extensively about the time of
the Eevolution, was then forming considerable timber, and is
now to be traced out in such tracts as those we find in such
woods, of which beech trees form a main feature, as may be
seen at Inveraray, Ormiston, Hopetoun, Craigiehall, Hawthornden,

BEECHES IN SCOTLAND. 175

Winning Wood,Dunglass,Blairdruinmoud,and many other districts
•of Scotland, where large and fine specimens exist in quantity, and
in luxuriant foliage, at the present day. We must accordingly
look upon the examples of Walker and other early writers as
very likely to be contemporaries pointing to a more remote period
of introduction, dating probably back to the years from 1540 to
1560.

These remarkable beeches mentioned by the earlier writers
referred to, are all single or standard specimens, and appear to
have been selected for their several sites solely with a view to
ornamental or picturesque effect.

Indeed, the adaptation of the beech for such purposes seems to
have been very prevalent w^th its planters about the beginning
of the 18th century, to which date are to be ascribed most, if not
all, of the stately and imposing avenues and " walks " or " rides " of
beeches, which are the glory and beauty of many sylvan retreats
at the present day. Many of the dimensions of the most notable
of these grand objects of landscape gardening are given in the
appendix to this report, and a comparison of their girths and
lengths of bole are deeply interesting, and a brief reference to
some of these particulars may here be made. At Logie-Almond,
Perthshire, the old main approach to the mansion-house runs
through a fine old avenue of beech, lime, and elm trees, and
is perhaps one of the finest old avenues in Scotland. Through
the kindness of Mr William M'Corquodale of Scone Woods
we have been able to give the particulars of two of the best
beeches in this avenue in the appendix, and it will be seen that
they girth respectively, at 5 feet from the ground, 15 feet 3 inches
and 11 feet 9 inches, with massive boles of nearly 30 feet in
length. These noble specimens have been hitherto unrecorded.
While Morayshire generally abounds in fine examples of beech,
the trees at Brodie Castle are worthy of special note. The prin-
cipal approach leading to the castle is lined on each side with a
row of beeches, forming an avenue of rare grandeur in summer,
when in full foliage. There are also many fine Liwn specimens
of large size. These trees were planted between the years 1650
and 1080, and are growing in a black sandy loam, on a subsoil
of white sand and clay. Two of the largest and finest of the
Brodie trees girth respectively 1-i feet 8 inches and 18 feet
at 1 foot, and 11 feet 9 inches and 15 feet 3 inches at 3 feet
above ground. Another beech at Earlsmill, on the same estate,
and mentioned by Sir T. Uick-Lauder as girthing, in 1812, 15
feet at 3 feet from the ground, now measures (1879) 17 feet
10 inches at 1 foot, 16 feet 3 inches at 3 feet, and 15 feet 11
inches at 5 feet from the base. Sir T. Dick-Lauder, in a ]\IS.
note on a volume of Walker's "Essays," whicli had been in his
possession, states that " another beech at Elgin, iu a garden, is

176 ox THE OLD AND EEMARKABLE

but a few inches less." This tree, however, notwithstanding
diligent inquiry last year, we have been unable to identify.

But, returning to notice the planting of the beech in formal
lines for picturesque effect, we need only refer to many beautiful
avenues in other counties of Scotland, for illustrations of them
are familiar to every lover of trees and the picturesque. The
beauty and stately grandeur of the beech avenue at Freelands,
Perthshire, is well known. The trees in this avenue girth from
12 feet to 17 feet 6 inches at breast high, and are in healthy
vigour. A very good representation of formal planting in line
is found in a row of beeches of large and imposing dimensions
near Stanley, Perthshire. One tree in this group, conspicuous
by its massive trunk covered with smooth silvery bark, is 83 feet
in height, with a bole of 45 feet of measurable timber, and girths
15 feet 8 inches at 1 foot, and 14 feet 7 inches at 5 feet above
ground. The practice of utilizing the beech, from its hardihood
and power of resisting the blast and affording shelter along
exposed roadsides, was very common, and its use as a screen
was frequently resorted to. In high situations, or in wide un-
timberecl tracts, its use as a hedge for such purposes is also not
uncommon. Its adaptation to shelter, and as forming a roadside
avenue to protect from the fury of the winter's blast, or to shade
from the sultry heat of summer, is well illustrated by the well
known beeches on the road between Dunk eld and Pitlochry, Perth-
shire. Another 'beautiful and highly picturesque beech avenue
exists at Moncrieffe, Perthshire. It is about 700 yards in length,
and the trees average 10 feet 6 inches at h7'east high, many being
above that circumference. This avenue, it is supposed, was origin-
ally a hedge planted about the time of the building of the present
mansion-house at Moncrieffe,in 1679, and gradually thinned out
as the plants required more space. In the centre of this avenue
there are the interesting remains of a group of standing stones,
commonly called " Druidical Circles," so frequently met with in
several districts of Scotland. At a high altitude in the Ochils, at
Glendevon, in light gravelly loam on gravel subsoil, close to the
banks of the Devon, there is another fine old beech avenue about
300 yards in length. The trees stand in too close proximity to
each other to admit of their free development, but they girth
from 7 feet to 9 feet 6 inches at 3 feet above ground, and form a
good test of the ability of the beech to thrive and grow into
timber dimensions at so high an altitude, being 800 feet above
sea-level. Other single beeches are found at equally if not higher
altitudes, as at Cleish Castle, 580 feet, where it will be observed
from the returns in the appendix, that it girths in many cases 17
feet and 17 feet 6 inches at 1 foot, and from 10 feet to 13 feet
6 inches at 5 feet above ground, with tall handsome boles ; — and
at Dolphin ton, Lanarkshire, at 834 feet altitude, it girths 10 feet

BEECHES IN SCOTLAND. 1

YJ inches at 5 feet from the base. The fine beech avenue at
Inveraray Castle is too well known to require more than a passing
reference. As a single tree in the park at Inveraray Castle, the
beech girths in some cases 14 feet 3 inches at 5 feet from the
ground. The soil is a brown loam over a sandy gravel subsoil.
Another picturesque beech avenue existed formerly at Braid, near
Edinburgh, but has unfortunately been suffered to pass away
unrecorded, having been cut down several years ago. Handsome
lines of beeches also may be noticed at Blairdrummond, Perth-
shire, where one beech measures 90 feet in height, 20 feet of
bole, and girths 16 feet 10 inches at 1 foot, and 15 feet 9 inches
at 3 feet above ground. Also, at Ardkinglas, Argyllshire,
where a beech girths 16 feet 8 inches at 3 feet from the base.
Many other fine specimens are to be found at Ardkinglas ;
some of the finest of these are given in the appended returns.
This splendid tree is 92 feet in height, and girths at 3 feet
from its base 18 feet 10 inches, and 18 feet 9 J inches at 5 feet.
It grows in black loam upon a gravelly till subsoil, and has
a diameter of spread of branches of 108 feet. It is locally known
by the name of " Prince Charlie's Beech." Why it has been
•so called, there are no reliable data to show, — but, although
there is no historical record of the young Chevalier having
•ever resided in the neighbourhood, or even having passed
through it in his w^anderings, the tree may have probably been
so christened by a Highland chieftain and follower of Prince
-Charlie, who is said to have sheltered a number of the Prince's
adherents under its umbrageous foliage, accommodation for them
being otherwise unobtainable. Such, at all events, is the legend
of this truly majestic specimen. In Bute, one of the most
attractive objects to arboriculturists, is the " Beech Walk." It is
situated at Mountstuart, in the parish of Kingarth ; and, from
the account of the district and its trees, kindly furnished by Mr
Kay, the estate forester, we learn that it lies at the bottom of
the ancient sea-cliff, and extends to 570 yards in length, with a
width of 12 yards. The average space between the trees is 11
yards, and their extreme height is 120 feet. These trees, in their
formal liabit of growth and planting, resemble a majestic colonnade
of architectural pillars, which, with their interlacing branches
overhead, })resent the appearance of a vast Gothic arch when
viewed from one end. Many of the trees are u])wards of 10 feet
in circumference at 5 feet from the ground. The largest is 11 feet
9 inches at 5 feet up, and is 60 feet in length of bole to tlie first
brancli, and will contain 450 cubic feet of timber. The soil is
sandy and subsoil sand, being an ancient sea-beach ; altitude of
the site 20 feet, and tlie exposure is to the east, but is somewhat
sheltered. This interesting " Beech Walk," shows the suitability
of this tree for planting in simihir sites along sea-margins, and

178 ON THE OLD AND REMARKABLE

as the climate of such situations in the west of Scotland is well
known to be extremely mild and salubrious, we may perhaps
notice the success which has attended the planting of the beech
in corresponding situations on the eastern and less sheltered
coasts of Scotland ; and here, too, we are fortunate in being able
to point again to instances of formal planting in lines and
avenues, which have not only proved extremely satisfactory to
their noble planter and his successors, but form a feature at
the present day in the district. The beech avenues at Tyning-
hame. East Lothian, are extensive and numerous. The principal
west avenue is formed by a closely planted interlacing double
row of large and well-developed beeches, from which another
side avenue branches off about 300 yards apart in a straight
line for fully 600 yards, and forms a delightfully picturesque colon-
nade of dark verdure in summer. The rides in Binning Wood
also, which adjoins the policy of Tyninghame, are magnificent
examples of the formal style of planting so much in vogue during
the early part of last century. The situation is quite near the
sea, and fully exposed, — the soil is light sandy loam upon sand,
and in some places clay subsoil, and from reference to six beech
trees, the dimensions of which are given in the appended returns,
it will be seen that they are about 80 feet in height, with boles
reaching to 40 feet in length, and girthing, at 1 foot from the
base, in some cases from 17 feet 8 inches to 20 feet 3 inches, and
from 12 feet 10 inches to 13 feet 9 inches at 5 feet from the
ground. These six examples may be taken as fair representatives
of thousands of others in this beautifully and well-arranged
demesne. It is to the enterprise of Thomas, sixth Earl of
Haddington, that the district owes its present sylvan supremacy
over other parts of the county. In 1705, immediately previous
to the Union, he entered upon very extensive planting opera-
tions, and his well-directed labours are now seen in the magnifi-
cent specimens above referred to. Binning Woods were enclosed
in 1707, so that the trees given in the appended return are now
173 years old, and are still in pristine vigour. The beech drives
in Binning Wood are so arranged that they converge to a centre
like the radii of a circle, each parallel having the appearance of
the vaulted aisles of some grand Gothic cathedral, canopied with
living green verdure, and with a mossy carpet of velvet turf.
Altogether, the enclosed plantations on Tyninghame extend to
about 800 or 900 acres. Tree planting with Earl Thomas was a
favourite passion, communicated in a great measure to him by
his Countess, who w^as an enthusiastic tree lover, and he indulged
his fancy with discrimination and taste no less than with con-
summate skill in the selection of site, and description of tree
suited to it. The very sea-shore was skilfully included in his
operations, and many umbrageous specimens now luxuriate almost
down to w^ater-mark on the eastern outskirts of these woods.

BEECHES IN SCOTLAND. 179

Similar instances of the suitability of the beech to thrive in a
thin and cool soil, near the sea, are afforded by the trees at
Broxmouth Park, near Dunbar, and at Dunglass, on the borders o£
Berwickshire, and quite close to the sea, where in a dene running
up from the sea, there are on either of its steep banks many
large and handsome specimen trees. Some of the best examples
of these in this locality are given in the appended returns.
Likewise, the beech is found in large numbers, and of great
size, all along the coast of Forfarshire about Carnoustie, and
thrives there admirably within 4J miles of the open sea,
producing timber of first-rate quality. At Kinnaird, in that
vicinity, the largest and probably the oldest beech was blown over
by the Tay Bridge Gale of 28th December 1879. It measured
86 feet in height, and forked into two large upright limbs at
about 3 feet from the ground, where it was found to girth 18 feet
4 inches. It contained 316 cubic feet of timber, and the rings of
annual growth numbered 240, the section having been carefully
dressed with a plane before these were counted. The other
two beeches from Kinnaird, mentioned in the apj)ended returns,
appear to be of the same age. On the estate of Gray, also in
Forfarshire, there are hundreds of very fine beeches, very healthy
and thriving and of great size, averaging from 160 to 220 cubic
feet of timber each. The one given in the returns, containing 206
cubic feet of timber, stands to the south of Liff burying ground,
and west of the old manse of Lift'.

" The Dark Avenue," at Hopetoun, is another very fine and
notable instance of the peculiar suitability of the beech for
planting in lines to form an effective and grateful sylvan retreat.

Before passing from noticing so many interesting groups and
lines, or avenue arrangements, of the beech in Scotland, to the
consideration of individual immense trees in various localities, we
must not omit to notice one singularly fine example of this
artistic disposition of the tree, which has come to our notice at Sorn
Castle, Ayrshire. Here, at a high elevation, on a naturally thin
soil (to which the beech is best adapted, and on which it produces
the finest timber), upon a stiff clay subsoil, beeches form a very
attractive feature, and thrive well amongst other varieties of hard
wooded timber trees such as oaks and English elms. " The Beech
Walk" there, containing sixty- six trees, and extending 370 yards
in length, forms another of those very beautifully shaded avenues
to which reference has been so copiously made in this
rei)ort. This stiff and formal style of planting of the early part
of last century seems to have developed itself in the district very
generally. It is to the Dowager Countess of Loudon of that
l)eriod that Sorn Castle owes so much of its landsca])e beauty.
This noble lady's love for trees and taste for planting were most
enthusiastic, and hence the wealth of old English elms (which
n])pears to have been her favourite tree) and beeches with which

180 ox THE OLD AND REMARKABLE

Sorn abounds. It is related of her ladyship that, when she heard
of Dr Johnson's cynical remarks on the nakedness of Scotland
in regard to trees, she exclaimed " Deil tak' the man, whaur
was his e'en, when he didna' see my Elms " ! ! ! These beech trees
grow at various altitudes from 350 to 430 feet above the sea-
level, and girth from 9 to 10 feet at 5 feet from the ground, wdth
lofty boles, in some cases reaching 30 feet in length.

We must now, however, hasten to notice a few of the most
important single specimen beeches in various parts of the
country. Foremost amongst these, and facile princeps, the most
mao'nificent beech, and at the same time the larcrest tree in Scot-
land, is the Newbattle Abbey beech, Midlothian. This splendid
monarch grows in a deep light sandy loam, upon an open gravelly
subsoil. It is 95 feet in height, and at 1 foot above ground girths
37 feet 3 inches, — at 2 feet it is 25 feet 3 inches, and at 5 feet its
trunk girths 21 feet 2 inches, and it is still growing and making
more wood annually. Measured carefully in 1879, it girthed at
2^ feet above ground 27 feet 10 inches ; at 7 feet, 19 feet If inch ;
and at 34 feet from the ground, after giving off many immense
limbs, its trunk still girthed 17 feet 10 inches. The circum-
ference of the spread of its branches is 350 feet. At about 15
feet from the base the large overhanging limbs begin to spring
from its colossal bole, and these have long ago reached the
ground, into which several of them are firmly rooted and are
growing upwards and outwards with redoubled vigour, while
at tlie same time they form so many natural buttresses to the
support of the mighty trunk. The tree has been frequently
measured, and appears to have made an inch in girth on
an average annually for the last fifteen years. Dr Walker
notices this tree, as one of the four in his Catalogue to which we
have referred. He says : " The large beech at Newbottle Abbey,
standing on the lawn behind the house, on 6th July 1789 mea-
sured 17 feet." His measurements were taken apparently at
3 feet from the ground, although in this instance he does not men-
tion the particular point. It was then, he states, a vigorous and
healthy tree, with an immense head. The span of its branches
was 89 feet. He records also that a beech, at Taymouth, of a
like size, and seemingly coeval with this, was overturned by a
storm some years pre\iously, when it had arrived at above 16
feet in girth. Would that the worthy Divine had seen the New-
battle beech at the present day ! Probably the next beech in
Scotland in point of size and magnitude is at Eccles, Dumfries-
shire, which measures now upwards of 20 feet in girth at 5 feet
above ground. In 1863, its dimensions w^ere, — girth, 26 feet at
2 feet above the ground; 20 feet at 4 feet ; 25 feet at 7 feet;
and 17 feet at 16 feet from its base. The height of this tree was
then 65 feet, and the spread of branches was 300 feet in circum-

BEECHES IN SCOTLAND.

181

ference. The altitude of the site is 430 feet, and exposure to
the south-east. Another beech little inferior to this one stood
near it, but was unfortunately destroyed by a gale some years
ago. Neither of these trees is mentioned by Dr Walker.
Next in point of magnitude, so far as our researches show,
is the beech tree at Belton, East Lothian. This tree is 63
feet high, with a bole of 31 feet, and girths at 1 foot above
ground 32 feet 3 inches, and 20 feet 4 inches at 5 feet. In
1863, this tree is recorded to have been 19 feet 4 inches
at 6 feet from the ground and 17 feet 8 inches, at 9 J feet.
Its age is stated to be about 150 years, but this seems
much too short a space of time for it to have attained these
dimensions. About sixty years ago, almost one-half of its trunk
on the west side of the tree was carried away by the falling of a
large branch, and twenty years afterwards the cavity caused by this
accident in the centre of the trunk was laroe enou<>h to contain
three men. It is, however, now very much closed up, and fresh
wood is being rapidly formed from a shoot of healthy bark, which
must before long quite enclose and hide the ca\-ity. On the east
side of its base is a curiosity in the projecting corner of a large
stone trough, which in former times had stood at the root of the
tree for watering cattle, but over and around which the conoidal
base of the trunk has now grown, so that the trough is quite im-
bedded in the heart of the bole, and only a small portion of the
brim of it is visible ! The next recorded beech proljably, in
point of importance at the present day, is the Balmerino Abbey
tree, Fife. There are two large and venerable specimens there,
and they measure as follows : —

Height.

Bole.

Girth at 5 ft.

Girth in 1863.

Girth in 1793.

No. 1

No. 2

9.5 ft.
92 ft.

35 ft.
30 ft.

13 ft. 9 in.

14 ft. 1 1 in.

13 ft. 0 in.

14 ft. 7 in.

12 ft." 7 in.

The trunk of No. 1 divides into limbs at 35 feet, and its bole
is much finer than that of No. 2, as it presents its thickness
almost uniformly up to the spread of its l»ranches, and contains
a greater amount of timber than No. 2, which tapers a good deal,
lioth trees are still })erfectly sound and healihy, and are mag-
niticent objects when in leaf. These trees are not noticed in
Walker's Catalogue, but No. 2 is recorded in the list of trees
dated 1812, and which appears in the " Edinburgh ^Vntiquarian
Magazine," vul. i. pp. 20 and 23, published in 1848.

A beech at Leslie House, Fife, wliich in Manli 1812 girthed
11 feet at 1> feet from tlie ground, with a lufty bole of 56 feet,
now measures 16 feet 8 incites at the same point, and is probably

182 ON THE OLD A^'D REMARKABLE

the next in point of size of the old recorded trees. The beech at
Kellie Castle, growing in the garden, and in inquiring after which
we supposed we were tracing out at the present day, the condition
of a beech stated to be growing there in the 1812 list, and to be
then 16 feet in girth at 3 feet from the ground, — we lind to be
now 18 feet in circumference at that point. It appears to be
still in a pretty good state of preservation, although the main
branches of it were broken off by a gale many years ago, and the
tree is thus much shorn of its symmetry. As, however, the bole
of the tree given in the record of 1812 is stated to be 30 feet in
lenojth, and the actual measurement now of the tree we refer to
is only about half that length, there may be some mistake in the
identity of this tree with that catalogued in 1812, as having
girthed, in 1793, 16 feet. It was also ascertained in the course of
inquiry regarding this tree, that the remains of several old
beeches had recently been removed, and, in particular, of one of a
large girth between the castle and the turnpike road. Further
there are now no other very large or venerable beeches at Kellie
Castle, excepting the one in the garden above referred to. The
celebrated beech tree at Ormiston Hall, East-Lothian, wliich,
according to Walker, measured, on 10th May 1762, 18 feet 10
inches at 3 feet from the ground ; and the large beech at Oxen-
ford, Midlothian, which he states on 6th June 1763 girthed 19
feet 6 inches at 3 feet from the ground, have both long since dis-
appeared ; but the most careful inquiry regarding these two
veterans fails to throw any light on either the date or the manner
of their destruction.

So much for the tale at the present day of those old recorded
beeches, which, after much investigation, we are able to give.
Time would fail to describe the best specimens of existing and
hitherto unrecorded trees, such as those given in the appended
returns, to which for all particulars therefore, reference must be
made. Before concluding, it may be perhaps proper to notice
a peculiar habit of the beech, developed in several localities, of
assuming a spiral columnar growth of trunk near the base,
w^here the conoidal swellings assume a most picturesque oblique
buttress-like appearance. This is well illustrated in a beech tree
growing at Freeland, Perthshire. Another peculiarity of the
beech is its tendency to inarch, or naturally graft its limbs one
upon another, producing frequently the most fantastic freaks of
nature. Thus, at Dunkeld, in the Athole w^oods, we find a beech
which presents the appearance of growing straight upwards till
at about 5 feet from the ground, it seems to split into two, and
to join again about 4 feet higher up, the two stems becoming
incorporated by a process of natural grafting. In that locality
there are many fine beech trees, of which we have given records
in the appendix.

BEECHES IN SCOTLAND. 183

The principal variety of the Fagus sylvatica or common beech,
is the purple or copper-leaved variety, as it is frequently termed.
Of this we have given several fine examples in the appended
returns, as for example, at Gordon Castle, Morayshire, where it
has reached a height of 65 feet, and girths 11 feet 8 inches at
1 foot, and 8 feet 10 inches at 5 feet from the ground ; at
Dunkeld House, where there is a very handsome specimen, now
53 feet in height, and 10 feet 7 inches in circumference at 3 feet
from the base ; at Moncreiffe House, Perth, where it is 62 feet
in height, and girths 9 feet at 1 foot from the ground, and 7 feet
8 inches at 5 feet up ; at Dollarfield, wdiere it is 63 feet high,
with a bole 40 feet long, and girthing 8 feet 4 inches and 7 feet
4 inches at 1 and 5 feet from ground respectively, and with a
spread of branches of 70 feet diameter ; at Caiiowrie, Linlith-
gow, where it is now, with a wide flat-spreading head, 65 feet
in height, bole 18 feet in length, 8 feet 9 inches in girth at 1 foot,
and 7 feet 6 inches at 5 feet from the ground ; and at Biel, East
Lothian there is a fine specimen 60 feet high, 12 feet of bole,
and 9 feet in girth at 1 foot, and 8 feet at 5 feet from the ground.
The purple beech is a native of Germany, where it was acci-
dentally discovered in a wood, between the middle and end of
last century ; and the original parent tree, from which all the
purple beeches in the country have been produced, is said to be
still standini][.

From the foregoing report, and further reference to the
appended returns, it will be observed that the beech, which
cannot be said to be indigenous to Scotland, — although it is said
to be so in some of the midland and southern counties of England,
and old authors quote it as one of the four aboriginal hard- wood
trees of the country, — thrives best and attains its largest dimen-
sions more rapidly in soils that are thin and light, or in the
calcareous loams of the chalk formation. It thrives also, as
many of our statistics show, on sandy and clayey loams at great
altitudes, and grows indeed more freely in such soils and situa-
tions than most other hard-wood trees. In some of the central
parts of England, wliere tliat great ridge of chalk liills, which
occupies a large portion of several midland counties, exists, the
beech occurs as a natural forest, to the exclusion of all other
varieties of trees, by its far stretching roots, and deptli of shade,
whicli effectually kills them oil". As shelter on high-lying or
bare and exposed fields, whether under crop or in pasture, it is
invaluable when planted in stri})S, or as a hedge, and as a park
tree planted for ornament, the references we have endeavoured
to give in this report will show that the beech has few equals
among forest trees in Scotland, and lias been ap])ro])riately styled
by an eminent writer on arboriculture, " at once the Hercules
and Adonis of our Sylva."

184

ox THE OLD AXD REMARKABLE

APPENDIX. — Description of the

County.

Place.

»— 1

Soil.

SubsoU.

O02
X o

Ft. in.

Aberdeen,

Keith Hall, -j

200 0
500 0

y Light black soil.

Stiff clay and sandy.

S.E.

Morayshire,

AltjTe,

11
Light loam,

11
Sandy gravel,

E.
E.
E.
E.

...

»»

...

Brodick Castle,

Black sandy loam.

White sand and clay

KE.

>>
)>
>i

• ••

• •*

>>
>>

ji
II
>j

N.E.
N.E.
N.E.
N.E.

Banff,

Earlsmill,

■ ■•

Gravel and clay,

Sand and clay.

...

Gordon Castle,

100 0

( Dark sandy al- )
"( luvial loam, )'

Bluish sandy clay.

...

PiOSS,

Forfar,

Bralian Castle,

>>
Kinnaird,

so" 0

Light loam.
Deep loam, sandj'.

Gravelly and clay.
Gravel,

s.w. •

S.M^ )

• ••

>»

...

Panmure,

390 0

Black loam,

11
Hard "pan" & clay,

Open,
Open,

))

Open,

»)

Estate of Gray, j

120 0
300 0

)

Sand and gravel.

...

Perth,

Logie-Almond,

...

Light loam.

Gravel and sandy.

...

»>

...

Castle Jlenzies,

250 0

Gravel and sand,

»'

) J

Dunkeld House,

>>
>>
>>

JI
Clayey,

Open,
Open,

Drummond Castle,

1'
Black loam,

JJ
ji

...

j»

...

>»

»j

...

•

...

H
>>

Stobhall,

1 1
Gravelly clayey,

Gravel,

...

>»

...

>>
»5

»i

JI
Very sandy.

JJ
Sand,

...

BEECHES IX SCOTLAND.

185

Beech {Fagus sylvaticci).

Height
of

Length
of

Present

Circumference of

Trunk at

Any former

recorded

Measurements and

Dates.

~ o =«■
t. O «

KEMARK.S.

Tree.

Bole.

^ « c

C f- cS

1 foot.

3 feet.

5 feet.

Date.

Atl
Foot.

At 3
Feet.

Ft. in.

Ft. in.! Ft. in.

Ft. in.

75 0

34 0

14 0

13 0

12 3

1866

13 0

70 0

78 0

16 0

15 8

14 3

1866

a aa

14 0

SO 0

98 0

16 0

17 6

13 10

...

a. a

73 0

95 0

25 0

17 3

13 7

...

• ••

64 0

95 0

12 0

14 10

11 11

...

• a.

• •»

75 0

82 6

24 0

14 8

11 9

• •■

• »•

• >*

...

A vei7 symmetrical tree.

81 0'=
80 0
72 0

20 0
23 0
17 0

IS 11

14 9

15 2

12 7
11 11
11 10

}..

•••

TThese trees were planted be-
-^j tween the years 1650 and
( 1680.

81 0

20 0

18 0

15 3

)

/In 1812, Sir T. D. Lauder
J measured thlg tree 15 ft.
1 at 3 ft. Highly orna-
\ mental.

65 0

20 0

17 10

10 3

15 11

...

a..

90 0

75 0

...

18 11

• ••

14 8

•*■

• ••

• . a

65 0

...

11 8

8 10

•••

...

• a.

65 0

J A fine specimen of copper-
( leaved beech.

90 0

23 0

20 6

• ••

15 3

• a .

84 0

25 0

22 6

• • •

14 0

•••

• aa

• ••

• • .

In 1869. girthed 20 f t.at 1 f t.up.

75 0

18 0

22 9

• • •

17 3

...

. * ■

65 0

16 0

16 10

14 3

• .a

a . •

...

60 0

40 0

15 6

• •«

12 4

• ••

...

72 0

22 0

16 10

12 1

• •m

66"o

Cubic contents of bole 166 ft.

75 0

20 0

20 4

...

14 4

...

• a a

66 0

(This tree fell in the Tay
•< Bridge Gale of Dec. 1S79.

80 0

3 0

18 4

• ..

• a.

• ••

( It had 240 annular rings.

75 0

33 0

12 6

• •■

9 10

.. *

» »•

...

Cubic contents of bole 206 ft.

84 0

25 0

...

• ■•

11 9

...

.. •

...

( In old avenue leading to
\ Logie-Almond House.

90 0

30 0

...

15 2

• ••

...

..a

...

( Growing in a dene at east
t end of avenue.

95 0

45 0

14 6

11 11

11 8

• .a

..a

...

Grows at west gate.
(In park, on side of avenue.
■^ Remarkable for its veiy
( clean ])ole of 50 ft.

80 0

50 0

9 6

9 0

8 6

• aa

...

85 0

35 0

15 2

11 11

10 9

...

• . a

• . •

. • >

In park— side of avenue.

fK) 0

25 0

14 6

10 9

10 4

• ••

■ • •

• ■ a

• . .

A very umbrageous specimen.

5:j 0

• ■ ■

> • •

10 7

■ ■ •

...

. • *

a • a

a . •

A tine copper-leaved variety.

85 0

10 0

18 4

17 10

...

■ • a

aa ■

a aa

a • a

97 0

28 0

15 9

• • •

11 0

a aa

...

97 0

27 0

16 S

• ••

10 8

• ••

• a a

• ••

...

101 0

28 5

16 0

. • ■

10 3

*.«

...

77 0

10 0

20 11

. • •

17 8

...

• ••

...

71 0

9 0

29 0

...

15 11

...

los" 0

88 0

12 0

23 0

...

14 10

...

&i 0

29 0

20 0

• ••

13 11

• ••

...

56 0

• • •

4 10

• • •

...

• a*

...

39' 0

Fine thriving purple variety.

77 10

20 10

15 0

■ ••

13 7

• • .

• .a

...

114 0

8.5 6

16 6

15 11

...

13 0

...

• ••

108 0

G3 0

15 0

10 0

...

6 0

...

62 6

J Very handsome purple
( variety.

74 0

48 0

10 C

* . .

8 2

...

■ ■ ■

Do. do.

50 0

25 0

8 8

...

7 10

...

n-i 0

70 0

30 0

9 5

...

7 5

• a .

...

78 0

60 0

33 0

8 10

...

7 10

...

...
...

...

42 0

(;o 0

12 0

9 10

• • .

9 2

...

. . .

...

.',() 0

On Ilatton mnd^idt'.

186

ox THE OLD AXD REMAEKABLE

Desceiption of the

County.

Place.

Soil.

Subsoil,

X O

Ft, in.

Perth,

Stobhall,

• a*

Very sandy,

Sand,

• ■ •

...

• ••

Craighall,

400 0

Black earth 1 f t.deep,

f Red gravelly )
1 clay on rock, J

S.
W.

Dollerie Woods,

.«•

...

• •.

• •«

Glendevon,

900 0

Good light loam.

Clay and gravel.

99J

E.
E.

J»

>»

Dunkeld,

150 0

Black loam,

Sand and gravel,

• ••

Moncreiffe,

50 0

Light loam,

Sand and freestone,

• ••

Freeland,

• ••

Good loam,

Clay and gravel,

• ••

Gask,

• •«

Sandy loam.

Clayey,

• ••

Blaii'dinimmond,

• ••

Black loam,

Clay & mossy gravel.

• ••

Stanley,

• ••

Sandy soil,

Sand and gravel.

...

(

Kippenross,
Athole roadside,

• • •

Brown loam,

Clay and gravel.

• ••

between Dun-

keld and Pit-

)■••

• ••

«••

(

lochry,

Innemethy,

Black heavy loam,

Clay,

• ••

Kinross,

Cleish Castle,

58b" 0

Light clayey loam.

Clay and gravel.

• ••

»»

...

• ••

...

• ••

• •■

...

• ••

...

>»

••

• • •

• ••

BEECHES IN SCOTLAND.

187

Beech — continued.

Height

of
Tree.

Ft. in.

60 0

55 0

40 0

88 0

73 0

76 0

80 0

76 0

87 0

95 0

78 0

86 0
82 0

62 0

87 0

90 0

85 0

60 0

85 0

107 0

75 0

88 0

90
74

Length

of
Bole.

Ft. in.

14 0

13 0

9 0

11 0

6 0

20 0

40 0

60 0

13 0

9 0
11 0

16 0

20 0

23 0
20 0

18 0

26 0

25 0

24 0

25 0

Present

Circumference of

Trunk at

1 foot.

3 feet.

Ft. in. Ft. in.
9 9
13 2
13 10
10 4

13 0

16 0

15 0

13 4

8 10

8 5
5 10

9 6

15 3

18 0

9 0

15 8

18 10

16 4

24 0

13 6

17 6

15 0

17 6

15 4

15 6

17 0

10 11

15 0

5 feet.

14 5

Ft. in.

9 1

11 5

13 0

10 0

11 6

13 10
11 0
10 3

7 8

7 1

4 7

9 3

14 8
17 6

7 8

15 9

12 0

Any former

recorded

Measurements>nd

Dates.

Date.

Atl
Foot.

Ft. in.

At 3

Feet.

Ft. in.

u ^ <a
^ <u C

S li cS

REMAEKS.

Ft. in.

54 0

69 0
60 0
60 0

74 0

97 0

70 0

110 0
130 0

60 0

On Hatton roadside.
Do. do.

Do. do.

I Planted in 1750.

Do.
Do.

^These are growing in an
avenue of beeches, closely
planted and very pictur-
esque, leading along the
side of the Devon to Glen-
devon House, and are a
fair average of about 100
trees in this high altitude.

A beautiful
variety.

purple-leaved

■ A magnificent beech avenue
of over 30 trees, girthing
from 12 ft. 6 in. to 17 ft.

6 in. at 3 ft. from the
ground, and quite vigorous.

■ A very picturesque tree with
curious twisted branches.
JIany more similar in
dimensions.

''A very handsome noble tree.
In 1863, girthed 18 ft. 7 in.
at base and 15 ft. 10 in. at
3 ft. up. Many others of
a similar and even larger
girth.

'A line of twelve fine speci-
mens, averaging 11 ft. at
3 ft. One remarkably
clean bole girths 15 ft.
8 in. at 1 ft., and 14 ft.

7 in. at 5 ft. and is 45 ft.
in length.

/Many hundreds of fine large
j specimens, iu many places
< forming quite an avenue
j densely branched over-
V head.

(Divides into two immense
11 lim)j8 at 18 ft.

188

ON THE OLD AND EEMAEKABLE

Description of the

County.

Place.

Soil.

Subsoil.

KinrosSj

Cleish Castle,

Ft. in.

Light clayey loam.

Clay and gravel,

...

>■ •

• ••

...

»J

•••

j»

•••

Kinross House,

.,.

Thin poor soil,

JJ
Damp clay,

• ••

Burleigh Castle,

• ••

...

Clackmannan,

Tillicoultry House,

...

Sandy loam,

Gravel and sand.

Sheltered,

• ••

>»

Dollarfleld,

• ••

Good loamy soil.

Gravel,

Stirlingshii-e,

Leckie,
>>

• ••

Gravelly soil,
JJ

Red freestone rock.

Dunipace House,

• a •

Clay loam,

Clay and till.

Clackmannan,

Tullibody,

70 0

Clayey,

Hed clay.

Fife,

Otterstone,
Donibristle,

100 0
30 0

Light loam,
Light sandy loam,

Clay and gravel,
Sand,

s.
s.

»>

Kellie Castle,

100 0

Light loam,

Gravelly,

»j

Leslie House,

300 0

Sandy,

...

Balmerino Abbey,

50 0
50 0

j>
j>

Gravelly,
JJ

s.
s.

Argyll,

Inveraray Castle,
Ardkiuglas,

lob" 0

Brown loam.
Black loam,

Sandy gravel.
Gravelly till,

JJ.E.

...

J J

a *•

»»

• ••

...

»»

• ••

• ■•

• ■ ■

...

J»

a ■ •

...

»>

...

Kenfrewsliire,

Shawholm,

100 ' 0

JI
Dry loam,

Sandstone,

s.iv.

Pollok,

120 0

s.w.

»>

s.w.

Cannis Eskan,
Hawkhead,

50 0

Light sandy loam.
Medium loam,

Gravel,
GraveUy till,

• ••

»>

• ••

...

Ayrshire,
>>
»>

Loudon Castle,

>>
( Kii-kmichael, >
\ Maybole, )

250 " 0
157 0
240 0

JI
Loamy,
Sandy loam,

JJ
Light sandy,

Sandy clay.
Sand and gravel,

ij
Gravel,

N. aiid S.

S.W.

BEECHES IX SCOTLAND.

189

Beech — continued.

Height

of
Tree.

Length

of
Bole.

Ft. in.

9.5 0

100 0

98 0

96 0

100 0

98 0

78 0

80 0

63 0

80 0

83 0

70 0

100 0

90 0

80 0

70 0

95 0

100 0
100 0

Ft. in.
50 0
30 0
33 0
24 0
36 0

40 0

24 0

36 0

12 0

20 0

32 0

25 0

17 0

56 0

35 0
30 0

85 0

98 0

83 0

80 0

92 0

85 0

80 0

103 0

75 0

90 0

95 0 40 0

80 0

75 0

80 0

92 0

Present

Circumference of

Trunk at

1 foot.

Ft. in.

12 8
18 0

13 8

14 6
17 0
16 0

15 0

30 0

35 0

30 0

25 0

8 0

20 0

02 0 14 0

14 10

15 9

8 4

11 8

9 3

15 9

21 2

17 0
16 0

3 feet.

5 feet.

Any former

recorded

Measurements and

Dates.

Date.

Atl

Foot.

At 3
Feet.

Ft. in.

Ft. in.
11 0
10 8
8 10
10 9
10 6
14 10

11 11
13 6

7 4

8 10
7 6

13 U

16 6i 13 10

15 6
14 6

18 0

16 8

22 3

19 3
21 0

13 10
12 9

14 7

15 10

15 5

16 8
10 9

15" 9

13 9

14 11

14 3

Ig 9i

16
14
13

14 8

13 4

15 3

Ft. in. Ft. in.

4-1

t- o I

5 o a

G u a

REMARKS.

Ft. in.

85 0

ro 0

{Many large and well-grown
beeches of considerable
height (80 to 90 ft.), and
girthing on an average
12 ft. at 5 ft. from the
ground.
Growing in the park.
( Do. In 1863 girthed
( 15 ft. 2 in. at 1 ft. up.
A very handsome copper-
leaved variety.

{

(One of an avenue of 14

( similar beeches.

( Measured 14 ft. 5 in. at 3 ft.
in 1870. Another similar
was blown down in a gale
6 years ago.

108

110

A tree in the situation cor-
responding to this one in
1793 girthed 16 ft. at 3 ft.
from the groiind.
In 1812 it girthed at 3 ft.
■{ 11 ft. ; in 1863 it girthed at
( 3 ft. 14 ft. 9 in.
r Girthed 12 ft. 7 in. at 3 ft.
I in 1793; and in 1863 girthed
\ 13 ft. 8 in. at 3 ft. Two
I magnificent and imposing-
l looking specimens.
In vigorous condition.

Prince Charlie's" beech.

r..^.

100

InlS63 girthed 11 ft. 6 in. at 5 ft.
j „ 12 ft. 8 in. at 5 ft.

( Near washing-green,
j In 1863 girthed 11 ft. 1 in. at
5 ft. At Dovecot PoUoc.

190

ox THE OLD AND EEMARKABLE

Description of the

County.

Ayrshire,

»
»>
»>
>»

>7
II

II
II

II
II
II
II

Lanark,

Linlithgow,

Midlotliian,

Place.

/ Kirkmichael,

]

{

Maybole,

Eglinton Castle,

Eglinton Gardens, )

Irvine, /

Sorn Castle,

>>
i>
I)

>>
i>
II

II
II
I)
II

Dalziell,
Lee,

Dolphlnton,
Hopetoun,

Carlowrie,

Ingliston,

Ft. in.

50 0

400 0
380 0

350 0
>)

380 0

420 0

430
))
II

834 0
120 0

92 0

110 0

Soil.

SubsoU.

Light sandy,
Light loam,
Damp,

>>
Thin mossy soil,

II
))
i>

Loam (light),
Medium loam,
Loam Gight),
Good loam.

II
11

Heavy loam.

Good loam,

Gravel,

Clay,

Wet clay,

Stiff clay,
II
II
II

203

II
II

Gravel and clay,
Sand and gravel.
Clay and till.
Clay and gravel,

} -

Open.
W.

Gravelly,

S. and W.

BEECHES IN SCOTLAND.

191

Beech — continued.

Height

Length

Present

Circumference of

Trunk at

Any former

recorded

Measurements and

er of

.lof

lies.

Dates.

"S^S

REilARKS.

Tree.

Bole.

S25

1 foot.

3 feet.

5 feet.

Date.

Atl

Foot.

At 3
Feet.

Ft. in.

89 0

20 0

• ••

12 2

...

. • •

82 0

12 0

24 0

16 7

...

112 0

80 0

6 0

13 0

• • •

11 9

••«

• ••

...

.••

Main branches very large.

76 0

8 0

13 4

• ••

12 0

...

• ••

Fine umbrageous head.

90 0

7 6

• ••

...

. • •

...

• > •

• • •

Kumerous very heavy limbs.

66 0

6 0

11 0

• ••

9 5

. • ■

• • ■

■ . •

60 0

68 0

20 0

9 4

• ••

8 4

)

^Planted by Dowager Count-

70 0

10 0

10 8

• • •

9 1

[...

...

< ess of Loudon about 155

83 0

30 0

9 4

9 2

)

(. years ago.

70 0

20 0

13 0

...

10 0

...

(Fine large well-balanced
( head.

60 0

18 0

11 0

...

9 6

...

60 0

63 0

20 0

10 9

• .•

7 10

...

•••

...

65 0

66 0

18 0

11 0

• • •

8 9

, , ,

• • .

. . .

• ■ •

70 0

20 0

12 0

. ■ •

9 7

...

• ••

75 0

27 0

9 3

«.•

7 4

' Between high main gate and
offices a row of 9 beeches
with good clean boles, and
girthing from 8 ft. 6 in.

• ••

...

• ■ •

• . •

• • •

to 10 ft. 9 in. atl ft. from
the ground, and from 6 ft.
9 in. to 9 ft. at 5 ft., with
. a height of about 75 ft.

r The "Beech Walk " here is
370 yards long and con-
tains 66 beech trees, whose
lofty and umbrageous
boughs form a fine canopy
over a broad green ride
on the north side, and on
the south a gravel walk.

• ••

«• •

• ••

These trees average from
10 ft. 10 in. to 8 ft. at 1 ft.
from ground, and from
8 ft. 6 in. to 7 ft. 4 in. at
5 ft., and with clean
boles of from 15 ft. to
25 ft. in length ; they form
a very interesting feature
at Sorn Castle.

80 0

15 0

18 2|

12 4

■ •.

...

■ • .

85 0

16 0

18 4

is" 4

14 9

• • .

. • *

. . .

• • •

70 0

20 0

...

• ••

10 7i

a ■ ■

...

A verj' handsome tree.

112 6

60 0

• ••

...

11 7

•••

...

A noble specimen.
A splendid beech avenue
hero called "The Dark

Avenue," is highly pictur-

• ••

•••

• ••

• •*

esque, and contains many
trees of large dimensions,
girthing from 12 ft. to
17 ft. at 3 ft. from ground.

(In 1864 was 7 ft. at 3 ft.

65 0

18 0

8 9

...

7 6

...

70 0

< A very healthy specimen
( of copper-leaved variety.

95 0

22 0

11 7

• ••

9 3

< . .

...

.. •

A noble specimen.

85 0

17 0

11 0

.••

8 10

...

> . .

80 0

16 0

10 11

• • •

8 7

. . .

• •.

85 0

35 0

14 9

11 8

11 2

...

\ A Very hnndsonu' tree, with
"( li'iij; ckan )j(ik'.

192

ON THE OLD AND REMARKABLE

Description of the

County.

•

Place.

Soil.

Subsoil.

5 <«

Ft. in.

Midlothian,

Newbattle,

...

jDeep, light, sandy \
'( loam, . . )

Open gravelly,

S.W.

Dalkeith Park,

150 0

i»

...

))

...

Melville, Castle,
j>
)>
)>

>>
J>

^iliddleton. Gore- )
C bridge, j"

200 0
>>

))

250 0
150 0

200 ' 0
150 0

800 0

750 0

1,
Sandy loam, .

i»

n
n
»i

Clay loam, .

Sandy loam, .
Good loam, .

Light loam, .
1)

Gravel, .

Sand and gravel, .

Gravel, .

Clay, .

Gravel, .
Loamy, .

Gravelly,

KW.
N.W.
2^.W.
N.W.
KW.

N.
S.W.

Sheltered.

S.W.
Sheltered.

• • •

))

»»

))

■ ■•

)»

))

• ■•

)»

770 0

>>
>>

...

Woodhouselee,

730 0

Loam, .

Gravel and rock, .

S.E.

Cramond House,

30 0

1?
Good loam, .

Gravelly,

S.'

Craigiehall,

80 0

Clay and gravel, .

...

) J

Calder House,

Light soil,

Till and gi'avel, .

Penicuik House,

• ••

11
Light loam, .

Gravelly,

...

Peeblesshke,

Stobo,

721 0

Gravelly,

S.E.

East Lothian,

Castlecraig,
Gilmertou,

750 0
120 0

Loam (poor).

Damp clayey,
Clay and stony, .

e".

17'

»>

>> i

Tyninghame,

30 0

Good sandy loam,

Sand and clay,

• ••

) J

) >

»»

••••

«•«

Broxmouth Park,
Whittinghame,

30 0
350 0

Sandy loam, .
E.ed clay loam,

Gravelly,

Sandy and stone, .

BEECHES m SCOTLAND.

193

Beech — continued.

Height

of
Tree.

Ft. iu.

95 0

110 0

103 0

95 0

75 0

76 0
78 0
70 0
60 0
65 0
70 0
78 0

75 0

76 0

83 0

86 0

64 6

84 0
72 0

Length

of
Bole.

Present

Circumference of

Trunk at

Any former

recorded

Measurements and

Dates.

1 foot.

Ft. in. Ft. in.

35 0

28 0

25 0

13 6

12 0
15 0

8 2

13 6

9 0

8
13
15

80
76

0
0
0

80
75
70
73

0
0
0
0
0

10 8

16 6

14 0

27 0

22 0

22 0-

9 0
10 0

108

15 0
35 0

10 0

18 0

39 0

27 0

40 0

38 0

25 0

30 0

38 0

24 0

45 0
30 0

37 3

17 0

16 9

14 6

14 0

16 7

17 2

18 6

10 0

13 9
17 0
16 3

14 6
16 8
23 5

19 0

14 0

13 0

9 3

11 0
9 10

11 3

13 6

12 2
26 4

3 feet.

16
14
13
15
18

18 0

14 10
16 0
13 6

20
19
18
17
13
13

15 6
11 5

Ft. in.

5 feet.

Date.

Ft. in.
21 2

15 3

15 1
13 2

10 11

13 8

11 4

14 9

8 8
11 4

10 11

11 9

9 11
13 2

16 11

12 6

10 5

9 10

10 9

8 0)

9 0 '

11 )

11 6

9 11

17 5

Atl
Foot.

At 3
Feet.

Or— ^

O rt ^

?; !u c

C jH cS

KEMARKS.

Ft. in.

Ft. ill.

Ft. in.
122 0

'In 1863, girth at the base
was 43 ft. and 18 ft. at
7 ft. from ground. In
luxuriant vigour.

73 0

SO 0

58 0

76 0

80 0

A group of four beeches. A
line stretclied round the
group measures 88 ft.

'There are many large
beeches growing here, and
girthing from 10 ft. to
15 ft. 6 in. at 5 ft. from
ground.

^Divides at 10 ft. into two
' heavy limbs.which are tied

together by an iiou rod.

^These appear the finest
specimens of beech at
Tynniiighame, and there
are thousands besides
these, and about same
dimensions. Tlie beech
avenues here, and tlio
rides in Binning Wood
are very flue examples of
fonnal style of i)hiiiting, so
gentnil during the early
part of last century.

19-4

ON THE OLD AND EEMAEKABLE

Description of the

County.

•

Place.

Altitude above
Sea-Level.

Sou.

SubsoiL

Ft. in.

East-Lothian,

Belton,

75 0

Loam, .

Freestone, .

J J

55
55

51
1?

Tester,

400 0

Clay loam, .

Red sandstone, .

!)
55
55
55
55

55
55
55
5>
5>

350 0

J?
)>
>)

15
55

Gravel, .

55
15
51
15

Sheltered,
Sheltered,
Sheltered,
Sheltered,
Sheltered,

500 0

Sheltered,

Pressmennau,

TOO 0

Strong loam.

Gravel and rock,

Biel,

120 0

Sandy loam, .

Gravel and clay, .

>»

£.

Berwickshire,

Dun glass,

200 0

(White freestone)
( rock, , .)

55
55
55
55

E.
N.E.

J5
55
55
55

55
5;
55
55

))
J)

11
55
55
55

a.E.

N.E.
K.E.
K.E.

210 0

150 0

X.E.

55
55
55
55

Miln-Graden.
Thirlstane Castle,

Marchmont,"

100 0
500"" 0

Light loam, .
Clayey loam,

Strong red clay, .

Boulder clay.
Tilly, . . .

Hard red till,

e".

5 5

Kimmerghame,

...

Eed loam.

Sandy, .

Koxburghshire,

Floors Castle,

...

Strong loam.

Blue clay,

• ■•

Cavers

...

Good loam, .

Clayey, .

Dumfries,

Drumlaurig,

280 0

Rich friable loam,

Gravel, .

...

290 0

...

BEECHES IN SCOTLAND.

195

Beech — continued.

Height

of
Tree.

Ft. in.

6.3 0

102 0

105 0

60 0

90 0

100 0

80 0

84 0

98 0

110
102

Length

of
Bole.

Present
Circumference of
Trunk at

1 foot.

Ft. in. Ft. in

120 0

122 0

60 0

65 0

98 0

75 0

85 0

70 0

80 0

53 0

90 0

88 0

31 0

65 0
70 0

0
0

13 0
9 10

70 0

27 0

70 0

80 0
75 0
70 0
75 0

28
22
24
22
9

0
0
0
0
0

17 0
25 10
22 0
20 0
19 6

76 0

23 6

80 0

13 10

107 0

15 9

42 0

38 0

12 0

25 0

50 0

30 0

35 0

60 0

40 0

62 0

52 0

42 0

25 0

30 0

31 0
20 0

28
40
50
20

15 0

13 6

32 3

13 8

11 10
9 0

15
13

3 feet.

Ft. in,

13 6

13 9

11 2

12 4
1^ 0

14 7

16 11

15 9

17 5
13 7

18 4

16 2

15 lOi
15 2
10 3

17 2
22 6

21 3

5 feet.

13 10

Ft. it.

20 4

9 5

1 J

Any former

recorded

Measurements and

Dates.

Date.

12 6

12 9

13 7
16 9

12 8

13 4

11 4

13 6

12 9

14 3
12 3

15 0

14 4

Atl
Foot.

At 3
Feet.

Ft. in.

u ^ o
«-— .s

« rt H
i! <u s

■^r.'^.

Ft. in.

80 0
70 0

60 0

EEMAEKS.

93 0
100 0

'A very magnificent speci-
men. A large hollow on
the west side of its trunk
is rapidly closing by the
growth of healthy bark ;
and a stone trough, which
had in its earlier years
stood at its side, is now
quite embedded in the tree
Vjy its root columns and
buttreses growing quite
over it. Only a very small
portion is visible.

f In Anna Park. Very hand-
It some tree.

j In Carter's Haugh. Very
1 luxuriant.

("Goes into two huge limbs
\ at 11 ft. 6 in. Grows in
( " Kale-rig.

(■Divides into two very large
-' and two smaller limbs at
( 14 ft. from ground.
("Many others of similar
-| dimensions in same
( wood.
In Burnbank Wood.
( Fine round head. Pui'ple-
( leaved variety.

^Growing in the Dene.
J A. magnificent tree, girths
J 10 ft. 11 in. at 14 ft. from
( base.

JAt west side of house. A
( very fine specimen.

In Bilsdean Wood. Re-
markably fine and haiul-
some tree.

A very handsome tree.

j Many more similar tall and
( fine beeches grow here.

( Many similar, girthing on
'( an average 15 ft. at 1 ft.

( On west side of road from
( " Doo-cot Knowe."

East side of flower garden.

196

ON THE OLD AXD EEMARKABLE

Description of the

County.

Dumfries,

Place.

,_4

■s

h-1

1-^

■*^

.f-i

Kirkcudbright,

Eccles,

Wigtomishire,

Bute.

Closeburu,
Raeliills,

))

f Kirkconnell \
( (Xewabbey), f
f Kenmure (New )
{ Galloway), )"

430 0

Mouutstuart,

100 0

90 0

Soil.

Light loam,
Gravelly soil,

Light loam, .

Gravelly,

SubsoU.

Gravelly,

I Whinstone rock,
))

Gravel and clay,

Gravelly,
>>

BrowTi gravel,

S.E.

X.AV.
N.VV".
N.W.

S.E.

S.E.
S.E.

BEECHES IN SCOTLAND.

.97

Beech — continued.

HeishtLensrth

of
Tree.

of
Bole.

Present

Circumference of

Trunk at

1 foot.

3 feet.

Ft. in.

65 0

80 0

50 0

60 0

54 0

60 0

80 0

84 0

To 0

73 6

Ft. in.

12 0 17 8

13 6

12 3

11 2

19 4

22 0

19 10

19 8

21 0

Ft. in.

5 feet.

15 4

Ft. in.

20 3

11 10

10 4

9 9

16 4
14 4

13
15

13 6i

Any former

recorded

^Measurements and

Dates.

Date.

Atl
Foot.

Ft. in.

At 3
Feet.

1-1

Or- .a

111

REMARKS.

Ft. in.

59 0

71*'" 0
80 0

f In 1863 gii-th at 2 ft. from
ground 26 ft. ; at 4 ft. it
was 20 ft. at 7 ft. 25 ft.,
and at 16 ft. it was 17 ft.,
and spread of branches
was 300 ft. in circum-
ference.

(Gii-th at 12 ft. from ground
- is 15 ft. where it branches
( into 4 large stems.

(There is here a row of nine,
-] similar in dimensions to
( these given.

' Many fine specimens of con-
siderable size abound in
this county. They girth
from 10 ft. to 17 ft. at 3 ft.
above ground.

'Girthed 13 ft. in 1870.
Very vigorous. There are
several other beeches of
similar dimensions in
Bute, and a magnificent
" Beech Walk " at Mount-

L Stuart, 570 yards in length.

198 ON THE OLD AND REMARKxVBL

ON THE OLD AND EEMARKABLE OAKS {Quercus
Fcdunculata et Sessilijlora), IN SCOTLAND.
By Robert Hutchison of Caiiowrie.
[Premium. — TJie Gold Medal.']

Although these two well-known varieties of the British oak
(Qtcereus Robur) are sufficiently distinct botanically to be classed
as separate species in a report like the present upon the large
and old oaks in the various districts of Scotland, it is necessary
to treat them indiscriminately, and, indeed, as it is not so much
the intention of this chapter of the old and historically remark-
able trees, to present any scientific or botanical description, or
narrative of their physiology or morphology, as to lay before the
reader as accurate and full a catalogue as possible of the many
majestic specimens of this monarch of the woods abounding in its
native habitat, it is probably quite pardonable to treat these two
varieties together without distinction, especially as it has been,
found extremely difficult to obtain sufficiently reliable difference
in each from the mass of returns furnished by careful corre-
spondents, whose kindness and trouble in correctly furnishing
minute data of dimensions and other details, it would be quite
unfair to tax by asking further information as regards a purely
systematic botanical distinction. Both varieties are found grow-
ing together in Scotland in their natural condition, and both are
indiscriminately employed for commercial purposes when con-
verted as timber of home growth. Of the two it may be safely
asserted that Q. pedunculata is by far most generally met with,
and the details in the appendix to this chapter on oaks are
mainly occupied with examples of this variety. Quercus sessili-
jlora is much more commonly met with in England than in
Scotland, and there are some immense trees of it in that
country, but principally in the southern counties, as, for example,
in many parts of Kent, Sussex, and Devonshire ; and on the
authority of Mr Bree, Q. sessilijlora is the almost exclusive
representative of the Quercus family in the lake districts of
England, in Westmoreland and Cumberland.

AH former writers on arboricultural topics agree in allotting
the foremost rank, both in point of dignity, grandeur, and utility,
to the oak. Its beauty of outline when fully developed, com-
bined with its strength, and unyielding resistance to the effects
of the blast in exposed sites, are its chief characteristics of habit
during life ; and when manufactured into timber, the wide and
almost universal purposes to which it may be profitably and
suitably applied, are as characteristic of it as are those of it
durinii- life which we liave referred to. " It is a remarkable

OAKS IN SCOTLAND. 199

circumstance," as has been well observed by Sir Henry Stewart,
" that the most ornamental tree in nature, should also be the one
the most extensively and strikingly useful."

It is thus seen that although Britain can only lay claim to two
species of the great genus Quercus as truly indigenous to her
soil, while the rest of the family, amounting (taking evergreen
as well as deciduous) to upwards of one hundred and fifty dis-
tinct botanical species, are all of exotic origin, and are dis-
tributed in both hemispheres of the globe, either in temperate
zones, rendered so by their latitudinal position, or in tropical
climates by their elevation, — yet these two are by far the most
important, for they surpass all others not only in majesty of pro-
portions and duration of life, but also in general utility, dura-
bility and strength of their timber, so that for all uses to which
these properties are absolutely essential, the two varieties (or
rather species) of the oak now under notice, if equalled, are
at all events not surpassed by any other tree indigenous to
Europe.

The oak beim^ thus one of the few indi^^enous hard-wooded
trees in Britain, it appears, from ancient records and references
in old parchment deeds, to have had a very wide distribution
generally throughout the country. Indeed, before the clearing
away of the old forests had commenced in early historical times,
it appears to have been the chief, if not the only, component of
these early forests, and to have covered a very large area of the
surface of Scotland. Sufficient living remnants of these ancient
forests still exist, and to which reference will afterwards be made
to show the wide area of the distribution in Scotland of the oak,
while in other districts, where these natural or self-sown forests
have disappeared, or are now only rarely marked by a few
strajTGflinf' survivors, the remains of noble and massive trunks of
oak trees are frequently stumbled upon, embedded sometimes in
the alluvial deposits along the banks of rivers, or in bogs, sub-
merged under deep layers of peat moss, the growth and accumu-
lated debris of centuries. In this manner, also, many oaks are
found where now no living specimens are to be seen within even
a wide range of tlie spot, and also where now no oak plantations
are to be met with ; especially near sea-water mark, stumps of
large and old trees, composing aboriginal forests now untraceable,
are sometimes found in situ standing erect, but quite conceded
excepting at very low tide ebb, near river mouths and along
.some of our coast line. For instance, at Kirkconnell, Xewabljey,
Kirkcudbrightshire, some years ago, ]\Ir jMaxwell Witham, — to
whose courtesy we are indebted for interesting infornuition
regarding many trees of other varieties in his neighbourhood, —
recovered from the sands opposite liis property an " antidiluvian"
oak tree, broken at both ends and measuring 36 feet in length

200 ox THE OLD AND REMARKABLE

and 14 feet 8 inches in circumference at the middle of the trunk,
thus o'ivinsf 484 cubic feet of timber. He further informs us
that the whole valley of the Mth at its lower end (about Kirk-
connell and Xewabbey on the borders of the Xith, and Xewabbev
Poer or stream) is thickly underlaid, at a depth of from 4 to 7
feet, with large oaks, which are frequently exposed, and brought
to light by the shifting of the river jSTith or its tributary streams.
In this locality some large and fine oaks still exist at the present
day, and by reference to the appended returns to this paper, it
will be seen that they girth from 14 feet 9 inches to 20 feet in cir-
cumference at 1 foot, and from 13 feet 9 inches to 17 feet 6 inches
at 5 feet above ground. Other submerged forests — if they may
be so called — of oaks exist on other parts of the coasts of Scot-
land ; while in the Hio-hlands, and the more remote northern
counties, as well as in several of the adjacent islands of the
Hebrides, oak trunks are fallen upon in cutting peats where
now not a tree is to be seen. Were these districts, and the
Scottish islands generally, therefore, always incapable of grow-
ing timber, as they are too generally supposed and believed to be
at the present day ? The evidence goes to prove that they were
not, and strong grounds for hope may be consequently entertained
that, with perseverance and the introduction of the suitable
descriptions of trees, thesewastes may be again, through the energy
of their proprietors, replanted with success. Of course, it must
not be imagined that we advocate the planting, in sea-board
situations, of the oak, for although these remains of former oak
forests, of which no history save their gaunt stumps and fallen
trunks now remain, are found under sands, and even below the
tide-mark in various localities, this may be owing to the varia-
tions and upheavals of the beach, to inroads by the sea upon the
land, and to various causes of a similar nature having altered the
relative position of sea and land at the present day, from what
these occu];)ied when these now submerged woodlands waved
their foliage and reared their gigantic truoks in pristine health
and vigour. We find similar traces of early indigenous oak
plantations in Scotland having existed in very remote times in
far inland situations and even at considerable altitudes. For
example, at Dunkeld, in Lady Well Wood of the Athole planta-
tions, and upon a flat plateau in the upper part of the wood, at
considerable altitude, there is a "curious formation of the ground,
— abrupt heights or knolls being intersj)ersed with basin-like
hollows, — where, some years ago, in the course of draining these
hollows, the workmen came upon the remains of the trunks of
many old indigenous oaks embedded in the soil. They were of
great size, and lay strewed in one direction, as if at some remote
period the whole had succumbed at one time to some sweeping
hurricane which had lashed across the district, levelling whole

OAKS IX SCOTLAND. 201

tracts of wood before it, tlie soft nature and dampness of the
site in these hollows making the trees there a moie easy prey to
its violence than in drier and firmer soils. Where these remains
interfered with the draining operations they were cut across and
allowed to lie. The wood was still hard and sound and of a
black colour.

Of old and remarkable oaks in Scotland noticed and recorded
by earlier writers, several still exist, and have been identified, and
their present dimensions taken, for the purpose of this report, and
these will be found in the tabulated returns annexed. A few of
these early recorded trees may be here referred to, before passing
on to consider in detail many remarkably fine specimens of this
noble tree, not hitherto or only imperfectly noticed by former
writers.

The old oak standing north from the Castle at Lochwood in
Annandale, recorded by Dr Walker as measuring, on 29th April
1773, at 6 feet above ground, 14 feet in circumference, and as
being then about 60 feet high, with a fine spreading head exactly
circular, and covering a space of about 60 feet diameter, still
exists, though evincing symptoms of extreme eld age. Measured
at the same point in 187-3, it was found to be 16 feet, having only
grown 2 feet in a century. Measured carefully in October 1879
it was then 19 feet 8 inches at 1 foot ; — 18 feet 10 inches at 5
feet above ground, and its bole was 12 feet 10 inches in length.
In Dr Walker's time this tree was supposed, but upon what
authority is not stated, to have been about 2:30 years old.
Walker cursorily notices another oak, inferior, he says, to the
first mentioned, growing near it, but in 1773 " measuring near 15
feet in girth." In 1873 it measured at same point 17 feet, and
at 2 feet above ground it was 19 feet. Of this tree he gives no
further details ; but we find in 1879 that it girthed 24 feet at 1
foot, and 20 feet at 5 feet above ground, and had a bole of 19
feet 2 inches in length. These trees are still growing in com-
parative vigour ; they are planted in a good dry woodland soil at
a high altitude, being not less than 900 feet above sea-level.

The oak at Barjarg in Kithsdale, measured on loth July 1796,
was 17 feet in circumference close by the ground. At a height
of 16 feet it measured 11 feet 11 inches, at 32 feet it was II
feet 7 inches, and at 46 feet from the ground it was 6 feet 8
inches in girth. iJr Walker further states that this tree on 13th
.Julv 1773 measured 16 feet at the ground, and at 16 feet lii^li
it was then 10 feet 3 inches. It had therefore increased 1 foot
in bulk at the base and 1 foot 8 inches at 16 feet from the ground
in these twenty-three years. ]\Iore recent records of this oak,
undoubtedly the linest in Dumfriesshire even in its decaying
state at the present day, may prove inteiesting, as showing its
waning progress with the llight of time. In 1810 it was 17 feet

202 ox THE OLD AND EEMARKABLE

2 inches in girth at 4i feet from the ground, and in 1879 it
measured 19 feet 3 inches above the conoidal base and 16 feet 3
inches at 6 feet above the ground. The bole is straight in its
timber to the height of 50 feet, and the spread of the branches
covers an area 60 feet in diameter. We have also ascertained
that this tree was measured by a carpenter in 1776, and was
found then to contain 250 cubic feet of timber in its stem. In
the year 1762, the Lord Barjarg of that period was informed by
some very old residenters on the estate, that about 90 years
previously (1670) it had been " bored " with the design of
cutting it down, if the wood in the core had been sound. From
the hole bored some branches sprouted, one of which was then
(1762) of considerable diminsions. From this it may be inferred
that it had then begun to wane; but it is another instance of very
old trees, which from some circumstance or another, after show-
ing considerable symptoms of decline, such as hollowness in the
stump or in the branch clefts, again putting on new vigour, and
covering over nature's incipient decay with rejuvenescence and
new life. This oak appears to have long enjoyed celebrity. It
was called the Blind Oak of Keir,* and is said to be mentioned
by that epithet in some ancient title-deeds pertaining to the dis-
trict, written under the shadow of its umbrageous boughs at least
two centuries previous to 1810. It has made two narrow escapes
from being lost to its native county, of which w^e trust it may
long continue to be the boast, for besides being tested for sound-
ness with a view to sale as above stated in 1762, its proprietor
was, about the beginning of the present century, offered £30 for
it as it then stood !

Other notable oaks in this district will be referred to subse-
quently in this report, when we come to describe specimens not
hitherto recorded by previous waiters.

An oak growing on the roadside between Inversanda and
Strontian in Argyllshire was measured on 27th October 1764,
and was then at 1 foot from the ground 17 feet 3 inches ; at 4
feet it measured 16 feet 3 inches ; and at 15 feet, where the bole
divided into branches, it was 13 feet in girth. It is stated by
Dr Walker to have been then in a decaying condition, and from
a careful investigation made in the district recently, no trace of it
has been found, nor can any one be found who can tell the tale
of its fall and removal or subsequent history. Walker mentions
the fact that the remains of many other great oaks, approaching
to the same size, were observed by him in this vale of Morveu,
and were all situated among rank heather, in deep peat earth,
lying above banks of mountain gravel. This tree w^as probably,
therefore, the last survivor of one of Scotland's indigenous oak
forests of very early times in that district.

* Keir is the name of the parish in which it is situated.

OAKS IN SCOTLAND. 203

Another of the early Scottish recorded oaks growing on the
island of Inchmerin in Loch Lomond, has either so altered bv
its decay as to be now unrecognisable, or has disappeared
entirely. An examination of the island last year failed to lead
to the identification of " Jack Merin," as this oak was called,
although several very interesting and hoary veterans w^ere found,
and are now recorded in the appended returns. " Jack j\Ierin '*
stood near the middle of the island towards the east side, and
measured, on 22d September 1784, 18 feet 1 inch. It was then
*' fresh and vigorous, and remarkable for its fine expanded head,
without any appearance as yet of the stag horns." The only
oak tree now corresponding with the position in the island
ascribed to Jack, is a most magnificent specimen of a short-
stemmed spreading tree. Measured on loth August 1878, the
indefatigable forester who explored the island to endeavour to
identify and measure Jack's dimensions at that date, reports this
tree to be 22 feet 6 inches in girth at 2 feet from the ground,
and divides into several heavy limbs at 4 feet from the ground.
He estimated that the bark of this tree alone w^ould w-eioih about
3 tons, and that he had nowhere seen such a weight of oak
timber growing from a single trunk. This descrijjtion is not quite
incompatible with the meagre account handed down to us of
" Jack Merin," with whose site it corresponds, and although
Walker states the soil in 1784 to be " a moorish, weeping soil,"
this also may hardly be considered as differing essentially from
the soil as stated in 1878, w^hen it w^as described as being
" deep, humid soil." At all events, if this tree be not the veri-
table "Jack Merin" of 1784, it occupies as nearly as possible
the same site, so that if Jack has since " gone aloft," to use the
words of Mr Gordon, who measured this and the other Loch
Lomond oaks in 1878, this veteran must have been his contem-
porary and neighbour, and as such deserves notice, as being now,
perhaps, the only living witness of his " ascent " ! Tlie next
oak in point of size on the island, in 1784 measured 11 feet 2
inches in girth. Such is all the description handed down to us.
Of course, from such meagre evidence it is now impossible to
identify this tree at the present day ; but we may give the par-
ticulars here of the only other very venerable and hoary relic
of an evidently far distant century growing near the northern
shores of the island. At 4 feet above ground it girthed, in
August 1878, 17 feet 6 inches, and at 7 feet the bole divides into
three huge limbs, the two largest of which measure respectively
12 feet, and G feet 9 inches in girth. A branch springing from
the largest limb measures *.> feet in girth, and the diameter of
the spread of branches is 111 feet. " Several branches of large
dimensions appear to have been wrenched off at various times in
its history, wliile its lean foliage and numerous old unrecui)erated

204 ox THE OLD AXD EEMARKABLE

saw drauglits tell of its vigour having been spent." Other large
and old oaks still thrivinGj on this island will be found on refer-
ence to the appended returns.

As we have already seen in considering the old sycamores in
Scotland, that many fine specimens are either ascribed to the
planting by the hand of the unfortunate Mary Queen of Scots,
or as commemorating^ eventful incidents in her historv ; so in
like manner, we find that the oak has also its appropriate patron,
many trees in different parts of the country being called
" Wallace's Oaks," and associated in tradition with incidents in
the life and chequered career of Scotland's great liberator. Sir
William Wallace's oak in Torwood near Stirling, has been in the
annals of Scotland immemorially held in veneration. In this
ancient Torwood, it stood in a manner alone, there being no
trees, nor even the ruined remains of any tree to be seen near it,
or that could be said to be coeval with it. The tradition of its
having afforded shelter and security to Wallace when he had
lost a battle, and was escaping the pursuit of his enemies, probably
served to secure its preservation, when the rest of the vv^ood at
different periods had been destroyed. In 1771 it had fallen into
a state of advanced decay, having at some previous date separ-
ated down the middle, and one half having entirely mouldered
away. The other half, however, remained, and was then at one
point about 20 feet in height; what the tree ever was above this
is lost in obscurity. From the peculiar mode of renovation of
old trees already referred to, a young bark had shot upwards
from the root in several places, which had thrown out fresh
shoots developing into branches, towards the upper part of the
old shell of the trunk. This healthy young bark spread like a
callus over several dead parts of the old trunk and over an old
arm. It measured then, so far as the cjirth of the tree could be
estimated from the size of the half that remained, about 22 feet.
It had never been tall, having forked into several large limbs
about 10 feet from the ground, thus affording at the division a
very likely and convenient place of concealment for a fugitive.
From information kindly furnished by the Eev. J. M'Laren of
Larbert, we further learn reo-ardino: this historical and interestinf^
tree. He writes as follows: — "The real Wallace oak is gone for
ever. It stood in what was a part of the Torwood some cen-
turies ago, but the knoll which it occupied has been long separ-
ated from what is now called the Torwood by ground which has
been cleared, and is quarter of a mile from the present wood.
The old forester (a^tat 72), who has lived nearly all his days in
the Torwood, cannot remember ever having seen "the veritable
tree'; but Mrs Stirling of Glenbervie, who is also of a similar age,
remembers well having accompained her late husband and a
young Oxonian, who was filled with zeal about Wallace, to see

OAKS IX SCOTLAND. 205

tlie oak, on a bright day in May 1835, and that then the old
tree stump had sent forth a young shoot. Since then the copse
has been rampant, and quite obliterated the old tree. The knoll
is still called ' Wallace's Wood ; ' a small plantation it is, and a
field adjoining it, ' Wallace's Bank,' and another field near by is
' Wallace's Kail-yard.' There is, however, aD innocent imposter,
which the people about insist on calling Wallace's oak. It
stands within the policies of Carbrook, close to Torwood, and is
evidently some two or three hundred years old. But though a
respectable tree, it is far too young to have been connected with
Wallace." Near the latter tree is an old thorn, which is called
" Caroill's Thorn," from the circumstance that that renowned
Covenanter is said to have stood under its branchins^ head,
when he excommunicated Charles II.

About a mile south-east, close to Glenbervie House, stands
a small but evidently very old oak tree, about 7 to 8 feet in
girth, called the "Jowg Tree/' from the fact that a pair of
"jowgs" were in olden times fastened to it for the temporary
exposure of delinquents. There is a tree bearing a similar name
at Ochtertyre in Perthshire, and the appellation is not uncom-
mon in other places.

Another famous " Wallace Oak " i^^rew near the village of
Elderslie, Eenfrewshire. In 1825 the trunk of this oak measured
21 feet in circumference at the base, and 13 feet 2 inches at
5 feet from the ground. It was then 67 feet high, and the
branches covered altogether an area of 495 square yards. In
1854 this sylvan giant and land-mark of the past had become
the merest wreck of what it was even a few years previously.
Time and the storms of centuries had done their work, but worse
than all, the relic hunters had been unceasingly nibbHng at this
once majestic trunk. Little more than a blackened torso then,
this oak remained, with only a few straggling shoots showing
any symptoms of vitality. The dreadful storm of February
1856, completed the destruction, for by it this grim old sylvan
veteran, with thousands of his less remarkable compeers, was
levelled with the dust. Hundreds of relic hunters in the
district, hearing of Wallace's overthrow, hurried to the spot, and
soon accomplished with bowie knife and gully a thorough dissec-
tion of the prostrate hero. jNfr Spiers of Elderslie, however,
hastened to the rescue, and had the mangled and nuitilated
remains of the trunk conveyed and safely lodged in his residence
at Jienfrew, where tliey have since found a fitting resting-place.
Several articles of furniture have since been converted out of
portions of this tree by the proprietor of Elderslie and Huuston,
and wlien a few years ago the foundation stone of Houston
parish cliurcli was laid, the mallet used on the occasion was
made from a piece of Wallace's Oak. Two vigorous and tluiving

206 ox THE OLD AND REMAEKABLE

oaks in front of Houston mansion-house were reared from
acorns of this famous tree, and so eager were the inhabitants of
the district to secure some mementos of Scotland's liberator, that
some of them even collected the sawdust in bottles for preserva-
tion when the stump was cut up ! The tradition lending
interest to this historical tree is, that AVallace and several fol-
lowers on one occasion, when hotly pursued by the vindictive
Southerns, found welcome shelter and safety among its umbra-
geous foliage.

The largest oak tree of which we have any record in Scotland
grew in the very old oak wood on the north side of Loch Arkeg
in Lochaber, where we learn from Walker, that in 1784 there
were manv trees from 10 to 14 feet in gjirth at 4 feet from the
ground. This one, however, measured at 4 feet above ground in
that year, 24 feet 6 inches. He does not state the condition in
which the tree then was, but all trace of it has now disappeared.

From these records it will be observed that even the largest
oaks of which any record has come down to us in Scotland, pro-
bably from the difference of soil and climate, are greatly inferior
in dimensions to the large oaks in Southern Britain ; for such
well-known trees as the Wetherby Oak, which Mr Beevor informs
us measured at 4 feet from the ground 40 feet 6 inches, — while
there are others in England which are said to have been still
larger, — cpiite eclipses those found in our more northern climate.
Nor do any of the remains of indigenous oak forests, found either
submerged or embedded in peat in Scotland, lead to the supposi-
tion that their denizens had attained to greater sizes than those we
have mentioned. In Inverness-shire, at the head of Loch C4arry,
Sir T. Dick Lauder found the remains of a prostrate oak forest
upon the surface of the solid ground, among which he found one
tree with a clean stem, 23 feet in length and 16 feet in circum-
ference at the butt end and 11 feet towards the smaller end
under the fork. The stock whereon this oak had grown and
close to which it lay, was quite worn away in the centre, and so
hollowed out as to encircle a large and thriving self-sown birch
tree of more than 3 feet in girth.

Of other oaks still existing in Scotland, and remarkable for
age and size, but probably little, if in some instances at all
noticed, we find notable examples in a few remaining trees of
the Jed Forest, in Eoxburghshire, where there is still to be seen
" The Capon Tree." It is a short-stemmed but very wide-
spreading oak, with a circumference at the base of 24 feet
3 inches. The legend attached to it is, that it formed the
trysting- place for the muster of the border clans in bygone
times ; although probably, from its name " Capon '*' — and of
which there are other trees similarly styled in different parts
of Scotland, — it served another purpose also, having pro-

OAKS m SCOTLAND. 207

bably been the selected spot, and under the shade of whose
umbrageous head, the early border chieftain attended to receive
the rents or tithes of his vassals, many of the lands being held
of their superior by an annual payment of fowls, cattle, corn,
&c., and frequently we find the reddendo of a "capon" was a
common act of fealty. Not far from the capon tree stands another
oak, probably also a relic of the ancient Forest of Jed. It is
called the King of the Woods, and is a beautiful and vigorous
tree, with a trunk 43 feet in height, and a circumference of
upwards of 17 feet at 4 feet above ground. Other interesting
old oaks are still found in the remains of the Caledonian Forest
in the park of Dalkeith, in Cadzow Forest, at Lochwood in
Dumfriesshire, and in single trees in many parts of Scotland.
These are given in considerable detail in the appended returns
to this paper, and reference will accordingly now only be briefly
made to some of these of most interest.

The returns contain no examples of oak from Aberdeenshire,
where its presence seems to be somewhat rarer than that of other
descriptions. At Keithhall in that county, although planted in
the most suitable soils and sites, the oak does not appear to thrive.
The soil, too, is a deep loam, which is generally favourable to
oaks, and in the higher parts of the estate it is a light black soil
on a stiff* clay or " pan." In Morayshire, along the banks of the
Findhorn, there are a great number of fine oaks, one of the
specimens given in the schedule girths at 1 foot from the ground
27 feet 9 inches, and has evidently sprung from an old oak stool,
for it divides into seven limbs, which, growing together for about
3 feet from the base, divide, and form as it were seven
separate trees, each limb being the size of a good useful tree.
At Brodie Castle, Morayshire, there are some very good oaks,
growing in a sandy loam soil upon a subsoil tending to clay.
One given in our returns is a very massive tree, girthing 16 feet
at 1 foot, and 12 feet 11 inches at 5 feet from the base. It
carries a good girth well up its bole, which is 35 feet in length.
This and the other oaks returned from Brodie Park were planted
between the years 1C50 and 1680. On the estate of Gray,
Forfarshire, there is a noble oak tree, supposed to be about two
hundred and fifty years old, and girthing 26 feet 2 inches and
17 feet 2 inches at 1 and 5 feet respectively, growing in a black
deep clayey loam ui)on a sandy and gravelly subsoil, and con-
taining by the forester's measurement 623 cubic feet of good
measurealile timber. U])on Lord Mansfield's estate of Innernytie
in Terthshire, in the Craigbank Oak Wood, in a secluded dell on
the brink of the river Tay, stands a venerable aged oak, which
has hitherto escaped the notice of the arboriculturist, and judging
from its ancient ap])earance, there seems no reason to doubt that
it has weathered the blasts and tempests of at least five hundred

208 ON THE OLD AND REMARKABLE

winters. At 5 feet above ground it measures 20 feet 10 inclies
in girth, and is still growing vigorously, and making wood
annually. Many other magnificent oaks throw a mantle of hoary
and honoured antiquity around the woods and policies of the
royal palace of Scone. Xear the two-mile stone from Perth,
near Balboughty plantation, stand three fine specimens, which
are remarkably large for their age. The first two (see returns)
are Qucrcus sessiliflora, and the other Q. pcduncidata. The first
were planted in 1808, and the other a year later. Measured in
Auo-ust 1878, the first has a fine bole of 56 feet in length, and
is 80 feet high. It girths 5 feet 7 inches at 5 feet above ground,
and contains 76 cubic feet of timber. The second is about the
same height, is 7 feet in girth at 5 feet, and has 93-J cubic feet
of timber. The third (Q. pedunculata) has a clear bole of 57 feet,
girthing 6 feet 11 inches, and contains 114 cubic feet of timber.
In the policies at Scone, near the river Tay, and in a hollow,
stands a majestic wide-spreading oak, planted by King James VL
of Scotland and I. of England. The diameter of the spread of its
branches covers 75 feet. It is now^ 55 feet in height, 15 feet 3
inches at the base, 14 feet 2 inches at 3 feet, and 13 feet 4 inches
at 5 feet from the ground. iSTot far distant stands a sycamore,
also planted by the same monarch, and girthing 12 feet 3 inches
at 4 feet from the base. North of the old Scone burying-ground,
in which are some stones of the early part of the fifteenth century,
including that of Alexander Mar, sixteenth Abbot of Scone, who
flourished when the battle of Flodden was fought, is an oak of
great symmetry and vigour, planted in 1809. It is now 70 feet
in height, with 40 feet of straight clear stem, and is at the root
10 feet 4 inches in girth, and 8 feet 4 inches at 5 feet. Although
at Castle Menzies the soil is light, and resting on pure gravel or
sand, at no great depth, there are some fine oaks. In our returns,
two specimens are described which grow there. The first is near
the pond, and is a noble tree, girthing 15 feet 6 inches at a foot,
and 12 feet at 5 feet from the ground. This tree is 70 feet in
heio^ht, and but from the fact that it has had one largje limb near
the top broken off some years ago, would have been much taller
at the present day. This untoward accident befel it in 1858,
which was in the district a very late and backward season, snow
falling heavily before the leaves had been shed. The superin-
cumbent weight of snow on the topmost branches and foliage
liroke off many branches about Castle Menzies policies, and sadly
disfigured some of the fine trees there. At the east gate of the
park of Castle Menzies stands a remarkable oak (see returns).
The peculiarity of this tree is, that it presents on one of its large
limbs, about 25 feet from the ground, a curious branch about
6 feet long, with inire v:hite foliage, densely matted and quite
distinct from all surrounding and adjacent branches. The white

OAKS IN SCOTLAND. 209

variegation, though completely local, is very persistent, and has
continued now for years. The interest in this odd freak of nature
is further increased by the presence (gradually disappearing) of
an old bell, which, in former times, was suspended between two
of the limbs, but which is being stealthily and quietly overgrown,
and embedded in the development of the limbs, and must ere
]ong be entombed in its living sepulchre ! But in no part of
the tree-growing and tree-loving county of Perth are better
examples to be found of the oak as well as of other hard- wooded
trees than at the Athole woods surrounding Dunkeld. Although
the ancient forest of Birnam Wood has never quite recovered
the famous march of its ancestors to Dunsinane, many thriving
plantations are rapidly clothing the hillsides, while still a few
remnants of the old aboriginal trees, and others planted fully
two centuries ago, remain to testify to the magnificent proportions
of those early plantations, wdiich in the course of time and
nature have gradually given way to younger followers. Xear
the river T;iy at Birnam, and behind the hotel, may still be seen
two immense trees, an oak and sycamore, popularly credited as
being the sole remnants of that celebrated forest. Both are in
full foliage and green vigour at the present day, and likely to
live for niany years to come. The sycamore having been already
noticed in the foregoing chapter on that tree, we now briefly
refer to the oak. It is 19 feet 7 inches in girth at 5 feet from
the ground, and grows in a good deep alluvial loamy soil, on
gravel subsoil, quite close to the river Tay. Other remains of
decayed oak root stumps have been frequently found in the
vicinity, no doubt relics of that great primeval forest which so
disturbed the peace of Macbeth. AVitliin the Dunkeld policies
are many large and interesting examples of oak trees, and of
these we are able, from personal observation, to give a few
records. In the'' King's Park " in the policies at Dunkeld, an
oak flourishes near the river side which girths at its narrowest
point, 4 feet from the ground, 15 feet 21 inches, and at :'» feet
from the ground, it is 15 feet 8i inches in circumference. It
has a line bole of 12 feet, and then branches into five huge limbs,
each of them being the size of any ordinary tree. Its spread of
branches measures 99 feet in diameter. On the opposite bank
of the Tay from the point where this oak grows, is seen the
famous oak under whose kindly shade the celebrated Neil Oow
was in the habit of retiring with his violin, and where tradition
reports he composed some of his finest pieces. This tree is
pointed out as" Neil Gow's Oak."

" Fanioiip Neil,
The man that jilayt-*! the tiiklle weel."

This celebrated fiddler died in 1808, in the romantic little
Ihamlet of Inver, not far westward from the site of the oak now

210 ON THE OLD AND REMAEKABLE

identified witli his name and fame in sontr. Another mao^nificent
specimen of the Qu&rciis peclunculata at Dunkeld is given in our
returns, and is very characteristic of the growth and habit of this
variety under favourable auspices. Another picturesque oak at
Dunkeld stands on the terraced bank on the opposite side of the
Tay to "Neil Gow's Oak," and in full view of that tree. It is called
the "Duke and Duchess Oak." It is a huge massive stump, 16
feet in girth, dividing into two large limbs quite near the
ground, the cleft being fitted up as a seat. It is evidently a
fresh growth from one of the aboriginal oaks of the district.
The grounds of Moncrieffe and Moredun Hill, Perthshire, are
rich in old and stately hard-wood trees, and amongst these are
many fine oaks. One comparatively young tree of great promise
and vigorous habit may be noted. It was planted in January
1822, on the occasion of the rejoicings in connection with the
natal day of the late Sir Thomas Moncrieffe. It stands in the
centre of the fine old avenue of beech trees already referred to
in the chapter on that tree, and is surrounded by the small
Druidical circle which had existed there long prior to the
planting and laying out of the grounds. It is now 72 feet in
height, with a remarkably tall, straight, and clean bole, and is
10 feet 6 inches in girth at 1 foot, and 8 feet 4 inches at 5 feet
from the ground. In cursorily noticing the many fine speci-
men trees in Perthshire, we must not omit to notice those at
Methveu, where there are some splendid examples of the oak
as well as of other descriptions. Especially to be noted is
the " Pepperwell Oak." It stands in the park in front of
the castle, and is said to derive its name from its proximity
to a refresliing spring so called. This tree is noticed in the
New Statistical Account of the parish published in 1837. It
LS therein described as " a tree of great picturesque beauty,
and contains 700 cubic feet of wood. The trunk measures 17^
feet in circumference at 3 feet above the ground, and its branches
cover a space of 98 feet in diameter. It has attained an increase
of girth of 3 feet since the year 1796. In the year 1722, 100
merks Scots were offered for the tree, and tradition reports that
there is a stone in the heart of it, but, like the Golenas oak, it
must be cut up to ascertain this." In 1867 the tree girthed 21
feet 7 inches at 1 foot from the ground, and 19 feet at 6 feet
from the ground. It has, however, considerably increased in
bulk since these measurements were taken, and is now at 1 foot
from the ground no less in girth than 23 feet, and at its narrow^est
part, about 5 feet from the ground, it girths 19 feet 5 inches,
being thus 2 feet more at this point than it was at 3 feet when it was
measured for the record in the New Statistical Account in 1837.
It stands by the side of a steep bank, so that the length of the
bole is somewhat irregular. On the higher or upper side, it

OAKS IN SCOTLAND. 211

measures only about 8 feet in length, while on the lower it is
nearly 12 feet long. Four immense limbs spring from the bole,
and a fifth was wrenched off several years ago. This tree is
about 80 feet in height, and is positively known to be at least
four hundred years old. An interesting relic of the old Strath-
allan Forest remains there in the oak given in the returns.
This tree is called " Malloch's Oak," from the tradition of a man
of that name having been in olden times summarily hanged
upon it for storing up and hoarding meal during a time of
scarcity. There is still extant the contract of the sale of
oak trees in the Castle Wood, where this tree stands, and in
which " Malloch's Oak " is strictly reserved. This document
is two hundred years old. The tree must then have been a
familiarly known old tree, and it is popularly supposed to
be from five to six hundred years of age. It is much decayed
on one side, but still fiourishes in a green old age, the decayed
part, which is at a point where a large limb has at one time been
taken off", being plated over with iron. It girths 19 feet at 1
foot, and 14 feet 8 inches at 5 feet from the ground. A large
horizontal limb, which may have formed a very convenient
gibbet if the legend be true, extends 56 feet outwards from the
trunk, and is now supported by two posts. Not far from this
tree another remarkable and noteworthy oak grows in "the
birks of Tullibardine," near the spot where the old castle of that
name stood. Tradition reports that under this tree, which is
known by the name of *' The Chair Tree," the family of Tulli-
bardine, in feudal times, dined and held high revelry on special
occasions. It is surrounded by a ring of earthwork resembling
an old '' fcal dyke" which is 28 yards in diameter, and in this
circus arena it is said the castle horses were formerly trained
and exercised. It girths 17 feet at a foot from the ground,
and carries this circumference throughout nearly the entire
length of its bole, which is 20 feet high. It is apparently
not so old as " Malloch's Oak," but apparently also an old
" Forest " relic. Near the roadside on the property of DoUerie,
and near the right bank of the river Turret, about a third of a
mile above its junction with the river Farn, stands a remark-
able oak called " Fppie Callum's Oak." The liead is wide
for its height, and the trunk is very round. It girths 19 feet
8 inches at 1 foot, 15 feet 10 inches at 8 feet, and 15 feet
3 inches at G feet above ground. The legend of the name of this
tree is tliat a certain " Fppie Calluni," who lived at the place,
planted an acorn from some celebrated oak in an old teapot (she
must have been a civilized old woman for her day), and wlien
the acorn liad produced a rather inconveniently large young j)lant
she planted it, teapot and all, in lier kailyard, which occupied
the spot at the roadside where the tree now stands. Tlie story

212 ON THE OLD AND REMARKABLE

will only be verified by futurity, when the oak comes to be
removed, and the remains of the veritable teapot are found em-
bosomed in its trunk ! On an oak in the vicinity on the Crieff
and Comrie highroad, just opposite Ochtertyre West Lodge, there
is a very curious growth or huge wart-like excrescence on an oak
tree, worthy of note from its size. It is spheroidal in shape,
slightly oblate, with a short axis in supporting branch, — inclin-
ation of branch about 45 degrees, girth of the branch 14 inches,
and girth of the growth at its widest circumference 6 feet 3
inches.

The oaks in the returns from Glendevon, Perthshire (900 to
950 feet altitude), and from Moreland, Kinross-shire (900 feet
altitude), are good specimens for so high a site above sea level,
and although the oak is thereby seen to develop less timber-bulk
at such a height than in lower situations, it is proved to grow
timber there of fine quality, and the constitution of the tree for
hardihood to exposure is satisfactorily tested.

The many districts in Perthshire, besides Athole and Dunkeld
already referred to, where buried trunks of huge oaks have been
found and exhumed, all point to the inference that its entire area,
and that of neighbouring shires also, was at an early period one
huge impenetrable forest. In the days of the aborigines such
vast forests extended all over Scotland, giving to the inhabitants,
indeed, their name, for Caledonia originally means the country
of " the people of the coverts." These native forests appear to
have consisted principally of fir, birch, and oak. In Balquidder
large stumps and trunks of a defunct forest of oak are frequently
found. In Strathtay fossil wood is often met with, and in the
gardens at Murthley Castle, from the bottom of a lake in the
American garden, several large oaks have been discovered above
6 feet in girth. Picmains of birch, alder, hazel, were also found
in a tolerable state of preservation in this lake bottom. Glen-
more, a narrow valley in the parish of Fortingall, was in early
times part of the extinct Forest of Schieh allien ; and for a long
period the stumps of fir trees, and large trunks of oak, furnished
the inhabitants of the district with a profitable product,' — the fir
being used as fuel, when it is stated to have " emitted a light
more brilliant than gas," while the oak wood, on being dried and
exposed, proved so hard as to be manufactured into sharpening
tools for scythes which were readily marketable. In the bed of
the Tay frequently large oaks have been found in situ, and in
good preservation.

But returning from this digression, and having in considerable
detail noticed the remarkable oaks of Perth and the more
northern districts of Scotland, we hasten briefly to direct atten-
tion to the trees in other counties further south. At Tullibody
House, Clackmannan, there is a very handsome oak of immense

OAKS IN SCOTLAND.

213

trunk, girthing 21 feet 11 J inches at 1 foot, and 18 feel 3 inches
at 5 feet from the ground. It is acknowledged to be by far the
largest tree of the kind in the parish and district around. This
tree is quite vigorous, and has grown 7 inches in girth at 3 feet
from the ground since October 1870. The oaks at Pollok, in the
parish of Eastwood, Eenfrewshire, are notable examples, and
have been carefully measured from time to time since 1812, and
the followino- results of their f^rowth ascertained at 5 feet above

ground.

Tree.

Situation.

1812.

1823.

1836.

1842.

1858.

1862.

1880.

No. 1.
,, 2.
„ 3.
„ 4.
„ 5.

Above Iron Gate, Pollok
East of Flower Gardens
Garnockfield

ft. in.

7 6

8 9
7 9
6 10

ft. in.
8""3^

ft. in.
9""3

ft. in.
9 2

10 2i
9 81
8 8

ft. in.
9 H
10 9

10 1
9 5i

11 0|

ft. in.
10 0
10 101

10 3
9 7

11 3^

ft. in.

11 6

12 4i
11 9
10 1

13 Oi

North of Pollok House..
Shawholm

Ayrshire can boast many fine examples of the oak, and there
also it appears to have flourished at a very early period in great
luxuriance and forest grandeur. In Galston parish, in that
county, good trees appear to have covered the area of the country
at a remote age, and many fine specimens exist at the present
day. An oak trunk was some years ago found embedded in
the ground, about 500 feet above sea level, having a straight
massive bole, 48 feet in leugth and 10 feet 6 inches in girth at
its upper extremity. Lanfine Woods, Barr Castle, Cessnock
Castle, Auchans Castle, Loudon Castle and woods, Auchinleck,
and Sorn Castle still maintain, by their many lordly trees, the
reputation of the county.

In Lanarkshire there are many interesting and remarkable old
oaks. We may first notice " The Pease Tree," growing on the
estate of Lee in the parish of Lanark. It stands in a hollow,
originally the outlet of the burn or rivulet, which has formed in
the soil and subsoil a deep ravine, or (/ill as it is locally termed.
Tlie soil is a medium loam with beds of sand and gravel resting
on the usual sandstone, shale, &c., of the coal formation. The
trunk of this veteran is now quite hollow, and, at the height of
about 8 feet from the present surface of the ground, forms itself
into three branches, girthing respectively IG feet 8 inches, 15 feet,
and 11 feet 4 inches. Parts of these massive limbs are more or
less decayed, and standing boldly out as they do, weather-
beaten and divested of their bark, from amongst the living
brandies when clothed in their summer greenery, give to this
noble tree a reverential dignity and grandeur well befitting an
artist's study, and carrying the mind of tlie beholder back through
long centuries of clianges and revolutions which have taken place

214 ON THE OLD AND REMARKABLE

in the history of Caledonia, since the genial sun and rains first
called forth the nature-sown acorn to send down its tiny rootlets
into mother earth. " The Pease Tree " is said to be one of the
few remaining scattered remnants of the great Caledonian Forest,
which stretched across the centre of the lowlands of Scotland
from Ayrshire to vSt Abb's Head on the German Ocean, and in
which it is said the Eoman Emperor Severus kept 50,000 men
for seven years cutting down trees, in order to prevent the forest
affording shelter to the natives. The name " Pease Tree," is
popularly and locally believed to have been given to this tree
from the pease grown on the adjoining farm being annually
stacked around and upon it for the purpose of being winnowed ;
but the name more probably derived its origin from the situation
in which the tree grows, from paes or pis, an old P)ritish word
signifying a rivulet or spout. Tradition says that Oliver Crom-
well and a party of his followers dined in the hollow part of the
trunk, and also that in a former era a lady of the family of Lee
was in the habit of plying her spindle and distatf there. It is
satisfactory to record that this venerable tree appears to be
growing more luxuriantly than it did some years ago, from the
fact that an oak was planted merely to occupy its place when
the hand of time or the blasts of winter should have completed
their work. This tree is now 7 feet in girth at 3 feet from the
ground, and the entrance to the hollow butt of the old tree is
yearly growing smaller, so that in a few years a man will have
great difficulty in getting an entrance. The dimensions of this
remarkable tree are as follows : — Height 68 feet ; circumference
at 1 foot 2^ feet, at 3 feet 23 feet, and at 6 feet 28^ feet. It
appears to be Querciis sessilijlora, while the oak planted to occupy
its place is Quercus 2)cchcnculata. The most interesting and
important groups of old oaks in Lanarkshire are the trees
remaining in Cadzow Forest, near Hamilton Palace. The
forest is the property of His Grace the Duke of Hamilton,
and lies in a gently sloping position towards the north. The
two enclosures now known as the Lower and Upper Oaks, the
former containing 70 acres, the latter 83 acres, form together part
only of the old forest, because adjoining these remains on the
south and west are old pasture fields and plantations, surrounded
by a stone wall 6 feet high and about 3 miles in extent, which
was most probably the boundary in feudal times, when Cadzow
Castle was the scene of many stirring and knightly events. On
the east side the forest is bounded by the river Avon, and on
the left bank of this river are the moss-covered crumbling ruins
of Cadzow Castle. The soil is admirably adapted for the growth
and development of oaks, being a clayey loam restiuix on a sub-
soil of clay. In some places the trees stand quite clcse together,
while in others they stand singly, or seem to surround large open

OAKS IX SCOTLAND. 215

>patclies covered with rich natural pasture, on which the famous
breed of native wild white cattle browse, and form an appropriate
■association with this ancient relic of Caledonian forest life. The
principal characteristic of all these trees is their shortness of
stature, combined with great girth of trunk. The dimensions of
ten of the largest and best specimens are given in the appended
returns. Most of the trees, and even the healthiest amongst
tliem, are fast hastening to decay. Xo planting, pruning, nor
felling is allowed within the forest. Tradition states that these
•oaks were planted about the year 1140, by David Earl of
Huntingdon, afterwards king of Scotland ; but this cannot be
•looked upon as a fact, for their appearance and habit clearly
point to their self-sown existence, and, moreover, in the remote
period assigned to them by the legend, little if any attention was
.paid to the planting of trees, and the clearing of the native forests
Avas held in far higher importance than the planting of them.

Another interesting remnant of the old Caledonian Forest still
•exists in Midlothian at Dalkeith Park. This portion embraces
130 acres, and has been most carefully preserved for centuries, its
hoary and gnarled giants being still fresh and vigorous, and
likely to flourish for generations to come. The survival of this
ancient tract of woodland is all the more to be prized when it is
recorded that, about one hundred and fifty years ago, the then
owner of the ducal demesne had determined that the trees should
be cut down, and accordingly most of the old trees still standing-
were marked for the axe, but by the sudden death of their owner,
the intended improveyncnts were stayed, and the forest thus pro-
videntially escaped annihilation. The mark or " blaze " then cut
•on the sides of the trees in the course of years healed over, and
became invisible, but its position is still distinctly seen upon the
rugged bark of these hoary monarchs after the lapse of a century
and a half ; and the fijiures scribed on the " blaze " in lottins]: and
numbering the trees were still quite legible upon the removal of
'the superimposed bark, in cutting up one of the trunks recently
blown down. The dimensions of the " King of the Forest," the
largest survivor in the group, are given in the appended returns.
]Many other trees closely approacli this monarch in size, — some
•of the specimens having straiglit clean stems, others having no
bole to speak of, and all with rugged, swollen, and curiously
knotted trunks, with fantastically twisted, gnarled, and contorted
gaunt-like arms and branches. The timber of these trees is
remarkably rich in colour, and beautifully grained, and even
trunks blown down — no felling being permitted — fetch high
prices, so eagerly sought after is their timber by cabinetmakers
for decorative furniture.

Iicniains still may be traced in Selkirk and reebles-shires of
.the old Ettrick Forest, which formed another division of the great

216 ON THE OLD AND EEMARKABLE

Caledonian Forest. In the still richly wooded lands of Castle-
craig, Dalwick, and Posso, in reclaiming land, oak trunks are still
dug out, and are found strewn together as if they had been over-
thrown by some flood or angry tempest.

The remarkable oaks at Lochwood, and in other places in
Dumfriesshire and south of Scotland, have already been noticed,,
and reference to others of equal interest may be permitted to the
appended returns ; but before concluding this report on the old
oaks of Scotland, it would be unpardonable if we did not notice
one still existing at Moffat, and interesting from the fact that we
owe its existence at the present day to that eminent and enthu-
siastic tree- lover, whose early records and notices of trees we
have so frequently quoted and referred to. This tree stands upon
a slope on the west side of the Annan, near the Dumfries road,
to the south of Moffat. It is a fine old oak, massive, knotted,,
and gnarled, with wide-spreading branches, and head finely
foliaoed in summer. It is called "The Gowk Tree," and Dr
Walker, with true affection for its associations, in the early part
of this century secured its preservation by a considerable money
payment, when the whole of the forest trees on the bank were
cut down by the curators of the Marquis of Annandale, because
it was in that tree the cuckoo annually first heralded the advent
of spring in the parish. Although it lost a great limb about
twenty-five years ago, — almost as large as many a well-grown
oak tree, — it is still fresh and vigorous.

The returns appended to this report will be found to describe
the particulars of many trees which have not been referred to in
this paper, nor, indeed, previously recorded at all; they are stately
and noble specimens, in their different localities, of " the forest's
old aristocrats," each of which

" Takes back
The heart to elder days of holy awe.'

To give a detailed account, or even to name the various oaks-
in England, remarkable for their size or for their historical
associations, many of which still exist, would occupy more
space than the limits of a chapter devoted to the old remarkable
oaks in Scotland would allow ; but it may render this chapter
more complete if a brief reference is made to some of the most
important of them. They are " full of story, and haunted by
the recollections of the great spirits of past ages." In Norfolk,.
" the country of oaks," is still to be seen the ruined relic of
Winfarthing oak, which in 1820 is said to have measured " 70
feet in girth at the root and 40 feet in the middle." It is said
to have been known in the time of the Conqueror as " the Old
Oak," and its age is popularly believed to be over 1500 years..
The largest and oldest oak tree in Windsor Forest,. " tJie King

OAKS IX SCOTLAND.

217

Oak/' measures 26 feet in circumference at 4 feet from the
ground. '"'The Great Oak" of Thorpemarket, still in healthy
vigour, but evincing great age, girths at 1 foot from the ground
22 feet, and has a bole 42 feet in length, and is 70 feet in
height. In Kent, " the Majesty Oak," at Fredville, girths 28
feet 6 inches at 8 feet above ground. In Nottinghamshire,
" the ParHament Oak " in Clipstone Park, is 28 feet 6 inches in
girth at 4 feet from the ground. Under this tree, in 1290,
Edward I. held a parliament, whence its name is derived.
" The Shelton Oak," near Shrewsbury, still exists, and is fully
26 feet in girth at 5 feet from the ground. This tree is cele-
brated from its having been climbed by Owen Glendower on
21st June 1403. that he midit reconnoitre the battle of Shrews-
bury on his arrival with supports. In Bagot's Park, Stafford-
shire, is a majestic oak tree, 28 feet in girth at 5 feet from the
ground. The celebrated " Cowthorpe Oak " in Yorkshire, said
to be the largest tree in England, still lingers on in hoary
grandeur. Near the ground the stump girths no less than 78
feet, while it is 48 feet in girth at 3 feet above ground. It is
quite hollow — in fact a mere shell, uncared for, and tenanted
by cattle in their quest for shade or shelter. Eighty-four
persons are stated on one occasion to have stood within its
hollow trunk, and it could have accommodated a considerable
number more. Many fine majestic oaks still thrive at Chats-
worth, in Derbyshire, and at Lyme Hall, in Cheshire. These
are relics of the old High Peak forest. Some of the measure-
ments made by us in 1876 were as follows: —

Place.

No.

Height
of Tree.

Bole.

Girth at
1 foot.

Girth at
5 feet.

Remarks.

Ft. in.

Ft.

in.

Ft. in.

Ft. In.

Chatsworth

110 0

2-3

20 3

18 1

(Looks vigorous, but is hollow
'( in bole.

(Showing signs of decaying in
■( trunk.

»i •

95 4

29 4

24 2

98 0

25 8

23 9

Good healthy head.

Lyme Hall

80 0

17 4

15 5

(Quite liollow, but has healthy
"i young shoots.

»»

65 0

1.5

19 9J

17 8

(Side shoots healthy, but trunk
"( hollow.

72 0

17 7

14 6

Has lost top.

.■S3 0

21 3

17 2

jTrunk lias been split by llght-
l ning.

75 il'

22 7

IC 8

Seems decaying.

»»

8<> 0

21 9

17 8

Quite vigorous.

These data may be interesting, as the trees last referred to
do not ap])ear to have been hitherto recorded.

Ill conclusion, we would merely refer those interested in
comparing the other remarkable oaks in England with those we
have herein recorded in Scotland, to the interesting and valuable
pages of the Amoemtatcs qucrncr of the late Professor Purnet,
in which the historical facts, legends, and traditions connected
with the liistory of individual oaks of ancient date are fully given.

218

ON THE OLD AND REMARKABLE

APPENDIX — Description of the

County.

Place.

>
o .

Soil.

Subsoil.

f-i .

72 0

CO *3

Moray,
>}
>>

Altyre,
Darnaway Castle,

Ft. in.
80 0

200" 0

Light loam,

11
Sandy loam,

Sandy gravel.
Sand on freestone,

Sheltered,
Sheltered,

»»

>»

...

»•

...

»
>>

Brodie Park,

11
150 0

Black sandy loam,
i>

\yhite sand & clay,

K.E.
N.E.
K.E.

K.E.

Pi-OSS,

Brahan Castle,

...

Black heavy loam,

Sand and gravel,
11

S, &W.

s. & w.

Forfar,

Kinnaird,

30 0

Deep loam, .

Sand and gravel,

...

11
11

50 0
30 0

1.
11

11
11

• *•

Gray

200 0

Deep clayey loam.

Sandy and gravel,

Sheltered,

Perth,

Innernytie.
Taymount,

100 " 0

Deep rich loam, .
Black loamy,

Clay and gravel,
11

Sheltered,

• • •

Balboughty,

120 0

...

• ••

5»

...

*••

!»

Scone Policies,

50 0

>»

• ■•

»1

•1

Castle Menzies, .

25b" 0

Light loam,
11

Gravel.

"\V.

Birnam,

• • •

Good loam,

Sheltered,

»»

Dunkeld,

• •»

C lay and gravel,

Sheltered,

>»

...

»i

• •*

Moncrieflfe,

...

Light loam,

Gravel,

...

11
Drummond Park,

...

Clayey loam.

1»

Gravel and moss,

11
11

• . •

...

• . •

...

««

...

>»

...

»1

Muthili!

Drummond Wood,
Kincaimey,
Methven,

• *•

500' 0

11
11

Stiff loam, .
Good loam,

11
11
11

Hard stony clay,
Clay, . . .

s.'iv.

OAKS IN SCOTLAND.

219

British Oak (Quercus jpeduiiculata et sessilijlora).

Height

of
Tree.

Ft. in.

60 0

70 0

75 0

63 0
70 0
65 0

64 0
85 0
50 0

70 0

71 0

32 0

80 0

52 0

62 0

63 0

65 0

76 0

80 0

83 0

82 0

80 0

55 0

70 0

73 0

80 0

85 0

100 0

70 0

72 0

00 0

!H5 0

m 0

4r> 0

70 0

81 0
64 0
78 6
(14 0
.^.8 4
70 0

82 0

Length

of
Bole.

Ft. in.

15 0

30 0

20 0

18 0

20 0

10 0

IS 0

30 0

25 0

35 0

10 0

25 0

9 0

12 0

32 0

36 0

18 0

30 0

20 0

56 0

53 0

57 0

40 0

30 0

20 0

10 0

30 0

12 0

Present

Circumference of

Trunk at

Ifoot. 3 feet

Ft. in.

16 2

16
20
20
20
27

18 8

11 6
15 0

15 3

16 0

16 3

19 3

14 0

12 10

10
11

26 2

Ft. in.

15 3

10 4
15 8
14 8

28 10
14 0

16 0

10 6

17 7

14 5

17 6

10 10

19 6

13 4

14 3

18 7

14 0

10 7

■ • ■

11 6

2:{ 0

19 9

14 2
13" 4
20 1

15 H

5 feet.

Ft. in.
13 6
13 8

15 0

12 11

17 10

15 2
12 10

5 7

7 1

6 11

13 4

8 4
12 0

11 3

17 8

12 8

15 2i

8 2

12 5
10 9
17 7

Any former

recorded

Measurements and

Dates.

Date.

15
14

10 1

11 0
11 10

9 7
9 9

19" 5

At!
Foot.

Ft. in.

At 3
Feet.

Ft. in.

t» d 5j

Jigs

S - rt

Ft. in.
99 0
77 0

116 0

75 0

90 0

99 0

114 0

77 0

73 0

100 0

77 0

98 0

REMARKS.

Forks into two limbs at 5 ft.
Sprung from oak stool.

( Planted between 1650 and
"( 1680.

i Highly ornamental tree —
t spreading.

{ Very handsome and -wide
( spreading head.

( Contains 623 cubic feet of
"( timber.

(Planted in 1808 (Q. se^dli-

-' flora), contains 76 cubic

i feet of timber.

(Planted in 1809 (Q. seasiU-

■} flora), contains 93^ cubic

( feet of timber.

(Planted in 1809 (Q. pedun-

< cttlata), contains 114 cubic

( feet of timber.

(Planted by King James VI.

\ of Scotland.

Planted in 1809.

Grows near the pond.

At east gate.

(Last remnant of Birnam
t Wood.

(Grows near the parent
t larches.

(CHoseto wire fence in field
-J near the American
( den.

Gar-

" Neil fiow's Oak."
(Growing in<;entre of druidi
"( cal circle.

220

ON THE OLD AND EEMARKABLE

Description of the

County.

Place.

o •

.Is

Soil.

Subsoil.

Ft. in.

Perth,

Strathallan,

150 0

Eed clay loam.

Till,

• ••

Octertyre, -j

Dollerie,
Glendevon, .

200 0

1200 0

900* 0
950 0

Black loam, sandy,
I Light earthy,

Clayey loam.

Till,

( Gravel and sand )_

\ over rock, )"

11
Gravel and rock,

• . •

■E.
S.E.

Kippenross,

■ ••

• ••

Kinross,

Moreland,

900 0

Damp reddish loam,

Clay, .

S.W.

))

...

J)
Fife,
Stirling,

Kinross House, .

Donibristle,

Leckie,

90 " 0

120 0

Light red loam, .
Stiff loam, .
Light loamy,

Clay and gravel,

Clay,

Eed freestone rock,

5»

...

Airth Castle,

50 0

11
Heavy loam,

Clay, '.

s."

Clackmannan,

Tullibody House.

70 0

Clayey loam,

Red clay,

Sheltered,

Argyllshire,
Renfrewshire,

11
Inveraray Castle,
PoUok, .

»i

100 ' 0
120 0

11
Brown loam,
Alluvial loam,

»i

11
Sandy gravel.
Sandstone, .

11
11
It
11

Sheltered,
S.E.
S.W.
S.W.
S.W\
S.W.
S.W.

AjTshire,

Auchans Castle,

...

Light loam,

Gravel,

Loudon Castle.
Kirkmichael,

Eglinton,
Sorn Castle,

>•

185 0

50" 0
400 0

Loamy,
Light loam.

Light loam.
Thin light soil,

Sandy,

Gravel and sand,

Clay, ".
Stiff clay,

...

Open,
Open.
Open.

S.W.

w.
w.

Dumbarton,

/ Luss, Lochlomond
'( (Inch Murrain),

}■■■

11
Light dry soil,

11
Gravelly,

»»

...

t»

• ••

Sandy loam.

"\;Miinstone,

£.

• ••

i»
Damp heavy loam,

11
Damp clay,

• ••

»»

5»

• ••

Deep humid soil,

Clay, .

...

Lanark,

Lee,

• ••

Mediimi loam,

Sandstone & shale,

Cadzow Forest, .

...

Clayey loam.

Clay, .

K.
N.

>•

• • .

• • •

11
11
11

11
• 1
11

»i

"■'

11
11

Dalziel,

:;:

Stiff clay loam, .

Clay,

Open,

OAKS IN SCOTLAND.

221

Beitish Oak — continued.

Height Length

of
Tree.

of
Bole.

Ft. in.
50 0
60 0

,55 0

50 0

45 0

63 0

55
45
50

76'
80

69 0
76 0

70 0
65 0

80 0

73 0

85 0

70 0

82 0

64 0

68 0

62 0

60 0

80 0

45 0

50 0

45 0

60 0

55 0

50 0

68 0

Ft. in.
15 0
20 0

25 0

30 0

20 0

15 0

12 0

6 0

35 0

17 0

18 0

21 0
18 0
23 0

12 0

20 0

Present

Circumference of

Trunk at

1 foot.

3 feet.

30 0

14 0

14 0
18 0

18 0

33 0

18 0

7 0

30 0

15 0

5 0

4 0

8 0

Ft. in.

19 0

17 0

19 8

19 8
7 8

6 5

12 3

7 8

6 9

7 5

12 2

13 6

14 1
14 3

14 3
13 8

13 2

21 m

20 2

15 9

14 3

15 9^
15 1

14 2

15 11

27 6

15 9

14 9

14 6

11 9

14 6

10 2

8 0

Ft. in.

28 6

15 10

19 7
14 3

21 4

5 feet.

23 0

26 7

21 10

18 6

17 8

16 8

15 8

13 8

Ft. in.

14 8

16 6

17 2

15 3

5 11 I)

Any former
recorded
Measurements and
Dates.

Date.

5 6
11 1

6 1

5 7

6 2
9 0

10 10

11 9
10 10
10 2

12 3

12 0

13 3

12 3

10 7

12 0

9 8

10 8
8 3
7 11

14 3
17 6

12 10

11 9

28 6

22 9

21 0

21 3

20 0

18 0
14 3
13 9

19 3

Atl
Foot.

Ft. in.

At 3
Feet.

Ft. in.

^ t; CO

u ~ 'a

o S ^

- o S

g.X,

Ft. in.

58 0

90 0

62* 0

88 0

111 0

100

REMARKS.

Is called '^ ilalloch's Oak."
" The Chair Tree."

TO 0

" Eppie Callum's Oak."
(Growing vigorous at this high
( elevation. Site very damp,
others here girtli
from 10 ft. to 11 ft. at 5 ft.
from ground.

jThe best oaks in this high
( district.

JMany

(In 1870, girthed 19 ft. at 3 ft.
-; The largest tree in the
( parish.

In 1870, girthed 13 ft. at 3 ft.

Very vigorous.

(Measurements taken at dif-
< ferent times since 1812,
( are given in the Report.

(Branches at 1 ft. into seven
^ hands, and is called '• The

Seven Sisters."
f Grows in gamekeeper's
t garden.

Behind coach-house.
Near •' Poden's Cave."
(Divides into two limbs at

■) 7 ft. :

(Divides into tliree limbs at
\ 7 ft.

(Contains 270 cubic feet of
( timber

(21 ft. 9 in. at 2 ft. from ground
"(very vigorous, very sprt-ading
(22ft. <iiii.ut 2ft. fninijrround
{ sbiTt .stfiued bnuicliiiin tree
( " The IVase Tree. ' ((^. »es-
i kilijtora).

Very chnrnctcristir and
picturL'siiiie ropresenta-
tioiis of some of the troo.s
iu e'udzow Forest.

222

ON THE OLD AND REMARKABLE

Description of the

County.

Place.

o •

e« i,

Soil.

Subsoil.

Ft. in.

Linlithgow,

Hopetoun, .

120 0

Good loam,

Gravelly clay.

i»

5)
51

11
11

E.
N.E.

Midlothian,

Niddry Castle,
Carlowrie,

?»
Calder House,

130 0
92 0

11
Heavy loam.

Good light soil, .

Clay, ".
11
Gravel and sand.

Open,
S.W.
S.W.

Ingliston,

100 0

Sheltered,

II
11
II

Cramond House, .
Woodhouselee,
11

60 0
700 0

Allu\ial loam,
Loamy,

11
Gravel and rock,

Sheltered,
S.E.
S.E.

Dalkeith Park,

120 0

Good deep loam,

Clay and gravel,

Sheltered,

Melville Castle,

200 0

Sandy loam.

Gravel,

150 0

Good yellow loam.

Sandy clay, ,

Sheltered,

II
II
II
II

Peeblesshire,

i»
II

Penicuik House,
Castle Craig,

200 0
150 0

200" 0

8C0" 0

Sandy loam.
Good loam (deep)

11
Sandy loam.
Friable loam.
Light sandy.

Sand and gravel.
Loamy,

Gravel,

Clay and gravel.

Clay and gravel,

N.W.

Sheltered,

S.W.

Dalwick,

600 0

Sandy loam.

Gravelly,

• ••

>»

...

• ••

...

• ■•

Stobo Castle,

720 0

Good loam,

aay, .

...

Haddington,

Gilmerton, .

100 0

Leaf mould.

J Very poor clay )
( and stony, J

Open,

II
II

i»

11
11

Open,
Open,

Tester.

400 0

Clayey loam.

Red sandstone, .

j»

S.W.

Ormiston Hall.

...

Strong loam, '

Clay. .

II
11
II

WTiitinghame,
11
»»

350 0

>>
>i

Ked clay loam.
>>

Sandstone, .
11

Open,

Open,
Open,

Tyninghame,

60 0

Gravel and sand,

Open,

II
11
II

11
11

Open,'

Open,

OAKS IN SCOTLAND.

Beitish Oak — continued.

Height

of
Tree.

Yi. in.

90 0

80 0

110 0

85 0

84 0

60 0

40 0

80 0

78 0

60 0

65 0

93 0

45 0

48 0

70 0

48 0

50 0

40 0

60 0

55 0

80 0

57 0

80 0

66 0

81 0

56 0

75 0

70 0

85 0

65 0

70 0

75 0

82 0

80 0

76
70

k70

Length

of
Bole

Ft. in.

56 0

50 0

93 0

35 0

18 0

11 0

20 0

35 0

30 0

20 0

10 0
17 10

12 6

16 10

17 10
10 5

is'o

42 0
33 0

35 0

33 0

21 0

24 0

29 0

15 0

38 0

18 0

1!> 0

25 0

40 0

.50 0

32 0

'M 0

35 0

Present

Circumference of

Trunk at

Any former

recorded

Measurements and

Dates.

1 foot.

Ft. in.

13 9

14 2
11 9

17 9

11 6

11 1

13 2

17 3

17 6

10 0

11 4

18 4

15 9

20 10

12 3
12 10
12 8
12 11
12 8
11 9

14 9

17 6

11 8

12 7

14
13

18 0
17 8
15 7

14 9

14 8

8"7

13 9

13 11
13 6
11 9

3 feet.

Ft. in.

10 9
10 0

12 10

14 10

10 0

5 feet.

Ft. in.

10 8

11 9

8 8

12 8

8 9

9 3
10 4

12 6

16 0
8 10
8 4

15 4

12 1
19 11

Date.

10 10

At 1
Foot.

At 3
Feet.

t< o «
.*d -^ ^^

Ft. in. Ft. in.

9 4

...

9 2

...

9 10
10 10

...

14 9

...

14 10

...

14 e

...

12 1

...

11 8
9 3
7 4

10 8i

...

9 1
9 0

8 1

■ ••

Ft. in.

REMARKS.

f There is a cluster of oaks
I here, growing in the Deer
{ Park, averaging 122 ft. in
I height, with clean stems
I of 60 ft. in length.
A splendid massive tree.

(A very handsome tree, with
( fine clean bole.

(Planted about beginning of
( eighteenth centiu-y.
f "The King of the Forest."

1 Remnant of the old Cale-
donian Forest, of which
about 130 acres still
remain.

(16 ft. 2 in. at 12 ft. above
-| ground. "Queen Mary's
( Oak." Grows in a valley.

Growing in valley.
Do.

In 1846, girthed 13 ft. 10 in.
at 1 ft., west of mansion-
house. Contains 120 cubic
feet.

East side of mansion-house.

Has lost a heavy limb on
east side. Near Bowlin:,'-
Green. A very fine tree.

Girthed in 1846 9 ft. 5 in. at
2 ft. up. Grows iu the
Home Park near Mill.

(

(Stands south of house. Very
"( line park tree.
l\i garden. Divides into
) two limbs, and is much
"j weather-beaten and shat-
( tered.

(In avenue. A very fine tree
\ but is "one-sided."

( Many more here of similar
'( dimensions.
A tine uniamental park tree.

Opposite churchyard gate.

fin pleivsure grounds of
> Pnliiii's near house and
( sUibles.

224

ON THE OLD AND REMARKABLE

Description of the

County.

Place.

O '

Soil.

Subsoil.

Ft. in.

Haddington,

Binning Wood, .

))

60 0

J9
99
JJ

Sandy loam,
JJ
>>
>»

Sandy,
j»

9J
1J

Sheltered,
Sheltered,
Sheltered,
Sheltered,

Pressmennan,

700 0

Sandy loam,

Gravel and rock,

W.
W.

»>

Dunglass,

...

Good loam.

Gravelly till,

Berwickshire,

Kimmerghame. .

Black loam.*

Strong clay .

Roxburghshire

Floors Castle

...

Deep strong loam.

Blue clay.

...

J)
JJ

Springwood Park.

...

j>
ji

Clayey loam,
ji

Open,
Open,

Dumfries,

Springkell, .

235 0

Light loam.

Sandy,

Sheltered,

»»

225 0

Sand and gravel,

Open,

j»

Lochwood,

900 0

Light sandy,

Gravel,

S.E.

• ■ •

• ••

Barjarg,

• ■•

Friable loam,

Gravel and sand,

• ••

Drumlanrig,

• • •

»i

...

• ••

Closebum, .

• ■•

Light loam,

Clayey,

Kirkcudbright,

Kenmure,

• •■

Light loam,

Gravelly,

• ••

OAKS IN SCOTLAND.

225

Beitish Oak — continued.

Height

Length

Tree.

Bole.

Present

Circumference of

Trunk at

Any former

recorded

Measurements and

Dates.

1 foot.

3 feet.

5 feet. Date.

At 1

Foot.

Ft. in.

85 0

90 0

100 0

103 0

70 0

60 0

85 0

60 0
70 0

100 0
95 0

84 0

50 0

80 0

60 0

Ft. in.

40 0

37 0

50 0

•20 0

25 0

95 0 50 0

30 0

40 0
40 0

35 0
40 0

45 0 ' 12 0

12 10
19 2

24 0

8 0

Ft. iu.

25 0

12 7

13 2

14 1

17 5
15 10

74 0 ' 12 0 13 7

13 11

19 8
24 0

19 3

23 0

14 0

31 0 17 8

14 2

Ft. in.

S 11
11 5

li" 9

9 7

8 11

11 Si

Ft.in-

8 2

9 11
11 2
11 6

8 10

8 5

10 8

11 S

16 0

15 0

11 5

12 2

18 10
20 0

16 3

14 7

11 3

At 3

Feet.

Ft. in.

Ft.iB.

sis

g.r.i

Ft. in.

60 0

11 0

E,EAIAE,KS.

These are remarkable in-
stances of successful plant-
ing, quite witliin the in-
fluence of the sea breeze,
the Firth of Forth being
not half a mile distant.

(Is 9 ft. 8 in. at 9 ft. from
< ground. "NVide broad-
( headed tree.

(.Many more similarly sized
'( fine oaks here.

(A very picturesque park
t tree.

' Many more old oaks here of
simihir size and dimen-
sions. They suffered
severely in their young
wood of from one to four
years old by the winter' s
frost of 1879-80.

(In avenue near Palmersgill
"( gate.

In Bumfoot Holm.

f The first is on the roadside

north of old Castle, and

) the second to the south-

^ east of it. Noticed by Dr

Walker in liis list, and

referred to iu Keports.

"The Blind Oak of Keir"—
tlie finest uak n umfries-
shire. Furtlior details arc
given iu this Kc])ort.

(West side of road at "Doo-

"il Cot KuoWf."

close to Castle.

(Girths 11 ft. at 15 ft. above
"^ ground.

iMany other flue large .'speci-,
\ men trees here.

226 ON THE COMPARATIA'E ADVANTAGES OF GEAZING

ON THE COMPARATIVE ADYAKTAGES OF GEAZING CATTLE
AND SHEEP TOGETHER OR SEPARATELY UPON PER-
MANENT PASTURES.

By DuxcAN Clerk, Writer, Oban.

[Premium — Ten Sovereigns. ]

According to the Board of Trade returns for the year 1879,
the number of cattle in Scotland amounted to 1,083,601, and
the number of sheep to 6,838,098.

There is an immense amount of capital invested in all this
live stock, and still it is not too much. The well-beins^ of the
population generally, more especially of the working classes,
depends greatly on their ha\'ing a sufficient supply of butcher-
meat; and that being so, the question as to the production of the
greatest quantity of beef and mutton in our land, concerns all
classes of the community, and comes to be of deep national im-
portance. This is the case at all times ; but at present, when
foreign competition is doing so much, and threatens to do more
and more, to render the production of food for the people
altogether unprofitable in our country, it is of the last impor-
tance that the produce of our soil should be turned to the best
account.

As regards grain, it is abundantly evident that there are other
countries more favoured in soil and climate which can more
than compete with this country. In eastern Europe and in
North America, crops can be produced in large quantities at
little expense, far beyond any quantity that can be raised in
Scotland, even on the best soil and under the best management.
It is also found that grain produced in dry sunny climates is
superior in quality to the best that can be raised in the moist
climate of Scotland.

The rich prairies of America, besides the production of grain,
can ahbid grazing for cattle almost to an unlimited extent, so
that American beef threateiis to swamp the trade in home
produce. There is, however, one kind of crop in which no
foreign country has yet been able to compete with the British
isles, namely, the soft grass and greensward by which the plains,
valleys, and hillsides are covered. It has often been remarkedr
and deserves to be repeated, that it is to the soft and steadily
soaking rains, and the prolonged drippings of the November and
winter moisture in Great Britain, that its inhabitants are mainly
indebted for their unfailing supply of succulent vegetables and
roots, but especially for their rich, soft, juicy grasses, wTiich
carpet the British isles with a lovely green unknown to any
other part of the world except a few very limited areas. These

CATTLE AXD SHEEP TOGETHER OR SEPARATELY. 227

unequalled grasses and succulent roots are the cause of the
superiority of British mutton over that of other countries.

It is a noteworthy circumstance that the North American
continent, wliich is so richly abundant in many natural pro-
ducts, is on the whole a very unfavourable region for sheep, and
for the growth of wool and mutton. For both of these they
must chiefly depend upon foreigners. This is owing to the
climate of North America, which is in general very dry, and also
liable to extremes of heat and cold, which are ruinous to those
fine and crisp grasses on which sheep delight to feed.

The writer of tlie present report has had the opportunity for
many years of observing the working of farms with mixed stock
in the Highlands of Scotland. He has read with care any
remarks that he has seen written on the subject, and what gives
him some degree of confidence in his undertaking is, that he has
been at some pains in collecting the opinions of practical farmers
well qualified to judge in such matters. The report is to be
directed chiefly to moorland and rough ground not suited for
cultivation. That kind of ground will be found in abundance
in the counties after mentioned, to which the attention is to be
specially directed. Within these bounds will be found hill and
dale, moors and marshes, and rough ground of all kinds. The
counties referred to are the following, and it will not be out of
place to state the kind of stock kept on each of them, viz. : —

Argyll, .

Inverness,

Perth,

Ross, ...

Sutherland,

Before going into any minute examination of these lands, it
may be proper to offer a few general remarks. It is right to
remember that sheep-grazing, properly so called, does not date
further back than a century throughout the Highlands generally,
in various places not so far. Up to that time the number kept
by each farmer was very small. They were never allowed to
roam at will over the lulls, but were carefully herded and
penned every night, while, from the beginning of June on
towards the middle of September, they were milked morning
and evening to helj) the family dietary. Along with these a
considerable number of goals was generally kept, which in every
respect received simihir treatment, being penned and milked as
well as the sheep. There is no possibility now of ascertaining
with any degree of accuracy the numbers, actual or proportional,
of sheep and goats kept on the farm, l)ut from tradition still
very fret:;h and from pastoral songs still numerous, the latter

Cattle.

Sheep.

60,314

993,169

50,753

696,359

73,711

672,480

41,687

338,427

12,343

209,413

228 ON THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF GRAZING

class seems to have been held quite of equal value with the
former. Horses of small size but of the hardiest constitution
were also kept in considerable numbers, and during the summer
months wandered not merely over the hill tenanted by their
owners but over a wide range of country, the high hills being
hekl as a common by the district. But black cattle, as they are
called, formed the staple of the stock over the whole Highlands.
They are still called by old peop»le An jVith* the substance or
the wealth, and the owner of what was called a large and good
" fold " of cows was respected — probably envied — as much as a
millionaire is among the merchants of the present day.

The young cattle were allowed scope as well as the horses,
but the milch cows were the objects of constant care and of
much attention.-)- They were not held sacred as among the
Hindoos, but they were treated with great tenderness and mth
most considerate regard. To guard them against the evil eye
and every species of witchcraft, many persons repeated a charm
over them every morning as they went forth to pasture ; even in
the shackles with which their legs were bound when they were
milked, the cross bar fastening the shackle was always made of
witch elm or of rowan. In the many songs composed to them
thev are often mentioned in terms of endearment as stronsj as
those applied to human beings, and the woman who combined
the art of filling the pail with " rearing the calf " was held in
very high esteem.

From the beginning of July to the latter end of September
the milch cows with sheep and goats were always driven to the
grassiest and best-sheltered spots among the hills, known as the
shieling. The women and young people generally tended them
in these uplands, while the grass on the strath or level portions
of the farm was allowed to grow in order to afford them winter
food.

Such was the system of grazing pursued in the Highlands till
near the close of last century. But as farmers from the southern
parts of the kingdom became by degrees acquainted with the
extensive mountains and glens of the north, they readily sa^y
that a great portion of these tracts was left absolutely waste.

* Probably the same word as the English Nmt and Anglo-Saxon Nyten.

t For their milk along with that of sheep and goats was the sheet anchor and
mainstay of their provision — often their sole support. Some men still living,
though all past fourscore, tell of their having been for all the summer months
fed on milk alone with its various preparations — no bread or potatoes being
tasted by them. "When there is such an outcry about the necessity of a rich diet
for the maintenance of health, — when even the lowest criminals get their liberal
allowance of butcher meat, — it is striking, and ought to be instructive, actually to
converse Avith men who year after year were for several months supported on
milk diet alone. The fact that they are living to an age so rarely reached is full
proof that their systems were not undermined in youth.

CATTLE OR SHEEP TOGETHER OR SEPARATELY. 229

Tliey clearly saw that horses and cattle could not graze on the
higher and steeper places of the land — that many sheep might
be reared on what was there utterly unproductive.

They further observed that the breed of sheep kept in the
Highlands yielded very small profits compared with what the
land was capable of rearing. That breed is still preserved in St
Kilda, and, it is believed, to some small extent both in the
islands of Uist and Lewis. They are small in size, seldom
weighing more than 40 lbs. when full grown and in good con-
dition. But their flesh is very delicate ; their wool also is of
very fine quality, though unfitted for many kinds of cloth on
account of its colour, or rather variety of colours, which often
include sooty brown, many shades of grey, and of pale or rather
dirty white. They are sometimes termed " the five-horned
sheep." They are called " the brindle-headed sheep " (caoirich
cheann riach), oii account of their variegated colour, and " the
little sheep " (caoirich hheaga), on account of their diminutive
size ; while the southern sheep are known as caoirich mhora, or
large sheep, divided into two sub-classes, the " black-lieaded
sheep " (caoirich dhubh-cheannaeh), and " the white," " the
Ejiglish," or " the hornless sheep," applied to the Cheviot.

Farmers, it is said cliiefly from Dumfriesshire, rented large
tracts of hill ground first in Perthshire, and stocked them with
what was then called " the Linton breed " of sheep, now gene-
rally called the " blackfaced." The enterprise paid well, and
was extended year after year, until bv the earlier years of the
present century flocks of sheep pastured the hill ranges even of
the remotest Hebrides — nearly exterminating the old little
breed, and driving horses and cattle to the more level pastures
or stratli.

Opinions differed widely as to tlie propriety of introducing
large sheep into the Highlands. The question was fully dis-
cussed in the old Statistical Account, and it would be instructive
to peruse some of the reports. The following parishes are
specially referred to. In the report for Glenorchy, published
in 179:3, it is said : — " The hills and muirs which some years ago
\vere covered with heath and coarse herbage are, since the in-
troduction of large flocks of sheep into the country, gradually
trettin'' a richer sward and a j^n-eener hue, and allbrd excellent
pasture. Every wht-re they abound with springs and rivulets ot
jmre and salubrious water. Numerous flocks of large and heavy
sheep now pasture almost the whole year on these mountains
and wilds, where formerly were to be found, and only for the
summer months, a few light sheep and goats, small hill liorses,
as they were called, and some herds of black cattle. Then it
was believed that no domestic animal could stand the severities
of the winter on the high and stony ground ; even the g(»ats

230 ON THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF GRAZING

and sheep were regularly lioiised and fed in pens during the
rigour of the season. The consequence was often fatal. When
the provender was consumed before the genial return of spring,
cattle of all kinds perished in numbers for want of sustenance.
There may be about 20,000 sheep in the parish. A few of the
Cheviot breed have been lately introduced in Glenorchy ; and
the Earl of Breadalbane, ever anxious to promote the interest
of his country and the good of the people, designs, it is said, to
send some more of the same kind to the parish for trial. Black
cattle have been for years past decreasing in number but im-
proving in kind."

In the report for Ardchattan and Muckairn (1792) it is said : —
" In the parish are from 2600 to 2800 black cattle. Though not
of a large size they are in general handsome and well haired, and
in great estimation with the English drovers. There are between
28,000 and 30,000 sheep. The large breed brought some years
ago from the south country produce a greater quantity of wool,
but are much inferior in quality to the old Highland sheep.
Thousands are sold yearly to the low country butchers. When
a few are purchased by individuals they sell for from 12s. to
14s. ; white wool sold last year at 7s. 6d. the stone, wool
besmeared with tar at 5s. 6d. — eight fleeces on an average to the
stone."

" Prevailing rains through gTeat part of the year, with a pre-
carious seed-time and harvest, render the climate of this country
unfriendly to the growth of corn ; therefore, the chief attention
should be directed to the improvement of our grass and cattle.
The inhabitants are beginning to keep fewer cattle, and, of
course, better grass than formerly. The gentlemen are particu-
larly attentive in this respect." (See also Statistical Account,
Speymouth, vol. xiv. page 383 ; Xorth Knapdale, vol. vi. paoie
261.)

It may be interesting to quote the opinion of the Eev. Dr
Singer of Dumfriesshire, as expressed in the volume containing
the Society's Transactions for 1803 to 1807. Formed before he
could have had it tested to any great extent by actual trial, it
says a great deal for the clear and sagacious judgment of the
reverend author, and I quote it as confirming the conclusion at
which I have myself arrived.

He says (page 545) : — " In the Highlands nature seems to have
laid out extensive sheep-walks on almost CA^ery farm, and as it
is found that sheep are the safest stock, the most easily and
cheaply managed, having access to the largest part of the
pastures, and always marketable and productive to the farmer,
it is undeniable that sheep ought to be reared as the principal
article of farm produce throughout the Highlands. Black
cattle thrive as well as sheep to a proper extent of stocking

CATTLE OR SHEEP TOGETHER OR SEPARATELY. 231

over all that country. Besides, it is well known that a mixture
of cattle occasionally introduced into sheep pastures consume
the rank grasses and render tlie pasture more wholesome, and
no sheep in the world thrive better or become more valuable
than pet sheep accustomed to feed among cows. So that the
sheep gain more by this system in crops than they lose in
pasture, and the farmer and the public derive great advantages
from a proper number of Ijlack cattle adapted to the spare
summer pasture grass which can be afforded them."

I have not thought it necessary to make any distinction
between Cheviot and blackfaced sheep in the remarks which I
have made, these remarks so far as they go being equally
applicable to both classes. It must, however, be kept in view
that blackfaced sheej) will make choice of grass and herbs
peculiar to hard ground and hillsides, whereas the Cheviot will
use rich grass suitable for black cattle. It follows then that
the blackfaced sheep are less injurious to the pasture reserved
for cattle, and that it is not so necessary to exclude them as it
would be to keep the whitefaced kind away.

Several years ago, when the price of wool ran very high, the
price of Cheviot so far surpassed that of the blackfaced as to
induce many farmers to exchange the latter for the former.
Of late years, however, the difference in the price of the two
kinds of wool being much reduced, the superior healthfulness
and hardihood of the blackfaced is increasing their numbers,
and I know various skilful farmers, with abundance of capital,
who have returned to the blackfaced after having made a fair
trial of the Cheviot.

Again, in speaking of cattle fitted to thrive on hill pasture,
I mean AVest Higliland cattle. Ayrshire cows are found in con-
siderable numbers throughout every county of the Highlands.
They are justly valued on account of the quantity of milk which
they yield ; and I have seen first crosses between them and pure
Highland bulls strong and hardy. But beyond a doubt, the
genuine West Highland cow of pure breed is much liardier and
healthier tlian either pure Ayrshire or any mixture of the blood.
Therefore, it need hardly be said that, if tlie exposed hill pastures
are to be utilised by cattle, the West Highhmd must be employed
for the purpose.

There were strong grounds of opposition taken by the small
tenantry — corresponding to the present "crofters" — in that
the giving over extensive hillsi(k^s to the hands of one man,
who grazed large ilocks of sheep on it, necessarily deprived
tliem of their j)ossessions, drove many of them to narrow out-
Iving corners of the land, and very nianv into exile from their
native home. Tlie " big slice]) " were the objects of many
indignant denunciations and of many curses, as expressed in

232 ox THE COMPAEATIA^E ADVANTAGES OF GEAZING

native songs ; and to this day they are heartily detested by the
Highland peasantry — it mnst be admitted, when the many hard-
ships of the " clearance system " are considered, not without just
cause.

For a time the profits of the large flocks were considerably
diminished by the ravages of wild animals, then very numerous
throughout the mountains — especially the fox, which is still
troublesome in many places. Far from being censured for his
depredations at the introduction of the new system, his exploits
were celebrated as most praiseworthy, and Duncan Ban, the
most popular of all the modern Highland poets, wishes blessing
on his head, and success to him in his warfare against the in-
vaders and the disturbers of the country.

The fox and other natural enemies were, in course of time,
considerably reduced in numbers and kept under restraint. ISTot
only the hardy blackfaced sheep, but the softer Cheviots, were
domesticated in the Highlands, where, as is well known, both
breeds thrive remarkably well.

As already stated, sheep-farming was introduced into the
Highlands by south-countrymen ; but the more wealthy and
intelligent of the native tenantry soon entered into competi-
tion with them ; and, while the former had the advantage of
previous experience and skill, as well as of saving all the ex-
pense of housel^:eeping, through their being frequently absentees,
there is still a large extent of sheep-lands in the hands of
the latter class — an extent obviously enlarging year by year
for the last thirty years. In regard to the question proposed
by the Society, it is worthy of remark, that generally the
southerners showed a desire to clear black cattle entirely off the
farm, giving tlie whole range to sheep, while the Highlanders,
on the other hand, kept as many cattle as they could without
seriously diminishing the number of their sheep. But both
parties have been led by experience to modify their manage-
ment in this respect, and I do not think that the above differ-
ence can be said to exist at the present day. At all events, I
know several of both classes who carry on the mixed system
under consideration in this report.

As to whether separate or common grazing by sheep and
cattle is more profitable to the farmer, it is obvious that the
question must be in several cases determined by the configura-
tion of the land. On the higher mountains, generally rocky and
precipitous, it is obvious that no heavy animal can move with
safety. Such must be left to sheep alone. We put the moun-
tains, properly so called, out of the question then in the dis-
cussion before ns, confining our remarks to undulating hills not
exceeding 1000 feet in height, leaving all above this to sheex^-
exclusively.

CATTLE OR SHEEP TOGETHER OK SEPARATELY.

The description of hill which we specially consider prevails
to a great extent in the central districts of Argyllshire, as in
Mid-Lorn; but is to be found widely prevailing in Inverness-
shire, Perthshire, Western Eoss-shire as well. The general
aspect is heathy and the ground thus designated is generally
dry and hard, but frequently including considerable tracts of
moss, which is wet and sour ; on the other hand, stretches of
land, yielding rich green grass, intermingle wdth these ; very
often small glenlets and narrow corries are to be met wdth up
to a considerable altitude, which are partially clothed with
copsewood, and groduce a great variety of grasses ; while, again,
on the strath, level meadows of some extent, and marshes,
always soaked in moisture, are almost invariably to be found.

Farmers may not all attend to botany as a science, but all of
them know that there is great variety among the herbs and
grasses produced by the lands possessed by them, and which go
to feed their flocks.

On carefully examining a piece of meadow^ ground, the follow-
ing varieties will most likely be found : —

1. Sprits. Juncus articulatus.

2. Soft meadow grass. Holcus lana-

tus.

3. Crested dog's-tail grass. Gyno-

surus cristatus.

4.
5.

Bent. A<frostis.

Scented vernal grass. Anthoxan-

thum odoratum.
Fox tail. Alcrpecurus jyratensis.
Poa pratensis.

7. Meadow grass

On looking at a field or hillside w^here the soil is tolerably
good there will probably be seen the following varieties : —

L Cijnomrus cristatus. Crested dog's-
tail.
2. Loliuni xierenne. Perennial

rye-

4.
5.

grass.

Fine bent.
White clover.

Aijrostis canina.

Trifolium repeiis.

Flanfarjo lanceolata. Kib-grass,

or rilj-wort.
Holcus lanatus. Soft meadow

grass.

7. Millefolium.

8. Ranunculus

crowfoot.

9. Bellis perennis.

10. Poa trivialis.

meadow grass.

11. At'e na pubescens.

12. Aira praicox.

Yarrow.

Meadow

Daisy.

Rough-stalked

Downv oat.

Early hair grass.

Higher up the hill will be found several of the grasses above
named alonir with: —

Aira jUxuosa^ Festuca oviyia, and its

varieties.
Scirpus caspitomis. Deer's haii".
Juncus squarrosus.
Carex himrvis. HihhiMl carex.

„ pnrcnx. \'enial carex.
Nardus stricta. Mat grass.

Molinia Cfendea. Purjdo molinia.
Aii'a caspitosa. Tui'trd liair gra>s.
Trinlia decumbens. Heath grass.
Calluna vuljai-vi. Ling <»r heather.
Erica ciwrea. Fine-leaved lu-atli.
Erica tttralix. Cross-h-aveil heath.

"VVu thus see that soil in its natural state produces great

234 ox THE COMPARATIVE ADVA2;TAGES OF GRAZING

variety of plants or herbage, and we may safely infer that it
was not all intended for one class of animals. Variety is
clearly the order of nature in the animal and vegetable king-
doms, and if the farmer wishes to make use of all the produce
of the soil, he will not restrict himself to one class of animals
for any portion of his j^asture.

Those who have the care of flocks ought to pay close attention
to the localities where early grasses and plants grow, and to the
succession of their qTowth and fiowerino- durins: the season.
Gardeners have their spring flowers, summer flowers, and
autumn flowers. The farmer has the same succession of plants,
and he will lind it his interest to observe where they are to be
found, and to regulate the herding of his sheep- and cattle
^accordingly.

Where the richer grasses uniformly prevail, as on the green
hills of Sutherland, there is no need of a mixed stock to utilise
the pasture ; and the splendid Cheviot sheep which these hills
rear, are the best proof of sheep being there in the right place.
But few districts are so highly favoured as Sutherlandshire, and
generally the farmer has to exercise much judgment as to the
most profitable method of turning to account the many, and
widely different, kinds of herbage growing on his land.

It has been uniformly declared to me, by those whom I have
consulted, that sheep ought to be entirely excluded from the
sea shore. Various kinds of algae, or sea-ware, are highly
beneficial to cattle, and in the spring season both cattle and
sheep show a strong desire to feed upon them ; but to the latter
they prove very injurious, and sometimes fatal The same
remark is made resfardinsj the marmns of fresh-water lakes, and
marshes generally — sheep ought to have no access to them ;
water plants generally produce fluke and various other diseases,
and they should always be kept on dry ground. With all this,
however, the principal part of the farai remains still a debatable
land between the two competing classes. The strath is specially
the domicile of the cattle, and the hill that of the sheep. But,
during the winter season, the cattle must submit to the universal
intrusion of the sheep. These must be allowed the free use "of
the best meadow land from the beo^inninG;' of December to the
beginning of April and during cold backward seasons for a
month longer, until the first of May. That loss to the cattle,
both in pasture and in the quantity of hay on which they
depend for winter sustenance, is caused by the continuance of
sheep-grazing till May, is a matter of certainty ; yet the gain
to the sheep, in the circumstances, is greater than the loss to
the cattle ; for, if the ewes be driven to the hills before a good
spring of grass is to be found there, the lambs are sure to be
•weak and stunted, while both ewes and lambs run great risk of

CATTLE OR SHEEP TOGETHER OR SEPARATELY. 235

TDeing carried off by the " tremor " or " trembling," — a disease
which, in the beginning of a cold dry season, often causes heavy
loss to the sheep-farmer. At the same time the cattle are often
benefited by visiting the sheep domains, and that without
inflicting any injury on the latter.

There is a kind of coarse grass, known as stool bent, Junciis
sq^iiarrosus (Bruchrach in Gaelic), the earliest, I believe, of all
•our mountain grasses, wdiich affords favourite feeding to the
■deer ; but sheep do not appear to relish it. Cattle are, hov/ever,
very fond of it, and are known to climb considerable heights in
order to get at it, in the very beginning of the month of April.
Where it prevails to a considerable extent, as it very often does
on the description of farm specially before us, it is true economy
to send young cattle to eat it in its young and succulent state ;
for, once it approaches maturity, no animal will eat it. There
is a plant commonly known as " deer's grass," Scirjms cces2)itosiis
above mentioned, much finer in the stalk than the first men-
tioned, which is no favourite with sheep, but which, in the
months of May and June, affords excellent pasture to young
cattle, and on which I have observed horses regaining condition
very fast after the exhaustion of spring. Towards the middle
of July it becomes dry and withered at the top ; but, if kept
well cropped, it yields considerable nourishment throughout
autumn, and in severe winters is greedily eaten by sheep as well
as by cattle. Large extents of it are found on many liills, and
these will unquestionably pasture black cattle, without diminish-
ing the supplies of the sheep; in reality, it increases them
considerably. The same remarks apply to Carex iinerviSy and
those of its class.

But the most important grass of any, in deciding the question,
is the Juncus articidatus already mentioned, known in diflerent
counties as sprots, sj'trits, spretts, and spratts, to be found in large
quantities on southern, but more especially on northern farms.
It does not gi'ow on pure mossy or on absolutely poor soil. It
requires some earth to nourish it, and above all, wet soil. Un-
fortunately, in the undrained state of many of our straths, it is
found to cover extensive tracts of level land, capable, if dried, of
yielding far better product. Again, on every hillside, where
there are horizontal shelves or ridges, as is almost universally
the case, the streams lodge a considerable quantity of stones
and gravel, which are swept down the steep runs, and rest on
every shelf or partial level. The stream, instead of flowing
straight downwards, spreads itself widely through this gathering
of stones, and overflows a considerable extent of ground below.
In this wet gi'ound the sprats invariably spring up, and often
nourish luxuriantly. It is impossible to state, with any approach
>to accuracy, what the extent of spruit y [/round thnnighout the

236 ox THE COMPAEATIYE ADVANTAGES OF GEAZING

Hi<:>hland glens and hills amonnts to, but it may very safely be
called many thousands of acres ; and I would remark that the
making right use of this strong and freely growing grass,
deserves more consideration than it has yet received. In the
beginning of summer it is soft and juicy, and cattle eat it
greedily. If it be regularly cropped by them, some finer grasses
grow among it which aftbrd good feeding for sheep ; but these
will not touch the sprot itself after it is two or three inches
long, and by the month of July, or probably the middle of June,
it becomes so strong that even black cattle are indifferent to it,
and very frequently it is seen covering large patches on various
parts of the farm, untouched by any animal ; while in winter, it
slirivels and gathers into close tufts, which, during the following
spring and early summer, cover the new crop so as to protect it
effectually from both sheep and cattle. If labour were as
abundant and cheap in the Highlands as it was some thirty
years ago, it would be good management to cut over the sirrots
with the scythe, and prepare it for winter fodder, But as this
is, in the present day, attended with serious expense, it will be
wise to keep down the sprots as much as possible by grazing
cattle on it during the summer months.

Several of my correspondents have pointed out to me that, on
the very best sheep pastures, there are knolls and shelves which
the sheep select specially for night quarters. These soon become
so enriched by their manure as to produce rank grass which
they will not touch ; but cattle greedily devour this grass, which
is highly nutritious to them. There, also, cattle in numbers,
larger or smaller as the circumstances may be, ought to graze
along with the sheep.

The natural woods of the Highlands have in a great measure
disappeared — having been cut down for manufacturing purposes
— and many a glen, at one time well sheltered and greatly
adorned by birch and ash and hazel, is now left bare; but various
copses or rather patches of brushwood are to be seen here and
there. Sheep are very fond of visiting these, to pick up the
tufts of grass which, owing to the protection and warmth aftorded
by the brushwood, spring up earlier than on any open ground.
The brushwood tears their wool so much, " breaking the fleece "
as it is called, that there is no profit in allowing them to frequent
the copses except during snowstorms. But cattle enjoy the
early grass as well as the sheep. They avail themselves more
fully of the shelter afforded by the wood, and their coat is not in
any way affected injuriously by the closest and most tangled
bushes. Consequently, here is another instance where cattle
should mingle with the sheep in grazing.

On looking back at the foregoing statements before bringing
the paper to a close, it must be admitted that there is not

CATTLE OR SHEEP TOGETHER OR SEPARATELY. 237

much of clear pro'of in support of any conclusion. Direct
evidence is scarcely to be expected in such cases, but facts and
circumstances ought to be considered. The writer of this had the
privilege, as already mentioned, of conversing with several persons
well qualified to give an opinion on the subject treated of in the
report, and he would strongly recommend to inquirers to follow
the same course. Travelling is now easy, by steamers and railways,
and access can be got to all corners of the country, including the
districts where sheep and cattle are chiefly reared. Perthshire has
had the benefit of railways for many years past, and the latest of
them opened, namely the Callander and Oban Eailway, passes
through a considerable portion of that county, and intersects
Argyleshire from its eastern boundary to a seaport on the west.
Last season (1880), hundreds and thousands of tourists and ex-
cursionists passed by this line, the scenery being the great
attraction to most of them. Agriculturists might very well
enjoy the scenery, and at the same time see for themselves the
mode of management of sheep and cattle along the line. This
particular railway goes through grand mountain passes, and runs
along the bases of mountains on which excellent sheep stocks
are kept and reared.

Travellers generally consult tourists' guides, and gather such
other information as may be within their reach before setting out
on a journey ; and the intelligent farmer might do the same thing
for his purpose. The reports for counties published from time to
time by the Highland and Agricultural Society might be consulted
with much advantage. That for Perthshire, published in 1868, is
well worthy of a perusal. A very interesting chapter treating of
sheep will be found at x^age 165, and a little further on in the
report, but under the head " Light Arable Land," the great ad-
vantage derived from wire fences is pointed out. It will be
observed, however, that this is said to apply to arable land, and
not to sheep and cattle pasture. The improvement of such
pastures by means of sheep drains is dwelt upon, but not a word
said aljuut the means of keeping cattla and sheep separate. It
is scarcely necessary to say that cattle as well as sheep are
reared in Perthsliire in great numbers, and liave been so from
time ininieniorial. The annual returns by the Board of Traile
show this, and a short extract will be seen E-t the conmiencement
of this paper. The intelligent writer of the report for Perth-
shire must have been well aware that sheep and cattle were
reared on the lands described by him, but it is pretty plain tlint he
<li(l not conteni})lute the keei)iiig of the two classes separati-. Tlie
owners of stock were alive to the advantage of modern improve-
ment, such as fencing and sheep-draining ; and there is a stroin'
})resum]>tion that they did not practice or aj)prove of complete
separation of the ckusses.

.238 ON THE COMPAEATIVE ADVANTAGES OF GRAZING

The traveller will see along the line sheep and cattle
grazing together without restraint. He may very well take a
general view in that way, either when going on his trip or
returning from it, but he certainly ought to stop at some of the
stations and get minute information for himself. The station
at Tyndrum is at the very boundary between Perthshire and
Argyleshire. On entering the latter county the agricultural
report for it will be of service. It was. published in 1878, and
will be found in vol. x. of the Transactions. The account
of sheep farms near the borders of Perthshire commences at
page 11, the first mentioned being that of Auch, possessed by
Mr Grieve, and a visit to it and the adjoining farm of Auchalder
will amply repay the trouble. Before leaving Perthshire it may
be mentioned that the late Marquis of Breadalbane, when he kept
some sheep farms in his own hands, allowed his shepherds to
keep cows without limiting them to one or two as generally
done by other masters ; and the presumption is that he did not
consider that the cattle did much harm to the sheep stock.
Some of the shepherds had several cows, and these were of the
best breed, obtained no doubt from their noble master's stock.
The grazing in the corries among the mountains agreed with
them remarkably well, and the result was that some of the
shepherds were enabled to take lands for themselves. These facts-
may be learned on the spot, and lands possessed by the former
shepherds or their families may be seen before the contemplated
trip is ended.

Proceeding westwards the next station is Dalmally. The
scenery there is grand, and the grazing for sheep and cattle is
excellent. Opposite the station, and round the end of Lochawe,
the large grazing of Castles occupied by Mr Grieve will be seen.
Some account of it will be found at page 14 of- the report last
mentioned. Mr Grieve has been very successful in rearing
sheep and cattle for a long course of years on the same ground,
and has never attempted to keep them separate.

The only other station before reaching the terminus is Tay-
nuilt, Bonaw — a most interesting place in many points of view.
When there, the traveller ought to make an excursion to one
or two of the glens in the neighbourhood. Glenetive is the
neptrest, and if that is made choice of first, a halt may be made
at Glenoe, which strikes off on the right-hand side of Lochetive,
a few miles beyond Bonaw. Mr Campbell, the tenant, will show
an excellent stock of sheep, and the few cattle that can be kept
are allowed to range through the glen, and to climb up the hills
as far as they choose. A former tenant had the farm of Clena-
mackrie along with Glenoe. He managed to keep twenty milch
cows with their calves by having them wintered at Clenamackrie
and summered in Glenoe. The cows and calves were sent to

CATTLE OR SHEEP TOGETHER OR SEPARATELY. 239

that glen early in summer, and taken back before the end of
autumn. The cows were well summered, and the sheep stock
were very little if anything the worse, and the gain there was
ten or twelve cows with their produce.

Farther up the loch is Glenkinlass, and the farm of Acharn is
occujjied by D. and A. M'Callum, father and son. Mr D.
M'Callum, a most intelligent farmer, w^as in his younger days
on Lord Breadalbane's lands in Perthshire, and can well
describe tlie system carried on there, and can testifiy that no
effort was made to keep cattle away from sheep ranges.

After finishing Glenetive and returning to Taynuilt, a trip to
Glenlonen would be interestincj. At the entrance into the aien
is the farm of Barguillen, possessed by the widow and son of the
late Mr M'Xaughton, who in early life was, like Mr D. M'Callum,
in the employment of the late Marquis of Breadalbane. He bad
the charge of a sheep stock, but was allowed to keep cows for
himself, and he made excellent use of the privilege, so that he
was able to take a good farm for himself, and left his family in
a comfortable position. It may be mentioned, in passing, that
the tenants who were in possession of this farm when the price
of sheep rose very high about fifteen years ago, were carried
away with the notion of putting all the land under sheep ; and
accordingly they sold off their black cattle. This was soon
found to have been a grievous mistake. Any advantage to the
sheep stock made up but a small proportion of the loss of the
cattle. It was seen there and elsewhere, that a projjer propor-
tion of each kind of stock suited best, in such cases as are now
under consideration.

Next to Barguillen are the grazing farms of Duntanachan and
Barglass, mentioned at page 54 of the report for the county.
The range of hills forming the south side of the glen rises to a
considerable elevation, the highest being nearly 2000 feet above
sea level, and snow lies pretty heavy there. The system followed
during the long time the place has been in the same occupation
(fully seventy years), is to keep the sheep to the hill in summer,
but tu allow them the use of the low grounds along with the cattle,
in winter and spring ; and when snow lies heavy on the hills they
are allowed to pass to Barglass or the sunny side of the glen.
Sheep are excellent weather ])rophets, insomuch as they know
when a snowstorm is a])proaching. It is curious to observe on a
(lark winter day how the sheep that were grazing on the strath
during the day will, towards the evening, turn their back ujion
their own home, and seek the lower or sheltered side of the glen,
([uite contrary to their onlinary habits. A\'luii this occurs a
snowstorm may be ex))ected, although no human eye could see
any sign of its approach. Jt is said that the fibre of the wool is
very sensitive to the changes of the weather, like mercury and cat-

240 ON THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF GRAZING

gut, which are used for barometers. Be that as it mav, it is
evident that the sheep have an instinct that gives them warning
of the chancres of the weather, and when that instinct has
been bestowed upon the poor animal for self preservation, it
would be cruel and barbarous in man to put barriers in the way .
of its escape from danger. Those who have charge of sheep must
make up their minds to allow them to have access to the most
sheltered part of their lands in severe weather. Seasons come
round in cycles, and we seem to have entered on a series of
severe winters ; and if that be so, the time is not suitable for try-
ing experiments or modern improvements, that might imj^eril the
safety of the very valuable stock reared and kept on our hills.

Let us now suppose that the traveller arrives at Oban, and
enjoys himself as other visitors are in the habit of doing. Before
leaving the place he ought to treat himself to a trip to Staffa
and lona. He will see all that attracts other visitors to these
places, and besides that he will have a day's sail round the
Island of Mull. That large island is wholly stocked with sheep
and cattle, both of excellent description, and the intelligent and
careful owners do not attempt to keep them separate, except at
the proper seasons of the year.

The facts and circumstances above detailed seem to lead to the
following conclusions : —

First. — It would not be good management to keep cattle and-
sheep entirely separate.

Second. — It would be an advantage to allow sheep during the
winter and spring to pasture on the low ground usually
occupied by cattle.

Third. — Sheep ought to • be kept to the hill in summer and
autumn.

Fourth. — A limited number of young cattle may be summered
on the hill with advantag^e.

If these conclusions be correct, the advantage or gain is on
the side of mixed grazing of sheep and cattle, with the limita-
tions and precautions pointed out in the preceding pages.

Appendix.

Hand feeding and artificial food for sheep are often recom-
mended, but among our Highland hills and remote glens
there are many obstacles in the way. In hill farms all
the hay that can be saved and the little crop that can be
raised, are required, and often more than required, for cattle
and horses. It must also be considered that sheep receiving-
extra feeding are made less hardy and less fit to be the
occupants of high hills. Any stock to be reared there with
advantage must be kept as hardy and healthy as possible.

CATTLE OR SHEEP TOGETHER OR SEPARATELY. 241

besides this^ it must be remembered that high feeding changes
'the quality of the mutton, and such a change would soon tell in
the market. Hay or Indian corn seem to be harmless, but they
cannot always be procured in remote places.

It is true that sheep are fed on turnips to a very great extent ;
but these sheep are not to be sent back to their native hills. If
they were, a poor account would have to be given of them, and
the carrion crow and such creatures would have cause to rejoice.

Sheep may be reared in parks or fed on turnip, oil cake, &c.,
and brought to great size, but the mutton would not be the
kind of mutton that has acquired its high character as the pro-
duce of tlie hillsides. Eed deer might also be reared in parks,
and increased in weight, but it would be discovered ere long, by
the consumer and the butcher, that it was not venison they were
getting^, but very indifferent beef, not to be compared with that
of a Highland bullock or heifer. Adulteration of food is a bad
thing, and here is a very insidious phase of it, insomuch as
those with whom it begins appear not to be conscious of doing
anything amiss. A plain hint on the subject, offiered in a friendly
spirit, may not be entirely out of place.

EXPERIMENTS OX THE CULTURE OF TURNIPS.

By Thomas Lawson, Sandyford, Kirriemuir.

[Premiu/n — Twenty Sovereigns. ]

The turnip crop occupies a primary position of importance in
its relation to the agriculture of Scotland, and anything which
tends to gi^ow this important and valualjle root more effectively
and economically than has been hitherto done, is both eagerly
and attentively inquired into by agriculturists, and never more
so than at present, when foreign competition is waging war
against our home agriculture, which, crippled by a sequence of
bad seasons, will require all our eflorts at economy to success-
fully cope with it. Mr Thomas Janiieson, the talented chemist
and practical experimentalist of the Aberdeen Association, some
years ago drew the attention of the agricultural public to the
expediency of using ground instead of soluble phosphates,
stating, as his belief, that the one was almost, if not alto-
gether, as efficacious for the growth of turnijjs as the other,
with the recommendation in favour of the former, that it was
little n)ore than half the price of the latter. Subsequent experi-
ments, conducted by Mr Jamieson, have borne out the views he
at that time enunciated. In 1S7S, Dr A. P. Aitken, on behalf
of tlie liighlmd Society of Scotland, took up the same question
as the Aherdeen Association, on a much larger scale, with the
result, that the experiments in the Lothians conducted by him
have tended, U) a very consideral)le extent, to corroborate ^Ir
Jamiesou's tindings in Aberdce.nshire, so far as these two arc

242 EXPEEDIENTS ON THE CULTURE OF TUENIPS.

comparable. The value of the results of these . two sets of
expermients can scarcely be overestimated as general guides to
the manuring of the turnip crop ; but with variety of soils and
climates, under different conditions of cropping and previous
manuring, considerable variation, both of quantity and propor-
tion of the constituents of an artificial manure, are necessarv
to grow full crops. Therefore, the results of the experiments to
wdiich I have alluded, are only a2:)plicable in their entirety
to the immediate districts in which they have been carried out,
or to similar soils under similar conditions, and are only useful
otherwise, in a creneral wav, as scientific facts. So far as I
understand these experiments, their great aim has been to
arrive at the facts to which I have referred, and to enable them
to do so, the soil experimented on must necessarily be in as
poor a condition as possible, in order to show the exact increase
of crop grown by the various applications, thereby enabling the
experimenter to estimate them at their proper manurial value.

This sort of work, wdiile very necessary, is also very expen-
sive ; its performance, therefore, naturally falls into the hands of
wealthy associations, being, properly speaking, scientific work
which ought to be carried out by them.

It is pretty generally admitted, that any farmer who wishes
to grow full crops and make profit from his holding does his best
to keep his farm in a good state of cultivation. It necessarily
follow^s that soils in a fair state of cultivation do not require
quite the same manurial treatment as those poor soils to which
I have referred. This class generally possesses, to some extent,
every plant-food constituent necessary for the growth of the
ordinary crops of the rotation ; but some of the most necessary
constituents may be present in very small proportion, whilst
others may be in superabundance; and, as most practical farmers
are aware, the bulk of a crop does not depend on the presence
in the soil of a single constituent of plant-food, but in all the
necessary constituents being there in proper proportion. In
fact, whilst the bulk of a crop depends on all the essential
ingredients being present in the right proportion, an excess of
any one of them may, and very often does, prove injurious
instead of beneficial to the plant. The manure applied ought to
aim at supplying any deficiency of these constituents, and the
one most suitable for doing so will most undoubtedly give the
best and most economical results. Analyses, to a certain extent,
may help the agriculturist to form an idea of the deficiencies of
his soil ; but they cannot ahvays be relied on as a correct guide,
and may often be misleading, as it very frequently occurs that
plant-food is present in considerable quantity in the soil, and
yet not in a condition to be available for being absorbed by the
plant.

Thoroughly reliable results can only be got by practical tests

EXPERIMENTS ON THE CULTUEE OF TUKXIPS. 243

ill tlie field, and as they only apply to soils under similar condi-
tions, as already stated, they should be repeated in every
district. In 1879 I endeavoured to carry out a series of experi-
ments on the growth of turnips with artificial manures, both
with and without farmyard manure, on soil in fair condition
and in ordinary rotation for the growth of the turnip crop. The
results of these experiments were published in the fourth series,
vol. xii., page 90, of tlie " Highland Society's Transactions,"
but, owing to the cold and abnormally wet season, they could
not be looked upon as being so reliable as could have been
wished ; all of them, however, which were comparable, pointed in
the same direction as those experiments to which I have already
referred, and specially supported the efficacy of potash and
nitrogen, in addition to phosphates, as fertilisers for the turnip
crop. Not being satisfied with results obtained in so unfavour-
able a season as 1879, 1, this season, resolved to make a renewed
trial of the main features of my last year's experiments. I
decided to confine the trial to the elucidation of the question of
soluble versus insoluble phosphates, — both of these with potasli
salts added, and with potash and ammonia salts combined
added. Tims, each series contained three distinct trials of
soluble against insoluble phosphates, showing at the same time
the increase obtained by the use of a moderate quantity of
potash and ammonia salts. In order to ensure greater relia-
bility and wider application of results, I arranged to have five
stations, each station to be an exact duplicate of the others.
Two of these stations were on Sandyford farm ; one on the farm
of Craichie, tenanted by Mr Warden ; one on the farm of
Migvie, tenanted by Mr Cowper ; and one on the farm of
Auchindorie, tenanted by Mr Soutar.

These stations have a wide radius, are at different elevations,
have been cropped and manured differently during the five pre-
ceding years. They are composed of different classes of soils,
and taken collectively are a fair average of a wide district,
representing soil in the ordinary rotations for the growth of the
turnip crop. In selecting the stations great care was taken to
avoid irregularities of soil, — such as old furrows, or feerings,
extra thin or deep places, old manure stances, and sheltered
]>arts where cattle might have congregated when the field
was in pasture. The size of each plot was one hundredth part
of an acre, or 5 drills l.S yards long. These small plots enabled
me to have the soil as nearly equal as possible, thereby allowing
me fair comparison between the competing plots. On three of
the stations, the plots consisted of 26 yards of 20 drills; and
on the other two, 65 yards of 10 drills, — the comparative
plots being in every case placed side by side.

liefore speaking of the soils of the various stations, it may be
of importance to state brieily, in taljulated form, the modes of

244

EXPEKIMENTS ON THE CULTURE OF TURNIPS.

cropping observed, with kinds and quantities of manures applied
during the five years prior to 1880 : —

Sandyford I.

Year 1875.

Year 1876.

Year 1877.

Year 1878.

Year 1879.

Swedes.

Barley.

Hay.

Pasture.

Oats.

Gro\^Ti with

Grown with

Fed off with

Grown with

15 tons dung

4 cwts.mixed

Ij cwt. ni-

cattle.

3 cwt. 35 per

and 7 cwt.

manure per

trate of soda

cent, super-

mixed man-

acre.

per acre.

phosphate.

ure per acre.

and 1 cvvL
sul. of am-
monia per
acre.

Sandyford II.

Potatoes.

Oats.

Pasture.

Oats.

Grown with

Fed off with

Grown with

12 tons dung

15 tons town

cattle.

3 cwt. 35 per

and 6 cwt. of

manure, and

cent, super-

potash and

4 cwt. 35 per

phosphate,

superphos-

cent, super-

and 1 cwt.

j)hate per

phosphate,

sulphate of

acre.

and 1 cwt.
sul. of am-
monia.

ammonia.

Craichie.

Turnips.

Barley.

Hay.

Pasture.

Oats.

Grown with

Grown with 3

Fed off vnth

Grown with 3

12 tons dung

cwt. mixed

cattle.

cwt. of guano

and 5 cw t.

manure per

and dissolved

mixed arti-

acre.

bones mixed

ficial manure

per acre.

Auchtndorie.

Barley.

Hay.

Pasture.

Oats.

Grown with

Aftermath fed

Fed off with

Grown with-

10 tons to%ra

off mtli cat-

cattle.

out manure.

manure after

tle, also a

crop of pota-

quantity of

toes ■s\dth 12

turnips.

tons dunu"

per acre.

EXPERIMENTS ON THE CULTUKE OF TURNIPS.

245

Over Migvie.

Year 1875.

Year 1876.

Year 1877.

Year 1878.

Year 1879.

Turnips.

Barley.

Hay.

Pasture.

Oats.

Grown \vitli

Grown with 4

Grown with. Ih

Fed off with

Grown with 3

15 tons

cwt. mixed

cwt. nitrate of

cattle.

cw^t. Peru-

dung and 7

manuie per

soda per acre.

vian ;^'uano

cwt. mixed

acre.

and super-

manure

phosphate

per acre.

mixed per
acre.

On reference to this table, it will be observed that the five
stations, with the exception of that at Anchindorie, have been
cropped in the fifth rotation, the Aucliindorie one being a
sixth rotation or one year longer in grass. The last root
crop grown on three of them was potatoes ; on the other t^\'o,
turnips.

I shall now give in tabulated form the nature, colour, and
depth of the various soils, with their underlying geological
formation, and elevation above sea-leveL

Name of
Station.

Sandyford I.
Do. II.
Craichie,
Anchindorie,
Over Migvie,

Elevation.

Colour of
Soih

340 feet. 1 Black loam

330
420
240
500

"I
"{

I Firm brown )

loam (

Sharp black /

soil (

Sharp ]»rown )

soil S

Good black )

loam )

Probable
Depth.

Underlying
Formation.

I C Bouhk'r clay

12 to 13 inches , < of Old Red
I ( Sandstone.
Do.

10 to 12
9 to 10
8 to 10

18t(.2o

Trap rock.

Porous gravel.
i BouMcr clay
} of 01.1 Red
( Sands toue.

There are not twu of these soils similar. The Sandyford black
soil is soft and not very productive, and gr()w.s clover badly; the
brown loam is lirm good cropping soil ; the Craichie is good
sharp soil, and very productive; the Aui-hindorie station is viTV
good and kindly, though not a deoji soil, it does not burn readily
in a dry and will not drown in a wet season, and gcncially
carries good crops; the C)v('r Migvie station is by fnr the best

246 EXPERIMENTS ON THE CULTUKE OF TURNIPS.

soil of the five, combining depth with firmness and fertility, but
is a little handicapped by its elevation above sea-level.

All the stations have a southern exposure, with the exception
of Craichie, which slopes gently to the north.

The oat stubbles on all the stations were ploughed during the
months of November and December of 1879, and w^ere prepared
last spring in the usual way for the turnip crop. The weather
during the latter operation was exceptionally dry, so dry, in-
deed, that it necessitated a considerable amount of care in the
manipulation of the soil during its preparation in order to retain
sufficient moisture to secure a braird. The labourino: of the
plots was in every case done along with the rest of the field,
and were only measured off after the drills were ridged up ; the
tops of these were harrowed down with a hand-rake to make
them ready for the manure.

The experimental plots being sown along with the general
crop of the farm, necessitated the sowing of the various stations
at difterent times to suit the circumstances of the farm on which
each was situated. The lighter sharper soils being, as a matter
of prudence, sown later in the season, thus providing against the
too early maturing of the crop, and increasing the chance of its
being a heavier one ; the deeper and heavier soils being, of
course, better able to withstand the variations of the weather,
were sown earlier. J3esides this, considerable differences of
opinion exist as to the proper time for sowing this crop. All
these circumstances were considered, and the stations were
selected so as to have variety of soils, as well as differences in
dates of sowing, in order to see if these varied conditions
influenced the results to any extent.

To make the test between the soluble and insoluble phos-
phates as equal as possible, I arranged to have the superphos-
phate manufactured from the same material as the ground
phosphates ; the kind of phosphate selected was " Curacoa." A
sufficient quantity of this article was got to supply all the
stations ; it was ground to an impalpable powder ; after being
mixed, it was sampled and sent to two different analysts, with
the following results, 87'48 per cent., and 91 '14 per cent.,
respectively, of tribasic phosphate. A sufficient quantity of
curacoa superphosphate was also got, which was carefully
broken down and thoroughly mixed, also analysed in dupli-
cate, with the following results, — one sample containing
41*12 of soluble, and I'oO of insoluble; the other, 42*87
soluble, and 1-65 insoluble. The superphosphate was in fine
dry condition.

The potash salts used were home manufactured sulphate,
analysing 77 per cent, of sulphate. The nitrogen used was in

EXPEPvIMEXTS OX THE CULTURE OF TUPtNlPS.

!47

tlie form of sulphate of ammonia, analysing 25*12 per cent, of
ammonia. Both these salts were carefully pulverized before
beinoj mixed for sowino-.

I had several reasons for selecting these sources of the various
manures. My reason for choosing the curacoa was its high
percentage of phosphates, it being thus less likely to contain
impurities than a lower class phosphate, besides being capable
of being ground into an exceedingly fine powder.

In a trial of ground versus soluble phosphate, fineness of
division is of primary importance, as it constitutes the main
value of the phosphate, in regard to its immediate availability
as plant-food. The superphosphate, from the same source, was
used for fair comparison, both ground and soluble being almost
the highest possible of their respective classes. Sulphate of
potash was chosen because it suited best for mixing, besides hav-
ing given me the best results in previous years. Sulphate of
ammonia was used as a quick-acting source of nitrogen, and not
so readily washed away in the drains as nitrate of soda ; at the
same time beino; better suited for mixinf^ with the other imiire-
dients, without causing any chemical change.

The weight and value per acre of the manures used are as
undernoted : —

Groimd Phosphate Section.

Soluble Phosphate Section.

p:ots.

Tribasic
Phosphates.

Sulphate of
Potash.

p
• •— t

Cost per
acre.

Plots.

Soluble
Phosphates.

Sulphate of
Potash.

Nitrogen.

Cost per
Acre.

II.

III.

IV.

lbs.
280
280
280
No

lbs.

112

Manur

lbs.
23i

£ s. d.

0 19 6

1 9 6

2 9 0

II.

III.

IV.

lbs.
280
280
280

lbs.

112
112
112

lbs.

23,;

i; .s\ d.

1 14 6

2 4 6

3 4 0
1 9 6

The Xo. IV. ph)ts, of both tlie sohible and insohible sec-
tions, were suggested to me by Mr Jamieson of Aberdeen, too
late for being tried at the Sandy ford station,, but were tried at
the other three stations.

As soon as the soil was prepared for sowing at eacli oLthe
stations, I went ])ersonally and a])plied the manures, and imme-
diately afti-rwards they were covered up jind the turnip seed
sown. Aberdeen yellows were the variety sown at all the
stations, unless tlie l\o. 1. station at Sandvford, which was
sown with swedes.

248

EXPERIMEXTS ON THE CULTUEE OF TUEXIPS.

The dates of sowiDg and thinning on the various stations were-
as follows : —

Xame of Station,

Sown.

Tliinned.

Sandvford,

Do.
Craichie, ....
Auchindorie,
Over Migvie,

Plot.

II.

10th May
21st May
1st June
12th June
24th May

2d July
24th June
30th June
9th July
22d June

The turnip plants at all the stations brairded healthy and
regular, unless the Sandyford swedes, and reached the thinning
stage in a vigorous growing condition, untouched by fly or other-
parasite. The Sandyford swedes brairded rather irregularly,
for want of moisture, but a shower Ijrouglit up a second braird
about ten days after the first, and both combined gave more
than a sufficient number of plants. This accounts for the late-
thinning at that station.

The no-manure plots bad the smallest plants at thinning time
on all those stations containing that plot.

The plots with phosphate, nitrogen, and potash, were best;
and potash and phosphates combined, next; with phosphates
alone, a little way behind these ; and no-manure, of course, worst.

The difference could not be very great considering the size of
the plants at this stage, and can simply be explained by stating
that the best plots were on the big side for thinning, and the
worst barely large enough.

On all the stations, shortly after thinning, the Xo. III. plots--
of both sections got considerably ahead of the others, the No.
IT. plots following hard up, with the No. I. plots still further
in the rear, and no-manure, as might expected, making little
progress. At this stage, comparing the soluble with the insoluble
sections, there was some little difference at the various stations.

On the Sandyford and Craichie stations there appeared to
be very little difference between them, whilst on the Over-
Migvie and Auchindorie stations, the soluble phosphates
gathered a slight lead for some weeks after thinning, but by the
1st August no difference in appearance could be detected.

The plots with potash and nitrogen combined, without phos-
phates, judging from appearance of shaws on 1st August,
appeared second in order of merit in their section, both on the
Mig^de and Craichie stations, but on the Auchindorie station,,
this plot was very little better than no-manure, — plainly in-
dicating a scarcity of phosphates on this station. Hence the bad
results without them, and on all the stations this plot was too
dark green in the foliage to be healthy, and got more unhealthy

EXPERIMENTS OX THE CULTURE OF TUIiXIPS. 240

in appearance towards maturity. The Sandy ford stations were
the only ones which suffered from any unusual occurrence in the
weather. A very severe hailstorm passed over the district
shortly after the turnips were thinned, and literally stripped the
leaves of their foliage, and knocked the plants very much about ;
but as all the plots at these two stations got the same treatment,
it could not be said that it interfered in the slightest degree with
the comparative value of the plots, although I have not the
least doubt but that it kept the turnips a fortnight back, and to
some extent diminished the ultimate yield. All the other stations,
escaped this storm.

The unhealthiness I complained of last year in the dissolved
manure plots was visible only at Craichie on the superphosphate
plot. That plot im]n'oved a little after the beginning of August,
but was never satisfactory in appearance.

I examined very particularly the appearance of all the stations
during the first week of August. At that time the Migvie station
showed the best appearance of a crop, the Craichie and Sandy-
ford being in appearance about equal. The xVuchindorie station,
owing to the late sowing, was at this time a little way behind ;
but during the two or three weeks which had elapsed since the
turnips had been thinned, the progress the plants had made was
almost marvellous, and showed that Mr Soutar's confidence in
his light sharp soil was not misplaced, or his late sowing ill
judged, the turnips at this time looking full of growth and
vigour.

Speaking in a comparative way, on tlie 1st August the
stations all seemed to speak with one voice, the Migvie and
Craichie stations particularly being an exact counterpart the
one of the other, the difference between the appearance of the
plots being quite visible, the plot without manure being at the
bottom, and tlie others rising in succession like the steps of a
stair in the order of I. II. and III. plots successively. No ditler-
ence was visible between tlie soluble and insoluble sections at
this stage.

I am sorry to say tliat shortly after this, or about the middle
of August, " finger and toe" smote the turnips, not only on the
station at Over-Migvie, but over all tlie lii'ld in which it was
situated, and in the course of a week or two the turnips at this
station were so much diseased, that they were quite unsuitable
for comparison so far as weighing wns concerned. It is inter-
esting to note, however, that every plot was seized with the
disease alike, as also the general crop outside the plots, which
was lieavily njanured with farmyanl manure and a heavy
dressing of mixed artificial manures; thu.s })roving con-
clusively, that none of the manures u.^^ed are a preventive

250

EXPERIMENTS OX THE CULTUEE OF TUEXIPS.

of " finger and toe," neither are tliey the canse, as the no manure
plot was as badly diseased as the others.

The weather was unusually dry during the latter part of
August and beginning of Septemloer, and during this trying
ordeal the soluble phosphates sections were the first to show a
failure of plant-food, by the shrivelling of the under leaves of
the turnip shaws, and by the end of October the difference in
the appearance of the shaws of the soluble as compared with the
insoluble sections was quite marked, the shaws of the former
being pretty well down, and the latter still fresh and green.

Dr Aitken, the Highland Society's chemist, visited all the
stations on 21st of October, and inspected them very carefully.
He was very much struck with the appearance of the increase
of crop grown by phosphates alone, more especially on the
Auchindorie station. The increase grown by the use of potash
surprised that gentleman on all the stations, showing much
better results than he had obtained from his experiments in the
Lothians.

At this time the superiority of the ground over the soluble
phosphate section was quite visible on the Auchindorie and
Craichie stations, also on the Sandyford swedes, the Sandy-
ford yellows apparently showing very little difference between
the two.

Having received instructions from Dr Aitken for weighing
the plots, and also for sampling them for analysis, I, on the
27th and 28th of October got this work carefully and satisfac-
torily accomplished. The weather during the performance of
this operation was very favourable ; the soil also being in fine
dry condition, the turnips turned out quite clean. On being
lifted, their small rootlets were cut oil', and the shaws separated
close to the bulbs. Shaws and roots were weighed separately,
and I, along with others, superintended the weighing process.

Subjoined are the results in tabulated form, calculated up to
the weight per acre.

Sandyford Swedish Turxip^:

Ground Phosphate
Section.

Soluble Phosphate
Section.

Increase of Crop per Acre.

Weight per Acre.

1 Insoluble.

Soluble.

Roots.

Shaws.

Roots.

Shaws.

■ Roots.

Shaws.

Roots.

Shaws.

Plots.

cwts.

cw^ts.

cwts.

193-4

81-2

189-6

85-1

3-8

...

3-9

TI.

321-1

73-5

313-3

58-0

7-8

15-5

...

• • •

III.

375-3

77-3

358-0

69-7

17-3

7-6

...

EXPEEDIENTS OX THE CULTURE OF TUENIPS.

251

Saxdyford Yellows.

Ground Phosphate
Section.

Soluble Phosphate
Section.

Increase of Crop per Acre.

Weight per Acre.

1 Weight per Acre. ^ Insoluble.

Soluble.

Roots.

Shaws.

j Hoots.

Shaws.

Roots.

Shaws.

Roots.

Shaws.

Plots.

cwts.

i cwts.

cwts.

csvts.

cwts.

417-8

85-1

' 394-6

77-3

23-2

7-8

• • •

II.

471-1

92-8

; 468-1

81-2

3-0

1 11-6

• • •

III.

549-3

104-4

560-9

96-6

• • •

7-8

11-6

■ ■ •

Craichie Yellows.

402-3

58-0

340-4

58-0

61 -9

II.

526-1

73-5

402-3

54-1

123-8

19-4

• • •

III.

533-8

85-0 !

514-5

54-1

19.3

30-9

IV.

185-7

42-5

417-8

73-5

...

Auchindorie Yellows.

429-4

77-4

371-1

50-.1

58-2

27-3

• • •

■ • •

11.

5.33-8 1

81-2

429-4

42-5 104-4

38-7

III.

580-3 i

92-8

541-0

65-7 39-3

26.1

• • •

IV.

175-4 i

58.0

286-1

54-1

1 1

...

■ • ■

...

For the purpose of couveniently comparing the average results
of each station, I shall give in tabulated form the average per
plot of the increase per acre of crop, grown by the use of fn-
soluble as compared with soluble phosphates over each station
separately.

Name of Station.

Sandvford Swedes,
Sandy ford Yellows,
Craichie,
Auchindorie,

General Average of 12 Plots aside per Plot, 37 5 15-7

Avrrage

Incrciise

lb)ots.

Shaws

cwt.s.

cwts.

9-6

6-4

4-8

9-0

68-3

16-7

67-3

30-7

252

EXPERIMENTS OX THE CULTURE OF TURNIPS.

Average per acre of additional weight of crop grown by the-
use of potash salts added to phosphates, at a cost of 10s. : —

Xame of Station.

Eoots.

Shaws.

Sandyford I., . . . .
Do. II., ....

Craichie,

Auchindorie, ....

General Average of 16 Plots, .

cvvLs.

125-7
63-4
92-8
81-3

cwts.

5-8

• • •

Decrease 17-4

• • •

Decrease 1-9

90-8

Decrease 1-9

Average weight per acre of crop grown by the addition of
nitrogen to phosphates and potash, at a cost per acre of
19s. 6d. : —

Xame of Station.

Eoots.

Shaws.

Sandyford I.,

Do., II.,

Craichie,

Auchindorie,

General Average of 8 Plots, .

cwts,
49-4
85-5
59-9
79-0

cwts.

/ /
13-5

5-7
17-4

68-5 11-1

No manure of Craichie gives

Do. Auchindorie give's

Average Produce,

185-7
175-1

42-5
58-0

180-4 50-2

Potash and ammonia salts combined, without phosphates, gave

the following results : —

• Name of Station.

Eoots.

Shaws.

Craichie,

Auchindorie,

cwts.
417-8
286-1

cwts.
73-5
54-1

These tabulated statements of the results speak for themselves ;
but before discussino- the results of the weighing:, it micjht
be interesting to give the weights of the samples sent for
analysis. Thirty turnips were selected from each plot, as nearly
as possible representative of the crop grown on it. They weighed,
as under : —

EXPERIMENTS ON THE CULTURE OF TURNIPS.

253

t
Ground Phosphates.

Soluble Phosphates.

Stations.

Plot I.

Plot II.

Plot III.;

Plot I.

Plot II.

Plot III.

lbs.

Sandvford I.,

371

651

531

601

Sandvforcl II.,

701

811 1

i 571

721

78^

Craichie,

76^

84i

1 53^

611

Auchindorie,

651

87i

631

85i

Crlancing at the weights of the samples, it is at once apparent
that they form a fair corresponding index to the weight of the
crop.

In 1879,1 was frequently told that the excessively wet season
of that year was the cause of the bad results shown by soluble
phosphates. T had personally no definite opinion on the subject,
but resolved to test the drainage water for phosphoric acid, in
order to learn if it was carried off in the drains, as being the
most likely if not the only effect excessive rain was likely to
cause. Circumstances fortunately gave me a good opportunity of
doing this in an effective manner.

The leading drain selected had an infall of about twenty acres,
which was all under root crop this year, and heavily dressed with
farmyard and artificial manures, last year also receiving a heavy
dressing of soluble manure to the grain crop.

After the manure had been applied to the root crop of this
year, there was a continuous drought for several weeks, with no
rain sufficient to reach the drains. At this time I sampled the
water when the pipe was only discharging a tiny, stripe — not
more than a gallon in ten minutes. A fortnight later a deluge
of rain occurred, and in consefpieuce the drain was running full
pipe, with a considerable pressure, discharging many gallons per
minute. I sampled the water after the drain had run in this
way for about ten hours. Another lieavy rain occurred about
ten days later ; the water of this drain was sampled for the third
time. I sent these sanqdes of water to a chemist for examina-
tion, and received the following report : —

" The first sample you sent contained nitric acid, but in very
small propjortion, what might be called a trace. Of phosphoric
acid it contained none, or an exceedingly small quantity. Of
])otash, there was what might be called a faint trace. In both
of the second samples there was a large ([uautity of nitric acid.
Of potash, however, there was only a trace, and of ])hosphoric
acid there was either none at all, or the quantity was so snuill
as hardly to be recognisable."

Judging from this report, the excessive rainfall had evidently

254

EXPERIMENTS ON THE CULTURE OF TURXIPS.

carried off a large quantity of nitric acid and also a little potash,
but of phosphoric acid it apparently had carried off none.

When it is considered that the drain in question was discharg-
ing water at the rate of many thousand gallons a day, containing
a considerable quantity of nitric acid, it will at once be evident
that a large quantity of this valuable article was being washed
away in the drains. A little potash had also got into the drains,
but the quantity seems to have been very small, and as the first
sample of water (which was entirely bottom or spring water)
showed a faint trace of it, it is questionable whether much or
even any of the potash salts applied to the soil had been carried
away, — as the soil and subsoil in their natural composition
contain about '25 per cent, of potash. A very trifling percentage
of this quantity, however, is in a soluble condition.

Agriculturists generally appear to think that such abnormally
wet seasons as 1879 favour the action of insoluble more than
soluble phosphates, and that the results of experiments with
these articles in such seasons are not reliable ; but, while the
popular belief is that a portion of the soluble phosphates are
washed into the drains by excessive rains, and that these rains
favour the decomposition of ground phosphates by assisting the
action of the solvents present in the soil, this season's inquiries
seem to point entirely in the opposite direction. There does not
appear to be any phosphoric acid carried off in the drains, although
it may have been washed into the subsoil, and the results of this
year's experiments with insoluble versus soluble phosphates,
comparatively speaking, show that this hot dry season has been
more favourable for the action of ground than of soluble phos-
phates. Comparing the present results with those obtained in
1879, we find that the excessive wet season, instead of materially
assisting in the decomposition of ground phosphates, had the oppo-
site effect. In 1879 the no-manure plot of the Sandyford experi-
ments weighed 143 cwt. of roots, and the average this year was
180 cwts — nearly 2 tons per acre of an increase. The average
increase per acre over the no-manure plot in both years, with
the various applications, was as follows : —

1879.

1880.

cwts.

Grown \^

itli Insoluble Phosphates,

180

Do.

SoluLle do.

143

Do.

Addition of Potash to Phos-

phates grow a mean of

102

Do.

Addition of Nitrogen do.

109

• • •

Do.

do. Nitrogen to Phos-

phates and Potash,

EXPERIMENTS OX THE CULTURE OF TUEXIPS. 255

Phosphates, both soluble and insoluble, have given a much
larger increase this season than in 1879 ; indeed, the great
increase of crop over that year appears to be principally due to
phosphates. The results of potash are 12 cwts. per acre behind
those of 1879. The results of the application of nitrogen are
not comparable, as the one year it was put on with phosphates
alone, and the next with phosphates and potash combined.
This year's weighing of the plots shows the unexpected result of
37 cwts. per acre in favour of ground phosphates. It is neces-
sary, however, to repeat, that the phosphates used were of the
highest class and capable of being ground to the finest state of
division, and they certainly were better ground than those I
used last year, being passed through a screen eighty holes to the
inch, and as fine as the best flour.

The value of a manure depends on the rapidity and complete-
ness with which it is capable of being absorbed and assimilated
by the plant. The same manure may be ground to two states
of fineness, so that the one may expose double the amount of
surface to the action of solvents that the other does, and yet
both be considered finely ground. The result, therefore, would
be, that 'the more coarsely ground phosphates would require
double the time to be absorbed by the plant in comparison with
the other ; and hence to the fineness of subdivision I attri-
bute in a great degree the better comparative results given
this year by the ground phosphates as compared with those got
in 1879. On the Craichie station I had good practical proof of
the correctness of this theory of fine grinding. Mr Warden
manured the continuation of the drills at that station with a
well-balanced mixture, containing a fair proportion of potash,
nitrogen, and phosphates. The pliosphates were partially soluble,
but the larger proportion of them were insoluble. This manure
was in a very rough state of division as compared with the
manure used on the plots, and although as much potash, nitro-
gen, and phosphates were used as on the tri])le plots of tlie station,
the result in weiglit of crop was little better than the produce
of phospliates alone. The cause of this deficiency I ascribe
partly to the rough state of division, partly to the combinations
of the various constituents of the manure. At Auchindorie the
general crop was grown with artificial manure, and both manure
and results were similar to those at Craichie. .

At Craichie the general croj) was grown with 14 tons farm-
yard and () cwts. mixed artificial manure per acre. The produce
of this api)lication weighed 2 tons per acre less than the tri}»le
plots of the insoluble phosphate sei'tion which IkhI no farmyard
manure. At the Sandy ford yi'llow turnip station, the trij)le
plots and the general crop grown with 111 tons farmyard and
7 cwt. of mixed artificial manure, gave about equal weights.

;2o6 EXPERIMENTS OX THE CULTURE OF TURNIPS.

The artificial manure used to the general crop at Sandyford was
in a good state of division, but not nearly so fine as that used
on the plots.

The Swedish turnip station was the only one on which the
farmyard manure was ahead of the triple plots, and here the
crop was 4 or 5 tons heavier per acre. This seems to indicate
that swedes require a larger supply of plant-food than the softer
varieties, and, from the more extensive ramifications of their
roots, are better able to obtain it. It is abundantly proved this
year on all the stations, that the theory of fine grinding of
phosphates constitutes a great part of their value, as well as of
all insoluble manures. There is, however, another question
w^hich arises from the result of this season's inquiries, and which
most materially affects the use of ground phosphates, — that is,
the presence of solvents in the soil.

It is well known that soils rich in organic matter hasten the
decomposition of certain forms of manure, and that lime and
alkaline salts generally have a dissolving tendency ; there are
also several other forms of solvents present in the soil which
affect insoluble manures to a greater or less degree. The only
soils on the stations known as light soils are those at Craichie
and Auchindorie ; the one gives the result of 68, and the other
of 67 cwts. per acre of an increase in favour of ground phos-
phate. The Sandyford station (swedes) is soft black loam, and
•gives a result of 9 cwt. per acre of an increase. The Sandyford
yellows is firm soil, inclined to be heavy ; it only gives 4 cwt.
per acre in favour of insoluble phosphate. Judging from these
results, it would seem as if the light sharp soils of the Auchin-
dorie and Craichie stations contained a larger proportion of
solvents in their composition than the others, or that their open
porous nature, by more readily admitting the atmosphere, may
have contributed in no slight degree to the oxidation and dis-
solving of the phosphates. The class of soils to which the other
stations belong may be said to give pretty equal results with the
soluble and insoluble phosphates, as a difference of a few hundred-
weights per acre is hardly appreciable on a crop of turnips. The
only deduction which can l^e drawn from this is, that light sharp
soils give better results with ground phosphates than medium
soils. I will not venture to go beyond the limits of my experi-
ence so far as to say that heavy clay soils will give w^orse results
than medium soils, but will simply say I think they would be
very likely to do so to a considerable extent. However, that is
immaterial to this report, as these soils are cropped in a different
way ; besides, there is a very small breadth of them in Strath-
more, or, for that matter, in Forfarshire.

In summing up the results of my last year's inquiries, I wrote
as follows : — " Judging from the results of these experiments, it

.-IT

EXPEKIMEXTS OX THE CULTUEE OF TUENIPS. 25/

is quite clear that in such a season, and on the kind of soil, &c.,
to which I have already referred, the most economical manure
to use for the growth of a bulky crop of turnips would be ground
phosphate, with the addition of sulphate of potash and a little
nitrogen in convenient form, to stimulate the plant during its
early stages." I did not try that combination in my last year's
experiments, but tried phosphates and potash combined, also
nitrogen and phosphates combined; and from the results of
these, was quite satisfied that the three combined would give
the best results in weight of crop. The correctness of these
conclusions has been very fully proved by this year's experi-
ments, where in every case these three constituents combined
have grown the heaviest crops. And the experiments further
bear out what Mr Jamieson, and latterly iJr Aitken, have been
endeavouring to impress on the agricultural public for some
years past — namely, that ground phosphate is both a valuable
and an economical fertiliser for the gi'owth of a turnip crop, its
main value consisting not only in its source, but mainly in the
fineness of its state of division. That different classes of soils
give different results with any manure is well known. On the
Highland and AgTicultural Society's stations in the Lothians,
the addition of potash for turnips makes very little difference to
the ultimate yield. In Forfarshire, on a different class of soils,
it gives a very substantial increase ; and on the Aberdeenshire
stations, a full crop cannot be grown witliout it.

The small increase of crop grown by the soluble over the
insoluble phosphates in 1879, as previously mentioned, was
generally attributed to the excessive rainfall of that season.
The result this year, with a season very hot and also very dry,
with the exception of several heavy thunder showers during
the month of Jul}^ shows that instead of the soluble phosphates
having increased, they have fallen a considerable way beliind
the insoluble on the light sharp soils, similar to last year's
experimental plots. Further, I am quite convinced that the
ground pliospliates last year would at least liave given as good
results as the soluble, liad they been as finely ground as those
used this year. Even with the rouglier grinding, the dillereuce
of crop last year would not pay expenses of making tliem
Rolublc.

There is another important pohit yet to be taken up in regard
to the manuring of tlie turnip crop, which is of vital interest to
the tenant-farmer with soil in ordinary rotation of cropping —
namely, that while the gi'owth of a good turnip crop is of great
importance, the crops which follow it have also to be considered.
Therefore, a few remarks on the barley crop grown this year on
my last year's experimental station, may not be without interest
and instruction. J'otli shaws and roots of the turnips on the

258 EXPEllDIEXTS OX THE CULTUKE OF TURXIPS.

plots were removed dnring the last week of October 1879, and
the soil ploughed for barley the following April., along with the
remainder of the held. The barley crop, including the plots,
received a dressing of 2 cwts. 42 per cent, super-phosphate,
1 cwt. 77 per cent, sulphate of potash, and half a cwt. sulphate of
ammonia per acre. Xotwithstanding this top-dressing, before
the barley plants had been three weeks above ground, the two
sections without the farmyard manure last year might have been
noticed miles away by their deep brown tint amidst the healthy
green of the field. Although no mark was left to indicate the
precise location of the plots, their appearance a week or two
after brairding pointed them out as correctly and neatly as if
they had been marked off. During the first week of August, I,
along with several practical men, carefully inspected the crop
grown on the various plots. I shall give the results we arrived
at in regard to weight of crop calculated in tenths, reckoning the
general crop of the field as ten-tenths.

In Section I. no-manure gave three- tenths, ground and soluble
phosphates each four-tenths ; dissolved bones, which were almost
a failure in turnips last year, grew^ close on five-tenths. In
Section II. all the six plots had phosphates, two of them with
potash in addition ; the other four with nitrogen in addition, in
different combinations. On all the six plots the crop appeared
to be almost equal, and did not in any case exceed six-tenths. The
nitrate of soda plot of last year came away fully as vigorously to
start with as any of the forms of nitrogen ; and notwithstanding
the excessively wet season of 1879, had a very marked effect on
the succeeding barley crop. The potash salts seem to have had
ultimately about as much effect on the barley crop as the
nitrogen, but did not start it away quite so rapidly at first ; and
1 am firmly of opinion that, had the tv^^o been combined and
added to phosphates for the turnip crop, besides giving the best
results in weight of turnips, would also have grown the heaviest
crop of barley to follow.

The general crop of the field was a very heavy one, and had
the advantage of the plots to this extent. It received last year
a liberal dressing of artificial, besides 20 tons farmyard manure,
which would probably contain 250 lbs. of nitrogen and an equal
weight of potash. In addition to this dressing to the turnips,
the shaws were left on the ground, whereas they were carted off
the plots. And last, though not least, as afiecting the barley
crop, the turnips on the plots were lifted during the last weeK
of October, wlnle those on the general crop were lifted later in
the season. It is a well-established fact in this district that
where turnips and shaws are lifted early, as compared with
where they are allowed to remain on the ground a few weeks
later, there is almost certain to be a difference, and often a con-

EXPERIMENTS OX THE CULTURE OF TURNIPS. 259

siderable difference, in the growth of the succeeding barley crop
in favour of the late pulling. To this latter cause I mainly
attributed the deficiency of crop shown by the two experimental
sections which received farmyard manure, this deficiency
amounting to not less than two- tenths below the average crop
of the field. The deductions to be drawn from the results of
the growth of barley on the last year's turnip plots are as
follows : —

Phosphates, whether ground or soluble, applied to the turnip
crop also assist the following barley crop, and both apparently
to an equal extent. Nitrogen applied to the turnip crop in ad-
dition to phosphates still further increases the succeeding barley
crop, and, to a great extent, shov/s the difference at once in
starting away the plants in the earlier stages of gTowth much
faster than phosphates alone. Potash applied for the turnip
crop ulthnately has as good an effect on the barley crop, but
does not start the plant so quickly. Each of these manures
separately has an appreciable effect on the barley crop ; the
plain inference, therefore, is, that all three combined and applied
to the preceding turnip crop would give the best results in the
succeeding barley crop.

The different forms of nitrogen used ultimately gave pretty
equal results, with the exception of bone-meal, which gave
little if any better results than ground coprolite ; a rather sur-
prising result, seeing it contained a considerable percentage of
nitrogen in combination with the phosphates.

I fully expected that the quantity of soluble manure which
was applied to the barley crop would have started it on the
plots, and can only explain its failure to do so on the hypothesis
that plants do not take up the artificially applied food so readily
or quickly as is generally supposed. This more particularly
applies to quickly growing cereals. That the general crop of
the field, with its heavy dressing of farmyard and artificial
manures applied to the preceding turnip crop, should start away
vigorously and grow a full crop of barley, was only to be ex-
pected, as the large quantity of nitrogen and potash contained
in the turnip dressing, owing to their combination, would only
in a very limited degree be taken up by tluit crop. Therefore,
leaving a large residue of those constituents thoroughly incor-
porated with the soil, a portion of them most undoubtedly being
in a suitable condition for being immeiliately assimilated by the
succeeding crop. Comparatively speaking, therefore, results
consideralily in favour of farmyard manure were only to be
looked for in the barley crop, anil may reasonably be exi^ected
in the succeeding grass crojts.

i shall now refer to the results ol)tained from the analysis of
tie samples of turnips sent to ]>r Aitkcn.

'Z60

EXPEEIMENTS ON THE CULTURE OF TUENIPS.

Subjoined are these results in tabulated form, showing the
percentage of dry matter and moisture contained in the samples,
also the weight per acre of the dry matter, with general averages
calculated from the weight of crop grown on each station.

SAXDYroED Swede Station.

Insoluble Phosphate Sections.

Soluble Phosphate Sections.

•

!-*

CD (D

fcc.2

o g
tc.2

D a5

ci q;

03 ^-^

4^ 3

rt 43

cS O

C3 O

c5 0)

?^ ti

4-i

cS -P

c5 O

"^ S.

-*-^

;d o

?r! ■^

to o

5r! "^

^ a

5r! '=^

-M

^ O

;-! c3

5:' ^

f-( c3

^ ^-

u rt

OJ -^-j

..-H

O -+J

f^ ,

<^ ,

O -t->

"^ ;r:

OJ -f-^

'^ t

'-'

> a-

O ?H

> Vj

7-t

> 5r!

>. OJ

^-i o

t> c/^

t> bi

1 >5 o

<1 P-

bE.

^ <D

<1 n^.

P-<

cwts.

11-6

• • •

88-4

• • •

22-4

• • •

11-2

88-8

• • •

21-2

• • •

II.

11-7

• • •

88-3

• • •

37-5

• • ■

II.

11-3

88-7

• a •

35-4

• ■ •

III.

11-5

11-6

88-5

88-4

43-1

34-3

III.

11-0

11-1

89-0

88-9

39-3

31-9

Saxdyford Yellows.

8-9

• ■ •

91-1

37-1

9-3

90-7

• • •

36-6

• • •

II.

9-5

...

90-5

• • •

44-7

...

II.

8-9

91-1

41-6

[11.

9-6

9-3

90-4

90-7

52-7

44-6

III.

8-1

8-7

91-9

91-3

45-4

41-2

Craichie Yellows.

8-1

• • •

91-9

• • •

32-5

8-7

91-3

29-6

8-4

• • •

91-6

...

44-1

...

II.

9-3

90-7

37-3

III.

1— .hT
i i

8-0

92-3

92-0

41-3

39-3

1 III.

8-6

8-8

91-4

90-6

44-2

37-0

AucHixDORiE Yellows.

8-7

91-3

37-3

• • •

8-4

91-6

30-1

• • •

II.

8-1

...

91-9

...

43-2

...

II.

9-1

...

90-9

39-0

III.

8-6

8-4

91-4

91-6

49-9

43-4

III.

8-4

8-6

91-6

91-0

45-4

38-1

General Average.

...

9-3

...

90-7

...

40-4

• • •

9-3

• • •

90-7

...

37-0

Each of the analyses in the table are the results got from 30
separate turnips, in all representing a total of 720 turnips.
Judging from these results, the twelve plots grown with ground

EXPEKIMEXTS ON THE CULTURE OF TUEXIPS.

261

phosphates show an average per plot of 40*4 cwts. of dry matter
per acre, as against 37"0 cwt. grown by the soluble phosphates,
thus leaving a balance in favour of ground phosphates of 3"4
cwts. of dry matter per acre. The general average results
further show, that both soluble and insoluble phosphates give
each 9 '3 per cent, of dry matter in the total weight of crop
grown by each. The extra average of crop in favour of ground
phosphates is 37'o per acre, which at 9 '3 per cent, is exactly
represented by the 3*4 cwts. of dry matter. Thus, so far as
moisure is concerned, the produce of soluble and insoluble phos-
phate averages seem to be equal.

Tor convenient comparison I shall tabulate the percentage of
dry matter, with its w^eight per acre, grown by the different
applications, stating the general average of each over all the
stations combined.

Produce of Phosphates "1
alone, . . . j

Phospliates and Potash \
combined, . . \

Phospliates, Potash, and )
Nitrogen combined, . J

Insoluble
Sections.

Soluble
Sections.

Increase in

fa\'our

of Insoluble

per plot.

Average
per cent.

Average
per acre

Average
per cent.

Average
per acre.

9-3
9-4
9-3

cwts.
32-3

42-3

46-7

9-4
9-6
90

cwts .
29-3

38-3

43-5

cwts.
30

4-0

3-2

9-3

40-4

!J-3

37-0

3-4

These results seem to indicate that there is very little ditler-
ence in the percentage of dry matter from the produce of the
insoluble phosphate section with its three separate applications.
The single and triple plot are equal, and the double plot is only
one-tenth of a per cent, ahead. There is a little more variation
in the soluble section, the duuble ])lot again leading, soluble
phosphates alone l)eing 1 ])er cent, ahead of the insoluble; but
tlie trijde plot shows a rather lower percentage than the other
two, {dlhough hardly so large a dillerence as to call for the special
condemnation nitrogen receives from some experimenters as a
turnip fertiliser. 1 1 shows a sur])lus of solids over the double
plot of 5'2 cwts. per acre, which at 9 ])er cent, of solids is equal
to al)0ut 3 tons of tnrni]»s, whieli cannot be called dear at
6s. i')d. per ton., being total cost of nitrogen applied. On light

262 THE BOEDER LEICESTEK BREED OF SHEEP.

soils in Forfarshire I would consider one cwt. of sulphate of
ammonia a maximum dressing for turnips, and would expect on
the soils I have mentioned quite as heaf y a crop and one of a
more solid quality from an increase of the potash and a decrease
of the nitrogen used in these experiments.

I cannot conclude this report without thanking the gentle-
men who have so kindly granted me the use of their soil, along
with their hearty support and co-operation in the carrying out of
these experiments. The results obtained will no doubt assist them
in no small decree in the economical manurinc: of their future
turnip crops, but will to an equal extent assist all the farmers
in the wide district which the experiments embrace. I have
also to thank the chemical committee of the Highland Society
for so kindly asking their talented chemist to inspect the
stations and do the analysis for the experiments. A great deal
of the value which may be attached to the experiments is due
to his able assistance and co-operation.

In concluding, I would strongly urge upon the farmers of
central Forfarshire a very much more extensive use of potash,
especially for their root crops ; and in all manures applied,
particularly insoluble manures, the greatest attention ought
to be oiven to have them in the finest mechanical state
of division possible, without which maximum results cannot
be got.

THE BORDER LEICESTER BREED OF SHEEP.

By David Archibald, Awa Moa, Octoga, Xew Zealand.

[Premium — Ten Sovereigns. ]

This breed of sheep is one whose history is specially interest-
ing, both because of its development being due in rather a
remarkable way to the skill of one man, and of its existence
forming a striking illustration of what can be done by selection
in the breedino; of animals.

Hitherto it has always been admitted that it is to the
well-known Bakewell that the credit of forming the type
is due ; and probably no claim for distinction was ever put
forward on behalf of any man upon clearer grounds. There is,
no doubt, mention made by Youatt of an attempt having been
made before Bakewell's time to improve the sheep then native
to Leicestershire; but this attempt was a comparative failure.
" It is," this writer states, " commonly believed that a farmer^
named Allom of Clifton, possessed a superior breed of long-
woolled sheep, and that the neighbouring farmers and many

THE BOEDER LEICESTER BREED OF SHEEP. 263

from a distance purcliased rams from him, for which they paid
the extravagant sum, at that time, of two and three guineas
per head." Owing, however, to some cause — most likely to the
absence in Allom of that force of character and extraordinary
skill that were characteristic of his great successor — this effort,
as has been said, fell away without producing, so far as can now
be ascertained, any permanent results. But, as soon as Bake-
well took the matter in hand, the lines of reform were at once
well and surely laid. This eminent man, for as such he must
always be spoken of by sheep-breeders, was born in the year
1725, and being the son of " a considerable farmer," was trained
for an agricultural life. At Dishley, in the county of Leicester,
lie began his experiments in 1755. In regard to the way in
which he worked there has all alonj:!: been nmcli speculation ;
for the very good reason that any opinion formed on the subject
must be founded altogether on inference, and cannot be based
on actual knowledue, Bakewell having been to the last studi-
ously reticent as to his system, and this probably because he
had very little that he really could have told. First of all, there
has been much dispute as to the breed with which he began his
improvements. By sonie it is insisted that he started by
crossing the native sheep with Lincolns ; others hold that there
was a dash of liomney Marsh introduced ; and a third opinion
is, that it was exclusivelv with the old Leicesters that he
worked. In an angry correspondence which passed between
Bakewell himself and. Mr Chaplin of Tathwell, Lincolnshire,
published in Arthur Young's "Annals of Agriculture in 1788,"
the cause being that Bakewell had ventured to inspect ^Ir Chap-
lin's stock in the absence of the owner, he makes the following
statement : — '• I have not used any Lincolnshire rams for twenty
years past. Why have you, at different times from the year
1773 to 1786, hired from this county?" To show his dislike,
however, to that breed of sheep, it is told of him that when
last in the county of Norfolk he ate a neck of mutton at an inn,
which allbrded him a bone that he considered a curiosity, and
therefore kept. It was fully twice the size of that of one of his
own sheep, which had 4 inches of fat on it. He made in(]uiries
of the butcher where the sheep came from, thinking it might be
a Lincoln, but it was clearly ascertained to be a true Norfolk.
Writing in the " Farmers' Magazine" in 180.">, the " Northund)er-
land Farmer" — whose statements are always worthy of being
considered — also speaks of there having been tups of this breed
at Dishley. " At that time," he says, " Bakewell was allowed
the pick of all the principal Hocks of ewes in his neighbourhood
at the rate of 20s. or 21s. per head; but when the price was
advanced upon him to 42s. he gave uj), as by that time lie had
possessed himself of the best ewes in that part of the kingdom.

264 THE BORDER LEICESTER BREED OF SHEEP.

As for tups, lie also bought them wherever he could meet with
the most proper for his purpose ; aud, iudeed, I have beeu told
that those from whom he derived the most benefit were from
Lincoln." These, it will be seen, are opinions to which much
importance is not to be attached, as it may be guessed that
had the admission by Bakewell given any really valuable in-
formation it would not have been made, while the " Parmer's *'
opinion is confessedly founded on hearsay. There is, on the
other hand, obtained from Parkinson, who was an intimate
friend of Bakewell and a frequent visitor at Dishley, an account
of what happened, which is both trustworthy in itself and ex-
plains the other statements. What Parkinson says (writing in
his "Treatise on Live Stock ") took place is this, that Bakewell
first brought a tup from Lincolnshire at the price of 50 guineas,
when the best rams in the country were selling from 10 to 15
gTiineas, but that he soon discovered his mistake, and shortly
afterwards bouorht a ram from Mr Stow for about 15 guineas,
and that from this sheep he raised his noted stock. This ram
is afterwards identified as being one of the old Leicester kind ;
for Parkinson, in another part of his book, when he is again
describing the Dishley sheep, says '•' their wool is hairy, and
probably at the time I saw them they would not be more than
a double cross from the old Leicester, from which he chiefly
bred his flock with the sheep he bought of Mr Stow." It is
therefore reasonable to suppose, as this testimony is the best
that can be got, that it w\as his native county stock that Bake-
well made the basis of his improvements. This question is,
however, one of little practical moment ; what it is of import-
ance to notice is, that it was by ever watchful selection and
careful in-and-in breeding that the new type of sheep was
created, the fact being that, without a certain amount of close
or " sib " breeding, it is impossible to form a distinct sort of
sheep or any other animal, that in crossing would be at all
impressive. The object that Bakewell set before himself was
to work up to an animal with the greatest aptitude to fatten,
and which w^ould produce the greatest amount of mutton Vvdth
the least consumption of food and the least amount of offal.
With reference to size and wool he was indifferent ; his great
point was early maturity; and in thisj respect he effected so great
an improvement that, whereas the old Leicesters were usually
three year old before they were fit for the butcher, the new breed
could be fully fed in half that time. One event that was
almost necessarily coincident with the introduction of this type
of sheep was the successful cultivation of turnips. Dishley was
one of the first places at which this crop was drilled instead of
being sown broadcast — a proof of which is that Dawson, a
well-known Pioxburghshire farmer, went to Mr Bakewell's farm

THE BORDER LEICESTER BREED OF SHEEP. 265

as a servant, to learn how turnips were grown under the new
system, returning after he had acquired this knowledge to Scot-
land, where, on his farm of Frogden, he sowed his first drill
crop in 1763. By means of this root crop an abundant supply
of food was obtained on which to keep the sheep thriving
"from their birth to their death;" and with one of his great
practical difhculties thus provided for, Bakewell seems to have
got rid of the other difficulty in his way — the ever recurring
tendency of the stock to revert to former and less desirable
types — by the only way in which indeed it could have been
met, the constant and consistent striving after a model, the
general form of which he developed in accordance with the
experience that he was continually gaining. That in-and-in
breeding was much relied on to produce the desired result
has already been said, and this opinion is confirmed by several
reliable writers. Sir John Sebright, for example, says, in
his work on improving the breeds of domestic animals, that
■" Mr Bakewell effected his improvements by breeding from the
same family." Youatt makes a similar statement. " Bakewell
did not object," he says, " to breeding from near relations, when
by so doing he put together animals likely to produce progeny
possessing the characteristics that he wished to obtain"; and
by way of showing the great changes that can be effected by
selection, he adds, referring to the liocks of Mr Buckley of
Normanton Hill and Mr Burgess of Holmepierpoint, that these
sheep had been purely bred from the original Dishley stock for
upwards of fifty years, but that the difference between the two
Hocks was so great tliat they had the appearance of being quite
distinct varieties. Culley too, who, as will afterwards be seen,
was intimately associated with Bakewell, says that the latter
liad not crossed with any other blood than his own for upwards
of twenty years ; that the best stock had been produced by the
nearest affinities, and that the sheep had nevertheless not
decreased in size, neither had they become less hardy or more
liable to disease — a statement whicli is perhaps in the latter
part a little extravagant, but whicli in any case it is important
to have from one who is so much heard of among Leicester
breeders.

All the light that it is possible to get has now been thrown
on the origin of the breed, and it may next be inquired how
Jiakewell brought his sheep before the fanners of his time, and
what success he met in doing this. A proof of his remarkable
shriiwdncss is found in the system upon which, from the very
outset, he ap])ears to have conducted his commercial dealings.
Instead of selling the rams which he bred, he introduced the
practice of letting them out only for the season. The advantages
he gained by this practice are obvious: it enabled him to keep a

266 THE BORDER LEICESTER BREED OF SHEEP.

much larger number of rams than he required for his own use,,
giving him consequently greater choice in the selection of
animals from which to breed. Then — and this was the more
important consideration — it never allowed an animal to go out
of his possession, the great advantage of which was that when
he had ascertained that a sheep had proved of value to him, he
had the opportunity of again using it. It also provided a larger
experimental field than could have been found at Dishley ; for
when the tups were out on hire, their owner had constant
opportunities of noticing and hearing what effect they had
produced on the different stocks to which they had been put.
How the lettinc^ was s^one about in Bakewell's time is described
by Marshall in his work on the " Midland Counties," from which
it appears that the proceedings were very similar to those at
other places where the practice was carried on within living
memory, and where the occasion had very much the character of
a small fair, the company gathering at the breeder's farm, going
over the rams, which were all numbered, and then in the event
of several persons wishing to bid for one particular sheep, taking
a ballot as to who should have precedence, with the result, of
course, that whoever was prepared to give the highest sum closed
the bargain. Like many other "original men," as an old writer
says, Bakew^ell was at first sneered at by his neighbours, who
could not understand the lines on which he was working, and
were surprised at his neglect of size and wool.

It was about the year 1760 that the first Dishley ram was let
on hire. The man who got this sheep was Mr AVilbore of Illson-
on-the-Hill, and the price paid was 17s. 6d., at which figure it is
mentioned other two rams were immediately afterwards let.
For twenty years the great breeder continued steadily to im-
prove his stock, meeting little encouragement from his neighbours;
for it was only in rare cases during this time that he obtained
as much as two or three guineas for the use of a sheep, but
apparently confident that success would ultimately come. In
1780, twenty-five years after the flock had been established, the
turn of the tide came, and then all Bakewell's hopes must have
been more than fulfilled. Durinor this season he easilv obtained
ten guineas for some of his best rams; but this was only an in-
dication of the rush of prosperity that was to follow. Within
four years from this time the letting value of his best rams
rose to one hundred guineas, and fancy prices were thereafter
the rule. In 1786 a ram was let for one season for two
hundred guineas, on condition that he should serve at Dishley
a third of the usual number of ewes shed to one tup ; and
the amount realised for the whole of that year's letting was
one thousand guineas. This, however, was far surpassed by the-
following seasons, for in 1789 twelve hundred guineas were paid

THE BOKDEH LEICESTEE BREED OF SHEEP. 267

for the use of three rains, two tliousand guineas for seven others.,
and three thousand guineas by the Dishley Society, which had
by this time been formed, for the rest of the stock. The most
remarkable success was that of a favourite ram called " Two
Pounder," for the use of which Mr Bakewell one year received
eight hundred guineas from two breeders, while he reserved one
third of the animal's services for his own ewes. In addition to
this hiring of rams, ewes were received at Dishley to be put to
particular sires, at charges ranging from ten to sixty guineas per
score. Some six or seven years before his death, which took
place in 1795, Bakew"ell formed a small association of breeders,
which was called the Dishley Society. In the institution of this
Society, which consisted of twelve members, who paid an
entrance fee of ten guineas, and were pledged to secrecy, the
founder has generally been supposed to have had some selfish
motive. It is, however, difficult to see how a man, wnth the
reputation wliicli Bakewell had gained, could be in any way
benefited by associating himself with other breeders in the
neighbourhood. The reasonable supposition, therefore, seems to
be that he was more anxious to see his new breed firmly estab-
lished than for any additional personal gain; and that he
intended the Society as a set off against that which the Lincoln-
shire breeders had already organised for the purpose of fostering
their type of sheep. The rules of the Dishley Society were
rather curious iu their character, and as they have not been
often seen in print, it may not be out of place here to quote
some of the ]H'incipal of them: —

'■ 1. No mendjer shall hire or use a ram not belonL(in<::j either

to ]\lr Bakewell or to one of the members of the

Society.
" 2. Xo niendjer shall give his rams, at any season of tlie year,

any other food than green vegetables, hay, and

straw.
" .*i Xo member shall let more than thirtv rams in anv one

season.
"4. X'^o member shall let a ram for less tlian ten guineas to

any ])erson, nor for less than forty guineas to any

person who lets rams.
"5. Xo one ram shall be let to serve the flocks of more tlian

two ])eisons.
" 6. X^^o member shall let a ram to any one who lets or sells his

rams at fairs or markets.
" 7- Xo niend>er shall take in ewes to be served bv more than

one ram, at his own residence, in any one season, unless

they belong to members of the Society, nor to be served

by any ram he uses for his own lloctk. with the same

exception.

268 THE BORDER LEICESTER BREED OF SHEEP.

" <S. Mr Bakewell engages not to let any ram for less tlian fifty-
guineas to any person residing within one hundred
miles of Dishley.
" 9. Xo member shall let a ram to any person residing within
thirty miles from Leicester, and not beincj a mem-
ber of the Society, who shall have hired a ram of Mr
Bakewell during the preceding season.
" 10. Xo member shall sell any ewes or rams of his own breed,
to breed from, unless he sells his wdiole flock of sheep,
except to members of the Society.
" 11. From the 1st to the 8th of June the members shall not
show^ their rams except to one another. They shall
begin their general show on the 8th of June, and con-
tinue to show their rams till the 8th of July, from that
day until the 8th of September they shall not show
them to any one, but shall then open their show again,
and continue it until the end of the season.
" 12. On the 8th and 9th of June, although the rams may be
shown, no rams shall be let or engaged to be let, nor
shall the price wdiicli will be required for him be
mentioned by any one.
"13. Every member refusing or neglecting to abide by the
rules of the Society, or withdrawing himself from it,
shall no longer be considered a member. From that
time he shall not be permitted to hire any ram or
share of a ram from any of its members until re-
admitted into the Society at a general meeting."
Of this Society, one of tlie members w^as Bakewell's shepherd,
John Breedon, the one man perhaps who w^as conversant w^th
the system of management practised at Dishley, but who never
communicated anything to the public.

From about the time of Bakewell's death dates the diver-
gence of the sheep into the two district breeds, which are now
known as the Leicester and the Border Leicester. The former
are, no doubt, descended from the stock which, when Dishley
came to be cleared out, went to the relations of the former
owner, Mr Smith and Mr Honeybourne. By these gentlemen
the animals were afterwards sold to Messrs Stubbins of Stone
Barford, ]\Ir Paget of Elman, and Philip Skipworth the elder.
By the purchase of the last named was laid the foundation of
the Aylesbury flock ; and from ]\Iessrs Stubbins' sheep was
descended the once celebrated stock wdiicli w^as in 1814 divided
between the nephews of Mr Xathaniel Stubbins, Joseph and
Piobert Burgess, the former of wdiom was succeeded at Holme-
pierpoint in 1834 by Mr Sanday, senior.

But it is in regard to the Border Leicester that most interest
will be felt by Scotch breeders. In the development of this

THE BOEDER LEICESTER BREED OF SHEEP. 269

animal, the men who, after Bakewell, did most service were the
Culleys, Matthew and George, the sons of the proprietor of
Denton, an estate of considerable extent in the county of
Durham, where the two brothers started farming on their
father's death. Hearing of what was being done at Dishley,
Matthew went there in 1762, and George followed in 1763, and
tlie outcome of these visits was the formation of an intimate
friendship between Bakewell and George, and the introduction
of Dishley rams to Denton, where they were put to cross the
Teeswater breed, which, it is stated, were so heavy that they
weighed from 40 to 50 lbs. a quarter. It is mentioned, however,
in Arthur Young's " Annals of Agriculture," that the Culleys
at no time purchased Leicester ewes, but continued hiring rams,
and thus, by a. long series of crossing with the Teeswater stock,
succeeded in establishing them as Leicesters. Maintaining all
along the valuable friendship of Bakewell, with whom George
travelled repeatedly to visit different stocks, the Culleys, in 1767,
took the farm of Fenton, near Wooler, some 1100 acres in extent,
and subsequently they added Wark and other places to their
holdings, till they were paying an annual rental of £6000. In
their treatment of sheep they adhered closely to the principles
adopted at Dishley, and though a breeder named Charge had pre-
viously brought the new blood into the north of England, this
introduction was a faihire; and the Culleys' stock has therefore
come to be regarded as that through which nearly all Border
Leicester stock is traced back to Bakewell. From their flock,
many sheep were hired for use throughout the border districts
on both sides of the Tweed. Amonc( the first to have dealings
with them was Mr liobertson of Ladykirk, who, by these and
other purchases from Bakewell's disciples, including j\Ir Thom-
son of Chillingham Barns, formed a flock in 1789 that was kept
together till 1830, when it was dispersed. In 1706, another
flock, which, however, has not been broken up, was established
by Mr Thomson, Bogend, whose flrst step towards inq)rovement
was the hiring of a tup from Wark for flfteen guineas ; this
being followed in 1707 by the purchase of 90 ewes from Mr
Iiobeitson of Ladykirk, his proprietor. For several years after
this, Mr Thomson continued, in conjunction with his laird, to
hire tups of Dishley blood, and among others from Mr Stone,
(j)uorndam. The sheep that still represent this stock are now
in the hands of ^Ir Thomson, Mungos walls, Berwickshire.

The stock which were thus sui)planted by the new type on both
sides of the Tweed were the mug sheep. From what can be
learned of the character of tliesc^ animals, it is not surprising
that tlie change was so readily welcomed. Speaking of them,
tlie ** Xortliuml)erland Farmer" says: — "I found tliem truly
mugged. They were grown with wunl all over their faces so

270 THE BOEDER LEICESTER BREED OF SHEEP.

that I could scarcely see their eyes. Indeed, amoug all the
numerous bad breeds then to be found, and which are still to be
met with in various districts, I do not remember to have seen
any one so completely ugly. Their wool grew down to their very
toes ; their loins wore high and narrow ; their shoulders sharp
and hollow behind ; their sides flat ; their wool short ani not
at all fine." Such a mis-shapen, unprofitable animal could
not of course hold its ground against the skilfully developed
Leicester. During the first thirty years of this century, the
new type of sheep became the universal breed in all low country
farms in the district in question. These fiocks were, as might
be guessed, of very various degrees of purity, many men taking
every pains to have them good, and others using tups from
their own flock or any that they could procure at little cost.
But soon after the period named, Leicesters, except for tup-
breeding, disappeared from the district, being supplanted by
Leicester and Cheviot crosses, which were found to be hardier,
more prolific, better nurses, and to produce a quality of mutton
more palatable to the consumers.

In the year 1806, after a most successful career, the Culleys
retired from breeding, and sold off their stock at Eastfield, near
Berwick. For the 420 sheep exposed, an average of £5, 7s. 3d., or
£2253 in all, was obtained. At this sale, one of the principal pur-
chasers was Mr Ralph Compton of Learmonth, who afterwards
took a high position as a breeder, and with whose stock are
connected the two outstanding flocks of the present day, those
at Mertoun and ]\Iellendean. Of these flocks, Lord Polwarth's
may be ranked first in respect of the extent to which it has
impressed its character on by far the greatest number of the
most fashionable stocks now in the country.

As to the precise date at which it was founded there seems a
little uncertainty. In Wight's ''Tour on Husbandry," which was
published in the year 1778, it is stated that, prior to that early
period, Mr Scott of Harden, the then proprietor of Mertoun, had
been aiming at the improvement of his stock. He had, it seems,
first obtained sheep from Bammershire, in Northumberland ;
but the progeny of these animals were not found to be suitable
for the liigh districts of Scotland, and were therefore put aside.
'•' His next trial," Wight says, " was with Culleys' noted breed.
He procured the best ewes of the breed, for which he gave
3 guineas, and 10 for the use of a ram for a single season."
With this experiment, Mr Scott, according to this authority, was
so successful that his rams came " to be not inferior to the sheep
of Mr Bakewell." This account, as will be seen, carries back
the Mertoun sheep to be contemporaneous with those at Dishley
and Walk. Lord Polwarth, the present owner of the flock, who
certainlv deserves tbe thanks of breeders for the care he has

THE BORDEK LEICESTER BREED OF SHEEP. 271

taken to secure the purity of blood, is not inclined to go further
back than 1802. In that year, his Lordship states, the iMertoun
flock was begun by his grandfather, Mr Hugh Scott of Harden.
The first purchases made were from Mr Waddell of Mousin, Bel-
ford, Mr Burn of Millfield, and Mr Robson, and to these he soon
afterwards added a number of ewes from Mr Jobson of Cliil-
lingham, Xewtoun. The early rams were from the CuUeys, to
whom as much as 100 guineas were paid for their hire for a
season ; while other strains were subsequently introduced from
Mr Iiiddell, Grahamslaw ; Mr Compton of Xew Learmonth ;
Mr Marshall, Heatherslaw ; Mr Dunning, Xewlands ; Mr Smith,
Old. Learmonth ; and Mr Taylor, Bresson. Since the flock was
thus made up, no change has taken place in its constitution.

Some sheep, it is true, were afterwards taken from Mr
Dunning, and from Mr Thompson, Haymount ; and when
Andrew Baterson went as shepherd to Mertoun in 1856, his
small pack of thirteen were added to the breeding stock. These
additions, however, did not interfere with the purity of the
flock, as all the animals were clearly of Bakewell descent, Bater-
son's pack being of the Haymount breed, which in turn were
descended from Compton blood through the Heatherslaw sheep.
For the last twenty-four years no strange blood has been intro-
duced, for though once or twice ewes and rams have been bought
they have not been used in the flock or retained, all the rams
used having been bred on the ground. If there has been one
sheep more than another that has given the Mertoun stock the
character that has made them so popular, it was perhaps a ram
added to the flock about the year 1856. This animal was bred
at Haymount, from which place he w^as first sold to go into
Northumberland. When there, however, he was heard of at
Mertoun, and soon afterwards he was bought for Lord Bolwarth,
in whose jjossession he afterwards remained, doing good service
in developing individuality of type among the stock.

The ]\Iellendean flock has not been so long in existence as Lord
I'olwarth's ; but it, also, has a historical interest attached to it.
The farm which has given its name to this stock was entered
by the late Mr Thomas Stark more than forty years ag».). Im-
mediately after tlie lease was begun a number of sheep were
])urchased from Compton, and tlie foundation (»f the flock thus
hiid. In the develo])nient of this stock, one of the most gene-
rally interesting features is the way in whicli there was intro-
duced the celebrated AN'i'Hington strain — a strain which, up to
the present time, has produced some most valuable animals, as,
for example, " (irand Duke," the animal that figured so well in
the Highland Society's yard two years ago. By this family, the
Mellendean sheep were connected with the small but rather
celebrated flock, of which 'Mr Wilson, late of I'^ilinnton ]\Iains,

272 THE BOEDEK LEICESTER BREED OF SHEEP.

gives an interesting account in a valuable article which appeared
in the " Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society."

Writing in 1862, Mr Wilson says, " That thirty-five years ago,
and for many subsequent years, there existed a small flock of
Leicesters, the property of Mr Luke Scott, formerly tenant of
Easington Grange, near Belford," and then he goes on to describe
the circumstances under which this flock was reared. Mr Scott,
though getting the character of a steady and upright man, in the
course of time got into difficulties, and had to leave his farm.
This, however, did not lead to the dispersion of his flock.
Clinging to it with an almost romantic attachment, he travelled
with his small stock — which consisted of some twenty ewes-
and their progeny — from place to place, shifting from one farm
to another as opportunity occurred, and thus obtaining a some-
what precarious subsistence for his sheep. So long as Mr
Thomson of Chillingham Barns continued to breed, Mr Scott
used only his rams, and after the retirement of this breeder, he
continued for about twenty years, as Mr Wilson says, to main-
tain his stock, using entirely his own rams. Mr Scott, it is
stated, let out on hire as many of his rams as he could, but
never sold either male or female except to be slaughtered.
Among the characteristics that are mentioned as belonging to
his flock, which was separated by only one intermediate link
from Bakewell's, were their white faces and legs. Owning to
their own purity of breeding, they possessed in a remarkable
degree the capability of imparting their own characteristics
to every flock into which they were introduced. Mr Wilson
states that " Mr Scott never had many ram-breeders as direct
customers, as they objected to the comparative want of size
of his sheep ; but I have the best means of knowing that
most of them freely availed themselves of his blood by hiring
rams from those who did deal with him directly. So much
was this the case, that there is probably no Leicester flock in
the borders of any considerable reputation that has not this
blood largely in it. The comparative want of size to which I
have just referred always appeared to me to be less an inherent
quality than the inevitable consequence of long continued hard-
ships." From this little flock the Wellington strain was
obtained ; nor was this the only important service Mr Scott ren-
dered, for one of the principal sources to which the improvement
of the Compton flock was attributable was the introduction of
rams belono'ino- to Mr Jobson of Chillinoham, who in turn is
said frequently to have used sheep of Mr Scott's breeding.

After living to see his skill and enterj)rise widely recog-
nised, Mr Stark died at Mellendean in 1866, but the flock
is still maintained on the farm, the manac^ement havinq- been
in the hands of the shepherd, Thomas Thomson, down to

THE BORDER LEICESTER BREED OF SHEEP. 27o

Whitsunday 1880, when he was succeeded by Andrew Paterson
from Mertoun.

Besides these two flocks, there are, of course, many stocks
of more or less reputation throughout what may be called
the Border counties. In 1776, sheep of the Bakewell blood
were introduced to East Lothian by Mr W. Brodie, then
tenant of Upper Keith. By and by Mr Brodie's example
w^as followed by others, until early in the present century
the rivalry among breeders became so keen, that it led to
the first show of sheep ever held in the county. A ques-
tion, it is said, arose in July 1808 between the farmer at
Linplum, Mr Bogue, who had purchased ewes and hired
rams from the Culleys and others, and Mr Brodie, Scoug-
hall, who had immediately before made some purchases at
the Culleys' sale, as to w^ho had the better class of sheep.
The two very naturally declined to abide by one another's
judgment, and the result was an agricultural gathering so great,
according to the opinions of the times, that the writer, whose
duty it was to describe the proceedings in " The Farmers'
Magazine," could compare it to nothing less remarkable than
the flight of Johnny Cope's army after the battle of Preston-
pans ; though in what respect there w^as any resemblance
between the two events, he does not trouble himself to say.
Whatever it was that led to this strange idea, the gatherinsr
undoubtedly was an important one, for it brought the farmers
of the county, who assembled at Linplum in a large com-
pany to see the sheep examined, into contact with such an
eminent breeder as Mr Matthew Culley, who, along with Mr
Brodie of Upper Keith, was elected to give the award. The
judgment was given in favour of Mr Brodie's rams, which were
said to be " constitutionally disposed to fatten faster than the
others."

Of late years, East Lothian breeders have collectively taken
a higher place in the show-yard than those of any other district,
though, on the other hand, the average price realised for their
rams at the Edinburgh sales have always been beaten at Kelso —
a fact which is probably due to this, that the East Lothian sheep
seem to come out better earlier in the season than those from
lioxburghshire and elsewhere, but that later in the season their
rivals are tlien at their best. No exliibitor — no matter from
what county — has ranked higher of late years in the Highland
Society's yard, or met with greater success at the Edinburgh
sales, than Mr Clark, Oldliamstocks. At the start Mr Clark was
greatly indebted to a Pulwarth ram, descended from the Hay-
mount sheej), which was first brought from Mertoun by ^Ir
Ainslie, Costerton, whose flock at one time was very successful.
This tup he purchased at the dispersion of the Costerton Hock,

274 THE BOEDER LEICESTEE BEEED OF SHEEP.

and working with it among others, and with ewes that were
partly of Meilendean blood, hs at once stepped into a good
position. Another East Lothian farmer, who has recently
carried on breeding with a good deal of spirit and success, is
Mr Andrew Smith, Castlemains ; and two of the proprietors of
the county, the Marquis of Tweeddale and Mr Balfour of
AVhittinghame, have also formed flocks, the representatives of
which generally make a creditable appearance when shown in
public. In Mid-Lothian no one has, considering the large
numbers which he breeds, taken so high a position as Mr Melvin,
Bonnington ; while going to the Border district, it may be said
that Mr Thompson, Bailieknowe, has of late years stood out very
prominently, as have also Mr Torrance, Sisterpath; Mr Jack,
Mersington; and Mr Kisbet, Lambden. In Northumberland,
the two principal flocks have perhaps been those of the late Mr
Forster, Ellingham, which was founded with cast ewes from
Meilendean in 1867 and 1868, and dispersed in 1878; and of the
Eev. E. W. Bosanquet, The Eock. v

The north of Scotland is pretty well represented by Mr
Eerguson, Kinnochtry, and Mr Eurves, Thurdistoft, who began
ten years ago ; and from the west, good sheep have repeatedly
been exhibited by Mr Wallace, Auchenbrain, notwithstanding
the disadvantages of climate and soil that he has to contend
agaiast.

There is now a oreat difference between the Enolish Leicester
and the Border Leicester ; but both, as has been shown, can be
clearly connected with Bakewell's stock, there being put aside,
as unsupported by any reliable evidence, the opinion that has
been advanced by some, that the present character of the latter
has to a large extent been formed by a Cheviot cross. The two
types have, of course, been brought about principally through
selection, the influences of soil and climate, as well as of taste,
having no doubt tended to determine the lines on which the
breeds have been developed. The relations in which the different
stocks now stand to the original Bakewell type are, that the
Border Leicester has alone preserved the w^hite face and clean
legs, but that the English animal more resembles the progenitors
in his small and more compact body.

The latter, as is well known, is generally either blue or dun
faced, and is covered with wool both about the legs and face,
whereas Bakewell's sheep are repeatedly described as white-
faced. In our national shows the two classes are now very
properly kept distinct from one another ; but it was only at a
comparatively recent date that this was done. Up till 1869 the
EnLilish and Scotch breeders were left to fioht out their differ-
ences in the show-yard as best they could. If south country
judges predominated, the preference was given to the few English

THE BOKDEE LEICESTEK BREED OF SHEEP. 275

Leicesters that chanced to be on the ground ; if, on the contrary,
north country men had then' way, the Border Leicesters were
brought to the front. In the year in question, however, matters
were put to rights, to the satisfaction of every one, but more
especially of the Border men, whose entries that season num-
bered 104, as compared w^ith 13 of the others.

A perfect Border Leicester should have the following charac-
teristics : — The head should be of fair size ; the nose — as Mr
Usher, Stodrig, points out in a very complete description of the
animal in an article recently published — should be slightly
aquiline ; the muzzle full ; the nostrils wide ; the ears erect ; and
the eye bright. The face, as well as the legs, should be covered
with clean white hair, any blueness about the head being objec-
tionable, as denoting weakness of constitution. The neck should
be full, with the vein strong and well developed. The chest
should be deep and broad, the breast should come well forward,
and the shoulders broad. The ribs should be widely arched,
the spring being, as Mr Usher says, " more remarkable for its
width than its depth, showing a tendency to carry the mutton
high, with belly straight, significant of small offal." The
back should be broad and well covered with mutton, cfivins
a firm muscular touch ; and the back bone should be well
laid in flesh, so as not to present any hardness to the handling.
The loins should be broad, the quarters lengthy and well fleshed
down to the hocks ; and the body thus made up, and nicely set
u])on flat clean legs, should be covered with fine curly wool. In
bis carriage the animal should move with his head well up, and
should be full of life and action.

The most important events of the year to Border Leicester
breeders are the Kelso and Edinburgh sales. At the former,
which is often the occasion of upwards of 2000 rams being
disposed of, the leading place, as has been indicated, has been
taken by the ^lertoun and Llellendean slieep. The former,
whose special character is gaiety, but whose value as sires is
proved by the mark they make wherever they are used, were first
exposed at Kelsu in 1852, when the average price obtained for the
lot was £4, 8s. 7d. iur the last twenty years, exce])ting 1869,
when he was surpassed by Miss Stark, Lord I'olwarth has uni-
formly topped the averages. During this period the most
successful year was 1873, when the average price rose to
£44, 15s. 2(1., one of the lot going to Mr Clark, (Jldliamstocks,
for £195, the highest figure that has ever been paid for a sheep
in Scotland. For the last few yeais the averages have usually
ranged b(;t\veen £30 and £40. The .Mcllendcan stock, whose
strong points are their substance and wool, and whose value as
sheep to breed from lias also been widely recognised, were sold
at Kelso in 1843. For that year the average is not given, but

276 THE BORDER LEICESTER BREED OF SHEEP.

tlie highest priced sheep was £4. At the next, sale, that of 1844,
however, the average is given at £4, and the highest price was
£6, 6s. In 1859 the rams from this flock topped the sale, with
an average of £12, 4s. 8d., and in 1869 they again, as has been
said, came to the front, though averaging only £16, 9s. 4d., as
compared with £34, ?>s. in 1865 and £25, 15s. in 1866.

Leicester sheep in their management and their diseases do not
differ much from the general park stock of the country. The
tups are generally put to the ewes at the beginning of October ;
and during winter the breeding stock get a few turnips on
grass. At the lambing season the ewes are supplied in addition
to turnips, if necessary, with a little oats or some other hand
feeding. The clipping takes place about the end of May ; and
the lambs are spained from the mothers in the middle of July.

In regard to diseases the only peculiarities of the breed are that
they are perhaps a little more liable than others to inflammation
of the udder, or what is known amongst breeders as "udder clap;"
as well as to inflammation of the lungs, and that^ among tup lambs
there is after spaining a greater tendency to scouring. For the
treatment of inflamed udders, the best mixture is probably one
of carbolic acid and oil. The w^eakness in the lungs is ascribed
by some to the effects of long continued in-and-in breeding, and
there can be little doubt that where sufficient attention is not
jjaid to a proper development of the chest, nothing is more
likely to perpetuate this bad characteristic than in-and-in breed-
ing, though on the other hand, provided the chest be wide to
begin with, a certain affinity of blood will not induce any weak-
ness. For the prevention of the scouring, the only thing that
can be recommended is the removal of the lambs to clover
stubble, and the supply of some dry feeding such as oats.

The value of the Leicester sheep lies not in its own qualities,
but in its importance for crossing purposes. In constitu-
tion it is a comj^aratively delicate animal ; the ewes are bad
nurses, and the mutton is too fat to bring a good price per lb.
When, however, they are considered in reference to their merits
for crossing, they deserve a very different character. There is,
perhaps, no type of sheep that has conduced more to the pros-
perity of the agricultural or pastoral farmer than the Leicester.
Most of the breeds of long-woolled sheep have benefited from
an infusion of their blood. In the south the breed has, when
used upon the Downs, produced a stock that has been found
admirably suited to that part of the country. In Scotland the
Border Leicester has exerted a remarkable influence, for over the
whole of the better cultivated districts, nearly the entire sheep
stock are either half or three parts bred, — the first, a cross
between a Leicester tup and Cheviot ew^es, and the second
between a Leicester tup and half-bred ewes, produced by

THE BORDER LEICESTER BREED OF SHEEP. 277

the former cross ; while a cross between tlie Leicester tup and
blackfacecl ewes occupies a wide stretch of country in the mid-
land and south-western counties. These crosses have, of course,
increased considerably the demand both for Cheviot and black-
faced ewes and ewe lambs, and have cocsequently raised the
prices of those stocks. Xor have their benefits been confined to
these islands, they having been largely used in almost every
part of the world, and particularly in the British colonies, where
they have effected marked improvements upon the merinoes.
In recrard to the lines of their future treatment little can be
suggested, except, as need scarcely be said, that the perfect type
should never be lost sight of. If there be one point as to w^hich
special attention seems to be called for, it is the neck. In too
many flocks there is a prevalence of faulty, weak necks ; and it
should therefore be made matter of care, by every breeder to see
that this point be fully developed. The wool might also be
improved in quality and more uniform in its covering; while a
deficiency in the thighs, which is much too common, ought to be
remedied. Of one feature in the tup trade, which, seeing that
these sheep are so entirely produced for crossing other breeds,
constitutes the most important branch of Leicester breeding,
mention may also be made. Every day complaints are heard
of tups being injured by excessive feeding, and no doubt there
is a c'-ood deal of around for these, the Leicester beini^ consti-
tutionally disposed to fatten more readily than any other Scotch
sheep, and therefore more liable to have its usefulness interfered
with in this way. This is, however, a matter which buyers
hiive in their own hands. So loug as the preference is given at
sales to highly fed tups, and animals, no matter how well bred
and how good in character, are neglected solely because they
are not burdened with fat, the breeder cannot be blamed for
producing the only sheep that will find a market. It is there-
fore the purchaser and not the exposer who is the real offender ;
and as soon as this fact is recognised, and selections are made
in sale rings only for valuable breeding points, breeders will at
once find it to their advantage to reduce their feeding. Pro-
vided that no constitutional defect — such as in all animals is
only too ready to occur, unless the work of selection be always
closely attended to — is allowed to detract from the character of
the breed — and of this there surely need Ije no fear — it will be
long before a sheep better fitted than the Leicester to realise
profit to the farming community will be found.

278 ON OYSTER-CL'LTUKE IN SCOTLAND.

ON OYSTER-CULTURE IX SCOTLAND. 0

By W. Anderson Smith, Ovsterculturist, Ledaig, Argyllshire.
\Pre,miuin — The Medium Gold Medal.]

The culture of the oyster has come to be included under the
head of " Aoriculture " in the United States, where the vast
expansion of this industry has made it one of the utmost national
importance. In this paper we do not propose to deal to any
extent with the history, or natural history, of this prince of
shellfish, but to call special attention to the exceptional facili-
ties for this species of cultivation to be found in our well-
sheltered Highland lochs, and most extensive foreshores. At
the same time we will give our own experience as a guide to
others, both in its successes and failures.

In the first place, it may be noted as a proof of the sintability
of our waters for the growth of the oyster) "that there are very
few parts of the coast of the Western Highlands destitute of
representatives, in a more or less scattered condition. As a rule
these are not in extensive beds, but to a large extent rock
oysters, affixed to rocks and stones, and in many instances
covered over with a profuse growth of sea-weed. This situation
renders them inaccessible to the ordinary oyster dredge, and they
are only attainable by the tedious and costly process of lifting
them one by one in calm weather, by means of an iron " graip "
in some districts; an instrument called a hand dredge, shaped
like a spoon as to the circumference, but with a net bottom, in
others; or, as in the further north, a pair of pincers worked with
a cord, and directed at the end of a long pole.

This absence of extensive beds, and difficulty of gathering the
scattered oyster harvest, has not only prevented the extension of
the trade, but, to a considerable extent, hidden the fact of their
presence from the general public. The local demand, however,
of many parts of the West Highlands is partly supplied by the
" natives," of large size and particularly fine flavour, obtained
from the neighbouring waters. These are mostly the products
of low spring-tides, in which the peasants and cottars can reach
the oysters that have been either driven further inshore by
heavy weather, or have grown up on the rocks and stones acces-
sible at these particular seasons. All this points to the fact that
our seas are thoroughly congenial, and that only the physical
constitution of our commonly rocky and stony sea bottom pre-
vents themore frequent deposit of extensive dredgeablebeds along
our western coast. When the character of the bottom would
lead us to hope for a more successful harvest, it is found that
there, as elsewhere in the kingdom, the beds have been over-

ox OYSTER-CULTURE IX SCOTLAXD. 279

clreclgecl, as in Locli Eyan ; or completely cleared, as in some of
our small Highland and more accessible lochs. When this is
done, theory has been found to be entirely at variance with
resulting facts. The statement so frequently made that oysters
are so prolific that no bed can be dredged so completely but that
sufficient oysters will be left to replenish it, is never found to
hold good in practice. Allowing that the oyster will throw from
200,000 to one million spat, the chances seem against its remain-
ing where it is thrown; while on this point also, our own
experience is against the statement that the spat are then carried
away by currents to some bank in the vicinity, if not found
upon and around the parent oyster. Enough that our shores
are frequented all along by oysters, and that our banks have
became and remain denuded of them, and the question is next
how to replenish the one, and utilise the capabilities of the
other.

In considering the difficulties attending oyster culture in
Scotland, the first place must be given to the action and inaction
of the Government in the matter. While professing to be
anxious to give every encouragement to the efforts of the public,
they somehow thwart them on every occasion by the mis-
chievous application of such laws as there are. We do not
greatly object to the fee of £60 demanded before any grant of
foreshore will be made, as the Government were almost forced
into this by the conduct of those who previously secured such
grants, only for the purpose of keeping the public out of their
neighbourhood, and obtaining such local fishery as there might
be, but witliout making any effort to cultivate the ground. The
above fee was no doubt meant as a fence to keep all but hona-
fide cultivators from claiming grants of foreshore. In the case
of extensive grants this is reasonable enough, but a distinction
ought to be made between a capitalist and a practical working
fisherman. AVe understand the French cultivators are all
tenants-at-will, but their property in their stocks is secured to
them. This, if properly administered without undue inter-
ference, is not an unfair arrangeraent, but unfortunately tlie
greatest complaints are always made against the administration
of the authority of the Woods and Forests with us, the wliole
idea of tlie department apparently being to increase immediate
revenue, so long as their action will be supported by law. We
do not believe that, under the present mode of administration in
vogue in tlie department, any body of fisliermen would invest
labour or money on the ])rinciple of tenants-at-will, they having
no confidence whatever in the loill as ordinarilv exercised.

l)Ut even more important than the injudic^ious action of the
executive is the present state of uncertainty as to the rights of
any man in the foreshores, — a deadeninij condition of aflairs,

280 ON OYSTER-CULTURE IX SCOTLAND.

which paralyses the strongest men in any effort to grapple-
individually with the question, and which is partly owing to the
narrow views of the department as to the duty of a Government.
There is absolutely no possibility of obtaining any distinct
declaration as to the real owners of most parts of our foreshores,
as the Government and the proprietors on the one hand, and the
public on the other, are standing opposed in a state of tension.
Wherever and whenever the Government believe they will not
be seriously opposed, they will assert their claim, but never if
possible press it to a legal decision. Most proprietors are
equally unwilling, single-handed, to push the question to
extremity ; so that at present it mostly means that the Govern-
ment claim is tacitly admitted wdierever a proprietor is too weak
to fight, or not bold enough to rebel. The Government will
guardedly sell *•' what rights they themselves possess "; the pro-
prietors will sometimes knowingly exact rental for what they do
not legally possess ; the outside public will occasionally suddenly
u]3set the calculations of either party whenever the interests are
sufficiently important to stimulate them to try "conclusions. We
have more than once been turned aside from intended operations
by discovering the real weakness of apparent rights ; and, after
a considerable experience, we have come to the conclusion that
the whole matter as it stands is a hopeless muddle, that can only
be attacked by a strong public body.

If the Highland and Agricultural Society can ventilate the
subject, and stimulate the proprietors to combine to force the
hands of the department, so that a clear declaration of owner-
ship be made, they w^ould do more to open the way for the
utilisation of vast tracts of our cultivable seashore, than could
otherwise be managed by any amount of private enterprize.

The first thincj is to know wdio is the owner of the around to
be cultivated. We would suggest that the elucidation of this,,
for the benefit of all concerned, is a worthy goal for a powerful
Society, in combination with the Scottish proprietary.

In the meantime, we do not believe that the heavy fee
demanded will prove injurious or prohibitory to hona fide cul-
tivators demanding important grants, but we do think it is
high time that the poorer cultivator be considered. It is not
perhaps necessary to grant leases if the Government would
simply treat the unoccupied aud unutilised foreshores as wilder-
ness land ; and, like an American homestead, if the man who
cleared and planted any given portion of such foreshore were
secured therein. It is always necessary to remember that access
to such ground and any required buildings connected with the
business, must be through and upon the land of the ex adverso
proprietor; and consequently their reasonable claims of juris-
diction should be considered, so long as they did not uuneces-

ox OYSTEE-CULTUEE IN SCOTLAND. 281

sarily iDterfere with the conduct of the undertaking. But this
question has already been raised in connection with salmon and
other fisheries.

The above considerations are wholly connected with foreshore
cultivation, but this is not by any means to our mind the most
promisiog department of oyster-culture. So far as our experi-
ence goes, oysters spat more freely in deep water, and their spat
also comes more readily to maturity there, This is also the
American experience. In deep salt water the oyster breeds
more readily, and also increases more rapidly in growth; while
on the foreshores the fish " fattens " better, grows a finer shell,
— a sign of a more delicate fish — and is altogether more manage-
able, and beyond the reach ®f enemies. On the whole, we
would look to more important and successful operations being
conducted in our Scottish lochs by beds in deeper water, with
plentiful spat-collectors suspended over them, and placed around
them. When our own shore-beds were quite innocent of spat,
the dredge brought up from some fathoms quantities of young
about the size of a split pea ; and this year we have dredged
one stone with a dozen oysters, from a shilling to a fiorin in size,
within a few hundred yards of our barren beds. These were
evidently thrown by outside oysters.

The temperature has no doubt something to do with the
spatting of oysters, but we firmly believe our western lochs are
quite as warm as the Thames estuary, although we have no
certain data for this. Certain it is, however, that there are far
more oysters in congenial parts of the west than most people
are aware of. We have taken thousands from a narrow piece
of sea-bottom where the local authorities, constantly seeking
them, declared none to exist. A gravelly bottom overgrown
with tangle, often conceals immense numbers that the dredge
could in no instance reach. Pure gravel we believe to be the
best ground for oyster breeding, and a rich marl, or soft blue
clay such as is common in some of our western districts, is the
best feeding ground. This seems to sup})ly the necessary lime
in quantity, as well as the required nourishment. In this
gi'ound oysters may sink very deep without l>eing choked with
the soft muddy material ; whereas, were they to sink at all in
sand, the irritation would ]'a})idly destroy them. We think it
better, however, to lay them out on wattled hurdles, on whicli
they will reap the advantages of the rich feeding ground without
danger of being overwhelmed.

It is evident that deep-sea Ijcds such as we advocate are
beyond the reach of any l)ut ca])italists, or a combination of
fishermen such as own and work the great Whitstable beds.
Here we are on more certain ground, as tlie Government dis-
tinctly arrogate to tliemselves the right to allocate such stretches

282 ON OYSTER-CULTURE IN SCOTLAND.

of sea-bottom to individuals or companies, — despite public use
and wont, — as has been recently done in the Thames estuary
itself. This being the case, on every ground it is the safer and
more certain course to take, for a party of fishermen to combine
and plant such a sea-bed, having secured a Government grant
therefor. Too much ground should in no case be Q-ranted to
any one individual, unless under distinct conditions as to
utilisation ; but allowance should be made for a company, more
especially of working partners, who would be stimulated to
greater exertions when the profit was all their own.

We should like to have entered more into the question of
temperature, and also that of gravity. Our data are, however,
not sufficiently reliable or extensive to build any definite
theories upon. The estimation of chlorine in our own lochs
differs but little from the Atlantic, although there is a consider-
able influx of fresh water ; wdiile the figures with which we have
been favoured as to other waters, arouse' the suspicion that the
samples have been taken from near or upon the surface, where
the fresh water would be forced by an advancing tide. A fresh
water oyster is much hardier, and better prepared for enduring
carriage than a salt water specimen. Severe cold, too, is not
injurious to a full growm oyster ; but a low temperature at the
time of spatting is apparently fatal. We believe the steady
temperature of the deeper waters greatly favours the deposit of
spat.

Various attempts have been made along our shores to start
fresh beds, but these have generally ended in failure. This
has partly been caused by inattention to the first rules of any
" culture," — want of care and nursing — partly from w^ant of
knowledge of the conditions of the problem. Thus we under-
stand a large quantity of oysters were thrown down in Holy
Loch, a district of sea thronged with mussels in myriads — that
enemy that chokes the oyster — deep with mud which is con-
stantly shifting, and open to the assaults of starfish and sea-
urchins, those deadly enemies to the oyster, more especially
when in a weak condition. Oysters have also more than once
been laid down in Loch Etive unsuccessfully ; but as they were
taken from a neighbouring loch with scarcely any fresh water,
and transferred at once to a loch remarkable for its variations
of gravity and temperature, through the sudden enormous
influxes of fresh water from its high and frequently snow-clad
watershed, such a result was only natural and to be anticipated,
without a much more careful and graduated transfer, so as to
acclimatise the shellfish.

The ovsters of Locli Eoaof, in the Lono; Island, have long been
noted for their excellence, and at one time they were very
numerous and readily procuraljle. A friend of the writer having

ox OYSTER-CULTUEE IX SCOTLAXD. 283

collected a large number, laid them down in a sheltered part of
the loch, and extended over the bed thus formed long ropes of
heather, with the heather in bunches all along, so as to act as a
cultch for the oyster spat. This, in a season or so, was well
covered with the young oysters ; but, as no government grant had
been obtained, the depositor had no security against the public,
and the scheme soon fell through from, want of " security of
tenure."

Two years ago we took a lease of the southern shore of Loch
Creran, in order thoroughly to test the possibility of creating an
industry in connection with oysters among the warm western lochs.
Our intention was at first to carry out the French system in its
entirety ; but, considering the different character of our seas,
and the necessity for the utmost care in securing what spat
might be thrown, against being carried away by strong currents
or unexpected gales, we set about the matter with even more
than French exactitude.

Having gathered what oysters could be collected in time along
our own shores, so that they might not require acclimatising,
we had them placed in enclosures erected at the very lowest of
ebb tides, so that in no case would the oysters be uncovered,
except for a few hours each fortnight. These enclosures v/ere
made by driving strong stakes into the ground in a circle, and
wattling them all closely around. This formed a strong close
basket upwards of six feet high all around the deposited oysters,
on which it was hoped the spat would be sure to attix itself ; a
firm bottom of small gravel having been previously laid down,
on which the oysters were laid.

The result of the first season was unsatisfactory, as no spat
whatever was found upon the wattles, upon the mother oysters,
•or upon the gravel. The severity of the season of 1879, and the
fact that scarcely any spat or young oysters had been seen
among tliose left in the loch, led us to throw the blame on the
untoward season ; while the fact of the oysters having been
removed to their new position in the middle of the breeding
season, also led to the belief that the enclosed shellfish had not
liad fair play.

To counteract these possible errors, we determined to leave
the oysters in the enclosures for another season ; as well as
make a series of new enclosures, to eliminate from the problem
certain possibilities incident to those already iu operation.

For this })urpose we built one 40 feet in diameter, and upwards
of 10 feet high, at the lowest .of the tide; but as the rise of the
tide at the highest in Loch Creran is 12 feet, it was still below
the surface at high water. As the oysters were all covered with
wattled hurdles a foot or two over them, to catch any spat that
might rise with the tide, we did not consider the portion of the

28^ ox OYSTER-CULTUEE IX SCOTLAXD.

time in which they were altogether under water as of much'
importance ; but in order to test its influence on the problem
we erected another further ashore, and of similar height, over
which the tide at no time can flow clear. The bottom of this
we dug out, so as to form a pond in which the oysters are
always covered at the lowest of the ebb, in case the very short
period in which the others were occasionally out of the water
should have some influence on the prosperity of the spat.

All these were planted with our own fine oysters, in capital
condition, and early in the season, so that they would be well
settled ere the time arrived for throwing spat. They w^ere like-
wise wattled so closely with bushy branches of Scotch fir, spruce
fir, and larch, and tied together with long wands of hazel and
rowan, that the whole formed huge enclosures of close basket-
work, impervious to any but the most embryonic enemies, and
through which it was a practical impossibility the young of the
oyster could escape. In some of them, also, are placed a pro-
portion of the oysters under a basket of close wicker-work ; but
the absence of light in this case would materially interfere, no
doubt, with the procreative power of the parent oysters. In
anotlier we placed an erection of cocoanut matting, whosS'
roughened fibres have before now proved an admirable " cultch "
for the settlement of the young oyster. When we consider that
in eacli of these large well-secured and well-placed erections
thousands of oysters in fine condition, native to the waters, and
sufficiently settled ere the breeding season commenced, were
laid with care, the entire absence of spat is somewhat remark-
able. That the spat could have been carried out by the currents-
and somewhat severe gales of the early part of the season does
not admit of belief ; and the more especially as this loch outside,
no more than inside our erections, shows any sign of spat these-
two seasons beyond the merest sprinkling widely apart. This
would be by no means a hopeful sign for our waters, were we
not supported by the fact that the omnipresence of the oyster
on our shores, shows that it certainly flourishes with us, while
the almost universal failure of spat in the United Kingdom
points to a general, and not a particular, cause for the absence
of any with us. It is a well-known fact in connection with
oyster culture, that in this country a good spat conies but once
in many years, and considering the great fertility of the oyster,
this alone can account for its comparative scarcity in districts
where it can always be gathered by the hundred in good
weather. Our experience has shown that the explanation of
currents carrying oft' the spat cannot explain this failure in our
case, while the fact that in each year the dredge or the " graip "
has brought to light the survival of some few young, shows that
the cause of destruction must come somewhere between the-

ON OYSTER-CULTUEE IX SCOTLAND. 285

conception of the young and its attachment to a cultch. Frank
Buckland has lately asserted that cold is the cause of the de-
struction of the spat, and this suggestion has much to be said in
its favour. Ihe oysters appear to have been in the proper
"milky" state, and in all likelihood threw their spat, which,
however, would have met an uncongenial temperature in our
seas, even during most of the last fine spring and summer. If
not cold during the day the air was cold at night, and the water
was most remarkably low in temperature late into the season.

Again, our oysters may almost be called deep-sea oysters, and
to a degree partake of their character ; that is, they throw their
spat late in the year, deep-sea oysters generally spawning in the
autumn. This being the case, if they continue their habits in
shallow water, they will throw their spat at a season of the year
when the chances ar3 altogether against them meeting with any
kindly warmth in the shallows, which are assimilated in tempe-
rature to the air, while the deeper waters remain at a more
equable temperature.

If this be certain, we would suggest that it would be more
advisable to lay down our native oysters in deeper water, sur-
rounded by fascines, and to import a different class of oysters
for laying down in the shallows. The fact that the spat in
Arcachon never fails, and that the French oysters spat early,
would point to them as a class well suited for experimenting
with on our extensiv^e foreshores ; but it must be said they seem
to have altoGjether failed on the Irish coast.

But the culture of the oyster as an industry is not by any
means confined to the breeding thereof, a considerable propor-
tion of the labour and capital employed in connection with them
in England being directed to their collection when in the condi-
tion of " brood." They are thus termed when of very small
size, and suitable for laying down on the beds on the foreshores
of Essex and other specially favoured districts, where they are
growm and fattened for the London market. Similarly, the
extensive beds of Beaumaris are replenished by dredging on the
Irish coast, whence they w^ere brought in order to improve in
condition and Havour before being forwarded as required to the
Liverpool market.

The continued steady decrease in the supply of such brood
lias sent the English boats and buyers all over the kingdom, and
much of the brood laid down some years ago came from Scot-
land. This meant great injury to our coast supplies, through
sweeping olf the young as they were deposited ; and now that
several years of a failure of spat have supervened, there are no
oysters growing up to take the place of the parents, that con-
tinue to be fished for local supply, as well as for occasional
export. Looking to the importance of this branch of the subject,

286 ON OYSTEE-CULTUPvE IX SCOTLAND.

it was necessary to consider whence a supply of " brood/' or
even immature oysters of a larger growth, were to be obtained,
seeing our own supply, as well as that of the neighbourhood, had
apparently failed for the time. We had been more than once
informed that those oysters imported from America were un-
suitable for our waters, and did not thrive even if they lived.
Still this seemed the most likely source, and we determined to
give it a fair trial.

The length of time most American oysters are on the way,
and the very weak condition in which they arrive in this
country, demanded more especial care in the transport. This,
through the care of a friend, we managed, first with some mature
Americans, and these we laid down carefully, allowing them
only to drink through the barrel at first, so as to prevent too
sudden a change of temperature, and too much gluttony from
the rich foreshores on which they were then laid. They all
survived and throve to our satisfaction. This induced a second
experiment with young oysters of rather varied size, the smallest
being less than a shilling. These also proved to be C[uite
acclimatisable ; and although w^e lost a good many thousands
ultimately through a cold wind, while in a weak condition and
exposed, this did not in the least affect the success of the experi-
ment. Not only did these small oysters fatten successfully this
last summer, but those laid down in the month of April had
grown in six months to a remarkable degree, many having quite
added half-an-inch all round to the edge or frill of their shell.
Considering that they had to make up the loss caused by two
months' starvation in transit, and also become accustomed to
entirely novel conditions of existence, this growth seems to us a
very satisfactory proof of the suitability of our waters to their
constitutions. These oysters were of a superior character to the
ordinary American with its coarse mussel-shaped shell, having
a small, clean, hard shell, that augured well for the delicacy of
the fish. In all cases it may be predicted that a fish with a
coarse shell is coarse in its own character, seeing that the shell
is really the " skeleton " of a shell-fish ; and this holds good as
a rule in practice.

The result of our experience hitherto with careful oyster
culture in Scotland, may be considered therefore under two
heads : —

First, As to artificial collection of the spat in shallow w^ater
we have been unsuccessful, apparently from the same causes —
as yet unknown or only reasonably guessed at — as those affecting
other portions of the United Kingdom. So that we are unable
to consider ourselves otherwise than as still conducting a tenta-
tive undertaking, which may yet from southern analogy be a
future success.

ox OYSTER-CULTUPwE IN SCOTLAND. 287

Sccondy The acclimatisation of youDg Americans as a source
of supplying our exhausted Scottish beds has been thoroughly
successful, and there can be no doubt that these improve vastly
in plumpness, as well as in delicacy, on those of our mud flats
that are fitted for their laying down.

It is unnecessary for us to enter here into details by which
to show how a portion of foreshore may be best laid out for
breeding or fattening purposes. This is dependent largely on
local circumstances, and would also trespass far too largely on
your space. Enough that we have throughout the foreshores of
Scotland vast stretches of mud flats, well suited, with little cost,
for laying down oyster fattening beds, by which the present
dearth of good edible oysters would be greatly remedied. If the
subject were taken up by our shore population with spirit, it
would soon add a most important industry, at very small expen-
diture, to the more especially suitable industries of Scotland.

ON THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TURNIPS AS FOOD FOR

CATTLE AND SHEEP.

By the Rev. John Gillespie, M.A., Mouswald Manse, Dumtrie?.

Imioortance of the Cultivation and ConsumjJtion of Turnips.

The introduction of turnip husbandry marked a new era in the
history of agriculture in Scotland. Moreover, the cultivation
of this root crop has been prosecuted by the farmers in Xorth
Britain with characteristic industry, enterprise, and success.
The comparatively moist climate, as well as the free friable
character of much of the soil, are highly favourable to its
growth. This was apparent to Scotch farmers soon after the
cultivation of turnips became general, and no effort has since
been spared to discover the circumstances most favourable to
their successful growth. On almost all points the cultivators of
turnips liad to feel their way ; but so earnest, systematic, and
persevering were the practical steps taken by fanners' clubs and
individual farmers to study the circumstances most conducive to
the growth of Iieavy crops, that a large measure of success was
attained at a comparatively early period. The principal points
investigated included the following: — the preliminary prepara-
tion of the soil, the best varieties of seeds, the most suitable
time of sowing dillerent kinds in dillerent districts and altitudes
so as to secure the most healthy and bulky crop, distances apart
of drills, width of hoeing, kinds and ([uantities of manures to be
applied to supi)lemiuit the farmyard manure, ^c. A great
revolution in public sentiment in regard to all these particulars
has been ell'ected since turnips were tirst extensively cultivated.

288 ox THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TURNIPS

Init on most of them comparatively little substantial progress
has been made during the last quarter of a century. Quite
recently, it is true, the spirited and energetic promoters and
managers of the Aberdeenshire experimental stations, and others,
have been conducting investigations with the view of deter-
mining the cheapest kinds of artificial manures which may be
used for the turnip crop with success, and also the most econo-
mical form in which these may be applied. Moreover, as we
shall have occasion to point out by-and-bye, they have drawn
prominent attention to the great diversity in the intrinsic feed-
ing qualities of roots grown in different climates, on different
qualities of soil, and more especially with different kinds of
supplemental manures. However, the main aim and hope of
these experimentalists are not so much to produce decidedly
heavier crops of turnips than have hitherto been grown, as to
demonstrate how this important root crop can be raised with
less outlay on artificial fertilisers than has generally been
incurred.

But it appears to us that nothing like the same consideration
has been given on the northern side of the Border to the very
important question, how the turnip crop may be most economi-
cally and profitably consumed when once it has been success-
fully raised. The very plentifulness of these roots in Scotland
has contributed to this state of matters. Such bulky crops have
been grown that in ordinary seasons there has generally been a
full supply for both cattle and sheep on most farms where turnip
husbandry is practised, while in exceptional years difficulty has
sometimes been experienced in getting the crop consumed in
time to allow the succeeding cereal crop to be sown, and before
the bulbs lost much of their nutritious qualities.

Value of the Turnij:) Crop.

Before proceeding to discuss the question whether the turnip
crop has hitherto been generally put to the most economical and
profitable use in Scotland, it may serve to show the immense
practical importance of the subject, and be otherwise useful in
connection with the object of our paper, if we remind the reader
of the great value, from every point of view, of this root crop.
There are not a few extensive counties in N'orth Britain, the
success of whose agriculture directly, as well as indirectly,
depends more on turnips than on any other industrial crop.
This remark applies more particularly to the north-eastern,
south-eastern, and south-western shires. The only considerable
exceptions to this are the counties of Perth and Fife, in each of
which a wide area is annually devoted to the growth of this
bulb. In the triangular-shaped district lying north-east of a

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 289

line drawn from Dundee to Xairn, no less than 40 per cent, of all
the acreage devoted to the production of turnips in Scotland is
situated. The county of Aberdeen alone contains not much short
of one hundred thousand acres of this crop, being almost one-
fifth of the total area devoted to it in Scotland. In the counties
of Eoxburgh and Berwick there is 11 per cent., and in Dum-
friesshire and Galloway 10 per cent. Thus these ten counties
contain upwards of 60 per cent., — that is, three-fifths of the
acreage under this important root crop.

Other considerations besides its wide area show its value and
importance. It is very costly to raise. The labour bill alone
of growing an acre of such roots is a heavy one, including as it
does horse work in preparing the land, carting the manure, and
harrowing and grubbing the plants at various stages of their
growth. To that has to be added the expense of manual labour,
also at all stages. The heaviest outlay is generally incurred on
the manure bill, especially when the value of the farmyard
manure is estimated, as well as what is actually paid for supple-
mental fertilisers. It appears from a report made public at the
time we write, that the average cost of manures per acre in-
curred in the growth of swedes by members of the Garioch
(Aberdeenshire) Turnip-growing Association during the last six-
teen years has been £5, 5s. Of course, some of these manures
are unexhausted at the end of the season ; but it must also be
borne in mind that this residue is to some extent counterbalanced
by what was in the land before the seed was sown. Further,
there is the expense of harvesting the crop, for such of the bulbs
as are consumed at the farm-steading require to have their tops
cut off and be carted there. Besides, as we shall endeavour to
show, it is profitable to uplift also wdiatever of the balance is to be
consumed on the land by sheep ; for, apart from the injury done
by frost and the ravages of ground game, careful feeders are
finding it remunerative to cut the bulbs and give them to white
stock in troughs, instead of allowing them to be eaten where
they grew. The aggregate outlay on these processes is thus very
great. Another circumstance which enhances the value of the
turnip crop, is the fact that during the winter months the stock-
keeping capabilities of arable farms where mixed Imsbandrv is
pursued, are largely dependent upon this root crop, for in the
cattle and sheep-feeding districts, the number of stock fed
during any season is principally regulated by the measure of
success with which it lias been cultivated. Even the re('eij)ts of
the hill farmers, who do not grow a single bulb on their hold-
ings, are largely influenced by it ; for the ])rice which they
receive for lambs, aged wethers, anil cast ewes, is in no smail
degree dependent on the favourable prospect or otherwise of the
season's turnip crop in the lowlands at the time the sales are

290 ON THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TURNIPS

made. Moreover, the indirect benefit derived from the growth and
consumption of this crop is not the least valuable feature about
it. Not to speak of its influence in cleaning and pulverising the
soil, the rich farmyard manure made by cattle fed upon the
bulbs at the farm steadings, and the consolidation of the land by
the feet and its enrichment by the droppings of the sheep
folded upon them, exert a highly beneficial influence upon the
soil for several succeeding years. As already indicated, turnip
culture is the backbone of agriculture in wide districts of Scot-
land. So much is this the case, that if a heavy crop of sound
and nutritious bulbs is raised, and if they are consumed under
favourable circumstances, it is tacitly taken for granted that the
success of the following cereal and hay crops, and even of the
pasture during the remainder of the rotation is so well secured,
that only the occurrence of one or more bad seasons can prevent
this being accomplished. Thus all classes of farmers are deeply
interested in this "widely-cultivated root crop. Indeed, it is not
too much to say that its comparative failure throughout Xorth
Britain in 1879 w^as a much greater calamity, and entailed a
heavier pecuniary loss to the farmers generally, than was done
by the indifferent cereal crop in the lowlands, and the positively
bad one, which was in many instances not reaped at all, in the
uplands and upper valleys in that disastrous year.

The foregoing considerations show the value of the turnip
crop since it began to be cultivated on anything like its
present \vide dimensions. But we venture to point out that
recent events have made this root crop even more important
than it was at any previous period of its history. It is the
settled conviction of many of the best-informed authorities on
agTicultural questions, that one of the best w^eapons w^ith which
to contend against the extensive and increasing imports of
American beef, is to make large and liberal use of the maize and
other feeding stuffs our American cousins send us in ship loads,
to assist in the manufacture of beef and mutton at home. Such
dry concentrated food can be brought across at a cheaper rate
and with less risk in that form than as beef or mutton, and our
winter climate is more favourable than that of America for
stock-feeding. Consequently we have advantages in bringing
stock from a store or lean condition to a fat form, and placing
them on the British market, which the United States and
Canadian feeders do not possess. Xow, our contention is, that
it is the plentifulness of turnips in Scotland which makes this
practicable, and indeed comparatively easy of accomplishment.
We do not assert that it could not be done without roots, and with
nothing but hay and similar dry food of home production ; but
•with a plentiful supply of such a cool, moist, and healthy food
;.as turnips, to form the basis as it were for such heating articles

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 291

as maize, cotton, and other foreign cakes, the work of producing
beef and mutton can be prosecuted with much greater safety as
regards the health of the animals, as well as on a much more
extensiv^e scale. Hence, it never was so important as now, that
whatever may be the success with which turnips have been
raised in any particular season, they should be put to the best
and most economical use.

General Prccdice of coiisitminrj Turnips in Scotland.

And here the question meets us face to face. Have turnips
hitherto been put to the best and most economical use in Scot-
land ? We unhesitatingly reply in the negative, on the ground
that by far too many watery bulbs have been given to both
cattle and sheep in the past, though it is a gratifying and hopeful
circumstance that the general practice is steadily undergoing
improvement in this particular. In the early history of the
turnip crop in Xorth Britain it was the universal practice to
•give cattle being prepared for the fat market an unlimited
supply of bulbs, with no other food except long straw or hay —
commonly the former. Young store cattle, when the crop was
a plentiful one, had the same food supplied to them. This
system is still pursued to a considerable extent in Aberdeenshire
and some other districts, and it found its most prominent
master and advocate in the person of the late Mr M'Combie of
Tilly four, w^hose name must always be mentioned with becom-
ing respect as a breeder, grazier, and feeder of the best class of
cattle. The only modification of this system which Mr
M'Combie ado})ted in his later years, was to allow a limited
quantity of concentrated food to the cattle for a short time
before they w^ere despatched to the fat market. He says in his
" Cattle and Cattle Breeders," p. 31 :— " The method I adopt as to
using cake and corn is the following : — On the ditl'erent farms
where I feed the cattle, I put a fourth part of their number only
upon cake and corn at one time, and six weeks is about my
limit of time for cake and corn, etc., paying the feeder before
they are to be sent to the fat market." " For commercial cattle
and for commercial ])urposes, two months is the utmost limit
that cake and corn will pay the Aberdeenshire feeder. There
can be no substitute for grass, straw, and turnips, except for a
very limited period" (p. oO). He also mentions that it was his
invariable ])ractice to give his wintering cattle as many turnips
as they could e:it, and that his store cattle never saw cake, corn,
or jiotatoes. We have (pioted Mr ^rCumbie's views and practice
in tliis way because he may betaken as a favourable representa-
ive of the once numerous but gradually diminishing class of
cattle-feeders who believe in giving cattle an unlimited supply

292 ON THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TUKNIPS

of turnips. This means, be it understood, the consumption by
each animal of from 1-J cwt. to 2 cwt. daily, according to its age
and weight, cattle two-and-a-half years old and upwards getting
through the larger quantity. When cattle are put upon a
restricted allowance, the daily consumption varies from half a
cwt. to not much short of 1^ cwt., the substitutes given along
with this diminished supply being very various.

The practice of feeding sheep on nothing but turnips was for
a considerable number of years all but universal in Scotland,
and it still prevails more extensively than the similar method
does in regard to cattle. Young store sheep folded upon turnips
seldom get any dry food, except the very limited quantity of
long hay or straw which they take out of the sheep-racks. The
most enterprising and skilful feeders are in the habit of allow-
iua: both af^^ed wethers and half-bred and other lambs, beino'
pushed forward for the fat market, a pretty liberal allowance of
OTain and cake for several months before thev are sold, but
there is still a large proportion of owners who allow their sheep
to subsist upon turnips alone during the whole winter. The
system widely followed in the south-west of Scotland, and in
other districts, of the growers of the turnips letting the con-
sumption of their crop to sheep-feeders at so much per head
per week, tends to perpetuate the practice of feeding them upon
nothing but roots. Even those owners of sheep who are in
favour of giving them supplemental food, are not unnaturally
unwillinc^ to defrav the entire cost of doincr so, while most of the
farmers do not seem to realise that, on account of the enhanced
manurial value of the sheep's droppings, as well as the restricted
quantity of turnips which would be consumed, it would prove
remunerative to them either to accept of a less rate per week
for the board of the sheep, or to agree to pay a portion of the
cost of the cake or other dry food allowed. In many districts
where turnips are plentiful, it is customary for park ewes —
Cheviots and other breeds from which half-bred lambs are
reared — to be folded upon turnips during the months of Feb-
ruary and March ; in fact, from the former date they get nothing
but watery bulbs until the lambing season is close at hand, when
they are removed back to the pastures. The system — common
in the midland and southern counties of England — of giving
either feeding or breeding sheep cut hay or straw or chaff, is
followed to a very limited extent, although quite recently it has
also been growing in public favour, and is slowly but surely
extending.

Object of this Paper.

Our object in this paper is two-fold. (1.) To endeavour to
show that the system of feeding cattle upon an unlimited supptly

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 29;>

of turnips, with no other accompaniment than long straw, and
of giving slieep nothing but watery bulbs during the winter
months, is unnatural, extravagant, and even wasteful. Our
contention is, that the proper quantity of turnips to give an
animal in ordinary circumstances is as nearly as can be calcu-
lated that amount which will supply its desire and its need for
water, and that positive loss is incurred when any considerable
quantity, more than serves this purpose, is allowed. We do not
mean to say that exceptional circumstances may not arise,
justifying a departure from this general rule. On the contrary,
as we shall try to show towards the close, in some seasons,
when, for example, the turnip crop is a very heavy one, and
when, owing to the high price of stock or other causes, it might
be hazardous to purchase additional animals to consume the
surplus roots, it may be prudent, and even profitable, to give the
stock on the farm a decidedly larger allowance of roots than,
should be given in ordinary circumstances. In such matters it
would not be wise to carry out such a rule rigidly, as obviously
discretion and judgment are necessary in modifying it accord-
ing to circumstances. (2.) A further part of our object will be
to discuss the best form in which to give the restricted quantity
of turnips to cattle and sheep, and also the best substitutes to
use in various circumstances, with the view of supplementing,
by purchased food as well as by home-grown grain, etc., the
fodder and roots on the farm.

To some extent our arouments will be founded on 2:eneral
considerations, based on the composition of tui'ni])s, and on their
suitability, or rather non-suitability, for being the sole or even
main food of stock. But we shall als(j rely on the experience
and testimony of cattle und sheep feeders in all parts of the
United Kingdom, hi gathering materials fur this ])aper, we
have been in communication with many eminent agri(julturists
in the leading stock-feeding districts of Great Britain, almost
literally from John o' Groat's to Land's End. We have met, on
all hands, a cordial readiness to communicate any information
asked, and more especially the results of ])ersonal experience iu
the feeding of both cattle and sheep, with turnips as the basis
of the food given. This readiness has arisen alike from the
expressed a})preciation on the part of our corresi)ondents, of the im-
mense; })ractical im])ortance of the subject, esj)ecially in the face
of the serious American competition with which the liritish
stock-feeder has to contend, and also a willingness to communi-
cate any infornuition intended for the use of the Highland and
Agricultunil Society of Scotland. Many of our informants
express their regret, that the actual results of the dilVerent modes
of feeding tried by them had often not been put to a sutliciently
exact test, owing to nn absence of the means of ai)[>lying such a

294 ON THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TUENIPS

test. In such matters, weight is the only satisfactory and rehable
criterion to go by. Price is no true index of the progress made by
stock on any given food, as the animals may have been bought
cheaply and sold when beef has increased in value, or vice versa.
A weighing maching, powerful enough to weigli cattle, ought to be
an appendage to every farm-steading of any considerable dimen-
sions. It would prove of great value in helping the farmer to
form a reliable estimate of the money value of his live stock,
when, after being fed, they are ready to be disposed of to the
butcher, and its j)resence would make it practicable for him to
test the progress they are making from time to time. By such
a system, stock-feeding would be reduced to a comparativ^ely
exact art, instead of beiug the slip-shod, rule-of-thumb, half
guess-work which, it must be confessed, it unfortunately is at
present. Such weigh-bridges are common on all large farms in
America, and also on not a few small ones, and this is a phase
of transatlantic agricultural enterprise and exactness of pro-
cedure which cannot too soon be copied by farmers in this
country. AYould it not be reasonable to expect landlords tO'
bear the first cost, and charge their tenants a fair annual sum
for their use ?

Difference in tlie Comioosition of Turnii^s.

In order to judge of the advisability of giving live stock a
large and especially an unlimited supply of turnips, ib is
necessary to have a clear and correct idea of the constituent
elements of a turnip. Of "what, then, is one of these roots com-
posed ? As we shall find by and bye, there is an immense
difference in the nourishing properties possessed by this root
crop, according to the variety, to tlie quality of the soil on which
it has been grown, to the manures applied, and other circum-
stances. But let us take as our basis at this stage, an average
swede grown on a fairly good soil. Such a bulb is found on,
analysis to contain about 90 per cent, of water and only 10 per
cent, of solid matter. In other words, in every 100 lbs. of swedes
there are 90 lbs., that is 6 stones 6 lbs. of water, and only 10 Ibs-
of drv matter. Thus, when a bullock consumes 2 cwt. of such
roots in a day, he swallows 200 lbs., which is equivalent to 18
gallons, of water. An animal eating 1^ cwt. thereby drinks
150 lbs. or 13| gallons of this liquid, while 1 cwt. contains
100 lbs. or 9 gallons of it. JSTow, let it be borne in mind that
this very large quantity of liquid, which an animal getting a
large allowance of turnips partakes of daily, is possessed of
nothing better than the properties of ordinary water. I^eople
are met with who cling to the idea that there must be some
special virtue in the water in turnips, else the small proportions,

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP.

295

of their solid matter which is nourishing, could not do stock the
amount of good which it does. But this is unquestionably an
erroneous impression,forthe analysis would be a very defective one,
and consequently be misleading, if the liquid called in analysts'
reports water, were anything different from ordinary water. In
regard to this point, Mr Jamieson says, in his report to the
Aberdeenshire Agricultural Association for 1877-78 (p. 24),
" It may safely be said that water and fibre do not add to the
nourishing value of the turnip."

Having seen that 90 per cent, of an average swede is com-
posed of water, let us next inquire what are the constituent
elements in the remaining 10 per cent. ? Speaking in general
term?, it may be said that not more than two-thirds of it in any
case, and generally from one-tenth to one-fifth less than that
proportion, is composed of nourishing feeding properties.
About one-third of this 10 per cent, is what chemists call
" woody fibre," in which there is no more nourishment than
there is in a piece of pulped wood or in raw cotton. Only from
5 to 5^ per cent, of the whole turnip consists of flesh-forming,
heat-producing, and fattening properties. We have constructed
the following table to show an approximate estimate of the
weight of water and other substances partaken of by cattle,
according as they are each fed daily upon 2 cwt., 1-| cwt.,
1 cwt., and | cwt. of turnips respectively : —

Tahle slioicing Composition of Averarje Swede in Dcdly Allowances

given to Cattle.

2 cwt.

li cwt.

1 cwt.

Pure water.
( Flesh-forming, lieat-produciiig,
( and fattening elements.

"Woody tibre.
( ]\lineral ash and pectinous sub-
l stances similar to jelly in
( nio.st kinds of fruit.

200 lbs.
12 „

4 »

150 lbs.
o

100 lbs.
6„
4„

.-?

- ?j

75 lbs.
4i „

21\ lbs.

108 lbs.

112 lbs.

84 lbs.

'I'he largest size of half-bred lambs (between Cheviot ewe and
Leicester ur Lincoln ram), when fed upon turnips alone, will
consume about oO lbs. or thereby daily, while secondary lambs
of this class will eat upwards of L!0 lbs. in twenty-four hours.
Of tlie t'ornier quantity, 27 lbs. are pure water, about 1 lb.
woody fibre, about \ lb. mineral ash, etc., and only H lb. heat-
producing, fattening, and Uesh-forming matter. When a sheep

296 ON THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TUENIPS

consumes 20 lbs. of swedes the poor animal actually swallows
18 lbs. of water ; that is, probably about one-seventh of its live
weight daily of that cold liquid and only 1 lb. of nourishing-
food, the remaining 1 lb. being woody fibre and mineral ash,
etc.

Bnt it would be very misleading if we proceeded on the
assumption that turnips generally contain only 90 per cent, of
water, for many crops show when analysed as high a percentage
as 92 and even 93. Farmers and feeders of live stock have
long been aware that white turnips and other common varieties
are decidedly more watery than the firmer and more compact
swedes. But neither class has been sufficiently alive to the
great diversity which is found in the composition of bulbs of
the same variety grown on different kinds and qualities of soil,
manured with difierent kinds of fertilisers, and produced under
different circumstances in other respects. There is probably as
much difference in the feeding qualities of turnips raised on
different soils as there is known to be between grass and cereals
grown on such soils. It is well known that some grass land will
feed cattle rapidly fat, while grass on other soils would not lay flesh
on the same animals though they should be grazed for a long life-
time upon it. Doubtless, the same holds good to a large extent
with turnips. Speaking at the annual meeting of the Aberdeen-
shire Agricultural Association in 1879, the late Mr M'Combie
of Tillyfour said, that " the difference in turnips grown on good,
from those raised on inferior land is so great, that I should never
think of putting feeding stock upon the turnips grown on inferior
land."

Again, the kinds and quantities of manures applied have
unquestionably a powerful influence in determining the com-
position of the turnips produced. " Fast " or quickly soluble
manures, wdiich force forward the growth of the plant, tend, to
some extent, to deteriorate its quality and to lessen its feeding
properties. Mr Jamieson says that one result of the Aberdeen-
shire experiments has been to show that, while the application
of nitrogen to the turnips has considerably augmented the gross
produce per acre, yet that that increase in weight has consisted
principally, if not entirely, of water. He shows that a crop of
20 tons per acre, containing 93 per cent, of water, is only equal
to 11 1 tons per acre containing 88 per cent, of that liquid. Mr
Lawes calls in question the correctness of the inference as to the
influence of nitrogen in causini^ the bulbs to be so much more
watery. Where " doctors differ " it would be rash presumption
for the writer to hazard an opinion. But, fortunately for us,
the weight of our argument is not in the smallest degree
dependent on the question, as to what has principally con-
tributed to the unusually watery character of particular bulbs.

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AXD SHEEP. 297

Both parties, and indeed all analysts of experience, admit
and testify that, however produced, many crops of turnips
contain 92 and even 93 per cent, of water, and that the solid
constituents in them are lessened in a proportionate degree.
Thus, some bulbs, fairly representing large crops, contain only 7
per cent, of solid matter, ^vhile other fair specimens from
ditierent fields and differently manured, show as much as 12
per cent, of solid ingredients. Moreover, not only is there a
great variation found in the percentage of solid matters found in
different bulbs raised on different classes of soil, and with
different manures, but whatever be the percentage of solid
matter, the proportion of heat-producing, fattening, and flesh-
forming matter therein is found to be considerably affected by
the same influences. Thus, crops which show on analysis the
same percentage of gross solids may yet differ greatly in their
nourishing properties. There is a wide field open for scientific
experimentalists to make more precise and reliable investigations
and discoveries in this department than have yet been made; but
it has been so far clearly established by many independent in-
vestigators, that, be the causes what they may to which they are
to be attributed, such diversities as we have indicated do in
reality exist. These are points to which most agriculturists
hitherto have not been sufficiently alive. It has been too much
the custom to look upon turnips simply as turnips, without
realising the difference there may be between them in composi-
tion and nourishing qualities, and consequently in money value.
In the meantime let us realise that there are turnips and
turnips, hoping that scientific experimenters may ere long
discover, for our benefit the main causes which contribute to
the existing differences.

Turnips too loatcry to constitute the Sole or even Main

Food of Live Stock.

Now, our contention is, that turnips are far too watery in
their composition for it to be prudent or economical to make
them the sole or even the principal food of live stock. It is
true that the greater portion of the weight of an animal is made
up of wiiter (store cattle, sheep, and })igs contain water in the
proportion of from GO to ()i^ per cent, of their entire live weight),
but this falls far short of being nine-tenths of their live weight,
and therefore it may legitinuitely be infeiTed, that when, say, a
sheep is sup]>orted entirely uj)on turin'ps it is swallowing an
excess of water. Unerring instinct leads a duml* l>rute, if fed
upon dry or moderately muist food, to partake uf that quantity
of liijuid, ami nothing more, wliicli is g(jod for it; and this,

298 ox THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TURNIPS

we submit, is a powerful argument in favour of the opinion we-
have already advanced, that live stock should, as nearly as
possible, get just as many turnips as will supply their desire for
and their need of water.

This argument, drawn from a consideration of the percentage
of water in the bodies of animals and from their instinct, may be
supported by an examination of the composition of grass, which
is the natural food of graminivorous animals. This vegetable
may be regarded as embodying in something like due proportions
the proper constituent elements of the food of the beasts which
subsist upon it. What, then, is the percentage of water in-
ordinary grass in its natural fresh condition? One chemist gives
the mean percentage of that liquid in eighteen species of fresh
grass plants as 68, while another chemist specifies 70 as the mean
percentage in no fewer than twenty-one species. If we take
the larger of these estimates as the percentage of water in a
fairly representative specimen of fresh grass, there remains 30
per cent, of solid dry matter. There is thus 70 per cent, of
water in grass, the natural food of cattle and sheep, as compared
with 90 per cent, in swedes, which are an artificially produced
food, being a difference of 20 per cent. Consequently, when a
bullock consumes Ih cvvt. of turnips it swallows 150 lbs. of
w^ater ; whereas, in eating the same w^eight of fresh grass, it
partakes of only 117 lbs., or about 3 gallons less.

However, the difference in the relative composition of turnips
and grass is much more strikingly apparent when we compare
the quantity of dry solid matter which each contains. Since
turnips have 90 per cent, and grass 70 per cent, of water, it
follows that the former has only 10 per cent, of solid matter as
compared with 30 per cent, possessed by the latter. Conse-
quently, in any given weight of each, there is contained three
times the quantity of dry ingredients in the grass that there
is in the bulbs. Thus, when a bullock consumes 1-^ cwt. of
swedes it secures therein less than 17 lbs. of dry food; whereas,
in the same weight of average green grass, it obtains no less than
50 lbs. of such solid matter. Again, when a sheep eats 20 lbs.
of turnips it gets only 2 lbs. of solid food, as compared with 6
lbs. which it w^ould derive from a similar weight of ordinary
pasture grass. If a closer examination is made of tlie different
ingredients in the dry matter of turnips and grass respectively,
our position will be still further illustrated and supported. We
have seen that in 100 lbs. of the former vegetable only from 5
lbs. to 5^ lbs. are nourishing, the remainder being woody fibre
and mineral ash. Cocksfoot may be taken as a representative
grass, seeing Mr Way found the percentage of water in it to be
about an average, viz. 70. The remaining 30 per cent, he
accounted for as follows : — flesh-forming 4*UG per cent., fatty

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 299'

matters 0-94 per cent., heat-producing 13"30 per cent., woody
fibre lO'll per cent., and mineral ash 1*59 per cent. Thus,,
when the three nourishing constituents are summed up they
show 18*30 per cent, of the whole, as compared with only from
5 to 5^ per cent, in the case of turnips. Consequently, there is
exactly three-and-a-half times as much nourishing matter in
any given quantity of the above variety of grass as there is in
the same weight of swedes.

Now, in looking to the composition of grass as affording a
criterion by which to judge of the expediency of using turnips
as the sole or main article of food for cattle and sheep, we must
not restrict ourselves to a comparison of the proportion of nour-
ishing food in each or of the jjercentage of moisture in each, \mt
we must ascertain how much water has to be partaken of in the
case of each variety of food in order to secure a given weight of
dry solid food. If any animal is to make satisfactory progress
towards maturity, and, indeed, even if it is to maintain itself in
life, it nmst consume a certain weight of beat-producing and
flesh-forming food. Let us assume that a given animal requires
daily for this purpose 8 11)S. of such solid food. To obtain this,
in the form of grass, it has to imbibe onlv 31 lbs. of water:
whereas, to secure it with turnips as its sole food, it has to take
into its stomach no less than 135 lbs. of tliat cold liquid.
Again, when a sheep eats 20 lbs. of turnips, 18 11 )s. of its food is
moisture and only 1 lb. nourishing food ; but to get the same
amount of solid nourishment in grass, it has only to imbibe
4 lbs. of water. But if this holds good with swedes, whose
analysis shows 10 per cent, of solid matter in their composition,
what are we to say of the wide area of roots grown with fast
manures on inferior land, which contain not more than 7 or 8
per cent, of dry substance ^ It is well known that when there
is a lengthened track of mild moist weather, there springs up^
even on pasture land where the soil is naturally good, a soft
watery herbage which lack's in a large measure the rich fat-
tening qualities which grass on the same field is possessed of in
ordinary warm dry weather. This illustrates how the presence
of an excessive quantity of moisture deteriorates the feeding
pro])erties of what is otherwise good and nourishing. AVheu the
matter is closely looked at in this light, no one need be sur-
piised that so many crops of tiirni])s have enough to do to kee}>
animals in life and fail to add to tht'ir ilesh and fat. Dean
liamsay tells about a minister's man who ilattered himself that
if he could not, as the result of his long association witli his
master, preach a sermon, lie coidd at least draw an inference.
" And what inf(*rence," he was asked, " would you draw from
this text: — * A wild ass snulleth up the wind at her pleasure ?'"
" I wad draw this inference," was John's quaint reply, "he wad

300 ox THE ECOXOMICAL USE OF TURNIPS

snuff* a lang time afore he would fatten upon't." Much the
same might be said of many crops of watery innutritions
turnips, on which stock are attempted to be fed without a
sufficient supplement of dry and concentrated food.

But it may be asked, What harm can arise from giving live-
stock even a superabundant supply of such a harmless liquid as
water ? We reply that, to compel an animal nolens volens to take
in this way far more water than it either desires or needs, not
only does no good, but that it does positive harm. And here let
it be borne in mind that the moisture in turnips in their natural
state is at a very low temperature, and that a large and hearty
meal of cold roots by themselves must reduce the temperature
of the body of the animal partaking of them, and even
produce a positive chill upon it. At the time when it was
customar}^ to give cattle an unlimited supply of them, it was no
uncommon sight on a cold winter day to see bulloks standing
literally shivering after they had gorged themselves. In the
case of sheep the chilling influence of the roots is greatly
aggravated by the fact that the sun-oundings of the poor dumb
brutes may be extremely unfavourable, the temperature of the
atmosphere being often low, and the wind, it may be, piercingly
cold, wdiile the skin of the sheep may be drenched with moisture,
and the land on which it has to spend its time is wet, miry, and
altogether comfortless. That such a mode of feeding, especially
in the case of breeding animals, is prejudicial to health, we shall
by and bye quote abundant testimony to prove; but, apart
altooether from a consideration of the ojeneral health of the
animal, what, we would ask, is the effect of pouring such a
superabundant supply of cold water into the stomach of the poor
brute ? Why, just to counteract the beneficial influence of a
considerable proportion of the nourishing and heat-producing
elements which are contained in the solid parts of the turnips.
A large proportion of the food which an animal eats is entirely
used up in keeping its body warm, and in maintaining its vital
movements. The food which is not used for this purpose either
passes out of the body in its excreta, or is retained therein, being
converted into permanent increase. Now a large proportion of
the solid matter in the quantity of turnips consumed by an
animal subsisting entirely upon them, is used up in producing
heat in tbe body. The exact proportion consumed in this
necessary function is dependent on a variety of circumstances,
one of the chief of which is the temperature of the animal's
body. Heat is equivalent to food, and hence if a bullock or a
sheep be chilled either by its outward circumstances being cold,
or by its internal warmth being greatly and suddenly reduced
by a hearty meal of cold watery roots, part of the food partaken
of is consumed in bringing the beast back to its normal tempera-

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AXD SHEEP. 301

ture. When, therefore, the temperature of the body is reduced,
as it undoubtedly is, by imbibing, in the excessive supply of
turnips, a superfluity of water generally so cold as to be little
above the freezing point, some of the food in the roots is used
up in restoring the body to its natural degree of warmth. Con-
sequently such of the nourishing qualities of the turnips as are
expended in this work of restoration are wasted in proportion to
the amount of superfluous cold water imbibed. We have seen
that there is in average turnips only 1 lb. of nourishing food
in proportion to every 18 lbs. of water. But when these watery
bulbs are given in very large quantities to live-stock, a portion
of the dry solid food is used up by the presence of the excessive
supply of cold moisture imbibed, and thus one part of the bulbs
counteracts the beneficial influence which the other is fitted to
exert.

Inasmuch as a proportion of the food consumed by an animal
is spent in heating its body, food may truly and accurately be
spoken of as fuel. Now suppose that you pump a large quantity
of cold water into the boiler of an engine, an extra quantity of
coal or other fuel will be consumed in raising the water in the
boiler to the same temperature it was in before the additional
supply was pumped in. In the same way, when the temperature
of an animal's body has been much reduced by swallowing, in
the form of turnips, an excessive quantity of cold water, a
portion of the solid matter in the bulb, which is respiratory or
heat-producing, will as truly be hurned aioay in restoring the
temperature to its normal condition. Every one is aware that
if more water is put into a boiler than will produce the steam
necessary to overtake the amount of work to be accomplished,
the fuel spent in bringing that superfluous water to the boiling
point is wasted. In the same way food is wasted in restoring
an animal's body to its natural temperature after it has swallowed
an unnecessary supply of cold water ; animal heat is thereby
unnecessarily consumed, the fuel for which would otherwise
have been utilised as food. The degree of waste in each case is
in proportion to the quantity of superfluous water, and the way
to prevent the waste is to limit the li(piid to as close an estimate
as can be made of what is })roper and necessary.

However, we would here take occasion to remark, tliat on no
account should tlie risk be incurred of leaving cattle with an insuf-
iicient sup])ly of water, either given separately or mixed in their
food. Considerable as we hold the loss to be from comi)ellin!]:
them to partake of a superabandant quantity, the loss would no
doul)t be even greater if they do not get enough to satisfy the
cravings of nature and to replace the moisture consumed in the
system. lUit the safeguard against this latter danger lies in
giving the cattle an oi)portunity of drinking water at least once

•302 ON THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TURNirS

daily, whatever be tlie quantity of bulbs on which they are being

fed. This is a point, the importance of which has not been

sufficiently realised by cattle-feeders in the past, though it must

be added as a gratifying circumstance, that of late years farmers

have been gradually becoming more alive to the advantage of

attending to it. Accordingly, it is getting far from uncommon,

where circumstances are favourable, to introduce water by

.gravitation into cattle-courts, boxes, and even stalls, so that

the animals may quench their thirst when they feel inclined

to do so. Many of the correspondents who have favoured us

with communications on the subject of this paper dwell with

•emphasis upon the importance of all w^inter-fed cattle having

access to water. It is well known that some men drink more

water than others who are living otherwise on precisely the same

diet. Is there any reason to doubt the existence of a similar

-diversity among the lower animals in regard to the inclination

for and the need of moisture in some form ? Besides, just as

human beings, owing to a change in the state of their bodies, feel

a greater need of a drink to cool their heated system at one time

than another, so live-stock undergo similar changes in their

state of body and general health which create in them a varying

desire to quench their thirst. They will sometimes partake of

water and at other times not, but they should always have the

•offer of it, if not constantly, at least at frequent intervals, and at

the longest daily. It may be put within their power with

perfect confidence, for their unerring instinct will prevent them

from taking more than is good for them.

We make no apology for dwelling at such length on the
watery nature of turnips, and their unsuitability on that account
for being the sole or the principal food for stock, because we
are persuaded that their use in excessive quantities has in many
cases arisen from an imperfect realisation of their composition.
There is an argumcntum. ad hominem, we have heard used with
good effect, which may be briefly quoted before passing from
this part of the subject. Swedes we have seen to be composed
of water and solid matter in the proportion of nine parts of the
former to one of the latter. What would a sheep-feeder, who is
in the habit of giving his flock nothing for months except turnips,
think of the following recipe for mixing his grog ? — " Take a
quart bottle, and in it mix one glass of good whisky with nine
glasses of cold spring water; partake ad libitum, especially when
the temperature is below the freezing point, and refill the bottle
as often as required." It would be safe to predict a very limited
consumption of such a mixture. But that is just the proportion
in which the food of his sheep is mixed, and we w^ould ask, in
all seriousness, is there any good and sufficient reason w^hy the
one should be differently treated from the other in this respect ?

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 303

Large sup2^lics of Tiwnij^is prejudicial to the Health of

Breeding Stock.

Our object up to this point has been to show, from general
considerations, that the practice of feeding cattle and sheep
solely or principally upon turnips is unnatural, extravagant,
and even wasteful. Before proceeding to consider what ought
to be substituted for a portion of the watery roots, we would
point out the important fact, that a large supply of turnips to
in-calf-cows and ew^es in-lamb is prejudicial to their health, and
therefore is equally to be condemned on that account as it is
on the ground of direct economy. The general health of feeding
and store cattle and sheep suffers in a comparatively small degree
from a liberal allowance of roots, unless when they get a com-
plete surfeit of them, or where the bulbs are frosted, in which
case serious consequences not infrequently ensue, especially in
the case of cattle. But when live stock are pregnant, the matter
is entirely changed, and experience has show^n that, when in that
exceptional condition, they are very liable to be injured by too
large an allow^ance of turnips.

Large supplies of roots are believed by many experienced
farmers to have a tendency to cause abortion in the case of cows
in calf. Our subject is otherwise such a wide one that we did
not make extensive inquiries on this branch of it. Mr AVilliam
Housman, writing in the last number of " The Royal Agricul-
tural Society of England's Journal" (vol. xvi., part 2) on the
management of a shorthorn herd, says in regard to the various
systems pursued in Aberdeenshire: " It has been noticed that cows
casting their calves is the more common in years when there is
a large supply of turnips and a small crop of straw." An emi-
nent breeder of shorthorns in Scotland, in a communication to
us in regard to this point, says : " The farm, like most in the
district, is worked on the principle of supplying the stock with
turnips and straw alone as food in winter. Of late years, the
bad seasons have so reduced the crops of turnips grown, that
occasionally we have had to depend on artilieial sul)stitutes.
The prices of food cause dilTerence in practice ; but perhaps the
most satisfactory plan has been to give, instead of the mid-day
meal of turnips, a feed of l^l 11). ground decorticated cotton cako
mixed with H lb. oat husks. In ordinary seasons we give three
feeds of turnips, each weighing from .*>0 lbs. to 40 lbs., with
about 10 lbs. of oat or barley straw ; and in bad seasons we have
given a night and morning feed of about 30 lbs. turnips each,
and a mid-day allowance of 1^, 11). cotton cake and l.V lb. oat
liusks, with a liberal supply of water and the usual allowance
of straw given at three diflerent limes. Our experience has

304 ON THE ECONOxMICAL USE OF TURNIPS

convinced us that the feed of 3 lbs. cotton cake and oat husks
keeps the cows in better condition than the third feed of say
30 lbs. turnips does. We have fewer cases of indigestion, and
though our experience is not of sufficiently long standing to
speak confidently on such a difficult point, we think the risk of
abortion is less." The writer goes into a calculation to show
that the two systems are about equal in cost ; but the one meal
of dry food has the advantage in practice, inasmuch as it is found
better both for the health and the condition of the animals.
Mr E. C. Cruickshank, Lethenty, Aberdeenshire, informs us,
that siDce he commenced the system of giving a mixture of dry
concentrated food as a substitute for a portion of the liberal
supply of turnips formerly given, he has had no case of abortion
during the winter months with the exception of two or three
exceptional cases in which other causes were clearly traceable.
His mixture consists of 3 J cwts. ground cotton cake, 3 J- cwts.
bran, 3J cwts. ground oats, and 1 cwt. ground linseed, mixed
wdth an ample quantity of oat husks, for a weekly supply for
twenty-eight cows, costing 3s. 2d. per head per w^eek, or 5Jd.
daily. The daily allowance of turnips ranges from 30 lbs. to
35 lbs. for each cow. It may be interesting and useful if we
quote the daily feed for each cow at Lethenty in the form of a
time-table : —

6 A.M. — 1 lb. bran, oats, and ground decorticated cotton cake ; j lb.
groiuid linseed mixed with oat husks.
6.30 A.M. — "Barley straw.

10.30 A.M. — 30 lbs. to 35 lbs. turnips, with the tops on so long as they are
fresh.
5 P.M. — A mixture similar to the morning one with straw.

On this system of feeding the cows improve rapidly in condi-
tion when dry, and they maintain their condition after they are
calved. Moreover, wdien fed in this way, they do not fall off in
condition when turned out to grass in May; but the supply of
food is reduced a little before they go out to grass. They have
a supply of w^ater always before them, which is a matter the
importance of which cannot be over-estimated.

The cases of abortion caused by an excessive supply of turnips
are decidedly more numerous with ewes in lamb than with cows
in calf. The main cause of this is probably to be found in the
fact that the latter class of stock always get an allowance of
straw, hay, or other dry food, and that this counteracts to a con-
siderable extent the deleterious influence of the w^atery bulbs ;
wdiereas breeding ewes, very commonly in many districts of Scot-
land and elsewhere, get nothing but turnips during a couple of
months of the year, and that, too, at the most critical stage of their
pregnancy, — viz., immediately before their lambing time is due.
As we have already explained, it is customary in the south-west

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 305

of Scotland and other localities to fold park ewes upon the tur-
nip fields during February and ]\Iarch with the twofold object of
providing, as is most erroneously thought, an abundant supply
of nourishing food for the expectant mothers, and also to allow
the pasture helds to become clean and fresh preparatory to the
advent of the lambing season. On the merits of this system w^e
would quote the verdict and testimony of a well-known autho-
rity south of the Border, viz., Mr Coleman, Eiccall Hall, York :
" The practice formerly so common of stuffing breeding ewes
with roots is most extravagant, most unhealthy, and most unna-
tural. A good turnip year in Xorfolk w^as invariably followed

by a bad lambing season It is stated in

Morton's ' Cyclopiedia of Agriculture ' that a ewe will consume
daily from one-third to one-fourth of its live weight of roots
when supplied with these alone — that is, from 25 lbs. to 30 lbs
daily. Of this bulk of food nine-tenths is water ; the tempera-
ture of which water, in the winter, is seldom many degrees above
the freezing-point. How much of the food of the animal must be
burned away, so to speak, in order to raise this mass to the tem-
perature of the body ! If, moreover, the animal is lying or
standing on wet ground, which can hardly be avoided, the body
becomes so chilled externally as well as internally that the
fcetus is starved; a number of dead or pot-bellied and weakly
lambs is the result, especially from shearling ewes. The only
wonder should be that any escape" (" Koyal Agricultural Society's
Journal," vol. i., second series, p. 246). Mr Joseph Darby, in the
same journal for 1877, remarks, ''For ewes heavy in lamb, how-
ever, a full supply of turnips, with no dry food of any sort as a
healthful alterative, must be extremely injudicious and hazardous.
The laws of physiology do not condemn the custom of allowing
ewes in lamb to live entirely upon turnips more than the prac-
tical experience of llockmasters themselves. Sad losses, indeed,
have accrued from persevering in the system, and yet some
farmers are so hard to turn out of old ruts tliat in various parts
of the kingdom it still holds sway."

There is perhaps no person in Great Britain who has paid so
much attention to this phase of the inlhience of turni]>s as !Mr
Henry Woods, agent to Lord Walsingliam, Mertun, Thetford,
Norfolk. He made it a matter of tlie most extensive in([uiry, as
well as close personal ol)servation and study. He issued queries
to many tiockmasters and shepherds on the subject, and has eni-
Ijodied the substance of the four hundred repHcs which he received
in an invahiable lecture, entitled, "Abortion and ^lortality among
Ewes " (publislied at the "Norwich Mercury" OlHce). He quotes
details regarding many ilocks where a hirge and liljeral allow-
ance of roots had Ijcen followed by a very huge nundier of abor-
tions. It is impossible to peruse his masterly summary of the

306 ON THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TUENIPS

numerous cases reported to him without having the conviction
forced upon the mind that turnips are most dangerous food ta
be given in large quantities without a mixture of dry food to-
breeding ewes. His conckisions are thus briefly stated, " I think
it must be clear to any person who has followed my remarks in
giving details of cases that swedes are proved to be unhealthy
food for breeding ewes. I might have adduced many other
cases from my returns confirmatory of this. In the few in-
stances where the ewes have done well when feeding on swedes,
the daily supply has been limited, and there has almost invari-
ably been an allowance of other food as welL My experience
has shown me that swedes are constipating and heating, and
liable to disorder the system of the ewes and to produce low
fever." Mr John Wilson, Willnage, Dunse (formerly of Eding-
ton Mains), in a communication to us on this subject, says : —
" A full allowance of dry food along with turnips is even more
essential in the case of sheep than of cattle. This is even of
more importance in the case of breeding ewes than of eild sheep.
Turnips alone and without stint are a most unsafe and unsuit-
able food for pregnant ewes, and more esj^ecially during the
latter half of their period, when the rapidly-growing foetus draws
so severely on the vital forces of the dam. At this stage ewes
are greedy eaters, and if allowed to gorge themselves with cold
watery turnips there is great risk of their casting their lambs
prematurely ; or worse still, of the lambs dying in the wombs
and being ejected at the full time in a putrid state. It has
happened several times during the past twenty years that a
failure of the turnip crop has compelled flockmasters to stint
their ewes as regards turnips, and to make up for this by a fuller
allowance of nourishing dry food than they had been accustomed
to give, with the invariable result that they have done better
than in years when turnips were plentiful and lavishly used."

In explanation of the imfavourable influence of large supplies
of turnips to breeding ewes, Mr AVoods says (p. 37, 38) : —
" There is, I think, no use denying the fact that the blood
derived from innutritions food taken into the stomach of a ewe
is very poor in quality compared with that which is formed
from sound healthy food. In such a case, the organs which ought
to be supported by good and healthy blood are supplied with blood
that is little better than water, and, becoming debilitated, their
natural functions are impaired and weakened. The lamb in the
womb of course derives its support through the blood of its mother.
If that blood is weak, impure, and wanting in sustaining power,
the lamb must suft'er, lose vitality, and becoming nothing more
nor less than an offending body to be eventually expelled from
the womb. Hence the sad number of abortions which my
returns unfortunately disclose. On the other hand, where ewes

AS FOOD FOn CATTLE AND SHEEP, 307

have been fed with a fair allowance of good, wholesome,
strengthening food, supplementing turnips, notwithstanding the
unfavourableness of the season, they have remained strong and
healthy, and their offspring have been strong and healthy also."
The only other witness whom we will produce on this point
is Mr George Armitage, M.E.C.V.S., Hertford, who, in his
prize essay "On Abortions and Premature Labour in Mares,
Cows, and Ewes," published in the "Transactions" (vohiv., 1872),
says : — " Again the blood of the mother may be destitute of the
elements required by the foetus, and this condition is observed
in animals reduced to the verge of starvation by subsisting on
scanty or inferior food, &c. An exclusive diet of turnips has
been known to cause abortion in a whole flock of pjregnant ewes,
a result due to the small quantity of nutritious elements in com-
parison to the large amount of water. Such causes produce,
first, partial death of the mother ; she becomes anaemic, and
cannot give to the young that which she does not possess ; and
the latter, the least able to bear the want, inevitably dies, and
must be expelled if tlie mother lives."

Mr Woods, in his lecture, refers to the prevalent impression
in many parts of England, as evidenced in the replies to his
queries, that superphosphate has the effect of producing less
healthy turnips than bones, shown by its inducing abortion and
death among sheep. In preparing the material for this paper,
I drew the attention of the lecturer to Mr Jamieson's remarks
on this pjortion of it, in the report of the Aberdeenshire Agri-
cultural Association for 1877-78 (p. 24), to the effect that the
evidences on which the above impression is founded are unsatis-
factory and inadmissible. Mr Woods has kindly furnished us
with the following remarks on this most important question,
regarding which he is so well entitled to speak. He says, " From
the testimony of four hundred sheep farmers in various parts of
England, who were each good enough to answer twenty questions,
and from my own personal experience and observations before
my lecture was delivered in 1877, I am more tlian ever
convinced that two kinds of roots are unlicultliy food for ewes
when in lamb, unless they are given in moderation and sup-
plemented by other kinds of food. Tlie roots to which I refer
are swede turnijjs, when grown with any kind of manure, and
common turni]»s when grown wliere a liberal aHowance of
supcri)hosphate has been applied to the land, but the most
dangerous of all manures is ' mineral superphosphates.* In the
answers to my ([uestions, it was shown that as many cases of
abortion and loss of ewes arose from the use of swedes as food
for ewes when in lamb, even when grown with rape cake, half-
inch bones, or farmyard manure, as frum the use of common
turnips grown from mineral superphosphates. So far as my

08 ox THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TUENIPS

experience goes, I have found that swede turnips are constipat-
ing and heating, and consequently the ewes, while seeming to
a casual observer to be doing very well, may be gradually getting
out of health from a disordered stomach, and imperceptibly
drifting into a state of low fever, which, too frequently, if not
almost invariably, ends in abortion and death. A careful
observer of ewes fed on swede turnips will frequently see the
dung of the ewe becoming dark in colour and of a hard buttony
character. This should be a warning to any llockmaster to
change the food of his ewes at once, or bad results will follow.
Of course the heating effiect of the swedes could be somewhat
corrected by reducing the daily allowance and by a liberal use
of fresh broad bran mixed with iiay chaff. Too often, however,
this supplementary health-giving food is omitted. It is a fixed
idea amongst observing shepherds in the eastern counties of
England, that turnips grown from superphosphate manure are
most dangerous food for breeding ewes. I myself believe this,
but probably the shepherds and myself arrive at the same con-
clusion from different points of view. The shepherds believe
that the ewes ' lick up,' as they call it, the manure when feed-
ing on the turnips, and so strongly is the feeling impressed upon
the minds of many shepherds that nothing will induce them to
pull up the roots of the turnips. My idea is, that turnips grown
from superphosphates are of inferior quality, from growing very
rapidly at first wdiile feeding upon the soluble superphosphates,
but when this manure is somewhat exhausted, and dry weather
sets in about September; the growth of the root is checked, and
a good deal of what I w^ould almost call woody fibre is formed in
the root. When ewes are fed on such turnips during winter, the
food is both indigestible and innutritions. Just at the time
when the lamb in the womb is, as it were, sapping the life-blood
of the ewe, the poor creature is losing power by being fed on
innutritions food, aud the result must be death, or probably
abortion first and death afterwards. If flock-masters would not
be so ' penny wise,' — as unfortunately too many are, — and would
give their ew^es some linseed cake, crushed oats, and fresh broad
bran mixed with hay chaff, then I believe that turnips grow^n
from superphosphate manure could be fed off with breeding
ewes without running the very great risk many persons now
incur from the use of such roots."

Part of the food suhstituted for the Turnips loithheld

should he bulky.

But the question now presents itself, if it is unnatural, waste-
ful, and, in the case of some classes of stock, also prejudicial to
health to give a large and especially an unlimited supply of

AS FOOD FOE CATTLE AND SHEEP. 309

turnips, what substances ought to be used as substitutes for the
proportion of watery bulbs withheld, and in what quantities and
jjroportions ought these to be given ? Before proceeding to
attempt to answer this question, it may be proper at this stage,
to remark generally, that some portion of the food so substituted
should be bulky in its character. This holds good alike in
regard to cattle and sheep, though in a greater degree of the
former than the latter. In a valuable lecture delivered before
the Dublin Society, about fifteen years ago, Mv Lawes showed,
that in consequence of a difference subsisting in the proportions
of intestines and stomachs, cattle can consume a coarser and
more bulky food than sheep, whilst sheep again may be fed with
a less nutritious food than pigs. He showed that for 100 lbs.
weight the ox has llj lbs. stomach and only 2J lbs. of intes-
tines; the sheep, 7h lbs. of stomach and 3 J lbs. intestines;
whilst the pig has only 1% lb. stomach to 6*2 lbs. of intestines.
Thus the ox is enabled to take a larger proportion of bulky
food than sheep, and sheep than pigs. Thus the size of the
stomach of the ox and the sheep points to the desirability of a
bulky food, inasmuch as the digestive organs of both classes
being naturally adapted for disposing of bulky and but moder-
ately nutritive food, it is essential to their comfort and healthful
rumination that their food be in sufficient bulk to enable the
animal at each meal to fill its paunch. No doubt a bullock
could be fed pretty successfully, at least for a limited time, upon
concentrated food alone, provided it has also an abundant
supply of water at its command. But in such a case its
digestive organs would be much more liable to become deranged
than w4en being allowed bulky food in fair proportion to the
provision which nature lias made for the accommodation and
digestion of its victuals, and besides a smaller portion of such
concentrated food would probably be made use of, and assimi-
lated by the system, than would be the case if it were mixed
with some bulky material. It is not essential, or even of first
imi)ortance, that there should be much nourishment in this
liUing-up substance. All that is necessary, or at least highly
desirable, is that it should be sulficient to satisfy the demands
of the bovine system for bulk of provender, hay, straw, oat
husks, or meal seeds, bran, &c., being commonly used and very
suitable. Though sheep, from their physical construction, can
do with a relatively smaller proj)ortion of l)ulky food than cattle,
yet it is e({ually important to bear in mind that the above
remarks apply generally to them also. Cattle always get fodder,
which serves the purpose well or iiuliiVerently, according to the
quantity allowed ; but, not infre(iuently, the consumption of
turnips by sheep is ])racti('.ally restricted, by giving them a very
liberal diet of dry concentrated i'o«jd, without any other bulky

310 ox THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TURXIPS

jorovencler, such as cut hay or straw being substituted for the
watery bulbs withheld. If there are any truth and force in the
foregoing remarks, this is a mistake so great as to justify our
calling attention to it in this pointed way, even at the expense
of a little repetition of idea.

Relative 'profit of feeding upon Turiiips alone, and with limited,
quantity of them and dry food substituted.

"VVe now approach the most iniportant, in fact the crucial
stage of this question. What are the relative profits of the two
systems now under consideration, — the one being the plan of
using turnips as the sole or principal food of live stock, and the
other, the method of withholding a considerable proportion of
the watery bulbs, and giving as a substitute a mixture of bulky
and concentrated dry food ? The object of the farmer being to
make the largest pecuniary balance, after meeting rent, defraying
labour and manure bills, and all other expenses, the primary
consideration with him, is what system will show the best
balance ? We liave already expressed our regret that experi-
mental evidence of such an exact and reliable character as would
be of itself conclusive on this matter is unfortunately not at
our command. In the absence of it, we can merely appeal to
the general experience of stock-owners who have tried both
methods. The testimony on this point which has been furnished
to us is as uniform as it is strong. We applied to several dozens
of the most eminent and. extensive cattle and sheep feeders in
both divisions of tha United Kingdom, and witliout one solitary
exception they testify that they have been convinced alike by
experience and observation, that in every respect it is decidedly
more economical and profitable to give live stock a restricted
daily allowance of turnips, and to substitute for the quantity
withheld, dry nourisldng food of one kind or other, than to give
stock lai^ge supplies of cold watery bulbs. There is a considerable
diversity in regard to the weight of turnips allowed the various
classes of stock by different feeders. Moreover, the practice as
to the kinds and quantities of substitutes employed is, as might
be expected, also very various. By and bye we will quote a large
number of specimens of the proportions allowed for both cattle
and sheep, by a corresponding number of arable farmers.
Meanwhile, we must endeavour, with such imperfect materials
as are at our service, to compare the relative profits of the two
systems.

There is one circumstance regarding which a large number of
stock-owners have borne testimony to us in connection with this
inquiry, and also at many other times, and which, indeed, we have
repeatedly seen with our own eyes, and that is, that in a season

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP, 311

"vvlien store-cattle, owing to a superabundance of roots, have been
allowed a very liberal, if not, indeed, an unlimited supply of
turnips, they have proved leaner and in a lower state of health
and thriving generally when turned out to the grass in spring
than similar stock have been which were fed upon a moderate
allowance of roots of no better quality. This corroboration of
our contention cannot but carry great weight with it, for almost
every stock-owner has either met with it in his own experience
or has observed it in that of his neio^hbours or others. Here
then are instances where a very liberal allowance of roots did
positive harm as compared with a smaller supply where no
other food was ^iven.

Mr M'Combie of Tillyfour's recorded experience of giving his
store beasts and even his commercial cattle, as he was wont to
term his ordinary beefers, nothing but turnips and straw until
about six wrecks before they were consigned to the fat market,
may be quoted as militating against this view. But there are
two circumstances which seem to make that eminent feeder's
experience exceptional to some extent. The one consists in the
superior quality of his turnips, to tlie importance of which fact
he himself seems to have been fully alive. The other is the fact
that his cattle were generally aged, four years of age or so, wdien
they w^ere prepared for the market, and that they had previously
been kept on superior grazing-land. At that stage tlie period
of natural growth was past, and they had been well prepared
internally by nourishing natural food in the form of grass.

On the other side of the Atlantic, where roots are not nearly
so plentiful as they are here, careful experiments have been con-
ducted with the view of economising this expensive crop, and of
ascertainimj^ what dailv allowance of these can be sriven to stock
with the greatest proht. Mr James Biggar, tlie delegate from
Ivirkcudbriglit to Canada in 1879, speaking in his report of the
work at the Ontario School of Agriculture and Model Farm,
says : — " They are at present carrying on experiments in cattle-
feeding witli animals of difFerent breeds, and test the increase
of live weight on the scales from time to time. I'rofessor Brown
expects each animal to gain 2 lbs. per head daily. He lias found
it profitable to reduce the allowance of roots to 30 lbs. or 40 lbs.
daily, and allow a larger quantity of grain, &c. — G lbs. to 10 lbs.,
according to circumstances." He mentions that Mr Hobson, an
extensive cattle-feeder in the same district, gives 12 lbs. to
15 lbs. meal daily, and GO lbs. roots. A Mr iJonaldson in the
same province found it profitable to allow GO lbs. to 70 lbs.
turnips, and from 8 Ihs. to 10 lbs. meal and bran daily. The
ration of r(jotH to fattening cattle at the model farm attached to
the Ontario School of Agriculture is exce])tionally small, but in
.exj)lanation thereof, and in forming an estimate of its expediency,

312 ON THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TURNIPS

it iQust be borne iu mind that roots are there scarce and expen-
sive to raise, whereas concentrated dry food, such as maize, &c.,
is plentiful and cheap in comparison \Yith the state of matters
in this country.

We have been furnished with a statement by Mr Bryce
Wright, Dowhill, Girvan, regarding three dift'erent systems of
feeding cattle, which we shall use as the basis of our calculations
to compare the relative profit of feeding cattle upon an unlimited
supply of turnips and oat-straw, and of feeding them upon a
restricted quantity of the former with two different weights and
values of dry concentrated food. The different time required to
make a bullock lit for the shambles according!; to each diet is
based on Mr Wright's personal experience and observation of the
three different svstems. Of course farmers wdll form their own
estimate of these figures ; but we venture to aihrm that they will
be found a close approximation to fact, as, indeed, might be
expected, considering Mr Wright's lengthened experience in this
special department, and his close and accurate observation of
all matters pertaining to the farm. We should explain that
the calculations of expense are based on bean meal being bought
at 23s. 4d. per 280 lbs., and linseed cake (Pearson's home made)
at £10, 10s. per ton, turnips grown on the farm being reckoned
at 10s. per ton, or 6d. per cwt. To simplify the statement as
much as possible, the element of fodder is left out of account
altogether, it being presumed that the same weight will be con-
sumed in each case.

It is presumed that three bullocks or three lots of bullocks,
as equal as possible in every respect, are put up to be fattened,
and are fed upon different diets. The rations and estimated
expense in each case will appear from the following condensed
statement : —

Class I. — Fed on turnips alone, "svitli straw : —

168 lbs. (1^ cwt.) turnips daily, at 6d. per cwt. = 9d. per day, or
5s. 3d. per week, or 21s. per month. It is estimated that
this lot must be fed in this way for seven months before
they are fat, costing in that time £7, 7s.

Class II. — Fed on limited turnips (84 lbs.), with 2 lbs. bean meal, 4 lbs.
linseed cake, and straw : —

84 lbs. (I cwt.) tiu-nips, at 6d. per cwt. . . 4^d. per day.
2 lbs. bean meal, at Id. per lb. . . . 2d. „
4 lbs. linseed meal, at l^d. per lb. . . 4id. „

lid. per day,
or 6s. 8d. per week, or 25s. 8d. j)er month, or £6, 8s. 4d.
for the five months that will be necessary to feed each fat
on the above diet.

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 313

Class III. — Fed on limited turnips (84 lbs.), witli 3 lbs. bean meal,
C lbs. linseed cake, and straw : —

84 lbs. (I cwt.) turnips, at 6d. per cwt. . . 4^d. per day.
3 lbs. iDean meal, at Id. per lb. . . . 3d. „
6 lbs. linseed cake, at l^d. per lb. . . 6|d. „

Is. 2jd. perday,
or 8s. 3|d. per week, or £1, 13s. 3d. per month, or £6, 13s.
for the four montlis which must expire before they are fat
when so fed.

Isow it will be observed that the same quantity of roots is
t^iven in Classes II. and IIL, and that the sole difference in the
diet consists in an additional allowance of concentrated food
bein<^^ supplied to the last lot, which is presumed to have the
effect of shortening, by one month, the time occupied in the
process of fattening. It appears that, leaving the increased
value of the manure out of account in the meantime, there is a
saving of 18s. 8d. each in the second lot, and of 14s. in the third
as compared with tlie first. This, moreover, is irrespective of
the extra fodder consumed bv the animals in Class I., and also
of the additional attendance during the two or three months
that they have to be kept longer than the others.

This difference in cost of food, presumably to produce equal
results, is of itself a profit by no means to be despised, but it
represents only a part of the gain from restricting the roots, for
the consumption of turnips in the tw^o last classes is only one-
lialf wliat is daily going on in the first, and besides, in the
latter it is continued for seven months, whereas in the others it
lasts for five and four months respectively. Thus, if the same
weight of roots was set aside at the outset for each lot, consider-
ably more than one-half of them is still unconsumed in the
classes where artificial food has been given. At the rate of
IJ cwt. per day, or 42 cwt. in a month of twenty-eight days,
14 tons 14 cwt. would Ije consumed in seven months. A con-
sumption of 84 11)S., or f cwt. per day, is equivalent to 21
cwt. per month, or to 5 tons 5 cwt. in five months, and to
4 tons 4 cwt. in four montlis. Thus there is a balance of 9 tons

9 cwt. of unconsumed turnips in the one case, and of 10 tons

10 cwt. in the other. Accordingly, considerably more than
double the number of cattle can be fed, according to either of
the two last- mentioned scales of diet, as com})ared with the tirst,
and, therefore, whatever ])rotit is to be made from cattle-feeding
in any year, a proportionately greater ])r()fit can be thereby
cleared wli(;re the turni])s ;\re restricted, and dry concentrated
food substituted. The onlv additional element to be estinuited
in tlu! calculation, and which would motlify the result to some
extent, is that while the same gross weight of roots would be
consumed by the larger and the smaller number of beasts, the

314 ox THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TURNIPS

former would require a greater quantity of straw both for fodder
and for litter.

We had intended to present the comparison between the three
classes in another aspect, but our remarks on this part of the
subject are already too lengthened, and we must forbear. It
may be desirable, however, to indicate the purport of it in the
briefest possible terms, and the reader can follow it out for him-
self if he feels so disposed. Take a given number of acres of
turnips, say 10, at say 20 tons per acre, and calculate how
many cattle these roots would feed according to the quantity
allowed in each class, and an approximation may be made there-
from of the gross profit made from the specified acreage. Do
not let the critical reader suppose that we image it to be all sun-
shine and plain sailing. When circumstances are favourable,
satisfactory profits, such as we have indicated, may reasonably
be anticipated, but when cattle-feeding proves little more than
profitable, or positively unprofitable, through the high prices
paid for stores or otherwise, all such calculations are liable to be
disturbed. As we shall endeavour to show towards the close,
the system must be modified and adjusted according to circum-
stances. We merely depict its operations when the conditions
are normal.

The 2fain in the enhanced value of the manure from the
purchased food opens up a question sufficiently wide and
important to be dealt with in a separate paper, and therefore
we must rest contented with turning this paragraph into little
more than a finger-post to. point to it. There is no surer, safer,
and, we believe, more economical plan of maintaining a farm in
high manurial condition than the consumption of a large quantity
of dry, concentrated feeding stuffs in the feeding of live-stock.
It is true that the liberal expenditure of money in such a form
must be gone about with care, discretion, and skill. It further
requires capital, and also patience, for the indirect profit de-
rived from it is not reaped for a time. But in comparing the
two systems of feeding animals upon turnips, with or without
supplemental food, the greater value of the farmyard manure
in the one case than in the other must have its due weight
attached to it in the calculation. There is one advantage which
superior farmyard manure has in this respect to the rank and
file of arable farmers which we would specify, because we are
persuaded that it is not sufficiently understood and appreciated.
In the absence of a chemical analysis of his soil, a farmer is so
far in the dark as to what he should apply with the view of
conveying to it the proper substances in their due proportions
to bring it to a state of fertility. He is liable to supply some
things which are not required, at least in such large proportions,
and he may omit others of which it is deficient, and the presence

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 315

of wliicli, in sufficient quantity, is indispensable to bring, so to
speak, the other substances which are abundant into play. For
to give heed to Liebig's " law of minimum " is to lay hold of
the key — it may be a small one — without wdiich the w^ay to
successful farming cannot be reached. All the farmer has to
guide him in ordinary circumstances to the selection of his
fertilisers is a general consideration of what he has taken out
of the land by crops in the past, and what he proposes to
extract in this way in the future. In the present state of
agiicultural education, most farmers, even if they had an analysis
of their land, would probably not feel themselves to be compe-
tent judges of vdiat are its principal deficiencies, and how these
can be best and most economically supplied. Xow we maintain
that all the neater value ouoht to be attached to rich farmvard
manure produced by cattle liberally fed upon supplemental food,
because it is known it must contain a mixture, in desirable
-proportions, of every one of the fertilising substances, with the
exception perhaps of phosphates, which almost every soil requires
to make it fertile for most general purposes. It is in the end as
cheap to every farmer as any other, and to most farmers it is,
in existincr circumstances, the safest and most desirable, inas-
much as it is most likely to convey to his soil what it really
wants. Bein!]f a mixed all-round manure, it restores to the land
a portion of everything that was taken from it, and special
circumstances and requirements can be taken into account in
the selection of the supplemental fertilisers.

The practice of using home-grown grain to a considerable
extent as supplemental food for stock has much to recommend
it, and never more so than at the present time. It has of late
become increasingly difficult for the British farmer to dispose of
various kinds of agricultural produce in their raw state with
profit, unless, indeed, in special cases, v.'here, from the proximity
of his holding to favourable markets or other exceptional cir-
cumstances, he can sell it to advantage. Hence the practice of
manufacturing the bulk of the crops raised into beef and mutton,
thereby making them "walk to market," is being found the most
remunerative to follow. But in the process of converting them
into a walking condition, there is ample room for exercising skill
and discretion. We would t:ike occasion to mention, in this
connection, the system ]»ursued by ^Ir ^V. T. Sproat, Borness,
Kirkcudbright — a member of a family and also a place both
long associated with the best s]K'cimens of beefers produced in
the south-west of Scotland. T\w, dry-trough food used by ^Ir
S|)roat in feeding cattle consists of a mixture of various ingre-
dients, ])rin('ipally oats, barley, wheat, and cake. His practice
is to mix the draft-grain of the above three varieties — about
• equal weights of each — and to grind it in a grist mill driven

316 ox THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TURNIPS

by tlie water-wheel used to propel the thrashing-mill. There-
after a proportion of cake is added. When first housed, the
cattle get from 4 lbs. to 5 lbs. each of this mixture daily, the
allowance being gradually increased until about double the
above quantity is given to each before they are disposed of
prime fat. This system has many advantages, which those who
pursue mixed arable farming would do well to study and imi-
tate. Mr Sproat in thrashing his grain " draws " it carefully, so
as to make the main produce really heavy and good. Conse-
quently, for wdiat cereals he sells, he receives the top price
current in the market. But the secondary produce of the farm
is made use of in the wav we have described. If the latter were
disposed of in its natural raw state it would be parted with at a
sacrifice ; whereas, when manufactured by the grist-mill and
mixed, it is admirably adapted for feeding purposes. By this
means the cake bill is kept down, and, moreover, the feeder
knows the real ingredients of the home-produced food he is
using. On the other hand, where the arable farmer sells nearly
all his grain, and buys almost all the feeding stuffs for his stock,
two separate profits are reaj^ed at his expense. The purchaser
of the grain has a profit in disposing of it to the consumer, such
profit being often largest where the produce is of second-rate
quality; and the seller of the cake or other artificial food has
a profit off' it, apart from the drawback that the purchaser in the
latter case may not be aware of the composition of the article,
and is more or less uncertain whether he is getting full market
value for his money. Where Mr Sproat's method is followed, a
maxir/ucm price is got for the produce marketed, and the re-
mainder is put to the most profitable use without any middle-
man getting a slice off it in the process.

Spemnens of Mixed Cattle Diets.

A number of our correspondents have kindly supplied us with
a statement of the diet on which they are accustomed to feed
their cattle — both feeding animals and stores — and we proceed to
give specimens of these. It will be seen that in every instance
very much less weight of turnips is allowed than the beasts
would consume if an unlimited supply of bulbs were placed
before them.

Mr David Buttar, Corstan, Coupar- Angus, gives his feeding,
cattle the following mixture, costing lOd. or thereby daily : —

15 lbs. cut straw.

56 „ (^ cwt.) turnips (pulped), at 6d. per cwt, . . 3d.

2 „ linseed meal, at l^d. per lb., .... 3d.

4 „ cotton cake (decorticated), at |d. per lb., . . . 3d.

1 „ treacle (diluted), at Id. per lb,, .... Id.

lOd..

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AXD SHEEP. 317

The above is given in three feeds, and after a time the richness
of the mixture is increased by adding cut grain, such as oats, beans,
and maize, to the extent of about 3 lbs., costing about 2d. per day
extra, bringing up the daily cost of feeding to Is. per day, exclu-
sive of straw, but inclusive of roots. Mr Buttar thinks that
2 cwt. of turnips would be consumed by a fair-sized bullock if
getting nothing else except straw, which, at 6d. per cwt., costs
the same as the richer of the above diets. He adds that, " even
with all this quantity of turnips, it is difficult to turn out a
well -finished beast without a little cake and corn in addition."
Mr Buttar's diet for young store-cattle is as follows : —

15 lbs. cut straw.

28 „ Q cwt.) turnips (pulped), at Gel. per cwt., . . l|d.

1 ,, linseed meal, at Ikl. per lb., .... l^d.

3 „ cotton cake (undecorticatedj, .... 2d.

1 „ treacle, at Id. per lb., Id.

6d.

Mr Buttar's testimony is to the effect that, in the above mixture,
costing 6d. daily, his stores are kept in much better condition
than with 1-J cwt. turnips, which at 6d. per cwt. would cost 9d.

Mr James Dalziel, Tinwald Shaws, Dumfries, at the com-
mencement of the season places his feeding-cattle on the fol-
lowing allowances: — 56 lbs. turnips, pulped, and mixed with
chaff, 2 lbs. linseed cake, 2 lbs. round Waterloo cake, and 4 lbs.
Indian meal well mixed with hot water. After two months,
1 lb. cake and 1 lb. meal additional are given. The average
expense of the supplemental food is Id. per lb., that is lOd.
daily, or os. lOd. per week for each beast when the animals are
on full feed. Long straw cul libitum is also at the command of
the cattle. Mr Dalziel is of opinion that if three quarters of a
cwt. of turnips were given instead of a half cwt., the cattle would
not make so much progress.

We have already referred to the experience of ]Mr Bryce
Wriglit, Dowhill, Girvan. Many years ago, that gentleman
informs us, he used to make bullocks very fat on Swedish tur-
nips and wlieat straw — an unlimited supply of eacli ; but on
this diet it took about eight months to make his cattle ripe for
tlie butcher. Now he succeeds in making tlicm e<[ually fat in
one-half tliat time by feeding them according to the following
system: — lie pulps the turnips and mixes them with cut liay,
oat straw, or wheat chaff. To this mixture there are added 2
or 3 lbs. per head of bean-meal, the whole being allowed to stand
for twenty-four hours to allow the meal and chopped fodder to
become thoroughly saturated with the moisture from the turnips.
The beasts are fed three times a day with this mixture — two
and three year old bullocks getting about 80 lbs., and younger
cattle GO lbs. each daily. In addition, from 4 lbs. to 6 lbs. of

lis

ON THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TLEXIPS

linseed cake (home-made) are allowed per head, accordhig to age, .
with an ordinary allowance of fodder.

Mr Wilson, Ballencrieft', Drem, arranges his cattle ia different
sets of courts according to their forwardness in condition, and
his scale of allowances in food is a graduated one, — a different
quantity being given to each set. When the courts containing
the first quality of beasts are cleared they are refilled from the
second courts, and so on. The following is his usual scale of
daily allowance for each lot : —

First or most Advanced Lot.

10 lbs. chaffed clover hay, at £4 per ton,
56 „ (^ cwt.) turnips, at 6d. per cwt, .

4 „ linseed cake, at l^d. per lb., .

5 „ mixed meal, at ^d. per lb..

4id.
3d.

6d.
2id.

Is. 6|cl.

This, it will be seen, is exceptionally liberal feeding ; but Mr
Wilson, from his business in Edinburgh, has special reasons for
desiring to have command of the highest quality of beef.

dav

The second court lots are getting the following diets each

5 lbs. chaffed hay, at <£4 per ton, .
5 „ straw chaff, say,
84 „ (I CAvt.) turnips, at 6d. per cwt.,

2 „ cotton cake (undecorticated),

3 „ mixed meal, at M. per lb.,

2d.
Id.

4id.
lid.
lid.

'"'-'- ' lOjd.

The cost is here about 10 Jd. per day. ISTo straw is given as
fodder, but the cattle are roughly littered. In comparing the
outlay on Mr Wilson's cattle with others, it should be noted that
an estimate is put on fodder in the former case which has not
been calculated in the latter.

As the result of testing feeding cattle on the scales daring
several seasons, when farming in the north of Scotland, Mr Robert
Bruce, the Manor House Earm, Great Smeaton, Northallerton,
was led to reduce the allowance of turnips to live stock to the
extent of one-half in some instances, and one-third in others.
He is satisfied, as the result of experience, that not only is there
a saving to the extent of the value of the roots kept off', but that
cattle make greater progress on the smaller quantity than on
the larger. His present mixture is as follows : —

64 lbs. turnips, at 6d. per cwt., 3M.

4 „ barley meal, at 25s. per qr., . . . . . 3d.

3 „ cotton cake (decorticated) and linseed cake, mixed, at

l^d. per lb., 3|d.

lOd.

AS FOOD FOE CATTLE AND SHEEP. 319

Mr Bruce believes that cattle will make more rapid progress
on the above allowance of dry concentrated food, with 64 lbs. of
turnips, than on the same allowance of the former, and 100 lbs.,
that is, with 36 lbs. additional turnips, the saving in roots alone
being equivalent to 2d. daily for each beast. He has ascertained
from experience that cattle will consume about one-fourth more
roots which have been grown on light land than they will of
the same variety produced on heavy clay land.

Messrs Thomas Biggar & Sons, Chapelton, Dalbeattie, feed a
large number of cattle. Their daily allowance of turnips to each
beast is 60 lbs., and the daily diet of supplemental food is 2 lbs.
linseed cake, 2 lbs. cotton cake (decorticated), both ground into
meal, 3 lbs. of Indian or Paisley meal, and 1 lb. oatmeal (Cana-
dian). This is mixed with an equal bulk of chaff and refuse
from rye-grass seed cleanings- (the latter ground fine). The
whole is placed in a cooler moistened with boiling water, in
which fully ^ lb. of treacle for each beast has been dissolved, and
after being allowed to lie for a few hours it is given in two feeds
(6 A.M. and 1 p.m.) to the cattle. The 8 lbs. of meal is estimated
at 7d., the chaff and seeds at Id., the treacle at |d., so that the
supplemental food, costing 8|d., and the turnips at 3Jd., bring
up the daily cost to Is. per each beast, besides long straw, which
is given ad libitum. The cattle are nearly three years of age,,
and some of them more. The turnips are placed in the troughs
whole, the swedes being split into three or four pieces with a
turnip chisel, and the cattle are found to eat them without
difficulty in this form. Messrs Biggar believe that the saliva-
tion wliich takes place in the eating of the turnips, as they give
them, is very conducive to digestion and to the general health
of the cattle. The loose cattle have access to water at all times,
and the others are offered it daily, but, while most of them par-
take of it at first, they gradually take less, and finally drink
almost none, tlie water in their mixed food and turnips seeming
sufficient for their necessities.

oMessrs A. & J. M. Ilanntdi, Girvan IMains, Ayrshire, pulp all
their roots for their cattle, mixing chatf or cut straw with the
])ulp, in the proportion of two of straw in bulk to live of turnips.
They have also long oat or barley straw ad libitum. A 6 cwt.
bullock consumes about 84 lbs. of the mixture daily, and they
get in addition 6 lbs. each of linseed cake, which may be
estimated at 9d., besides the value of the turnips, chail", and
straw.

^Ir ^lilne, Inverurie, Aberdeenshire, has been using the scales
a good deal in testing the progress made in live-weight by
cattle din\*rently fed, but he is not sufficiently satisfied with the
reliableness of his trials to warrant their being reported, llmv-
evcr, he has on several occasions observed that cattle receiving

320 ON THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TURNIPS

about one-half the usual allowance of turnips and a fair allow-
ance of cake (from 2 lbs. to 4 lbs., according to the age of the
animal) seemed to do better than cattle being fed on a full
allowance of roots without cake.

Mr Thomas Bone, East Sanquhar, Ayr, pulps all his turnips.
The mixture consists of pulped turnips, cut wheat or oat straw,
and occasionally a portion of hay. An allowance equal to about
1 lb. of light grain (wheat, barley, and oats) bruised, is also
added. The three-year old cattle get 28 lbs. to 30 lbs., gradually
increased to 35 lbs., of the above mixture three times daily, and
also 3 J lbs. of best oil cake, eventually increased to 4 lbs. Two-
year old cattle get three times daily about 25 lbs. of the mixture
and 2 lbs. of oil cake. All the cattle are oft'ered water once a
day, and many of them drink a considerable quantity.

Mr Cunningham, Trees, Maybole, like many others, at one time
allowed his cattle an unlimited quantity of roots, but has been
led by experience to see the economy and profit of restricting
the quantity to a considerable extent, pulping and straw-cutting
being practised with satisfactory results. There is a specialty
in Mr Cunningham's management wdiich is deserving of study
and imitation. Writing to us, he says, " For a number of years
now, owing to a deficiency in the turnip crop, and also more for
the purpose of enabling me to wait and catch a good market, I
began the use of green-cut hay for the cattle. This I do by
putting the hay through the straw cutter, mixing a good allow-
ance of meals with the hay. This is put, along with a few
boiled roots, in a large cooler, and a plentiful supply of hot
water poured over it. At first we gave the cattle one good feed
of this daily, and as the season advanced two feeds. This is a
great saving of roots, and the animals become very fond of the
cooked food, and thrive well upon it."

Apart from the recommendation which green-cut rye-grass
hay has for the accomplishment of the special object which Mr
Cunningham has in view in using it, viz., tiding over the cattle
until a favourable market can be met with, w^e submit that
farnjers generally do not estimate that class of fodder at any-
thing like its proper value as food for cattle and also for sheep.
Mr Lawes places the manurial value of a ton of clover hay
consumed by stock at £2, 5s. 6d. ]^ow, if the selling price of it
is taken at £4 per ton, or 6d. per imperial stone of 14 lbs., no
less than 56 per cent, of its selling value is recovered in the
manure. The result of experiments on feeding (summarised by
Messrs Johnston & Cameron in " Elements of Agricultural
Chemistry," p. 484), conducted by different persons and in
different countries, tend to show that there is as much feeding-
in from 8 lbs. to 10 lbs. of such hay as in from 20 lbs. to 40 lbs.
of oat straw, according to its quality, or say in the average 30

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 321

lbs. If farmers would estimate the feeding and manurial worth
of clover-hay at its proper value, less of it would be sold off the
farm, and a greater quantity would be used in helping to econo-
mise roots in the feecUng of sheep as well as of cattle.

Merits of System of Pidping Roots.

Many of our correspondents pulp the roots given to cattle and
also in some instances to sheep, and, without exception, they
express their complete satisfaction with it. We are aware that
a prejudice, more or less strong, against the system exists in the
minds of many feeders of live stock. The more we have
reflected on the nature of the process in itself, and the more we
have heard and seen of its practical operation, we are the more
enamoured with it, being satisfied that there is no other known
system equal to it for using the roots and dry fodder on a farm
to the best advantage. Our limits will not permit us to enter
at desirable length into all its merits and recommendations ;
but any treatment of the subject of this paper which does not at
least point out its advantages in a general way would be very
incomplete. Its first obvious recommendation is that it enables
the animal's food to be given in a mixed form, and this remark
applies not only to the turnips and fodder, but also to the dry
concentrated food, which, when ground into meal as it is found
advantageous to do, can without difticulty be thoroughly incor-
porated with the pulped mixture. Abstract considerations and
experience alike testify to the food being more readily as well
as more completely digested when so mixed together than when
each is given separately. The act of mastication is made as
short and simple as possible, and tlius the animal's belly beinof
filled in a much shorter time than when the turnips are sliced
or whole, and the fodder has to be eaten in a long form, there is
more time for rest, which is a condition highly favourable for
the laying on of fat. Not a movement of a limb can be made,
and not a breath can be drawn that is not compensated for in
food. Hence, especially in the case of animals being forced
forward for the fat market, the less exertion they put forth in
any form, consistent with the maintenance of their general
health, the more rapidly will they lay on fat. One of the
gi'eatest recommendations of the mixture of pul}»ed roots and
cliall', or cut straw or hay, is that when taken into the stomach
it does not reduce the temperature of the animal's body nearly
so much as a large meal of sliced turnips does ; and as lieat is
equivalent to food, the fattening ])rocess is promoted more
rapidly by thti former process than by the latter. This holds
good in a limited degree even when only a moderate allowance
of roots is being given to live stock, for, whatever the (juantity

322 ON THE ECOXOMICAL USE OF TURNIPS

may be, the temperature of the body is reduced to some extent,
and has to be restored to its normal condition by an expenditure
of food. The difference in the atmosphere of t^'o byres where
cattle are having pulped and sliced roots respectively should
convince the doubter as to which is the wdiolesomer and the
more conducive to the general good health of the animals.
Cattle having sliced roots are frequently scoured, and their dung-
is at all times off'ensive ; whereas, beasts eating pulp and chaff
properly prepared lick out the mangers, and are sweet.

One of the greatest recommendations in favour of a mixture of
pulped roots and cut straw has yet to be stated, and as it is one
to which sufficieDt prominence has not, in our estimation, been
hitherto given in the discussion of its merits, we beg the reader
to reflect carefully upon its advantages. "When the mixture is
allowed to lie for say twenty-four hours until it has fermented,
it is practically a cooked food ; and has most of the advantages
of a cooked diet with none of its disadvantasfes. It is the

moistening and virtual steaming of the straw in this process to
which we attach importance, and which gives it its chief value.
This is of minor moment where the fodder is fine in the stem
and otherwise good iu quality. But much straw and not a little
hay is coarse, fibrous, and often indifferently-harvested, so that,
in addition to its being so uninviting to the cattle that they do
not eat it readily in a long form, it is also very difficult to digest.
Hence, any simple treatment of it which is inexpensive in
labour and other outlay, and tends to bring such fodder into a
form decidedly more easy of digestion, ought to be valued and
practised. Kow, we maintain, that this is just what is done
daring the process of fermentation in a heap of mixed pulp and
straw. The soaking and steaming softens the fibre of the straw,
prepares it for the stomach, and makes it easier of digestion. If
there is any good in cooking food for stock by steaming it, the
very same good must be done to it by the process we have
described. Moreover, it has not the drawbacks attending food
cooked in the ordinary way. Such diet has a tendency to make
animals fed upon it more tender and more susceptible of cold
than others fed on raw produce. Hence, when turned out in
early summer to the pasture fields, they are apt to feel in an
extra degree any unfavourable influence, such as cold east
winds, to which they may be exposed. Now, in a fermented
pulp and chaffed straw mixture, while the fibre and other coarse
matter in the straw is practically cooked, the food does not
make the cattle or sheep fed upon it tender and readily injured
by outside influences of a trying character. They are as hardy
and able to bear exposure as ever. This latter consideration is
one which makes pulping of great value in the case of young
store cattle which have again to remain out night and day in

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 323

the pasture fields. In following this system, as, indeed, in any
method whicli may be pursued, care should be taken to fix the
proportion of roots put in the pulp and to adjust the supple-
mental foods also so as to avoid the danger and evil of the
animal's diet being too dry and heating. A simple and at the
same time safe and otherwise good criterion is to judge by the
consistency of the animal's dung. Unless this precaution is
constantly attended to, pulping, in common with all other
methods, is not likely to be satisfactory and successful.

!Many people who have not tried pulping are deterred from
adopting it from an idea that the labour in carrying it out
entails so great an expense as to counterbalance any good which
may flow from it. Here, as in many things, the outlay on
labour looks formidable when looked at from a distance, but when
the question is carefully investigated and tried, it is found to be
so moderate as to form no sufficient obstacle to the adoption of
the system. On very small holdings a hand-pulper answers the
purpose admirably for either cattle or sheep ; but on extensive
or even moderately -large farms the machinery must be driven
by power. Where water is available, both pulper and straw
cutter may be attached to the ordinary water-wheel, so that in
that case the outlay in fitting up and driving the machines is
trifling. Where there is a steam-engine on the farm for driving
the threshing-mill it may be used, unless the engine may be of
such a character that it would be too expensive to get up steam
every day, where, possibly, it could not be employed for other
useful purposes. But when there is not already a mill driven
by horse-power, gearing can be fitted up suitable for a pulper
and straw cutter, to be driven by a single horse, at a cost of
about £8 or £9. Thus, where facilities in an economical form
do not exist on a farm for carrying out the process, they can be
provided at a comparatively small outlay.

But let us place tliis question of the expense of pulping roots
before our readers in a more precise light. Out of a considerable
number of cases reported to us we select three representative
ones, and we choose them in preference to others because we
are personally acquainted with the arrangements in two of
tliem, and also, mainly, because they are fair examples of
instances where the machinery is driven by water, horse, and
steam power respectively. ]Mr Dalziel, Tinwald Shaws, Dum-
fries, has pulped all his roots for cattle for seventeen years with
the most satisfactory results, and all classes of stock have been
kept by him during that time, including dairy cows, feeding and
store stock. At the time we write Mr Dal/iel pulps for ninety-
four liead of heavy cattle, and, to supply them with roots, the
])ulper is driven by water-power seventy-five minutes every morn-
ing, the pulp being mixed with chalf, or when it runs short, with

324 ON THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TURNIPS

cut straw, as it comes from tlie macliine. The cost of the pulping
he finds to be 9d. per day, or 5s. 3d. per week, on labour alone —
equivalent to the value of IJ cwt. of turnips at 6d. per cwt.
Mr Todd's (Mouswald Grange) pulper is driven by a single
horse by means of a gearing erected for the purpose. For each
meal of pulp for about the same number of beasts (dairy cow^s
and young cattle) that are at Tinwald Shaws the expense in
labour is about 4d. — including a value put upon the time of the
horse. Messrs A. & J. M. Hannah, Girvan Mains, drive their
pulper by a 6-horse powder horizontal engine and a Cornish
boiler at a pressure of 35 lbs. The raising of the steam and the
pulping can be done at a cost of Sd. per day, dross being the
fuel. The machine will regularly pulp seven cartloads of
turnips — equal to 4 tons — in fifteen minutes. These calculations
do not include the cost of straw cutting-. But not onlv can the
ordinary grain chaff be utilised to much better purpose wdiere
pulping is practised than where it is not, but any straw needed
to supplement the chaff can be cut on wet days, or \idien the
steam is raised, as it can be stored without suffering deteriora-
tion from being kept.

This part of our paper may be appropriately closed by
quoting the testimony of Mr Coleman, Eiccall Hall, York, who
has done much by pen and example to recommend the system
of economising roots by the means of pulping them. Writing
to us, that distinguished authority says — " My own experience
through a considerable period is that the pulping of roots and
their judicious mixture with dry food increases their efficiency
to the extent of from one-third to one-fourth ; in other words,
80 lbs. of pulped roots will produce an equal effect to 120 lbs. of
sliced roots. On our home farm we grow 40 to 45 acres of roots
— mangolds, swedes, and wliite turnips. The crop seldom ex-
ceeds, and often does not reach, 20 tons of mangolds, and 15
tons of swedes and common turnips per acre. We winter one
hundred head of cattle of different ages and five hundred sheep.
Without the economy of pulping it would be impossible to do
this on so small a quantity of roots. As regards the condition
of the animals, our cattle, which are sold by auction, are popular
with the butchers, making the best prices in tlie market. This
proves that the animals die well. We never use an extreme
quantity of artificial food. The meal is distributed over the
mass of chaff and pulp, and the cake — cotton principally — given
by itself."

Turniijs as sole Food for Sliee2x

The practice, at one time universal, of feeding sheep on
nothing but turnips during the winter months is still very
common in many districts of Scotland. It is very rare indeed

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 325

that cattle are dependent entirely on these watery roots for
their food. The system of giving them an unlimited supply of
them still lingers in some localities, but everywhere they get
along with them a daily allowance of straw, if not also of some
other dry food. The only instances of cattle being fed ex-
clusively on turnips which have come under our observation
are the few cases where calves are folded on the turnip-fields
along with sheep, and this is generally resorted to in conse-
quence of deficient accommodation at the farm steading. But
in all the great sheep- feeding districts of North Britain, the
spectacle of sheep being fed on nothing but cold watery roots is
a very common one. Many farmers wlio have become
tlioroughly convinced that it is unwise, extravagant, and even
wasteful to give cattle an unlimited allowance of a root containing
the very large proportion of 90 per cent, of water, continue to
follow the practice of feeding sheep on nothing but turnips. In
fact, it seems to be taken for granted that during the winter
months the diets of cattle and sheep should differ from each other
to this extent at least, that the former ought to get a consider-
able quantity of dry fodder along with their roots, but that the
same reasons do not exist for giving sheep a similar proportion
of such dry herbage. The same idea, in a modified form, is
acted on to a much wider extent by sheep feeders who give
their flocks dry concentrated feeding stuffs sucli as oats, peas,
and cake when they are folded upon turnips, but who refrain
from supplying them with any dry food of a bulky character.
In short, the treatment they are subjected to in this respect
seems to proceed on the tacit assumption that there is sorae-
tliing so different in their respective constitutions, or outward
circumstances, as to justify, if not positively to necessitate,
this marked diversity in the diets on which cattle and sheep
are fed.

AVe believe that there is more room for a revolution, so far as
Scotland is concerned, in the too common system of feeding
sheep either wholly or almost entirely upon turnips, than there
is fur a modification in the fjuantity of roots allowed to cattle.
In the case of the latter class of stock the i»lan of restricthig to
a considerable decree tlie allowance of roots has been steadilv
gaining ground for many years, whereas the system of giving
sheep nothing but watery bulbs is well-nigh as ])revalent as ever.
As the assumption we have s])oken of lies at the br)ltoni of this
practice, we clialhMige it at the out^^et, and undertake to show
that it is an erroneous one. There is, it is true, a dilference in
tlie physical structure of cattle and sheep to this extent, that, as
shown by Mr Lawes in a lecture delivered u number of years
ago before the I)ublin Society, for every 100 ll>s. weight, the ox
has in lbs. stomach and only L'.-; lbs. of intestines; and the

326 ox THE ECOXOMICAL USE OF TURNIPS

sheep, 7i lbs. of stomach and 3^ lbs. of intestines. In conse-
quence of this difference in the proportion of intestines and
stomachs, cattle can consume a coarser and more bulky food
than sheep. Thus the latter should not get so large a pro-
portion of straw or hay as the former, but this is the chief if not
the only difference in their respective diets suggested by an
examination of their physical structure. They are both grami-
nivorous animals, and thrive equally well upon the same
pasture during the summer months. When living upon grass
in the open fields, their outward circumstances are precisely
the same, and any difference in these circumstances during the
winter months rather suggests the desirability of giving sheep a
fair allowance of dry heat-producing food. Cattle at this time
are generally sheltered in warm comfortable byres or courts,
and in consequence they suffer little from the coldness of the
temperature and the general inclemency of the weather. The
outward circumstances of sheep, on the other hand — especially
when they are folded upon turnips — are of a very different
character. In our wet climate their coats are frequently soaked
with moisture and their beds are often miry and uncomfortable
to the last degree. AVhen the temperature of their bodies is
thus kept low by such external influences, is it wise and
prudent to reduce it still further by filling their stomachs with
a plentiful supply of nothing but v/atery bulbs so cold as to be
little, if at all, above the freezing point ? Nothing but long
habit could blind a man to the desirability of giving sheep a
considerable allowance of fodder, or other dry food, along wdth
roots which contain 90 per cent, of water. In fact, sheep
require less moisture in their food than cattle. In proof of this
assertion we appeal to a fact which must have come under the
observation of many of our readers, as it has frequently come
under our own. In such a damp climate as that wdiich prevails
in the west of Scotland, the herbage is in ordinary weather so
moist that feeding sheep, living upon grass alone, get as much
moisture in their natural food as they require. Ew^es, suckling
lambs, and eild sheep getting dry concentrated food, such as
oats or Indian corn, almost always drink water, but unless when
the pasture is dried up during a drought, other sheep, getting
nothing but grass, do not drink at the brook however frequently
they may cross its channel in the course of the day. Cattle, on
the other hand, grazing in the same field at the same time do
quench their thirst at the passing stream. Does not this
imdoubted fact show that sheep can do with less moisture in
their food than cattle ? And do not all these considerations
prove that there is as much reason to give to the former class of
stock as to the latter dry heat-producing fodder, or similar food,
as part of their diet ?

AS POOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 327

But tlie question arises, what plan should be substituted for
that of feeding sheep upon turnips alone which we have
condemned as unnatural and wasteful ? The system, as prac-
tised by the best feeders in England, which we advocate is to
give ordinary feeding sheep only one-half or thereby of the
quantity of roots daily which they w^ould consume if dependent
on them alone, and to give to each, as a substitute for the
turnips thus withheld, from 1 lb. to IJ lb. daily of oat chaff, cut
straw, cut hay, or a mixture of both. This will suffice to keep
the sheep in ordinary store condition ; but in the case of clipped
sheep, three-parts bred, half-bred, and similar lambs, which it is
desired to push forward for the fat market, they should have an
additional allow^ance of oats, cake, and other artificial food.
Previous to the winter of 1864—65 this system had been practised
only by a very few flock-masters south of the Border. But
owing to the drought of 1864 the root crop of that year was
very deficient everywhere in England. Sheep owners were put
to their wits end so to economise their roots as to bring through
their stock to the spring. Necessity proved the mother of
invention, for they made 1 acre of turnips keep twice as many
sheep as before ; and the concurrent testimony of many eminent
authorities who acted on the system w^as, that the sheep were in
a healthier and more thriving condition than when they had an
unlimited supply of roots. The deficient root crops of 18G8 and
1870 again necessitated the \A^n being widely followed, which
was done witli the most satisfactory results. Subsequently, the
])ractice of giving a proportion of dry fodder, such as straw and
hay, and also of bran, along with the roots, has been regularly
followed, even wlien it was not rendered necessary by a partial
failure in the root crop. Thus it lias been acknowledged that
great and lasting good flowed from what was regarded at the
time as an umnitigated e\ il.

Turnijys <jlccn to Sheep should he Cut.

Before proceeding to specify in detail how cut] fodder can
be given with advantage to the different classes of sheep, wo
would point out the economy effected in the consumption of
turnips by giving them to sheep in a cut form in troughs. The
u] (lifting and cutting of them are not indis])ensable to getting
the slieep to consume a liberal allowance of cut hay or cut straw,
especially when these have had treacle-water sprinkled over
them or other more elaborate condiment mixed with them. But
many advantages follow the feeding of sheep upon cut roots as
conqtared with leaving them to subsist u])on the whole bulbs
growing in the ground. In fact, the latter system is the most
unec(momical, not to say positively wasteful, in which turnips
<;an be given to sheep.

328 ox THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TUIIXIPS

One of the indirect advantages of cntting turnips to slreep is
that it affords a strong inducement to the grower to lift his roots
in the late autumn or early winter and store them in pits or
other form. The enormous loss of unstored turnips caused by
the severe storm of January 1881 is so vividly before the minds
of farmers in all parts of the country as to render it unnecessary
to dwell at length on the profit of using all prudent means to
protect this important root-crop from the severity of the
weather. Thousands of acres of these valuable roots have been
completely destroyed, entailing a heavy loss directly upon
farmers at a time when, owinsj to the lencjthened ag^ricultural
depression, many of them can ill afford it. Moreover, the
indirect loss is very considerable, for the farmers have been left
with live stock on their hands, which, owing to the unexpected
and, we w^ould add, the preventible scarcity of roots, must either
be parted with at a heavy sacrifice, or, if they are retained, a
considerable outlay must be incurred on cakes, Indian corn, and
other purchased food to tide them over until the grass comes.
We submit that it is false economy to incur a heavy expenditure
in raising turnips and then to leave them at the mercy of the
elements during the winter months. It is " a penny wise and
pounds foolish " policy. Where manual labour can be procured
the expense is not so great as to prove a sufficient obstacle.
Where the work of shawing is paid for at the common rate of
from lOd. to Is. per 1000 lineal yards, it costs only from os. to
6s. per imperial acre. AVhile topping and tailing machines are
yet capable of considerable improvement, several of them do the
work well, especially when the bulbs are intended for spring
use, as by that time it is commonly necessary, even when the
tops have been taken off in the ordinary way, to turn them
over and hand-clean them before they are cut for stock. On an
average there is a heavy loss of unstored roots in Scotland every
fourth year, sometimes oftener, and their value would do far
more than defray the cost of harvesting the whole of the turnip
crop every season, even according to the most expensive process.
Indeed, the loss this year alone would have sufficed to store the
root crops for the next dozen years at least. To leave turnips
unstored in this climate is a speculation, and too many farmers
trust in this matter to the chapter of accidents. Many growers
are induced to leave their turnips growing by the hope that
they will increase in w^eight should the weather continue open.
But while they do, in some seasons, become heavier, they dete-
riorate in quality ; whereas those stored in pits become
thoroughly ripened and undergo an immense improvement as
food for stock in the process. The change for the better -which
takes place in the quality of roots properly stored is too wide a

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AXD SHEEP. 329

subject to be treated at length here, but it is one to which most
cattle and sheep feeders are far too little alive.

When turnips are cut and given to sheep in troughs they get
their food in a much cleaner state and partake of it with a
greater relish than wlien they are allowed to trample on them
where they grew. The importance of this cannot be over-
estimated, for the whole of our domesticated animals, with the
exception of the pig, appreciate a clean diet. Sheep fill them-
selves in a comparatively short time on cut turnips, and get
abundance of time to rest, wdiich is favourable to the laying-on
of fat ; whereas, when left to break the bulbs for themselves,
they literally " w^ork for their meat " the greater part of the day,
and thereby their progress towards maturity is retarded. This
is specially the case during frosty weather, for the watery roots
become at that time so hard and brick-like that it is impossible
for the poor sheep to break enough off them to satisfy the
cravings of nature at any particular time. They are thus kept
at such a time in a half- starved condition. During January
1881, sheep dependent on uncut turnips made no progress
whatever, while many of them perceptibly fell oft" rapidly in
condition. Indeed, in such a starved condition were mauv of
them in consequence of their inability to make an impression
w^ith their teeth upon the stone-like bulbs, that the Society
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals could easily have
made out a good case against their ow^ners. On the other hand,
notwithstanding the lowness of the temperature and the general
inclemency of the weather, sheep getting cut roots with a fair
allowance of supplemental dry food continued to make per-
ceptible improvement all along. Moreover, the crop is all used
up as food when the bulbs are cut, whereas a considerable
proportion of it cannot be consumed by the other process, and is
of service only as manure. Irrespective of other recommenda-
tions, the saving thus eftected will go far to defray the expense
of storing the crop and also of supplying it in a cut form to the
sheep. The only solid objection which we have ever heard
advanced against cutting turnips to sheep is that the manure
from their (hoppings is not so equally distributed over the land
when that ])lan is followed as when tliey are folded upon the
growing cro]). 'I'licre is some force in tin's objection wliere the
pits are put far ajiart and where the troughs are kept crowded near
to eacli otlier. But the evil is reduced to a minimum, and, in
fact, it can be entirely removed, by making the pits of moderate
size and not far distant from each otlier, and by changing the
site of the troughs from day to day. In Lincolnshire the sheep
are contineil on fresh ground every day. A new fold, square or
parallelogram sha])ed, is made with nets every morning, and the
sheep are con lined on the new break for the day. JUit even

330 ox THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TUENIPS

where this is not done the manure can be pretty equally dis-
tributed if sheep-feeders will only take the by no means
■oppressive trouble of removing the troughs a little every day or
every alternate day.

Cut Fodder ivith Turnips as a Diet for SJieej).

We have already indicated in a general way the plan which
we advocate as a substitute for that of giving nothing except
turnips to sheep. It consists in withholding about one-half of
the turnips usually given to sheep, and of substituting therefor
from 1 lb. to l-J lbs. of cut fodder, hay, straw, or chaff. The
cutting of the bulbs is not an indispensible condition of this
•system, for some feeders who fold their liocks upon the unlifted
bulbs practically restrict the quantity of turnips consumed by
each animal by inducing the sheep to eat a considerable allow-
ance of cut fodder, wdiich is generally mixed with dry concen-
trated food of an inviting and palatable character, such as oats,
peas, and cake.

As a specimen, we may quote the system adopted by Mr
Craig, Monkton Hill, Ayr, with a fifteen score lot of three-year
old blackfaced wethers. At first they were folded on the turnip
land during the day, being turned off to old lea land at night.
At six o'clock A.M. — that is immediately before they were
admitted to the turnip field — an allowance of 1 lb. per head
of dry food was given. This supplemental food consisted of
cut hay, cut corn sheaves, bruised Indian corn, and brewers'
grains — about equal quantities of each. After the sheep were
turned on to the lea field the same allowance was ^iven to
them. By and bye the wethers had their turnips carted to
them on the pastures, and had a ^ lb. of decorticated cotton
cake added to their dry mixture. This is simply an example
of a system, subject to many changes and modifications, in which
the sheep made the most satisfactory progress.

But for the reasons already advanced it is preferable to uplift
and break up the bulbs either by cutting them in a hand sheep-
slicer or to smash them into a pulp by a pulper driven either by
power or by hand. Where the turnip-slicer is used, from 10 lbs.
to 12 lbs. of turnips for each sheep are given in three or four
meals in troughs daily, and the cut fodder is supplied in
separate troughs at least twice each day. From 20 lbs. to
24 lbs. of such roots would be consumed by an average half-
bred lamb within the twenty-four hours if dependent upon
them alone ; and thoroughly experienced sheep-feeders on the
southern side of the Border testify that one-half of these quan-
tities are quite sufficient where about 1 lb. of bulky dry food is
given, especially when some additional concentrated food, such

AS FOOD FOE CATTLE AND SHEEP. 331

as oats or cake, is allowed. This mixed diet of dry and watery
food, both of which are bulky, has the recommendation of
avoiding two extremes which are equally to be shunned. The
one consists in too liberal an allowance of cold watery bulbs
without a sufficiently counterbalancing supply of dry heat-
producing food. This will be seen at a glance when the
constituent elements of one day's diet, where sheep are fed
on turnips alone, is placed before the reader in the following
tabular form. It will be seen that we presume each sheep to
consume 20 lbs. of roots dailv.

18 lbs. pure water.
1 lb. or sliglitly in excess thereof in flesh-forming, lieat-producing, and

fattening elements.
% „ Avoody fibre.

\ „ mineral ash, and pectinous substances, similar to jelly in most
kinds of fruit.

20 „ total daily allowance.

iSTow, here is the poor animal swallowing perhaps day by day
for six months without change 18 lbs., that is within a fraction
of two gallons, of water, and only the merest fraction above
1 lb. of food which is nourishing. Surely common sense
condemns this as unnatural and unwise. The other extreme
avoided by this mixed diet lies in giving dry food either alone
or in too large a proportion, which is not only expensive as
regards the first cost, but also unfavourable to the health and
general thriving of the animals.

When the roots are pulped the smashed turnips and the cut
straw are mixed together in the same way as the like mixture
is used for cattle, and given to the sheep in troughs. In some
instances hand-pulpers, costing from £3 to £3, 10s. each, are
used in the field, the fodder being carted out in a cut form from
the steading, where it is cut by water, steam, or horse power.
In other cases the pulping is also accomplished by power at
the farm offices, and the mixed pulp is carted out once a day
or oftener to the field wdiere the sheep are folded or running
at large. The question which of these plans is the preferable
depends entirely on the special circumstances of each farm,
such as the distance of tlie fields from the offices, the facilities
whicli exist for driving tlie ])ul]H^.r, and such like considerations.
Our limits do not permit us to quote testimonies at our com-
mand as to the practicability and advantage of ])ulping roots to
the various classes of sheep stock. We can testify as the result
of close personal observations tliat the system of pul})ing in the
fields with aband-}»ulper is ([uite practicable without any undue
strain on the man wlio (hives tlie pulper. No doubt it would
be too severe labour to drive sucli a macliine all day long, but
it is after all little lieavier than an ordinary sheep-slicer of a

332 ox THE ECOxo:\ricAL use of tuexips

moderately large size ; and, moreover, it should be borne in mind
that the work is diminished by the restricted quantity of turnips
consumed by a given number of sheep. Mr Bryce Wright..
Dowhill, Ayrshire, may be quoted as a sheep feeder who, as
the result of lengthened experience, reports favourably of the
system of pulping roots at the steading by horse-power and of
carting the mixture to tlie fields where the sheep are folded.
He does not allow the mixture to lie lonsj before beincj used, as
he finds the sheep eat it more readily when given in a fresh
form. The proportion of fodder in the heap intended for sheep
is not so great as in that for cattle, and the oats, cake, &c., are
mixed with the pulp, which lias the recommendation of pre-
venting individual sheep from gorging themselves with too
much concentrated food.

AVe have already dwelt on the nnsuitableness of turnips alone
as food for ewes heavy in lamb. The system which we are
advocating, of giving sheep a proportion of cut hay or straw, is
admirably adapted for them. They thrive well upon it, a ad
where it is practised a large flock of ewes can be brought through
the winter on a comparatively small supply of roots. The quan-
tity of each kind of food given by those who successfully follow
the system in England is from 6 lbs. to 8 lbs. of roots and from
1 lb. to IJ lbs. of cut hay or straw for each ewe. In this case
the former are commonly pulped and mixed with the oat chaff
or cut fodder. During the winter months, so long as the ewes
are kept upon the pasture fields, they might have a considerably
smaller allowance than, these quantities, as they would succeed
in picking up a good deal of food from the grass parks. But in
very early spring — say in the end of January or beginning of
February — when it is customary in many districts to remove
them to the fields where the turnips were grown, with the view
of having the grass fields thoroughly cleaned before lambing
time comes round, they could have the mixture supplied to
them in troughs, or the cut roots and cut fodder could be given
separately as suggested with feeding sheep. The objections often
urged against giving ewes heavy in lamb any kind of food in
troughs will probably occur to not a few flockmasters, ^dz., that
in such a system there is a great danger of the ewes "kebbing,"
as abortion in sheep is commonly called in Scotland. There
certainly is such a danger if the system is carelessly carried out,
either from there beingj too few trousfhs or from the troughs
being too much crowded together. But this is the abuse, not
the nse of the system. Testimony upon testimony could be
quoted from English flockmasters to the effect that with ordinary
prudence and care they have encountered no such evils from
extensive and lengthened experience of the system.

In the winter of 1879-80 a small flock of fifty c:ist Cheviot

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 333

■ewes were fed under our directions according to this system
with unqualified success. So long as they were at large upon
the pastures — which were unusually bare — tliey got a small
daily allowance of pulped turnips and cut straw mixed. They
partook of it readily, and, indeed, soon came to wait for it when
the time for giving it approached. Cut hay was used for a few
days at first until they became fond of it, and cut straw was by
degrees substituted, it being found of great importance to cut
the fodder into as short lengths as possible. On the 1st of
February, or thereby, they were folded on the turnip field, and
the hand-pulper which was used was removed there also. They
w^ere fed for nearly two months thereafter upon nothing but a
mixture of pulped swedes and cut straw in the proportions
specified above, and they throve admirably upon this diet.
Indeed they were in as high condition at lambing time as it is
desirable to have ewes of the class at that time, and decidedlv
fatter than part of the same lot which had been folded for a
couple of months upon turnips alone. There was not a single
case of abortion, and while the casualties were few, none of
them were in any degree traceable to the special system of
feeding adopted. The lambs were strong and plump wlien
dropped, and they and their mothers throve subsequently as
well as could be desired. There were no complaints of the
pulper being heavy to drive. Our experience of the system,
though comparatively limited as to the number of ewes fed
according to it, was sufficient to convince us not only of its
practicability, but also of its marked economy in roots, and of
its adaptability for keeping lambing ewes in a liealthy state,
and in Ljood condition otherwise.

Illustrative Fxamplcs.

"Let us now proceed to show by illustrative cases how the
system we have advocated of feeding sheep upon a restricted
(quantity of turnips along with cut .straw or liay is more
economical from every point of view than tlie metliod of giving
them notliing but turnips. AVe may explain that our cal-
culations are based on the assumption that half-bred lambs will
eat, when fed upon swedes alone, about -0 lbs. each daily, ur
140 lbs. weekly. We fix the price of tliis weekly consumpt
at 6d., which is equivalent to a small fraction under 5d. per cwt.
for the turni{)S. We charge oat straw at lid. per imperial stone
of 14 lbs., and this is ecjual to £1, Os. 8d. per ton.

Now let us take two plots, measuring 1 acre each, in a turnip
field where the crop has been found to weigh 25 tons per acre.
We presume the turnips to be pitted on both so that the expense
on each has been the same up to this stage. Let there be folded

334 ox THE ECOXOMICAL USE OF TUKNIPS

on each plot one hundred half-bred lambs of equal quality,
the one lot being fed on turnips alone, and the other on turnips
and cut straw. At the rate of 20 lbs. daily for each sheep, the
gross weekly consumption by the former will be 6 tons 5 cwt., so
that the 25 tons will keep them for twenty-eight days, that is four
weeks. At the rate of 6d. per head weekly, the cost for the one
hundred will be £2, 10s. per week, or £10 for the month.

Let each of the second lot be fed upon 10 lbs. of turnips and
1 lb. of cut straw daily. In this case the weekly consumpt of
swedes ^vill be only 70 lbs. by each sheep, the gross quantity
consumed by the one hundred sheep in a week being 3 tons 2J
cwt., the cost of which, at the rate charged in the other in-
stance, is £1, 5s. Thus the outlay on turnips on this second
lot for the four weeks is £5, and one-half of the 25 tons are
unconsumed. The gross quantity of straw given in the month
is 1 ton 5 cwt., which at 2d. per stone, or £1, 6s. 8d. per ton,
would cost £1, 13s. 4d.

i^ow the first lot — fed on turnips alone — costs £10 for the
month, whereas the second, kept on the mixed diet, costs £6,
13s. 4d., being £5 for turnips and £1, 13s. 4d. for straw, during
the same period. There is thus a saving of £3, 6s. 8d. on the
second lot as compared with the first. The economy thus secured
is equivalent to one-third or 33 per cent, of the outlay where
turnips are the sole food. In other words, each sheep in the one
plot costs 6d. per week, whereas in the other the weekly outlay
on each amounts to only 4d. This difference would provide —
reckoning oats at 2s. 8d. per bushel of 40 lbs. — 2J lbs. of that
cereal for each sheep per week, which is at the rate of more than
one-third of a lb. daily.

The illustrative cases may be stated in a slightly altered form.
Let the first plot remain as before, with one hundred sheep upon
it, getting nothing but turnips, costing £10 for the month, during
which 25 tons are consumed. On the second plot let one hundred
and fifty sheep of a similar class be folded, each being fed upon
10 lbs. of turnips and 1 lb. cut straw. At the end of the month
three-fourths of the 25 tons will be consumed, leaving one-fourth,
viz., 6 tons 5 cwt. unused, which at the rate charged for the others
would be worth £2, 10s. The one hundred and fifty sheep will
use 1 ton 17 cwt. 2 qrs. of straw in the four weeks, worth £2, 10s.,
exactly the money value of the unused turnips. Thus in this
experiment one hundred and fifty sheep are kept on the mixed
diet at precisely the same cost as is incurred on the one hundred
which are fed upon turnips alone. The gain is Lwo-fold, consisting
in the direct profit of having fifty additional sheep fed, and also
in the indirect gain of the greater benefit manurially of having at
the rate of three sheep fed on the one plot for every two on the
other.

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 335

Some of our readers may be disposed to ask, what is tlie com-
parative cost in manual and other labour in carrying out the
two systems on these two plots respectively ? The labour in the
one case consists in cutting and putting into the troughs the
25 tons of turnips, and that in the other lies in cutting as many
turnips as are used — that is 12 tons 10 cwts. — and cutting and
givinfr to the stock the straw consumed. Kow the outlay in
cutting the fodder depends on the facilities which exist on the
farm for accomplishing it. But on every holding there is either
water, horse, or steam power attached to the thrashing-mill. The
straw-cutter can easily be connected therewith, so that the cost of
cutting the straw should not in any instance be reckoned at a
high sum. Moreover, it should be borne in mind, as an offset
to the straw cutting in the one case, that double the quantity of
turnips have to be cut in the other. Thus whatever time a man is
employed in cutting roots on the one plot, he is set free one-half
of that time on the other, and tliat- time would- at the least be
quite sufficient to cut all the straw used. Besides, cut straw is
an article which remains fresh for a long time, and consequently
the cutting of it can be overtaken on wet days or at other times
when there is no pressure of other work. We conclude then
that, as regards labour, the system we advocate is not more
expensive than the one now commonly followed.

The further question will probably be asked, What of the com-
parative feeding properties possessed by the two diets ? There
is this in common in the two systems, that each sheep gets 10
lbs. of turnips daily, and the difference between them lies in the
fact that in the one case it gets 10 lbs. additioual swedes, and in
the other case in lieu thereof 1 lb. of cut straw. The question is
thus narrowed to one as to the comparative feeding qualities of
10 lbs. of turnips and 1 lb. of straw. The analysis of the former
would be in a small degree superior to that of the latter. But
let it be borne in mind, what has been sliown in the early part
of this paper, that not a little of the heat-producing and other
qualities of the turnips are destroyed, or virtually so, by the
superlluous quantity of water, at a low temperature, which the
sheep have to swallow when living on bulbs alone. Besides,
straw and hay are possessed in a considerable degree of those
heat-producing properties which ought to belong to a large pro-
portion of the food given to animals spending their time in the
open air at a time of the year when, owing to the low tempera-
ture of the surrounding atmosphere, and the fre([uently soaked
state of their own coats and the miry condition of their beds, an
extra heavy waste is going on in the body. However, after all,
chemical analysis in such a question must not by itself determine
the matter, for, unless accomp;^nieil by the invaluable light of ex-
perience, it would not be a reliable guiile. Well, many farmers

336 ON THE ECOXOMICAL USE OF TURXirS

ill England, who have had extensive experience of both systems,
testify in the most unqualified manner that they have found the
one diet to be quite as nourishing for their stock as the other.

Our calculations have been based on the assumption that
straw is the kind of bulky dry material used along with the
turnips as food for sheep. That fodder is well adapted for the
pur^DOse, and in the case of Cheviot and half-bred ewes, which
do not require an unusually nourishing diet to maintain them
in a desirable condition, it will generally be found sufficient to
be mixed with the roots, without the addition of concentrated
food of any kind. The plan is sometimes followed in Scotland
of cutting up unthrashed oat sheaves and giving them to sheep
in troughs. It is found to answer well, its chief drawback being
that it is difficult to judge what quantity of oats the sheep are
having supplied to them. It is an excellent plan to cut down
with the reaping machine growing oats a w^eek or ten days
before they are ripe, and to prepare them, either in sheaves or
broadcast like hay, for being stacked, with the view^ of their
being put through the chaff-cutter and given to sheep. Chemists
say there is almost if not quite as much nourishment in the
grain at that stage as when it is fully ripe, and not only is the
straw in this comparatively gi^een state more nutritious than
when ripe, but the sheep partake of it freely and with apparent
relish. A portion of a crop might be chosen for this purpose, where
the grain, even when fully ripe, would be limited in quantity and
inferior in quality to the other cereal produce of the farm. Where
hay — either meadow or rye-grass — is available, it is well suited
for giving to feeding sheep along with turnips. Its nourish-
ing properties are much greater than those of straw, and more-
over, the manurial qualities of the excrement of stock fed upon
it are very greatly superior to those of any kind of straw.
Indeed, if the relative value of the manure obtained from the
consumption of rye-grass hay was sufficiently appreciated, less of
it w^ould be sold and more of it consumed on the farm than is
generally the case. Mr Lawes estimates the manurial value of
clover-hay consumed by stock at £2, 5s. 6d. per ton, of meadow
hay at £1, 10s. 6d., and of oat straw at only 13s. 6d.

In all cases where sheep are being pushed forward for the
fat market, they ought to have a daily allowance of oats, cake,
peas, or similar supplemental food. The system, widely followed
in the principal sheep-feeding districts of Scotland, of sheep-
feeders " taking " the turnips from the growers to be consumed
by sheep at a stipulated price per acre or rate per week for
each sheep, seriously militates against artificial food being given
as a supplement to the roots, just as we understand the similar
plan, common in Aberdeenshire, of cattle-feeders consuming
turnips and straw by cattle, at a fixed price per acre for the roots,

AS FOOD FOE CATTLE AND SHEEP. 337

acts as a barrier to cake and similar feeding stuffs being given to
the stock. In Lincolnshire and other counties of England, cattle
owners who consume in a similar way the straw and roots on a
farm, are generally permitted by the agreement to give the
cattle as much cake as they choose, the farmer being bound to
repay them one-half the cost price of any genuine oil-cake so
used. The latter readily enters into an arrangement of this
kind, from a well-founded belief that he gets full value for
his share of the outlay in the enriched quality of the manure
made from the stock consuming the cake. If turnip growers in
Scotland, who let the consumption of their roots to sheep-
feeders, could have a similar conviction impressed on their
minds, they would be ready to bear a portion of the expense
incurred on oats, cake, &c., and thereby the practice of giving
at least dry concentrated food in supplement of turnips would
be widely extended.

Conchtcling Remarhs.

If the system which we have sketched and advocated, viz.,
of restricting the roots given to cattle and sheep, and of substi-
tuting for the quantity thus withheld cut hay or straw, as well
as dry concentrated food, be carried out on a farm, and if at the
same time the same area be devoted to the growth of roots, it i&
obvious that the stock-keeping capabilities of the farm will be
vastly increased. This will involve the purchase of additional
live-stock, from which, if the rates current in the store and fat
markets are similar, a fair reasonable profit may be expected to
be cleared. In ordinary circumstances, though the rule is
subject to several well-known exceptions, the receipts from a
farm are in proportion to the number of live stock which can
be properly fed upon its produce. But when keep is very
abundant, store stock usually undergoes a decided rise in price,
and thus, apart altogether from the capital necessary to purchase
these additional animals, the in-buying price may be so high as
to render the investment to a large extent a speculative one.
Consequently, when the turnip crop is a very lieavy one, and store
cattle and sheep are realising high prices, it might be hazardous
to purchase additional stock to consume the surplus roots saved
by cut hay or straw being substituted for a portion of the
turnips, and it might be prudent to feed say sheep almost
entirely upon the latter crop, rather than buy an extra number,
wliich, recpiiring to be sold again before they are fat, might leave
no profit, or have to be parted with at a positive loss. The
system is one which must be mfxlitied to suit existing circum-
stances. It must be followed with discretion in all its bearincjs,
for it might not be prudent or ]>rofitable to carry it rigidly out
in all r"ir('iiin^t;niP0«5.

338 ON THE ECONOMICAL USE OF TUENIPS

On many farms where mixed husbandry is followed, the rota-
tion might be lengthened, and thereby a smaller area would be
devoted to the growth of roots, every acre of these roots being
made to keep a more numerous head of stock than has hitherto
been the general practice. Several obvious advantages would
result from this. The labour and manure bills, the two greatest
dead weights on modern arable farming, would both be consider-
ably lessened. Besides, on not a few holdings as great a gross
weight of turnips would be produced by the six-course rotation
as is now done according to the five-course shift. Indeed, in
some instances the yield per acre would be so much heavier,
besides, the crop being sounder and surer under the seven years'
rotation than under the five years' course, that the total turnip
crop on the farm would be very little if at all reduced by such a
lengthening of the rotation. Moreover, the extent under pasture
would thereby be considerably increased, and therefore, from
being able to summer a larger proportion of the live stock the
farmer requires for winter feeding, he would be made less depen-
dent on the state of the store markets in the autumn. Such an
extension of the area under grass as we are suggesting might
advantageously be employed in breeding an additional number
of animals, and especially of cattle. Keally prime beef and
mutton have realised such a high price in this country for many
years, that those farmers who have sold in the fat market
cattle and sheep bred as well as fed by themselves have received
fairly remunerative returns. Those have fared worst, and they
have often fared badly, who have had to buy the animals they
have fed. Too frequently, after paying for the cake and grain
bills, little has been left to represent the produce of the farm
consumed by the animals. Wherever practicable, therefore, the
surest method for a farmer to receive for his crops, and espe-
cially for his roots, a return steady and reliable — because in as
small a degree as possible dependent on the fluctuations of the
market, — is to breed as large a proportion as he can of the
animals which he feeds. In this way the speculative part of
farming is reduced to a minimum, and the money receipts made
tolerably regular and certain. We submit that these considera-
tions, the truth and force of which are very generally acknow-
ledged, afford strong arguments for such means as we have
sketched being used to employ the root crops of the farm to the
best advantage.

One of the greatest advantages of the system of feeding with a
mixture of roots and dry bulky fodder is that it enables stock owners
to bring through the winter their usual number of animals in
such a season as that of 1879-80, when the turnip crop was an
unusually small one. Those who act upon it can adjust the
allowance of turnips given to stock according to the supply in

AS FOOD FOR CATTLE AND SHEEP. 339

hand and to the length of tmie which will probably intervene
before they can be turned out to the pasture fields, or disposed
of to advantage in the store or fat market. Too many feeders
have hitherto proceeded on the tacit assumption that cattle and
sheep cannot thrive w^ell on less than the usual liberal supply
of roots. Hence it has been customary when the quantity on
hand was short to continue the usual allowance until, the
supply being exhausted, either the stock had to be parted w^ith,
probably at a sacrifice, or extra food, such as cakes and other
feeding stuffs, had to be procured at a heavy outlay to tide them
over until relief was got on the pastures. Both of these evils
can be obviated in a large degree by curtailing the large allow-
ance of turnips usually given to cattle and sheep. The truth of
this was in some measure impressed on the minds of stock
owners in Scotland by the short turnip crop of 1879, and still
further by the great scarcity during the spring of 1881, caused
by the unprecedentedly destructive frost in the first month of
that year. These hard experiences will not have been unmiti-
gated evils if they lead farmers to perceive the proper place
which such a watery crop as turnips ought to occupy in pro-
viding food for live stock.

ACCOUNT OF THE SHOW OF THE HIGHLAND AND AGRI-
CULTURAL SOCIETY HELD AT KELSO IN 1880.

The Fifty-Third Annual Meeting and Show of Stock and Imple-
ments, held under the auspices of the Society, took place at
Kelso from the 27th till the 30th July ; and, notwithstanding
almost incessant rain during the first two days, proved highly
gratifying to the numerous agriculturists assembled.

The Society had visited the border district on five previous
occasions, namely, Kelso in 1832 — the first competition open to
both sides of the Tweed; Berwick in 1841 and 1854, and Kelso
in 1863 and 1872.

The exhil)ition in 1880, as well as those of the three previous
meetings at Kelso, was held in the Bridge-end Park, the property
of Sir George H. Scott Douglas of Springwood Park, Bart. The
ground occupied by the yard extended over 30 acres, and was
convenient in every respect, being level and admirably suited for
the purposes of the show. The situation is singularly beautiful,
being opposite to where the Tweed is joined by the Teviot, and
within a few minutes' walk both of the railway station and the
town of Kelso. From the sliow ground Floors Castle, tlie seat
of the Duke of Roxbnrghe, with its beautiful grounds, is visible
on the oj)posite side of the Tweed, while in front Is the town, thu

340 ACCOUNT OF THE SHOW HELD AT KELSO IN 1880.

venerable remains of its fine old abbey being a prominent object
in the view.

The yard was ready for the reception of implements on Tuesday
the 20th July, and for stock on Friday the 23d, when many
animals coming from long distances were stalled. Two special
trains arrived on Saturday morning, bringing stock from Aber-
deen and from the South. All the animals were placed in their
respective stalls by 10 a.m. on Tuesday the 27th July, and the
business of the Show began at 10.30, when a meeting of the
General Committee and Judges was held in the Committee Eoom,
Lord Eeay, one of the vice-presidents, occupying the chair. After
receiving their instructions, the Judges commenced their respon-
sible labours at 11, at which hour the gates were opened. Eain
descended at intervals, and the opening day was attended
by most uncongenial weather. On this occasion, the admission
of the public was by turnstiles, so that members were relieved
from taking money at the gates.

The Directors and Judges dined in the evening of the first
day of the show (Tuesday, 27th July) in the Cross Keys Hotel,
when Mr Gillon of Wallhouse, Chairman of the Standing Com-
mittee on General Shows, presided.

On Wednesday the yard was open from 8 A.M. till 5 p.m. The
wet weather which characterised the first day continued during
a considerable portion of the day. The cattle parade, which
was to have taken place at nine in the morning, had to be aban-
doned owing to the rain. The showy ard meeting of members
took place at 1.30 ; and the public banquet was held in the
evening in the Corn Exchange, which was profusely decorated
with flowers and banners. The purveying was under the manage-
ment of Mr Theim of the Windsor Hotel, Edinburgh. The
duties of the chair were well fulfilled by the Marquis of Lothian,
President of the Society, and the vice-chair was occupied by Mr
James Smith, Chief-Magistrate of Kelso. Among others present
were Lord Arthur Cecil, Lord Keay, Lord Polwarth, Lord Napier
and Ettrick, K.T.; Lord Dunglass, Sir Eobert Menzies of Menzies,
Bart. ; Sir G. Graham Montgomery of Stanhope, Bart. : Sir Wm.
Baillie of Polkemmet, Bart.; Sir John Marjoribanks of Lees,
Bart.; Sir James E. Gibson Maitland of Clifton Hall, Bart,; the
Eev. Dr Grant; Chaplain of the Society ; Mr Campbell Swinton
of Kimmerghame, and Mr Gillon of Wallhouse. The usual
loyal and patriotic toasts having been given from the chair and
duly honoured, the Noble Chairman proposed the toast of the
evening — "The Highland and Agricultural Society of Scot-
land."

He said his first duty was to congratulate the Society upon the show that
was now !;'oing on. As regarded numbers and cj^uality it came up to the

ACCOUNT OF THE SHOW HELD AT KELSO IX 1880. 341

reputation of former shows. He was not going to enter into a dissertation
on the merits of the Shorthorns, the Ayrshires, the Leicesters, the Clydes-
dales, or any classes of stock, or even of the machinery ; hut they were all
of great excellence, and merited the decision which had been come to to
have a show at Kelso. For himself, he was very much against the proposal
that Kelso should be omitted from the list of places visited by the Society,
and he therefore felt all the more gratified that the results had borne out
the wisdom of that decision. Having said that much of the show, he had
to go back to that unfortunate topic, the weather, which had been so very
hard upon recent shows — Kilburn, Carlisle, and now Kelso. He was afraid
that the receipts would be diminished in consequence, but there were still
two days to go, and it was to he hoped that the loss might yet in some
degree be lessened. The Noble Chairman then thanked Sir George Douglas
for his great kindness in allowing the show to be held in his park. All who
knew Sir George k"new how anxious he was to do anything to promote any
good work, and the grant of the j)ark was not the least of the good turns he
had done to the Highland Society. The railway companies had also done
much to convenience the public visiting the show, though he feared that
was in face of a possible loss to themselves. Then, again, the Provost
and Magistrates had done all they could to help the show, and he was sure
the Society would tender them a hearty vote of thanks. His Lordship pro-
ceeded to refer to the meeting of the members held in the showyard in the
afternoon, and to the financial prospects of the Society talked of at that
meeting. He was glad that a decision was come to that the Finance Com-
mittee should lay a statement before members, so as to remove the prevalent
erroneous ideas as to the wealth of the Society, Every one who had any-
thing to do with committee aftairs knew that it was impossible to rely upon
capital unless they were able to defray expenses from the annual income.
From what they had heard at the meeting, they would see that during the
last two years the amount of the capital at their disposal vras not more than
that spoken of in the charter of the Society. When the charter was framed
the capital was nothing like what it was now. He trusted that the ex-
amination would result in the financial position of the Society being shown
to be in a first-class position. As regarded the chemical departments, he
could not help thinking that was one of the most important branches of the
Society. These shows were for the purpose of encouraging breeders of stock
and agriculturists generally, and therefore he desired that the ground from
which they obtained their produce should be manured in such a manner
as to give the best results. He also believed that the experimental stations
of the Society might be extended. As to the confidence in the Directorate,
it was stated that there was a widesjiread feeling of dissatisfaction as to the
conduct of the Directors. He was decidedly of opinion that the public of
Scotland were thoroughly satisfied with the manner in which the Directors
of the Society had carried on its business. It was said that in the Directorate
the public voice sliouM have more expression, and with this his Lordship
had every sympathy ; but he pointed out that in Scotland those who took
the greatest interest in the affairs of the vSociety were not able to attend
every meeting of the Directors, although they were always willing to give
suggestions. The Directors had for some years asked, before the general
meeting in Januarv, the names of any gentlemen whom the members
wished to be put upon the Directorate, but very few names had
been received. It seemed that tliis was scarcely fair on the part of the
menibirshij), when the Directors were perfectly willing to admit a little fresh
blood to the mauiiging body. An infusion of new blood was necessaiy for
the existence of any Society, but he thoii^'ht new lines, before they were
carved out, should be carefully considered. His Lordship proceeded to con-
gratulate the meeting on the improved i)rospect8 of the season compared

342 ACCOUNT OF THE SHOW HELD AT KELSO IN 1880.

witli last. Recent legislation, lie said, was bringing up a new phase in the
relations between landlord and tenant ; but in referring to this lie would
not speak politically, but as President of the Highland and Agricultural
Society, He would not speak of Ireland, but to a question more imme-
diately affecting them — he meant the Hares and Rabbits Bill. He did not
wish to speak politically, but to say that in the position in which God
had placed him as a landlord he would consider nothing but what was right
and best both for the landlord and for the tenant. If it was proved that
the tenants were suffering under the existing laws, he would be the first to
say that they should be changed. He himself, however, had some doubt
whether in many cases the tenant would benefit if that bill became law.
The tenants would not be such gainers as appeared on the face of the bill
at first sight. He concluded by proposing the toast of the evening, which
was drunk with great enthusiasm.

Lord Napier and Ettrick, in proposing " The Health of the President,
the Marquis of Lothian," said that all the features wdiicli endeared a man to
his fellows were to be found in the person of the Noble Marquis ; all the
virtues and inclinations of a country gentleman were to be found in him ;
and this Society had done well in electing him — representative of an ancient
house — to the post of President.

The toast was drunk with enthusiasm, and the Noble Chairman, in
responding, remarked that the view he had taken of his duties was that he
should merely give expression to the feelings of the members as expressed
at their general meetings. Perhaps some might think that he might have
initiated some reforms and changes ; and it might be that he might have
done so ; but the opinion he held was, that his position as President should
be one of strict neutrality.

Among other toasts were the Border Union Agricultural Society, pro-
posed by Sir Graham Montgomery, and responded to by Lord Polwarth; the
Judges, proposed by Mr Eliott Lockhart of Borthwickbrae, and acknow-
ledged by Sir William Baillie, Bart. ; and the Successful Competitors, by
Mr Usher, Stodrig, and replied to by Mr Smith, Whittinghame.

On Thursday a delightful change in the weather took place,
and the yard was again opened at 8 a.m. In the evening a ball
was held in the Corn Exchange, and was attended by a large and
fashionable assemblage. The music was supplied by Messrs E.
J. & E. Adams' quadrille band of Glasgow ; and Mr Tlieim,
Edinburgh, was the j)urveyor.

On Eriday the yard was opened at the same hour ; the fine
weather continued, and the show terminated at 5 p.m., when the
removal of the stock and implements was commenced.

A Members' Club Eoom, with ladies' and gentlemen's lavatories
attached, to which members were entitled to introduce their friends,
was erected within the showyard, and was much appreciated.

During the show the Kelso band performed an excellent
selection of fashionable and j)opular pieces, and gave universal
satisfaction. The pipers of Sir Eobert Menzies paraded the
ground, and their music was greatly appreciated.

Professor AYilliams and Mr Eobertson, V.S., Kelso, w^ere
appointed Veterinary Inspectors, but their duties were light, as
the stock had never been seen in a more healthy condition.

ACCOUNT OF THE SHOW HELD AT KELSO IN 1880.

343

The exhibition consisted of the followinc^ entries in the dif-

ferent classes of stock : —

Cattle.

Bulls.

Cows.

Heifers.

Oxen.

Total

Shorthorn,

Polled Angus or

Aberdeen, 17

• • •

Galloway,

Ayrshire,

• • •

Highland,

Crosses, .

• • •

Jersey,

• • •

Indian,

• • ■

• • •

100

275

Horses,
Stallions, p , Mares.

For Agricultural ) ^^
purposes, . ]

Hunters and

Roadsters,

Ponies.

20
15

Filhes. Geldings. Total.

31
3

157

226

Shee2o.

Tups.

Evyes.

Gimmers.

Lambs.

Wethers.

Total

Cheyiot,

Blackfaced, .

108

Border Leicester,

• • •

178

Leicester,

...

• ■ ■

• • •

CotsM'old and Lin coir. 3

• • •

Short Woolled, .

• • •

• • ■

Half-bred, .

...

■ • •

Breton,

•;

...

• a •

188

100

135

488

Large breed,
Berkshire breed,
M«i;ill breed, .

Sicinc.

Boars.
2
4
1

Sows.
3
3
2

Pigs.

12
o

Total.
17
19
6

Poultry, .
\\ (ii»lj
Iiui)lements,

202 entries.

8 entries.

1578 entries.

244 head.
139 exhibitors.

344 ACCOUNT OF THE SHOW HELD AT KELSO IX 1880.

It may be interesting to give a comparative view of the exhi-
bition of stock and implements, the premiums oft'ered, and the
receipts at each of the shows in the Border district : —

Cattle.

Horses.

Sheep.

S\\dne.

Poul-
try.

Imple-
ments.

Premiums
oflered.

Gate Money

and
Cataloo;ues.

Kelso,

1832

245

• • ■

^530

=£129

Berwick,

1841

175

658

...

1050

410

Berwick,

1854

179

141

771

264

357

1500

805

Kelso,

1863

245

127

532

261

1101

1300

1423

Kelso,

1872

274

214

595

291

1777

1888

2171

Kelso,

1880

275

226

488

244

1578

2671

1664

The followino- observations rec^ardino- the stock are taken from
the notes of the Judges : —

The classes in the Shorthorn breed were well filled, and, taken as a whole,
the quality of the exhibits was of a high standard. It is worthy of note that
in the aged bull class the four Royal English prize bulls, as well as the reserve
number bull, were shown. The bull which was first prize and cup winner
at the Eoyal English meeting at Carlisle was placed first. This bull was
bred and reared by a tenant farmer on cold clay land 700 feet above sea-
level, and it surely ought to be an incentive to his brother farmers to get
the best possible stock and attend to them carefully, when one of their
number labouring under great disadvantages so far as chmate, soil, and
situation are concerned, can gain the Shorthorn Prize of the year at the two
great shows in the kingdom. The two-year-old bulls made a large good class.
The yearling class was of less merit than the older ones. The first prize
bull is younger than others placed after him, but is of great promise. The
female classes were good, and the cow class perhaps the highest in merit.
The two-year-old heifers, although not numerous, were a level, good lot,
while the yearling class contained some animals of great promise. A new
feature in the show was the shorthorn family prize, and three splendid lots
were placed before the Judges. The first prize family contained a cow with
two of her female oftspring, magnificent specimens of the shorthorn breed.
It may be remarked that the first prize cow in the ordinary class was own
sister to those tvro, to which reference is made, and the three females from
one cow and by the same sire, drew the attention of the shorthorn breeders
and were quite a feature of the show. The other two families shown were
very good, and exhibited in natural breeding state.

Considering the distance Kelso is from the home of the Polled Angus or
Aberdeen cattle, the niunber and quality of the stock were alike good
and creditable ; the first prize aged bull was a rare specimen of early
maturity. The second was likewise a superior bull. In two-year-old
bulls the competition was closer than in tlie aged section, especially
between those awarded the first and second prizes, both very good animals,
but of very different characteristics. The whole exhibits in this class were
good and well brought out. The one-year-old bulls were the weakest
section of this breed, both in point of number and excellence. None of the
exhibits possessed great merit, but all were very fair specimens of the breed.
The cows as a lot were very fair, but not superior. The first prize cow was
well brought out, and was a handsome well-fleshed animal. The two-year-
old heifers were a good class all over, and particularly the winner of the first
prize, a heifer of great promise. The level toj) and quarters of the second
prize deserve also special notice. The section for yearling heifers was the

ACCOUNT OF THE SHOW HELD AT KELSO IX 1880. 345

strongest iu point of niiniijers, and very creditable in general excellence.
Besides those j)laced, the remainder were of very good quality, and
possessed of merit, though small in size. The seven-year-old bull,
''Young Viscount"' (736), which gained the first premium at Aberdeen
in 1876, and which was therefore by the rules of the Society disqualified
for competition, was exhibited as extra stock, and was deservedly awarded
the medium gold medal. He was looking fresh and full of life and
flesh, and as active as a two-year-old. He was one of the best bulls ever
exhibited, and stands unrivalled for wealth and levelness of flesh, substance,
and quality.

Iti the Galloway class, the animal placed first in the aged bull section
exhibited a great deal of style, substance, and quality, carried his flesh very
evenly, and was altogether a first class specimen of the breed. The other
animals in the section were very fair specimens. In the younger bull sections
the first prize two-year-old, and the first yearling, were quite above average
specimens, brought out in the very pink of condition, and both would be
very difficult to set aside. The female sections were characterised by
general excellence, not a single inferior specimen being brought forward. The
Judges concurred in representing that the breeders of Galloway cattle
seemed to study quality more than mere size, and that not a single over-
fed animal was i)laced before them.

Of Ayrshires there was an excellent display, and a number of
exceptionally fine specimens were to be found in the various sections.
Conspicious amongst these were the first prize aged bull and the first prize
two-year-old bull. The whole section of cows and heifers in calf was also
exceptionally well represented. The section of two-year-old heifers was
greatly admired, it being one of the finest perhaps ever seen in any judging
ring. The yearling heifers were unusually large in size.

The Highland breed was well represented both in numbers and quality,
there being entries from many of the leading folds in Scotland. Although
rather early in the season for seeing Highland cattle to advantage, they
seemed to attract the general attention of the nimierous visitors on the show
ground.

The display in the fat stock class was not large, but the whole stock
exhibited was good. The aged Highland ox was a very superior specimen
of what this breed may be brought to. The Duke of Eoxburghe showed in
the extra stock a five-year-old Highland ox, for which a mediiun gold
medal was awarded.

As extra stock the Marquis of Lothian exhibited an Indian cow and calf,
and an aged and a one-year-old bull of tlie same breed. For these a
medium and a minor gold and a silver medal were awarded. Sir John W.
P. Campbell Orde of Kilmory, Bart., showed an Indian bull and cow, and
was awarded a minor gold and a silver medal. Sir John Majoribanks of
Lees, Bart., exhibited a cow and a heifer of the Jersey breed, and was
adjudged a minor gold and a silver medal.

The stallions for agricultural purposes were a remarkably good lot. The
aged .section were jjarticurlarly well brought out. The three-year-olds were
not so equal in merit. The two-year-olds were well represented, and
headed by a very stylisli bay, and were on the whole a more equal lot.
The yearlings also promised well. Tlie judges liad no doubt about recom-
mending tlie prize horses as good specimens to breed from. Of a good
class of Ijrood mares, the first, possessing great substance with extraordinary
girtli and size, was an easy winner; the second was also a very powerful
animal, and the third and fourth were also of fair merit. The section for
mares in foal formed a good class, and the prize winners were all meritori-
ous animals. The three-year-olds were also a very good lot. The first
being shajiely, stylish, and a grand mover. The two-year-olds mustered fair,
and were of good quality. The fii-st ])rize being an animal of the genuine

346 ACCOUNT OF THE SHOW HELD AT KELSO IX 1880.

Clydesdale type, possessing size and substance, combining good shapes with
freedom of movement, and was an easy winner. There was a fair class of
yearlings, and the first prize ^Adnner, though not big, had nice symmetrical
shapes and quality. The second was also a very meritorious animal. The
others were of fair merit. In competition for the cup for mares, the first prize
winner of the three-year-olds was unanimously chosen as the best. In the
gelding classes, though not numerous, the animals were of great merit, and
reflected credit on the exhibitors.

Of hunters, roadsters, and ponies there was a good display. The two
first prize mares, with foals at foot, were of very great stamp. The three
first prize winners in section for aged mares or geldings, suitable for
field, were exceptionally fine animals from England. In the four-year-old
section some wonderfully developed animals competed, and there was some
time spent before awards could be assigned. Only one animal appeared in
the section for hackneys or roadsters, and not being of superior merit, the
Judges awarded it only the second prize. Ten animals competed in the
section for leaping. The jumping was the best seen at any of the Society's
shows. The two first prize animals were very even, and j)erformed
to perfection. In the section for mares or geldings between 13 and
14^ hands, one animal appeared, and the Judges awarded it only the second
prize. A smart lot of ponies appeared in the section for mares or geldings
Toetween 12| and 14 hands, the first prize animal being especially admired.
In the section for mares and geldings under 12i hands, a very handsome
roan mare beat all the others, but the second and third prize horses were
good useful animals.

The entries in the Cheviot classes were not so numerous as in some
forniej" years, but at the same time were fairly satisfactory, except among
the ewes. In the character of the sheep exhibited there were indications
of the change which has within the last two or three years taken place in
the popular type. The sheep that till lately found general favour was an
animal in which gaiety was the chief characteristic, and in which substance
and wool were too often neglected. The importance of the latter qualities
is now, however, as a rule being acknowledged, and greater favour is shown
to hardier and more useful sheep. The possession of ^^ide well sprung
ribs and good skins has therefore very properly come to be looked upon as
indispensable. At Kelso, as at other recent exhibitions, the value of these
points was fully recognised, while, on the other hand, no sympathy was
shown for the tendency to run to the opposite extreme of fancying an
animal because his appearance was ugly and ungaily. Of the aged and
two-shear tup sections the quality was satisfactory, but a fault too common,
especially among the two-year-olds, was that of having harsh coarse skins.
The shearling tups were rather disappointing in cjuality, but the female
classes were good in this respect, though badly represented in regard to
numbers.

The sections in the Blackfaced breed were well represented. The aged
tups were very good, and also the two-year-olds. The shearlings were
excellent, especially those caiTying the first and second prizes, which were
remarkable for substance and quality, evenly shaped, strong boned, and
well wooUed, and with good noses which are characteristics of what a good
tup must have. The ewe sections were fair; and the lambs were ex-
ceptionally good.

As might have been expected in the middle of the Border Leicester
country, that breed was well represented. In some of the classes the
exhibits were more select than numerous, while in all the sections the non-
descript element (which at many shows goes to constitute numbers) was
almost, if not entirely, absent. The aged tup exhibited by Mr Fender was
in many respects a wonderful sheej"), possessing great size and substance,
well woolled, and altogether an excellent specimen of the breed. Mr

ACCOUJST OF THE SHOW HELD AT KELSO IX 1880. 347

Smith's prize sheep was also an animal of much merit, with rare style, good
qnality, and apparent usefulness. There was nothing worthy of special
mention in the section of two-shear tups. In a large and excellent class of
shearling tups, the Judges experienced considerable dithculty in fixing the
awards, more especially that, while not overlooking the characteristic
qualities of the breed, they did not think it advisable to ignore individual
merit for the sake of uniformity of type. However a prominent first, regard-
ing whose place in the prize list there could not have been much diversity of
opinion, was presented in Mr Clark's magnificent shearling. The exhibits
in the ewe section were uniformly good, and the same may be said in regard
to the gimmers. The Cour thill pen being prominent in size, quality, uni-
formity, and apparent good breeding. One of the most interesting contests
in the sections was the Famil}'' Prize Competition, the sheep brought for-
ward being generally creditable to the flocks they represented. The Judges
were specially pleased with the family likeness and true type of breeding
displayed in Mr Clark's pen, and also with the general excellence, and, in
some respects more meritorious family, shown by Mr Thomson.

Of Leicesters only two animals were exhibited, a two-shear and a one-
shear tup. They were fair specimens of the breed.

In the class for Cotswolds and Lincolns, only Cotswolds appeared. Xume-
rically the representation was very meagre, a couple of two-shear and one
shearling tup, and a pen of ewes comprising the entire number shown.
Those shown however, were, without exception, truly made, well
grown, smart, well woolled sheep, and altogether very superior specimens
of the breed.

The short woolled was monopolized entirely by Shropshires, which were
a pretty fair collection. Indeed, it is believed there has not, on the whole^
appeared a display of the breed equal to it at any previous show of the
Society. The entries in the four sections numbered thirty-one. In the
section for aged tups some most excellent sheep were to be found. The tup
to which the first prize was awarded was a strong, beautifully woolled three-
shear; the second prize tup was also an animal of great size and style, although
not so good to handle as was desirable. The third prize tup, bred in Ire-
land, although a great strong sheep, had a somewhat coarse look about
him ; while the commended tup was an uncommonly neat tight sheep, but
lacking much in size and carriage. The section for shearling tups com-
prised sixteen entries, but the class was not characterised by great uniformity.
Some of the tups were too pale in the face, displaying too much Southdown
character, and a good many of them were rather wanting in true Shropshire
type. The first prize ewes were very good, the second and third prize pens
not nearly matched. Gimmers were represented by six pens, and although
there was here again a want of uniformity, the class was on the whole a fairly
good one. The first jnize pen was clearly considerably ahead of any of the
others, but Ixjtli the second and third prize pens were sheep of large size
and good quality.

Of the lour sections for wethers there were only three entries ; but the
pen of two-shear Cheviot wethers were very good.

Only three entries of extra slieep were made. Tliey all belongeil to the
Marquis of Lothian, and were of the Breton Ijreed. Each lot was deservedly
awarded a silver medal.

The pigs, though the competition was small, were a good class.

The poultry exliil)ited were of excellent quality. The Dorking classes
were well filled and particularly praiseworthy, as were also the Scotch
Greys and Game ; but in most of the other varieties the prizes were
awarded almost without competition.

The entries of Cheviot wool were small, but the quality was fairly good.
Of blackfacod whili; wool there was only one entry. The Leicester wool,
exhibited by ^Ir Tweedie, was not unworthy of mention. Great length of

348 ACCOUXT OF THE SHOW HELD AT KELSO IN 1880.

staple and heavy fleeces seem to be leading characteristics of The Forest
flock.

There was a good average display of Implements and other articles,
possessing all the essential merits of utility and good workmanship,
although there were perhaps few attractions in the way of novelty.

The Seventh Annual Exhibition of the Caledonian Apiarian
Society was held within the showyard. The Society was in-
stituted in 1874, and has ever since been patronised by the
Highland Society. Its object is to foster a love of apiculture on
humane and profitable principles, and to stamp out the inhuman
system of killing the bees to get the honey. This Society is
beginning to show its mark in the vast improvement of bee-
culture which has already taken place in this country, but there
is still much to be done, and it is to be hoped that the public
will support the Society. Thousands of pounds could be made
by the cottagers in the clover and heather-growing districts of
Scotland if the bee-keepers were to take to an intelligent system
of bee-culture. The energetic secretary, Mr. E. J. Bennet,
50 Gordon Street, Glasgow, will give any information wanted,
and receive subscriptions, viz., 2s. 6d. per annum. A considerable
collection of hives in bee gear were exhibited, including some
improvements which have not hitherto been shown. There was
a good collection of both comb and run honey, all shown in a
very attractive style.

The Annual Show of the Kelso Horticultueal Society was
also held within the showyard in a neatly laid out series of
marquees, and proved a great success. There were very fine col-
lections of pot and foliage plants and roses, the latter, as well
as the fruit on the tables, attracting a large amount of attention.

It only further remains to be noticed that Messrs Stuart,
Mein, & Allan, nursery and seedsmen, Kelso, decorated the en-
closed spaces in front of the Committee Eoom, laying out the
ground in beautiful flower beds or miniature gardens.

As mentioned at the beginning o'f this report, the weather was
unfavourable on the two first days of the show, and this accounts
for the unsatisfactory state of the receipts, but in all other
respects the exhibition was eminently successful, and well worthy
of the Society.

EXPEHIMENTAL STATIONS.— EEPOET FOR 1880.
By Dr Andrew P. Aitken, Chemist to the Society

experiments at harelaw and pumpherston.

In the preceding volume of the "Transactions" (p. 283) an
account was given of the barley crop at the Pumpherston
station for 1879, and on page 285 were tabulated the weights of
grain and straw of the various plots. Since the publication of
these details the crop has been analysed, and the following

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — EEPORT FOR 18S0.

349

table shows some of the results obtained from the analysis of
the grain and straw: —

Barley Grain, Pumpherstox, 1879.

1— 1

o
d

Total Grain
per acre.

Water per
cent.

Solids per
cent.

Solids per
acre.

Albumenoids
per cent.

Albumenoids
per acre.

r-t

o
o

(->

-*-

i-H

lbs.

*1522

14-2

85-8

1305

10-0

117

2-75

35-9

i 1688

14-8

■85-2

1438

9-7

139

2-83

40-7

' 1605

14-9

85-1

1365

10-8

147

2-97

40-5

1650

14-9

85-1

1404

10-2

113

2-91

40-7

' 1177

14-5

85-5

1006

10-6

107

2-88

29-0

1683

14-7

85-3

1435

11-0

158

2-87

41-2

1386

14-8

85-2

1181

9-5

112

2-84

33-5

1600

14-5

85-5

1368

9-7

133

2-84

38-8

1268

14-6

85-4

1083

10-2

110

2-75

29-8

1592

14-6

85-4

1359

10-2

138

2-71

36-8

1036

15-3

84-7

877

8-6

2-79

24-4

1028

14-4

85-6

880

9-5

2-83

24-3

1420

14-9

85-1

1208

9-3

112

2-71

32-7

1434

15-1

84-9

1214

10-6

128

2-80

34-0

950

15-3

84-7

805

8-4

2-85

22-9

1546

14-9

85-1

1316

8-0

105

2-86

38-6

952

14-9

85-1

810

10-2

2-79

22-6

1139

15-0

85-0

968

9-9

2-79

26-9

19 ,

1624

15-5

84-5

1372

10-6

145

2-80

38-9

20 '

1268

14-6

85-4

1083

8-6

2-76

29-8

1646

15-0

85-0

1399

10-8

151

2-72

38-0

22 1

756

15-3

84-7

640

8-2

2-61

16-7

1669

15-3

84-7

1413

8-2

115

2-82

39-8

1020

15-1

84-9

866

9-0

2-62

22-6

1392

15-3

847

1179

9-3

110

2-90

34-2

1446

14-7

85-3

1235

9-7

120

2-74

33-8

27 1

1163 1

15-0 1

85-0 1

988 1

9-7 1

3-05

30-1

1237

14-9

85-1

1052 i

10-2

107

2-75

28-8

1590

15-3

84-7

1347

10-8

145

2-85

38-3

30 '

1428

14-6

85-4

1219 1

9-9

120

2-68

32-6

31 1 6

1096

15-1

84-9

930

9-9

2-97

27-6

1778

14-7

85-3

1516

10-8

163

2-87

43-4

32J"

1092

15-0

85-0

928

9-3

2-94

27-2

1420

15-4

84-6

1201

9 0

108

2-91

35-0

33|«

1096

15-5

84-5

926

8-6

3-08

28-5

1H6()

15-3

84-7

1575

l()-3

161

306

48-3

3^1'

1440

14-5

85-5

1230 1

9-7

119

2-79

34-3

1492

14-8

85-2

1271

9-9

126

2-82

35-8

3^5

1296

14-7

85-3

1105

9-3

102

2-78

30-0

1200

14-8

85-2

1022

8-6

2-71

27-6

* riot 1, owin^' to its liaviiif,' been at one time nioi-o highly mamired tlian
other parts of the field, ^ives too hi,i,di a result. The produce here given is
reckoned from that of the duplicate plots.

350

EXPEPJMEXTAL STATIONS — REPOKT FOR 1880.

Barley-Straw, Pdmpherston, 1879.

Plot.

Total
weicrht

Water

Dry

matter

Dry

matter

Ash in
Ash Ash dry

Ash

per acre.

percent.

per cent.

per acre.

percent, per

acre, matter
percent.

per acre.

cwts.

lbs.

12-3

87-7

23-7

7-0 186 7-53

199

10-8

89-2

23-2

7-1 184 7-05

182

13-3

86-7

23-4

6-7 1

75 6-71

176

12-8

87-2

24-4

7-3 199 i ^

■•30

199

11-9

88-1

18-5

6-8 141 7-20

138

13-6

86-4

25-0

6-6 185 6-61

185

13-6

86-4

24-3

7-1 193 7-30

198

12-2

87-8

26-3

7-3 215 7-35

216

11-4

88-6

21-3

6-8 162 6-85

162

13-6

86-4

25-9

7-0 203 7-00

202

12-2

87-8

20-2

6-8 154 6-85

154

12-7

87-3

14-8

6-5 108 6-51

108

13-7

86-3

23-3

7-2 1

88 ^

■•96

207

12-4

87-6

25-4

6-7 1

■•16

203

13-4

86-6

17-3

7-0 1

36 -;

■•54

145

13-4

86-6

25-1

6-9 1

94 ^

■•50

210

12-1

87-9

14-9

6-8 1

13 -

■•25

129

13-9

86-1

16-3

6-9 1

26 <

■•31

133

13-4

86-6

26-8

6-7 2

...

• • •

13-6

86-4

20-7

6-8 1

...

13-5

86-5

25-1

6-6 1

85 ';

-26

200

. . .

...

13-0

87-0

25-2

7-0 1

97 ^

^•00

225

12-1

87-9

14-0

6-6 1

03 ^

'•50

117

12-6

87-4

20-1

6-1 1

37 i

^40

143

13-1

86-9

19-1

7-4 1

• • ■

13-7
13-9

86-3
86-1

16-4

7-4 1

38 7

•83

• • •

17-2

7-2 1

39 7

•83

150

13-5

86-5

23-2

6-9 1

79 7

••51

194

12-8

87-2

20-9

6-7 1

57 e

^93

161

31 U*

20
32

13-2

86'8

27-7

...

••

Z2\l

20
30

13-3

86-7

...

• •

zz\l

13-5

86-5

17-3

• ■ • •

, ,

13-6

86-4

27-6

• . .

, ,

34^

12-3

87-7

19-3

• • •

, ,

13-2

86-8

27-8

• ■ • •

• •

35 j«

12-7

87-3

20-9

• • • •

, ,

13-1

86-9

17-4

...

••

The first ten plots are designed to test the efficacy of the
various forms of phospbatic manures both in the dissolved and
undissolved form.* The relative merits of dissolved and undis-
solved phosphates as a manure for the turnip crop has recently
received a considerable share of attention, and it is only right in
estimating their relative merits that their effects upon other

* See " Scheme of Experiments," p. 376.

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — EEPORT FOR 1880.

351

crops of the rotation should also be cousidered. In the follow-
ing table the results as given above are arranged to show the
effect of these two forms of phosphate upon the barley crop at
Pumpherston : —

Undissolved Phosphates, Grain.

i-H

Kind of
Phosphate.

Total grain
per acre.

Dry matter
per cent.

Dry matter
per acre.

Albumenoids
per cent.

Albumenoids
per acre.

Ash
per cent.

Ash
per acre.

lbs.

Bone ash

1522

85-8

1305

10-0

117

2-75

35-9

Ground coprolites

1605

85-1

1365

10-8

147

2-97

40-5

Bone dust .

1177

85-5

1006

10-6

107

2-88

29-0

7
9

Phosphatic guano
Ground Curagoa
phosphates

Avera.tre

1386
1268

85-2
85-4

1181
1083

9-5
10-2

112
110

2-84
2-75

33-5

29-8

1392

85-4

1188

10-2

118

2-80

33-7

Dls

SOLVED

Phosp

HATES,

Grain.

lbs.

Bone ash

1688

85-2

1438

9-7

139

2-83

40-7

Ground coprolites

1650

85-1

1404

10-2

143

2-91

40-7

Bone dust .

1683

85-3

1435

11-0

158

2-87

41-2

8
10

Phosphatic guano
Ground Cura9oa

1600

85-5

1368

9-7

138

2-84

38-8

phosphates
Average
Excess of undis-

1592

85-4

1359

10-2

138

2-71

36-8

1643

85-3

1401

10-1

143

2-83

38-4

solved phosphates
Excess of dissolved

...

0-1

...

0-1

• ■ •

...

• • •

phosphates

251

• • ■

213

.03

4-7

Undissolved Phosphates, Straw.

2 o

V .

Plot

Kind of Phosphate.

Total St
per acr

Dry mat
per cen

Dry mat

per acr

Ash pe
cent.

cwts.

Bone a.sh ....

87-7

23-7

7-0

186

Ground coprolites .

86-7

23-4

6-7

175

Bone dust ....

88-1

18-5

6-8

141

Pliosphate guano .

86-4

24-3

193

Ground Curayoa phosphate .
Average

88-6

21-3

6-8

162

25-4

87-5

22-2

6-9

171

352

EXPEPJMENTAL STATIONS — REPORT FOR 1880.

Dissolved Phosphates, Straw.

O
t—t

Kind of Phosphate.

Total Straw
per acre.

Dry matter
per cent.

Dry matter
per acre.

Ash per
cent.

Ash per
acre.

5
7
9

Bone ash, ....

Ground coprolites .

Bone dust ....

Phosphate guano .

Ground Curagoa phosphate .

Average

Excess of undissolved phos-
phate

Excess of dissolved phosphate

cwts.
26
28
29
30
30

89-2
87-2
86-4
87-8
86-4

cwts.
23-2
24-4
25-0
26-3
25-9

7-1
7-3
6-G
7-3

7-0

184
199
185
215

203

28-6

87-4

24-9

7-1

197

3-'2

0-1

2-7

•2

A glance at the first column of these tables shows that the
effect of dissolving the pliosphatic manures is to increase the
yield of grain 251 lbs. per acre, or about 18 per cent., and that
of straw about 3^ cwts., or about 12 per cent. The other
columns show that it has no material influence upon the
percentage composition of the crop. The increase is shared
very equally by all the constituents of the barley, or in other
words, it is the quantity of the crop that is increased, the qiicdity
is apparently unaffected. A comparison of the individual plots
shows considerable variations where undissolved phosphates are
used, and this is no doubt due in great measure to the different
degrees of fineness of the various manures. It is evidently not
fair to compare the immediate effects of undissolved phosphates
of various degrees of fineness, and if these are to be more largely
made use of in future, it will be necessary to establish some stan-
dard of fineness of division by which to estimate their value as
manures for the crop to which they are immediately applied.
There is no doubt that in the above experiment, plot 5 suffers by
comparison with the other plots on account of the difficulty of
reducing bone dust, unless specially prepared, to the degree of
fineness attainable with the other forms of phosphate. In the
case of dissolved phosphates there is no such difficulty. The
process of dissolving secures a fineness of division which
even the finest grinding cannot imitate, and the result is
that the plots manured with dissolved phosphates are much
more even in their character, and indeed may be considered
almost on an equality. The cheapest form of superphosphate
seems to be quite as good as the dearest form of dissolved bones.

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — REPOrvT FOR 1880.

353

so far as the phosphate of the manure is concerned, and if only
the amount of nitrocren contained in the dissolved bones is
supplied to the superphosphate in the form of ammonia salts, or
other equally good nitrogenous manure, the effect upon the crop
may reasonably be expected to be the same.

A minute analysis was made of the ash of the grain of the
first twelve plots, and also plots 28, 29, and 30, in order to
determine what effect the use of dissolved manures might have
upon the amounts of phosphoric acid and potash absorbed by
the grain. The amounts of soda and silica were also determined,
with the following results : — ■

Analysis of Ash of Grain.

Undissolved Phosphates.

Plot.

1
3

7
9

Bone ash ....

Ground coprolites

Bone dust ....

Phosphatic guano

Ground Cura9oa phosphate

Average

Phosphoric p^^^^^
Acid.

Soda. Silica.

37-28
36-44
36-09
34-74
36-^5

36-16

26-13

4-43 i

23-55

4-18

24-14

6-29 1

25-24

2-06

23-36

6-61

24-48

4-71

24-23

25-57
25-06
24-15
25-92

24-98

Dissolved Phosphates.

2
4
6
8
10

Bone ash .
Ground coprolites
Bone dust .
Phosphatic guano
Ground Cura9oa pho:

phate

36-54

32-09
36-02
37-54
35-82

24-43

4-34

21-46

1-43

22-92

7-42

21-78

4-01

25-85

6-05

Average

35-60

23-29

4-65

24-32
24-59
25-29
24-02
23-29

24-30

Superphosphates.

27
28
29

10 per cent, soluble

»>

37-03
36-29
33-67

25-81
23-38
25-00

6-97
6-32
3-66

23-92
24-26
23-49

A comparison of these figures shows the unexpected result,
that the barley grown with dissolved phosphates lias taken up
a less proportion of phosphoric acid and potash than that grown
with undissolved phosphates ; and this is borne out by the
superphosphate plots, which show that according as the solu-

354

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — llEPORT FOR 1880.

bility of the phosphate is increased, the proportion of phosphoric
acid in the grain diminishes. Considering the larger yield of
grain obtained on the plots with the dissolved phosphates, the
total phosphoric acid per acre abstracted from the soil is no doubt
greater on these plots, but the individual grains are poorer in
phosphoric acid than those grown with undissolved phosphates.

In other words, there is a certain amount of economy in using
dissolved phosphates ; we get more grain for our phosphates in
that w^ay than when we apply them undissolved. But, on the
other hand, we obtain a grain which, though it may look as
well as the other, is poorer as a feeding material, and has
a smaller manurial value, and, wdiat is also important to re-
member, is less suited for seed. For the purpose of seed we
should select grain whose ash is rich in phosphoric acid, for such
grain contains within it the largest store of nourishment for the
young plant. Phosphorus is always closely associated with
albuminoid matter, and that is what the young plant feeds on.
So also we should select seed that is rich in potash, for it also
is essential to the young plant. It is found associated with
starchy matter, and that is the other great constituent of the
food of a plant in its young state. It will also be noticed that
there is a kind of balance kept up between potash and silica ;
barley which is rich in potash is poor in silica, and the con-
verse, so that in this respect also, barley seed which is richer in
potash is to be preferred.

Regarding the other plots on the station, there is little to add
to the former report. As an indication of the character of the
soil of this station, it may be interesting to refer to the crops
grown on the six odd plots, 11 and 12, 17 and 18, 21 and 22.

12
18

Total crop.

Dry Matter
per acre.

Ash per acre.

Grain.

Straw.

Grain.

Straw.

Grain.

Straw.

No phosphates .
No nitrogen
No potash
Phosphate alone
Nitrogen alone
Potash alone

lbs.
1036

952
1646
1028
1139

756

cwts.
23
17
29
17
19
12

lbs.
877
810
1399
880
968
640

cwts.
20-2
14-9
25-1
14-8
16-3

lbs,

24-4

22-6

38-0

24-3

26-9

16-7

cwts.
154
129
200
108
133

Plot 21, w^hich received no potash, but only its due proportion
of phosphates and nitrogen, yielded a full crop, showing that
there is no want of potash in the soil. On the other hand, plot
22, which got no phosphates or nitrogenous manure, but only
potash, was a miserable failure, not only with the barley crop,
iDut also with the turnip crop that preceded it. The want of

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — KEPOKT FOR 1880. 355

phosphates and also the want of nitrogen resulted in a short
crop. In the latter case the deficiency was most apparent, and
showed itself most conspicuously in the diminished produce of
straw. These plots show us that we have to deal here with a
soil that is rich in potash, poor in phosphates, and especially
poor in available nitrogenous plant food. Indeed, these plots
may be called analytical ])lots, for they furnish us with a prac-
tical agricultural analysis of the soil, which is far more useful
and reliable than a chemical analysis. It is not the actual
amounts of phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogenous matter
contained in a soil that a farmer requires to know, a chemist can
tell him that ; but what lie wants to know is the amounts of
these constituents in his soil which are at present available for
his crops, and that is what no chemist can accurately tell him.
There may be abundance of these constituents in the soil, in a
form in which the plant cannot take them. The power of the
roots of plants to absorb the nutriment contained in the soil is
limited and peculiar, varying greatly with different kinds of
plants, and there is no chemical process that can imitate the
absorptive power of the root. The practical test is the only
reliable one, and the farmer by making use of it, as in the plots
we have just noticed, can make the plant his analyst. The
form adopted on the above-mentioned plots is not the best for
practical purposes. A more convenient method would be to
make a five--plot test, requiring only three manurings, in the
following manner. Select five adjacent ridges in the middle of
a field, numbered from 1 to 5. To plots 1, 2, and 3 apply super-
phosphate, 3 cwts. per acre ; to plots 2, 3, and 4 apply mixed
muriate and sulphate of potash, 1 cwt. per acre ; and to plots 3,
4, and 5 apply sulphate of ammonia, 1 cwt. per acre. By this
arrangement plot 1 will have phosphates alone ; plot 2, phos-
phates and potasli ; plot 3, phosphates, potash, and ammonia ;
I)lot 4, potash and ammonia ; and plot 5, ammonia alone. Tlie
relative yield on these five plots would indicate in a most
reliable manner what kind of manure it will be most profitable
to apply, and also in what proportion to apjjly it. If a five-plot
test, such as is here indicated, were applied to every field on the
farm early in course of the lease, an enormous amount of money
would be saved to farmers, for there is no doubt that one of the
most serious sources of loss to farmers now-a-days is the misap-
])lication of manures. Great efforts have in recent years been
made to secure farmers against loss from the application of bad
manures, but the loss sustained from that cause is now trifling
in comparison with that incurred from the misapplication of
good manures.

AVe come now to consider the barley crop at Harelaw station.
As noticed in the former report, it was not manured, so that any

356

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — REPORT FOR 1880.

differences observed in the various plots would be due to tlie
effects of the residue of manure left by the turnip crop of the
previous year. An analysis was made of most of the plots of
the barley crop, not so much on its own account, or with the
expectation of eliciting any facts of importance, as for the pur-
pose of serving as a basis of comparison for future cereal crops
grown on the station. The details of the analysis are contained
in the following table : —

Barley Grain, Harelaw 1879.

Total Grain
per acre.

Water
per cent.

Dry Matter
per cent.

Dry Matter
per acre.

AlbiJinenoids
per cent.

Albumenoids
per acre.

Ash
per cent.

Ash
per acre.

Straw
per acre.

lbs.

2074

14-8

85-2

1767

8-8

156

3-00

2320

14-5

85-5

1983

10-6

210

3-10

2260

]3-8

86-2

1948

9-5

186

3-01

2156

14-4

85-6

1845

11-5

212

3-06

2468

15-5

84-5

2085

9-6

200

3-06

2332

14-2

85-8

2000

11-0

220

3-17

2432

14-4

85-6

2081

11-0

228

3-08

2332

15-6

84-4

1968

9-7

191

3-17

2224

14-9

85-1

1892

9-7

184

3-33

2402

14-4

85-6

2056

11-0

226

3-09

2147

14-1

85-9

1844

9-3

171

3-18

2260

14-7

85-2

1925

9-1

172

3-18

2318

14-5

85-5

1982

9-7

193

3-08

2328

14-7

85-3

1985

10-5

208

313

2079

14-1

85-9

1786

9-7

173

2-78

2230

14-3

85-7

1911

9-5

181

3-17

2084

14-1

85-9

1790

8-8

158

2-98

2344

14-8

85-2

1993

9-1

181

2-99

2136

14-9

85-1

1818

8-8

161

2-98

2072

14-8

85-2

1765

10-2

189

3-04

2200

14-7

85-3

1876

11-3

211

3-01

2060

15-0

85-0

1751

10-8

189

3-02

2324

14-9

85-1

1978

11-5

227

3-17

2128

15-0

85-0

1808

9-9

179

3-03

2230

14-8

85-2

1899

10-6

202

3-33

2048

15-5

84-5

1730

10-8

187

3-05

2200

15-8

84-2

1852

10-6

197

3-11

2000

15-5

84-5

1690

9-8

165

3-44

2156

14-3

85-7

1847

9-3

172

3-05

2076

15-6

84-4

1752

10-2

178

3-00

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — EEPORT FOE 1880.

357

It will be seen that the yield of grain in the various plots
differs very little. It is only in the produce of straw that any
marked differences are decernible, and these correspond for the
most part with the differences observed in the previous turnip
crop. This is shown very clearly on a comparison of the
undissolved phosphate with the dissolved phosphate plots, where
the difference in favour of the latter, as regards straw, is still
about 15 j)er cent., but as regards grain it is almost nil.

Undissolved Phosphates.

<6
u
o

-2 -*^

4S o

CO o

p-(

5 ^

lbs.

cwts.

Bone aph

2074

85-2

1767

8-86

156

3-00

Ground coprolites .

2260

86-2

1948

9-53

186

3-01

Bone meal

2468

84-5

2085

9-65

202

3-06

Phosphatic guano .

2432

85-6

2081

11-00

228

3-08

Ground apatite
Average

2224

85-1

1892

9-75

184

3-33

2292

85-3

1955

9-75

191

3-09

Dissoi

-,VED P

HOSPHA

TES.

Bone ash.

2320

85-5

1983

10-64

210

3-10

Ground coprolites .

2156

85-6

1845

11-53

212

3-06

Bone meal

2332

85-8

2000

11-00

220

3-17

Phosphatic guano .

2332

84-4

1968

9-75

191

3-17

Ground apatite
Average

2402

85-6

2056

11-08

226

3-09

2308

85-4

1970

10-80

212

3-12

356

Excess of dissolved /
pliosphates . ^

•1

1-05

0-3

On comparing the odd plots 11 and 12, 17 and 18, 21 and 22,
it will be seen tliat in this station also tlie want of nitrogen is
felt more than the want of ])hosphoric acid or potash ; and it is
evident that the use of a larger amount of nitrogenous manure
would result in the obtaining of much larger crops. The amount
per acre might even be doubled, not only with advantage to tlie
crop, but also to the experiments, for the use which the plant is
able to make of the mineral food presented to it in the soil is
limited by the amount of nitrogenous food which it can obtain.

358 EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — REPORT FOR 1880.

The experiments have shown that the nitrogenous part of the
plant's food is the part that is deficient, and that the bulk of the
crop is not nearly so great as the land can carry ; and the
inference is plain that in order to obtain heavier crops, and to
test more thoroughly the various forms of the other mineral
manures, at least 30 lbs. per acre of nitrogen should be applied
to the cereals at the stations.

HoAj Crop, 1880.

The rood plots at both stations were this year under Italian
rye grass, ^vhich was sown w^ith the barley. No manures were
applied to the crop, since it was impossible to apply them except
as a top dressing. This would have suited well enough with
the soluble manures, but would, of course, have been quite use-
less with the insoluble ones ; and as a large proportion of the
manures used in these experiments are insoluble, the committee
thought it preferable to al3andon the manuring for a season. It
is customary to apply soluble top dressings, and especially
nitrate of soda, to grass ; and had this been done over the whole
of the plots on the stations except on those to which nitrates
are not applied, it would, doubtless, have increased the weight of
the hay crop. Had the obtaining of a heavy remunerative crop
been one of the chief objects of the experiments this would have
been done, but as the main object of the experiments is to com-
pare the efficacy of the various forms of manure, it was evident
that the application of nitrates to a selected number of plots
would have given them an advantage over the plots to which
less soluble nitrogenous manures are applied, and thus have
frustrated in some measure the object of the experiments.
Moreover, it was thought desirable to withhold manures entirely
for a season, in order to note the continued effect of former
manurings upon the quantity and quality of the hay crop. As it
happened, there was good reason to be satisfied that no manure
had been applied, for a long drought and the prevalence of frosty
east winds, which continued till the middle of July, dried up and
barked the soil, whereby light manures were prevented from
coming into operation, and were lost to the hay crop, which
accordingly was a very short one — the shortest that has occurred
in the Lothians during ten years.

Accordingly, in judging the action of the various manures, it is
necessary to remember that no manure had been applied at
Pumpherston for one year and at Harelaw for two years.

The hay was made and brought in in good condition at both
stations. At Harelaw a second crop was secured, but at
Pumpherston the amount of the second crop was so small that
it was not weii_died.

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — REPORT FOR 1880.

359

The following are the results at both stations :-

—

Harelaw.

PuilPHERSTON.

First Crop.

Second Crop.

Total

First Crop.

Weight

weight

Weight

per acre.

cwts. lbs.

cwts.

24 104

10 4

35-0

26 0

13 68

39-5

25 80

12 92

38-5

26 74

14 68

41-2

28 16

13 36

41-5

29 0

15 24

44-2

24 0

9 84

33-7

27 68

11 56

39-0

20 64

11 12

31-6

26 80

12 60

39-2

22 88

10 64

33-4

25 72

11 52

37-0

24 104

13 52

38-4

25 8

14 64

39-7

24 72

10 104

35-5

25 8

11 8

36-0

24 56

12 44

37-0

25 64

11 40

37-0

22 80

13 24

36-0

22 80

15 28

38-0

23 0

12 88

35-7

20 96

14 28
14 0

35-0

24 72

38-0

24 80

15 28

40-0

26 80

13 108

40-7

1 22

20 48
26 96

10 12

30-5

! 22

17 36

44-2

; 20

28 ,

23 0

14 U

37-0

27 0

18 92

45-8

23 0

14 68

37-6

31a }
316 (

26 100

16 12

33-0

( 18
I 22

32a
326

20 104

12 68

33-5

( 16
I 24

33a }
326 (

24 104

15 40

30-3

{ 16
} 28

34a (
346 \

20 56

12 48

330

{ 18
I 26

28 100

14 28

43-0

• • ■

24 108

12 84

37-7

20 64

10 8

30-6

20 64

12 56

33 0 )
29-0 J

16 56

12 84

The second crop at Harelaw is seen to be about half the
amount of the first crop ; but several plots, such as 15, 22, and

360

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — EEPORT FOR 1880.

27, somewhat exceeded that proportion. Warm weather, with
genial showers, favoured the second growth, so that backward
plots were able to better their position considerably before the
end of the growing season.

Owing to this cause, only the first crop at Harelaw should be
compared with that of Pumpherston. But even when this is
done there are numerous discrepancies between the two stations.
At Harelaw the dissolved phosphate plots still show a superio-
rity of from 6 to 8 per cent., while at Pumpherston the undis-
solved phosphate plots have uniformly the best of it. On
comparing the plots at the latter station among themselves, it is
seen that those which carried larger crops of turnips and barley
produced smaller crops of hay, and this shows that the soil is in
a very exhausted condition, and dependent on the immediate
supply of manure for the production of a good crop. The meagre
store of nourishment in the soil is especially shown on the (a)
series of plots 31 to 34, which had received only half doses of
manure. This poverty of soil, although from an agriculturist's
point of view very undesirable, is a condition of soil which is
nevertheless very suitable for experimenting.

One other circumstance requires to be noted, as affecting not
only the amount but also the character of the crop of hay pro-
duced, viz., that there w^as no clover sown with the grass seed,
and the hay therefore must be considered as of the nature of a
cereal crop, and the results obtained should be compared with
the barley crop which preceded it, and especially with the straw
of the barley crop. Although no clover was sown, there yet
appeared in many plots considerable patches of white clover.
An attempt was made to classify the plots according to the
abundance of clover growing on them, but, owing to its sparse
and patchy distribution, this was found to be impossible.

The crop at Pumpherston was analysed, and the following are
some of the results. The amount of moisture w^as found to be
very uniform, viz., about 14 per cent. In the following table,
the dry matter is therefore reckoned at 86 per cent. : —

Hay Crop, Pumpherstox.

Dry

Matter

Ash

Woody
Fibre

1
Food

per acre.

per cent.

per acre.

per cent.

per acre.

cwts.

lbs.

cwi;s.

20-6

6-32

146

35-0

807

12-1

20-6

6-88

158

38-3

883

11-3

20-6

6-03

139

35-2

812

12-1

18-0

7-09

143

36-2

730

10-2

21-5

6-32

152

35-7

859

12-5

20-6

7-19

166

35-0

807

11-9

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — EEPOET FOE 1880.

361

Hay Crop, Pumpherston — continued.

Dry

Matter

Ash

Woody
Fibre

Food

per acre.

per cent.

per acre.

per cent.

per acre.

cwts.

lbs.

cwts.

19-7

6-33

139

34-2

754

11-7

18-0

6-44

130

33-7

679

10-8

19-7

6-78

148

38-8

856

10-7

17-2

6-15

118

36-7

707

9-8

18-9

6-90

146

36-1

764

10-8

12
13

15-5

6-20

107

34-9

606

9-1
11-5

19-7

6-86

151

34-8

767

17-2

7-62

147

32-5

626

10-3

21-5

7-84

189

28-8

693

13-6

20-6

7 -26

167

32-3

745

12-4

19-7

7-53

166

31-2

688

12-1

18
19

18-9

6-52

138

32-4

685

11-5
12-5

20-6

7-82

180

31-4

724

17-2

6-38

123

29-9

576

10-9

24-0

7-57

203

26-6

715

15-8

12-9

6-45

29-9

432

8-2

23-2

7-09

184

31-3

812

14-3

15-5

7-43

129

30-9

536

9-6

18-9

6-68

141

30-0

635

12-0

18-9

5-95

126

32-4

686

11-6

17;2

6-49

125

31-0

597

10-7

18-0

6-93

139

31-2

629

11-1

28
29
30

20-6

6-91

159

31-0

715

12-8

16-3

7-06

129

30-1

549

10-2

The amount of dry matter per acre taken off by the hay
crop averages about a ton, or about as much as was contained
in the straw of the barley crop. About one-sixteentli of this,
or 1\ cwt., consists of mineral matter, about one-third
or 7 cwts. consists of indi<?estible woody fibre ; while the
remainder represents that part of the hay which is good for
food. By adding together the ash and woody fibre, and sub-
tracting the result from the total dry matter, we obtain the
figures in the last column showing the amounts of actual food
obtained from the various plots. It averages a little more
than half a ton per acre, and ranges from about 8 cwts. to
nearly double that quantity. This is a small amount of food
to take from an acre of ground, but it must be remembered
that it represents only the first cutting of what was at best
a very light crop, that no manure had been applied to the
crop, and also that the hay consisted of Italian rye grass alone.
The snudlest yield was that of plot 22, which had been manured
for the previous croji with sulphate of potash alone. This has
all along been the poorest plot on the station, and it would
almost seem as if the soil had been poisoned with sul2->liate
of potash, for its neighbour plot 18, whicli received no potash,

362

EXPERBIENTAL STATIONS — REPOKT FOR 1880.

has produced the best crop on the station. We should naturally
expect that those plots which had borne light crops in previous
seasons would be less exhausted than others, and show this by
bearing relatively heavier crops when the manuring was dis-
continued, and this is shown markedly on plot 15, whose nitrogen
had been supplied from shoddy, a very insoluble and therefore
slowly acting form of nitrogenous manure. It had hitherto
been one of the w^orst plots on the station, and this year it is
one of the best. A similar compensatory action is noticed
uniformly among the phosphate plots where hitherto those with
dissolved phospjhates produced the best crops. It will be seen
by the subjoined table that the plots with undissolved phosphates
have now the best of it : —

Undissolved Phosphates.

Dry matter
per acre.

Ash
per cent.

Ash
per acre.

Woody Fibre
per cent.

Woody Fibre
per acre.

Total Food
per acre.

1 .

cwts.

lbs.

cwts.

; 1

Bone ash

20-6

6-32

146

35-0

807

12-1

, 3

Guano coprolites

20-6

6-03

139

35-2

812

12-1

* 5

Bone meal

21-5

6-32

152

35-7

859

12-5

: 7

Phosphatic guano

19-7

6-33

139

34-2

75 i

11-7

Ground mineral phos-

phate

Average .

19-7

6-78

148

38-8

856

10-7

20-4

6-35

145

35-8

817

11-8

Dissc

)LVED P

•hosph^

^TES.

Bone ash

20-6

6-88

158

38-3

883

11-3

Ground coprolites

18-0

7-09

143

36-2

730

10-2

Bone meal .

20-6

7-19

166

35-0

807

11-9

Phosphatic guano

18-0

6-44

130

33-7

679

10-8

Ground mineral phos-

phates

Average

17-2

6-15

118

36-7

707

9-8

18-9

6-75

143

36-0

761

10-8

The plots which had formerly received undissolved phosphates
have produced about 5 per cent, more dry matter per acre than
the others, and the hay is of superior equality, containing a small
percentage of ash and woody fibre, and therefore yielding about
10 per cent, more actual food. The best of these plots is the
one which has hitherto been the worst — viz., 5, which received

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — REPORT FOR 1880. 363

bone meal. This manure, though it had been ground to a coarse
powder, does not seem to have come into very active operation
until two years after its application. Had it been more finely
ground, and if it had also been steamed to rid it of its excess of
fatty matter, it would doubtless have acted more quickly ; but
in any case the experiment shows the beneficial effect of bone
meal upon the hay crop two years after its application.

Peruvian guano also (plot 23) is a manure which has yielded
a reserve of nourishment for the hay crop, wdiile also serving as
an effective manure to the crops to wdiich it was immediately
applied.

Fish guano (plot 24) has not realised the expectation enter-
tained of it, but this is doubtless due to the oily nature of the
manure. In future care will be taken to employ only defatted
fish guano in these experiments ; for it is unquestionable that
this is a very important, as it is a never-failing source of phos-
phoric acid and ammonia, and it ought to be procurable in such
a form as will make it an effective and reliable manure.

These are the more important facts brought out by the hay
crop at Pumpherston. The crop at Harelaw was not analysed,
as the station had not been manured since the first year of the
rotation, the land being rather rich for experimental purposes.
The smallness of the crop this year shows that its fertility has
been considerably reduced, and the slight differences observed in
the various plots shows that it is a very even field, and in good
condition for the experiments which are to follow.

Turnip Crop, 1880.

Owing to the new arrangement affecting the y}^ acre plots,
these were this year put under roots. At Pumpherston, the
soil appropriated to these plots had been thoroughly mixed
and rendered as nearly uniform as possible ; while at Harelaw
the corresponding plots had not been manured for the pre-
vious barley crop. Accordingly the four-year rotation has been
started on these plots two years later than on the large plots
of both stations, and it is hoped by this arrangement to arrive
more rapidly at the solution of the questions wliich are l)eiug
asked in our experiments.

Before stating the results, it is necessary to say a few words
regarding the cliaracter of the season, for soils which are
manured with light manures alone are much more easily
affected by climatic inliuences than those on which farmyard
manure or other heavy manures are employed. If the weather
is too dry, light manures have little chance of doing much good,
for, as they are concentrated forms of manure, it is above all
things essential that they should be dis.solved by rain in order
that they may be distributed through the soil. On the other

364 EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — EEPOET FOE 1880.

hand, if the season is a wet one, there is a danger of the more
soluble part of the manure, and especially nitrates, being car-
ried down through the soil and run off in the drains. The season
of 1880 was a very dry one ; and at Pumpherston scarcely any
rain fell from the time of sowing till the beginning of Septem-
ber. The turnips (Fosterton hybrid) were so\Yn on the 12th
June, and brairded so slowly that they were not fit for singling
till 12th July, but the growth was so unequal that on all the
plots there were parts that were not singled till a fortnight
later. In these circumstances, it was some time before the
effects of the various manures were visible on the crop, but
when differences were observed, it was found that the plots
which had received dissolved manures took the lead just as
they did two years previously. When moist, favourable weather
set in, it was noticed that the other plots made rapid progress,
and it seemed as if they would eventually have made good their
deficiency, but the growing season was suddenly cut short by
the occurrence of a severe frost on 20th October, when the ther-
mometer registered 15° Fahrenheit. At Harelavr the crop was
purple top swedes, and there also the brairding was very un-
equal, and it appeared for a time as if the little crop would be
a failure, but after the occurrence of genial weather a great
improvement took place, and, considering all things, a satisfac-
tory result was obtained.

Plots 9 and 10 were manured with genuine Canadian apatite.
These plots have always been marked as apatite plots in the
scheme of experiments,, but hitherto the phosphate employed
was not Canadian apatite. As, however, this mineral occurs in
large quantity in Canada, and has already been imported into
this country, and as our experiments have been quoted in refer-
ence to it, it was considered desirable to test its efiicacy along-
side of another mineral phosphate equally rich in j^hosphate of
lime. Accordingly plots 116 and 12b were manured with Cura-
i;oa phosphate, and it will be noticed that there is a great differ-
ence in the results obtained with these two forms of manure.
Only one other change has been made in these plots, — viz., plot
146, which is a duplicate of 14 instead of being a duplicate
of plot 15. The rood plot of that number has hitherto received
shoddy as its nitrogenous constituent ; but this form of manure
has been a complete failure, and it "may be questioned whether
it is worth while continuing it among the experiments, especially
since it is not a manure which farmers ever purchase, and is
only used in small quantity by manufacturers as a source of
nitrogen in highly dissolved manure. The other ^-l^ acre plots
have received numbers corresponding to those of the large plots
of which they are duplicates.

The following tables show the weight of bulbs grown on the
various plots at both stations in lbs. per plot or in cwts. per acre,

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — REPORT FOR 1880.

365

and the proportion of dry matter and water contained in the
bulbs : —

Root Crops, 1880— ttit Acre Plots.

Harelaw (Swedes). jj Pcmpherstox (Yellows).

#— ( t

-M JJ

*J o

oo ^?

ight
acre

Mat
ceil

ater
ceil

1^ f->

1— (

These two tables show^ at once the great difference between
swedes and yellow turnips. The yield per acre of the latter is
in this case half as much again as that of the former, but the
character of the crop is very different. Swedes contain fully 10
per cent, of solid matter; while yellow turnips do not contain on
an average so much as 8 per cent. In consequence of this great
difference in composition, the total amount of dry matter per
acre produced by the larger crop of yellows is only one-tenth
more than tliat produced by the swedes. In the root crop two
years ago the difference in composition between the swedes and
yellows was not so great, but the means of determining tliat
point were not so perfect, and differences in tlie amount of water
contained in the tunii[) may naturally be expected to be found
according as seasons vary.

It is right to notice here the method now used, for the relia-
bility of the results entirely depends upon that. Owing to the

366

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — REPORT FOR 1880.

greatly increased accommodation and large apparatus provided
by the Society it was possible to carry on the analysis on a large
scale. Thirty bulbs (or about a fourth of the Avhole crop) were
taken from each plot and sent to the laboratory. These were
thoroughly cleaned from all adhering substances, and a section
of about one-tenth of each bulb was taken and transferred in
batches of ten to a large drying chamber heated by water under
great pressure, and capable of maintaining a heat in the cham-
ber above the boiling point of water. The difference of the
weight of the turnip sections before and after drying gave the
moisture only approximately, for even when the turnip sections
had ceased losing appreciably in weight, there still remained a
varying amount of moisture, which was determined when the
samples were ground, and this added to the former amount gave
the entire moisture in the bulbs. The amounts so obtained
were checked and confirmed in various ways, so that the results
might be perfectly reliable. After drying, the pieces of turnip
were ground in a mill, the additional moisture was determined,
and samples of the dry turnip matter thus obtained were kept
for making all further analysis. Upwards of 3000 turnips have
been sampled in this manner during the past season.

In the above table it will be noticed that plot 1 at Harelaw
and plot 9 at Pumpherston have yielded very small crops.
The deficiency in the former case was due to accidental causes ;
and in the latter to a blight which occurred early in the season,
and from which the plants never recovered.

Arranging the first twelve plots so as to make a comparison
between dissolved and undissolved phosphates, we have the

f olio win gj results

Undissolved Phosphates.

Harelaw CSwedesI

Pumpherston
(Yellows).

<D .

0 .

- Cj

<v .

-^ CJ

-U -4^

-^ 0

-^ t-,

-M -)-3

-*-3 (U

ra S

-•-^ a

ts ^

^ 0

-•^ ci

-S S

CD ^

^ 0

=3 "

tc a

.^. <x>

^ 0

•3 =^

^ '-^

^ =^

1 'S f-i

^ ^

1^ '^

\^ Ph

^ t-i

P-i

?H Ph

J^ '^

fH pL,

f-, pn

cwts.

Bone ash .

157

10-6

16-6

297

8-1

24-0

Ground coprolites

202

10-5

21-2 i

339

8-0

27-1

Bone meal

206

10-6

21-8

273

8-0

21-8

Phosphatic guano

223

10-7

23-8 I

275

8-0

22-0

Ground apatite .

177

10-4

18-4

193

7-1

13-7

Ground mineral phos-

phates .

Average

211

10-3

21-7

294

7-9

23-2

196

10-5

20-6

278

7-8

22-0

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — EEPORT FOE 1880.

367

Dissolved Phosphates.

Harelaw (Swedes). ;

pumpherston
1 (Yellows). [

1 1

7-t

O •

o .

! ,,

o ,.

o .

-SJ Q?

-M -^-3

-^ o

-^ O

•^ +-

-+J o

r£3 H

to"

•s ^

~ CD

>5 O)

>,s

>,^

a ^

^ ^

•^ PH

i' ^

-r? Ph

r^.

cwts.

1 cwts.

cwts.

Bone ash .

241

9-6

23-1

385

8-2

31-6

Ground coprolites

202

10-4

21-0

310

8-5

26-3

Bone meal

246

10-1

24-8

308

8-2

25-2

Phosphatic guano

257

10-2

26-2

334

8-2

27-4

Ground apatite .

236

10-5

24-7

390

7-9

30-8

Ground mineral phos-

phates .

Average
Excess of undissolved

228

10-0

22-8

385

8-2

31-6

235

10-1

23-8

i 354

8-2

28-8

0-4

„ dissolved .

...

3-2

0-4

6-*8

The increase in the crop due to the dissolving of the phosphate
is, at both stations, about 20 per cent. ; the percentage of dry
matter varies very slightly, but the total amount of dry matter
per acre is at Harelaw 15 per cent, more, and at Pumpherston
25 per cent, more on the plots which received dissolved phos-
phates. This is a more marked increase than that which was
obtained upon the large plots two years ago, and confirms
the opinion that there is great economy in using dissolved
phosphates, rather than the raw material, upon the soil of these
stations.

The advantage derived from the use of dissolved phosphates
is greater than appears upon the surface, for there is a certain
fixed cost involved in the raising of a turnip crop whatever the
manures used, — viz., rent, labour, seed, &c., and it is only after
these have been deducted that the relative advantage derived
from the use of various manures can be compared.

Tlie increase of crop obtained by the use of dissolved phos-
phates in these experiments is seen to be due not to water cliietly
but also to solid matter, and we shall now examine into the nature
of tlie solid matter forming the increase. The constituents of the
.solid matter may be divided into two kinds, those useful as food,
such as albuminoid matter and sugar and allied substances, and
those of comparatively little feeding value, viz., woody fibre and
ash. In the following table the rehative proportions of these

!68

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — REPORT FOR 1880.

latter substances contained in the dry matter and also the actual
quantities produced per acre are arranged : —

EooT Crops, 1880,-

112

Acre Plots.

Harelaw (Swedes).

Pumpherstox (Yellows).

Ash
per cent.

Ash
per acre.

Woody

Fibre

percent.

Woody

Fibre

per acre.

Ash
percent.

Ash
per acre.

Woody Woody

Fibre Fibre

percent, per acre.

lbs.

•

lbs.

5-8

108

11-4

212

7-1

190

10-9

293

5-5

142

11-9

308

7-3

258

11-7

414

5-1

121

10-9

259

8-0

242

11-3

342

5-3

124

11-8

277

7-5

221

11-8

347

5-1

124

10-9

266

7-8

190

10-9

266

5-4

149

308

7-7

217

10-6

299

4-9

130

10-8

288

7-8

192

11-3

278

5-1

149

12-1

355

7-8

240

10-9

333

5-0

103

10-8

222

7-8

120

11-4

174

5-2

143

10-5

290

7-5

259

11-3

390

11/j

5-1

124

12-6

306

7-1

184

11-1

288

125

5-4

138

13-3

339

7-8

276

10-3

353

5-3

141

10-6

283

7-3

221

12-6

380

5-3

123

11-1

258

7-9

278

iri

391

14/j

5-0

135

10-6

287

7-3

215

10-9

320

4-7

138

10-2

301

7-4
7-8

222

11-6

349

4-9

131

10-7

287

246

11-5

362

5-1

136

10-8

288

7-2

220

12-7

386

5-1

139

11-7

318

7-3

227

10-9

339

Here we may note in passing how great is the difference in
the percentage of ash contained in the yellow turnips compared
with that found in the swedes, the former containing half as
much again as the latter. This accords with the experience
noticed in the report of the former turnip crop, that the more
water the bulbs contained they also contained the more ash.
The percentage of woody fibre does not differ in the two kinds
of turnip, and averages about 11 per cent. When the percen-
tages of ash and woody fibre in the turnips grown with dissolved
phosphates are compared with those grown with undissolved
phosphates, it is found that the differences are not very great,
and the amounts produced per acre were as follows : —

EXPEEIMEXTAL STATIONS — REPORT FOR 1880.

369

Harelaw (Swedes)

•

Ash per acre.

Woodv Fibre

per acye.

Undis-

Dis-

Undis-

Dis-

solved.

solved,

solved.

11)S.

lbs.

1 and 2

Bone ash

108

142

212

308

„ 4

Ground coprolites

•

121

124

259

277

„ 6

Bone meal

•

124

149

266

308

„ 8

Phospbatic guano

•

130

149

288

355

„10

Ground apatite

•

103

143

222

290

»i2

Ground iniueral phosphate
Average .

124

138

306

339

118

141

259

313

PUMPHERSTON (YeLLO

ws).

1 and 2

Bone ash

190

258

293

414

„ 4

Ground coprolites

■ •

242

221

342

347

„ 6

Bone meal

•

190

217

266

299

„ 8

Phosphatic guano

•

192

240

278

333

„10

Ground apatite

■ •

120

259

174

390

»12

Ground mineral phosphate

184

276

288

353

Average .

• •

186

245

273

356

The increase per acre in the amount of ash and woody fibre
produced on the dissolved phosphate plots at Harelaw is about
20 per cent, over that produced on the undissolved phosphate
plots, while at Pumpherston the increase amounts to 30 per cent.
The increase at Harelaw is normal ; that is to say, it is propor-
tionate to the total increase of the crop, while that at Pumpher-
ston is in excess of the normal proportion.

The woody fibre was estimated in the ordinary way, which
consists in treating the dry turnip matter with a boiling 5 per
cent, solution of acid and alkali, and considering the insoluble
residue as composed of the woody fibre and a certain amount of
ashy matter, which is estimated and deducted so as to give the
woody fibre p)roper; but though this is the recognised and
generally adopted method, it is certain that it furnishes only an
approximation to the true amount of indigestible woody fibre.
For the purposes of comparison, however, it is quite reliable, and
in the present investigation it is relative and not absolute quan-
tities with which we are concerned. The amounts of ash and
woody fibre added together give the total amount of indigestible
material contained in the dry matter of the turnips, and the

2 a

370

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — EEPOKT FOR 1880.

remainder represents approximately tliat part of the dry matter
which is good for food. This latter is of two kinds, nitrogenous
and non-nitrogenous. The nitrogenous part consists mostly of
albuminoid matter, which is a very valuable form of food, but
there are also other nitrogenous compounds in the turnips which
are not valuable, and unless they are separated from the dry
matter before estimating the albuminoids, the feeding value of
the turnips is certain to be over estimated. This has been done
in the case of the quantities given below, so that they represent
the true albuminoid matter. The non-nitrogenous constituents
consists of oil, sugar, mucilage, digestible cellulose, and allied
compounds, and these also are valuable feeding substances. In
the following table the percentage and total product of these
substances are arranged : —

KooT Crops,

1880,

y^ Acre Plot

Harelaw (Swedes).

PuMPHERSTON (Yellows).

Albuminoid

Non-nitrogenous

Albuminoid

Non-nitrogenous

Matter.

Per

cent.

acre.

cent.

acre.

cent.

acre.

cent.

acre.

lbs.

cwts.

lbs.

cwts.

7-4

137

75-4

12-5

6-2

167

75-8

18-2

6-9

178

75-7

17-5

5-8

205

75-2

23-8

7-6

180

76-4

16-2

6-6

200

74-1

20-1

6-7

157

76-2

16-0

6-2

182

74-5

19-6

7-0

171

77-0

16-8

5-8

141

75-5

16-4

7-2

200

76-3

19-0

6-6

186

75-1

18-9

7-8

208

76-5

18-2

6-8

167

74-1

16-3

7-0

205

75-8

20-0

6-6

203

74-7

20-5

7-0

144

77-2

14-2

6-2

74-6

10-2

6-8

188

77-5

19-2

5-8

200

75-4

23-2

116

7-0

170

75-3

16-3

5-5

143

76-3

17-7

126

7-5

178

73-8

17-0
18-3

5-6
6-6

198

76-3

24-1

7-7

206

76-4

199

73-5

19-8

7-4

172

76-2

15-8

6-6

232

74-4

13-4

146

7-0

190

77-4

18-8

5-7

167

76-1

20-0

7-0

207

78-1

20-6

6-8

205
174

74-2

19-4
21-2

7-4

199

77-0

18-5

5-5

75-2

7-0

186

77-1

18-3

6-6

201

73-5

20-0

7-6

206

75-6

18-4

5-7

177

761

21-1

Aver.

7-2

183

76-4

17-4

6-2

180

75-1

19-1

<^The average percentage of albuminoid matter contained in
the [dry matter of the swedes is seen to be about 16 per cent.

EXPERIMEXTAL STATIONS — EEPOET FOR 1880.

371

higher than that contained in the dry matter of the yellow
turnips, and the percentage of non-nitrogenous food matter is
just about the same in both. The ratio of nitrogenous to non-
nitro(?enous constituents, or what is usually called the oiittricnt
ratio, is in the swedes about 1 to 10|, and in the yellows about
1 to 12. The dry matter of swedes is therefore a more valuable
feeding material than that of yellow turnips, and when we con-
sider that the proportion of dry matter contained in swedes is
much greater than that contained in yellow turnips, we are led
to the conclusion that 10 tons of swedes may be equal in feed-
ing qualities to 13 tons of yellow turnips; but this is a
matter which can be determined far more accurately by actual
feeding experiments than by calculations derived from analysis.
Eeturning to the question of undissolved versus dissolved
phosphates, we obtain the following results in regard to food
material per cent, and per acre grown on the phosphate plots.

Jndissolved

Phosphates.

Tx /m \

PUMPHERSTON

Harelaw (Swedes).

(Yellows).

Albumi-

Non-nitro-

Albumi-

Non-nitro-

noid Matter.

genous
Matter.

noid Matter.

genous
Matter.

Per

cent.

acre-

cent.

acre.

cent.

acre.

cent.

acre-

i lbs.

cwts.

lbs.

: cwts.

Bone asli .

7-4

137

75-4

12-5

6-2

167

75-8 18-2

Ground coprolites

7-6 ! 180

76-4

16-2

6-6

200

74-1 20-1

Bone meal .

7-0

171

77-0

16-8

5-8

141

75-5

16-4

Phosphatic guano

7-8

208

76-5

18-2

6-8

167

74-1

16-3

Ground apatite .

7-0

144

77-2

14-2

6-2

74-6

10-2

Ground Cura9oa

phosphate
Average

7-0

170

75-3

16-3

5-5
6-2

143

76-3

17-7

7-3

168

"76-1

15-7

152

75-1 1 16-5

Dissolved Phosphates.

Bone ash .

6-9

178

75-7

17-5

5-8

205

75-2

23-8

Ground coprolites

6-7

157

76-2

16-0

6-2

182

74-5

19-6

Bone meal .

7-2

200

76-3

19-0

6-6

186

751

18-9

Phosphatic guano

7-0

205

75-8

20-0

6-6

203

74-7

20-5

Ground apatite .

6-8

188

77-5

19-2

5-8

200

75-4

23-2

Ground Curagoa

jihosphate
Average

7-5

178

73-8

17-0

5-6

198
196

76-3

241

7-2

184

75-9

18-1

75-2

21-7

Excess of dissolved

pliospliates

• • •

2-4

• • •

5-2|

372 EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — EEPORT FOPt 1880.

It is evident from tlie above table that there is no difference
in the percentage of albuminoid matter and non-nitrogenous food
material in the turnips grown with dissolved and undissolved
manures. There is a considerable increase of those two con-
stituents per acre, but it is quite proportionate to. the increase of
the total crop in each case.

To sum up the results of these small experiments as to phos-
phates, it has been shown that dissolved phosphates have increased
the crop of turnips on our two stations of Harelaw and Pumpher-
ston 15 and 25 per cent, respectively, and that the increase has
not been due to a disproportionate amount of water, woody fibre,
ash, or other worthless constituent, but that it is due to a normal
increase in all the constituents of the crop ; that is to say, the
quantity of the crop has been increased, but its quality has
remained almost unaffected.

EXPERIMENTS ON THE ^lARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE's HOME FARM OF

YESTERMAINS.

Turnip Crop, 1880.

A very interesting and well conducted series of experiments
was made this year by the Marquis of Tweeddale upon the Home
Farm of Yestermains. There were six experiments, and these
were duplicates of plots 3 and 4, 5 and 6, 9 and 10 of the Society's
scheme, that is to say, coprolites, bones, and Canadian apatite,
both in the undissolved and dissolved forms. The field selected
for the experiments was well adapted for the purpose, and the
experimental plots were situated in the middle of the field run-
ning from end to end, a distance of about 300 yards, and each
plot covered half an acre. The appearances presented by the
plots during the whole season were very striking, and the follow-
ing table supplied to me by Mr Swinton, under whose super-
intendence the experiments were conducted, shows the details of
the manuring and cropping at a glance.

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — REPORT FOR 1880.

373

1— (

•

•
•

P
Pj3

S § -

*
•

•

^«^

;»

■*

r— 1

i-i

•
•

en
I— 1

'3 """'

1-H

r-i

I— (

»-i

^ar3

■«1<

O a ^,

2 2 rt

t— I

t>.

-2 --

1—1

i-t

I— 1

•>*i

Tj<

•>*

:^.

' f

•^

G<l

C<J

•N

00
CO

i •

i—l

f-t

I— 1

(=i! O

O 0)

-4J ^

t—i

r- 1
rH

I— 1

o
I— I

I— 1

o <

k— 1

<— t

'•

'^ r<

i:^ '3

.— »

•

ci H

rt 3j >

OOCD
r—^

o«ooo

-* »n t>. CO

I— 1

f— I

coo«oo

t^t^« CO

I— 1

ocoo

I— 1

«o«oo
o»o t>-co

T-t

o§

OT Ir-l

-tj<'* -t<

-.# -^ •* CO

CO r'f

70 ^ : to

-H >!*< -*

-+I -* ■* ->*<

g «
g.^

•

<?^

• C-4

• r— (

<M <M

J5 f^

C■^^T-^l-(

(M l-H CO r-H

CO : 1-1

^5co : CO

C-lrH rH

■M r—l CO CO

ur, 3^1 -*

ur; <M<N-*

iC r-C^

OC-l I— ( (N

CO IM rJH

COC<J(M 3-1

t— 1

: : :

: : : :

: : :

: : : :

: : :

; ; ; .

t— 1

. ■ •

1 ■ • • •

...

• ■ ■ •

■ • •

r3 • • • •

...

-rH

^ . . . •

. • *

...

• • • •

• • •

C/5 . • • •

sT • • • •

ryi

.■§„-J

lis.

^ • • • •

'o r- '= o .::i

o f^

• • • "

■Li

o rt ♦?
*J O — '

i-H " * .

rt ~

^ ^ U ^ Pi

o^ o

W O 3,

0,0 WJ/T'*

O U I- ^

^^ o

rt O 4,

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C *j .IT

c: 3 .ti "

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«- .2 <-> 3 —1

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'3'2^

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^— V~-'

^~v~^

-♦■i

•*•

«o

374

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — EEPORT EOE 1880.

The contrast between the plots which received dissolved
phosphates and the corresponding plots which received undis-
solved phosphates is very striking, and far exceeds that obtained
at the experimental stations of the Society. The average yield
per acre with the insoluble and soluble phosphates is as
follow: —

Weight
per Acre.

Average.

5
9

Ground coprolites

Bone meal

Ground apatite ....

Dissolved coprolites

Dissolved bones ....

Dissolved apatite ....

tons. cwts.
17 5 )
15 14 }
10 ... )

22 4)

20 1 }

21 13)

tons. cwts.
14 6

21 6

showing an increase with soluble phosphates of nearly 50 per
cent. The plot with ground Canadian apatite was a failure
from the beginning to the end of the season, showing that this
hard crystalline phosphate is unsuited for use in the undissolved
state even when very finely ground. The inequality of the
crops produced with undissolved phosphates is also shown very
markedly in these experiments, and confirms what was pointed
out (page 352) in reference to the barley crop.

Plot.

Dry Matter
per cent.

Ash
per cent.

•

Dry Matter
per Acre.

Ash in Dry

Matter
per Acre.

Clay. Gravel.

Clay.

Gravel.

Clay.

Gravel.

Clay.

Gravel.

3
5
9

Average,

6-28
7-10
7-45

6-76
6-37
6-70

7-3

7-9
7-0

7-5

7-9
8-0

cwts.
21-6
22-3
15-9

cwts.
23-3
20-0
13-4

lbs.
170
196
125

lbs.
195
177
110

6-94

6-42
7-09

7-40

6-61

6-62
7-18
6-67

7-4

7-4
6-4
6-8

7-8

7-0
6-7

7-8

19-9

30-6
28-4
32-0

18-9

29-4

28-8
28-9

164

240
203
243

161

230
215
252

6-97 1 6-82

6-9

7-2

30-3

29-0

229

232

EXPEPJMEXTAL STATIONS — REPORT FOR 1880. 375

The field on which tlie experiment was made has two kinds
of subsoil, one-half of the field resting on clay and the other od
gravel, and the plots were so arranged that one-half of each plot
was on the one kind of land and the other on the other.

Samples from each plot were sent to the laboratory for analysis,
thirty turnips from clay half and thirty from the gravel half,
and some of the results are contained in the preceding table.

This table shows that the turnips grown on the clay subsoil
contained a greater proportion of dry matter and a less propor-
tion of ash than those grown over the gravel. As in the experi-
ments at the stations, the use of dissolved phosphates does not
seem to have made any difference in the proportion of water or
dry matter contained in the turnips. It will be noticed that the
turnips on the undissolved section contain a greater proportion
of ash than the others, and in this respect they differ from the
other experimental crops, where an increase in the percentage
of ash is constantly found to accompany the use of dissolved
manures. Supposing that the weight of crop had been uniform
over the whole of each plot, there would still have been a defi-
ciency of from 3 to 5 per cent, in the amount of dry matter in
that part of the plot resting on gravel. The results of these
experiments, so striking and so decisive, are not only interesting
in themselves, and of value as contributini? to the solution of the
general question regarding phosphatic manures, but they are of
immediate value as indicating clearly the kind of manures most
suitable for application to the turnip crop on that particular
soil. This is another proof of the great benefit which would
accrue to farmers if, without going out of their way, or without
interfering at all with their ordinary farming practice, they
would practically ask a few simple questions of their soils to
guide them in the choice of their manures.

In another part of this volume are published the results of
experiments made by Mr Lawson, Sandy ford. They differ
almost entirely from those obtained at the Society's stations,
and show that tlie wants of the soils of Ancjus are not the same
as those in the Lothians or at Yester. The results of Mr
Lawson's experiment ought to convey a plain, unmistakable
lesson to all the farmers in the district, and they will be wise
if they learn it, and still more so if they imitate it, so as to
prove for themselves the accuracy of the conclusions arrived at.

There is one great fact brought out by the various experi-
ments that are now being carried on in Scotland, and that is,
that different soils want different inannres, and tliat in the matter
of manuring it is useless, or worse than useless, to legislate for
all Scotland from the results obtained in any one part of it. If
our Scottish farmers, and specially our Scottish landowners, were
true to their own best interests, there would not be a county in

376

EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS — EEPOET FOR 1880.

Scotland without a small branch experimental station, or a soil
of any breadth that was not being made to tell what Vv^ere its
chief wants. The former need not cost more than from £50 to
£100 a year, and a small five-plot test or similar inquiry need
cost nothing at all ; but the saving which w^ould result from their
institution would amount to many thousands annually.

Scheme of Experiments at the Experimental Agricultural
Stations of the Highland and Agricultural Society
OF Scotland, commenced May 1878.

At each station there are 10 acres under experiment, divided
into 40 plots of 1 rood each. The cropping is a rotation of
turnips, barley, grass, and oats. The chief object of the experi-
ments is to determine the crop-producing value of the various
forms of the most important manures. The manures on each
plot contain 20 lbs. j)bosphoric acid, 15 lbs. potash, 5 lbs.
nitroo'en.

Plot.

Phosphatic Manukes.

1. Bone Ash, ....

2. „ dissolved, .

3. Ground Coprolites,

4. „ dissolved,

5. Bone Dust, . . .

6. „ dissolved, .

7. Phosphatic Guano,

8. • „ dissolv^ed,

9. Ground Apatite,

10. „ dissolved,

11. No Phosphates, .

12. Bone Ash alone.

13. Nitrate of Soda, .

14. Sulphate of Ammonia,

15. Shoddy,

16. Dried Blood,

17. No Nitrogen,

18. Nitrate of Soda alone.

with Sulphate of Potash. Nitrate of Soda

„ Muriate

„ Sulphate
„ Muriate

„ Sulphate
,, Muriate

„ Sulphate

Exous ]\Ianures.

with Bone Ash.

Sulphate of Potash.

3) 5>

Muriate „
Sulj)hate „

5>
J3

53
33

33
53

33
33

Ra-pe Gahe and Cotton Cake, see Plot 35.

19. Sulphate of Potash, .

20. Muriate „

21. No Potash,

22. Suljihate of Potash alone.

Potash Manures.

. with Nitrate of Soda.

Bone Ash.

33
33

EXPERBIENTAL STATIONS — REPORT FOR 1880.

377

Guanos.

23. Peruvian Guano, ) -.u -p , „ a d. o,./! ( Containing al30ut 10 per cent.

24. Fish „ i 'S^^ ?T^ /^\ T \ Ammonia and 10 per cent.
25:ichaboe " ( Sulphate of Potasli. | soluble Pliosphate."^

26. Imitation

27. UnmanurecL

Superphosphates.

28. lO^/^SolublePhoBphate of Lime. Sulphate of Ammonia. Muriate of Potash.
29.207, „ « „

30. 30 /o „ „ J, :»

31. Same as Plot 1.

32.

33.

34.

35.
36.

14.

20.

b.
j a.
lb.
) «.
(&.

Various Quantities.
I quantity per acre.

•J
t

b. U

«. Eape Seed Dust.
b. Decorticated Cotton Cake.
Yt^ Acre Plots.

Experiments on Plot 36, viz.,

112

Acre Plots.

2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

Plot.
1. Bone Ash, ....
,, dissolved, .
Ground Coprolites, .

,, dissolved

Bone Meal,

„ dissolved,

Phosphatic Guano, .

„ dissolved

9. Ground Canadian Apatite,
10. „ dissolved,

11/). Ground Cura^oa Phosphate,
126. „ dissolved,

13. Supei^^hosphate,
14.
146.
16.

2S. „ 107^ sohihle,

29. „ 207

with Mixed Potash Salts. Nitrate of Soda.

30.

7J
»»

307c

•)■>
J 5)

))

55
5 )J
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
)>

55
55
55

55
55

55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55

„ Sulphate of Ammonia.

Muriate of Potash. „

Mixed Potash Salts. Dried Blood.

Nitrate of Soda.

75
55

55
55

378 THE CEREAL AND OTHER CROPS OF SCOTLAND FOR 1880,

THE CEEEAL AND OTHER CROPS OF SCOTLAND FOR 1880, AND
METEOROLOGY OF THE YEAR RELATIVE THERETO.

THE CROPS.

The following comparison of the cereal and other crops of 1880
with the previous year, has been prepared by the Secretary of
the Society from answers to queries sent to eminent agricul-
turists in different parts of the country.

The meteorology of the year has been furnished by Mr
Alexander Buchan, Secretary of the Meteorological Society of
Scotland.

The queries issued by the Secretary were in the follow^ing
terms : —

1. What was the quantity, per imperial acre, and quality

of grain and straw, as compared with last year, of the
following crops ? The c^uantity of each crop to be stated
in bushels. What quantity of seed is generally sown
per acre ?— (1) Wheat, (2) Barley, (3) Oats.

2. Did the harvest begin at the usual time, or did it begin

before or after the usual time ? and if so, how long ?

3. What w^as the quantity, per imperial acre, and quality

of the hay crop, as compared with last year, both as
regards rye-grass and clover respectively? The quantity
to be stated in tons and cwts.

4. Was the meadow hay crop more or less productive than

last year ?

5. What was the yield of the potato crop, per imperial

acre, as compared with last year ? Was there any
disease, and if so, to what extent, and when did it
commence ? The quantity to be stated in tons and
cwts.

6. What was the weight of the turnip crop, per imperial

acre, and the quality, as compared with last year ?
How did the crop braird ? Was more than one sowing
required ? and why ? The weight of the turnip crop to
be stated in tons and cwts.

7. Were the crops injured by insects ? Was the damage

greater or less than usual ? State the kinds of insects.

8. Were the crops injured by w^eeds ? Was the damage

greater or less than usual ? State the kinds of weeds ?

9. Were the pastures during the season of average growth

and quality with last year ?

10. How did stock thrive on them ?

11. Have cattle and sheep been free from disease ?

12. What w^as the quality of the clip of wool, and was it

over or under the average ?

AND METEOKOLOGY OF THE YEAK RELATIVE THERETO. 379

From the answers received, the following statistics have been
compiled : —

Edinburghshire. — The quantity of wheat about 40 per cent, better than
last year, the quality also very superior. The yield may be about 44
bushels. The straw is also better, but not so much as the grain. The
quantity of barley about 30 per cent, better, and quality also very much
better, the straw also better. The quantity of grain 50 bushels. The
quantity of oats much the same, but the weight 2 lbs. per bushel heavier.
The straw less in quantity, but the quality better. Quantity of grain
about 60 bushels. Harvest began on the 20th August, being about the
usual time on an average of years. Quantity of hay under average very
much, say 2 tons where 3 tons should be grown, quality superior ; meadow
hay also under average. Yield of potato crop much above average, but
from a third to a fourth of diseased tubers. Total quantity in many
cases might reach 8 to 10 tons — quality good. Turnip crop large compared
with last year, and much above average ; 30 tons in some cases might be
reached ; quality good, but now greatly destroyed -with frost where exposed ;
one sowing only required. Very little damage from insects. "Weeds not
bad. Pastures fair average, and much better feeding. Stock did well.
One of the healthiest seasons we have had for a long time. The clip of
wool was a fair average,

Linlithgowshire. — Wheat generally a good crop, from 4^ to 5 quarters;
weight generally good ; plenty of straw. Barley good on soft land, light
and very variable on stiff soils — from 3 to 5 quarters. Oats same as barley,
from 5 to 5^ quarters. Harvest about a fortnight earlier than usual in the
low districts, and about a month in the high. Hay a very light crop, say
1 J tons ; a want of clover generally. Crop well got, but not good in
quality. No meadow hay. Potatoes good crop generally, from 6i to 8
tons ; not much disease ; w\as late in making its appearance. Turnip crop
from 20 to 30, and in some cases nearly 40, tons; late in brairding ; little if
any second sowing required. Few or no insects. No weeds. Pastures bad
in the beginning of the year, good towards ths end. Stock thriving, and
free from disease. Clip of wool about an average.

Haddingtonshire (Upper District). — Wheat very little grown. Barley —
32 bushels, of middling quality ; straw about average ; seed, 4 bushels.
Oats — 52 busliel.'^, of good quality; straw above average; seed, 5 bushels.
Harv'cst tliree weeks earlier than last year, but about a fortnight behind
average. Hay an average crop, and of fair ([uality; 2 tons 10 cwts. Meadow
hay — crop above average, but not very well .'secured. Potatoes a fair crop,
but from a third to a half diseased, which did not show till September. The
crop averages about 5 tons. Turniiis a large crop and of excellent (juality,
till much destroyed by frost in January. There was a good braird, and very
little re-sowing necessary. Weight of crop — Swedes, 16 to 20 tons; Yellows,
16 to 25 tons. None of the crops injured by insects. Fallows generally
were dirty, but the full crop of turnips corrected this. Pastures about an
average, and better feeding quality. Stock thrived fairly well, and were
entirely free from di.sease. Clip vi wool an average.

BERWirKRiiiRK.— Wheat— quantity, ISTO, 3<) bushels ; 1880, 32 bushels ;
eeed about 3 bushels. J'>;irlt'y, 1871), 21 bu.-^hels ; 1880, 27 bushels; seed
about 3 bu.^hels. Oat.s, 3(5 busliels in 1871), 40 busliels in 1880 ; seed about
3 busliels. The ([uality of the grain and straw of the above crops in 1880
was much better than in 1870. Harvest l)egan about a week later tlian the
usual time. Hay crop quantity in 1870, 1 ton ; in 1880, 1| ton, of average
quality. Clover rather better than the rye-gra.ss. There is very little
meadow hay gro\\ii. Potatoes — yield in 1879, 3 tons ; in 1880, 7 tons.

380 THE CEREAL AND OTHER CROPS OF SCOTLAND FOR 1880,

Tliere was a good deal of disease, about one-half of crop in case of Regents
l3eing affected, but Champions and Reds not so much ; disease was first
observed about the end of September. Turnips — weight in 1879, 7 tons ; in
1880, 20 tons ; quality much above last year ; crop brairded well ; there
was only one sowing required. None of the crops injured b}* insects. No
weeds. Pastures much better than in 1879 ; in 1879 they did not feed
well. Stock throve well, and were free from disease. Clip of wool good,
over the average.

Roxburghshire. — ^No wheat. Barley, 30 Ijushels ; weight, per bushel,
2 lbs. more than last year's croj). Colour of grain darker; straw, worse
quality ; 2| bushels sown. Wet weather during harvest injured the
quality of both grain and straw. Oats, 42 busliels ; weight, 4 lbs. more
tha]i last year ; colour much the same, and straw not so good as last year's
crop. Harvest began about usual time. No meadow hay. Potatoes looked
like being a crop of about 8 or 9 tons, but from the early frost, before crop
could be lifted the bulk is reduced to little more than the half. There
was not much disease. Potatoes grown nearly all Champions and Rocks.
Turnip crops brairded well, but have been much injured with finger and toe,
and latterly by the severe weather. No injury to the crops from insects.
Weeds not so injurious as last year. Up to Whitsunday pastures were
deficient, after that the grass came on pretty well, Init at no time was it
abundant. Stock throve well, and were free from disease. Wool of ewes
weighed better than the previous year, that of hoggs much the same as in
former years.

Selkirkshire. — Wheat — almost none grown. No barley. Oats a full aver-
age. Crop of grain of fine quality; 40 bushels; but under an average of straw
owing to the dry weather during the early part of the season ; from 4 to 6
bushels is generally sown. The harvest began the third week of August,
as near as possible the usual time. The hay crop was rather under an
average, with almost no clover ; very few crops would exceed 2 tons, and
many would not reach that quantity. Meadow hay was also deficient,
owing also to the dry weather early in the season ; and on hills where hay
is generally made, the quantity was very small. The yield of the potato
crop was much superior to last year, with fine quality ; there were, however,
more small potatoes than usual ; disease would appear on about one-third
of the crop, which would be 20 tons. The turnip crop was most excellent,
and fine quality. The crop brairded well, and required no re-sowing. The
crop would weigh 20 to 25 tons. No damage by insects or weeds. The
pastiu-es were of average growth, and quite superior in quality to last year.
On gravelly soils this crop suffered considerably from drought. Stock
throve well, and were entirely free from disease. Wool — a full average
clip, and of fine quality.

Peeblesshire. — No wheat or barley. Oats about 38 bushels, or about 8
bushels more than last year. The quality of grain and straw was very
much better in 1880 than the year previous. About 4 bushels sown.
Harvest began on 20th August, a month earlier than in 1879, or ten or
twelve days before the average of the last twenty years ; finished harvest
on 9th September, the earliest finish on record for twenty years, excepting
the harvest of 1868. The clover and rye-grass hay crop was lighter in
1880 than in the previous year, but very much better in quality ; from 25
cwts. to 30 cwts. will be something like the quantity. Meadow hay more
productive and better in quality. Potatoes would be from 4 to 5 tons
more than the previous year (1879), or probably 10 to 12 tons in full ;
three-fourths of the crop diseased. Disease first noticeable in the first week
of September by spotting of the shaws. Turnips from 15 to 25 tons,
or 10 tons more than last year ; did not braird well on heavy land, and

AND :meteokology of the year relative thereto. 381

had to be re-sown owing to dry weather ; light hind and early sown turnips
did best. Crops not much injured by insects. Turnips slightly with fly.
Oats — by WTje worm, but slight, less than usual. Weeds less than usual.
Pastures scarcely so rough, but much better quality. Stock did well, and
killed better than previous year. Cattle and sheep were entirely free from
disease. Wool better in quality than nsual, and considerably over an
average as regards weight.

Kirkcudbrightshire. — Wheat little grown; what there was, above
averao"e qnality; straw somewhat less. Barley — better than last year,
about average, quality good ; less straw. Oats — quality above last year ;
below average in quantity, above in quality ; straw short but good. Harvest
abont two weeks before usual time. Hay and meadow hay much better
than last year, about an average crop ; quality good. Potatoes about double
the quantity of last year ; little disease ; no disease appeared till after
the harvest. Turnips — quantity fully 10 tons above last year, brairded
well, little or no re-sowing, quality very good. Insects — nothing of any
consequence, very little fly. No weeds. Pastures very much better than
last year, quality very good, stock tlirove unsually well, and almost entirely
free from disease. Wool clip — quality good, over average.

Wigtownshire. — Wlieat — 25 bushels in 1880, 20 bushels in 1879 ; quality
much better in 1880 ; about 3 bushels of seed. Barley — 32 bushels of 56 lbs.
quality in 1880 ; quality in 1879 about 50 lbs., 3i bushels of seed. Oats — 32
bushels of 42 lbs. weight, and a good crop of straw ; in 1879 the quality was
about 38 lljs., and straw abundant but poor ; quantity of seed 4| bushels.
Harvest commenced about the usual time. Hay — 1 ton in 1880 and 1879,
but quality much better in 1880 ; both rye-grass and clover good. Meadow
hay less in quantity, but better in quality. Potatoes — in 1880, 8 tons ;
disease about one-tenth; it appeared about 1st September. In 1879, 6 tons;
quality poor. Turnips — 16 to 20 tons ; quality good, brairded well, only
one sowing ; in 1879 aljout the same weight ; but worse quality. The last
crop promised exceedingly well up to the beginning of August, when a
long drought began ; mildew set in, and the growth was checked. There
was severe frost for a few nights late in October, and there was little or
no increase of weight after that. No insects and no weeds. Pastures goo<l
till August, suftered from drought afterwards. In 1879 grass Avas plentiful,
but ]joor in quality. Stock throve fairly, and there was no disease.
Wool clip of good quality, fully average of good years.

Ayrshire.— Wlieat— 26 to 28 bushels in 1879 ; 38 to 40 bushels in 1880 ;
quality of both grain and straw greatlv superior in 1880 ; seed about 3
bushels. Barley— 24 to 28 bushels in 'l879 ; 41^ to 48 bushels in 1880;
quality of grain ami straw greatly superior in 1880; seed about 3 ImsheK
Oats— 32 to 42 bushels in 1879; 48 to 60 in 1880; quality of guiin and
straw very superior; straw short on light lands of lower districts, but
very bulky in the uplands. Harvest two weeks earlii-r than average.
Hay deftcient on fine low lands, about one ton ; quality fine; quantity
nearly average in ujilands, and quality flne. Meadow hay less productive,
quality excellent. Potatoes — 7 to 10 tons on tine land in 1880, secondary
land not far behind ; nearly as much weight on flue land in 1879, but
heavier soils did not ^ncdd half crops ; little disease in 1880, began about
first week of August ; consi<lerable loss by frost in October t)n the late crop.
Turnips — 20 to 28 tons in 1880, being double the weight of previous season ;
quality rather bettt-ralso ; crop brairdcil wtdl, generally one sowing; growth
was rapitl. Little damage by insects, Itiss than usual. Weeds gave com-
paratively little trouble. Pastures — slow growth, but quality line. Stock
generally did well, and there was very little disease. Clip of wool good, and

over an average.

382 THE CEREAL AND OTHER CROPS OF SCOTLAND FOR 1880,

Bute. — Little wheat grown, only 1 plot of 4 acres in 1880 ; produce 30
l)usliels, -with a fair average bulk of straw ; as it was white wheat spring
sown, the warm summer of 1880 made a fair crop ; 4 bushels sown. Barley
largely sown after turnips and potatoes, as well as often after three years'
grass ; crop of 1880 about 40 bushels ; and 55 lbs. per bushel ; good bulk
of straw and a fi ne crop from the warm dry season ; from 3 to 4 bushels sown.
Oats about 36 bushels, with rather under the usual bulk of straw ; quality
fine, about 42 lbs. per bushel ; from 5 to 6 bushels sown. Harvest began
about ten days earlier than average years, and crop secured all in fine
order in about three weeks. Hay crop light. Rye-grass and clover about
same as to growth ; perennial rye-grass grows well ; clover after hay, quantity
about 1 ton 8 cwts., of fine quality. Meadow hay crop more bulky,
and of better quality than last year. Potato crop finer in all respects than
last year ; little disease till October, about four-fifths of crop free of
disease, about 10 tons in general crop, and about 5 tons in green sale crop,
which latter annually occupies about half the potato land. Turnip crop
was good compared with 1879, both in quantity and quality ; no second
sowing ; the average Avould be 20 tons. At date of this report, 17th
February 1881, from keen frost of last six weeks ; yellow varieties much
injured, swedes partially ; crop not covered or stored as it ought to be.
No particular injury done to either cereal or root crops in 1880 by insects.
Crops generally clean from want of rain and fine weather for weeding.
Pastures less growth up till September ; quality good. Sheep throve well
on high lands. Cattle were short of grass early part of season, but did
fairly well ; free from disease. Wool was fair in quality, but not over
average in bulk.

Arran. — No wheat. Not much barley grown — about 40 bushels ; quality
good, much better than last year ; about 4 bushels sown. Oats from 32 to
50 bushels. Grain plump and heavy ; quality better than last year ; straw
good, but not so bulky as last year from 4 to 6 bushels so"s\ti. Harvest ten
days earlier than usual, and about six weeks earlier than last year. Hay
from 1 ton to 1-| ton ; quality good, but not so bulky as last year. Clover
a good crop. Meadow hay rather under last year, quality good. Accounts
various as to potato crop : — Shiskine district, 6 tons, quality good, little
disease ; Southend, 8 tons, fully half of crop diseased ; Lamlash, 7^ tons
crop good, about one-tenth diseased, Champions from 10 to 12 tons,
little disease. Turnips about 18 to 20 tons, quality good, brairded well, a
little finger and toe. Grub worms unusually numerous, but did little
damage to crops. No injury by weeds. Pastures under an average ot
growth, but good quality. Stock thrived very well, much better than last
year, although some complaints owing to dry season. Cattle very free from
disease ; in some places sheep affected by braxy and rot. Clip of wool
quality good, quantity about j lb. better than last year.

Lanarkshire (Upper Ward). — No wheat. Barley from 30 to 38
bushels, average 35 ; grain very superior in quality to last year ; straw short ;
seed so^vn, 3^ bushels. Oats from 30 to 48 bushels, average 36 ; grain
better quality, but no more bushels; straw deficient, especially after green
crop; seed, 4^ bushels. Early harvest, a month earlier than last year. Hay —
average 16 cwts., only half a crop owing to drought, but well got. Meadow
hay average crop, well got, where not watered under average. Average 6
tons of good potatoes where sorted at harvest ; last year 4 tons ; more
disease this year, and several places crop spoiled by frost before lifting.
Turnips 20 tons, average last year 10 tons, good braird. Very little injury
by insects. Oat crop greatly spoiled by wild mustard ; other weeds easily
kept down among green crops. Pastures bare, but average quality for
feeding. Stock thrived fairly well, very free from disease. Clip of wool an
average.

AND METEOROLOGY OF THE YEAR RELATIVE THERETO. 383

Lanarkshire (Middle Ward). — Wheat about 40 bushels, weighing 61
lbs. per bushel, straw being better than last year ; seed sown from 3| bushels
to 4 bushels. Barley very little sown, that which is sown being generally
consumed by hares and rabbits. Oats in some places on the banks of the
Clyde, the average might be 48 bushels, but on the whole 36 bushels would
be nearer the mark ; seed sown in low districts 4 bushels, in high districts 5
bushels ; in low districts straw was short, while in parishes of Shotts, Avon-
dale, and East Kilbride, it was uncommonly good. Harvest begun about
the 18th August, earlier than usual, and most of the white crop was in
stackyard by 10th September, well got. Rye-grass about 1 ton, a very
poor crop. Clover a very indifferent crop. Very little meadow hay grown ;
in Avondale, Lesmahagow, and Shotts, the crop was better than last year.
Potato crop was good, but disease set in very early, and frost was very severe
on 20th October when a great many potatoes were still unlifted ; 8 tons
would be a fair average, but through frost and disease one-half would be
rendered useless. Turnip crop good, about 25 tons av^erage ; quality
good, better than last year ; crop brairded fairly, no second sowing
required. Xo crop except the bean crop was injured by insects, grub
being the supposed cause. No weeds. Pastures were an average, but
at same time in low lands the dry season burned them up ; but in the
hi"h districts —Lesmahagow, East Kilbride, Avondale, and Shotts — they
were very good. Feeding stock did well. Dairy Stock, however, did not give
the same amount of (milk and butter) produce as former years. Cattle and
sheep entirely free from disease. Clip of wool rather abov^e the average.

Lanarkshire (Lower Ward). — Wheat — 40 bushels ; quality better than
last year, and about 4 lbs. per bushel more weight ; straw good, but 50
stones less ; seed sown, 3| bushels. Oats — 60 bushels ; quality much
better than last year, and 3 lbs. per bushel more weight ; straw fine
quality, but a half less quantity than last year ; seed sown, 5|- bushels.
Harvest about three weeks before the usual time. Hay in quantity half a
ton less, but quality good ; 1 ton 10 cwts. Meadow hay, 10 cwts., less than
last year. Potato crop about 2 tons more, or as 8 to 10 tons. Almost no
disease, but owing to early frost a large quantity rendered useless.
Turnips about 18 tons, better in quality, very irregular, several sowings,
want of rain ; for about three months no rain. No insects or weeds.
Pastures — growth much less, but quality better than last year. Stock
throve very well where the number was few to the extent of land. Very
free from disease. Clip of wool good, and over average.

Renfrewshire (Lower Ward). — Barley was of good quality, both as
regards grain and .straw, and quite up to the average. The crop of oats
was not more than average in quantity, from 6 to 7 bolls ; but the quality,
both of the grain and straw, was much superior to that of 1879. The
harvest commenced at the end of August, and was rapidly secured, all
being in by the middle of September. The crop of rye-gra^s hay was less
in quantity than the previous year, the yield being on the average not
more than a ton. The quality was supericjr to the previous year. Clover
is not grown. Meadow hay was an average crop and of good (|uality.
The yield of potatoes would average from 7 to 8 tons in the district of
Inverkip. In the upper district of the Lower Ward, where the dry
weatlier had more effect in retarding the f^rowlli, the crop was not so bulky,
but the general average yield would be (louble that of the previous crop.
The crop too being to a lar''e extent Cliainpions, the yield was larger in
proportion than would have oeen the Ciise had the other chvsses of potatoes
been as widely sown as in former years. Disea.se showed itself in Regents
and early sorts before they were lifted in the latter end of the sea.son, Init
Champions withstood the disease. The turnip crop was very good, and the
average weight wouhl be from 20 to 25 tons and the quality good. No

384 THE CEREAL AND OTHER CROPS OF SCOTLAND FOR 18S0,

comparison can be made with the crop of 1879, which was a failure. Xo
damage bv insects. Wire worm appeared slightly, but was not general.
No weeds, but those indigenous to the soil, which were less abundant in
1879, but observable where not kept under. Pastures were deficient,
arising from the dry weather. The growth of 1879 was much more
abundant, but the feeding properties were destroyed from continuous rain
and no sun, whereas in 1880 the pastures, while the quality of grass was
good, were stunted in growth. Stock thrived well, but suffered from
scarcity of water. Cattle and sheep generally free from disease. At one
farm in the Kilmalcolm district pleuro-pneumonia appeared, which was
promptly dealt with. The sheep are few in number, except on some of
the high grounds, where the clip was an average.

Argyllshire (Parishes attached to the district of Oban). — Xo wheat
or barley grown ; and the little here that is grown was of good quality
both seasons ; yield about 10 returns. Oats very good, and exceeded
that of 1879 by 10 per cent. Quality of grain and straw excellent
owing to the dry season. Seed sown, 5^ bushels ; yield, about 30 bushels.
The harvest began a month earlier than in the previous season. Shearing
of oats commenced at Bonaw on 19th August. Eye-grass generally lighter
than crop of 1879, owing to the very dry weather in May. Quality very
good, and secured in beautiful order ; yield about 24 cwt. The meadow
hay was about equal in quantity with that of 1879, but superior in
quality, and saved in the best of order. In wet seasons sprits [Jimcus
articidatus) abound in soft Aground, but last season there were scarcely
any to be seen. The result was, quantity less, quality much better.
Potato crop was excellent, the yield being about 10 tons, which was 30
per cent, above the previous year's crop ; very little disease ; com-
menced slightly in the first week of September. In low-lying grounds
10 per cent, of the crop was affected, but in higher and well-aired
localities not more than 5 per cent, suffered, and in some farms there was
scarcely any at all. Skerrie Blues escaped entirely, but the yield was less
than in the wliite kinds. The turnip crop brairded thinly owing to the
dry weather, but, after coming into the rough leaf, made rapid progress.
The yield was about 20 tons, and was about 50 per cent, beyond the crop
of 1879. Xo insects, except turnip beetle to a very small extent. Fewer
weeds than usual. Pastures of average growth and quality. Stock did
remarkably well. Lambs were numerous, healthy, and strong. The return
to the Board of Trade will show that the increase in the number of lambs
was as follows : — Xumber of sheep of all kinds, one year old and above, in
1879, 154,359 ; in 1880, 160,597 ; increase, 6238. Lambs under one year old,
in 1879, 56,378; in 1880,64,006; increase, 7628. Cattle and sheep free
from disease. The quality of the wool was excellent, and the quantity was
above the average, and exceeded that of the previous year by 15 per cent.
This was owing to the dry summer and the very mild winter and spring
which preceded.

Argyllshire (Parishes attached to district of Lochgilphead). — Xo wheat
grown. Scarcely any barley grown. The oat crop was generally a good
one ; return from 24 to 48 bushels according to land, average nearly 12
bushels more than last year. Straw much the same in quantity, but much
better in quality ; 5 to 6 bushels seed sown. Harvest began fully ten days
before the usual tune, and the crop was saved with very little labour. Eye-
grass and clover grown together, 1^ to 1^ tons ; good, and got in fine order,
much better than last year. The season was rather too line and dry for
meadows, and the hay crop was under the average in quantity, but above
it in quality. Potato crop, 6 to 8 tons, compared with 5 to 6. Xot much
disease ; appeared in August. Turnip crop — quality good ; weight much
the same as last year. Ko insects. Fewer weeds owing to fine season.

AND METEOROLOGY OF THE YEAR RELATIVE THERETO. 385

Pastures — growth less, quality better. Stock did well, and were quite free
from disease until braxy came on. It has been very heavy during the last
three months. Clip of wool much about the average.

Argyllshire (Parishes attached to district of Dunoon). — No wheat
sown. Barley — 36 bushels, as against about 30 last year. The straw this
year was excellent, while last year it was all but worthless. Seed sown,
4 bushels. Oats — 40 bushels, as against about 25 last year, while the quality
of both grain and straw was excellent. Last year straw was almost worth-
less, and the grain, while poor in quality, would not weigh above 37 lbs.,
against generally 42 lbs. this year. Quantity of seed about 5 bushels.
Harvest commenced about one month earlier than usual, and seven weeks
before 1874. Hay crop about 15 cwt. against 30 cwt. last year, but the
quality this year is very good, against very inferior last year. Meadow hay
about the same, but the quality this year is very superior. Potato crop
from 8 to 10 tons ; last year would not exceed 5 tons. Disease not general
this year, but in some cases there would be 20 per cent. ; commenced
about 1st August. Turnips an average crop, about 20 tons, and last
year about 15 tons ; quality was deficient last year, and feeding stock
did little good on them ; this year about 30 per cent, has been lost by
frost ; brairded well ; did not need second sowing. No insects. Crops
were never easier managed in respect of weeds. Have seen pastures
much better, but stock did very well on the lesser quantity. Stock did
very well, and more especially sheep. Have not heard of single case of
disease in district. Clip of wool over an average, and the quality was never
better.

Argyllshire (Islands of Islay, Jura, and Colonsay). — No wheat or
barley sown. Oats are thrashing about 50 bushels ; a fine quality ; 41 to
42 lbs. per bushel, and well coloured ; about 6 bushels sown. The straw
is much better than the former year, and also the oats 4 lbs. a bushel
heavier and much better coloured. Harvest began on the 18th August, and
finished on the 19th September. Good weather all through, although there
was some rain. In 1879 harvest began on 8tli of September. Hay was a
very light crop in 1880, not over Ij ton ; double the quantity in 1879.
May 1880 was very dry. Meadow hay more productive and much better
in quality. Potatoes — quantity more than double 1879. No disease.
Champions and Magnum Bonums sown. Turnips — an excellent crop both
this year and last year. They would be rather better this year. They
brairded well ; only sown once. A good part of the oats was thinned by the
grub worm, and 2 acres of mangolds were eaten by a small lly like a clock
just as they came through the ground. Kail and cabbage planted in their
place, and did well The crops were in no way injmed by weeds. The
summer being drier, the pastures were much superior than the former
year. Stock of all kinds did much better in 1880 than in 1879, and the
cows milked much better. Stock throve well. Cattle (juite free from
disea.se, but not the sheep. The quality of the wool was good, and about an
average.

Argyllshire (District of Inveraray). — No wheat or barley. Oats about
24 or 20 bushels ; average produce. Grain and straw very good and well
saved ; about one-third better than previous year. The usual allowance of
seed is G bushels. Harvest began about fourteen days before the previous
year. Kye-gra.ss and clover lighter than crop of 1879 by at least 8 cwt.
Meadow hay, which is the principal fodder, nearly as heavy as previous
year, particularly wliat was late of beinj^ cut ; quality of all very good.
Potato crop better than previous year. >«ot much disea.se ; not more than
one bag in fifteen. Turnip crop always good, this year unusually so ; probably
20 or 22 tons. Brairded well ; no second sowing re<j[uired. No insects.

2 B

386 THE CEREAL AXD OTHEE CHOPS OF SCOTLAND FOE 1880,

The season being generally dry not mncli weeds ; dockens the most
common, also thistles, which seem to thrive best io. dry seasons. The
2:)astures were not so long as last year, but quite as nourishing, and stock
throve well and were free from disease. Wool of 1880 good ; above
average.

Dumbartonshire. — Wheat about 32 bushels ; quality both of grain and
straw very superior to 1879. This is not a barley growing district, what is
grown was of excellent quality. Oats not quite so large a crop as 1879 owing
to the very dry season ; straw especially was a lighter crop, but quality was
never surpassed either in grain or straw ; quantity varied according to land
being adapted for standing excessive drought, from 40 to 50 bushels being the
rule. Harvest commenced about a month earlier than 1879, and 10 to 14
davs earlier than an averacre season. Eve-fjrass owing to drv season much
lighter than 1879, averaging only 1 ton to 1 ton 6 cwt., or 12 to 14 cwt. less
than 1879; quality good owing to dry harvesting. Clover both in rye-
grass hay and in after-math wonderfully fine crop, quite exceptional ; in
many places the abundance of after-math cut and secured compensated
fully for short first crop. Meadows only common in the western parishes
of Arrochar, Luss, portion of Row, and Kilmaronock ; quantity about same
as last year, but quality very much better as hay harvest in 1879, for late
hay was very disastrous owing to constant rain. Potato crop — quantity in
1880 averaged 10 tons, and in 1879 about 4 or 5 tons ; quality in
1880 very superior; the best potato year for long. No disease till Septem-
ber when it appeared pretty suddenly, and was pretty severe m many
instances. Turnips most abundant crop, of fine quality, about 25 tons ;
1879 not more than one half; brairded irregularly in 1880 owing to ground
being so dry, but blanks filled when occasional showers genninated the
seed, and second so"\,\ii]g quite excej^tional. No damage from insects.
Weeds less than usual, owing to dry season. Pastures vary according
to soil and district ; hill pasture much better than 1879 and above average ;
low ground owing to dry weather not so abundant, bat fair average. Hill
stock did particularly well ; in enclosed fields on low grounds fairly
well. Cattle and sheep free from disease. Clip of wool good, over the

average.

Stirlingshire (Western District). — Wheat, none grown. Barley little
grown. Oats, 1879, average would be about 28 bushels, and 35 cwts.
straw, all of inferior quality o^i.ng to the late wet season ; 1880, 45 bushels
oats, and 40 cvrts. straw, all of good quality and secured in fine condition ;
quantity of seed sown about 5 bushels. Harvest of 1879 about a month
later than usual, 1880 a fortnight earlier than usual. Hay, 1879, average
crop about 30 cwts. of inferior quality and badly secured ; 1880, average
crop, about 25 cwts. of small growth but finely secured. Meadow hay not
quite so productive as in 1879, but of superior quality and well secured.
Potato crop, 1879, average yield would be about 4 tons and in 1880
9 tons. Where the crop was allowed to stand till the ordinary digging
time there would be about one-fourth diseased ; the disease made its
appearance about the end of August. Turnip crop, 1879, average would be
about 6 tons of inferior quality, and in 1880 about 20 tons of splendid
quality ; braird excellent. No insects. Owing to the fine season the ground
was got well cleaned and prei)ared, and there was no damage from weeds.
Pastures shorter in growth, but of excellent quality. Stock throve very
welL Cattle and sheep free from disease, except a little scab amongst
sheep. Wool — good quality and rather over average clip.

Stirlingshire (Eastern District). — Wheat crop 1879, was only half the
average generally speaking, and 40 bushels is considered a good average,
and the quality was equally low ;l the bulk of straw was not so deficient.

A^■D METEOPcOLOGY OF THE YEAR RELATIVE THERETO. 387

Crop 1880 was above tlie average, and quality excellent, grain and straw ;
quantity of seed from 2^ to 3 bushels. Barley crop 1879, the same remarks
apply ; 50 biLshels is a good average. Crop 1880, not more than an average,
a large area being very late in ripening owing to dry weather after seed
time ; seed about 3 bushels. Oats were not so bad in 1879 ; a good
average is 48 bushels ; seed about 4 bushels. Crop 1880, a good average
and tine quality. The harvest of 1879 was late, that of 1880 early ; on
many farms it was finished about same date as it had began the previous
year, but some barley fields were very late in the Carse district ; generally
speaking, however, the harvest of 1880 was about a month earlier than that
of 1879, with the exception of the late barley. Hay, 1879 ; a fair crop, as
to both rye-grass and clover, 35 cwt. Crop 1880 very deficient in quantity ;
quality good, 20 cwt. No meadow hay. Potato crop 1879, 4 tons ;
1880, 9 tons, little or no disease. Turnips 1879, a poorish crop, 14 tons ;
1880, good — 20 tons. In the Carse braii'd was slow, but only one sowing
was required. No insects during these two years. In 1879 a lot of weeds
came up, — chickweed, redshanks, tussilago, and the usual kinds that plague
farmers. In 1880 weeds were not bad, being a dry year. In 1879 there
was little substance in the pastures ; in 1880 pastures were good and
nutritive. In 1879 stock did little good on them, in 1880 they did well.
Cattle and sheep free from disease. No wool.

FiFESHiRE (West and Middle District). — Wheat — except on some of the
thin light soils, where owing to the dry season straw was deficient, this
crop has been above average, and thrashing has confirmed the favourable
estimate formed early in the season ; quality superior and weights per
bushel heavy. Barley on thrashing has in many cases l)een disappointing,
and the yield will j)robably scarcely reach an average ; the quality
generally fine, and weights heavy, although in many eases there has been a
want of the fine bright colour prized by maltsters. Oats, probably a full
average. On dry light soils the straw was deficient owing to the heat
and drought, but the yield generally, and quality and weight of grain,
satisfactory. The straw of all the corn crops superior in quality. Harvest
about a week before the average time, and fully a month before 1879.
Hay crop scarcely average, quality superior ; second crop in many cases
very deficient. Meadow hay not much grown. As comjiared with last
year the potato crop was probably more than double, and decidedly above
average. A good deal of disease in many cases, and many complaints of
"black spots " unusually early in the season, and also of " sprain on some
light lands especially ; a considerable proportion will be used in starch
manufacture and for feeding cattle. Turnips generally a lar^e crop, few bad
fields to be seen ; not many cases of second sowing required. Those fields
which had not been storerl, have been completely destro3'ed by the intense
fro.st which has prevailed. Damage Ijy insects less than usual. The dry
season was favourable for extirpating weeds. Pastures fair average and

food quality. Stock throve fairly well. There has been com2)aratively
ittle disease. Cliji of wool probably about average.

FiFEKHiUE (Eastern District). — Wheat crop of 1880 at least double 1879 ;
little dillerence iu straw. Crop 1880 estimateil at 30 bushels ; 3 busht-ls
sown. Barley crop of 1880 more than double 1879 ; straw crop of 1880
not HO bulky, but better fpiality ; 30 bushels ostimatod a>5 the average of crop
1880, 3 bushels sown. Oat croj) of 1880 about the SiUne a.s crop 1879 ;
the straw not so bulky but better quality ; estimate*! crop 44 bushels ; 4
bushels sown. Harvest began at the usual time. Hav crop of 1880 oue-third
less than 1879; ([uulity much l)eUer. Croj> etitimateJ at ll ton. Meadow hay
not grown. PoUito crcip 18H0 d-juljle 1879 at least, one-fourth di.^eased ;
disesise conimencetl alxmt middle of September. Tuinip crop 1880 alx)Ut
three times larger than 1879 ; crop braiidcd well, almost no re-sowing ; 10

388 THE CEREAL AND OTHER CROPS OF SCOTLAND FOR 1880,

tons. "N"o insects. Barley and oats suffered to a small extent by wild mustard
or skellock ; the damage was less than usual. The pastures were of average
growth and much better quality than the year previous. Stock thrived
well, and were free from disease. Clip of wool an average.

Perthshiri: (South- West). — '\\Tieat about 40 bushels, or more than double
the yield of former year. Seed sown for fallow crop 3 bushels, and after
green crop 4 bushels. Barley — about 36 bushels ; quality good, but samples
generally dark and ill-coloured ; straw one-fourth less than 1879 ; seed
4 Ijushels. Oats — 40 bushels ; straw not nearly so bulky as in 1879, one-
third less at least. Harvest commenced about a fortnight sooner than usual,
and three weeks earlier than the previous year. The quantity of hay
varied very much, owing to the long periods of excessive drought, and the
want of rain in spring. The crop was generally light, not nearly an
average, about 26 cwt. ; but good quality. River-side meadows were very
productive, while upland park hay was very deficient ; but all was of
good quality and well got. The potato crop would average 7 tons ;
but on many farms one-half was lost by disease, and on others less.
The disease commenced rather later than usual, and was very virulent.
Turnip crop about 20 tons, or twice as much as compared with former
year. Crop brairded well, very little double sowing required. Quality
good. Not more insects than usual ; hardly any cases of damage by
the beetle. The season was favourable for keeping down weeds. On all
deep lands pastures were better than last year ; but light soils and old
fogged worn out pastures were unproductive, and in many cases burnt
severely by the sun. Stock throve very well on good deep land ; but cattle
were disturbed a good deal in hot weather by the gad-fly, and the sheep
suffered from fly-blows and maggots. The ordinary diseases, that is, staggers
and braxy, were severe on some farms ; never had so many cases of sturdy.
Wool was a fair good clip on hill and dale, and over an average in quantity
and quality.

Perthshire (Coupar- Angus District). — Wheat — quantity fully an aver-
age both of grain and straw ; quality very good, superior to last year ; not
much wheat threshed yet ; from 3 to 4 bushels so\\ti. Barley from 40 to
48 bushels ; cjuality good, and from 20 to 30 bushels more than last year ;
from 3 to 4 bushels sown. Oats from 48 to 58 bushels ; quality very good ;
straw generally less than last year ; about 4 bushels sowti. Harvest com-
menced 18th August, exactly thirty days before last year, and much about
the average time of the previous years. Hay very inferior as to quantity.
Potato crop was very varied, even on the same farm. The crop was
not larger than last year in general, there being also nearly one-half
in Regents and Victorias diseased — not much in Champions or Magnum
Bonums ; quantity from 5 to 8 tons. Turnips from 16 to 20 tons ; quality
frequently not so good as last year from finger and toe ; the crop brairded
well, and very little re-sowing was required, and there were from 6 to 8
tons more than last year. No injury by insects, and none from weeds.
Pastures not nearly so good as last year on account of the continuance of
dry weather. Stock throve only middling, but were free from disease.
Clip of wool an average.

Perthshire (Western District). — No wheat, and hardly any barley. Oats
an average crop. Harvest fully earlier than usual. Hay crop light ;
quality good ; not much rye-grass. Meadow hay less productive. Potato
crop good and bulky, but much diseased ; a good deal lost by frost. Turnip
crop heavy — sown once. No insects and no weeds. Pastures fully better
than last year. Stock did better than average seasons, and were free from
disease. Clip of wool superior — above average as to quantity and quality.

AXD METEOKOLOGY OF THE YEAR EELATIVE THERETO. 389

Perthshire (Pertli District). — "Wheat from 4| to 5 quarters on an aver-
age, being about 2 quarters more tban last year ; straw mucli firmer, but no
more bulk than previous year ; quality of grain very much better. Barley
a very disappointing yield compared with what the fine dry season led us
to expect — about 32 bushels, very fine quality, 55 to 57 lbs. per bushel ;
straw soft, and goes fast out of sight in the courts ; grain better quality, but
not much more of it than last year. Oats a very good crop, except on clay
lands — from 48 to 54 bushels, 42 to 43 lbs. per bushel ; an average crop
of straw ; 2 quarters more grain, but not as much straw as last year.
Har^^est 10 days before the usual time. Hay about 1 ton 15 c^^i;., very
fine quality ; clover very strong — second cutting exceptionally so ; 1 ton
less than last year ; much better quality. Meadow hay more productive.
Potato crop 7 to 8 tons this year ; 4 to 5 tons last year; Regents one-
third diseased ; Champons hardly any ; first noticed disease in the end of
September, Turnip crop 15 to 20 tons ; three times more than last year ;
first Swedes liad to be re-sown owiag to the continual drought ; came away
very fast, and grew rapidly after the rain came. Not much damage done
by insects. No weeds, except some mustard (skelloch). Pastures very-
bare all season. Stock did uncommonly well considering the scarcity of
grass, and were free from disease. Clip of wool about an average as to
quantity and quality.

Perthshire (Highland District). — Wheat — none grown. Barley —
(fjuality excellent ; from 36 to 37 bushels ; from 56 to 57 lbs. per bushel ;
4 lbs. heavier than last year ; average quantity sown, 4 Inishels. Oats —
quality excellent ; average 41 bushels ; from 43 to 44 lbs. per bushel ;
3 lbs. heavier than last year ; average quantity sown, 5 bushels. Harvest
about a week earlier than usual, and three weeks earlier than last year.
Hay — average quantity; about 13 cwt. ; quality weak, but very "well
secured. Rye-grass chiefly defective ; clover, average — about 7 cwt. less
than last year. Meadow hay a sj)lendid crop in the higher glens ; through-
out about 3 cwts. better than last year. Potato crop first class, quite' 4^
tons ; 1 ton more than last year ; hardly any disease ; several dilatory
farmers lost more or less of their crop by the early frost. Turnip crop
very good ; average 20 tons ; one or two cases of 30 tons ; quality better,
and about 4 tons more than last year ; braird well ; no second sowing
required. Insects did no injury. Crops were not injured by weeds.
Pasture was not rank but nutritive, comparing well with last year. Stock
throve well, and were free from disease. Clip of M'ooI — quality very good ;
about 25 per cent above average.

Perthshire (Dunkeld and Stormont District). — Wheat excellent (j[uality
and weight ; 36 bushels ; seed so^^'n, 4 bushels. Barley wants colour ;
lieavy weight — 30 bushels ; seed sown, 5 bushels. Oats very good ; 32
bushels ; seed sown, 6 bushels. The quantity of straw both of barley and
oats was much under last year. Harvest about the usual time in Lower
Stormont, but ten days earlier in late districts. Generally the hay crop
was short ; on good land it may have touched 2 tons ; much under an
average crop. Meadow hay not much gro\m, but generally less productive.
Potato cro]) about as good as last year — 6 to 7 tons ; not much disease on
red lands, Init more on light lands. Turnips — cxtm crop, from 26 to 30
tons ; crop brairded well ; not more than one sowing in general. Stormont
Union Competition — Ist prize, 23 tons 15 cwt. ; 2d prize, 23 tons 6 cwt. ;
3d ]»rize, 23 tons 3 cwt. Not much injury bv insects, grub, or turnip-
lly. Not mucli weeds in general exce[)t on low-lying fields. Pastures
an average crop, but fii*st half of grass season was deficient. Stock
thrived well, and were free from diswise. Clip of wool an average, and
^od ([uality.

390 THE CEEEAL AND OTHER CROPS OF SCOTLAND EOR 1880,

Forfarshire. — Wheat about 36 "biishels ; straw and grain better than
last year ; about 3 Inishels of seed so^\ti. Barley — 40 bushels ; grain better
than last year ; straw short, but quantity good ; about 4 bushels of seed.
Oats — 48 bushels ; grain very much better than last year ; straw short, but
good ; seed sown, about 4| bushels. Harvest was early — about four weeks
earlier tlian last year. Hay a very small crop ; quality fair ; weight about
1^ tons. No meadow hay. Potato crop about 8 tons — about 3 tons more
than last year, and about 20 per cent, diseased. Disease commenced about
the beginning of August. Turnip crop about 25 tons — good, much better
than last year ; crop brairded very irregularly, and in many cases sowing
was necessary more than once, owing to the dry season. Xo injury from
insects or weeds. Pasture very poor in the early part of the season, but
improved after the July rains. Stock throve fairly well, and were free
from disease. About an average clip of wool.

Kincardineshire. — Barley— crop 1880, from 4 to 6 quarters ; average,
5 quarters ; average weight, above standard ; straw — fair alloMance, and
quality good. Grain double in quantity to crop 1879, but straw in 1879
much more than 1880 ; seed so>\ti, about 4 bushels, occasionally a trifle
less. Oat crop 1880 — lea oats would average from 5 to 6-| quarters ; oats,
after turnips and potatoes, from 3 to 5 quarters ; good quality ; straw — fair
alloA\'ance, and good quality ; grain almost double of crop 1879 ; straw not
so bulky as 1879 ; seed sown — generally from 4 to 6 bushels. Harvest
1880 began about two weeks before usual time, and five or six weeks before
that of"l879. Hay crop 1880 — quantity 1 to 1^ ton ; good quality ; did
not bulk largely ; little clover, but weighed well ; 1879 — quantity 1 to If
ton ; quality iiiferior ; bulk gTeater than 1880, but did not look so well to
appearance ; more clover. Potatoes 1880 — yield fully double of 1879, say
5 to 6 tons, and in 1879 2 tons, unless Champions, which were double crop
to all others ; disease very bad in 1879, unless in Champions ; slight in
1880, but in 1880 have suffered severely from frost in pits. Disease began
in August, and in many cases later, and in pits. Turnip crop 1880 more
than double weight of crop 1879, and better quality ; 1879 — average weight
say 6 to 10 tons ; 1880 — 16 to 24 tons, but since January began crop 1880
has rotted to the extent of three-fourths of crop then in the ground. Crop
1880 brairded well in soft land, but unequally and late in hard or clay
land, and in some cases two or more sowings were partially required. Lea
oats in damp spots, or cold or partially stiff land, suffered from grub, but
not to a large or unusual extent. On thin damp land sown with grain
after green crop, crop was in some cases choked with weeds, or partially so.
Pastures — fair growth and fair quality ; not so great growth as in 1879, but
quality much better. Stock throve fair in 1880, but nothmg more ; badly
in 1879 ; season too wet ; cattle and sheep generally free from disease
during past season. Clip of wool good quality, and over average generally.

Aberdeenshire (Buchan District). — Scarcely any wheat grown. The
quantity of barley this year would be about 14 bushels in excess of last
year, and the quality is much superior both as regards grain and straw ;
the grain would be on an average from 7 to 8 lbs. per bushel heavier. The
yield of oats this year will be about 14 bushels over that of last year, and
the weight from 3 to 4 lbs. heavier than last year, in which, except along
the sea-coast, the yield and weight of all kinds of grain was very poor.
Harvest began some fifteen days sooner than usual. Hay about the same
quantity, but of much better quality ; last year, though there was a full
bulk, the quality was very inferior. Meadow hay very little grown. The
yield of the potato crop would exceed that of last year by 2 to 3 tons ; the
older kinds were very much diseased, to the extent of 30 per cent., whereas
the newer and apparently hardier varieties (the Magnum Bonum, &c.) are
very little ; the disease showed itself evidently about the middle of Sep-

AND METEOROLOGY OF THE YEAR RELATIVE THERETO. 391

tember. The weight of the turnip crop this year may he pub at from
17 to 20 tons, and in excess of last year of about 10 tons. On some parts
of stiff and mossy land braird was hard to come ; re-sowing had not gene-
rally to be resorted to. Xo injury by insects. Owing to the favourable
season during hoeing for cleaning the land, weeds did not obtain the same
hold as in a wet season. Although the average growth of the pastures was
not in excess of last year, it was of much superior quality. Stock made
much better progress tliis year than last year, and were entirely free fi^om
disease. Clip of wool about an average.

Aberdeexshire (Formartine). — Wheat is not grown to any extent, only
in some of the heavy soils ; last year the quantity on an average 32 bushels,
grain weighing 56 lbs. per bushel, with an abundance of straw ; this year
about 48 bushels, grain weighing 66 lbs. per bushel and not nearly so much
straw. Barley and here or bigg are much cultivated — last year about 28
bushels, grain weighing 49 to 51 lbs. per bushel, straw abundant ; this year
36 bushels, grain weighing 54 to 56 lbs. per bushel, straw not so abundant
as last year ; grain was much discoloured before reaping by misty or
foggy weather ; on some early farms the return was not so good as ex-
pected, as the bright sunshine hastened the crop too fast to maturity ;
quantity sown, 4 bushels barley and 3 bushels here or bigg. Oats is the
staple crop ; on early and open bottomed soils there is not more than
4 to 6 bushels over last year, but last year's crop would be 28 bushels with
a very large proportion of straw, grain weighing 38 to 41 lbs. per bushel ;
this year 38 to 40 bushels, grain weighing 42 to 45 lbs. per bushel, the
straw not nearly so abundant as last year, but where harvested before the
rains is of excellent quality. There seems, however, to be some doubt
whether the straw of this year's crop possesses more nutriment or feeding
qualities than last year's crop ; quantity sown, 6 bushels. Harvest com-
menced last year about 28th September and this year about 20th August.
The hay crop not so heavy as last year but the quality superior — last year
about 2 tons this year If tons. No meadow hay. This year's potato
crop is the best and most abundant since 1846 ; last year the aver-
age would be about 6 or 8 tons, this year about 9 to 12 tons —
gross big and little. The older sorts, such as the Regents, Victorias,
and Glenbarries, were about one-third diseased when lifted, and are
•till going wrong in the pits ; while the Champions and Magnum
Bonums were free from disease when lifted, and are still keeping
well in the pits. The disease made its appearance among the older sorts
about a month before lifting time. From the intense frost that has pre-
vailed this year a good many are frosted in the pits and reduced to a pulp.
Turnip crop was the best and most abundant that has been for many
years ; but from the severe antl long-continued intense frost quidity
has been much deteriorated. The yellow (tleshed) turnips on some farms
are reduced to a pulp ; tliis crop brairded well and came away very fast
to the hoe ; in fact it was with great difficulty that hoers could be got
to single the turnij) plants in time ; no second sowing was re<iiuied. Lust
year this ero[) was very deficient, and would not average more tnan 12 tons ;
thid year the average would be from 16 to 20 tons, and on some farms as
high as 25 tons. No damage done by insects. This was a splendid season
for cleaniiig the land, and therefore there was no weeds. Owing to tlie
great scarcity of turnips bust year, cattle ioid sheep were turned upon the

i)asture8 much earlier than usual, hence the tieUis were eaten down and
Lept short duriu'' the whole season ; when relieved of stock for a time the
growth and (piality good. As a number of the cattle and sluej) were
in rather lean condiliuu from the want of a full suj)ply of turni]).>< during
winter and spriug, they were six weeks upon the gra.ss before any percep-
tible difference could be obfierved, but after that time they throve well.

392 THE CEREAL AND OTHEK CEOPS OF SCOTLAND FOE 1880,

There lias been no contacjious or infectious disease for some considerable
time, and the stock generally have been very healthy. The clip of wool
was over last year by nearly 1 lb. per sheep.

Aberdeen (Garioch District). — Scarcely any wheat gro^vn. Barley — 38
bushels as against 20 bushels last year ; grain much superior to last year ;
straw same as last year; quantity sown, 4^ bushes. Oats — 36 bushels, last
year 24 bushels ; grain superior, but straw scarcely so nutritous as last
year ; quantity sown 6 bushels. Harv^est was commenced about the usual
time, from 22d to 26th August. Hay crop not so heavy as last year, but
quality good and well mixed with rye-grass and clover ; quantity about
1 ton 8 cwt. No meadow hay. The yield of potatoes much greater than
last year ; very little disease, but it is to be feared that they have been
much injured by the severe frost in January ; weight 5 tons. The weight
of turnips was 7 tons above that of last year, and quality similar ; crop
brairded well, and only one sowing required ; weight 22^ tons. The
damage done to the remaining part of the crop by the frosts in January is
beyond calculation. No damage done by insects. The land is generally
well cleaned, and no injury from weeds. The pasture grass was not equal
to the previous year in quantity, but the quality appeared good ; stock
rested and throve well, and were generally fi'ee from disease. The quality
of the wool clip was good, but weight under the average.

Aberdeenshire (Strathbogie District). — Little or no wheat grown, the
principal grain crops being barley, bere, and oats, three-fourths of the
breadth sown being the last mentioned cereal. With respect to the barley
crop, the Imlk of straw was fully equal to last year, and the quality very
good ; the yield of grain, although good, did not come up to the expecta-
tion which the bulk of the straw warranted. On the finer soils as much as 48
bushels has l)een threshed, but the general average would be from 36 to 38
bushels, and the weight from 53 to 58 lbs. Notwithstanding the fine dry
summer samples are very dark in colour. The oat crop as a rule was the
best that has been harvested for many years as regards quality and
quantity of both grain and straw, the greater part of the crop being
secured in excellent condition ; the yield on fine deep land being as
high as 64 bushels, but the general average would be about 46 bushels ;
the weight varies from 40 to 46 lbs., the average weight being about
42 lbs. ; the quantity of seed generally sown is from 4 to 6 bushels,
but as doubts existed last spring as to the vitality of some of the seed
which was exposed to the frost the previous harvest, as much as 8 bushels
was in some instances sown, and after all the crop was not too thick.
Harvest was general on the 1st of September, fully five weeks earlier than
in 1879, and about ten days earlier than in average years. The hay crop
was, generally speaking, lighter than last year, but of far better quality.
Clover as a rule was deficient when the crop was cut, but came up pretty
thick in the aftermath ; the average yield would l^e from 24 to 27 cwt. No
meadow hay grown. The potato crop was the best, with respect to both
quantity and quality, that has been for many years. Disease appeared
among the earlier varieties about the middle of September, but did not
much affect the general crop. Champions were althogether free from
disease ; the weight of this crop would be from 6 to 7 tons ; this crop is
not much cultivated. The turnip crop brairded well, and very little
second sowing was required ; up to the time of second hoeing the plants
looked healthy, but after some heavy falls of rain finger and toe made its
appearance, chiefly on many farms M'rought on the five-course rotation ;
Swedes were more generally aflected than Yellows, and in many cases fully
a fourth of the crop was destroyed. Where there was no disease the crop
was generally very good, and the weight would be from 20 to 30 tons ; the
severe frost experienced in December and January has made great havoc in

A^^D METEOEOLOGY OF THE YEAK EELATIVE TllEEETO. 393

this crop where not stored, and in many cases two-thirds the Yellows
have completely rotted ; Swedes have stood out better, but are very much
deteriorated in quality. There was no unusual destruction of crops by either
insects or weeds, the latter havinfj been less abundant than in average
years. The pastures were generally good, and much more abundant than
last year. Stock made more progress during the grass season than they
have done for several years. This may be accounted for partly from having
been upon short allowance during the winter owing to the failure of the
turnip crop, and partly on account of the fine dry summer. There was no
disease either among cattle or sheep. The quality of the wool was fully up
to the average, and the quantity about the average.

Banffshire (Lower District). — Xo wheat grown. Barley, 35 bushels in
1880, as against 24 bushels in 1879. Quality very inferior in 1879, but
excellent, both grain and straw, in 1880. Oats, 36 bushels in 1880, and
quality of grain and straw excellent, against 26 bushels in 1879. Harvest
three weeks earlier in 1880 than usual, and considerably shorter. Hay
crop, 1 ton 15^ cwts. in 1880, and of excellent quality, against 1 ton 4 cwts.
of very inferior quality of hay in 1879. No meadow hay. Potatoes not
much grown, but in 1880 the yield might be 8 tons as against 5 tons in

1879. Turnip crop — 20 tons in 1880, against 10 tons in 1879. Quality,
where stored, very greatly better in 1880 than in 1879. Came well in

1880, and few were re-sown. No insects. No injury by weeds in 1880, but
great injury by wild mustard in 1879. Pastures of average gro\si:h and
quality, and feeding power much greater than in 1879. Cattle throve well
and were free from disease. Few sheep, but clip of 1880 would be about
average.

Banffshire (Upper District). — No wheat gro^ai. Barley was a full

crop of extra quality in 1880, at least double the quantity of crop 1879, and

the weight per bushel in 1880 was from 6 to 8 lbs. more than the pre^'ious

year. The straw was fair quality both seasons, and not so deficient as the

grain in 1879 ; the usual quantity of seed sown is 4 bushels. Oats were a

full crop in 1880 both as regards grain and straw ; sample particularly

clear, and weight from 42 to 43 lbs. per bushel, or 3 lbs. over an average, in

1879. Oats were deficient both in quantity and quality, but the straw,

owing to being green cut and well harvested, was superior quality for

fodder ; an average of 6 bushels is usually sown. The early summer l)eing

dry, with a high temperature, all crops made great progress, which was

continued by the genial showers in the end of June. The crops never lost

the early start, and came to maturity at least fourteen days earlier than an

average season, and from four to five weeks before 1879. Owing to the

dry weather in May, and through the greater part of June, the hay crop

was under an average bulk, but fine quality, with a full proportion of

clover. The fine dry season enabled the crop to be secured in excellent

condition ; the average weight would not exceed 1 ton. Meadow liay is

not grown. Potatoes, where properly laid down with a full (|uantity of

manure, were nearly double an ordinary crop, or about 7 tons ; quality

very fine, partly diseased ; disease appeared early in October. Potatoes are

not usually grown as a marketable ccjnimodity, and do not receive the same

careful treatment as where this is so. Turnips were considerably over an

average crop, particularly Yellows ; Swedes do not grow to the size usually

met with on the finer soils of either Aberdeen or Moray shires ; the

average weight would be about 20 tons ; quality originally good, but those

in the ground arc all destroyed by the long frost ; braird regular; no case of

second sowing. No injury by insects. The diy warm season j^revented

the growth ot the most noxious of all weetls, Van; now very common in

wet cold seasons; it is caused from weakness in the soil, induced by the too

frequent application of stinmlants in the fonn of ammonia, nitrate, and

394 THE CEREAL AND OTHEE CROPS OF SCOTLAND FOR 1880,

sulpliuric acid, Avhicli is ruining both the land and the farmers. The
pastures, after the middle of May, were generally abundant and fine quality,
and, owing to the warm and moderately dry summer, stock of all kinds
made good progress, a great contrast to the season of 1879 when the cattle
made no flesh, although in full pastures. Cattle and sheep both throve
well, and were c^uite free from disease. The sheep kept are mostly black-
faced, the clip from which was a full average weight and quality.

Morayshire. — Wheat — the grain would be one-half more than last year
in quantity. 1879 was a bad year for out-turn of grain owing to its
extreme wetness. 1880, on account of its dryness, was a good wheat year,
the straw rather under quantity of 1879, but the quality of both grain and
straw very good, being well harvested ; the quantity of grain Avould be
about 34 bushels. When sown by the drill, from 2-| to 3^ bushels ; and
when sown broadcast, about 3^ to 4^ bushels. Barley would be rather
under an average as to quantity of grain and straw, but the quality of both
very good, some samples of barley being 60 lbs. per bushel. The weather
was extremely dry during the months of May and June, which prevented
the crop from making a good start to ensure bulk of straw and quantity of
grain. ComjDared with 1879 the quantity of grain would be fully one-third
more, but the bulk of straw one-third less ; average, 32 bushels, Oats are
not largely sown, the soil being too dry for them. Compared with 1879 the
bulk of straw would only be about one-half, but the quantity of grain one-
fourth more than in 1879. This aj^plies to the earlier district. In the later
and damp soils the quantity of straw would be only one-fourth less, while
the quantity of grain would be one-half more ; the average of grain would
be about 32 Ijushels. Harvest began about one month earlier than in
1879, and from two to three weeks earlier than the average. The summer
being extremely hot and dry, in the lighter and sandy soils forced the
crops to early maturity. Less rain perhaps fell in the lower districts
of the county than in any other district in Scotland. Except on
some low-lying damp soils the hay crop was extremely light, in most
cases not over one-haK of the weight of 1879, and the quality rather
inferior from a deficiency of clover. On light soils the quantity would not
be more than 10 cwts ; on heavier soils, 30 cwts. No meadow hay. The
potato crop would perhaps be nearly double that of last year, and scarcely
any disease ; the quantity would vary from 3 to 6 tons. The weight
of the turnip crop would be one-third heavier than last year, and quality
superior. A fearful gale of wind on the 26th May levelled down the drills
on a large portion of the light soils which required to be re-sown, and the
extreme drought prevented brairding on the heavy soils in many cases till
far on in the season, still they turned out well ; the crop in whole above
the average ; the weight would be from 10 to 23 tons. Great damage has
been done to the turnip crop by the very severe and protracted frost of the
past two months. A large portion of the bulbs, where not furrowed up, are
fast decaying, more especially the Yellows, which are almost useless.
Little or no d.amage by insects, and not more than ordinary by weeds, but
a very considerable portion of the land is not nearly in that state of clean-
ness from weeds which it ought to be, and might be. The pastures in
general did not produce more than about one-half of the grass of last year.
On the higher lands in the month of June, they Avere burned cjuite brown,
afi^ording very little food for stock, but the extreme heat seemed to make
up for the deficiency to a considerable extent. As a rule stock did not
make much progress on the pastures, but were free from disease. The
previous winter being mild ancl favourable for the growth of wool, the clip
was fully an average.

Nairnshire. — No wheat grown. Barley and straw an average crop, of good
cjuality, but not so abmidant as last year. Grain over an average, say 28

AXD METEOEOLOGY OF THE YEAR EELATIYE THERETO. 395

bushels ; weight, 58 and 59 ILs. per bushel not uncommon ; 3i^ bushels
seed in low and well-cultivated lands, and 4 in high and poorer soils. The
remarks on barley apply to the oats ; average yield say 32 bushels ; weight
a good average, but does not exceed the average so much as barley.
Harvest began at the nsual time, but finished three weeks earlier than last
year. Hay a light crop, under the average ; the drought and scorching
heat in June causing the thinning and stinting of both clover and rye-
grass, each of which looked most promising in the early part of the season.
No meadow hay. Potatoes double the crop of last year, and of excellent
quality, almost free of disease ; average, 5 tons. Turnips a very large
crop, much above an average, of fine quality, but latterly very much
injured by the severe frosts ; brairded well, but a good deal of second
sowing in consequence of wind, and, in some places, want of moisture ;
Yellows, 20 tons — Swedes, 25 tons. A large extent of the turnip crop,
especially the Swedes, are let to be consumed on the ground by sheep ; the
continuance of frost, with slight thaws now and then, has destroyed a large
proportion of this crop. The pastures during the months of June, July, and
August were very bare on account of the drought and heat ; more abundant
during the earlier and later part of the season, and of good quality through-
out. Stock throve well, much better than in the wet season of 1879, and
were free from disease. Clip of wool good and over an average.

Inverness-shire (Inverness District). — Wheat — quality of grain and
straw excellent ; average yield about 28 bushels, being about a third more
than in 1879 ; bulk of straw less, but quality much superior ; from 3 to 4
bushels of seed usually sown. Barley — quantity about 40 bushels on best
soils, and about 28 bushels on lighter soils ; quality very superior, the weights
being unusually high ; average about 57 lbs. per bushel. Straw fine
quality, but much less in quantity than 1879 ; average C|uantity of seed, 3^
bushels. The yield of oats aljove an average, while ([uality is very superior
compared ^\dth former years. Straw also excellent, but less in bulk than
in 1879 ; quantity of oats about 40 bushels an average on good soils, and
about 26 bushels on lighter soils ; about 4 bushels sown. Harvest began
earlier than usual by about a fortnight. It was some five weeks earlier
than in 1879. Average quantity of hay on good land about 2 tons ; quality
very superior to crop 1879. The crop was well mixed with clover and rye-
grass. The seed, where saved, is excellent, though less in quantity than in
some former years. Very little meadow hay grown. The yield of potatoes
in many cases was double that of 1879 ; average not less tlian one-third
more. Very little disease affected the tubers. On land adapted for
potatoes the average return would be about 7 tons, while poor land would
average about 4 tons ; exceptional crops some 10 tons. The turnip crop
was much superior to crop 1879, both as regards quantity and (quality ;
the average yield on good land would be about 25 tons, while on light
land about 17 tons would be an average. On clayey and grav'tdly soils re-
sowing was to a small extent resorted to owing to dry weather. Frost has
damaged the crop almost entirely where unsecured. On some light soils
insects affected the plants to a small extent, but not so seriously as to injure
them ; ."mall, long wire-looking worms. No injury by wrrds. Tin* wiather
favoured cleaning till towards the end, when s(»i't growing weather pro-
moted usual growth. Eag weed, wild mustard, chief weeds. Pastures
superior in (juality. Stock throve excellently and were free from disease.
Tlie ^vinter of 1879-80 being fine, the clip of wool was a full average.

Inverness-shirk (Beauly District).— Wheat— 40 busluls, fine quality,
(53 lbs. per bushel ; 2(> bushels over last year; 3 to 4 bushels sown. P.arley
— 3() busliL'ls, fine <|uality, 57 to 59 lbs. ])er bushel ; on clay and wet
lands only 20 bushels; average, 36 bu.shels ; 6 bushels over la.st year;
4 to 4^ bashels sown. Oats — average 41 bushels, on fine land 62

396 THE CEREAL A^'D OTHER CROPS OF SCOTLAND FOR 1880,

bushels, on clay land a very light crop, not over half above ; weight,
43 to 44 lbs. ; 10 bushels over last year ; very fine straw ; 5 to 6
bushels sown. Harvest two weeks earlier. Hay a short crop, poor quality,
1-| tons ; on cold clay lands half a crop ; one-half under last year. No
meadow hay grown. Potato crop — 6^ tons ; Champions and Red Eocks,
a large crop ; X^ictorias and Regents, average ; White Rocks and Blues, very
deficient ; not half a crop on j)oot light land ; almost no disease ; no injury
either by insects or weeds. Pastures an average gro'^'th after the rains
set in. Stock thrived well, and were free from disease. Clip of wool good,
a full average.

IxvERXESS-SHiRE (Skye District). — Xo wheat or barley grown. Oats —
36 bushels, a third better than last year ; the usual quantity sown is about
6 bushels ; the quality of the grain and straw was good. The harvest began
rather earlier than usual. The hay crop was average as to quantity ;
quality very good. Meadow hay less productive than last year owing to
the drought. The potato crop was one-fourth less than last year, disease
apjDeared slightly in August, but did not become serious. The turnip crop
was about 4 tons an acre under the average ; quality ordinary ; brairded
very well but finger-and-toe prevalent ; no injury by insects or weeds.
Pastures, owing to drought, much below the average. Stock throve well
considering the scarcity of grass, and were free from disease. The quality
of the wool-clip was good, fully an average.

IxvERNESS-SHiRE (Fort-WilLiam District). — No wheat or barley grown.
Oats — 25 to 27 bushels ; both straw and grain much suj)erior to last year's
crop ; seed, 5 to 6 bushels. Harvest a good deal earlier than usual, two
weeks fully earlier. Hay crop about 1 ton 4 cwt., quality better, and
much better saved than last year. Meadow hay above average productive-
ness, and very good in quality. Potato crop about 5 tons ; disease light,
and in some cases absent altogether. Turnip crop — 18 to 24 tons ; crops
generally brairded well, and almost no second soA\dng necessary. Some
grub afi"ectiQg tubers of potatoes ; damage by weeds less than usual, chick-
weed the most troublesome. ■ Pastures on good heavy land equally good
with last year ; thin and mossy land not up to an average. Stock, on the
whole, not up to an average of years ; were free from infectious diseases ;
pining and trembling or louping ill have prevailed above average of years.
Clip of wool good both as to quality and quantity — rather above average.

Ross-shire. — Wheat — 32 bushels, being about one-tliird more ; small
breadth sown ; seed sown, 2^ to 3 bushels ; summer fine and hot, and
quality much superior. Barley — 40 to 42 bushels, being about one-third
more ; seed sown, 3^ to 4 bushels ; weather suitable ; quality superior.
Oats — 38 bushels ; straw, 10 per cent, less, quality slightly better ; weather
rather dry for oats. Harvest, average time of beginning. Hay — 24 cwt.,
being lighter jield by 20 per cent. No meadow hay. Potato crop — 5 tons
-5 cwt., being about one-third more ; some disease, say under 5 per cent.,
which commenced about 10th August. Turnip croj) (Swedes) — return in
1879, 12 tons ; in 1880, one-third less ; (Yellows)— 1879, 15 tons ; 1880,
one-third less ; quality much spoilt by finger and toe ; Ijrairded slowly on
account of dry weather, and little second sowing on that account. No
injury from either insects or weeds. Pastures of average growth and
quality on the whole and dry. May was very cold ; weather affected them
in July, but grew well and fast in August"and September. Stock throve
■extra well, and were free from disease. Clip of wool good and average.

SuTHERLANDSHiRE. — Wheat — 40 bushels ; grain and straw good ; only
gro^^Ti on one farm ; 4 bushels seed. Barley — 32 bushels ; grain and straw
^ood ; 4 bushels seed. Oats — 36 bushels ; grain and straw good ; 5 bushels

AND METEOPvOLOGY OF THE YEAR RELATIVE THERETO. 397

seed. Harvest fourteen days before usual time. Hay crop — 1 ton ; better
quality tlian last year and less quantity. Meadow liay much more produc-
tive. Potatoes — a big crop ; average about 6 tons ; almost free of disease.
Turnip crop more weight and good quality ; average may be 18 tons of
Swedes and 14 tons of Yellow ; on some farms partially destroyed by finger
and toe. No insects. Good deal of runches owing to wet season. Good
grass season ; but from the wet season and cold nights stock did not feed
well. Cattle and sheep were free from disease. [jClip of wool — quality good,
and full average.

Caithness. — Xo wheat growm. Bere mostly gro^Ti ; quantity and
quality much above last year ; weight heavier by from 4 to 5 lbs. per
bushel ; average quantity, 36 to 38 bushels ; seed sown, 4 bushels. Oats —
a fine crop, and good quality of grain ; produce, 38 bushels ; seed sown, 5
to 6 bushels. Harvest about ten days earlier than usual. Hay crop secured
in fine condition, about an average. Clover deficient. Meadow hay — crop
better than last year. Potatoes only grown for home consumption ; better
crop than last year ; disease less. Turnips — a good crop, fully one-third
better than last year, but considerable loss from finger and toe in many
cases — hence weight variable from 12 to 25 tons ; only one sowing rec|uired.
Damage over average from grub in oats from lea ; injury from weeds small.
Pastures in many cases thin at root ; growth and quality otherwise fair.
Stock did well, and were free from disease. Quality of wool-clip fair ;
quantity rather under average.

Orkney. — No wheat and very little barley grown. Oats — 34 bushels ;
weight upwards of 42 lbs. ; quality of grain and straw much better than
last year, generally 5 bushels sown. Harvest about a fortnight or three
weeks earlier than usual ; quantity of hay crop an average, about 200 stones ;
quality good, better than last year. Clover was a good crop. Meadow hay
crop much the same, if anything less. Yield of potatoes exceedingly large,
about 6 tons and of excellent quality; disease very slight, appeared in
August. Turnip crop good, about 15 tons ; brairded well, and with a few
exceptions did not require to be sown a second time. No damage by insects.
Weeds less than usual, principally runches and wild mustard. Pastures
fully an average, stock throve well, and were free from disease. Quality
of clip of wool good and rather over average.

Shetland (Unst). — No wheat or barley grown. Bere— straw light, not
more than last year ; grain light, but thrashed well out, and bulks an average.
Oats quite an average crop of about 36 bushels; quality good, and weight 40
to 43 lbs. per bushel. Straw short after turnips, and quite a fourth under
average crop ; brairded beautifully, and madegocxl progress until June, when
the dry weather told upon it ; from 5 to 6 bushels sown. Harvest began
31st August, three weeks earlier than in 1879, and a few days earlier than
an average of the last ten years. Rye-<p?ass hay crop generally short, and
rather under an average ; clover conspicuous by its absence, so that the
weight as taken into the stackyard may be stated at quite a fuurth under an
average, it wa.s, however, cured without a shower, and therefore excelk'nt in
quality. Meadow hay crop under an average in weiglit owing to the dry
cnaracter of the summer, but being easily cured is excellent in quality.
Potatoes quite an average, and one-fourth more than last season ;
quality very fine ; some phices disease rather severe, made its appearance
about the middle of July, but did not make much progress after lifting.
Turnips about 20 tons, or double 1879 ; <iuality excellent ; brairded beauti-
fully; no second sowing recpiired ; weeds cju^ily kept down. This crop
received no check and quite an aver;ige crop. Insects mucii h'ss than usual ;
not troubled much witli insects of any kind. Exceptionally little weeds. The
winter of 1879-80 was a very fine and open one. Spring was early, and

398 THE CEEEAL AND OTHER CEOPS OF SCOTLAND FOR 1880,

pastures grew steadily from Fela-uarT. Tlie season was rather dry, but
unless on thin land, the pastures were good and kept plentiful. Stock
throve very well, and quite free from disease. Clip of wool about a stone
per 100 sheep over last year, and much better in quality ; about an average
clip.

Shetland (Fetlar.) — No wheat or barley grown. Chester or here is used
instead of barley. From the veiy dry season the crop was inferior in quality
and quantity, both as regards com and straw. Oats— from the same cause, the
dry season and sandy soil, this crop w^as very inferior ; indeed, the greater
part of it being in a very sandy soil was little more than grass and weeds,
and the greater part has been given to the cattle as it grew without being
threshed. Harvest about a fortnight or three weeks earlier than usual.
Hay crop rather less in quantity, but excellent in quality. Both clover and
rye-grass was good in quality ; and the second growth of clover was excel-
lent. Meadow hay crop less productive than last year, but good in C|uality.
The potato crop was rather above an average ; there was a little disease, but
not much. It did not begin till late in the season, not earlier than the end
of September. The turnip crop was quite equal to last year both in quantity
and quality. The early sown and Swedes brairded well ; the last sowing was
long in brairding, but turned out to be an average crop notwithstanding.
No injury by insects. Weeds injured crops, chiefly "wild mustard. Pastures
w^ere inferior where ground was dry, but on wet ground, of which there is a
good deal, they were very fair ; stock throve on the whole pretty well, and
were free from disease. Clip of wool about an average.

METEOROLOGY OF 1880.

The fine summer of 1880 stands out in marked contrast to the
disastrous summer of 1879, its comparative dryness over the
whole of Scotland, and the unusually high temperature which
characterised the weather of August and September, being
peculiarly favourable for the proper ripening and ingathering of
the grain crops.

In order to show the chief features of the weather of 1880 in
its relations to the crops, seven maps have been constructed, as
in the previous year, showing the degree to which the tempera-
ture rose above the average of each month from April to
October, or fell l3elow it, over all parts of Scotland ; and also
other seven maps, showing the percentage of the rainfall above
or below the average of each of these months. A set of tables
has also been prepared, gi^ung the daily rainfall for the same
months from many places representing the different districts.
From these maps and tables the following account of the
weather of Scotland during the growing months of 1880 has
been prepared, — the maps and tables being lodged with Mr
Menzies, Secretary of the Society : —

April. — In this month the temperature was above the average
in Shetland, Orkney, and in the north and west as far to south-
ward as Islay. The excess was about 3° in Shetland, 2° in Orkney,
and V'o in the Outer Hebrides. It was also above the average
along the shores of the Solway, and in eastern districts from

AND METEOROLOGY OF THE YEAE RELATIVE THERETO. 399

Gordon Castle to Berwick ; but in these cases the excess no-
where amounted to a degree. On the other hand, temperature
was from 0'"5 to V below the average at all inland situations
from Loch ISTess to the Cheviots. The distribution of the rain-
fall was very unequal, being about a third under the average
over a small district near the mouth of the Tweed, and in all
northern districts to the north and north-west of Strathspey.
In all other parts of the country more than the average rain
fell, particularly over the district marked off by a line drawn
from the mouth of the Tay to Ayr, and thence round by Cars-
phairn and Bowhill to Yester, the excess at Wanlockhead being
176, and at Lanark and Edinburgh 150 per cent, above the
average of April. Thus in the extreme north the weather was
unusually warm and dry, but in the inland districts of the south
very wet and somewhat colder than usual.

I^'Lay. — Temperature was slightly above the average from
Culloden northward, over Orkney and Shetland, and along the
west coast as far south as MulL It was also above the average
over eastern districts lying between the Grampians and the
Firth of Forth, the excess being from 1° to V'o. In other parts
of the country it was colder than the average, the lowest tem-
perature being experienced south of the Forth ; Edinburgh, for
example, being 2\ and Lanark and Stobo 1*6' colder than the
average. The rainfall, except in a few spots in the west, was
everywhere under the mean, the amounts varying from a fourth
to two-thirds short of the average of May. Hence in Strath-
more the weather of May may be described as having been drier
and warmer than usual, and from Mid-Lothian to Upper Kiths-
dale and Annandale drier and colder.

June. — Temperature still continued above the average from the
Firth of Forth to the Grampians, and the area of high tempera-
ture extended west through Perthshire, south to Eothesay, then
west to BaiTahead, and north to Shetland, the greatest excess
being 1°"6 at Pitlochrie, and 2° in Skye and the Uists. The
weather was from 0'*5 to V'3 colder than the avemge over all
districts draining into the Moray Firth, aud in the valleys of
the Dee and Don, and also over the whole of the south of Scot-
land. The rainfall was above the average in two districts, the
one including Sutherland and Koss-shire, the excess at Loch-
broom being 54 per cent.; and the other Aberdeenshire aud part
of Strathspey, the rainfall at Cluny Castle being fully double the
usual fall of Jiuie. Elsewliere it was ])elow the avera^je, the
greatest (a lialf to three-fourths short of the average) being in
inland situations from Al)erfeldy to Drumlanrig and liowliill.
Thus over the wliole of the W(;st the weather of June was
wanner than usual, with a rainfall only slightly in excess of the
mean; from Gordon Castle to Inverness colder aud drier; over

400 THE CEKEAL AND OTHER CROPS OF SCOTLAND FOR 1880,

the rest of the Moray Firth and in Aberdeenshire colder and
wetter ; in Strathmore warmer and drier ; and over the whole of
the south of the country drier and colder than usual.

July. — In this month the area of higher temperature is seen
to have contracted into much smaller dimensions, including now
only Strathmore, the north-east of Fife, and western districts
from Eothesay north to North Uist and Skye. In the north of
Orkney and the south of Shetland temperature was also above
the average. Nowhere, however, except at Monach, west of the
Hebrides, did the excess exceed 1°. In all other parts of Scot-
land temperature was below the average, the greatest deficiency,
about 2\ occurring in the districts indicated by the following
stations, ^dz., Lairg, Nairn, Gordon Castle, New Pitsligo, Brae-
mar, Aberdeen, Stronvar, Pentland Hills, Milne-Graden, and
Wolfelee. This is now the fourth month that the temperature
in Strathmore has been above the average, and the temperature
of Mid-Lothian and districts to southward under the average.
If a line be drawn through the east side of the Minch to Mull,
thence east to Balloch Castle, south to Loch Eyan, and thence
curving round by Drumlanrig, Wanlockhead, and Milne-Graden,
it will divide Scotland into two parts, the division to the west
and south having a rainfall under the average, and that to the
east and north above it. Another peculiarity of the rainfall of
July was the strongly-pronounced local character of its distri-
bution. Thus while it was 124 per cent, at Culloden, and 112
at Grantown above the average, it was only 20 at Nairn ; while
it was 133 per cent, at Thirlestane Castle, and 111 at Galashiels
above the average, it was 14 below it at Milne-Graden ; and
while at Stornoway it was 41 per cent, under the average, at
Scourie on the opposite side of the Minch it was 91 per cent,
above it.

August. — This was one of the finest Augusts of recent years.
The temperature over the whole country was above the average,
and very considerably so. The excess rose near to, or slightly ex-
ceeded 4° in three diflerent joarts of the country, viz., Strathmore,
Argyllshire, and the extreme north-west of Scotland, including
the Outer Hebrides. On the other hand, in Berwickshire, the
Cheviots, and across into Cumberland, the excess above the
average scarcely amounted to 2°. In other districts the excess
was generally about 3°. This high temperature was accompanied
with a singularly small rainfall, the deficiency in many places
coming close up to or exceeding 90 per cent, of the usual August
rainfall. At none of the stations was the deficiency less than
50 per cent.

September. — The mean temperature for September was every-
where above the mean, the excess being from 3° to 4° from Barra-
head to North Uist, and on the eastern seaboard from Gordon

AXD METEOEOLOGY OF THE YEAR RELATIVE THERETO. 401

Castle to the month of the Tay ; from 2° to 3° from Fifeshire south-
westward to Bute, in Berwick and Eoxburghshires, and along the
Solway ; and in other parts of Scotland from 1° to 2°. The rainfall
was above the average, from 10 to 33 per cent, to the north of
a line passing through the Minch and the north of Suther-
land and Caithness to Wick; and from 10 to 50 per cent', to
the east of a line passing through Aberdeen, Arbroath, Dundee,
Stirling, Lanark, Wanlockhead, and Silloth, the greatest excess
being on the Lammermoors, Pentland, and Upper Tweeddale.
Everywhere else the rainfall was under the average, particularly
in Skye, Lochbroom, Strathspey, and the mouth of the Clyde, in
all which districts the deficiency fell to, or even under, 50 per
cent.

October. — Everywhere the mean temperature of October was
from 2° to 6° below tlie average of the month, the greatest defi-
ciency of temperature occurring at Lairg, Eoy Bridge, Dalna-
spidal, Pitlochrie, Ayrshire, Upper Clyde, and Tweeddale. In
not a few places, particularly in inland situations, the sharp
frosts which accompanied these exceedingly low mean tempera-
tures did no little damage to the potato and turnip crops. The
rainfall exceeded the average in Mid and East Lothian and east
of Berwickshire, the excess at Edinburgh being 66 per cent. ; and
also to the north of a line passing from Aberdeen through Gran-
town, Inverness, Dunrobin, Scourie, and Stornoway. Everywhere
else the rainfall was very greatly under the average, only a fourth
part of the usual October rainfall having been noted over three-
fourths of the whole surface of Scotland ; and over a broad patch
stretching from the Firth of Clyde to the Tay, the rainfall was
about 90 per cent, below the average. It will be noted that the
foreshores, looking north, of the Firth of Forth, the ^loray Firth,
and the Pentland Firth, had a more than usually heavy rainfall,
while the weather in other parts of the country was singularly
dry, — a marked contrast of not unfrerpient occurrence, with
heavy nortli-east gales.

Generally over the country, tlie harvest commenced about a
fortnight earlier than usual ; in some districts such as Moray,
Banll, and Lower Clydesdale about three weeks earlier ; wliilst
on the other liand, it began only about the average time in Mid
and East Lothian, Selkirk, and Koxburglishires, and in Berwick-
shire it was even four days later than the usual time. These
later districts, it will be noted, mark off the region where tem-
peratures under the average ruled in May, June, and July.

Wlieat and barley were everywhere above the average ; but
tli(^ rains whicli set in in Selkirkshire in harvest darkened the
colour of tlie barley ; and that colour was also damaged in
Upper Banll'shire and in the Uunkeld and Highland districts of

2 C

402 THE CEREAL AND OTHER CROPS OF SCOTLAND FOR 1990.

Perthshire, Over large breadths of Scotland, however, the fine
warm season resulted in a yield and quality of grain singularly
fine, particularly where the autumnal rains did not occur.

Oats generally were above the average, exceptions occurring,
however, in the counties of Dumbarton, Eoss, and Shetland,
where the season proved too dry for a satisfactory yield from this
cereal. In Ayrshire and the lower parts of Banffshire the crop
was an exceptionally good one.

Turnips were generally a very good crop, in some cases
exceptionally so ; but in some districts, such as Easter Eoss,
the drought resulted in a crop a third under the average, and in
other districts the early frosts of the latter half of October
seriously injured the crop.

Potatoes were above an average crop everywhere, except in
Skye, where the crop was a fourth under the average. The
severe frost about the 20th October did no little damaoje to the
crop in the drills and in pits in the counties of Eoxburgh, Ayr,
Lanark, Perth, Kincardine, and Aberdeen, or in those districts
where the frost was locally most severe. The returns regarding
the appearance and prevalence of disease are of the greatest im-
portance as marking the beginning of a practical inquiry into
the spread of the potato disease. It is as yet premature to draw
any conclusions from the data ; but it is interesting to note that
but little disease, and in many cases no disease at all, appeared
on the lands sloping down to the Moray Firth, and along the
Caledonian Canal ; and that the disease was worst to the south
of the Firth of Forth ;• in other words, precisely over that wide
district where the skies had been less clear and the temperature
less genial than elsewhere, and most particularly where the late
autumnal rains set in with more than their usual amount and fre-
quency. The returns referring to the different degrees in which
the different varieties of the potato resist or succumb to the
inroads of the disease is another branch of the inquiry which
will, it may be safely predicted, lead, in a year or two, to results
of the highest importance to the farmer.

(5 -" - ? i; J

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408

TABLE No. 9, — Average Prices (per Imperial Quarter) of Home-grown Wheat,
Barley, and Oats in the Weekly Market of Edinburgh for the Years
1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, and 1880.

^11

2-- t

WHEAT.

BAELEY.

OATS.

:ii o :±
o ^ —

1876.

IS'i

•7.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1876.

1877.

1878.

1879

1880.

1 1876.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880.

s. d.

6. d.

s. d.

55 1

39 2

43 1

34 10

33 3

33 10

27 9

27 7

21 6

26 7

55 8

38 0

46 11

35 0

33 11

33 3

27 0

28 4

21 8

26 5

49 0

40 4

39 2

34 6

34 11

32 9

27 8

28 3

22 0

26 6

44 10

38 3

38 6

34 8

33 8

34 2

27 6

28 7

22 1

26 10

45 3

35 0

32 7

28 7

fl
2

42 5

38 0

37 1

33 11

31 5

34 3

27 3

28 3

21 10

26 2

43 4

37 6

36 1

34 4

32 4

34 3

33 10

28 0

28 10

21 8

25 11

39 6

38 6

38 3

34 7

31 10

34 10

28 0

28 3

22 1

27 9

42 7

38 6

41 7

34 3

32 3

35 8

29 3

29 4

22 1

27 8

41 10

38 4

38 9

35 4

32 6

35 10

29 5

30 11

23 1

28 6

43 3

39 9

35 9

36 11

32 1

38 4

29 0

31 0

22 8

27 7

?3 \

43 5

40 0

41 1

38 1

34 5

37 5

30 2

31 8

22 11

29 1

44 0

42 0

44 10

37 7

33 1

37 7

30 0

28 10

30 11

23 7

28 10

•

51 11

30 11

29 0

46 5

42' 5

42 4

36* 0

33 2

38 4

29 2

31 11

24 4

30 1

I— <

46 3

42 0

44 11

37 9

31 8

36 8

29 3

32 9

23 5

28 10

s< *

46 4

41 10

39 6

37 9

34 10

37 4

29 9

32 5

23 2

29 4

4
5

45 11

46 6

42 2

42 6

38 6

32 9

38 5

29 8

32 0

23 8

29 6

41 6

37 0

24 6

46 1

42 1

42 3

37 5

31 10

36 6

30 5

31 5

24 2

28 6

43 9

42 11

44 0

37 3

30 5

34 4

30 10

31 7

24 8

29 6

43 4

41 9

40 11

37 8

31 6

34 7

30 4

31 6

23 8

29 3

41 11

42 10

43 0

36 8

30 9

36 0

31 3 1 30

31 5

24 2

29 7

41 11

30 4

28 5

•

32 5

31 10

37 4

41 6

44 1

33 10

29 9

33 4

32 4

32 3

24 3

29 4

42 6

41 11

43 6

34 7

29 5

37 3

27 11 1

33 1

30 11

24 2

29 7

§■

36 7

41 5

41 8

34 2

30 2

37 0

32 2

31 7

24 7

29 8

i-s

39 2

41 2

39 4

33 8

29 3

36 10

31 8

30 11

25 2

29 4

38 6

26 111

•

30 5

47'

36* 0

43" 5

38 6

32'

34' 2

29 0

35" 8

31 7

31 2

24 10

29 6

35 11

43 9

43 7

33 1

25 6

36 9

31 4

31 2

25 8

28 11

"3 ■

38 8

44 8

43 4

29 8

26 11

35 2

30 4

31 7

25 11

31 2

i-s

37 11

47 5

42 0

34 5

27 6

34 4

27 10 1

31 0

31 2

26 6

29 8

48 5

27 8

43'

57 10

38 4

48 0

39' 4

32'

33*10

27 9

38* 2

31 0

30 6

28 2

29 11

39 4

46 11

33 10

33 3

26 7

31 8

31 4

30 8

28 4

30 0

38 10

45 10

40 8

34 11

26 8

31 3

30 5

29 1

29 5

37 9

46 8

40 5

35 3

25 1

35 0

30 8

30 3

29 6

27 6

38 11

34 8

32 6

33 4

30 5

•

53 ri

58 11

38 4

44 11

36 0

38 11

31 8

40 3

32 9

31 4

29 6

23 7

38 11

45 11

31 2

31 7

35 7

31 0

29 11

29 10

24 0

37 10

46 9

32 3

30 2

35 11

29 10

27 1

29 4

24 5

38 4

50 8

38 5

36 1

35 7

36 4

28 5

25 4

28 1

24 4

0?
02

•

36 6

23 8

60 10

44 4

52 9

39 8

34 7

34 1

27 3

25 2

25 8

23 8

36 6

54 0

43 5

32 10

35 4

37 2

27 10

24 9

28 4

24 2

o .

36 5

55 9

42 4

34 3

33 5

34 10

27 6

26 5

26 8

23 11

39 7

59 0

40 7

31 3

36 4

35 10

28 10

24 11

26 10

23 6

57 10

38 6

56 7

32 1

35 0

32 5

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25 10

26 4

^1
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40 2

53 6

42 0

32 8

33 8

31 3

30 0

25 3

24 9

23 4

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40 6

43 11

46 0,

32 0

34 9

30 6

28 10

24 9

25 2

23 2

39 1

53 7

44 2

32 6

34 9

30 3

28 4

28 :

23 6

25 0

24 7

39 6

47 6

46 9

33 1

34 8

29 7

27 5

22 6

23 5

24 9

i^;

•

27 4

•

40 2

42 0

43 0

32' 8

36 7

30 8

27 5

21 9

24 5

24 6

41 8

45 6

46 4

32 6

34 4

34 1

27 6

22 8

23 11

23 9

40 2

49 10

37 4

32 2

33 11

33 3

26 7

21 7

24 1

23 6

40 0

47 5

42 10

32 3

33 3

33 8

27 11

21 5

25 8

23 5

•

40 2

49 8

46 0

•

33 3

32 2

•

21 7

26 9

23 3

APPENDIX (A).

PEOCEEDIXGS AT BOAllD ilEETIXGS.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 4th FEBRUARY 1880.

Present. — Lord Arthur Cecil, Sir Michael Pu Shaw Stewart of Blackhall, Bart. ;
Sir Hew Dalrymple of North Berwick, Bart. ; Sir James R. Gibson- Maitlaud of
■•Clifton Hall, Bart. ; Mr Dickson of Corstorphine ; Mr Dingwall, Rainoruie : Mr Scott
Dudgeon, Longnewton ; Mr Forman, Duncrahall ; Mr Gillon of Wallhouse ; Mr Hope,
Duddingston ; Mr Irvine of Drum ; Mr Kirkwood, Killermont ; Mr Eliott Lockhart of
Boithwickhrae ; Mr Mackenzie of Portmore ; Mr Mylne, Niddrie Mains ; Mr Ritchie
of Middleton ; Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains ; Mr Smith, Whittinghanie ; Mr J.
Tumbull Smith, C.A. ; Mr Williamson of Lawers ; Professor Wilson ; Dr. Aitken. —
Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains, and afterwards Sir James R. Gibson Maitland, Bart, in
the chair.

Mr F. N. Mexzies reported apologies for the absence of Mr Cunningham, Tar-
breoch ; I\Ir Harris, Earnhill ; Mr Kennedy of Sundaywell, Brandleys ; Mr Ralston,
Glamis House ; Mr Smith, chief magistrate, Kelso ; Mr Walker of Bowland, C. B.

Perth Show, 1879. — Letters were submitted from Sir John Ogilvy, Bart., convener
of Forfar ; Mr Whyte Melville of Bennochy, convener of Fife ; and Mr Young of
Cleish, convener of Kinross, acknowledging the votes of thanks passed at last general
meeting.

Date of Calculating the Age of Cattle. — It was resolved that the dates of
calving of cattle should be calculated from 1st December in place of 1st January, and
that this alteration should commence at the Stirling Show in 1881,

Chemical Department. — The remits from the last general meeting in regard to
Mr W. P. Hope's motion at Perth, and as to procuring premises for a laboratory, were
referred to the chemical department.

Essays and Reports. — Several new subjects were added to the Premium-Book for
the current year.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 3d MARCH 1880.

Present. — Lord Arthur Cecil ; Sir James Ramsay Gibson-Maitland of Clifton
■Hall, Bart. ; Mr Dingwall, Ramornie ; Mr Scott Dudgeon, Longnewton ; Mr
Forman, Duncraliill ; Mr Hope, Duddingston ; Mr Irvine of Drum ; Mr Kennedy of
Sundaywell, Brandleys; Mr Myhie, Niddrie Mains; Mr Ritchie of Middleton; Mr
Smith, chief magistrate, Kelso; Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains; Mr Smith, Whitting-
hanie ; Mr John TuriiliuU Smith, C.A. ; Professor Wilson ; and Dr Aitken. — Mr
Smith, Stevenson Mains, in the chair.

Mr F. N. Menzies reported apologies for the absence of Sir George D. Clerk of
Penicuik, Bart.; Mr Hendrie of Larliert ; Mr Hog of Newliston ; Mr Eliott Lockliart
of J^orthwickhrae ; Mr Murray of DoUerie ; Mr Ralston, Glamis House; and Mr
Walker of Bowland, C.B.

Kklho Show, ISHO—Railwa)/ Accmnmndati<yn. — Tlie Secretary read a letter from
^Ir Walker, general manager of the North British Railway, stating that the company
have secured jtossession of the necessary land for additional accommodation at Kelso,
and that the plan is in course of preparation by their engineer.

Stallion for /district of Show.— The Secretary re|»orted that Messrs Thomas Penny,
Bartlehill ; John Usher, Stoilrig ; and Adam Smith, Stevenson Mains (the judges
a)>pointed to .select the stallion to serve in the district connected with the Kelso Show)
liad, at the competition at Glasgow on the •J4th February, awarded the prize of i.150

2 PEOCEEDIXGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

to Mr Joseph Bulloch, Cockniiiir, Spriugbnm, for his bay horse " Zulu." The charge
for service to be £2, and grooms's fee 2s. 6d., to be paid at the end of the season, and
£2 extra for every foal. The horse to l)e shown at Kelso market on the first Friday in
April, and to commence then to travel the district — the counties of Berwick, Roxburgh,
Selkirk, and Peebles. The travelling to cease on 10th July, but the horse to remain
at Kelso till after the general show— viz., 30th July.

Stirling Show, 1881.— It was resolved that Galloway cattle at the Stirling Shov\' in
1881 must be entered in the Herd-Book, or the exhibitor must produce evidence that
his animal is eligilde to be entered therein.

Death of Mr Scott Plummer axd Mr Hugh Kirkwood. — The following reso-
lutions were unanimously adopted : " That the Directors of the Highland and Agricul-
tural Society of Scotland desire to express the deep and sincere regret with Avhich they
have received the intimation of the death of Mr Charles Scott Plummer of Sunderland
Hall, one of their number, and their sense of the obligations which the Society owed to
him while acting as a member of the board during the years 1863 to 1867, and from
1878 till the period of his death.

" That the Directors of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland have to
record their deep regret at the loss which the Society has sustained by the death of Mr
Hugh Kirkwood, Killermont, a member of the board, and their sense of the assistance
rendered by him as a judge of stock at the Society's general shows, and the interest he
uniformly took in the general affairs of the Society.

" That the Directors request the Secretary to transmit a copy of these resolutions to
Mr Charles Henry Scott Plummer and Mrs Hugh Kirkwood respectively, with their
respectful condolence and sympathy upon the occasion of the painful bereavement
which they and their families have sustained."

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 7th APRIL 1880.

Present. — Mr Dickson of Corstorphine ; Mr Dingwall, Ramornie ; Mr Scott Dud-
geon, Longnewton ; Mr Hog of Newliston ; Mr Hope, Duddingston ; Mr Murray of
DoUerie ; Mr Mylne, Niddrie Mains ; Mr Ritchie of Middleton ; Mr Smith, "SVhitting-
hame ; Professor Wilson ; Dr Aitken — Mr Hog of Newliston in the chair.

Mr F. N. Menzies reported apologies for the absence of Sir George D. Clerk of
Penicuik, Bart. ; Mr Irvine of Drum ; Mr Kennedy (of Sundaywell), Brandleys ; Mr
Eliott Lockhart of Borthwickbrae ; Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains ; Mr John Turnbull
Smith, C.A.

The Late Mr Hugh Kirkwood. — A letter was read from Mrs Kirkwood, Killer-
mont, expressing her deep sense of gratitude to the Directors for their sympathy with
her in her sudden and great bereavement.

Argyll Naval Fund. — On the recommendation of the Committee in charge of the
Argyll Naval Fund, a fifth naval cadet (Mr Louis Wentworth Chetwynd) was added to
the list of recipients.

Agricultural Education. — The reports of the Agricultural and Forestry examina-
tions were submitted, from which it appeared that the ■s\Titten examinations were held
on the 29th and 30th, and the oral examinations on the 31st March, and resulted in
two candidates passing for the diploma, four for first and four for second class certifi-
cates in agriculture ; two for first and one for second class certificates in forestry. The
two prizes of £6 and £4, given by the Society in books to the class of agriculture in the
University of Edinburgh, were also annoimced to have been awarded after special
examination.

Veterinary Department.— It was reported that the examinations for the Society's
veterinary certificate took place on the 5th, 6th, and 7th instant, and resulted in twelve
out of twenty passing. The preliminary examination of younger students was held at
the same time, when twenty-six entered their names and twenty-five passed.

Kelso Show 1880. — Letters to the conveners of the counties connected with show-
Berwick, Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles — and to the chief magistrate of Kelso, in
regard to the nomination of the local committee, were submitted and approved of.

Stirling Show 1881. — The board approved of letters being addressed to the con-
veners of the counties embraced in the aistrict of the show — Stirling, Dumbarton, and
Clackmannan, and the western division of Perthshire — anent the auxiliary subscription.
Case of the Queen against Hopkins. — A circular was submitted from Mr H. J.
Hine, secretary of the Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland, sending an
extract from the minutes of a meeting of the council, held on the 2d March, in which
was embodied a report of the case against Hopkins, who was tiled before the Lord
Chief-Justice for receiving money under false pretences. The prosecution was con-

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 3

ducted by the Birmingham Agricultural Exhibition Society. Hopkins exhibited at
the show of tlie said society in March 1875 a bull called Grand Patriot Second, and he
represented that it was a pure-bred shorthorn bull, and certified that it had a pedigree
of five crosses. The bull gained a prize of £20. It was afterwards discovered that the
bull was not pure-bred, and that the pedigree was fabricated by Hopkins, and the
charge in the indictment was for fabrication of this false pedigree and receiving the
prize of £20 awarded on the faith of that pedigree. Hopkins was found guilty, with a
recommendation to mercy, and the Lord Chief-Justice sentenced him to imprisonment-,
with hard labour, for three calendar months.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 5th MAY 1S80.

Present. — Sir James R. Gibson-Maitland of Clifton Hall, Bart. ; Professor Balfour ;
Mr Scott Dudgeon, Longnewton ; Mr Forman, Duncrahill ; Mr Hog of Newliston ;
Mr Kennedy (of Sundaywell), Brandleys ; Mr John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton ;
Mr Murray of Dollerie ; Mr Mylne, Niddrie Mains ; Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains ; Mr
Smith, Whittinghame ; Mr Williamson of Lawers ; Professor Wilson ; Dr Aitken —
Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains, in the chair.

Mr F. N. Menzies reported apologies for the absenceof the [Marquis of Lothian, K.T.,
president ; Lord Polwarth ; Sir George D. Clerk of Penicuik, Bart. ; Mr Cunningham,
Tarbreoch ; Mr Dickson of Corstorphine ; Mr Dingwall, Ramornie ; Mr Hope, Dud-
dingston ; Mr Irvine of Drum ; Mr Eliott Lockhart of Borthwickbrae ; Mr Ralston,
Glamis House ; Mr Ritchie of Middleton ; Mr John Turnbull Smith, C. A, ; Mr Smith,
chief magistrate, Kelso ; and Mr Walker of Rowland, C.B.

The Late Mr M'Dougal, Granton Mains. — Before proceeding to the business on
the programme, the Directors resolved to record in their minutes the deep regret with
which they had received the intimation of the death of Mr Alexander M'Dougal,
Granton Mains, Edinburgh, and their sense of the assistance which the Society had
received from him as a Director and member of the Veterinary Committee ; and
instructed the Secretary to send a copy of the resolution to Mr M'Dougal's relatives.

Date of Calving of Galloway Cattle. — At the request of the Galloway Cattle
Society, the Directors agreed that the date of calving of Galloway cattle exhibited at
the Society's general and district shows should be as from on and after the 1st of
January.

GxVELic Society of Perth. — A letter was submitted from Mr Alexander Fraser,
Perth, intimating that a Gaelic Society had been formed in Perth, and sending a copy
of the constitution and rules of the association, which has for its object the moral and
intellectual improvement of the members and the cultivation of the Gaelic language.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 2d June 1880.

Present. — Lord Arthur Cecil ; Hon. Henry Constable Maxwell Stuart of Traquair ;
Sir James R. Gibson-Maitland of Clifton Hall, Bart. ; Mr Cunningham, Tarbreoch ; Mr
Dickson of Corstorphine ; Mr Dingwall, Ramornie ; Mr Scott Dudgeon, Longnewton ;
Mr Harris, Earnhill ; Mr Irvine of Drum ; Mr Eliott Lockhart of Borthwickbrae; Mr
Mylne, Niddrie Mains ; Mr Smith, chief magistrate, Kelso ; Mr Smith, Stevenson
Mains ; Mr Smith, Wliittinghame ; Mr Campbell Swiiiton of Kimmerghame ; Dr
Aitken — Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains, in the chair.

Mr F. N. Menzies reported apologies for the absence of the Earl of Haddington;
Lord Polwarth ; Sir George D. Clerk of Penicuik. Bart. ; Mr Gillon of Wallhouse ; Mr
Hope, Duddiiigston ; Mr Kennedy (of Sundaywell), Brandleys; Mr Ralston, Glam;.s
House ; Mr John Turnbull Smith, C.A. ; Mr WWker of Bowland, C.B. ; and Professor
Wilson.

Date of Calving of Ayrshire Cattle.— On a letter being read from the Hon
G. R. Vernon, Auchens House, Kilmarnock, the comi)iler of the Ayrshire Herd-Book,
the 1)oard resolved that the date of calculating the birth of Ayrshire cattle exhibited at
tlie Society's general and district shows should be as from on and after the 1st of
January.

Finance.— The following notice of motion by the Hon. George Waldegrave Leslie
for the general meeting on the IGth of Juiie was read :—" That, considering the very
large amount of capital accumulated and still accumulating in the hands of the
treasurer of the Highland Society, it is desirable that more money should be annually

4 PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

spent by the Directors of the Society in promoting the objects for which the Society was
originally founded, and for the promotion of which it now holds its royal charters."

Chemical Department. — At the meeting of the board on the 6th of May, Mr Scott
Dudgeon, Longnewton, stated that as he had made arrangements to spend the month
of June on the Continent, he could not be present at the general meeting on the 16th
of that month, and he wished to postpone bringing forward his motion (of which he
had given notice) — that Mr Hope's motion, Avhich was carried at Perth, be rescinded —
till the Kelso showyard meeting in July, Mr Hope, to whom he had spoken, being
agreeable to the postponement. The board acceded to the request, and Mr Dudgeon
undertook to send the terms of his motion before the June meeting of the board, in
order that there may be ample time to consider it previous to the Kelso meeting.

The second part of the motion relating to Field Experiments will be found at page 15 ;
and the first part with leference to Chemical Analyses at page 21.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 16th JUNE 1880.

Present. — Lord Napier and Ettrick, K.T. ; Sir James R. Gibson-Maitland of Clifton
Hall, Bart. ; Mr Cunningham, Tarbreoch ; Mr Dingwall, Ramornie ; Mr Gillon of
Wallhouse ; Mr Hope, Duddiugston ; Mr Kennedy (of Sundaywell), Braudleys ; Mr
Eliott Lockhart of Borthwickbrae ; Mr Mackenzie of Portmore ; Mr Mylne, Niddrie
Mains ; Mr Ralston, Glands House ; Mr Ritchie of Middleton ; ]\Ir Smith, Stevenson
Mains ; Mr Smith, Whittinghame ; Mr John Turnbull Smith, C.A. ; Mr Campbell
Swinton of Kimmerghame ; Mr Walker of Rowland, C.B. ; and Dr Aitken.

Apologies were reported for the absence of the Earl of Haddington ; Mr Dickson of
Corstorphine ; Mr Murray of Dollerie ; Mr Smith, chief magistrate, Kelso ; Major
Wauchope of Niddrie Marischal ; and Mr Williamson of Lawers.

The business had reference principally to the subjects to be brought before the
general meeting of this date.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 21sT JULY 1880.

Present — Lord Napier and Ettrick, K.T. ; Sir Hew Dalrymple of North Berwick,
Bart. ; Sir James R. Gibson-Maitland of Clifton Hall, Bart. ; Mr Graham Binny, W.S. ;
Mr Dickson of Corstorphine ; Mr Dingwall, Ramornie ; Mr Scott Dudgeon, Long-
newton ; ]\Ir Gillon of Wallhouse ; Mr Eliott Lockhart of Borthwickbrae ; Mr Mac-
kenzie of Portmore ; 'Mr Mylne, Niddrie Mains ; Mr Ritchie of Middleton ; Mr Smith,
Stevenson Mains; Mr Smith, Whittinghame ; Mr John Turnbull Smith, C.A. ; Mr
Walker of Rowland, C.B. ; Mr Williamson of Lawers ; Professor Wilson — Lord Napier
and Ettrick in the chair.

Mr F. N. Menzies reported apologies for the absence of the Earl of Haddington,
Mr Ir\ ine of Drum, Mr Kennedy of Sundaywell, Brandleys ; Mr Mui-ray of Dollerie ;
and Mr Smith, chief magistrate, Kelso.

Date of Calving of Cattle. — The petition of the Carrick Farmers' Society, pray-
ing that the resolution recently adopted l)y the Highland Society as to calculating the
dates of calving of cattle from 1st December instead of 1st January might be rescinded
and the former rule reverted to, which was remitted by the last general meeting to the
Directors, was considered.

The Board resolved that the date of calving of all cattle exhibited at the Society's
General and District Shows should be counted, as from on and after the 1st January,
except those of the polled Angus or Aberdeen breed, whicJi are to be calculated as from
on and after 1st December.

SPECIAL MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 1st SEPTEMBER 1880.

Present — Mr Dingwall, Ramornie ; Mr Scott Dudgeon, Longnewton ; Mr Gillon of
Wallhouse ; Mr Hope, Duddingston ; Mr Eliott Lockhart of Borthwickbrae ; Mr
Mackenzie of Portmore ; Mr Mylne, Niddrie Mains ; Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains ;
Mr Smith, Whittinghame ; Mr J. Turnlndl Smith, C.A. ; Mr Campbell Swinton of
Kimmerghame — Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains, in the chair.

PEOCEEDINGS AT BOAKD :\]EETIXGS. 5

Mr F. N. Mexzies reported apologies for the absence of Lord Napier and Ettrick,
K.T. ; Mr Graham Binuy, W.S. ; Mr Dickson of Corstorpliine ; Mr Irvine of Drum ;
Mr Kennedy of Sunday well, Brandlej s ; 'Mr Murray of DoUerie : Mr Smith, chief
magistrate, Kelso ; and Professor Wilson.

Chemical Department. — In conformity with the recommendation from the general
meeting of the Society held at Kelso on the 28th of July, a Committee of ten members
was nominated to consider and report on the subject-matter embraced in. Mr Scott
Dudgeon's proposed resolutions.

General Shows.— According to the present rotation, the General Show for 1882
should be held at Inverness, but, on a suggestion by the Secretary, the Board agreed
to recommend to the next general meeting to hold the Show for that year at Glasgow,
and to postpone Inverness till 1883, with the view of holding the General Show at
Edinburgh in 1884, the year of the centenary of the Society. The Secretary also sub-
mitted a sclieme for altering the order in which the districts are visited, so that three
Shows should be held between Edinburgh and Glasgow, in place of five and one, as at
present.

International Exhibition of Wool, &c.— The Secretary stated that he had
received a letter from 'Sir P. L. Simmonds, Superintendent of the International Exhi-
bitions Department, Crystal Palace, Sydenham, S.E., intimating that the Directors of
tlie Crystal Palace Company intend to hold an international exhibition next year of
wool and woollen manufactures and their allied industries.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 3d NOVEMBER 1880.

Preseni— The Earl of Haddington; Lord Rear; Lord Polwarth ; Sir James R.

(4ibson-Maitland of Clifton Hall, Bart. ; Mr Cunningham, Tarbreoch ; Mr Dingwall,

I'uimornie ; Mr Scott Dudgeon, Longnewton ; Mr Gillon of Wallhouse ; Mr Hope,

Duddiugston ; Mr Irvine of Drum ; Mr Eliott Lockhart of Borthwickbrae ; Mr Murray

of Dollerie ; Mr Mylne, Niddrie Mains ; Mr Ritcliie of Middleton ; Mr Smith, chief

Stevenson Mains, in the chair.

Mr F. N. Menzies reported apologies for the absence of Mr Dickson, of Corstor-
phine; Mr Kennedy of Sundaywcdl, Brandleys ; and Mr Ralston, Glamis House.

Before proceeding with the business on the programme, the following resolutions
were passed : —

The Late Mr Kenneth Mackenzie, C. A.— That the Directors of the Highland and
Agricultural Society of Scotland desire to express the deep and sincere regret with
which they have received the intimation of the death of Mr Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A. ;
and their sense of the obligations which the Society owed to liim as examiner in book-
keeping under the Society's Educational Charter since 1857, and as Auditor of Accounts
for a period of twenty years.

The Late Mr Oru of Over Whitton.— That the death of Mr John Ord of Over
Whitton having been communicated to the Directors of the Highland and Agricultural
Society of Scotland, they resolved to record their sorrow for his loss, and their sense of
hi.s services as a member and a Director ot the Society.

Perth Show, 1879. — The premiums awarded for two-year-old ]>olled Angus or
Aberdeen and Galloway heifers, and lor mares in foal, at the late Show at Perth (pay-
ment of wliich has been susjtcnded till birth of produce was certifieil), were reported
U> have been finally deci.led as follow •.—Polh-il Anr/us or Aherdeen Heifers— \ and 3,
.J<.hu Hannay, Gavenwood, Eianff, for " Corriemulzie IL" (3415) an<l '' Kate of Glen-
barry IV." (3512); 2, William J. Tavler, Rothiemay House, Huntly,for "Kate
Darling" (3573). (ialluxnay Hii/ns—\, 2, and 3, the Duke of Hncleuch an.l Queens-
btriy, K.G., for "Alice III. of Drumianrig" (298(5), ''Harriet IX. of Drumlanrig"
(2980), an<l " Princess U. of Drundanrig " (299U). Mures in Fml—l, Robert Loder,
Whittlebury, Towcester, for "Jess;" 2, William Brork, Barns of Clyde, Yoker, for
"Lily;" 3, Thomas Muirhead (Crookedstonu), Townhill Store, Dunfermline, for
" Young Je.ssie ;" 4, no reward— none of the other animals having produced foals in
terms of the remdalions.

Rotation of (Jkneral Shows.— The Secretary stated that, in accordance with tlie
instructions given at the Special Meeting of the Board held on the 1st of Sei»teniber,
he had communicated to the Conveners of all the connties connected witli tluf (Jlasgow
and Inverness districts the pr(»i)0sal to hold the Show at Glasgow in 1882, and at
Inverness in 1883, with the view of holding the (Jenernl Show at Edinburgh in 1884,
the year of the centenary of the Society. The result was that there were no obji-ctioiis

6 PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

to the proposal from those counties and towns which have rei^lied, but that Cromarty
and Sutherland and the town of Inverness had sent no answer.

District Competitions. — The premiums awarded for brood mares in the district of
Auchtermuchty, at the competition held there in 1879, were announced to have been
tinally adjudged as follow : — 1st and 3d, James Blyth, Leckiebauk ; 2d, James Thoni,
Leden Urquhart.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 1st DECEMBER 1880.

Present — The Earl of Haddington ; Lord Arthur Cecil ; Lord Reay ; Sir Alexander
Muir Mackenzie of Delvine, Bart. ; Professor Balfour ; Mr Graham Binny, W.S. ; Mr
Cunningham, Tarbreoch ; Mr Dickson, of Corstorphine ; Mr Dingwall, Ramornie ; Mr
Scott Dudgeon, Longnewtou ; Mr Dundas of Arniston ; Mr Gillon of Wallhouse ; ]\Ir
Maxtone Graham of Cultoquhey ; Mr Hope, Duddingston ; Mr Irvine of Drum ; Mr
Eliott Lockhart of Borthwickbrae ; Mr Mackenzie of Portmore; Mr Myine, Niddrie
Mains ; Mr Smith, Whittinghame ; Mr J. Turnbull Smith, C.A. ; Mr Walker of Bow-
land, C.B. ; Mr Williamson of Lawers ; Professor Wilson — The Earl of Haddington,
and afterwards Lord Reay, in the chair.

Mr F. N. Menzies reported apologies for the absence of the INIarquis of Lothian,
K.T., president ; Lord Polwarth ; Mr Ralston, Glamis House; Mr Smith, Stevenson
Mains ; Mr Smith, chief magistrate, Kelso.

The Late Mr Kenneth Mackenzie and Mr John Ord.— Letters were read from
Mrs Kenneth Mackenzie and Mrs John Ord conveying their grateful thanks to the
Directors for the expressed appreciation of their late husbands' services to the Society.

Rotation of Shows. — A letter was submitted from Mr Alexander Dallas, town-
clerk, Inverness, sending extracts from minutes of meetings of the Magistrates and
Town Council of Inverness disapproving of the proposed iJost^Donement of the Inverness
Show from 1882 to 1883.

A letter was reported from Mr William Bartlemore, County Buildings, Paisley,
stating that Renfrewshire approved of the proposal to hold tlie General Show at Glas-
gow in 1882,

SPECIAL MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 29th DECEMBER 1880.

Present — Professor Balfour ; Mr Dickson of Corstorphine ; Mr Forman, Duncra-
hill ; Mr Gillon of Wallhouse ; Mr Maxtone Graham of Cultoquhey ; Mr Hope,
Duddingston ; Mr Kennedy of Sundaywell, Brandleys ; Mr Mackenzie of Portmore ;
Mr Murray of Dollerie ; Mr Mylne, Niddrie Mains ; Mr John Turnbull Smith, C.A. ;
Mr Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame ; Mr Walker of Bowland, C.B. ; Dr Aitken.

Apologies were reported for the absence of Lord Napier and Ettrick, K.T. ; Mr
Cunningliam, Tarbreoch ; Mr Dingwall, Ramornie ; Mr Dundas of Arniston ; ilr
Irvine of Drum ; Mr Eliott Lockhart of Borthwickbrae ; Mr Ralston, Glamis House ;
Mr Smith, chief magistrate, Kelso ; and Professor Wilson.

The business had reference to the nomination of office-bearers.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 5th JANUARY 1881.

Present — Lord Polwarth ; Sir Alexander Muir Mackenzie of Delvine, Bart. ; Mr
Dickson of Corstorphine ; Mr Dingwall, Ramornie ; Mr Scott Dudgeon, Longnewton ;
Mr Forman, Duncrahill ; Mr Gillon of Wallhouse ; Mr Maxtone Graham of Cultoquhey ;
Mr Hope, Duddingston ; Mr Eliott Lockhart of Borthwickbrae ; Mr Mackenzie of
Portmore ; Mr Mylne, Niddrie Mains ; Mr Ralston, Glamis House ; Mr Smith,
Stevenson Mains ; Mr Smith, Whittinghame ; Mr John Turnbull Smith, C.A. ; Mr
Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame ; I\lr Walker of Bowland, C.B. ; Major Wauchope
of Niddrie Marischal ; Dr Aitken — Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains, in the chair.

Mr F. N. Menzies reported apologies for the absence of Lord Napier and Ettrick,
K.T. ; Mr Irvine of Drum ; Mr Kennedy of Sundaywell, Brandleys ; Mr Ritchie of
Middleton ; Mr Smith, chief niagistrate, Kelso ; Professor Wilson.

Office-Bearers. — The Secretary reported that the names of the noblemen and
gentlemen to be pro})osed liy the Directors at the General Meeting on the 19th current

PROCEEDIXGS AT BOAED MEETINGS. 7

to till the vacancies in tlie list of Office-Bearers for 1881 had been published, in terms
of the Bye-Laws.

LoupiNG-iLL AND Braxy.— A memorial from the Teviotdale Farmers' Club in regard
to Louping-ill and Braxy, which was postponed at last meeting, was, on the motion of
Mr Eliott Lockhart, seconded by Lord Polwarth, referred to' a Committee, consisting
of Professor Wilson, Professor Williams, Dr Aitken, Mr Grieve, Skelfhill ; Mr Elliot,
Blackhaugh ; Rev. John Gillespie, Mouswald Manse ; Mr Eliott Lockhart of Borth-
wickbrae ; and Mr Smith, Whittinghame, for consideration and report — Mr Eliott
Lockhart, convener — with power to add to their number. The Committee, in the first
l^lace, to j-eport the nature of the course they would recommend to adopt, and to give
an estimate of the cost the enquiry is likely to involve.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.— The Board resolved to memorialise Her Majesty's
Privy Council on the outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in England, and to request
that the Local Authorities be warned to take immediate steps imder the Contagious
Diseases (Animals) Act to prevent the spread of that disease to Scotland, and if neces-
sary to stop the transit of cattle from England into Scotland.

CHEmcAL Department,— The Report by the Special Committee was submitted to
the Directors, and the Secretary was instructed to advertise that copies could be had
on api^lication to him.

General Meeting.— The programme of business for the Anniversary General fleet-
ing on the 19th current w\as arranged.

New ^Iembers. — The list of candidates for admission as members was submitted.

General Sho^^s.— Stirling Shoio 1881.— Tlie report of the meeting of members held
at Stirling on the 17th December was submitted, from which it appeared that a motion
to increase the first prize for agricultural stallions from £35 to £50 was approved of,
subject to the decision of the Directors.

The Board resolved to adhere to the premium list as submitted.

Glasgovj Show, 18S2.— The list of classes of stock, as prepared by the Committee
on General Shows, was approved of by a meeting of members, held at Glasgow on the
15th December, subject to the following additions and alterations, suggested for the
consuleration of the Directors :— Fii-st, That in Ayrshires the family prize and the
section for cows and heifers in calf be deleted, and the following added— 1, Cow in
milk or in calf of any age, bred by exhibitor ; 2, cow in calf, calved before 1st January
1879 ; 3, heifer in calf, calved on or after 1st January 1879. Second, That in horses
there should be the following additional sections : — 1, Family Prize — the family to
consist of five animals, foaled before 1st January 1880 (male or female, the oflspring of
one sire), not necessarily the property of one person ; 2, Family Prize — the family to
consist of five animals, foaled on or after 1st January 1880 (male or female, the ofi-
.s])ring of one sire), not necessarily the property of one person ; 3, mare or gelding
sliown in harness, regularly worked in a town, and not the property of a farmer ;
stallion for agricultural purposes, to serve in the district of the Show in season 1882.

The Board adopted the suggestions, with exception of No. 3.

Implement Department.— The recommendations by the Machinery Committee for
the rearrangement of tliis dejiartment were reported, and the Directors agreed to give
the proposals a trial. See p. 20.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, IQth JANUARY 1881.

P resent— Ijonl Arthur Cecil ; Lord Napier and Ettrick, K.T. ; Sir Alexander Muir
Mackenzie of Delviue, Bart. ; Mr Cunningham, Tarl)reoch ; Mr Dingwall, Ramornie ;
Mr Scott Dudgeon, Longnewton ; Mr Gillon of Wallhouse ; Mr Maxtone Graham of
<;ultoquhey ; Mr Hope, Duddingston ; ^Ir Irvine of Drum ; Mr Kennedy of Suuday-
w».-ll, Brandleys ; Mr Eliott Lockhart of Borthwickbrae ; Mr Mackenzie of Portmore ;
Mr Murray of Dollerie ; Mr Mylne, Niddrie Mains; Mr Ralston, Glamis House ; Mr
Ritchie of Middleton ; Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains ; Mr Smith, Wliittinghame ; Mr
John Turnbull Smith, C.A. ; Mr Campbell Swiuton of Kimnierghame ; Pi-ofessor
Wilson — Lord Napier and Ettrick, K.T., in the chair. Apologies were reported for
thf absence of Mr Hog of Xcwliston ; and Mr Snath, chief magistrate, Kelso.
^ The business had reference i)rinri])ally to the subjects to be brought before the
jgeiuiid meeting of tJjis date.

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

GENERAL MEETING, 16th JUNE 1880.
The Riglit Hon. Lord Napier and Ettrick, K.T., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Election of Members. — 112 new memlDers were balloted for and elected.

Bye-Laws relative to Directors. — Mr Walker of Bowlaud said — By the Society's^
charter of incorporation all bye-laws made, declared, or altered require also to be
confirmed in and by the succeeding general meeting. The following bye-laws relating
to the election of ordinary and extraordinary Directors were adopted by the general
meeting in January last; and T now, in terms of the charter, submit them to this
meeting for confirmation: — ''The Society shall annually, at the general meeting in
January, choose out of the ordinary members a board of thirty Directors, sjiecial
regard being had to the convenience of one-third of that number for attending meetings
of the board held in Edinburgh. The Society shall also at the same meeting choose
twenty extraordinary Directors, of whom at least ten out of the whole number to be
resident in the district in which the Show of the year is to be held." The bye-law
which regulates the duration of office has been altered to the effect that the ten senior
extraordniary Directors shall retire annually.

The bye-laws were confirmed.

Kelso Show. — Mr Gillon of Wallhouse said — I have the honour to report that the
General Show at Kelso will be held on Tuesday the 27th of July and three following
days, and that all the arrangements are in active operation and most satisfactory
progress. The entries closed on the 11th, and the following is a statement of the
head of stock, &c., at Kelso, in 1863, 1872, and on the present occasion . —

uattle, a .... .

Horses,

Sheep,

Swine,

Poidtry,

Implements,

Premiums, £1-300 £1888 £2671

Through the kindness of Sir George Scott Douglas the Show will be held within the-
grounds of Spriugwood Park, which has every convenience from locality and facility
of access. In accordance with the usual practice, the Commissioners of Supply
appointed certain gentlemen to represent their respective counties in the General
Committee of Management. The following are the names of those nominated : -
Bemmckshire. — The Earl of Lauderdale ; Mr Nisbet of Lambden ; Sir Hugh Hume
Campbell, Bart. ; Sir George Houston Boswall, Bart. ; Sir John Marjoribanks, Bart. ;
Mr Roy of Nenthorn ; Mr Cotesworth of Cowdenknowes ; Mr Turnbull of Abbey St
Bathans ; Mr Allan of Peelwalls ; Mr Rutherford, Printonan ; Mr Torrance, Sister-
path ; Mr Shaw, Skaithmuir ; Mr Calder, Little Swinton ; Mr Hood, Coldstream
Mains ; Mr Wilson, Chapelhill ; and Mr Logan, Legerwood. Roxburghshire. — The
Duke of Roxburghe ; Mr Boyd of Cherrytrees"; Mr Elliot, yr. of Wolfelee ; Mr Turn-
bull of Eastfield of Lempitlaw ; Mr Oliver of Lochside ; Sir George Waklie-Griftith,
Bart. ; Major Baton, yr. of Crailing ; Mr Ord of Over Whitton; Mr Clay, Kerchesters ;
Mr Munro, Fairnington ; Mr Johnston, Crailinghall ; Mr Aitchison of Brieryhill ; Mr
Smith, Leaderfoot ; Mr Blaikie, Holydean ; and Mr Roberton, LadjTig. Selkirkshire,
— Mr Lang of Broadmeadows ; Mr Lang, yr. of Broadmeadows ; Mr Pringle of Whyt-
bank ; Mr Pott, Linthaughlee ; ]\Ir Turnbull, yr. of Fenwick ; Mr M 'Queen, Oakwood ;
Mr Boothby, Hvndhope ; Mr Mangin, Catslackburn ; and Mr Reekie, Carterhaugh..
Peeblesshire.— Mr Tennant of The Glen. M.P. ; Mr Tweedie Stodart of Oliver; Mr
Thomson, The Lee; Mr Alston, Hyndfordwell ; Mr Johnstone, Kingledores ; Mr
Linton, Glenrath ; Mr Wilson, Darnhall Mains ; Mr Blackwood, Eshiels ; Mr
Riddell, Howford ; and Mr Forrest, Edston. Tovm of Kelso. — In addition to Mr-
Smith, chief magistrate, who is one of tlie extraordinary Directors of the Society, the.

1863.

1872.

1880.

24.0

274

275

127

214

226

532

565

488

261

291

244

1101

1777

1.578

ITvOCEEDIXGS AT CIEXEKAT. MEETINGS. 9»

town of Kelso will be represented by Mr Darling, banker ; IMr Slight, junior magis-
trate; Mr James Tait, W.S. ; Mr James Jolmston ; Mr Gilbert Aitchison ; Mr
Brunton, Broomlands ; My J. H. Rutlierford ; and Dr Edward Johnson, Forest Field.
A large and influential dei)utation ot Directors and other office-bearers, headed by the
Marc|uis of Lothian, K.T., the President, will also attend during the Show, A
meeting of the General Committee was held at Kelso on Friday last, when the
following sul)-committees were appointed : — Admission of Stock. — JMr Munro, Fair-
nington, convener; Mr Pvoberton, Ladyrig ; and Dr Johnson, Kelso. Fcrrage Yard. —
Mr Burn, Ednam, convener ; Mr Scott, Spylaw ; and ]\Ir Kay, Linton Bankhead.
Police. — Lord Polwarth, convener; Mr Eliott Lockliart of Borthwickbrae, and Mr Ord
of Over Whitton. Banquet and Ball. — Sir John Marjoribanks of Lees, Bart., con-
vener; the Duke of Pioxburghe ; Mr Brunton, Broomlands; Mr Smith, senior magis-
trate ; Mr Roy of Nenthorn ; Mr Tait, Kelso ; Mr Campbell Swinton of KimmergLaine ;
Sir.George Waldie-Griflith, Bart. ; Sir George Houston Boswall, Bart. ; and Mr Elliot,
yr. of Wolfelee. Accommodo.tion of Stranyers. — The Kelso Committee — Islr Smith,
convener. The business of the Show will begin on the morning of Tuesday, 27th July,,
by a meeting of the General Committee and judges, previous to the admission of the
iniblic at eleven. The Directors have arranged to adopt turnstiles for the admission
of the public, so that the members will be relieved from taking money at tlie gates.
Tn the evening the Directors and judges Avill dine in the Cross Keys Hotel, the head-
([uarters of the Society. On Wednt-sday the general meeting of members takes place
in the yard at 1.30. The Marquis of Lothian will, as P)-esident, occupy the chair at
that meeting, as well as at the public banquet, which will be held the same evening in
tlie Corn Exchange. On the evening of the following day (Thursday) the usual IaiIL
will be held. The recommendation by the deputation appointed to visit the KiUnirn
Show, that the Society should have a members' club-room, with ladies' and gentlemen's
lavatories attached, has lieen acted on for Kelso, and to it members, on production of
their tickets, will be entitled to introduce their friends. In addition, there w:ll be the
ordinary refreshment rooms for the public and attendants in charge of stock. The
North British llailway has put in hand a hirge addition to the station accommodation,
which should prevent the block-up there was on the last occasion. Admission tickets
have been sent to all members residing in the district embraced in the Show — the
counties of Berwick, Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles. If any should have been
omitted, they will be supplied on sending notice to the Society's office in Edinburgh.
Members residing in other localities must apply before the IZth of July. On this
occasion the Directors have resoh-ed to issue season tickets to non-members, the charge
for which will be £1, to include admission to the judging and horse-ring gallery.
The ticket will bear the name and be signed by the party to whom it has been granted..
It will be forfeited if presented by any other than the one in whose name it is issued,,
and the name published. In addition to the subscriptions from the counties embraced
in the district of the Show already reported, the Kelso Committee have, through Mr
Smith, chief magistrate, intimated a contribution of £50 from the town of Kelso
to\yards the funds of the Society, as an expression of the interest the inhabitants take
in it, and of their desire for the success of the forthcoming show.

The rei)ort was atlopted.

Petition from thk CAUiacK Farmers' Society. — Mr Gillon then read the following
l|etition from the Carrick Farmers' Society :—" Unto the Highland and Agricultural
Society of Scotland, — The petition of the Carrick Farmers' Society, liuml)ly showeth :
That your petitioners observe that your Society liave recently resolved that, in the
year 1881, the dates of calving of cattle are to be counted as from 1st December
instead of 1st January : That your petitioners are of ojiinion that the change
embodied in this resolution effects no improvement, while it may result in disad-
vantage to many breeders : That the date hitherto fixed and understood— namely, 1st
Jaiiuary— has in the past met with general approval, and should be adhered to : Your
Ijetitioners, therefore, pray that the resolution referred to recently adopted by your
Society may be rescinded, and the former rule reverted to and re-adopted. Signed in
name and by authority of this Society, *' David Buown, Secretary."

It was agreed to remit the petition' to the Directors.

Chemfcal Department.— Mr Mackenzie of Portmore said— It will be in the
recollection of members that at the general meeting in January la.st the resolution of
the general nieeting at Perth— "That the Society subsidise their chemist, so that he
would l)e able to give the members analyses at the same rates as local associations do"
—was remitted back to the Directors for further consideration, and that Mr Scott
Dudgeon gave notice that at the next general meeting he would move that the
resolution l)e rescinded. The Directors at their first nu-eting thereafter referretl the
subject to the committee in charge of the chemical deparlnient. That committee
reported that they had already considered tlie resolution to the fullest extent, and
recommended that no further action should be taken in the matter in respect of the
notice of motion by Mr Dudgeon. At a recent meeting of the boanl, Mr Dudgeon

10 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

stated that, as he had made arrangements to spend the month of June ou the
Continent, he could not be present at this general meeting, and he wished to postpone
bringing forward his motion till the Kelso showyard meeting. The Directors acceded
to the postponement, which accounts for the motion not being ou the programme of
business before the present meeting. It will also be in remembrance that at the last
general meeting the directors were empowered to look out for suitable premises for a
laboratory to enable the chemist to carry on his analyses in connection with the
Societ3^'s exj)erimental stations. After inspecting various premises, it was found that
if additional accommodation could be got at the laboratory in Clyde Street, it would
be more convenient. Miss Dick was accordingly communicated with, and she most
readily agreed to lease to the Society the additional rooms required.
The report was approved.

Report of Chemist regardesg Experimental Stations.— Dr Aitkex said — Since
the last general meeting the i^ublication of the "Transactions" enabled me to lay
before the Society the details of last season's barley crop much more fully than can
conveniently be done here. At that time the analysis of the crop was well advanced,
and I expected that a short review of some of the more important results would form
the subject of this report. Since then, however, increased accommodation and means
of analysis have been placed at my disposal, enablmg me to carry out the investigation
on a much larger scale. I have therefore determined to repeat the whole analysis, and
have been engaged upon it for about a month ; but it will be some time before it is
far enough advanced for publication. The crop at present in the ground is Italian
rye grass, which was so"\\ti with the barley last year. On neither of the stations has
•any manure been applied to this crop. It was considered inexpedient to apply undis-
solved manures as a top-dressing on grass ; and to omit these and apply only soluble
manures where these were being used would be a departure from the plan originally
established, and which, though it might increase the crop, would not advance the
objects of the investigation. On the other hand, the withholding of all manure for a
season would enable the residual effects of former manures to be made manifest
at Pumpherston, and would still further reduce the fertility of the station
at Harelaw, and bring it into ja condition more favourable for future experiments.
It is satisfactory to notice that both these objects are being accomplished. An
important change has been made on the course of cropping on the l-112th acre
plots. Hitherto these have been under the same crop as the larger j)lots at both
stations ; but the first year's cropping showed that the piece of ground set apart for
the small plots at Pumpherston was not sufficiently uniform to yield reliable results.
It was accordingly put out of cultivation last season, in order to have its defects
remedied ; and when this had been accomplished in a very thorough manner, by
lifting the entire soil, mixing it together, and respreading it on a well-stirred and
regularly-drained subsoil, the committee resolved not to sow it in grass in the spring,
but to begin again with the turnip crop, as in 1878, and continue the rotation thus
begun. It was also resolved to do the same with the small plots at Harelaw, so that
the cropping on the small jdots might be the same each year on both stations, and
serve as a check upon each other. By this arrangement the four years' rotation will
be maintained over the whole stations, Init it will be two years later on the small
plots than on the large ones. There will thus be annually two kinds of crop on each
station — turnips and grass the one year, barley and oats the next. Two advantages
are gained by this means. In the first place we shall not be so dependent, as
formerly, on favouraljle weather for the whole of our annual croj)s ; and secondly,
what is still more important, we have now the opportunity of repeating the exjDeri-
ments with each crop of the rotation every two years, either on the targe or small
scale, instead of requiring to wait for four years, as was the case under the original
arrangement. The results already obtained with the turnip crop, both in the field
and in the laboratory, are of so much interest and promise to be of Buch importance
that it was felt to be a misfortune to have to wait four years for their confirmation.
I have also to notice that, through the kindness of ]\Ir Smart, Liberton Park, I have
oljtained the use of a portion of a field adjoining my house, in which I have set down
a series of experiments exactly the same as those on the small plots at the Society's
stations. The manures for the l-112th acre plots at all three stations were made from
the same materials, and mixed Avitli the greatest care in the laboratory, and their
correctness determined by analysis. One or two slight changes have been introduced
in the character of the manures, so as to render the investigation more complete, but
these will be noticed in detail along with the results of the cropping. I may also
mention that I am carrying on a twofold series of experiments with grass in bag-pots
similar to those employed for the barley experiments last year. They are mostly dupli-
cates of plots at the Society's stations, and are being grown in the open air at Liberton.
Agricultural Education. — Mr Mylne, Niddrie "Mains, reported that the annual
•examinations held under the Society's educational charter were held on the 29th. 30th,
and 31st March, and that the following gentlemen jiassed -.—For Diphnna — William

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 11

Craig, ]\Ioukton Hill, Monkton, AjTsliire ; and Wm. Martin, Dardarroch, Dumfries.
For First-ClaHs Certificate — Wm. Brown, "Watten Mains, Caitliness ; Alexander Inglis,
Tyningharne, Prestoukirk ; James M'Laggau, Cobblelieugh, Dinnet, Aberdeenshire ;
and K. M. Malloch, Balhaldie, Braco, Perthshire. For Second-Class 'iJerti^cate —
Andrew Chapman, Breckonbill, Lockerbie ; Jas. Sutherland, Wick ; Wm. R. Tait,
Wick ; and Francis Underwood, Sywell Hall, Northampton. He also announced that
Professor Wilson awarded, after special examination, the two prizes of £6 and £4
given by the Society in books to the Class of Agriculture in the University of Edin-
burgh, to (1st) Andrew Chapman, Dumfriesshire; and (2d) R. CoUey Smith,
Lanarkshire.

Tlie report was adopted.

Forestry Department. — Mr Mylxe further reported that the forestry examinations
Avere held on the same day as those under the Agricultural Education Chaiter, when
the following candidates passed : — For First-CUxss Certificate — John M. Aitken
(Crieff), 24 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh; and Richard Henderson, The Grange,
Kirkcudbright. For Second-Class Certijicate — John M'Ewen, Yellow Cottage, Killin.

The report was adopted.

Veterinary Examinations. — Mr Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame said — I
have to report that the annual examination for the Society's veterinary certificate was
held on the 5th, 6th, and 7th of April, and resulted in twelve out of twenty candidates
passing. The preliminary examination of younger students Avas held at the same time,
when twenty-six entered their names, and twenty-five passed. 1 Avould take this
•opportunity of reminding students of the profession that, according to the agreement
made with the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, the Society is to. cease holding
examinations after April 1881.

The report was adopted.

On the motion of Mr Mackenzie of Portmore, a vote of thanks was given to Lord
Napier for presiding, and the proceedings terminated.

GENERAL MEETING AT KELSO, 28th JULY 1880.

Most Noble the Marquis of Lothian, K.T., President, in the chair.

The Finances of the Society. — The Hon. George Waldegrave Leslie moved —
" That it is not desirable, in the best interests of the purpose for which the Highland
and Agricultural Society of Scotland was founded, that so large a sum should be
allowed to accumulate in the hands of the Treasurer ; and that the Finance Committee
should be requested to devise a scheme in terms of this resolution." He had heard it
said tliat he was to be a great spendthrift with the funds of the Society ; but he begged
to point out that in his motion there was not one word about expenditure. According
to the charter the Society was founded, inter alia, for encouraging agriculture, and it
was to continue to exist for that purpose. It was further stated in the charter tliat
tlie Society might purchase, or hold for the use of the Society, lands, tenements, or
. ai:y estate or interest therein, not exceeding the sum of £2000 of yearly rent in vahie.
Well, as far as he couhl make out from tlie accounts, the annual income froiu invest-
ments was £2702, and from subscriptions £1500. He was informed — though he did
not know how far it was true— that at one time there was in one of the charters a rule
by which the Society was never at any time to ])ossess more than £50,000. He found
that there were at present invested in bonds, £24,229 ; in debenture stock, £4236 ; in
bank stock, £33,231 — makin.c]^ in all a capital sum of £63,246. He could not help
thinking, in these days of agricultural and commercial distress, it was time those who
guided the aflairs of the Society should show that they could sjtend some of the funds
of the Society in a little better manner, and be a little more lavish in their expendi-
ture, instead of kecjung nj) the capital. He thought they were already getting a little
too defiant of pul)lic opinion as to how the money should be spent, and hints brought
before them by some well-wishers of the Society did not always meet that cordial
respect which they ought to receive. Among other things jioiiiteil to was the large
subscriptions asked for from the counties in whose neighbourhood the show was held ;
to the high charges which were made in the yard for fodder ; and he also thought the
inii)leinfnt makers juight receive a little more courtesy th;in they sometimes did,
because, alter all, in these (hiys they must look to the inii)roveiuent of implements to
help them in carrying out a better cultivation of the land. They had still the great
mission (iod gave to Adam to rej)lenisli ainl subilue the earth. They had got to
reph-nish it with good honest manures, and he did not think tliis Society should be
afraid of doing what the Royal Society did — to publish the names of those who sold
to the jioor farmer adulterated manures, and jjrosecute those i)arties for imposing
ba«l and injurious manures on the jmlilic.

12 PROCEEDTXGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

Mr Shaw, Skaitlmiuir, in secondino; the motion, said lie had heard a good deal abont
tlie penuriousness of the Society, and especially in respect to the way they treated
attending niemljers. This was the first time he had been summoned in that capacity,
and he was never treated more shabbily in any yard he had been in. Why, they even
gi-udged him a biscuit or a glass of beer. Their duties as attending members were to
wait on the judges — and he must say that the judges took a considerable time in giving
tlieir decision — to go to the committee-room and sign the aAvards, to take the judges
to the luncheon bar to get their refresliments, shake hands with them, and then retire.
Mr Rutherford, Printonan, said he saw in the accounts of the Perth Show a snm
of £309, 12s. ibr hotel expenses, and £543, 4s. 7d. for other expenses. He thought
some explanation should be given to the meeting of these sums.

Mr Mackenzie of Portmore said that in the absence of the Treasurer he had been
asked to make a statement, on behalf of the Finance Committee, of the income and
expemliture of the Society for the last two years. There was an oj)inion abroad that
the Society was a rich one, and had a much larger income than was necessary to meet
its ordinary expenditure ; and further, that it laid by large sums each year. That was
totally opposed to fact. For years no addition had been made to capital. They just
balanced the expenditure by the income, takmg one year with another, and looking to
the state of the weather now, and the immense loss they should have upon this show,
he thought it would be most imprudent that they should tie the Society do■v\^^ by an
abstract resolution to spend a portion of their already far too small capital for the pur-
poses of the Society. In the year 1877-78, the income consisted of three items — from
investments, £2724 ; from subscriptions, £1849 ; and from the chemical stations, £38
— makir>g in all £4612. The expenditure, which included £1513 for the expenses of
the establishment, £892 to district societies, and £540 for the report on Scottish agri-
culture to the Paris Exhibition, was £4730, leaving a loss of £118. Last year the
iaconie was £4547, and the expenditure £4271, leaving a surplus of £275 ; but as there
was a loss on the Perth Show of £300, that wiped it out. With such a statement
before them, he did not think the Society could be called rich, in the ordinary com-
mercial sense of the word. He Avished to point out also, that the income of £2702
from investments inchided the capitalised amount of the life members' subscrip-
tion-:, which could not be put down at less than £15,000, yielding about £600 a-year,
so that if that were deducted the income from investments would be brought down to •
£2000 — the sum Mr Waldegrave Leslie thought it should be at.

The Chairman said he thought it well that such a statement should have been made
on behalf of the Finance Committee, because it was very i;ndesirable that such an idea
should be widely spread that the linances of the Society were in a plethoric condition.
It would be sure to lead to discontent. One form of that discontent they had already
had from the gentleman who seconded the motion, who complained that he could not
get a glass of beer and a biscuit in" the yard for nothing. He thought it desiralde that
every courtesy should be extended to those who took so much trouble in the way of
judging and performing other arduous duties. Mr Waldegrave Leslie spoke about
spending the capital more lavishly, and that statement met with considerable ajiprovab
Most people, he supposed, would approve of capital being spent with a lavish hand,
but then it had to be remembered that when the capital was spent they would have to-
replace it by asking them to put their hands into their pockets, or else the work
which the capital performed would have to be left undone.

There being no amendment, the motion was then deolared carried.
Chemical Analysis and Field Experiments. — Mr Scott Dudgeon said he woidd
move his motion in two parts — the first relating to chemical analysis, and the second to
field experiments. (The first part will be found at page 21 and the second at page 15.)
These ])roposals were founded on the assumption that this National Society, existing,
as it did, purely for the promotion of agriculture, recognised it to be a duty to en-
courage the general use of chemical analysis as a guide in the purchasing of manures
and feeding-stuflfs. By more than one resolution the Society had pledged itself to
action in this direction ; and it was a field of action in which, it must be admitted,
great good might be done. Farmei\s still recpiired to be impressed with the fact that
there was no other way of knowing anything about the value of manures, and, to a
great exteiit, about feeding-stuffs as well, except through chemical examination ; and
that the only protection against imposition and overcharge in the purchasing of these -
was to have them submitted to chemical analysis. How facility for analysis could be
most efficiently and economically placed within the reach of every farmer in Scotland
became, then, a most important question for the consideration of this Society ; and the
accomplishment of this desirable end deserved its liberal support. He thought he
might assert that the method in which this was to be accomplished had been already
solved — viz., by the establishment of local or district analytical associations. The
fact that, while a few years ago there were only one or two such associations in exist-
ence, there were now somewhere about thirty scattered over Scotland from Orkney to •
Berwick, was unmistakable proof that this system was the right one, and fulfilled its

PKOCEEDIXGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 13

purgose. His object, accordingly, was to get the Highland and Agi-icultural Society
to recognise these district associations, and encourage them in their good -work. By
the exjienditure of a comparatively small sum in the way proposed, this Society had
an opportunity of confeiTing a substantial benefit on agrioulture which it could in vain
hope to do by the proposal to subsidise its own chemist in Edinburgh, so as to enable
him to make" analyses for its members at a reduced rate, or, indeed, by awj alternative
method that he had yet heard suggested. He was glad to be in the position of not
being called upon to offer any arguments against the Perth resolution, seeing that its pro-
jioser, Mr Hope, and its seconder, Mr Glendinning, were prepared to its being rescinded,
and were ready to accept the proposals he made in its stead. He might mention that
all analytical associations had been communicate<l with, and the greater number of
them had, at special meetings, considered his resolutions, and intimated their hearty
approval of them ; and the leading manure merchants also welcomed the movement
with heartiness, being convinced that the adoption of it would place the trading in
these stuffs on a much more satisfactory and solid footing. They would notice that,
by this scheme, the principle of local self-government which had been found to work
so efficiently and economically in this matter of analysis, was not interfered with, but
encouraged, indeed enforced ; at the same time, through the agency of this Society, the
work ol all the different local associations would be conducted on a uniform system,
both as regards the nomenclature used in describing the ingredients of manures, and in
their valuation.

Mr John W. Hope (in the absence of Mr W. P. Hope, Leith , through indisposition),
seconded the motion, and in doing so read a statement on the subject by his fatiier,
the proposer of the motion carried at Perth — to the effect that the Society should sub-
sidise their chemist, so that the members might have analyses of manures at the same
rate as was charged by local analytical associations. He Avas desirous, he said, to
testify his sympathy with the motion of Mr Scott-Dudgeon, even though it was
apparently a cancelment of the motion which he made last year at Perth. It was
stated on that occasion, and since, that the large niajority by which the niotion was
then carried was due to a feeling of dissatisfaction with the Directors. He most em-
phatically denied that any such feeling animated him or many who supported his
motion. Their sole object was to obtain for struggling agriculture, at a time when it
was peculiarly wanted, assistance towards the better management of its affairs by the
much wanted scientific education without which he did not believe that agriculture iu
this country could possibly hold its own. The question was perhaps the most import-
ant which the Society had ever had to deal with, and it was peculiarly one with which
the Society ought to be associated. He hoped, therefore, that the Directors would not
only give their support to the motion, but by a hearty and prompt line of action, so
as to give it immediate effect, would set at rest the murmurings of disappointment and
dissatisfaction to which he had already referred. He felt bound to inform the meeting
that the Manure Manufacturers' Association, which now comprised 90 per cent, of the
trade in the United Kingdom, had been actively exerting itself towards the object
which the motion had in view, and had come to an arrangement with the agricultural
societies' chemists of the three kingdoms to adopt a uniform and simile form of
analysis which would go far to aid farmers in becoming acquainted with the value of
the articles they l)ought. He could vouch for it that the Association was most anxious
to see this motion carried out, as they felt that as the trade was at present carried on
they Avere oft-times gros-sly misunderstood and their goods very much undervalued.

Sir Jamks Gibson Maitland of Clifton Hall, Bart., moved an amendment which,
.starting by way of preamble with the first head of the motion down to the words
"resolves to rescind such resolution," proceeded : — *' Remit the whole subject matter
embraced in the remaimler of Mr Scott-Dudgeon's proposed resolutions to the Directors
with the recommendation that they appoint a committee, comjjosed one-lialf of their
own body and one-half of members who are not on the directorate, to consider and
report to a subsequent general meeting of the Society." He thought it would be a
<langerous precedent if at a meeting held during a local show they passed any such
resolutions.

Mr ViLLiKRS, Closeburn Hall, seconded the amendment. He thought the project,
the importance of which they all recognised, could be carried out in a more useful autl
orderly manner, if remitted to a committee, than if the resolution was parsed at a
meeting where it could not be satisfactorily discussed.

Mr Nicoi.L, Littleton, regretted that the Directors would not accept the resolutions,
as thereby they would have regained the ('onfideiice anil goodwill of the membership,
wljich to a great extent they had lost. Gentlenu'n who said " No" evidently for<:ot
the tone and temper of the meeting which was held at Perth last year, and tliey were
evidently unaware of the feiding whicli existed outside this hall that day. Mr Scott-
Dudgeon's propo.sals were not so wild and revolutionary as some gentlemen would
lead them to in:agiiie.

Mr Smith, Whittiughame, su2)ported the amendment, and indicated his belief that

14 PEOCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

if they passed these resolutions now, there would be no guarantee that they would not
be overturned at the next general meeting. At the last meeting the " leaders of
public opinion " were all in favour of subsidising their own chemist ; now they wanted
the money to go to the local associations.

Mr Scott-Dudgeon said he opposed the Perth motion.

Mr Smith, continuing, said this was just a project to enable farmers to get analyses
for nothing. It only cost them 5s. at present.

Mr Dudgeon — It cost 19s.

Mr Smith — It only costs the individual members 5s.

Mr Scott-Dudgeon — 2s. 6d.

Mr Smith — And yet these associations came forward to ask a subsidy. It would be
an improper application of the funds of the Society. The time analytical associations
might be supported would be if they got into any actions at law with people for selling
adulterated manure.

The Chairman said he was sorry to hear the remarks which had fallen from one of
the speakers (Mr Nicoll), and still more sorry to see that they met with some approval
from gentlemen present. That gentleman said the Directors had not the goodwill of
a large portion of the members of the Society, but in saying so he believed he spoke
entirely for himself. He was sorry that remark of his did not seem to meet with
approval. He would recall to their nunds that the Directors were appointed by the
Society ; and that if the members did not think they were doing their work in a satis-
factory way they could, at the next annual meeting, elect other Directors who would
do the work better. Reference had been made to the meeting at Perth, but he did not
see any animus displayed then towards the Directors ; and until he had better gi'ounds
for the cliarge which had been made against them he should not believe it.

Lord Napier and Ettrick appealed to members to vote on the merits of the
question, and not vote against tlie Directors because there was a certain measure of
antagonism at present felt towards that body. He was bound to say that he thought
there was a feeling of jealousy and want of sympathy on the part of outside members
towards the Directors. That such was the case had reached him from a variety of
quarters, but that feeling, if it existed, was founded on a misapprehension. The
appointment of a committee composed one-half of directors and one-half of outside
members, would be a valuable opportunity of liringing all parties into friendly contact,
and establishing between them again a degree of sympathy which was perhaps not
present on this occasion. For himself, he had great sympathy with the proposals of
Mr Scott-Dudgeon, but thought it would be more prudent to pass them through the
test of an examination by the committee.

Mr Nicoll pointed out that he said he personally regretted the existence of the
feeling which, he said, existed outside the hall.

Mr Lindsay, Meadowflat, considered that the amendment simply meant a shelving
of the question.

The Chairman pointed out that the course taken at Perth had been productive of a
year's delay.

Mr Lindsay — Carry out the resolutions before any one has time to object.

Mr Scott, Spylaw,"^ asked if Mr Scott-Dudgeon meant to retain section No. 6 in his
resolution, about which there was a difference of opinion.

Mr Scott-Dudgeon, in reply, said that as the clause in question did not answer the
purpose for which it was proposed, he should consent to its withdrawal. As he did
not in any way wish to interfere with the usefulness of the Society in other directions,
he should like to insert in clause 2 a paragraph to the effect that the amount to be
given annually by the Society should not exceed £250. In the third clause he should
insert for the words 5 or 10 per cent., 8 per cent.

Mr Martin, yr. of Auchindennan, while expressing his willingness to support the
Directors, protested against the position advanced by Sir J. G. Maitland that a show-
yard meeting was not a jDroper place for transacting business. It was the very place.

Sir James Gibson Maitland said that what he meant was that while he considered
this showyard meeting most valuable for discussion, it might not be advisable to
settle such a proposal here.

Mr Martin— That is exactly what I object to. The Edinburgh meetings were no
doubt attended by very energetic members of the Society, but they were not practical
farmers.

Lord Reay said that, with the limitations suggested by Mr Scott-Dudgeon, he did
not see any reason why the Directors should not accept the resolutions. In the
present condition of agriculture, he felt that the Directors should show that
they had some goodwill and some energy to carry out things which were now most
important. ,

Mr Smith asked if members of the Highland Society who were not members of
local analytical associations were to participate with them in the benefits of this
subsidy ?

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 15

Lord NapiI'^r ohjected to he asked to tie iip tlie Society to give only £250 for such
an object, as that might prove very inefficieut.

Mr HADDO^% Honeyhurn, said it was evident there were details such as that sug-
gested by Mr Smith w'hich could best be settled by a committee.

Mr Scott-Dudgeon, in reply to Mr Smith, said the subsidy would be to local
associations. It would be for the benefit of all wlio were not members of such asso-
ciations to become so.

Sir James Gibson Maitland then offered to withdraw his amendment, but this being
objected to by Sir William Baillie, a vote was taken on the point, with the result tliat
the meeting declared the amendment must be put. On a division between the motion
as amended and the amendment, 109 voted for the motion, and 127 for the amendment.
The latter was therefore declared carried. The appointment of a committee was left to
the Directors and Mr Scott-Dudgeon, it being understood that Mr Dudgeon would
have the nomination of the outside members. The Rev. Mr Gillespie expressed a hope
that the report would be put into the hands of members at least a fortnight before the
general meeting.

The Chairman said there should be no difficulty about that.

Mr Scott-Dudgeon then moved — " In order to encourage members being practical
farmers to make experiments with different manures in the field, the Society resolves
to defray the cost of making the necessary analyses of soils, manures, and products for
such experimentalists, provided they conduct their experiments under the direction or
with the sanction of the Chemical Committee of the Society."

This was unanimously agreed to.

Salary of the Chemist. — Mr Mackenzie of Portmore submitted a proposal by
the Dii-ectors to the following effect — "To appoint an assistant in the chemical
laboratory at a salary of £120 ; to allow for a laboratory servant, whose time is only
occasionally required, £20 per annum ; and for apparatus, chemical re-agents, gas, and
heating £150 per annum — in all, £290." The matter, he said, was briefly this — The
Society agreed to give a salary of £300 to their chemist, Dr Aitken ; but at the present
moment he was enjoying no part of that salary, as it was entirely taken up with the
expenses of the laboratory. He was sure that was not a position they wished to see
their chemist placed in.

Mr J. Logan Mackie, Glasgow, seconded tlie motion.

Mr Lindsay, Meadowflat, objected to the vote until they had first a report of the
work done by the chemist.

Mr Scott-Dudgeon, as a Director, could not consent to the motion until the
chemist's duties were properly defined.

Mr Mackenzie said he had no objection to remit the matter to the committee, on
Mr Scott-Dudgeon's resolutions.

This being agreeable to the meeting, that course was followed.

This was all the business.

On the motion of Lord Napier and Ettrick a cordial vote of thanks was given to-
the Manpiis of Lothian for presiding, and the proceedings terminated.

GENERAL MEETING, 19th JANUARY 1881.
The Right Hon. Lord Napier and Ettrick, K.T., Vice-President, in the chair.

The noble Chairman said that, before proceeding to the businevss of the meeting, he
thought it was riglit that he should express his deep personal regret that he had been
called to perform the duties of chairman in conseciuence of the aljsence of the Marquis
of Lothian, who had been, to his own great regret, j'revented from attending by the
delicate state of his health at this time. He believed, in fact, that his Lordship had
been ordered by his yihysiciaiis to proceed to the Continent from that cause.

New Me.mhehs. — The Secretary then read the list of 71 gentlemen who had been
proposed as members of the Society, and who were uiiaiiiniously elected.

Vote ok Thanks to the Marquis of Lothian. — The noble Chaiu.man said that,
before proceeding to vote on tlie election of o(Hce-Iiearers, it was his duty to i)ropose a
vote of thanks to the Marquis of Lothian, who this day ceased to be president of the
Society. The period of four years during which the Marquis of Lothian had actetl as
their president had not been distinguished for any reiiiarkal>le innovation or change,
or any unprecedented incidents to which it was necessary that he should call their
attention. During this year the Society ha<l continueil to prosper and llourish, to
increase its niimliers, and expand its financial nieaus, although in the latter respect
l)erha])s not in the degree they might reasonably desire. During this jieriod the
Society had continued to work in the well-approved grooves in which it has moved, for

16 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

the most part, up to the present time ; to take a part in the general improvements of
the time, and to impel them by its assistance and by its example. Until the pi-esent
year it had no great innovation, and no matter of controversy had arisen in their body.
During the whole of this time the Marquis of Lothian had continued to show his
interest in the Society by his careful and punctual attendance at all their meetings,
their shows, and their festivals ; and he had endeared himself to those with whom he
has been brought in contact by his unfailing kindness and courtesy. He had j)er-
forined these duties on more than one occasion at the sacrifice, it might be said, almost
of his health. At least, as he had been suffering, unfortunately, from the delicate
state of his health, he had been obliged to make considerable exertions in performing
'his duties, for which they ought to be truly grateful. The Marquis of Lothian now
retired. They trusted, however, that his relations with the Society were not
severed, but only changed ; and they could assure his Lordship that he carried with
him, wherever he might go, the warm feeling and gratitude of their meeting, and
heartj' sympathy for his wellfare, and all the interests of himself and family in every
relation of life. He begged to propose the following resolution :— " That the Most
Noble the Marquis of Lothian, K.T., having presided over the Highland and Agricul-
tural Society of Scotland for the period of four years prescribed by the charter, the
thanks of the Society are eminently due to his Lordship for the zeal exhibited by him
in 2)ronioting its efficiency and prosperity, for his unwearied attendance at its various
public meetings and shows, and for the urbanity, readiness, and ability with which he
has uniformly discharged the duties of his office."

New Office-Bearers. — The Secretary stated that the following noblemen and
gentlemen were proposed for election, to fill the vacancies in the list of olfice-bearers
for the current year: — President. — The Duke of Richmond and Gordon, K.G. Vice-
Presidents — The Duke of Montrose, the Earl of j\lar and Kellie, the Earl of Dunmore,
Charles Stirling Home Drunimond Moray of Abercairny. Ordinary Directors — Sir
Wmdham C. J. Carmichael-Anstruther of Anstruther, Bart. ; Sir James H. Gibson-
Craig of Riccarton, Bart. ; David Ainslie of Costerton ; John Balfour of Balbirnie ;
Thomas Elliot, Blackhaugh ; Rev. John Gillespie, Mouswald Manse ; Lieutenant-
Colonel Hare of Calder Hall, Philpston House ; Gideon Pott of Knowesouth ; Walter
Scott, Glendronach. Extraordinary Directors — Lord Balfour of Burleigh ; Vice-
Admiral Sir William Edmonstone of Duntreath, Bart. ; Sir Henry James Seton Steuart
of Touch-Seton and Allanton, Bai-t. ; Sir James R. Gibson Maitland of Cliftonhall,
Bart. ; Robert Anderson. Provost of Stirling ; Henry David Erskine of Cardross ;
William Forbes of Callendar ; Colonel John Murray of Polmaise ; Alexander Smollett
of Bonhill ; William Smythe of Methven.

The noble Chairman said that before proceeding to the election of a new President he
might perhaps be permitted to make a few observations. In electing a President they
might, he thought, ask themselv.es what were the characteristics and qualifications that
they might reasonably expect in one who was fitted to preside over this intelligent,
important, and influential Society. He thought that they might fairly say that they
had a right to expect on the part of their President that he should fill a conspicuous
ocial position, that he should be a man of unblemished life and character ; that he
should be deeply identified with the welfare and the interests of the land, by property,
by residence, by taste, and pursuits ; that he should if possible be in some degree a
practical farmer ; and that he should be well known by his wide participation in public
business to the various classes of his countrymen. Now if these things be true,
although perhaps not a complete picture of what a president of the Society should be,
lie ventured to assert that that picture was exactly and perfectly represented in the
life and character of the nobleman whose name he had to submit to the Society —
namely, the Duke of Richmond and Gordon. The Duke possessed the highest rank,
and, what was not indifferent to their countrymen, he was the principal representative
of a family which had an ancient, and he might say almost a romantic, claim on the
memory and affections of Scotchmen. And the Duke of Richmond and Gordon was
not only practically versed in county and country business, but he had himself been a
practical farmer, and was well known, particularly for his success in rearing sheep of
the Southdown class, and also shorthorn cattle. In addition to that, his reputation
generally for his knowledge of and interest in the land was such that on a recent
occasion, when the late Government proposed the appointment of a royal commission
to examine into the state of agriculture, the Duke of Richmond and Gordon Avas
appointed with, as it were, the implied assent not only of his own partj^, but of the
whole country, to occupy the position of President of that commission. To that he
might add that in the high position which he had filled in the general affairs of the
•country, the Duke of Richmond and Gordon had constantly given proofs of the
possession of a remarkable share of application, industry, energy, and good sense.
They could not doubt that in accepting the position of President of this Society the
Duke would be not merely a formal president, but an active and' a suggestive director
of their deliberations and of their fortunes. In fact they could not for a moment doubt

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 17

that tliey would largely lienefit hy the results of his intelligence and experience.
Without further remarks, he "would thei'efore projiose that the Duke of Richmond and
•Gordon be elected President of the Society for the ensuing year.

The motion was cordially approved of.

The noble Chairman then put to the meeting for approval the names of the other
office-bearers proposed.

Tlie Hon. George Waldegrave Leslie suggested to the Directors that thej^ should
on a future occasion propose the Duke of Sutherland and the Master of Blantyre as
Vice-Presidents of the Society.

The list of office-bearers was then unanimously adopted.

Accounts for 1879-80. — Mr Murray of Dollerie then laid on the table the
■accounts for the past year. It appeared that tlie income for the year amounted to
£5168 16s. lOd., of which £26-35 7s. lid. was interest and dividends. The expenditure
for the year amounted to £6872 Is, 6d,, showing an excess over income of £1703 4s. 8d.
The probable loss from the Kelso Show of last year is given as £1456, 14s. 4d. Tlie
■amount of funds at 30th November last (including £5565, 7s 7d. in the name of
Iniilding fund, £500 for Tweeddale medal fund, and £1000 under the head of furniture)
amounted in all to £69,137 17s. 8d.

The Hon. George Waldegrave Leslie asked what had been done in reference to a
proposal that he had made that the Society should not hoard up so much money i

Mr Murray said with reference to the statement as to hoarding up money, that on
two occasions — at the shows of Edinburgh and Glasgow — they had invested a surplus,
but witli the exception of these two occasions, and at Dumfries in 1878, the premiums
liad more than exceeded the monies received. He must call the Society's attention to
the fact that, along with the increase of the capital, there had followed iieriodically an
increase in the premiums.

Argyll Naval Fund. — Admiral ]\Iaitland Dougall of Scotscraig reported that
the annual financial statement of this fund shows a total of £6069, 18s. 4d. The
income amounted to £237, Is. 6d., and the expenditure to £200 being £40 a year to
five recipients.

Kelso Show, 1880. — Mr Gillon of Wallhouse said he had to state for the infor-
mation of the meeting that the general show of the Society, held at Kelso in July last,
was a most satisfactory one in all respects except from a pecuniary point of \ie\v.
According to the accounts now on the table, tlie meeting would observe that the
probable loss is estimated at £1456, being, he believed, the largest deficit ever sus-
tained upon any show. The state of the weather had no doubt a great deal to do in
preventing many of the general public from attending ; but in all other respects the
show was a decided success. He then moved the following votes of thanks to those
who had so zealously afforded their co-operation in carrying out the objects of the
meeting : — "1. That the thanks of the Society be given to the Most Noble the Marquis
of Lothian, K.T., who, as President of the Societj^ attended the general show at Kelso
ill July last, for the lively interest his Lordship took in the proceedings of the show,
and for the able and highly satisfactory manner in which he discharged the duties of
chairman at the general meeting in tlie showyard and at the public baiKpiet in tlie
Corn Exchange. 2. That the thanks of the Society be given to the Commissioners of
Supply for the counties of Berwick, Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles, for the liberality
with which tlie auxiliary fund has been provided. 3. Tliat the thanks of the Society
are due to Sir George H. Scott Douglas of Springwood Park, Bart., convener of the
local committee elected by the counties of Berwick, Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peeliles,
for allowing the show to be held on Bridge End Park ; and to the indi idual members
of that committee, for their co-oi)eratiou in everything connected with the meeting.
4. That the thanks of the Society be given to James Smith, Esq., chief magistrate of
Kelso, and the other members of the town committee, for the cordiality with which
they afforded their assistance in the aiTangenients connected with the show, and for the
liberal contribution in aid of the Society's expenses."

Stirling Snow, 1881. — Mr Gillon then said he had next to rei)ortthat the arrange-
ments for the show at Stirling were progressing satisfactorily. The period lixed for
the show was from Tuesday, 26th, to Friday 29th July inclusive. The Directors had
a])i>lied to the Woods and Forests Department for jiermission to hold the show on the
King's Park, as had been done on former occasions. The jiremium list, as prepared
by the General Show Committee and Directors, liad been submitted to a meeting of
members held at Stirling on the 17th of December, and again to the Board on the 5th of
January, when premiums were recommended to tlie amount of £2250, being £390 above
what had been offered at Stirling in 1873, The Directors had resolved to reduce the
stall rent as follows : — Stallions, 30s., in place of 40s., to members ; 40s., in ])lace of
50.S., to non-meiiiliers. Poultry, 3s. and 5s., in i)lace of 4s. and 6s, ; while the allowance
of forage for stock has V)een considerably increased. Now that turnstiles have l)een
introduced for the admission of the public, tlie Directors recommend that there should
i-be a uniform charge during each day of the show. The present rates are : — Tuesday,

18 rEOCEEDIXGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

lO.s. ; Wednesday, 2s. 6d, ; Tliursday till one o'clock, 2s. 6d. ; after cue, Is. ; Friday-
till noon, Is. ; after twelve, 6d. The charges in future are to be:— Tuesday, 5s. ;
Wednesday, 2s. 6d. ; Thursday, Is. ; Friday, 6d. The competition for the £100 prize
for a stallion for agi'icultural purposes, to travel this season in the district of the show,
•would take ])lace at Glasgow on the 22d of February. The Tweeddale Gold Medal
would on this occasion be given for the best shorthorn bull in the yard.

Ages of Shorthorn Cattle.- -Mr Gillon, after submitting the above report, made-
a statement on a question to be raised under a motion by Mr Mollison, Dochgarroch
Lodge, as to the date for calculating the ages of cattle. The conclusion of tJiis state-
ment was that the Directors, believing that it would be advantageous that this Society
and the Ptoyal English should adopt as near as possible the same date, considered that
the meeting should be cautious in making the i^roposed alterations, and that the
opinion of all the principal breeders of shorthorns should be obtained before the change
was made.

Mr Mollison then moved as follows : — " That the ages of .shorthorn cattle to be
exhibited at the Society's shows shall, in like manner as polled Angus or Aberdeen,
date from 1st December in place of 1st January, and that this rule shall come into
operation at same time as that which now applies to polled Angus or Aberdeen." He
stated that the 1st of January, although a well-defined period, being the commence-
ment of the year, was not the commencement of the shorthorn breeding season, and
marked no special term. Neither would it be said did the 1st December. That he
readily granted. Martinmas would be preferred, but the 1st December having been
accepted by the breeders of polled Angus, he would readily fall in with it. No breed
of cattle came so early to maturity as shorthorns, and he thought this date would best
j^uit calving of animals for show. A large number of communications had been
received by him since the motion was made, speaking of the importance of early calves.
Coupling that with the fact that most local societies in the north of Scotland had
departed from the 1st January and adopted the earlier date, showed, he thought, the
importance of the motion. It was quite different with regard to Ayrshires and Gal-
loways. Their constitution and mode of bringing them up was different. Rather,
however, than that there .should be any doubt on the subject, he should mo.st readily
propose that a committee be formed to ascertain the wishes of shorthorn breeders-
throughout the 'whole members of the Society.

Mr Andrew Mitchell, Alloa, seconded the motion.
In answer to Mr IMollison,

Mr Menzies, Secretary, stated that seventeen shorthorn breeders had written to him
saying that they approved of Mr Mollison's motion, and three that they did not.

Mr Mollison thought that indicated pretty well what the feeling of the shorthorn
breeders was.

Mr Smith, Wliittinghame, asked the Secretary to read any of the most prominent
remarks.

Mr Menzies said that those making the most prominent remarks were against the
change. They were Mr Robert Bruce, Northallerton, well known as a breeder, and
Mr Richard Tweedie. The others wrote simply saying that they approved of the
change ; they did not give reasons. Mr Bruce in his letter said — " I hope the Direc-
tors will consider the matter well before they come to a conclusion on the subject, as
I believe the present date is the most definite, and also the date to suit the large pro-
portion of exhibitors. I give the following reasons for my belief : — " First, l.ireeding
should never be made subservient to showing, and as men are not bound to show all
they breed, such only as can fulfil conditions as to age, &c., need be prepared. Second,
a large proportion of even north-country .shorthorns are calved in February, March,
and April. Third, the Royal English Society have determuied to fix 1st January as
the date from which to calculate ages, and a uniform date at the national shows must
be desirable."

Mr Mollison said that these were really English breeders, and he did not think
they should be much guided by their opinion.

Sir Thos. GLAdsTONE of Fasque, Bart., said that, as a breeder of polled cattle, he
wished to .state that until very lately he Avas under the same impression as Mr Mollison.
At a recent meeting of the Kincardineshire Agricultural Society, he seconded a motion
with the object that Mr Mollison proposed of changing the date from 1st January to
1st December, and he found such was the imfavourable opinion of the members of the
association that the proposer of the motion and himself stood alone. He could not
doubt, there fere, there nmst be good reasons to influence in so remarkable a manner
the intelligent farmers of a breeding district such as his. Their main objection, as he
understood it was, that it was giving encouragement to the earlier breeding of cattle,
and in that way tending to increase the destitution of milk before they could turn
cattle out on the land. That w^as a very important consideration, it influenced the
farmers of that district to a very great extent, and he thought it right therefore to
exj)ress his recantation of opinion on the suliject.

PEOCEEDIXGS AT GE^^EUAL MEETINGS. 19

Mr Maxtone Graham of Cultoquhey said that this was a matter which the Directors
wi>he(l to keep open, it being one more for the Society itself to decide. He did not
pretend to compete in authority with the mover and seconder, but he had long taken
gi-eat interest in the rearing and breeiling of shorthorns, and he had rarely found that
animals dropped before the 1st January were materially better than those dropped
after the beginning of the year. He would propose as an amendment that a commit-
tee be aj^pointed to consider the question.

Mr Smith, Whittinghame, thought the experience of the English Society truly
should be theirs, and their desire to encourage anything that might lead to uniformity
in the regulations of the national societies should lead them on the present occasion to
jxiuse, and not to go directly in the face of what the societies were doing. He moved
the previous question.

Principal Williams seponded this motion, holding that as regards the promoting of
the health of the future stock, it would be undesirable to encourage breeding from so
young animals.

Sir James Gardiner Baird called attention to the inconvenience which would arise
from large agricultural societies adopting different periods from which to date the age
of animals, and suggested that any committee appointed should be empowered to hold
a conference at least with the Royal English and any other large society with the view
of agreeing upon a date for the age of animals brought forward forjudging.

The Chairman — Do you pro[josethat the conference should be personal or by means
of communication ?

Sir James Gardiner Baird — I leave that entirely to the discretion of the com-
mittee.

After some further discussion, in course of which it was suggested that any com-
mittee to be appointed should have power to reconsider the ages of the polled Angus
as well as that of the other classes — a proposal which was opposed by Mr Ralston,
Glamis ; Sir William Forbes of Craigavar, Bart., and others — a motion that a com-
ndtteebe appointed by ttie Directors to consider and report on the ages of shorthorn
cattle only was adopted.

Shropshire Judges. — The next motion on the programme was the following by
Mr Dangertield, Balboughty : — " That in view of the large and increasing entries of
Shropshire sheep at our annual shows, the Directors secure the services of Shropshire
breeders as judges of that class of stock."

ftir Dangerfield stated that he understood the Directors had agreed to act as he
proposed, ami he therefore withdrew the motion.

Inspectors of Shearing Sheep. — Mr Crawford, Pitlowie, moved — "''Tliat two or
more inspectors of shearing be appointed by the Directors to exauune the sheep on
their admission to the showyard, with instructions to mark any animal or animals
which they find has been unfairly shorn ; further, to cause a disqualification ticket to
be nailed on the pen over their number, and to report the case or cases to the stewards
or attending members." He said it was often the case that an artist was employed to
give a sheep a good outline.

Mr Dundas, Dunira, seconded the motion.

Mr Melvin, Bonningtou, said that uidess the Society drew out special instructions
for the guidance of the inspectors it would not be possible to carry out the proposal
contained in the motion. It was a very dilHcult matter for a judge to decide what
length of wool should be left.

Mr Smith, Whittinghame, said he thought they should leave the matter a.s it stood,
l»ut ask the judges to give si)ecial attention to the subject.

Lor<l Arthur Cecil said that the gi-eat roguery that had been discovered in some
places in regard to sheep shearing had led to the aiipointment of inspectors.

Mr S.mith, Stevenson Mains, said that tlie system adojited by the Koyal Agricultural
Society of ap])ointing inspectors did not give satisfaction. He thought that the i)re-
sent regulations of the Society were suHicient if they were a little more strongly
t-iiforced. He moved the previous (juestion.

Mr Howatson of Glenbuck seconded the amendment.

On a division, the ])revious ([uestion was carried by a large majority.

Proposed Show at (Ilasgow in 1882. — Mr Gillon of WalUiouse then reporte»l as
follows : — From the jiublicity given in the uewspa])ers to the proceedings at tlie
Directors' meetings, the members ])r('sent are no doubt aware that in accordance with
the ordinary system of rotation the General Show of the Society would in 1SS2 be held
at Inverness, and that the Directors have resolved to recommend to this meeting the
substitution of Gla^-gow for Inverness in that year. The reason of this alteration is
that the centenary of the Society is in lSb4, aiul the Directors think that the show
.sliould be hehl in h>linburgh that year, as it would not do to have Edinburgh follow-
ing Glasgow. It is tliereforo jtropose<l to go to Glasgow in 1882, and have Inverness
betwixt it and Edinliurgh. As instructed by the Director^, the Secretary communicated
the proposal to the conveners of all the counties connected with Glasgow and Invemes.s

20 PKOCEEDINGS AT GEXEKAL MEETINGS.

districts. The result was that there was no objection to the proposal from those
counties and towns which replied, except the Town Council of Inverness, who, hy a
majority, disapproved of the proposed rotation. The only counties which did not
reply were Cromaity and Sutherland. In these circumstances the Board felt justified
in preparing a list of classes of stock suitable for the Glasgow district, and authorised
the Secretai-y to submit it to a meeting of members which was held at Glasgow on the
15th of December. The meeting approved of the list, subject to a few additions and
alterations, which have since been considered by the Directors. That list I have now
to sixbmit to the meeting, and to move the following resolution: — "The Society
approves of the proposal to hold the General Show at Glasgow in 1S82, at Inverness in
1883, and at Edinbiu'gh in 1884, and authorises the Directors to make the necessaiy
arrangements for these meetings,"

The resolution was agreed to.

Implement Departmen't. — Z^Ir MTLyE, Xiddrie Mains, gave in the Report from the
Implement Committee, which recommended —

1. That no premiums, awards, or public distinction of any kind for implements or
machines be given without thorough and exhaustive open and competitive trials.

2. That premiums be confined to entirely new inventions; or to real improvements
upon existing implements and machines destined to remedy marked defects.

3. That no prizes or awards Ite given in connection with general shows except such
as have been publicly announced in the official list of the premiums to be competed for.

4. That any real improvements or new inventions be intimated to the Secretary
before 1st March, and submitted to the Implement Committee for report as to whether
they are considered worthy of entry and trial.

5. That the Society pro\-ide ground at a suitable season and make arrangements for
the proper trial of implements and machines to be classed under certain heads, and a
charge made for the entry of each.

6. That the following implements being yet in a comparatively undeveloped state,
should be dealt with as new inventions, and premiums should l->e offered as foUow : —

For CuinpeHHon at Stirling bi 1881.

Potato lifters, 3 premiums of £15, £10, £5 £30

Turnip lifters, 3 premiums of £15, £10, £5 .. 30

Artificial manure distributors, 3 premiums of, £15, £10, £5, 30

£90

For Competitimi at Glasgow in 1882.

Combined reaper and binder, or lifting and binding machine, 3 premiums

of £100, £50, £25 ... ... ^

Seed cleaners, 3 premiums of £15, £10, £5

For Comiictition at Inveiiiess in 1883.

£205

Turnip thinners, 3 ju'emiums of £15, £10, £5 £30

Potato planters, 3 premiums of £15, £10, £5 30

Weed eradicators, 3 premiums of £15, £10, £5 30

£90

7. That the Society at the time of the annual trials provide groimd suitable for the
exhibition of other implements and machines as follows : — First year, 1881 — ploughs,
grubbers, diggers, and cultivators. Second year, 1882— mowers, horse rakes, and hay
collectors. Third year, 1883 — ploughs, grubbers, diggers, and cultivators. Notice to
be sent in not later than 1st March, and entry money to be charged.

8. That notwithstanding these regulations, it shall be in the power of the Implement
Committee at any time to recommend to the Directors for trial, and award any extra-
ordinary invention or improvement.

9. That the Committee have power to withhold prizes where there is not sufficient
merit, or apportion them as they think best.

The Report was adopted.

EXPERIMENT.VL Stations. — Dr Aitken submitted his report, in which he said — We
have now secured the third crop of one rotation— viz., Italian rj'egrass. Owing to the
long drought during the simimer, the hay crop in the Lothians was a short one, but
the crop at Pumpherston was a very fair one considering the sea.son. It was got in in
good condition, and is now undergoing analysis, A dry season is known to be very
unfavourable to the action of light manures, and had these been applied to the various

niOCEEDINGS AT GENKKAl, .MKETIXGS. 21

plots in tlie ordinary way, the result -would not have been very satisfactory. As it
hai^peued, the Chemical Committee determined not to apply any manures to the grass
crop last year, but considered it preferal>le to note the effects of the former manurings
upon the bulk and character of the hay crop. Owing to this circumstance, the value
ot the bay experiments was very little atfected by the drought. On the small plots
the crop was turnips, for which tlie various manures under experiment were applied.
Another series of small plots similar to those at the Society's stations were put under
turnips at Liberton, and all were secured and sampled in good condition. On the home
farm of the Marquis of Tweeddale at Yester an excellent series of experiments, similar
to six of the more important plots at our own stations, was carried out on two different
kinds of soil. They were under the direction of Mr Swinton, and have produced
results of a very well-marked and interesting character. Another series of experiments
with turnips grown upon various soils in Forfarshire, under the direction of Mr
Lawson, Sandyford, and very similar in their character to some of tlie Society's experi-
ments, were approved by the Chemical Committee, and samples of them all were
received for analysis. There have thus been sev^en different stations at which experi-
ments with turnips have been carried out in connection with the investigations under-
taken by the Society, and samples of these, amounting to about 3000 turnips, are at
l^resent being analysed in the laboratory. The results already obtained differ widely
in several important particulars, and show the need for greatly increasing the number
of similar experiments throughout the country. I hope the time is near when we
shall have our experiments repeated in every county of Scotland, and when the special
work carried on at the Society's own stations shall be of a kind less affected by soil,
situation, and climate, and more intimately concerned in the solution of scientific
questions arising out of the practice of agriculture.
Chemical Department. — Mr Mackenzie of Portmore read the

Report by Special Committee appointed to consider and report on Mr Scott
Dudgeon's proposed Resolutions as to Chemical Analyses ; and on the proposal
by the Directors to give the Chemist an allowance for Assistants and Laboratory
Expenses ; and moved its adoption. The Report is as follows : —

Resolution by, and Proceedings at, General Meeting.
At the General Meeting held at Kelso, on the "iSth July 1880, the following
resolution was adopted: — "The Society being satisfied that the benefits which
chemical analyses are calculated to confer on agriculture can be more widely difl'used
and more economically accomplished through the agency of local analytical associa-
tions than by the carrying out of the resolution adopted at the General Meeting at
Perth, resolves to rescind such resolution ; and remits the whole subject matter
embraced in the remainder of Mr Scott Dudgeon's proposed resolutions to the
I)irectors, with the recommendation that they aiqtoint a committee, composed one-
half of their own body and one-half of members who are not in the Directorate, to
consider and report to a subsecpient General Meeting of tl:e Society." It was after-
wards agreeil that Mr Scott Dudgeon should have the nomination of members not on
the Directorate, and that the committee should name their own chairman. It was
also remitted to the same committee to consider an<l rejiort on a proposal by the
Directors to give the chemist an allowance for assistants and laboratory expen>es.

Mr Scott Dudgeon's I'rojjosed lU'snhdiims.
Mr Dudgeon's ])roposed resolutions were in the following terms : —

I. The Society being satisfied that the benefits which chemical analyses are
calrulateil to confer on agricrlture, can be more widely diffused and more ecojioniically
accomplished thnjugh the agency of local analytical associations than In' the cairy-
iiig out of the resolution ad(jpted at the General Meeting at Perth, resolves to rescind
.such resolution; and, further, with the view of encouraging as well as regulating the
conduct of these as.sociations, resolves to contribute from its funds towards their
expenses.

II. That the amount of such contribution shall be to eacli assoi-iation at the rate
of r»s. for ea'h full analysis, and of "Js. Gd. lor each partial analysis of manure or
feeding-stuff effected, juovided the a.ssociation .shall .satisfy the Chemical Coniuiittee
of the Society on the following jtoints : —

1. That the analyst employed is of acknowledged stiinding.

'1. That the association is managed by a conimittee of practical farmers occupy-
ing lan<l in the district.

3. That analyses are only made for farmers, and that these suUscribe towards the

expenses of tin- association.

4. That each analysis rej)resents nt least 2 tons of bulk actually purchased by

guarantee by one or more meml»ers, and that the analysis has i)een made from
a fairly drawn sample, of which a <luplicate has bi en retained.

22 PROCEEDIXGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

5. That with each analysis is furnished names and addresses of the seller and the

buyer or buyers, the guarantee given, the price at which bought, and the result
as determined by the association's analyst.

6. Tliat sellers be bound to supply up to 20 tons of any manufactured manure

reported upion at the saniK price to any member of the association, if called
upon within fourteen days after the analysis has been reported to the associa-
tion.

7. Tliat all analyses be reported on a uniform basis, to be furnished by the Society,

and valuations of manures, if any are made, to be calculated on a uniform

standard to be issued each year by the Societj^
III. That full details of all analyses made, for which contribution has been
paid, shall be published each year in the Transactions ; but before such is done in the
case of any which shall show an inferiority in valuable constituents of more than (5 or
10 per cent. ?) between the guarantee given and the analysis obtained, there may be (at
the option of the seller, to whom due notice shall be given) an appeal to an independent
chemist to be chosen by the Society.

A])pointnie7it of, and Remit to, Committee.

In accordance with the resolution by the General Meeting at Kelso, the following
members were nominated at a Special Meeting of Directors held on 1st September, to
consider and report on the subject matter embraced in Mr Scott Dudgeon's proposed
resolutions, and on the proposal by the Directors to give the chemist an allowance for
assistants and laboratory expenses.

Members selected by Directors :— Lord Napier and Ettrick, K.T. ; Mr Mackenzie
of Portmore ; Mr Mylne, Niddrie Mains ; ]Mr Smith, Whittinghame ; Mr Smitli,
Stevenson Mains.

Members nominated by Mr Scott Dudcieox :- -Mr Scott Dudgeon, Longnewton ;
Eev. John Gillespie, Mouswald ; Mr W. P. Hope, Leith ; Mr Nicoll, Littleton ; Mr
Ross, Newtonlees.

Itecomnioidatioyis by Committee.

In terms of the above remit, your Committee met on the 13th October (when Lord
Napier and Ettrick, K.T., was appointed chairman), on the 10th Noveml)er, and on
the 8th and 15th December, and having considered the subjects remitted to them, an<l
heard the opinions of the several members, beg to report as follows : —

I. Chemical Analyses.

I. With the view of encouraging, as well as regulating the conduct of, analytical
associations, the Committee recommend that the Society should contribute from its
funds towards their expenses a sum for the present not exceeding £250 annually.

II. Tliat the amount of such contribution shall lie to each association at the rate of
5s. for each full analysis, and 2s. 6d. for each partial analysis of manures or feeding-
stuffs effected, or such proportion thereof as the above annual contribution may permit
of, the pecuniary assistance thus contemplated to be sultject to the following conditions
being complied with to the satisfaction of tlie Chemical Committee : —

1. That the rules of the association be submitted to and approved of by the

Chemical Committee.

2. That it be a condition of participating in the grant that the association make

analyses for members of the Highland and Agricultural Society being farmers
and not members of the local association, charging them the cost price to the
association, less the amount recovered from the Society.

3. That the association is managed by a committee of practical farmers owning

or occupying land in the district.

4. That the analyst employed is of acknowledged standing.

5. That the benefits of the grant shall apply only to analyses made for farmers, and

that they subscribe towards the expenses of the association, subject to the
exception in No. 2.

6. That each analysis represents at least 2 tons of bulk actually purchased under

guarantee, or at a specified price per unit of valuable ingredients, and delivered
to one or more members, and that the analysis has been made from a sample
drawn in accordance with the published instructions of the Society, and that a
sealed duplicate sample has Ijeen retained.

7. That with each analysis is furnished the names and addresses of the seller and

of the buyer or buyers, the guarantee given, the cash or credit price at which
bought, the place of delivery, and the result as determined by the analyst of
the association.

8. That in the case of any manufactured manure reported upon, the seller shall

be obliged to supply memljers of the association with a further rpiantity at
the same price and terms, proWded the order is given not later than one month

PEOCEEDINGS AT GEXEILVL MEiniXGS. 23

after the parcel reported upon has been delivered, and the quantity in all
does not exceed 20 tons.
■9. That all analyses he reported according to forms to be furnished by the High-
land and Agricultural Society, and valuations of manures, if any are made, to
be calculated on a uniform standard to be issued periodically by the Society,
and at least once a year.
HI. That a summary of all analyses for which the Society has contributed pay-
iment, and fidl details of such as shall appear to the Chemical Committee worthy of
■notice, shall l:>e published each year in the Transactions. But before such publication
is made, in the case of all which show an inferiority in the whole valuable constituents
of 8 per cent, or upwards between the guarantee given and the analysis obtained,
there may be at the option of the seller, to whom due notice will be given, a further
analysis made by an indei)eudent chemist to be chosen by the Society.

II. Lahoro.tory ExjMnses and Duties of Chemist.

I. That tlie allowance to Dr Aitken, chemist to the Society, should be : —

1. Salary as at present ....... £300

2. For assistants and service in the laboratory .... 140

3. For rent, a^iparatus, chemical reagents, gas. coke, coal, &c. . 160

£600

II. That the duties of the chemist should be : —

1. To prepare annually for publication in the Society's Transactions a rej^ort on

the more important investigations and experiments being conducted in this

country and elsewhere on the application of chemistry to agricidture.
.2. To superintend the experiments being carried on at the experimental stations

of the Society, to make all necessary analyses and investigations in connection

therewith, and to prepare an annual report of these for publication in the
' Transactions.

5. To perform the requisite analyses in connection with such other experiments

as are conducted under the sanction and direction of the Chemical Committee,

and report on the same if desired.
4. To prepai'e a summary of all analyses for which the Society has contributed

payment, and full details of such as shall appear to the Chemical Committee

worthy of notice for publication in the Transactions.
-5. To attend all meetings of the Chemical Committee of the Society,
t). To have a laboratory in Edinburgh, where he may be consulted by members of

the Society, and to be in attendance there every Wednesday for that piirpose.

7. To maintain a sufficient statf of assistants, one of whom at least shall be specially

engaged in, and acquainted with, both the chemical and experimental work of
the Society.

8. To deliver lectures at such places and on such subjects connected with the

chemistry of agriculture, as shall be approve<l of by the Chemical Committee,
and for which the Cliemist shall be permitted to receive remuneration from
the parties ajjplying for his services.
Tlie chemist and his assistants sliall be paid their travelling ex})enses when on
the Society's work.

He shall receive a fee of £l, Is. for each analysis made by him, when employed
as referee in connection with local associations.

He sluill be entitled to charge for analyses made for members of the Society
according to the scale of fees annually published in the Transactions.

Xai'Ikk and Etthick, Chainndn of Committee.
?]r)iNBUK«^iH, 15//( December \%^0.

Mr Lindsay, Meadowflat, seconded the motion. He said he was sorry that he
could not congratulate the Directors on having given tlieir adhesion to the proposals,
as he understood that they were coerced into them. It seemed to him that if the
resolutions were adopted it would institute a new era in agriculture.

Mr Mackknzik said that the ditterences between the Directors and Mr Scott
Dudgeon on the subject were merely as to matters of «letail.

Mr Lindsay said lie disapproved of the terms of the appointment of the chemist.
He thought they should give a man a good salary, and iiave the whole of his time
tlevoted to their work.

Mr .Mkiain said he thought that steps should be taken to get reports in regard to
Continental experimental statiojis.

Mr Mackknzik said that Dr Aitken was in communication with most of the
stations.

24 peocej:i)Ings at general imeetixgs.

Mr Scott Dudgeon said tliat it was part of the instructions to tlie chemist to obtain
such information.

Mr Lindsay said he wished to enter his dissent against the terms of the appoint-
ment of the chemist.

Mr Scott Dudgeon said he wouhl he ghail to see the proposals passed by the Societj-,
and he wislied to inform outsiders that the Labours of the committee had been con-
ducted most pleasantly. They foixnd every readiness on the part of the Directors to
make the scheme as good as possible. As to the salary of the chemist and his duties,
he could saj' that the proposal was an excellent one, and that they were not giving
the chemist a halfpenny more than he deserved. He would like to see their chemist
independent of other work than their own ; but that could not be the case at present,.
as it would cost a thousand a year at the very least.

Mr Lindsay said he did not insinuate anything against Dr Aitken personally, but
he spoke on general gi'ounds.

The report was then agreed to.

Technical Schools of Agriculture. — Colonel Innes of Learney moved— "(1.)
That there is urgent need for the establishment of central technical schools of agTi-
culture in the several agricultural districts of Scotland ; and (2. ) that it is the duty of
the Highland and Agricultural Society to promote the establishment and maintenance
of such schools." In supporting the motion, Colonel Innes said he could not help
entertaining the belief that he might safely leave the resolution without attempting
any advocacy of it, and thought it must commend itself generally to the assent of this
Society and of those present ; but his object Avas not only to obtain a general assent,
but such an assent as would carry along with it a practical application if they should
resolve that the institution of such schools was not only a good thing in the district,
l>ut one to which tbey should set themselves about earnestly. He might say that he
did not pretend himself to be in the position of enforcing this view, except that he had
a connection with an association established to promote a school in the north of Scot-
laml which had led him to take up the subject. Six years ago, having the honour of
being on the Board of Directors, he proposed that the Society should memorialise the
Committee of the Privy Council on Education on the propriety of establishing agri-
culture as a branch of the system of physical science taught under the superintendence
of the Department of Science and Art in the schools department. That memorial was
eventually successful, but he could assure the meeting that that success M-as not
attained without exertions and without difficulty. They found on applying to the
department that it was generally assumed that the mass of agriculturists as a class
Avere not, as it were, susceptible of this technical training given in other branches of
industry ; but he was happy to say that that view did not prevail. All honour to the
nobleman whom they had that day placed in the position oi President of their Society
— the Duke of Richmond and Gordon, who was President of the Council and the SuIj-
Department of Education. Thanks to the enlightened and active interest that he
took in the subject himself, a resolution was adopted including this amongst the
technical subjects of education encouraged by the Privy Council. In the report of the
past year he found that of agricultural students for whom grants were drawn from the
Education Department, in England and Wales there were 1449, and in Scotland 343.
As agriculturists he thought they must view that as sufficiently encouraging, because
a system of that sort could not spring up in a day. It must grow up like other agri-
cultural crops. Of the 343 agricultural students in Scotland to whom he had referred,
they found that 306 were from the north of Scotland ; from the south-east there were
none ; from the south-west, 37. This large proportion, almost exclusive distribution
of students in the north of Scotland, had been due to the Central Technical School of
Agriculture, which, by the active assistance of a well-<inalihed teacher in chemistry,
Mr Jamieson, who took up the matter warmly, was established in Aberdeen. It had
now been continued from year 1o year for four years, and he held in his hands the
annual reports jjresented to the association. In 1876, the first year, there were 42
agi'icultural students ; in 1877, 56 ; and in 1878, 63. The report for the past year was
not yet completed, but he had grounds for saying that tliere was a decrease in the
elementarj'' classes, whereas there was a great increase in the more advanced instrrtc-
tion. Besides the instruction given by Mr Jamieson, who was an analytical chemis-t
well known in connection with the exi^eriments in the north of Scotland, and who, he
believed, was engaged in similar experiments in the southern counties of England,
they last year, with great difficulty from their small funds, were enabled to institute
additional subjects of instruction. The subjects included veterinary surgery, breeds
and breeding, dairy farming, surveying, drainage, &c. Two years ago the managers of
the school applied to the Highland and Agricultural Society for assistance. They
received a sum of ,£2.5, for which they were grateful, and he thought that if they
placed it against the results it might be said that the money was well expended. The
great difficulty which they experienced in obtaining the attendance of young farmers
for six weeks at such a school was that they had to sacrifice time and incur expense^

PEOCEEDIXGS AT GEXEEAL MEETINGS. 25

and they had recently conceived the idea that their school might be brought within
the category of those -which were encouraged by the Education Department, to the
extent of giving scholarships to encourage attendance. One condition of those
scholarships of £25 each was that from other sources a similar sum should be raised.
An application had been made to the Directors to the effect that the Education
Department offered scholarships of £25 each provided an equal sum was raised ; and
he thought it was not too much to ask the Highland Society to contribute towards two
such scholarships. In due course he received a reply informing him that the Board
regretted that it was impossible for them to recommend a grant to be made to the
Agricultural School in Aberdeen, as there were no funds. Now, he did not ■v\-ish to
appear as putting himself in as aspect of hostility, or complaint even, regarding the
resolution of the Directors. He felt that unless he could place himself in this posi-
tion — that they had not only the theoretical but the practical assent of the general
l)odj' of the Society — he could not carry with him the agricultural opinion, as it were,
in favour of the principles which he had stated in the resolution now before the
meeting. He could not exj^ect that the Directors should divert funds which had been
applied by resolution towards other objects. Tlie Board of Directors, he was con-
fident, was always a reflex of the agricultural opinion of the Society, and it was only
by obtaining an assent to his proposal, not only theoretically and abstractly, but
because it was a thing that was worthy of attention, and could be energetically set
about, that he could expect any sujiport from the Directors.

After some further arguments in favour of the establisliment of such schools, Colonel.
Tnnes concluded by venturing to anticipate that if the Society would agi-ee to affirm,
the proposals he had made, it would not be without its intiuence in attaining the
object he aimed at.

Mr Ferguson of Kinmundy said that but for the lateness of the hour and the small-
ness of the meeting he would have entered into the question. He must say, however,
that the two principles contained in the motion must commend themselves to all who
had given their attention to agriculture. He seconded the motion.

It Avas suggested that the proposal might be left for the consideration of the Directors.

Mr Melvin said he thought there could be no objection to the hrst part of the motion ;
but, as to the second, and with such a small meeting, he thought it would be very
injudicious to pronounce any opinion upon it.

Colonel Innes said he was quite willing to take out of the second branch of the
resolution anything that would involve the necessity for the Directors considering the
question of contribution unless they saw the propriety of it.

Mr FEKGUSoy said he understood that they were not committing the Directors to any-
direct contribution or responsibility whatever, but only asking them to look at the
present state of things, and do what they could to promote the scheme.

Colonel Innes said that to carry the consent of the meeting he would withdraw the
word "maintenance."

Mr Forbes Irvine appealed to Colonel Innes whether, when so few members (only
13) were present, he would press the Society to give an opinion on the second part of.
the question.

Colonel Innes felt that when a motion of this kind was printed and circulated
throughout the countrv, it was the dutv of those who Ijrought it forward, unless some
very sufficient reason presented itself, to persevere with it. He was soiry that the
general body of those who were present had not thought it of sufficient interest to wait
until the matter was discussed ; but he presumed that if they had any very active
hostility or objection to the motion they would have remained to oppose it.

Tlie motion was unanimously adoptetl in the following form:— •' (1) Tliat there is
urgent need for the establishment of central technical schools of agriculture in the
several agricultural districts of Scotland ; and (2) that it is the duty of the Highland
and Agricultural Society to encourage the establishment of such schools."

Agricultural Bursaries.— Mr Menzies, in the al>sence of Professor Wilson, re-
]>orte<l that the examination of candidates for the Society's bursaries took place on the
'20th of Octoljer, when Daniel Bain, Pulteneytown, Wick ; James Craig, Urquhart,
Dunfermline ; William Henderson, East Elrington, Haydon Bridge ; E. H. Smith,
Whittiiighume,Prestoukirk ; Marcus Sandison, Hemprigg, Wick ; H. P. Wright, Dow-
nan, lialhmtrae- -jiassed for bursaries of 120 eacli ; and Andrew Brown, Nether
Auchroddie, New Deer ; and Donald Finlayson, Pulteneytown, Wick — for bureanes
of -flO each,

Dlstrict Compktitiojcs — Mr Menzies, in the absence of Mr Campbell Swinton of
Kimmerghame, also reported the i>reniiunis awarded in 1880 and those offered in 1881.

Cottage Comi'etitions. — Mr Menzies, in the absence of Mr Maxwell Inglis of
Loganliank, rejiorted the premiums awardeil in 1880 and those offereil in 1881.

Frk.miu.ms for Reports Awarded in 1880 and Offered in 1881. -Transactions
For 1881. — Mr Irvine of Drum reimrted the ])reniiunis awarded for reports in 1880,
those offered for competition in I88l, and the contents ot tin- furthcoming volume of
the "Transactions.*'

26 " PEOCEEDIXGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

Foot and Mouth Disease. — Mr Menzies read the following memorial to tlie Privy
Council and reply : —

" To the Lords of her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, the memorial of
the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, iucorj)orated by Royal
Charter.

" Humbly showeth, — That your memorialists learn with deep concern that foot-and-
mouth disease is prevalent in twenty-four counties in England. That Scotland has
been free from this scourge for a considerable time. That your memorialists would
humbly beg to impress on her Majesty's IMost Honourable Privy Council the necessity
of immediate action being taken to prevent the spread of this disease into Scotland,
by calling on the local authorities to take such steps at once, under the Contagious
Diseases (Animals) Act, as may be deemed proper, and, if necessary, to stop the
transit of cattle and sheep from England into Scotland. — (Signed) by order of the
Directors, " Adam Smith, Chairman.

" Edinburgh, 5th January 1881."

" Veterinary Department, Privv Council Office, 44 Parliament Street,
'' Westminster, S.'W., lOth January 1881.

"Sir, — I have submitted to the Lords of the Council the memorial addressed to
their Lordships by the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, transmitted
with your letter of the 6th inst., referring to the danger of allowing disease to be
taken ' into Scotland by animals from England ; and I am directed, in reply, to
forward copies of the various Orders of Coimcil issued by their Lordships with
reference to foot-and-mouth disease, and to add that, if they fail to arrest the
si:)readiug of the disease in question, their Lordships will be prepared to take such
further steps as may be deemed expedient for the protection of Scotland. — I am, sir,
your obedient servant, (Signed) " C. L. Peel.

" The Secretary, Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland."

On the motion of Mr Irvine of Drum, a vote of thanks was accorded to Lord
Napier and Ettrick for presiding, and the proceedings terminated.

REPORT OF THE SOCIETY'S VETERINARY EXAMINATION,
Fifty-seventh Session, 1879-80.

The examination for this session took place on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday,
the 5th, 6th, and 7th April. The examination on Monday, which was held in Mr
JBuist's Auction Mart, Lauriston, kindly lent for the occasion, was upon the practical
branches of the course ; and those on the two subsequent days upon the theoretical
subjects. The distribution of certificates and medals to the successful candidates took
place on the 7th in the Society's Hall, George IV. Bridge. Major Wauchope of
Niddrie Marischall, chairman of the Society's Veterinary Committee, presided.
Among the other gentlemen present were — Drs Douglas Maclagan, Craig, and Dycer,
Edinburgh ; Messrs Finlay Dun and Thomas Dollar, London ; Mr Thomas Taylor,
Manchester ; and Professors Walley and M'Fadyean, Edinburgh.

The Chairman congratulated the successful students on their having obtained the
certificate of the Society, and wished them every success in life. He then distributed
the certificates and medals to the following successful candidates . — Messrs Christopher
Black, Meath ; William Calvert, Middleham ; Joseph Donald, Cumberland ; James J.
Fraser, Keith ; James Wood Ingram, Manchester ; Frank Mavor, London ; Archibald
I\Iunro, Holytown ; William Ryan, Limerick ; George Whitehead, Barnsley : Joseph
Woods, Kirkham, Lancashire ; James Chalmers, Annan ; and Edward J. A. C.
Yorston, INIanchester. The medal for the best practical examination was awarded to
Mr Yorston, with 39 marks out of a possible 40. In the best general examination two
candidates were equal, each having obtained 44 marks — viz., William Calvert, Middle-
ham, and Jas. Wood Ingram, Manchester ; and the Chairman intimated that the
Society would grant a medal to each.

Drs Dycer and Craig each briefly addressed the students. Tlie latter referred to
the high standard of efiiciency, as manifested by the exanunation, which the students
had attained to, very few having failed in both departments.

The following gentlemen acted as examiners : — Botany — Professor Balfour ; Dr
Cleghorn of Stravithie, St Andrews. Cheniistry—Dr W. Craig ; A. Inglis M'Callum.
Anaicmy — Dr Dycer ; C. Cunningham, Slateford ; A. Spreull, Dundee. Physiolof/i/
ami Histology — Dr Dycer ; C. Cunningham, Slateford ; Andrew Spreull, Dundee.
Materia Medica — Professor Balfour ; Professor Douglas Maclagan ; Finlay Dun ; Dr
Craig; A. I. M'Callum. iJlseaaes of Horses — John Borthwick, Kirkliston; John
Lawson, Manchester ; Tom Taylor, Manchester. Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Sicine, and
Docjs. — Thomas A. Dollar, London; Alexander Pottie, Paisley; R. Rutherford,
Edinburgh.

A vote of thanks to the Chairman terminated the proceedings.

PKEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880. 27

PREMIUMS AAVAEDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880-81.

I.— REPORTS, 1881.

AGKICULTUEAL.

1. James Macdonald, Editor, Irish Farmers Gazette, Dublin, for a Report on

the Agiiculture of the Counties of Forfar and Kincardine,
■2. Archibald M'Xeilage, jun., 194 St Vincent Street, Glasgow, for a Report on the

Agriculture of Bute and Arran, .....

3 Thomas Lawson, Sandyford, Kirriemuir, for a Report of Experiments on the

Culture of Tuniips, ........

4. George Bnice, Pennan FaiTn, Fraserburgh, for a Report on the First Principle

in Agriculture, ........

5. David Archibald, Duddingstone, South Queensfeny, for a Report on the

Leicester Breed of Sheep, .......

fj. John W. .J. Paterson, TeiTona, Langholm, for a Repoit en the Breeding and
Rearing of Horses, ........

7. R. Rutherford, V.S., 10 Bread Street, Edinburgh, for a Report on Innoculation

as a Prevention to Pleuro-Pneumonia, .....

8. David W. Wemyss, Newton Bank, St Andrews, for a Report on the Results

of Feeding on the Quantity and Quality of Butter and Cheese,
'J. Duncan Clerk, Writer, Oban, for a Report on Grazing Cattle and Sheep Together
or Separately, . . , . . ...

10. James Graham, Bank of Scotland, Edinburgh, for Model of Cattle Track for

Feedmg and Watering Animals in Transit, .....

11. H. Kidd, 63 Wide Bargate, Boston, Lincolnshire, for a Report on Sheep Pox,

12. Primrose M'Connell, Castlemains, New Cumnock for a Report on Insects which

prey upon Agricultural Plants, ......

13. William Anderson Smith, Ledaig, Argj-llshire, for a Report on Oyster Culture

in Scotland, .........

14. William Sloan Hamilton, Springside, Kilmarnock, for a Report on Threshing

Grain, ...... Minor Gold Medal,

1-5. R. Smith, Auchmar, Leslie, Aberdeenshire, for Constructing a Wheel for
Raising Water, ..... Medium Silver Medal,

FORESTRY.

16. Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston, for a Report on Old and Remarkable

Beeches, . . . . . . . . . 10 0 0

17. Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston, for a Report on Old and Remarkable

Oaks, . . . . . . . . . 10 0 0

18. Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston, for a Report on the /*/«?/.<; /H.<;/5rw/5, . o 0 0

19. Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston, for a Report on the Effects of the

severe Frost of December 1879 on Trees and Shrubs, . . . .500

20. Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston, for a Report on the Destruction to

Woods and Trees by the Gale of 28th December 1879, Elinor Gold Medal, 3 1-J 0

IMPLE.MENTS.

21. William Wallace, 7 Graham Square, Glasgow, for a Report on Ananging the

Implement Department at General Shows, .....

22. Joseph Parsloe, Brereton, Bedford, for a Ileport on Ananging the Implement

Department at General Shows, ......

23. Alexander Leslie, Clierryvale, Aberdeen, for a Report on Ananging the Imi)lc-

ment Dci)artment at General Shows, ......

:;30

0
0

•5

1.5

L'225

II.— KELSO SHOW, 1880.

Ci.A.ss 1.— CATTLE.
SnORTIlOUN'.
Section 1. BULLS calved before 1st January 1S7K.

1. John Vickers, Mown Meadows, Crook, Durham, " Duke of Howl John " (33.C74) £25 0 0

2. Tlie Eari of Ellcsmere, Worsley Hall, "Attractive Lord" (:J2,;i(;,s) . . 15 0 0

CdiT)' foi-ward, £40 0 0

28 PilEMIU:srS awarded by the society IX 1880.

Brought fora-ard, £40 0 0

3. Thomas Willis, jmi., Manor House, Carperby, Bedale, " Vice-Admiral "

(39,257) . . . . . . . . . 10 0 0

Breeder of Best Bull — Messrs Tickers, Howl John, Stanhope, Silver Medal. 0 16 0

V. H. C, John Relph, Maulds Meahurn Hall, Shap, Westmoreland, " Bright Duke "
(37,893). H. C, Robert Arklay of Ethiebeaton, Dundee, " Ma:-ter Toddles"
(40,331). C, Thomas Willis, jun., Manor House, " Eear-Admiral " (37,310).

Section 2. BULLS calved after 1st January 1878.

1. The Duke of Richmond and Gordon, K.G., Gordon Castle, " Arthur Benedict "

(40,986)

2. James Nicholson, Murton, Berwick-upon-Tweed, " Harold " (41,671)

3. Robert Taylor, Crosby Lodge, Shap, Westmoreland, "Prince Louis" (42,189), .
V. H. C, James A. Gordon, Udale, Invergordon, " Rosaiio 2d " (42,299), H. C,

Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn, Bart., " Smeaton Hero" (42,419). C, Alex. F.
Nares, Brucktor, Old Meldrum, " Edgar" (41,501).

Sections. BULLS calved after 1st Januarj- 1879.

1. Clement Stephenson, Sandyford Villa, Xewcastle-on-Tyne, "Paganini," . 15 0 0

2. The Duke of Xorthumberland, Alnwick Castle, " Royal Commissioner," . 10 0 0

3. James Nicholson, Murton, Berwick-on-Tweed, " Mischief Maker," . . 5 0 0
H. C, The Duke of Northumberland, " Lord Bennett."' C, Walter Scott, Glen-

dronach, Huntly, "Good Hope."

Section 4. COWS of any age.

1. Thomas Lambert, Ellington Hall, Haydon Bridge, " Princess Louise," . . 20 0 0

2. John Law, New Keig, Whitehouse, Aberdeen, " Velinda," , . . 10 0 0

3. The Duke of Northumberland, "Lady Jane," . . . . .500
y. H. C, Benjamin St John Ackers, Prinknash Park, " Lady Carew 3d." H. C,

James Whyte, Albro Hall, Darhngton, " Bainesse Rose." C, James Whyte,
Aldbro Hall, Darlington, " Stanwick Rose."

Section 5. HEIFERS, calved after 1st January 1878.

1. The Duke of Northumberland, " Rose of Allandale," . . . . 15 0 0

2. James Whyte, Aldbro Hall, Darhngton, " Gaiety 6th," . . . . 10 0 0

3. Evan Baillie of Dochfour, Inverness, " Sweet Pea," . . . .500
V. H. C, Clement Stephenson, Sandyford Villa, Newcastle, " Alice Smeaton."

Section 6. HEIFERS calved after 1st Januaiy 1879,

1. Benjamin St John Ackers, Prinknash Park, "Lady Carew 4th," , . 10 0 0

2. James Watt, Garbity, Fochabers, "Emily Hope," , . , .800

3. John Relph, Maulds Meaburn Hall, Shap, " Bright Duchess," . . . 4 0 0
V, H. C, The Duke of Richmond and Gordon, K.G., Gordon Castle, " Lady Violet."

H. C, Alexander F. Nares, Binicktor, Old Meldnim, "Viscountess." C, Lord
Polwarth, Mertoun House, St Boswells, " Emerald."

Section 7. COWS of any age, and two of their Descendants,

Male or Female.

1. William Langholm, East Mill Hills, Haydon Bridge, " Diadem 1st," . . 20 0 0

2. Lord Polwarth, :\Iertoun House, St Boswells, " Wave Foam," . . , 10 0 0

3. Lord Polwarth, Mertoun House, St Boswells, " Maggie Gwynne," . . 5 0 0

POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN.
Section 8. BULLS calved after 1st January 1878,

1. Robert Anderson, Daugh, Tarland, " Prince Albert of Baads " (1336), . . 20 0 0

2. Wilham James Tayler, Rothiemay House, Huntly, " Sir Maurice " (1319), . 10 0 0

3. T. L. M. Cartwright, Melville, Ladybank, " Black Prince " (1244), . . 5 0 0
Breeder of Best Bull— George Reid, Baads, Peterculter, Aberdeen, Silver Medal, 0 16 0

Section 9. BULLS calved after 1st January 1878.

1. Thomas Ferguson, Kinnochtry, Coupar-Angus, "Prince of Realm,'' . . 20 0 0

2. Sir George Macpherson Grant of Ballindalloch, Bart., M.P., "Justice" (1462), . 10 0 0

3. George Reid, Baads, Aberdeen, "Young Juryman" (1591), . . . 5 0 0
H. C, The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar, "Bombastes" (1548),

CaiTj- foi-ward, £323 12 0

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880.

Brought forward, £323 12 0

Section 10. BULLS calved before 1st Januaiy 1879.

1. Henry D. Adamson, Balquham, Alford, Aberdeen, "Knight of the Shire,",

2. Lieut-Col. Ferguson of Pitfour, Mintlaw, " Marischal Keith," ,

3. The Earl of Strathraore, Glamis Castle, Forfar, "Ensign,"

Section 11. COWS of any age.

1. Hendr>- D. Adamson, Balquhara, Alford, Aberdeen, "Sybil 2d" (3526),

2. Lieut.-Col. Ferguson of Pitfour, Mintlaw, " Dulcet " (4057),

3. Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart., M.P., "Maid of Aven " (2995),

V. H. C, W. M. Skinner, Dmmin, Glenlivet, "Sunshine 2d" (3333). H.
Thomas Smith, PowTie, Dundee, "May 3d" (3732).

Section 12. HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1878.

1. The Earl of Airlie, K.T., Cortachy Castle, Kirriemuir, " Pavilion " (3772),

2. Henry D. Adamson, Balquham, Alford, Aberdeen, " Pride of Aberdeen 18th,"
-3. Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart., M.P., •' Sprite " (3790),

H. C, The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar, " Queen Mary 1st of Glamis "
(3312). C, W. M. Skinner, Drumin, Glenhvet, " Gaiety 3d " (3983).

Section 13. HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1879.

1. The Earl of Airlie, KT., Cortachy Castle, Kirriemuir, "Miranda" (4204),

2. Robert Anderson, Daugh, Tarland, " Lady Album 2d,"

3. John Hannay, Gavenwood, Banff, " Idyll," ....
V. H, C, Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart., M.P., " Rose Blossom " (4173)

H. C, The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar, "Viola of Glamis.'
C, George Reid, Baads, Aberdeen, " Isla the 3d."

GALLOWAY.
Section 14. BULLS calved before 1st January 1878.

1. Peter Morton & Sons, Pedder Hill, Longtow-n, "Prince Charlie'' (1549),

2. James Little, Fauld, Longtown, " Liddesdale " (1031),

3. James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie, " Knowsley " (1279),
Breeder of Best Bull — Peter Morton <fc Sons, Pedder Hill, Silver Medal,

Section 15. BULLS calved after 1st January 1878.

1. Robert Jardine of Castlemilk, M.P., Lockerbie, " Beaconsfield " (1344),

2. The Duke of Buccleuch and QueensbeiTy, KG., " Stanley " (1348),

3. John Millican, Wedholme House, Abbey Town, "The ilackintosh 2d" (1341), .
H. C, The Duke of Buccleuch and QueensbeiTj', K.G., "Buccleuch " (1342).

Section 16. BULLS calved after Ist January 1879.

1. Frederick E. Villiers, Closebum Hall, Thomhill, " Prince Victor " (1473),

2. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., " Harden 2d" (1458), .

3. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., " Macbeth" (1465),
V. H. C, W. & J. Shennan, Balig, Kirkcudbright, " Xonnandy " (1533).

Section 17. COWS of any age,

1. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., " Princess of Culmain " (2995),

2. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., " Lady Stanley of Dmmlanrig "

(2858), .........

3. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberrj', K.G., " Hannah 3d of Drumlanrig ''

(2620), .........

Section 18. HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1878.

1. W. <fc J. Shennan, Balig, Kirkcudbright, " Jenny Duke,"

2. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., " Bessie 2d of Drumlanrig "

(3411),

3. The Duke of Buccleuch and Qucensberrj', K.G., " Nundina 2d of Drumlanrig "

(3414), .

V. H. C, The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberr>-, K.G., "Britomartis 2d of Dnmi-
lanrig" (3420). H.C., The Duke of Buccleuch and Qucensberrj-, K G., " Caro-
line of Drumlanrig " (3417),

10 0 0
6 0 0
4 0 0

20 0 0

10 0 0

5 0 0

0 16 0

20 0 0

10 0 0

5 0 0

10 0 0
5 0 0
3 0 0

Cairy forward,

i;556 8 0

PEEMIUMS AWAEDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880.

Brought forward, £556 8 0-

Section- 10. HEIFERS calved after 1st Januaiy 1879.

1. James Cunningliam, Tavbreoch, Dalbeattie, "Mary 6th," . . .800

2. James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie, " Lady Stanley 6th " (3674), . 5 0 0

3. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, KG., " Nightingale 2d of Dnimlanrig "'

(3653), . . . . . . . . .300-

V. H. C„ W. & J. Shennan, Balig. Kirkcudbright, " Susan of Balig Sth." H, C,
W. & J. Shennan, Balig, Kirkcudbright, " Lucy of Balig 6th." C, W. & J.
Shennan, BaUg, Kirkcudbright, " Blackie 10th."

0 0

20 0 0-

10 0 O

5 0 0

AYESHIRE.

Section 20. BULLS calved before 1st January 1878.

1. The Duke of Buccleuch and QueensbeiTj', K.G., "Lord of the Isles," . 20 0 0

2. John Young, Cobblebrae, Falkirk, " King Carthus," . . . , 10 0 0

3. Robert Wardrop, Garlaff, Old Cumnock, "Wattieston Prince," . . .500
Breeder of Best Bull — WiUiam Boyd, Bongang, GiiTan, . Silver Medal, 0 16 0
V. H. C, Duncan Keir, Buchlysie, "Bob."

Section 21. BULLS calved after 1st January 1878.

1. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., "Scottish Chief,"

2. Duncan Keir, Buchlyne, "The Baron o' Buchlyvie," ....

Section 22. BULLS calved after 1st Januarj- 1879.

1. Duncan Keir, Buchlyvie, " Auchentroig," .....

2. John Craig, Jellyhill, Bishopbriggs, "Tom," .....

3. John Craig, Jellyhill, Bishopbriggs, " Prince of Daliy,"
C, Sir Michael R. Shaw Stewart, Bart., "Lord Raglan."

Section 23. COWS in Milk, of any age.

1. W. A. MacLachlan, of Auchentroig, Balfron, "Maggie,"

2. Andrew M'Dowall, Auchtralure, Stranraer, " Kate Dalrjanple,"

3. James Scott, Newlands, Bothwell, " Pride of Bothwell," .

Section 24. COWS in Calf, of any age, or HEIFERS in Calf, calved
before 1st January 1878.

1. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., " Lady 4th of Drumlanrig "

(234),

2. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., " Maggie 3d " (287), .

3. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., " Craigman,"
C, W. A. MacLachlan, of Auchentroig, Balfron, "Duchess."

Section 25. HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1878.

1 The Duke of Buccleuch and QueensbeiTj', K.G., " Eva of Drumlanrig,"

2. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., " Faiiy Queen,"

3. Sir Michael R. Shaw Stewart, Bart., " Hebe," .....
V. H. C, The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K G., " Jessie." H. C,

Andrew Baird Matthews, Carsegowan, Xewton Stewart, "Nellie." C, The
Duke of Buccleuch and QueensbeiTy, K.G., "Bell of Drumlanrig."

Section 26. HEIFERS calved after 1st Januaiy 1879.

1. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberrj", K.G., " Alice of Dnimlanrig," . 8 0 0

2. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., " Maud 2d of Drumlanrig," . 5 0 0

3. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., " Woodbine," . . .300
H. C, Duncan Keir, Buchlyvie, "Ayr the 3d." C, A. B. Matthews, Carsegowan,

Newton-Stewart, " Marie Antoinette."

15 0 0

10 0 0

5 0 0

10 0 0
6 0 0
4 0 0

HIGHLAND.

Section 27. BULLS calved before 1st Januaiy 1878.
1. James Duncan, Benmore Home FaiTn, Greenock, " Donnachadh Ban,'

20 0 0

CaiTy forward,

4 0

PKEMIUMS AWAKDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880. 31

Brought foi-ward, £777 4 0

2. The Earl of Seafield, K.T., Castle Grant, Grantown, " Ror>-," . . . 10 0 0

3. John Stewart, Duntulm, Portree, " Prince Charlie," . . . .500
Breeder of Best Bull — John Stewart, Bochastle, Callander, . Silver Medal, 0 IG 0
V. H. C, The Earl of Breadalbane, Aberfeldy, " Cliarlie."

Section 28. BULLS calved after 1st Januaiy 1S7S.

1. The Earl of Breadalbane, "Fingal," . . . . . . 20 0 (>•

2. The Earl of Seafield, K.T., Castle Grant," Wallace," . . , . 10 0 (>■

3. John Stewart, Duntuim, Portree, "Fear-a-Bhaile," . . . .5 0 0^^
y. H. C, John Stewart, Bochastle, Callander, " Lachlann Odhar." H. C, James

Duncan, Benraore Home FaiTn, " Lord CoUn."' C, James Duncan, Benmore
Home Farm, "Alistair ilohr.''

Sectiox 29. COWS of any age.

1. The Earl of Seafield, K.T., Castle Grant, "Dulnain,'' . . . . 20 0 0.

2. John Stewart, Duntulm, Portree, " Morchuis," . . . . . 10 0 0

3. John Stewart, Bochastle, Callander, " Mhaighdeann Bhuidhe,'* . . .500
Y. H. C, James Duncan, Benmore Home Farm, " Riabhach Mliolach." H. C,

The Earl of Breadalbane, " BeU.''

Section 30. HEIFERS calved after 1st Januaiy 1877.

1. John Stewai-t, Duntulm, Portree, " Guanach Bheag," . . . . 10 0 0'

2. The Earl of Breadalbane, "Flora," . . . . . . « 0 0-

3. Hector A. Campbell, Ardfenaig, Bunessan, "Sonasac Odhar," . . .400
Y. H. C, The Earl of Seafield, K.T., Castle Grant, " Dava."' H. C, Hector A.

Campbell, Ardfenaig, " Dubh Gliarbh.'' C, The Earl of Seafield, K.T., Castle
Grant, "Nora."

Section 31. HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1878.

1. John Stewart, Duntulm, Portree, " Targheal Og," ....

2. The Earl of Breadalbane, "Stale Bhuidhe," .....

3. James Duncan, Benmore Home FaiTn, " Golden Queen,"
Y. H. C, John Stewart, Duntulm, Portree, " Guanach.'' H. C, The Earl of Bread-
albane, "Main Riabhach." C, James Duncan, Benmore Home Faim, " Proisag
3d."

FAT STOCK.

Section 32. HIGHLAND OXEN calved after 1st January 1876.
1. The Earl of Seafield, K.T., Castle Grant, Grantown, " Alaster,'* , .600

Section 33. HIGHL^\JS'D OXEN calved after 1st January 1877.
1. The Earl of Seafield, K.T., Castle Grant, Grantown, "Geordie,'' . .500

Section 34. POLLED OXEN calved after 1st Januaiy 1877.

1. Robert Jardine, of Castlemilk, M.P., (Galloway), " Glad.stone," . . 6 o 0

2. Robert Jardine, of Castlemilk, M.P., (Galloway), "Granville," . . 3 0 0

Section 3">. POLLED OXEN calved after 1st January 1878.
So Entry.

Section 36. OXEN of any other Pure or Cross Breed calved after
1st Januaiy 1677.

1. John Tumbull, Sunlawshill, Kelso, . . . . . ! 6 0 0"

Section 37. OXEN of any other Pure or Cross Breed calved after
1st Januaiy 1878.

1. John Turnbull, Sunlawsliill, Kelso, . . . . . .500

2. Tlie Hon. R. BailJle Hamilton, Langton, Dunsc, " Bnice," . . .200

Section 38. CROSS-BRED IIEIlKltS calved after L-st Januarj- 1877.
Mo K/itni.

Carry forward. £!i.;2 o (/•

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1880.

Brought forward, £932 0 0
Section 39. CROSS-BRED HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1878.
1, The Hon. R. Baillie Hamilton, Langton, Dunse, '. . . .500

EXTRA CATTLE.
Very Highly Commended*
Polled Bull, "Young Viscount" (736), Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart., M.P.,
Highland Ox, The Duke of Roxburghe, .
Indian Cow and Calf, The Marquis of Lothian, K.T.,

Medium Gold Medal,

Highly Commended,

Jersey Cow, Sir John Marjoribanks of Lees, Bart.,
Indian BuU, The Marquis of Lothian, K.T.,
Indian Bull, Sir John W. P. Campbell Orde, Bart.,

Commended.

Jersey Heifer, Sir John Marjoribanks of Lees, Bart.,
Indian Bull, The Marquis of Lothian, K.T.,
Indian Cow, Sir John W. P. Campbell Orde, Bart.,

Minor Gold Medal,

5
6
5

0 0

2 0
0 0

15 0
0 0
0 0

Silver Medal,
Silver Medal,
Silver Medal,

16 0
16 0
16 0

£965 5 0

Class II.— HORSES

FOE. AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.
Stallion to Travel the District of the Kelso Show in Se.a.son 1880.
Joseph Bulloch, Cockmuir, Springbuni, " Zulu," . ...

150 0 0

BEST STALLION for Agilcultural purposes.
David Buchanan, Garscadden Mains, New Kilpatrick, " Druid " (1120), Silver Cup, £25

0 0

BEST MARE for Agricultural purposes.
John Waddell of Inch, Bathgate, "Louisa,"

Section- 1. STALLIONS foaled before 1st January 1877.

1. David Buchanan, Garscadden Mains, New Kilpatrick, " Druid " (1120), "".

2. James M'Nab, Glenochil House, Menstrie, " Champion of the North " (1092),

3. David RiddeU, Blackball, Paisley, " Roseberry "...

4. Lawrence Drew, Menyton, Hamilton, " Lord Harry," . .

Breeder of Best Stallion— James Jlilroy, Galdenoch, Stranraer, . Silver Medal
V. H. C, Joseph Bulloch, Cockmuir, Springburn, "Zulu." H .C, Peter Crawford,

Dumgoyack, Strathblane, "Lochryan." C, Robert Pollock, The Green, Mearas,

" Pride of Dunlop " (1244).

Section 2. ENTIRE COLTS foaled after 1st Januaiy 1877.

1. David Riddell, Blackball, Paisley, "Top GaUant,"

2. Peter Crawford, Dumgoyack, Strathblane, " The Maister."

3. Robert Pollock, The Green, Jleanis, " Lord Colin Campbell," .

4. David Riddell, Blackball, Paisley, " Sanquhar,"
V. H. C, Peter Crawford, Dumgoyack, Strathblane, "Craichmore Bob." H. C

John Macdonald, Porteilield, Renfrew, "Johnnie Lad." C, John Macdonald
Porterfield, " Stanley Muir."

Section 3. ENTIRE COLTS foaled after 1st January 1878.

1. Andrew Montgomeiy, Boreland, Castle Douglas, "The M'Gregor,"
•2. James Johnston, Lochbumie, Marj'hiU, " Lord Douglas,"

3. Andrew :\I'Dowall, Auchtralure, Stranraer, "Belted Knight," .

4. Alexander Lang, Garneyland, Paisley, " Pure Bone," .
V. H. C, David RiddeU, Blackball, Paisley, " Count Carie." H. C, John Hodge

Lochill, Mauchline, "King of the Lyons." C, Thomas Muirhead, Townhill,
Dunfermline, " King Edward."

Silver Cup, 25 0 0

40
30
20
10
0

0 0

16 0

. 30

20
14

7
4

0 0

Carry forward, £410 16 0

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1880.

Brought forward,
Section 4. ENTIRE COLTS foaled after 1st Januaiy 1879.

1. P. <fc J, Crawford, Brj'dekirk Mains, Annan, " QueensbeiTv," .

2. James M'Queen of Crofts, Dalbeattie, " Robin Hood," ....

3. James Blyth, Leckiebank, Auchtennuchty, .....

4. Lawrence Drew, Merryton, Hamilton, ......

V. H. C, James Johnston, Lochburnie, Maryhill, "Bend Or." H. C, Lawrence

Drew, Merrj'ton, Hamilton. C, James M'Nab, Glenochil House, Menstrie,
" Lord Galloway.''

£410 16 0

15 0 0

8 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 0

Section 5.
1877.

MARES (with Foal at foot) foaled before Ist January

1. George Rodger, Arden House, Altrincham, Cheshire, " Mystery,"

2. The Hon. The Master of Blantyre, Sciberscross, "Queen Mary,"

3. Lawrence Drew, Merrj'ton, Hamilton, "Regina,"

4. John Waddell of Inch, Bathgate, " Bessie Bell,"

V. H. C, James Blyth, Leckiebank, Auchtermuchty, " Dora."

Section 6. MARES (in Foal) foaled before 1st January 1877.

1. Robert Murdoch, West Hallside, Newton, Glasgow, " Adela,"

2. John Waddell of Inch, Bathgate, " Mary Gray," ....
S. James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie, "Evelyn,"

4. David Riddell, Blackball, Paisley, " MadaUne," ....

H. C, The Earl of EUesmere, Worsley HaU, " Darling."

Section 7. FILLIES foaled after 1st January 1877.

1. John Waddell of Inch, Bathgate, "Louisa,"' .....

2. John M'Donald, Porterfield, Renfrew, "Porterfield Maid,''

3. Sir Michael R. Shaw Stewart, Bart., Ardgowan, Greenock, "Pansy,"

4. Lawrence Drew, Merryton, Hamilton, ......

V. H. C, Andrew M'Dowall, Auchtralure, Stranraer, " Maybelle." H. C, David

Buchanan, Garscadden Mains, New Kilpatrick, " May Queen."

Section 8. FILLIES foaled after 1st January 1878.

1. Robert Murdoch, West Hallside, Newton, Glasgow, " Princess,"

2. John Howatson, Fulwood, Stewarton, "Young Maggie," ,

3. The Earl of EUesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester, " Lassie,"

4. Sir Michael R. Shaw Stewart, Bart., Ardgowan, Greenock, "AnnetLyle."

V. H. C, Lord Arthur, Cecil, Orchard Mains, .Innerleithen, "Kelpie." H. C,
Alexander Lang, Gameyland, Paisley, "Justice." C, The Earl of EUesmere,
Worsley Hall, Manchester, " Thistle. "

Section 9. FILLIES foaled after 1st January 1879.

1. James Picken, Laigh, Langside, Cralgie, Kilmarnock, "Nancy,"

2. William Taylor, Park Mains, Inchinnan, Paisley, "Sheila," , . ,

3. Robert Murdoch, West Hallside, Newton, Glasgow, " Sheila,''

4. Robert Shirra Gibb, Boon, Lauder, " Daffodil," .....
II. C, George Simson, Courtliill, Kelso, " Jip."

Section 10. DRAUGHT GELDINGS foaled before 1st Januarj- 1877.

1. David Riddell, Blackball, Paisley, "Colin,'' . . . . .

2. R. G. Graham, Bumfoot-on-Esk, Longtown, "Jock," . . . .

0. Alexander Scott, 24 Meanis Street, Greenock, "Earl of Craigie,"

Section IL DRAUGHT GELDINGS foaled after Ist January 1877.

1. The lion. The Master of Blantyre, Scriberscross, "The Duke," .

2. Robert Jardine of Castlcmilk, M.P., Lockerbie, "Jolly,"

3. John Thompson, BailHeknowc, Kelso, " Charlie," ....
V. 11. C, The lion. The Master of Blantyre, "The Diamond,"

30 0 0

20 0 0

15 0 0

6 0 0

25 0 0

15 0 0

10 0 0

5 0 0

20 0 0

10 0 0

5 0 0

3 0 0

15 0 0

8 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 0

10 0 0

5 0 0

3 0 0

2 0 0

10 0 0
5 0 0
3 0 0

8 0 0
4 0 0
2 0 0

Skction 12.

HUNTERS AND ROADSTERS.
BROOD MARES (with Foal at foot), suitable for field.

1. Miss Margaret Humble, Cardcw, Dalston, Carli.sle, "Kate."

2. Robert Henderson, Ea.st (Jordon, Gordon, " Jezebel," .

20 0 0
10 0 0

Carry forward, £714 K; v
('

PKEMIUMS AWAIJDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1880.

3. B. P. Selby, Pawston, Cornhill-on-Tweed, " Confidence,'
C, John Drummond of Blackruthven, Perth, "Duchess."

Brought foi-ward, £714 16 0

5 0 0

Section 13. MARES or GELDINGS suitable for field, foaled before
1st January 1876.

1. John C. Straker, Stagshaw House, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Gelding, "Gambler,"

2. William Anderson, Houghton, Carlisie, Gelding, " Paleface,"

3. James Jamieson, Edinburgh, Gelding, " Indian Warrior,"

H. C, Robert Dand, jun., Huxley Hall, Acklington, Gelding, " Deerfoot.'' C,
James Moffat, Crosby-on-Eden, Carlisle, Gelding, " Councillor.''

Section 14. MARES or GELDINGS suitable for field, foaled after
1st January 1S76.

1. Michael Wright, Charlton, Bellingham. Gelding. " The Duke,"
•2" William Anderson, Houghton, Carlisle, Gelding, " The Mysterj',"
3. George Dove, Crossflat, St Boswells, Gelding, "Telephone,"
H. C., James Robeson, Spring^vells, Coldstream, Gelding, "Silvertail."

Section 15. MARES or GELDINGS suitable as hackneys or road-
sters, between 14 and 15 hands high.

1. No Award.

2. James Robeson, Springwells, Coldstream, Mare, "Jenny Nettles,"

Section 16. STALLIONS, MARES, or GELDINGS for Leaping.

1. William Munro, 5 Gran%-iIIe Terrace, Edinburgh, Gelding, "Greyfriar,"

2. Thomas Eraser Hunter, Eccles House, Coldstream, Mare, " Kate,"

3. Hedley Davison, Trittington HalL, Moi-peth, Gelding, " Gimlet,"

H. C, John Dickinson, Chestenvood, Haydon Bridge, Mare, "Lady Armstrong,''

EXTRA HORSES.
Commended.

William Webster, Fairlaw, Ayton, Mare, " Lightfoot," . . Silver Medal,

William Watson Campbell, M.D., Dunse, Gelding, " Brj'an O'Linn," Silver Medal,

PONIES.

Section 17. HIGHLAND STALLIONS, 14^ hands high and under
No Entry.

Section 18. HIGHLAND MARES or GELDINGS between 13 and
14^ hands high.

1. No Award.

2. George Nisbet, Rumbleton, Greenlaw, Mare, "Her Grace,"

Section 19. MARES or GELDINGS between 12^ and 14 hands
high.

1. Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, Gelding, " The Shepherd,"

2. Lord Pohvarth, Mertoun House, St Boswells, Mai-e, "Gift,"

3. Lionel Maitland Kinvan, Bellrigg, Castle Douglas, Mare, " Fanny,"
C, John Brown, East Housebyres, Galashiels, Mare, "Maggie,"

Section 20. MARES or GELDINGS under 12^ hands high.

1. Robert Ramsay, Kippilaw, Newtown St Boswells, Mare, "Taffy,"

2. Robert Kay, Linton Bankhead, Kelso, Mare, " Annie," .

3. G. H. Nicoil, Dundee, Mare, " Petite," ....
C, Andrew Thomson of Maiuhill, St Boswells, Mare, " Hossie."

Class III. -SHEEP.
CHEVIOT.
Section 1. TUPS, 3 Shear and upwards.
1. John A, Johnstone, Archbank, Moffat,

4 0 0

0 0

16 0

3 0 0

6
3
1

0
0

0
0
0

£894

2. Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh,

8
4

0 0
0 0

Carry forward.

£12 0 0

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880.

:35

Brought foi-vvard, £12
3. John A. Johnstone, Archbank, Moffat, ...... 2

v. H. C, Robert Laidlaw, Eodono, Selkirk. H. C, Thomas Elliot, Hindhope,
Jedburgh. C, Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh.

0
0
0

Section- 2. TUPS, 2 Shear.

1. Thomas EUiot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, . . . . . . 12 0 0

2. James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat, . . . . . .800

3. John A Johnstone, Archbank, Moffat, . . . . .400
V. H. C, James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat. H. C, John A. Johnstone, Archbank,

Moffat. C, John A. Johnstone, Archbank, Moffat.

Section- 3. SHEARLING TUPS.

1. Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, . . . . . .12

2. James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat, . ..... 8

3. James Brj-don, Kinnelhead, Moffat, ...... 4

V. H. C, John A. Johnstone, Archbank, Moffat. H. C , Thomas Elliot, Hindhope,

Jedburgh. C, Thomas EUiot, Hindhope, Jedburgh.

Section 4. Pens of 5 EWES, above 1 Shear, with Lambs.

1. Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, . . . . . . 10 0 0

.Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, . . . . . .500

3. John Robson, Bimess, Otterbum, Northumberland, . . . .200

LAMBS.

1. Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, . . . . . ,200

2. Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, . . . . . .10 0

C, John Robson, Otterbum, Northumberland.

Section 5. Pens of 5 SHEARLING EWES or GIMMERS.

1. Thomas EUiot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, . . . . . . 10 0 0

2. Thomas EUiot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, . . . . . .500

3. John Robson, Birness, Otterbum, Northumberland, . . . .200
C, Sir G. Graham Montgomery of Stanhope, Bart.

BLACKFACED.
Section 6. TUPS, 3 Shear and upwards.

1. David Foyer, Knowehead, Campsie, ......

2. John Craig, South Halls, Strathaven, ......

3. John M'Intyre and John M'Onie, Ballygreggan, North :MoU, Campbeltown,

V. H. C, John Fleming, Ploughland, Strathaven. H. C, John Fleming, Ploughland,
Strathaven, C, David Foyer, Knowehead, Campsie.

Section 7. TUPS, 2 Shear.

1 David Foyer, Knowehead, Campsie, ......

2. John Fleming, Ploughland, Strathaven, .....

3. John Craig, South Halls, Strathaven, ......

V. H. C, Patrick Melrose, West Loch, Eddlestone. H. C, James Duncan

Benmore, Blairmore. C, James Gray, Harperigg, Mid-Calder.

Section 8. SHEARLING TUPS.

1. David Foyer, Knowehead, Campsie, .....

2 . David Foyer, Knowehead, Campsie, .....

3. John Fleming, Ploughland, Strathaven,
V. H. C, John Fleming, Ploughland, Strathaven. H. C.

Monkton. C, David Foyer, Knowehead, Campsie.

James Craig, Monktonhill,

Section 9. Pens of 5 EWES, above 1 Shear, with Lambs,

1. Patrick Melrose, West Loch, Eddlestone,

2. JIatthew Henderson, The Hope, Allendale Town,

3. James Duncan, Benmore Home Farm, Greenock,
V. II. C, Matthew Henderson, The Hope, AUendale Town.

LAMBS.

1. James Duncan, Benmore Home Farm, Greenock,

2. Patrick Melrose, West Loch, Eddlestone,

8 0 0
4 0 0
2 0 0

12 0 0
8 0 0
4 0 0

. 10

0
0

(»

0
0
0

. •

2
1

0
0

Cany foi-ward,

i:i!?i

36 PEEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1880.

Brought forward, £181 0 0
Section 10. Pens of 5 SHEARLING EWES or GDIMERS.

1. James Duncan, Benmore Home Farm, .....

2. Matthew Henderson, The Hope, Allendale Town,

3. Matthew Henderson, The Hope, Allendale Town,
V. H. C, John T. Dodd, Catcleugh, Otterbum

BORDER LEICESTER,
TwEEDDALE GoLD Medal.— Best BORDER LEICESTER Tup in the Yard.
Robert Fender, Xorthfield, Coldingham, . . , . . . 20 0 0

Section 11, TUPS 3 Shear and upwards.

1. Robert Fender, Northfield, Coldingham, , . , , ,

2. Andrew Smith, Castlemains, Giffoi'd, ......

3. Alexander Bain, Legars, Stitchell, Kelso, .....
V. H. C, Andrew Smith, Castlemains, Gifford. II. C, Robert Calder, Little Swinton,

Coldstream.

Section 12. TUPS, 2 Shear.

1. Samuel Jack, Mersington, Coldstream, ......

2. Richard Tweedie, The Forest, Catterick, .....

3. John Ainslie, Hillend, Loanhead, Edinburgh, .....

Section 13. SHEARLING TUPS.

1. Thomas Clark, Oldhamstocks Mains, Cockburnspath, ....

2. Arthur James Balfour of Whittinghame, M.P., Prestonkirk,

3. Robert Wallace, Auchenbrain, Mauchline, .....
V. H. C, Samuel Jack, Mersington, Coldstream. H. C, Thomas Hume, Wormerlaw,

Coldstream. C, Arthur James Balfour of Whittinghame, M.P., Prestonkirk.

Section 14, Pens of 5 EWES above 1 Shear.

1. Robert Calder, Little Swinton, Coldstream, .....

2. James Nisbet of Lambden, Greenlaw, ......

3. Richard Tweedie, The Forest, Catterick, .....
V. H. C, Arthur James Balfour, M.P., of WTiittinghame, Prestonkirk.

Section 15, Pens of 5 SHEARLING EWES or GIMMERS.

1. George Simson, Courthill, Kelso, ......

2. Thomas Clark, Oldhamstocks Mams, Cockburnspath, ....

3. Robert Kay, Linton Bankhead, Kelso, ... ...

V. H. C, Robert Calder, Little Swinton, Coldstream. H. C, Charles E. Hay, Brad-
House, Belford, Northumberland. C, James Nisbet of Lambden, Greenlaw.

Section 16. Pens of 1 Aged TUP, 2 EWES, 2 GIMMERS, 2 EWE
LAMBS, and 2 SHEARLING TUPS. The Ewes to have Lambs in
Season 1880, and all bred by Exhibitor, except Aged Tup.

1. Thomas Clark, Oldhamstocks Mains, Cockburnspath, ....

2. John Thompson, Baillieknowe, Kelso, ......

3. James Nisbet of Lambden, Greenlaw, ......

V. H. C, Robert Calder, Little Swinton, Coldstream.

LEICESTER.
Section 17. TUPS above 1 Shear.
1. Thomas Smith, Powile, Dundee, . . . . . .300

Section 18. SHEARLING TUPS.
3, Thomas Smith, Powrie, Dundee, . , . . . .300

Section 19. Pens of 5 EWES above 1 Shear.— No Entry.
Section 20, Pens of 5 SHEARLING EWES or GIMMERS.— No Entry.

COTSWOLD AND LINCOLN.
Section 21. TUPS above 1 Shear.

1. Simon Beattie, Preston Hall, Annan (Cotswold), . . . .300

2. Francis Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith (Cotswold), . . . .200

0 0

Carry forward, £355 0 0

PKEMIOIS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880.

Brought forward, £355 0 0

3 0 0

Section 22. SHEARLING TUPS.
1. Simon Beattie, Preston Hall, Annan (Cotswold), ....

Section 23. Pens of 5 EWES above 1 Shear.
1. Francis Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith (Cotswold), ....

Section 24, Pen of 5 SHEARLIXG EWES or GIMMERS.— Not forward.

SHORT WOOLLED (SHROPSHIRE).
Section 25. TUPS above 1 Shear.

1. The Earl of Zetland, Aske, Richmond, Yorkshire, ....

2. Lord Polwarth, Himible, Upper Keith, .....

3. Simon Beattie, Preston Hall, Annan, ......

C, The Earl of Mansfield, KT., Scone Palace, Perth.

Section 26. SHEARLIXG TUPS.

1. Lord Polwarth, Humble, Upper Keith, .....

2. The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar, ....

3. The Earl of Zetland, Aske, Richmond, Yorkshire, . . , .
V. H. C, The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar. H. C, The Earl of

Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar. C, Francis Gibson, Woolmet, Dallieith.

Section 27. Pens of 5 EWES above 1 Shear.

1. Francis Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith, ......

2. Simon Beattie, Preston Hall, Annan, ......

3. Lord Polwarth, Humble, Upper Keitli, ......

Section 28. Pens of 5 SHEARLING EWES or GIMMERS.

1. The Earl of Zetland, Aske, Richmond, Yorkshire, ....

2. The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar, ....

3. Francis Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith, ......

EXTRA SECTIOXS.
Section 29. Pens of 5 CHEVIOT Wethers, not above 3 Shear.
1. Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, ......

Section 30. Pens of 5 BLACKFACED WETHERS, not above 4
Shear.

1. Thomas Roy, BaUendrick, Bridge of Earn, .....

Section 31. Pens of 5 HALF-BRED WETHER HOGGS, not above 1
Shear.

L Robert Logan, Birkenside, Earlston, ......

Section 32. Pens of 5 CROSS-BRED WETHER HOGGS, not above
1 Shear. — Xo Entry.

EXTRA SHEEP.

Highly Commended.

Breton Tup, The Marquis of Lothian, K.T., Monteviot, Jedburgh,

Breton Tup, The Marquis of Lotliian, *K.T.,

Five Breton Ewes and five Lambs, The Marquis of Lothian, K.T.,

3 0 0

o
o

4 0 0

Silver Medal,

]«

£399 b 0

Class IV. -SWINE.

LARGE BREED.
Section 1. BOARS.

1. The Earl of EUesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester,

2. Thomas Wight, Pilmulr, Lauder,

8
4

0 0

0 (I

Carryforward, £12 0 0

PEEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880.

Brought fons-aid, £12 0 0

Section 2. SOWS.

1. The Earl of EUesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester, .

2. William Macdonald, Woodlands, Perth,

3. Somner Logan, Birkenside, Earlston, ....

Section 3. Pens of 3 PIGS, not above 8 months old.

1. The Earl of EUesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester,

2. Dr John Batty Tuke, Saughton Hall, Edinburgh,

3. Pobert Wallace, Auchenbrain, Mauchline,

H. C, Dr John Batty Tuke, Saughton HaU, Edinburgh.

BLACK or BERKSHIRE.
Section 4. BOARS.

1. C. E. Duckering, WTiitehoe, Kirton Lindsey, .

2. C. E. Duckeiing, Whitehoe, Kirton Lindsey,

3. Benjamin St John Ackers, Prinknash Park, Painswick,

Section 5. SOWS.

1. C. E. Duckering, Whitehoe, Kirton Lindsey,

2. C. E. Duckering, Whitehoe, Kirton Lindsey,

3. Benjamin St John Ackers, Prinknash Park, Painswick,

Section 6. Pens of 3 PIGS, not above 8 months old.

1. C. E. Duckering, Whitehoe, Kirton Lindsey,

2. C. E. Duckering, Whitehoe, Kiiton Lindsey,

SMALL BREED.

Section 7. BOARS.
1. The Earl of EUesmere, Worsley HaU, Manchester,

Section 8. SOWS.

1. James Duncan of Benmore Home Fann, Greenock,.

2. The Earl of EUesmere, Worsley HaU, Manchester,

Section 9. Pens of 3 PIGS, not above 8 months old.
1. The Earl of EUesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester,

8 0 0

6 0 0
3 0 0

4 0 0

EXTRA SWIXE.
Highly Commended,
SLx Pigs, C. E, Duckering, Whitehoe, Kirton, Lindsey,

SUver Medal, 0 16 0

DORKIXG,

DORKIXG,
DORKIXG,
DORKIXG,

SUver

Surer

SUver

Cold.
Cold.
Cold.

DORKIXG, Cold.

Class V.— POULTRY^

Grey. Cock,— 1. Francis Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith,

2. James Cranston, Holestane, ThornhiU,
Grey. 2 Hens— 1. Alex. M'Ara, Culdees, MuthUl, Perthshire,

2, James Cranston, Holestane, ThomMll,
Grey. Cockerel.— 1. Admiral Maitland DougaU of Scotscraig,

2. James Cranston, Holestane, ThornhiU,
Grey. 2 PuUets.— 1. Patrick Gardiner, Xewbiggin, Auchterarder,

2. Walter Ovens, Torr, Castle Douglas,
Cock. — Xot forward.
2 Hens. — Xot fonvard.

Cockerel— 1. Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart., M.P., The
Castle, Ballindalloch, . . . . •

2. T. & J. M 'Arthur, 6-t StirUng Street, Alva, .

2 Pullets.— 1. Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart., M.P., The
Castle, BallindaUoch, . . . . •

£80 16

. £1 0

0 10

1 0

0 10

1 0

0 10

1 0

0 10

1 0

0 10

1 0

CaiTy fonvard, £8 10 0

PUEMIUMS AWARDED BY 'J'HE SOCIETY IX 1880. 39

Brought forward, £ii 10 0

COCHIN-CHIXA. Cock.— 1. James Stoole, 62 North Church Street, Dundee, . 10 0

2. William Street, Stirling, . . . . 0 10 0

COCHIN-CHINA. 2 Hens.— Not forward.

COCHIN-CHINA. Cockerel- 1. T. <fe J. M'Arthur, 64 Stirling Street, Alva, . 10 0

COCHIN-CHINA. 2 Pullets.— 1. T. & J. M'Arthur, 64 Stirling Street, Alva, . 10 0

liRAHJIAPOOTKA. Cock.— 1. William Nicoll, jun., 148 Scouringbum, Dundee, . 10 0

2. Miss Lucy Hunter, Antons Hill, Coldstream, . 0 10 0

BRAHMAPOOTRA. 2 Hens.— 1. John Sandeman, 15 Strathmartine Road, Dundee, 10 0

BRAHMAPOOTRA. Cockerel.— 1. No award.

2. T. & J. M'Arthur, 64 Stirling Street, Alva, . . 0 10 0

BRAHMAPOOTRA. 2 Pullets.— T. & J. M'Arthur, C4 StirUng Street, Alva, . 10 0
SPANISH. Cock.— No entry.

SPANISH. 2 Hens.— 1. William Street, Stirling, . , . . .10 0

SPANISH. Cockerel— 1. James Non-al, Hawkhill, Alloa, . . . .10 0

2. Thomas T. Charlton, Browndeanlaws, Jedburgh, . 0 10 0

SPANISH. 2 Pullets.— 1. No award.

2. James Norval, Hawkhill, Alloa, . . . 0 10 0

SCOTCH GREY. Cock.— 1. Thomas Clarkson, Caledonian Tile Works, Braidwood,

Carluke, . . . . . . .10 0

2. Andrew Reid, Netherton, Carmichael Thankerton, 0 10 0

SCOTCH GREY. 2 Hens.— 1. Thomas Clarkson, Caledonian Tile Works, Braidwood,

Carluke, . . . . . . .10 0

2. W. R. Park, Abbotsmeadow, Melrose, . . 0 10 0

SCOTCH GREY. Cockerel.— 1. Alexander Hamilton, Braidwood Tile Works, Car-
luke, . . . . . . .10 0

2. W. R. Park, Abbotsmeadow, Melrose, . . 0 10 0

SCOTCH GREY. 2 Pullets.— 1. Alexander Hamilton, Braidwood TUe Works, Car-
luke, . . . . . .10 0

2. W. R. Park, Abbotsmeadow, Melrose, . . 0 10 0

HAMBURG, Pencilled Cock. — 1. A. Warwick, Outei-woodhead, Canonbie, . . 10 0

2. James Musgrave, Marcjuis of Granby Inn, Long-
town, . . . . . . 0 10 0

HAMBURG, Pencilled. 2 Hens.- 1. A. Warwick, Outerwoodhead, Canonbie, . 1 e 0

HAMBURG, Pencilled. Cockerel. — 1. A. Warwick, Outerwoodhead, Canonbie, . 10 0

2. James Musgrave, Marquis of Granby Inn, Long-
town, . . . . . . 0 10 0

HAMBURG, Pencilled. 2 Pullets.— 1. A. Warwick, Outerwoodhead, Canonbie, . 10 0

HAMBURG, Spangled Cock. — 1. A. Wai-wick, Outerwoodhead, Canonbie, . . 1 0 ©

2. J. R. Alexander Rae, Park Terrace, Hamilton, . 0 10 0

HAMBURG, Spangled. 2 Hens.— 1. W. R. Park, Abbotsmeadow, Melrose, . 10 0

2. A. Warwick, Outerwoodhead, Canonbie, . 0 10 0

HAMBURG, Spangled. Cockerel.— 1. W. R. Park, Abbotsmeadow, Melrose, . 10 0

HAMBURG, Spangled. 2 Pullets.— 1. W. R. Park, Abbotsmeadow, Melrose, . 10 0
POULTRY— Any other Pure Breed. Cock.— 1. W. R. Park, Abbotsmeadow, Melrose

(Creve Ccjeur), . . . . . .10 0

2. James Falconer, St Ann's, Lasswade, (Langsliam), 0 10 0
POULTRY— Any other Pure Breed. 2 Hens.— 1. \V. R. Park, Abbotsmeadow,

ilelrose (Creve Ca-ur), . . . . . 1 (• 0
POULTRY— Any otiier Pure Breed. .Cockerel— 1. W. R. Park, Abbot.smeadow,

Melrose (Creve Cceur), . . . . .10 0
POULTRY— Any other Pure Breed. 2 Pullets— 1. No award.

2. W. R. Park, Abbotsmeadow, Melrose (Creve Coeur). 0 10 0

GA5IE— Black or Brown Reds. Cock.— 1. D. Harley, Hillwood, Katho, . .10 0

2. D. Harley, Hillwood, Rat ho, . . .0 lo (>

(JA.ME- Black or Brown Reds. 1 Hen.— 1. Jolui ISrough, -.'2 London Road, Carlisle, 10 0

2. James i'alconer, St Aim'b, Lasswade, . . 0 lO 0

GAME— Black or Brown Reds. Cockerel. — 1. James Falconer, St Ann's, Lasswade, 10 0

2. D. Hurley, Hillwood, Uatho, . . . 0 10 0

Carry forward, £4n 10 0

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1880.

Brought foi-ward,

GAME— Black or Brown Eeds. 1 Pullet.— 1. D. Harley, Hilhvood, Ratho,

2. D. Harley, Hillwood, Ratho,
GAME — Any other Pure Breed. Cock.— 1. D. Harley, Hillwood, Ratho (Duckwing)

2. James Falconer, St Ann's, Lasswade (Pile), .
GAME — Any other Pure Breed. 1 Hen. — 1. D. Harley, Hillwood, Ratho (Duckwing)

2. D. Harley, Hillwood, Ratho (Duckwing),
GAME — Any other Pure Breed. Cockerel.— 1. D. Harley, Hillwood, Ratho (Duck-
wing), ......

2. James Musgrave, Marquis of Granhy Inn, Long-
town (Lemon Pile),

GAME— Any other Pure Breed. 1 Pullet.— 1. D Harley, Hillwood, Ratho (Duct

wing), .....
2, James Musgrave, Marquis of Granby Inn, Long-
town (Lemon Pile),

BANTAMS— Game. Cock.— 1. Alexander Frew, Kirkcaldy.

2. James Falconer, St Ann's, Lasswade,
BANTAMS— Game. 1 Hen.— 1. D. Harley, Hillwood, Ratho,

2. Miss Jane M. Fiew, Kirkcaldy,
BANTAMS — Game. Cockerel. — 1. James Falconer, St Ann's, Lasswade,

2. J. D. Donald, 48 King Street, Montrose, .
BANTAMS — Game. 1 Pullet. — 1. James Falconer, St Ann's, Lasswade,

2. J. D. Donald, 48 King Street, Montrose,
BANTAMS— Sebright. Cock.— 1. Miss Bessie P. Frew, Kirkcaldy,

BANTAMS— Sebright. 2 Hens —1. Frederick Lewis Roy of Nenthora, Kelso,

2. Miss Robina Frew, Kirkcaldy,
BANTAMS— Sebright. Cockerel.— No Entry.
BANTAMS— Sebright. 2 PuUets.— No Entry.

BANTAMS— Any other Pure Breed. Cock.— 1. Miss Rachel C. Frew, Kirkcaldy

(Cuckoo), .....

BANTAMS— Any other Pure Preed. 2 Hens— 1. J. D. Donald, 48 King Street,

Montrose (Black Rose Comb),
2. No Award.

BANTAMS — Any other Pure Breed. Cockerel. — 1. Mrs Frew, Sinclairton, Kirkcaldy

(Black), ....

2 A. Alexander, West Linton (Black),

BANTAMS— Any other Pure Breed. 2 Pullets.— 1. No Award.

2. Robert Frew, sen., Kirkcaldy (Black),
DUCKS— White Aylesbury. Drake.— 1. D. Hariey, Hillwood, Ratho.
DUCKS— White Aylesbury 1 Duck.— 1. D. Hariey, HiUwood, Ratho,
DUCKS — "VNTiite Aylesbury. Drake (Young). — 1. William Hood, Edgerston Rigg,

Jedburgh, ....

2. William H. Glass, St John Lane, Hamilton,
DUCKS— White Aylesbury. 1 Duckling.— 1. ^^illiam H. Glass, St John Lane,

Hamilton, .....
DUCKS — Rouen. Drake.— 1. Admiral Maitland Dougall of Scot.scraig, Tayport, Fife,

2. James and Walter Birch, Sefton, Seaforth, Liverpool
DUCKS — Rouen. 1 Duck. — 1. Admiral Maitland Dougall of Scotscraig, Tayport, Fife,

2. James and. Walter Birch, Sefton, Seaforth, Liverpool

DUCKS — Rouen. Drake (Young). — 1. Admiral Maitland Dougall of Scotscraig,

Tayport, Fife, ....
2. James Blyth, Leckiebank, Auchtennuchty, .
DUCKS — Rouen. 1 Duckling. — 1. James Blyth, Leckiebank, Auchtermuchty,

2. Admiral Maitland Dougall of Scotscraig, Tayport
Fife, .....

DUCKS — Any other Pure Breed. Drake. — 1. Mrs Logan, Birkenside, Earlston (Pekin)

2. James Duncan, Benmore Home Fann, Greenock
(Muscovy), .....

DUCKS — Any other Pare Breed. 1 Duck. — 1. Mrs Logan, Birkenside, Earlston (Pekin)

2. Miss Ormiston, Rutlierford Mill, Kelso (Muscovy).

£43 10

1 0

0 10

1 0

0 10

1 0

0 10

1 0

0 10

10 0

0 10 0

10 0

0 10 0

10 0

0 10 0

10 0

0 10 0

10 0

0 10 0

10 0

0 10 0

10 0
10 0

10 0

0 10 0

10 0

0 10 0

10 0

0 10 0

10 0

G 10 0

10 0

0 10 0

10 0

0 10 0

10 0

0 10 0

10 0

0 10 0

Carry forward, £77 0 0

PKEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 18S0.

Brought foi-wavd, £77

DUCKS — Any other Pure Breed. Drake (Young). — Mrs Logan, Birkenside, Earlston

(Pekin), ......

DUCKS — Any other Pure Breed. 1 Duckling. — 1. Mrs Logan, Birkenside, Earlston

(Pekin), ......

2. James Duncan, Benmore Home Fann, Greenock,
(Muscovj-)- ......

TURKEYS — Any Pure Breed — Cock. — 1. A. "Warwick, Outerwoodhead, Canonbie

(Cambridge), .....

2. Admiral Maitland Dougall of Scotscraig, Tayport, Fife,
(Black Norfolk), .....

TURKEYS— Any Pure Breed. 1 Hen.— 1. James and Walter Birch, Sefton, Seafoiih,

Livei"pool (Cambridge), ....

2. Admiral Maitland Dougall of Scotscraig, Tayport, Fife,
(Black Norfolk), .....

TURKEYS— Any Pure Breed. Cock (Poult).— Not forward.
TURKEYS— Any Pure Breed. 1 Hen (Poult).— Not forward.

GEESE — Any Pure Breed. Gander.— James and Walter Birch, Sefton, Seaforth

Livei-pool, .....

2. A. Warwick, Outerwoodhead, Canonbie (Grey Toulouse)

GEESE — Any Pure Breed. 1 Goose. — 1. James and Walter Birch, Sefton, Seaforth

Liverpool, .....

2. A. Wanvick, Outerwoodhead, Canonbie (Grey Toulouse)

■GEESE — Any Pure Breed. Gander (Y'oung). — 1. A. Warwick, Outerwoodhead

Canonbie, . . . , .

2. James Duncan, Benmore Home Farm (Toulouse),

GEESE — Any Pure Breed. 1 Gosling. — 1. James and Walter Birch, Sefton, Seaforth

Liverpool, .....

2. A. Warwick, Outerwoodhead, Canonbie,

1 0

0 10

1 0

0 10

1 0

0 10

! 1 0

0 10

£88 10 0

Class VI.— WOOL.

Sectiox 1. Five Fleeces of CHEVIOT WHITE WOOL.

1. John Robson, Ne-wton, Bellingham, Northumberland, .

2. John Robson, Newton, Bellingham, Northumberland,
C, Adam Calder, Halterburn, Kelso.

Section 2. Five Fleeces of BLACKFACED WHITE WOOL.
1. Matthew Henderson, Hope, AUendale To^\ti, . . . .

Section 3. Five Fleeces of LEICESTER WOOL.

1. Richard Tweedie, The Forest, Catterick, . . . .

2. Adam Middlemas, Ancrum Craig, Jedburgh, , . . .

3 0 0
2 0 0

3 0 0

2 0 0

£13 0 0

CALEDONIAN APIARIAN SOCIETY.

Grant to, for 1880,

David Wood, Benmore. — Obsei-vatoiy Hive,

James Johnstone, Teuch, Bee-Driving, .

. £20 0 0
Silver Medal, 0 1(J 0
SUver Medal, 0 KJ 0

£M 12 0

ABSTRACT OF PREMIUxMS.

Cattle,

Horses, .

Sheep,

Swine,

I'oultry, .

Wool,

Caledonian Apiarian Society,

£965

S'J4

399

£21fi2 19 0

42 JUDGES AND ATTENDIXG MEMBEES AT KELSO SHO^V, 1880.

LIST OF JUDGES.

Shorthorn. — Robert Bruce, Manor House Farm, Great Smeaton, Northallerton ; Robert
Jefferson, Preston Hows, Whitehaven ; Charles Smith, Whittinghame, Prestonkirk.

Polled Angus or Aberdeen. — Alexander F. Leslie, Braco, Keith ; George Philip, BojTids,
Keith Hall, Inverurie ; George J. Walker, Hillside House, Portlethen, Aberdeen.

Galloway. — James Gifford, Torhousekie, Bladnoch, Wigtownshire ; John Thomson, 3 Aber-
cromby TeiTace, Castle-Douglas,

Ayrshire. — William Fleming, Tillichewan, Alexandria, X.B. ; John Ritchie, Broadwood,
Coylton, Ayrshire ; Hugh Roger, HiUhead, Kilmarnock.

Highland. — Donald A. M'Diarmid, Killiemore, Kilfinichen, Auchnacraig; John Mackintosh,
South Kinrara, Aviemore.

Fat Stock. — James Deans, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith; John H. Dickson of Corstorphine,
Saughton Mains, Edinburgh.

Draught Stallions and Entire Colts. — William Ford, Fenton Bams, Drem ; John Gal-
braith, Croy Cunningham, KiUeam; Thomas Kerr, Whitehill, Sanquhar.

Draught Mares, Fillies, and Geldings. — William Gray, Muncraig, Kirkcudbright; James
Park, Dechmont, Cambuslang; WUliam Ren wick, Yoker Mains, Yoker, Glasgow.

Hunters, Roadsters, Ponies, and Extra Horses. — Sir William BaiUie of Polk emmet,
Bart., Whitburn; Andrew Gillon of Wallhouse, Bathgate; John W. J. Paterson, TeiTona,
Langholm.

Cheviot. — James Archibald, Duddingstone, South Queensfeny ; J. B. Dudgeon, Crakaig,
Golspie ; Thomas Elliot, Blackhaugh, Galashiels.

Blackfaced. — Robert Buchanan, High Letter, KiUeam; James A. Gordon, Udale, Inver-
gordon ; John Hamilton, Conenish, Tyndnim.

Border Leicester. — L. C Chrisp, Hawkhill, Almvick ; William S. Ferguson, Friarton, Perth ;
Charles Lyall, Old Montrose, Montrose.

Leicester, Cotswold, Lincoln, and Short-Woolled. — Thomas Ferguson, Kinnochtry,
Coupar- Angus ; Thomas Hanis, Stonylane House, Bromsgrove.

Swine. — The Judges of Fat Stock.

Poultry.— James Dixon, North Park, Clayton, Bradford ; John Young, Hailes Cottage, Kings-
knowe, Slateford.

Wool. — The Judges of the various Classes of Sheep.

LIST OF ATTENDING MEMBERS.

Shorthorn. — Frederick Lewis Roy of Nenthora, Kelso ; James Tumbull, Lempitlaw, Eastfield,
Kelso.

Polled Angus or Aberdeen.— George Pott of Potburn, Linthaughlee, Jedburgh; Robert
Robertson, Ladyrig, Kelso.

Galloway. — James Nisbet of Lambden, Greenlaw; Thomas Hood, Coldstream Mains, Cold-
stream.

Ayrshire. — Lord Arthui- Cecil, Orchardmains, Innerleithen ; James Shaw, Skaithmuir, Cold-
stream.

Highland.— Lord Polwarth, Mertoun House, St Boswells ; W. L. Blaikie, Holydean, St
Boswells.

Fat Stock and Swine.— Sir George Waldie-Griffith of Hendersyde Park, Bart., Kelso ; George
Rutherford, Printonan, Coldstream.

Draught Stallions a^'d Entire Colts.— Sir John Marjoribanks of Lees, Bart., Coldstream ;
Robert Calder, Little Swinton, Coldstream.

Draught Mares, Fillie.s, and Geldings.— J. B. Boyd of Cherr>'trees, Kelso; John Logan,
Legerwood, Earlston.

Hl-nters, Roadsters, Ponies, and Extra Horses.— ^lajor Paton, yr. of Crailing, Jed-
burgh ; John Wilson, Chapelhill, Cockbumspath.

Cheviot.— David Turnbull of Brierj^ards, Hawick ; John Munro, Fairnington, Kelso.

Blackfaced.— Robert Lang, yr. of Broadmeadows, Selkiik; John Johnstone, Kingledores,
Crook, Biggar.

Border Leicester.— J. T. S. Elliot, yr. of Wolflee, Hawick ; John Smith, Leaderfoot, Melrose.

Leicester, Cotswold, Lincoln, and Short-Woolled.— William Eliott Lockhart of Borthwick-
brae, Branxholme, Hawick ; George Torrance, Sisterpath, Dunse.

Poultry.— John Turnbull of Abbey St Bathans ; James Smith, Chief Magistrate, Kelso.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880.

III.— DISTRICT COMPETITIONS.

CATTLE.

N<UIE OF DIST.

PREMIUM AWARDED TO

Upper C. S. II. Drummond Moray of

Stvathearn Abercairny

J. Maxtone Graham of

FOR

Shorthorn Bull Class II. J

AMOUNT

do.

Cultoquhey, )

J. M. Thomson of Balgowan do.

Donald M'Laren, Ardveich Ayrshire Heifer

Donald M'Laren, Ardveich do.

Lord Aveland, Glenartney Lodge do.

do.
do.

£1 10s.<tMed.
Sil. Medal

£3 & Med. Sil. Med.

2 0
I 0

0
3
2
1

6^^
0*

0*
6
0
0

Formartine Col. Ramsay of Barra

William Duthie, Collynie
Alex. Davidson, Mains of j

Cairnbrogie J

Alex. Davidson, Mains of ]

Cairnbrogie J

"William Duthie, Collynie
James Black, Bartholchapel
George Shepherd, Jr., Shethin
James Argo, Cairdseat
James Strath, Coldhome
James Argo, Cairdseat

Kinglassie Alexander Mitchell, Finmount
R. S. Aytoun of Inchdaimie
John Ai-moiir, Goatmilk
John Armour, Goatmilk
David Bowman, Manorleys
A. Bennet, Bogside

County of Vote in aid of Premiums
Ayr John Ritchie, Broadwood

Duke of Buccleuchand Queens-
berry
James Picken, Laigh Langside

Central Duke of Richmond and Gordon)
Banff shire K.G. j

James M 'William, Stoneytown
Mrs Kinloch Grant, Arndilly
Alexander Bu-nie, Bclnagarrow
William M. Skinner, Drumiu
Jolm Haniiay, Gavenwood
John Ilannay, Gavenwood

Stirlin'j- George Campbell, Gallangad
shire Duncan Keir, Buchlyvie

James Kay, Ilillhcad
William M'Keich, Woodend
James Sands, Greenfeot
Duncan Keir, Buchlyvie
James Christie, Bandeuth
J. T. S. Paterson, I'lean
Alex. Buchaniin, Wliitcliouse,

Shorthorn Bull

. Silver Medal

do. Class I.-f £4 (k Med. Sil. Med.

do.

do. ...

do. Class IL £3 & Med. Sil. Med.

do.

do. ...

do.

do. ...

Polled Heifer

£3 c'c Med. Sil. Med.

do.

• • • •

do.

• • • •

Shoi-thom Bull Class II. £3 & iIed.Sil.Med.

do.

do. . . .

do.

do. . . .

Shoi-thom Heifer £3 it Med. Sil. Med,

do.

• • • •

do.

• • • •

• • • • ■

Ayrshire Cow

Silver Medal

Ayrshire Bull

Med. Sil. iled.

Draught Mare

Med. Sil. Med.

Entire Colt

Med. Sil. Med.

Short hom Bull

Silver -Medal

do. Class II. £3 A, Med. Sil. Med.

do.

do. ...

Polled Heifer

. £3 ife Med. Sil. Med.

do.

• • • • •

do.

Ayrshire Bull

Class I.£lctMcd.Sil.Med.

do.

Class II.£3it Med.Sil.Med.

do.

Shorthorn Heifer £3 ^t Med. Sil. Med.

do.

> . • • •

do.

Carryforward, £103

* Half Premiums awarded, the number of Luts being under five,
f Aged Bulls. :^ Two-yeur-old Hulls.

PEEMIUMS AWAEDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1S80.

Islands of

Mill
Coll and

Tiree

Renfrew-
shirt

Turriff

Avondale

Weein

Deeside

Lorn

Peter Undenvood, Ardnacross
Captain Cheape, Ardura
Walter Elliot, Laggan
Col. Gardyne of Glenforsa
T. P. Parr of Killiechronan
Col. Gardyne of Glenforsa
Col. Gardyne of Glenforsa
Hector A, Campbell, Ardfenaig
Hector A. Campbell, Ardffinaig
Peter Underwood, Ardnacross

Thomas Kerr, East Fulton
Sir M. R. Shaw-Stewart, Bart.
Mrs Douglas, Green
Robert Gillespie, Boylestone
John Speirs, Balgreen
Peter Holmes, Piiestside
Sir M. R. Shaw-Stewart, Bart,
Alex. Love, Margarets Mill
Sir M. R. Shaw-Stewart, Bart.

Robert Xiven, Bruckhills
Walter Scott, Glendronach
A. F. Nares, Brucktor
John Craighead, Thomaston

Thomas Tennant, Strathaven
J. A. Hamilton, Whitshawgate
Alex. Craig, Over Milton
John Steel, Waterhead

Robertson <fc Sons, Balechin,
William Harris, Tirinie
Dr Reid, Aberfeldy

Brought fonvard, £103

Highland Bull

Silver Medal

do Class I. £2 & Med.SaMed.

do.

do. ...

do.

Highland Bull Class I. £3 & Med.SiLMed.

do.

do. ...

Highland Heifei

£3&Med. Sil.Med

do.

• • • •

do.

Ayrshire Bull

Silver Medal

do. Class I. £4 <fc Med. SiL Med.

do.

6o. ...

do.

do. ...

do. Class II. £3 & Med. SiL Med.

do.

do. . . .

do.

do. . . .

Ayrshire Heifer

£3 k, Med. Sil. Med. "

■ 3

do.

• • ■ ■

do.

• • • •

Shorthorn Bull

Silver Medal

Class I. Med. Sil. Med.

do. (

Class II. Med. Sil. Med.

Polled Heifer

Med. SU. Med.

AjTshire BuU

do. Class I.

do. Class II.

Ayrshire Heifer

Silver Medal 0 16 0

Med. Sil. Med. 0 10 6

Med. SU. Med. 0 10 G

Med. SiL Med. 0 10 6

Shorthorn Bull Class I. Med. Sil. Med. 0 10 6

do. Class II. Med. SiL Med. 0 10 6

Shorthorn Heifer Med. SU. Med. 0 10 6

George Hamilton of Skene Polled Bull

Gordon Watt, Mains of Park Shorthorn Bull
Wm. M'Combie of Easter Skene Polled Heifer

Neil Macdonald of Dunach Highland Bull

John M'Arthur, Barcaldine do.

John Brown, Dalnacabaig do.

Duncan M'Callum, Clenmackrie Highland Heifer

Silver Medal 0 16 0

Class I. Med. Sil. Med. 0 10 6

Med. SU. Med. 0 10 6

SUver Medal 0 16 0

Class I. Med. SU. Med. 0 10 6

Class II. Med. SU. Med. 0 10 6

Med. SU. Med. 0 10 6

HORSES FOE AGEICULTUEAL PUEPOSES.
Lesm.ahagoic'Da.viii RiddeU, BlackhaU Stallion .• . . .

Carrick David Riddell, Blackball

StaUion

-Cupar
and St
And r etc s

>Jaraes Alexander, Mosswater Stallion

Dumfries \
Horse As- > David RiddeU, BlackhaU

StaUion

sedation J

li'airnshire Peter M'Robbie, Sunnyside StalUon

Earl of ^
Selkirk's |

Tenantry ^Andrew Montgomery, Boreland Stallion
and Dis-' j
trict J

Cany fonvard, £304 11 0
* Half Premiums awarded, the number of Lots being under five.

25 0 0

PKEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1880.

NAME OF DIST. PREMIUM AWAKDED TO

FOR

AMOUNl

•

Brought foTO-ard, £.304 11

Central '

Strath-

> John MaiT, Cairnbrogie

Stallion

•

. 25 0

earn J

Clack-

James M'Xab, Glenochil House

Brood Mare

•

£4 <fcMed.su. Med. 4 10

mannan

Alex. GaU, Alloa

do.

3 0

James On* of Han-ieston

do.

1 0

Lockerbie

Thomas Wright, Bengal

Brood Mare

£4 & Med. SU. Med. 4 10

John Common, Corriela\T

3 0

Thomas Wright, Bengal

do.

..10

East Dist.

Gavin Jack, Foulden Newton

Brood Mare

£4AMed. SU.Med. 4 10

of Ber-

Robert Wood, Whitecross

do.

3 0

uickshire

Robert White, Caimcross

do.

1 0

Lauderdale

John W. Lawrie, Mitchelston

Brood ilare

. £4 & Med. SU.Med, 4 10

John W. Lawrie, Mitchelston

do.

3 0

John Bertram, Haitside

do.

1 0

Machars

Robt. M'Dowall, Auchengallie

Brood Mare

. £4 (fe Med. Sil. Med. 4 10

A. E. M'Cracken, Craiglemine

do.

3 0

Alex. M'Whinnie, Aireyolland

do.

1 0

County of

Lord Arthur Cecil, Orchard Mains Brood Mare

£4 & Med. SU. Med. 4 10

Peebles

M. Dyer, Peebles

do.

3 0

James Inch, Wester Deans

do.

1 0

East Dist.

Alexander Simpson, Westmains

Brood JIare

£4 & Med. SiL Med. 4 10

of Stir-

Carron Company, Can-on

do.

3 0

lingshire

George Ure of Wheatlands

. do.

1 0

Easter

WUliam Kelman, Balnagore

One-year old Colt

£1 & Med. SU. Med. 1 10

Ross

John Forsyth, Achoyle

do.

0 10

John Gordon, Balmuchy

Two-year old

Filly .

£3 ct Med. SU. Med. 3 10

Andrew Mackenzie, Dalraore

do.

2 0

G. F. Irvine, Nigg

do.

1 0

Alexander Munro, Ord

One-year old

FiUy .

£2 & Med. SU. Med. 2 10

G. F. Ii-\'ine, Nigg

do.

1 0

James Young, Cadboll

do.

0 10

Dist. of

Wm. Miller, Pond Cottage

Two-year old Colt .

£3 & Med. SU. Med. 3 10

Royal

Ptobert Anderson, West Fingask

do.

2 0

Northern

John MaiT, Cairnbrogie

do.

1 0

George Smith, Wester Caniie

One-year old Colt

. £2 & Med. SU. Med. 2 10

James Tocher, Sauchenloan

do.

1 0

James L. Rust, Bowbutts

do.

0 10

David Walker, Coullie

Two-year old Filly

£3 & Med. SiL Med. 3 10

George Bean, Balquhain Mains

do.

2 0

WiUiam Lobban, Ashtown

do.

1 0

James Merson, Craigwillie

One-year old Filly .

£2 k Med. Sil. Med. 2 10

John Marr, Cairnbrogie

do.

•

1 0

Alexander Innes, Alton

do.

0 10

0 •

Dalbeattie

Andrew Montgomery, Boreland

Two-year old Colt

, £3 & Med SU. Med. 3 10

Andrew Ilyslop, Auchenreoch

2 0

James Shcnnan, Balig

do.

1 0

Andrew Montgomery, Boreland

One-year old Colt

£1 &. Med. Sil. Med. 2 10

Andrew M'Dowall, Drumglasa

do.

1 0

William Little, High Borguc

do.

•

0 10

Adam Gray, Ingleston

Two-year old Filly .

£3 &, Med. Sil. .Med. 3 10

James Cunningham, Tarbrcoch

do.

2 0

Andrew Montgomery, Boreland

du.

1 0

George Craik, Glentoo

One year old FiUy

. £2itMed.Sil.Med. 2 10

K.D. BarreCunninglinm,Duchrac do.

1 0

James M'Queen of Crofts

do.

0 10

CanT forward. i:444 0 6
*IIalf Premiums awarded, the Number of Lot.s being under five.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1880.

NAME OF DIST.

PREMIUM AWARDED TO

FOR

Hhins Dist. Andrew M'Dowall, Auchtralure
of Wig- John M'Master, Culhom
totcnsMre Alexander Rankin, Aird
John Ralston, Milmain
W. W. Dorman, Deer Park
John Cochran, Portencallie
Robert. M 'William, Craichmore
Alex. Wylie, Mount Pleasant
W. W. Dorman, Deer Park
Robert Frederick, Dnimflower
Allan M'Master, Glenhead
Alexander Rankin, Aird

Brought forward.
Two-year old Colt . £3 & Med. SiL

do.

do.
One-year old Colt £2

do.

do.
Two-year old Filly . £3

do.

do.
One-year old Filly . £2 &, Med. Sil. Med. 2 10 6

do. .... 1 0 0

do .... 0 10 0

Auchter- G. C. Cheape of Strathtynim Two-year old Filly
muchty William Ritchie, Lumquhat Mill do.

■William Thorn, Demperstone do.

James Blyth, Leckiebank One-year old FiUy

James Tod, Easter Cash do.

Thomas Webster, Bowhouse do.

Hast of Fife James Drummond, Blacklaw
James Dnimmond, Blacklaw
D. Carnegie, Pitcorthie
James Blyth, Leckiebank
James Blyth, Leckiebank
W. R. Fortune of iluircambus
D. Edie, Cornceres
James Blyth, Leckiebank
Sydney Wyatt, Nydie
J. Hill, Langside
James Blyth, Leckiebank
Robert Tivendale, New Pilmuir

Two-year old Colt

do.

do.
One-year old Colt

do.

do.
Two-year old Fillj"-

do.

do.
One-year old Filly

do.

AMOCXT.

£444 0 6

Med. 3 10 6

2 0 0

10 0

& Med. Sil. Med. 2 10 6

10 0

0 10 0

& Med. Sil. Med. 3 10 6

0 0
0 0

£3 & Med. SU. Med. 3 10
2 0
1 0
1 10
0 10
0 5

£1 & Med. SiL Med,

£110. &Med.SU.Med. 2 0

1 0

0 10

£2 & Med. Sn. Med. 2 10

£3.fcMed. SiLMed,

£2 ife Med. Sil. Med.

0
10
10

0
10

0 10

Island of
Arran

SHEEP.

James Allan, jun., Balnacoole Blackfaced Tup
Robert Crawford, Glenscorrodale do.

Silver Medal
£3 & Med. Sil. Med.

James Allan, jun., Balnacoole
Robert Crawford, GlenscoiTodale
James Allan, jun., Balnacoole
■William Tod, Glenree
James Allan, jun., Balnacoole
.James Allan, jun., Balnacoole
James Allan, jun., Balnacoole
WilUam Tod, Glenree
James Allan, jun., Balnacoole
James AUan, jun., Balnacoole .
James Allan, sen., Clauchlands

do. ....

do, ....

Blackfaced Shear. Tup £3 <fc Med. Sil. Med.

do. ....

Blackfaced Ewes . £3 <fc Med. SU, Med.

do. ....

Blackfaced Gimmers £3 <fc Med. Sil. Med.

do. ....

0 16
3 10

1 0

0 10
3 10

1 0

0 10
3 10

1 0

0 10
3 10

1 0
0 10

0
6
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0

Silver Medal 0
£1, 10s. <fe Med. Sil. Med. 2

Jslaij, Jura, A. & J W. Greenlees, Finlaggan Blackfaced Tup
and Colon- A. & J. W. Greenlees, Finlaggan do.

&ay Samuel Mitchell, Nereby do. ....

A. cfc J. AV. Greenlees, Finlaggan do. ....

A. M'Conechy, Daill Blackfaced ShearlingTup £3 <fc Med. Sil. Med

A. <fc J. "W. Greenlees, Finlaggan do. ...

A. <fc J. W. Greenlees, Finlaggan do.

Samuel Mitchell, Xereby Blackfaced Ewes

A. «fc J. W. Greenlees, Finlaggan do.

A. M'Conechy, Daill do.

A. M'Conechy, DaUl Blackfaced Gimmers

A. k, J. W. Greenlees, Finlaggan do.

Samuel Mitchell, Nereby do.

£3 & Med. SiL Med

£3 & Med. Sil. Med.

0
3
1

0
3
1
0

o
O

16 0

0 G*

10 0*

5 0*

10 6

0 0

10 0

10 6

0 0

10 0

10 6

0 0

10 0

Carry forward, £531 11 6

^ Half Premiums awarded, the number of Lots being under five.

PEEMIUMS AAVAEDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1880. 47

NAME OF DIST. PKEMIUM AWAKDKD TO FOR AMOUNT

Brought forward, £531 11 6

Dunoon James Duncan of Benmore,\ uiackfaced Tup . SUver Medal 0 16 0

BlaiiTTiore j

James Duncan of Benmore do. . £3 <fc Med. Sil. Med. 3 10 6

John Macdonald of GaiTachoran do. . . . . 10 0

James Duncan of Benmore, } ^iq 0 10 0

Blainnore )

J. Duncan, Ballimore Blackfaced Shear. Tup £3 <fc Med. SiL Med. 3 10 6

J. Duncan, Ballimore do. . . . . 10 0

John Macdonald of Gairachoran do. .... 0 10 0

James Duncan of Benmore Blackfaced Ewes £1, 10s. <fc Med. Sil. Med. 2 0 6*

James Duncan of Benmore, 1 ,^ a ta a*

_, . i do. . . . . 0 10 0*

Blamnore 3

James Duncan of Benmore^ j,^^^^^^^^^ ^.^^^^^.^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ g.^^^^^ 2 0 6*

BlaiiTnore )

James Duncan of Benmore do. .... 0 10 0*

Archd. Clark, Inverchapple do. .... 0 5 0*

Dalkeith John Ainslie, jr., Hillend Leicester Tup . Silver Medal 0 16 0

John Ainslie, jr., Hillend do. . £3 »fc Med. SiL Med. 3 10 6

Duke of Buccleuch and

QueensheiT}', K.G.

John Edgar, Kirkettle do. 0 10 0

WiUiam Wilson, Wolfstar Leicester Shear. Tup £3 & Med. Sil. Med. 3 10 6

WilUam Wilson, Wolfstar do. .... 1 0 0

Duke of Buccleuch and

Queensberry, K.G.
Di^e of Buccleuch and> ^^^.^^^^^^ j,^^^ . £3 & Med. SiL Med. 3 10 6

Queensbeny, K.G. j

John Edgar, Kirkettle do. .... 1 0 0

Richard Paterson, Langside do. .... 0 10 0

Duke of Buccleuch and

QueensbeiT}', K.G.
Duke of Buccleuch and

QueensbeiTy, K.G.
Kichard Paterson, Langside do. .... 0 10 0

J do, 10 0

i do. .... 0 10 0

I Leicester Gimmers . £3 & Med. Sil. Med. 3 10 6
j. do. .... 1 0 0

^T/yjerTFard William White, Nisbet Blackfaced Tup . £3 & Med. Sil. Med. 3 10 6

of Lanark- James Greenshields, Westo^^^l do. .... 1 0 0

shire James Greenshields, Westown do. .... 0 10 0

Robert Watson, Culterallers Blackfaced Shearling Tup £3 & Med.Sil. Med. 3 10 6

Robert Watson, Culterallers do. .... 1 0 0

^ James Greenshields, Westown do. .... 0 10 0

George Warnock, Todlaw Blackfaced Ewes . £3 .fc Med. Sil. Med. 3 10 6

Mrs D. Tweedie, Castle Crawford do. .... 1 0 0

Alex. WiUiamson, Strancleugh do. .... 0 10 0

Mrs D. Tweedie, Castle Crawford Blackfaced Gimmers £l,10s, &, Med.SaMed. 2 0 6*

George Waniock, Todlaw do. .... 0 10 0

George Warnock, Todlaw do. .... 0 5 0*

Loc^iaher IT. E. Cameron, Clunes Blackfaced Tup . Silver >[edal 0 16 0

D. P. McDonald, Invernevis do. . £3 .k .Med. SU. Med. 3 10 6

Donald Cam.eron of Lochiel, M.P. do. .... 1 o 0

G. S. Comrie, Auchendall do. .... 0 10 0

D. P. M'Donald, Invernevis Blackfaced Shear. Tup £3 »t Med. SiL Med. 3 10 Q

John Cameron, Inversanda do. .... 1 0 U

D. P. M'Donald, Invernevis do. .... 0 10 0

D. tfc J. Sinclair. Achintee Blackfaced Ewes . £3 &, Med. Sil. Med. 3 10 6

G. G. Mackay, Glentintaig do. .... 1 0 0

John Linton, Coruanan do. .... 0 10 0

D. Macpherson, Glen Nevis Blackfaced Gimmers , £3 it Med. Sil. Med. 3 10 (>

D. .fe J. Sinclair, Achintee do. .... 1 o 0

D. -Macpherson, Glen Nevis do. .... 0 10 0

Carry fonvard, £607 7 6
Half Picmluras awarded, the number of Lots being under five.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880.

NAME OF DIST.

PREMIUM AWARDED TO

FOR

AMOUNT.

Brought forward, £607 7
£1, 10s.«fcMed.SU.Med. 2 0

Lower William Struthers, Logan Mains Leicester Tup

Annandale Thomas Marshall, Howes do.

Thomas Marshall, Howes do.

William Struthers, Logan Mains Leicester Ewes

John Pool, Milnfield do. ....

John BeU, Howrigg do ....

John Pool, Milnfield Leicester Gimmers £1, 10s. «fc Med.Sil.Med.

John Bell, Howrigg do. ....

John Pool, Milnfield do. ....

0 10

0 5

£l,10s. <fc Med. Sil.Med. 2 0

0 10

0 5

2 0

0 10

0 5

6»

0»

Northern
Pastoral
Club

Nithidale

James A. Gordon, Udale
James A. Gordon, Udale
Peter Robertson, Achilty
James A. Gordon, Udale
Peter Robertson, Achilty

James Brydon, Holm

Dalquhairn
James Brydon, Holm

Dalquhairn
James Brydon, Kinnelhead
James Brydon, Kinnelhead

Blackfaced Tup

do.
Blackfaced Shear. Tup
Blackfaced Ewes
Blackfaced Gimmers

^ I" Cheviot Tup

Silver Medal 0 16 0

Med. SUver Medal 0 10 6

Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

]\Ied. Silver Medal 0 10 6

"'}

Cheviot Shear. Tup . Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

Cheviot Ewes
Cheviot Gimmers

Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6-
Med. SUver Medal 0 10 6

AtJtole and P. & D. Ferguson, Dalcapon

Weem P. & D. Ferguson, Dalcapon

P. & D. Ferguson, Dalcapon

Leicester Tup

do.
Leicester Shear. Tup .
Leicester Ewes
Leicester Gimmers .

Silver Medal 0 16 0

Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

Med. SUver Medal 0 10 6

Med. SUver Medal 0 10 6-

United

East

> WiUiam WUson, Wolfstar

Leicester Shear. Tup

Med.

Silver Medal 0

Lothian

Nether

Mrs GiUies, Dunmore

Blackfaced Tup

Silver Medal 0

Lorn

Robert Allan, Glenmore

do.

Med.

SUver Medal 0

Mrs Gillies, Dunmore

Blackfaced Shear. Tup

Med.

, SUver Medal 0

Robert AUan, Glenmore

Blackfaced Ewes

Med.

, SUver Medal 0

Robert AUan, Glenmore

Blackfaced Gimmers .

Med.

SUver Medal 0

Argyll

John Malcolm of Poltalloch

Blackfaced Tup

SUver Medal 0

R. Allan, Glenmore

do.

Med.

SUver Medal 0

R. AUan, Glenmore

Blackfaced Shear. Tup

Med.

Silver Medal 0

A. Sinclair, Upper Largie

Blackfaced Ewes

Med.

Silver Medal 0

A. Sinclair, Upper Largie

Blackfaced Gimmers .

Med.

Silver Medal 0

£629

SPECIAL GRANTS.

Vote in aid of Premiums,

Glasgow Agricultural Society Vote in aid of Premiums,
Ediriburgh Christmas Poultryl

and Root Club y

Joint Show at Dingicall o/^

the Inverness,Wester Ross, \

Easter Ross, Black Isle ^Vote in aid of Premiums,

and Northern Pastoral j

Chibs J

Ayrshire Association
Westray Society
Egilshay Society
Unst Society

Vote to Dairy Produce Show at Kilmarnock,
Vote in aid of Premiums,
Vote in aid of Premiums,
Vote in aid of Premiums,

£50 0 0
25 0 0

25 0 0

20 0 0

3 0 0

£129 0 0

* Half Premiums aAvarded, the number of Lots being under five.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880.

MEDALS IN AID OF PREMIUMS GIVEN BY LOCAL SOCIETIES.
Medium Silver Medals were awarded to the follo-nlng : —

NA.MS OF DISTRICT.

Donside

Formartine

Fyvie

Garioch

Inverurie

Kinellar
Leochel Cuihnie

Xew Aberdour

Xorth East Aber-
deenshire

Abebdeenshire.

medal awarded to
James Rennie, ]\Iilltown of Fintray
James Rennie, Millto^vn of Fintray
J. H. Udny of Udny
William Stephen, Gilmorton
James Dumo, Jackston
James Dumo, Jackston
William Gall, Smiddybum
George Bean, Balquhain
John Maitland, Balhaggardy
Henry Gordon of Manar
Alexander Valentine, Roadside Cottage
James Strachan, Wester Fowlis
James Strachan, Wester Fowlis
John Bell, Tyrie Mains
George Bruce, Pennan Farm
Charles A. Barclay, Aberdour House
Alexander Lovie, Towie
William Cardno, Tillinamolt
James Whyte, Cardno Mains
Samuel Stewart, Sandhole
Alexander Beddie, Banks
Mrs Coutts, Hatton
James Wh}i:e, Cardno Mains
James Milne, Netherton

FOR

Swedish Turnips
Yellow Turnips
Turnips
Potatoes
Shorthorn Cow
Draught Mare
Cross Cow
Brood Mare
Swedish Turnips
Yellow Turnips
Pen of Poultiy
PoUed Bull
Polled Heifer
Shorthorn Bull
Shorthorn Cow
Draught Mare
Collection of Seeds
Collection of Roots
Polled Bull
Shorthorn Cow
Draught Mare
Daily Produce
Sample of Seeds
Collection of Roots

Liimore

Islands of MulV
Coll, and Tiree.
Transferred
from Lochhuy
nndWestofMull. ^

Argyllshire.

Dugald M'DougalL, Balliveolan
Duncan M'Coll, Clachan

Hector A. Campbell, Ardfenaig
James N. Forsyth of Quinish
Hector A. Campell, Ardfenaig
John M'Lean, Kengharair

Highland Cow
Draught Gelding

Highland Heifer
Blackfaced Gimmers
Blackfaced Tup
Pony

Ardrossan

Cumnock

Dairy

Dalrymple

Darvel

Dundonald

Oaltton

Ga'ston {Horti-
cultural)

Ayrshire.

Robert Young, Yonderton
William Allan, Muirlaught
James Gilmour, Orchardton
James MuiTay, Muir
Robert Kerr, High Linn
James Craig, Holms of Caaf
John Brown, Lissens Moss
William <t Dugald Paton, Hourat
James Blair, Holmes
James Clelland, Balgreen
John Nisbet, Long-green
Thomas Moiton, High Bowhill
James Voung, Peatland
David Stevenson, Auchengatt
Jolin Barr, Harjjerlnnd
William Hodge, Hillhouse
William Lindsay, Killoch
James Picken, Laigh Langside
Mattliew Millar, Low Bowhill
Agnes M'Dougiil, Whiteside
George Nell, New .Milne

Cheese
Cured Butter
A>T8hire Bull
A}nshire Cow
AjTshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Ayrshire Cow
Brood Mare
Ayrshire Cow
Draught Gelding
Collection of Uoots
Sweet Milk Cheese
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Clydesdale Mare
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Clydesdale Mare
Sweet Milk Cheese
Cured Butter
Collection of Roots

PKEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880.

NAME OF DISTRICT. MEDAL AWARDED TO

Ayrshire — continued.

Loudoun ct Lanfine James Bowie, Overland

Alexander Steel, Bumhead
Alexander Barclay, Rigghead
James Mitchell, Caimhiil

6or» R. <fe P. Ward r op, Garlaff

Peter Conner, Dnimdow
James Picken, Laigh Langside
Thomas B. Retson, Sorn

Sorn and Dalgain John Watson, Daldorch

John Young, Laigh Brocklar
James Baird, Blindbum
Gavin Hamilton, Xethersliields
John Watson, Daldorch

Stewarton James Ross, Titwood

T. D. C. Graham of Dunlop House

Tarholton Hugh Wilson, Canigillan

William Spiers, Lochlie

West Kilbride James Caldwell, Blackshaw

WiUiam Dunlop, Fences

FOR

Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Clydesdale Gelding
Leicester Tup
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Clydesdale Mare
Pen of Poultry-
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Clydesdale Mare
Sweet Milk Cheese
Fences

AjTshire BuU
AjTshire Cow
AjTshire Cow
Draught Mare
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow

Spey, Avon, and
Fiddochiide

Banffshire.

C. A. Cantlie, Keithmore
W. M Skinner, Drimiin
J. F. Inkson, Kinermony
James Campbell, Pitcroy

Shorthorn Heifer
Blackfaced Tup
Barley
Potatoes

Bute

Buteshire.

John Simpson, St Colmac
Robert M'Alister, Ascog
Mrs Malcolm, Edinbeg

AjTshire Cow
AjTshire Heifer
Blackfaced Tup

Dumbartonshire

Cumbernauld John Park, ilainhead

WUliam CuUen, Barbegs
Thomas Chalmers, Walton

Western District of Robert Begg, Blarnj-le
Dumbartonshire Alexander MAulay, Helensburgh

AjTshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Clydesdale Mare
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow

Sanquhar

Dumfriesshire.

Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberrj', K.G.
Duke of Buccleuch and QueensbeiTj', K.G.
Samuel In-ing, Carco
William Hyslop, jun., Clenries
J. (fc J. Moffat, Gateside

Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Heifer
Draught Mare
Cheviot Tup
Blackfaced Tup

Edinburghshire.

Western District o/John Meikle, Seafield

Mid-Lothian James Hamilton, Woolfords
John Waddell, Easter Inch
John Waddell, Easter Inch

Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Clydesdale Entire Colt
Clydesdale Filly

Glen Urquhart

Northern Counties
Fat S}iow Club

Strathglass

Inveeness-shire.

James Simpson, Drumnadrochit

Miss Grant, Dalshangee

Roderick Fraser, KerrowdoA^Ti

Sir Kenneth S. Mackenzie of Gairloch, Bart.

James Stephen, Meikle Geddes

Earl of Seafield, Balmacaan

Duncan Forbes of Culloden

Duncan Ross, Hilton

Mrs Ferguson, Inverness

George Mackenzie, Balmore

Roderick M'Rae, Erchless

Sandy Oats

Rock Potatoes

Swedish Turnips

Cross Ox

Cross Heifer

Wethers

Pig

Regent Potatoes

Poultry

Sandy Oats

Finefellow Oats

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1880.

SAKE OF DISTRICT.

MEDAL AWABDED TO

FOB

KlXCAEDISESHIRE.

Fettercairn George Stewart, Craigniston

David Murray, Westinoston
James Wallace, Balbegno

Shorthorn Bull
Brood Mare
Collection of Roots

C'adder
Carrnjcath

Carmichael
Stonehouse

Rousay

Lanaekshirb.

Thomas Stark, Auchinaim
James Johnstone, Lochbumie
John Mather, Lampits
John Prentice, Grange
William Muir, Eastersills
J. Hamilton, Woolfords
R. Thorbum, Stonehill
R. Weir, Watchknowe
Alexander Craig, Over Milton
John Hamilton, Bogside

Orkney.

General Burroughs of Rousay, C.B
George Learmouth, Westness

Ayrshire Cow-
Draught Mare
Ayrshire Bull
Draught Filly
Leicester Tup
Blackfaced Tup
Blackfaced Tup
Leicester Tup
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow

Cross Heifer
Brood Mare

Culross

M.Dist.of Athole

and TuUyniet
Stormont Union

Strathearn
{Ornitholoi/ical)

Perthshire.

John James Dalgleish, Brankston Grange
William Beveridge, East Grange
William Beveridge, East Grange

I Mrs M 'Donald, Balnaguard

Sir Alex. Muir Mackenzie of Delvine, Bart

A. Bmce, Jordanstone

John Granger, Pitcur

Mrs Mitchell, Essendy

WiUiam M'Laren, Pittendreich

•John MacXab, Crieff

Miss Agnes Patei'son, Camock

Hay

Turnips

Farm Management

Green Crop ^

Highland Ox
Brood Mare
Leicester Tup

Dairy Produce
Green Crop
Dorking Fowls

Scotch Grev Fowls

Eaglesham
Neihton

Renfrewshire.

James Stewart, Can-ot
John Holm, Jaapston
John Holm, Jaapston

Ayrshire Cow
AjTshire Bull
AjTshire Cow

ROSS-SHIKE.

Black Isle John MacLennan, Resolis

James Cameron, Balnakyle
Archibald Cameron, Artafallie

Wester Rost D. G. Ross, Wester Lovat

Murdo Bethune, Brae
Peter Robertson, Achilty
Duncan Davidson of Tulloch

Cross Cow
Clydesdale Gelding
Leicester Tup
Shorthorn Bull
Clydesdale Stallion
Blackfaced Tup^
Berkshire Sow

Stirlingsuiue.

Campsie, ^t'aai.\Y'.ob&^ Buchanan, Blairquhosh
blane and lia;- >• , i,- • n i

(James >\ eir, Hole
demock )

Cargunnock Robert Thuinsun, Bunibuiik

Alexander M'Grcgor, Kaster Culraore

James Graham of Auchencloch

James Patrick, Queenzicbum

Ayrshire Boll
Clydesdale Mare

Shorthorn Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Ayrshire Cow
Draught Mare

144 .Medium SUvcr Medals, £75, 12s.

r,-?

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1880.

PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.

In 1879-80 tlie Society's Silver Medal was awarded at 167 Ploughing

Competitions as follows : —

ABERDEENSHIRE.

NO. NAME OF SOCIETT.

PLACE OF COMPETITION.

1. Aboyne.

MiUs of Aboyne.

2. Belhelvie.

Middle Ardo.

3. Braemar.

Fife Arms Farm.

4. Buchan (Northern District).

Tophead.

5. Buchan (Southern District).

Bnixie.

6. Corgarff.

Luib.

7. Crathie.

Invergelder.

8. Finzean.

Boghead.

9. Leochel Cushnie.

Wester Fowlis.

10. Lumphanan.

Auchlossan.

11. New Aherdour.

Killyquharn.

12. Newhills and Dyce.

Ashtown.

13. New Machar.

Brokenwine,

14. North-East Aherdeenshire.

Sandhole.

15. Slcene and Midmar.

Garlogie.

16, Strichen.

Strichen Mains.

ARGYLLSHIRE.

17. Ardnamurchan.

Swordle.

18. Dunoon.

Benmore.

19. Duior.

ArdsheaL

20. Islay, Jura and Colonsay.

Octavoulin.

21. Kintyre.

Pennygowan.

22. Lismore.

Salen.

23. Lora.

Pennyfuir.

24. Nether Lorn.

Dunmore.

25. Salen.

Kintallen.

AYRSHIRE.

26. Ayr and Alloway.

Bumton.

27. Coylton.

Jlillcraig.

28. Dairy.

Pitcon.

29. DalrjTnple.

Knockjarder.

30, Fenwick.

Gainhill.

31. Galston.

Couithom.

32. Kilmamoclc.

Holmes.

33. Kirlimichael.

Grimmet.

34. Monkton and Prestwick.

Hobsland.

35. Monkwood and Minnishant.

Smithstone.

36. New Cumnock.

Rottenyard.

37. Ochiltree

DoiTEistou

38. Sorn and Dalgain.

Hillhead.

39. Stewarton.

Castleton.

40. Straiton.

Straiton.

41. Tarbolton.

Smithfleld.

BANFFSHIRE.

42. Bohai-m.

MaryhiU.

43. Braes of Glenlivet.

Lettoch.

44. Glenrinnes.

"Wester Auchmore.

45. Keith.

Broadfield.

46. Keith (1879).

Birss of Mulderie.

47. Spey, Avon and Fiddochside.

Keithmore.

48. Strathavon.

Auchlichnie.

BUTE AND ARRAN,

49. Arran.

Shedog.

50. Bute.

Largizean.

SILVEE MEDAL AWARDED TO

A. Webster, Newton of Dnimduan.
James Walker, Smiddyburn.
Sam. Craigie, Fife Arms Farm.
Charles Kerr, Newmill.
John Johnston, Pettymurcus.
John Stuart, Boggach.
George Milne, Inver.
William Gill, Balnahard.
WiUiam Gilbert, Shiel.
WUliam M'Gregor, Craigmyle.
James Whyte, Bankhead.
William Dawson, Sunnybrae.
John Thomson, DrumUgair.
Wm. Webster, Mains of Fon'est.
Alexander Leiper, Souttarhill.
Andrew Quirie, Strichen Mains.

Donald Maclachlan, Branaulfc.
Hugh M'Dougall, Ardenslate.
John M'CoU, Greenfield.
Sam. M. M'Conechy, Daill.
Wm. M'Ken'al, Brunerican.
Duncan Connell, Bailenagown.
Neil BroMTi, Dunbeg.
John M'Innes, Ardmaddy.
Donald Cameron, Baliscate.

Hugh White, Carcluie.
Robert Brj^an, Pansy Cottage.
Wm. Smith, Craighead.
Jas. Blair, jun.. Holmes.
Robert Smith, Wyli eland.
James Paterson, Middlethird.
James Paterson, Middlethird.
Quintin Young, Bameil.
William Aitkinson, Newdykes.
Hugh White, Carcluie.
David Paterson, Lanemark.
Andrew Campbell, Langlands.
John Baird, Blindbum.
Robert Stillie, Kirkwood.
James Har\ae, Knockgardner.
William Duncan, Montgomerie.

John Davidson, Soimdmoor.
Alex. Stuart, EskmuUoch.
William Gordon, Balmerion.
James Weir, Tarmore.
James Weir, Edintore.
James Moggach, Newton.
James Coutts, Lyne.

Daniel Gillies, Clachaig.
Duncan MoiTison, Kerrycroy.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880.

NO. NAME OF SOCIETY.

51. Caithness.

CAITHXESS-SHIRE.

PLACE OF COMPETITION.

Standstill.

SILVER MEDAL AWARDED TO

Sinclair Leitch, BuUimore.

CLACKilAXXANSHIRE .
52. Clackmannanshire Union, Hilton. William Reid, PiperpooL

CROMARTYSHIRE.

53. Cromartj'.

Mains of Cromarty.

DUMBARTOXSHIRE.

54. Kilmaronock and Bonhill.

Mains.

55. Kirkintilloch.

Bedcow.

DUMFRIESSHIE

56. Glencaim.

Ewanston.

57. Holy^-ood.

Upper Cluden.

58. Keir Parish.

Nether Keir.

59. KirkconneL

Gateside.

60. Penpont

Floors.

EDIXBURGHSHI

01. Glencross.

Fulford.

62. Lasswade.

Moat.

ELGINSHIRE

63. Edinkillie.

DunphaiL

64. Morayshire.

Muirton of Kinloss.

65. Rafford

Blackhillock.

66. St Andrews Lhanhiyd.

Wester Calcotts.

67. Urquhart.

Meft.

68. Western District of Elgin.

Inverlochty.

FIFESHIRE.

69. Crossgates.

South Ballyeoman.

70. Howe of Fife.

Balhntagar.

71. Leslie.

Foremount Hills.

FORFARSHIRE.

72.
73.
74.
75.

76.

Bandirran and Gairdnim. Bandirran.

Dundee Mains <fc Stratlmiartine. Castle Mains.
Logie Pert. Brae of Pert.

Kirriemuir. HerdhilL

Tannadice and Oathlaw. Noran Bank,

77. Lammermoor Pastoral,

HADDINGTONSHIRE
Bothwell,

IXVERNESS-SHIRE.

78. Abemethy. Tomachroacher.

79. Badenoch and Rotliicmurchus. Nuide.

80.

Duthil.

GalIo\ie.

81.

Glen Urquhart.

Bahnacaan.

82.

Laggan.

DiTinigask.

83.

Lochaber.

Muccomer.

84.

Nctlicr Lochaber and Ardgour.

South Corran.

85.

Strathdcam.

Freeburn.

86.

Stratherrick.

(Jorthleck.

87.

Strathnaim.

Mains of Daviot,

88.

Strathnairn (Western District).

Milton of Farr.

89.

Strathspey.

lialmuichk.

James M'Phail, Rosefann.

James Orr, BlaimLIe.
Hugh Cameron, Bedcow.

James Welsh, Stewarton.
Robert Johnstone, RosehilL
William HaUiday, NewhaU.
John Gillespie, High Caira,
Andrew Hughes, Tibbers.

Robert Dickson, House of ^luir,
Thomas Peden, Boghall,

WilUam Allan, Tullyglens,
James Neish, Bauds.
Donald Urquhart, Cassieford.
James Williamson, Lochhill.
Alex, Sandieson, Innesmill.
James Clark, OldmiUs,

George Cousin, Salineshaw.
D. Young, Ballintagar.
Dand Steele, Upper Stenton.

James Slidders, Middleton.
Thomas Anderson, Magdalenes.
Thomas Pender, Cairn Bank.
George Watson, A-icliendorie.
WiUiam Suttie, Coull.

William Hill, Kidshlelhaugh,

Alex. Ross, ^lanse.

(Donald Macqueen, Doune of

( Hothiemurchus.
Peter JI'Donald, Easter Gallovic,
Alex, Ross, Bahnacaan.
Robert Russcl, Gaskbeg.
Donald Cameron, Glensliellach.
Donald Cameron, Glensliellach.
Wm. Mac.\rtluir, Strcens.
Donald IJoss, Laidclune.
Andrew Urquhart, Parks of Inslics.
Antrus .Mackintosh, Bcachan.
Chaa. Grant, Klnchurdy

PREMIUMS AWxiEDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1880.

NO.

90.
91.
92.
9-3.
94.

NAME OF SOCIETT.

KINCARDINESHIRE.

PLACE OF COMPETITION SILVER MEDAL AWAEDED TO

Dun-is. Upper Balfour.

Maryculter. Westside.

Portlethei). Badentoy.

Rickarton,Urie and Fetteresso.South Glenton.
Strachan. Ardlar.

William Greig, Ashentilly.
Chas. Murray, West Tilburies.
Alex. Yule, llains of Findon.
William Moir, Backbmii.
Alex. Laing, Bowbutts.

STEWARTRY OF KIRKCUDBRIGHT.

9.5, Kirkpatrick-Durham. Tarbreoch.

96. New Abbey. Overton.

97. Penninghame, Minnigaff, ifcc.Machermore.

98. Troqueer. Nethertown.

90. Cadder.

100. Caldenvaterhead.

101. Carstairs.

102. Crawford and Crawfordjohn.

103. East Kilbride.

104. Hamilton, Blantyre, inc.

105. Old Monkland.

106. New Monkland.

107. Blackburn.

108. Kinneii.

109. Ardclach.

110. Nairnshire.

111. Egilshay.

112. Evie and Rendall.

113. Orkney.

114. Oi-pliir.

115. Rousay and Veira.

116. St Andrews.

117. St Ola.

118. Shapansey.

119. South Ronaldshay.
120<> Stronsay.

121. West Mainland.

122. Westray.

123. Eddleston.

124. West Linton and

125. Newlands.

12G. Ardoch.

127. Blairdrummond, <fec.

128. Breadalbane (Eastern Dist.)

129. Comrie and Upper Stratheam.

130. Culross.

131. Drummond Castle.

132. Dunblane.

133. Foss and Sti'athtummeL
1^4. Glenalmond.

135. Glenquaich.

136. Isla,

137. Kilmadock.

138. Logiealmond and Lyndoch.

139. Mid. District of Athole, <fec.

140. Monzie-vaird and Strowan.

LANARKSHIRE.

Easter Lumloch.

Stane.

Hangingshaw.

Nether Abington.

CraighalL

Hillhouse.

Bankhead.

Rochsolloch.

LINLITHG 0 WSHIRE.
Seafield.
Kinneii Mills.

NAIRNSHIRE.

Dulsie.
Balblair.

ORKNEY.

Mid Skaill.

Hall of Rendall.

Birstane.

HaU of Clestron.

Banks.

Newark.

Weyland.

Oldinstone.

Hillside.

Bundatoon.

Gom.

Clifton.

PEEBLESSHIRE.
Hallowknowe.
■ Hyndford.

PERTHSHIRE.

Quoigs.

Baad.

Balmacnaughton.

Cuiltabraggan.

Middle Grange.

Cultbum.

Kippenrait

Kynachan.

Caimies.

Alti-uie.

Bardmony,

Munnieston.

DrumhaiTow.

Meadows.

Trowan.

John Johnstone, Blackpark.
Joseph Jardine, Ingleston.
Alex. M'Gowan, Balterson.
David Young, Airds.

Thomas Stewart, Balgi'ay.
James Barr, Townhead.
Daniel Carmichael, Newhouse.
Edward French, Eastertown.
John Walker, Lickprivick.
John Sandilands, Woodhead.
John Sandilands, Woodhead.
John Robb, Rochsolloch.

William Greenhorn, Fala Mill.
William Haddow, Muirhouse.

Grigor MacGrigor, Tomloan.
James Dean, Damhead.

Wm. M. Mainland, Onziebust.
Henrj' Meill, Burgar.
William Sinclair, Dyke.
W. Groundwater, Hall of Clestron.
Donald Allan, Furse.
William Milne, Stembister.
Thomas Wook, Quoybrosiane.
Laurence Iivine, Waltness.
Charles Scott, Bankburn.
Robert Millar, Holland.
David Co-n-per, Isbister.
Thomas Driver, Gallowhill.

Thomas Leadbetter, West Loch.
(Thomas Hutchison, Ingraston.
(James Aitken, Wester Deans.

John Duncan, Topfold.
AVilliam Graham, Baad.
Donald Waters, Dunskeig. '
William Jack, Braincroft.
James Wardlaw, Cameil.
Robert Crow, North Dnimdowie.
James Mun'ay, Kippenross.
Donald M'Inroy, Borenich.
John Dewar, Downie.
John M'Farlane, Wester Kinloch.
James Sinclair, Morty.
Joseph Mun-ay, ^lunnieston.
William AUan, Myreton.
William Reekie, Guay.
William M'Kenzie, Balmuick.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY 1^ 1880.

NO. NAME OF SOCIETY.

141. Moulin.

142. Port of Monteith.

143. Rannoch.

144. St Martins.

145. Strathbraan,

146. Strathearn (Central).

147. Strathord.

148. Struan, Glengarry, <fce.

149. ThomWll.

150. Weem.

151. Cathcart and Eastwood.

152. Erskine.

153. Greenock, Gourock, «fec.

154. KUtiarchan.

155. Renfrewshire.

156. Easter Ross,

157. Edderton,

PLACE OF COMPETITION

Achlat,

Ballinlucater.

Drumchastle.

St Martins.

Deanshaugh.

Lochend,

Cottarto'\\Ti.

Blair Manse.

Lettieward,

Castle Menzies.

RENFREWSHIRE.

Carrolside.

West Glenshinnoch.

Braeside.

Locherside.

Caudren.

ROSS-SHIRE.

Arabella.
Balblair.

ROXBURGHSHIRE.

158. Lilliesleaf,

Firth.

STIRLINGSHIRE,

159. Amprior. Shewiebank.

160. Craigforth and Touch. North Carsebony.

161. Eastern Dist. of Stirlingshire. Easter Carmuirs.

162. Strath endrick. Mains.

SILA'ER MEDAL AWARDED TO

Duncan Stewart, Edradour,
Duncan Dougall, Blaircessnock.
James M'Gregor, Tempar,
Stewart Donaldson, Boghall.
Donald Forbes, Deanshaugh,
Daniel Seaton, BrickhalL
Donald Cameron, Ardgaith.
George Gow, Struan.
Robert Ferguson, Goodiebank
John Small, Carse.

WiUiam Jackson, Carrolside.
John White, jun., Fulwood.
William Broadfoot, Divert.
John Muir, Nether Johnstone.
Alex. Shearer, Mill-lands,

William Mann, Easter Ord.
Alex. Ross, Balblair,

Peter Henderson, Whitelee,

Walter Brown, Auchentroig.
George Stewart, Kildean,
Andrew Paterson, Roughlands.
Walter Brown, Auchentroig.

163, Lairg,

164. Skibo.

165. Machars.

166. Old Luce.

167. Whithora and Glasserton.

SUTHERLANDSHIRE.

Ballone.
Pulrossie,

WIGTOWNSHIRE.

Sorbie.

Glentrone.
Longhill.

Alex. Gray, Culmaily.
James Murray, Pulrossie.

William Melvin, Longhill.
William M'Garvie, Culquharen.
James Brawls, DniraoiTal.

167 Minor Silver Medals, £50, 2s,

IV, COTTAGES AND GARDENS.
1. BEST KEPT COTTAGES AND GARDENS,
Aberdeenshire.

Methlick

.William Hutcheon

Cottage

£1 and Minor Silver Medal

Andrew Davidson

do.

Alex. Mowat

do.

Minor Silver Medal

George Moir

Garden

£1 and Minor Silver Medal

Alex. Cheyne

do.

William Ligertwood

do.

Minor Silver .Medal

£1
0
0
1

Colder s Union.

EDINBURGIISniRK.

.Edward Blane Cottage

James Weir Garden

James B. Smith do.

E.Blane(lstPrizcinl879) do.

North of Fife.

. .Joseph Scath
Henry IJalsillie
Henry Lister
James Maxwell
Thomas Duff
Robert Annan

FiFESHIRE,

Cottage

do.

do.
Garden

do.

Minur Silver Medal

£1 and Minor Silver Medal

Minor Silver Medal

£1 and Minor Silver Medal

.Miu'jr Silver Medal

0 10
0 6

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

10 0

0 10 0

0 6 0

0
0
0
0
0

0 6 0

Carry fonvanl, £11 4 0

PKEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE tSOUlETY IN 1880.

Brought forvrard, £11 4 0

KlUCAEDIKESHIRE.

Mearns.

George Douglas

Cottage

£1 and Minor Silver Medal

:Mrs Alex. Bell

do.

Mrs John Paterson

Minor Silver Medal

Alex. Stott

Garden

£1 and Minor Silver Medal

George Douglas

do.

John Bruce

do.

Minor Silver Medal

John Silver

do.

Minor Silver Medal

{l&t Prize in 1879)

Linlithgowshire.

Dalmeny d' Queensferri/..}ilvs Miles Cottage

Mrs Brown do.

Mrs Cochrane do.
MrsMon-is(lstPrizeinl879) do.

David Robertson Garden

Henry Reid do.

Andrew Younger do.

£1 and Minor Silver Medal

Minor Silver Medal
Minor Silver Medal
£1 and Minor Silver Medal

Minor Silver Medal

Perthshire.

Braco.

Dunning.

Forgander.ny .

Muthill.

..William Bayne

David Monteath

Janet King

John Dewar

(Is; Prize in 1879)

John Dewar

Arch. Bennet

Thos. Marshall

Wm. Bayne

O-st Prize in 1879)
..James Liver

Arch. M 'Martin

James Robertson

Arch. M 'Martin

Thos. Callum
..Mrs Geo. Winders

Mis David Young

Mrs Robt. Robson

Mrs Jas. M'CuUoch
O-st Prize in 1879)

George Winders

David Young

Robert Buchan

Jas. M'Culloch
{Ut Prize in 1879)
..Mrs John Bayne

Mrs Jas. Graham

Mrs Daniel Jolly

John Keron

Andrew Gowans

Miss Agnes Hutton

Mrs John Limisden
{\&t Prize in 1879)

Cottage £1 and Minor Silver Medal 16 0

do. 0 10 0

do. Minor Silver Medal 0 6 0

Garden £1 and Minor Silver Medal
do.

do. Minor Silver Medal

do. Minor Silver iledal

Cottage

do.

do.
Garden

do.

do.
Cottage

do.

£1 and Minor SUver Medal

Minor Silver Medal

£1 and Minor Silver Medal

Minor Silver Medal

£1 and Minor Silver Medal

Minor Silver Medal
Minor Silver Medal

Garden £1 and Minor Silver Medal
do.

do. Minor Silver Medal

Cottage

do.

do.
Garden

do.

£1 and Minor Silver Medal

Minor Silver Medal

£1 and Minor Silver Medal

Minor Silver Medal
Minor Silver Medal

1 6
0 10
0 6
0 6

0 10
0 6

1
0
0
0

1 6
0 10
0 6
0 6

0 10
0 6
0 6

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0

KilUarn.

Stirlingshire.

.Walter M'Feat Cottage

George Cameron do.

William Pearson Garden

J. <fc W. Jr Allan do.

Mrs Robb do.

James M'Xicol do.
{Ist Prize in 1879)

£1 and Minor Silver Medal

Minor Silver Medal
Minor SUver Medal

i^Carry fon\-ard, £42 8 0

1 0

0 10

lal 1 6

0 10

0 6

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1880.

Brought forward, £42 8 0

Inch

"Wigtownshire.

John Cumming

Cottage

£1 and Minor Silver Medal

Charles Gibson

do.

Alex. M'Clymont

do.

Minor Silver Medal

David M'Haffie

Garden

£1 and Minor SUver Jledal

William Naime

do.

John Camming

do.

Minor Silver Medal

Thos. Brown

do.

Minor Silver Medal

{1st Prize in 18:

r9)

£46

2. MEDALS FOR COTTAGES AND GARDENS AND GARDEN PRODUCE.

Medium Silver Medals were awarded to the following : —

Aberdeenshire.

Kinellar James Johnstone Cottage Garden

FiFESHIRE.

Dyiart John Turpie Flower Plot

Kirkcaldy James Walker Garden

Eobert Craig Flower Plot

Inverness-shire.

Badenoch and Eothiemurchus Gregor M'Kenzie Cottage

Alexander M'Pherson Garden

Kincardineshire.

Fordoun, Olenbervie and Arbuthnott John Ferguson Vegetables

John Cadenhead Flowers

Lanarkshire.

Albert Gardens Alexander Muirhead Best kept Plot

George D. Miller Garden Produce

Carntcaih William Smith Garden

R. Alexander Garden Produce

if^eio Victoria Gardens Colin Ferguson Best kept Plot

Charles M'Kenzie Best kept Plot

'Saracen Public Gardens John Black Garden Produce

Robert Moodie Best kept Plot

Nairnshire.

Auldearn Mrs Falconer Cottage

James Grant Garden

Perthshire.

Breadalbane, Weem, &c D. Watson Best kept Garden

W. Stewait ', Best Cropped Garden

Dunkeld and Birnam Charles Fletclier Cottage Garden

Charles Fletcher Garden Produce

Logiealmond and Qlenalmond David MuiTay Cottage

David Murray Garden

24 Medium Silver Medals, £12, 12s.

v.— VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ANNUAL EXAMLVATION— APRIL 1880.

E. J. A. C. Yorston, Manclicster, Practical Examination,
William Calvert, .Middleham, )

J as. Wood Ingram, ilanchestcr. (

Equal General Examir.ati

Med. Gold Medal,

£6 2

Med. Gold Medal,

6 2

.Med. Gold Medal,

ti 2

Carry forward, £18 6 0

PREMIUMS AWAEDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1880.

CLASS EXAMINATIONS— APRIL 18S0.

Joseph Donald, Cumberland,
"William Calvert, Middleham,
William Ryan, Limerick,
William Ryan, Limerick,
William Ryan, Limerick,
Joseph Donald, Cumberland,
Alexander Grey, jim.,

Alexander M 'Walter,

Edixbukgh Vetebixaey College.

Materia Medica,

Anatomy,

Botany,

Physiology,

Chemistry,

Veterinary Med. and Surgery,

Comparative Anatomy,
( Veterinarj' Med. and Surgei7
( (Amateurs),

Brought forward,

Silver Medal,
Silver Medal,
Silver Medal,
Silver Medal,
Silver Medal,
Silver Medal,
SUver Medal,

Silver Medal,

New Vetekinaey College, Edinbukgh.

George Edward Nash,
Jas. W. Ingram, Manchester,
Jas. W. Ingram, Manchester,
Thomas E. Horrocks,
William Woods, Wigan,
William Woods, Wigan,

W. Graham, Cummertrees,
W. Woods, Wigan,

J. Finlayson, Gourock,
J. Can'oll, Coolrus,

R. Hughes, Llanarmon,
James Wyper, Glasgow,
James GosUng, London,
James Gosling, London,
J. F. Hayes, Portroe,
John Renfrew, Hurlet,
John Renfrew, Hurlet,

Horse Pathology, Silver Medal,

Cattle Pathology, Silver Medal,

Chemistry, Silver Medal,

Anatomy, Silver Medal,

Physiolog}', Silver Medal,

Summer Session, 1879.

Botany,
Materia Medica,

Stjmmer Session, 1880.

Botany,
Materia Medica,

Glasgow Veterinary College.

Horse Pathologj', Silver Medal,

Cattle Pathology, Silver Medal,

Histologj- and Physiology, Silver Medal,

Anatomy, Silver Medal,

Botany, Silver Medal,

Materia Medica, Silver Medal,

Chemistiy, SUver Medal,

Silver Jledal,
Silver Medal,

Silver Medal,
Silver Medal,

£18 6

0 16

VL— AGRICULTUEAL CLASS, EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY

1. Andrew Chapman, Dumfriesshire,

2. R. Colley Smith, Lanarkshire,

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0 IG 0

0 16

•

0 16

£38 6 0

£6 0 0
4 0 0

£10 0 0

ABSTRACT OF PREMIUMS.

1. Essays and Reports, . . . . • • .

2. Kelso Show, 1880, ........

3. District Shows:—

Stock, ....... £629 18 6

Special Grants, . . _ . . . . 129 0 0

Local Societies— Medals in aid of Premiums given by

(144), . . . . . . 75 12 0

Ploughing Associations — Medals to (167), . . 50 2 0

4. Cottages and Gardens— Money Premiums and 48 Minor Silver Medals,

£46, 18s.; 24 Medium Silver Medals, £12, 12s.

5. Veterinary Department — Medals to Students, ....

6. Agricultural Chair, Edinburgh University — Prizes to Class,

£225 0 6
2462 19 0

884 12 6

59 10 0

38 6 0

10 0 0

£3680 S 0

59
STATE OF THE FUNDS

THE HIGHLAND AND AGEICULTUEAL SOCIETY

OF SCOTLAND.

At 30th NOVEMBER 1880.

I. Bonds—

Heritable Bonds, ...... £16,779 16 0

Debenture Bonds by Clyde Navigation Trustees, . . 3,450 0 0

Kailway Debenture Bonds, ..... 4,000 0 0

II. Debenture Stock —

£3,000 North British Eailway Co., i^ per cent.,

at £108, ..... £3,240 0 0
£1,000 London and North -Western Railway

Co., 4 per cent., at £114, . . . 1,140 0 0

£24,229 16 0

in. Bank Stocks —

£6,407, 7s. 8d. Royal Bank of Scotland, at

£203, 5s., . . . £13,023 0 1

2,218, 6s. 5d. Bank of England, at £277, 10s., 6,155 16 10
2,000, Os. Od. British Linen Company Bank,

at £272, . . . 5,440 0 0

1,250, Os. Od. National Bank of Scotland,

at £270, . . . 3,375 0 0

1,062, 10s. Od. Commercial Bank of Scotland,

at £240, . . . 2,.550 0 0

1,091, 13s. 4d. Bank of Scotland, at £290, . 3,165 16 8

4,380 0 0

£14,029, 17s. 5d.

33,709 13 7

^^ote. — The original cost of these Bank Stocks was £22,317, 18s. 6d.,
showing a profit, at present prices, of £11,391, 153. Id.

IV. Ten Shares (£500) of the British Fishery Society, valued at 200 0 0

V. Arrears of Members' Subscriptions, considered recoverable, . 91 4 6

£62,610 14 1

Deduct Bal^ince Due Royal BxVNK on Current Account, . 538 4 0

Amount of Funds, . . . £62.072 10 1

VI. Building Fund— — -^— ^^—

1. Estimated value of Buildings, No. 3 George IV. Bridge, . £3,100 0 0

2. Sums Invested in Debenture Bonds —

North British Railway Company, . . £1,000 0 0

Clyde Navigation Trustees, . . 1,000 0 0

2,000 0 0

3. Sum lent on Heritable Bond, . . . . . 350 0 0

4. Deposit with Royal Bank, of date 11th Novenil)er 1880, . 115 7 7

Amount of Building Fund,

VII. Tweeddale Medal Fund—

Debenture Bond with Caledonian Railway Company, .

VIII, Furniture —

E.stimated Value of Furnitun-, Paintings, Book.s, kc, .

W. S. WALKKIl. Treasurer.

ANTHONY MLKIIAV, Cummer of Finance Committee.

MACKENZIE k SMITH, C.A., Auditois.

Edinburgh, bth January 1881.

£5,565

7 7

£500

0 0

. fl .<">ro

0 0

60
ABSTRACT of the ACCOUNTS of the HIGHLAND and

CHARGE.

1. Balance due bv Roval Bank of Scotland on Ciu-rent Account at

30th November 1879, ...... £662 2 0

2. Balance of Deposits with Citv of Glasgow Bank (in liquidation), 303 10 3

3. Deposit with Royal Bank, of date 25th June 1879, . . 300 0 0

4. Deposit -with Royal Bank in name of Building Fund, of date 11th

November 1879, . . . . . . . 22 13 0

5. Deposit with Roval Bank in name of Tweeddale Medal Fund,

of date 20th November 1879, . . . . . 500 0 0

6. Arrears of Annual Subscriptions at 30th November

1879, as in last year's Abstract, . . . £83 7 6

Whereof due by Members who have
now compounded for life, and there-
by extinguished, . . £8 11 0
Since ordered to be written off as
: irrecoverable, . . . 36 14 6

45 5

38 2 0
7. Arrears from Perth Show, 1879, . . . . . 0 4 0

•8. Income from Investments —

(1.) Interest on Heritable Bonds —

On £1,300 at 44 per cent., £58, 10s., less tax

"£1, 6s. 9d.,.
On £15,479, 16s. at 4 per cent., £619, 3s. 8d.,
less tax £14, 7s. 2d.,

■

•

£57 3

604 16

£16,779, 16s. £661 19 9

(2.) Interest on Debenture Bonds —

On £7,450 at 4 per cent., £298, less tax £6,

16s. 7d., . . . . 291 3 5

(3.) Interest on Debenture Stock —

On £3000, at \\ per cent., £127,

10s., less tax £2, 18s. 5d., £124 11 7
On £1,000 at 4 per cent, £40, less

tax 17s. 6d., . . 39 2 6

163 14 1

(4.) Interest on Deposit of £300 with Royal Bank to

4th November 1880, . . , .830

(5.) Interest on Bank Account, . . . 4 5 11

£1,129 6 2
(6.) Dividends on Bank Stocks —

On £6,407 7 8 Roval Bank of

Scotland, £608 14 0
2.218 6 5 BankofEusland, 210 15 8
2,000 0 0 British Linen Co.

Bank, . 260 0 0

1,250 0 0 National Bank

of Scotland, 162 10 0
1,062 10 0 Commercial Bank

of Scotland, 122 3 9
1,091 13 4 Bank of Scotland, 141 18 4

1,506 1 9

£14,029 17 5
(7. ) Dividend on £500 Stock of the British Fishery

Society, . . . . . .000

Note. — No dividend has been received on this

Stock for the last seven years . 2,635 7 11

Income from Building Fund —

Interest on Heritable Bond, £350, at 4 per cent., £14,

less tax 6s. 5d., . . . . . 13 13 7

Interest on Debenture Bonds, £2000 at 4 per cent.,

£80, less tax £1, 16s. 8d., . . . . 78 3 4

Interest on Deposits with Royal Bank, . . 0 17 8

92 14 7

Carrj- forward, . . . . . £4,554 13 9

£1,398 5

62 16

17 14

27 12

£1,506 8
50 0

7
0

20 0

61
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of SCOTLAND for the YEAR 1879-80,

DISCHARGE.

1. Establishment Expenses —

Salary to Secretary, ...... £850 0 0

Salary to Clerk, £300 ; Second Clerk, £150, . . . 450 0 0

JMessenger, £72 ; allowance to Widow of former Messenger, £26, 5s,, 98 5 0

Feu-Duty, £28; Water Duty, £2, 3s. 4d.; Taxes, £32, 13s. 2d.,
Coals, £9, Is. 5d.; Gas, £4, 15s. 5d.; Insurance, £3, 17s. 6d.,
Repairs and Furnishings, .....

2. Fee to Auditors for 1878-79 Accounts,

3. Fee to Practical Engineer, .....

4. Education —

Grant to Professor of Agriculture, £150 ; Prizes, £10 ; Bursaries,
£140; Fees to Examiners, and Expenses, £35, Is. 6d., . 335 1 6>

5. Chemical Department —

Salary to Chemist, .... £300 0 0

Repairs, &c., for Laboratory, . . . 19 14 1

Experimental Stations —
Harelaw —
Rent, £30 ; Taxes, £1, 6s. 9d. ;
Superintendent's Allowance,
£15, 15s., . . . £47 1 9

Pumpherston —
Rent, £13 ; Superintendent's
Allowance, £15, 15s ; Trench-
ing Small Plots, £7, 10s., . 36 5 0
Manures, Zinc Tickets, &c., for

Stations, &c., . . 12 1 0

95 7 9

415 1

64 11

661 11

177 13

25 0

6. Veterinary— Allowance to Professor Williams, £26, 5s. ; Medals

to Students, £38, 6s., ......

7. Transactions— Printing, Binding, and Delivering, £459, 5s. 6d.,

Essays and Reports, £202, 6s., .

8. Ordinary Printing and Lithographing, £40, 6s.; Advertising, £44,

2s. 9d. ; Stationery and Books, £40, 10s. 2d. ; Postages, £45 ;
Bank Charges and Telegrams, £7, 14s. 2d.,

9. Subscriptions to Public Societies — Meteorological Society, £20;

Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, £5,

10. Miscellaneous — Reporting General Meeting, £3, 3.s. ; Proof Slips

for Do., £2, 2.S. ; Luncheon for Directors, £1, 15s. 6d.; Handsels,

£1, 4s. 6(1; Re-striking Medals, 3s. 6d., . . . . 8 8 6

11. Prkmitms—

Perth Show, 1879, .....
Kelso Show, 1880, .....
District Compt'titions, 1876,
District Competitions, 1879, £7t)7, 2.s. 6(1.;

Plougliing CcMiipetitions, 1879-80, £5<), 2s.;

Cottages and Garden.s, 1879, £61, 4s. 6d.,
Vote to Edinburgh Christmas Club, 1879,

Carry forward,

£591

2,084

0
9
0

0
0
0

878
50

9
0

0
0

3,606 18 0

£6,870 14 0

ABSTRACT of the ACCOUNTS of the HIGHLAND

Charge brought forward,
10. Subscriptions —

Anniial Subscriptions due, .
Life Subscriptious,

£863 12 0
806 11 6

11. Chemical Department —

Subscriptions, ..... £31 0 0

Experimental Stations — Proceeds from Straw sold
at Harelaw, . . . . . 15 0 0

£4,554 13 9

1,670 3 6

46 0 0

8 13 8

450 0 0

806 4 8

538 4 0

£8,073 19 7

Note. — The income received on account of "Tweeddale Medal" Fund appears
in the Kelso Show accounts.

Edinburgh, Wi Janiuiry 1881.

Note. — The Account of proceeds and expenditure of
Experimental Stations for the year 1880 not yet received.

12. Transactions —

Proceeds of Sales by Messrs Blackwood, ....

13. Capital Paid Up —

Caledonian Railway Co. Debenture Bond,

14. Balance of P^eceipts from Kelso Show (exclusive of Premiums

paid), as shown in separate States, ....

15. Balance due to Eoyal Bank of Scotland on current account, at

30th November 1880, ......

Sum of Charge,

ABSTRACT OF ACCOUNTS-

CHAEGE.

1. Local Subscriptions —

1. *Berwickshire — Voluntary Assessment on Proprietors,

2. Roxburghshire, do.

3. tSelkirkshire, do.

4. Peeblesshire, do.

5. Border Union Society, do.

6. Town of Kelso, .

do.
do.
do.
do.

2. Amount Collected during Show —

Drawn at Gates,

Drawn at Horse Ping and Cattle Parade,

Season Tickets, ....

Catalogues and Awards sold,

Drawn at Gentlemen's Room and Cloak Room, 5 10 2

Carry forward,

£300 0 0

480 6 1

? 0 0 0

104 18 5

100 0 0

55 0 0

£1040 4 6

£1360 16

165 16

7 0

125 1

n, 5 10

0
6
0
0
2

1664 3 8

£2.704 S 2

* Total Subscription not yet reported,
t Subscription not yet reported.

63
and AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of SCOTLA^B-co-Minued.

• Discharge brought forward, . . . £6,870 14 0

12. Payments in connection wdth former Shows — Perth 1879, Repairs

to Monument PtaHing, . . . . , . 17 6

13. Arrears of Subscriptions to be struck off as irrecoverable, . 45 6 0

14. Arrears of Subscriptions considered recoverable, . , . 91 4 6

15. Capital Sum lent on Debenture Bond, .... 450 0 0

16. Dkbenture Bond, Caledonian Railway Company for "Tweeddale

Medal," . . . . . . . . 500 0 0

17. Deposit with Royal Bank in name of Building Fund, of date

11th November 1880, 115 7 7

Sum of Discharge, . £8,073 19 7

W. S. WALKER, Treasurer.

ANTHONY MURRAY, Convener of Finance Committee.

MACKENZIE & SMITH, C.A., Auditors.

KELSO SHOW, 1880.

DISCHARGE.

I. Show-Yard Expenditure —

Fitting up, £1887, 10s. ; Rent of Park, £250 ; Two
Turnstiles, £30 ; Railway Carnages, £4, Is. lid. ;
Painting Ticket Boards and Miscellaneous Expenses,
£7, 8s. 8d., .

2. Forage and Bedding for Stock, .

3. Police Force,

4. Travelling Expenses of Judges, &c.,
Hotel and other Bills for Directoi-s, Judges
Tickets for President's Dinner for do.,
Music in Show-Yard, &c.,
Printing Catalogues and Awards, and Litho^

Badges, kc.f
Advertising and Posting Bills,
10. Allowance to Local Secretaries,

II. Allowance to Practical Engineer, .
12. Allowance to Local Veterinary Inspector,

Carry forward.

6.
/.
8.

• • •

£2179

• • •

198

• • •

177

, Secretary, &c.,

258

• • •

3'rapliing Tickets,

• • •

177

• • •

• •

• • •

• •

• • •

£3,2S7

ABSTRACT OF ACCOUNTS-

Charge brought forward, .

3. Rent of Stalls —

Stock, ....
Implements, ' . ' . ' .
Offices, ....
Attendants' Night Accommodation,

£729 0 0

423 11 0

32 10 0

12 14 0

4. Rent of Refreshment Booths-,

5. Rent of Park, .....

6. Forfeited Deposit Money for return of Horses,

7. Interest from Royal Bank, . .

8. Interest from Tweed dale Medal Fund, .

Balance of Payments,

Note. — To the above Balance of .

There must be added the Pre-
miums undrawn at 30th
November 1880 amounting to

Together,
Less amount of Subscriptions to
be received from Berwickshire
and Selkirkshire estimated at

Making the probable loss.

£1278 4 4

378 10 0

£1656 14 4

200 0 0

£1456 14 4

£2,704 8 2

1197 15 0

200 0 0

140 0 0

6 0 0

6 3 9

14 11 4

£4268 18 3

1278 4 4

£5547 2 7

ABSTRACT of the ACCOUNTS of the

CHARGE.

Funds as at 30th November 1879—'

Debenture Bond by Caledonian Railway Company,
Debenture Stock of the North British Railway Company,
Funded Debt of the Clyde Navigation Trust, £3000, pur-
chased at ..... .

Stock of the Royal Bank, £305, purchased at

£1,000 0 0

1,200 0 0

2,970 0 0

671 0 0

Balance in Bank at 30th November 1879,

2. Income received —

On £1000 Caledonian Railway Company
Debenture Bond at 4 per cent,, £40,
less tax, 18s. 4d. . ' . . £39 1 8

On £1200 North British Railway Company
Debenture Stock at 4^ per cent., £51,
less tax, £1, 3s. 5d., . . . 49 16 7

On £3000 Funded Debt of Clyde Navigation
Trust at 4 per cent., £120, less tax,
£2, 15s., . . . . 117 5 0

On £305 Royal Bank Stock for year, . 28 19 6

On Bank Account, . . . . 1 18 9

£5,841 0 0
228 18 4

£6,069 18 4

237 1 6

Sum of Charge,

£6,306 19 10

KELSO SHOW— continued.

Discharge brought forward,

13. Assistants, Porters, and Attendants,

14. Attendants at Turnstiles and Ticket Gates,

15. Postages, .....

16. Miscellaneous Outlays — Cheque Books, Telegrams, kc,

Amount of General Expenses,

17. Premiums drawn at 30th November 1880,

£3,287 15 4

125 16 0

26 10 0

20 15 0

1 17 3

£3462 13 7

2084 9 0

£5547 2 7

W. S. WALKER, Trcamrer.

ANTHONY MURRAY, Convener of Finance Committee.

MACKENZIE & SMITH, C.A., Aiulitors.

Edinburgh, 5th Ja/iuart/ 1881.

ARGYLL NAVAL FUND for 1879-80.

DISCHARGE.

1. Allowances to the five following Recipients —
Norman Godfrey Macalister, sixth year, .
Charles Hope Dundaa, second year,
Edward Walrond de Wells Bruce, first year,
Edward W. Elphinstone Wemyss, first year,
Louis Wcntworth Chetwynd, first year,

Funds as at 30th November 1880—

Debentuke Bond by Caledonian Railway

Comi)any, . . . £l,00n 0 0

Debenture Stock of the North British

Railway Tompany, . . 1,200 0 0

Funded Debt of the Clyde Navigation

Trust. £3000, purcha.sed at . 2,970 0 0

Stock of the Royal Hank, £305, purchased

at .... . 671 0 0

£5,841 0 0
liALA.NTi: ill IJank at 30th November 18^0, 265 19 10

£40 0 0

40 0 0

£200 0 U

6,100 19 10

£6,306 11) 10

Sum of Disctiaroe,

W. S. WALKKR. Trrn.turn:

.VNTHONY MIM.'KAY. tUnuKurr of Fivmux Comviillo

MACKKNZIK \ SMITH, C.A., Amlil»rs.

Edinbuugh, btk January 1881.

VIEW OF THE INCOME AND EXPENDITURE

For the Year 1879-80.

INCOME.

1. Annual Subscriptions received,

2. Life Subscriptions, .

3. Interest and DiviDENbs —

Interest,
Dividends, .

4. Income from Building Fund,

5. Chemical Department,
(5, Transactions — Sales by Messrs Blackwood,

7. Arrears from Perth Show, 1879,

8. Bal^vnce of Receipts from Kelso Show 1880, available for Premiums

amounting to £2,462, 19s,,

Sum of Income,

. £773 0 6

•

806 11 6

£1,579 12 0

£1,129

1,506

- 2,635 7 11
92 14 7

•

46 0 0

•

8 13 8

•

0 4 0

or Premiums

•

806 4 8

•

. £5,168 16 10

EXPENDITURE.

1. Establishment —

Salaries and Allowances, . . . .

Feu Duty, Taxes, Coal, &c.,

2. Fee to Auditors for 1878-79,

3. Fee to Practical Engineer,

4. Agricultural Education (including Bursaries and

Fees to Examiners), . . . .

5. Chemical Department, . . . .

6. Veterinary Department, . . . .

7. Transactions, . . . . .

8. Ordinary Printing, Advertising, Stationery, Stamps^

Bank Charges, and Telegrams,

9. Subscription to Public Societies,

10. Miscellaneous, . . . . .

11- Premiums —

Perth Show, 1879,

Kelso Show, 1880,

District Competitions, 1876,

District Competitions, 1879,

Ploughing Competitions, 1879-80,

Cottages and Gardens, 1879,

Vote to Edinburgh Christmas Club
1879, .

£591 0 0

2,084 9 0

3 0 0

767
50
61

2
2
4

50 0 0

12. PaY'MENT in connection with Perth Show,

Sum of Expenditure,

£1,398 5 0
108 3 7

£1,506 8
50 0
20 0

7
0
0

335 1 6

415 1 10

64 11 0

661 11 6

1
0

177 13
25 0

8 8

3,606 18 0
1 7 6

Excess of Expenditure,

- 6,872 1 6
£1,703 4 i<

APPENDIX (B).

PKEMIUMS

OFFERED BY

THE HIGHLAND AND AGKICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF SCOTLAND IN 1881.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

• • • • • o

■ •

> •

•

7
10

•

* •

•

• 4

riTORS,

•

General Notice, .

Constitution and Management,

Establishment,

Committees,

Agricultural Education,

Veterinary Department,

Forestry Department,

Chemical Department,

General Regulations for Competitors,

CLASS I.— REPORTS.

: § 1, The Science and Practice of Agriculture — For Approved
Reports on —

1. Agriculture of the Counties of Clackmannan and Kinross,

2. Agriculture of the County of Lanark,

3. Agriculture of the County of Stirling,

4. Agriculture of the Counties of Elgin and Nairn, .

5. Unexhausted Value of Tile Drainage at termination of a Lease,

6. Unexhausted Value of Lime at termination of a Lease,

7. Unexhausted Value of Manures and Feeding Stutfs, do. , .

8. Physiological Distinctions of the Scottish Peasantry,

9. Experiments for fixing the ingredients in Farm-yard Manure,

10. Manures produced by dilferent kinds of Feeding,

11. Manure made with and without Cover,

12. Ira])roved varieties of Agricultural Plants,

13. Cultivation of Cabbage as a Field Crop,

14. Vegetable Productions of Lidia, China, and America,

15. Adulteration of Agricultural Seeds,
IG. Best mode of hou.sing Fattening Cattle,

17. Ditferent descriptions of Food lor Stock,

18. Blackfaced Breed of Sheep,

19. Cultivation of Prickly Comfrev, .

20. Influt'iicf of soil and geological formation in ]'ro(lu('ing Disease,

21. Nature, symptoms, causes, and treatment of Sturdy in Sheep,

22. Effect of Sewage upon the Aninud System,

23. Town Sewage, ......

28
28
28

28
28
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
81
31
31
82
32
32
32
32
32

C02< TENTS.

PAGE

24. Bee Culture, ....... 32

25. Rural Economy abroad susceptible of being introduced into Scotland, 33

§ 2. Estate Improvements — For approved Reports on —

1. General Improvement of Estates by Proprietors, . . .33

2. Most approved Farm Buildings by Proprietors, . . .33
8, 4, and 5. Reclamation of Waste Land by Proprietors or Tenants, 33
6 and 7. Improvement of Natural Pasture by Proprietors or Tenants, 34

§ 3. Machinery —

1. Invention or Improvement of Implements of Husbandry, . 34

2. Cattle Truck for Feeding and "Watering Animals in transit, . 34

§ 4. Forestry Department — For approved Reports on —

1. Extensive Planting by Proprietors, . . . .34

2. Planting on Peat Bog, ...... 35

3. Forest Trees of recent introduction, . . . .35

4. The Picea gratidis, ...... 35

5. Trees best adapted for planting as shelter in the Islands of Scotland, 35

6. The old or remarkable Elms in Scotland, . . . .35

7. The old or remarkable Lime Trees in Scotland, . . .36

8. Trees most suitable as Standards in cutting down Plantations, . 36

9. The Deterioration of Home-Grown Timber, . . .36

10. The Cutting and Transport of Firewood (soft and hard), . . 36

11. Charcoal-producing Plants, . . . . .36

12. Perthshire Woods, Forests, and Forestry, . . .36

13. Ross-shire Woods, Forests, and Forestry, . . .37

14. Inverness-shire Woods, Forests, and Forestry, . . .37

15. pigh Forest with Coppice, or Coppice with Standard Trees, . 37

16. tJtilisation of Waste Produce of Forests for Artificial Fuel, . 37

17. Insects most injurious to Forest Trees, . . . .37

CLASS II.— DISTRICT COMPETITIONS.

1. Cattle, ........ 38

2. Horses, ........ 39

3. Sheep, ........ 41

4. Swine, ........ 43

6. Dairy Produce, ....... 43

6. Special Grants, ....... 45

7. Medals in aid of the Premiums given by Local Societies, . . 45

8. PLoroHiNG Competitions, ..... 50

CLASS III.— COTTAGES AND GARDENS.

1. Premiums for Best Kept Cottages and Gardens, . . 52

2. Medals for Cottages and Gardens or Garden Produce, . 54

3. Improving Existing Cottages, . . . . .56

4. Building New Cottages, . . . . .56
GENERAL SHOW AT STIRLING IN 1881, .... 57
GENERAL SHOW AT GLASGOW IN 1882, .... 73
GENERAL SHOW AT INVERNESS IN 1883, .... 77
GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBUEGH IN 1884, ... 77

( 3 )

GENEKAL NOTICE.

"The Highland Society was instituted in the year 1784, and incorporated by Royal
Charter in 1787. Its operation was at first limited to matters connected with the
improvement of the Highlands of vScotland ; but the supervision of certain depart-
ments, proper to that part of the country, having been subsequently committed to
special Boards of Management, several of the earlier objects contemplated by the
Society were abandoned, Avhile the progress of agriculture led to the adoption of
others of a more general character. The exertions of the Society were thus early
extended to the whole of Scotland, and have, for the greater part of a century,
been directed to the promotion of the science and practice of agriculture in all its
branches.

In accordance with this more enlarged sphere of action, the original title of the
Society was altered, under a Royal Charter, in 1834, to The HIGHLA^-D and
Agricultural Society of Scotland.

The leading purposes of the Institution are set forth in the following pages,
where it will be found that Premiums are offered for Reports on almost every
subject connected with the cultivation of the soil ; the rearing and feeding of
stock ; the management of the dairy ; the improvement of agricultural machinery
and implements ; the growth of timber ; the extension of cottage accommoda-
tion ; the application of chemical science ; and the dissemination of veterinary
information.

Among the more important measures which have been effected by the Society
are —

1. Agricultural Meetings and General Shows of Stock, Implements, &c., held
in the principal towns of Scotland, at which exhibitors from all parts of the United
Kingdom are allowed to compete.

2. A system of District Shows instituted for the purpose of improving the breeds
of Stock most suitable for different parts of the country, and of aiding and direct-
ing the efforts of Local Agricultural Associations.

3. The encouragement of Agricultural E<lucation, under i)0wers conferred by a
supplementary Royal Charter, granted in 1856, and authorising "The Council
of the Highland and Agricultural Society on Education" to grant Diplomas
to Students of Agriculture ; and by the establishment of Bursaries.

4. The establishment of Agricultural Stations for the purpose of promoting the
application of science to agiiculture, and the appointment of a chemist to super-
intend all experiments conducted at these Stations, and prepare a Report of the
same to be published in the Transactions. Also to subsidise, under certain con-
ditions. Local Analytical Associations.

5. The advancement of the Veterinary Art, by conferring Certificates on Students
who have passed through a prescribed curriculum, and who are found, by public
examination, qualified to practise.

6. The ajtpointment of a Board of Examiners, and the granting of Fi'-st and
Second Class Certificates in Forestry',

7. The annual juililication of the Transactions, which comprehend the Prize-
Reports, and ntports of experiments, also an abstract of the business at Board and
General Meetings, and other communications.

8. The management of a fund left by John, 6th Duke of Arg}'ll (the original
President of the Society), to assist young natives of the Highlands who enter Her
JIajcsty's Navy.

(4 )

COXSTITUTIOX AXD ]\IA:N-AGEMENT.

The general business of The Highland and Agricultural Society is con-
ducted under the sanction and control of a Royal Charter, which authorises the
enactment of Bye-Laws, Business connected with Agricultural Education is con-
ducted under the authority of a supplementary Royal Charter, also authorising
the enactment of Bye-Laws.

The Office-Bearers consist of a President, Four Yice-Presidents, Thirty Ordinary
and Twenty Extraordinary Directors, a Treasurer, an Honorary and an Acting
Secretary, an Auditor, and other Officers.

The Directors meet on the first "Wednesday of each month from November to
June ; seven being a quorum. The proceedings of the Directors are reported to-
General Meetings of the Society, held in January and in June or July.

"With reference to motions at General Meetings, Bye-Law No. 10 provides —
"That at General Meetings of the Society no motion or proposal (except of mere
form or courtesy) shall be submitted or entertained for immediate decision unless
notice thereof has been given a week previously to the Board of Directors, without
prejudice, however, to the competency of making such motion or proposal to the
effect of its being remitted to the Directors for consideration, and thereafter being-
disposed of at a future General Meeting."

The Council on Education, under the Supplementary Charter, consists of Sixteen
Members — Nine nominated by the Charter, and Seven elected by the Society.
The Board of Examiners consists of Ten Members.

Candidates for admission to the Society must be proposed by a Member, and are
elected at the half-yearly General Meetings in January and June or July, The
ordinary subscription is £1, 3s. 6d. annually, which may be redeemed by one
payment, varying, according to the number of previous annual payments, from
£12, 12s, to £7, Is. Proprietors farming the whole of their own lands, whose
assessment on the Valuation Roll do'es not exceed £500 per annum, and all
Tenant-Farmers, Office-Bearers of Local Agricultural Associations, Resident
Aoricultural Factors, Land Stewards, Foresters, Agricultural Implement Makers,
and Veterinary Surgeons, none of them being also owners of land to an extent
exceeding £500 per annum, are admitted on a subscription of 10s. annually, which
may be redeemed by one payment, varying, according to the number of previous
annual payments, from £5, 5s. to £3. According to the Charter, a Member who
homologates his Election by paying his first subscription cannot retire until he-
has paid in annual subscriptions, or otherwise, an amount equivalent to a life
composition. Members having candidates to propose are requested to state whether
the candidate should be on the £1, 3s. 6d. or 10s. list.

Members of the Society receive the Transactions free on application to the
Secretary, and are entitled to apply for District Premiums — ^to report Ploughing,
Matches for the Medal — to attend Shows free of charge, and to exhibit Stock at
reduced rates.

Orders, payable at the Royal Bank of Scotland, Edinburgh, are issued by the
Directors, in name of the persons in whose favour Premiums have been awarded.

All communications must be addressed to " Fletcher Norton Menzies, Esq.,.
Secretary of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, No. 3 George IV.
Bridge, Edinburgh."

(5)

ESTABLISHMENT FOR 1881.

His Grace The DUKE of RICHMOND and GORDON, E.G.,
49 Belgrave Square, London.

His Grace The Duke of Montrose, Buchanan Castle, Glasgow.
The Right Hon. The Earl of Mar and Kellie, Alloa Park, Alloa.
The Right Hon. The Earl of Dunmore, Dunmore Park, Stirling.
Chas. Stirling Home Drummond Moray of Abercairny, Crieft".

Orbmarg gmdors.

■Charles Smith, "Wliittinghame, Prestonkirk.

Major W. J. WArcHOPE of Niddrie Marischal, Liberton.

The Right Hon. Lord Polwarth, Mertoun House, St Boswells.

John H. Dickson of Corstorphine, Saughton Mains, Edinburgh.

James Maxtone Graham of Cultoquhey. Perth.

James Hope, Duddingston, Edinburgh.

James Kennedy of Sundaywell, Brandleys, Sanquhar.

Andrew Ralston, Glamis House, Glamis.

Sir Michael Robt. Shaw Stewart of Blackball, Bart., Ardgowan, Greenock.

Sir Alexander Muir Mackenzie of Delvine, Bart., Dunkeld.

"William Dingwall, Ramornie, Ladybank.

John Hendrie of Larbert, Stirlingshire.

Thomas Ross, Bachilton, Perth.

The Right Hon. Lord Arthur Cecil, Orchard Mains, Innerleithen.

Sir Hew Dalrymple of North Berwick, Bart., Lucliie, North Berwick.

James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie.

John Scott Dudgeon, Longnewton, St Boswells.

John Fokman, Duncrahill, 51 Great King Street, Edinburgh.

R. H. Harkih, Earn hill, Forres.

William Elioti' Lockhart of Borthwickbrae, Branxhohne, Hawick.

David R, Williamson of Lawers, Crieff.

Sir W. C. J. Caumichael Anstrutiikk of Anstmthor, Bart, Carniiohael

House, Thankerton.
Sir James H. Gibson-Craio of Riccarton, Bart., Currie.
David Ainslie of Co.sterton, Blackshieis.
John Balfour of Balbirnie, Markiucli.
Thomas Elliot, Blackhaugh, Galasliiels.
Rkv. John Gillespie, Mouswald Manse, Dumfries.
Lieut. -Colonel Hark of CaMer Hall, riiiljistou House, Winchburgh
Oidp:on Porr of Knowesouth, JtMllmrgh.
Walter Scott, Glendronach, liuutl}-.

6 ESTABLISHMENT FOR 1881.

^draorbmarg directors.

The Riglit Hon. Lord Elcho, M.P., 23 St James' Place, London.

The Hon. Henry Constable Maxwell Stuart of Traquair, Innerleithen..

Sir Egbert Hay of Haystoun, Bart., Kingsmeadows, Peebles.

Sir "William Scott of Anerum, Bart. , Jedburgh.

Sir George H. Scott Douglas of Springwood Park, Bart., Kelso.

Sir D. C. Marjoribanks of Guisachan, Bart, M.P., Brook House, Park

Lane, W.
David Milxe Home of Milne Graden, Coldstream.
Colin J. Mackenzie of Portmore, Eddleston. •
James Smith, Chief Magistrate, Kelso.
Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame, Dunse.
The Right Hon. Lord Balfour of Burleigh, Kennet, Alloa.
Vice- Admiral Sii' AVilliam Edmonstone of Duntreath, Bart., Strathblane.-
Sir Henry James Seton Steuart of Allanton, Bart. , Touch, Stirling.
Sir James R. Gibson-Maitland of Clifton Hall, Bart., Craigend, Stirling..
Robert Anderson, Provost of Stirling.
Henry David Erskine of Cardross, Stirling.
William Forbes of Callendar, Falkirk.

Lieut. -Col. John Murray of Polmaise, Polmaise Castle, Stirling.
Alexander Smollett of Bonhill, Cameron House, Alexandria, N.B..
William Smythe of Methven, Methven Castle, Perth.

William Stuart Walker of Bowland, C. B. , Treasurer.

Sir G. Graham Montgomery of Stanhope, Bart., Honorary Secretary i

Fletcher Norton Menzies, Secretary.

Rev. James Grant, D.C.L., D.D., Clucplain.

Andrew P. Aitken, Sc.D., Chemist.

Mackenzie & Smith, C.A., Auditors.

Murray & Falconer, W.S., Law Agents.

John Wilson, University of Edinburgh, Professm' of Agriculture.

John Hutton Balfour, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany.

David Stevenson, F.R.S.E., M.I.C.E., Consulting Engineer.

James D. Park, Practical Engineer.

Thomas Duncan, P^Acorcler a,nd Clerk. •

John Macdiarmid, SecoiwL Clerk.

Gourlay Steell, R.S.A., Animal Portrait Painter.

William Williams, F.R.C.V.S., Professor of Veterinary Surgery.

Thomas Walley, M.R.C.V.S., Professor of Cattle Pathology.

William Blackwood & Sons, Publishers.

ISTeill & Company, Printers.

G. Waterston & Sons, Stationers.

Hamilton, Crichton, & Co., Silversmiths.

Alexander Kirkwood & Son, Medallists.

John Watherston & Sons, Inspectors of Works.

William Simpson, Messenger.

Cl^airmHn of Committ^ts.

1. Argyll Naval Fund., . Admiral Maitland Dougall of Scotscraig, Tayport.

2. Chemical Department, . Colin J. Mackenzie of Portmore, Eddleston.

3. Cottages and Gardens, . Harry Maxwell Inglis of Loganbank.

4. District Shows, . . A. Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame, Dunse.

5. Finance, . . . Anthony Murray of Dollerie.

6. General Shotvs, . . Andrew Gillon of Wallhouse, Bathgate.

7. Hall and Chambers, . John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton.

8. Laio, .... Graham BiNNY, W.S., 9 Hart Street, Edinburgh.

9. Machinery, . . . Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.

10. Ordnance Survey, . Robert Dundas of Arniston, Gorebridge.

11. Publications amd, Pre- ) . t?^„„^„ t^,,...,^ c t\

J, -n f \ Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum.
raiumsfor Reports, \

12. Veterinary Department, Major Wauchope of Niddrie Marischal,. Liberton..

( 7 )

COMMITTEES FOR 1881.

1. ARGYLL NAVAL FUND.

Admiral Maitlaxd Douoall of Scotscraig, E.N., Tayport^ Convener.
Graham Binny, W.S., 9 Hart Street, Edinburgh.
Hew Crichton, S.S.C, 13 Nelson Street, Edinburgh.

2. CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

C. J. Mackenzie of Portmore, Eddleston, Convener.
Professor Douglas Maclagan, 28 Heriot Row, Edinburgh.

,, Balfour, Inverleith House, Edinburgh.

,, "VViLSON, University, Edinburgh.
James Melvin, Bonnington, "NVilkieston, Mid-Lothian.
P. B. SwiNTON, Holyn Bank, Gifford.

PwOBERT Hutchison of Carlowrie, 29 Chester Street, Edinburgh.
John Munro, Faimington, Kelso,
Adam Smith, Stevenson Mains, Haddington.
Thomas Ferguson, Kinnochtry, Coupar- Angus.
Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.
"William Ritchie of Middleton, Gorebridge.
Charles Smith, Whittinghame, Prestonkirk.
John Scott Dudgeon, Longnewton, St Boswells.
George R, Glendinnino, Hatton Mains, Ratho.
Alex. R. Melvin, Bonnington, Wilkieston.
Rev. John Gillkspie, Mouswald Manse, Dumfries.
David Ainslie of Costerton, Blackshiels.
Dr Andrew P. Aitken, 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh, Chemist.

3. COTTAGES AND GARDENS.

Harry Maxwell Inglis of Loganbank, Convener.

The Marquis of Huntly, Aboyne Castle, Aberdeen.

John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton.

Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame, Dunse.

C. J. Mackenzie of Portmore, Eddleston.

Major AVauchope of Niddrie Marischal, Liberton.

4. DISTRICT SHOWS.

Archibald Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame, Convener.

Sir James R. Gibson-Maitland of Clifton Hall, Bart., Craigend, Stirling.

Sir James H. Gibson-Craig of Riccarton, Bart., Currie.

Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.

Alexander Young, Keir Mains, Dunblane.

Andrew Mitchell, Alloa.

Adam S.mith, Stevenson Mains, Haddington.

James Hope, Duddingston, Edinburgh.

"William Eliott Lockhart of Bortlnvickbrao, Branxholnie, Hawick.

Thomas P^li.iot, Blackhaugh, Galashitds.

Lieut. -Col. HAREof Calder Hall, Philpston House, Winehburgh.

James Maxtone Graham of Cultoquliey, Perth.

5. FINANCE.

Anthony Murray of Dollerie, Conv>mr.

William S. Walker of Bowlaml, C. li., Trcwmrcr.

Sir G. Graham Mo.ntoomery of Stanhof)e, Bart.

Hew Criciiton, S.S.C, 13 Nelson Street, Edinburgh.

Thomas A. Hog of Nowliston, Kirkliston.

Graha.m Bi.n.ny, W.S., 9 Hart Strwt, Edinburgh.

George Auldjo Jamieson, C. A., 58 Melvill«! Street, Edinburgh.

8 COMMITTEES FOR 1881.

6. GENERAL SHOWS.

Andeew Gillon of Wallhouse, Bathgate, Convener.

Lord PoLWARTH, Mertoiin House, St Boswells.

Lord Arthur Cecil, Orchard Mains, Innerleithen.

Sir Michael R. Shaw Steavart of Blackhall, Bart. , Greenock.

Sir James H. Gibson-Craig of Kiccarton, Bart.

David Stevenson, C. E. , 84 George Street, Edinburgh.

Professor Wilson, University, Edinburgh.

Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.

Alexander Young, Keir Mains, Dunblane.

AViLLiAM Ford, Fentou Barns, Drem.

Andrew Mitchell, Alloa.

Charles Howatson of Glenbuck, Lanark.

Alexantder Forbes Irvine of Drum.

Charles Smith, Whittinghame, Prestonkirk.

David R. "Williamson of Lawers, Crieff.

John H. Dickson of Corstorphine, Saughton Mains, Edinburgh.

John Scott Dudgeon, Longnewton, St Boswells.

Walter Scott, Glendronach, Huntly,

Rev. John Gillespie, Mouswald Manse, Dumfries.

James Hope, Duddingston, Edinburgh.

Andrew Ralston, Glamis House, Glamis.

Gideon Pott of Knowesouth, Jedburgh.

C. J. Mackenzie of Portmore, Eddleston.

James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie.

7. HALL AND CHAMBERS.

John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton, Convener.
Sir James Gardiner Baird of Saughton Hall, Bart.
Anthont Murray of Dollerie, 141 George Street, Edinburgh.
Graham Binny, W.S., 9 Hart Street, Edinburgh.
David Stevenson, C.E., 84 George Street, Edinburgh.
William S. Walker of Bowland, C.B.

8. LAW.

Graham Binny, W.S., Edinburgh, Convener.

John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton, W.S., Edinburgh.

William S. Walker of Bowland, C. B.

Anthony Murray of Dollerie, W, S. , Edinburgh.

Hew Crichton, S.S.C, 13 Kelson Street, Edinburgh,

George Auldjo Jamieson, C.A., 58 Melville Street, Edinburgh.

Thomas Graham Murray, W.S., 11 Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh.

9. MACHINERY.

Thomas Mylne, IS^iddrie Mains, Corivener.

The Hon. George Waldegrave Leslie, Leslie House, Leslie.

Lord Arthur Cecil, Orchard Mains, Innerleithen.

Sir James R. Gibsox-Maitland of Clifton Hall, Bart.

David Stevenson, C.E., 84 George Street, Edinburgh.

Professor Wilson, University, Edinburgh.

John Munro, Fairnington, Kelso,

P. B. SwiNTON, Holyn Bank, Gifford.

C. J. Mackenzie of Portmore, Eddleston.

Bryden Monteith, Tower Mains, Liberton.

G, W. Murray, Banff Foundry, Banfi'.

John Scott Dudgeon, Longnewton, St Boswells.

James Ross, Newtonlees, Kelso.

John Kemp, Stirling.

COMMITTEES FOR 1881. 9

James A. R. Main, Clydesdale Iron Works, Fossil Park, Glasgow.

John Marshall, Maybole.

John Young, jun., Ayr.

James D. Park, Greenside Lane, Edinburgh, Practiced Engineer.

10. ORDNANCE SURVEY.

Robert Dttndas of Arniston, Convener.
€. J. Mackenzie of Portmore, Eddleston.
AViLLiAM S. Walker of Bowland, C.B.

11. PUBLICATIONS AND PREMIUMS FOR REPORTS.

Alexant)er Forbes Irvine of Drum, Convener.
Sir James R. Glbson-Maitland of Clifton Hall, Bart.
William S. Walker of Bowland, C.B.
Professor Balfour, Inverleith House, Edinburgh.

,, Wilson, University, Edinburgh.
Robert Scot Skirting, 29 Drummond Place, Edinburgh.
P. B, Swinton, Holyn Bank, Gifford.

Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, 29 Chester Street, Edinburgh.
Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.
Datid Stevenson, C.E., 84 George Street, Edinburgh.
Dr Cleghorn of Stravithie, St Andrews.

William Eliott Lockhart of Borthwickbrae, Branxholme, Hawick.
Robert P. Newton of Castlandhill, Polmont Bank, Falkirk.
C. J. ALvckenzie of Portmore, Eddleston.
Rev. John Gillespie, Mouswald Manse, Dumfries.
William ^Iacdonald, Editor, North British Agriculturist, Edinburgh.

12. VETERINABY DEPARTMENT.

Major Wauchope of Niddrie Marischal, Liberton, Convener.

Lord Arthur Cecil, Orchard Mains, Innerleithen.

Sir Alexander Kinloch of Gilmerton, Bart., Drem.

Andrew Gillon of Wallhouse, Bathgate.

William S. Walker of Bowland, C.B.

Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.

Adam Smith, Stevenson Mains, Haddington.

David R, Williamson of Lawers, Crieff.

William Ritc^hie of Middleton, Gorebridge.

James Hope, Duddiugstori, Edinburgh.

The President, Yice-Prcsidents, Treasurer, and Honorary Secretary, are mem-
••l)ers ex offijcio of all Committees.

AGRICULTUEAL EDUCATION.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

CERTIFICATES AND DIPLOMA IN AGRICULTURE.

Council on Education.
By a Supplementary Charter under the Great Seal, granted in 1856, the-
Society is empowered to grant Diplomas.

Members of Council named hy Charter.

The President of the Highland and Agricultural Society — President.

The Lord Justice-General — Vice-Fresident

The Lord Advocate.

The Dean of Faculty.

The Professor of Agriculture.

The Professor of Anatomy.

The Professor of Botany.
The Professor of Chemistry.
The Professor of Natural
History.

Members of Council nominated hy Society.

The Duke of Buccleuch, K.G.
William S.Walker of BowlandjC.B.
John Wilson, Wellnao-e.

Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains.
Robert Dundas of Arniston.
John Munro, Faimington.

A. Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame.

Board of Examiners.

1. Science and Practice of Agriculture. — Professor Wilson ; John Wilson,.

Wellnage, Dunse ; Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton ; and
John Munro, Fairnington, Kelso.

2. Botany. — Professor Balfour.

3. Chemistry. — Dr A. P. Aitken.

4. Natural History. — Professor Sir C. Wyville Thomson.

5. Veterinary Science. — Professor Williams.

6. Field Engineering. — David Stevenson, M. Inst. C.E.

7. Book-keeping. — John Turnbull Smith, C.A.

Standing Acting Committee.
The Lord Justice-General — Convener.

The Professor of Agriculture.
The Professor of Botany
The Professor of Chemistry.

Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains.

John Munro, Fairnington.

A. Campbell Swinton of Kim-

merghame.

Bye-Laws.

I. That, in terms of the Charter, the Society shall nominate seven members
to act on the Council on Education.

II. That the Council shall appoint a Board of Examiners on the following
subjects : — Science and Practice of Agriculture ; Botany ; Chemistry; Natu-
ral History; Veterinary Science ; Field Engineering; and Book-keeping.

III. That the examinations shall be both written and oral, that the value
of the answers shall be determined by numbers, and that the oral examina-
tions shall be public.

IV. That there shall be three Examinations,* to be styled respectively
the "Second Class Certificate Examination," the " First Class Certificate-
Examination," and the "Diploma Examination."

V. That to pass the " Second Class Certificate Examination," a candi-
date must be acquainted with the science and practice of agriculture, elemen-

* It has been resolved that, under ordinary circumstances, the Examinations shall
be held annually in the end of March or beginning of April, candidates being required.
to lodge intimation before the 15th of March.

ACxRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 11

tary chemistry, field engineering, and book-keeping ; and that a certificate in
the following terms, bearing the corporate seal and arms of the Society, signed
by the President or Vice-President of the Council on Education, the Exa-
miners, and by the Secretary, shall be granted to candidates passing this exa-
mination : —

" These are to certify that on the A. B. was examined, and

has been found to possess a knowledge of the science and practice of agricul-
ture, elementary chemistry, field engineering, and book-keeping."

VI. That to pass the " First Class Certificate Examination " a candidate
must be acquainted with the science and practice of agriculture, botany,
chemistry, natural history, veterinary science, field engineering, and book-
keeping ; and that a certificate in the following terms, bearing the corporate
seal and arms of the Society, signed by the President or Vice-President of the
Council on Education, the Examiners, and by the Secretary, shall be granted
to candidates passing this examination : —

" These are to certify that on the A. B. was examined, and

has been found to possess a knowledge of the science and practice of agricul-
ture, botany, chemistry, natural history, veterinary science, field engineering,
and book-keeping."

VII. That to pass the " Diploma Examination" a candidate must possess
a thorough knowledge of the science and practice of agriculture, botany, chemis-
try, natural history, veterinary science, field engineering, and book-keeping;
and that a diploma in the following terms, bearing the corporate se<il and
arms of the Society, and signed by the President or Vice-President of the
Council on Education, the Examiners, and by the Secretary, shall be granted
to candidates passing this examination : —

" These are to certify that, on the A. B. was examined,

and has been found to be proficient in the science and practice of agriculture,
botany, chemistry, natural history, veterinary science, field engineering, and
book-keeping."

VIII. That each successful candidate for the Society's Agricultural
Diploma shall thereby become eligible to be elected a free life member of the
Society.

IX. That the Society shall grant annually ten bursaries of £20 each; and
five of ^'10 each, to be competed for by pupils of schools to be approved of
by the Directors, which include or are willing to introduce the teaching of
chemistry, and the following branches of natural science — physical geography,
botany, and geology, into their curriculum.

X. That the .£20 bursaries* shall be tenable for one year at the University
of Edinburgh, for the purpose of enabling the holders to take the classes
necessary to qualify for the Society's Certificate or Diploma ; and the £10
bursaries to be tenable for the same period to enable the holders to receive
another year's preparation at the schools.

XL That the bursaries shall be determined by examination held in Eilin-
burgh by the Society's Examiners.

XII. That a Standing Acting Committee of the Council on Agricultural
Education shall be appointed by the Directors.

SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION
FOR UEKTll'TCATES AND DU'LUMA.

r._SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF AGRICULTURE.
1. Geological strata — surface geology — formation of soils — their cljissifi-
cation — chemical and physical characters and composition — suitability for
cultivation. 2. The principle of rotations — rotations suitable for dillerent

♦ Tlu' £20 Tmrsaries are not due till the holder jire-seuts himself for examination for
the CertiMcate or Diploma.

12 AGRICULTUEAL EDUCATION.

soils — systems of farming. 3, The composition of (a) manures — farmyard
and artificial — period and mode of application. The composition of (6) feeding
substances — their suitability for different classes of farm stock — considera-
tions affecting their use. 4. "How crops grow" — our farm crops — their culti-
vation— diseases — insect injuries and remedies — their chemical composition.
The formation and management of plantations. 5. The principles on which
drainage, irrigation, and warping operations should be based and carried out.
The application of lime — marl — clay, &c. 6. Meteorology, or the laws of
climate as affecting plant life — the influence of light and heat on cultivation
— of absorption and retention of heat and moisture — of porosity and capil-
larity in soils. 8. The breeding, rearing, feeding, and general treatment of
farm stock — the different breeds of cattle and sheep — their characteristics —
the districts where they are generally met with. 9. The machines and imple-
ments used in farming — their uses — and the principal points to be attended
to in their construction. The " prime movers," or sources of power used in
agriculture — man — horse — wind — water — steam, — their relative values and
advantages. Text-books — Morton's " Cyclopedia of Agriculture," Blackie &
Son; " Our Farm Crops," Blackie & Son ; " How Crops Grow," Macmillan &
Co.; Roscoe's "Elementary Chemistry," Macmillan & Co.; LindleySjHenfrey's,
or Balfour's " Botany ;" Page's " Geological Text-Book," Blackwood & Sons.

II.— BOTANY.

1. Nutritive Organs of Plants — root, stem, leaves. Functions of roots.
Various kinds of stems, with examples. Use of the stem. Structure of
leaves. Different kinds of leaves. Arrangement and functions of leaves.
2. Reproductive Organs — Flower and its parts. Arrangements of the whorls
of the flower — calyx, corolla, stamens, pistil. Ovule. Mature pistil or fruit.
Pruning and grafting. Seed. Young plant or embryo. Sprouting of the
seed, or germination. 3. General Principles of Classification — meaning of
the t'Crms Class, Order, Genus, Species. Illustrations of natural orders taken
from plants used in agriculture, such as grain-crops, grasses, clovers , vetches,
turnips, mangold-wurzel, pease, beans, &c. Practical Examination in fresh
Specimens and Models; some of the latter may be seen in the Museum, at
the Royal Botanic Garden, which is open daily to the public, free. Text-
book—Balfour's " Elements of Botany," A. & C. Black, 1876; price 3s. 6d.

Ill— CHEMISTRY.

The general principles of chemical combination. The chemistry of the more
commonly occurring elements, and their more important compounds. The
chemical processes concerned in agriculture generally. The changes which
take place in the germination, growth, and maturation of plants, in the weather-
ing and manuring of soils, &c. The composition and chemical character of the
common mineral manures. Text-hooks — Roscoe's " Lessons in Elementary
Chemistry," Macmillan & Co., London ; price 4s. 6'd. Anderson's " Ele-
ments of Agricultural Chemistry," A. & C. Black, Edinburgh ; price 6s. 6d.
Johnson's " How Crops Grow," Macmillan & Co., London.

IV.— NATURAL HISTORY.

1. Zoology.

1. The Primary Divisions of the Animal Kingdom, with examples of each.
2. The Vertebrate Kingdom. The peculiarities and functions of the alimen-
tary canal, distinguishing the Ruminants. 3. The Orders — Hymenoptera,
Diptera, and Coleoptera — with examples of insects injurious to farm crops
belonging to each of the Orders — the preservation of birds which prey upon
these insects, drawing a distinction between those which are beneficial and
those which are destructive to crops. Text-book — Nicholson's " Introductory
Text-Book of Zoology," William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London.

AGRICULTUKAL EDUCATION. 13

2. Geology.

4. The various strata forming the earth's crust in their order of deposition.
5. Their influences on the surface soils of the country. 6. The meaning and
application of Disintegration, Drift, Alluvium, Dip, Strike, Fault. Page's
" Introductory Text-Book of Geology ; " and Lyell's " Students' Elements of
Geology."

v.— YETERINAEY SCIENCE.

1, Anatomy of the digestive organs of horse and ox, describing their
structural differences. 2. The process of digestion in the above animals, and
food most proper for each in quantity and quality. 3. The management of
stock before, at, and after parturition. The time of utero-gestation in the
domesticated animals. 4. The general principles to be followed in the treat-
ment of very acute disease, before assistance of the veterinary surgeon can be
procured.

VL— FIELD ENGINEERING.
1. Land- Surveying with the Chain. 2. Mensuration of Areas of Land,
in imperial and Scotch acres, from a Chain Survey or from a Plan. 3. Level-
ling with the ordinary Levelling Instrument and Staff, and calculating levels
and gradients. Text-hooks — Any one of the following : — Butler "Williams'
"Practical Geodesy," J. W. Parker, London; price 8s. 6d.; pages 1 to 19,
30 to 33,56 to 59, 118 to 129. " Cassell on Land-Surveying," Cassell,
Petter & Galpin, London ; or " Bruff on Land-Surveying," Simpkin & Mar-
shall, London; the parts which relate to chain-surveying and ordinary level-
ling only.

VIL— BOOK-KEEPING.

1. Questions in practice and proportion. 2. Book-keeping — Describe
books to be kept ; give examples — taking of stock. Text-book — Stephen's
" Practical System of Farm Book-keeping," Wm. Blackwood & Sons, Edin-
burgh ; price 2s. 6d.

EXAMINATION FOR BURSARIES.

Candidates are examined in the Elements of Botany, Chemistry, Physical
Geography, and Geology. Text-hooks — Balfour's "Elements of Botany;"
Roscoe's "Lessons in Elementary Chemistry;" Page's " Introductory Text-
Book of Geology ;" and Geikie's " Primer of Physical Geography ;" LyeU's
" Students' Elements of Geology."

It has been resolved that, under ordinary circumstances, the Examina-
tions shall be held annually in the end of October, and Candidates must enter
their names with the Secretary before the 10th of that month, and produce
the necessary certificates from the teachers of the schools they have attended.

The bursaries are open to candidates not less than fourteen years of arte.

VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

[Note. — An arrangement, as given at p. If), having been made with the-
Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons that the holder of the Society's Veteri-
nary Certificates are to be admitted Members of the Royal College, the
Society is to cease holding examinations. But, not to disappoint those
students who nuw have entered the teaching schools with the view of taking
the Society's Certificiite, the examinations will be continued till April 1881,
in accordance with the former rules, it being clearly understood that unless
fifteen students enter their names no examination will be held.]

14 VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

In the year 1823 the Highland and Agricultural Society instituted lectures
in Veterinary Science and Medicine, and arranged with the late Professor
Dick to conduct the course.

In 1824 Examinations were commenced and Certificates granted, but only
to Students who attended these lectures. Up to the present time 1160 certi-
ficates have been issued.

The Examinations are open to the Students of any Veterinary College
established under Her Majesty's sign-manual.

In 1877 it was resolved that Students entering a Veterinary College after
1st January 1877, be subject to the following regulations : —

1. That there be two Examinations yearly, viz. — the First or Preliminary,
and the Second or Final, both in April.

2. Students before entering their names for the First or Preliminary
Examination, which embraces Botany, Chemistry, and Anatomy, must have
attended two Winter Sessions and one Summer Session at a Veterinary
College established under Her Majesty's sign-manual, and they must
produce certificates from the Professor of each subject.

3. Students who have passed the First Examination, before entering their
names for the Final Examination, which embraces Practice and Clinique,
Physiology including Histology, Materia Medica, Cattle Pathology and Horse
Pathology, must have attended three Winter Sessions and two Summer
Sessions at a Veterinary College established under Her Majesty's sign-
manual, and they must produce certificates from the Professor of each
subject.

4. Students must pass the Practical and Clinical Examination before they
can be examined on the other subjects enumerated in No. 3.

5. Students failing to pass either of the Examinations are required to
attend a Veterinary College during one Summer and one Winter Session
before being allowed to present themselves for Re-examination.

6. Members of the ^ledical Profession, or of any Colonial or Foreign
Veterinary School or College, and others whose cases have been all specially
considered and allowed by the Directors, may present themselves for Exa-
mination after attending one Winter Session at a Veterinary (college in this
country, and will receive the Certificate on passing one general Examination
embracing all the subjects of the two Examinations.

In 1874 the Society resolved to vote annually Eight Silver Medals to
each of the two Veterinary Colleges in Edinburgh, and to the one in Glas-
gow, for Class Competition ; and two Medium Gold Medals, open to all the
Students who come up to the Final Examination for the Society's veteri-
nary certificate for best general and best practical Clinical Examinations.

The examinations are conducted by leading members of the Medical Faculty
and of the Veterinary Profession ; and a Certificate in the following terms,
bearing the corporate seal and arms of the Society, and signed by the
Examiners, is granted to those Students who pass the Final Examinations : —

Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland.
Veterinary Examination.

At Edinburgh, the day of 18

These are to certify that has attended

as a student during the period prescribed by the regulations established by
the Directors of the Society, and, having been examined by us, we consider
him duly qualified to practise the Veterinary Art.

Graduates holding the Certificate of the Society are eligible for appoint-
ment as Veterinary Surgeons in Her Majesty's service.

VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 15

Articles of Agreement made and entered into this 15th day of January
1879, between the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, in-
corporated by Royal Charter or Letters Patent, bearing date the 17th
day of May 1787, by the name and title of the Highland Society of Scot-
land, at Edinburgh ; and of new incorporated by the name and style of
the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, by Charter or Letters
Patent, granted the 18th day of June 1834 (and hereinafter called " The
Society"), of the one part ; and the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons,
incorporated by Royal Charter or Letters Patent, dated the 8th day of
March 1844 (and hereinafter called " The College"), of the other part:

Whereas the Society have from 1823 instituted lectures on veterinary
science and medicine, and appointed examiners to examine students therein,
and until 1844 granted to such students certificates of proficiency : And
whereas, in 1848, the Society reconstituted its Board of Examiners, and
have since granted annually certificates of qualification : And whereas it was,
amongst other things, provided by the said letters patent of the 8th day
of March 1844, that the concerns of the College should be directed and
managed by a Council, to be constituted as therein mentioned : And
further, that the said Council should and might make any orders, rules, and
bye-laws for fixing and determining, amongst other things, the times, places,
and manner of examining students who should have been educated at the
Royal Veterinary College of London or the Veterinary College of Edinburgh,
or such other Veterinary Colleges as therein mentioned, and who might be
desirous to become members of the College, and for regulating the nature and
extent of such examinations, and for the appointment of persons to examine
and determine upon the fitness and qualifications of such students, and for the
admission or rejection of such students, as members of the College, and for fixing
and determining the sum and sums of money to be paid by such students,
either previous to their examination or upon their admission as members of
the College or otherwise, and generally touching all other matters relating to
or connected with the College, and the same orders, rules, and bye-laws
from time to time to alter, suspend, or repeal, and to make new orders, rules,
and bye-laws in their stead as the Council should think most proper or expe-
dient, so as the same were not repugnant to the letters patent now in recital,
or to the laws of the realm : And whereas, by a supplemental charter or royal
letters patent, dated the 23d day of August 1876, it was, amongst other
things, declared that, with certain exceptions therein mentioned and not
material for the purposes of these presents, the College and the Council of the
same should have and continue to have all such and the same jurisdiction,
powers, and authorities for and with respect to the government of the College,
and for, infer alia, the making, ordaining, confirming, annulling, or revoking
orders, rules, and bye-laws, and transacting and ordaining all other matters
and things whatsoever for the regulation, government, and advantage of the
College, as the College and the Council tliereof respectively had under or by
virtue of the said hereinbefore-recited charter or letters patent, or in any
other lawful manner : And whereas, in pursuance of the powers conferred
upon the College or the Council thereof by the said letters patent respectively,
certain bye-laws have been made with respect, among other things, to tiie
examination of candidates for the diploma of the College, and such bye-laws
are still in force : And whereas the following arrangt'nient has been made
and entered into between the College and the Society with a view to the
admission of the holders of the certificates of the Society as members of the
College, and also for the purpose of terminating the examinations heretofore
held by the Society : Now these ]iresents witness, and it is hereby agreed and
declared, and in particular the College (so far as the stipulation and provisions
hereinafter contained are to be performed or observed by them) do hereby, for
themselves and their successors, covenant and agree with and to the Society

16 VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

and their successors ; and the Society (so far as the stipulation and provisions-
hereinafter contained are to be performed and observed by them) do hereby^
covenant and agree with and to the College and their successors in the manner
following, that is to say —

1. Every or any holder of a certificate granted by the Society, in manner
aforesaid since 1848, shall, on application and on payment of such fees as are-
hereinafter specified, be admitted as a member of the College, and shall
not be required to submit to any further examination previous to such
admission.

2. Every holder of a certificate granted by the Society as aforesaid from
1848 to 1872, shall be admitted as a member of the College on payment of a
registration fee of one guinea.

3. All candidates for such admission to whom such certificates as aforesaid
shall have been granted since the year 1872, shall in like manner, without
being required to submit to any further examination previous thereto, bfr
entitled to such admission on payment of fees according to the following scale
or table (that is to say) —

(A) Every holder of a certificate granted during the year 1873, on pay-

ment of two guineas.

(B) Every holder of a certificate granted during the year 1874, on pay-

ment of three guineas.

ment of four guineas.

(D) Every holder of a certificate granted during the year 1876, on pay-

ment of five guineas.

(E) Every holder of a certificate granted during the year 1877, on pay-

ment of six guineas,

(F) Every holder of a certificate granted during the year 1878, on pay-

ment of seven guineas.

4. All students now enrolled at any of the teaching schools connected with
the Society to whom such certificates as aforesaid shall hereafter be granted
consistently with the provisions of these presents, shall be admitted and en-
rolled as members of the College on payment of a fee of seven guineas.

5. The examinations heretofore held by or on behalf of the Society shall be
discontinued as from the 1st day of January 1879, but this stipulation shall
not preclude or prevent the Society from holding examinations according to
its existing bye-laws or regulations for persons already admitted as students
of the Society who may hereafter elect or claim to be examined by the
examiners thereof in preference to submitting to examinations by or on
behalf of the College.

6. The College and Society respectively shall alter, vary, and annul their
existing orders, rules, and bye-laws if and so far as may be necessary to
give full and complete eS'ect to this agreement, and shall also, if required,
apply for and use their best endeavours to obtain supplemental charters for
the same or the like object.

7. If any doubt, difference, or dispute shall hereafter arise between the
parties hereto or their successors touching these presents, or the construction
hereof, or any clause or provision herein contained, or the rights, duties, or
liabilities of either party in connection therewith, the matter in difi'erence
shall be referred to two arbitrators or their umpire, pursuant to and so as
with regard to the mode and consequences of the reference ; and in all other
respects to conform to the provisions in that behalf contained in the Common
Law Procedure Act, 1854, or any then subsisting statutory modification
thereof : In witness whereof, the Society and the College respectively have

VETERIXAEY DEPARTMENT.

hereunto cau:;ed their respective seals to be affixed the day and year first
above written.

(Signed)

A. GiLLON, Director.
Anthony Murray, Director.
Thomas Mylne, Director.
F. N. Menzies, Secretory.

The Seal of
the Highland and
I Agricultural Society
of Scotland.

(Signed)

Wm. Henry Coates, Secretary.

Board of Examiners.

1. Botany. — Professor Balfour; Dr Cleghorn of Stravithie, St Andrews.

2. Chemistry. — Dr W. Craig; A. Inglis M 'Galium.

3. Anatomy. — Dr Dycer; C. Cunningham, Slateford; A. SpreuU, Dundee.

4. Practical and Clinical Examinations. — Thomas A. Dollar, London ;

Finlay Dun, 2 Portland Place, London, W.; Tom Taylor, Man-
chester; John Lawson, Manchester; John Borthwick, Kirkliston;
C. Cunningham, Slateford; Andrew Spreull, Dundee; Alexander
Pottie, Paisley ; W. D. Connochie, Selkirk.

5. Physiology and Histology. — Dr Dycer ; C. Cunningham, Slateford ; Andrew

Spreull, Dundee.

6. Materia Medica. — Professor Balfour ; Professor Douglas Maclagan ;

Finlay Dun; Dr Craig; A. L M'Callum.

7. Diseases of Horses. — John Borthwick, Kirkliston; John Lawson, Man-

chester ; Tom Taylor, Manchester.

8. Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Sivi-ne, and Dogs. — Thomas A. Dollar, London ;

Alex. Pottie, Paisley ; \V. D. Connochie, Selkirk.
President of the Board— Dr Dycer, Edinburgh.
President of the Clinical Board — Thomas A. Dollar, London.

SYLLABUS OF VETERINARY EXAMINATIONS.

First or Preliminary Examination.

BOTANY.
Structure and functions of nutritive and reproductive organs of plant?«.
Natural familits of medicinal and poisonou.s plaut.s. Furago Plants. Diseases
of agricultural plants caused by fungi. Text-book — Balfour's " Elements of
Botany," A. & C. Black; 3s. 6d.

CHEMISTRY.

Elements of inorganic and organic chemistry; pliysiological cliemistrv ;
testing fur comuiontT metals. Ttxt-hnuk — lioscoe's " Lessons in Elementary
Chemistry," Macmillan & Co.; 4s. Gd.

18 VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ANATOMY.

Anatomy of bones, muscles, blood-vessels, nerves, and viscera of horse, cow,
and dog. Description of relative position of parts displayed by various dis-
sections. Demonstration from actual specimens of muscles, tendons, blood-
vessels, and nerves, of horse's limbs, larynx, eye, &c. Comparative anatomy
of veterinary patients. The breeding, rearing, feeding, and humane treat-
ment of the live stock of the farm — the different breeds — their character-
istics— the districts where they are principally met with — and also the best
and most humane system of horse-breaking. Text-hooks — Strangeways*
"Anatomy," Maclachlan & Stewart; 17s. Chauveau's "Comparative
Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals," by George Fleming, Veterinary
Surgeon, Royal Engineers, Churchill & Sons ; £1, lis. 6d.

Final Examination,
THE PRACTICAL AND CLINICAL EXAMINATION

Include diagnosis and treatment, orally and in writing, of cases of lame-
ness and diseases of horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, and swine. Examination of
horses as to soundness. Surgical and other operations performed on veteri-
nary patients. Examination, chiefly of morbid specimens, mostly conducted
at the abattoirs.

PHYSIOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY.

Minute anatomy of bone, blood, lung, and other tissues, of inflammatory
products, and of tumours. Processes of digestion, circulation, respiration
secretion, and excretion. Functions of nervous and reproductive systems.
Text-hooks — " Lessons in Elementary Physiology," by Thomas H. Huxley
LL.D. and F.R.S., Macmillan & Co.; 4s. 6d. Kirke's "Physiology.
Bennet's " Physiology."

MATERIA MEDICA.

Sources, mineral, botanical, or animal. Physical and chemical properties.
Preparations, physiological action, therapeutic uses and doses of medicines.
Poisoning in the lower animals, symptoms, post-mortem appearances, anti-
dotes, "Writing of prescriptions. Text-hooks — " Veterinary Medicines, their
Actions and Uses," by Finlay Dun, Edmonston & Douglas, Edinburgh ;
12s. 6d. " Veterinarian's Pocket Conspectus," by Thomas Walley, M.R.C.V.S.,
Lorimer and Gillies, Edinburgh.

DISEASES OF HORSES.

Nature, symptoms, post-mortem appearances, causes, treatment, and pre-
vention ; accidents ; construction and management of stables ; shoeing.
Text-hooks — " Manual of Veterinary Science," by the late William Dick,
A. & C. Black. Green's "Morbid Anatomy." Williams' ''Principles and
Practice of Veterinary Surgery," Maclachlan & Stewart, Edinburgh ; 30s.

DISEASES OF CATTLE, SHEEP, SWINE, AND DOGS.

Nature, symptoms, post-mortem appearances ; remedial and preventive
treatment ; dieting and general management of domestic animals. Text-
hooks — Youatt on "Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, and Dogs." Blaine's "Principles of
Veterinary Art." Gamgee's "Domesticated Animals in Health and Disease,"
Fullarton & Co., Edinburgh. Williams' " Principles and Practice of
Veterinary Medicine ; " 30s.

CERTIFICATES IX FORESTKY. 19

FORESTRY DEPARTMENT.

The Society grants First and Second Class Certificates in Forestry.

Board of Examiners.

1. Science of Forestry and Practical Management of Woods. — Dr Cleg-
horn, of Stravithie, St Andrews ; John Macgregor, Lady well, Dun-
keld ; William M'Corquodale, Scone Palace, Perth ; J. Grant
Thomson, GrantoAvn, Strathspey.

2,. Elements of Botany. — Professor Balfour.

3. Nature and Properties of Soils, Drainage, and Effects of Climate. —

Professor Wilson.

4. Land and Timber Measuring and Surveying ; Mechanics and Construc-

tion, as applied to Fencing, Drainage, Bridging, and Road-Making ;
Implements of Forestry. — A. W. Belfrage, C.E.

5. Book-keeping and Accounts. — John Turnbull Smith, C.A.

Candidates must possess — 1st, A thorough acquaintance with the details of
practical forestry. 2d, a general knowledge of the following branches of
study, so far as these apply to Forestry : — The Outlines of Botany ; the
Nature and Properties of Soils, Drainage and Effects of Climate ; Land and
Timber Measuring and Surveying ; Mechanics and Construction, as applied
to fencing, draining, bridging, and road-making ; Implements of Forestry ;
Book-keeping and Accounts. The Examinations are open to Candidates of
-any age.

SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION.

I.— SCIENCE OF FORESTRY AND PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT

OF WOODS.

1. Formation and ripening of Wood. Predisposing causes of decay. 2. Re-
storation of Wood-lands : — (1.) Natural reproduction ; (2.) Artificial planting.
3. General management of plantations. Cropping by rotation. Trees recom-
mended for different situations. 4. Season and methods of pruning, thinning,
and felling. 5. Circumstances unfavourable to the grow^th of trees. 6. Me-
chanical appliances for conveying and converting timber. Construction of
saw-mills. 7. Qualities and uses of chief indigenous timbers. Processes of
preserving timber. 8. Management of nurseries. Seed-sowing. 9. Collec-
tion of forest produce. 10. Manufacture of tar and charcoal. 11. Insects
injurious to trees — preservation of birds which prey upon them, drawing a
distinction between birds which are beneficial and those which are destructive
to trees.

II.— ELEMENTS OF BOTANY.

1. Nutritive Organs of plants. — Root, stem, leaves. Functions of roots.
Various kinds of stems, witii examples. Use of the stem. Structure of
leaves. DiHerent kinds of leaves. Arrangement and functions of leaves.
2. Reproductive Organs. — Flower and its parts. Arrangement of tlie whorls
of the flower — caly.x, corolla, stamens, pistil. Ovule. Mature pistil or fruit.
Pniniiig and grafting. Seed. Young plant or embryo. Spnmting of the
seed or germination. 3. General Principles of Classifiaition. — Meaning of the
terms Class, (Jrder, Genus, Species. Illustrations taken from common forest
trees and shrubs. Practiad Examination on fresh sjiecimena and models ;

20 CERTIFICATES IN FORESTRY.

some of the latter may be seen in the Museum at the Royal Botanic Garden,
which is open daily to the public free. Candidates may consult Professor
Balfour's " Elements of Botany," published by A. & C. Black, Edinburgh,
1869. Price 3s. 6d.

III.— NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, DRAINAGE AND

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE.

1. The different descriptions of soils, their classification, and suitability to
growth of diSerent descriptions of timber trees. 2. The composition and
constituents of soils. The relations between the soil and trees growinor on it.
3. The effects of drainafre on soils and on climate. 4. The mode of drainage
for plantations. 5. The influence of temperature, rainfall, aspect, shelter,
and prevailing winds on tree life. 6. The methods of registering and record-
ing observations, and the instruments used.

IV.— LAND AND TIMBER MEASURING AND SURVEYING;
MECHANICS AND CONSTRUCTION as applied to Fencing,
Bridging, and Road-Making; IMPLEMENTS OF FORESTRY.

1. The use of the Level and Measuring Chain. Measuring and mapping
surface areas. 2. The measurement of solid bodies — as timber, stacked bark,
faggots, &c., earthwork. 3. The different modes of fencing and enclosing
plantations ; their relative advantages, durability, cost of construction, and
repairs. 4. The setting out and formation of roads for temporary or perma-
nent use. 5. The construction of bridges over streams and gullies; of gates
or other entrances. 6. The different implements and tools used in planting,
pruning, felling, barking, and working up timber trees, or preparing them for
sale. Ewart's "Agricultural Assistant," Blackie & Son, Glasgow and Edin-
burgh, price 3s. 6d. Strachan's " Agricultural Tables," Oliver & Boyd,
Edinburgh, price 23. 6d.

v.— BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS.

1, Questions in practice and proportion. 2. Book-keeping — describe books
to be kept ; give examples. Taking of stock.

( 21 )

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Chemist to the Society — Dr A. P. AITKEN, Chemical Laboratory,

8 Clyde Street, Edinburgh.

The object of the Chemical Department is to carry on the Experiments
at the Society's Agricultural Stations, and to consider all matters coming
before the Society's notice in connection with the chemistry of agriculture.

Tlie practical cliemical work of the Society is under the charge of its
Cliemist, whose duties are —

1. To superintend the experiments being carried on at the experimental

stations of tlie Society, to make all necessary analyses and investi-
gations in connection tli ere with, and to prepare an annual report
of these for publication in the Transactions.

2. To perform the requisite analyses in connection with such other ex-

periments as are conducted under the sanction and direction of the
Cliemical Committee, and report on the same if desired.

3. To prepare a summary of all analyses for wliich the Society has contri-

buted payment, and full details of such as appear to the Chemical
Committee worthy of notice for publication in the Transactions.

4. To attend all meetings of the Chemical Committee of the Society.

5. To have a laboratory in Edinburgh, where he may be consulted by

members of the Society, and to be in attendance there every Wed-
nesday for that purpose.

6. To maintain a sufficient staff of assistants, one of whom at least is

specially engaged in, and acquainted with, both tlie cliemical and
experimental work of the Society.

7. To prepare annually for publication in the Society's Transactions a

report on the more important investigations and experiments being
conducted in tliis country and elsewhere on tlie application of
chemistry to agriculture.

8. To deliver lectures at such places and on such subjects connected with

the chemistry of agriculture as are approved of by the Chemical
Committee, and for which the chemist is permitted to receive re-
muneration from those applying for his services.
The chemist and his assistants are paid their travelling expenses when on
the Society's work.

He receives a fee of .£1, Is. for each analysis made by him when employed
as referee in connection with Local Associations.

He is entitled to charge for analyses made for members of the Society
according to the following scale of fees : —

Manurc^s, ......

Feeding Stuffs, .....

Water, Sanitary Analysis, ....

„ Full Analysis, .....

Soil, Analytical Examinali(»n and Reconimundatiou
oi Manures, .....

„ Full Analysis, .....

Vegetabh; Products, such as Hay, Turnips, drain, «S:c.,

Partial Analysis, each constituent,

Testing for Gross Adulteration,

A'lvice, ......

£1

1»>

.')

22 CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SELECTING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS.

MANURES.

Four or more Lags are to be selected for sampling. Each bag is to be
emptied out separately on a clean floor, worked througli with the spade,
and one spadeful taken out and set aside. The four or more spadefuls
thus set aside are to be mixed together until a imiform mixture is obtained.
Of this mixture one spadeful is to be taken, spread on paper, and still more
thoroughly mixed, any lumps which it may contain being broken down vriih
the hand. Of this mixture two samples of about a pound each shall be
taken by the purchaser or his agent, in the presence of the seller or his
agent or two witnesses, and these samples shall be taken as quickly as
possible and put into bottles or tin cases to prevent loss of moisture, and
having been labelled, shall be sealed by the samplers — one sample to be
retained by the association, and the other to be sent to the chemist for
analysis.

FEEDING STUFFS.

Samples of feeding compounds are to be taken in a similar manner.

Samples of cake are to be taken by selecting three cakes, breaking each
across the middle, and from the broken part breaking a small segment
across the entire breadth of the cake. The three pieces thus obtained shall
be wrapped up and sealed by the samplers, and sent for analysis as in the
case of manures, and three duplicate pieces similarly sealed shall be retained
by the association.

SOILS.

Dig a little trench about two feet deep, exposing the soil and sub-
soil. Cut from tlie side of this trench a perpendicular section of the soil
down to the top of the subsoil, and about lour inches wide. Extract it
carefully, and do not allow the subsoil to mix with it. A similar section of
subsoil immediately below this sample should be taken and preserved
separately. Five or six similarly drawn samples sliould be taken from
different parts of the field, and kept separate while being sent to the chemist,
that he may examine them individually before mixing in the laboratory.

VEGETABLE PRODUCTS.

Turnips, dr., 20 to 30 carefully selected as fair average bulbs.

Hay and straw must be sampled from a thin section cut across the whole
.stack, and carefully mixed about ; about 20 lbs. weight is required for
analysis.

Grain should be sampled like feeding stuffs.

WATERS.

The bottles or jars in which samples of water are sent should be
thoroughly cleaned. This is done by first rinsing them with water, then
with a little oil of vitriol. After pouring this out the bottle should be
rinsed six times with water, filled, corked with a new washed cork, sealed,
and sent without delay. (Chemically clean bottles may be sent from the
laboratory. )

Well water may be collected at any time, but it should be allowed to run
for some time before the sample is taken.

Spring or stream water should be collected when the weather is dry.

In the analysis of a mineral water it may sometimes be desirable to de-
termine the amount of gases held in solution, in which case certain precau-
tions must be observed whicli require the presence of the chemist at the
spring.

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 23

LOCAL ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATIONS.

At the General Meeting of the Society held on 19th January 1881, the
following resolutions were passed : —

I. "With the view of encouraging, as well as regulating the conduct of,
Local Analytical Associations, the Society shall contribute from its funds
towards their expenses a sum for the present not exceeding £250 annually.

II. That the amount of such contribution shall be to each association at
the rate of 5s. for each full analysis, and 2s. 6d. for each partial analysis of
manures or feeding stuffs effected, or such proportion thereof as the above
annual contribution may permit of, the pecuniary assistance thus contem-
plated to be subject to the following conditions being complied with to the
satisfaction of the Chemical Committee : —

1. That the rules of the association be submitted to and approved of by
the Chemical Committee.

2. That it be a condition of participating in the grant that the association
make analyses for members of the Highland and Agricultural Society being
farmers and not members of the local association, charging them the cost
price to the association, less the amount recovered from the Society.

3. That the association is managed by a committee of practical farmers
owning or occupying land in the district.

4. That the analyst employed is of acknowledged standing.

5. That the benefits of the grant sliall apply only to analyses made for
farmers, and that they subscribe towards the expenses of the association,
subject to the exception in No. 2.

6. That each analysis represents at least 2 tons of bulk actually purchased
under guarantee, or at a specified price per unit of valuable ingredients, and
delivered to one or more members, and that the analysis has been made
from a sample drawn in accordance witli the j^ublished instructions of the
Society, and that a sealed duplicate sample has been retained.

7. That with each analysis is furnished the names and addresses of the
seller and of the buyer or buyers, the guarantee given, the cash or credit
price at which bought, the place of delivery, and the result as determined
by the analyst of the association.

8. That in the case of any manufactured manure reported upon, the seller
shall be obliged to supply members of the association with a furtlier quan-
tity at the same price and terms, provided the order is given not later than
one month after the parcel reported upon has been delivered and the quan-
tity in all does not exceed 20 tons.

9. Tliat all analyses be reported according to forms to be furnished by the
Highland and Agricultural Society, and valuations of manures, if any are
made, to be calculated on a uniform standard to be issued periodically by
the Society, and at least once a year.

III. That a summary of all analyses for which the Society has contributed
payment, and full details of such as sliall appear to the Chemical Committee
worthy of notice, shall be published each year in the Transact ians. But
before such publication is niaile, in the case of all which show an inferiority
in the whole valuable constituents of 8 per cent, or upwards between the
guarantee given and the analysis obtainecl, there may be at the option of the
Heller, to whom due notice will be given, a further analysis made by an in-
dependent chemist to be chosen by the Society.

The re]>ort of each analysis for which a grant is claimed must be sent to
the Secretary of the Highland and Agricultural Society on or before the 1st
November of each year, writtiii on a schedule (copies of which will be
supplied by the Society) containing the following particulars : —

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Name and Address of Seller and of Buyer.
Kind of Manure or Feeding Stuff and quantity purchased.
Price per ton, or prices per unit of ingredients.
Guaranteed and found analyses, and date when sample was drawn.
The actual reports of the association's analyst must accompany the
schedules as vouchers, and these will be returned.

In the case of all analyses which show an inferiority in the whole valuable
constituents of 8 per cent, or upwards, it is necessary that no time be lost
in communicating with the seller, in order that no deterioration may take
place in the reserved sample, which, along with any explanation received
from the seller, shall be forthwith forwarded to the Secretary of the High-
land and Agricultural Society.

The following are the forms in which analyses must be reported : —

■ ■■*ii.---... ' .1.— ._._-,,.i.. , ■■■ ._■-■■ .

I. Eeports of Analyses of MANURES.

{On the one side are the analytical details, and on the other the valuable con-
stituents, which alone are considered in estimating the value of manure,

1. Form of Analysis for Superphosphates, Dissolved Boxes, and
the like.

Valuable constituents.

Phosphoric Acid, in a soluble

Sl^Lc* • • • •

Do., in an insoluble state, .
Lime, Sulphuric Acid, &c., .
Sand and insoluble matter.

Nitrogen, ....

= Phosphate of Lime, )
dissolved, . . )
= Do. undissolved, .

= Ammonia,

2. Form of Analysis for Bones, Bone Meal, Fish Guano, and the like.

Valuable constituents.

Phosphoric Acid,
Lime Alkalies, &c.,
Organic matter.
Moisture,

Sand and insoluble matter.

= Phosphate of Lime,
Yielding Ammonia, ,

3. Form of Analysis for Mixed Manures, Peruvian and Ichaboe

Guanos, and the like.
Phosphoric Acid, in a soluble

cLcLLvi/* • • • • • •

Do., in an insoluble state, .
Lime, . . . .

Alkalies, &c.,

Ammonia Salts, .
Organic matter, .
Moisture, . . . .
Sand and insoluble matter,

Valuable constituents.

= Phosphate of Lime, \

dissolved,
= Do., undissolved,

f Potash,

■{

= Sulphate of Potash,

1^ Nitrates = Ammonia
Yielding Ammonia
Yielding Ammonia

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 25

II. Reports of Analyses of FEEDING STUFFS.

L Albuminoid compounds, . .

Valuable constitiients I Oil,

( Mucilage, Sugar, Starch, &c.,

Woody Fibre, . . . .

Moisture, .....

■^sn, . . . . .

Nitrogen,

INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSES.

The following notes will be found useful in enabling those unacquainted
with chemistry to interpret analytical reports : —

I. MANURES.

The three items of greatest importance in manures are phosphoric acid>
nitrogen, and potash.

(1.) Phosphoric Acid is present in manures as such, and also as phos-
phates of lime, magnesia, iron, and alumina.

Phosphate of Lime is most important, and exists in two states, insoluble
and soluble.

Insoluble —

Insoluble phosphate of lime, called also 'i , • ^ t, aco,
Tricalcic phosphate, and ^" "*^^^f. ^^^^^ .f ^^

Tribasic phosphate of lime. ) Phosphoric acid.

Soluble —

Soluble phosphate of lime, called also \ . • ^ ^ n^ o/
K •^ ^^ . \} *- f T 1 ( contains about 61 /

Acid pJiosphate oi lime, and errone- > , ■, • • i

ously Monobasic phosphate of lime, ) pnospnonc acia.

Some analysts prefer to state the soluble phosphate as
Biphosphate of Lime, called also ) contains about 72 %

Monobasic phosphate, ( phosphoric acid.

The soluble phosphates are usually stated as equivalent to

80 much tricalcic phosphate.

t! i„i 1^ 1 ,^1 t. T4.' ^^ T \ 11 ( uives the efiuivalent of

holulde phosphate, multiinied by IJ ) '^ . • i • ^ i i .
T>;, u^ 14. 1 1 < tricalcic phosphate

Liphosphate, „ „ U| ^^^^^^j^_ 1 P

The words soluble "pliosphate are frequently used in place
oi jphosphate of lime rendered soluble.
Phosphate of magnesia occurs in small ([uantity in bones, itc, and is

usually reckoned as tricalcic phosphate.
Phosphates of iron and alumina when occurring in small quantity
are usually reckoned as tricalcic phosphate.

N.B. — To save ambiguity all pliosphates should be described as
containing so much anhydrous jiliosphoric acid (P.^O.^) in a
soluble or in an insoluble state.

This amount multij)lied by 2183 would then give the
equivalent of tricalcic phosphate.

(2.) NiTRor.KN occurs in manures mostly in three forms. Ammonia salts,
nitrates, and albuminoid mutter.

Ammonia sulpliati; (]>ure), contiiins 25? % ammonia.
Ammonia clilori<K! (pure), „ 3l| „ „
Nitrjite of soda (pure), contains 1()'47 % nitrogen, tnpial to 20 %
ammonia.

CHEMICAL DEPAETMENT.

Albuminoid matter contains about 16 % nitrogen, equal to about
19 % ammonia, which sooner or later becomes available as
plant food.

(3.) Potash is found in small amount in most manures, and should be

reckoned as anhydrous potash (KoO).
Sulphate of potash (pure), contains potassium = 50 % anhydrous potash. .
Muriate of potash (pure), contains potassium = fully 63 % anhydrous

potash.

II. FEEDING STUFFS.

These are chiefly concentrated forms of food whose value depends on
the amounts they contain of albuminoids, oil, and carbohydrates.

Albuminoids are compounds containing nitrogen, and more or less
resemble dry flesh in their composition. They are sometimes
called flesh formers. They are the most valuable constituents of feed-
ing stuff's. The percentage of nitrogen contained in a cake multi-
plied by 6|- gives the percentage of albuminoids.

Carbohydrates are compounds such as sugar, starch, gum, and cellulose.

Woody fibre is the name given to that part of the cellulose, which is
insoluble when boiled in weak solutions (5%) of acids and alkalies,
and is therefore considered indigestible.

Good linseed, cotton, and rape cakes shoukl contain from 4% to
5 % nitrogen, about 10 % oil, and about 6 % ash.

Useful Factors.

Amount of

Multiplied by

Gives corresponding
amount of

Nitrogen ....

1-214

Ammonia.

6-3

Albuminoid matter.

Ammonia

3-882

Sulphate of Ammonia.

3-147

Muriate of Ammonia.

j> ...

3-706

Nitric Acid.

5-0

Nitrate of Soda.

Potash (anhydrous)

1-85

Sulphate of Potash.

J) )) •

1-585

Muriate of Potash.

Phosphoric Acid (anhydrous)

2-183

^Phosphate of Lime

5) a

1-4

Biphosphate.
Soluble Phosphate

yi ))

1-648

(monocalcic tribasic).

Soluble Phosphate

1-325

Phosphate of Lime

Biphosphate ....

1-566

Phosphate of Lime

Lime .....

1-845

Phosphate of Lime

„ .....

1-786

Carbonate of Lime.

By phosphate of lime is meant tricalcic phosphate (Gag Pg Og).

(27)

PREMIUMS.

GEXEEAL EEGULATIONS FOE COMPETITOES.

All reports must be legibly written, and on one side of the
paper only ; they must specify the number and subject of the
Premium for which they are in competition ; they must bear a
distinguishing motto, and be accompanied by a sealed letter
similarly marked, containing the name and address of the Ee-
porter — initials must not be used.

No sealed letter, unless belonging to a Eeport found entitled
to at least one-half of the premium offered, will be opened with-
out the author's consent.

Eeports for which a Premium, or one-half of it, has been
awarded, become the property of the Society, and cannot be
published in whole or in part, nor circulated in any manner^
without the consent of the Directors. All other papers will be
returned to the authors, if applied for within twelve months.

When a Eeport is unsatisfactory, the Society is not bound to
award the whole or any part of a premium.

All Eeports must be of a practical character, containing the
results of the writer's own observation or experiment, and the
special conditions attached to each Premium must be strictly
fulfilled. General essays, and papers compiled from books, will
not be rewarded. Weights and measurements must be indicated
by the Imperial standards.

The Directors, before awarding a Premium, shall have power
to re(|uire the writer of any report to verify the statements made
in it.

The decisions of the Board of Directors are final and conclu-
sive as to all Premiums, whether for Eeports or at General or
District Shows ; and it shall not be competent to raise any
question or appeal touching such decisions before any other
tribunal.

The Directors will welcome ])apers from any Contributor on
any suitable subject not included in the Premium List; and if
the topic and the treatment of it are both approved, the Writer
will be remunerated, and his paper published.

(28)

CLASS I.

E E P 0 E T S.

Section 1.— THE SCIEXCE AND PEACTICE OF

AGEICULTURE.

FOR APPROVED REPORTS.

1. On the Agriculture of the Counties of Clackmannan and
Kinross — Twenty Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st ISTovember
1881.

Tlie Report should embrace full details of the different systems of Farm
Management observed in the Counties, and of the progress which
Agriculture and other industries have made within the last 25 years.

2. On the Agriculture of the County of Lanark — Forty Sove-
reigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

The Report should embrace full details of the different systems of Farm
Management observed in the County, and of the progress which
Agriculture and other industries have made within the last 25 years.

3. On the Agriculture of the County of Stirling — Twenty
:Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

4. On the Aoriculture of the Counties of Elmn and Nairn —

O O

Thirty Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1882.

The Report should embrace full details of the different systems of Farm
Management observed in the Counties, and of the progress which
Agriculture and other industries have made within the last 25 vears.

"O*

5. On the best method of ascertaining, at the termination of a
lease, the unexhausted value of tile drainage or other work of
that kind, performed by a tenant during the currency of a lease
— Fifteen Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881. 29

6. On the best method of ascertaining, at the termmation of a
lease, the unexhausted value of lime applied by a tenant dur-
ing the currency of a lease, specifying the difference (if any)
between different kinds of ]ime and also gas or refuse lime —
Fifteen Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

7. On the best method of ascertaining, at the termination of a
lease, the unexhausted manurial value of manures and feeding
stuffs applied to and consumed upon a farm by a tenant, giving
details, based on experience, of such manurial value, and the
effect of different crops or rotations of crops in exhausting it —
Fifteen Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

8. On the Physiological Distinctions in the condition of the
Scottish Peasantry in different Districts — Thirty Sovereigns.
To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

The Keporter must furnish statistics of the longevity, &c., of the
peasantry, as contrasted with other classes, and give suggestions for
the amelioration of any causes which atfect them injuriously.

9. On the results of experiments for fixing and retaining the
volatile and soluble ingredients in farm-yard manure — Twenty
Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

The Report must detail the treatment adopted to fix and retain these
ingredients — the materials used for that purpose — and the quantity
and cost thereof — comparative analyses of the manure with and with-
out the treatment, and also a statement of the crops grown with
manure with and without such treatment, must be given by the
Reporter. The experiments to have extended over at least two years
and crops.

10. On tlie results of experiments for ascertaining the com-
parative value of farm-yard manure obtained from cattle fed
upon different varieties of food, by the application of such
manures to farm crops — Twenty Sovereigns. To be lodged by
1st November in any year.

Tlie Report must state tlie effectfi produced on two successive crops by
the application of manure obtained from cattle fed on different sorts
of food, such as turnips and straw alone ; and turnips and straw, with
an addition of oil-cake, linsoeil, bean-meal, grain, or other substances.
The animals sliould be as nearly as ])ossible of the siune age, weight,
condition, and maturity, and each lot shouM receive daily the same
quantity of WIU-.t ; and, except as to the difference o^ food, they must
be treatet-1 alike.

The preparation of the manure, ])V fermentation or otherwise, should be
in every respect the Hame ; and it is desirable that not less than two
several experiments he made with each kind, and that tlie j^roimd to
which it is to be a])plied be as equal as possible in quality and con-
dition.

30 PREMIUMS OFFEKED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1881.

11. On the comparative value of manure made in the ordinary
manner, and of the manure kept under cover til] applied to the
land — Twenty Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November in
any year.

The experiment may he conducted either with manure made in the open
straw-yard, contrasted with, that made in covered hammels or boxes,
or with manure made in feeding houses, part of which shall have been
placed under cover, and part removed to the open dung-pit, and kept
carefully unmixed with any other manure. Preference will be given
to experiments embracing both of these modes. The cattle must be
fed and littered alike. There must be at least an acre of land experi-
mented on with each sort of manure ; the different lots must be
manured to the same extent, and be equal in soil, and the crops must
be accurately weighed and measured on two separate portions of each
lot, not less than 20 poles. The result, as given by two successive
crops, to be reported.

12. On the means successfully employed for obtaining new
Agricultural Plants, or new and superior varieties, or improved
sub-varieties, of any of the cereal grains, grasses, roots, or other
agricultural plants at present cultivated in this country — Medals,
or sums of ^Money not exceeding Fifty Sovereigns. To be lodged
by 1st November in any year.

It is necessary that the varieties and sub-varieties reported upon shall
have been proved capable of reproduction from seed, and also that the
relation they bear to others, or well-known sorts, should be stated.
The Reporter is further requested to mention the effects that he may
have observed produced by different soils, manures, &c., on the plants
forming the subject of report, and how far he may have ascertained
such efi'ects to be lasting.

Should any improved variety reported upon be the result of direct ex-
periment by cross impregnation, invohdng expense and long-continued
attention, a higher premium will be awarded.

13. On the cultivation of the Cabbage as a field crop — The
Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November
1881.

The experiment must be conducted in Scotland on not less than one
acre, and contrasted with a hke extent under turnips in the same
field. Both lots must have been under one rotation, and must be
prepared and manured in the same manner.

14. On the hardy and useful Herbaceous Plants of any country
where such climate exists as to induce tlie belief that the plants
may be beneficially introduced into the cultivation of Scotland
— The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st
November in any year.

Attention is particularly directed to the Grains and Grasses of China,
J apan, the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, the Himalaya country,

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881. 31

the Falkland and South Sea Islands, California, and the high north-
western district of America.
Reporters are required to give the generic and specific names of the
plants treated of, with the authority for the same— together with the
native names, so far as known ; and to state the elevation of the
locality and nature of the soil in which they are cultivated, or which
they naturally inhabit, with their qualities or uses ; and it is further
requested that the descriptions he accompanied, in so far as pos-
sible, with specimens of the plants, and their fruit, seed, and other
products.

15. On the adulteration of Agricultural Seeds, whether by
•colouring, mixing, or otherwise, and the best means of detecting
the same, and preventing their sale — Ten Sovereigns. To be
lodged by 1st November 1881.

16. On the comparative advantages of fattening Cattle in
stalls, in loose houses or boxes, and in sheds or hammels —
Twenty Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November in any
year.

The Report must detail the comparative result of actual experiments.
The same quantities and kinds of food must be used. Information
is required as to the comparative expense of attendance, the cost of
erecting the buildings, and any other circumstance deserving of
attention. The state of the weather during the experiment, in point
of temperature and wetness, and the advantages or disadvantages of
clipping cattle put up to feed, must be particularly noted and re-
ported.

17. On experiments for ascertaining the actual addition of
weight to growing or fattening Stock, by the use of different
kinds of food — Twenty Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st
November in any year.

The attention of the Experimenter is directed to turnips, carrots, beet,
mangold-wurzel, potatoes, cabbage, as well as to beans, oats, barley,
Indian corn, linseed, oil-cake or rape-cake, and to the eti'ect of warmth
and proper ventilation, and the ditfen-nce between food cooked and
raw. The above roots and other kinds of food are merely suggested ;
competitors are neither restricted to them nor obliged to experiment
on all of them.

When experiments are made with linseed and cake, attention should 1^
paid to the comparative advantages, ccononiiailly and otherwise, of
the substance in these two states.

Before commencing the conii»arative expL'riments, the animals must be
fed alike for some time jirfviously.

The progress of diHerent breeds may be compared. This will form an
interesting expeiiment of itself, for Reports of which encouragement
will be given.

N.Ii. — The experiments specified in the two previous pubjects must be
conducted over a period of not less than three months. No lot shall
consist of fewer than four Cattle or ton Sheep. The animals selected

32 PKEMIUMS OFFEKED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881.

should be of the same age, sex, and "breed, and, as nearly as possible^
of the same weight, condition, and maturity. The live weight before
and after the experiment must be stated, and, if killed, their dead
weight and quantity of tallow.

18. On the Blackfaced Breed of Sheep, and the means that
have been or might be used for its improvement — The Gold
Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November
1881.

19. On the cultivation of Prickly Comfrey {Symphytum as-
perrimiim), and its use as a fodder plant — The Medium Gold
Medal, or Five Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

Details of its growth and treatment and any particulars as to the mode
of cultivation, with suggestions for the more general introduction of
the best varieties must be given.

20. On the influence of soil and geological formation in the
production of Disease — Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st
November 1881.

21. On the nature, symptoms, causes, preventive, and remedial
treatment, and post-mortem appearances of Sturdy in Sheep — Five
Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

22. On the effect of Sewage upon the Animal System, intro-
duced either with drinking water or with herbage when sewage
has been used as a top-dressing — Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged
by 1st November 1881.

23. On a description of any scheme whereby Town Sewage
has been successfully utilised for irrigation in Agriculture —
Twenty Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November in any
year.

The scheme described must have been in operation for at least two
years — the description to include (1) the manner in which the land
was drained and prepared for irrigation, and the cost of preparing it
per acre ; (2) the quantity of sewage used per acre, and the mode in
which it is appHed to the fields ; (3) the annual cost per acre of
wages, &c., in working the process ; (4) the kind, amount, and value
of the crops obtained per acre.

24. On the best system of Bee Culture, describing the mode
of obtaining honey of the purest quality without destroying the
Bees — Five Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

The Report must give general rules for bee management, and specify
the best kind of hives and the average profit derived from each liive.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1S81. 33

25. On any useful practice in Eural Economy adopted in
other countries, and susceptible of being introduced with ad-
vantage into Scotland — The Gold Medal. To be lodged by 1st
ISTovember in any year.

The purpose chiefly contemplated by the offer of this premium is to
induce travellers to notice and record such particular practices as may
seem calculated to benefit Scotland. The Rej^ort to be founded on
personal observation.

Section 2.— ESTATE IMPEOVEMENTS.

FOR APPROVED REPORTS.

1. By the Proprietor in Scotland who sliall have executed the
most judicious, successful, and extensive improvement — The
Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1 st JSTovember
in any year.

Should the successful Report be •\\Titten for the Proprietor by his resi-
dent factor or farm manager, a Medium Gold Medal \nll be awarded
to the writer in addition to the Gold Medal to the Proprietor.

The merits of the Report will not be determined so much by the mere
extent of the improvements, as by their character and relation to the
size of the proj^erty. The improvements may comprise reclaiming,
draininfj, enclosing, planting, road-making, building, and all other
operations proper to landed estates. Th5 period within which the
operations may have been conducted is not limited, except that it
must not exceed the term of the Reporter's proprietorship.

2. By the Proprietor in Scotland who shall have erected on
his estate the most approved Farm-buildings — The Gold ]\Iedal.
[Reports, Plans, and Specifications to be lodged by 1st November
in any year.

3. By the Proprietor or Tenant in Scotland who shall have
reclaimed within the ten preceding years not less than forty
acres of waste land — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To
be lodged by 1st November in any year.

4. By the Tenant in Scotland who shall have reclaimed within
the ten preceding years not less tlian twenty acres of waste
land — Tlie Gold ]Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by
1st November in any year.

5. By the Tenant in Scotland who shall liave reclaimed not
less than ten acres within a similar period — The ^[ediuin Gold
Medal, or Five Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November in
any year.

The Reports in competition for Nos. .3, 4, and '> mav comprelu'iul such
general observations on the improvcuieut of wastelands us the writers

34 PREMIUMS OFFEKED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1881.

experience may lead liim to make, but must refer especially to tlie
lands reclaimed — to the nature of the soil — the previous state and
probable value of the subject — the obstacles opposed to its improve-
ment— the details of the various operations — the mode of cultivation-
adopted — and the produce and value of the crops produced. As the-
required extent cannot be made up of different patches of land, the
improvement must have relation to one subject ; it must be of a pro-
fitable character, and a rotation of crops must have been concluded
before the date of the Eeport. A detailed statement of the expendAture
and return and a certified measurement of the ground are requisite.

6. By the Proprietor or Tenant in Scotland who shall have
improved within the ten preceding years the pasturage of not
less than thirty acres, by means of top-dressing, draining, or
otherwise, without tillage, in situations where tillage may be in-
expedient— The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged
by 1st November in any year.

7. By the Tenant in Scotland who shall have improved not
less than ten acres within a similar period — The Minor Gold
Medal. To be lodged by 1st iSTovember in any year.

Reports in competition for Xos. 6 and 7 must state the particular mode
of management adopted, the substances applied, the elevation and
nature of the soil, its previous natui'al products, and the changes
produced. .

Sectiox 3.— MACHINEEY.
for approved reports.

1. Oil such inventions or improvements, by the reporters, oV
any implement or machine as shall be deemed by the Society of
public utility — Medals, or sums of money not exceeding Fifty
Sovereigns. To be lodged at any time.

Eeports should be accompanied by drawings and descriptions of the
implement or machine, and, if necessary, by a model

2. On the best and most improved Cattle Truck for feeding
and watering the animals in transit — Twenty Sovereigns. T© be
lodged bv 1st November 1881.

Reports must be accompanied with drawings and descri^Dtion, or, if
necessary, by a model.

Section 4.— FOEESTEY DEPAETMENT.
for approved reports.
1, By the Proprietor in Scotland who shall, within the five

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881. 35

preceding years, have planted not less than 150 acres — The Gold
Medal. To be lodged by 1st JSToveraber in any year.

The whole planting operations which may have been conducted by the
Reporter within the five years, whether completed or not, must be
embraced, and he must state the expense — description of soils — age,
kind, and number of trees planted per acre — mode of planting, drain-
ing, and fencing — general state of the plantation — and any other
observations of interest.

2. On Plantations of not less than eight years' standing,
formed on deep peat bog — The Medium Gold Medal, or Five
Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

The premium is strictly applicable to deep peat or flow moss ; the con-
dition of the moss previous to planting, as well as at the date of the
Report, should, if possible, be stated.

The Report must describe the mode and extent of the drainage, and the
eff'ect it has had in sul)siding the moss — the trenching, levelling, or
other preliminary operations that may have been performed on the
surface — the mode of planting — kinds, sizes, and numbers of trees
planted per acre — and their relative progress and value, as compared
with plantations of a similar age and description grown on other soils
in the vicinity.

3. On the more extended introduction of hardy, useful, or
ornamental Trees, which have not hitherto been generally culti-
vated in Scotland — The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.
To be lodged by 1st November in any year.

The Report should specify as distinctly as possible the kind of trees
introduced. The adaptation of the trees for use or ornament, and
their comparative progress should be mentioned. Attention is directed
to the introduction of any tree as a nurse in young plantations, which
by grooving rapidly for several years, and attaining maturity when at
the height of 20 or 25 feet, might realise the advantagij and avoid the
evils of tliick planting.

4. On the Ficea (jrandis and its p^robable suitability as a
Timber Tree in Scotland, with detailed statistics of its progress
in the country — Tlie Medium (kdd Medal, or Five Sovereigns.
To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

5. On the varieties of Trees best adapted for planting as
shelter in the Islands of Scotland — The Medium Gold i\IcM.hil,or
Five Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

G. On the old and remarkable Elms in Scotland — The Gold
Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November
1881.

DctailH of tluir ^Towth, measurements, and condition, and any
particulars i)f tlu-ir lii.^toiy, must bu given. The measuR'nients to

36 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881.

be taken by the Reporter himself, and at 5 feet from the ground,
if possible. Photographs and drawings are desirable.

7. On the old and remarkable Lime Trees in Scotland — The
Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st ISTovember
1881.

Details of their growth, measurements, and condition, and any
particulars of their history, must be given. The measurements to
be taken by the Reporter himself, and at 5 feet from the ground,
if possible. Photographs and drawings are desirable.

8. On the most suitable varieties of Trees, adapted to various
soils and altitudes, to be left as standards in cutting down plan-
tations, with a view to the encouragement of a healthy under-
growth of herbage and grasses for the purpose of grazing cattle
and sheep, with a list of those grasses and forage plants best
adapted for growth in the locality under such conditions — Ten
Sovereigns. Eeports to be lodged by 1st November 1881.

Reports need not be confined to Scotland. Information is desired from
such countries as India.

9. On the deterioration in quality and durability of Home-
Grown Timber at the present day, especially regarding Scotch
Fir, as compared with the timber of the old Scotch forests, and
suggestions for a remedy — The Medium Gold Medal, or Five
Sovereigns. To be lodged by Is't November 1881.

10. On the Cutting and Transport of Firewood (soft and hard
wood), with detailed statement of charges — The Medium Gold
Medal, or Five Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

In many districts large branches and tops of trees are burned up, which
in England, and much more on the Continent, are sold at a profit.
The Report should state the system pursued, and contain practical
suggestions for utilising fragments now destroyed.

11. On the more extended cultivation in Scotland of Charcoal-
producing Plants, for gunpowder or commercial purposes — The
Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st
November 1881.

Reference to be made to suitable varieties of plants not generally grown
in this country for that purpose, such as Rhamnus Frangula, prices
reahsable, and suggestions for their more general introduction, treat-
ment, &c.

12. On the Woods, Forests, and Forestry in the county of
Perth — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by
1st November 1881.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1881. 37

13. On the Woods, Forests, and Forestry in the county of
Eoss — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by
1st ISTovember 1881.

14. On the Woods, Forests, and Forestry in the county of
Inverness — The Gold Medal, or Tep Sovereigns. To be lodged
by 1st iSTovember 1881.

15. On the comparative advantages of High Forest with Cop-
pice, or Coppice with a limited number of Standard Trees — The
Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st
l^ovember 1881.

16. On the utilisation of waste produce of Forests and Wood-
lands, as matter for making, either separately or in combination
with other substances, an Artificial Fuel — The Gold Medal, or
Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

17. On the Insects most injurious to Forest Trees, and the
diseases occasioned by them, and the best means of prevention
— Twenty Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1881.

The Report to be accompanied, where practicable, by specimens of the
insects.

( 38 )

CLASS II.

DISTKTCT COMPETITIONS.

T^e Money Premiurtis and Medals awarded at District Conifetitions ivill he
issued in January next. No payments mustj therefore, be made by the
Secretary or Treasurer of any local Association.

Grants in aid 0/ District Competitions /or 1882 must be applied for before
1st November, on Forms to be obtained from the Secretary.

When a Grant has expired^ the District cannot apply again for aid for

two years.

Sectiox 1.— cattle.

Note. — The S^^ciety's Cattle Premiums are granted to each District for three
alternate years, on condition that the District shall, in. the two interme-
diate years, continue the Competitions by offering for the same descrip-
tion of stock a sum not less than one-half of that given hj the Society.

At the Intermediate Competitions, a Silver Medal will be placed at the dis-
posal of the Committee, to be awarded for the Best Bull which has
gained a first prize at a previous District or General Show, and of the
Class for which the District receives Premiums ; also three Medium
Silver Medals to bo given along with the first prize in the three Classes
of Cattle, provided there are not fewer than two lots exhibited in each.
Class.

The selection of the Breed is left to the local Committee. See Rule 6.

DISTRICTS.

1. District of Turriff. — Convener, Alexander Stuart of Laithers, Turriff ;

Secretary, William Ingram, Sunnyhill, Turriff. Granted 1877.

2. District of Avondale. — Convener, Thomas Tennant of Priestgill,

Strathaven ; Secretary, William Lanibie of Hallburn, Strathaven.
Granted 1877.

3. District of Weem. — Convener, Sir Robert Menzies of Menzies, Bart.,

Farleyer, Aberfeldy ; Secretary, R. B. Barrett, Camserney Cottage,
Aberfeldy. Granted 1877.

4. District of the Deeside Union. — Convener, Colonel Innes of Leamey,

Torphins ; Secretary, James Shaw, Tillyching, Lumphanan. Granted
1879.

5. District of Lorn. — Convener, Colonel M'Dougall of Dunollie, Oban ;

Secretary, Donald Macgregor, Solicitor, Oban. Granted 1879.

6. District of Inveraray. — Convener and Secretary, John Macarthur,

Inveraray. Granted 1881.
7 District of Formartine. — Convener, The Earl of Aberdeen ; Secretary,
Alex. Davidson, Mains of Cairnbrogie, Old Meldrum. Granted 1878.

PREMIUMS OFFEEED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1881. 39

•8. District of the Kinglassie Society. —Converier, R, Sinclair Aytoini of
Inchdairnie, Kirkcaldy ; Secretary, David Beatb, Aiichmuir, Leslie.
Granted 1878.

9. County of Ayr. — Convener, Hon. G. R. Vemon, Auchans House, Kil-
marnock ; Secretary, James M'Murtrie, A}t. Granted 1878.

10. Central Banffshire. — Convener, William Longmore, Keith ; Secre-

tary, J. Geddes Brown, Keith. Granted 1880.

11. Stirlingshire. — Convener, Sir James R. Gibson Maitland of Clifton

Hall, Bart., Craigend, Stirling ; Secretary, Robert Taylor, 22 Barnton
Place, Stirling. Granted 1880.

12. Islands of Mull, Coll, and Tiree. — Convener, James jS"oel Forsyth

of Quinish, Tobermory ; Secretary, Robert Lang, Aros ^Mains, Aros,
Mull. Granted 1880.

13. Renfrewshire. — Convener, P. Comyn Macgregor of Brediland, Lonend

Honse, Paisley ; Secretary, William Bartlemore, County Buildings,
Paisley. Granted 1880.

PREMIUMS.

1. Best Bull, of any pure breed, having gained a previous Highland and

Agricultural Society's First Prize, . . . The Silver Medal.

2. Best Bull, 3-year old and upwards, of any pure breed,

Medium Silver Medal and £4

Second best, £3

Third l)est, £1

"3. Best Bull, 2-year old and under, of any pure breed,

Medium Silver Medal and £3

Second best, £2

Third best, , £1

4. Best 2-year old Heifer (if Highland Ijreed, 3 years), of any pure breed,

Medium Silver Medal and ^'3

Second T^est, £2

Third best, £1

The dates of calviug of cattle' will be counted as from on and after January 1,
except ])ollecl Angus and Aberdeen, which will be counted as from on and after
December 1. ,

In 1881.

Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are in competition for the last year.

Nos. 4 and 5 for the second year.

No. 6 for the first year.

Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 compete for local Pniniums.

Sectiox 2.— IIOKSES.

for a<;ricultural purposes.

Note. — The Society's Stallion Premiums are granted to ea( h District for two
years, and are foHowed by Premiums for other two years for Brood
Mares, and again for a similar i»eriod by Premiums for Entire Colts
and Fillies.

1. Stallions.

1. District of Cupau and St Andrews. — Convener, David Payne Mel

drum of Kincaj>le, St Andrews ; Secretary, ^Villiam Dingwall, Ra
momie, Ladybank. (Iranted 1880.

2. Dumfries Horse Association. — Conmirr, .lobn M'Tier of Ladyfield,

Duml'ries; Serretar)/, ]). Itobison, -18 Irish Street, Dumfries. Granted
1880.

3. Nairnshire. — Convener, Robert Anderson of Lnclulhu, Nairn ; Secretary,

Jolin Joss, Budgate, Cawdor, (iranted 1880.

40 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881.

4. Earl of Selkirk's Tenantry and District. — Convener, Andrew Lusk,

Howell, Kirkcudbright ; Seci-etaries, D. G. Williamson, Boinl)ie, Kirk-
cudbright ; and James Muir, Lochfergiis, Kirkcudbright. Granted
1880.

5. District of Central Strathearx. — Convener, John Kerr, Eossie Ochil,

Bridge of Earn ; Secretary, Robert Gardiner, Chapel Bank, Auchter-
arder. Granted 1880.

6. District of Eskdale and Ltddesdale. — Convener, William Little of

Whithaugh, Burnfoot, Ewes, Langholm ; Secretary, Thos. Stevenson,
Langholm. Granted 1881.

7. ]\[0RAYSHiRE. — Convener, Robert M'Kessack, of Ardgve and Roseisle,

Forres ; Secretary, William Macdonald, Caledonian Bank Buildings,
Elgin. Granted 1881.

Premiu^l
Best Stallion, not under 3 years, and not above 12 years old, . £25

In 1881.

Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are in competition for the last year.
Nos. 6 and 7 for the first year.

2. Brood Mares.

1. Eastern District of Berwickshire. — Convener, John Allan, Red-

heugh, Cockburnspath ; Secretary, James Gibson, Guns-green, Avton.
Granted 1880.

2. District of Lauderdale. — Convener, George M'Dougal, Blythe, Lauder ;

Secretary, Thomas Broomfield, Lauder. Granted 1880.

3. Machars District of Wigtownshire. — Convener, Sir Herbert E. Max-

well of Monreith, Bart., M.P., Port William ; Secretary, Charles M.
Routledge, Banker, Port William. Granted 1880.

4. County of Peebles. — Convener, Lord Arthur Cecil, Orchard Mains,

Innerleithen ; Secretaries, William Riddell, Howford, Peebles ; and
A. Alexander, West Linton. Granted 1880.

5. Eastern District of STiRLtNcsHiRE. — Convener, Ralph Stark of Sum-

merford, Falkirk; Secretary, Thomas Binnie, Falkirk. Granted 1880.
C. District of the Lesmahagow Society. — Convener, Ga\dn Hamilton of

Auldto^^^l, Lesmahagow ; Secretary, John Hamilton, British Linen

Co. Bank, Lesmahagow. Granted 1881.
7. District of Carrick. — Convener, John Rankine of Beoch, Lochlands,

Maybole ; Secretary, David Brown, Maybole. Granted 1881.

Premiums.

1. Best Brood Mare, .... Medium Silver Medal and £4

2. Second best, £3

3. Third best, £1

In 1881.

Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are in competition for the last year.
Nos. 6 and 7 for the first year.

3. Entire Colts and Fillies. •

]. District OF the Dalbeattie Society. — Convene)-, W. H. Maxwell of
Munches, Dalbeattie ; Secretary, R. W. Macnab, Union Bank, Dal-
beattie. Granted 1880.

PREMIUMS OFFEEED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881. 41

2. Ehins District of '\VIGTOW^^SHIRE. — Convener, R. Vans-Agnew of Barn-

baiToch ; Secretary, Hugh Adair, Stranraer. Granted 1880.

3. District of Auchtermuchty. — Convener, James Tliom, Leden Urquhart,

Strathmiglo ; Secretary, Archibald AValker, Auchtermuchty. Granted
1880.

4. District of the East of Fife Society. — Convener, John Gilmour yr.

of Lundin, Montrave, Kennoway ; Secretary, John Flockhart,
Colinsburgh. Granted 1880.

5. County of Clackmannan. — Convener, James Johnstone of Alva ;

Secretary, D. & T. Fisher, Jellyholm, Alloa. Granted 1881.

6. District of Lockerbie. — Convener, Sir Alexander Jardine of Apple-

garth, Bart., Jardine Hall, Lockerbie ; Secretary, David Dobie,
Banker, Lockerbie. Granted 1881.

Premiums.

1. Best Entire Colt, foaled after 1st January 1879,

Medium Silver Medal and £Z

Second best, £2

Third best, £1

2. Best Entire Colt, foaled after 1st January 1880,

Medium Silver Medal and £^

Second best, ^1

Third best, 10s.

3. Best Filly, foaled after 1st January 1879, Medium Silver Medal and £3

Second best, £2

Third best, £1

4. Best Filly, foaled after 1st January 1880, Medium Silver Medal and £2

Second best, £1

Third best, 10s.

In 1881.

Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 are in competition for the last year.
Nos. 5 and 6 for the first year.

Section 3.— SHEEP.

Note. — The Society's Sheep Premiums are granted to each District for three
alternate years, on condition that the District shall, in tlie two inter
mediate years, continue the Competitions by offering for the same
description of stock a sum not less than one-half of that given by the
Society.

At the intermediate Competitions, a Silver Medal will be placed at the <lis-
posal of tlie Committee, to be awarded for the best Tup wliich has
gained a first prize at a i^revious District or General Show, and of
tlie class for which the District receives Premiums; also four ^Medium
Silver Medals, to be given along with the first prize in the fcnir
(,'lasses of Slieej), ]irovided there are not less than two lots in each class.

The selection of the Breed is left to the lucal Committee. See lUile G.

districts.

1. District OF THE Northern Pastoral CLun.—C(/?jren<?r, Sir Kenneth

S. Mackt-nzie of Gairlix li, l^art., Conan Hmisf, Dingwall ; Secretary,
Walter Mundcll, Moy, Muir of Ord. Grantcil 1877.

2. District of Nithspalk. — Courrui-r, Jolin Gilchrist Clark of Speddooh,

Dabtnn, Thornhill ; Secretary, ^ym. Austin, I^ank Agent, Tliornhill.
Granted 1877.

42 PKEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1881.

3. District of the Border Union SociETr, — Convener, Lord Polwartli,

Mertoun House, St Boswells ; Secretary, John Usher, 25 Bridge
Street, Kelso. Granted 1878. (In abeyance in 1880.)

4. District of Athole and Weem. — Convener, Archibald Butter of Fas-

kally, Pitlochry ; Secretary, James Mitchell, Solicitor, Pitlochry.
Granted 1879.

5. District of the United East Lothian Society. — Convener, Sir Hew

Dalrymple of North Berwick, Bart., Luchie, North Berwick ; Secre-
taries, Richardson and Gemmell, Haddington. Granted 1879.

6. District of Nether Lorn. — Convener, Donald Johnston, Kilbride,
'• Easdale, Oban ; Secretary, Angus Whvte, Easdale, Oban. Granted

1879.

7. District of Argyll. — Convener, Sir John W. P. Campbell Orde of

Kilmory, Bart., Lochgilphead ; Secretary, A. M'Nair, Ri-Cruin,
Lochgilphead. Granted 1879.

8. Islands of Islat, Jura, and Colonsat. — Convener, Kirkman Einlay

of Dunlossit, Portaskaig, Islay ; Secretary, Samuel M. M'Conechy,
Daill, Bridgend, Islay. Grantei 1878.
S. District of Dunoon. — Convener, A. S. Einlay of Castle Toward,
Greenock ; Secretary, Archibald Mitchell, junior, Clydesdale Bank,
Dunoon. Granted 1880.

10. District of Dalkeith. — Convener, Sir James Gardiner Baird of

Saughton Hall, Bart., Inch House, Liberlon; Secretary, William
Harper, Sheriffhall Mains, Dalkeith. Granted 1880.

11. L'pper Ward of Lanarkshire. — Convener, John Ord Mackenzie of

Dolphinton ; Secretary, David Oswald, Abington, N.B. Granted
1880.

12. District of Lochaber. — Convener, D. P. M'Donald, Invemevis, Fort-

William ; Secretary, N. B. Mackenzie, British Linen Co. Bank, Fort-
William. Granted 1880.

13. District of Lower Annandale. — A. H. Johnstone Douglas of

Lockerbie, Glen Stuart, Annan ; Secretary, Wm. Roddick, Annan.
Granted 1880.

Premiums.

Best Tup having gained a previous Highland and Agricultural Society's
First Prize, The Silver Medal.

Best Tup above One Shear, . . Medium Silver Medal and i'3
Second best, .......... £^

Third best, 10s.

Best Shearling Tup, .... Medium Silver Medal and £3

Second best, £^

Third l)est, 10s.

Best 3 Ewes above One Shear, . . Medium Silver Medal and i"3
Second best .......... £1

Third best, 10s.

Best 3 Gimmers or Shearling Ewes, . Medium Silver Medal and i'3

Second best, .......... £^

Third best, 10s.

In 1881.

Nos. 1 and 2 are in competition for the last year.

Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 for the second year.

Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 compete for local Premiums.

PEEMIUMS OFFEEED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1881. 43

Section 4.— SWINE.

The Society's Swine Premiums are given for three consecutive years.

Premiums.

1. Best Boar having gained a previous Highland and Agricultural Society's

First Prize, The Silver Medal.

2. Best Boar, Medium Silver Medal and i'3

Second best, £1

Third best, 10s.

•3. Best Brood Sow, .... Medium Silver Medal and £2

Second best, £1

Third best, 10s.

In 1881.
Kg application has been received.

Section 5.— DAIEY PEODLX'E.

The Society's Dairy Premiums are given for three consecutive years.

Premiums.

1. Best Couple of Sweet Milk Cheeses belonging to a Proprietor,

The Silver Medal.

2. Best Couple of Sweet Milk Cheeses, Medium Silver Medal and £2

Second best, ...» £1

Third best, lOs.

3. Best Cured Butter (not less than 14 lbs.), belonging to a Proprietor,

The Silver Medal.

4. Best Cured Butter (not less than 14 lbs.), Medium Silver Medal and £2

Second be.st, £1

Third best, lOs.

In 1881.
No application has been received.

RULES OF competition.

1. The Members of the Highland and Agricultural Society connected
with the respective distiicts are appointed Committtes fdr arraufjing the
Comj)etitions, the Convener being ajtpointed by tlie Directors : tive mem-
bers to be a quorum.

2. The Convener of each District shall summon a meeting of Committee
for tlie purpose of determining the time and ])lace of Competition, the
nomination of Judges, and otlu-r preliminary arrauf^ements. The time and
})la(e (wliicli must be within tlie l)(iun<l.s of the District, unless in reference
to Stallions) shall be pnblicly intimated by Conveners.

3. The Money Premiums and Medals awarded at District Competitions
will be paid in January next, by prece])ts issued by the Directors. No
payments must, therefore, be paid by the Secretary or Treasurer of any local
Association. Medals will be issued at same time.

4. Stock must be the jiroperty of the Exhibitor at the date of Entry. Xo
entry i^JkiII he received later than one week previous to the Sho^c. Entry-Money
shall nottxcee<l 2}. ])er cent, on the amount of the Premium tf> be comj^eted for.

5. The Competitions (exce])t f(»r Stallions to serve in the District) must
take place between the Ist of A))ril and the 2()tl» of October, and are open
to general competition to all parties within the District, whether members

44 PEEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1881.

of the local Association or not. The Stallion Premiums are open to all
comers, or the Horses may be selected at the Glasgow Stallion Show on
j)ermission to that effect being obtained.

6. The Committee shall select the breed, and specify it in the returns.
In Cattle the animals exhibited must belong to one of the following pure
breeds — Short-horn, Ayrshire, Polled (Galloway, Angus, or Aberdeen),
Highland. The Bulls may be of one breed, and the Heifers of another.
In Sheep, the breeds must be Leicester, Che\dot, or Blackfaced.

7. Stock of an inferior description, or which does not fall within the pre-
scribed regulations, shall not be placed for competition.

8. The Premiums shall not be di voided. In Cattle, Horses (except Stal-
lions to serve in the district), Sheep, and Swine, five lots in each Class will
warrant the award of full, and three lots of half. Premiums. In Dairy Pro-
duce, eight Exhibitors in any one Class will warrant an award of full, and
four of half, Premiums. A Competitor may exhibit two lots in each class,
except in Dairy Produce, where only one lot is allowed from the same farm.
For the Silver Medal to former first prize animals two lots are required. No
animal to be allowed to compete in more than one section.

9. To authorise the award of the ^Medals in the intermediate year, there
must be not less than two lots in each Class, and the Society's Regulations
must be adhered to.

10. An animal which has gained the Highland and Agricultural Society's
first Money Premium at a previous District or General Show is inadmissible
in the same Class (except in the case of Stallions and in that of Bulls and
Tups for the Silver Medal, under section I.) ; and one which has gained a
second Money Premium can only thereafter compete in that Class for the first.

11. A Bull the property of two or more Tenants may compete, although
the Exhibitors may not be Joint-Tenants.

12. Bulls for which Money Premiums are awarded may be required to
serve in the District at least one season ; the rate of service to be fixed by
the Committee, and the prizes may be withheld till the conditions are ful-
filled. Premiums for the Heifers may be retained till the animals are
certified to have calved.

13. Evidence must be produced that the Prize Stallions have had produce.

14. Mares must have foals at foot (except when death of foal is certified),
or be entered as being in foal ; in the latter case payment of the Premiums
will be deferred till certificate of birth, which must be within 11 months
from the date of the Show.

15. All Prize Tups must serve within the District during the season
following the Competition. Ewes and Gimmers must be taken from the
Exhibitor's stock, and must have been bred by him in the District ; and
Ewes must have reared Lambs during the ordinary season of the District.

16. Sheep must have been clipped bare during the season, and the
Judges are instructed to examine tlie fleeces of the sheep selected for prizes,
and to cast those on which they find any of the former fleece. Fleeces must
not be artificially coloured.

17. Should it be proved to the satisfaction of the Committee that an
animal has been entered under a false name, pedigree, or description, for-
the purpose of misleading the Committee or Judges as to its qualifications or
properties, the case shall be reported to the Directors, and submitted by
them to the first General Meeting, in order that the Exhibitor may be dis-
qualified from again competing for the Society's Premiums, and his name,
if he is a member, struck from the roll, or his case otherwise disposed of as
the Directors may determine.

18. When an animal has previously been disqualified by the decision of
any Agricultural Association in Great Britain or Ireland, such disqualifica-
tion shall attach, if the Exhibitor, being aware of the disqualification, faiL

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1881. 45

to state it and the crrounds thereof, in his entry, to enable the Committee
to j udge of its validity.

19. Competitors must certify that the Butter and Cheese exhibited by
them are average specimens of the produce of their dairies ia 1881, and that
the quantity produced during the season has not been less than 1 cwt. of
Butter, or 2 cwt. of Cheese.

20. It is to be distinctly understood that in no instance does any claim lie
against the Highland and Agricultui-al Society for expenses attending a show
of stock beyond the amount of the Premiums offered.

21. Blank reports will be furnished to the Conveners and Secretaries of
the different Districts. These must, in all details, be completed, and lodged
with the Secretary on or before the 1st of November next, for the approval of
the Directors, against whose decisions there shall be no appeal.

22. A report of the Competitions and Premiums awarded at the inter-
mediate local shows in the several Districts for Cattle and Sheep, signed by
a member of the Society, must be transmitted to the Secretary 07i or before
the 1st of November in each year, otherwise the Society's grants shall ter-
minate.

23. "Wlien a grant has expired, the District cannot apply again for aid for
two years.

Section 6.— SPECIAL GEAXTS.

^50 to Glasgow Agricultural Society. — Secretary, Mark Marshall, 145 St

Vincent Street, Glasgow.
£20 to the Ayrshire Agricultural Association, to be competed for at the

Dairy Produce Show at Kilmarnock. — Convener, The Hon. G. R. Vernon,

Auchans House, Kilmarnock ; Secretary, James M'Murtrie, Ayr. Granted

1872.
£3 to Egilshay Society for three consecutive years. — Secretary, Thomas

Garson, Grougar, Egilshay, Orkney. Granted 1879.
£3 to Unst Society for five consecutive years. — Convener and Secretary, Alex.

Sandison, Uyasound, Unst. Granted 1879.

Section 7.— MEDALS IN AID OF PEEMIU^iFS GIVEX

BY LOCAL SOCIETIES.

The Society, being anxious to co-operate with local Associa-
tions, will give a limited number of jMedium Silver Medals
annually to Societies, not on the list of Cattle or Sheep Pre-
miums, in addition to the Money Premiums awarded in the
District for —

1. Best Bull, Cow, Heifer of any jiure breed, or O.x.

2. Best Stallion, Mare, or Gelding.

3. Best Tup, or Pen of Ewes or Wetheis.

4. Best B(mr, Sow, or Pig.

5. Best Coops of Poultry.

6. Best sample of any variety of Wool.

7. Best sample of any variety of Seeds.

8. Best managed Farm.

9. Best managed Gret-n Crop. *

10. Best managed Hay Crop.

11. Bfst managed Dairy.

12. Bi-st Sweet Milk Cheese.

13. Best Curi-d Butter.

14. Best sample of Honey, not less than fj li»s., taken without destroying

the bees.

46 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1881.

15. Best collection of Koots.

16. Best kept Fences.

17. Male Farm Servant who has been longest in the same service, and who

has proved himself most efficient in his duties, and to have invariably
treated the animals under his charge with kindness.

18. Female Servant in charge of Dairy and Poultry who has been longest in

the same ser\dce, and who has proved herself most efficient in her
duties, and to have invariably treated' the animals under her charge
with kindness.

19. Best Sheep Shearer.

20. Most expert Hedge Cutter.

21. Most expert Labourer at Draining.

22. Most expert Farm-Servant at trial of Reaping Machines.

23. Best Maker of Oat Cakes.

It is left to the local Society to choose out of the foregoing list the classe&

for which the Medals are to b.e competed.
The Medals are given for five consecutive years.

Aberdeenshire.

1. AucHiNDOiR, KiLDRUMMiE, AND TowiE ASSOCIATION. — Convener,

Carlos P. Gordon of Wardhouse, Insch ; Secretary, William Walker,
Ardhuncart, Mossat 4 Medals. Granted 1881.

2. Cluny, Monymusk, and ^Midmar Association. — Convener, Ranald

Macdonald, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen ; Secretary, James Christie,
Backliill of Castle Fraser, Kemnay, Aberdeen. 2 Medals. Granted
1881.

3. Cromar, Upper Dee, and Donside Association. — Convener, Dr

Andrew Robertson of Hopewell, Tarland ; Secretary, William
Thomson, Tarland. 4 Medals. Granted 1881.

4. Donside Club. — Convener, Sir William Forbes of Craigievar, Bart.,

Fintray House, Aberdeen ; Secretary, James Rennie, Milltown of
Fintray, Aberdeen. 2 Medals. Granted 1877.

5. Ebrieside Association. — Convener, Wm. Leask, Skilmafilly, Ellon;

Secretary, William Hetherwick, Auchnagatt, Ellon. 5 Medals
Granted 1881.

6. Formartine Root Association. — Convener, Captain Alexander C.

Hunter of Tillery, Aberdeen ; Secretary, Thomas Duguid, Mosshead,
Udny, Aberdeen. 2 Medals. Granted 1879.

7. Fyvie Association. — Convener, James Mackie, Lewes, Fy\de ; Secretary,

James Ironside, Steinmanhill, Fyvie. 2 Medals. Granted 1880.

8. Garioch Turnip Growing Association. — Convener, Henry Gordon of

Manar, Inverurie ; Secretary, James Stephen, Conglass, Inverurie.
2 Medals. Granted 1878.

9. Inverurie Association. — Convener, Henry Lumsden of Pitcaple, Pit-

caple ; Secreta.ry, James Stephen, Conglass, Inverurie. 2 Medals.''
Granted 1878.

10. KiNELLAR Horticultural and Poultry Association. — Convener,

Colonel William Ross King of Tertowie, Kinellar, Aberdeen ;
Secretary, Alexander Taylor, Fichnie, Kinellar, Aberdeen. 2 Medals.
Granted 1879.

11. Kinnethmont Association. — Convener, Col. Leith Hay of Ranne?,

C.B., Leith Hall, Kinnethmont ; Secretary, William Gerrard, Kin-
nethmont. 5 Medals. Granted 1881.

12. Leochel-Cushnie Society. — Convener, Sir William Forbes of Craigievar,

Bart., Fintray House, Aberdeen ; Secretary, James Strachan, Wester
Fowlis, Alford. 3 Medals. Granted 1879.'

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1881. 47

13. New Aberdour Society. — Convener, James Cruick shank, Ladysford,

Fraserburgh ; Secretary, Joseph C. Murison, Mill Farm, Xew Aber-
dour, Fraserburgh. 5 Medals. Granted 1878.

14. Xorth-East Aberdeenshire Society. — Convener, Sir Alexander

Anderson, Aberdeen ; Secretary, G. A. Cruickshank, Nether Cortes,
Lonmay. 6 Medals. Granted 1880.

15. North of Scotland Root, Vegetable, and .Fruit Association.—

Convener, A. F. Nares, Brucktor, Old Meldrum ; Secretary, James
Smith, Inverurie. 2 Medals. Granted 1881.

Argyllshire.

16. LiSMORE Society. — Convener, Major James Robertson, Glackerisky,

Appin ; Secretary, Dugald M'Intvre, Frackersaig, Lismore, Appin.
2 Medals. Granted 1878.

17. Mull, Coll, and Tiree. — Convener, James Noel Forsyth of Quinish,

Tobermory ; Secretary, Robert Lang, Aros Mains, Aros, Mull.
4 Medals. Granted 1880.

Ayrshire,

18. Ardrossan Society. — Convener,!). Cuninghame,Chapelton, Ardrossan ;

Secretary, James Campbell, "Writer, Saltcoats. 2 Medals. Granted
1877.

19. Beith Society. — Convener, "William Bartlemore, County Buildings,

Paisley ; Secretary, "William Fulton Love, "Writer, Beith, Ayrshire

2 Medals. Granted 1881.

20. Craigie Society. — Convener, R. Drummond, Pocknave, Craigie, Kilmar-

nock ; Secretary, Andrew M'Farlane, Craigie. 3 Medals. Granted
1881.

21. Cumnock Society. — Convener, James Murray, jun., Dumfries Arms

Hotel, Cumnock ; Secretary, John Hayman, Dumfries House Mains,
Cumnock. 2 Medals. Granted 1877.

22. Dalry Society. — Convener, Andrew Allan, Munnoch, Dairy, Ayr ;

Secretary, Robert Craig, Flashwood, Dairy. 4 Medals. Granted 1879.

23. Dundonald Socip:ty. — Convener, The Hon. G. R. Vernon, Auchans

House, Kilmarnock ; Secretary, iohu Caldwell, Bogside, Dundonald.

3 Medals. Granted 1878.

24. Galston Society. — Convener, Alex. D. Tait of Milrig, Kilmarnock ;

Secretary, Robert Hendrie, Dnimdroch, Galston. 3 ^ledals. Granted
1877.

25. Galston Horticultural Society. — Convener, Robert Mackie, Loudoun

Cottage, Galston ; Secretary, Thomas Paterson, Galston. 3 Medals.
Granted 1880.
20. Loudoun and Lanfine Society. — Convener, Robert Mackie, Loudoun
Cottage, Galston ; Secretary, Andrew Cameron, Newmilns, Kilmar-
nock. 4 Medals. Granted 1879.

27. Muihkirk Society. — Convener^ Ro])ert Millar, Alloway Cottage, Ayr ;

Secretary, Alexander Donald. The Schoolhouse, Muirkirk. G Medals.
Granted 1881.

28. New Cumnock. — Convener, John Pick(!n, Mansfudd Mains, New Cum-

nock ; Secretary, "SVilliam F. Hadduw, Riggfoot, New Cumnock.

4 Medals. Granted 1881.

29. SouN and Dai.oain Sociktv. — Cntvr.nrr, (~!raham Somcrvt'll of Som,

Mauchline ; Sccrefan/, Robert Brown, Dalgaiii, Sorn, Mauchline. 5
Medals. (Jranted 1879.

30. Stewakton Socikty. — ConveJier and Secretary, John Lindsay, Thornhill,

Stewarton. 2 Medal.><. (iranted 1877.

48 PEEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1881.

31. Tarbolton Society. — Convener, W. S. Cooper of Failford, New CIuTd,

Edinburgh ; Secretary, Wm. Candlisli, Middlemuir, Tarbolton. 2
Medals. Granted 1878,

32. West Kilbride Society. — Convener, John Crawford, Milstonford, West

Kilbride ; Secretary, Malcolm Logan, Kirkland, West Kilbride. 5
Medals. Granted 1879.

Banffshire.

33. Spey, Avon, and Fiddochside Society. — Convener, Sir George ]\lac-

pherson Grant of Ballindalloch, Bart. ; Secretary, Win. Kobertson,
Aberlour Mains, Craigellachie. 4 Medals. Granted 1877.

Buteshire.

34. Bute Society. — Convener, William Barr, Kerrylamont, Eotliesay ; Secre-

tary, John M'Ewen, 9 Victoria Street, Rothesay. 3 Medals. Granted

1878.

Dumhartonshire.

35. Western District of Dumbartonshire. — Convener, Sir James Colqu-

houn of Liiss, Bart, Ross-dhu, Luss ; >S'ecrefar^, Major James Colqu-
houn, Ben Criiach Lodge, Arroquhar. 2 Medals. Granted 1879.

Dumfriesshire.

38. Moffat and Upper Annandale Society. — Convener, Walter John-
stone, Alton, Moffat ; Secretary, Alexander Scott, Annandale Estates
Office, Moffat. 4 Medals. Granted 1881.

37. Sanquhar Society. — Convener, John Gilchrist Clark of Speddoch,

Dabton, Thornhill ; Secretary, Joseph Carruthers, Sanquhar. 5
Medals. Granted 1878.

Edinhurghshire.

38. Western District of Mid-Lothian Association. — Convener, James

Paterson of Bankton, Mid-Calder ; Secretary, James H. Steuart,
Selms, Kirknewton. 4 Medals. Granted 1878.

Elginshire,

39. Forres and Northern Fat Cattle Club. — Convener, Richard H.

Harris, Earnhill, Forres ; Secretary, Robert Urquhart, jun., Forres.
6 Medals. Granted 1881.

Inverness-shire.

40. Glen Urquhart Society. — Convener, The Earl of Seafield ; Secretary,

John Kennedy, Pitkerrold, Drumnadrochit. 3 Medals. Granted
1877.

41. Northern Counties Fat Show Club. — Convener, Duncan Forbes of

Culloden, Inverness ; Secretary, John Cran, Kirkton, Bunchrew,
Inverness. 6 Medals. Granted 1878.

42. Strathspey Club — Convener, Earl of Seafield, Castle Grant, Grantown ;

Secretary, F. MacBean, Writer, Grantown. 5 Medals. Granted 1881.

Kincardineshire.

43. Fettercairn Club. — Convener, Col. M'lnroy of The Burn, Brechin ;

Secretary, William Crichton, Castleton of Kincardine, Laurencekirk.
3 Medals. Granted 1878.

PEEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881. 49

Lanarhsliire.

44. Cadder Society. — Convener, Alexander Camp! jell, Crosshill, Bishop-

briggs ; Secretary, J. Stewart, 4 Parliamentary Road, Glasgow. 2
Medals. Granted 1877.

45. Calderwaterhead Society. — Convener, Peter Forrest, Shotts ; Secre-

tary, James Ferguson, Fairnieshaw, Holytown. 2 Medals. Granted
1881.

46. Carnwath Society. — Convener, Hector F. M'Lean, Camwath House ;

Secretary, George Russell, Carnwath. 4 Medals. Granted 1878.

47. Carmichael Society. — Convener, G. R. Paterson, Drumalljin, Thanker-

ton ; Secretary, John Tweddle, Warrenliill, Thankerton. 2 Medals.
Granted 1877.

48. Stoxehouse Association. — Convener, J. P. Alston of Muirbum, Glass-

ford ; Secretary, William Stevenson, Stonehouse, Lanark. 2 Medals,
Granted 1878.

Orlcney.

49. RousAY Society. — Convener, General Burroughs of Rousay, Orkney ;

Secretary, Wm. Seatter, Saviskaill, Rousay. 2 Medals. Granted

1878.

Perthshire.

50. CuLROSS Society. — Convener, John J. Dalgleish of West Grange ; Secre-

tary, Wm. Clark, Pitfirrane Estate Office, Dunfermline, 3 Medals.
Granted 1879.

51. Middle District of Athole and Tdllymet. — Convener, V^m.. Dick ot

Tullymet, Ballinluig ; Secretary, John S. Grant, Tullymet, Ballinluig.
1 Medal. Granted 1878.

52. Moulin Association. — Convener, Alexander Forbes, Pitfourie, Pit-

lochry; Secretary, R. ]\I'Gillewie, Balnadrum, Pitlochry. 1 Medal.
Granted 1881.

53. Stormont Union Society. — Convener, Sir Alex. Muir Mackenzie of

Delvine, Bart. ; Secretary, Robert Graut, The Pleasance, Coupar
Angus. 5 Medals. Granted 1880.

54. Strathearn Ornithological Society. — Convener, C. H. Dundas, Ger-

richrew, Dunira, Crieff ; Secretary, James M'Laren, jun., Crieff. 2
Medals. Granted 1880.

Renfrewshire.

55. Eaglesham Society. — Convener, William Gillies, Writer, PoUokshaws ;

Secretary, Wm. Dykes, Polnoon Mains, Eagk-sliam. 1 !Medal.
Granted 1878.

56. LocHWiNNOCH Society. — Co7irc7ier, William Bartlemore, County Buill-

ings, Paisley ; Secretary, William Logan of Cloak, Writer, Lochwin-
noch. 2 Medals. Granted 1^81.

Ross-shire.

Tu. Black Isle Society. — Convener, James Fletcher of Rosehaugh, Avoch ;
Srrri'tan/, James R. Mitchell, Drvnie, Inverness. 6 Medals. Granted
1879 and 1881.

58. Wester Ross Club. — Convener, Sir Kenneth S. Mackenzie of Gairloch,
]>art., Coiian House, Dingwall ; Secretary, David Ross, Banker, Ding-
wall. 4 Medals. Granted 1877.

50 PEEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881.

Btirlmgshire.

59. Campsie, Strathblane, and Baldernock Society. — Convener, Sir

Charles E. F. Stirling of Glorat, Bart., Milton of Campsie ; Secretary ^
James Slinimon, Balcorrach, Campsie. 2 Medals. Granted 1879.

60. Gargunnock Society. — Convener, Sir Henry J. Seton Steuart of Allan-

ton, Bart,, Stirling ; Secretary, Thomas Leishman, 25 Park Terrace,
Stirling. 2 Medals. Granted 1877.

61. Kilsyth Society. — Convener, James Patrick, Queenziebiirn, Milton of

Campsie ; Secretary, E. M. Lennox, Victoria Place, Kilsyth. 2
Medals. Granted 1880.

The Medals are given for five consecutive years.

Applications from other Districts must be lodged with the Secretary^of
the Society hy \st November next.

RULES OF competition.

1. All Competitions must be at the instance of a local Society.

2. The classes for which Medals are granted must be in accordance with
the list at pages 45 and 46. The Conmiittee shall select the classes, and
specify them in the return. '-:^"/>9

3. In each District the Convener (who must be a member of the Society
appointed by the Dii^ectors) shall fix the time and place of Competition,
appoint the Judges, and make all other necessary arrangements, in concur-
rence with the other Members of the Society, and the local Association of
the District. p .,, ,

4. The Money Premiums given in the District must be £2 for each
Medal claimed.

5. The Medal for Sheep Shearing shall not be awarded unless there are
three competitors, and it shall always accompany the highest Money Pre-
mium. There must not be fe^er than two competitors in all the classes.

6. Blank reports will be furnished to all the Conveners of the different
Districts. These must, in all details, be completed and lodged with the
Secretary on or before the \st of November next, with the exception of green
crop reports, which must be forw^arded on or before the 20th of December,
for the approval of the Directors, against whose decisions there shall be no
appeal.

7. When a grant has expired, the District cannot apply again for aid for
two years.

Section 8.— PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.

The Minor Silver Medal will be given to the winner of the
first or highest Premium at Ploughing Competitions, provided
a Eeport in the following terms is made to the Secretary, within
one month of the Competition, by a Member of the Society : —

FORM OF REPORT.

T of Member of the Highland and

Agricultural Society, hereby certify that I attended the Ploughing
Match of the Association at in the county

of on the when ploughs

competed ; of land was assigned to each, and hours

were allowed for the execution of the work. The sum of £
was awarded in the following proportions, \t.z. : —
[Here enumerate the names and designations of successful Competitors.]

PREMIUMS OFFEEED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881. 51

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. All Matches must be at the instance of a local Society or Ploughing
Association, and no Match at the instance of an individual, or confined to
the tenants of one estate, will be recognised.

2. The title of such Society or Association, together with the name and
address of the Secretary, must be registered with the Secretary of the High-
land and Agricultural Society, 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

3. Not more than one i\Iatch in the same season can take place within the
bounds of the same Society or Association.

4. All reports must be lodged witliin one month of the date of the Match,
and certified by a Member of the Highland and Agricultural Society who
was present at it.

5. A Member can only report one Match, and a Ploughman cannot carry
more than three Medals in the same season.

6. To warrant the grant of the Medal there must have been twelve ploughs
in Competition, and Three Pounds awarded in Premiums by the local
Society. The Medal to be given to the winner of the first or highest prize.

7. Ploughmen shall not be allowed any assistance, and their work must
not be set up nor touched by others ; on land of average tenacity the
ploughing should be at the rate of an imperial acre in ten hours, and atten-
tion should be given to the firmness and sufficiency of the work below,
more than to its neatness above the surface.

( 52 )

CLASS III.

COTTAGES AND GAEDENS.

The following Premiums are offered for Competition in the
Parishes after mentioned.

The Premiums for Cottages and Gardens are given for five
consecutive years.

Section L— PEEMIUMS FOE BEST KEPT COTTAGES

AXD GAEDENS.

1. Best kept Cottage — One Pound ; and where there are four Com-

petitors— INIinor Silver Medal.
Second best — Ten Shillings.
Third best — ]\Iinor Silver Medal.

2. Best kept Cottage Garden — One Pound ; and where there are four

Competitors — Minor Silver Medal.
Second best — Ten Shillings.
Third best — Minor Silver Medal

Aberdeenshire.

1. Methlick Horticultural Society. — Convener, John Grant, Banker,

Methlick ; Secretary, James Allan, Methlick. Granted 1877.

Argyllshire.

2. Oban. — Convener, Neil Macdonald of Dunach, Oban ; Secretary, Donald

Macgregor, Sohcitor, Oban. Granted 1880.

Dumhartonshire.

3. Carbross.— Secretary, Mrs Murray, Moore Park, Cardross. Granted

1881.

Edin h urghshire.

4. Calders Union Horticultural Society. — Convener, K. G. Smith,

Georgeville, Mid-Calder ; Secretary, James B. Smith, Greenloan
Cottage, Kirknewton. Granted 1878.

5. CuRRiE AND Balerno. — Convener, Sir James H. Gibson-Craig of

Eiccarton, Bart., Currie ; Secretary, Alexander Maltman, Rosebank,
CmTie. Granted 1881.

Fifeshire.

6. North of Fife Horticultural Society. — Convener, John Mitchell,

Fliskmillan, Cupar Fife; Secretary, George Leslie, Luthrie, Cupar
Fife. Granted 1878.

Kincardineshire.

7. Mearns Amateur Horticultural Society. — Convener, D. A. Pearson

of Johnston, Lamencekirk ; Secretary, James Burgess, Laurencekirk.
Granted 1878.

PEEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881. 53

Lanarkshire.

8. Abington Floral and Horticultural Society. — Convener, John

Morton, Nether Abington, Abington ; Secretary, Matthew M'Kendrick,
Abington. Granted 1881.

Linlithgowshire.

9. Dalmeny and Queensferry Horticultural Society. — Convener,

Peter Glendinning, Leuchold, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh ; Secretary,
John Allan, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh. Granted 1879.

Perthshire.

10. Braco Horticultural Society. — Convener, John Kinross, Gannochan,

Braco ; Secretary, George Dingwall, Ardoch Gardens, Braco. Granted
1878.

11. Dunning Horticultural Society. — Converter, James Fen wick, Lead-

kettj. Dunning ; Secretary, Johnstone Wright, Dunning. Granted
1880.

12. FORGANDENNY.— (7or^^•ener, T. T. Oliphant of Kossie, Queen Marys, St

Andrews ; Secretary, A. M. Nicholson, Craigbank, Forgandenny,
Bridge of Earn. Granted 1877.

13. Muthill Horticultural Society. — Convener, Henry Curr, Pitkellony,

Muthill ; Secretary, Malcolm Finlayson, Pitkellony Office, Muthill.
Granted 1877.

Ross-shire.

14. Wester Ross Horticultural Society. — Convener, Sir Kenneth S.

Mackenzie of Gairloch, Bart. ; Secretary, David Munro, 65 High
Street, Dingwall. Granted 1881.

Stirlingshire.

15. KlLLEARN Society. — Convener, David Edmond of Ballochruin, Balfron ;

Secretary, John M'Intyre, Kirkhouse, Killearn. Granted 1879.

Sutherlandshire.

16. Skibo Association. — Convener, Evan C. Sutherland Walker of Skibo,

Skibo Castle, Sutherland. Granted 1879.

Wigtoxonshire.

17. Inch. — Convener, Earl of Stair, K.T., Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Wig-

townshire ; Secretary, Tliomas C. Greig, Rephad, Stranraer. Granted
1879.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. Competitions may take place in the different parishes for Cottages and
Gardens, or for either separately.

2. The occupiers of Lod<'es at Gentlemen's Approach Gates and Gar-
dener's Houses are excluded, as well as others whom the Committee con-
sider, from their i)osition, not to be entitled to compete. The inspection
must be completed by the 1st of October. In makinj^ the inspection, the
Conveners may take the assistance of any competent judges.

3. It is left to the Committee of tlie district to regulate the maximum
annual rent of the Cottages, which may, with the garden, be from £b to £1.

54 PEEMIUMS OFFEEED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881.

4. A person who has gained the highest Premium cannot compete again,
but will be entitled to a Medal if certified by the Committee to be equal in
merit to the first on the list of Competitors.

5. If the Cottage is occupied by the proprietor, the roof must be in good
repair ; if the roof is thatch, it must be in good repair, though in the occu-
pation of a tenant. The interior and external conveniences must be clean
and orderly — the windows must be free of broken glass, clean, and affording
the means of ventilation. Dunghills, and all other nuisances, must be
removed from the front and gables. In awarding the Cottage Premiums,
preference will be given to Competitors who, in addition to the above requi-
sites, have displayed the greatest taste in ornamenting the exterior of their
houses, and the ground in front and at the gables.

6. In estimating the claims for the Garden Premiums, the judges should
have in view : — The sufficiency and neatness of the fences and walks ; the
cleanness of the ground ; the quality and choice of the crops ; and the
general productiveness of the garden.

7. Reports, stating the number of Competitors, the names of successful
parties, and the nature of the exertions which have been made by them,
must be transmitted by the Conveners to the Secretary on or before the 1st
November next.

8. When a grant has expired, the District cannot apply again for aid for
two years.

Parishes desirous of these Premiums must lodge applications with the
Secretary o?i or before the 1st November next.

Section 2.— MEDALS FOR COTTAGES AND GARDENS

OE GARDEN PRODUCE.

The Society will issue annually two Medium Silver Medals to
a limited number of local Associations or individuals, who at
their own expense establish Premiums for Cottages or Gardens
under £15 of Rent. The Medals may be awarded for best
kept Cottage, and best kept Garden or Elower Plot, or Garden
Produce.

Local Associations or individuals desirous of these Medals, must lodge
applications with the Secretary on or before the 1st November next. The
Medals are given for five consecutive years.

A berdeenshire.

1. Udnt Horticultural Society. — Oonrmer, Alexander Keith, Chapelton,

Ellon ; Secretary, Thomas Duguid, Ardmore, Udny. 2 Medals.
Granted 1881.

Ayrshire.

2. Galston Horticultural Society. — Convener, Robert Mackie, Loudoun

Cottage, Galston ; Secretary, Thomas Paterson, Galston. 2 Medals.
Granted 1881.

D umharto nshire.

3. Vale of Levex and Dumbarton Horticultural Society.— Convener,

J. M. Martin, vr. of Auchendemian, Bloomhill, Cardioss ; Secretary,
Robert Warnock, 88 Bridge Street, Alexandria, N.B. Granted 1879.

PREMimiS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1881. 55

Fifeshire.

4. Dysart Horticultural Society. — Convener, James T. Oswald of

Dunnikier, Kirkcaldy ; Secretary, Alexander Justice, Sinclairton,
Kirkcaldy. Granted 1877.

5. Kirkcaldy Horticultural Society. — Convener, William Drysdale of

Kilrie, Kinghorn ; Secretary, John Leslie, West Mills, Kirkcaldy.
Granted 1880.

Lanarkshire.

6. Albert Gardens Association, Glasgow. — Secretary, George D. Miller,

16 Mathieson Street, Glasgow. Granted 1877.

7. Bothwell Horticultural Society. — Convener, Dr Bruce Goff, Wood-

lea, Botliwell ; Secretary, Robert Home, Schoolhouse, Bothwell.
Granted 1876. (In abeyance in 1880.)

8. Oarnwath Horticultural Society. — Convener, George Russell,

Carnwath ; Secretary, David Aitken, Camwath. Granted 1880.

9. Gartsherrie Works Horticultural Society. — Secretary, Robert

Thorn, 1 Southpark Cottage, Bellshill. 2 Medals. Granted 1881.

10. New Victoria Gardens, Lily Bank Road, Glasgow. — Secretary,

James Walker, 86 Ardgowan Street, Glasgow. Granted 1878.
(One year in abeyance.)

11. Saracen Public Gardens, Fossil Park, Glasgow. — Convener, Walter

Macfarlane, 22 Park Circus, Glasgow ; Secretary, William Manson,
348 Saracen Street, Possil Park, Glasgow. Granted 1879.

12. Shettleston Horticultural Society. — Secretary, James Dickson,

144 Main Street, Tollcross, Glasgow. 2 ^ledals. ' Granted 1881.

Nairnshire.

13. Auldearn Flower Show. — Convener, Hugh Brodie of Brodie, Brodie

Castle, Forres ; Secretary, James Carson, Auldearn, Nairn.. Granted
1880.

Perthshire.

14. Blairgowrie and Rattray Horticultural Society. — Convener,

John Anderson, Royal Hotel, Blairgowrie'; Secretary, Henry Dryerre,
Croft House, BlairgoNvrie. Granted 1880.

15. Bread albane, Weem, Strathtay, and Grandtully Horticultural

Society — Convener, E. 0. Douglas of Killiechassie, Aberfeldy; Joint-
Secretaries, D. Macdiarniid, Bank of Sotland, Aberfeldy, and Peter
Haggart, Keltneybum, Aberfeldy. Granted 1879.

16. DUNKELD AND BiRNAM HORTICULTURAL AND POULTRY As.SOCIATION. —

Convener, John Macgregor, Ladywell, Dunkeld ; Secretanj, Robert
Robertson, Ladywell, Dunkeld. Granted 1880.

17. LOGIEALMOND AND GlENAL>[OND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — ConvClXCr,

(Inoiue 11. Mercer of Gorthie, (Jh-n Tulchan House, Perth ; Secretary,
Daniel Paton, Harrietfield, Perth. Granted 1878.

REGULATIONS.

1. Competitions may take place in tlie dilfercnt districts for Cottages and
Gardens, or for either separately.

2. The annual value of each Cottage, with the ground occupied in the
parisli by a C()ni])etitor, must not exceed £15.

3. If C()nij)etili(m takes place for Garden Produce in place of tlie best
kept Garden, such produce must be bona fide grown in the Exhibitor's

56 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1881.

Garden, and he will not be allowed to make up a collection from any other
Garden.

4. Blank reports will be furnished to the Conveners and Secretaries of the
different Districts. These must, in all details, be completed and lodged
with the Secretary on or before the 1st November next, for the approval of the
Directors, against whose decisions there shall be no appeal.

5. When a grant has expired, the District cannot apply again for aid for
two years.

Section 3.— IMPEOVING EXISTING COTTAGES.

To the Proprietor in Scotland who shall report the Improvement of the
greatest number of Cottages during the years 1878, 1879, and 1880 — The
Gold Medal.

Section 4.— BUILDING NEW COTTAGES.

To the Proprietor in Scotland who shall report the Erection of the greatest
number of approved Cottages during the years 1877, 1878, 1879, and 1880 —
The Gold Medal.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. Claims for the Premiums Nos. 3 and 4 must be lodged with the Secre-
tary on or before the 1st of October next, to allow an inspection to be made
of the different Cottages. The inspection will be conducted by a Committee
of the Society's MemlDers, and Eeports must be transmitted to the Secretary
on or before the 1st November next.

2. The annual value of the Cottage or Cottages separately, with the garden
ground, must not exceed £6.

3. In estimating the claims of the Competitors, the following points will
be kept in view : — The external appearance of the Cottages ; their internal
accommodation ; the arrangements of the out-houses ; the means of drainage
and ventilation ; and the expense of the building or of the alteration, com-
pared with its durability and accommodation. When the Cottages of one
Competitor are superior in style and comfort to those of another, though
not so numerous, the Inspectors will give them preference, provided they
amount at least to three, and have been erected at a moderate expense.

4. Parties competing will forward to the Society Plans, Specifications,
and Estimates, of which, and of all information sent therewith, copies may
be taken for publication, if the Society shall see fit, and the originals re-
turned to the parties within six months, if desired.

HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF SCOTLAND.

GENERAL SHOW OF STOCK AND IMPLEMENTS

S T I E L I N G

On 26th, 27th, 28th, and 29th July 1881.

llrtsiLicnt of lj)e ^otutn.

His Grace The DUKE OF KICHMOND AXD GOEDOX, K.G.

Cljairman of tlje %ocn{ Commitkt*

Sir JAMES R. GIBSOX-MAITLAXD of Clifton Hall, Bart.

The District connected with the Show comprises the Counties of Stirling.
Dumbarton, and Clackmannan, and the Western Division of Perthshire.

EEGULATIONS.

GENERAL CONDITIONS.

1. The Competition is open to Exhibitors from all parts of the United
Kingdom.

2. Every Lot must be intimated by a Certificate of Entry, lodged with the
Secretary not later than the '3d of June for Invplenients, and 10th of June for
Stock and other Entries. Printed forms will be issued on application to the
Secretary, No. 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh. Admission Orders will
be forwarded to Exhibitors, by post, previous to the Show.

3. Protests against the awards of the Judges must be lodged with the
Secretary not later than 9 a.m. on Wednesday, 27th July, and parties must
be in attendance at the Committee-Pioom, in the Show- Yard, at 10 a.m.
that day, when protests will be disposed of.

4. Protests lodged for causes which the protestor produces no good
evidence to substantiate, will render him liable to be reported to the Board
of Directors, with the view, if they see reason, to his being prohibited from
again entering stock for a General Show.

5. The Society shall not be liable for any loss or damage which Stock,
Poultry, Implements, or other articles may sustain at the Show, or in transit.

6. The decisions of the Board of Directors are final in all questions re-
specting Premiums and all other matters connected witii the Show, and it
shall not be competent for any P^xhibitor to appeal against such decisions to,
nor seek redress in respect of them from, any other tribunal,

7. Covered Booths for Offices (9 feet by !) feet), purely for business, not for
exhibition of goods, can be had for £',i, lOs. to ^lembers, and £b to Non-
Members. Intimation to be made to the Secretary before the 1st of July.

8. No lights allowed in the Yard at night, and Smoking is strictly pro-
hibited within the sheds. Those infringing this llule will be fined lOs.

9. As the command of water in the Yard is limited, it is particularly re-
quested that waste be avoided.

10. When the ground require.s to be broken, the turf must be carefully
lifted and laid aside, and the surface must be restored to the satisfaction of
the Society, and at the expense of the Exhibitor.

11. All persons admitted into the Show-Vartl shall be subject to the
Kules and Orders of the Directors.

12. The violation by an Exhibitor of anyone of the Regulations will involve
the forfeiture of all Premiums awarded to him, or of such a portion as the
Directors may orduiii.

58 GENERAL SHOW AT STIRLIXG IX 1881.

13. Eaihvay Passes for unsold stock and implements must be applied for
at the Committee Eoom in the Yard between 9 and 11 o'clock on the fore-
noon of Thursday and Friday.

14. The Show terminates at 5 r.:M. on' Friday, 29th July, and no animals
or article can be withdrawn before that hour. Stock and Implements may
remain in the Yard till Saturday afternoon.

15. The Premiums awarded will be paid in November 1881, and, with the
exception of the Tweeddale Gold Medal and the Silver Medals, may be taken
either in money or in plate.

STOCK AND POULTRY.

16. Stock and Poultry to be entered with the Secretary on or before the 10th
day of June. Received in the Yard on Monday, 25th, and till 10 a.m. on
Tuesday, 26ih July. Judged at 11 a.m. on Tuesday. Exhibited on Tuesday,
Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, 26th, 27th, 2Sth, and 29th July.

17. All animals must be entered in the sections applicable to their ages, and
cannot be withdrawn after entry.

18. No animal to be allowed to compete in more than one section, except
Horses in Sections 13, 14, and 15, which may be also entered in Section 16.

19. Shorthorn and.Gallowayanimals must be entered in the herd books, or the
exhibitor must produce evidence that his animal is eligible to be entered therein.

20. Stock must be bona fide the inoperty and in the possession o/the Ex-
hibitor from the 10th June (the last day of Entry).

21. The schedule of Entry must be filled up so far as within the knowledge
of the Exhibitor.

22. The name of the Breeder, if known, must be given, and if the Breeder
is not known a declaration to that efl'ect, signed by the Exhibitor, must be sent
along with the Schedule, and no pedigree will be entered in the Catalogue
when the Breeder is unknown.

23. Should it be proved to the satisfaction of the Directors that an animal
has been entered under a false name, pedigree, or description, for the purpose
of misleading the Directors or Judges as to its qualification or properties, the
case shall be reported to the first General Meeting, in order that the Exhibitor
shall be disqualified from again competing at the Society's Shows, and his
name, if he be a Member, struck from the roll, or his case otherwise disposed
of as the Directors may determine.

24. An animal which has gained a first premium at a General Show
of the Society cannot again compete in the same seciiori.

25. When an animal has previously been disqualified by the decision of any
Agricultural Association in Great Britain or Ireland, such disqualification shall
attach, if the Exhibitor, being aware of the disqualification, fail to state it, and
the grounds thereof, in his entry, to enable the Directors to judge of its validity.

26. Breeding Stock must not be shoMTi in an improper state of fatness, and
the Judges will be prohibited from awarding Premiums to overfed animals.

27. No animal shall bear on its rug, harness, pail, or other fittings, any
initial, crest, or mark of ownership, nor be distinguished otherwise than by
the number indicating its place in the Catalogue.

28. Any artificial contrivance or device of any description found on an
animal either for preventing the flow of milk or for any other purpose, will
disqualify that animal from being awarded a Premium, and the Owner of
said animal will be prohibited from again entering stock for any of the
Society's General Shows, or for such a period as the Directors may see fit.

29. Exhibitors shall be answeraljle for all acts, whether committed by them-
selves, their servants, or others, and shall be responsible for the condition of
their animals during the whole time they remain in the Show- Yard.

30. No animal to be taken out of its stall after 10 a.m. during the Show,
except by order of the Judges, or with permission of the Secretary. Those
infringinw this Rule will be fined 10s.

GENERAL snow AT STIRLLXG IN 1881. 59

31. Aged Bulls and Stallions must have had produce, and, along with Two-
year-old Bulls, Three-year-old Colts, and aged Tups have served within the year
of the Show.

32. All Cows must have had calves previous to the Show, and when exhi-
bited, they must either be in milk or in calf ; if in milk, birth must have been
within 9 months of the Show; if in calf, birth must be certified within 9 months
after the Show. In the case of Ayrshire Heifers in Calf, calved before 1st
January 1879, birth must be certified within 9 months after the Show.

33. All ISIilch Cows must have been milked dry the evening previous to
being judged, and they must, while within the Show- Yard, be milked morn-
ing and evening. The Judges will be instructed to withhold the prizes from
any animals overstrained or suffering from want of being milked.

34. Ayrshire Cows in milk will be inspected by Veterinary Surgeons
appointed by the Directors before the judging commences, and those Cows
found over strained from excess of milk will be prevented from being placed
before the Judcres.

35. Two-year-old Heifers — of the Short-horn and Polled Breeds — must be hi
calf when exhibited, and the premiums will be withheld till birth be certified,
which must be within 9 months after the Show. Animals of any age that
have had a calf must be shown as Cows.

36. Mares in Sections 5 and 12 must have produced foals after 1st January
18S1, and foals must be at foot, except when death can be proved. Mares in
Section 6 must be in foal, and awards will be suspended till birth is certified,
which must be within 11 months from the date of the Show.

37. With reference to regulations 33 and 35, birth of at least a seven months'
calf must be certified ; and in regard to regulation 36, birth of at least a nine
Tiionths' foal.

38. Horses entered as suitable for Field are expected to be jumped in the
Horse Ring, but this is not compulsory except when the animals are being
judged, and then only if required by the Judges. Those entered for leaping
must be jumped in the Horse-Ring at each Parade during the Show. Those
refusing will be liable to a penalty of 10s. each Parade.

39. The inspection of Horses as to soundness is left entirely to the Judges,
who may consult the Society's Veterinary Surgeon if they deem it expedient.

40. No protests on veterinary grounds will be received.

41. All Ewes must have reared Lambs in 1881 ; and Ewes in Sections 3 and
8 (Blackfaced and Cheviot) must be in milk, and have their Lambs at foot.

42. Sheep must have ber^n clipped bare during the season, and the Judges
are instructed to examine the fleeces of the Sheep selected for prizes, and to
cast those on which they find any of the former fleece. Fleeces must not be
artilicially coloured.

43. Sows must have reared pigs in 1881, or be in pig: and Pigs must
belong to the same litter, and be uncut.

44. In Poultry the Aged Birds must have been hatched previous to, and
Cockerels and Pullets in, 1881. No dubbing is allowed in the male birds of
tlie Game Breeds. In the sections for Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, and Hens and
Pullets of the Game jmd Malay Breeds, the lots to consist of one bird only.

45. Tlie Yard will be open for Stock on Monday, 25th .Tuly, and between
Six and Ten o'clock on the morning of Tuesday, 2Gth, after which hour iv>
Stock can be admitted.

46. Bulls must be secured by nose rings, with chains or ropes attached, or
with strong halters and double ropes. All cattle nuist be tied in their stalls.

47. Servants in charge of Stock must bring tht-ir own buckets or pails,
and a piece of rope to carr}' their forage.

48. Strong loose boxes will bo provided for StuUifms and three and two-
year old Entire Colts, in wliich they can remain all night, and loose boxes for
Mares with foal at foot ; dosed-in stables for all the other horses, and covered

60 GENERAL SHOW AT STIELING IN 1881.

accommodation for the whole of the other stock. Night accommodation will
be provided for Attendants on Stock, and those requiring the same must make
application when they return their Entry Schedules, and remit the charge
along with their stall rent.

49. Straw, hay, grass, and tares will be provided free by the Society
during the four days of the Show ; other kinds of food will be supplied at
fixed prices in the forage yard. Any Servant removing bedding from an
adjoining stall will be fined in double the amount taken. Exhibitors may
fetch their own cake or corn to the Yard, but not grass, tares, hay, nor straw.
Coops, food, and attendance for Poultry will be found by the Society.

50. Cattle, Sheep, Swine, or Poultry cannot be removed from the Yard till
5 P.M. on Friday, 29th July, except on certificate by the Veterinary Surgeon
employed by the Directors.

51. Horses may be withdrawn at 6 o'clock each evening on a deposit of ^2 for
each animal, which shall be forfeited if the animal is not brought back. They
must return at half-past 7 o'clock the following morning, and those not in
before 8 will forfeit 10s. Horse passes to be applied for at the Committee
Room between 5 and 6 p.m. on Tuesday, and the deposit will be returned
between 12.30 and 2.30 on Friday.

52. When the Stock is leaving the Yard, no animal is to be moved till
ordered by those in charge of clearing the Yard. Those transgressing this
Rule will be detained till all the other Stock is removed.

JUDGING STOCK AND POULTRY.

53. On Tuesday, 26th July, Exhibitors, and all others except Servants in
charge of Stock, must leave the Yard at 10 a.m.

54. The Judges will commence their inspection at 11 a.m., when the public
will be admitted. The space reserved for the Judges will be enclosed by
ropes, and no encroachment will be permitted. In no case shall a Premium
be awarded unless the Judges deem the animals to have sufficient merit ; and
where only one or two lots are presented in a section, and the Judges con-
sider them unworthy of the premiums offered, it shall be in their power to
award a lower prize, or to suggest the removal of any lot which appears to
them unworthy of being placed in the Yard.

55. In addition to the Premiums, the Judges are authorised to award
three Commendations in each section (except Poultry, where only two
prizes are to be awarded) if the entries are numerous and the animals of
sufficient merit. These Commendations to consist of — Very Highly Com-
mended, Highly Commended, and Commended.

56. The animals in Sections 10 and 11 (Ayrshire Breed) which have not
calved before the Show will be judged along with Cows in Calf, and those in
Section 12 which have calved before the Show will be judged along with Cows
in Milk.

57. Two ISIembers of Committee will attend each Section of the Judges.
It will be their duty to see that no obstruction is ofi'ered to them, and that
the space reserved for them is not encroached on ; to communicate to the
Secretary any question that may arise for the consideration of the Committee ;
to complete their reports ; and to ticket the prize animals.

58. It shall not be competent for any Exhibitor, nor for his Factor or Land-
Steward, to act as a Judge or Attending Member in any class in which he is
competing ; and no Exhibitor shall remain in charge of any lot, whether be-
longing to himself or another, while the Judges are at work in the Yard.

COLLIE DOGS.

59. Collie Dogs to be entered with the Secretary on or before 10th June.
Received in the Showyard on Monday 25th July, and till 10 a.m. on Tuesday
26th July. Judged at 11 a.m. on Tuesday. Exhibited Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, and Friday, 26th, 27th, 28th, and 29th July.

60. Collies must each have a collar and chain. They will be fed by the

Members.

Non-Members

s. d.

15 0

30 0

20 0

10 0

15 0

3 0

10 0

70 0

100

GENEKAL SHOW AT STIRLIXG IN 1881. 61

Society and may be taken out at night ou deposit of ^1, which will be returned
at the termination of the Show.

STALL KENT.

61. The following rates shall be paid by Exhibitors when making their
Entries : —

Cattle, each, .....
Loose boxes for Stallions — 3 and 2 year old
entire Colts, and Mares with Foals at foot,
All other Horses, each,
Sheep, per pen, ....

Swine, per pen, ....

Poultry, each entry, ....
Collie Dogs, each, ....
Kight accommodation for Attendants, each, .
Covered Booths for offices, 9 feet by 9 feet, .
Newspaper offices, . . =£2, 10s.

IMPLEMENTS AND OTHER ARTICLES.

62. Implements to be entered with the Secretary on or before 3d June.
Received in the Yard on Tuesday, 19th July, and till ten o'clock on the
morning of Tuesday, 26th July. Exhibited Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,
and Friday, 26th, 27th, 28th, and 29th July.

63. No Money Prizes or Medals will be given for Implements of any kind,
and no inspection of them by J iidges will take place, except those specified at p. 15.

64. Agricultural Implements, and Implements and collections of articles not
Agricultural, will be received for Exhibition, but the Secretary will be entitled
to refuse Entries from dealers in articles not deemed worthy of Exhibition.

65. Implements will be placed in the following sections, the Exhibitors'
names being in alphabetical order, viz. : — 1st, Under cover; 2d, Open ; 3d,
Under cover, for articles not in motion belonging to Exhibitors in motion
yard ; 4th, Motion yard ; 5th, Under cover for exhibits not agricultural to be
entered as such, and special arrangements made with the Secretary. Exhi-
bitors must intimate in which section their Exhibits are to be placed, and
specify the space they require.

66. The articles of each Exhibitor will be all placed in one stand, except
implements in motion, and must not on any account extend beyond the
width allowed. No article to be moved out of its stand, or the stnnd dis-
mantled, till the termination of the Show, at 5 r.M. on Friday, 29th July.
Those infringing this rule will be reported to the Directors,

67. Exhibitors must arrange their owm articles icithin the space allotted to
them before 11 o'clock on Tuesday the 26th July, and to the sati.sfoction of
those in charge of the Implement Yard.

68. Exhibitors must (^\\ noiicconnt leave their stands during the judging of
Stock, and if found in the Stock Yard tliey will be fined 1(K

69. All ISIachines requiring steam or fire nuist be entered as such in the
Certificate, and will be placed in the Motion Yard. Coke must be used in
all cxses where fire is required.

70. No Steam Engine shall be driven in the Yard at a greater speed than
6 miles an hour.

7L Locomotive and Traction Engines and other Machines must not be
moved from their ])laces without permission of the Secretary, and must not
be moved from their stands till 5.30 p.m. on Friday.

72. There must be attached to each Implement, when forwarded to the
Show, a label bearing the l''\hil)itor'.s name, and that of the implement.

73. The carriage ot all Implements must be prepaid.

02 GENERAL SHOW AT STIRLING IN 1881.

STALL RENT.

74. No smaller space than 6 feet frontage, 20 feet deep (in Motion Yard
50 feet deep), can be allowed fur Implements, and, except for exhibits not
agriciiltura], no boarding shall exceed 4 feet in height.

75. Implement Exhibitors who are Members of the Society are entitled to
either 20 feet by 20 feet of open space free ; or in Motion Yard 8 feet by 50
feet of open space free ; for additional space the charge is as follows : —

Non-
Members. Members.
Implement Shedding, 20 leet deep, per foot . .£030 £040
Implements without Shedding, 20 feet deep, per foot 0 10 0 2 0
Implement Shedding in Motion Yard, 20 feet deep with

30 feet open space behind . . . . .046 07
Implements in Motion Yard, without shedding, 50 feet

deep, per foot 026 050

Covered Booths for offices, 9 feet by 9 feet . . . 3 10 0 5 0 0

Newspaper offices £2, 10s.

ADMISSION TO YARD.

The public will be admitted on Tuesday, 26th July, at 11 a.m., when the
inspection by the Judges commences. The charges will be — Tuesday, from
11 A.M. till 5 P.M., 5s; Wednesday, from 8 a.m. till 5 p.m., 2s. 6d. ; Thurs-
day, from 8 A.M. till 5 p.m., Is. ; Friday, from 8 a.m. till 5 p.m. 6d.

Members of the Society are admitted to the Show- Yard without payment,
onexlnhituig Si "Memhei-'s Ticket" which is strictly not transferable. Tickets
will be sent to all Members residing in the Counties connected with the Show.
Members residing in other localities must apply for Tickets at the Secretary'.s
Office, 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh, before the I6th of July.

Exhibitors of Stock (not Members) will be charged 5s. for admission to
the judging on Tuesday ; on Wednesda}'- at 8 a.m., and throughout the
Show they will be admitted free.

Exhibitors of Implements and their attendants will be entitled to free
entry duiing the Show, but must remain at their stalls during the judging of
the Stock on Tuesday.

Tickets for attendants on Stock and Implements are not available to
admit to the Yard between 11 a.m. and 5 p.m. ; and any attendant requiring
to leave the Yard during the day, cannot be again admitted except by a
special pass ("to be applied for at the Committee Room), which must be given
up on his return.

Placards are prohibited both inside the Show- Yard and on the outside of
the Boundary Fence, with the exception of those belonging to Exhibitors,
whose right is confined to their own stalls. No newspapers or any other
article allowed to be carried about the Yard for sale. No strolling bands
admitted.

No Carriages or Equestrians admitted without special leave from the
Directors, and then only for Invalids. Bath chairs may he brought in.

Premium Lists, Regulations, and Certificates of Entry, may be obtained by
applying at the Secretary's Office, No. 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

All Communications should he addressed to Fletcher Norton Menzies, Esq.,
Secretary of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, No. 3
George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

LAST DAYS OF ENTRY.

Implements — Friday, 3d June.

Stock and all other E^^itpjes — Friday, 10th June.

GENERAL SHOW AT STIIILING IN 1881. 63

RAILWAY AREANGEMENTS.

The Caledoniiin, North British, and Glasgow and South-Western Railway
Companies have adopted the following regulations : —

1. Stock and Implements to the Show to be charged full rates.

2. From the Show, if sold, full rates.

3. From the Show, if unsold, to be conveyed back at one-half the ordinary
charge to the station whence they were sent, on production of a certificate
from^the Secretary of the Show, to the effect that they are really unsold. This
Eegulation applies only if the Traffic is conveyed hy Goods Trains, there heing
no reduction in the rates ivhen it is conveyed hy Passenger Trains.

4. Horses — By Passenger or Special Train.

(a) A Stallion to be charged the rate for one Horse, plus 50 per cent.
(6) Any other Horse, for wliich the exclusive use of a horse-box is

ordered, to be charged the rate for one Horse, plus 50 per cent,
(c) Other Horses to be charged at ordinary rates.
-5. Bulls, Cows, and other Animals —

(a) A Bull, Cow, or other animal sent in a horse-box, and for which the

exclusive use of the box has been ordered, to be charged the rate
for three Horses.

(b) Bulls, Cows, or other animals sent in horse-boxes, but for which

the exckisive use of the box has not been ordered, to be charged
each the rate for one Horse, plus 50 per cent.

6. Poultiy.— The Companies give notice that they are not common carriers
•of poultry; they will, however, to accommodate the public, carry such by
special agreement only, and at special rates, to be obtained at the Companies'
stations.

7. Dogs to be charged full rates both ways.

8. All the above to be carried at owners' risk.

9. Collection and Delivery to be performed in all cases by the owners.

The Highland and Great North of Scotland Railway Companies have
adopted tlie following Clearing-House Regulations . —

1. Stock and implements to the Show to be charged full rates.

2. From the Show, if sold, full rates.

3. From the Show, if unsold, to be conveyed at half rates back to the station
whence they were sent, on production of a certificate from the Secretary of
the Agricultural Show to the effect that they are really unsold.

4. All the above to be carried at owners' risk.

5. When agricultural machines and implements are carried under these
regulations to and from Shows, they nuist be invoiced station to station at the
ordinary rate.s. Collection and delivery at sending station, and delivery to,
or collection from, the Sliow-Yard to be performed by, or at the expense of
the owners.

6. Regulations Nos. 1, 2. »m] 3. as to Cattle and Horses, to apply only if
the traffic be conveyed in Cattle Waggons and by Goods Trains.

7. Poultry and Dogs to be charged full rates both ways.

8. No reduction in the ordinary rates for Horses or Cattle when conveyed
in Horse-boxes.

0, Parties requiring the exclusive u.sc of a lloi><'-bi>\ fur only one animal
to be charged one fare and a half.

The Xorth-Eastern Railwny Compnny has a<l<>pted the above Clearing-
Hou.se Regulations, e.vc(])t No. 0. wliicli they liave altered as follows : —
' If three stalls be occupied, or if tlie exclusive use of a box be ordered, 25
per cent, beyond the ordinary charge for three horses. '

64 GENEEAL SHOW AT STIRLING IN 1881.

PEEMIUMS.

The Tweeddale Gold Medal, value £20, ivill he given for the best
Shorthorn Bull in the Yard. All former Prize Animals are eligible
to comjoete.

In addition to the Premlujns, the Judges are authorised to aivard
three Commendations in each section (exceijt Poidti'y, where only
tioo prizes are to be aicarded) if the entries are numerous, and
the animals of suflcient merit. These Commendations to consist of
— Vei^y Highly Commended, Highly Commended, and Commended.

Premiums.

1st.

2d.

3d.

o
O

CLASS I. -CATTLE.

SHORTHORN.*

Section

1. Bull calved before 1st Jan. 1879,
Breeder of best Bull, The Silver Medal.

2. Bull calved on or after 1st Jan. 1879, .

3. Bull calved on or after 1st Jan. 1880, .

4. Cow of any age,

5. Heifer calved on or after 1st Jan. 1879,

6. Heifer calved on or after 1st Jan. 1880,

AYRSHIRE.

7. Bull calved before 1st Jan. 1879, . 20 10 5
Breeder of best Bull,— The Silver Medal.

8. Bull calved on or after 1st Jan. 1879, . 20 10 5

9. Bull calved on or after 1st Jan. 1880, . 10 5 3

10. Cow in Milk, calved before 1st Jan. 1878, 15 8 4

11 . Cow in Milk calved on or after 1st Jan. 1878, 15 8 4

12. Cow in Calf, of any age, or Heifer

in Calf, calved before 1st Jan. 1879, . 15 8 4

13. Heifer calved on or after 1st Jan. 1879, 10 5 3

14. Heifer calved on or after 1st Jan. 1880, 8 4 2

15. Cow of any age and three or more of

her descendants, male or female, . 15 8 4

£181

228

Carry forward, . . . £409

* The Tweeddale Gold Medal, value £20, will be given for the best Short-
horn Bull in the Yard. All former Prize Animals are eligible to compete. .

GENERAL SHOW AT STIELIXG IN 1881
Brought forward,

POLLED ANGUS OR ASERDEEN.

Section

16. Bull calved before 1st Dec. 1878,
Breeder of best Bull, The Silver Medal.

17. Bull calved on or after 1st Dec. 1878,

18. Bull calved on or after 1st Dec. 1879, .

19. Cow of any age, . . . .

20. Heifer calved on or after 1st Dec. 1878, .

21. Heifer calved on or after 1st Dec. 1879, .

;N 1881.

• •

£409

Premiums.

1st. 2d.

3d.

£ £

20 10

10 5

15 8

10 5

8 4

14-7

GALLOWAY.

22. Bull calved before 1st Jan. 1879, . 20 lO 5
Breeder of best Bull, — The Silver Medal.

23. Bull calved on or after 1st Jan. 1879, .

24. Bull calved on or after 1st Jan. 1880, .

25. Cow of any age, ....

26. Heifer calved on or after 1st Jan. 1879,

27. Heifer calved on or after 1st Jan. 1880,

HIGHLAND.

28. Bull calved before 1st Jan. 1878, . 20 lU 5
Breeder of best Bull,— The Silver Medal.

29. Bull calved on or after 1st Jan. 1878, . 20 10 5

30. Bull calved on or after 1st Jan. 1879, .10 5 3

31. Cow of any age, . . . 15 8 4

32. Heifer calved on or after 1st Jan. 1878, 10 5 3

33. lleifor calved on or after 1st Jan. 187'.», 8 4 2

147

Carry forward, . , £850

ijQ GENERAL SHOW AT STIRLING IN 1881.

Brought forward, . . . £850

Premiums.

FAT STOCK. 1st. 2d.

Section £ £

34. Highland Ox calved before 1st Jan. 1878, ^53

35. Highland Ox calved on or after 1st Jan. 1878, 4 2

36. Polled Ox calved before 1st Jan. 1879, . 5 3

37. Polled Ox calved on or after 1st Jan. 1879, 4 2

38. Ox, of any other Pure or Cross Breed, calved

before 1st Jan. 1879, . . .53

39. Ditto, calved on or after 1st Jan. 1879, . 4 2

40. Cross-bred Heifer calved before 1st Jan. 1879, 5 3

41. Cross-bred Heifer calved on or after 1st

Jan. 1879, . . . .42

CLASS ll.-HORSES.

Premiums.

FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES. Ist. 2d. 3d. 4th.

£ £ £ £

1. Stallion foaled before 1st Jan. 1878, 35 25 15 5
Breeder of best Stallion, — The Silver

Medal.

2. Entire Colt foaled on or after 1st

Jan. 1878, . . . 25 15 8 4

3. Entire Colt foaled on or after 1st

Jan. 1879, . . . 15 10 5 3

4. Entire Colt foaled on or after 1st

Jan. 1880, . . . 12 8 4 2

5. Mare (with Foal at foot) foaled

before 1st Jan. 1878, . . 25 15 8 4

6. Mare (in Foal) foaled before 1st Jan.

1878, . . . . 20 10 5 3

7. Filly foaled on or after 1st Jan. 1878, 15 8 4 2

8. Filly foaled on or after 1st Jan. 1879, 10 5 3 2

9. Filly foaled on or after 1st Jan. 1880, 8 4 2 1

10. Draught Gelding foaled before 1st

Jan. 1878, . . .842 —

11. Draught Gelding foaled on or after

1st Jan. 1878, . . .631 —

£906

Carry forward, . . . £369

GENERAL SHOW AT STIRLIXG IN 1881.

Erought forward, . .

Premiums.
1st. 2d. 3d.

£369

HUNTERS AND ROADSTERS.

Section

12. Brood Mare, with Foal at foot,

suitable for Field, .

13. Mare or Gelding, suitable for Field,

foaled before 1st Jan. 1877,

14. Mare or G-elding, suitable for Field,

foaled on or after 1st Jan. 1877,

15. Mare or G-elding, suitable as Hackney

or Eoadster, between 14 and 15
bands, ....

16. Stallion, Mare, or Gelding, for leap-

in''''

PONIES.

17. Highland Stallion, 14J hands and

under, ....

18. Highland Mare or Gelding, between

13 and 14J hands,

19. Mare or Gelding, between 12J and

14 hands, . . . .

20. Mare or Gelding, under 12| hands,

STALLIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

Stallion for Agricultural Purposes to serve
in the District of the Show in
season 1881; Comi^etition to take
place in spring.

£ £ £

20 10 —

10 5 —

15 10 5

4
4

2
2

100

BLACKFACED.

Section

1. 'J'lip alx^ve one shear,

2. Shearling Tup,

3. Three Ewes above one shear.
Lambs shown with Ewes,

4. Tiiree Shearlini; Ewes or Ginimers,
Aged Tuj), 2 EweB, 2 Shearlings, an«I 2

Lambs. Tlie Ewes to bavo Lambs in
Season 1881, and all bred by Exliibitor
except aged Tup,

5 H E E p.

Premiums.

1st.

2d.

. 12

4 2

135

100

£•632

Carry forward,

99
£99

GENERAL SHOW AT STIRLING IN 1881.

Brought forward,

£99

CHEVIOT.

Section

6. Tup above one shear,

7. Shearling Tup,

8. Three Ewes above one shear,
Lambs shown with Ewes,

9. Three Shearling Ewes or G-immers,

BORDER LEICESTER.

10. Tup above one shear,

11. Shearling Tup,

12. Three Ewes above one shear,

13. Three Shearling Ewes or G-immers,

LEICESTER.

14. Tup above one shear,

15. Shearling Tup,

16. Three Ewes above one shear,

17. Three Shearling Ewes or Gimmers,

COTSWOLD AND LINCOLN.

18. Tup above one shear,

19. Shearling Tup, ....

20. Three Ewes above one shear,

21. Three Shearling Ewes or Gimmers,

SHORT WOOLLED.

22. Tup above one shear,

23. Shearling Tup, ....

24. Three Ewes above one shear,

25. Three Shearling Ewes or Gimmers,

EXTRA SECTIONS.

26. Five Blackfaced Wethers, not above 4 shear,

27. Five Cheviot Wethers, not above 3 shear,

28. Five Half-bred* Wethers, not above 1 shear,
[29. Five Cross-bredf Wethers, not above 1 shear,

Premiums,
1st. 2d. 3d.

^' <^ <^

12 8 4

10 5 2

2 1 —

10 5 2

—

St.

2d.

* Half-breds must be the progeny of any kind of Long-"\Yoolled or Short-
Woolled Tup (except Blackfaced) with Cheviot Ewes.

t Cross-breds must be the offspring of any Whitefaced or Sliort-Woolled Tup
with Blackfaced Ewes, or the progeny of Blackfaced Tups with Whitefaced or
Short-WooUed Ewes.

GENERAL SHOW AT STIRLING IN 1881. 69

CLASS IV.-WOOL.

Premiums.
1st 2(3.

1. Woolled Tup, Blackfaced Breed,

2. Woolled Tup, Cheviot Breed,

3. Woolled Tup, Leicester Breed,

£15

Note. — Exhibitors do not require to make separate Entries for "Wool, as all the
Tups entered in the Breeds where Wool Prizes are offered are judged, and Tups
exhibited for Wool only must be entered in the sections applicable to their breed
and age in the class for Sheep.

CLASS V.-SWINE.

LARGE BREED.

1. Boar, ....

2. Sow, ....

3. Three Pigs, not above 8 months old,

BLACK OR BERKSniRE.

4. Boar, ....

5. Sow, ....

6. Three Pigs, not above 8 months old,

SMALL BREED.

7. Boar, ....

8. Sow, ....

9. Three Pigs, not above 8 months old,

Premiums.

1st.

2d.

3d.

o
O

£75

EXTRA STOCK.

Aninutls not included in the Sections for Competition may be ex-
hibited as Kxtra Stock, and will receive Honorary Premiums when
specially commended, as follows : —

CATTLE AND UORSES.

Very highly commended, . Medium Gold i\IodaI.

Highly commended, . . Minor Gold Medal.

Commended, . . . The Silver Medal.

GENERAL SHOW AT STIRLIXG IN 1881.

SHEEP AND SWINE.

Very highly commended,
B.ighly commended,
Commended,

Minor G-old Medal.
The Silver Medal.
Medium Silver Medal

CLASS VI.-COLLIE DOGS.

1. Long haired Dog, not above 6 years old,

2. Long haired Bitch, not above 6 years old,

3. Short haired Dog, not above 6 years old,

4. Short haired Bitch, not above 6 years old.

Premiums.
1st. 2d. 3d.
£ £ £
3 2 1

3 2

£24

CLASS VII.-POU LTRY.

First Premium — One Sovereign; Second Premium — Ten Shillings
— in all the Sections of Poultry.

Aged Birds must have been hatched previous to, and Cockerels and
Pullets in, 1881.

Section

Dorking — Silver Grey,

Dorking — Coloured,

Cochin-China,

Brahmapootra,

Spanish,

Scotch G-rey,

Hamburg — Pencilled

1. Cock.
3. Cockerel.

5. Cock.
7. Cockerel.

9. Cock.
11. Cockerel.

13. Cock.
15. Cockerel.

17. Cock.
19. Cockerel.

21. Cock.
23. Cockerel.

25. Cock.
27. Cockerel.

Section

2. 2 Hens.
4. 2 Pullets.

6. 2 Hens.
8. 2 Pullets.

10. 2 Hens.
12. 2 Pullets.

14. 2 Hens.
•16. 2 Pullets.

18. 2 Hens.
20. 2 Pullets.

22. 2 Hens.
24. 2 Pullets.

26. 2 Hens.
28. 2 Pallets

GENERAL SHOW AT STIRLIXG IN 1881. 71

POULTRY — continued.

Section Section

Hamburg — Spangled, . 29. Cock.

31. Cockerel.

-D -o (33. Cock.

Any other Pure Breed, I 3.^ Cockerel.

Game — Black or Brown j 37. Cock.
Reds, . . . ( 39. Cockerel.

Game — Any other ^ ^^' Cock.
Ficre Breed, . (43. Cockerel.

Bantams — Game, . . 45. Cock.

47. Cockerel.

Bantams — Sebright, . 49. Cock.

51. Cockerel.

Bantams — Any other { 5S. Cock.
F2cre Breed, . . ( 55. Cockerel.

Ducks — White Ayleslury, 57. Drake.

59. Drake (Young). 60. 1 Duckling.

Ducks — Bouen, . . fil. Drake. 62. 1 Duck.

63. Drake (Young). 64. 1 Duckling.

Ducks — Any other Pure j 65. Drake. 66. 1 Duck.

Breed, . . . ( 67. Drake (Young). 68. 1 Duckling.

Turkeys — AnyPxrcBreed,^^. Cock. 70. 1 Hen.

71. Cock (Poult). 72. 1 Hen (Poult).

Geese — Any Pure Breed, 73. Gander. 74. 1 Goose.

75. Gander (Young). 76. 1 Gosling.

Amount of Poultry Premiums, £114.

30.

2 Hens.

32.

2 Pullets.

34.

2 Hens.

36.

2 Pullets.

38.

1 Hen.

40.

1 Pullet.

42.

1 Hen.

44.

1 Pullet.

46.

1 Hen.

48.

1 Pullet.

50.

2 Hens.

52.

2 Pullets.

54.

2 Hens.

56.

2 Pullets.

58.

1 Duck.

CLASS VII I -i MPLEMENTS.

The following Implements, l^eing yet in a comparatively unde-
veloped state, will be dealt with as new inventions, and Premiums
will be offered, as follows: —

Premiums.
l8t. 2d. 3d.
Section £ £ £

1. Potato Lifter,

2. Turnip Lifter,

3. Artificial Manure Distributor,

£90

REGULATIONS FOR COMPETITIVK TRIALS.

1. Iinplemrnts to be entorod witli tlio SocreUiry on or before 3cl .Juno.
Rccciv«d in tlio Yurd on Tncsduy. l!)th July, and till ten o'clock on the
morning' of Tuesday, 2Cth July. Exhibited Tucsdav, Weilnesdav, Thursday,
and Friday, 2Cth, 27th, 28th, and 21)th July.

GENERAL SHOW AT STIRLING IN 1881.

2. The Society will provide ground near Stirling at a snital)le season
(probably in October), and make arrangements for the proper trial of the
Implements.

3. The Premiums will not be awarded without thorough and exhaustive
open and competitive trials.

4. The Committee shall have power to withhold the Prizes where there
is not sufficient merit, or to apportion them as they think best.

REGULATIONS FOR EXHIBITION OF IMPLEMENTS AT WORK.

5. At the time of the competitive trials the Society will provide ground
suitable for the exhibition at work of

1. Ploughs. I 3. Diggers, and

2. Grubbers. j 4. Cultiv^ators,

6. The Implements must be entered and exliibited as specified in Rule 1.

7. Exhibitors must, when making their entries, specify on the Entry
Schedule the quantity of ground required at the time of the trials, which will
probably be in October.

8. Exhibitors must bind themselves at the time of entry to pay their pro-
portion of the land required at such rate as the Committee may determine,
whether they bring their Implements forward or not.

Reference is made to the General Regulations for the terms on which
other Implements and Machines may be exhibited at the Show.

CLASS IX.-BEE HUSBANDRY.

£20 and 2 Silver Medals have been granted to the Caledonian
Apiarian and Entomological Society. Information to be obtained
from, and Entries made with, Mr R. J. Bennett, 50 Gordon Street,
Glasgow.

ABSTRACT OF PREMIUMS.

1. Cattle,

2. Horses,

3. Sheep,

4. Wool,

5. Swine,

6. Collie Dogs,

7. Poultry,

8. Implements,

9. Bee Husbandry,

10. Tweeddale Gold Medal,

11. Six Silver Medals to Breeders of bes

Aged Bulls and best Stallion,

12. Extra Stock, say

£906

632

358

114

£2340 8 0

GENERAL SHOW OF STOCK AND DIPLEMENTS

At GLASGOW, 1882.

The District connected with, the Show comprises the Counties
of Lanark, Ayr, Argyll, Renfrew and Bute.

Premiums will be offered for the follmving Classes : —

CATTLE.

SHORTHORN.

Bull calved before 1st January 1880

Bull calved on or after 1st January 1880

Bull calved on or after 1st January 1881

Cow of any age.

Heifer calved on or after 1st January 1880

Heifer calved on or after 1st January 1881

Note. — The question as to calculating the ages of Shorthorn Cattle from
1st December in place of 1st January is under the consideration of the
Directors.

AYRSHIRE.

Bull calved before 1st January 1880

Bull calved on or after 1st January 1880

Bull calved on or after 1st January 1881

Cow in milk calved before 1st January 1879

Cow in milk calved on or after 1st January 1879

Cow in milk or in calf of any age, bred by Exhibitor.

Cow in calf calved before 1st January ., 1879

Heifer in calf calved on or after Lst January 1879

Heifer calved on or after 1st January 1880

Heifer calved on or after 1st January 1881

POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN.

Bull calved before 1st December 1879

Bull calved on or after 1st December 1879

Bull calved on or after 1st December 1880

Cow of any age.

Heifer calved on or after 1st December 1879

Heifer calved on or after 1st December 1880

GALLOWAY.

Bull calved before 1st January 1880

Bull calved on or after lst .January 1880

Bull calved on or after 1st January 1881

Cow of any age.

Heifer calved on or after lst January 1880

Heifer calved on or after lst January 1881

HIGHLAND.

Bull calved before 1st January 1879

Bull calved on or after lst January 1879

74 GENERAL SHOW AT GLASGOW, 1882.

Bull calved on or after 1st January 1880

Cow of any age.

Heifer calved on or after 1st January 1879

Heifer calved on or after 1st January 1880

FAT STOCK.

Highland Ox calved before 1st January 1879

Highland Ox calved on or after 1st January 1879

Polled Ox calved before 1st January 1880

Polled Ox calved on or after 1st January 1880

Ox of any other pure or cross breed calved before 1st January... 1880
Ox of any other pure or cross breed calved on or after 1st Jan. ...1880

Cross-bred Heifer calved before 1st January 1880

Cross-bred Heifer calved on or after 1st January 1880

HORSES

For Agricultural Purposes.

Stallion foaled before 1st January 1879

Entire Colt foaled on or after 1st January 1879

Entire Colt foaled on or after 1st January 1880

Entire Colt foaled on or after 1st January 1881

Mare with foal at foot, foaled before 1st January 1879

Mare in foal, foaled before 1st January 1879

Filly foaled on or after 1st January 1879

Filly foaled on or after 1st January 1880

Filly foaled on or after 1st January 1881

Family Prize. — The family to consist of 5 animals, foaled before 1st

January 1880 (male or female, the offspring of one sire), not

necessarily the property of one person.
Do. Do. foaled on or after 1st January 1880, do. do.

Draught G-elding foaled before 1st January 1879

Draught Gelding foaled on or after 1st January 1879

Stallion to serve in the District of the Show in season 1882

HUNTERS AND ROADSTERS.

Brood Mare, with foal at foot, suitable for field, foaled before 1st

January 1878

Yeld Mare or G-elding, suitable for field, foaled before 1st

January 1 878

Filly or G-elding, suitable for field, foaled on or after 1st January 1878
Filly or Gelding, suitable for field, foaled on or after 1st January 1879
Mare or Gelding, suitable for carriage, foaled before 1st January 1879
Mare or Gelding, suitable as Hackney or Eoadster, between 14 and

15 hands.
Mare or G-elding, not exceeding 15 hands, for milk cart of heavy

draught.
Mare or G-elding, not exceeding 14J hands, for milk cart of light

draught.

PONIES.

Highland Stallion, 14|- hands and under.

Highland Mare or Gelding, between 13 and 14J hands.

Mare or Gelding, between 12|- and 14 hands.

Mare or G-elding, under 12i hands.

GENERAL SHOW AT GLASGOW, 1882. 75

SHEEP.

Ewes and Gimmers to he exhibited in pens of three ; Wethers and

Hoggs in pens of five.

BLACKFACED.

Tup above one shear.
Shearling Tup.
Ewes above one shear.
Shearling Ewes or G-immers.

Family Prize. — The Family to consist of one Tup, two Ewes, two
Shearlings, and tvjo Lambs. The Evjes to have Lambs in Season
1882, and all bred hy Exhibitor excejjt Tup.

CHEVIOT.

Tup above one shear.
Shearling Tup.
Ewes above one shear.
Shearling Ewes or G-immers.

BORDER LEICESTER.

Tup above one shear.
Shearling Tup.
Ewes above one shear.
Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.

LONG-WOOLLED OTHER THAN BORDER LEICESTER.

Tup above one shear.
Shearling Tup.
Ewes above one shear.
Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.

SHROPSHIRE.

Tup above one shear.
Shearling Tup.
Ewes above one shear.
Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.

8H0RT-W00LLED OTHER THAN SHROPSUIRE,

Tup above one shear.
Shearling Tup.
Ewes above one shear,
Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.

EXTRA SECTIONS.

Blackfaced Wethers not above four shear.

Cheviot Wethers not above three shear.
* Half-bred Wethers not above two shear,
t Cross-bred Wethers not above two shear.

Half-bred Wetlier Hoggs.

Cross-bred Wether Ho'^j's.

Sheep not included in the above Clas.^es muat he entered «.>• Extra StocJc.

* Half-breds must bo the profreny of any kiml of Long-woollcd or Short-
woolkd Tup (except lUackfaced) with Clieviot Kwes.

t Cross-bred.s must be the ofrsprin«? of any AVhitefaoed or Short-woollfcl Tup
with niaokfacfd Ewes, or the progeny of lilackfaced Tups with Whitefaced or
Short-woolled Ewes.

GENERAL SHOW AT GLASGOW, 1882.

WOOL.

Woolled Tups 'of the Blackfaced, Cheviot, and Leicester Breeds.

SWINE.

Pi(js to he exiiihited in pens of three,

LARGE BREED. • BLACK OR BERKSHIRE.

Boar. Boar.

Sow. Sow.

Pigs not above 8 months old. Pigs not above 8 months old.

SMALL BREED.

Boar.

Sow.

Pigs not above 8 months old.

POULTRY.

To be shown in Pens of One Cock or Cockerel and Two Hens or
Pullets of each of the following breeds, except in the sections for
Ducks, Turkeys, Greese,and Hens and Pullets of the Game and Malay
Breeds, where only one bird is required : —

Dorking — Silver- G-rey. Game Black or Brown Beds.

Dorking — coloured.

Cochin-China.

Bramahpootra.

Spanish

Scotch Grey.

Hamburg

Any other pure Breed.

Game — Any other pure Breed.
Bantams — Any pure Breed.
Ducks — White Aylesbury.
Ducks — Rouen.
Ducks — Any other pure Breed.
Turkeys — Any pure Breed.
Geese — Any pure Breed.

DAIRY PRODUCE.

Cured Butter, not less than 7 lbs.
Powdered Butter, do.

Fresh Butter, three ^-Ib. rolls.
Cheddar Cheese, 56 lbs. and

upwards.
Cheddar Cheese, 14 lbs. and under.

Dunlop Cheese, 30 lbs. and

npwards.
Cheese of any other variety, 30

lbs. and upwards.
Cheese, any variety, 15 ibs. and

under.

IMPLEMENTS.

The following special Premiums will be offered for competition : —

Combined Reapers and Binders, or Lifting and Binding Machines

— Three Premiums of £100, £50, and £25.
Seed Cleaners — Three Premiums of £15, £10, and £5*

At the time of the trials the Society will provide ground suitable for
the exhibition at work of Mowers, Horse-rakes, and Hay Collectors.

( 77 )

GENEEAL SHOW OF STOCK & IMPLEMENTS

INVEENESS IN 1883.

The General Show of Stock and Implements will, in 1883,
take place at Inverness, when Premiums will be awarded by
the Society.

The Classes of Stock will be fixed after communication with
the members of the Society in the district, which comprises the
Counties of Inverness, Elgin, Nairn, Eoss and Cromarty, Caith-
ness, Sutherland, and Orkney and Shetland.

The following special Premiums for Implements will be
offered for competition : —

TuENiP Thinners. — Three Premiums of £15, £10, and £5.

Potato Planters. — Three Premiums of £15, £10, and £5.

"Weed Eradicators. — Three Premiums of £15, £10, aud £5.

At the time of the trials the Society will provide ground
suitable for the exhibition at work of Ploughs, Grubbers,
Diggers, and Cultivators.

GENERAL SHOW OF STOCK & IMPLEMENTS

EDINBUEGH IN 1884.

The CENTENAEY of the SOCIETY being in 1884, it has
been resolved to hold the General Show of Stock and
Implements at Edinburgh that year.

Tlie district in connection with the Show will, as on former
occasions, embrace the Counties of Edinburgh, Haddington,
Linlithgow, and Peebles.

The Classes of Stock will be afterwards notified.

APPENDIX (C).

LIST OF MEMBEKS

THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND,

1881,

ALPHABETICALLY AERANGED, AND DISTINGUISHIXG

THE YEAPw OF ADMISSION.

By the Charter of 1834 the Society consists of two classes, Ordinary and
Honorary or Corresponding Memhers. The number of Honorary or Corre-
sponding Members resident in the United Kingdom must not exceed twenty,
but M^th power to the Society to elect as Honorary Associates persons resi-
dent abroad, not subjects of Her Majesty, who may have been benefactors to
the Society, or who are distinguished for their skill in Art or Science, pro-
vided that the number of such Foreign Associates shall not exceed twenty.

By a Bye-Law passed in 1873, with reference to the Supplementary Charter
of 1856, successful Candidates for the Society's Agricultural Diploma are
thereby eligible to be elected free Life Members of the Society.

Candidates for Ordinary Membership must be proposed by a Member, and
are elected at the half-yearly General Meetings in January and June. It is
not necessary that the Meml^er who proposes the Candidate should attend
the meeting.

The ordinary subscription is £1, 3s. 6d. annually, which may be redeemed
by one payment, varying, according to the number of previous annual pay-
ments, from ^12, 12s. to £7, Is. Proprietors farming the whole of their owti
lands, whose Assessment on the Valuation Roll does not exceed £500 per
annum, and all Tenant- Farmers, Office-Bearers of Local Agricultural Associa-
tions, Resident Agricultural Factors, Land Stewards, Foresters, Agricultural
Implement Makers, and Veterinary Surgeons, none of them being also owners
of land to an extent exceeding £500 per annum, are admitted on a subscrip-
tion of 10s. annually, which may be redeemed by one payment, varying
according to the number of previous annual payments, from £5, 53. to £3.

According to the Charter, a Member who homologates his Election by
paying his first subscription cannot retire until he has paid, in annual sub-
scriptions, or otherwise, an amount equivalent to a life composition.

Members of the Society receive the Transactions on application, and are
entitled to apply for District Premiums — to report Ploughing Matches for
the Medal — to free admission to the Show- Yard, and to exhibit Stock and
Implements at reduced rates. Firms are not admitted as Members, but if
one partner of a firm becomes a Member, the firm is allowed to exhibit at
Members' rates.

Members having Candidates to propose are requested to send their names
to Fletcher Norton Menzies, Esq., No. 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.
The Members marked * have been Presidents ; and t Vice-Presidents.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Her Most Gracious Majesty THE QUEEN,
*His Royal Highness The PRINCE OF WALES.

Admitted
1872

1873

Admitted

1880 Aalvik, E. A. Ostenso, Hardanger, Nor-

way
1833 Abercorn, His Grace the Duke of, K.G.,

London
1862 Abercrombt, Right Hon. Lord, Airthrey

Castle, Stirling

1873 Abercromby, Sir Robert John, of

Birkenbog, Bart, Forglen, Turriff
1868tABERDEEN, Right Hon, the Earl of,

Haddo House, Methlick
1872 Abernethy, Peter, Halls, Penicuik

1877 Abernethy, Thomas, Halls, Penicuik
1865 Abinger, Right Hon, Lord, Inverlochy

Castle, Kingussie

1878 Ackers, Benjamin St John, Prinkash

Park, Painswick

1859 Adam, Alex. F., W.S,, 19 Claremont

Crescent, Edinburgh

1855 Adam, JEueas, Humbertson, Dingwall

1860 Adam, John, Closeburn Castle, Thornhill
1878 Adam, Robert, City Chamberlain, Edin-
burgh

1856 Adam, Stephen, "Wool-Merchant, 11

Hillside Crescent, Edinburgh
1876 Adam, Thomas, National Bank, Aberdeen

1874 Adam, Thomas, of Lynegar, Bank Agent,

Wick
1876 Adam, William, Bush, Banchory-Teman
1830 Adam, William, Advocate, Aberdeen
1853 Adam, Right Hon. W, Patrick, of Blair-

Adam

1881 Adams, James, M.D., Oathlaw, Forfar
1872 Adamson, Henry D., Balquharn, Alford

1874 Addie, Gavin, Western Club, Glasgow

1875 Addie, John, Viewj)ark, Udding.stou
1859 Adie, Alexander James, Linlithgow
1850 AuNEW, Sir Andrew, of Lochnaw, Bart.,

Stranraer

1878 Agnew, James, High Portencallie, Stran-
raer

1843 Agnew, R. Vans, of Shcuchan and Bam-
barroch, Wigtown

1875 Agnew, William, Balwherrie, Stranraer

1857 Aiknian, 'nioinson, (ila^gow

1876 Ainslie, Ain.slie Douglas, of Delgaty

Castle, Turriff

Admitted

1864 Ainslie, Daniel (of the Gart, Callander),

48 Moray Place, Edinburgh

1859 Ainslie, David, of Costerton, Blackshielt
1848 Ainslie, John, Hillend, Pentland, Loan-
head

1853 Ainslie, R., of Livingston, Gladsmuir
1875 Ainslie, William, Stobo Mill, Stobo
1852tAiRLiE, Right Hon. the Earl of, K.T.,

Cortachy Castle, Kirriemuir

1874 Aitchison, James, 80 Princes Street,

Edinburgh
1851 Aitchison James (late Proncy Mains,
Dornoch), Australia

1865 Aitchison, Lieut.-Col., of Drummore,

Musselburgh

1878 Aitchison, John H., Lawhouse, Colding-

ham
1870 Aitchison, Peter, West Garleton, Had-
dington

1863 Aitchison, William, Linhope, Hawick
1877 Aitken, Dr A. P., St Anns, Morningside

Drive, Edinhurgh— Chemist to the ISuckty
1861 Aitken, George, Tyrie, Kirkcaldy

1854 Aitken, James, Markle, Prestonkirk

1877 Aitken, John, sen., V.S., Causeway side,

Edinburgli

1864 Aitken, John Gillespie, Southfield, Stirling

1879 Aitken, John M., Crietf, Free Life

Member

1878 Aitken, Mark, Traprain, Prestonkirk
1857 Aitken, Robert, Druniore, Campbeltown

1869 Aitken, Robert, Kilmany, Cupar Fife

1860 Aitken, Thomas, 5 Grosvenor Crescent,

Edinburgh
1854 Aitken, Thomas, Listonshiels, Balerno

1875 Aitkenheail, Ale.x., Shawmoss, Pollok-

shaws
1878 Aitkenhead, William, Roughlands, Lar-
bert

1870 Alexander, Arch., Merchant, West Linton
1872 Alexander, George, Easter Lilliesleaf,

St Hoswells

1876 Alexander, George, South Balnoon,

Huntly
1831 ALE,XANDRn, General, Sir J. Elward,
C.B., of Weaterton, Bridge of Allan

List of 3fe7nhers of the

Admitted

1870 Alexander, James, of Balmule, Dun-
fermline

1875 Alexander, James, 60 North Street,

Glasgow
1855 Alexander, Jolm, Bronghty Ferry

1876 Alexander, Jolin, 184 Buchanan Street,

Glasgow
1881 Alexander, John, Ballindarg, Kirriemuir
1861 Alexander, Thomas, Corn Factor, Perth
1858 Alexander, William, Bent of Haulkerton,

Laurencekirk

1865 Alison, James M., General Merchant,

Beauly
1833 Allan, Alexander, Advocate, 5 Hillside

Crescent, Edinburgh
1861 Allan, Alexander, Kinnon Park, Methven,

Perth
1864 Allan, Alexander, Carbarns, Wishaw
1867 Allan, Andrew, Munnoch, Dairy, Ayr

1874 Allan, James, Corn Merchant, Borrow-

stounness

1875 Allan, James, jun., Borrowstounness

1851 Allan, James, Clifton, Mid Calder
1855 Allan, James, Clauchlands, Lamlash
1870 Allan, James, jun., Balnacoole, Brodick

1877 Allan, James, Kirklands, Dolphinton
1854 Allan, John, Billie Mains, Ayton
1861 Allan, John, Crieflfvechter, Crieff

1873 Allan, John, Redheugh, Cockburnspath

1878 Allan, John, Culthill, Dunkeld
1863 Allan, Richard, Howden, Jedburgh
1875 Allan, Robert, Glenmore, Kilmelford,

Lochgilphead

1863 Allan,' Robert A., Eyemouth

1852 Allan, T. W. Murray, of Glenfeochan,

Oban

1874 Allan, "William, Clury, Grantown

1870 Allan, William, Drummondreoch, Fer-

rintosh

1871 Allan, William, Park, Clackmannan

1873 Alston, David, Hyndford Wells, West

Linton

1864 Alston, George, of Craighead, Hamilton
1850 Alston, John P., of Muirburn,Strathaven
1881 Amour, John, Farmer and Dairyman,

Cramond Bridge
1877 Anderson, Colonel, of Bourhouse, Dunbar
1838 Anderson, Sir Alexander, Aberdeen

1874 Anderson, Alexander, Berryhill, Dundee
1877 Anderson, Alexander Dunlop, of Ard-

sliiel, Ax->pin

1879 Anderson, Archibald Turnbull (Dickson

& Turnbull), Perth
1873 Anderson, Arthur, M.D., C.B., Sunny-
brae, Pitlochry

1866 Anderson, B. T. G., of Tushielaw, Selkirk

1877 Anderson, Charles, jun., North British

AgricultuHst, 377 High Street, Edin-
burgh

1878 Anderson, Charles, Balsalloch, Port

William

1875 Anderson, Charles, Fettykil, Leslie
1825 Anderson, D., of Moredim, 24 Moray

Place, Edinburgh
1877 Anderson David, Cassindilly, Cupar
Fife

1872 Anderson, Findlay, of Inchyra, Grange,

Polmont

Admitted

1862 Anderson, George, of Woodhouse, Eccle-
fechan

1863 Anderson, George, of Hawthorn Bank,

Selkirk
1859 Anderson, George B., Meikle Pinkerton,

Dunbar
1861 Anderson, Henry, Bumside, Stanley
1873 Anderson, James, Bradbury, Enville,

Stourbridge

1863 Anderson, James, Newbigging, Dundee
1865 Anderson, James, Solicitor, Inverness
1879 Anderson, James, Ben Lawers, Killin
1871 Anderson, John, Airies, Kirkinner
1873 Anderson, John, Chapel, Moffat

1857 Anderson, John, Craigton, Banchory
1868 Anderson, John, Mill of Wester Coull,
Tarland

1857 Anderson, John, 14 Dean Terrace, Edin-

burgh
1859 Anderson, John, Smithstown, Croy, Kil-

syth
1873 Anderson, John, Strachurmore, Inveraray
1879 Anderson, John, Royal Hotel, Blair-
gowrie
1871 Anderson, John A., St Albans, Perth
1876 Anderson, John M,, Burn grains, Ellon
1870 Anderson, John S. (of Whiteside, Dum-
fries), Dalhousie Mains, Dalkeith

1864 Anderson, Peter, Blackfey, Sorbie
1878 Anderson, Peter, Duneaves, Fortingal

1870 Anderson, Robert, Alleyford, Kirkgun-

zeon, Dumfries

1856 Anderson, Robert, of Lochdhu, Nairn

1871 Anderson, Robert, Middlebank, Errol
1878 Anderson, Robert, Drumnakyle, Foss,

Pitlochry
1881 Anderson, Robert, Provost of Stirling
1881 Anderson, Robert, Daugh, Tarland
1861 Anderson, Robert H., Lynne Regis
1850 Anderson, Robert Hood, Devonshire Club,

London

1876 Anderson, R. Lang, Milliken Park, Ren-

frewshire— Free Life Member

1858 Anderson, Robt. Wm., Clerk of Supply,

Forfar
1832 Anderson, Thomas, of Glendrisaig, Lain-

shaw. House, Stewarton
1878 Anderson, Thomas B., Solicitor, Dumfries
1854 Anderson, T. Scott, W.S., 10 Norfolk

Crescent, Hyde Park, London, W.

1865 Anderson, W., Ballimore, Tigh-na-bruiacli

1877 Anderson, William, Bameil, Kirkmichael,

Maybole

1857 Anderson, Wm., Hattonburn, Banchory
1867 Anderson , W. H. , Clifton Villa, Anstruther
1870 Anderson, William, Cafg Royal Hotel,

Edinburgh
1876 Anderson, William, Wardes, Kintore
1876 Anderson, Wm., Wellhouse, Alford
1873 Anderson, William W., Norton Mains,

Ratho
1857 Andrew, Hugh, Keprigan, Campbeltown
1881 Andrew, Hugh, Acredales, Haddington
1873 Andrew, Robert, Allans, Inchinnan,

Paisley
1870 Andrew, Wm. J., Banker, Coatbridge
1875 Andrews, John, Land Steward, Melville,

Ladybank

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1878 Andrews, John, junr., Pathcondie, Lady-

bank

1863 Angus, John, Whitefield, Morpeth

1871 Annan, David, The Torr, Moouzie, Cupar

Fife

1872 Anstruther, Sir W. C. J. C, of An-

struther, Bart., Carmichael House,

Thank erton
1862 AxsTRUTHER, Sir Robert, of Balcaskie,

Bart,, Pittenweem
1B58 Anton, James, Seafield, Forres
1833 Arbuthnott, Right Hon. Viscount, Ar-

buthnott House, Fordoun

1864 Arbuthnott, Hon. Mrs, Inchmartine

1873 Arbuthn'Ott, Hon. The Master of, Ar-

buthnott House, Fordoun
1855 Archibald, Thomas, of Viewbank, Lass-
wade

1864 Archer, Thomas, late Ramly Lodge, Ljon-

ington, Hants

1876 Archibald, T, B., Nisbetfield, Ladybank
1869 Archibald, James, Duddingston, South

Queensferry
1861 Archibald James, Jamestown House,

Monasterevan, Co. Kildare, Ireland
1869 Archibald, John, Duddingston, South

Queensferry
1844*Argyll, His Grace the Duke of, K.T.,

Inveraray Castle, Inveraray
1853 Arklay, John, late Gorthlick, Inverness

1861 Arklay, Robert, of Ethiebeaton, Dundee

1850 Arkley, R. H., Dun House, Montrose

1879 Armour, John, Niddry Mains, Winch-

burgh

1862 Arnot, David, Friarton, Newport, Fife
1871 Arnot, Wm., Glamis Mains, Glamis

1862 Arras, Walter, Fodderty, Dingwall

1865 Arres, William, Nairn

1858 Arundell, W. F. H., of Barjarg, Auld-
girth, Dumfries

1873 Ashdown, A. H., Uppington, Salop —

Free Life Member

1874 Asher, WiUiam G. C, Fettes House,

Inverness
1845 Askew, Hemy, William, late Conishead
Priory, Ulverston

1863 Askew, W., of Pallinsburn, Coldstream
1860tATHOLE, His Grace the Duke of, K-T.,

Blair Castle, Blair Athole
1841 Athole, Her Grace the Duchess Dowager
of, Dunkeld

1877 Auld Peter, Buteland, Balemo

1878 Austin James C, The Gill, Curomertrees,

Annan

1851 Austin, R. S., late Middleton, Mutliill

1880 Austin, Wm., Bank Agent, Tliornhill
1873 AvELAND, Right lion. Lord, Normanton

Park, Oakham, Rutland.shire

1875 Aveling, Thomas, Rocht'ster, Kent
1849 Aytoun, James, Advocate, London
1844 Aytoun, Roger, S. of luclulairnie, Kirk-
caldy

1824 Baillie, Evan, of Dochfour, Inverness
1839 Baillik, Right Hon. Henry James, of

Podcastle, KiUeaman, Inverness
1805 Baillie, Jolin Mt-nzics, of Cultor Allers,

15 Northumberland Street, Edinburgh

Admitted

1869 Baillie, John, FuUarton, Penicuik
1865 Baillie, John B., of Leys, Inverness
1847 Baillie, Sir William, of Polkemmet,

Bart., Whitburn
1877 Bain, Alex., Factor, Coltness, Wishaw
1875 Bain, Sir James, 3 Park Terrace,

Glasgow
1864 Bain, James, Bank of Scotland, Glasgow

1875 Bain, Sam. F., Inch of Leckie, Gargun-

nock

1877 Bain, W. P. C, Lochrin Iron Works,

Edinburgh

1878 Baird, Archibald, 67 Robertson Street,

Glasgow

1868 Baird, Arthur E., Cadogan Mansions,

Sloane Square, London

1876 Baird, Colin C, V.S., Veterinary College,

Clyde Street, Edinburgh
I860 Baird, Sir David, of Newbj-th, Bart.,
Prestonkirk

1877 Baird, Henry, Abbot's Grange, Falkirk
1875 Baird, Hugh, jun., 17 Westbourne Gar-
dens, Glasgow

1843 Baird, Sir James Gardiner, of Saughton
Hall, Bart., Inch House, Liberton

1870 Baird, John, Hall, Kirkconnell, Sanquhar

1870 Baird, John, Solicitor, Lockerbie

1871 Baird, John, jun.. Solicitor, Lockerbie
1880 Baird, John, of Knoydart, Inverie House,

Isle Omsay. Skye

1877 Baird, John W., 26 South Back of Canon-

gate, Edinburgh
1873 Baird, Thomas, Hundleshope, Peebles
1873 Baird, William, of Elie, Fife
1873 Balfour of Burleigh, Right Hon. Lord,

Kennet House, Clackmannan
1863 Balfour, Arthur J., of Whittinghame,

M.P., Prestonkirk
1843 Balfour, Colonel David, of Balfour and

Trenabie, Kirkwall
1857 Balfour, Major Francis W., of Femie

Castle, Cupar-Fife

1879 Balfour, Professor Isaac Bayley, The Uni-

versity, Glasgow
1839 Balfour, John, of Balbirnie, Markinch
1839 Balfour, Prof. John Hutton, M.D. , Inver-

leith House, Edinburgh

1880 Balfour, J. li., 7 Glencairn Crescent,

Edinburgh

1869 Balfour, John M., of PUrig W.S., Edin-

burgh
1873 Balfour, Lieut. -Col. Robt. Fred., younger

of Balbirnie, Markinch
1860 Ballantyne, John, Salisbury View, Win-

(lermere

1869 Ballantyne, T., Netherton, East Kilbride

1870 Ballingal, And. IL, W.S., Perth

1871 Ballingal, Neil, Sweetbank, Markinch

1859 Ballingal, Wm., Sweetbank, Markinch
1857 Ballingall, D., Factor, Blairdrummond

1860 Ballingall, George, Clarilaw, St l^os wells

1861 Ballingall. John, Dunbog, Newburgh
1863 Balmer, Thoma.s, Fochabers

1862 liankes, Meyrick, of Letterewe, Dingwall
1859 Barbour, G. F. (of Bonskeid, Pitlochry),

11 George Square, Edinburgh

1878 Barbour, Robt., Gill foot, Kirkbean, Dum-

fries

List of Menibers of tlie

Admitted

1858 Barclay, Charles A., Aberdour House,

Fraserburgh
1855 Barclay, George, Davochbeg, Golspie

1858 Barclay, George, Strocherie, Banff

1834 Barclay, George Kobertson, late of Keavil,

Dunfermline
1862 Barclay, J. W., M.P., 60 Dee Street,

Aberdeen

1859 Barclay, Eobert, Drums, Falkland
1865 Barclay, Thomas, Skelbo, Dornoch
1839 Barker, Thomas, Sydney, Australia

1862 Barr, James, juu., Whiteshaw, Carluke
1875 Barr, William, Kerrylemont, Rothesay
1880 Barrett, Puobert Bell, Camserney Cottage,

Aberfeldy

1863 Barrie, James, Harden Mains, Jedburgh
1846 Barstow, Chas. 31., C.A., 32 India Street,

Edinburgh

1867 Bartholomew, Hugh, of Glenorchard,

Torrance of Campsie
1855 Bartholomew, James, Duntarvie, Winch-
burgh
1875 Bartlemore, Robert, Netherhouses, Loch-

winnoch
1880 Bartlemore, William, Solicitor, Paisley —
Secretary of the Renfrewshire Agricul-
tural Society
1873 Barty, James, Procurator-Fiscal, Dun-
blane
1871 Bate, John, of Broadchapel, Lochmaben
1861 Bathgate, James, Ormiston, Tranent
1877 Bathie, Wm., Auctioneer, Arbroath
1873 Bauchope, Thomas, Land Surveyor, East

Brucetield, West Calder
1877 Baxter, David, Ladyburn, Maybole
1854 Baxter, Edmtmd, W.S., 9 Rutland Square,
Edinburgh

1875 Bayley, George, of Manuel, 13 Regent

Terrace, Edinburgh

1864 Ba}Tie, John, Builder, Bridge of Allan

1869 Bayne, Le"s\is, Kinmel Park, Abergele

1876 Bean, Alex., Netherthird, Rothie Norman
1876 Bean, George, Balquhain, Inverurie

1876 Bean, Wm., Newton, Cairnie, Huntly

1868 Beath, David, Auchmuir, Leslie
1854 Beattie, James, Newbie House, Annan
1879 Beattie, James, Rockdale Cottage, Perth

1870 Beattie, Jn., Bulmansknovve, Canonbie

1877 Beattie, Simon, Preston Hall, Annan

1878 Beattie, William J. P., Newbie, Annan

1875 Beck, Thomas Coker, Crowell Rectory,

Tetsworth, Oxen — Free Life Member.

1876 Beedie, James, The Mains, Ardlaw,

Fraserburgh

1876 Beedie, William, Pitgair, Fisherie, Turriff
1858 Begg, John, Distiller, Lochnagar, Aber-
deen.

]873 Be2:£r, Robert, Blarnile, Luss
1873 Begg, Robert Burns, Sheriff-Clerk,
Kinross

1871 Beith, Donald, W\S., 15 Grosvenor Cres-

cent, Edinburgh

1877 Beith, Gilbert, Ballochneck, Buchlyvie
1871 Belfrage, A. W., C.E., 31 Ann Street,

Edinburgh
1849 Belfrage, James, Samuelstou East i\Iains,

Haddington
1867 Bell, Alexander, Linton, Kelso

Admitted

1868 Bell, Alexander, Stobahill, Lockerbie
1879 Bell, Alexander, Kirkton of Tealing,

Dundee
1872 Bell, And., late Fans, Earlston
1856 Bell, David, Todhall, Cupar Fife
1871 Bell, George, Barns of Claverhouse,

Dundee
1863 Bell, Jas., Quarry Brook, Maghill, Liver-
pool

1879 Bell, Dr James M., Kingskettle, Fifeshire
1881 Bell, James, Gilchom, Arbroath

1871 Bell, John (of Castlecreavie), 66 Frederick
Street, Edinburgh

1876 Bell, John, Merryhillock, Fraserburgh

1880 Bell, John, Stenton, St Monance

1871 Bell, M. Montgomery, W.S., 22 Coates

Crescent, Edinburgh
1846 Bell, R., of Lunna, Belmont, Falkirk

1869 Bell, Robert, Phospho Guano Co., Sea-

combe, Cheshire

1856 Bell, Thomas, Ballinshoe, Kirriemuir
1865 Bell, Thomas, Craigkennochy Terrace,

Burntisland

1877 Bell, Thomas, (Messrs Robey & Co.),

Lincoln

1871 Bell, William, of Gribd®, Kirkcudbright
1869 Bell, William, Keanacoil, Dunkeld

1876 Bell, William, Sherifflats, Thankerton

1878 Bell, William, Todholes, Annan

1879 Bell, William, Balmuith, Tealing, Dundee

1877 Beunet, Arthur, Bogside, Cardenden, Fife
1858 Benton, Joseph, Harthill, Whitehouse

1858 Benton, William, Cattie, Whitehouse
1S69 Berry, George, Longleat, Horningsham

Warminster, Wilts

1863 Berry, Walter, 11 Athole Crescent, Edin-

burgh
1877 Bertram, David N., St Katherine's Works,
Sciennes Street, Edinburgh

1864 Bertram, James, Addinston, Lauder
1874 Bertram, John, Hartside, Lauder
1854 Bertram, John S., Cranshaws, Dunse
1854 Bertram, T. Hardy, C.K, 1 Foxgrave

Road, Beckenham, Kent
1852 Bertram, William, of Nisbet, Biggar

1877 Bertram, William, St Katherine's Works,

Sciennes Street, Edinburgh
1861 Berwick, David, Collairnie, Newburgh,
Fife

1878 Berwick, John, Allanbank, Dumfries
1876 Best, John, Inveravon, Polmont

1857 Bethune, Admiral, of Balfour, C.B.,

Markinch
1848 Bethune, Alex., of Blebo, Cupar Fife
1863 Bethune, Colonel R., of Nydie, St Andrews
1S64 Bethune, Murdo, Brae, Dingwall

1861 Bett, Da\'id Inches, Newhall, Coupar-

Angus
1857 Bett, James, Bolfracks, Aberfeldy

1859 Beveridge, David, Buckthorns, Largo

1862 Beveridge, George, 248 High Street, Kirk-

caldy
1869 Beveridge, Jas., Crombie, Dunfermline

1872 Beveridge, William, of Boniiyton, Dun-

fermline
1862 Beveridge, William, 248 High Street,

Kirkcaldy
1878 Biggar, James, Grange Farm, Dalbeattie

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1858 Biggar, T. , of Chapelton, Dalbeattie

1859 Biiiiiie, Jolin, Bimieknows, Cockbums-

path
1877 Binnie, Thomas, Auction Mart, Falkirk
1875 Binny, Andrew, 9 Hart Street, Edinburgh
1865 Biuny, Graham, W.S., 9 Hart Street,

Edinburgh

1874 Bird, Ebenezer, Glenduckie, Newburgh,

Fife

1858 Bird, James B., Fish wick, Paxton

1875 Birse, John, Summerfield, St Ola, Orkney

1874 Biscoe, T. Kamsay, of Ne'wton, Inverness
1879 Bisset, Alexander, Farm Manager, Bal-

farg, Markinch
1873 Bisset, Hugh, Pitarrow, Laurencekirk

1873 Bisset, Thomas S., Agricultural Engineer,

BlairgowTie
1865 Black, Alex., Shotover Estate Office,
Wheatley, Oxon

1875 Black, Gavin, Coalmaster, Easter Moffat,

Airdrie
1877 Black, George, Sea-View "Works, Berwick-
on-Tweed

1879 Black, George, Victoria Street, Perth

1880 Black, George, Mill of Craibston, New-

hills, Aberdeen
1879 Black, Bailie George, Banker, Inverness

1877 Black, James, of Auchentoshan, Dun-

tocher
1871 Black, James, Elgin Courant and Courier,

Elgin
1851 Black, James, London

1875 Black, John, Coalmaster, Airdrie

1859 Black, John, Setonhill, Longniddry

1859 Black, John, Ford, Westfield, Comhill,

Northumberland

1876 Black, John, Cortachy, Kirriemuir
1844 Black, Robert, Glasgow

1867 Black, Robert, Liberton Mains, Liberton

1878 Black, Thomas, Craigencrosh, Stranraer

1877 Black, William Connel, of Kailzie, Peebles
1876 Blackburn, James, Killeam House, Glas-
gow

1870 Blacklaw, Alex. Scott (late Milton of

Arbuthnot, Fordouu), Brazil
1855 Blackley, John, 107 Bath Street, Glasgow
1857 Blacklock, Adam, late Minnygap, Motfat
1875 Blackwood, Alex., Stobo Mill, Stobo
1862 Blackwood William, Publisher, 45

George Street, Edinburgh
1S81 Blaikie, Wm. L., Holydean, St Boswell's
1S50 Blaik, Sir Edward Hunter, of Blairciuhan,

Bart, May bole
1869 Blair, E. J. Stopford, of Penninghame,

Newton Stewart

1860 Blair, James, of Glenfoot, Tillicoultry
1864 Blair, James, Aberfoyle

1874 Blair, Jn.,W.S.,9 Kttrick Road, Edinburgh
1874 Blair, Patrick, Advocate, Sheriff- Sub-
stitute, Inverness

1879 Blair, I'atrick, VV.S., 7 York Place, Edin-

burgh

1844 Blair, Captain William Fordyce, of Blair,
R.N., Dairy

1R76 T>lake, John, Dunrobin Mains, Golsi>ie

1873 Jilantl, Thomas, Golden Dog Lane, Nor-
wich, Norfolk

1836 Blano, Colonel Robert, QB.

Admitted

1847 Blanshard, George, Smith's Place, Edin-
burgh

1843tBLA>-TYRB, Right Hon. Lord, Erskine
House, Glasgow

1877 Bj^y^TRZ, The Hon. the Master of,

Sciberscross, Rogart
1861 Blues, Andrew A., 58 George Square,

Edinburgh
1879 Blyth, Jamea, Leckiebank, Auchter-

muchty
1851 Bogie, J., Balcanquhal, Auchtermuchty

1863 Bolam, John, Chathill, Northumberland

1866 Bolam, Robert George, Berwick-on-Tweed
1858 Bolton, Joseph C, of Carbrook, M.P.,

Larbert I

1867 Bone, Quintin, Greenan, Ayr
1879 Bonnor, G. H., Edinburgh

1853 Bontine, Wm. Cuninghame Graham, of

Gartmore, Stirling

1879 Bonthrone, Alexander, Newton of Falk-
land, Falkland

1870 Boog, Thomas Elliot, Timpendean, Jed-
burgh

1842 Booth, Jas. Godfrey, Seed Merchant,
Hamburg

1878 Boothby, Robert Cunningham, Hyudhope,

Selkirk

1878 Borland, John, Auchencaim, Closebnrn,

Thomhill
1873 Borthwick, Alex. Hay, Hopsrig, Lang-
holm

1854 Borthwick, Gilbert, Barelees, Coldstream

1858 Borthwick, John, VS., Kirkliston
1846 Borthwick, John, of Crookston, Heriot

1859 Borthwick, John James M., Lyneholm,

Langholm
1838 Borthwick, Thomas Chalmers, Hopsrig,

Langholm
1858 Borthwick, Wm. Henry, late Crookston,

Gorebridge
1865 Borthwick, Wm., Whitehaven Castle,

Whitehaven

1864 Borton, John, Barton House, Malton

1858 BoswALL, Sir Geo. Houstoun, of Black-

adder, Bart, Chirnside

1876 Bower, Alfred Lanc«, Strathaird House,'
Broadford

1863 Bowhill, James, Banker, Aj-ton

1854 Bowie, Alexander, Mains of Kelly, Ar-
broath

1875 Bowie, Robert, Parkhead, Linlithgow

1859 Bowman, James, Newark, St Monance

1879 Bowman, James, Square, Huntly

1865 Boyd, Colonel James Hay, of Towneud,

Symington, Kilmarnock
1872 Boyd, John, Simprin Mains, Coldstream
1861 Boyd, John B., of Cherrytroes, Kelso
1863 Boyd, William B., Ormiston, Kirkbank,

Kelso
1875 Brackenridge, Alexander, V.S., Steven-

ston Mains, Unlytown
18(59 Brakenridge, William, Rogerthorjxj Hall,

I'ontefract
1865 Braid, Andrew, Humbie, Kirknewton
1878 Braniwell, John, .Marionburgh, Ballin-

ilalloch — Frcfi: Life Mnnhrr
1858 Brand, Charles, Mains of Fordoun, For-

doun

List of Members of the

Admitted

1872 Brand, James, Dunbar

1855 Brash, James, Hallyards, Kirkliston

1876 Brebner, Alexander, Balquhindochy,
Methlick

1876 Brebner, Robert, Lumbs, Lonmay, Aber-
deen

1878 Brechin, James, 1 West Newington Ter-
race, Edinburgh

1872 Breingan, Alexander, Merchant, Helens-
burgh

1880 Bridges, Andrew, Engineer, North Ber-
wick

1872 Brigham, John, Castle Gate Implement

Works, Berwick-on-Tweed

1865 Brims, James, Thurso

1880 Broad, Anthony, Edenside Road, Kelso
1878 Broadfoot, Peter, West Mains, Kirkinner

1868 Broadwood, Thomas, of Fulfordlees,

Crowbill, Dunbar
1878 Broatch, George, Thwait, Annan

1881 Brock, Hugh, V.S., 112 North Street,

Glasgow

1876 Brock, J. E., East Overton, Kirkliston

1874 Brock, John, Aukhome, Wick

1873 Brock, William, Barns of Clyde, Yokcr

1857 Brockley, Robert M., Gourlaw, Rosewell

1875 Brodie of Brodie, Brodie Castle, Forres

1859 Brodie, James, 9 Nelson Street, Edin-

burgh
1848 Brodie, James C, Thorntonloch, Dunbar

1869 Brodie, James W., Cloheen, Butte vant,

Co. Cork

1872 Brodie, John, Palacehill, Ancram, Jed-

burgh
1840 Brodie, J. Clerk, of Idvies, W.S., 26
Moray Place, Edanburgh

1877 Brodie, Thomas Dawson, of Gairdoch,

W.S., 9 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh

1878 Brodie, William, of Bush, Barkerland,

Dumfries

1879 Brook, Edward, Hoddam Castle, Eccle-

fechan ; Meltham Hall, Huddersfield

1874 Brooke, A. B., Cardney, Dimkeld
1855 Broomfield, Thomas, Lauder

1867 Bromfield, W. J,, Old Greenlaw, Green-
law, Dunse

1875 Brotchie, George, Easington Estate Offices,

Loftus, Saltburn by the Sea
1854 Broughton, Robert Henry, of Rowchester,

Greenlaw, Berwickshire
1863 Bro'\\Ti, Adam (late Helmbum, Selkirk),

Devonshire
1844 Brown, Alexander J, Dennistoun, of

Balloch, Balloch Castle, Dumbarton

1873 Brown, Alexander, Banker, Oban
1852 Brown, Andrew, M.D., late Edinburgh
1879 Brown, Andrew, Factor for the Earl of

Zetland, Kerse, Falkirk

1858 Brown, Archibald, Craig, Udny

1874 Brown, Archibald C, Gladstane Park,

Bishopton

1866 Brown, David, Banker, May bole
1878 Brown, David, Ellerslie, Kirkmahoe
1871 Brown, George, Grassmiston, Crail
1839 Brown, George, Watten Mains, Watten
1851 Brown, George, of Westfield, Cupar Fife

1860 Brown, James, Hardgrave, Lockerbie
1865 Brown, James, Whinpark, Kilmarnock

Admitted
861 Brown, James, St Andrews

879 Brown, James W., Letham, Inverkeithing
877 Brown, George, 57 Hanover Street, Edin-
burgh

855 Brown, James, 80 South Portland Street,

Glasgow
873 Brown, James Geddes, Distiller, Keith

877 Brown, James, Weston, Carnwath

878 Brown, James, of Orchard, Carluke

878 Bro%vn, James Greig, Mouswald, Dum-
fries
872 Brown, John, Murrays, Ormiston,

Tranent
857 Brown, John, Boghall, Biggar
876 Brown, John, of Colton, Dunfermline
860 Brown, John, Ingliston, Dumfries
'^77 BroN^m, John, Lissensmoss, Kilwinning
878 Brown, John, Airds of Kirkconnell, New
Abbey, Dumfries

880 Brown, John, East Housebyres, Gala-

shiels

852 Brown, John George, Cluny Cottage,
Pitlochry

878 Brown, John Gordon, Lochanhead, Dum-
fries

876 Brown, John H. (late Aberchalder, Fort
Augustus), New Zealand

860 Brown, John C, Between-the-Waters,

Ecclefechan

870 Brown, Jos., Hermitage, Dalbeattie

876 Bro-wn, Joseph, Sootywalls, Fordoun
832 Brown, Matthew, Greenock

861 Bro-wB, Oliphant, Shiel, New Galloway

856 Brown, Peter, Craigton, Bishopton

871 Brown, Peter, Milton of Luncarty, Red-

gorton

881 Brown, Richard, C.A., 29 St Andrew

Square, Edinburgh
866 Brown, Robert E., Bewley Street, York
875 Brown, Thomas, Pentland Mains, Loan-
head
849 Brown, Thomas, Weston, Dunsyre, Dol-

phinton
863 Brown, Thomas, late Locherlour, Crieff
863 Brown, Thomas, 6 Argyle Crescent,
Joppa

877 Bro\vn, Thomas Morris, Achnacarry,

Fort-William

871 Brown, William, Factor, Earlsmill,

Forres — Free Life Member, 1873

872 Brown, William, Parkgatestone, Biggar
854 Brown, William, of Dunkinty, Elgin

873 Brown, William, Pitnamoon, Laurence-

kirk

874 BrowTie, A. H., Doxford Hall, Chathill,

Northumberland
873 Browne, Colville, Park House, Long
MeLford, Suffolk — Free Life Member

875 Brownlee, James, East Whitburn Farm,

Whitbura
872 Brownlie, Alex., Haughhead, Earlstoun
877 Brownlie, James, Nether Alderston,

Mid-Calder
877 BrowTilie, Robert, Bogside, Newmains,

Carluke
875 Brownlie, Thomas, 182 Hope Street,

Glasgow
868 Bruce, Alexander, Millhill, Mintlaw

nighland and Agriculturcd Society, 1881.

Admitted

1879 Brace, Andrew, Jordanston, Meigle
1874 Bruce, Andrew Hamilton Tyndall, of

Falkland, Ladybank
1878 Bruce, David C, Broadlands, Huntly

1877 Bruce, Edward, 26 Greenside Place,

Edinburgh

1864 Bruce, George, Pennan Farm, Fraser-

burgh

1868 Bruce, George, Heatherwick, Keith Hall

1874 Bruce, George, Seedsman, 35 Market

1871 Bruce, George C.,C.E., 21 Castle Street,
Edinburgh

1875 Bruce, Henry, of Ederline, Lochgilphead

1865 Bruce, James, Buniside, Fochabers

1876 Bnice, James, Collithie, Gartly

1869 Binice, James, Marchbank Terrace, Dum-

fries
1868 Bruce, J., Inverquhomery, Mintlaw
1829 Bruce, John, of Sumburgh, Lerwick

1863 Bruce, J., jun., Sumburgh, Lerwick
1842 Bruce, John, W.S., 7 Melville Crescent,

Edinburgh

1876 Bruce, Peter, Myreton, Insch, Aberdeen
1868 Bruce, Robert, Manor House Farm,

Great Smeaton, Northallerton
1871 Biuce, Robert, CJddingston

1880 Bruce, Lieut. -Gen. Robert, of Glen-

deuglie, Milnathort
1875 Bruce, Hon. Robert Preston, M.P.,

Broomhall, Dunfermline
1852 Bruce, Hon. Thomas Charles, M.P., 42

Hill Street, Berkeley Square, London,

W.
1855 Bruce, Thomas, of Arnot, Kingsdale,

Kennoway

1864 Bruce, Sir William C, of Stenhouse,

Bart., Falkirk
1875 Bruce, William L., Glenkill, Lamlash

1870 Bruges, Edward C, Dalgig, New Cumnock

1866 Brunton, James, Broomlands, Kelso

1867 Brunton, J. S., Ladhope House, Gala-

shiels
1870 Bryan, F. G. D., Dnimpellier, Coatbridge

1878 Bryce, Andrew, Craigentinny, Jock's

Lodge, Edinburgh

1865 Bryce, James, East Whitburn, Whitburn

1881 Bryce, John, Architect, 131 George

Street, Edinburgh

1877 Bryce, William C, 26 South Back of

Canongate, Edinburgh
1880 Bryden, John, New Mains, Scone, Perth

1878 Bryden, William, Ironmonger, Lockerbifi
1862 Jirydon, Adam, Netherbarns, Galashiels
1864 Brydon, IL, Thirlcstane Hope, Selkirk
1850 Brydon, James, Kinnelhead, Moffat
1864 Brydon, Jnmes, jun., Holm of DahjU-

haim, Dairy, New Galloway
1873 lirydon, Ro>.ert, The Dene, Soaham
Harbour — Free Life Mevther

1879 Brydone, Walter S., Land Steward,

i'ortmorc, Eddk-ston
1850 Bryson, llobcrt, Meroliant, Glasgow
1852 Bryson, W. G., Culh-n House, Cullen
1828*+lircci.KUCH and Qi'Kknsbkrky, His

Grace the Duke of, K.G., Dalkeith
1835 Bi'ccLEUCH and Queensberhy, Her

Grace the Duchess of

Admitted

1880 Buchan, Alexander, 72 Northumberland

Street, Edinburgh
1854 Buchanan, A., Whitehouse, Stirling

1857 Buchanan, Alexander, Norwood, Miln-

gavie

1881 Buchanan, Dr Alexander, Tiree, Tober-
mory

1838 Buchanan, Andrew, of Auchintorlie,

Bowling
1870 Buchanan, Archibald, Barskimming,

Mauchline
1849 Buchanan, Lieut. -Col. David C. R.

Carrick, of Drumpellier, Coatbridge
1873 Buchanan, David, Carscadden Mains,

New Kiljjatrick
1853 Buchanan, Dun, Auchenbreck, Colin-

traive, Greenock

1877 Buchanan, D. M'L. B., of Boquhan,

Killeam

1878 Buchanan, Francis Wellesly, Leny,

Callander

1873 Buchanan, Sir George H. Leith, of Ross,

Bart., Ross Priory, Alexandria
1851 Buchanan, Isaac, Hamilton, Canada

1876 Buchanan, Captain J. R. Gray, of Scot-

stone, Easttield House, Cambuslang
1838 Buchanan, John, London

1872 Buchanan, John, C.E., 24 George Street,

Edinburgh

1877 Buchanan, John, Gartness, Killeam
1876 Buchanan, Robt., Blairquhosh, Strath-

blane

1876 Buchanan, Robert, Letter Farm, Kil-

leam
1842 Buchanan, Walter, Glasgow
1828 Buchanan, Wm., Merchant, Glasgow
1875 Buchanan, William, 391 Parliamentary-
Road, Glasgow
1863 Buist, Robert, Cattle Salesman, 11 West

Lauriston Place, Edinburgh
1865 Bulloch, Ar., Milliken, East Kilpatrick

1879 Bulloch, George, of Kiuloch, Dunkeld
1875 Bulloch, Matthew, 11 Park Circus, Glas-

gow
1870 Burdett-Coutts, Right Hon. Baroness,
Ehrenberg Hall, Torquay

1874 Bum, Forbes, Hardacres, Coldstream —

Free Life Member
1863 Bum, John, Ednian, Kelso

1873 Burness, Wm., Bedford, Laurencekirk

1877 Bumet, James, Dol]>hington, Cramond

Bridge
1877 Burnett, Alex. E., W.S., 47 lleriot Row,

Etlinburgh
1867 Burnett, Major-General Francis Claude,

of Gadgirth, Tarl)olton
1848 Burnett, (ieorge, Advocate, 21 Walker

Street, Edinburgh

1858 BiUNETT, Sir KoU'rt, of I^eys, Bart.,

Crathes Castle, Handiory
1838 Burnley, W. F., 24 Ainslie Place, Edin-
burgh
1872 Bums, And., Harelaw, Longniddry
1S65 liurns, .las. (.'., ot (Jhidee, Hamilton
1865 Burns, J., of Castle Weinyss, (ireenock
1861 Hums, John William, of Kilmahew, Car-
dross

1875 Burr, Alexander, Tulloford, Old Meldrura

List of Memhers of the

Admitted

1877 Burr, John M., Netliertou, Fyvie, Aber-
deen
1867 Burr, Eev. P. Lorimer, Liindie Manse,

Dundee
1873 Burrell, James, Denovan Mains, Dennv
1854 Burroughs, Major-General F. W. Traill,

C.B., of Kousay, Orkney
1867 Burton, J. Tait, of Toxside, Gorebridge
1857 Burton, J., Eosewell Mains, Rosewell
1869tBuTE, Most Noble the Marquis of, K.T.,

Mount Stuart, Rothesay
1861 Buttar, David, Corston, Coupar-Angus
1877 Butter, Albert, Union Bank, Edinburgh
1825 Butter, Arch., of Faskally, Pitlochry

1877 Butters, Archd., Van Mildert House,

Lenzie

1876 Buyers, James, junior, Easter Brakie,

Friockham

1878 Byres, James Edward, Greenrae, Canonbie

1844 Cadell, Alex. Todd, R.A., V.C., Madras

1856 Cadell, Henry, of Grange, Bo'ness

1869 Cadzow, James, Clarendon, Linlith-

gow
1872 Cadzow, Robt., Thornyhill, Carmichael,

Lanark
1878 Caird, Alex. M'Neel, Kilmun
1853 Caird, James, of Cassencarrie, C.B., 8

Queensgate Gardens, London

1864 Cairns, James, Balquharn, Menstrie

1870 Cairns, John, Parkhill House, Newburgh,

Fife

1861 Cairns, William, Belhie, Auchterarder

1871 Cairns, Robert, Bertha Park, Perth
1845TCAITHNKSS, Right Hon. The Earl of,

Barrogill Castle, Wick

1872 Calder, Adam, Halterburn, Kelso
1853 Calder, Francis, Yetholm Mains, Kelso

1857 Calder, James, Colgrain, Cardross
1870 Calder, John, Muirton, Elgin

1846 Calder, Marcus, Elwickbank, Kirkwall

1857 Calder, Robert, Little Swinton, Cold-

stream

1858 Calder, R., Whitehouse, Lumphanan
1851 Calder, W., Cattle Salesman, 19 Archibald

Place, Edinburgh
]872 Calder, W, A., Oxenrig, Coldstream
1841 Caldwell, Fred., of Missinish, 4 Hanover

Terrace, Regent's Park, London
1878 Caldwell, Hugh, of Braes, Kilbarchan

1862 Caldwell, Wm., Boydstone, Ardrossan
1857 Cameron, Alexr., Coat Hill Farm,

Airdrie

1865 Cameron, Alex, (of Mainhouse), Highfield,

Elgin

1859 Cameron, Donald, of Lochiel, M.P.,

Achnacarry, Fort- William
1861 Cameron, D. Colin, Tallisker, Broadford,

Skye
1869 Cameron, Duncan, Banker, Thurso

1877 Cameron, Duncan, Kinloch Rannoch
1881 Cameron, Duncan, Fettes, Redcastle

1878 Cameron, Hugh Ewen, Clunes, Fort-

William
1881 Cameron, James, Murthill Farina Works,

Forfar
1878 Cameron, Dr James Angus, of Firhall,

Nairn

Admitted

1880 Cameron, J. M., 52 Lime Street, Loudon
1871 Cameron, John, Glackeriska, Appin

1881 Cameron, John, Keil, Fort William

1876 Cameron, J. C., of Garrows, Amulree^
Dunkeld

1862 Cameron, William, Edinburgh

1837 Campbell, Alex., of Auchindarroch, Loch-

gilphead

1835 Campbell, Alexander, of Cammo, 6 Char-
lotte Square, Edinburgh

1868 Campbell, Alex, (late Blairton). Aberdeen;

1863 Campbell, A. H., of Little Grove, Herts

1857 Campbell, ;Lt.-Col. Sir Archd. C, of

Blythswood, Bart., Renfrew
1880 Campbell, Rev. Arch., Assapool, Bunes-

san. Mull
1868 Campbell, A., Dunmore Park, Stirling
1865 Campbell, Lt.-Col. A. H., Ochtertyre,

Stirling
1865 Campbell, Lt.-Col., of South Hall^

Greenock

1878 Campbell, Angus, Soroba, Oban

1854 Campbell, Arthur, of Catrine, W.S.. i
Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh

1876 Campbell, Sir Archibald S. L., of Sue-

coth, Bart, 23 Moray Place, Edinburgh

1864 Campbell, C. Macpherson, of Balliraore,.

Dalvey, Forres
1853 Campbell, Chas. V. H., of Nether Place,

Mauchline
1847 Campbell, C, of Colgrain, Camis Eskaa

House, Helensburgh

1838 Campbell, C. G., of Stonefield, Tarbert

1858 Campbell, Rear- Admiral Colin Yorke,

Barbreck, Lochgilphead
1875 Campbell, Captain Duncan, of Inverneil
and Ross, Ardrishaig

1879 Campbell, Duncan, Stronuich, Glenlyon,

Aberfeldy
1868 Campbell, Major D. P. (of Balliveolan,

Bonaw), New Club, Edinburgh
1858 Campbell, D. T., Duiletter, Dalmally

1839 Campbell, Farquhar (of Rum), New Club,.

Edinbiirgh
1871 Campbell, George, Rhodes, North Ber-
wick

1873 Campbell, George, Kilkea, Mageney, Co.

Kildare — Free Life Member
1863 Campbell, Greorge William, late Mayfair^

London
1867 Campbell, Hector A. (of Auchnacloich,

Oban), Axdfenaig, Bunessan, Mull
1834 Campbell, Sir Hugh Hume, of March-

niont, Bart., Dunse
1838 Campbell, Sir James, of Abemchil, Bart,

Wheatmead Park, Lydney
1875 Campbell, James, Rosebank, Gatehouse
1838 Campbell, James, London

1847 Campbell, J., of Tillichewan, Alexandria

1877 Campbell, Jas., Ormaig, Lochgilphead
1849 Campbell, James A., of Stracathro,,

M.P., Brechin
1860 CampbeU, James G., of Killyleoch, 23
Windsor Street, Edinburgh

1874 Campbell, John, of Kilberry, Tarbert

1848 Campbell, John, of Possil, Torquay

1846 Campbell, J. L., of Achalader, Blair-
gowrie

Highland and Agricidtural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1874 Campbell, John 15 Exchange Square,

Glasgow
1857 Campbell, Jn., Rhemeul, Campbelltown

1857 Campbell, John, of Inverardoch, Doune
1877 Campbell, John, Glenforsa, Aros, ]\full
1865 Campbell, John D., of Peaton, Clachan,

Roseneath, Helensburgh
1863 Campbell, John Graham, of Shirvau,
Castleton, Lochgilphead

1875 Campbell, John R, Inveruglas, Arrochar
1877 Campbell, John Stephen Deans, of Cor-

raith, Ayrshire
1863 Campbell, Neil Colquhoun, of Barnhill,

Sheriff of Ajt, 81 Great King Street,

Edinburgh
1838 Campbell, Ord Graham, 5 Oxford Terrace,

Edinburgh
1861 Campbell, R. F. F., of Craigie, M.P.,

Ayr

1877 Campbell, Robert Hume, of Glendaruel,

Argyllshire

1858 Campbell, Sylvester, Kinellar, Blackburn,

Aberdeen
187G Campbell, Silvester, jun., Tofthills,

Aberdeen
1860 Campbell, Thos., Croftness, Aberfeldy
1863 Campbell, T. H., of Millfield, Polmont
1856 Campbell, T. W., of Walton Park, Dal-
beattie
1858 Campbell, William, Solicitor, 14 Almada
Street, Hamilton

1878 Campbell, William, Carterton, Lockerbie
]871 Camperdown, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Camperdown, Dundee

1879 Cannan, James, Urioch, Castle Douglas —

Free Life Member
1877 Cannon, John, Congeith, Kirkgunzeon
1863 Cant, James, Orr Bridge, Kirkcaldy

1879 Cautlie, Charles A., Keithmore, Dufftown
1850 Carfrae, T., Land Surveyor, 9 Osborne

Terrace, Edinburgh
1845 Carlyle, T. J., of Templehill, Waterbeck,

Ecclefechan
1881 Carmichael, George Henry Gibson, Castle

Craig, Dolphinton

1880 Carmichael, John, Coldstream

1880 Carmichael, M. W. A. Thomson, Carlow-

rie, Kirkliston
IS'^O Carmichael, Peter, Bowmore, Tslay
Ibttl CHniiichael, Thomas David Gibson, yr. of

Skirling, Castle Craig, Dolphinton
1856 Caumiciiael, Sir William H. Gibson, of

Custle Craig and Skirling, Bart, Dol-

})hinton
1856 Cahnkqik, Hon. Charles, St Andrews
1847 Carnegie, D., of Strouvar, Lochearnhead
ISSl Carnegie, F. P., Merchant, Perth
1869 Carnegie, Henry L., of Kinblethinont,

Arbroath
1852 Cartjegie, James, W.S., 16 Windsor

Street, Edinburgli
1880 Carnegie, James, of Aytouii Hill, New-
burgh, Fife
1858 Carnegie, William, of Eastertown, Dun-

lajipif, Brechin
l^r.S Carnegie, W., junior, Coul, Forfar
1^>0 Carnegie, Wm. C, Floors Ca.stle, Kelso
1850 Carnegy, John, Glasgow

Admitted

1869 Carphin, Jas. Rhind, C.A., 137 George

Street, Edinburgh

1878 Carr, Robert, Felkington, Norhan), Ber-

wick-on-Tweed — Free Life M&inher
1876 Carre, Thomas A. Riddell, of Caverscarre,
St Boswells

1871 Carrick, Charles, Baad, Stirling

1872 Carrick, Thos. A,, Easter Cambusdreunie,

Stirling
1854 Carruthers, John, of Miln, Kirkhill,
Moflat

1870 Carruthers, John, Tundergarth, Lockerbie

1876 Carruthers, Joseph, Annan Bank, Locker-

bie

1875 Carruthers, Robert, Courier Office, Inver-

ness

1870 Carruthers, R. B., Huntingdon Lodge,

Dumfries

1838 Carstairs, Drysdale, Hailes House, Fair-

field, Liverpool

1869 Carswell, David, junior, Straiton, Leuchars
1880 Carter, James, Corn Exchfmge, Berwick
1868 Cartwright, T. R. B. Leslie Melville,

Melville House, Ladybank
1861 Carver, John, Kinloch, Meigle

1871 Cathcart, Lieut. - Colonel the Hon.

Adolphus F., Caldra, Dunse

1877 Cathcart, James P., 135 Buchanan Street,

Glasgow
1857 Cathcart, R., of Pitcairlie, Auchtermuchty

1872 Catley, W. E., of Edderton, Tain
1866 Cattanach, A., of Auchintorlie, Paisley

1876 Caven, Thomas, Birkshaw, Glencaim,

Dunscore
1871 Caverhill, John, Greenburn, Ayton

1839 Cawdor, Right Hon. the Earl, Stackpole

Court, Pembroke, South Wales

1877 Cecil, Right Hon. Lord Arthur, Orchard

Mains, Innerleithen
1877 Cecil, Right Hon. Lord Lionel, Tinujuair,

New Hall, Innerleithen
1874 Chalmers, Archibald, of Kipp, Dalbeattie
1871 Chalmers, James, Shielhill, Stanley, Perth

1879 Chalmers, John, Westwood, Stanley, Perth
1860 Chalmers, Thomas, of Longcroft" House,

Linlithgow
1864 Chambers, Robert, 10 Claremont Crescent,
Edinburgh

1870 Chambers, Tlaomas, of Pelutho, Abbey

Town, Cumberland

1864 Chambers, William, Soutarton, Forgue,
Huntly

1849 Chancellor, J. G., of Shieldhill, Biggar

1857 Chandler, Henrv, Salford

1859 Chaplin, Geo. C. Chihl, of Collision, Ar-
broath

1880 Cha])lin, George Robertson, of Murlingden,

Brechin
1880 Chaplin, Capt. Thomjis Robertson, Mur-
lingden, Brechin

1873 Chapman, James, Ballencrieff Mill, Bath-

gate
L^73 Chapman, Mun>:r<^, Auctioneer, Bathgate
1579 Charles, John, Town and County Bank,

Inverurie
1S76 Charlton. John, Com Merchant, Dumfiiea
lb67 Ch.ailton, Matthew, jun., Browndeaulaws,

Jedburgh

List of Members of the

Admitted

1860 Cheape, Lieut-Col. Charles, of Kilundlne,
Lochaline, Morveu, Argyllshire

1864 Cheape, G. C, of Strathtyrum, Wellfield,

Strathmiglo

1881 Cheape, James, yr. of Lathockar, St
Ajidrews

1838 Chiene, Geo. Tod, C.A., 27 Northumber-
land Street, Edinburgh

1860 Chirnside, G., Edriugton House, Berwick

1865 Chisholm, The, Erchless Castle, Inverness
1865 Chisholm, Duncan, Craskie, Cannich,

Beauly
1874 Chisholm, John, Chapel Rossan, Stranraer

1854 Chisholm, John, Charleston, Inverness
1874 Chisholm, John, Ironmonger, 8 Church

Street, Inverness
1850 Christe, Andrew, Glencairn, Oreti,

Southland, New Zealand
1850 Christie, Charles J., Westbank, Tranent
1862 Christie, C. J., Cherry bank, Newhaven

Road, Edinburgh
1879 Christie, Francis Walter, Dairsie Mains,

Cupar Fife
1873 Christie, James, Bandeath, Stirling
1865 Christie, James, Blandfield, Edinburgh

1873 Christie, James, Cultenhove Mains, St

Ninians
1835 Christie, Captain James, 1 Torphichen
Street, Edinburgh

1876 Christie, James M,, Sunnyside, Preston-

kirk

1846 Christie, John, 10 Pitville Parade, Chel-
tenham

1872 Christie, Jolm, of Cowden, 19 Buckingham
Terrace, Edinburgh

1874 Christie, John, West Mains, Haddington

1861 Christie, P., Mains of Scotscraig, Tayport
1857 Christie, T. C, of Bedley, Moodiesburn
1848 Christison, Sir Robert, Bart., M.D., 40

Moray Place, Edinburgli

1871 Chrystal, George, Engineer, Perth

1878 Chrystal, Robert, 1 Charing Cross, Glas-
gow
1878 Chrystal, William, GUchristland, Thomhill
1834 Chrystie, Captain A., late H.E.I.C.S.

1855 Church, D. M., 25 Minto St., Edinburgh
1838 Church, J,, Sark Tower, Canonbie

1859 Clapperton, Jas,,Garvald Mains, Preston-
kirk

1855 Clapperton, John, GiflFord

1864 Clapperton, John, Gillsland. Spylaw
Road, Edinburgh

1877 Clark, Andrew, Islay

1869 Clark, Archd., Bencomim, Dunoon
1853 Clark, Archibald, Inverchapple, Kilmun
1838 Clark, Francis William, of Ulva, Aros
1864 Clark, James, Kirklandhill, Dunbar

1857 Clark, John, Flender, Busby

1869 Clark, Sir John F., of Tillypronie, Bart,,
Tarland

1858 Clark, John Gilchrist, of Speddoch, Dab-

ton, Thornhill

1872 Clark, John M., London

1867 Clark, Lachlan, Tangy, CampbeltowTi

1869 Clark, Matthew, Glasgow

1872 Clark, M., of Little Culmain, Crocketford,

Dumfries
1871 Clark, Robert, Taybank House, Errol

Admitted

1880 Clark, Thomas, Oldhamstocka Mains,

Cockburnspath
1879 Clark, Thomas K., Carriage Builder, Crieff
1873 Clark, William, New Mousen, Belford

1857 Clark, William, Shawhill, Monkton
1871 Clark, William, Bonnygate, Cupar Fife
1873 Clark, Rev. Wm. Aitkinson, Belford Hall

Belford, Northumberland

1869 Clarke, John, Maryland, Uddingston
1873 Clarke, William, Hopewell, Tarland

1879 Clarkson, Alex., Pretts Mill, Thankerton
1854 Clay, John, Kerchesters, Kelso

1870 Cleghorn, Hugh, M.D., of Stravithy, St

Andrews

1875 Clelland, James, Knockenlaw, Kilmarnock
1877 Clench, Fred. (Messrs Robey & Co.),

Lincoln

1876 Clerk, Sir George Douglas, of Penicuik,

Bart., Penicuik

1860 Clerk, Duncan, Writer, Oban

1875 Clerkson, Alexander, I^yden, Kirknewton

1871 Clinton, Right Hon. Lord, Fettercaim

House, Fettercairn
1850 Clouston, Peter, Glasgow

1871 Clyne, David, Reaster House, Wick
1852 Coats, Sir Peter, of Auchendrane, Ayr
1852 Coats, Thomas, of Ferguslie, Paisley

1877 Cochran, John, Low Portencallie, Stran-

raer
1877 Cochran, Robert, Caldons, Stoneykirk,
Stranraer

1880 Cochrane, Adam L., of Kingsknowes,

Galashiels

1861 Cochrane, Alexander, of Ashkirk, Hawick

1858 Cochrane, James, Waterside Lodge, New-

burgh, Aberdeen

1877 Cochrane, James, Float, Sandhead, Stran-

raer
1866 Cockburn, Arch. D., 6 Athole Crescent,

Edinburgh
1838 CoLEBROOKE, Sir Thomas Edward, of

Crawford, Bart., M.P., Abington
1843 Collier, John, Hatton House, Carnoustie
1857 CoUyer, William D., of Cormiston, Biggar
1879 Colquhoun, Dugald, Manager Vitrol

Works, Carnoustie

1873 Colquhoun, George, Shemore, Luss

1872 Colquhoun, Sir James, of Luss, Bart.,

Ross-dhu, Luss

1876 Colquhoun, Lieut. -Col. James, Ben Cruach

Lodge, Arroquhar, Loch Lomond

1850 Colquhoun, J., Corkerhill, Pollockshaws

1874 Colquohoun, Rev. J. E. Campbell of Kil-

lermont, Chartwell, Westerham, Kent.

1878 Coltart, John (of John & James Coltart,

Implement Makers), Maxwelltown,
Dumfries

1872 Colthart, Robert, Achateny, Strontian

1851 Colville of Culross, Right Hon. Lord,

K.T., 42 Eaton Place, London
1871 Colvin, James E., Wester Manbeen, Elgin
1874 Colvin, John, Solicitor, Inverness

1873 Common, James, Waterbeck, Ecclefechan
1878 Common, John, South Corrielaw, Locker-
bie

1871 Comrie, Alex., 30 Battery Place. Rothesay

1874 Conacher, P. M., Gallin Cottage, Glen-

lyon, Aberfeldy

Higliland and Agricultural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1873 Coningham, W. J. C, late High Street,

Haddington

1877 Connal, Michael (of Parkhall, KiUearn),

Glasgow

1878 Connell, J. W. F., of Auchencheyne,

Thornhill
1852 Conning, John, Solicitor, Perth
1877 Connochie, William Dixon, V.S., Selkirk
1860 Constable, James, of Glencraig, Lochgelly
1871 Cook, Charles, 17 Golden Square, Aberdeen
1841 Cook, John, W.S., 11 Great King Street,

Edinburgh
1876 Cook, Thomas W., Castleton of Asloun,

Alford
1865 Cooper, Alexander, Solicitor, Elgin
1845 Cooper, H. R. of Ballindalloch, Balfron

1874 Cooper, Wm. S., of Failford New Club,

Edinburgh

1876 Copland, Alexander, Manager, Aberdeen,

Commercial Co., Aberdeen.
1855 Copland, Robt., Mill of Ardlethen, Ellon
1864 Copland, John, Rusco, Gatehouse

1877 Corbett, Thos., Perseverance Iron Works,

Shrewsbury
1840 Cordiner, W. F., Mormond House;, Cortes,
Lonmay

1878 Cormack, John F., Solicitor, Lockerbie
1860 Corrie, Adam, South Park, Kirkcud-
bright

1878 Corrie, Thomas, Knocklae, New Galloway

1864 Cotesworth, Robt., Cowdenknowes, Mel-

rose

1857 Coubrough, A., Biggarshields, Biggar

1875 Coubrough, Archd., High Craigton, Miln-

gavie
1852 Coubrough, J., Blairtummoch, Lennox-
town

1876 Coubrough, William, Somfallow, Wiston,

Biggar

1859 Coupar, John, Balrownie, Brechin

1869 Coupar, John Cardno, of Craigiebuckler,
Aberdeen

1865 Cousin, George, 12 Royal Exchange, Edin-

burgh
1864 Cou.shind, James, Glasgow

1858 Coutts, William, Banff

1864 Coventr\', William, Pleasance, Aberdour,
Fife.shire

1871 Cowan, Dr Alexander, Greenhill Lodge,

Edinburgh
1836 Cowan, C, of Logan House, Wester Lea,
Murraytield

1860 Cowan, Charles W., yr, of Logan House,

Penicuik
1875 Cowan, r>aniel, 5 Oswald Street, Glasgow
1869 Cowan, George, Mains of Park, Glenluce

1872 Cowan, George, Valleyfield, Penicuik

1873 Cowan, James, 10 North Queen Street,

Gla.sgow

1874 Cowan, James, M.P., 35 Royal Terrace,

Kdinburtrh
1858 Cowan, Jnhii, of Beeslack, Milton Bridge

1879 Cowan, John, W.S., 12 Hill Street, Kdin-

burgh
1879 Cowan, John, Metal Merchant, 21 Albert

Street, E<linl)urgh
1854 Cowan, Richard, St Kilda, Siilmouth,

Devon

Admitted

1861 Cowan, Robert, W.S., 9 Carlton TeiTace,

Edinburgh

1862 Cowan, Robert, Bank Cottage, Marj-field,

Portobello
1872 Cowan, William, Banker, Alva
1870 Cowe, George, Balhousie, Carnoustie
1872 Cowe, Peter, Lochton, Coldstream
1870 Cowe, Robert, Old Castles, Chimside

1872 Cowe, Wm., Butterdean, Grant's House
1868 Cowie, Alexander, Darley, Auchterless^

Turriff
1853 Cowie, Alex., Crorably Bank, Ellon
1852 Cowie, James, Sunilridge Hall, Bromley,

Kent

1876 Cowie, James, Woodbine Cottage, Stone.

haven
1881 Cowpar, James, Over Migvie, Kirriemuir
1879 Crabb, Wm., Chemical Works, Silloth,

Cumberland

1877 Crabbie, John, of Duncow, 22 Royal Ter-

race, Edinburgh

1877 Crabbie, John M., yr. of Duncow, 33

Chester Street, Edinburgh

1879 Craig, Alexander, Over Milton, East

Kilbride
1870 Craig, Daniel, Barr, Sanquhar
1855 Craig, David, 4 Pitt Street, Portobello
1875 Craig, H. V. Gibson, W.S., LQliput

Swansea
1850 Craig, James, 33 Manor Place, Edinburgli
1857 Craig, Jas,, of Craigdarroch, Monkton-
hill, Monkton

1880 Craig, James, Robroyston, Bishopbriggs

1863 Craig, Sir James H. Gibson, of Riccar-

ton, Bart., Currie

1857 Craig, John, Guelt, Cumnock
1867 Craig, John, Jellyhill, Bishopbriggs

1878 Craig, John, Glencruitten, Oban

1879 Craig, John, Innergeldie, Comrie — Free

Life Member

1860 Craig, Josh., of Threecrofts, Lochrutton,
Dumfries

1870 Craig, Robt., Carruchan, Troqueer, Dum-
fries

1867 Craig, Robert, Auchentiber, Greenock

1868 Craig, Robert (Francis Lowe & Co.),

Chupelton, Jamaica
1859 C'raig, Wm., Laurel Bank, Dumfries

1870 Craig, Wm., Buckley, Bishopbriggs

1877 Craig, Dr William,/ Lothian Ko^, Edin-

burgh
1855 Craig, William C, Anniston, Biggar

1862 Craig, W. , Urquhart, Duiiteiniline

1875 Craig, William, Implement Maker, Old

Meldrum

1880 Craig, Wm., Monktonhill, Monkton—

Free Life Member

1873 Craighead, James, Sillyflat, Bervie

1858 Craigie, Williamjlioper, Tom-ua-Droighne,

Ballinluig

1878 Craik, CJeorge, Glentoo, Castle Douglas

1877 Craik, John, The Hush. Koslin

1863 Craike, Charles (late Esbie, Lochraaben)^

Australia

1878 Cran, George, Old Morlich, Inverkindie

1876 Cran, James, iun., Kuockaudoch, White-

house, AWrdeen

1871 Cran, John, Kirktou, Inverness

List of Members of tlie

Admitted

1872 Cranston, James, Holstane, Thomhill

1849 Cranstoun, George Oanstoun Trotter, of

Dewar, Harvieston, Gorebridge

1859 Cranstoun, William S., Dyke, Moffat
1881 Craw, Henry Hewat, Foulden West

Mains, Chimside

1850 Crawford, Adam, Royal Terrace, Edin-

burgh

1853 Crawford, Alex., Writer, Dunse

1871 Crawford, Andrew, Pitlowie, Glencarse

1860 Crawford, D., late Dykehill, Milton of

Campsie
1855 Crawford, Jas. Coutts, of Overton, Stratli-
aven

1854 Crawford, John, The House of Tongue,

Lairg

1877 Crawford, John, High Street, Alloa

1865 Crawford, John, Miiustonford, West Kil-

bride

1867 Crawford, Muir, 6 Bank Street, Leith

1857 Crawford, P. Dumgoyack, Strathblane
1875 Crawford, Robert, of Lochsannish, Camp-

belltowTi

1866 Crawford, R., Balbougie, Inverkeithing

1860 Crawford, Wm., Balgarvie, Perth

1838 Crawford, W. S. Stirling, of Milton, Glas-
gow

1866 Crease, William, 6 George Square, Edin-
burgh

1875 Crerar, Donald, Morenish, Killin

1861 Crerer, John, Drumatherty, Dunkeld
1850 Creyk, Dr A., Dalvey, Advie, Strathspey
1838 Cricbtou, Hew, S.S.C, 13 Nelson Street,

Edinburgh
1849 Crichton, Hew Hamilton, W. S. , 13 Nel-
son Street, Edinburgh

1878 Crichton, James (Hamilton & Crichton),

41 George Street, Edinburgh — Silver-
smith to the Society

1847 Crichton, Jas. Arthur, Advocate, Sheriff
of Fife, 13 Nelson Street, Edinburgh

1859 Crichton, Wm., Live Stock Agent, Had-
dington

1870 Critchley, J. A. , Stapelton Tower, Annan

1872 Croall, John, Coach Works, Kelso

1875 Croall, Robert, Job and Postmaster,

Craigcrook Castle, Edinburgh
1835 Crombie, Alex. , of Thornton, Laurencekirk

1858 Crombie, Alex., of Thornton, W.S.,

Albert Buildings, Edinburgh
1870 Cromarty, Wm., Widewall, St Margaret's
Hope

1879 Crosbie, William, G., S.S.C, Dumfries

1880 Cross, Alex., 60 North Bridge, Edinburgh
1878 Cross, Alex., jun., Eastbank, Langbank)
1845 Cross, David, (of Knockdon, Maybole,

Seed Merchant, Hope Street, Glasgow
1852 Cross, Robert, Uddingston
1865 Grossman, M. G., Bridgend, Berwick
1858 Cruickshank, Amos, Sittyton, Aberdeen

1868 Cruickshank, Andrew, Conland, Huntly
1878 Cruickshank, David, Meft, Elgin

1868 Cruickshank, Edward C, Lethenty, In-
verurie
1874 Cruickshank, George, Ardmore, Tain
1852 Cruickshank, George, Comisty, Huntly

1876 Cruickshank, James, Ladysford, Fraser-

burgh

Admitted

1852 Cruickshank, John, Elgin

1875 Cruickshank, John, Dandaleith, Craigel-

lachie

1876 Cruickshank, John W., Lethenty, Inve-

rurie
1876 Cruickshank, Wm., Cairnglass, Lonmay,

Aberdeen
1865 Crum, Alex., Thomliebank House, M.P.,

Thornliebank, Glasgow
1876 Cullen, Archd., Woodend, Airdrie

1879 Gumming, David, Knockieston, Crieff

1868 Gumming, George, Writer, Banff

1865 Gumming, Henry Gordon, Pittyvaich,

Dufftown
1874 Gumming, Jas., Allanfeam, Inverness

1876 Gumming, William, V.S., Alnwick

1874 Gumming, Sir William G. Gordon, of
Altyre, Bart., Forres

1850 Cuninghame, D., Chapelton, Ardrossan

1880 Cuninghame, J. C. ,of Craigends, Johnstone

1866 Cuninghame, R. D. B., of Hensol, Castle

Douglas

1880 CuNiKQHAME, Sir William M., of Corse-
hill, Bart, Glenmoor House, Maybole

1854 Cunningham, A. G., Rosebank, Currie

1870 Cunningham, C, V.S., Slateford

1872 Cunningham, C. J., of Muirhouselaw,

The Tofts, Morebattle, Kelso
1879 Cunningham, David, Burntisland
1864 Cunningham, J., Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie
1864 Cunningham, J. C, 102 West Bow,

Edinburgh
1879 Cunningham, James William Brodie,
Grahamslaw, Kelso

1867 Cunningham, John, Trees, Maybole

1879 Cunningham, John, Burntisland

1857 Cunningham, J., Whitecairn, Dalbeattie
1864 Cunningham, J. M., Manager Clydesdale
Banking Company, Glasgow

1851 Cunningham, T., Dalachy, Aberdour
1836 Cunningham, W. A., of Logan, Cumnock
1859 Cunningham, W, C. S., of Caprington,

Kilmarnock
1867 CuKNYNQHAM, Sir Robert K A. Dick, of
Prestonfield, Bart., Edinburgh

1871 Curr, Henry, Pitkellony House, Muthill

1880 Curr, James, 32 Charlotte Square, Edin-

burgh

1853 Currie, James, Eastwood, Gorebridge

1872 Currie, James J., Torcraik, Gorebridge
1879 Currie, John, Kirkeoch, Kirkcudbright
1863 Currie, William, of Linthill, St Boswells

1854 CURRIKHILL, Hon. Lord, 6 Randolph.

Crescent, Edinburgh

1877 Curror, Adam Henry, Edinburgh]

1867 Curror, David, of Wester Craigduckie, 25
Northumberland Street, Edinburgh

1848 Curror, John, of Nivingston, Colinton
Mains, Colinton

1869 Curror, John F., Damhead, Murrayfield

1873 Curror, Patrick Robert, Myreside, Edin-

burgh
1872 Curror, Peter, Coiithill, Stirling
1836 Cuthbertson, William, Merchant, Glasgow

1874 Dahl, Ferdinand August, Director of the

Royal Higher Agricultural School at
Aas, Christiania — Horwrary Associate

Higliland and Agricultural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1876 Dakers, James, 24 Union Row, Aberdeen

1875 Dalgleish, Greorge, Rosebery Mains,

Temple

1857 Dalgleish, John J., of Ardnamurchan, 8

Athole Crescent, Edinburgh

1858 Dalgleish, L., of Pitfirrane, 22 Coates

Crescent, Edinburgh

1879 Dalgleish, William Ogilvy of May field,

Dundee

1876 Dalhousie, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Dalhousie Castle, BonnjTigg
1853tDALKEiTH, Right Hon. the Earl of, KT.,
Eildon Hall, Newtown St Boswells

1874 Dallas, A. G., lOTervor Terrace, London,

S.W.

1875 Dangerfield, Edward, Balboughty, Perth
1862 Dalrymple, Charles, of Hailes, M.P., 39e

Onslow Square, London, S.W.

1868 Dalrymple, C. Elphinstone, of Kinellar
V n 1 M Lodge, Blackburn, Aberdeen

1865 Dalrymple, Hon. G. Grey, Elliston

House, St Boswells

1841;Dalrtmple, Sir Hew, of North Berwick,
Bart. , Luchie, North Berwick

1857 Dalrymple, James, of Woodhead, Kirkin-
tilloch

1866 Daltell, Sir R. A. 0., of Binns, Bart.
1878 Dalziel, Adam, Arkland, Penpont
1860 Dalziel, Alex., Glenwharrie, Sanquhar

1860 Dalzi' 1, George, Merkland, Thornhill
1870 Dalziel, George, Auchengruith, Sanquhar

1873 Dalziel, George, W.S., 25 Drumsheugh
vi 1 1/1 Gardens, Edinburgh

1869 Dalziel, James, Tinwaldshaws, Dumfries
1878 Dalziel, Robert, Druidhall, Penpont
1857 Darling, Adam, Governor's House, Ber-
wick

1880 Darling, Thomas, Governor's House, Ber-

wick

1839 Darling, William, Priestlaw, Cranshaws

1865 Darroch, D., of Gourock, Torridon,
Achnasheen

1855 Davidson, Alexander, Mains of Caim-
brogie. Old Meldrum

1878 Davidson, David, 71 English Street, Dum-
fries

1881 Davidson, Donald, Drummond Park,

Inverness
1824 Davidson, Duncan, of Tulloch, Dingwall

1861 Davidson, Duncan H. C. R, yr. of Tul-

loch, Brae, Dingwall
1860 Davidson, George, Walton, Linlithgow
1880 Davidson, George, Banchory, Kinghorn

1870 Davidson, Gilbert, Banker, Hawick
1848 Davidson, H. , of Muirhouse, Davidson's

Mains, Edinhurgh
1841 Davidson, Henry M., SheriiT-aerk, Had-

din^^'ton
1870 Davidson, Hugh, of Braedale, Lanark
1864 Davidson, J., North I^eys, Banchory

1877 Davidson, Jamos J., Dean Park, Balerno

1874 Davidson, Lachlan, Caledonian Bank,

Kingussie
1834 Davidson, P., of Inchrnarlo, Banchory
186.'i Davidson, Robert, Mayfield, Inverness
1872 Davidson, Wm., Colmslie, Galashiels
1850 Davidson, Willinm J., of Rurhill, 32

Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh

Admitted

1848 Di-VIE, Sir H. R. F., of Creedy, Bart.,

Crediton, Devon
1859 Dawson, John, Thurleigh, Bedfordshire
1S76 Dawson, William, Westerton, Fochabers
1878 Dayton, Robert, The Hotel, Locheam-

head

1876 Dean, George, Brangan, Boyndie, Port-

soy
1857 Deans, J. Y., of Kirkstyle, Kilmarnock
1850 Deans, Peter D., Mount Charles, Porto-

bello
1878 Deans, William, The Glen, Innerleithen
1838 DBAS, Hon. Lord, 32 Heriot Row, Edin-
burgh
1823 Dempster, G., Ormiston Hall, Tranent
1854 Denholm, Alex,, Baitlaws, Lamingtoa

1877 Denman, Right Hon. Lord, Alderston,

Haddington
1850 Dennistoun, Alexander H., of Golfhill,

Glasgow
1877 Dennistoun, James Wallis, of Dennistoun,

The Hangingshaw, Selkirk
1875 Dent, Irvine, Ravensnook, Penicuik
1864 Dewar, A., Arnprior, Kippen, Stirling

1872 Dewar, David, Shaw of Touch, Stirling

1873 Dewar, James, Cairnston, Dunblane

1872 Dewar, James, 40 Windsor Terrace, St

George's Road, Glasgow
1877 Dewar, James Cumming, of Vogrie, Ford

1873 Dewar, John, Doune Castle Farm, Doune
1864 Dewar, Peter, King's Park, Stirling
1864 Dewhurst, G. C, of Aberuchil, Comrie
1856 Dick, Dr John, 19 Dalrymple Crescent,

Edinburgh

1868 Dick, Wm., of Tullymet, Ballinluig
1859 Dickenson, Wm., Longcroft, Lauder

1869 Dickie, Joseph, Union Bank, Dunkeld
1867 Dickie, Robt., Killeonan, Campbelto\vn

1870 Dickie, William, Audsley House, Lang-

ford, Derbyshire

1869 Dickinson, 'George T., of Wheelbirk.s,

Newcastle-on-Tyne

1870 Dickson, Alex., of Hartree and Kilbucho,

M.D., Professor of Botany, University of

Edinburgh, 11 Royal Circus
Dickson, Archibald, Hassendeanburn

Hawick '

Dickson, George, Currielea, Ormiston
Dickson, James J., C.A., 13 Clarendon

Crescent, Edinburgh

Dickson, James A., Woodville, Arbroath
Dickson, J. H., of Corstorphiue, Saugh-

ton Mains, E<Iinburgh
Dickson, John, W.S., Green])ank, Perth
Dickson, John F., Panbride House, Car-
noustie

Dickson, Patrick, Laurencekirk
Dickson, R. A., M.-n-hant, Dumfries
Dickson, T., Drumcruil, Thoruhill
Dickson, Thomas Goldie, 3 North St

David Street, Edinburgh
Dickson, I )r Walter G., 3 Royal Circus,

Eiiinhurgh
Dickson, W. L., Drummelzier Haugh

Biggar '

Dickson, William Traquair, W.S., 11 Hill

Street, Edinburgh
Dingwall, William, ilamornie, Ladyltank

1854

1879
1850

1858
1862

1846
1858

1876
1870
1860
1879

1871

1874

1878

1851

List of Memlers of the

Admitted

1863 Dinning, John, The Terrace, Belford,
Northumberland

1879 Dinwiddie, Wm. A., Manufacturer,

Greenbrae, Dunafries
1849 Dixon, Thomas G., Nant Hall, Rhyl
1866 Dobbie, John, Campend, Dalkeith

1862 Dobie, David, Tinwald House, Dumfries
1878 Dobie, Davdd, Banker, Lockerbie

1878 Dobie, Douglas, Drumcork, Thornhill

1863 Dodd, Nicholas, Nisbet, Kelso

1863 Dodd, James, Mossburnford, Jedburgh
1837 Dodd, William, Merchant, Glasgow

1857 Doddrell, George J., 51 Belmont Terrace,

Hillhead, Glasgow
1865 Dodds, James, Moncrieff Bank, Perth
1844 Dodds, J., Cranston Riddell, Dalkeith
1877 Dodds, Samuel, Somnerfield, Haddington

1863 Dodds, William, Elwarthlaw, Greenlaw
1871 Doe, John, Agricultural Implement

Maker, Errol

1880 Dollar, Tliomas A., 56 New Bond Street,

London

1858 Don, Alex., Keirsbeath, Dunfermline

1877 Donald, Andrew, Spittal, Penicuik

1858 Donald, Jas., Deebank Cottage, Crathes,
Aberdeen

1878 Donald, James Forbes, Annan

1877 Donald, John, 49 Forrest Road, Edin-

burgh
1876 Donaldson, Alex,, 54 Avenue Wagram,

Paris
1871 Donne, Henry, Leek Wootten, Warwick
1865 Dougall, Adam, Stewarton, Kirkinner

1865 Dougall, Andrew, Railway Manager,

Inverness

1857 Dougall, Admiral W. H. Maitland, R.N.,

of Scotscraig, Tayport
1875 Douglas, Mrs, Green, Kilmalcolm
1868 Douglas, Archibald C, of Mains, Miln-

gavie
1868 Douglas, Arthur Henry Johnstone, of

Lockerbie

1858 Douglas, Bentlem, Peffer Mill, Liberton

1866 Douglas, E. 0., of Killiechassie, Aber-

feldy
1839 Douglas, F. B., Advocate, 21 Moray

Place, Edinburgh
1851 Douglas, Sir Geo. H. S., of Springwood

Park, Bart., Kelso

1871 Douglas, George, Upper Hindhope, Jed-

burgh

1867 Douglas, George Sholto, Berryhill, Kelso

1873 Douglas, John, Marionburgh, Ballindal-

loch
1861 Douglas, Thomas, Clyth, Wick

1872 Douglas, Thos., Swinside Townhead,

Jedburgh

1874 Douglas, William, Arboll, Fearn

1878 Douglas, William D. Robinson, of Or-

chardton, Castle-Douglas
1854 Douglass, Alex. Forbes, Haddo House
Mains, Aberdeen

1864 Douie, John R. L., Factor, Polmaise,

Stirling
1853 Dove, John, Kelso

1879 Dow, David, Balmanno, Bridge of Earn
1879 Dow, David, jun., Balmanno, Bridge of

Earn

Admitted

1879 Dow, James, Clathybeg, Gask, Auchter-
arder

1871 Dowall, Charles, Kelly Bleachfield, Ar-

broath

1858 Dowell, Alex., 13 Palmerston Place,

Edinburgh
1873 Downie, George, Balcomie, Crail

1869 Downie, Hay, Corstorphine

1867 Downie, Wm., Kinbroom, Rothienorman
1857 Drennan, James, Auchenlee, Ayr

1872 Drever, James, Askernish, South Uist,

Lochmaddy

1870 Drew, James, of Craigencallie, Doonhill,,

Newton-Stewart
1850 Drew, Lawrence, Merryton, Hamilton

1857 Drife, James, New Zealand

1861 Dron, William, CrieflFvechter, CrieflF
1861 Drummond, Hon. Francis, 58 St George's
Square, London, S.W.

1873 Drummond, James, jun., Blacklaw, Dun-

fermline

1859 Drummond, Henry, Seedsman, Stirling
1864 Drummond, John, of Balquhandy, late

Guilton Rectory, Wingham, Kent

1871 Drummond, John, of Blackruthven,

Perth
1852 Drummond, J. M., of Megginch, Errol
1875 Drummond, Robert, Pocknave, Craigie,

Kilmarnock
1828 Drummond, Thomas, of Craigie, Dundee
1870 Drummond, W. P., 82 George Street,

Edinburgh

1858 Drybrough, Thos., 31 Royal Terrace,

Edinburgh

1869 Dryburgh, J., Kininmonth, Cupar-Fife

1863 Dryden, W., Land-Steward, Springwood

Park, Kelso
1881 Drysdale, A. L., Kilmux, Kennoway,

Fife
1873 Drysdale, David, Loms Hill, Alloa

1864 Drysdale, Henry, Begbie, Haddington

1873 Drysdale, Robert, Old Mills, Craigforth,

Stirling

1861 Drysdale, Wm., of Kilrie, North Pitteadie,

Kinghom
1879 Duckering, C. E., Northorpe, Kirton

Lindsey
1879 Duckering, W., Northorpe, Kirton

Lindsey

1870 Dudgeon, Alex., East Dalmeny, Edin-

burgh
1869 Dudgeon, George, Almondhill, Kirkliston

1850 Dudgeon, James, Upper Keith, Edin-

burgh
1840 Dudgeon, John, 17 Kensington Gate,
London

1862 Dudgeon, J. S., Longnewton, St Boswells
1856 Dudgeon, John B., Crakaig, Golspie

1851 Dudgeon, Patrick, of Cargen, Dumfries
1877 Dudgeon, Robert F., yr. of Cargen, Dum-
fries

1843 Dudley, Right Hon. the Earl of, Dudley

House, Park Lane, London
1866 Duff, Hon. George Skene, Montcoffer

House, Banff

1874 Duff, George Smyttan, Sanquhar House,

Forres

1868 Duff, Col. James, Knockleith, Turriff

HigMand and Agrieultwrcd Sooitty, 1881.

Admitted

1875 Duff, James, Factor, Blackwood, Lesma-

hagow

1865 Duff, Jame^, Freelanrl, Bridge of Earn
1858 Duff, Lachlan Duft Gordon, of Drummuir,

Keith

1866 Duff, Robert W., of Fetteresso, M.P.,

Stonehaven

1874 Duff, Thomas, late of Garth, Aberfeldy
1880 Duff, Thomas Gordon, Park House, Banff

1877 Duff, Wm., late Tayfarm, Meikleour
1858 Duguid, P., of Camraachmore, Aberdeen

1880 Dun, Finlay, 2 Portland Place, London, W.

1871 Dun, John, jun., Galashiels

1839 Dunbar, Sir Archd., of Northfield, Bart.,
Duffus House, Elgin

1876 Dunbar, Garden Duff, of Hempriggs,

Ackergill Tower, Wick
1845 Dunbar, Sir William, of Mo^hnim, Bart.,
35 Princes Gardens, London, S.W.

1876 Dimbar, William, Union Bank, Turriff
1851 Duncan, Alex, (of Providence, Rhode

Island), Kuossington Grange, Oakham,
Rutland

1857 Duncan, Alex., Craigfoodie, Cupar Fife

1878 Duncan, Alex., Duart, Auchnacraig, Mull

1875 Duncan, Alex. R,, yr. of Parkhill, Blair-

quosh, Strathblane

1876 Duncan, Charles, Advocate, Deebank,

Murtle, Aberdeen

1872 Duncan, Charles, of Meadowcap, Wood-

head, Rothesay

1858 Duncan, D. H., Friock Mains, Arbroath

1868 Duncan, James, New Zealand

1869 Duncan, James, Panlathie Mill, Car-

nou.stie
1871 Duncan, James, of Benmore, Kilmun,
Gretnock

1875 Duncan, James, Bannatj-ne Mains, Rothe-

say
1871 Duncan, John, yr. of Kinkell, Brownhills,

St Andrews
1S79 Duncan, John, of Dullatur, Newbigging,

Camock, Dunfermline
1S5S Duncan, John, Ardo, Methlic

1877 Duncan, John, Fortrie, King Edward,

Banff

1877 Duncan, Patrick, Balchers, King Edward,

Banff

1879 Duncan, Patrick Geekie, East Memus,

Kirriemuir
18.55 Duncan, Robert, of Kirkmay, Crail
1868 Duncan, R., Auchenbaidie Main.s, Banff

1881 Duncan, Robert, Royal Hotel, Tigh-na-

bruaich
1848 Duncan, William, S.S.C, 13 Abercroraby
Place, {Edinburgh

1876 Duncan, William, 18 York Place, Edin-

burgh

1381 Dun. an, Walter Geekie, Balkemback,
Traling, Dundee

1868 Duncan, W. J., National Bank, Edin-
burgh

1 "76 Dundas, Chas. Henry, Dunira. Crieff

1-78 Dundas, Ralph, NV'.S., 16 St Andrew
Square, Rlinburgh

1847 I>unda.<<, Robert, of Arniston, Gore-
bridge

ISSO Dundxs, T. G., of Carrou Hall, Larbort

Admitted

1880 Dundas, Wm. John, C.S., 16 St Andrew

Square, Edinburgh
1860tDL;NGLASS, Right Hon. Lord, Newtoa

Don, Kelso

1857 Dunlop, Alexander, Glasgow

1876 Dunlop, ColLn Robert, of Quarter,

Hamilton
1869 Dunlop, Gabriel, Castle Farm, Stewarton

1872 Dunlop, George, W.S., 14 George Street,

Edinburgh

1875 Dunlop, Quintin, Morriston, Maybole
1871 Dunlop, Robert, Aulton, Kilmaurs

1853 Dunlop, Wm. H,, of Annanhill, Kilmar-

nock
1862tDuNMORE, Right Hon. the Earl of. Dun-
more Park, Stirling

1854 Dunn, Adam, Trauent Mains, Tranent
1880 Dunn, Andrew, jun., Kelso

1863 Dunn, David, 76 Liverpool Road, Birk-
dale, Southport

1876 Dunn, John, Ramsay Lodge, Kelso

1877 Dunn, Malcolm, The Gardens, Dalkeith

1877 Dunn, Robert, Ballykelly, Londonderry
1880 Dunn, Robert, Belford

1S78 Dunn, Wm., Kenmore Mains, Aberfeldy

1858 Durie, David, Nether Mill, Fettercaim

1855 Durie, Robert Hogg, Barney Mains, Had-

dington

1879 Diuno, James, Jackston, Rothienorman
1868 Durno, John, Lambhill, Insch

1874 Durno, John, Sunnyside, Rothienorman

1880 Durward, .John, Luib, Corgarff, Strathdon

1868 Duthie, William, Banker, Tarves

1878 Dykes, James, C*uicken, Penicuik

1869 Dykes, John, jun., 79 St Vincent Street,

Glasgow

1875 Dykes, Robert, Laigh Hillhouse, Troon

1879 Dykes, Thomas, London

1832 Dyson, Thos. C, of Willowfield, Halifax,
Yorkshire

1S71 Easson, David, Camperdown, Dundee
1860 Easson, Robt., Scones, Lethendy, Perth
1865 Eden, Right Rev. Bishop, Hedgefiehl

House, Inverness
1871 Eden, Henley, Maiden Bradley, Bath
1874 Edgar, John, Kirkettle, Roslin
1871 Edgly, Robert, Gilmerton, Edinburgh

1857 Edgly, Thomas, Gilmerton, Edinburgh
1S64 Ediugton, Peter, Tliornhill, Muthill
1869 Edmond, David, of Ballochruin, Balfron

1877 Edmond, Alex., yr. of Kingswelis, Garth

dee, Al)erileen

1881 Edmond, John, Gallamuir, Bannockbum

1873 Edmond, Wm., Cowie, Bannockburn
1873 Edmond, William. Hillhead of Catter,

DryiiK'n

1858 Edmonds, Leonard, Tendon

1878 E.lmonston, Thou ' ' . ille Street,

Portland, Street. "■ r

1869 Ednjonstou, D. C, Urdale, Balta-sound,

Unst., r^irwick
1S75 Edmouston, Mrs, of Buness, Lerwick
1873 Edmonstonk, Admiral Sir William, cf

Duntreath, liart., Strathblane

1859 E«lwards, ^iatthu\v, late Hilton, Alloa
1863 J^a.iNTdN and Wi.nton, Plight Hon. the

Earl of, Eglinton Castle, Irviiif

List of Mcmhers of the

Admitted

1847 Elcho, Right Hon. Lord, M.P., Gosford,

HadLlington
1881 Elder, Hugh, Grain Merchant, Dunferm-
line
1881 Elder, Hugh, East Bearford, Haddington
1854 Elder, Jas., Whit ehill Mains, Musselburgh
1877 Elder, James, Roddinglaw, Ciirrie.
1854 Elder, Thos., Wedderbnrn Mains, Edrom
1854 Elder, William, Tweedraouth Implement
W^orks, Berwick-on-Tweed

1873 Eley, the Ptev. Dr Wm. Henry, Etch-

ingham Rectory, Hawkhurst, Kent —
Free Life Member.
1875 Elgin and Kincardine, Right Hon. the
Earl of, Broomhall, Dunfermline

1874 Elibank, Right Hon. Lord, Darnhall,

Eddleston

1875 Ellesmere, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Worsley Hall, Manchester
1869 Elliot, A. T., Xewhall, Galashiels.

1853 Elliot, James, Galalaw, Kelso
1880 Elliot, James, Burnhead, Hawick

1875 Elliot, James T. S., younger of Wolfiee,
Hawick.

1854 Elliot, John, Primrosehill, Dunse

1880 Elliot, John, of Binks, Burnmouth, Xew-

castleton
1863 Eliot, John, The Flat, Newcastleton
1874 Elliot, Matthew, Flesher, Inverness
1848 Elliot, Robert, East Nisbet, Jedburgh
1874 Elliot, Robert Hemy, of Clifton Park,

Kelso
1852 Elliot, Thomas, Hindhope, Jedburgh
1854 Elliot, Thomas, Blackhaugh, Galashiels

1873 Elliot, Thos. John, Bridge House, South-

wick, Fareham, Hants— /^ree Life Mem-
ber.

1861 Elliot, Sir Walter, of Wolfelee, K.C.S.I.,

Hawick
1860 Elliot, Walter, Hollybush, Galashiels

1866 Elliot, Walter, Hermitage, Newcastleton

1872 Elliot, Wm. B., of Benrig, St Boswells
1880 Ellis, 0. W., (Robey k Co.), 26 George

Street, Edinburgh
1871 Ellison, Ralph Carr, of Dunstan Hill,

Gateshead
1869 Elphinstone, Right Hon, Lord, Carberry

Tower, Musselburgh

1867 Elphinstone, Hon. Edward Chas. Buller,

Carnock House, Larbert
1840 Elphinstone, Sir James D. H., of Horn

and Lcgie Elphinstone, Bart., Pitcaple
1854 Errol, Right Hon. the Earl of, Slains

Castle, Ellon
1878 Erskine, Charles, Chiefswood, Melrose

1874 Erskine, Henry, care of Wm. Kinnear,

North Water Bridge, Laurencekirk —
Free Life Member

1862 Erskine,'H. D., of Cardross, Stirling
1862 Erskine, J. E., of Linlathen, Broughty-

Ferry

1859 Erskine, Vice-Admiral John E., The Al-

bany, London

1860 Erskine, Sir Thomas, of Cambo, Bart.,

St Antlrews

1873 Eskdale, John, IVIuirdean, Kelso

1875 Ewart, H., Tyninghame, Prestonkirk
J.858 Ewen, Robert, We-.t Town, Tarland

Admitted

1857 Ewing, Alex., Cruni, yr. of Strathleven,
Glasgow

1851 Ewing, Archd. Orr, of Ballikinrain, ^NI.P.,

Killearn

1857 Ewing, Humphrey Ewing Crura, of

Strathleven, Ardencaple Castle, Helens-
burgh

1868 Fair, Frederick, late St Andrews

1863 Fair. JohnS. Elliot, Wells, Jedburgh

1864 Fairiiolme, Geo. K. Erskine, of Old Mel-

rose.
1831 Fairrie, John," Merchant, London

1858 Falcouar, Donald, MUton of Conon, Ar-

broath

1873 Falconer, Wm., Cairnton, Fordoun

1S49 Falshaw, Sir James, Bart., 14 Belgrave
Crescent, Edinburgh

1860 Parish, Samuel, Kirklands, Lockerbie

1877 Parish, Samuel T., jun., Kirklands, Lock-
erbie

1877 Parish, Wm. R., Tinwald Parks, Dum-
fries

1852 Farquhar, Arthur, W.S., 10 Forrest Road,

Aberdeen

1876 Farquhar, Captain, of Glenesk, Turriff
1880 Farquhar, James, Old Edit, Echt

1877 Farquharson, Fras. Charles, Banker,

Auchinblae

1865 Farquharson, Colonel James Ross, of In-

vercauld, Braemar
1865 Farquharson, J., 4 Bridge Street, Aber-
deen
1852 Farquharson, James, of Glenfarquhar,
\uchinblae

1871 Farcjuharson, James, East Town, Tar-

land
1843 Farquharson, Major-General Francis

1857 Farquharson, Robert 0., of Haughton,

Altord

1858 Farrell, Alfred Herbert WiUiam, Davo

House, Fordoun

1878 Farrell, John Arthur, Moynalty, Kells,

Meath, Ireland
1857 Farrell, M., of Woodbumden, Fordoun

1874 Fell, John Duncan, Flesher, Blairgowrie
1863 Fender, Robert, Northfield, Coldingham
1877 Fennessy, Thos., Grange Villa, Waterford,

Ireland

1872 Fen wick, James, Leadketty, Dunning
1871 Fenwick, Jas. , Factor, Redgorton, Perth

1874 Fergus, WUliam (Craigour, Libertou), 1

Queen's Place, Leith Walk, Edinburgh
1876 Ferguson, Archd. A. Gosfield, Essex —

Free Life Member
1871 Ferguson, Lieut. -Col., George A., of Pit-
four, Miutlaw

1879 Ferguson, James, Balunie, Coupar-

Angus

1875 Ferguson, John, Banker, Carnwath
1863 Ferguson, John, Burghlee, Loanliead
1855 Ferguson, John, Lossiemouth

1846 Ferguson, J., of Kilquhanity, Dalbeattie

1870 Ferguson, John, Seed Merchant, San-
quhar

1879 Ferguson, John, Kipperoch Farm, Dum-
barton

1875 Ferguson, Peter, Rock Cottage, Renfrew

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1858 Ferguson, Thomas, Kinnochtry, Coupar-
Aiigus

18G8 Ferguson, Thomas, Union Terrace, Aber-
deen

1870 Ferguson, Wm., of Kinraundy, 21 Manor
Place, Edinburgh

1879 Ferguson, W. S., Pictston Hill, Perth

1879 Fergusson, Donald, Dalcapon, Ballinluig,
Perthshire

1854 Fergusson, Plight Hon. Sir James of Kil-

kerran, Bart., Mayljole
1878 Fergusson, Ninian, Goosehill, Sanquhar
1836 Fergusson, Samuel K., of Middlehaugh,

Pitlochry
1878 Fergusson, Wm., Donkins, Ecclefechan
1870 Fernie, Charles, late Blackball, Tulliallan,

late Kincardine-on -Forth
1869 Ferme, George, Leighani Lodge, Eoupell

Park, Streatham Hill, Surrey

1875 Fernie, James A., Hilton, Alloa

1853 Fernie, J, C, Union Club, St Andrews

1878 Ferrier, Alexander, (Ferrier Brothers),

55 Hope Street, Glasgow

1864 Field, Rev. Edward Burch, of Moreland,
6 Glencairn Crescent, Edinburgh

1869 Field, Sydney, Scotstoun House, Aber-
deen

1879 Findlater, .Tames Smith, Balvenie,Dufftown
1857 Findlay, Colonel John, Woodbank, Alex-
andria, N.B.

1855 Findlay, Piobert, of Springhill, Bailieston,

Glasgow

1880 Findlay, Rol^ert Elmsall, of Boturich,

Ale.xandria, N.B.
1847 Findlay, Thomas Dunlop, Easterhill,

Glasgow
1857 Findlay, W., Brackenbrae, Bishopbriggs
1844 Finlay, A. S., of Castle Toward, Greenock
1859 Finlay, John, Lochend, Lochgelly

1869 Finlay, John H., W.S., 13 Castle Street

Edinburgh

1870 Finlay, Kirkman, of Dunlossit, Portas-

kaig, Islay
1874 Finnic, Wni., of Xewfield, Kilmarnock
1874 Fisher, Arthur Win., Reay House, Inver-
ness
1873 Fisher, Donald, Jellyholm, Alloa
1861 Fisher, Donald, The Hotel, Pitlochry
1873 Fisher, Henry, Balbeuchly, Dundee
1870 Fisher, Jolin, Knells, Carlisle

1877 Fisken, Thomas Robert Hay, Delamere

Villas, Dewsbury Road, Leecls
1861 Fleming, Alex., Raith, liothwell
1852 Fleming, Andrew, Mains of Fulwood,

Paisley
1867 Fleming, David, Avonmill, Hamilton

1876 Fleming, David Gibson, ArduUie, Ding-

wall

1878 Fleming, Gavin, Crowdie Knowe, Eccle-

fediun

1869 Fleming, George, Crofthead, Mid-Cal.ler

1854 Fleming, James, Three-Mile-Town, Lin-

lithgow

1864 Fleming, James, Carmuirs, Falkirk

1877 Fleming, John, Ploughland, Strathaven

1865 Fleming . I., I'oml)ay

1870 Fleming, John, Meadowbank Cottage,

Stratluiven

Admitted

1875 Fleming, John, Woodside, Rutherglen

1876 Fleming, J. B., of Beackontield, 241 St

Vincent Street, Glasgow
1857 Fletcher, Archibald, late Tjmdruni
1870 Fletcher, Bernard Jas. C] of Somerton

Hall, Norfolk
1848 Fletcher, Major C. E., late of Corsock
1865 Fletcher, James, of Rosehaugh, Avoch
1857 Fletcher, J., of Salton, Tranent

1875 Fletcher, John, Bangour, Uphall
1872 Flint, Alex., Nether Mains, Chirnside

1869 Flint, David, Drylaw Mains, Davidson's

Mains

1861 Flockhart, J., Banker, Colinsburgh

1865 Foggo, Roljert Gordon, Invercaufd Office,

Ballater
1872 Forbes, Right Hon. Lord, Castle Forbes,

Keig

1876 Forbes, Alex., Pitfourie, Pitlochry

1876 Forbes, Arthur Edward Whitniore, Camp-
sea Ashe, Wickham Market

1856 Forbes, Charles William, late Moniack

Castle, Inverness

1870 Forbes, Chas. W. L., Aberfeldy

1830 Forbes, George, Merchant. London
1865 Forbes, Duncan, of CuUoden, Inverness

1862 Forbes, James Ochonar, of Corse, Lum-

phanan
1874 Forbes, James, Tombreck, Glenbucket,

Aberdeen
1842 Forbes, Major-General John, of Inver-

ernan, C.B., Strathdon

1872 Forbes, John, Pitellachie, Coldstone,

Dinnet, Aberdeenshire
1880 Forbes, Thomas, Road Surveyor, ]\[id-
Calder

1857 Forbes, Sir William, of Craigievar, Bart.,

Fintray House, Aberdeen
1835 Forbes, W., of Medwyn, 17 Ainslie Place,

Edinburgh
1860 Forbes, William, of Calleudar, Falkirk
1874 Forbes, William Forbes, of Lochcote, 3

Chapel Place, Vere Street, Oxford Street,

London
1878 Ford, George, Saughton Hall Mains,

Murraytiehl, Edinburgh
1849 Ford, Wm., Fenton Barns, Drem
1878 Ford, William, of Ferneyside, Liberton
1868 Fordyce, James Dingwall, of Culsh,

Advocate, 34 Great King Street, Edin-
burgh

1871 Forgan, Andrew, Barnhill, Broughty

I- erry

1873 Forgan, James, Sunnybraes, Leven

1831 Formal!, Jn. Nainie, W.S., 8 Heriot How,

Edinburgh

1863 Forman, .lohn (Duncrahill), 51 Great King

Street, Etlinburgh
1852 Forman, Robert, Keith House, Upper

Keitli
1857 Forrest, David, of Treesbanks, Shotts
1880 Forrest, George, Edston, Stobo, Peebles
1S43 Forrest, James jun., Kirriemuir
l!!>70 FoUHKST, Sir John, of Comiston, Bart.,

18 Manor Place, P^linbuigh
1867 FoiTest, .John Clark, of Auchenrailh,

Hamilton
1863 Forrest, Peter, of Haimiyres, Shotts

List of Memhers of the

Admitted

1863 Forrest, William, of Lawmuir, Allanton,

Hamilton
1842 Forrester, John, W. S. , 8 Drummond Place,

Edinburgli

1865 Forsnh, David, Town Qerk, Elgin

1872 Forsyth, Jas. (Hooper & Co. ), Kelso
1874 Forsyth, Jas. Noel Muller, of Quinish,

Tobermory, Mull
1878 Forsyth, John, PaflFer Park. Horhie
185.5 Forsyth, John, Auchovle, Parkhill
1878 Forsyth, Walter, Whitlee, Corslee, Stow

1874 Forsyth, William Banks, of the Inverness

A dvertiser, Inverness

1873 Fortescue, Archer, of Swanbister and

Kingcausie, Aberdeen
1857 Fortune, George, Barnsmuir, Crail
1854 Fortune, William R., of Muircambus,

Colinsburgh

1878 Fotheringham, Pilchard P., Seedsman,

Dumfries
1877 Foulis, David, 61 George Street, Edin-
burgh.

1869 Foulis, Sir James Liston, of Colinton,

Bart., St Andrews

1871 Foulis, Dr Robert, of Cairney Lodge,

Cupar-Fife

1875 Foulds, A. R., of Clerkland, Stewarton

1870 Foidds, James, Cavens, Dumfries

1866 Fowler, Henry Mackenzie, of Raddery,

Fortrose

1874 Fowler, William, of Asleed, Turriff
1849 Fox, Michael, jun., late Glencorse Mains,

Penicuik
1838 Fox, Richard M., of Foxhall, Rathowen,

Ireland
1870 Fox, Wm., The Abbey, St Bees
1881 Foyer, David, Knowhead, Campsie

1872 France, C. S., Bank House, Penicuik

1867 France, Robert, Craigbank House, Cause-

wayhead, Stirling
1874 Eraser, Alex. (Barrisdale), Commercial

Bank, Provost of Inverness
1857 Eraser, Alexander, Solicitor, 22 Union

Qf png+- TiivGriicss

1868 Eraser,' Alex. (Neill k Co.), Canonmills

Lodge, Edinburgh
1865 Eraser, Col. the Hon. A. E., Eilan

Aigeas, Beauly
1820 Eraser, A. T. F., of Abertarff, Inverness
1840 Eraser, Evan Baillie, Balloan Cottage,

Inverness

1869 Eraser, Fran. G., of Findrack, Torphins
1869 Eraser, Colonel Fred. Mackenzie, of Castle

Eraser, Aberdeen

1873 Eraser, H. Newby, Pnrtkill, Kilcreggan
1853 Eraser, Hugh, Balloch of Culloden, Inver-
ness

1856 Eraser, Hugh, 29 Arundell Gardens, Ken-
sington Park, London

1874 Eraser, James, C.E., Inverness
1874 Eraser, James, Mauld. Beanly

1877 Eraser, James, 6a Bristo Place, Edin-
burgh

1840 Eraser, John, London

1865 Eraser, Capt. John, of Balnain, Farraline,
Stratherrick, Inverness

1879 Eraser, John M. (Macdonald & Eraser),

Perth

Admitted

1854 Eraser, Patrick Allan, of Hospitalfield,

Arbroath
1863 Eraser, The Hon. Lord, 8 Moray Place,

Edinburgh
1839 Eraser, Robert, Brackla, Nairn
1850 Eraser, W. S., Banker, Dornoch
1852 Eraser, William, of Kilmuir and Newton,

Nairn
1861 Eraser, "Wm., Greenhill, Dunning
1865 Eraser, Wm., Annfield, Inverness
1859 Erazer, John, Overton, New Abbey, Dum-
fries
1857 Frederick, D., of Gass, Dumbredden,
Stranraer

1869 Frederick, Robert, Drumfiower, Glenluce
1877 Frederick, Thomas, Cairnhandy, Stoney-

kirk, Stranraer
1868 Ereeland, Jas., Broadgate, Strathblane

1855 French, James, Sortkjeer, Fredericks-

haven, Denmark
1877 French, James, Monntherrick, Abington

1870 French, Thomas, Netherton, Abington

1867 Frew, Tliomas, %1 Great Western Road,

Glasgow
1854 Friar, Thomas, of Grindon Ridge, Norham-

on-Tweed
1875 Frier, Matthew, Kidston Mill, Peebles
1873 Fryer, John J., Musicseller, Dumfries
1879 Fullarton, James, Balgove, Coupar Angus
1857 Fulton, Andrew, 86 George Street, Edin-
burgh

1863 Fulton, William, Hatchetnize, Cold-

stream
1847 Eyfe, John, late of Dalmarnock, Glasgcsf
1861 Eyfe, Robert, Clifton Villa, Balemo
1875 Eyfe, Vvllliam (late Newton of Glamis,

Glamis), Africa

1879 Eyshe, James, junior, Easter Balbeggie,

Kirkcaldy
1877 Eyshe, Peter, Wamphray, North Berwick

1868 Gairdner, Chas., Union Bank, Glasgow
1873 Galashan, Chas. C, Saddler, Alloa

1872 Galbraith, John, Edentaggart, Luss

1880 Galbraith, John, Croy Cunningham, Eal-

learn

1873 Galbraith, Tlios. L., Town Clerk, Stirling
1860tGALLOWAT, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Gallrway House, GarliestowTi

1874 Galloway, Alex., C.E., Tighuault, Aber-

feldy
1861 Galloway, David, Caimie, Glencarse
1879 Galloway, Peter, Loan of Errol, Errol
1859 Gamgee, J., late 1 Great Winchester Street

Buildings, London, E.C.
1859 Garden, A"ch., Grange Green, Forres
1874 Garden, Robert, North Ythsie, Tarves
1857 Garden, William, late Brace Park, Fraser-

biirgh
1868 Gardiner, John, Cockbum, Balemo

1864 Gardiner, P., Rotteams, Braco, Perth-

shire

1873 Gardiner, Patrick, Newbiggin, Auchter-
arder

1861 Gardiner, R. , of Rottearns, Chapelbank,
Auchterarder

1857 Gardner, George, Carrington Barns, Gore-
bridge

Hifjldand and Agricultural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1870 Gardner, John, 4 Abbotsford Place,

Glasgow
1880 Gardner, Peter, Dunmore Pottery, Stirling
1855 Gardner, Robert, Gattonside, Melrose
1855 Gardner, Ptobert, Whitburn
1873 Garcbier, Win., Cashley. Bucklyvie
1877 Gardner, Wrn., East Langton, Mid-

Calder
1867 Gardyne, Col. C. G. , of Finhaven, Forfar
1825 Gartshore, John Murray, of Ravelston,

Blackhall, Edinburgh
1864 Gartshore, John, Seedsman, Falkirk
1854 Gatherer, George, Solicitor, Elgin

1859 Gaukroger, G., Soutlifield, Longniddry
1837 Geekie, Alex, of Baldowrie, Coupar-

Angus
1873 Geekie, Peter, Barclay Hill, Perth
1861 Geekie, Peter M., Dollar

1871 Geekie, Robert, yr. of Baldowrie, Rose-

mount, Blairgowrie

1872 Geikie, Archibald, Professor of Geology,

University of Edinburgh, Boroughiield
House, Merchiston
1844 GeiLs, J. E., of Dumbuck

1877 Gell, H. Chandos Pole, Hopton Hall,

Wirksworth
1875 Gemmell, Andrew, Lugton Ridge, Beith
1875 Gemmell, Gilbert C, Upper Whitehaugh,

Muirkirk
1875 Genmiell, John, late Wool Well, Roboro,

Devon

1873 Gen-ard, John, Veterinary Infirmary,

Market Deeping — Free Life Member
1871 Gibb, David, Reunyhill, Anstruther

1878 Gibb, John, Shields Mains, Biggar

1878 Gibb, Robert Shirra, Boon, Lauder
1869 Gibbons, Thomas, 24 Cheswick Street,

Carlisle
1849 GiBBS, Sir B. T. Brandreth, 47 Half Moon

Street, Piccadilly, London
1871 Gibson, Charles, Pitlochry

1875 Gibson, Francis, Woolniet, Dalkeith

1876 Gibson, Henry John, Fomety, Foveran,

AV>ei(leen
1871 Gibson, James, 34 Abbotsford Place,
Glasgow

1876 Gibson, James, Glenstocking, Dalbeattie

1863 Gibson, James, 2 Chalmers Crescent,

Edinburgh

1877 Gibson, James, Clifton Hall Mains, Rathe

1864 Gibson, J., Gunsgreen Hill, Ayton

1879 Gibson, John George, 11 Mincing Lane,

London

1860 Gib.son, J. T. Tullowrjuhairn, Kirkbean,

Dnmrrii's
1875 Gibson, .Jn., Langskail, Rousay, Orkney
1875 Gibson, Robert, Auchineden, Strathblane
1843 Gibson, Tliomas, Haymonnt, Kelso
ISGU Gibson, Tliomas, Bainlieid, Fountain-
bridge, Edinburgh
1873 Gibson, Tbomji.H, SherilTyards, Clack-

maiiuun
1S69 Gib.soue, Lieut. -General, of Pentland,

Red Cross Lodge, Leamington
1873 Giglioli, Itulo, Florence — Free Li/r Mrni-
bcr

1865 Gilclirist, Diigald, of Ospisdnle, Dornoch
1877 Gilchrist, Andrew, Carveuuom, Auitnitlar

Admitted

1876 Gilchrist, Andrew, Manager's Office,

Powers Court, Enniskerry, C. Wicklow
1875 Gilchrist, William, Knivocklaw, Loudoun
1842 Giles, James, Uplands, Guildford
1875 Gill, John, Blingery, Wick

1871 Gillespie, Alex., Kirkton Barns, Ferry-

Port-on-Craig
1841 Gillespie, David, of Mountquhannie,

Cupar Fife
1849 Gillespie, James, Craigie, Craniond
1860 Gillespie, James, Gateside, Douglas
1875 Gillespie, James, St Colmes, Ballinluig
1875 Gillespie, James John, Parkhall, Douglas

1847 Gillespie, John, W.S., 53 Northumberland

Street, Edinburgh
1873 Gillespie, Rev. John, Mouswald ilanse,

Dumfries
1875 Gillespie, John, Land Steward, Minard,

Inveraray

1877 Gillespie, Wm. C, Annanbank, Lockerbie
1877 Gillies, William, Writer Pollokshaws

1848 Gillon, Andw., of Wallhouse, Bathgate
1875 Gilmour, Alexander, Annfield House,

Irvine

1849 Gilmour, Allan, of Eaglesham, Glasgow
1881 Gilmour, Hugh, Home Farm, Balirnore,

Tigh-na-bruaich

1875 Gilmour, James, Orchardton, Cumnock

1872 Gilmour, John, younger of Lundin, Mon-

trave, Kennoway
1863 Gilmour, John, of Mount Vernon, Row
1857 Gilmour, Matthew, Toxsti of Inchinnan,

Paisley
1828 Gilmour, W. J. Little, of Craigmillar,

New Club, EdinburLdi
1853 Gilmour, W. M., Glasgow
1855 Gird wood, Robert, Tantield, Edinburgh

1876 Gladstone, John Robert, yr. of Fasipie,

Laurencekirk
1834 Gladstone, Sir Thomas, of Fasque, Bart.,

Laurencekirk
1853 Gladstone, Thomas Stewart, of Capenoch,

Thornhill
1854+Gi.ASCH)W, Right Hon. tiie Earl of, Craw-

furd Priory, Cupar File
1847 Gla.sgow, Alexander, of Old Court, Cork
1S74 Glasgow, R. Bruce Robertson, of 3Iont-

greeuan, Kilwinning
1857 Glegg, John, Factor, Milliken Hou.se,

Jolmstone

1873 Glen, James, Rosebank, Luss

1872 Glen, .lames, Stroiiatyne, Arro^rhar
1847 Glen, John, late Merchant, Edinburgh
1860 Glen, Robert R., Banker, Linlithgow
18.53 Glen, Thomas, Thoniliill, Paisley

1869 Gleiidinning, Alex., llalton ^Liins, Ratho
1849 Glenilinning, George, Hattou Main.s,
Ratho

1873 Glendiiiuing, CJeo. P., Dalmcny Park.

Edinburgh
1869 Glendinning, G. R., Hailou Mai.s,
Jiatho

1874 Glendinning, James P., Rawfarm, Mid-

Cal.ler

1818 Glendinning, Peter, Dalnieny Park, Edin-
burgh

1S78 Gloag, Wni. Ellis, of Kincairney, 6 Heriot
Row, Etlinburgh

List of Members of the

Admitted

1859 Glover, Andrew, Laurick Castle, Doune
1873 Goddard, H. R., Belsay, Newcastle-ou-

Tyue — Free Life Member
1877 Goff, Dr Bruce, 'Woodlea, Botlnvell

1873 Gold, Joseph, Murthly Farm, Perth

1865 Goldie, R. G. M. , 3 Comely Green Place,

Edinburgh

1874 Goodbraud, Jas. H., Culnaha, Nigg,

Ross-shire

1875 Gordon, Adam Hay, of Mayen and

Avochie, Huntly

1876 Gordon, Alex. Morrison, of Newton,

Insch, Aberdeen

1875 Gordon. Arthur Newton Forbes, of Rayne,

Pitcaple

1866 Gordon, Chris., late Cannerie, Parton
1873 Gordon, Carlos Pedro, of Wardhouse,

Insch, Aberdeenshire

1876 Gordon, Charles, of Hallmyre, Lamancha

1860 Gordon, David A., late oi Culvennan,

Castle-Douglas
1860 Gordon, George, Land Surveyor, Elgin

1873 Gordon, Captain Geo. G.,"^Miltown of

Kilravock, Nairn

1875 Gordon, Graham, Middlecote House,

Am port, Andover
1860 Gordon, Henry, Sheriff-Clerk, Moatbrae,
Dumfries

1876 (rordon, Henry, of Manar, Inverurie
1868 Gonlon, Henry Wolrige, of HaUhead,

Esselmont, Ellon

1877 Gordon, James, Castle-Douglas

1874 Gordon, James A., of Arabella, Udale,

Invergordon
1838 Gordon, John, of Aitkenhead, Cathcart

1870 Gordon, John (late Culraven, Kirkcud-

bright), America

1871 Gordon, John, of Craigmyle, Torphins

1875 Gordon, John, Balmuchy, Fearn

1831 Gordon, John Taylor, Bellevue Cottage,
Ayr

1876 Gordon, Peter G., Nevie, Glenlivet, Bal-

lindalloch
1846 Gordon, Robert Macartney, of Rattra,
Ellenbank, Kirkcudbright

1870 Gordon, Robt. Wm., Only Grounds,

RugTjy
1863 Gordon, Thomas Dempster, late of Bal-

maghie, Castle-Douglas
1876 Gordon, William, Auchallater, Braemar
1876 Gordon, William, of Threave, Castle-
Douglas
1879 Gordon, Sir William, of Earlston, Bart.,

Kirkcudbright
1876 Gossip, William. Park, New jMachar
1866 Gough, Wm., Land Agent, Wykeham,
York

1871 Goulding, W., North Wall, Dublin

1871 Gourlay, Robert Conning, Arbrack, Whit-
horn

1860 Gowans, James, Rockville, Napier Road,
Edinburgh

1868 Gr?eme, Robert, of Garvock, Perthshire

1873 Graham, Alexander, Blackwater, Kilmal-
colm

1881 Graham, A. G. Maxtone, yr. of Culto-
quhey, Perth

1879 Graham, Daniel Morgan, Auctioneer, Forfar

Admitted

1869 Graham, George, Oakbank, Longtown

1855 Graham, H., Auckland, New Zealand

1827 Graham, James (late of Leitchtown),

Toronto, Canada
1848 Graham, James Maxtone, of Cultoquhey^

Perth
18,51 Graham, James, Parcelstown, Longtown

1863 Graham, James, late of Southbar, Paisley

1864 Graham, James, Myothill, Denny
1852 Graham, John, of Shaw, Lockerbie

1865 Graham, Paul, Brooke's Club, St James-

Street, London
1873 Graham, Robert G., Burnfoot-on-Esk,

Longtown
1834 Graham, Col. William, of Mosskuowe,.

Ecclefechan

1871 Graham, William, Easter Caputli, Dun-

keld

1876 Graham, Wm., Wheatlands, Cramond
Bridge

1869 Graham, Wm. C, Elengall Villa, Black-
heath, London

1833 Graham, W. Stirling, of Airth, Larbert

1873 Grahame, James, Western Club, Glas-

gow

1861 Granger, John, Pitcur, Coupar-Angus
1854 Grant, Sir Archd., of Monymusk, Bart.,.

Aberdeen

1872 Grant, A., Ardkinglas, Cairndow

1862 Grant, Charles, Hazelbrae, Glen Urqu*

hart

1868 Grant, D. R. Lyall, of Kingsford, Aber-

deen

1858 Grant, Francis William ^Mon}•nlusk), 40

Pall Mall, London

1869 Grant, Captain Frederick G. Forsyth, of

Ecclesgreig, Montrose
1876 Grant, George, Glenfarclass, Ballindal-
loch

1874 Grant, George, Polio, Invergordon

1859 Grant, Sir George Macpherson, of Ballin-

dalloch, Bart., Ballindalloch
1876 Grant, George Smith, Auchorachan, Glen-
livet, Ballindalloch

1828 Grant, Rev. James, D.C.L., D.D., 15

Palmerston Place, Edinburgh — (Jliaplaiti

to the Society
1865 Grant, Lieut. -Col. the Hon. James

Ogilvie, of Grant, Mayne House, Elgin
1871 Grant, J(jhn, Inverlaidnan, Carr Bridge
1876 Grant, John, Banker, Metldick
1865 Grant, John, 57 South Guildi-y Street,

Elgin
1879 Grant, John, Mains of Advie, Advie,.

Craigellachie
1879 Grant, John Sinclair, Tullymet, Ballinluig
18.53 Grant, Kenneth, Dingwall
1862 Grant, Lieut. -Gen. Sir Patrick, G.C.B.,

Chelsea Hospital

1841 Grant, Robert, of Druminnor, Rhynie

1842 Grant, Robert, Bookseller, 107 Princes-

Street, Edinburgh

1878 Grant, Thomas B., "The Farm," Marl-
borough Street, Dulilin

1846 Grant, Tlios. Macpherson, of Ci-aigo

1874 Grant, Major William, Drambuie, Glen
Urquhai't, Inverness

1862 Grant, William, W^ester Alvt^, Forres

Highland and Agricidtural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1874 Grant, Colonel W. L. , Borgie House, Fair,
Thurso

1829 Grassick, Jolm, 21 Ferryhill Place, Aber-
deen

1878 Gray, Adam, jun., Ingleston of Borgue,

Kirkcudbright
1859 Gray, Alex., Tanlawhill, Langholm
1873 Gray, Andrew, West Plean, Stirling
1880 Gray, C. W., of Carse Gray, Forfar

1879 Gray, E. A. Stuart, of Gray and Kinfauns,

19 Manor Place, Edinburgh

1880 Gray, George, of Bowers well, Perth

1873 Gray, James, Birkenwood, Gargunnock
1861 Gray, Jas., Braehead Mains, Craniond
1868 Gray, James, Seedsman, Craigs, Stirling
1871 Gray, James, Kirkton of Collace, Bal-

beggie, Perth
1871 Gray, John, Merchant, Helensburgh
1876 Gray, John, 15 Exchange Square, Glasgow

1856 Gray, John, Engineer, Uddingston

1878 Gray, Eobert Smith, Southfield, Dudding-
ston

1854 Gray, Patrick, Middle Strath, Falkirk

1858 Gray, Thomas E., St Margaret's, Chelten-

ham
1849 Gray, Wm. , Southfield, Duddingston,
Edinburgh

1855 Gray, William, Brownrigg, North Berwick

1874 Green, Eobert, Euthrie, Aberlour, Craigel-

lachie

1857 Green, William, Lynnburn, Aberlour,

Craigellachie
1873 Greenlees, Alex., Summerhill, Campbel-
town

1867 Greenshields, James, West Town, Lesma-

hagow

1876 Greenshields, Thomas A., Stonehill,

Abington
1854 Gregory, Alex. Allan, Corn Merchant,

Inverness
1833 Gregory, Arthur Thomas, late of Buch-

romb, Dufltown

1875 Gregory, John, Westoe, South Shields
1871 Greig, David (John Fowler & Co. ), Leeds

1868 Greig, George (Harvieston, Stonehaven),

1 India Buildings, Edinburgh
1870 Greig, J. A. (Messrs Dickson & Son,

Seedsmen, Hanover Street), Edinburgh
1873 Greig, James Booth, Laurencekirk

1877 Greig, John, Fountain House Works,

Fountainbridge, Edinburgli

1869 Cireig, Peter M., 56 Inverleith P^w, Edin-

burgh
1877 Greig, Eol»ert M., Fountain House Works,

Fountainbridge, Ivlinburgli
1852 Greig, Thomas, of Glencarse, Pertli
IHSO Greig, Thomas Crabb, Kepha.!, Stranraer
1861 Greig, T. Watson, Newton House, GK-n-

carse Perth
1854 Grev, Geo. A., Millfi.-l.l Hill, Wool.'r

1881 Grii-r, W. F., 55 Math Street, (Has-u\v
1880 CJlUKIisoN, Sir A. D., of Lagg, 15art.,

Huiiilries

1851 GriiTson, J., Little Kirklaiid, Haugh of
Trr, I>anM%-ittit'

186U (Jrierson, J., Lansdowne Villa, Kirkcud-
bright

1859 Grier.son, Josejili, Hreooh, C.istlc-Dougla-;

Admitted

1860 Grierson, Eobert, West Mains, Mouswald,

Dumfries
1859 Grierson, Wm., Tors, Castle-Douglas

1872 Grieve, Archd., Albyrigg, Canonbie
1878 Grieve, Chas. John, Branxholm Park,

Hawick

1867 Grieve, D., Blackberry Hill, Wliitburn

1878 Grieve, Gilbert, Minnydow, Kirkpatrick-

Durliam, Dalbeattie

1873 Grieve, James, Borthwickbrae Burnfoot,

Hawick

1879 Grieve, James, Langlees, Torryburn

1858 Grieve, John, Castles, Dalmally

1869 Grieve, John, Balmoral Hotel, Princes

Street, Edinburgh
1877 Grieve, John, Merchant, North Berwick

1859 Grieve, Michael, Callander
1857 Grieve, Eobert, Auch, TjTidrum

1857 Grieve, Eobert, Edralaichdach, Trossaclis,

\ 1.1 1 j-1 11 rl PT*

1861 Grieve, Walter, Cattleshiel, Dunse
1854 Gneve, William, Skelfhill, Hawick «

1858 Grigor, James D., Wester Alves, Forres
1847 Grigor, John, Nurseries, Forres

1871 Grimond, Alex. D., of Glencricht, Blair-

gowrie

1872 Guild, Andrew, Ehoders, Alva

1868 Guild, Jas., Balgone Barns, North Berwick

1874 Guild, James Lvon, Abbey, North Berwick

1868 Guild, James Wvllie, C.A., Glasgow
1881 Guild, Thomas, Herdhill, Kirriemuir
1877 Gulland, Wm. John, Monkton Hall,

Musselburgh
1856 Gulston, Allan Jas., of Dirleton, Llanga-

dock, Carmarthenshire
1858 Gunn, Alexander, Dale, Halkirk, Thurso

1856 Gunn, Alexander, Dornoch
1839 Gunn, James, Sibster, Wick

1849 Gunn, Marcus, Culgower, Loth, Suther-
land

1875 Gunn, Wm., StrathpefTer, Dingwall
1854 Guthrie, David, Banker, Stranraer

1857 Guthrie, Eobert, Crossburn, Troon
1874 Gwyer, Cecil F., Edinburgh

1834 Gwynue, Alban Thomas James, of Mon-
achty, Cardigan

1857tH.\DDi\r.TOX, Eight Hon. the Earl of,

Tyninghame, Prestonkirk
1857 Haddon, Andrew, Honevbuni, Hawick

1880 Ha.ldon, Walter, Solicitor, Hawick

1880 Haddon, P.M., St Mary,Orton, Fochaliers
1854 Hadwen, S. , of Halblair, Bonar Bridge

1869 Hagart, James Valentine, W.S., HO

IMinci's Street. Edinburgh
1871 Haggart, Peter, Keltneybuni, Aberfeldv
187t Haig. Anlid. K., Quarryfonl, Gifford
1869 Haig, Hugh V., Cameron House, Windy-
gates
1874 Haig, James Eiohard, of Blairhill, Stirling
1S75 Haig, J. W., of Dollarfuld. Dollar
1869 Haig, W. IL (Cameron House, Windy-
gates). 42 Pahnerston I'lace, Edinburgh
1857 Haig. William (late Nortli Street, St

.Xmlrews), Austnilia
1861 Haiii, I)a\id (late Drumrack, Crail),

< 'anada
1871 Hain, Thomas Hahnullo, Ijcuchars, Fife

List of Mtmhers of the

Admitted

1870 Haining, J, J,, Skijiinyre, Lochmaben

1877 Hair, Ivie, Camwath

1859 Haldane, Robert, Fernielee, Galashiels
1864 Halkett, Jas., AuchenteBcler, Insch

1864 Halkett, Lieut, -Col. John Craigie, of

Cramond, Edinburgh

1876 Hall, Alexander H., Campfield, Banchory

1873 Hall, Allan, Ardmaddy, Easdale, Oban
1855 Hall, Andrew, of Calrossie, Tain

1878 Hall, Sir Basil F., of Dunglass, Bart.,

Cockbumsijath

1874 Hall, George Ross, Invergordon

1868 Hall, James, 33 Frederick Street, Aberdeen

1875 Hall, James M., of Tangy and Killean,

Killean House, Tayinloan

1874 Hall, John, Tomich, Invergordon
1S77 Hall, Robert, Felton, Dolphinton

1877 Hall, William, Linlon Cottage, Penicuik
1877 Hall, Thomas Farmer (Thomas Farmer

& Co.), Dunster House, Mark Lane,

London, E.G.
1^67 Hallen, J. H. B., L.R.C.S.E., Staff- Vet.

Surgeon, H.M. Bombay Army
1868 Halley, George, New Mills, Culross
1870 Halley, John, Dornoch Mills, Crieff

1865 Halliday, Thomas, Rosehall Foundry,

Haddington

1877 Halliday, Thomas Scott, Administrator-
General's Office, Georgetown, Demerara

lS65tHAMiLTON & Brajjdon, His Grace the
Duke of, K.T.

1868 Hamilton, Claude Hamilton, Preston

Hall, Dalkeith
1861 Hamilton, Daniel, 66 Hutchison Street,
Glasgow

1875 Hamilton, Gavin, of Auldtown, Lesmaha-

gow

1869 Hamilton, George, Ardendee, Kirkcud-

bright

1876 Hamilton, George, of Skene, Skene House,

Skene, Aberdeen
1853 Hamilton, Hugh, of Pinmore, Girvan
1865 Hamilton, James, Wallace Bank, Kilmar-
nock
1869 Hamilton, J. B. B. Baillie, of Arnprior,
Cambusmcre, Callander

1869 Hamilton, James, Woolfords, Camwath

1870 Hamilton, John, Conenish, Tyndrura
183& Hamilton, Lieut. -Col. John, of Sundrum,

Ayr

1872 Hamilton, John, Banker, Lesmahagow
1880 Hamilton, John Alex. (Hamilton and

Crichton), 41 George Street, Edinburgh
1846 Hamilton, John Buchanan, of Leny, Cal-
lander
1857 Hamilton, John G. Carter, M.P., of Dal-

zell, Motherwell
1855 Hamilton J. B. (late Bumhouse, Carn-
wath), London

1870 Hamilton, The Hon. R. B., Langton,

Dunse

1 871 Hamilton, Robt. , Denmarkfield, Redgorton

1873 Hamilton, PLobert, 29 St James Square,

Edinburgh

1877 Hamilton, Thomas, Poniel, Douglas,

Lanarkshire

1878 Hamilton, Thomas, Brick and Tile Manu-

facturer, Carluke

Admitted

1871 Hamilton, William, Denmarkfield, Red-

gorton
1864 Hamilton, Wm., of Cairns, Mid-Calder

1874 Hamilton, William Cameron, Baltasound,

Unst

1859 Hamilton, Wm. F., Callendar Park, Fal-
kirk

1880 Hamilton, Wm. Sloan, Springside, Kil-
marnock

1872 Handyside, J. B., Fenton, Drem

1875 Handyside, Thomas, 10 Leonard Bank,

Perth
1843 Handyside, W., 11 Claremont Crescent,
Edinburgh

1872 Hannan, J. D., Tayport Estates Office,

Dimdee
1858 Hannay, John, Gavenwood, Banff

1876 Hannay, Robert, Bournemouth, Torquay
1871 Hardie, Chas., Primrose, Dunfermline

1870 Hardie, David, Priesthaugh, Hawick

1875 Hardie, Edmund W., Locher House,

Bridge of Weir

1851 Hardie, George, Australia

1878 Hardie, John, jun.. Mull of Galloway,
Stranraer

1861 Hardie, Robert, Harrietfield, Kelso

1863 Hardie, W. H., Bo'Mains, Linlithgow
1878 Hare, Lieut. -Col., Philpston House,

Wiuchburgh
1880 Harkness, Walter Irvine, Shaws, Ettrick,
Selkirk

1873 Harley, D., Hillwood Cottage, Puatho

1853 Harper, Frank, Torgorm, Dingwall

1876 Harper, Frank Vogan, Bridgend, Linlith-

gow

1880 Harper, John, Factor, Traquair, Inner-
leithen

1867 Harper, Joseph, Snawdon, Gifford

1871 Harper, William, Sheritfhall Mains, Dal-

keith

1864 Harris, Richard H., Earnhill, Forres
1871 Harris, Wm., Innkeeper, Alyth
1867 Harris, Wm., Tirinie, Aberfeldy

1864 Harrison, George, 17 Whitehouse Terrace,

Edinburgh
1880 Harrison, George H., 3 Warrender Park

Road, East
1846 Harrop, I. Worthingtou, New Zealand

1869 Hart, J. Christine, Borrostone, Kincardine

O'Neil

1873 Hart, William, Pothill, Auchterarder
1850 Harvey, Geo., Whittinghame Mains, Pres-

tonkirk
1876 Harvey, George Thomson, Aberdeen Lime
Co., Aberdeen

1854 Harvey, J. H., Pitgersie, Foveran. Ellon

1852 Harvie, Rev. W., of Brownlee, Carluke
1860 Hathorn, John Fletcher, of Castlewigg,

Whithorn

1875 Haughton, Wm. Hoghton, Factor, Craig-
owan, Kilmarnock

1875 Hay, Alexander, 16 Duke Street, Edin-
burgh

1864 Hay, Alex., Byres, Fochabers

1870 Hay, Alex., Easter Cultmalundie, Perth

1874 Hay, Alex. Penrose, Riverdale, Inverness

1862 Hay, Col. A. S. Leith, of Rannes, C.B.,
Leith Hall, Kennethmont

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1865 Hay, C, Ardbeg, Islay, Greenock

1862 Hay, Colonel Drummond, of Seggieden,

Perth
1841 Hay, Geo, W. (of Whiterigg), Sudbury
1862 Hay, Cai^tain J. G. Baird, of Belton, Dun-
bar
1862 Hay, James, 28 Queen Street, Edinburgh

1858 Hay, Jas., jun., Little Ythsie, larves
1878 Hay, James Touner, of Whitmuir, Sel-
kirk

1878 Hay, James S., Clydesdale Bank, Falkirk |

1878 Hay, James Francis Dalrympie, yr. of
Park Place, Auchendoon, Newton-
Stewart

1848 Hay, Sir J. C. Dalrympie, of Park Place,
Bart., M.P., Glenluce

1867 Hat, Sir Robert, of Haystoun, Bart.,
Kiugsraeadows, Peebles

1869 Hay, Wm., 17 Hill Street, Edinburgh

1576 Haymau, John, Dumfries House Mains,

Cummock

1872 Hazle, Alex., of Blackcraig, Drumburle

House, Maybole

1876 Hector, Andrew Edward, Collyhill, In-
verurie

1871 Heggie, Henry, Mains of Beath, Cross-
gates

1871 Heggie, Robert B., West End House,
Kirkcaldy

1871 Heiton, Andrew, of Darnick Tower,
Perth

1869 Henderson, Adam, Grange, Dunifermline

]837 Henderson, Alex., Lougniddry

1847 Henderson, Alex., of Stemster, Thurso

1873 Heuder.^on, A. W., Airthrey Paper Mills,

Bridge of Allan

1874 Henderson, A. W., of Bilbster, Wick
1847 Henderson, Charles J., Coltbridge Hall,

Murrayheld, Edinburgh
1854 Henderson, David, of Abbotrule, Bon-

chester Bridge
1878 Henderson, G. D. Clayhills, Commander

R.N., Invergowrie, Dundee

1860 Henderson, George, Garroch, Dumfries
1S63 Henderson, Jas., Mintokaims, Hawick
186U Henderson, Jas., Kelloside, Sanquhar
1839 Henderson, J., W.S., Banker, Thur.so
185U Henderson, John, Byres, Haddington

1876 Henderson, John (Courtestown of Leslie,

Insch), 46 Ca.stle Street, Edinburgh

1859 Henderson, Jolin, 2 Dean Bank Teirace,

E4linburgh

1877 Henderson, J n., Longniddry, East Lothian

1878 Henderson, Jolin, East Elrington, Hay-

don Bri«lge — l''n-4^ Life Member.

1874 Henderson, Richard, The Grange, Kirk-
cudbriglit— /'r»v Life Mciubrr.

1858 Henderson, Robert, Wliins Road, Alloa

1880 Henderson, Roln-Tt, Ea.st Gonion, Gordon,
Bcrwiikshire

1854 llendcrsun, Tlios., 6 Saville Road, Edin-
burgh

1861 Hi;iid.rsf>n, W., Milllown, CotiTiar-Angus

1577 Ib-iidtTsoij, Will., of Rodtord, Linlitligow

1862 Hendrie, John, of Larlwrt, Stirlingshire
]8t»5 llr-iidrie, .loliii, Miiilder, Inverness

1874 Henry, John, S.S.C., 29 liutl.ind Squ.ire,
Edinburgh

Admitted

1863 Hepburn, J., Preston Mains, Prestonkirk

1876 Hepburn, James, Spittal, Keithhall, In-

verurie

1877 Hepburn, John, Pitcaim, Lochgelly

1879 Hepburn, Jn., Seedsman, Dunbar

1837 HErBURN, Sir Tho.s. Buchan, of Smeaton,

Bart., Prestonkirk
1881 Herbertson, Robert H. , Fans, Earlston

1876 Herdman, Benjamin A., Falkland Wood,

Falkland

1877 Herdman, George, Fordel, Dalkeith
1878tHERUiES. Right Hon. Lord, Everinghani

Park, York

1853 Herries, Alexander Young, of Si)ottes, 16

Heriot Row, Edinbui'gh
1877 Herron, W., Town-Clerk, Renfrew
1857 Hewat, Richard, Writer, Castle-Douglas

1862 Hewetson, J., Auchenbainzie, Thornliill
1870 Hewetson, Joseph, Balterson, Newton-
Stewart

1870 Hiddleston, John, Braehead, Dalswinton,
Dumfries

1863 Higgins, Robt., Ninewar, Prestonkirk
1861 Hill, Alex., of Stony wynd, Boarhills, St

Andrews

1873 Hill, Arthur James (Theodore Jones, Hill,

& Co.), Accountant, 36 Lansdowne Road,
Lomion W. — Free Life Member.
1877 Hill, David, Upper Magus, St Andrews
1847 Hill, Jas. Lawbon, W. S., 26 Heriot Itow,
Edinburgh

1861 Hill, James, Bradeston, Meigle

1850 Hill, John, Carlowrie, Cramond Briilge

1868 Hill, John, Whitehill, Rosewell
1881 Hill, John, Langside, Kennoway

1851 Hill, Robt., Navidale, House, Helmsdale

1874 Hill, Kobert Robertson, Navidale House,

Helmsdale
1863 Hilson, George, jun.. Solicitor, Jedburgh
1860 Hilton, Henry, of Fairgirth, Dalbeattie

1875 Hindmarsh, Chas., Laud Agent, 17 Bridge

Street, Workington

1869 Hislop,John, Goatfield, Haddington

1862 Hobkirk, Jas., Broadhaugh, Hawick

1880 Hodge, John, Lochill, Mauchline

1877 Hodgson, John W., Flatt, Kirkbanii)ton

Carlisle
1860 Hog, Thos. A., of Newliston, Kirkli-tou

1863 Hogarth, George, Warren, Salisbury
1842 Hogarth, George, Banker, Cupar Fife
1863 Hogg, Henry, Symington Mains, Stow

1876 Hogg, Robert, Victoria Place, Shawlaiids,

Glasgow
1859 Hogg, Robert, Ro.senmy, Leadburn

1854 Hogg, Thoma.s, Hope Park, HiH'"' •,,.,

Coliistream
isSO Hdgg. 'rhumas, Lewnishope, Selkirk
liSU Hoygau, Andrew, Juu, Camphill, Clas-

gow
1873 Holliday, Jonathan, Waver Terrace,

Abbey Town, Carli>le

1878 Holliday, Wm., IVlutho We.st House,

Abbey Town, Ca^li^le
1878 Holliday, Wm., I'lumMand Mill, .\spa-

tria, Carlisle
1S75 Holu), Jt.>liu, Jaap-it " ^lon
18SU lloLM, Thw Hon. v, Awamoa,

OtJigo

List of Mcmhers of the

Admitted

1879 Holmes, Wm., Fullarton Street, Irvine
1874 Hoist, Christian, Chamberlain to His Ma-
jesty Oscar IT., and Norwegian Court
Pa }■ master — Honorary A ssocia te

1843+H(iME, Right Hon. the Earl of, The

Hirsel, Coldstream
1836 Home, David Milne, of Mihiegraden,

Coldstream

1874 Home, David j\Iilne, of Wedderburn,

M.P., 38 Queensgate Terrace, London
1819 Home, Francis, Bellsyde, Linlithgow

1831 Home, G, H. M. Binning, of Argaty,

Doune

1858 Hood, Archibald, Rosewell, Lasswade
1878 Hood, Da^ad, Balgreddan, Kirkcudbright
1857 Hood, James (late Newmains, Preston-
kirk), Australia

1880 Hood, James, Cove, Cockburnspath

1859 Hood, John, Townhead, Cockburnspath

1875 Hood, Ptobert, of Sunnyside, M.D., 5

Salisbury Road, Edinburgh
1854 Hood, T.. Coldstream Mains, Coldstream

1877 Hood, William, The Cove, Cockburns-

path

1878 Hope, Alex., Cliapel on Leader, Earlston
1880 Hope, Alex., Cleveland Cottge, Middleton

in Teesdale, Darlington
1869 Hope, Alex. P., Oxwell :\Iains, Dimbar

1832 Hope, Sir Archibald, of Pinkie, Bart.,

Musselljurgh
1877 Hope, Hon. Charles, of Bridge Castle,

Bathgate
1865 Hope, Henry W., of Lufthess, Drem
1868 Hope, Admiral Sir James, of Carriden,

G.C.B., Bo'ness

1847 Hope, James, Duddingston, Edinburgh

1848 Hope, Jas„ of Belmont, W.S., 42 Char-

lotte Square, Edinburgh

1877 Ho^ie, James Edward, Belmont, Murray-

field

1878 Hope, John David, New Club, Edinburgh
1878 Hope, John Wilson, 2 Daniaway Street,

Edinburgh
1859 Hope, William P., Leith
1878 Hope, William James, Duddingston, Edin-
burgh
1871 Horn, John, of Thomanean, ]Milnathort
1864 Horncastle, Henry, Whitemoor, Ollerton,

Newark
1881 Home, Edward William, of Stirkoke,

Caithness
1851 Home, T. E. 0., W.S., 19 Grosvenor

Street, Edinburgh
1880 Horne, Thomas, jun., 19 Grosvenor Street,

Edinburgh
1S78 Hornsby, James (R. Horasby & Sons).

Spittalgate Ironworks, Grantham
18.'>3 Hosack, William, Barcaldine, Ledaig

1877 Houklsworth, Arthur, Springfield House,

Lasswade
1865 Houklsworth, Henry, jun., Glasgow
1868 Houklsworth, James, of Coltuess, Wishaw
1865 Houklsworth, J. M., Carrick House, Ayr
1857 Houklsworth, Joseph Henry, Glasgow
1872 Houklsworth, Walter J., Coltness House,

Wishaw
1857 Houhlsworth, William, Glasgow

1878 Houston, John, Overlaw, Kirkcudbright

Admitted

1878 Houston, John, The Hill, Castle-Douglas

1875 Houstoun, George L., of Johnstone, John-
stone, Renfrewshire

1877 Houstoun, Michael Henry, of BeechhilV
Haddington

1873 Housfoun, Robert A., of Clerkington,
Haddington

1854 Houstoun, Wra., of Kintradwell, Golspie

1859 Howard, James, M.P. (J. & F. Howard),
Bedford

1865 Howatson, Charles, of Glenbuck, Lanark

1875 Howatson, John L. , Becks, Langholm

1876 Howatson, W. M. S., Carskeoch, Patna,

Ayrshii-e
1865 Howden, John, late Seedsman, Inverness

1864 Howden, John, Overseer, Nether Braco,.

Perthshire

1854 Howe, Alexander, W.S., 17 Moray Place,
Edinburgh

1863 Howie, H. Brown, North Hazelrigg, Bel-
ford, Northumberland

1863 Howie, James, Haddon, Kelso

1857 Howie. John, Hurlford, Kilmarnock

1879 Howie, William, Finnochbog, Inverkip
1862 Hozier, W. W., of Newlands, Mauldslie

Castle, Carluke
1853 Hubbach, Joseph, Liverpool

1865 Hudspith, Wm., Green Croft, Halt-

whistle

1877 Hughan, Peter H., Cults, ^Miithorn
1838 Hughan, Thomas, of Airds

1872 Hughes, George P., of Middleton Hall,
Wooler

1875 Hugonin, R., Kinmylies House, Inverness
1857 Huie, James, Durry, CampbeltowTi

1869 Hume, Archibald, 'of Auchendolly, Dal-
beattie

1880 Hume, David, Barrel well, Brechin

1871 Hume, George T., late Sunlawshill, Kelso
1869 Hume, John, Balmirmer, Arbroath
1840 Hume, P. Hallyburton, late Lawfield,

Cockburnspath
1879 Hunt, Arthur E. Brooke (B.A., Trin.
Col., Cam.), Peers Court, Dursley, Glou-
cestershire— Free Life Member

1859 Hunt, James Alex., of Pittencrieff, Logie,

Dunfermline
1855 Hunter, Alex., Nethershiel, Ratho

1876 Hunter, Capt. Alexander C, of Tillery

and Auchiries, Aberdeen
1867 Hunter, David, Guiltreehill, May bole

1860 Hunter, Evan Alan, W.S., 121 Princes

Street, Edinburgh

1861 Hunter, Herbt., of Bumhead, Lockerbie
1876 Hunter, James, of Antonshill, Coldstream-
1857 Hunter, James, Coplawhill, Strathbnngo,.

Glasgow
1852 Hunter, James, of Glenapp, Newmains

House, Newmains
1879 Hunter, James, Timber Bush, Leith

1876 Hunter, John, Confunderland, Leochel-
Cushnie

1864 Hunter, John, DipjJe, Fochabers
1875 Hunter, John, Nethershiel, Mid-Calder

1877 Hunter, John, jun., Woodhall Mains,
Juniper Green

1871 Hunter, Patrick, Argaith, Perth

1879 Hunter, ]\Iaj or Patrick, of Auchterarder

Hujhland and AgricvMurcd Society, 1881.

Admitted

1878 Hunter, Thomas, Mavbole

1862 Hunter, Kobt., 10 Aiuslie Place, Edin-
burgh.

1869 Hunter, William, Craigli,ea<l, Abington

1870 Hunter, William, Crawlordton Lodge,

Moniaive
1853 Hunter, William B., North Berwick
1857 Hunter, William, Machribeg, Campbel-
town
1872 HuNTLY, Most Noble the Marquis of,

AbojTie Castle, Aboyne
1859 Husband, Robert, Gellet, Dunfermline
1838 Hutchinson, Jas., Merchant, Glasgow

1857 Hutchison, James, Mouswald Farm, Dum-

fries

1880 Hutchison, Graham, of Balmaghie, Castle-
Douglas

1872 Hutchison, James Thomas, 12 Douglas
Crescent, Edinburgh

1879 Hutchison, John Wm., of Edinghame,

Argrennan, Castle-Douglas

1871 Hutchison, Robt., Merchiston Avenue,

Edinburgh
1850 Hutchison, Robt., Braehead, Kirkcaldy

1858 Hutchison, R., of Carlowrie, 29 Chester

Street, Edinburgh

1875 Hutchison, Thomas, Bellfield, Dudding-
ston

1870 Hutchison, Thomas, Broomhill, Loan-
head

1868 Hutton, Arthur, Conilongan Castle,
Annan

1878 Hutton, James, Cliarter House, Maxwell-
town, Dumfries

1859 Hyndman, Henry C, of Springside, 6

South Park Terrace, Hillliead, Glasgow
1870 Hyslop, And., Auchenreoch, Dalbeattie

1880 Hyslop, Wm., Clenries, San(iuhar

1880
1873

1855

1878
1877

1S70
1569

1S64
]S79
1847

185G

l^.vj

1860
1857
1 S6 1
1865

1877

1877
1857

Imrie, James S. , Somerset Villa, Perth
Imrie, John L., Blackhill, Maryhill, Glas-

gow

Inch, John, West Mains, Liberton
Inch, John, Howljurn, Walston, Biggar
Inch, Robert, 1 Victoria Street, Edin-
burgh

Inch, Tliomas, Gilkerscleudi, Abington
Inglis, Ale.x. Wood, yr. of Glencorse, 30
Al)ercromby Place, Edinburgh
Inglis, George, Dron, Cujtar Fife
Inglis, George, of Newmore, Invergorden
Inglis, Harry Maxwell, of Loganbank,
31 Abenromby Place, Edinburgli
Inglis, Lieut. -Col, Hugh, of Kiugsmills,

Inverness
In<;i.is, Right Hon. John, of Glencorse,
I-ord Justice-General, 30 Abercromby
Place, h]<linburgh

Inglis, John, iJiinetion Steam Mills, Leith
Inglis, J«)hn, of Ueilhall
Inglis, Jdlm, Kepdarnxli, (Jiirgnnnoi'k
inglis. IVt.T, Hist Pilton, Ferry Koud,

Kdinl*urgli
Fnglis, Peter, Ilolyrood Palace, Edin-
burgli
Inglis, liolxrrt, Love.stone House, (Jirvan
Inkson, Patrick, Kinnenuony, Cruigel-
lachie

Admitted

1876 Inkson, Tliomas F., Kinermony, Craigel-

lachie
1840 Innes, Alex., of Raemoir, Banchory
1842 Innes, Alexander Mitchell, of Ayton
1874 Innes, Charles, Solicitor, Inverness
1847 Innes, George Mitchell, of Bangour, 32

Buckingham Terrace, Edinburgh
1847 Innes, John B., W.S., 11 Moray Place,

Edinburgh
1846 Innes, Col. Thomas, of Leamey, Torphins

1842 Innes, Thos. S. Mitchell, of Phantassie,

Prestonkirk

1862 Innes, T. G. Rose, of Netherdale, Turriff
1876 Innes, William, Hope Farm, Auchmull,

Aberdeen

1879 Ireland, David S., Brewer, St Andrews

1858 Ironside, John, Brindy, Keig, White-

house, Aberdeen

1859 Ironside, William, Clofrickford, Ellon
1845 Irvine, Alex. Forbes, of Drum, Sheriff of

Argyll, 25 Castle Terrace, Edinburgh

1873 Irvine, George Forbes, Nigg, Ross-shire

1869 Irvine, Walter, Grangemuir, Pittenweem

1843 Ir\-ine, Wm, Stewart, M.D., Craigatin,

Pitlochry

1870 Irnne, Ben., Barndennoch, Auldgirth,

Dumfries

1870 Irving, Christopher, Blackearn, Castle-
Douglas

1870 Irving, John, Borland, Dunscore, Dum-
fries

1838 Irving, John, London

1869 Irving, J. Bell, of Whitehill, Lockerbie

1872 Ir\-ing, Samuel, Carco, Kirkconnel, San-
(]uhar

1878 Irving, Thos., Curriestaues, Dumfries

1872 Jack, Gavin. North Gyle, Corstorphine

1864 Jack, John S., Cambusdrennie, Stirling

1863 Jack, M., Peggy's Mill, CYamond Bridge

1860 Jack, Samuel, Mersington, Coldstream
1855 Jack, Robt, Banker, Motherwell

1869 Jack, Thos., Hermiston

1870 Jackson, John, Bush, Ewes, Langholm
1876 Jaffray, James Belmont, Unst

1852 Jameson, Melville, Solicitor. Perth

1880 Jandeson, Alex., 31 Barossa Place, Perth
1858 Jamieson, Daviil, Auchmithie Mains, Ar-
broath

1876 Jamieson. George, 34 Nether Kirkgate,

Aberdeen
1860 Jamieson, George Auldjo, C.A., 58 Mel-

ville Street, EdinV)urgh

1874 Jamieson, James \uldJo, W.S., H Buck-

ingham Terrace, Eilinluirgh
1880 Jamieson, .John, 31 Baros>:i Place, I'erth

1865 Jamieson, Michael J., of Anigomery, Kip-

jien, Stirling

1874 Jainie.son, Robt. J., S.S.C, Borrow.stouii-

ness

1871 .biinieson, Thos., High Cnrghie. Drumore,

Stranraer

1875 Jnmieson, Wm., of Shandon, Helensburgh

1876 Jamieson, William T., Solicitor, Au-

•struther
1S.5S Jnmieson, Wm. H., Mayshaile, Loanhead
1850 J.MiDiNK, Sir .Mexan-ler, of Applegirth^

Bart., Jardinc Hull, Lockerbie

List of Menibers of the

Admitted

1846 Jardine, Andrew, of Laurick, Doiine

1873 Jardine, Andrew, Ballemeuoch, Helens-
burgh

1878 Jardine, Arthur Murray, of Granton,
Moffat

1846 Jardine, Jas., of Larriston, Dryfeholm,
Lockerbie

1854 Jardine, John, of Tliorlieshope, Arkleton,

Langholm
1863 Jardine, Eobt., of Castlemilk, M.P.,

Lockerbie
1877 Jardine, Wm., Bogside, Fintry, Glasgow

1870 Jefferson, Robt, Preston Hows, White-

haven
1857 Jeffray, John, Cardowan House, Miller-
ston, Glasgow

1876 Jeffrey, Arthur, Banks, F}Tie

1869 Jeffrey, David, 14 Randolph Crescent,
Edinburgh

1859 Jeffrej^, John, of Balsusney, Largo House,

Largo
1880 Jenkinson, A.D., 10 Princes Street, Edin-
burgh

1855 Jobson, William, Ashfield Villa, Heaton,

Newcastle
1872 Johnson, W. H., Ramrig, Ladykirk, Ber-

Avickshire
1836 Johnston, Alex., W.S., Foveran House,

Newburgh, Aberdeen

1852 Johnston, Alex., Hailes, Slateford

1877 Johnston, Alexander, North Mains, Or-

miston
1872 Johnston, Donald, Kilbride, Easdale,

Oban
1857 Johnston, G., M.D., Fincraigs, Newport

1872 Johnston, Geo., Aquhorthies, Inverurie

1860 Johnston, James, Banker, Dumfries
1857 Johnston, James, Huntingdon, Lauder

1876 Johnston, James, Father Farm, Wishaw

1871 Johnston, James, Cattle-dealer, Perth

1878 Johnston, Jas., Lochburnie, Maryhill

1879 Johnston, James, jun., Secretary, Orkney

Agricultural Society, Orphir, Orkney

1877 Johnston, James, Gairloch, Dumfries

1856 Johnston, John, Banker, Bathgate
1869 Johnston, John, Kingledoors, Biggar

1853 Johnston, J. S., Craillinghall, Jedburgh
1877 Johnston, Laurence (of Sands, Perth), 11

Castle Street, Edinburgh

1839 Johnston, Robt., Kinmundy, Skene, Aber-
deen

1860 Johnston, Lieut. -Gen., of Carnsalloch,
Castle-Douglas

1871 Johnston, Stewart J., Cattle-dealer,
Perth

1859 Johnston, Thos., Lochhouse, Moffat

1848 Johnston, Sir William, of KirkhiU, Gore-
bridge

1852 Johnston, Wm., Writer, Bathgate

1876 Johnston, William (late Mill of Haulker
ton, Laurencekirk), South Africa

1857 Johnston, William, Rauachan, Campbel-

town

1873 Johnston, Wm., of Cowhill, Dumfries
1850 Johnstone, Christopher, Glengyle Terrace,

Edinburgh
1828 Johnstone, James, of Alva, Stirling
li73 Johnstone, James, Hunterheck, Moffat

Admitted

1876 Johnstone, John, Drumwhindle Mains,
Ellon

1873 Johnstone, John, of Halleaths, Lockerbie

1875 Johnstone. John, Auchcairnie, Laurence-

kirlv
1859 Johnstone, John, A., Archbank, ^VFoffat

1870 Johnstone, John James Hojje, of Annan-

dale, Raehills, Lockerbie

1866 Johnstone, Miss Hope, of Annandale,

JkLarchbank Wood, Moffat
1881 Johnstone, Michael, Archbank, Moffat
1859 Johnstone, Robert, Pohnoodie, Moffat
1859 Johnstone, Walter, Alton, Moffat

1874 Johnstone, W. M., National Bank of

Scotland, Cupar Fife
1829 Jolly, David Leitch, Banker, Perth
1S62 Jones, Charles Digby, late Kilchamaig,

Whitehouse, Kintyre,
1865 Joss, Alexander, Cruchie, Huntly
1865 Joss, John, Budgate, Cawdor, Nairn

1873 Juckes, R. F.,Cotwall, Wellington, Salop

— Free Life Member

1875 Kay, Charles, Mill Farm, Gargunnock

1871 Kay, Duncan James, of Drumpark, Dum-

fries
1864 Kay, James, Hillhead, Gargunnock
1863 Kay, John, Softlaw, Kelso

1872 Kay, John, jun., Softlaw, Kelso

1867 Kay, Robt., Tuns, Minard, Inverary

1871 Kay, Robt., Linton Bankhead, Kelso

1863 Kay, Wm. , Broomieknowe, Lasswade
1863, Kav, Wm., Inch Farm, Kincardine-on-

Forth
1879 Keav, Robert, Assistant Town-Clerk,

Perth
1844 Keir, Andrew T. , Clunas, Nairn

1864 Keir, Duncan, Buchlyvie, Stirling

1837 Keir, Patrick Small, of Kindrogan, Pit-
lochry
1857 Keir, Simon, Conservative Club, London
1859 Keir, William, of Whithaugh, Newcastle-
ton

1876 Keith, Alexander, Chapelton, Ellon

1876 Keith, Jas., Newton of Kinmundy, ]dint-

law

1865 Keith, Peter, Factor, Barogill Castle,

Wick

1872 Kellie, John B., Ladywell, Dunse

1874 Kelman, Wm., Balnagore, Feam
1876 Kemp, Chas., Methercluny, Dufftown
1852 Kemp, John, Agricultural Implement

Maker, Stirling

1879 Kennedy, Captain A. W. M. Clark, of
Knockgray, Guards Club, Pall 3Iall,
London S.W.

1863 Kennedy, David, Castlehill, Dumfries

1865 Kennedy, Henry H., Rossie Castle, Mon-
trose

1859 Kennedy, Jas., of Sunday well, Brandleys,
Sanquhar

1874 Kennedy, John, Forester, Balmacan, Glen
Urquhart

1871 Kennedy, John, Royal George Hotel,
Perth

1878 Kennedy, John B., Stenhouse, Thornhill

1878 Kennedy, John Gillison, Newlands, Dum-
fries

Hitjldand and Agricidturcd Society, 1881.

Adnii
1846

1878

1872

1875

1842

1870
1874
1860
1863

1854

1878

1864

1878
1869
1880
1859
1875
1879
1870
1857

1877

1860
1845

1875
1878
1833
1865

1874

1869
1850

1875

1864
1876
1862
1868

1864
1873

1857

1872
1850
1871

1869
1873
1830

18GS

1859
1859

1825

tf-rd

Kennedy, John Lawson, of Knocknailing,

Dairy, Galloway
Kennedy, Jolm Murray, yv. of Knock-
nailing, Dairy, Galloway
Kennedy, Thos., Coaclibuilder, Kelso
Kennedy, William, 89 Marine Parade,

Brighton — Free Life Member
Kennedy, "William, Commission Agent,

Glasgow
Kennedy, Wm., Kirldand, Sanqnhar
Kennedy, "\Vm. , Dalmakerran, ThornWll
Kennoway, Ftobt. , Burnhead, Lasswade
Ker, E. Martin (late of Gateshaw, More-
battle, Kelso), London
Ker, Robt. , of Donglaston, Milngavie
Ker, T. Ripley, yr. of Douglaston, Miln-
gavie
Kerr, Aliraham, Castlehill, Durisdeer,

Thornhill

Kerr, Arch. , Upper Dormont, Lockerbie
Kerr, James, Lochend, Kilbirnie
Kerr, Jas. B., Commercial Bank, Kelso
Kerr, John, Broomhouse, Corstorphine
Kerr, John, Blountfield, Dumfries
Kerr, John, Rossie Ochil, Bridge of Earn
Kerr, Jo-s. , Flatts of Cargeu, Dumfries
Kerr, Robert, of Chapeldonan, 9 Great

Stuart, Edinburgh
Kerr, Robert, Factor, Ballikinrain, Kil-

learn

Kerr, Thomas, Wliitehill, Sanquhar
Kerr, Wm. Williamson, late Oriel College,

Oxford
Kerr, William, Newhouse, Dairy, Ayrshire
Kerr, Wm., Mid-Dargavel, Dumfries
KeiT, W. S., of Chatto, Sunlaws, Kelso
Kidd, Alexander F., East High Street,

Ainlrie
Khld, Hugh, V.S., 63 Wide Bargate,

Boston, Lincolnshire
Kidd, Walter, Balleny, Currie
Kidston, Jn. P., Nym Park, Barnet,

Herts
KidstoD, Richard, 81 Great Clyde Street,

Glasgow

Kier, Thomas, Newlands, Falkirk
Kilgour, Rol)ert, junior, Ardlin, Ellon
Kilpatrick, P., StanclitVe, Matlock, Bath
King, Charles M. , Antermony House,

Milton of Campsie
King, David, Dunedin, New Zealan<l
King, Duncan, 33 Forth Street, Stirling
King, .fames, of Levernholm, 12 Clare-

niont Terrace, Glasgow
King, James, West Mills, Colinton
King, Jas. F. , 5 Richmond Street, (Glasgow
King, J. Falconer, Analytical Chemist,

Chambers Street, E<linburgh
King, liobcrt, Levernholm, Ilurlet
King, William, jun., Earne, Donne
King, William, Manufacturer, Glasgow
King, Li'Hit. -Colonel Wm. Ross, of 'i'or-

towie, Kinellar, Aberdeen
Kininmonth, I'eter, Milton, Ticuchars
KlNLocn, Sir Alexander, of Gilmerton,

Bart., Drem
KiNLOcil, Sir George, of Kinloch, Bart.,

32 Drummund Place, Ivlinburgh

Aflmitted

1877 Kinloch, John George Smith, yr. of

Kinloch, 32 Drummond Place, ' Edin-
burgh
1829 Kinloch, Col. John Grant, of Kilrie,

Logie, Kirriemuir
1862 KiXNAiRD, Right Hon. Lord (Rossie

Priory, luchture), 1 Pall Llall East,

London
1879 KiNNAiRD, The Hon. The Master of,

Rossie Priory, Inchture
1873 Kinnear, Arthur W., Stonehaven
1876 Kinnear, C. G. H., of Drum, 12 Gros-

venor Crescent, Edinburgh
1853 KiNNOULL, Right Hon, the Earl of,

Dupplin Castle, Perth

1873 Kinross, Andrew, Hungryhill, Dunblane
1876 Kinross, James, Coldstream, Laurence-
kirk

1864 Kinross, J,, Gannochan, Braco, Perth-
shire
1871 Kinross, Thomas, Loig, Braco, Perthshire
1876 KiNTORE, Right Hon. the Earl of, Keith

Hall, Inverurie
1875 Kippen, Durham, of Busby, Glasgow
1848 Kirk, John, W.S,, 12 Claremont Crescent,

Edinburgh
1861 Kirk, .Jame=?, Kaimknow, Muckhart

1874 Kirkland, Major-General John Agmon-

disham Vesey, of Wester Fordel, Mil-
nathort

1875 Kirkness, John, Quoyo.«;try, Rousay,

Orkney
1860 Kirkpatrick, A., of Allanshaw, Hamilton

1875 Kirkpatrick, David, Linns, Torthorwald

1876 Kirkpatrick, James, Redhills, Torthor-

wald, Dumfries

1879 Kirkpatrick, James, Auctioneer, Annan
1860 Kirkpatrick, Samuel, West Roucan,

Dumfries

1880 Kirkwood, Alexander, Medallist to the

Society, 9 St James Square, Edinburgh
1871 Kirkwood, Allan, Killermont, Maryliill,
Glasgow

1878 Kirwan, Lionel Maitland, Bellrig, Kelton

Hill, Castle-Douglas

1879 Knight, Robert, jun,, V.S., Woodhead

Street, Dunfermline
1867 Knight, Wm. Gray, of Jordanstone,

Meigle
1858 Knowles, Thomas, Chein, Stonehaven

1871 Knox, George, of Nether Malletsheugh,

Mearns
1874 Knox, Robert, Woodside, C.ambus, Alloa
1879 Kyd, George (Hay & Kyd), Perth
1869 Kynoch, George, jun., Isla Bank Mills,

Keith

1872 Kynoch, Patrick, M.D. , Greenlaw, Ber-

wickshire

1878 Laidlaw, Robert, Kodono, Selkirk
1863 Laidiay, J, W,, of Seaclifle, North Ber-
wick

1877 Laing. Alexander, S,S.C,, Glenonl, Spy-

law Koa<l, Edinburgh
1863 Laing, (Jeorge. Wark, Coldstream
ls.'>6 Ijaing, John, Nowburgh. Fife
1855 Laing, Thomas, 17 I'almerston Road,

Ktlijd)urgh

List of Members of the

Admitted

1880 Laing, Thomas (Little & Ballantine) Car-
lisle
1880 Laing, Walter, Manorhill, Kelso
187-4 Laing, William, Skaill, Thurso

1858 Laird, Geo. W., of Deufield, Arbroath
1842 Lamixgton, Right Hon. Lord, Lamington,

Lanarkshire

1871 Lamont, Charles, of East Bank, Kinross
1850 Lamont, James, of Knockdow, Greenock

1866 Lamont, Jn., Johns Cottage, Henderson

Row, Edinburgh

1854 L'Amy, John Ramsay, of Dunkenny, 105

Cromwell Road, Loudon, S.W.

1879 Landale, Andrew, Woodmill, Auchter-

muclity

1877 Landale, James, Woodmill, Auchter-

muchty

1878 Landale, James, Cockbunihill, Balerno

1874 Landale, John, of Woodbank, Banker,

Dunfermline

1855 Landale, Thomas, 4 Mayfield Ten-ace,

Edinburgh

1867 Lang, Alex., Borthrickfield, Bridge of

Weir

1875 Lang, Alex., Gameyland, Paisley

1849 Lang, Hugh M., of Broadmeadows, Sel-
kirk
1864 Lang, John, Bield, Gargunnock
1878 Lang, Robert J., Broadmeadows, Selkirk
1854 Lang, William, Glengorm, Tobermory
1854 Langlands, James C, Bewick, Alnwick
1857 Latham, Patrick R., The Karnes, Lanrick

Castle, Stirling
1864 Latta, Mat. Rodger, Carmyle, Tollcross,

Glasgow
1873 Latta, William, Darmalloch, Cumnock

1868 Lauder, Alex., Goshen, Musselburgh

1859 Lauder, Dewar, St Nicholas, St Andrews

1873 Lauder, William, Locherlour, Crieff

1880 Lauderdalt:, The Right Hon. the Earl

of, Thirlestane Castle, Lauder

1877 Laurence, P., 57 Hanover Street, Edin-

burgh

1872 Laurie, John W., ]\Iitchelston, Stow
1848 Laurie, William Kennedy, of Woodhall,

Castle-Douglas
1868 Law, James, East Mains, Broxburn

1876 Law, John, New Keig, Whitehouse,

Aberdeen
1868 Lawes, J. B., Rothamstead, St Albans

1874 Lawrence, James, Forres Mills, Forres
1876 Lawrence, W. J., Gowanhill, Cortes,

Lonmay

1872 Lawrie, Alex., Hardens, Dunse

1878 Lawrie, J as. D., of Monkrigg, Hadding-

ton

1873 Lawrie, John, Kirklandhill, Leven
1872 La^^Tie, Thos., Esperston, Gorebridge
1872 Lawrie, Thomas, Seed Merchant, Newton

St Boswells

1875 Lawrie, Wm. , Architect, Inverness

1853 Lawson, Alex., of Burntark, Kettle
1843 Lawson, Alexander, Merchant, Dundee

1854 Lawson, Alexander, Brae Lossie, Elgin
1846 Lawson, Chas., 34 George Square, Edin-
burgh

1871 Lawson, Charles, Deebank, Cults, Aber-
deen

Admitted

1868 Lawson, C. , Ordhead, Cluny, Aberdeen

1868 Lawson, Geo. Stoddart, Brighton

1859 Lawson, Henry Graham, Shoreham Lodge,

Shoreham, Sussex
1876 Lawson, James, Westerton, Huntly

1867 Lawson, Thomas, of Carriston, Markinch

1879 Lawson, Thomas, Sandyford, Kirriemuir
1853 Lawson, Wm,, Easterfield, TurriflF

1868 Leamionth, Lieut.-Col. Alex., of Dean,

73 Eaton Place, London
1878 Learmonth, Donald H., Housebay,
Stronsay

1880 Learmonth, George Gray, North Bank,

Bo'ness

1869 Learmonth, Thomas Livingstone, of Park

Hall, Polmout

1881 Leask, William, Skilmafilly, Ellon

1876 Ledingham, Alexander, Drumblair, For-

gue, Huntly
1878 Lee, Alex. Henderson, of Blairhoyle, Port

of Monteith
1863 Lee, John, Dollar Bank, Dollar

1877 Lee, The Hon. Lord, 26 Charlotte Square,

Eilinburgh
1855 Lees, John, late MarAingston, Hadding-
ton

1863 Lees, Richard, Drinkstone, Hawick

1878 Legget, Alex., Killyleoch, Dunscore,

Dumfries

1864 Leishman, James, of Broomrig, Dollar

1864 Leishman, T., 25 Park Terrace, Stirling
1858 Leitch, Arch. K., Inchstelly, Forres

1877 Leitch, Simon, Factor, Tankerness Hall,

Kirkwall
1841 Leith, Alex., of Freefield, Glenldndie,

Inverkindie
1869 Leith, Major Thomas, Westhall, Oyne

1875 Leithhead, James, Tumiedykes, Ford,

Dalkeith
1857 Lennie, John, Long Ne%\'ton, Gifford

1878 Lennox, The Hon. C. S. B. Hanbury-

Kincaid, Lennox Castle, Lennoxtown

1878 Lennox, David, Merchant, Dumfries
1873 Lennox, James, Doune, Glendouglas,

Luss

1865 Leny, W. Macalpine, of Dalswinton,

Dumfries

1876 Leslie, A. F., Braco, Keith

1840 Leslie, G. A. Young, of Kiuinvie, Bed-
ford

1862 Leslie, Hon. George Waldegrave, Leslie

House, Leslie

1857 Leslie, James, Thorn, Blairgo^^Tie

1873 Leslie, Robert C, of Butterglen, Dun-
keld

1879 Leslie, Thomas W., Welton, Blairgowrie

1863 Lesslie, James, Boghall, Linlithgow
1879 Letham, John, East Mains, Stonehouse

1864 Lidderdale, Wm. H., Writer, Castle-

Douglas

1858 Ligertwood, John, Sheriff-Clerk, County

Buildings, Aberdeen

1878 Lightbody, William, Auctioneer, Dal-
beattie

1875 Lightfoot, Henry Le Blanc, Fonthill
Abbey, Salisbury

1877 Lindesay, William Francis, Balmungo, St

Andrews

Higldand and Agricultural Socleif/, 1881.

Admitted

1878 Lindsay, Hugh, Meadowflatt, Thanker-

ton
1878 Lindsay, James, Holehouse, Penpont
1873 Lindsay, Jas., Whitecastles, Lockerbie
1857 Lindsay, James, New Zealand
1865 Lindsay, John, Thornhill, Stewarton
1878 Lindsay, John V., Whitehope, Selkirk

1862 Lindsay, Robert, Lilliehill Fireclay

Works, Dunfermline
1857 Lindsay, Thomas, Flemington, Lamancha
1878 Lindsay, Thomas, Townend, Craigie, Kil-

maniock
1869 Lindsay, Thos. S. , 10 Chalmers Crescent,

Edinburgh
1854^Lindsay, William, 7 Hermitage Hill,

Leitli

1875 Linn, William, 2 Park Terrace, New-

castle-on-Tyne
1873 Linton, Simon, Glenrath, Peebles
1878 Linton, William Thomson, Mount Benger,

Selkirk

1863 Lithgow, E., Bedshiel, Greenlaw, Dunse

1869 Little, James, Fauld, Longtowu

1878 Little, James Church, Caulfield, Lang-
holm
1859 Little, John, Meikleholmside, Moftat

1870 Little, Wm., Bumtbot, Langholm

1878 Little, William, High Borgue, Twynholm,

Castle-Douglas*

1876 Littlejohn, William, Whitemyers, Old

Skene Road, Aberdeen

1879 Livingston, John, Brae of Cluny, Ballin-

luig
1863 Livingston, Tlios. S. Feuton, of West
Quarter, Polmont

1875 Lloyd, Thomas, of Minard Castle, In-

veraray

1878 Lockhart, James, Mains of Airies, Stran-

raer

1866 Lockhart, Robert, jun., 10 Polwarth Ter-
race, Eilinburgh

1872 Lockhart, Sir Simon M. , of Lee and
Camwath, Bart., Lanark

1870 Lockhart, W. Eliott of Borthwickbrae,
Branxliolme, Hawick

1859 Lockie, William., West Morriston, Earl-
ston

1879 Loder, Robert, M.P., Whittlebur>', Tow-

cester
1831 Logan, Alexander, London
1878 Logan, David, Wragmire House, Carlisle

1876 Logan, John Walker, The Avenue, Ber-

wick-on-Twec'd
1872 Loney, Peter, Marchmont, Dunse
1858 Longmore, William, Banker, Keith
1881 Lonsdale, Claud, Rose Hill, Carlisle
1865 Lorinier, J., Achrossan, Tigh-na-bruaich
1843 Lorimer, T. W. , Mountrule, Douglas, Isle

of Man
1869 Lorimer, William, Ripg, Sanquhar
1869tL(mNK, Most Noble the Maniuis of, K.T.,

Canada
1869*tL()THiAN, ^[ost Noble the Marquis of,

K.T., Ntwbattle Abbey, Dalkeith
1874 Lothian, Maurice Jolm, Wootlcot Park,

Hlacksliiels
1853+Lmvat, Right Hon. Lord, Beaufort Castle,

Beauly

Admitted

1875 Love, Alexander, Margaret's Mill, Kilmal-
colm

1874 Love, James, late I Dellingburn Street,

Greenock

1857 Lovie, Alex., Nether Boyndlie, Fraser-
burgh

1843 Low, James, Laws, Wliitsome

1878 Low, Peter, V.S., Perth

1861 Lowe, Robert, General Agent, Perth

1850 Lowndes, James, of Arthurlee, Barr-
head

1871 Lowson, William, of Balthayock, Perth
1861 Lumsden, David, Pitcaivntield, Perth
1850 Lumsden, G. , Leslie Lodge, Inverurie
1857 Lumsden, George, 30 Drumsheugh Gar-
dens, Edinburgh

1877 Lumsden, General Sir Harry B., Bel-
helvie Lodge, Aberdeen

1869 Lumsden, Henry, of Pitcaple, Pitcaple
1877 Lumsden, Hugh Gordon, of Auchindoir,

Aberdeen

1875 Lumsden, James, of Arden, Alexandria,

N.B.

1876 Lumsden, William HaiTy, of Balmedie,

Belhelvie

1870 Lusk, And., Howwell, Kirkcudbright

1877 Lusk, Peter, Craigcaffie, Stranraer
1861 Lyal, Robert, Bennie, Braco

1872 Lyal, William, Fogorig, Dunse

1850 Lyall, Cha.s., Old Montrose, Montrose

1854 Lyall, David, of Gallery, Montro.se
1850 Lyall, Robert, Kellybahk, Dollar

1879 Lyell, David, S.S.C., 39 Ca.stle Street,
Edinburgh

1861 Lyell, John, Banker, Newburgh
1859 Lyon, Jas., Burnhaugh, Stonehaven

1870 Lyon, Thomas A., Whitecroft, Lockerbie

1871 Lyon, William, 16 Chronicle Lane, Aber-

deen

1870 M'Adam, Jas. Nicol, High Trees, Marl-

borough, Wilts
1857 Macadam, John, Blairo'er, Drymen
1859 Macadam, Dr Stevenson, F.R.S.E., Sur-
geons' Hall, Edinburgh
1840 Macalister, A., of Louj) and Toiri-sdale
1842 Macalister, Keith, of Glenbarr, Greenock

1855 M'Alister, Robert, Mid Ascog, Rothesay

1872 Macallum, Donald, Balligowan, Oban

1873 M 'Alpine, James, Tile Manufacturer,

Springfield, Stirling
1854 Macandrew, D. M., Kilrock, Bridge of

Allan
1873 Macandrew, Henry C, Sheriff-Clerk, Tlie

Castle, Inverne.ss

1862 Macartliur, John, of Barbeck, Banker,

Inveraray
1840 Macartliur, Major Alexander
1842 Macartlmr, Duncan, New Zealand
1840 Macaskill, Donald, of Rhudunan, New

Zealaml
1853 M'AusJan, J., late Kilbridbeg, Cainidow
1865 M'Hean, I)., Aucliterl)!air, Carr Bridge

1871 MiHi-an, .lolin, New Zealand
1.H71 Mdiealh, James, Brims, Tliurso

1863 Macbraire, .lames, of Broadineadows,

Berwick
1878 M'Caig, Al.-\-.. Killiilt. Stranr.aer

List of Memhers of the

Admitted

1878 M'Caig, Peter, Mye, Stranrnpr

1870 M'Call, George, Burrance, Kirkmichael,
Lockerbie

1870 M'Call, James, Caitloch, Moniaive

1868 M'Call, Professor James, Veterinary

College, Glasgow
1816 M'Call, Henry, of Daklowie, Glasgo\f

1874 McCallum, Alex. Inglis, Chemist and

V.S., 5 Grassmarket, Edinburgh

1872 McCallum, Dun.; Clenmachrie, Oban
1842 M 'Galium, George Kellie, of Braco, Castle

Braco, Perthshire

1879 M'Callum, James, Fendoch, Crieff
1861 M'Callum, John, Bank Place, Crieff

1875 McCamon, John, Kirronrae, Kirkcolm
1864 M'Candlish, Jn. M'Gregor, W.S., 27

Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh

1871 McCash, John, Grain Merchant, Perth

1873 McCaull, Peter, Dykehead, Dunblane
1851 M'Caw, Alexander, New Zealand

1857 M'Chlery, Henry, London

1851 M'Cleau, Alex. H., Auchneel, Stranraer

1880 M'Clellan, Rev. John Brown, Royal Agri-

cultural College, Cirencester
1878 M'Clew, David Andrew, Dinvin, Port-

patrick
1870 M'Clew, John, Dinvin, Portpatrick

1878 M'Clure, William, Banker, Lockerbie

1879 M'Coll, Duncan, Clachan, Lismore, Oban
1840 M'Combie, J. Boyn, Advocate, Aberdeen

1858 IM'Combie, Peter, Upper Farmton,

Vv^'hitehouse, Aberdeen
1858 M'Combie, Robt., Brawliemuir, Drum-

lithie
1840 M'Combie, William, of Easter Skene,

Skene, Aberdeen
1878 M'Conchie, Andrew, Mains of Penning-

hame, Newton-Stewart
1878 M'Conchie, John, Carsewilloch, Cree-

town

1857 M'Connachy, Archibald, Machremore,

Campbeltown

1858 M'Connach, Chas., Caimballoch, Alford,

Aberdeen
1868 M'Counel, Frederic, Cleughhead, Annan
1874 M'Counel, William, of Knockdolian,

Girvau
1842 M'Connell, John, Richmond, Surrey
1857 M'Connell, John A., Chapelheron, Whit-
horn
1878 M'Connell, Thomas M., V.S., WigtowTi
1878 M'Connell, Primrose, Castle Mains, New

Cumnock — Free Life Member
1878 M'Cormick, John, Lochenkit, Corsock,
Dalbeattie

1880 M'Corquodale, Wdliam, Scone Palace,

Perth
1877 M'Cosh, Peter, Cairngawn, Drumore,
Kirkmaiden

1877 ISI'Crackeu, Alex. Earl, Gillespie, Glen-

luce

1878 M'Cracken, William, Blackball, Kirk-

whelpington, Newcastle-on-Tyne — Free
Life Member

1859 M'Culloch, Alexander, of Glen, Gatehouse

of Fleet
1870 M'Culloch, David, Bank-Agent, North
Berwick j

Admitted

1870 M'Culloch, John, Illinois Trust and

Savings Bank, Chicago, Ills., U.S.

1878 M'Culloch, Peter, jun., Whitefield, Glen-
luce

1869 M^Culloch, R. C, Kirkland of Longcastle,
Kirkinner

1849 M'Culloch, Walter, of Ardwell, Gate-
house of Fleet

1871 M'Culloch, William, Crieff

1858 M'Diarmid, Charles A., Rockwood, Killin

1858 M'Diarmid, D. A., Killiemore, Auchna-
craig. Mull

1875 M'Diarmid, Duncan, Camuserricht, Ran-
noch

18S1 Macdiarmid, H., Factor, Tiree, Tober-
mory

1838 M'Donald, Dr Alex., Prince Edward's
Island

1841 Macdonald, Alexander, Wine Merchant,
Inverness

1854 Macdonald, A., of Edenwood, Balranald,

Lochmaddy
1874 Macdonald, Alex,, Nether Largie, Kil-
martin

1874 MacDonald, Alex. Ronald, Ord, Isle Orn-

say, Broadford, Skye

1855 Macdonald, Archd. Burns, of Glencoe,

Perth
1855 Macdonald, A. S., Cvderhall, Dornoch

1860 Macdonald, D., Athole Arms Hotel, Blair

Athole

1868 M'Donald, Donald, Culcraggie, Alness

1872 Macdonald, Donald, The Park, Nairn
1879 Macdonald, Donald, Inverness

1869 Macdonald, D. J. K., of Sanda, London
1865 Macdonald, D. P., Invemevis, Fort-
William

1871 M'Donald, J., Comrie Farm, Aberfeldy

1875 M'Donald, John Newton, Lochmaddy

1873 Macdonald, John, Porterfield, Renfrew

1879 MacDonald, John, Belmore, Gareloch,

Helensburgh

1880 Macdonald, Montague, yr. of St Martins,

Perth

1873 M'Donald, Neil M'Leod, of Dunach,

Oban

1861 Macdonald, Peter, The Douglas Hotel,

Brodick, Ardrossan
1868 Macdonald, R., Cluny Castle, Aberdeen

1874 MacDonald, R. A., Ullinish, Portree
1826 Macdonald-Robertson, William, of Kin-

lochmoidart, Fort-William

1874 Macdonald-Robertson, W. D. A., yr. of
Kiiilochmoidart, Fort- William

1839 IMacdonald, Roderick C, of Castle Teirim,.
Prince Edward's Island

1861 Macdonald, William, of Balnakilly, Blair-
gowrie

1874 MacDonald, William, Editor, North
British Agriculturist, Edinburgh

1871 M'Donald, William, Woodlands, Perth

1860 Macdonald, William S., Craigielaw, Long-
niddry

1865 Macdonald, William, Banker, Elgin

1844 Macdonald, Lieut.-Col. Wm, Macdonald,
of St ]\Iartins, Perth

1846 Macdonell, Eneas Ranald, of Morar, Fort-
William

Iligldand and Ayriculiaral Society, 1881.

Admitfeil

1865 M'Donall, Jas., of Logan, Stranraer
1868 M'Dougal, George, Blvthe, Lauder
1875 M'Dougal, Tlios., EskVale, Penicuik

1872 M-Dougall, Col. Chas. A., of Duuollie,

Oban
1871 M'Dougall, John, Goodlyburn, Perth
1860 M-'Dougall, Archibald, Ardtalanaig, Keu-

iiiore
1838 IMacdougall, Captain James Patrick
1871 M'Dougall, Jolm W., yr. of Orchill,

Blai-kford
1S7S M-'Dougall, William, Bochastle, Callander
IS 70 M 'Do wall, Audi-ew, Auchtralure, Stran-
raer
1870 M'Dowall, Andrew, Malcolmstone,

Currie
1880 IM'Dowall, A. H., Seedsman, Stranraer

1845 Macdowall, Henry, of Garthland, Loch-

winnoch

1875 ^lajdowall, Henry, yr. of Garthland,

Lochwinnoch

1877 M'Dowall, James, 34 St Enoch Square,

Glasgow

1878 M'Dowall, T. N., Auchtralure, Stranraer

1878 ^['Dowall, Robert, Aucheugallie, Port-

William
1874 ■Macduff Alex., of Bonhard, Perth

1879 INLicDuff, Donald, Tomnagrew, Dunkeld

1859 MacDutf, James, Newmill, Stanley

1876 M'Duff, Wm., Tomnagairn, Dunkeld
1834 Ma ewan, J. , of Tar of Pi,uskie, Callander

1846 M'Ewan, Alexander, late of Sunderland

1873 M'Ewan, William, Cambushiunie, Dun-

blane

1850 M'Ewen, John, Merchant, Glasgow

1864 M'Ewen, John, Redside Farm, North

Berwick

1865 M'Ewen, John, Merchant, Stirling
1865 MacEwen, John C, Inverness

1877 M'Fadyean, Prof. John, Vet. College,

Clyde Street, Edinburgh

1878 M'Farlan, George, Forester, Closebum

Mains, Thonihill

1851 M'Farlan, John, Faslane, Gareloclihead

1874 Macfarlane, Ale.x. (Mealldarroch, Tarbert,

Lochfine), 27 Palmerston Buildings,

Greenock
1857 Macfarlane, Alexander, Pollanilliue,

Campbeltown
1873 M'Farlane, Colin, Strone, Gleufruin,

( Iarelochhea<l

1879 Macfarlane, Dr David, Drymen

1880 Macfarlane, David, Needburn, Methven
1857 Macfarlane, DonaM, Audiray, Aberfoyle

1860 Mactarlaiie, Donald. lialmuildy, Bishop-

briggs
1873 .M'Farlane, Duncan, Greenfield, Gare-

lo(ddi»'ad
1857 Marfarlane, Duncan, Torr, Helensburgh
1869 M'Farlane, James, of Exister Raderuie,

Dunfermline
1857 Macfarlane, Jolui, late of Ballencleroch,

iicnnoxtown
1872 Ma(;farlane, Jolin, Hillhcail, Glasgow
187;; Macfarlane, Lewis, Letterniay, Lochgoil-

liead
1S6'> Macfarlane, Malcolm, Hutclicstown Farm,

Dunblane

Admitted

1879 M'Farlane, Richard, 1 Great Western
Terrace, Glasgow

1878 Macfarlane, Samuel, Meadowbank, Tor-

rance of Campsie

1879 Macfarlane, Walter, 22 Park Circus,

Glasgow
1879 M'Farlane, Wm. , Agricultural Implement
Maker, Welltown, Meigle

1862 Macfie, C, of Gogarburn, Corstorphine
1865 Macfie, David J., of Borthwick Hall,

Heriot

1864 Macfie, Robert Andrew, of Dreghorn,

Colinton
1860 Macfie, Samuel, 29 ^Vhitefield Road,
Everton, Liverpool

1869 Macfie, Wm., of Clermiston, Corstor-

phine

1865 M'Gavin, Robert, of Ballunibie, Dundee

1863 JM'Gibbon, David, Ardnacraig, Campbel-

town

1860 M'Gill, James, Banker, Dumfries
1850 M'Gill, Jolm, Barsalloch, Wigtown

1878 M'Gill, William, Borelaud, Newton-

Stewart

1879 ^I'Gillivray, Allan, Gordon Hall,

Kingussie

1876 MacGillivray, Dr D. W., Eoligary, Barra,
Lochmaddy

1874 M'Gilli\Tay, John, Ballachroan, Kin-
gussie

1876 MacGillivray, Wm., Eoligary, Barra,
Lochmaddy

1876 M'Goune, John G., Mains, Alexandria,

N.B.

1877 M'Gowan, Robert, Blegbie, Upper Keith

1870 M'Gowan, William, Blegbie, Upper

Keith
1837 Macgregor, Alexander, London
1879 M'Gregor, Ale.xr. (Harrison, M'Gregor,

k Co.), Leigh, Lancashire

1877 M'Gregor, Arch., Glenlvon House, Aber-

feldy

1872 M'Gregor, Donald, Ballinluig

1870 M'Gregor, Donald, Royal Hotel, Edin-
burgh

1857 Macgregor, Donald R., Merchant, Leith

1874 Macgregor, Rev. J., Knockbain Manse,
Munlochy

1874 M'Gregor, James G., Fearn, Floss-sliire

1861 M'Gregor, John, Ladvwell, Dunkeld

1878 M'Gregor, John B., Curroch Farm, Crioflf
1874 MacGregor, P. Comyu, of Brediland,

Lonend House, Paisley
1878 M'Gregor, Robert, Bellrid.ling, Dumfries
1874 M'Gregor, Roderick, of Brae liannoch,

Kincraig, Kingussie
1865 MacGregor, Thoma.s, Kingsmills Road,

Inverness

1870 M'llaflie, Wm. J., of Torhousemuir, Wig-

town
1872 M'lllraith, James, 135 Hope St., Glasgow

1871 M'lllraith, Thos., Barwhannv, Kirkinnor
1878 M'lllwrick, Alex., Northleigh, Wituey,

Oxon

1872 M'lmloe, James, (Jlenmolachan, Lu.ss

1864 .Maclndoe, Rol)ert, .Merkins. Alexandria
1827 M'Inroy, Lieut. -Colonel William, of The

Burn, Brechin

List of Members of tlie

Admitted

186-4 M'Intosh, David, of Haveriug Park, Rom-
ford, Essex

1852 M'Intosh, Lieut. -Gen., of Campsie, K. H.

1879 M'Intosh, George, S.S.C., 87 George
Street, Ediuburgli

1878 M'Intosh, James, Boatlauds, Coupar-
Angus

1878 M'Intosh, Dr, Murthly, Perthshire

1865 M'Innes, Duncan, of Cowden, Conirie,

Crieff
1875 M'lntyre, Daniel, Diinallan, Rothesay

1861 Jlaclntyre, Donald, Tighnablair,

Comrie
1875 Maclntyre, Peter Brown, Mains of Frndon,

Dingwall
1875 M'Intyre, Robert, St Martins, Conon

Bridge
1844 Maclntyre, J. , Lochvoil Cottage, Oban
1857 M'Isaac, John, Dunglass, Campbeltown

1879 M'Isaac, John, Brae of Monzie, Crieff
1850 M'lver, Evander, Scourie House, Lairg

1877 Mackay, Alex. Forbes, of Blackcastle,

Carskey House, Campbeltown

1878 Mackay, Arch. M., Bruchag, Rothesay

1878 Mackay, David, Hurkledale, Cummer-

trees, Annan
1872 "Mackay, George G., Grangemouth

1879 i\Iackay, George Grant, of Glengloy,

Kingussie
1877 Mackay, Henry, Shandwick Mains, Nigg,

Ross-shire
1870 Mackay, H. M. S., Banker, Elgin
1872 Mackay, John S., Banker, Grangemouth
1870 Mackay, R. J., Burgie Lodge, Forres

1874 iMackay, Wm., Melness, Princes Street,

Thurso

1877 M'Kay, Wm,, Bmcefield, Portmahomack,

Ross-shire

1875 Mackay, Thomas, Easter -Moy, Arcan,

Beauly
1857 M'Kean, Robert, Lumloch, Bishopbriggs

1880 ^I'Keand, P., yr. of Airlies, Scour Farm,

Bunessan, Mull
1855 M'Kechnie, Neil, Dunoon
1854 Mackechnie, James, Dalmore House, Oban
1869 M;ickechnie, James, inn., Dalmore House,

Oban

1878 M'Kellar, John, Kilinan, Bo\\nnore, Islay
1878 Mackellar, Peter, Crossaig, Kiutyre,

Tarbert
1880 Mackenzie, Allan T., yr. of Kintail, Leys
Castle, Inverness

1862 Mackexzip:, Sir Alexander M., of Del-

vine, Bart., Dunkeld

1S46 Mackenzie, A., of Scatwell, 19 Charlotte
Square, Edinl )urgh

1869 ]\Iackenzie, Alexander Kincaid, of Ravel-
rig, Currie

1875 Mackenzie, Alex., Merchant, 42 Church
Street, Inverness

1878 IVIackenzie, Alex., Toniich, Beauly

1872 Mackenzie, Andrew, Dalmore Distillery,
Alness

1872 3Iackenzie, Colin, W.S., 28 Castle Street,
Eilinburgh

1869 ]\lackenzie, C. J,, of Portmore, Eddleston

1844 IV^ickenzie, Daniel, jun., Merchant, Glas-
gow

Admitted

1846 Mackenzie, Sir Evan, ofKilcoy, Bart,

1870 Mackenzie, James, Camden Quay, Cork
1865 Mackenzie, James Fowler, of AUangrange,

Munlochy

1868 Mackenzie, Major James Dixon, of Findon,

Mouutgerald, Dingwall
1838 Mackenzie, Sir James J. R.. of Scatwell,
Bart.

1871 Mackenzie, James T., of Kintail and

Glenmuick, Ballater
1848 Mackenzie, John, New Club, Edinburgh
1865 Mackenzie, John, Duchlage, Cove, Green-
ock

1872 Mackenzie, John, of Knipoch, Oban

1853 Mackenzie, Jn. Munro, of Morinish,

Garrion Tower, Wishaw
1879 Mackenzie, John, W.S., 16 Royal Circus,

Edinburo;h
1848 Mackenzie, John Ord, of Dolphinton,

W.S., 9 Hill Street, Edinburgh
1821 Mackenzie, John Whitefoord, W.S., 16

Royal Circus, Edinl3urgh

1854 Mackenzie, Sir K, S., of Gairloch, Bart.,

Conan House, Dingwall
1846 Mackenzie, K, W, Stewart, of Seaforth,

Brahan Castle, Dingwall
1879 Mackenzie, Murdo, Banker, Tain
1879 Mackenzie, Neil, Northheld, West Plean,

Stirling
1874 Mackenzie, Nigel Banks, British Linen

Bank, Fort- William
1838 Mackenzie, Robert D., of Caldarvan,

Alexandria
1865 Mackenzie, Roderick G., of Flowerburn,

Fortrose
1846 Mackenzie, Tliomas, of Ord, Beauly
1862 Mackenzie, William, Achindunie, Alne.ss
1878 M'Kenzie, William, Inverquharity, Kirrie-
muir
1857 M'Kerral, A., Brunerican, Campbeltown
1874 M'Kerrow, And., Auchenskeoch, South-
wick, Dumfries
1876 M'Kerrow, M, S., Boreland of Southmck,

Diimfries
1878 M'Kersie, James, Cunningham House,

Muirkirk
1865 Mackessack, J., Eamside, Forres
1865 IVlackessack, Charles, Culblair, Fort-
George Station •
1857 Mackessack, John, Balnaferry, Forres
1874 Mackessack, John, Kinloss, FoiTes
1864 Mackessack, Robert, of Ardgye and Rose-
isle, Fon'es

1874 ]Mackie, Alexr., Bandeath, Stirling

1875 M'Kie, Andrew, Blaiket, Crocketford,

Dumfries
1860 ]\I ackie, George, of Dunjarg, Castle-Douglas

1873 Mackie, James H, J,, Invermay, Bridge

of Earn _

1869 Mackie, James, Lewes, Fyvie

1864 Mackie, James Logan, Ravelston, Great

Western Road, Glasgow
1860 Mackie, John, Sarkshields, Ecclefechan
1878 M'Kie, John, of Bargalie, Castle-Douglas
1878 M'Kie, Jolm G., of Auchencairn, Castle-
Douglas
1881 Mackie, Peter, East Kirkton, Auchter-
arder

Higldand and Agricultural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1857 Maekie, Robert, Loudoun Cottage,
Galston

1871 Maekie, William, Petty, Fyvie

1879 Mackill, John (Laidlaw k Co.), 29 Water-
loo Street, Glasgow

1872 Mackinlay, Daniel, 11 James Street,

Portobeilo
1818 Mackinlay, John, Whitehaven
1869 M'Kiulay, John, Hardhill, Bathgate
1878 Mackinlay, William, Ardoch, Cardross
1869 M'Kinnel, J. B. A., Dumfries Iron Works,

Dumfries
1878 M'Kinnel, William, Butterhole, Buittle,

Dalbeattie
1869 Mackinnou, Lachlan, jun., Advocate,

Aberdeen

1876 Mackinnou, Wm., of Loup, Clachan,

Kintyre

1865 Mackintosh, C. Fraser, of Drummond,
M.P. , Inverness

1846 Mackintosh, ^neas, of Balnespick, Inver-
ness

1844 Mackintosh, JEneas W,, of Ptaigmore,
■" Inverness

1844 Mackintosh, A., of Holme, Inverness

1868 Mackuitosh, C. H. (of Dalmunzie, Perth-

shire), M.D,, Morden Hall, Tonjuay

1846 Mackintosh, George Gordon, Richmond

House, Twickenham, Middlesex

1869 Majkiutosh, James, of Lamancha, La-

mancha

1877 Mackintosh, John, South Kiurara, Avie-

more
1854 Mackintosh, R. T., Seedsman, 12 Mel-
bourne Place, Edinburgh

1874 M'Kirdy, Major-General D. Elliot (of

Letham, Lanarkshire), New Club, Edin-
burgh
1850 M'Kirdie, John Gregory, of Birkwood,

Lesmahagow
1860 M 'Knight, Alexander, London
1856 Maclaclilan, Alexander, Carleitli, Dun-
tocher

1873 M'Lachlan, Archd., 32 Queen Street,

Stirling

1875 M' Lachlan, Colin, Drums, Greenock

1873 M'Lachlau, Colin, Wooden I, Helens-

burgh

1874 M'Lacldan, D., Lochgilphead

1872 Maclachluu, James, Doune Lodge, Burn

of Cambus, Stirling
1862 Maclaclilan, W. A., of Auchentroig, Bal-
fron

1876 Maclae, Alex. Cruni, of Cathkin, Carmun-

nock
1853 JLiclagan, D., M.D., Prof, of Medical
Jurisprudence, University of Edinburgh,
28 Heriot Ptow

1869 Maclagan, David, C.A., 9 Royal Circus,

Edinburgh

1847 Maclagan, Peter, of Pumpherston, M. P.,

(.'liiton Hall, liatlio

1873 Maclagan, Kobert Craig, M.D., 5 Coates

( 'resient, Edinburgh
1847 M;i<laine, Hugh, Glenrisdell, Tarbet,
Kintyre

1870 MaiLaine, Murdoch G. , of Lochbuy,

Uban

Admitted

1855 Maclanachan, James, Van Diemen's Land
j 1879 M'Laren, Charles, Cally Lodge, Dunkeld

1853 M'Laren, Duncan, Xewingtou House,

Eilinburgh
1873 M'Laren, James, Little Sauchie, St

Ninians
1839 Maclaren, Dr John, Blairgowrie
1871 M'Laren, James, Solicitor, Crieflf

1864 M'Laren, J., late Gogar Park, Corstor-

phine

1873 M'Laren, John, Craggish, Comrie

1858 M'Laren, John, Retreat House, Scone,

Perth

1859 M'Laren, John, Brae of Monzievaird,

Crieff

1880 M'Laren, Jolm, Midland Engine Works,

Hunslet, Leeds

1859 M'Laren, Joseph (late Greenhead of

Arnot, Kinross), Australia

1879 M'Laren, William, Pitten<lrigh, Meikleour

1876 M'Larin. Dougald, Dalbeattie

1875 M'Latchie, William, Hillside, Campbel-
town

1877 M'Lean, Alex. T., of Ardgour, Fort-

William
1835 Maclean, Colonel Allan Tliomas

1837 Maclean, Archibald D., London

1875 M'Lean, Arch. John, of Pennycross, Car-

saig, Pennyghael, Oban
1875 Maclean, Chas., Milton, South Uist,

Lochmaddy

1838 Maclean, Colin, of Lagan, Islay
1831 Maclean, Duncan, Bellnollow, Crieff
1849 Maclaine, George, 6 Albert Drive, Cross-
hill, Queen's Park, Glasgow

1854 Maclean, Hector Frederick, W.S., 3 Hill

Street, Edinburgh

1878 Maclean, Hugh, Law Agent, Stranraer
1878 M'Lean, James, Auctioneer, Annan

1860 Maclean, James, Clerk of Supply, Wig-

town

1881 Maclean, J. Grant, Stockbroker, Stirling
1823 Maclean, Dr Lachlan, Columba Cottage,

Oban
1846 Macleay, Alex. D., Conservative Club,
London

1839 Macleay, Kenneth, 1 Portland Place,

London, W.

1875 M'Leish, Uau., Bank of Scotland, Fort-
William

1877 Macleish, G. S., Wester Drumartherty,
Si)ittaUielil, Dunkeld

1880 MacLeish, William, Town-Clerk, Perth
1871 M'Lellan, David, of Marks, Kirkcud-
bright

1857 Maclellan, T., North Balfem, Kirkinmr
1875 MacLennan, Ale.v., Leanassie, Kintail

1865 MacLennan, DonaM, Hilton, Beauly
1864 MacLennan, John, Fearnaig, Strome

Ferry

1874 Macleod, Dun. D. M'L., Coulniore, In-

verness

1875 M'Leod, F. H., 30 Ann Street, Glasgow
1S4'.» Ma<leo(l, John N., Banker, Kirktualdy
1639 Mucleotl, Norman, of Macleod, South

Ken.sington Museum, London
1854 Macleod, K. B. /Ene.a-s of CadboM, In ,;-
gonlon Cattle, Invergordon

List of Memhers of tlte

Admitted

1865 Macleod, W, A., Scon-ybreck, Portree

1875 Macleod, Captaiu, of Orbost, Skj'e

1874 M'Master, Allen, Gleuliead House, Stran-

raer

1871 M'JMaster, Hugh, Blairbuie, Port-Wil-

liam

1878 M'Master, James, Cnrroclitree, Stranraer

1875 M'Master, John, Culliorn IMains, Stran-

raer

1875 M'Master, Wm., Challocli, Dnnragit
1870 M'Millau, John, of Glencrosh, Moniaive
1861 MacMillan, J. G., Dereel House, Barns

Park, Ayr
1854 M'Minn," F., 1 Graham Street, Edin-

l")urgh
1870 M'Monies, James, Wliittlebury, Tow-

cester

1872 M'Murrich, James, Stuckievullich, Ar-

rochar

1873 M'Murrich. Peter, Bumside, Alva

1865 M'Nab, Alex., of Techmuiry, Glenochil

House, Menstrie
1873 M'Nab, Donald, Duchlage, Luss
1873 M'Nab, James, Glenochil House, Men-
strie

1872 M'Nab, John, Hotel, Arrochar

1873 M'Nab, John, Bracklin, Callander

1879 NacNab, Pi. W., Union Bank of Scotland,

Dalbeattie
1865 Macnaughton, Steuart, of Inver Trossachs,

Bitterue Manor House, Southampton
1857 M'Nair, James, Smerby, CampbeltoA\m
1857 M'Nair, Jolui, 33 Moray Place, Edin-
burgh

1876 M'Nair. Robert, Westertown, New Kil-

patrick
1857 M'Naughton, Alex., Eemouy, Kenmore

1859 M'Naughton, Alex., Kerrowmore, Glen-

lyon, Aberfeldy

1870 M'Naughton, Daniel, 79 Mark Lane, Lon-

don, E.G.

1878 M'Naughton, Duncan, late Cashlie, Glen-

lyon, Aberfeldy
185-1 Macnaughton, J., of Smithfield, Ayr

1871 M'Naughton, John, Inverlochlairg, Bal-

quhidder

1879 M'Naughtan, Robert, Inverardran, Crian-

larich, Stirling
1871 M'Naughton, Wm., Riechip, Dunkeld
1848 Macneal, H., of Ugadale, Campbelto-\vn
1870 M'Neilie, Alex., Redcastle, Dalbeattie
1846 M'Neill, Right Hon. Sir John, G.C.B.,

Burnhead, Liberton

1860 M'Neill, Col. Sir John Carstairs, of

Colonsay, V.C, K.C.M.G., C.B.

1861 M'Neillie, W., of Castlehill, Dumfries
1873 M'Nicol, John, Garve, Glendaruel

1876 M'Nicol, John, Salachael, Fasnacloich,

Appin
1857 M'Niven, Alex., Inneshewan, Killin

1876 Maconchy, John Arthur, Corrinagh, Tor-

quay— Free Life Member.

1877 Maconochie, Jn. Allan, Gattonside House,

Melrose

1852 ]Maconochie, Robert Blair (of Gattonside,
Melrose), W.S., 10 Hill Street, Edin-
burgh

1857 M'Phail, Alex., America

Admitted '

1878 MacPhedran, J. M., of Craigbet, Bridge of

Weir
1878 Macpherson, Allan, of Blairgowrie
1878 Macpherson, Charles G. Brewster, of Bel-

ville, Kingussie

1871 MacPherson, Donald, Glen Nevis Fort-

William

1875 M'Pherson, Donald, Auburn Cottage, Pol-

lok shields

1876 M'Pherson, Donald, Argyle Arms Hotel,

Inveraray
1865 Macpherson, Duncan, Kingussie
1827 Macpherson, Ewen, of Cluny Macpherson,

Cluny Castle, Kingussie

1872 Macpherson, George G., Brodie Cottage,

Forres
1S76 Macpherson, John, Achlochrach, Glen-

rinnes, Dufftown
1856 Macpherson, John, Blantyre Farm, Glas-

gow

1857 Macpherson, J., Lord Chamberlain's
Office, London

1860 Macpherson, J. (late Killihuntly, King-
ussie), Ontario, Canada

1870 IMacpherson, Colonel Lachlan, of Glen-

truim, Newtonmore

1871 MTherson, Lauchlan, Laggan, Crieff
1857 M'Queen, J., of Boquhapple, Thornhill,

Stirlingshire

1870 Macqueen, James, of Crofts, Dalbeattie

1873 MacQueen, James, Divers Wells, Alloa
1879 MacQueen, Jas.. Salutation Coach Office,

Perth
1879 M'Queen, John, Oakwood, Selkirk
1850 Macrae. Don. , 72 Buccleuch Street, Glas-
gow

1874 Macrae, Dun, A. of Monar, Muirton

House, Inverness
1874 MacRae, Rod., Mains of Erchless, Beauly

1878 M'Raw, Donald, Balnacraig, Fortingall

1868 M'Robbie, Peter, Sunnyside, Aberdeen

1871 M'Rostv, Jas., Solicitor, Crieff

1879 aiacRitchie, David, C.A., 7 North St An-

drew Street, Edinburgh
1873 Mactaggart, Charles, Banker, Campbel-
town

1876 M'Taggart, John, Culnaightry, Castle-

Douglas
1857 IM'Tavish, Duncan, America
1848 Mactier Alexander Walker, late of Durris,

Aberdeen
1878 M'Tier, John, of Ladyfield, Nethervvood,

Dumfries

1880 M'Turk, Alex., Commercial Hotel, San-

quhar
1878 M'Turk, David, Rascarrel, Castle-Douglas
1878 M'Turk, Wdliam A., Barlae, Dairy, Gal-
loway

1877 M' Vicar, Archd., Woodend, Bathgate
1828 Macvicar, Rev. J. G., D.D., Moffat

1878 M'Whinnie, Alex., Arieyolland, Port-

William
1876 M' William, Mrs, Buchani, Huntlv

1869 M'Willlam, D., Cairnfield, Kirkinner
1876 M'William, James, Stone)-to^\Ti, Boharm,

Keith

1870 M'William, Robt. , Craichmore, Stranraer
1839 Madden, Henry R., M.D., Australia

Hifjldaml and Agricultural SoHcty, 1881.

Admitted

1875 MaddisoD, Heury, The Liinlens, Darliug-
tou

1S70 Main, Geo. Agnew, Portland Square, Car-
lisle

1874 Main, Jas. A. R (A. & J. Main k Co.),

Hope Street, Glasgow
1879 Main, K. R. (A. k, J. Main k Co.), Possil
Park, Glasgow

1877 Maitland, David, of Dundrennan, Kirk-

cudbright
1871 Maitland, Henry, Pilmuir Cottage, St

Andrews
1858 Maitland, James, jun., Little Methlick,

Methlick

1867 Maitl.\nd, Sir James Ptamsay Gibson, of

Clifton Hall, Bart. Craigend House,
Stirling
1879 Maitland, CoL Keith Ramsay, H.M.I.S.,
26 Castle Terrace, Edinburgh

1875 Maitland, Robert, Ballialgardy, Inver-

urie
1858 Maitland, Wm., Alton of Coynach, Mint-
law.

1879 Makenzie, Alexander Donald (Makenzie k

^loncur). Upper Grove Place, Edin-
burgh
1869 Malcolm, George, Factor, Invergarry

1876 Malcolm, Wm., Carsaig, Mull

1840 Malcolm, \V. E., of Burnfoot, Langholm

1878 Malcolm, Wm. Maitland, Carsaig, Penny-

ghael

1880 ALalcolm, Wm. Taylor, Dunmore, Stir-

ling
1880 Mangin, W, X., Catslackbum, Yarrow,

Selkirk
1861 Mangles, George, Givendale, Ripon, York-
shire
1840 Man.sel, Sir John, Bart., Maesteilo,

Llandilo, Carmarthenshire
183.3+Man.-^fii:ld, Right Hon. the Earl of, K.T.,

Scone Palace, Perth
18G9 Mansfield, Jas. L. , Advocate, 10 Albany

Street, E<linburgh
lS72tMAU and Kellii:, Right Hon. the Earl

of, Alloa Park, Alloa

1855 MAnjoiiiBANK.s, Sir Dudley Coutts, of

(juisachan, Bart., M.P. , Beauly
1854 Maujcjhihank.s, Sir John, of Lees, Bart.,
Coldstream

1856 Marjoribanks, John, Camptoun, Drem

1854 ^larjoribanks, Wm., 9 Learmontli Terrace,

Eilinburgli

1877 Mark, .b)lin, Craigend, Stow

1877 Mark, liobert. Agricultural Hall, Leven
Street, Edinburgh

1876 MaiT, Jr)lin, Caimbrogie, Old Meldrum
1864 Marr, J. A,, late of Alderston, .Mid-

Calder

1855 Marr, Wm. Smith, rpjier Mill, Tarves
1873 Marryat, George Selwyn, lute PJ Hope

'IVrra<e, Edinburgh
1873 Marsliall, James, of Duncrievio, Mibm-
thort

1868 Marsliall, James (Marshall, Sons, & Co.),

Gainsborough
1847 Marshall, Jnlni, Clebrig, Lairg

1877 Marshall, Jolin (Alexander Jack k Sons),

31 ay bole

Admitted

1880 Marshall, John, Sandyford, Holytown

1877 Marshall, Mark, 145 St Vincent Street,
Glasgow

1880 Marshall, Rev. Tlieodore, Caputh Manse,
Dunkeld

1860 Marshall, Thomas, The Howes, Annan

1879 Marshall, Walter, of Lochmalouey, Cupar-
Fife

1872 :\larshall, Wm. Hunter, of Callander. 25
Heriot Row, Edinburgh

1875 Martin, Donald T., Auchendenuan, Bon-
hill

1877 Martin, Edward, 11 Keir Terrace, Glas-

gow

1858 Martin, James, Spriugbank Terrace, Aber-
deen

1879 Martin, Jas., Priesttield, Pitlessie, Lady-

bank
1875 Martin, John, Aniahoe, Rothesay
1874 Martin, John, Beechwood Mains, Corstor-

phine

1858 Martin, John, Parkhead Villa, Perth
1865 Martin, John, Docham, Boat of Garten,

Strathspey, Inverness-shire
1867 Martin, John M., yr. of Auchendennan,

Bloondiill, Cardross
1854 Martin, Dr N. , of Glemlale. Duuvegan
1878 Martin, Thos. , Muiryliill, Durrisdeer

1880 JVlartin, William, DardaiToch, Dumfries —

Free Life. Member
1878 Martin, Wm., Larbrax, Stranraer
1878 Martin, Wm., Town-Clerk, Dumfries

1859 ]\Iasou, Robert, of Corstorpliine Hill, Cor-

storphine Hill House, Corstorpliine
1880 Masson, Rev. Alex., The Manse, Kirklis-
ton
1874 Masson, John, Tobermory

1874 Masson, John, Mill of Canimie, Banchory

1875 Mather, Edward, The Lee, Edinburgh
1874 Mather, John Arres, Delnies, Nairn
1873 Mather, Wm., Kirkhill, Xewton Meanis
1846 Matheson, Alex, of Ardross, M.i'., Dim-

craig House, Strome I^eny
1878 Matlieson, Daniel, Commercial Bank,

Lockerbie
1871 Matheson, Kenneth, Dunfermline
18.=i3 Mathews, N., Whitehills, Garliestown

1864 Mathie, James, Banker, Stilling

1878 Matthews, Andr^iw Baird, Briti.Nli Linen

Bank, Newton-Stewart
1871 Matthew, P. yi., 32 Coates Gardens,

Edinburgh
1877 Maxwell, Cai»tain Alfred P. ( ouNiabie, of

Terregles, Dumfries
1870 Maxwell, Captain Heron, yr. of Spring-

kell, Ecdeferhan
1861 Maxwell, Edward Heron, of Teviotbank,

Ilawiik

1865 Maxwell, Framis (of Gribton, Dumfries)^

Balgoiie, North Berwick

1873 Maxwell, Georg-, of Broomholni, Lang-
holm

18'/S Maxwell, George, of Gleulee. New (Jal-
loway

1838 MAXWKU.-STrAKT, Hon. H.rry Con-
stftble, of Tmipiair, Iniierleitlien

1877 Maxwki.i,, Sir llerb«'rt Eustace, of Mon-
reilh, Bart., M.J'., Whauphill, N.B.

List of Members of the

Adinitted

1878 Maxwell, James, Screel, Castle-Doiiglas
1880 Maxwell, John, Coaclibuilder, Kelso
1839 Maxwell, Sir John H., of Springkell,

Bart., Ecclefechan
1867 Maxwell, Maxwell Hyslop, of The Grove,

Dumfries
1869 Maxwell, General Harley, of Portrack,

Dnmfries

1879 Maxwell, Wellwood of Kirkeunan, Dal-

beattie.
1839 Maxwell, Wellwood H., of Munches, Dal-
beattie

1878 Maxwell, W. J., Terregles Banks, Dum-

fries

1841 Maxwell, Sir W., of Cardoness, Bart.,
Gatehouse

1875 Maxwell, Wm. Hall, of Dargavel, Bishop-
ton

1873 Maxwell, Wm. Jardiue, yr. of [Munches,

Dalbeattie

1879 Meade-Waldo, E. W., Stonewall, Eden

Bridge, Kent
1875 Mearns, Rev. Duncan G., 0}Tie Manse,
Aberdeenshire

1859 Mears, Wm., 24 Buccleuch Street, Edin-

burgh

1875 Meek, John, Flesher, Whitburn

1857 Meiklam, John, of Gladswood, Melrose
1854 Meikle, David, 10 Kirk Wynd, Falkirk

1858 Meikle, James, Nether Mains, Kilwinning
1867 Meikie, John, Seafield, Bathgate

1869 Meikle, Wm., East Breich, West Calder

1879 Meikle Wm. , East Bonhard, Linlithgow

1861 Mein, Andrew Whytoek, of Hunthill,

Jedburgh
1863 Mein, Ben., Roxburgh Barns, Kelso

1860 Mein, X. A., Marsh House, Canonbie
1863 Meiu, William, Seedsman, Crofthouse,

Kelso

1880 Meldrum, D. B., of Kincaple, St Andrews

1859 Meldrum, J., of Eden Bank, Pittormie,

Cupar-Fife
1854 Melrose, Jonathan, Coldstream
1869 Rfelrose, Patrick, West Loch, Eddlestone
1819 Melville, J. Wh}te, of Bennochy, Mount

Melville, St Andrews
1877 Melvin, Alexander R., Bonnington, Wil-

kieston

1862 I\relvin, Chas., Penstou, Tranent
1849 Melvin, Jas., Bonnington, Wilkieston

1876 Menzie-;, Alexander, Grain Merchant,

Airdrie

1863 Menzies, Duncan, C.E., 39 York Place,

Edinburgh

1864 Menzies, Duncan, Blairech, Lairg

1875 ]\Ienzies, Fergus, Blackhall, Dumfermline
1841 Menzies, Fletcher Norton, Edinburgh —

Secretary of the Society
1879 Menzies, James, Coshieville, Aberfeldy

1869 Menzies, James, of Pitnacree, M.D., Bal-

linluig

1874 Menzies, John, Caledonian Hotel, Inver-

ness

1870 Menzies, John, Bankhead, Dunse

1849 Menzies, J. A. Robertson, Dnnalastair,
New Zealand

1877 Menzies, Neil James, yr. of Menzies,

Scots Fusilier Guards

Admitted '

1841 Menzies, Sir Robert, of Menzies, Bart.,.
Farlever, Aberfeldy

1871 Menzies, Robt., S.S.C, 5 North St David

Street, Edinburgh

1879 Menzies, Robert, Tegarmnchd, Aberfeldy
1865 Menzies, Wm., Keilator, Killin

1880 Menzies, W. G. Stuart, of Culdares, Perth-

shire
1870 Menzies, Wm. J., W.S., 4 George Street,.

Edinburgh
1861 Mercer, Daniel, Achamore, Dunoon
1850 Mercer, Grrenie R., of Gorthy, Glen Tul-

chan, Perth
1861 Mercer, John, Ardnadam, Dunoon
1870 Merricks, H. J., Eskhill, Roslin
1870 Merricks, J. L., Gunpowder Mills, Roslin
1870 Merricks, William, Gunpowder Mills,

Roslin

1872 :\Ierrilees. Robert, 19 Hope Street, Glas-

gow

1875 Merson, James, Craigwillie, Huntly

1873 Michael, James, 5 Mackenzie Place, Angle

Park, Edinl)iirgh
j 1867 Michie, C. Y., Forester, Cullen House,
I Cullen

1876 Middleton, Alex., Belmont, Aberdeen
1875 Middleton, A. A., Rosefarm, Invergordon
1864 Middleton, Geo., Cornton, Dingwall
1872 Middleton, Jonathan, Davidston, Inver-
gordon

1872 Middleton, Jonathan, Clay of Allan,

Fearn, Tain

1873 Mill, Allan, Dods, Lauder

1853 Millar, C. H., of Blair Castle, 5 Palmer-

ston Place, Edinburgh

1870 Millar, James, of Priestlands, Dumfries

1877 Millar, James, yr, of Waulkmill, Dun-

ferndine

1852 Millar, James Lawson, of Waulkmill

Dunfermline
1864 IMillar, James, Mills of Toit, Blair-Drum-
mond

1878 ]\Iillar, Robert, Alio way Cottaee, Ayr

1854 Millar, Thomas, of Balliliesk, Dollar

1871 Millar, Wra., Over Kinfauns, Perth
1843 Miller, Captain Alexander Penrose

1873 Miller, Colin W., Wellwood, Bridge of

Allan
1868 Miller, G. J., of Frankfield. Glasgow
1861 Miller, George, St -Magdalenes, Perth

1853 Miller, Hew, Westerton, Ochtertvre

Crielf
1861 Miller, John, Scrabster, Tliurso

1874 Miller, John, Seafield, Cullen

1879 Miller, John, Lochland, Crietf
1843 Miller, 0. G., Dundee

1873 Miller, Thomas, of Myres, St Ninians
1864 Miller, Sir Wm., of Manderston, Bart.,

Dunse
1879 Miller, Wm., Pond Cottage, Wliitehouse,

Aberdeenshire

1877 Millican, John, Wedholm House, Abbej'

Town, Carlisle
1870 Millie, George, Kilmaron, Cupar-Fife

1878 Milligan, James, Haytield, Thornhill
1870 Milligan, John, Merkland, Dunscore
1859 Mills, G., Glenmona Park. Bung Bong„

Victoria

Highland and Afjricidturat Society, 1881.

Admittc<l

1858 Milne, A,, Corse of Kinnoir, Huntly

1855 Milne, Alex., Mill of Allathan, Udny

1856 Milne, J., Netherton of Pitteuclrum,

Fraserburgh

1856 Milne, J., Union Bank of Scotland, Elgin

1859 Milne, Jas. (late Meinfoot, Ecclefechan),

America

1862 Milne, James, Banker, Huntly

1867 Milne, John, Mains of Laithers, Tumff—

Free Life Member, 1873
1881 Milne, Jolin, Corn Merchant, Montrose
1861 Milne. Peter, 19 Buccleuch Place, Edin-
burgh

1875 Milroy, James, Galdenoch, Stoneykirk

1876 Milrov, John, Balgrecigan MHins,Stranraer

1863 MiNTO, Kight Hon. 'the Earl of, Minto

House, Hawick
1870 ^linto, .John D., Dumfries
1S76 Mitchell, Alex., Balgreen, King Edward,

Banff
1851 Mitchell, Alex., of Sauchrie, May bole

1857 Mitchell, A., Tillicoultry House, Alloa
1870 Mitchell, Alex., Implement Maker, Peter-
head

184S Mitchell, Andrew, Alloa

187-1 INIitchell, Andw., Drumderfit, Inverness

1875 Mitchell, Andw., Ratagan House, Loch-

alsh,

1878 Mitchell, Andrew, Barcheskie, Kirkcud-

bright

1S61 ^Mitchell, David, late Buruton, Laurence-
kirk

1857 Mitchell, Duncan, Arrochar

1877 Mitchell, George, Broxburn Park, Brox-

burn

1848 Mitchell, H., of Polmood, 45 Albany
Street, Edinburgh

1857 Mitchell, Hugh, High Lossit, Campbel-
town

1877 Mitcliell, Hugh, Banker, Pitlochry
1851 Mitcliell, James, Dologau, Aberystwith

1879 Mitchell, James, Merchant, Montrose
1874 Mitchell, James R., Drynie, Tn\-erness
1857 Mitchell, J., Homeston, Campbeltown

1864 Mitchell, James, Banker, Pitlochry
18.'»(» Mitchell, J., Ballemenach, Campbeltown

1878 Mitchell, James, Aldie Castle, Kinross
1873 Mitchell, John, jun., Boreland, Hutton,

Lockerbie
1S61 Mitchell, John, Fliskmiln, Cupar-Fife

1876 Mitchell, John, Lairshill, Summerhill,

Aberdeen
1864 Mitchell, John, Provost of Dingwall

1872 Mitcliell, John, Knockhouse, Dunferndine

1873 Mitchell, Jolin Forbes, of Thainston, 33

Marlow Road, Kensington, London, W.
18,36 Mitchell, Jo-<eph, CivQ Engineer, View

Hill, Inverness
1878 Mitchell, Joseph, Bankliead, Dalswiuton,

Dundrits
1870 Mitchell, JoHeph >L, Buni.scairth Green,

Dumfries
1859 I^IitclM'll. Robert, Brewer, 3 Bonnygate,

(,'upar-Fife
18.',() Mitchell, K., Dalivaddy, CamjJjcltown
l^So Mitchell, Tliomas, Middlestt-atl, Selkirk

1874 .Mitdifdl, William, North Ubhoinsley,

Lymington, Haut«

Admitted

1876 }ilitchell, William, Mains of Biffie, Old
D.er

1862 Mitchell, Wm., Merchant, Montrose
1869 Mitchell, Wm., S.S.C, 15 Magdala Cres-
cent, Edinburgh

1863 Mitchell, Wm., Ribigill, Tongue, Suther-

landshire
1881 Mitchell, William, Auchlochie, Fearu,
Brechin

1868 Mitchell, Wm. A., Auchnagathel, Keig,

Aberdeen

1849 Mitchell, W. G. , of Garwood, Biggar

1861 Moffat,George, Roseland, Partick, Glasgow
1860 Moffat, James, Gateside, Kirkconnel,

Sanquhar
1867 Moffat, James, of Kenervie, British LineH
Bank, Castle-Douglas

1869 Moffat, James, Kirkliuton Park, Kirk-

linton, Carlisle

1850 Moffat, John, Craick, Hawick

1879 Moffat, Robert Thomas, Ardnacloich,
Moniaive

1862 Moffat, Thomas, Drumbuie, Sanquhar
1871 Moir, James, late Banker, Alloa

1858 Moir, James, Mains of Wardhouse, Insch,

Aberdeen
1873 Moir, James M'Arthur, of Hillfoot,

Dollar
1876 !Moir, John, Fordhead, Gargunnock
1876 Moir, Peter, Nottingham Place, Edinburgh
1876 3Ioir, William, Nottingham Place, Edin-
burgh
1873 Mollison, James, Factor, Dochgarroch
Lodge, Inverness

1842 !^loncrieff, Alexander, W.S., Perth

1852 Moncrieff, Lt.-Col. Alexander, of Banihill,

Perth
1866 Moncrieff. David Scott, W.S., 24 George

Square, Edinburgh
1848 MoxcREiFF, Right Hon. Lord, of Tullie-

bole. Lord Justice-Clerk, 15 Great Stuart

Street, Edinburgh
1878 Monilaws, Rev. James John, Middlebie

Manse, Ecclefechan
1833 Monro, A. B., of Auchenbowie, Stirling
1851 Monro, David, of Allan, Tain
1846 Monteith, B., Tower Mains, Liberton
18-j7 Monteith, Robert, of Carstairs

1878 Montgomery, And., Boreland, Castle-

Douglas

1843 MoNTGOMKRT, Sir G. Grah.im, of Stan-

hope, Bart., Stobo Castle, Stobo — Ilon-
OTun/ Sfcretaiy nf ihr SiKiety

1879 Montgomery, John, Compaton End, Kirk-

cudbright
1846 Montgomerv, John II., of Newton, Stobo

Castle, Stobo
1873 Montgomt-ry, Wm., jun., Parkend Farm,

Helensburgh
1878 Mtintgomcry, William, Bank.s, Kirkcud-
bright
1876tM()NTHOsR, His Grar*. the Duke of,

Buchuniin Cattle, Glasgow
18.39 Moorf, John C. , of ('or-5»«Tvell, Stranraer
1852tM<>ray. Cha.i. Stirling Home Drunimoud,

of Bluir-Drummond. Stirling
1860 Moray, Li«ut.-Col. H. D., yr. of Al>er-

cairny, tYiell'

List of Menibers of the

Admitted

1868 Morgan, David, South Mains of Ethie,
Arbroatli

1878 Morison, Bethune George Walker, of

Falfield, Cupar-Fife

1861 Morison, James, Topeka, Kansas
1850 Morison, James G., Glasgow

1862 Morison, J. B. B., of Finderley, Kinross
1880 Morris, Sir John, Wolverhanipton

1871 Moms, William, V,S., 7 Langstane Place,

Aberdeen

1877 Morrison, Andrew, Broomrig, Pencait-

land
1855 Morrison, Cliarles, of Islay, Bridgend,
Islay

1858 ]\Iorrison, Harry L. L., late of Blair, Aber-

deen
1850 Morrison, James, Glasgow
1873 Morrison, James M., Banker, Stirling
1876 Morrison, John, junior, Hattonslap,

Methlick

1859 Morrison, John, West Dalmeny, South

Queeusferry
1876 Morrison, Thomas, 32 Glassford Street,
Glasgow

1872 Mortimer, Thomas A., 86 George Street,

Edinburgh

1876 Mortimer, William, Old Keig, Keig
1880 Morton, David (Graham & Morton), Stir-
ling

1861 Morton, J., Lambieletham, St Andrews
1875 Morton, John, Nether Abington, Abing-

ton

1879 Morton, R. G., Engineer, Errol

1859 Mossnian, H., of Auchtyfardle, Lanark
1843 Moubray, John M., late of Hartwood

1878 Moubray, John M., Strone House, Strone,

Greenock

1880 Moult, John, 41 Mosley Street, Newcastle-

on-Tyne
1865 Mounsey, J. T., of Kingfield, Longtown,
Cumberland

1877 Mounsey, William R., Lowther, Newton,

Penrith
1867 Muckart, James, Land Steward, Bams
House, Maybole

1879 Muckersie, Henry, Drumfin, Dunfermline

1878 Muil, James, Grain Merchant, Alloa

1880 Muir, John Dryhope, Yarrow, Selkirk

1873 Muir, Andrew Lees, Coal Merchant,

Stirling

1852 Muir, G. W., Kirkhouse, Traquair, Inner-
leithen

1878 Muir, James, Lochfergus, Kirkcudbright

1843 Muir, John, late of Gartferrie

1877 Muir, William, Lochdougan, Castle-
Douglas

1862 Muirhead, E. V\^., The Hill, Putney,

Surrey
1872 Muirhead, F., Eaglescaruie Mains, Had-
dington

1863 Muirhead, George (late Durdie, Errol),

London

1872 Muirhead, Geo., Paxton, Berwick-on-
Tweed

1875 Muirhead, Thomas, Townhill Store, Dun-
fermline

1874 Muirhead, Wm., Aiichenairn, Bishop-

briggs

Admitted

1876 Muirhead, William, Meikle Richorn, Dal-
beattie

1873 Muirhead, William, Pirnhall, Bannock-
burn

1873 Munby, Edward Chas., My ton Grange,

Helperby, Yorkshire — Free Life Memher

1876 Mundell, James P., Perth

1874 Mundell, John, Gorthlic, Foyers, Inver-

ness

1878 Mundell, Walter, Eilanreach, Glenelg
1881 Mundell, Walter, Moy, Muir of Ord
1870 Mundell, Walter Grieve, Inverlael, Loch-
broom, Dingwall

1864 Munro, A., Ballintraid, Invergordon
1874 Munro, Alexr., Ord, Invergordon

1864 Munro, D., Contin, Dingwall

1877 Munro, Duncan H. Campbell, of Kenloch-

laich, Mileburn, Gourock
1853 ]\Iunro, John, Fairnington, Roxburgh

1877 Munro, John, of Svvordale and Lindair,

Evanton

1874 Munro, John, Seedsman, Inverness
1870 Munro, Robert, Covesea, Dutt'us, Elgin
1870 Munro, William, Kenmore, Aberfeldy
1880 Munro, William, of Marchbank, Edin-
burgh

1879 Murdoch, Mrs, East Haughead, Uddingston

1875 Murdoch, Alex., Gartcraig, Shettleston

1865 Murdoch, George Burn, Westerton, Pol-

warth Terrace, Edinburgh — Free Life
Member
1875 Murdoch, James, Carntyne, Shettleston

1874 Murdoch, James F., Hallside, Canibus-

lang
1853 Murdoch, John Burn, of Gartincaber,
Advocate, Greenhill Lo<lge, Edinburgh

1875 Murdoch, John, Canityne, Shettleston
1875 Murdoch, John, Hilton, Bishopbriggs

1880 Murdoch, Peter, Househill, Lai-bert
1857 Murdoch, Robert, Hallside, Cambuslang

1878 Murdoch, Robert, Kilnotrie, Castle-

Douglas
1856 Murdoch, William, Solicitor. Huntly
1847' Mure, Hon. Lord, 12 Ainslie Place,

Edinburgh

1870 Mure, William J., Advocate, 12 Ainslie

Place, Edinburgh

1878 Murray, Allan, Castlemilk Mill, Lockerbie

1879 Murray, Alex., Alderston, Haddington
1846 Murray, Andrew, of Conland, 67 Bedford

Gardens, Kensington, London
1828 Murray, Anth., of Dollerie, W.S., 141
George Street, Edinburgh

1880 Murray, Anthony George, C.E., 141 George

Street, Edinburgh
1877 Miirray, A. Graham, Advocate, 7 StColme
Street, Edinburgh

1879 Murray, Benjamin Rigby, of Parton,

Castle-Douglas

1880 Murray, Lt.-Col. Chas. Stewart, Saucliie,

Stirling
1879 Murray, Geo. Rigby, yr. of Parton, Castle-
Douglas

1871 Murray, C. A., Taymount, Stanley
1864 Murray, D., Gruinard, Ross-shire
1879 Murray, David, jun., Dunira. Crieff
1860 Murray, Rev. George, of Tonjuhain, Bal-

niaclellan Manse, New Galloway

Hifjhlaiicl and Agricultural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1854 Murray, George, New Zealand
1865 MiuTay, G. R., Fiiminess, Castle-
Douglas
1867 IMurray, G., Elvaston Castle, Derby
1869 Murray, G. W., Banff Foundry, Banff
1843 Murray, Jack H., Admiral, R.N., East-
liaugh, Pitlochry

1857 Murray, Jauies, Dumfries Arms Hotel,

Cumnock
1873 Murray, James, Gartur, Stirling

1861 Murray, James, Catter House, Dryuien
1879 Murray, James, Faucbfaulds, King

Edward, Banff

1869 Murray, James Wolfe, of Cringletie,

Peebles
1846 Murray, Sir John, of Philiphaugh, Bart.,
Selkirk

1862 Murray, John L., of Heayyside, Biggar

1863 Murray, Lieut. -Col. John, of Polmaise,

Stirling

1873 Murray, .John, ]\lunnieston, Tliornliill,

Stirling

1863 Murray, John, of Wooplaw, Galashiels

1878 Murray, Patrick, Fairykuowe, Eccle-

fechan

1862 Murray, Sir Patrick Keith, of Ochter-
t \' rc B irt OiT t it'

1850 Murray,' Robert, 64 Grove Street, Edin-
burgh

1858 Munay, R., 7 Roxbiirgli Place, Edin-

burgh

1874 Murray, Robert G. , of Spittal, Biggar

1875 Murray, Robert W. E., Wester House

Byres, Galashiels — Free Life Member

1857 Murray, Tliomas, Braidwooil, Penicuik
1862 Murray, Thomas G., W.S., 11 Pandolph

Crescent, Edinburgh

1856 Murray, William, Kilcoy, Kilearnan, In-

verness

1858 Murray, Wm., Mains of Pittcndreigh,

Turriff

1879 Murray, W. G. G., Kersknowe, Kelso
18.09 Mustard, Alex., Leuchland, Brechiti

1876 Mutch, Alexander, Mains of Newhall,

Stoneliaven

1875 Mutter, John, 29 Clialmers Street, Edin-
burgh

1858 Myers, Geo. C, Town-Cl.-rk, Montrose

1864 Myles, James, DL-ansidu, Renfrew
1860 Mylne, Thos., Niddrie Mains, Liberton

1879 Nainie, Tlios. Graham, Lawton House,
Coui)ar-Angus

1874 Naime, William, of Dunsinnane, Perth
l843tNAl'iKK and Ktthick, Right Hon. Lord,

K.T., Tliirlestane Ca.stle, Selkirk

1875 Napier, Jolin S., of Letliam. Struthaven
1848 N.M'IKU, Sir R. J. M., of Milliken, Burt.,

Johnstone, Reiifrewsliire

1857 Najtier, DiigaM, Australia

1840 Na]>ier, (ieorge, Advocate, Sheriff of

Peeblessliire, Coatcs Hall, Kdinburgli
1872 Nares, A. F., Hrucktor, Old .Mel.lrum

1870 Neilsoii, Joseph, Killiiiiingan, Kirkgun-

zeon, Dund'ries
1867 Neilson, William, Estate Factor and
Banker, Bank of Scotland, Ik-llshill

1871 Nelson, Charles, Skateraw, Dunluir

Admitted

1859 Nelson, Michael, Hill of Drip, Stirling
1865 Nepeax, Sir ]\[. H., of Loders Court,

Bart., Bridport

1845 Newall, John, Mexico

1865 Newton, Captain Hay, of Newton, Had-
dington

1837 Newton, Robert P., of Castlandhill, Pol-
mont Bank, Polmont

1872 Newton, T. H. G., Barrels Park, Henley-

in-Anlen, Birmingham

1861 Nicholson, Robert, Glencaple, Dumfries
1878 Nicholson, William Newzan, Trent Iron

Works, Newark

1869 Nicol, W. E. (of Ballogie Aboyne), 13

Hyde Park Terrace, London, W.
1844 Nicoll, Alexander, late of Edinburgh
1867 Nicoll, T. Munro, Littleton, Kirriemuir
1857 Nicolson, James Badeuach, ot Glenbervie,

Fordoun
1857 Nicolson, Michael Hugh Stewart, of (^'ar-

nock, Ardgowan, Greenock

1873 Nimmo, Alexander, of West Bank. Fal-

kirk

1852 Nimmo, Matt., Foot of Green, Stirling
1881 Nimmo, Thomas, Lawhead, Forth,

Lanarkshire
1880 Nisbet, George, Rumbleton, Greenlaw,
Berwickshire

1870 Nisbet, Jas., of Lambden, Greenlaw,

Berwickshire

1875 Nisbet, John, Longgreen, Newmilns, Kil-
marnock

1865 Nisl)et, Ralph P., Cliesterhill House,
Belford

1847 Nisbett, J. M., of Cairnhill, Drum, Edin-
burgh

1860 Niven, Alexander T., C.A., 6 Abbotsford

Crescent, Edinburgh
1873 Nivison, Stewart, Lairdlaugh. Dalbeattie
1S78 Nixon, R. L., Bonstead Hill, Burgh-by

Sands, Carlisle

1878 Nonnen, John Edward, 11 Merchiston

Paik, Edinburgh — Free Lift' Mtinl»'r

1862 Norie, Henry Hay, W.S., Perth

1860 Norman, William, Hall Bank, Aspatria —
Free Life Mnnber IbTS

1880 Normand, William J., Ramornie, Lady-
bank

1867 Norris, Peter, Todholes, Fintry, Stirling

1879 North, G. v., Cheswardine, Market

Drayton

1868 OCHTKRLOXY, Sir Charles Metcalfe, of

Ochterlony, Bart.. St Andrews
■18.'»9 Odams, James, l^ondon
1S73 Ogilvie, A. M., Tillynaught. Portsoy
1S8U Ogilvie, David, Berrylauld, West Kirkton,
Arbroath

1853 Ogilvie, Wm. R, Skelton, IVnrith
1S60 Ogilvie, (Jeorge. HoletieM, Kelso

1868 Ogilvy, Donald, of Clova, Palnabotli,

Kirrienuiir
1870 Ogilvy, Col. James W., Itannagulzion,

Hhiii-gowrie
1824 Oiiii.vv, Sir.Iohn, of Inveniuharity, Bart.

Bahlovan House. Dundee
1836 Ogilvy. John, of Inshewan, 4 Church Hill,

Edinburgh

List of Memhers of the

AdmittC'l

1859 Ogilvy, John, Harecraig, Dundee

1874 Ogilvy, Jolm Francis, of Corrimony, Glen

Ur((uliart

1871 Ogilvy, Reginald Howard Alexander,

yr. of luverquharity, Millliill, Incli-
ture
1814 Ogilvy, Lt.-Col. Thomas W., of Ruthven,
Meigle

1872 Olipliaiit, L. J., of Condie, Guards Club,

London

1873 Oliphant, Tliomas T., of Rossie, Queen

Mary'!>, St Andrews

1852 Oliver, James, of Thornwood, Hawick
1880 Oliver, John, Borthangh, Hawick

1853 Oliver, Robert, of Blakelaw, Lochside,

Kelso
1858 Oliver, W. Elliot, Benbuy, Inveraray
1873 Oliver, Wm. M., Howpasley, Hawick

1875 Ord, John Robert, Haughton Hall, Dar-

lington
1858 Orde, Sir John W. Powlett Campbell, of

Kilmory, Bart., Lochgilphead
1848 Ormiston, William T., of Glenbum Hall,

Jedburgh
1873 Orr, James, Hill, WHiitburn

1875 Orr, James, of Harvieston, Dollar

1878 Osborne, D. M., 125 St Anne Street,

Liverpool
1848 Oswald, James Townsend, of Dunnikier,

Kirkcaldy

1870 Os\vald, Richard A., of Auchincruive,

Ayr
1863 Otto, Wm. E., Jedneuck, Jedburgh
1872 Outhwaite, John, Bainesse, Catterick
1878 Ovens, Walter, Torr House, Castle-
Douglas

1876 Ovens, William R. (Thos. Ovens & Sons),

Leith

1852 Pagan, A. C, Rockclyffe, Crieff
1875 Pagan, G. H., Banker, Cupar- Fife

1872 Panton, Patrick, of Edenbank, Kelso

1871 Panton, John, of Dalnagairn and Carsie,

Blairgowrie

1873 Panton, Wm., Maryfield, Blairgowrie
1881 Park, Alexander, Factor, Gartshore, Croy,

Glasgow

1874 Park, Ebenezer, Engineer, Greenside Lane,

Edinburgh
1S63 Park, James, Stoneyhill, Musselburgh
1881 Park, James, Dechmont, Cambuslang

1873 Park, James D., Engineer, Greenside

Lane, Edinburgh — Practical Engineer to
the Society

1866 Park, Thomas B., Springfield, Hadding-

ton
1881 Park, Walter, Hatton, Bishopton, Erskine,
Renfrewshire

1874 Park, \Villiam, Gallowhill, Paisley

18G7 Parnell, Dr Richard, 17 Merchiston
Avenue, Edinburgh

1877 Pate, Andrew, Easter Middleton, Gore-
bridge

1867 Paterson, Charles, Canford Manor, Wim-

borne
1864 Paterson, D. A., Merchant, Leith
1870 Paterson, David J., Wafch Hall, Annan
1877 Paterson, George, Fallhills, Penicuik

Admitted

1877 Paterson, G. R., Drumalbin, Thankertoii

Lanarkshire
1872 Paterson, Jas., of Kinnettles, Dundee

1872 Paterson, James, Kidshielhaugh, Dunse

1853 Paterson, James, Whitehouse, Lamlash,.

Arran
1860 Paterson, James, of Carmacoup, Douglas

1878 Paterson, James, of Bankton, Mid-

Calder

1847 Paterson, John, jun., late Kilconan,

Campbeltown
1857 Paterson, John, Skirling Main, Biggar
1862 Paterson, John, Howcleuch, Moffat

1873 Paterson, John Thos. Scott, Plean Farm,

Bannockburn
1877 Paterson, John, Ewingston, GifFord
1877 Paterson, John, Colfin, Portpatrick

1877 Paterson, Richard L., Langside, Dalkeith

1854 Paterson, J. W., Terrona, Langholm

1878 Paterson, Robert, V.S., Bellevue, Green-

brae, Dumfries

1848 Paterson, Robert, of Birthwood, Biggar

1869 Paterson, Thos., W.S., 81a George Street,.

Edinburgh
1851 Paterson, Walter, Merchant, Glasgow

1870 Paterson, William, of Brocklehirst, Mous-

wald, Dumfries

1874 Paterson, Wm. Grindlay, Scotsburn, In-

vergordon
1865 Paterson, Wm. Innes, Armadale, Thurso
1873 Paterson, Wm., Auldtown of Caruousie,.

Turrifi;

1857 Paton, Alexander, Norwood, Sydenham,

London
1880 Paton, James, jun., Obney, Bankfoot,

Perth
1873 Paton, John, Viewforth, Stirling
1859 Paton, John, Standingstone, Haddington
1833 Paton, John, of Crailing, Kelso
1873 Paton, Robert, West Drip, Stirling
1865 Patrick, James, late of Kibnun, Argyll-
shire
1873 Patrick, Jas., Queenzieburn, Kilsyth

1879 Patterson, Alex., Broombarus, Forgan-

denny, Bridge of Earn
1850 Patterson, Jolm, Balliemore, Strachur
1850 Patterson, Robert, Queen Street, Stirling
1864 Pattison, A. D., of Dahnuir, 22 Belgrave

Crescent, Edinburgh
1872 Pattison, J. P., of The Haining, Selkirk
1861 Pattullo, Peter, Eassie Farm, Meigle
1877 Paul, Gavin, Wilsontown, Lanark

1880 Paul, George M., C.S., 16 St Andrew.

Square, Edinburgh

1877 Paul, Walter, Ibert, Killearn
1855 Paul, Wm., Advocate, Aberdeen

1878 Payne, James, Thornhill

1854 Pearson, Andw. A., of Springfield, Carluke'

1863 Pearson, David A., Johnston Lodge, Lau-

rencekirk

1858 Peat, John, Manor, Stirling

1872 Peddie, John Dick, M.P., 33 Buckingham-
Terrace, Edinburgh

1880 Peddie Wm., 11 South Metliven Street,
Perth

1867 Peile, H. R. B., Mansion House, Greenock

1864 Pelham, C. Thursby, Cound Rectory^

Shrewsbury

Hijhland and AgricvJtural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1865 Pender, John Menzies, Glenlyon Lodge,

Xairn
1869 Pender, John, M.P., m Old Bond Street.

London, E.G.

1869 Pender, J., Springhill, Stane, Motherwell

1878 Pendreigh, George, Gatcune, Gorebridge
1868 Penman, John, Bonally, Golinton

1859 Penny, Thos., Bartlehill, Coldstream
1854 Peter, Chas. , Canterland, Montrose

1854 Peter, John, Croyard, Beauly

1875 Peterkin, James Grant, of Grange, Forres

1879 Peterkin, William, Dunglass, Conon

Bridge
1871 Petrie, Geo., Easter Suddie, Avoch
1868 Petrie, James, Bunker, Dufftown
1871 Petrie, Stephen F., 350 Leith Walk, Edin-
burgh

1870 Petrie, Wm., Kirkhill, Elgin

1876 Petrie, W. A., Rosebrae, Elgin

1875 Pettigrew, Jas., Cairnhill House, Airdrie
1879 PhilHi),T)avid, W.S., 41 Charlotte Square,

Edinburtrh

1856 Philip, George, Boynds, Keith Hall, In-

verurie
1851 Philip, John, Polton Ea.st Mains, Lass-
wade

1858 Philip, W., Lofihillock, Keith Hall, In-

verurie
1864 Philp, Robert, Royal Hotel, Bridge of
Allan

1876 Picken, Thos., Barsalloch, Port William

1857 Picken, James, Laigh Langside, Craigie,

Kilmarnock
1857 Picken, John, Mansfield Mains, New Cum-
nock

1860 Picken, R., Barnkirk, Newton-Stewart

1871 Pirrie, Jas. P., Coaehbuilder, Perth

1873 Pitbla<lo, Charles B., Charlestown, Dim-
ferndine

1878 Pitcairn, Henry H., Tiroran House, Mull
1863 Piteairn, John, 22 Queen Street, St An-
drews

1859 Pitman, Frederick, W.S., 11 Great Stuart

Street, Edinburgh
1859 Pittendrigh, A., Mains of Park, Lonmay

1859 Plendi'ileith, A., Mnorfbot, (iorebridge

1860 Plummor, J., 11 Bruntslield Place, E<lin-

burgh
1881 Pollock, George, Seedsman, Stirling
1844 Poliok, Allan (of Faside, Mearns), Bal-

linasjoe

1879 Pollok, John, of Ronachan, Clachan,

(Jreeiiock
1873 Pnljok, John, of Blackhouse, Mearns
1863 P(»!.w.\nTH. Right Hon. Lord, Mertoun

Hnli.M', St liOHWclls

1877 Pojih'. George, Newhouse, Perth

1867 Poph". H. W., Ruval British Hotel, Perth

1861 I'opl.-, J. \^., of Newhouse, Perth
188u Porteous, Janie.<», Solicitor, Coldstream

1878 Portfolio, David Scott, of Lauristou, Mon-

trosj"
1877 Porter. fJoorge, jun.,27 Wellington Place,
Abt-rdccn

1855 I'orter. James, Inverurie

1880 Pott, (Jenrge, of Potburn, Liutlmughlce,

Jertl)urgh
1854 Pott, (Jitlion, of Knowcsouth, Jedburgh

Admitted

1867 Potter, James, of Glenfuir, Falkiik

1863 Potts, Andrew, Newton, Coupar- Angus
1861 Powrie, Archibald, Lairwell, Perth
1849 Powrie, James, of Reswallie, Forfar

1864 Prentice, George, of Strathore, Newbig-

ging, Burntisland

1865 Prentice, R. R., Skeddoway, Kirkcaldy
1875 Preston, W. C, Achonachie Lxlge, Muir

of Or<l

1873 Pretsell, Jas., Drummelzier Place, Rachan
Mill, Bii^^ar

1880 Primerosej Alfred G., Dock Street, Dun-
dee

1863 Primrose James Thomson, late Sauchland,
Ford

1875 Pringle, Adam T., 29 Grassmarket, Edin-

burgh, and India Buildings, Kelso

1859 Pringle, Alexander, of Whytbank, Sel-

kirk
1863 Pringle, David, of Wilton Lodge, Hawick
1863 Pringle, David, Cleethaugh, Jedburgh

1876 Pringle, James, 1 Belle\'ue Place, Edin-

burgh

1863 Pringle, James Thomas, of TonvoodJee,.

Galashiels
1865 Pringle, John, Garvald, Gorebridge
1852 Pringle, Robert K., Shorncliffe, Chelten-
ham

1877 Pringle, Wm., Huntly Cote, Gorebridge
1880 Proctor, David, Haugh, Mauchline

1868 Profeit, Dr, Craigowan Cottage, Balmoral,

Bal later

1868 Proudfoot, T., Pinkiehill, Musselburgh
1877 Pudney, R. L. , Earls Colne, Hallstead,

Essex — Free Life Memh'T

1864 Pullar, John, Ettrick House, Bridge of

Allan
1871 Pullar, Robert. Perth

1871 Pullar, Wm., Kincrussie

1865 Punton, F. H., W'est Fortune, Drem

1872 Purdom, Water, Easter Wooden, Kirk-

bank, Kelso
1880 Purves, Captain Home, of Pnrves Hall,

Greenlaw, Berwickshire
1861 Purves, James, Locbend, Tliurso
1S71 l»urvcs, Thos., Rhifail, Bettvhill. Thurso

1869 Purves, Wm., Tliurdistoft, Thurso
1844 Purvis, John, of Kinaldy, St Andrews

1869 QuEKN.*!BKnuY, Most NoVde the Marquifi
of, Kinmount, Annan

1872 Rae, Robt. , Burnbank, Foulden, Bcrwick-
on-Tweed

1860 ]{;ie, William. Gateslack. Thornhill
l.s7<> K:dn, Wm., Kemjtleton, Castlc-Doiigla.'*
1S()7 Iliiiiies, Thos., Bri<k'ehaugh. Stirling
1S79 l^iit, .lam.-s. Cuh-ri.dr, Crit-ff

1867 Kalston, Andnw W. (late I^gg, Ayr).

America
ISOS Ridston, Anilrew, (tlamis, Forfar
lb70 ludston, A. R., Gtiioih, Straiton. May-
bole,
lf>71 Kalston, James J., Gld Faskally, Pit-

hx'liry
1S77 liiilston, John, .Milniaiji. Stranmer
1869 Ituiiisav, .Me.T., llnuffshiir Journal Ofi\c.e^

i;anir" •

List of Memhers of the

Admitted

1871 Ramsay, Sir James Henry, Bamff, Bart.,

Alyth
1856 Ramsay, John, of Kildalton, MP., Port

Ellen, Greenock
1875 Ramsay, John, Butcher, Kilharchan

1856 Ramsay, Col. John, of Barra, Straloch,

Aberdeen
1841 Ramsay, Robert B. Wardlaw, of White-

hilJ, Rosewell
1881 Ramsay. R. G. Wardlaw, yr. of Whitehill,

Rosewell
1837 Rauken, George, Australia

1874 Ranken, John, Ballencrietf Mains, Long-

niddry
1878 Rankin, Alex., Aird, Stranraer
1S66 Rankin, Geo., Union Bank, Aberfeldy

1875 Rankin, Patrick, M.D., Willow Bank,

Airdrie

1876 Rankine, Alex. M., yr. of Beoch, Loch-

lands, Maybole
1874 Rankine John, of Bassendean, 10 Mel-
ville Street, Edinburgh

1857 Rankine, John, of Beoch, Lochlands,
, Mavbole

1868 Rankine, R. W., Rosebank, Falkirk

1859 Rannie, M. G., Edenmouth, Kelso

1878 Ransome, James Edward (Ransomes,

Sims, k, Head), Ii^swich
1868 Rate, George, Mungoswells, Drem
7854 Rattray, Major-General J. C, of Craig-

hall, Blairgowrie
1874 Rattray, James Clark, M.D., of Coral

Bank, Blairgo\\Tie

1856 Rawdin, Joseph, Chemist, Jedburgh

1870 Rawline, J. D., Rose Farm, Forniby,

Liverpool

1854 Ray, ^Villianl, Sunbank, Elgin

1863 Rea, Charles, Doddington, Wooler
1878tREAY, Right Hon. Lord, Carolside, Earl-

ston

1878 Reay, Thomas, Abbey Town, Carlisle
1874 Reddie, Captain John Griffiths, of Red-
house, Bickarton House, Stonehaven

1857 Redfern, W. Macquarrie, London

1864 Reekie, A., Walton, Auchtertool, Kirk-

caldy

1872 Reekie, Wm., Carterhaugh, Selkirk

1857 Reid, Alexander, Cruivie, Cupar

1873 Reid, Alexander, Architect, Elgin

1880 Reid, Andrew, Haining Valley, Linlith-
gow

1844 Reid, Cliarles G., W.S.

1876 Reid, Donald, Edradour Distillery, Pit-
lochrv

1867 Reid, F. R. , of Gallo\vflat, Rutherglen

1879 Reid, Frank R., jun., Biallid, Kingussie

1858 Reid, George, 23 Justice Mills Lane,

Aberdeen

1874 Reid, George, Baads of Drum, Peterculter,

Aberdeen

1876 Reid, George, jun., Clinterty, Blackburn,

Aberdeen

1871 Reid, George, of Tilliery, Milnathort

1880 Reid, G. A., 22 Glover Street, Leith

1877 Reid, Dr James, Templeton, Mossat

1855 Reid, James, Sonnierheld, Haddington

1872 Reid, Dr J. B., Aberfeldy
1857 Reid, J., Corsebank, Sancjuhar

Admitted

1858 Reid, .James, Waterside Cottage, Alford
1876 Reid, James, Horse Bazaar, Peterhead
1873 Reid, James, Kilmundy, Glamis

1867 Reid, James R. of Woodburn, Rutherglen

1875 Reid, James, Inchberry, Inverness

1869 Reid, James, Ittingstou, Huntly

1859 Reid, John, Ingrie, Leslie

1870 Reid, John James, Advocate, 6 Great

Stuart Street, Edinburgh

1876 Reid, Peter, Crofts of Glenmuick, Ballater
1864 Reid, Walter, Craigarnhall, Bridge of

Allan

1871 Reid, William, Pittentian, C^rieff

1871 Reith, James, South Auchinclech, Skene,

Aberdeen

1876 Reith, Robert, Middlefield, Woodside,

Aberdeen
1878 Rennie, James, Brewer, Dumfries

1877 Rennie, John, Craigieburn, Falkirk

1878 Rennie, William, Andrewsford, Fyvie

1879 Renwick, William, Yoker Mains, Yoker

1872 Renwick, John, Xurservman. Melrose
1859 Reoch, J. F., 39 Inveileith' Row, Edin-
burgh

1873 Richardson, Alex., 5 Jordan Lane, Edin-

burgh
1863 Richardson, D., of Hartfield, Glasgow

1874 Richardson, George, Western Club, Glas-

gow
1861 Richardson, Major James T. Stewart,

yr. of Pitfour, Perth
1823 PtiCHAKDSOX, Sir John S., of Pitfour,

Bart., Perth
1873 Richardson, John, London Road, Carlisle

1851 Richardson, John, Writer, Haddington
1863 Richardson. J., Southfield, Haddington
1878 Richardson! Ralph, W.S., 19 Castle Street,

Edinburgh
1837 Richardson, Robert, 16 Bruntsfield Place,

Edinburgh
1863 Richardson, R., Crailingnook, Jedbi;rgh
1878 Richardson, Robert A., Dunesk, Locker-
bie
1878 Richardson, William, Floshend, Gretna
1840*RiCHMOND and Gordon, His Grace the
Duke of, K.G., Gordon Castle, Fochabers
— President of the Society
1861 Richmond, G., of Balhaldie, Braco
1861 Richmond, John, Dron, Bridge of Earn
1871 Richmond, T., Hilton, Perth
1831 Ricknian, Thomas, late Architect, Bir-
mingham

1877 Riddell, Andi-ew, 1 Victoria Street, Edin-

burgh
1863 Riddell, David, Blackball, Paisley

1880 Riddell, John, Rink, Galashiels

1854 Riddell, Thomas, Athelstaneibrd, Drem
1845 Riddell, Sir T. M., of Sunart, Bart.,
Strontian

1852 Riddell, William Hundalee, Jedburgh
1863 Riddell, William, Howford, Peebles
1880 Riddle, Andrew, Yeavering, Wooler

1878 Rigs, James Home, of Tarvit, Cupar-Fife
1861 Rigg, Wm., Banks, Kirkcudt. right

1877 Rignall, James, Agricultural Implement
Agent, Cupar-Fife

1852 Rintoul, Charles, Kingston, North Ber-
wick

Hifjldand and Agricidturcd Society, 1881.

Admitted

1861 Rintoul, D., Mains of Blebo, Cupar-Fife

1865 Rintoul, Robert, of Lahill, Largo

1869 Ritchie, Charles, S.S.C, 20 Hill Street,

Eilinburgli
1865 Ritcliie, Charles, late Ladoga Lodge,

Musselburgh

1877 Ritchie, David (Kilmux, Keunoway,

Fife), 13 Windsor Street, Edinburgh
1857 Ritchie, John, Newbigging Mains, Cam-

wath
1867 Ritchie, John, Whitecastle, Biggar

1878 Ritcliie, John, 11 Morrison Street, Edin-

burfrh

1872 Ritchie, Robert, Cloverhill, Biggar

1879 Ritchie, Robert Bower, Accountaut, Dun-

dee
1853 Ritchie, W., Spott, Dunbar
1852 Ritcliie, Wm., Plean Mill, Stirling
1865 Ritchie, W., of Middleton, Gorebridge
1841 Robertou, James, Kelso
1863 Roberton, John, Falside, Stitchil, Kelso

1863 Robertou, Robert, Ladyrig, Kelso

1873 Roberts James, Greenhead of Amot,

Leslie, Fife
1871 Robertson, JNIrs, sen., of Struan, Rannoch
1876 Robertson, Alex., Tocherford, Puiyne,

Warthill, Aberdeen
1879 RoV)ertson, Alex., Ballechin, Ballinluig
1856 Robertson, A. F., Ardlaw, FraserViurgh
IS*^ Robertson, Rev. A. Irvine (of Kin-

drochet), Clackmannan
1832 Robertson, Andrew, M.D., of Hopewell,

Tarland
1840 Roliertson, Arthur John, Culcabock

House, Inverness

1860 Robertson, Dr Charles, Auchtercairn,

Gairloch

1869 Robertson, C, of Kindeace, Invergorflon

1861 Roljertsou, David, Allan Hill House,

Dunblane
1847 Roljertson, David Souter, of Wliitehill,
Cookston Park, Brechin

1879 Robertson, DonaM, Blackhill, Ballinluig
1876 Robertson, Duncan, of Pennyghael, 73

Great King Street, Edinburgh

1864 Robertson, D. G., of Torrie, Callander

1880 Robert son, Edgar W., of Auchleeks,

Perthshire

1876 Roliertson, George, of Hedderwick, C.E.,
47 Albany Street, Edinburtrli

1860 Rol»ertso!r, George B., 1 Windsor Street,
Edinburgh

1836 Roliertson, James, 27 Albeit Place, Stir-
ling

1881 Pobcrtson, James, Blackhaugh, Dunkeld
1859 Robertson, J., Denbrae, Cupar-Fife
1880 RolxTtsoii, Major James, United Service

Club, Edinburgh

1870 Robertson, James A. (late Chapel Park,

Kingussie), Virginia, U.S.
1876 Robertson, Major James C. , Whitefield,

Govan
1873 Robertson, James F,, New Mains, North

Berwick
1851 RoU-rtson, James Stewart, W,S., of

J>lra<lynatc, Ballinluig
1876 RolM'rt.son, .James Stewart, yr. of Edra-

dynate, Ballinluig

Pit-

Admitted

1876 Roliertson, John, Auchuahyle,

lochry
1874 Robertson, John, of Grishernish, Portree

1855 Robertson, John, Mount Abundance,

Queensland
1854 Robertson, J., Glencripisdale, Strontiau
1870 Robertson, John, West Mitchellton, Loch-

winnoch
1878 Robertson, John, of Golden Grove, South

Australia
1864 Robertson, J., Ohl Blair, Blair-Athole *
1867 Robertson, J., Bellaty, Glenisla, Alyth
1874 Robertson, John, of Rliynie, Fearn

1856 Robertson, John, 68 Bath Street, Glas-

gow

1873 Robertson, John S., Belmont Estate

Office, Meigle
1857 Robertson, Neil, Auchtomore, Locheam-

head
1872 Robertson, Peter, Achilty, Dingwall
1872 Robertson, Peter, Coleraine, Ireland
1870 Robertson, Peter D., 9 King Street, Fins-
bury Square, London, S. C.
1847 Robertson, General Richardson, of Tully-

belton, C.B., Bankfoot
1872 Robertson, Robt., West Barns, Dunbar
1876 Robertson, Robert Wni., of Glenshillish,
Rockingham, Kilcreggan

1861 Ro1>ertson, Stewart Souter, yr. of White-

hill, Carnwath
1859 Robertson, W. M., of Gartloch, Hunting-
ton Cottage, Bridge of Allan

1874 Robertson, Wm., Aberlour Mains, Craig-

ellachie
1857 Robert-son, Wm., Cuttlebrae, Fochabers
1863 Robertson, William, V.S., London
1879 Robertson, Wm., jun., Two-mile Hou.se,

Murrayshall, Perth
1879 Robertson, Wm., Engineer, Princes Street,

Perth

1870 Robertson, Wm. A., Abbotshill, Forres

1872 Robeson, Geo., Biotherston, Kelso

1851 Robiuow, Adolph, 21 Clarendon Crescent,
Edinlnirgh

1871 Robinson, Robert, Manor Farm, Claver-

don, Warwick
1878 Robinson, Thos., Cargo, Carlisle

1863 Robson, Chas., Lurdenlaw, Kelso

1874 Robson, John, Newton Bellingham,

Northumberlantl
1851 Rodger, David, Penkiln, Garlieston
1S59 Rodger, Peter, Selkirk
1S38 Rodger, R , Hadlow Cattle, Tunbridge
1865 Ro«lger, Robert >L, Estate Factor and

Banker, Royal Bank, Ainlrie

1873 Rodgie, Henry, late Rothes Estates Office,

Leslie, Fife
1S57 Ro<lger, Hugh, Hillhead, Kilmarnock

1862 Rogers, .James S., Rose Mill, Dundee
18S1 Rogers, Wm., Ph.D., Rose .Mill, Dundee
1851 Rogerson, G., of Pearseby Hall, Pumpla-

burn, Moffat

1864 Rogerson, James, of Wamphray, Gillesbie,

Lockerbie
1837 Rnllan<l, Adam, of Gask, 20 Athole Ores-

cent, FMinburgh
1857 Roi.i.o. Right Hon. Lord, Duncrub House,

Dunning

List of Meralers of tlie

Admitted

IStio iiomanes, Robert, of Harry burn, Lauder

1873 Rome, Thomas, Northampton Downs,

Barcoo River, Queensland — Free Life
Member

1857 Ronaklson, Alex., Glasgow
lStJ9 Rorrison, John, Dumfries

1879 Roscoe, Wm., C, Newton House, Chester

1869 Rose, Hugh, Solicitor, Inverness

1875 Rose, Rev. Hugh Francis, of Holme Rose,

Fort-George Station
1865 Rose, James, Mains of Connage, Fort-
George Station
1865 Rose, John, Leanach, Inverness
1865 Rose, Major James, of Kilravock, Nairn
1854 Rose, Wm., Sheriftston, Elgin
ISeSfRosEBERY, Right Hon. the Earl of, Dal-
meny Park, Ediubiirgh

1875 Ross, Alexander, Oldtown, Tarland

1880 Ross, Alex., 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh
1864 Ross, David, Banker, Dingwall

1880 Ross, D. A. MacBean, Banker, Tain

1864 Ross, D. G. , Merchant, Dingwall

1874 Ross, Duncan, Hilton, Inverness
1872 Ross, George, Merchant, Dingwall
1839 Ross, George, of Pitcalnie, Parkhill

1865 Ross, G., Braelangwell, Invergordon

1849 Ross, Lieut. -Col. George W. H., of Cro-

marty

1858 Ross, H., jun., Union Bank of Scot-

land, Tarland

1877 Ross, James, Baldow, Lennoxtowai

1876 Ross, James, Balblair, Edderton

1870 Ross, James, M.D., Liuksfield, Elgin
1863 Ross, James, Newtonlees, Kelso

1871 Ross, James, E., Factor, Abercairny,

Crieff

1870 Ross, John, The Grove, Ravenglass, Carn-

forth
1874 Ross, John, Meikle Tarrel, Fearn
1843 Ross, John Leith, of Arnage, Ellon
1880 Ross, Major-Gen. Patrick Robertson, of

Glenmoidart, New Club, Edinburgh

1871 Ross, Peter, Arngrove, Torphins

1880 Ross, Richard, Rutherford, Kelso

1856 Ross, Thomas, Bachilton, Perth
1871 Ross, Wm., Annesley, Torphins

1881 Ross, Wm., Drumgley, Forfar
1857iRossLYN, Right Hon. the Earl of, Dysart

House, Kirkcaldy
1870 Rough, Robert, Wellford, Broxburn

1850 Roughead, D., 24 Forth Street, Edinburgh

1878 Routledge, Charles M., Bank Agent, Port

William
1878 Routledge, James J. F., Oldmill, Port
William

1870 Routledge, Wm., Elrig, Port William

1857 Rowan, J. M., Atlas Works, Glasgow
1881 Rowan, P. F. Connal, of Meiklewood,

Stirling

1871 Roxburgh, Robt., Seed Merchant, Kin-

ross
1863 RoxBURGHE, His Grace the Duke of.

Floors Castle, Kelso
1856 Roy, Alex., Waterton, Tnsch, Aberdeen
1871 Roy, Fred. Lewis, of Nenthorn, Kelso
1871 Roy, Thos., Balleudrick, Bridge of Earn
1856 Rovd, Robt. Wh^t, late Balgeddie, Kirk-

•.■tdd /

Admitted

1846 Russell, Alex. James, C.S., 9 Shandwick

Place, Edinburgh
1854 Russell, Andrew Walker, of Kenlygi-een,

St Andrews

1867 Russell, A., Wishaw House, Lanark-

shire
1854 Russell, Arthur, Royal Bank, Cupar-
Fife

1859 Russell, David, Silverburn, Leveu

1835 Russell, Francis Whitworth, late Bengal

Civil Service
1877 Russell, George, Carnwath
1851 Russell, James M., Greendykes, Tranent
1875 Russell, James, National Bank, AircWe

1869 Russell, James, Parbroath, Cupar-Fife

1862 Russell, John, late Saughton Hall Mains,

Murrayfield
1881 Russell, Thomas Purves, of Warroch,
Milnathort

1853 Russell, Sir William, of Charlton, Bart.,

Gloucester
1858 Rust, James, Paddocklaw, Banff

1872 Rutherford, Andrew, Rumbleton Law,

Gordon

1860 Rutherford, George, Monteath's Houses,

Gorebridge

1863 Rutherford, G., Printonan, Coldstream

1874 Rutherford, Dr James, Woodilee Asylum,

Lenzie

1861 Rutherford, John, Cromwell Park House,

Perth

1863 Rutherfurd, William A. Oliver, of Edger-

ston, Jedburgh

1854 Ruxton, Andrew, South Artrochie, Ellon

1870 Ryrie, Robert, 34 Park Street, Grosvenor

Square, London

1880 Sadler, John, Royal Botanic Garden,

Edinburgh
1880 St Clair, J. Sutherland, 99 High Street,

Musselburgh
1856 Salmon, J., The Linn, Johnstone

1871 Salmond, David S. (late Mains of Errol,

Errol), Glasgow
1858 Salmond, James, Cairnie, Arbroath

1868 Salmond, R., Nether Balfour, Durris

1854 Saltoun, Right Hon. Lord, Philorth

House, Fraserburgh

1875 Sandemau, Alex. B., Huntingtowerfield,

Perth
18^5 Sanderson, James, Dykefoot, Carnwath

1864 Sanderson, William, Corstorphine Bank,

Corstorphine

1855 Sandilands, Hon. James, 31 Princes

Gate, London

1876 Sandison, Alex., Uyasound, Unst

1873 Sands, James, Milton, Burn of Cambus,

Stirling
1870 Saunders, R. B., Hutton Grange, Gis-

borough, Yorkshire
1851 Scobie, John, Lochinver, Lairg

1875 Scobie, Neil F., of Hawkhill, Inverness
1854 Scoon, Kemieth, 46 RankeQlor Street,

Edinburgh
1850 Scott, Alex., Beanston, Haddington
1860 Scott, A., Hillside House, Lockerbie

1876 Scott, Alexandei', Towie Barclay, Aber-

deen

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1881.

-Admitted

1875 Scott, Alex., Cauldcoats, Liberton

•1880 Scott, Alexander, 24 Mearas Street,

Greenock
1848 Scott, Andrew, Gleudouglas, Jedburgh

1876 Scott, Andrew T. S., of Crosswoodhill,

1 Hill Street, Edinburgh

1864 Scott, Right Hon. Lord Charles, Dal-
keith

1857 Scott, C, Xewtonlees, Dunbar

1880 Scott, Charles, Bradystone, Murthly

•1849 Scott, D., Meadowfield, Duddingston,
Edinburgh

1878 Scott, David Francis, Meadowfield,
Duddingston, Edinburgh

1866 Scott, D. G. C. (late "Parks of Inches,
Inverness), Forfarshire)

1880 Scott, Ebenezer Erskine, C.A., 27 Cliester
Street, Edinburgh

1877 Scott, Lieut. -Col. Francis Cunningham, of

Malleny, C.B.
1863 Scott, George, Mosstower, Kelso

1861 Scott, Gideon James (late HjTidhope,

Selkirk), New Zealand

18G1 Scott, Right Hon. Lord Henry, M.P.,
.3 Tilney Street, Park Lane, London

1859 Scott, Hercules, of Brotherton, Bervie

1868 Scott, James, Bogton, Torrance of Camp-
sie

1850 Scott, .James, 1 Woodside Place, Glas-
gow

1862 Scott, James, of Ea.ster Tulloch, Stone-

haven

1878 S^ott, James, Distiller, Garrion Tower,

Wishaw
1880 Scott, James, 5 Grassmarket, Edinburgh
1880 Scott, James Addison, of Wooden,

Kelso

1876 Scott, James Bruce, Wester Rora, Long-

side
1870 Scott, Maj.-Gen. James C, United Service

Club, Edinburgh
•1873 Scott, James G., Hill of Ruthven, Perth

1863 Soott, Dr James Robsou (of Ashtrees,

Yetholin), Belford
1826 Scott, J., Finnart House, Greenock
1870 Scott, John, Clebrig, Lairg
1874 Scott, John, Noss, Wick

1879 Scott, John, Blackhill, Ballinluig

1880 Scott, John, of Gala, Galashiels

1877 Scott, Jolin Lindsay, of MoUance, Castle-

Douglas
1863 Scott, John Scott Elliot, Buckholm, Gala-

slnels
1868 Scott, John, Springfield House, Udding-

ston
1868 Scott, Mai -01111, Balmuildy, Bishop-

briggs
1872 Scott, IVt.-r. Chiniside Crofts, ndnisido
1841 Scott, Cai.tuin Kobi-rt, late H.K.I.C.S.

1872 Scott, Riilph Krskine, C.A.,35 Melville St.,

iviinbiiigh
1863 Scott, RoU'rt, Kinninghall, Hawick

1874 Scott, Rolwrt, Fjister Manbeeii, Klgin

1873 Scott, KoU-rt, Yokieshill, Mintlaw

1878 Scott, Ko})t. A., Dormont Grange, I/)ok-

erbits

1875 Scott, Robt. Sinclair, Craigievar, Wemyss

Bay

Admitted

1S76 Scott, Thos., Iron Merchant, 51 Grass-
market, Edinburgh
1863 Scott, T., of Mersington, Wliitton, Kelso

1860 Scott, T. Robson, of Newton, Jedburgh

1861 Scott, Right Hon. Lord Walter, Dalkeith
1850 Scott, Walter, Glendronach, Huntly
1878 Scott, Walter, of Broomlands, Dumfries
1863 Scott, W., Merviuslaw, Jedburgh

1857 Scott, William, Spvlaw, Kelso
1855 Scott, William, VVe'ster Rora, Mintlaw
1875 Scott, William, Condorrat, Airdrie
1863 Scott, Wm., Howford, Ettrick. Selkirk
1857 Scott, Wdliam, Urquhart Road, Old Mel-
drum
1868 Scott, Wm., late Cononsyth, Arbroath
1863 Scott, Sir William of, Ancnuii, Bart.,

Jedburgh
1872 Scoular, John, Crook, Stirling
1875 Scatter, Wm., Saviskaill, Rousav, Orkney
1872 Selby, B. P., Paston, Coldstream

1872 Selby, Robert, Hassendeau Bank, Den-

holm, Hawick
1863 Selby, Ephraim, Hassendeau Bank,

Hawick
1830tSELKiRK, Right Hon. the Earl of, St

Mary's Isle, Kirkcudbright

1849 Sellaf, P. Plenderleith, Hartfield, Tain
1S68 Sellar, R., Implement Maker, Huntly
1868 Semple, John, Haughs of Kinnaird,

Brechin
1857 Semple, Thomas, Carradale, Campbel-
town

1877 Semple, William, Mouswald Bank, Dura-

fries
1848 Seton, George, Advocate, 42 Greeuhill

Gardens, Edinburgh
1859 Seton, Henry, V. S., Tolcross, Edinburgh

1873 Shairp, Wm., Airth, Stirling

1863 Shand, Hon. Lord, New Hailes, Mussel-

burgh
1868 Shand, Geo., Ordens, Bo^-ndie, Banff

1870 Shand, John, M.D., Q<o Northumberland

Street, Edinburgh

1864 Shand, William, New York
1844 Sharp, James, Helensburgh

1878 Sharp, Jolm Johnstone, Leaston, Upper

Keith — Free Life Mnnhrr

1871 Sharp, Peter, Bardrill, Blackfonl

1871 Sliarjt, Thos., Clathymore, Auchterarder
1835 Shaw, Chas.,W.S., Sponish, Lochniaddy

1872 Shaw, Cha.s. G., Ayr

1850 Shaw, Hary, Bogfern, Tarland

1863 Shaw, .James, Skaithmuir, Ci>ldstream
1868 Shaw, James, Tillyching, Lunii>hanan
1857 Shennaii, .James, Balig, Kirkcudbright
1SH5 Shej>lH'rd, (Jeorge, Shethiin, Tarves
1875 Sherriff, J., juu., late Queen's Hotel,

C!las;;ow
1S64 Slu lilf, .John Bell, Carronvale. I>arbert
1872 Shiel, Anilrew, Implement Dealer, Cold-
stream
1S80 Shield, Walter, Nether Fala, F^ldlestoue
1877 Shields, James, Bvers, Bathgate
1S71 Shields, John, W.^llace Works, Perth
1866 Shiels. Gorge (late Balgove, St Andrews),

Manitoba
1847 ShirrifV, Davi.l. Muirton, Dreni
ISrO Shirrifl", Samuel !>., Saltcoats, Drem

List of Mc/ahcr.-i of the

Admitted

1854 Sliortreed, R, Attonburn, Yetholm

1877 Sidey, James, Gourdie, Dunkeld

1873 Sieve wrigUt, William, Solicitor, Lerwick
1866 Sim, Alex., late Fawells, Inverurie

1870 Sim, Henry, Cattle Salesman, Inverness
1875 Sim, John Fraser, Oban

1879 Sim, Peter, Mains of Powfowlis, Falkirk

1858 Sim, William, 4 St Bernard's Crescent,

Edinburgh
1879 Sime, Alex., Dumbarnie, Largo, Fife

1830 Simpson, Alex. Horatio, late Hayes, Ux-

bridge

1860 Simpson, Alex., Smeatou, Dalkeith

1879 Simpson, Alex., Inverness

1853 Simpson, George, Bedrule, Jedburgh

1868 Simpson, George, South Burreldales, Al-

vah, Bantf

1869 Simpson,George,2 Lauder Ptoad,Edinljurgh
1851 Simpson, James, Mawcarse, Milnatliort

1878 Simpson, James, of North Lethans, Kinross
1878 Simpson, James, Tower, Alloa

1875 Simpson, John, South Colmac, Rothesaj'

1876 Simpson, John (Auchinachie «.t Simpson),

Keith

1880 Simpson, John, 6 Greenmount Villas,

Burntisland
1839 Simpson, Robert, of Cobairdy, Huntly
1878 Simpson, Thos., West Bj-res, Ormiston

1874 Simson, C. S., of Threepwood, 7 Nelson

Street, Edinburgh

1861 Simson, George, Courthill, Kelso

1871 Sinison, Thos., late Skelpie, Cupar

1873 Sinclair, The Right Hon. Lord, 55 On-

slow Square, London, S.W.

1859 Sinclair, Arch., late Minard, Inverary

1863 Sinclair, David, of North Loirstou, Aber-

deen

1876 Sinclair, James, Cairnbeddie, Balbeggie,

Perth
1857 Sinclair, Sir J. G. T., of Ulbster, Bart.,
M.P., Thurso Castle, Thurso

1875 Sinclair, John, Achintee, Fort- William
1869 Sinclair, Peter, Kilniartin

1864 Sinclair, Sir Robert C, of Stevenson,

Bart., Achvarsdale Lodge, Reay, Thurso

1872 Sinclair, W. S. Thomson, of Freswick,

Dunbeath Castle, Caithness
1850 Siveright, James, The Grove, Torrpiay

1877 Skead, George, Agent, Wlshaw

1876 Skeen, George, Mill of Gellau, Aboyne

1876 Skeen, John, Commercial Inn, Tarland

1831 Skene, Wm. F., W\S., 20 Inverleith Row,

Edinburgh
1823 Skinner, Captain C. G. Macgregor, late

Carisbrooke House, Isle of Wight
1859 Skinner, James, Woodside, Aberdeen
1869 Skinner, W., of Corra, W.S., City Clerk,

35 George Square, Edinburgh

1874 Skinner, XVm. M., Drumin, Ballindalloch

1857 Skirviiig, Adam, of Croys, Dalbeattie
1850 Skirving, Jas., Lutfness Mains, Drem
1846 Skirving, R. Scot, 29 Drummond Place,

Edinburgh

1858 Sleigh, John, Land Surveyor, Stricheu

Mains, Strichen

1877 Sligo, Archibald Vincent Smith, of Inzie-

var and Carmyle, 5 Drummond Place,
Edinburgh

Admitted

1863 Slipper, R. B., late 427 New Cross Road^

London, S.E.
1861 Sloan, D., Coachbuilder, Dumfries
1878 Sloan, James, Coachbuilder, Dumfries
1870 Sloan, John, Barnhill, Patna, Ayrshire
1869 Sloan, Wm., Brieryside, Monkton, Ayr
1877 Small, James, Banker, Kirkcaldy
1843 Small, David, Writer, Dundee
1859 Small, Jas., of Dirnanean, Pitlochry

1857 Small, Lindsay, 52 South Street, St

Andrews

1864 Smart, Jas., Liberton Park, Liberton

1858 Smart, John, lijte Glasgowego, Blackburn,.

Aberdeen

1880 Smart, John Currie, 54 George Square,

Edinburgh

1873 Smeaton, Rev. John, of Coul, Tulliallau

IManse, Kincardine, Alloa
1857 Smith, Adam, Stevenson Mains, Hadding-
ton

1881 Smith, Adam Da^-idson, C.A., 29 St An-

drew Square, Edinburgh
1877 Smith, Alex., Barnford, Dalryraple, Ayr
1847 Smith, Alexander, C.E., 28 Market Street,

1852 Smith, Alex. (A. & W. Smith & Co.),

Westbourne, Govan, Glasgow

1863 Smith, Alex., Letham, Berwick

1864 Smith, Alex. P., Munlochy Farm, Mun-

lochy
1856 Smith, Andrew, Castle Mains, Douglas
1864 Smith, Andrew, Solicitor, Dingwall
1868 Smith, Andrew, Castle Mains, Gifford

1874 Smith, Archibald Haddow, 1 India Build-

ings, Edinburgh

1853 Smith, Charles, Wliittinghame, Preston-

kirk
1876 Smith, Charles, 36 Howard Street, Glas-

gow

1836 Smith, C. H. Johnstone, late Edinburgh

1876 Smith, D, W. E., North Elphinstone^

Tranent
1878 Smith, Edward, Netherholm, Kirkmahoe
1839 Smith, E. B., of Blackwood House, Eccle-

fechan
1864 Smith, F. C, Hoprig, Cockburnspath
1862 Smith, George, 20 Lynedoch Street, Glas-
gow
1878 Smith, George G., late of Broomhills,

Lochmaben
1872 Smith, G. P., Choicelee, Dunse
1857 Smith, Hugh, 9 Kelvinside Terrace (North),

Glasgow
1855 Smith, James, of Olrig, Thurso
1857 Smith, James, Broomhill, Partick
1857 Smith, Jas., 24 India Street, Edinburgh
1859 Smith, James, 11 Dixon Street, Glasgow
1869 Smith, J., Mullochard, Ballindalloch

1877 Smith, James, Auchlin, Fisherie, Turriff

1878 Smith, James, 89 Grassmarket, Edin-

burgh

1879 Smith, James, Senior Magistrate, Kelso

1880 Smith, James, Torphin, Colinton

1872 Smith, Jas. F., Fireburn Mill, Cold-

stream

1873 Smith, James, Pittengardner, Fordoun
1878 Smith, James T. , Parkend, Lockerl)ie
1851 Smith, John, Advocate, Aberdeen

Highland and Agrictdtural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1873 Smith, John, Balmain, Fettercaira

1874 Smith, John, Craggaumore, Balliuclalloch
1865 Smith, John, Inverallan House, Gran-
town

1874 Smith, John, Drumcluan, Dess, Aber-
deen
1880 Smith, Jolm, Leaderfoot, Melrose
1852 Smitli, J. Gordon, Minmore, Ballindal-
loch

1877 Smith, John Guthrie, Mugdock Castle,

Milngavie

1867 Smith, John Turnl.ull, C.A., 29 St Andrew

Square, Eflinburgh — Av.ditor nf Accounts
to tlte Society

1878 Smith, Melville B., late BroomhilLs, Loch-

malien
1872 Smith, Peter, Crooks, Coldstream
1864 Smith, Robert, Brentham Park, Stirling
1877 Smith, Robert, Dalfibble, Dumfries

1872 Smith, Rol)t. G., Georgeville, Mid-Calder
1854 Smith, R. M., 4 Bellevue Crescent, Edin-
burgh

1873 Smith, Thomas, Pembroke, Ontario

1877 Smith, Thomas, Powrie, Dundee
LSSO Smith, Thomas, The Castle, Maybole

1878 Smith, Thomas F., Drumfries

1854 Smith, \Vm., Melkington, Comhill, North-
umberland

1856 Smith, Wm., West Drums, Brechin
1858 Smith, William, Middleton, Balquhani,

Inverurie
1860 Smith, William, Banker, Moniaive
1863 Smitli, W., of Benholm, Stone of Morphie,

Montrose

1868 Smith, William, New Mains of Urie,

Stonehaven
1878 Smith, William, Greenhcad, Salton, Pen-

caitland
1878 Smith, William, Corskelly, Lonmay,

Aberdeenshire
1878 Smith, William, Craigdhu, Glasserton
1878 Smith, William, Baltillv, Ceres

1873 Smith, Wm. B., Stonelei^h Villa, Lea-

mington— Free Life Menwer

1874 Smith.son, Joseph S. , General Manager,

W. & H. M. GouUling, 25 Eden Quay,
Dublin

1876 Smythe, David M., yr. of Methvcn,

Perth
1846 Smythe, William, of Mothven, Perth

1857 Snodgrass, Allan, Mollan<lhu, Cardross

1880 Somervail, James A., Hawkslaw, Cold-

stream
1857 Somervail, P., Glendevon, Winchlmrgh
1857 Somervell, G., of Sorn, Soni Castle.

Mauchlinc
1«18 Sonurvillo, J., Birch Villa, Peebles
i ^.'.S SomtTvilh', James, S.Vi.C., 23 South

Blacket Place, Edinburgh
1867 Somervillo, George Piirdie, Muirhousc,

Carnwath
1850 Somervillo, Wm., Merchant, (Jlnsgow

1881 Soutar, John, West Mall, Murroes, Dun-

dee
lS50tSoi,THK.sK, Right Hon. tlie Earl of, K.T.,
Kinnaird Castle, Hn'chin

1877 Spalding. Augustus Frederick Montague,

of Ilolmc, Now Uulluway

Admitted

1865 Spears, W. R., Writer, Kirkcaldy
1881 Speid, James, Fonieth, Blairgowrie
1879 Speir, Robert, Blairpark, Largs

1879 Speir, R. T. A., Culdees Castle, xMuthil
1838 Speirs, T. Dundas, late Burufoot Houston

1860 Spence, Adam Wliite, Glencairn House,

Crietf

1876 Spence, John, Howldswick, Unst

1875 Spencer, A., 160 Hope Street, Glasgow

1863 Spowart, T., ofBroomhead, 7 Coates Cres-
cent, Edinburgh

1870 Sproat, Robert, Lennox Plimtou, Kirk-
cudbriglit

1881 Sproat, William, Procurator Fiscal, Tober-
mory

1878 Sproat, William T., Bomess, Kirkcud-
Vjright

1830 Sprot, James, of Si^ot, Dunbar

1830 Sprot, Mark, of Riddell, Lilliesleaf

1836 Stables, W, A., Nairn

1845tSTAiu, Right Hon. the Earl of, K.T..
Oxenfoord Castle, Dalkeith

1880 Stansfeld, Capt. John, Duninald, Montro.se
1854 Starforth, John, Architect, 37 York Place,

Edinl)urgh
1858 Stark, Andrew, Wester Bogie, Kirkcaldy

1875 Stark, Matthew C, Westerton Farm,

Doune
1862 Stark, Ralph, of Summerford, Camclon,

Falkirk
1870 Stark, Robert, Kirkcaldy

1861 Stark, W. Williamson, Mid-Calder

1869 Statter, Thomas, jun.. Stand Hall, White-

field, Manchester

1872 Stavert, Archd., of Hoscote, 18 Royal
Terrace, Edinburgh

1851 Stedmau, James, Boundary Bank, Jed-
burgh

1762 Steedman, J., late Charleston, Dunferm-
line

1880 Steel, Adam, yr. of Blackpark, Fairmount,
Perth

1870 Steel, Captain Gavin, of Balintore, 7

Grosvenor Crescent, Edinburgh
1880 Steel, John, Lochwood, Coatbriilge

1878 Steel, Thomas Gibson, Gladenholm, Park-

gate, Dumfries

1853 Steele, Robert, Greenock

1874 Steell, Gourlay, R.S.A., 4 Palmerston
Place, E<linburgh — Animal Portrait
Paintvr to the Societi/

1854 Stegmann, Conrail, late Merchant, lAtiih

1879 Stein, John, Broomhouse, Dunbar

1850 Slonhouse, Janio.s, South Gyle, Corstor-

phine
1861 Stenhoiwe, James, Tumhou.so, Cramond

Bridge

1876 Steidiou.se, James S., of Northfod. Dun-

fcrniliuo
IS.'iS Stei>hen. .James, C'onglass, Inverurie

1880 Stephenson, Clement. V.S., S.mdyfonl

Villa, Nowcastlo
1879 Stephenson, J. B., F.-niviMt
1874 Steplieiixon, Kielmnl, Chapel, Dunse
1845 St«'UHrt, Andrew, of Auchlunkart,

1 Keith

1857 SUuarl, D., of Stcuart Hall, Stirling,
Ilorongnte, Hrontwootl, En»ex

List of Memhers of tlu

Admittetl

1879 Steuart, K. D., Factor, Dupplin, Estate

Office, Mnnday, Aberdalgie, Perth
1835 Steuart, Sir Henry J. Setou, of Allan-
ton, Bart., Touch, Stirling

1876 Steuart, H. J. Gow, Fowler's Park,

Hawkhurst, Kent
1842 Steuart, James, W.S., 8 Doune Terrace,

Edinburgh
1864 Steuart, James, junior, Dalkeith Park,

Dalkeith
1823 Steuart, John, of Dalguise, Dunkeld

1880 Steuart, John, of Ballechin, Ballinluig

1859 Steuart, Patrick, Middlegill, Moffat
1864 Steuart, Captain Robert, of Westwood,

West Calder

1855 Steuart, Robert, Dundale, Gravesend,
Kent

1833 Steuart, William, London

1839 Stevenson, Alexander, Banker, Lang-
holm

1875 Stevenson, Alex. Shannon, of Ach-na-
Cloich, Tynemouth, Northumberland

1855 Stevenson, Andrew, Giflford Bank, Had-
dington

1853 Stevenson, David, F.R.S.E., Member of
the Institution of Civil Engineers, 84
George Street, Edinburgh — Considting
Engineer to the Society

1853 Stevenson, John B. , New Zealand

1864 Stevenson, John, Claangue, Cumnock

1860 Stevenson, Robert, late Banker, Edin-

burgh
1852 Stevenson, Thomas, Mount-Lothian, Peni-
cuik

1877 Stevenson, William, Holland, Stronsay,

Kirkwall
1872 Stevenson, Wm., Lochgrog, Bishop briggs
1860 Stewart, Alexander, Perth
1879 Stewart, Rev. Alex. M'Farlaue, Corrie-

muckloch, Amulree, Dunkeld
1871 Stewart, Sir A. Douglas, of Grandtully,

Bart., Perth

1858 Stewart, Charles, Tighnduin, Killin
1842 Stewart, David, London

1869 Stewart, David W., of Grange, Lockerbie

1870 Stewart, Donald, Chapel Park, Kin-

gussie

1859 Stewart, Donald, Bruar, Blair Athole

1881 Stewart, Donald, Little Fardle, Dunkeld

1870 Stewart, Duncan, Mosspeeble, Ewes, Lang-

holm
1877 Stewart, Duncan, Loak, Bankfoot, Perth-
shire

1877 Stewart, Duncan, Bank of Scotland, Cal-

lander
1863 Stewart, Commander Duncan, R.N,,

Stronvar, Campbeltown
1844 Stewart, G., Kirkchrist, Kirkcudbright
1838 Stewart, H. B., of Balnakeilly, Pitlochry

1857 Stewart, H. G. Murray, of Broughton,

Cally, Gatehouse

1871 Stewart, James, Blairfettie, Blair-Athole

1878 Stewart, James, Butcher, Coupar-Angus
1851 Stewart, J., Pitskelly, St Martin's, Perth

1858 Stewart, James, Heathfield, Irvine
1857 Stewart, James, Rossiand, Bishopton

1879 Stewart, James, Chamberlain's Clerk,

Branxholme, Hawick

Admitted

1869 Stewart James, W., C.E., 39 York Place,

Edinburgh
1873 Stewart, John, Bochastle, Callander

1854 Stewart, John, Burnside, Strathaven

1855 Stewart, John, Upper Ardroscadle Rothe-

say

1852 Stewart, John, Duntulm, Portree

1878 Stewart, John, Manager Home Farm,

Ballindalloch

1879 Stewart, John, Land Steward, Glamis

Castle, Glamis
1871 Stewart, Captain John C, of Fasnacloich,
Appin

1853 Stewart, John Archd. Shaw, 13 Queen's

Gate, London
1869 Stewart, Mark John, of South wick, Ard-

well, Wigtownshire
1848 Stewart, Sir M. R. Shaw, of Blackball,

Bart,, Ardgowan, Greenock

1863 Stewart, Neil P., Vaynol, Bangor, North

Wales

1859 Stewart, Osmond de Haviland, Creamore,

Wein, Salop

1860 Stewart, Peter, Dornoch Mains, Annan
1858 Stewart, Robert, of Ingliston, Ratho

1871 Stewart, Major Robert, of Ardvoirlich,

Lochearnhead
1873 Stewart, Robert, Kippenross, Dunblane
1846 Stewart, Robt. H. Johnstone, of Physgil,

Glasserton, Whithorn
1857 Stewart, Samuel, Sandhole, Fraser-
burgh

1850 Stewart, William, Tonreoch, Campbel-

to\vn
1857 Stewart, William, 24 Maclean Street,

Plantation, Glasgow
1860 Stewart, William, Saddler, Aberfeldy

1872 Stewart, William, Octofad, Port Char-

lotte, Islay

1878 Stewart, William, of Shambellie, Dum-

fries

1877 Stirling, Andrew, of Muiravonside, Lin-
lithgow

1868 Stirling, Sir C, E. F,, of Glorat, Bart.,
Milton of Campsie

1864 Stirling, Captain Gilbert, Royal Horse

Guards, London

1857 Stirling, Major Graham, of Craigbarnet,
Lennoxtown

1867 Stirling, James, of Garden, Kippen,
Stirling

1833 Stirling, John, of Kippendavie, Dun-
blane

1865 Stirling, Colonel John S., of Gargunnock,

Stirling

1879 Stirling, Patrick, yr. of Kiiipendavie,

Dunblane
1839 Stirling, T. Graham, of Strowan, Crieff
1855 Stirling, William, of Tarduf, Linlith-
gow
1867 Stobo, Andrew, Porterstown, Thornhill
1860 Stobo, Robert, of Hallidayhill, Auldgirth,

Dumfries
1855 Stodart, David, Banker, Lanark
1875 Stodart, George, Netherton, Newton
Mearns, Renfrewshire

1851 Stodart, John, late Cawder Cuilt, Fern,

Maryhill

Hifjhland and AfjricvMnrcd Society, 1881.

Admittcl

1878 Stodart, J. A., Blairinore, Greenock

1880 Stodart, Tlioiiias Tweedie, of Oliver,

Kachau Mill, Biggar
1855 Stodart, William, Wintonhill, Trauent
1880 Storie, W. G. R, Lanton, Jedhurgli
1861 Stormont, Right Hon. Viscount, Scone

Pcilcic6 Pcrtli
1832 Stott, Gibson, 27 Victoria Street, West-
minster, London
1874 Strachan, Andrew, Sapliock, Old Mel-
drum
1878 Strachan, Charles, Tillyoru, Tarland
1876 Strachan, George, Inverebrie Mains, Ellon
1858 Strachan, James, Wester Fowlis,

Allord
1858 Straclian, Lewis, Cluny of Raemoir, Ban-
chory

1857 Strang, J., High Crewburn, Strathaven
1847tSTRATHALLA.N, Right Hon. Viscount
1878 Stratheru, Robert, W.S., 12 South Char-
lotte Street, Edinburgh

1867+Strathmore, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Glamis Castle, Glamis
1874 Stratton, David, V6 Middleby Street,

Edinburgh

1878 Struthers, William, Logan Mains, Canon-

bie
1863 Stuart, Alexander C, of Eaglescaimie,

Haddington
1865 Stuart, Alexander, of Laithers, Turriff
1873 Stuart, Charles, Tomindugle, Knockando,

Craigellachie

1879 Stuart, Dugald, of Lochcarron, Ross-

shire
1849+SuTiiERLANT>, His Grace the Duke of,
K.G., Stafford House, London

1876 Sutherland, Alexander, Ramjiyards,

Watten, Golspie — Free Life Member
1853 Sutherland, Eric, Link wood, Elgin
1849 Sutherland, George, of Forse, Springfield

House, Dalkey, Co. Dublin
1871 Sutherland, George, The Peel, Tibbermuir,

Perth
1865 Sutherland, James B. (of Lanehead,

Dunscore), S.S.C., 10 Windsor Street,

Edinburgh
1852 Sutherland, S., Springvale, SliefTield
1865 Sutherland- Walker, E. C, of Skibo, Skibo

Castle, Sutlierland

1877 Sutor, James, The Collie, Fochabers

1858 Swan, James, Live Stock Agent, 37

Lauriston Place, Edinburgh
1869 Swan, James, Inver)»efl"iT, Carnoustie
1865 Swan, \\ D., Provost ol Kirkcaldy
1852 Swan, Robert, Writer, K.dso

1858 Swan, Thoni.m, Livu i^tock Agent, 37

Lauriston Place, Edinburgh
1871 Swan, William, Moat Hill, Dundee
1861 Swann, James, Collierhall, Douglas

1859 Swann, J. R., Dunedin, Otagf)

1865 Swanwirk, K., Uoyal Agricultural Col-
lege Farm, Cirencester

1857 Swinburne, Capt., R.N., of Eilaii Shona,
Strontian

1841 Swinton, Archibald Campl)t01, of Kim-
nierghunie, DuuMe

1880 Swinton, John Liulf CampUU. yr. of

KimmerghuUR-, Dun>e

Admitted

1862 Swinton, V. Burn, Holj-n Bank, Gifford
1853 Sydserfl', Thomas Buchau, of Ruchlaw,

Prestonkirk

1874 Syrae, David, Manager of the Lawson

Seed and Nursery Co. , Limited, 1 George
IV. Bridge, Edinburgh
1859 Syme, George, Milnathort

1875 Syme, James, Millbank, Edinburgh

1857 Syme, William, Craigie, Leuchars, Fife
1868 Symington, G. C, Kirkcarswell, Kirkcud-
bright

1 76 Symington, James, Auctioneer, Lanark
1848 Symington, T., late Eastside, Penicuik
1868 Symington, Gilbert, Glenluce

1874 Tait, George, Veterinary Surgeon, Elgin
1880 Tait, George, Restonhill, Ayton

1875 Tait, George, jun., V.S.,' Elgin

1879 Tait, Henry, The Prince Consort's Shaw

Farm, Windsor
1846 Tait, James, Banker, Kelso

1872 Tait, James, 34 St Andrew Square, Edin-

burgh

1876 Tait, Jolni, Crichie, Inverurie

1880 Tait, Joseph, Kirknewton, Wooler

1863 Tait, William, Vencheon, Kelso

1862 Tait, William Reid, Mina Villa, Thurso

1878 Talbert, Peter, Glenericht, Blairgowrie

1862 Tawse, John, W.S., 11 Royal Terrace,

Edinburgh
1859 Tawse, John Wardrope, W.S., 49 Queen
Street, Edinburgh

1858 Tayler, W. J., of Glenbarry, Rothiemay

House, Huntly

1877 Tayleur, Edward, of Dalskairth, Dumfries

1863 Taylor, Alexander, Hillhouse, Lauder
1858 Taylor, Geo., of Kirktonhill, Montrose
1876 Taylor, Hugh, Kamishill, Hurlford, Kil-
marnock

1873 Taylor, James, Land Steward, Buchanan,

Drymen

1876 Tavior, James, Toux, Mintlaw

1858 Taylor, John B., Seton West Mains, Prcs-

tonjians
1861 Taylor, John, Redcastle, Arbroath
1870 Taylor, Jose|ih, Potholm, Langholm
1853 Taylor, M,, Letter Farm, Cove, Greenock
1857 Taylor, R., late I>aggiui, Cami>l»eltown
1857 Taylor, Rolx-rt, Dumfrenny, Banchory

1877 Taylor, RoWrt, Solicitor, Secretary Stir-

lingshire Agricultural Society, Stirling
1872 Taylor, Thomas, Seed Merchant, Dal-
keith

1880 Taylor, William, Park Mains, Inchinnan,

Paisley

1857 Templeton, Robert, Rannachan, Canipl)cl-
town

1853 Tennant, C, of the Glen, M.P., Innerlei-
then

1872 Tennant, T., of Priestgill, Strathaven
1S76 Tennant, Thomas, Walston. IVnicnik
1S7«J Tennant, William John, late (Jallin Cot-
tage, Al)erfeldy

1873 TerrJH, James,' jmi., Dullomuir, Blair

Adam

1881 Thain, David, I advwell, Kirriemuir

1879 Thiem, AlK'rt M.. Windsor Hotel. Princo<;

Street, E«liiibur>jh

Itist of Memhera of the

Admitted

1877 Thorn, Alex., Chapelliill, Peebles

1871 Thorn, James, Leden, Urquhart, Stratli-

miglo
1858 Thorn, James C, Quithelliead, Durris,

Aberdeen
1875 Thorn, James F., Wellsgreen, East

Wemyss, Fifeshire

1879 Thorn, Eobert Dick, Pitlochie, Gateside,

Strathmiglo

1871 Thorn, William, Demperstou, Auchter-

muchty
1855 Thomas, James, Forthar, Kettle, Lady-
bauk

1872 Thomas, William, of Pinnacle, Ancrum,

Jedburgh

1871 Thompson, Alexander, Barmeil, Port

William

1878 Thompson, Alexander, Ironmonger, Dum-

fries
1845 Thompson, Andrew, Berwick-on-Tweed
1878 Thompson, George, of Pitmedden, Dyce,

Aberdeen
1867 Thompson, Henry, of High Green, Rams-

hojDe, Otterbm-n

1872 Thompson, John, Bailieknowe, Kelso

1874 Thoms, Geo. Hunter, yr, of Aberlemno,

Advocate, Sheriff of Caithness, Orkney,

and Shetland, 52 Great King Street,

Edinburgh
1861 Thoms, Patrick Hunter, of Aberlemno,

Dundee
1867 Thomson, A., of Mainhill, St Boswell's

1873 Thomson, Alex., The Lee, Innerleithen

1878 Thomson, Alex. M., Secretary Angus

Agricultural Society, Arbroath

1880 Thomson, Andrew, 15 Inverleith Place,

Edinliurgh

1867 Thomson, Charles W. , C.A. , 16 Lennox

Street, Edinburgh
1869 Thomson, Duncan M. (late Stirling),
Chicago

1854 Thomson, George, Edinburgh

1863 Thomson, George, Hopton, Ancrum, Jed-
burgh

1855 Thomson, James, Mungoswalls, Dunse
1858 Thomson, James, Laud Valuator, 73

George Street, Edinburgh

1868 Thomson, Jas., Newseat of Drumbreck,

Udny

1879 Thomson, James, Coach Works, Stirling

1869 Thomson, John, Laggan, Gatehouse
1877 Thomson, John, Carrontlats, Grange-
mouth

1869 Tliomson, John, 49 Hope Street, Glasgow

1875 Thomson, John, Prospect Bank, Cath-

cart
1877 Thomson, P\.ev. John, of Rosalee, Hawick

1880 Thomson, John, The Avenue, Berwick-

on-Tweed
1848 Thomson, John Anstruther, of Charleton.

Colinsburgh
1867 Thomson, John Comrie, Slieriff-Substitute

of Aberdeen and Kincardine, Aberdeen

1874 Thomson, J. Grant, Wood Manager,

Grantown, Strathspey
1869 Thomson, J. S., M'Cheynston, Dumfries
1S70 Thomson, Lockhart, S.S.C., 114 George

Street. Edinburcrh

Admitted

1873 Thomson, Mitchell, 12 Queen Street,

Edinburgh
1859 Thomson, Peter, Cowcoch, Abergele,
North Wales

1880 Thomson, Peter, Seedsman, Alnwick

1874 Thomson, Robert, Bumbank, Blair-Druar-

mond
1878 Thomson, Robert, of Brae, Lochrutton,
Dumfries

1875 Thomson, Thomas, Bankhead, Alloa

1850 Thomson, Thomas, Merchant, Glasgow
1854 Thomson, W., 5 Torphichen Street, Edin-
burgh

1871 Thomson, William, Coachbuilder, Perth

1876 Thomson, William J, F., Gmmiaker,

Edinburgh
1873 Thomson, William, Nyaad, Stirling
1875 Thomson, Wm., Aberdeen Town and

County Bank, Tarland
1878 Thomson, William, M'Murdieston, Duns-
core, Dumfries

1872 Thomson, W. A., Oil Cake Mills, Leith

1875 Thomson, William G., 49 Commerce

Street, Glasgow
1841 Thomson, William Thomas, 3 George

Street, Edinburgh
1859 Thorbnrn, Daiid, Calgary, Tobermory

1877 Thorburn, Robert, Stonehill, Lanark
1869 Thornton, James, Hermand, West

Calder

1872 Thornton, Thomas, Crofthead, Fauldhouse

1824 Thriepland, Sir P. M., of Fingask,
Bart., Errol

1872 Thjaie, John, 21 Danube Street, Edin-
burgh

1859 Thyne, William, 4 Spring Gardens, Stock-
bridge, Edinburgh

1844 Timins, William, late of Hillfield, Stan-
more, Middlesex

1869 Tinning, John, Chillesford Lodge, Sud-

bourne Hall, Wickham Market, Suffolk
1859 Tod, Alexander, Aitkendean, Lasswade
1872 Tod, George, Cairneyhill, Dunfermline

1870 Tod, James, Glenkill, Lamlash

1877 Tod, James, Easter Cash, Strathmiglo

1869 Tod, James Carstairs, Gorgie Mains,

Edinburgh

1870 Tod, John W., W.S., 66 Queen Street,

Edinburgh

1870 Tod, Thos. M., West Brackly, Kinross

1851 Tod, William, Gospetry, Milnathort

1864 Tod, William, Glenree, Lamlash, Arran

1878 Todd, Alexander, Mouswald Grange,

Dumfries

1876 Todd, David, 18 St Patrick Square, Edin-

burgh

1876 Todd, Gavin J., Kinellar Lodge, Aber-
deen

1858 Todd, James, Gillespie, Glenluce

1865 Todd, James, Mauitol)a, Canada
1869 Todd, William, Auchness, Ardwell

1878 Todd, William, Balsier, Sorbie, Gar-

lieston
1865 Tolniie, Alex., Ballisparden, Fort George

Station

1881 Toplis, Robert, Glamis Hotel, Glamis

1871 Torrance, Archibald P.. Kippielaw, Dal-

keith

TTifjhland and Aorimdhiral Socivty, 1.S83

Admitted

18'i3 Torrance, George, Sistcrpatb, Dunse

1S77 Torrance, Thomas A., Burnhouse Villa,

Camps, Kirknewton
1863 Torrance, T., Laws, Chimside

1872 ToiTance, William, Camps Lime Works,

Mid-Calder

1873 Torry, Adam Ogilvie, Buruside, Forfar —

Free Life Member
1877 Tough, Jam«s, Mains of Drum, Drurnoak,
Aberdeen

1877 Traill, Adam C, Bonnington Road, Leith
1880 Traill, James Christie, of Rattar, Caith-
ness

1876 Traill, Thomas, of Holland, Kirkwall
1880 Trail, R. M., Brough, Westray, Orkney
1846 Traquair, Ramsay H., Colinton, Slate-
ford

1857 Trench, Henry, of Cangort Park, Ros-
crea, Ireland

1841 Trotter, Charles, of Woodhill, Blair-
gowrie

1865 Trotter, Coutts, 10 Randolph Crescent,
Edinburgh

1865 Trotter, Lieut. -Colonel H., of Morton

Hall, Eilinburdi
1829 Trotter, Robert Knox, of Ballindean
1875 Trotter, Robert, Garguston, Inverness

1866 Trotter, T. C, 54 Park Street, Grosvenor

Square, London, W,
1869 Trotter, Lieut. -Colonel H., of the Bu.sh,

Edinburgli
1875 Trouj), Alexander, Strathmiglo
1850 Tudhope, G., 62 Pollock Street, Glasgow

1878 Tuke, Dr J. Batty, Saughtonhall, Edin-

liurgh

1873 Tulloch, James, Dales, Inverkeithing
1875 Tiilloch, John, Midmains, Dutius, Elgin
1844 Tunibull, Alexander, Thornington, Cold-

.stream

1877 Tunibiill, Archibald, Eldinhope, Yarrow,

Selkirk

1874 Turnbull, David, W.S., 12 Belgrave

Crescent, Edinburgh

1878 Turnbull, David, of Brieryyards, Hawick

1880 Turnbull, Geoi-ge, Lucker'Hall, Belford

1881 Tunibull, George, Baldoukie, Tannadice,

Forfar
1857 Turnbull, Gregor, Merchant, Glasgow
1863 Tum))ull, James, Lemjatlaw, Eastlield,

Kelso
1877 Turnbull, James, St Colnie House, Aber-

df)ur, Fife
1880 Turnl)ull, James, Fauldshope, Selkirk
1844 Turnbull, John, of Abl>ey St Jiathnns,

W.S., 49(}«-org<'S.iuan-, F^linburgh
1863 Turnbull, John, East Middl.-, Hawick

1862 Turnbidl, Mark, Melrosi- Mills, .Mrlrr)se
1859 Turnbidl, P., Littl.r Pinkerton, Dunbar

1877 Turnl.idl, IVt.r M., Smithston, Khynie
1850 Turnbull, S., Boidiill Place, Kenton

1878 Turnbidl, Thomas, Castlebank Mills,

Dumfries
1877 Turnbull, Walter, Tynemont, Oniiiston
18«):{ Tunibull, William J., (trnden, Krlso
1872 Tunibull, Willinm, Gouksliill, Gore-
bridge

1863 Tunibull, William George, Spittal, Jed-

burgh

Admitted

1875 Turner, Archibald, jun., Dnimdrishaig,

Arcb'ishaig

1853 Turner, D., Corachaive, Sandbank

1859 Turner, Frederick J., late the Dean, Kil-
marnock

1853 Turner, John, of Turner Hall, Ellon

1873 Turner, Peter, Queensferry

1876 Turner, Rol)ert, Auchuarrow, Balliu-

dalloch

1868 Turner, William, M.B., Professor of

Anatomy, University of Edinburgh, 6
Eton Terrace
1879 TwEEDDALE, Most Noble the Marquis of,
Tester, Haddington

1869 Tweeddale, George W., Ivy Hill, War-

minster, Nelson County, Virginia, U.S.

1859 Tweedie, Alexander, Coats, Haddington
1873 Tweedie, Alexander Gladstone, Glespin,

Douglas, Lanarkshire

1860 Tweedie, James, of Quarter, Rachan

House, Biggar
1875 Tweedie, James, Deuchrie, Prestonkirk
1871 Tweedie, Richanl, The Forest, Catterick
1878 Twentyman, John Murthwaite, Blenner-

hasset, Aspatria, Carlisle
1863 Tvtler, James Stuart, of Woodhouselee,

W.S., 36 Meh-ille Street, Edinburgh

1873

1877

1864

1876

1858
1875
1875
1873
1874
1864
1853
1872
1872

1876
1858
1877

1860
1878

1864
1867
1856

1867
1873

Udny, Jolin Henry Fullarton, of Udny
and Dudwick, Udny, Aberdeen

Underwood, Peter, Ardnacross, Aros,
Mull

Unite, John, 291 EdgAvare Road, London,
W.

Urquliart, B. C, of Meldrum, CM Mel-
drum

Urquhart, F. Pollard, of Craigston,
Turritf

Urquhart, J. G., of Vellore, Linlithgow

Ure, George, Wheatlands, Denny

Ure, George R., Hope Park, Bonny bridge

L^'re, John, Abbey Mains, Haddington

Ure, William, Bogton, Larbert

Ure, William, 67 Wallace Street, Stirling

U.sher, John, Stodrig, Kelso

Usher, J., jun., Gatehousecote, Hawick

Usher, Thoma.s, jun., Courthill, Hawick

Vallentine, George, Arnhall, Brechin
Valleuthie, J., Nether Alllock, Duiiecht
Vank, Sir Henry Ralnh, of Huttou in the

Forest, B.irt., Peiiritn
Vassal, Lieut. -Gen. K., liondon
Veitch, Antlrew, Girthon Kirk, Gatehou.sc-

on-P'leet

Veitch, Chris., 24 Queen Street, F/linburgh
Veitch, Walter, Grange, Kiughoni
Vere, C. K. Hope, late lA'danl, .MH-rfoyle
Vkunun, ^ Hon. (Jreville K. An, h'nis

House, Kilmarnock
Villers, Frederick Enie.st, Clo.seiiuru Hall.

Thoriihill

1880 Wadd.'ll, Alexander, of I'alace, Jedburgh
1874 Waddell, .\. Ped.lie, I Great Stuart Street

Kdinbiii-gh
1871 Wjuldell, Jame.x, Ainlriuhill, New Monk-
laud

List of Members of the

Admitted

1872 Waddell, John, of Easter Inch, 34 St

Andrew Square, Edinburgh
1869 Waddell, John, Southrigg, Bathgate

1869 Waddell, V/illiam, Netherton, Whitburn
1857 Wakefield, J. Collen, late Eastwood,

Thornliebank
1857 Wakelin, John, Oil Mills, Musselburgh

1877 Walcot John (G. M 'Galium & Co.), 13

Greenside Place, Edinburgh

1880 Waldie-Griffith, Sir George, of Hender-

syde Park, Bart., Kelso

1873 Walker, Alexander, of Findynate, Ballin-

luig

1870 Walker, Alexander, Stagebank, Heriot
1872 Walker, Alexander John (Bowland), 3

Manor Place, Edinburgh

1878 Walker, Archd., Banker, Auchtermuchty
1847 Walker, Charles (late Drumljlair), Aus-
tralia

1861 Walker, Fountaine, of Ness Castle, Inver-

ness

1857 Walker, Francis, Craignetherty, Turriff

1881 Walker, George, Factor, South Uist

1858 Walker, Lieut.-Col. George G., of Craw-

fordton, Thornhill
1875 Walker, George A., Novar Mains, Evanton

1863 Walker, G. J. (Walker & l^eattie. Land

Surveyors, Aberdeen), Portlethen, Aber-
deen

1860 Walker, James, of Dairy, 10 Grosvenor

Crescent, Edinburgh
1847 Walker, James, of Blairton

1867 Walker, James, Grassniere, Stonewall,

Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

1877 Walker, James, West Side of Brux, Kil-

drummy, Aberdeen

1857 Walker, John, late Eastfield, Spring-

burn

1862 Walker, John, 1 Polwarth Terrace, Edin-

burgh

1872 Walker, J. P. S., Veterinary Establish-
ment, Littlegate, Oxford

1854 Walker, Robert, Leuchars House, Elgin

1859 Walker, Robert, Altyre, Forres

1861 Walker, Robert, Muirhall, Perth

1875 Walker, Robert B., Mains of Portlethen,

Aberdeen
1875 Walker, Thomas, Lochton, Inchture
1861 Walker, Thomas R., Cupar-Fife
1859 Walker, W., South Quarter, Kingsbarns

1858 Walker, Wm., Ai'dhunckart, Mossat

1864 Walker, William, Kintrae, Elgin

1872 Walker, William, Horse Dealer, Stirling
1835 Walker, William S., of Bowland, C.B.,

125 George Street, Edinburgh — Treasurer
of the Society

1868 Walker, William Campbell, yr. of Bow-

land

1873 Wall, George Y., Durham — Free lAfe

Memher

1878 Wallace, Alex., Pitglassie, Dingwall

1878 Wallace, Henry Ritchie Cooper, of Busbie

and Cloncaird, Ayrshire, 21 Magdala

Crescent, Edinburgh
1861 Wallace, James, Brake, St Andrews
1861 Wallace, John, late Illieston, Broxburn
1875 Wallace, John, 30 Oak Street, Glasgow

1879 Wallace, J., Foundry, Castle Douglas

Admitted

1875 Wallace, Robert, Auchenbrain, Mauchline
1854 Wallace, Robert A., Rhynd, Dunferm-
line

1870 Wallace, R,, Laugbarns, Kirkcudbright"',

1878 Wallace, Robert, Twiglees, Lockerbie —

Free Life Member

1879 Wallace, R., Foundry, Castle Douglas

1880 Wallace, Thomas Alex., Banker, Burnt-

island
1879 Wallace, William (John Wallace & Sons),

Graham Square, Glasgow
1875 Wallace, William, Kinuear, Kilmany,

Cupar-Fife

1871 Wallace, William, of Newton of Collessie,

Ladybank

1877 Walls, James, Lochran, Kinross

1854 Wallbank, Jonas, Berwick-upon-Tweed

1872 Walley, Thos., M.R.C.V.S., Principal

of the Veterinary College, Edinburgh
— Professor of Cattle Pathology to the
Society

1873 Walls, Robt., Kerse Mills, Stirling

1845 Walpole, The Hon. Henry, Wolterton

Park, Aylsham, Norfolk

1873 Walton, George Kent, Long Camptou,

Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire — Free
Life Memher
1869 Wardrop, W. M., Williamfield, Porto-
bello

1874 Wardrope, Robert, Garlaff, Cumnock
1852 Warnock, A., Bearyards, Bishopbriggs
1862 Warrack, William, Newmill of Fintray,

Aberdeen

1868 Warrand, Captain A. J. G, Ryefield,

Ferrintosh, Dingwall

1858 Warrender, Sir G., of Lochend, Bart.,

Bruntsfield House, Edinburgh
1879 Warwick, A., Outer Woodhead, Canonbie

1856 Warwick, W., Glencartholm, Canonbie

1871 Waters, George S., Tistermains, Halkirk-

road, Caithness
1837 Waterston, Charles, Nairn

1869 Watherston, James, 29 Queensferry Street,

Edinburgli

1869 Watherston, Wm., 29 Queensferry Street,

Edinburgh

1875 Watson, Arthur, 416 Crown Street, Glas-

gow

1855 Watson, Crawford, late Tlie Lone, Ten-

bury, Worcestershire

1859 Watson, Douglas (late Thurster, Wick),

New Zealand

1876 Watson, George, Edendiack, Gartly

1846 Watson, George, ot Norton, Ratho

1870 Watson, Geo., late Fushiebrae, Gore-

bridge
1875 Watson, Hugh, Cuil, Cairndow

1878 Watson, James Graham, 45 Charlotte

Square, Edinburgh

1870 Watson, Jas. M., 2 Fingal Place, Edin-
burgh

1869 Watson, John Paton, of Blackford,
Rothie Norman

1857 Watson, John, of Earnock, Hamilton
1864 Watson, John, Culterallers, Biggar

1877 Watson, John, Skijiperton, Denny

1872 Watson, Patrick, Friarsiown House,

Tallaught, County Dublin

Hiyliland and Agricultural Society, 188 L

Admitted ^. , _, ,

1852 Watson, Wm. (late The Bums), Beecher

Wills, Illinois, U.S.
1841 Watson, William, Seaside, Errol
1880 Watson, WiUiam,Ochterlony Mams,Fortar
1863 Watson, W. S., of Bumhead, Bucklands,

Hawick
1873 Watt, Alex., Balharton, Kirkcaldy

1871 Watt, George, Kilmany, Cui)ar-Fife
1868 Watt, Gordon, Mains of Park, Drumoak
1875 Watt, James, Garbity, Orton, Fochabers

1878 Watt, James (Little & Ballantyne),

Knowfield, Carlisle

1879 Watt, James, Pitdinnie, Cairniehill, Dun-

fermline

1880 Watt, John, Drumgray, Airdrie
1875 Watt, Robert, Solicitor, Airdrie
1878 Watt, W. G. T., Kierfiold House, Strom-

ness

1872 Wauchope, Jlajor, of Niddrie Manschall,

Liberton
1842 Wauchope, Sir John Don, of Edmon-
stone, Bart., Edmonstone House, Liberton
1871 Waugh, Allan, Avonbridge, Falkirk
1857 Waugh, J., of St John's Kirk, Biggar
1875 Waugh, John, jun., Gleuormistou, Inner-
leithen

1873 Wauch, John, Langshaw, Galashiels
1875 Waugh, William, V.S., Stirling
1877 Weatherhead, Wm., Bogangreen, Colding-

ham
1S63 Webster, J., New Horndean, Berwick
1870 Webster, Robt., Airds of Kells, New

Galloway Station

1863 Weddell, John Wilkie, Lauder Barns,

Lauder

1874 Wedderbum, Henry Scrymgeour, of

Wedderburn, Birkhill, Cuj)ar-Fife
1881 Wedderspoon, George, Balgavies, Forfar
1881 Wedderspoon, James, Estate Agent,

Nethurhall, Cumberland
1881 Weilderspoon, Thomas, Auctioneer,

Perth
1877 Weir, James, Sandilands, Lanark

1864 Weir, Robert, Sandilands Cottage,

Lanark
1873 Weir, William, Inches, Larbert

1868 Weir, William, Portland Iron Works,

Kilmarnock
1850 Welsh, Alexander, Edinburgh

1869 Welsh, Henry, 6 George Street, Edin-

burgh
1860 Welsh, John, Kirkton, Hawick
1881 Welsh, I'atrick, Procurator-Fiscal, Stir-
ling
1853 Welsh, Thomas, of Earlshaugh, Ericstane,

MoMat
1842 Wei wood, Alan A. Maconnrhio, of

(larvoch, Meadowbank, Kirknewtnii
1819tWKMTSs nn<l March, Right Hon. The

Karl of, (Josfnrd, Ila.ldington
1880 Wemyss, I);iviil Wntson. Niwton Bank,

St Andrews
1872 Wemyss, ii. li. K., of Wcmys>, Kirk-

• ahly
1863 Whauncliffk, Kight Hon. \jon\, 15

Cur/on Str»'(^t, London
\M\:\ Wliile, A., Kcllo»i MidiiH, VaXtoxu
1880 White, E. C, Aytou Law, Ay ton

Admitted

1862 White, Francis, M.D., Perth

1863 White, James, of Overton, Dumbarton
1876 White, James, Stagehall, Stow
1863 White, John, of Grougar, 53 Princes' Gate,

London
1873 White, John, Ardencaple, Helens-
burgh
1872 White, John A., Shiells Mains, Biggar
1868 White, J. F., Grain Merchant, Aber-
deen
1838 White, Peter, Accountant, Glasgow
1842 White, Robert, W.S., 23 Drummoml

Place, Edinburgh
1872 White, Robert, Outerston, Gorebridge
1838 White, William, Merchant, Glasgow
1854 White, Wm., of Mousebank, Lanark
1872 White, Wm., Lennel Hill, Coldstream
1850 Whittet, Geo., Easter Drylaw, Davidson's

Mains
1861 ^Vllitton, Amli-ew, of Couston, Newtyle
1871 AVliyte, Angus, Easdale, Oban
1870 "Whyte, Archibald, late jun., Braidownie,

Kirriemuir
1876 Whyte, Duncan, 326 Duke Street,

Glasgow
1876 Whyte, D. C, Ballimore, Lochstriven-

head, Sandl)ank
1865 "Whyte, James, Aldbro, DarUngton

1870 Whjle, James A., Kirkmabreck, Stran-
raer

1853 Whyte, John, Ballochyle, Sandbank

1871 Whyte, John, West Dunoon, Meigle
1875 Whyte, John, Lundin Mill, Largo
1860 Whyte, Rev. R., Dryfesdale, Lockerbie

1868 ^^^lvte, WilUam, Spott, Kirriemuir
1870 AVight, Alex., Ironmonger, Forres
1865 Wight, George, 14 Duke Street, Edin-
burgh

1872 Wight, R. B., late Wester Melville,
Lasswade

1878 Wight, Thoina.s, Pilmuir, Lauder

1873 Wightman, James C. Seton, of Hole-
house, 7 Damaway Street, Edinburgh

1869 Wightman, John Seton, of Courance, 7
Darnawav Street, Edinburgh

1873 Wilken, George, Waterside of Forbes,

Alford
1843 Wilkie, D., of Auchlishie, Kirriemuir

1879 Wilkie, David, Castle Campbell Hotel,
Dollar

18.^)7 Wilkie, George, Cowdenlaws, Dysart
1881 Wilkie, James, Solicitor, Kirriemuir
1830 Wilkie, John, of F(udden, iierwick
1879 Wilkin, Robert, Christ's Church, New

Zealand
1862 Wilkin, T., Tiinvahl Downs, Dum-
fries
1873 Will, RolMJrt W., S.S.C, 37 Queen Street,

Ivlinburgh
1872 Willacy, Robert, Penwortham Priory,
I'reslon

1877 Williani-s, John, Pho'iiixWorks, Rhuddlan.

Rlivl

1878 Williaius, HoK-rt, The Green, Wishaw
1867 Williams, W., Principal of the Now

Veterinary Collect', Kdiidmrgh — /V«»-
fessiir of Vdcrinarij Hurgery lo thf.

List of Members of the

Admitted

1878 Williamson, Miss Katharine Isabella,

of Cardroua, Peebles

1879 Williamson, Alex., Sypland, Kirkcud-

bright
1858 Williamson, Andrew F., Standingstones,
Dyce, Aberdeen

1870 Williamson, Benjamin, Canal Iron Works,

Kendal
1861 Williamson, David Robertson, of Lawers,
Crieff

1871 Williamson, Douglas G., Bombie, Kirk-

cudbright

1850 Williamson, George, Shempston, Elgin
1878 Williamson, James, Upper Senwick, Kirk-
cudbright

1878 Williamson, James, Greenhead, Wishaw

1875 Williamson, Roljert, Netherwood, Banff

1871 Williamson, Thomas, Merchant, Kirkcud-

bright
1854 Willis, Thomas, Manor House, Carperby,

Bedale
1868 Willison, Duncan Campbell, Dalpeddar,

Sanquhar
1873 Willison, Geo,, Parish Holm, Douglas

1857 Willison, Jas. P., of Cultezeun, Maxwel-

ton, Maybole

1858 Willison, John, Parish Holm, Douglas
1868 Willison, J., jitn., Acharn, Killin
1842 Wilson, Alex., Inchgower, Buckie

1854 Wilson, Alex., Kirkhill, Old Mehlrum
1857 Wilson, Alex., Crossbill, Campbeltown
1864 Wilson, Alexander, Alford House, Dun-
blane

1864 Wilson, Alexander, of Skeoch, Bannock-
burn

1864 Wilson, Edward L., Manufacturer, Ban-

nockbuni

1859 Wilson, George, Harelaw, Chirnside
1863 Wilson, George, Manufacturer, Hawick

1872 Wilson, George, Greenhill, Selkirk

1876 Wilson, George, Whiteside, Alford, Aber-

deen

1880 Wilson, George, junior, Dalveen, Thorn-

hill
1880 Wilson, George, Druggist, Coldstream

1859 Wilson, J., Woodhoru Manor, Morpeth —

Free Life Member 1873
1871 Wilson, James, Boghall, Bishopton
1844 Wilson, James, Glasgow

1857 Wilson, James, Old Mill, New Cumnock

1858 Wilson, James, Banker, Kilmarnock
1857 Wilson, James, juu., Saddell Street,

Campbeltown

1860 Wilson, James, Bemersyde West, St

BosweUs
1866 Wilson, James, 146 George Street, Edin-
burgh

1877 Wilson, James, Mains of Scotstown,

Bridge of Don, Aberdeen
1870 Wilson, James R., Banker, Sanquhar
1841 Wilson, John, of Cumledge, Dunse

1851 Wilson, John, Wellnage, Dunse

1855 Wilson, John, Professor of Agriculture,

University of Edinburgh

1865 Wilson, John, Castle Park, Huntly

1875 Wilson, John, Lecropt, Bridge of Allan

1876 Wilson, John, of Finnich Malise, 22

Oswald Street, Glasgow

Adraitted

1857 Wilson, John, Overhouse, Strathaven
1859 Wilson, John, of Auchineck, Killearn
1878 Wilson, John, of Alderston, Mid-Calder

1878 Wilson, John, West French, Stranraer

1879 Wilson, John, jun., Fairfield, Lorton,

Cockermouth — Free Life Member

1879 Wilson, John J., Clydesdale Bank, Peni-

cuik

1859 Wilson, J. F., Darnhall Mains, Eddie-

stone

1862 Wilson, J., Chapelhill, Cockburnspath
1833 Wilson, J. P., of Pohiuhairn, Sheriff of

Ross, Cromarty, and Sutherland, 6 Dun-
das Street, Edinburgh
1865 Wilson, Peter, Linsaig, Tigh-na-bruaich

1870 Wilson, Peter, Noblehall, Lamancha

1880 Wilson, Peter, Seed Crusher, Burnt-

island

1878 Wilson, Peter M'C, Nether Gribton,

Dumfries

1857 Wilson, Philip, Corn Factor, Dunse

1858 Wilson, Richard, C.A., 28 Great King

Street, Edinburgh
1852 Wilson, Robert, Abbey VicAV, Bridge of
Allan

1863 Wilson, Robert, Manswraes, Kilbarchan

1857 Wilson, Thomas, late Auchincorric,

Campbeltown
187S Wilson, Thomas INIackay, Solicitor,
Kirriemuir

1877 Wilson, William, of Banknock, Denny
1873 Wilson, William (Picksley, Sims, & Co.),

Leigh, Lancashire

1858 Wilson, William, Dyson House, Waltham

Cross, Herts

1879 Wilson, William, Water Meetings,

Abington

1871 Wilson, William, Wolfstar, Tranent

1878 Wilson, William, Butknowe, Sanquhar

1881 Wilson, William, Bannockburn House,

Bannockburn

1880 Wilson, William Buchanan, Broomlands,

Kelso
1871 Wilsone, C. H. H., of Dalnair, Endrick
Bank, Drymen

1873 Wilsone, Thomas, Solicitor, Aberdeen
1877 Wingate, Andrew, Castlehill, Wishaw

1877 Wishart, D. F., Catherine Street Court

Edinburgh

1855 Wishart, Edward, 3 Laverockbank Ter-
race, Leith

1868 Wishart, W., Cairntradlyn, Blackburn,
Aberdeen

1878 Wither, James, Awkirk, Stranraer

1860 Woddrop, William Allan, of Dalmaniock,

Dolphinton

1874 Wood, Christopher, Kintrochat House.

Brechin
1873 Wood, CoUingwood Lindsay, of Freeland,

Bridge of Earn
1858 Wood, James, Crown Street, Aberdeen

1864 Wood, J., Whiteside, Greenlaw, Dunse

1875 Wood, James, Riddrie, Parkhead

1873 Wood, Walter A., 36 Worship Street,

London, E.C.
1^77 Wood, Major William, Factor, Falkland

1876 Wordsworth, R. W., West Dean, Chi-

chester

HiglilaTid and Agricultural Society, 1881.

Admitted

1858 Wotherspooii, Archibald (late Spots-
mains, Kelso), Cust, Canterbury, New
Zealand

1877 Wra^g, Charles, Grain Merchant, 4 Stock-

well iStreet, Glasgow
1857 Wright, Bryce, Dowhill, Girvan
1850 Wright, David, Broonii>arkj Largs, Ayr-
shire

1876 Wright, Frank, 61 Caznean Street, Liver-

pool

1878 Wright. James, Kirkend, Lochmaben
1878 Wright, John, Bengali, Lockerbie

1877 Wriglit, Thomas, Bengali, Lockerbie

1878 Wyatt, Sidney, Nydie Mains, St

Andrews
1870 Wyllie, Alexander, Bolton, Haddington
1875 Wylie, Alexander, W.S., 21 Castle

Street, Edinburgh

1863 Wyllie, James, Factor, Inveraray
1874 Wyllie, James, Innerwick, Dunl)ar
1849 Wyllie, J., late Newfarm, Mid-Calder
1855 Wyllie, W. A., 14 West End Park Street,

Glasgow

1874 Wyllie, William, Perth

1878 Wyllie, Wm., Plea.sance of Cargen, Dum-
fries

1880 Wyse, G. B. M., 11 Northumberland
Street, Edinburgh

1868 Yeats, Alex., Advocate, 89 Union Street,
Aberdeen

1838 Yeats, William, of Aquhamey, Beacons-
hill, Alx;rdeen

1864 Yool, Thomas, Caldcoats, Elgin

1864 Yorstoun, Capt. M. C, of Tinwald, Irvine
House, Langholm

1852 Young, Alex., Keir Mains, Dunblane

1867 Young, Andrew, 21 Park Crescent, Stir-
ling

1859 Young, Andrew, Lochtyside, Thornton,
Kirkcaldy

1854 YouNc, Hon. Lord, 28 Moray Place, Etlin-
l)urgh

1877 Young, D. S., Niddry, Winchburgh

Admitted

1873 Young, Geo., Auctioneer, Dollar

1843 Young, Harry, of Cleish Castle, Kinross

1876 Young, Hugh, Killoch, Neilston

1856 Young, Jas., Broadholm, Duntocher
1860 Young, J. A., Orchardto\vn, Garliestown
1863 Young, James, of Kelly, Wemyss Bay
1876 Young, James, yr. of Kelly, Wemyss

Bay

1871 Young, James. Watevton, Elgin

1875 Young, James, Cadboll, Fearn

1868 Young, John, jun. (J. k T. Young), Ayr

1876 Young, John, Hailes Cottage, Slate-

ford

1857 Young, John, Netherwood Bank House,

Dumfries
1879 Young, John, Cobblebrae, Falkirk
1863 Young, Matthew, Oilcake Mills, Ber-
wick-on -Tweed

1869 Young, Ptobert, Greenlees, Cambuslang
1879 Young, Robert W. (of Colinswell, Fife-
shire), Rock Hall, Dumfries

1872 Young, Thomas, Oatridge, Linlithgow

1876 Young, William Stirling, Keir Mains,

Dunblane

1873 Young, Wm., Taylorton, Stirling

1878 Young, Wm., Shields, Monkton, Ayr
1873 Young, Wm., Waterbank, Carmunnock

1879 Younger, George, Brewer, Alloa

1870 Younger, Henry J. (Abbey Brewery,

Edinburgh), 28 Chester Terrace, Regent's

Park, London
1875 Younger, J. B. B. C, Bankhead, Levcn,

Fife
1863 Younger, Robert, 15 Carlton Terrace,

Edinburgh
1863 Younger, Wm., Auchen Castle, Moifat
1870 Yuill, Archibald, Netherside, Strathaven
1869 Yule, Edward, Balgone, North Bei-

wick
1852 Yule, T. B., 36 Constitution Street, Leitli
1868 YuU, John S., Little Ardo, Methlic

1877 Zetland, Right Hon. the Earl of, A?ke,

Richmond, Yorkshire

Total Number of Members, 4812.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

HONORAl:^ ASSOCIATES.

1874 Duld, K»rdinnn«l August, Aa^, Cliris- I 1874 Hoist, Cliri^tiau, Norwegian Ctturt l'a>-
tiuuci inonter.

58 LUt of Memhen of tha Highland mid AgriculHtml Society, 1881,

DIPLOMA FREE LIFE MEMBERS.

^ By a Bye-Law passed in 1873, witli reference to the Supplementary Charter of 1856, successful
iJandidates for the Society's Agricultural Diploma are thereby eligible to be elected Free Life
Members of the Society. Tlie following have since been elected :—

Admitted

1879 Aitken, John M., Criefi

1876 Anderson, R. Lang, Milliken Park, Ren-
frewshire

1873 Ashdo-RTi, A. H., M.R.A.C, Uppington,
Salop

1875 Beck, Thos. Coker, M.R.A.C, Crowell

Rectory, Tetsworth, Oxon

1878 Braniwell, John, Marionburgh, Ballin-

dalloch
1873 Bro^ra, William, Factor, Earlsmill,

Forres
1873 Browne, Cohile, M.R.A.C, Park House.

Long Melford, Suffolk

1873 Brydon, Robert, The Dene, Seaham Har-

bour

1874 Bum, Forbes, Hardacres, Coldstream

1873 Campbell, George, Kilkea, Mageney, Co.
Kildare

1879 Cannan, James, Urioch, Castle-Douglas

1878 Carr, Robert, Felkington, Norham, Ber-

wick-on-Tweed

1879 Craig, John, Innergeldie, Comrie

1880 Craig, Wm., Monktonhill, Monkton

1873 Eley, Rev. Dr Wm. Henry, Etchingham
Rectorv, Hawkhurst, Kent

1873 Elliot, Thomas John, M.R.A.C, Bridge

House, Southwick, Fareham, Hants

1874 Erskine, Henry

1876 Ferguson, Archd. A., Gosfield, Essex

1873 Gerrard, John, Veterinary Infirmary

Market Deeping
1873 Giglioli, Italo. M.R.A.C, Florence.

1873 Goddard, H. R., M.R.A.C., Belsay, New-

castle-on-TjTie

1878 Henderson, John, East Elriugton, Haydon

Bridge

1874 Henderson, Richard, The Grange, Kirk-

cudbright
1873 Hill, Arthur James, M.R.A.C, Account-
ant, 36 Lansdowne Road, London, W.

1879 Hunt, Arthur E. Brooke (B.A. Trin. Col.

Cam.), Peers Court, Dursley, Gloucester-
shire

Admitted

1873 Juckes, R. F., M.R.A.C, Cotwall, Well-
ington, Salop

1875 Kennedy, William, M.R,A.C., 89 Marine

Parade, Brighton

1878 M'Connell, Primrose, Castle Mains, New

Cumnock
1878 M'Cracken, William, Blackball, Kirk-

whelpington, Newcastle-on-Tjiie

1876 Maconchy, John Arthur, M.R.A.C, Cor-

rinagh, Torquay
1880 Martin, Wm., Dardarroch, Dumfries
1873 Milne, John, Mains of Laithers, Turriff
1873 Munby, Edward Charies, M.R.A.C.,

Mj-ton Grange, Helperbv, Yorkshire
1875 Murdoch, George Bum, M.R.A.C, Wes-

terton, Polwarth Terrace, Edinburgh

1875 Murray, Ptobert W. E., Wester House

BjTes, Galashiels

1878 Nonnen, Jolm Edward, 11 Merchision

Park, Edinburgh
1873 Noraian, W^m., M.R.A.C, HaU Bank,

Aspatria

1877 Pudney, R. L., M.R.A.C, Earl's Cone,

Halstead, Essex

1873 Rome, Thomas, M.R.A.C, Northampton
Do\\'ns, Barcoo River, Queensland

1878 Sharp, John Johnstone, Leastou, Upper

Keith
1873 Smith, William B.,M.R.A.C., Stoneleigh
Villa, Leamington

1876 Sutherland, Alex., Rampyards, Watteu,

Golspie

1873 Torry, Adam Ogilvie, Bumside, Forfar

1873 Wall, G. Y., M.R.A.C, Durham

1878 Wallace, Rolx;rt, Twiglees, Lockerbie
1873 Walton, George Kent, Long Campto\\Ti,

Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire
1873 Wilsou, Jacob, M.R.A.C, Woodhom
Manor, Morpeth

1879 Wilson, John, Fairfield, Lorton, Cocker-

mouth

INDEX.

Accounts. See Finance.

Ages of Cattle, Proceedings in regard to Calcu-
lating the, Appendix A, 1, 3, 4, 9, 18.
Agricultural Bursaries, Report of Examinations,

Appendix A, 25.
Agricultural Class in Edinburgh University,

Prizes awarded to Students, Apixindix A,

58.
Agricultural Education, Report of Exanuna-

tions, Appendix A, 10— Council and Board

of Examiners, Bye-Laws and Syllabus of

Examination, Appendix B, 10.
Agricultural Statistics, 403.
Agi-iculture of Bute and Arran, by Archibald

M'Neilage, jun., 1.
Agriculture of the Counties of Forfar and

Kincardine, by James Macdonald, 53.
Agriculture, Technical Schools of. Motion by

Colonel Innes, Appendix A, 24.
Aitken, Dr A. P. : Experimental Stations,

Report for 1880, 348— Purports by, at General

Meetings, Appendix A, 10, 20.
Analysis, Instructions for selecting samples for,

Appendix B, 22.
Archibald, David : On the Border Leicester

Breed of Sheep, 262.
Argyll Naval Fund, lieport to General Meeting,

Appendix A, 17— Abstract of Accounts for

1879-80, Appendix A, 64.
Arran, On tlie Agriculture of Bute and, by

Archibald M'Neilage, jun., 1.

Beeches, On the Old and Remarkable, in Scot-
land, by Roljert Hutchison, 174.

Border Leicester Breed of Sheei», On the, by
David Archiliald, 262.

Braxy and Louping-Ill, Committee appointed
to report on, Appemlix A, 7.

Buchan, Alexander : Meteorology of 1880, 398.

Bute and Arran, On the Agriculture of, by
Archibald .M'Neilage, jun., 1.

Bye-Law relative to Directors, Appendix A, 8.

Cattle, Proceedings in regard to Calculating the

Ages of, Ai>i>endix A, 1, 3, 4, 9, 18.
Cattle and Sheei>, Ou the Comparative Advun-

t.iges of Grazing, together or separatt-ly, by

Duncan Clerk, 226.
Cereal and other Crops of Siotland for 1880,

and Meteorology of the year relative thereto,

378.
Chemical Analyse.s, Kei»ort of I'roceedingh at

General Meeting heM at KvI.m. in regard to,

Appendix A, 12— Kei>ort by Special C(»in-

mittoe, Appendix A, 21.

Chemical Department, Experimental Stations, —
Report for 1880, by Dr A. P. Aitken, 348 ; Pro-
ceedings in regard to. Appendix A, 1, 4, 5, 7,
9, 10.

Chemical Department, Objects of, Appendix B,
21.

Chemist, Duties of, and Laboratory Expenses,
Ai)pendix A, 23.

Clerk, Duncan : On the Comparative Advan-
tages of Grazing Cattle and Sheep together or
separately, 226.

Committees for 1881, Appendix B, 7.

Cottage Competitions, lieport on, Apjiendix A,
25 — Premiums awarded in 1880, Appendix

A, 55 — Premiums offeretl in 1881, Appendix

B, 52.

Directors and other Office-Bearers for 1881,

Apendix B, 5.
District Competitions, Report on, Apjtendix A,

25- Premiums awarded in 1880, Ajtpendix

A, 43 — Premiums offered in 1881, Appendix

B, 38.

Edinburgh Show, 1884, Appendix B, 77.
Essays and Reports, Premiums awarded for, in
', Appendix A, 27 — Premiums olfertHl

1879-80, _

for, in 1881, Appendix B, 28.
Establishment for ISSl, Aj)pendix B, 5.
Examiners in Agricultural Education, Api>endix

B, 10 — Veterinary Department, Ajipendix B,

17 — Forestry Department, Appendix B, 19.
Ex{>erimental Stations, Report for 1880, by Dr

A. P. Aitken, 348 — Scheme of Experiments,

376— Reports on, to General Meetings, Ap-

l)endix A, 10, 20.

Finance :— Resolution by General Meeting at
Kelso, Ajipendix A, 11 -State of the Funds
at 30th Noveml)er 18S0, Abstract of Accounts
for 1879-80, Abstract of the Aceounti! of the
Kelso Show, 1880, Accounts of the Argyll
Naval Fund, 1879 80, View of tlie Income
ami Expenditure for 1879-80, Ai>i>endix A,
50 to m.

Foot ami Mouth Disease, Proceedings in regard
to, Api>endix A, 7, 26.

Forestry Department: — Iveport of Exanuna-
tions, ApiH-ndix A, 11— Board of Examiners
and Svllabus of Examinations, Api>endix B,
19.

Forfar and Kincardine, On the Agriculture of
the Counties of, by Jame.s Macdonald, 53.

Galloway Cattle to Ik- eutenxl in llcrtl Book,
Appendix A. 2.

INDJIX.

General Meetings : — June 1880, Appendix A,
8: July 1880, Appendix A, 11; January
1881, Appendix A, 15.

General Sliows, Proposed Rotation of. Appendix
A, 5, 6, 19.

Gillespie, Rev. John, On the Economical Use
of Turnips for Cattle and Sheep, 287.

Glasgow Show, 1882, Proceedings in regard to,
Appendix A, 7, 19 — Classes of Stock, Appen-
dix B, 73.

Grazing Cattle and Sheep together or separately,
On the Comparative Advantages of, by Dun-
can Clerk, 226.

Harelaw and Pumpherston, Experiments at,
348.

Highland and Agricultural Society, Proceed-
ings at Board and General Meetings, Appen-
dix A, 1 to 26.

Hutchison, Robert : On the Old and Remarka-
able Beeches in Scotland, 174 — On the Old
and Remarkable Oaks in Scotland, 198.

Implement Department, Proceedings in regard
to, Appendix A, 7 — Report by Committee,
Appendix A, 20,

Inverness Show, 1883, Appendix B, 77.

Judges, Proceedings in regard to Appointment
of, for Shropshire Sheep, Appendix A, 19 ;
List of Judges at Kelso Show, 1880, Appen-
dix A, 42.

Kelso Show, 1880, Account of, 339— Proceed-
ings in regard to, Appendix A, 1, 2, 8, 17 —
Premiums awarded, Appendix A, 27 — Judges
and Attending Members, Appendix A, 42.

Kincardine, On the Agriculture of the Counties
of Forfar and, by James Macdonald, 53.

Kirkwood, Death of Mr Hugh, Killermont,
Appendix A, 2.

Laboratory Expenses and Duties of Chemist,
Appendix A, 23.

Lawson, Thomas : Experiments on the Culture
of Turnips, 241.

Lothian, Marquis of, Vote of Thanks to, on re-
tiring from Office of President, Appendix A,
15.

Louping-Ill and Braxy, Committee appointed to
Report on, Appendix A, 7.

Macdonald, James : On the Agriculture of the
Counties of Forfar and Kincardine, 53.

M'Dougal, Death of Mr Alexander, Granton
Mains, Appendix A, 3.

Mackenzie, Death of Mr Kenneth, C.A., Ap-
pendix A, 5.

M'Neilage, Archibald, juu. : On the Agriculture
of Bute and Arran, 1. a.

Members, List of, Appendix C.

Meteorology of 1880, by Alexander Buchan,

398.

Oaks, On the Old and Remarkable, in Scotland,

by Robert Hutchison, 198.
Office-Bearers of the Society for 1881, Appendix

Ord, Death of Mr John, of Over Whitton,

Appendix A, 5.
Oyster Culture in Scotland, by W. Anderson

Smith, 278.

Perth Show, 1879, Transference of Premiums,

Appendix A, 5.
Ploughing Competitions, List of, held in 1879-80,

Ai)pendix A, 52 — Regulations for, Appendix

B, 50.
Plummer, Death of Mr Chai'les Scott, of Sun-
derland Hall, Appendix A, 2,
Premiums awarded in 1880, Apj^ndix A, 27 —

Offered in 1881, Appendix B, 28.
Proceedings at Board and General Meetings,

1880-81, Appendix A, 1 to 26.
Pumpherston and Harelaw, Experiments at,

348.

Richmond and Gordon, the Duke of, elected
President, Appendix A, 16.

Shearing Sheep, Proposed Appointment of In-
spectors of, Appendix A, 19.

Sheep, On the Border Leicester Breed of, by
David Archibald, 262.

Sheep and Cattle, On the Comparative Advan-
tages of Grazing, together or separately, by
Duncan Clerk, 226.

Smith, W. Anderson : On Oyster Culture .in
Scotland, 278.

Statistics (Agricultural), 403.

Stirling Show, 1881, Proceedings in regard to,
Appendix A, 2, 7, 17 — Premiums offered at,
Appendix B, 57.

Turnips, Experiments on the Culture of, by

Thomas Lawson, 241.
Turnips, On the Economical use of, for Cattle

and Sheep, by the Rev. John Gillespie, 287.

Veterinary Department : — Report to General
Meeting, Appendix A, 11 — Report of Exami-
nations, Appendix A, 26 — Medals awarded to
Students, Appendix A, 57 — Note as to the
Institution of the Veterinary Department,
Board of Examiners, Syllabus of Examina-
tion, and Agreement between the Society and
the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons,
Appendix B, 13 to 18.

Yestermains, Experiments at, 372.

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